^^'' JOURNAL

CF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Seuotccl t0 iiUtomoIoflH ^^ (^tntx^l

Voltame XXIX, 1921

NEW YORK

Published by the Society

Quarterly

1921

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY

LANCASTER, PA.

CONTEXTS OF VOLUME XXIX.

Page.

Barber. H. G. tt ■ .

Revision of the (^xenus Ligyrocoris btal ( Hemiptera.

. , . . IOC

Lygxidae )

BUVTCHLEY, VV. S.

Notes on Indiana Halticini with Characterization of a new-
Genus and Description of new Species. i

Chamberlin. Ralph V.

Linyphiidx of St. Paul Island. Alaska. ... -30

Crampton. G. C. Ph.D.

The Phylogenetic Origin oi the Mandibles ot Insects and
their '-\rthropodan Relatives. A Contribution to the
Study of the Evolution of the Arthropoda. '>^

D.wis. W-M. T.

An Annotated List of the Cicadas of Colorado with De-
scription of a new Species ;■■.■■■ "^^

Records of Cicadas from North America with Descriptions
of new Species

Dawson, R. W. , , j n t\t i6a

New Species of Serica ( Scarabxidx). iV

Felt E. P.. State Entomologist, N. Y.

New Species of reared Gall Midges ( Itonididie) "S

MacGillivray, .\lex. D.

New Species of Nematins (Hymenoptera) . . -7

Nicol.w, Alan S.

Corrections and Additions to the Leng List of Loleoptera.

Family Buprestidx No. i ^'^

Not MAN. How.xrd. . , n , i ^^

Some new Genera and Species ot Loleoptera collected at

Westfield. Chautauqua Co., N. Y ^4^

W.\TS0N. Frank E.

Miscellaneous Notes and Records of local Lepidoptera and

Description of two new .\berrations ' ^

Weiss, H.xrky B.. and Dickerson, Edg.\r L.

Notes on Milkweed Insects in New Jersey -^ 123

Miscellaneous Notes -^ • ^

„ 1 79

Book Reviews '

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society. 5cS. i 10. i.^i

iii

Vol. XXIX.

No. I

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

Entomological Society

2)cvote& to jeutomoloav in General.

>^*a» fieti?;;;.-

APP

MARCH,

1921.

A.

Edited l)y HOWARD NOTMAN

Publication Committee.

H

K,

>WARD NOTWAN.
I,. DitKBKSON.

K. K LuTf.
Charles Schaefpek

Publlstied Quarterly by ttie Society.
LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK CITV.

192 1.

[Entcrcl .April Ji. 1904,31 Ijii.cancr. I'.!., .ij second clai» matter un<ier Act ol Congreitol July if, i».,4 )

TMe NtW ERA PRINT

CONTENTS

Records of Cicadas from North America with Descriptions of

new Species. By Wm. T. Davis I

Notes on Indiana Halticini with Characterization of a new Genus

and Description of new Species. By w. s. b latch ley . . i6

New Species of Nematinae — (Hymenoptera.) By alex. d. MacGil-

LIVRAV 27

Linyphiidae of St. Paul Island, Alaska. By Ralph v. Chamberlin 35

An annotated List of the Cicadas of Colorado with Descriptions
of a new Species. By vvm. t, Davis . 43

Miscellaneous Notes 57

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society ... 58

JOURX^Iv

jDrtD ]9oFh €lnf'onioIogirHl Horirtg.

Vol. XXTX. MAH<n, 1021. No. 1.

RECORDS OF CICADAS FROM NORTH AMERICA
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

P.v \V.\i. T. Davis.
New Brighton, Staten Isi.axo, X. Y.

In the jjrcscnt paper additional records of distribution are tjivcn
for several species recently described by the writer, and four new
species are recog^nized, one of them beinjj Okanagaiia u'uiriviridis,
from San Bernardino Co., California, one of the most beautiful of
Xorth American Cicadas. Two others are described from the same
rcsjion, which seems to contain Cicadas not to be found elsewhere
in California.

Tibicen cultriformis ( Davis).

In the original description published in this Jour.n.m. in 1915.
two males and two females were recorded from .Arizona. An addi-
tional male from Xogales, .\rizona. October 11, 191H (G. .\. Kuschc").
collection California .\cadcmy of Sciences, has since been examined.

Tibicen inauditus Davis.

In tlic original dcscri[)tion |)ublished in this Toi:rn".\l in 1917.
three males, collected July 15, 1917.- by Miss M. McGill. in Oldham
County, northern Texas, are recorded. Miss McGill ha.s since col-
lected at Tascosa in the same county, a male on June 25. 1918. and
two males on July 12. 1919. These specimens arc all marked alike
and expand about 65 millimeters each. They resemble, but are much

1

2 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^^o'- xxix,

smaller, have less prominent eyes, and are differently marked from
what we identify as Tibiccn monteznma, examined from Texas and
Arizona, which expands from 75 to 80 millimeters.

Tibicen cinctifera (Uhler). PI. I, figs, i, 2 and 3.

This species was described in the Transactions of the Maryland
Academy of Science, i, p. 156. 1892, under the name of Cicada cinctif-
era. The original description calls for an insect with front wings
expanding from "/€ to 85 millimeters, with the " tip and middle of base
of tergum coated with white powder," and the " opercula greenish
white, black at base, pruinose, triangular, a little rounded at tip, less
than half as long as the venter." Of the material examined Uhler
says: "Three specimens from Las Cruces, New Mexico, have been
kindly sent to me by Mr. C. H. Tyler Townsend, and a large female
was captured in Northern California by my friend, James Behrens."

The Uhler collection, in the United States National Museum, was
examined in June, 1920, for the specimens mentioned in the original
description. The following were found : male with " Las Cruces "
on first label, ''129" on second label, "P. R. Uhler collection" on
third label, and " Cicada cinctifera Uhler, New Mex." on fourth
label; male labeled "Las Cruces, P. R. Uhler collection, 129," and
a female bearing three labels reading " N. Calif., Behrens, P. R.
Uhler collection," These specimens, which are no doubt three of
the four mentioned in the original description, have the " tip and
middle of base of tergum coated with white powder," and the
opercula a little rounded at the tips, with the outer edges nearly
parallel to each other. In all three the costal margin of the fore
wing is colored a rather bright orange to the end of the radial cell.
Also in the United States National Museum there are two males
and four females from Brewster Co., Texas, Rio Grande, June
13-17, 1908, collected by Mitchell and Cushman, that are like the
typical material in the shape of the opercula and in coloring.

In the writer's collection there are the following specimens like
Uhler's types of cinctifera: a male from Del Rio, Texas, Devil's
River, July 3, 1917, collected by Dr. H. H. Knight, and a male from
Mesilla, New Mexico, June 28, 1897, received from Prof. Albert
P. Morse. Mesilla is in Donna Anna Co., New Mexico, on the
Rio Grande and within five miles of Las Cruces the type locality.

March, I9-M.I DaVIS : RkCORDS OF XORTU AmTKICAN CiCADAS. 3

Lately throe males and three females have been examined, collected
about five miles from El Paso, Texas, June 23, 1919. by Mr. H. H.
Willis, and kindly sent to me by Mr. E. R. Sassccr of the Federal
Horticultural Board. In the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, there is a male from Langtry, Valverde Co., Texas, Aug.
24. 19 1 2, 1.050-1.550 ft., collected by Rehn and Hebard.

On plate 4. figure 25, Genera Insectorum. there is a figure of :i
cicada said to be cinctifcra, but the fore wing is much too broad in
proportion to its length, as will be noted by comparing it with the
figures on the plate accompanying this article reproduced from
])hotographs of the Mesilla male, and one of the 1*11 Paso females,
referred to above.

Another species heretofore confused with cinctifcra, and ap-
parently more common than it. is here described as new.

Tibicen apache new species. PI. I, figs. 4, 5 and 6,

Type male and allotype female from Florence, Arizona, July 29, 1917 (Dr.
H. H. Knight). Davis collection.

Resembles Tibicen cinctifera (Uhler), but has sharper pointed opercula,
the outer sides of which are not parallel, but converge ; is without the central
pruinose spot at the base of the tergum, and instead of having the dorsal part
of segment eight all pruinose, the whitened area is reduced to two spots with

01

[\S\Ctti APACHE

a black space between. In the allotype the plates that correspond to the
opercula of the male, arc sharper pointed than in cinctifera, the double notch
in the last ventral segment is usually deeper, the terminal spine is more robust,
that is. has a broader base, and the abdomen is less tapering at the extremity.
In the three types of I'hlcr's cinctifcra in the L'nited States National Museum,
the costal margin of the fore wing is bright orange to the end of the radial

4 Journal New York Entomological Society. [\oi. xxix,

cell, also the hind margin of the pronotum or collar, whereas in apache the
color is light yellow or straw-color. The membranes at the base of both pairs
of wings are orange or at least usually much darker than in apache, where they
are white or light gray. Some of these differences in structure and color are
more clearly brought out in the illustrations.

Measurements in Millimeters.

Female
Male Type. Allotype.

Length of body 25 25

Width of head across eyes 10 10

Expanse of fore wings 71 75

Length of operculum 6.5

In 1917, Dr. H. H. Knight and Dr. Joseph Bequaert, while in
Arizona, collected many specimens of this species, which were later
recorded by the writer in this Journal for December, 19 17, under
the name of Tibiccn cinctifera. As a matter of fact, only the male
from Del Rio, Texas, Devil's River, July 3, 191 7, was of that species,
all of the remainder belonging to what is here called apocJic.

The following typical material of apaclic from Arizona is in the
Avriter's collection: Florence, July 29, 1917, fifty-four males, thir-
teen females (Dr. Knight and Dr. Bequaert) ; Black Canyon, Bumble
Bee, July 31, 1917, male (Dr. Knight) ; Tempe, August i, 1917. four
males, two females (Dr. Bequaert) ; Grand Canyon. Lower Bright
Angel trail. August 2, 1917, three males (Dr. Knight) ; Buckeye,
August 7, 1917, six males, twenty-one females on poplars along
irrigation ditch (Dr. Knight and Dr. Bequaert) ; Palomas. August
8, 1917, one male (Dr. Knight). Phoenix, July, 1913. thirteen males,
three females (Dr. R. E. Kunze), and July, 1914, twenty-eight males
and seven females (Dr. Kunze). There are also numerous examples
of this species in the collection of the United States National
Museum. Dr. Knight says of the specimens from Florence : " On
mesquite, song continuous, even toned, moderately shrill note."

There are several color varieties of apache, the commonest one
having the body mostly brown or brownish instead of black. It
was at first thought that specimens having the dorsum light brown
variegated with pale straw-color, were immature individuals, but the
accumulation of considerable material has shown that this is not the
case. Specimens of the pale variety range all of the way in color

March, 19-' 1.) DaVIS : RECORDS OF XoRTH A.MKRICAN CiCADAS. 5

from a Hijht brown with darker marks, particularly on the head and
mesonotum, to very pale, almost unicolorous individuals from Utah.
The following belonpf to the variety : Palomas, Arizona. August 8,
1917. two males (Dr. H. H. Knight); Yuma, .\rizona. July 5. 1918,
male and female ( .\. M. Gaudin) ; Yuma. California, August, female
(Prof. H. F. W'ickham) ; Riverside Co.. California, female (E. R.
Leach); Needles. California. August 3-4. 1919, eight males (Rehn
and Hehard) ; Washington Co.. Utah, male and "'Utah." male, both
without date. In the Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, there
is a female, collected at light. Yuma. Arizona. July jS, 1907 (Rehn
and Hehard).

In Howard's Insect Hook, plate j8. figure i.v ^ female Tibiccn
apache is figured under the name of Cicada ~'itripciniis.

Tibicen transversa (Walker). PI. II, fig. i.

This species was described from Vera Cruz. Mexico, by Francis
Walker in Insecta Saundersiana. 1858. and was later figured by Mr.
Distant in Hiologia Centrali-Aniericana. Homoptera. plate 2. figure
I. In this figure the first and second transverse veins of the fore
wing are not as clouded as in the two specimens. I have examined,
or as called for by Walker, who says: " I'ore wings with the first
and second transverse veins clouded with brown." Mr. Distant, how-
ever, in the te.xt says: " Opercula long, triangular, reaching the ba.se
of the fourth abdominal segment, .-\pices of the opercula obtuse;
tegmina spotted with fuscous near the apex." Uhler. in the Trans-
actions. .Maryland Academy of .Science, i. p. 155. 1892. states of
Cicada Iransfcrsa : "The type came from Mexico. I have examined
a specimen from Te.xas. ' In the list of Coleoptera. Lepidoptera,
Dijjtera and Hemiptera collected in .Arizona by the Fntomological
Expeditions of the University of Kansas in 1902 and 1903. Kansas
University Science P.ulletin, volume 2. number 12, May, 1904. Prof.
F. H. .Snow records Cicada tran.<rfcrsa from two localities in south-
western .\rizona. collected in 1903. We have examined some of
these specimens and they are what is described in this pajjer as
Tibiccn apache.

The following specimens of traiis7'crsa have been examined:
Padre Island. Texas, .\ugust 2^^. igi;. male. Collection Univer-
■^ity f)f Michigan, and examined through the courtesy of Prof. 1'. M.
' »aige. This sjjecimen is figured.

t) Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- ^xi^.

Galveston, Texas, August 22, 1918. male (E. C. Wurzlow).
Davis collection. Mr. Wurzlow wrote that he heard this insect
singing, and found it on a fence over a clump of Ainaranthus. He
also heard several others in the gardens about the houses.

Tibicen texana (Davis).

In the original description in this Journal for 1916, this species
was recorded from three localities in Cameron County, southern
Texas. The following Texas specimens have since been examined:
Spofford, Kinney Co., July 8, 1907, male; CotuUa, Lasalle Co., 450
ft., August 13-14, 1912, male; Uvalde, Uvalde Co., 1.000-1,100 ft.,
Aug. 21-22, 1912. male; Del Rio, Valverde Co., 900-1,100 ft., Aug.
22-23, 1912, male and female in copulation; Midland, Midland Co..
2,779 ft., Sept. 19, 1912, male. These six specimens are in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and were collected by
Rehn and Hebard.

The female of this species has never been described, so it may
be well to state that the notch in the last ventral segment is broadly
V-shaped with the sides of the V slightly sinuate, as in olympusa
(sordidata), but judging from the only female of texana examined
the V incision has the sides more evenly curved and broadly rounded
out than in olyiiipiisa. In addition the head is broader than in that
species.
Tibicen vitripennis var. bequaerti Davis.

This insect was described and figured in the Journal of the
New York Entomological Society for December, 1917, under the
name of Tibicen viridifascia var. bequaerti. The type and four
paratypes were recorded from Richmond, Texas, June 23, 1917. and
four paratyj)es from Wharton, Texas, June 24, 1917, all collected
by Dr. H. H. Knight. It was stated at the time that the eyes were
prominent in these specimens ; also that the basal cell of the fore
wing was clear, slightly touched with black along the fore margin.
More material has been examined, and the writer now thinks that
this insect should be considered as a variety of vitripennis Say. in-
stead of viridifascia Walker, particularly on account of the more
elongate shape of the fore wings, and the clearer basal cell. In the
writer's collection there are at present thirty examples of z'itri-
pennis, and when these are compared with examples of variety

March. 19J1.] D.WIS : RECORDS OF XoRTH A.MKRICAN CiCADAS. 7

bcquacrti having a like expanse of wings, they invariably are much
narrower across the eyes, in other words the variety is a broad
headed insect as shown by the figure accompanying the original
description.

In the United States National Museum there is a female speci-
men of Tibiccn bcquacrti from Columbus. Texas. It bears a label
stating that it was figured in the "" Insect Book. PI. 28, fig. 15."
The wings in this specimen cxi)and 76 mm., head 12 mm. across eyes.
length of body 2=, mm., ventral notch broad and shallow. A female
Tibiccn vitrif^cniiis Say from Louisiana with length of body also z-.
mm. has the width of head 1 1 mm., ventral notch deeper than in the
Texas example and double. A female z'itripcniiis from .Mexandria.
La.. June 22. 191 o (E. S. Tucker), expands 75 mm., length of body
25 mm., has the width of the head 1 1 mm. ; ventral notch broad and
shallow, and feebly double. In the writer's collection there is .1
female bcquacrti from New Orleans. La.. June. 191 8 (H. E. Hubert),
with expanse of fore wings y2 mm., length of body 23 mm., and
width of head across eyes 10 mm. The ventral notch is simple.

It may not prove a very constant character, but in all of the
specimens of bcquacrti the transverse black stripe on the head be-
tween the eyes, does not reach the eyes, whereas in ritrif^cnnis the
stripe continues right across the front of the head in 2S out of the
30 specimens at hand, and in the two exceptions the stripe almost
reaches the eyes.

Tibicen knighti Davis.

This species was described and figured in the Jol-rnal ok tiif.
N. Y. Ento. Soc. for Deceml>er, 191 7. shortly after which Hr. H.
H. Knight contributed the following additional information: "The
new knighti was taken in Sabino Canyon of the Santa Catalina
Mountains, at an altitude of about 6.500 to 7.000 feet. I .spent about
five minutes trying to locate the first one; I could not sec it. and
looked first for a Cicada and then for an Orthopterous insect. I
had to give it up and scare it out of the bu.sh before locating it. The
species preferred to alight on the shrubbery that covered the rocky
slopes of the canyon, among the many giant cacti. I remember I saw-
one female and missed it liy not being careful."

8 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- >!^xix,

Tibicen arizona (Davis).

When the original description of this species was published in this
Journal for March, 1916, only males had been examined, all col-
lected by Prof. F. H. Snow in the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona. Since
then a female collected by Prof. Snow at the same place and time
has come to hand. It is like the males in general color and mark-
ings. It expands 54 millimeters; length of body 17 millimeters; last
ventral segment with the shallow notch broadly open and its sides
slightly sinuate. In the allied species castanca, the notch is broadly
open, but is double.

Several specimens of a species closely resembling arizona, from
Cuernavaca, about 40 miles south of Mexico City. Mexico, have been
examined. One bears a label reading " Selymbria modcsta Dist.,"
with '■' (Uhl) " in the lower left-hand corner. Distant's modesta,
now placed in the genus Ollanta, has the '" tympanal coverings large,
their apices subacute anteriorly but not interiorly covering cavities.''
In arizona and tlie species from Cuernavaca, the tympana completely
cover the cavities.
Okanagana mariposa Davis.

The following California records of this species, originally de-
scribed from Mariposa County, were received in 1920: Upland, San
Bernardino Co., June 18, 1920. male; July i. 1920, five males, four
females; July 2, 1920, male and two females (Miss E. P. Hewlett).
Angeles Forest, Barley Flats, 5,000 ft., June 24, 1918, two females
(Victor Duran). Mr. Duran writing of this species states that he
found it " extremely abundant in the chaparral in the vicinity of
Barley Flats, Sierra Madre Mountains on June 24, 1918. . . . That
day and the one preceding were hot and insects of all kinds were
most unusually abundant." Alhambra, Los Angeles Co., July 4,
1920, twenty-nine males and nineteen females; July 6, 1920, two
males and ten females. Under date of July 8, 1920, Mr. Duran
wrote of this lot. they occurred '' in the chaparral of the upper parts
of the canyons of the Tujunga and West Fork of the San Gabriel
River, altitude 4,000 to 5,500 feet." Nevada Co.. August 11, and
August 13, 1920, two males (E. R. Leach).
Okanagana rimosa (Say).

In this Journal for 1919, page 203, it was stated that Say's two
specimens of this species, collected by Nuttall in 181 1, no doubt came

March, I92T.1 DaVIS: Rki

• JOAOAS.

from aloriij :nt* .hvxmr

Dakota, and a male from -

at that time as filling in every wa

O. A. .Stevens has kindly

at Mandan. Morton Co., ::<

men comes from what is belie-

a tritle -mailer than the Iowa example, cxpaiiuiuy

but other\vi-;e is the same.

h

Lxu

It is
neters.

!■ col-

iod

Okanagana aigrivirldis new speeit -

Type male from Upland. San Bemardn:
Miss Esther P. Hewlett). Davis collet—-"

Allotype from same locality, July
lection.

A conspicuously beautiful green and black specii
narrow wings.

Head across eyes nearly as broad as front margin of the prononun. eyes
and front both prominent: median sulcus well defined. Pronotum with the
hiunerai angles rounded, and the anterior angles well dcftneH ^ — *ir notch
each side near the middle of the outer edge of the pronotur larrow.

rather pointed, with the outer .'y curved- - _^^

the hairs confined to the resi .e legs an . ::e

IGRIVIKIDI.S

Transverse rugz are covered wvh , -; ■ rry pubescence. The :niicr>iiic if ne
abdomen is nearly smooth ejcc •> spots of silvery r

-eumcnt. The " "" "~ '

-li. '-ry pubesc- *i

hairs behind the cyca. Tlit liai .tjura. :.tit:utnt ui :iic ty;jc :- rnundcd. ".qthtJy

10 J(3URNAL New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

sinuate near the center ; in the allotype the last ventral segment is narrowly
notched, the notch extending only half way to the base. Uncus when viewed
in profile arched above, sinuate beneath, and when viewed from above notched
ait the extremity.

Head black above, supra antennal plates and an irregular area behind the
ocelli, green. Pronotum green variegated centrally with black, especially in
the depressions or grooves. Mesonotum green with four obconical black spots
along the anterior margin, the outer pair about twice as long as the central
pair; from the central pair extends a black line backward to the elevated X,
where it either forks or is represented by two spots. There are also two black
spots, one near each of the anterior extremities of the X. There is an irregu-
lar black line extending each side from the elevated X to the base of the fore
wings. Metanotum green, irregularly spotted with black near the base of each
hind wing. Front wings with the venation conspicuously black, except the
yellowish-green front margin, the clouded green basal cell, and the green veins
surrounding the anal area. In the hind wings the marginal cells are sur-
rounded by more delicate blackened veins, while the venation on the basal half
of the wing is greenish, the anal areas being opaquely greenish-white. Mem-
branes at base of both pair of wings are greenish-white, those of the front
wings slightly yellowish on posterior margin. Abdomen green above with the
commencement of a black dorsal vitta on the first segments, a rather con-
spicuous black stripe on the front margin of segment three ; less conspicuous
ones on segments two and four, or the last may be wholly wanting. In addi-
tion segments three to six have two black spots on each side, the upper rounded
and the lower linear in form. In the allotype there is an irregular black spot
each side on segment nine. Uncus green, blackened along lower margin. Be-
neath, 'the head is black, the frontal sulcus partly green, the terminal part of
the rostrum black, the legs green striped with black, claws and spines tipped
with black, abdomen green with the usual basal dark spot, which in this in-
stance is much reduced ; valve green.

Me.\surements in Millimeters.

Female
Male Type. Allotype.

Length of body 25 25

Width of head across eyes 7 7

Expanse of fore wings 64 65

Length of valve 5

In addition to the type and allotype two males were collected at
Upland, California, one July 20, and tlie other July 29. 1920. Miss
Hewlett writes : " One which I caught was singing more like a
Katydid; not a steady song." In some of the species of Okanagana
the song is quite steady.

March, 1921.] DaVIS: RECORDS OF XORTH A.MKRICAN CiCADAS. 1 1

The shape of the head in nigriviridis is much like that of
synodica, also as in that species the valve is long. The dark mark-
ings on the head and thorax are also similar. On the other hand the
fore wings are not as broadly rounded at the extremities as in
synodica, the radial cell is more elongate, and the eighth apical area
is proportionately longer. For the present this very distinct species
can be placed next to arctostaphyhc.

Okanagana synodica (Say).

This species has been recorded from Montana. Nebraska. Kansas,
Colorado. New Mexico and Texas. (See Journal N. Y. Rnto.
See. June-Sept.. 1919. p. 211.) The following records extend its
range to two additional states: Parowan. Utah, two males. Palmer's
assorting. No. 1201. Uhler collection. U. S. Nat. Museum. Medicine
Bow. Wyoming, about 6,600 ft.. June 22-24. 1920. four males, col-
lection Am. Museum of Natural History. Dr. Frank E. Lutz col-
lected these four specimens and noted at the time " the small brown
Cicada on grass, has a continuous note, but sometimes continues
for only a short time."

Okanagana balli Davis.

In the original description. Journal X. \'. E.vto. Soc. June-Sept.,
1919. this species is recorded from Iowa. Minnesota and South
Dakota. .Additional records are as follows: Lake Okoboji. Iowa.
July 6. 1917 ( L. L. Buchanan), collection U. S. Biological Survey.
Lake Okoboji. Iowa. July. 1919. male fed to a young .\rkansas
Kingbird by its parent and taken from the young bird by T. C.
Stephens. About seven or eight other specimens were fed to the
young birds. Blue Rapids, Kansas, June 20, 1919. three males and
a female (O. A. Stevens). "Nebraska." male, collection Mus. of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Mass. Kalispell. T'l.-ithc;»(l Co..
Montana. June, male (Prof. H. F. Wickham).
Okanagana vanduzeei Distant. PI. II. fi^. 3.

Mr. E. R. Leach has kindly presented mc with six males of
O. 'auduzcci var. cotisobrina collected in Mendocino County. Cali-
fornia from June 20 to 2j, 1920. These northern specimens are a
little smaller than the average from the tyi)e locality. San Diego
County, but otherwise there appears to be n<> (lifTtrt-ncc.

12

TouRNAL New York Entomological Society. I^'o'- ^^-'^ix.

We here present a figure of tlie genitalia of a male O. vanduccei,
so that a comparison may be made with the new Okanagana shnulata.

m

KANA&ANA VANDUXEEI

Okanagana simulata new species. PI. II, fig. 4.

Type male from Upland, San Bernardino Co., California, June 21, 1920
(Miss Esther P. Hewlett). Davis collection.

Allotype from same locality, June 29, 1920 (Miss Hewlett). Davis col-
lection.

Resembles Okanagana mariposa in size and color, and Okanagana rayi-
duseei somewhat in color and form and in having a hooked uncus.

Head rather large and only a little narrower than the front margin of the
pronotum ; front conspicuously hairy and moderately produced ; median sulcus

^KANA&ANA SIMDLATA

March, 19^1 J DaVIS : RkCORDS OF XoRTII A.MKRICAX CiCADAS. 13

well defined. Pronotum with both the hunural and anterior angles rounded.
Sides of pronotum without serrations. Front wing^ rather pointed with the
outer edge forming a somewhat straight line. Beneath conspicuously hairy ;
last ventral segment broadly rounded and somewhat truncate at the extremity.
In the female allotype the notch is sharp at the bottom with the sides some-
what sinuate. Uncus when viewed in profile hooked at the extremity.

Head black with the supra-antcnnal plates orange in the type ; the allotype
has in addition a spot on the front and the groove behind the middle ocellus
dull orange. The transverse rugae black, bordered by orange, but so covered
with sil\ ery hairs that the colors are considerably hidden. Pronotum black, the
hind margin edged with dull orange. In the allotype the front margin is also
narrowly edged with dull orange, and the grooves show faintly the same color.
Mesonotum black, bordered on the sides posteriorly with dull orange. The
elevated X black, touched with dull orange at top and on the hind limbs; in
front of the fore limbs there are the usual four orange spots arranged in a
semicircle. Metanotum black, edged in part posteriorly with dull orange.
Front wings with the venation almost black, with a submarginal dull orange
streak extending to the end of the radial cell. Base of fore wing blackened,
including the basal cell, membrane orange. Hind wings orange and dark
brown or almost black at base, with the outer veins lighter than in the fore
wings. Tergum black, but feebly shining, hairs silvery, uncus black. The
legs are irregularly striped with orange ; the femora paler at the outer joints.
Beneath the abdominal segments are black centrally, edged posteriorly and on
the sides with orange; the last segment is broadly edged witt' ..r-.n ., \',l\r
black beneath, orange along the upper margin.

Measlreme.nts IX Millimeters.

Male Type. .Mlotvpe.

Length of body 27 26

Width of head across eyes 9 9

Expanse of fore wings 75 77

Length of valve 5

In addition to the type and allotype three males were collected at
Upland. California, hy Mis.s Hewlett in 1920, as follows: Jimc 23.
July I and July 5. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cam-
bridge. Mass.. there is a male collected at Claremont. California.
June 8. 1882. This locality is five or si.x miles to the west of L'pland.
I am indebted to Mr. Nathan Banks for the privileRe of examining
this specimen.

While this .species on account of its size, large head, rather
straight outer margin to the fore wings and coloring, resembles

14 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'"'- >^>^ix.

Okanagana vwriposa, it differs in having a hooked uncus instead of
a nearly straight one; it is also more hairy. From Okanagana van-
diiccci, which has a hooked uncus, it differs in being much larger,
in having the eyes more prominent, the anterior angles of the prono-
tum more rounded, the front wings with the outer margin straighter,
and the last ventral segment more rounded at the extremity, instead
of somewhat sinuate. It, however, should be placed next to
z^anduccci.
Okanagodes gracilis Davis.

In the original description. Journal N. Y. Ento. Society, June-
Sept., 1919, this species was reported from Utah, and two localities in
Arizona. On August 6, 19 19, at Bagdad, San Bernardino Co., Cali-
fornia, Mr. Morgan Hebard collected two males on low plants in
an arid environment. He was attracted by the song, which he at
first thought was produced by an Orthopterous insect. The Cicadas
ceased singing when he was still some distance from them, which
made their final detection rather difficult.

Platypedia putnami var. keddiensis Davis.

Recorded from Keddie, Plumers Co., and Lassen Co., California,
also Corvallis, Oregon. Recently Mr. E. R. Leach kindly sent me
two males and a feniale collected May 2^, 1920, in Nevada Co.,
California.

Platypedia laticapitata new species. Plate II, fig. 5.

Type male. Upland, San Bernardino Co., California, June 24, 1920: allo-
type female from the same locality, July i, 1920; both collected by Miss Esther
P. Hewlett, and in Davis collection.

Resembles Platypedia aperta Van D. in its narrow fore wings ; the uncus,
however, is much narrower, and more as in P. vanditseei, from which it differs
in not having the broad wings nor the very hairy head of that species. The
head is also very hairy in minor and barbata.

Front of head not prominent and about as in the other small species of
the genus ; median sulcus moderately well defined and broadening on the lower
part of the face. The head is wide across the eyes, and the pronotum broadens
from the collar toward the anterior margin, so that it is proportionately wider
just behind the eyes than in any other Platypedia so far examined. Hairs on
the greater part of the dorsal surface short and appressed, giving the insect
a dull gray-black appearance ; in aperta, vanduzeei, minor and barbata the
hairs on the upper surface of the thorax are rather long, upright and dark
colored. Hairs on the underside of the body longer and lighter colored, as is

March, I9-M.1 DaVIS: RECORDS OF XoKTH AMERICAN CiCADAS.

1.')

usual. The fore wings are narrow, and have eight rather long and narrow
apical areas ; the costal margin is evenly curved. The uncus is upturned at
the extremity as in vanduzeei, but is more broadly rounded on the end than
in that species. Last ventral segment in the allotype quite hairy, with the
notch broadly v-shaped.

General color dull black, the lighter hairs giving a general grayish appear-

LATYPtDIA LATlCAPlTATA

ance. Fore femora black on nearly the entire inner side; chestnut colored
striped with black on outer side ; extremities of femora pale. The hind margin
of the pronotum, as well as the other usual paler markings are dull orange,
while the membranes at the base of the fore wings are brighter orange.

Measurements in Millimeters.

Male Type.
Length of body 17

Width of head across eyes 6

Expanse of fore wings 44

Length of valve 2.5

Kcmale

.MIotype.

19

6
43

This insect should he considered just after apcrta in the Key to
the Genera and Species of Platypedia and Xeoplatypcdia, i)ul)lished
in the Joi'rxal, X. \'. l-.ntomolotrical Society, for June. 1920. Only
the type and allotype have been examined.

EXPL.\NATI()\ OF PL.ATES I .WD II.
Plate I.

Fig. I. Tibiccn cinclifcra (I'hkrK Male.

Fig. 2. Tibiccn cinclifcra (L'hler). Female.

Fig. 3. Tibiccn cinclifcra (l'hler). Under side, enlarged.

Fig. 4. Tibiccn apache Davis. Type, male.

Fig. 5. Tibiccn apache Davis. Allotype, female.

Fig. 6. Tibiccn apache Davis, ''"'.r <:ide. enlarged.

16 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

Plate II.

Tibicen transversa (Walker).
Okanagana nigriviridis Davis. Type.
Okanagana vandiizeei Distant.
Okanagana simulata Davis. Type.
Platypedia laticapifata Davis. Type.

Fig.

I.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4-

Fig.

S-

NOTES ON INDIANA HALTICINI WITH CHAR-
ACTERIZATION OF A NEW GENUS AND DE-
SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

By W. S. Blatchley,
Indianapolis, Ind.

During the ten years that have intervened since ni}' " Coleoptera
of Indiana '" was issued, a number of interesting HaUicini have been
added to the known fauna of the State. Some of these are evi-
dently new to science and one of them belongs to none of the genera
included by Dr. Horn in his " Synopsis of the Halticini of Boreal
America. "1 I have therefore, in this paper, founded for it a new
genus, have described eight species and named one variety believed
to be new, and have added notes on a number of others. The order
followed is that of the genera and species of the Tribe in the
Coleoptera of Indiana. My thanks are due to H. C. Fall, of Tyngs-
boro, Mass., for comparisons made and suggestions given, examples
of all the supposedly new species having been submitted to him.

Disonycha pennsylvanica parva new variety.

This is the small form occurring about a cypress swamp in Knox
County, and characterized but not named by me on page Ii88 of the
" Coleoptera." Since it differs from pciiiisylz'aiiica in having the
elytra non-alutaceous, almost wholly without punctures and always
with a double fold or sulcus along the median black stripe, it may in
time be recognized as a valid species, since no intermediate forms
have been seen. I found it in numbers about a similar swamp at
Sanford, Fla., in April, 191 3. and it is probably the form mentioned

1 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XVI, 1889, pp. 163-320.

(Jour. N. V. Knt. Soc.) Vol. XXIX.

(Plate I.^

iCK \I)II) \V..)

(JoiK. X. V. Rnt. Soc.) \'ol. XXIX.

(Platk II.)

(i'K \l>ll > \l

March, 1 9-' I.] BlATCHLKY : XoTES ON l.NDIANA HaI.TICINI. 1,

without name by Horn, loc. cit.. p. 207,, as occurrinir in l-'lorida and
Louisiana, thouj^h lie does not refer to the most salient differences
between it and f>cnnsxl7'a}iica.

The small Halticids belonfjinj:; to the j^cnus Loii(/itarsus are much
more numerous in this country than is pfenerally supposed. I have
elsewhere described three very distinct forms from Florida which
were not included in Morns paper, and have at hand four others
which have been lieretofore unknown. They frequent, for the most
part, the dense subaquatic vegetation along the borders of marshes
and ponds, where their small size precludes their being easily seen.
They are best taken by sweeping, but this method of capture usually
prevents their food plant being definitely known unless, as is seldom
the case, the vegetation is of a single species.

The study of this genus, while a most interesting pastime, is beset
with many difficulties. Crotch passed it up with the statement- that :
" The species are beyond my skill to unravel from the incomplete
material before me." Horn, loc. cit., p. 276, stated that: "The genus
is an extremely difficult one to deal with, certainly more so tlian any
other Halticini of our fauna," yet he made a very satisfactory key to
2^ species from all parts of the country, 15 of which he described
as new.

Our eastern species of Longitorsus group themselves naturally
into two divisions, one having the wings present, the elytra wider at
base than thorax and with umbones and humeri distinct; the other
apterous, the elytra not wider at base than thorax, the humeri, at the
most, broadly rounded and the umbones absent or very faint. These
groups should at least bear subgeneric rank. In order that our
ea.stern species may be the more readily determined I have prepared
the accompanying key to the 19 now known from ea.st of the Missis-
sippi River. In my study of both these and other small Coleoptera I
have found that the presence or absence of an alutaceous surface is
one of the most stable characters to be used in separating clo.scly
related species. This and the color, which varies but little in mature
specimens of Lougitarsus. and the length, which can also he de-
pended upon within the limits given, arc the |)rincii)al second.iry
characters I have used in the kev.

2 Proc. .\cafl. N.it. Sci. Pliil., 1S73, 65.

18 Journal Xevv York Entomological Society, t^'^'- >^xix.

Key to Eastern Species of Longitarsus.

a. Elytra at base distinctly wider than thorax ; humeri and umbones more
or less evident; body winged. (Subgenus Longitarsus.)
b. Color either testaceous or reddish-brown.
c. Larger species, length more than 2.2 mm.

d. Rufo-testaceous, upper surface not alutaceous : length 3 mm.

subrufus Lee.
dd. Rufo-castaneous ; length not more than 2.5 mm.

e. Joints 2, 3 and 4 of antennse subequal in length or joint four
but slightly longer than two ; surface not alutaceous.

alternatus Ziegl.
ee. Joints 2. 3 and 4 of antenns gradually longer, four being
double the length of two : surface minutely alutaceous.

arenaceus new species.
cc. Smaller species, length not over 2 mm.
/. Upper surface nowhere alutaceous.

g. Antennae with four basal and three apical joints reddish-yel-
low, the internaediate joints fuscous; elytra rufo-testaceous,
each with a fuscous cloud at middle : length 2 mm.

heliophyti Horn.

gg. Antennae fusco-piceous, the three or four basal joints alone

pale ; elytra dull testaceous without fuscous median spots

but with a vague common w-shaped scutellar blotch : length

1. 3-1. 5 mm fuscicornis Blatch.

//. Upper surface, at least of elytra, distinctly alutaceous.

h. Joints 2, 3 and 4 of antenn.-e subequal in length ; elytra not
shining but with a distinct greasy aspect.
i. Elytra nearly three times as long as thorax, coarsely aluta-
ceous ; form more robust, convex ; punctures of thorax

very evident ; length 2 mm testaceus Melsh.

a. Elytra only twice as long as thorax, minutely alutaceous ;
form more slender, subdepressed ; punctures of thorax

almost invisible; length 1.6-1.8 mm cotuluss Blatch.

hh. Joints 2, 3 and 4 of antennae unequal, gradually longer;
elytra alutaceous but shining and without a greasy aspect,
the punctures distinctly coarser than in either testaceus

or cotulus ; length 1.8—2 mm suspectus new species.

bb. Color either piceous or dark brown.

y. Larger species, length 3-3.5 mm traductus Horn.

jj. Smaller, not over 2.5 mm.

k. L'pper surface strongly shining, not at all alutaceous.

3 In lifting up an elytron of the type the wing must have adhered to the
under surface and was not discovered, as I described it erroneously as apterous,
whereas the wings are as fully developed as in any other species of this group.

March, 192 1. 1 BlaTCHLEV: XoTES ON INDIANA HaI.TICINI. 19

/. Joints 2. 3 and 4 of antcnnx unequal, successively longer;
color dark brown with a faint bronze lustt-r ; length 2.3-2.$

mm turbatus Horn.

//. Joints 2. 3 and 4 of antenn.-e subequal in length : color piceous ;
length less than 2 mm.
III. Punctures of thorax very fine, almost invisible: legs

piceous; length 1.8 mm €1X0 Horn.

mm. Punctures of thorax moderately coarse, very distinct; legs

dull yellow : length 1.5 mm pygmaeos Horn.

kk. Upper surface distinctly alutaceous, moderately shining; color
brownish-piceous ; elytral punctures coarse : Kngth 2-2.2 mm.

melanurus Melsh
aa. Elytra at base not wider than thorax : humeri and umbones absent or very
feeble; body apterous. (Sul^,enus Apterius.)
n. Color either testaceous or reddish-brown.

o. Abdomen coarsely punctate; length 2-2.2 mm insolens Horn

00. Abdomen smooth or very indistinctly punctate ; length not o\ er
1.8 mm.
p. Thorax with distinct coarse, deep scattered punctures ; pygidium
wholly concealed: elytra with coarse, deep punctur<s: length

1 .3 mm perf oratns Horn.

pp. Thorax with fine, shallow, almost invisible punctures; pygidium

plainly visible ; elytra with much finer, more shallow punctures.

q. Pale reddish-brown, feebly shining : form elongate, subcylin-

drical : length 1.8 mm subcylindricus Blatch.

qq. Dark reddish-brown, strongly shining : form .-ihorr-oval : length

I— 1.2 mm misellus new spicic>.

nu. Color either black or very dark chocolate-brown.

r. Color black; punctures of elytra coarse, dense; length 1-1.2 mm.

solidaginis Horn.

rr. Color dark chocolate-brown : punctures of elytra fine and sparse ;

length 1.5 mm saltatus n. w species.

Longitarsus arenacevts new species.

Broadly o\ ai. convex, robust for the genus : winged. Reddish-casianeous
or brick-red, shining; apical half of antennx and hind femora and sutural line
of elytra slightly darker. Head with frontal carina scarcely evident, postocular
tubercles prominent. Antennae stout, joints 2. 3 and 4 distinctly increasing in
length, the fourth double the length of the second. Thorax sub<|uadrate, one-
fourth wider than long, sides feebly rounded, front angles with a promincn'
obliquely truncated oval nodule, hind ones rounded into base; disk minutely
alutaceous, very sparsely and finely but distinctly punctate. Elytra oval, one-
third wider at base than thorax ; humeri rounded, umbones feeble but evident ;
disk minutely alutaceous, very finely, evenly and rather densely punctate.
Abdominal segments 1-4 gradually diminishing in length, all distinctly punc-
tate. Length, 2.2-2.5 n^n\.

20 JouRXAL Xew York Entomological Society, t^'o'- >^xix,

Pine. Lake Co., Ind., May 15-20: Alineral Springs. Porter Co.,
Sept. 10. Taken by A. B. Wolcott in the sand covered district along
Lake Michigan where it occurs mainly beneath the prickly pear
cactus Opuntia humifusa Raf. This species was erroneously included
in the Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 1192, as L. aliernatus Ziegl., but that
species is non-alutaceous and has the antennal joints, 2, 3 and 4
subequal. Mr. Fall has compared for me the type of arenaccns with
that of Ziegler's species and pronounces the two very distinct.

Longitarsus suspectus new species.

Rather broadly oval, convex ; winged. Pale reddish-yellow throughout,
strongly shining; apical third of antennae often dusky. Head alutaceous, im-
punctate, the frontal carina prominent. Antennal joints 2, 3, 4 gradually
slightly longer, the fourth one-half longer than second, but slightly if any
shorter than those which follow, which are subequal. Thorax sub-elliptical,
one-third wider than long, sides strongly declivent ; front angles with a small
obliquely truncated nodule, hind ones rounded into base : disk minutely aluta-
ceous, very finely and remotely punctate. Elytra wholly covering the pygidium,
one-third wider at base than thorax, humeri rounded, umbone evident but
feeble ; sides very broadly curved, sutural angle obtuse ; disk finely but dis-
tinctly alutaceous, finely, evenly and very shallowly punctate, the punctures
separated by nearly twice their own diameters and subseriate in arrangement.
Abdomen finely and sparsely punctate, each puncture bearing a minute inclined
yellowish hair. Length, 1.8-2 mm.

Pulaski, Putnam, Marion. Knox and Dubois counties. Lid.. May 6-
November 28. Taken by sweeping herbage about the margins of
woodland ponds. Heretofore confused in my collection and probably
in many others with L. testaccus ]\Ielsh.. but smaller, comparatively
broader with the upper surface much less alutaceous and therefore
without the strong greasy aspect of testaccus. The punctures of the
thorax are almost invisible, while those of the elytra are distinctly
coarser than in testaccus. No abdominal sexual differences are vis-
ible in the series of 2/ specimens at hand, though what I take to be
the males are more narrow bodied, still less alutaceous and with the
disparity between joints 2-3-4 of antennae slightly greater than in
the female type. From arenaceiis, described above, this species
differs in its paler color, much less robust form, in joints 2. 3 and 4
of antennae being less unequal and in the coarser, sparser and much
more shallow punctures of elytra.

I

March, 19^ I.] BlATCHLEY : XoTES OX INDIANA HaLTICIXI. 21

Longitarsus misellus new species.

Xarrowly oval, strongly convex; apterous. Dark reddish-brown; an-
tennae and legs reddish-yellow, the former dusky toward tips. Head minutely
alutaceous, impunctate. Antenna with joints 2, 3 and 4 subequal in length,
each one-third shorter than Xos. 6-1 1, which are also subequal. Thorax
one-half wider than long, its sides strongly declivent. their margins rounded
into base ; disk minutely and very sparsely punctate, the punctures just visible
under the highest magnification. Elytra at base not wider than thorax, their
sides very broadly and evenly curved to apex, beneath which the pygidium
is plainly visible : umbones and humeri wanting ; disk with punctures every-
where confused, round, shallow, separated by twice their own diameters. Ab-
domen very finely and distantly punctate. Length, i— 1.2 mm.

Parke Co., Ind.. May 13 ; Marion Co.. Sept. 2. Swept from
herbage in low moist places. Allied to L. insolens Horn, but much
smaller, with the punctures of thorax all but invisible and abdomen
almost smooth.

Longitarsus saltatus new species.

Elongate-oval, strongly convex ; apterous. Piceous or dark chocolate-
brown : antennae and legs dull reddish-yellow, the hind femora reddish-brown.
Head finely alutaceous, impunctate. Eyes sn>all, prominent, very coarsely
facetted. Antennae with joints 2. 3 and 4 subequal. Thorax one-third wider
than long, sides broadly rounded : front angles with a thickened obliquely trun-
cate nodule, side margins with a smaller spicule at apical' third and another
near hind angles, which are rounded into the base ; disk distinctly alutaceous,
finely, very sparsely and shallowly punctate. Elytra oval, widest at middle,
not wider at base than thorax, sides broadly cur\ed from base to the sepa-
rately rounded apices, which leave the pygidium almost wholly exposed ; um-
bones and humeri absent ; disk minutely alutaceous, sparsely, finely and some-
what aciculately punctate, the punctures near the suture subseriate. .-Vbdomeii
finely and sparsely punctate, the last ventral with a distinct but obtuse length-
wise median carina. Length. 1.5 mm.

Posey Co.. Ind.. Sept. 21. Taken by sweeping roadside herbage.
Allied to solidaginis Horn, but larger, less attenuate behind and
with punctures of elytra much finer and more shallow.

Longitarsus turbatus Horn.

This has proven to be almost as common in Indiana as L. meianu-
rus with which it is usually confu.sed. Numbers were taken in
Marion County during the past summer by sweeping about a '* wet
weather " woodland pond.

22 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxi>^-

Glyptina brunnea Horn.

A single specimen was taken July 20 in Marion County, while
sweeping in dense upland woods. This is the first Indiana record.
Horn states that it is known from Georgia, Louisiana, Texas and
Wisconsin.

The species of the genus Haltica are also much more numerous
in this country than was supposed by Horn. Since his synopsis
appeared, a number of species have been described as new by Fall,
Schaeffer. Woods and myself, and two others which are apparently
different from any known are herewith added to the list. One of
them, as well as several of the others recently described, was mas-
querading under the name H. igniia Illig, which name was for years
a general dumping ground for species similar in size and general
facies which could not be readily determined. Just what Illiger's
species was or is no one in this country apparently really knows.
By Melsheimer, Leconte, Horn and others the name ignita was
assigned to a group of species of subdepressed, oblong form, 3-4 mm.
in length, blue, greenish or coppery-golden in color, having joints
2, 3 and 4 of antennae usually gradually longer ; thorax one-half
wider than long, finely and sparsely punctured, the sub-basal trans-
verse impression loosely defined but wide and entire and consisting of
a narrow, deep median line from which the front of the impression
rises abruptly, the hind portion being flattened, and gradually sloping
upward. Males with last ventral segment sinuate each side, forming
a short median semicircular lobe which is flattened but not emarginate,
impressed or excised, the hind edge usually slightly reflexed.

Fall first recognized* that a number of species were included by
these older writers under the name ignito and described three of them,
probata and suspccta from California and lifigata from Florida, as
new, limiting the name ignita to a " brilliant coppery-golden form of
the Middle Atlantic states." My Haltica schwarai^ and H. vaccinia,^
described from Florida, were next taken from the ignita complex of
Horn. Woods'' has since separated and described three additional

4 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, 153.

5 Can. Ent., XLVI, 1914, 141; XLVIII, 1916, 95.

6 Bull. 2JT,, Maine Agr. Exp. Stat., 1918, 154.

March, 1 9-' 1. 1 BlaTCHLKY: XoTF.S ON INDIANA HaLTICINI. 23

Species, conii, roscc and ///));;', from Maine."" .^ince lUiger's orig-
inal description of igitiia calls for a species having the elytra " plica
siibmarginali," a character that no known American species, except
biniargiiiata Say. possesses, and since none of our entomologists have
seen his type and have heretofore '" guessed " at what species he had
in hand, it would t)e better, in my opinion, to either drop his name
from our lists or to carry it, as Woods has done, as an unknown
American species possessing an elytral submarginal fold.

From the coppery-golden form assumed to he /V/>n/u hy I-"all, and
from all the species recently described from the composite ignita
Illig. of Horn, the first of the following two species differs in the
characters given sufficiently to justify its description as new.
Haltica gloriosa new species.

Oval, rather strongly convex. Color a unitorni brilliant rcddish-purplc ;
antennae, tarsi and tibiae blackish-bronzed, pubescent. Fourth joint of an-
tennae one-fifth longer than third, twice the length of second. Head with
frontal carina distinct, sharp : eyes large but only moderately prominent :
vertex impunctate. Thorax subquadrate. one-fourth wider than long, base
and apex subequal in width : front angles nodulate, hind ones obtuse, sides
almost parallel, feebly undulate ; disk minutely alutaceous. very finely and
sparsely punctate, the transverse basal impression entire, its front portion le>-
elevated and abrupt, and hind one less sloping and more depressed than in
the ignita Illig. of Fall. Elytra oval, convex, one-third wider at base than
thorax, sides broadly curved, umbones evident but feeble, disk rather closely
and relatively coarsely punctate, the punctures behind the umbones plainly
seriate in arrangement. Abdomen finely and sparsely punctate, more closely
and rugosely in female, the hind margin of each segment fimbriate with fine
grayish hairs : hind femora finely pubescent. Last ventral of male with a dis-
tinct but small U-shaped emargination at tip which, when held in certain posi-
tions, has the appearance of a small rounded fovea. Length, z-i 3 mm.

Marion Co.. Ind.. August 3. September 6. three specimens: Law-
rence Co.. May 1 i. The ones from Marion Co. were taken by swecp-

"a Since this paper went to press there has appeared in Psyche. XXV'H,
1920, pp. loi-iii, one by Mr. Fall entitled: "On Certain Species of Haltica,
Old and Xew." In this he states that the H. uhni of Woods is a synonym of
H. carinata Germ., and that the rosar of Woods is " exceeding close, if
actually distinct" to what he (Fall) recognizes as the typical ignita UWk-
This latter form, he says, occurs in the Eastern States on laurel and was de-
scribed as H. kalmiar by Melsheimer. Fall describes four new species in the
paper cited, two. f'lirpiirea and blaiicluirdi. from Massachusetts, heuchera-
from Manitoba and 7-i(ilis from X. w M. vicn .hkI Ari/on.i.

24 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxix,

ing the foliage of shrubs along the lower edge of a densely wooded
slope leading down to the banks of White River. The reddish-purple
color, different relative length of joints 2, 3 and 4 of antennae, the
much coarser and seriate post-umbonal punctures and the very dif-
ferent last ventral of male form a group of characters separating
gloriosa from any others heretofore named from this country.

Haltica viatica new species.

Elongate-oblong, moderately convex. Head and thorax with a brassy
tinge, elytra purple, antennae, legs and under surface blackish-bronzed. Head
not tuberculate, the frontal carina prominent. Joints 3 and 4 of antennae sub-
equal, each one-third longer than second. Thorax one-third wider than long,
sides feebly curved, hind angles rounded, front ones without a nodule ; disk
minutely alutaceous, without evident punctures, its basal impression a narrow,
deep, sharply defined groove, terminating each side about one-fifth from
margin. Elytra conjointly oblong, very little wider at base than thorax, their
sides parallel from behind the very feeble humeri to apical fourth, then
rounded into tips ; umbones prominent, their limiting depression within
scarcely evident ; disk finely, sparsely and evenly punctate. Abdomen finely
and rather closely punctate, pubescent. Last ventral of male with a median
groove extending from apex three-fourths to base and widening posteriorly.
Length, 3.2 mm.

Lake Co., Ind., October 6. Judging from Horn's description, it
is evidently allied to tombacina Mann., from Montana and Alaska,
but is smaller, more oblong, with antennal joints 3 and 4 equal and
groove of thorax deep and sharply defined.

Haltica litigata Fall.

This species, confused with others in the '' Coleoptera of Indiana "
under the name H. ignita 111., seems to have a wide distribution.
It was described" from Enterprise, Fla., and specimens are at hand
from Lake, Vermillion, Vigo, Marion and Martin Cos., Ind. In this
State it occurs mainly on the water purslane, Ludwigia palustris Ell.
From the blue form heretofore commonly known as H. ignita 111., it
may be distinguished by its much more protruding eyes and brown
tibiae and tarsi.

Haltica corni Woods.

Two specimens, one of which was identified for me by Mr. Fall
as the species here named, are at hand from Indiana. One was

"Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, 154.

March, I92I.] BlaTCHLKY: XoTESOX INDIANA HaLTICINI. 2')

taken in Crawford Co.. June 2. the other in Clark Co., September i6.
It is a bluish-black oblontj species with the iii)pcr surface almost
devoid of visible punctures.

Luperaltica fuscula Lie.

A sinjjle specimen, the only one known from the State, was taken
while sweeping in Posey County. September 22. iyi8. It was de-
scribed® from Pennsylvania. Illinois and Kansas as a Malacosoma.
Horn treats it fully in his " Galerucini of Boreal America."" as the
frenus Luperaltica Crotch, seems to be a sort of connecting link
between the tril)es Halticini and Galerucini.

Luperaltica senilis Say.

This species occurs quite frequently in Marion Co. in early
autumn, on the flowers and foliage of the white snake-root. I-.upa-
toriitm agcrafoidcs L.. along the lower levels of a densely wooded
slope near White River. Elsewhere in the State it is known only
from Putnam County.

Lactica iris Oliv.

Only two specimens of this handsome little Ilalticid are known
from the State. The second one was taken .\ugust 31 in Marion Co.
on the same wooded slope as the preceding.

Sphaeroderma opima Lcc.

My first Indiana specimen was taken in Marion County. Septem-
ber 8, 1918. the second on September 6. 1920. Several others have
been seen in the sweeping net. but as they can jump three feet high
they readily escaped capture. In form this is the most rotund and
convex of our Halticids. and the hind femora the most incrassate oi
any. Like many others of the tribe it frequents the foliage of
plants growing in low. moist situations. Horn gives its known dis-
tribution as Illinois, North Carolina and Texas.

Chaetocnema subcylindrica Lee.

The first and only known Indiana specimen 01 i\\\^ r.i-iiy dix-
tinguished northern form was taken in Marion County. Nfay 5. 1918.
Its range is given by Horn as Massachusetts to Pcnn.sylvania. Mich-
igan, Wyoming and British Columbia.

« Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil.. 1865, 206.
0 Trans. Anur. Ent. Soc. XX, 1893. 135.

26 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

Systena plicata new species.

Elongate-oblong, subdepressed. Dull yellow, feebly shining ; a line be-
hind the eye, wide margins of thorax above and beneath, narrow margins of
elytra their full length and epipleurse piceous-black ; apical halves of all the
joints of antennje piceous ; basal joint wholly piceous. Head alutaceous,
coarsely and sparsely punctate. Thorax subquadrate, one-third wider than
long, sides almost straight, parallel ; disk alutaceous, coarsely and densely
punctate. Elytra one-third wider at base than thorax, humeri rounded ; sides
parallel to apical sixth, then rounded into apex ; disk very coarsely and densely
punctate, its sides with a strong plica or fold extending from each humerus
almost to apex. Under ■ surface and legs smooth. Male with last ventral
slightly impressed at middle of base. Thorax of female with a very feeble
transverse sub-basal depression, no trace of which is evident in the male.
Length, 3-I-3-5 mm.

Two specimens were swept from low herbage near Half -Moon
Pond, Posey County. September 22, 1918. Allied to 5". marginalis
Illig., but smaller, more yellowish in hue, with black markings more
pronounced ; sides of thorax much less curved, punctuation of upper
surface very much coarser and denser, and elytra with a prominent
submarginal fold which is wholly lacking or very faint in marginalis.
It is probably a member of the Austroriparian fauna, as the Lower
Austral Life Zone overlaps the Upper Austral in Posey County.

Genus Tanygaster new genus.

Oval, convex. Antennae half as long as body, ii-jointed, joints 2,
3 and 4 subequal, each two-thirds the length of 4-11, which are also
subequal in length but gradually a little stouter. Head inserted in
thorax to eyes, its frontal carina between the antennae prominent.
Thorax subquadrangular, without basal impression, its hind angles
rounded. Elytra but slightly wider at base than thorax, widest at
middle, their punctuation confused. Front coxae narrowly separated,
their cavities closed behind. Prosternum finely carinate between
the coxse. Metasternum with median portion thickened, divergent
behind. Ventral segments one and five exceptionally long, each one-
third longer than 2, 3 and 4 united, these being very short and sub-
equal in length. Hind femora very much inflated. Hind tibiae with
a very fine terminal spur on inner side. Tarsi all very short, basal
joint very stout, densely hairy beneath, as long as the others united,
third joint strongly bilobed beneath; tarsal claws divergent, feebly
appendiculate.

March. I9-M.I MacGiI.I.IVRAY : XkW SpKCIKS OF N'kMATI NAK. 27

The sins:Ie species descrihod helow, which is the genotype, has
someuliat the form and aspect of Dibolia or Psylliodcs. Rv Horn's
tal)le"' it would run to his group Systex.^. hut it is very different
in form, length of ahdominal segments, etc., from any mcmhcr of the
genus Systciia.

Tanygaster ovalis new species.

Klongate-ov al, rather strongly convex. Black, shininK ; four outer joints
of antennae fuscous, all the femora fusco-piccous ; remainder of antennz,
tibia and tarsi dull yellow. Head with a few small punctures between the
eyes. Thorax one-half wider than long, its sides regularly curved and rounded
into base; front angles each with a small oblique nodular prominence; disk
finely alutaceous. evenly, sparsely, rather lincly and shallowly punctate. Elytra
elonjjate-ova!. their sides feebly curved from base to middle, thence nearly
straight and evidently converging to apical fifth, then rounded into tips, the
sutural angle of each distinct ; disk rather finely, densely and very confusedly
punctate. Abdomen and hind femora minutely and sparsely punctate, each
puncture bearing a very fine prostrate h^ir. Last ventral of male with a
median oblong elevated area which is broadly emarginate behind ; of female
with a deep median lengthwise groove which is widened posteriorly. Other
characters as given under the generic heading. Length, 2.1-2.3 mm.

Two specimens taken singly in Marion County. June 6. 1912, and
May 5. 1918, l)y sweeping in low moist grounds along the hase of a
wooded ridge, from which many sjjrings emerge to flow into White
River.

NEW SPECIES OF NEMATINAE— (HYMENOPTERA.)
By Alex. D. MacGili-Ivray,

L'kb.ana. Il.I..

The adults of the following new s|)ecies are the result of an ex-
tended series of collecting and hrceding of saw-fly larvie hy Dr. H.
^'uasa at Ithaca. New York and I)y the Maine Agricultural ICxperi-
ment Station at Orono. Maine. The descriptions of the adults are
l)ul)lished at this time in order that the names can he used with
descriptions of the larv.-e.

Amauronematus vanus new species.

FciiKili-. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white : head except
postocellar area, extending onto occiput and ocellar basin in part, antcnnc for

'"Trans. .Anur. Knt. Soc. X\'I. 1889, 167.

28 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

most part distad of pedicel, pronotuni broadly, tegulse, margins of lobes of
mesonotum, cephalic portion of mesoscutellum, dorsal half of pleurae, legs ex-
cept fuscous ring on metatibiae and fuscous metatarsi, and abdomen for most
part; clypeus, labrum, collar, tegulse, and proximal portions of legs paler, other
parts more reddish ; clypeus slightly roundly emarginate ; median fovea incon-
spicuous, broad slightly depressed area ; frontal crest broad, short, transverse,
not elevated; ocellar basin not sharply defined, extending around median
ocellus ; antennae with third and fourth segments subequal, fifth slightly
shorter; head and thorax dull; wings hyaline; veins, costa, and stigma yel-
lowish ; saw-guides with dorsal margin concave, ventral margin convex, distal
portion convexly rounded, oblique, bluntly pointed. Length, 6 mm.
Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. T33.

This species belongs near fiilvipcs Nort.. but is differently colored.

Amauronematus visendus new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts white : clypeus, labrum,
mandibles, genal orbits, extending onto adjacent orbits, supraclypeal area,
pronotum on each side with a central black area, and trochanters ; following
parts rufous : occipital and vertical orbits, prothoracic and mesothoracic legs
beyond middle of femora, basal plates except at middle, and abdomen except
caudal segment and saw-guides : clypeus narrowly shallowly emarginate ; me-
dian fovea an elongate pit ; frontal crest not definite, slightly broken by exten-
sion from median fovea ; ocellar basin a general depression ventrad of median
ocellus, lateral walls obsolete ; antennae with third segment distinctly shorter
than fourth, fourth slightly longer than fifth ; head and thorax not polished ;
metapostscutellum polished ; wings slightly infuscated ; veins and costa black-
ish, stigma reddish ; saw-guides with dorsal margin straight, ventral margin
straight, and converging, distal end oblique. Length, 7 mm.

Male. — Body black with following parts white : clypeus, labrum, genal
orbits, mandibles, distal portion of profemora and mesofemora, and protibiae
and mesotibiae in great part ; small rufous spot on vertical orbits ; procidentia
minute, convex, rounded. Length, 6 mm.

Habitat: Orono, Maine. Subs. 16, 29.

This species runs to lutcotcrgum Nort. The form of the clypeus
and frontal crest will differentiate it from this species.

Amauronematus vacivus new species.

Male. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white, inclining to
white : head entirely except area included between antennal furrows, extending
to frontal crest and expanded upon occiput, pronotum, tegulae, spot on each
side of median lobe of mesonotum, pleurae, margins of mesoscutellum, legs ex-
cept slightly infuscated metatarsi, venter of abdomen, spots on sides of terga,
inclining to reddish, larger on caudal segments ; clypeus slightly narrowly
emarginate, almost truncate ; median fovea a minute pit ; frontal crest not

March, 1 921.] MacGillivray : Xku Specif.s OF Xf.matinae. 29

sharply defined, unbroken ; ocellar basin represented by a slight depression on
ventral side of median ocellus, lateral walls obsolete : head and thorax pol-
ished, setaceous ; antennx with third, fourth, and fifth segments subequal ;
wings hyaline ; veins fuscous, stigma and costa whitish ; procidentia very long,
with parallel sides, rounded. Length. 6 mm.
Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 6i.

This species diflfers from si)ni!is Marl, in tlic iMmi oi ihc frontal
crest and the color of the head.

Amauronematus verbosus new species.

Female. — Body yellowish white shading to rufous, with the following parts
black : antennae, irregular area surrounding ocelli and covering ocellar basin,
spot on dorsal side of each antacoria, spots on lobes of mesonotum, caudal half
of mesoscutellum and of mesopostscutellum, metascutellum in great part, meso-
sternum, spot on coxae, proximal portion of femora, largest on metafeniora.
metatibiae, metatarsi, basal plates, cephalic part of first abdominal tcrgum. and
saw-guides: antennae with third segment shorter, than fourth, fourth and fifth
subequal ; median fovea obsolete : frontal crest a narrow shield-shaped, not
strongly elevated area, unbroken ; ocellar basin limited by sides of frontal
crest, lateral walls wanting; wings slightly infuscated; veins, stigma, and costa
yellowish, veins on proximal half of wing darker: saw-guides large, stout,
dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, distal end truncate. Length.
7.5 mm.

Habitat: Orono. Maine. Sub. 162.

This species differs from littcotcrc/iim Xort. in the form of its
median fovea.

Amauronematus venaticus luw species.

Male. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white: clypeus,
labrum, mandibles, mouth-parts, supraclypeal area, genal orbits, extending onto
adjacent orbits, collar, tegulje. and legs except proximal ends of cox.t. distad
of middle of femora, particularly the metathoracic legs, inclined to reddish :
occipital, vertical, and frontal orbits reddish; clypeus broadly, shallowly emar-
ginate; median fovea broad, shallow, indistinct; frontal crest narrow, only
slightly raised, not prominent; ocellar basin flat, lateral walls elevated, but
not above ocellar basin ; antenna: with third and fourth segments subequal.
fourth slightly longer than fifth; head and thorax polished: wings hyaline:
veins, stigma, and costa pale : procidentia broad, hardly differentiated ; caudal
margin of caudal sternum slightly emarginate. Length, 5 mm.

Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 6.

This .species differs from acolctr Marl, in the coloration of hca.1
and ahdomen.

30 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

Amauronematus vescus new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white: supra-
clypeal area, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, mouth-parts, genal orbits, extending
onto frontal orbits, vertical orbits, occipital orbits, collar, band on lateral mar-
gin of abdominal segments one to six, sometimes extending over all of their
terga and sterna, and caudal tergum ; trochanters, prothoracic and mesotho-
racic legs, beyond middle of femora, rufous ; clypeus narrowly, shallowly
emarginate ; median fovea longer than broad, deep, sides sloping; frontal
crest slightly broken, narrow, not elevated ; ocellar basin hardly distinguish-
able, lateral walls obsolete ; antennje with third, fourth, and fifth segments
subequal ; head and thorax not polished ; wings slightly infuscated ; costa,
stigma, and veins of distal half rufous, veins of proximal half black; saw-
guides robust, dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, distal portion
oblique, pointed. Length, 8 mm.

Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 112.

This species differs from gracilis Marl, in the length of the thirst
antenna] segment.

Amauronematus venerandus new species.

Male. — Body black with the following parts infuscated yellowish : pro-
thoracic and mesothoracic legs beyond proximal third of femora, metatho-
racic legs beyond tibiae, caudal aspect of femora more or less pale, and caudal
abdominal sternum; clypeus distinctly, roundly, deeply emarginate; median
fovea obsolete ; frontal crest almost obsolete : ocellar basin a narrow, elongate
depression extending from dorsad of median ocellus onto supraclypeal area,
lateral walls rounded, hardly elevated ; antennae with third segment slightly
shorter than fourth, fourth and fifth subequal ; mesoscutellum polished ; wings
hyaline; veins, stigma, and costa brownish; procidentia narrow, short, rounded,
convex. Length, 4.5 mm.

Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 27.

This species runs in Marlat's tables to the species of Amauro-
nematus to horcalis.

Pachnematus rarus new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white : supra-
clypeal area, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, mouth-parts, genal orbits, pronotum,
tegulae, oblique mark on pleurae, legs, venter of abdomen, and caudal tergum ;
following parts rufous : occipital, vertical, and frontal orbits, margins of me-
dian lobe of mesonotum faintly, mesoscutellum faintly, and caudal abdominal
terga more or less ; yellowish white of abdominal sterna sometimes extending
onto lateral portions of terga ; clypeus distinctly but shallowly, roundly emar-
ginate ; median fovea rather indefinite, broad and shallow ; frontal crest not
distinct, broken, narrow ; ocellar basin flat, lateral limiting walls rounded,
identifiable but rather indefinite ; antennae with third, fourth, and fifth seg-

March, i9-'i.] MacGillivrav: Xew Species OF Xematinae. 31

ments subcqual ; head and thorax polished; wings hyaline; veins, costa, and
stigma pale ; saw-guides stout, broad, dorsal margin straight, ventral margin
convex, distal portion convex and obliqui-, pointed above L, ntrth 4.5 mm.
Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 229.

This species differs from grcganus Marl, in the lurm of its frontal
crest.

Pachynematus roscidus new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish ; labrum, mandi-
bles, collar, tegulae. legs except distal portion of metatibix and metatarsi, ven-
ter of abdomen except first and caudal sterna and saw-guides, caudal tergum,
and narrow bands on caudal margin of other terga ; occipital and vertical
orbits faintly rufous ; clypeus narrowly cmarginate, lateral angles broadly
rounded ; median fovea deep, longer than broad, pit-like ; frontal crest nar-
row, linear, unbroken ; ocellar basin limited by distinct linear, elevated, lateral
walls, surface flat : head and thorax setaceous ; head not dilated behind com-
pound eyes ; antennae with third segment longer than fourth and fourth longer
than fifth ; wings hyaline ; veins, stigma, and costa, except proximal and
distal portions, brownish ; saw-guides stout, dorsal margin straight to slightly
concave, ventral margin convex, distal portion oblique. Length, 6.5 mm.

Habitat: Adirondack Mountains. C. O. Houghton, collector; Orono, Maine.
Sub. 22-.

This species is related to robustns Marl.
Pachynematus repertus new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white: supra-
clypeal area, clypeus. labrum. mandibles, mouth-parts, pronotum, tegulz. legs
except distal one-third of metafemora, distal one-half of metatibise, and meta-
tarsi, abdominal sterna except caudal one. and caudal abdominal tergum in
great part; pale parts of head and caudal tergum whiter than other pale parts;
clypeus narrowly, roundly, comparatively deeply emarginate ; median fovea
elongate, about three times as long as broad, shallow ; frontal crest narrow,
not prominent, unbroken ; ocellar basin distinct, depressed, shallow, polished
fovea ventrad of median ocellus, limiting lateral walls distinct, linear ; head
and mesonotum setaceous ; mesoscutellum glabrous and polished ; wings hya-
line : stigma and veins brownish, costa yellowish ; saw-guides with dorsal
margin straight and oblique, ventral margin convex, distal portion bluntly
convexly rounded. Length. 6 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca. New York. N'o. 1 77-1-2.

This species differs from pallivctitris Cress, in the form of its
median fovea.

Pachynematus refractarius mw species.

Female. — Body luteous with the following parts black : antrnnx. »pot« on
median and lateral lobes of mesonotum. round dot on caudo-mesal anui*- nf

32 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

each lateral lobe of mesonotum, mesopostscutellum in part, abdominal terga
one to four irregularly on meson, ring on metatibise, and distal half of meta-
tarsi ; antennae with fourth segment longer than third and fifth segments ;
clypeus deeply, narrowly, roundly emarginate. median fovea shallow, broad,
not well defined ; frontal crest narrow, indefinite, broken ; ocellar basin flat,
depressed, lateral walls rounded, not sharply defined ; head and thorax pol-
ished ; wings infuscated or brownish ; veins brownish, stigma and costa luteous ;
saw-guides with dorsal margin straight, ventral margin straight, converging
caudad, distal portion convexly bluntly rounded, pointed above. Length, 8 mm.
Habitat: Orono, Maine. Sub. 252.

This species belongs in the group with suadiis Cress., affinis Marl.,
and riifocUictns MacG. Color, form of median fovea, and frontal
crest will distinguish them.

Pachynematus remissus new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts whitish : margin of clypeus,
labrum, mandibles, collar, tegulse, coxae except at proximal end, trochanters,
proximari and distal ends of profemora more or less, protibise, mesotibiae,
proximal one-fourth of metatibiae, probasitarsi, mesobasitarsi, and venter of
abdomen except caudal sternum, extending onto lateral portions of terga ;
clypeus broadly shallowly emarginate, almost truncate ; median fovea deep,
broad ; frontal crest not prominent, distinct, linear, dorsal margin three-sided ;
ocellar basin depressed, distinct, lateral walls distinct, linear ; antennae with
third segment longer than fourth and fourth slightly longer than fifth ; head
and thorax setaceous ; wings hyaline : veins and stigma brownish, costa pale ;
saw-guides stout, dorsal margin straight, ventral margin straight, oblique,
distal end blunt. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca, New York. Nos. 150-3, 150— i, 150— i-i.

This species differs from paUiventris Cress, in the form of its
median fovea, frontal crest, and ocellar basin.

Pontania dedecora new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts luteus : head except small
area around each ocellus, pronotum, tegulae, and legs except metacoxae in part,
fuscous ring on metatibise, and distal half of metatarsi ; clypeus deeply nar-
rowly emarginate ; antennae with third segment longer than fourth and fourth
longer than fifth ; median fovea shallow, broad, continuous with ocellar basin ;
frontal crest indefinite ; ocellar basin distinct, lateral walls linear, closed
caudad of median ocellus ; head and thorax not polished ; wings hyaline ; veins
and distal half of stigma brownish, proximal half and costa pale; saw-guides
with dorsal margin straight, oblique, ventral margin convex, distal portion
concave, pointed above. Length, 4.5 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca, New York. Nos. 18532, 8.si(?)-i-i.

March, .9-M.] MacGii-livray: Xkw Spf.cies of Xkmatinak. 33

This species differs from pullicarnis Xort. in the coloration of
the head.

Pontania decrepita luw species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white: clypcus.
labruni, mandibles, mouth-parts, line on collar. teK'ul.e. and legs; abdomen,
particularly the caudal portion, rufous; clypeus broadly shallowly cmarginate ;
median fovea shallow, broad, continuous with ocellar basin ; frontal crest
except at sides, obsolete ; ocellar basin distinct, concave, lateral walls distinct,
rounded, polished, open between ocelli; antenna: with third segment slightly
longer than fourth and fourth slightly longer than fifth ; head and thorax pol-
ished; wings hyaline: veins, stigma, and costa concolorous and pale; saw-
guides stout, dorsal margin concave, ventral margin convex, distal portion
strongly obli(|uo, pointed above. Length, 3 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca. Xew York. Xo. 3S-~-5-

This species differs from tcrniiiialis Marl, in the form of its saw-
ffuides.

Pontania demissa new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish rufous: clypeus,
labrum, supraclypeal area, mandibles, mouth-parts, genal orbits, occipital and
vertical orbits broadly, frontal orbits narrowly, collar, tegulje, legs except
proximal portions of coxx, venter of abdomen, and caudal abdominal tcrgum ;
clypeus shallowly narrowly emarginate : median fovea an elongate, shallow
depression continuous with ocellar basin : frontal crest represented only as an
indefinite portion of lateral boundary of ocellar basin ; ocellar basin flat, de-
pressed, lateral walls distinct, rounded, open between ocelli : antennx with
third segment slightly longer than either of the subequal fourth and fifth seg-
ments; wings hyaline; veins, costa, and stigma concolorous and pale; saw-
guides with dorsal margin straight, ventral and distal margins obli<iuely. con-
vexly rounded, bluntly pointed above. Length, 4 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca. Xew York. Xo. 191-1-1.

This species can be recojirnized throucfh the ah.sencc of the frontal
crest.

Pontania dsedala new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white : labrum,
mandibles, mouth-parts, gcnal orbits, tegul.-c, and legs except proximal por-
tions of coxx ; clypeus broadly slightly emarginate ; median fovea broad, cir-
cular, sloping sides, deep at center; frontal crest not prominent, transverse,
not broken, linear between ocellar basin and median fovea : ocellar basin, an
oval area surrounding median ocellus, deep, longer than broad, lateral walls
rounded, indistinct; third segment of antenn.x longer than fourth, fourth
slightly longer than fifth: head and thorax dull, setaceous; wings hyaline:

34 Journal New 'S'ork Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix.

veins, costa, and distal half of stigma pale, proximal half of stigma fuscous;
saw-guides with dorsal and ventral margins slightly convex, strongly converg-
ing, pointed. Length, 4 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 7-6.

This species is similar to Jiyalina Nort. from which it can be
distinguished by the color of the pronotnm.

Pontania devincta new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white : margin of
clypeus, labrum, mandibles, mouth-parts, dot on supraclypeal area, pronotum,
tegulae, legs except greater part of metacoxae ; clypeus broadly, deeply, roundly
emarginate ; median fovea broad, round, shallow: frontal crest narrow, not
sharply defined, slightly broken ; ocellar basin indistinct, lateral walls rounded,
indefinite ; antennae with third segment longer than fourth, fourth slightly
longer than fifth ; head and thorax dull, setaceous ; wings hyaline ; veins,
stigma, and costa luteous ; saw-guides with dorsal and ventral margins straight,
strongly converging, distal end sharply pointed. Length, 4 mm.

Male. — Body black with following parts yellowish white : antennae, supra-
clypeal area, between antenna, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, mouth-parts, genal
orbits, ventral half of frontal orbits, occipital orbits, vertical orbits, collar,
tegulae, legs, and venter of abdomen : procidentia broad, rounded, not strongly
convex ; other structures as in female. Length, 3.5 mm.

Habitat: Orono, Maine. Subs. 9, 226.

This species can be separated from horcalis Marl, by the differ-
ence in the frontal crest.

Pontania derosa new species.

Female. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white: supra-
clypeal area, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, collar, tegulae, and legs except proxi-
mal two-thirds of coxae : occipital and vertical orbits narrowly rufous : an-
tennae with third, fourth, and fifth segments subequal ; clypeus broadly, rather
deeply emarginate ; median fovea circular, concave depression extending
dorsad from it to frontal crest : frontal crest indistinct, rounded, broken ;
ocellar basin comparatively distinct, depressed, lateral walls linear, not strongly
elevated ; head and thorax not polished ; wings hyaline ; veins brownish, costa
and proximal half of stigma pale, distal half strongly infuscated ; saw-guides
with dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, distal portion concave,
distal end pointed. Length, 4 mm.

Habitat: Ithaca, New York. No. 142-1-1.

This species differs from nigrita Marl, in the color of its orbits.

Pontania dotata new species.

Male. — Body black with the following parts yellowish white : clypeus,
labrum, mandibles, supraclypeal area, between antennae to frontal crest, mouth-

March, i9-'i.| e'llAMHERI.IN : I.I\Yl'Mn».\F. OF Al.ASKA. 35

parts, all orbits broadly, pronotuin intirdy. tc^ulx, nu-soplcur*. cephalic por-
tion of nicsostcrnum, legs entirely, and venter of abdomen, extending slightly
onto lateral parts of terga : clypeijs narrowly, roundly, deeply eniarginate:
median fovea deep oval pit ; frontal crest sharp, well marked, linear, trans-
verse, unbroken ; ocellar basin depressed, flat, limited by linear walls ; antennx
with third and fourth segments sube<iual. fifth segment shorter; head and
thorax setaceous, polished: wings hyaline; veins brownish, stigma and costa
paler; procidentia small, rounded, not longer than wide.
Habitat: Ithaca, N'ew York. Xo. 8.48( ?)-i-i.

This species should Ite placed near popuU Marl., hut the color of
the head and the kniii^tli of the antennal sejjmcnts will separate them.

LINYPHIIDAE OF ST. PAUL ISLAND. ALASKA.

By Rali'h \'. CiiA.MitF.Ri i\.
CvMnRiDGE. Mass.

While on St. Paul Island in 1910 Professor Harold Heath collected
and sent to me the spiders here listed. They compose an interesting
lot in which all the specimens helong to the family Linyphiidae. Ten
species are rei)resented. of which four are new, two of these bcinij
here made the types of genera. The previously known species ar;
forms occurring on the adjoining mainland of North .\merica or
Asia, or on both. Arctilaira bcUans new species (--Hilaira glacialis
Kulczynski, nee Thorell ) is an .\rctic form occurring across .Arctic
America and Siberia, the present hcing its most soutlierly record.
A new North American genus related to Arctilaira is also here de-
scribed. All types are in the author's collection.

Cornicularia clavicornis Emerton.

Trans. Conn. .\cad.. 1882. 6. p. 43. pi. S, f. 7-76.

One male and one female.
Erigone sibirica Kulczynski.

Mem. .\cad. Imp. Sci.. St. Pctcrsb.. i<)oS. .ser. S. iS, p. 18. pi. I,
f. 9-12.

This species, to judge from the intmber of specimens in the Id.
must be a common form on the island. The palpal organ of the males
agrees completely with Kulczynski's description and figures. The

36 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxix.

epigynum of the females, as noted by Kulczynski, is very close in
form to that of E. arctica (White). The epigyna of the specimens
from St. Paul Id., agree in their larger proportions with those of the
typical Siberian specimens.

CEdothorax septentrionalis Kulczynski.

Gongylidium septentrionalis, Op. cit., p. 14, pi. i, f. 18.
Several females.

CEdothorax nesides new species. Plate III, figs, i, 2,

Male. — Carapace black or nearly so, the lighter grovind color showing but
weakly, the sternum similar. Legs fulvous. Palpus fulvous excepting the
tarsus, which is blackish. Cephalothorax high ; in side view it is seen to rise
obliquely from eye area, then to become nearly horizontal to beginning of the
posterior declivity. Clypeus slanting forward a little from eyes to lower mar-
gin, the latter in dorsal view appearing weakly convex ; in height equalling
the length of the median eye area. Posterior row of eyes slightly procurved ;
eyes eqvial and equidistant or very nearly so, the interval between each two
being equal to the diameter of an eye. Anterior row of eyes with medians
much smaller than the laterals, their diameters being to each other about as
2.5 : 4. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with three large teeth, lower
margin with five minute teeth. Palpal organ with embolus curving across end
of bulb from mesal side to ectal and then back, its distal portion resting on
the prominently exposed guide much as in, e.g., the European CE. agrestis.
For paracymbium and other details see fig. i. Tibia with a single simple
broad process above which at tip curves slightly ectad. See fig. 2.

Length pf cephalothorax, i mm. ; width, .8 mm. Length of tib. + pat. H,
.8 mm.

Genus Aigola new genus.

Tibia of male palpus wholly lacking processes. Cymbium with
ectal margin incised toward distal end, forming a small lobe. Para-
cymbium large, curved, shortly and singularly more or less expanded
or furcate at distal end and with a spur at base. Tegulum a broad,
strongly chitinous plate lying along the mesal side of the retracted
organ and curving ectad to the middle. Ectad of its mesal end is a
membranous lobe which projects freely distoectad. At distal end of
bulb a short, strongly chitinous, weakly curved apophysis. Embolus
not exposed. Posterior row of eyes (rriales) straight or a little re-
curved; median eyes nearer to each other than to the laterals. An-
terior row of eyes a little recurved, the median eyes smaller than the
laterals and much closer together than to the latter. Clypeus high.

March, 19^1.1 Cn AM HERLI .V : LlNVPIIIinAE OF ALASKA. 37

Genotype. — .-i. punUana n. sp.

Includes also A. tubcrcUa, noin. nov. pro Gongylidium tuberosum
Em., preoccupied by G. tuberosum ( Blackwall).

Aigola pauliana mw species. Piatt- III, figs. 3, 4.

Mate. — Carapace dusky over fulvous, appearing brown. Sternum more
fulvous, darker about margins. Legs like sternum. Abdomen black. Head
gently convexly rising behind eyes. Posterior row of eyes straight or very
slightly procurved ; the medians in the type are slightly more (about one
eighth) than their diameter apart, and between 1.4 and 1.5 times their diame-
ter from the laterals; slightly smaller than the laterals. .Anterior row of eyes
recurved ; median eyes close together, less than their radius apart, a little
more than their diameter (eleven and one seventh) from the laterals, smaller
than the latter, the ratio of diameters being about as 7: 10. Clypeus three
times higher than the diameter of a lateral eye and considerably higher than
length of median eye area. Area of median eyes a little longer than wide
(12: 11) and wider behind than in front in ratio 11:8. Upper margin of the
furrow of chelicera bearing six teeth, a very small one appearing at distal
end of series as it is present in tubcrella and one at proximal end which is
large though smaller than the adjacent one. Details of the palpal organ are
shown in the figs. 3 and 4.

Length, 3.2 mm.

Length of cephalothorax, 1.57 mm.; width, 1.16 mm.

Length of tib. -f- pat. I, 1.55 mm.; of tib. -f pat. 1\', 1.6 mm.

Length of tib. L i-35 mm.; of tib. I\', 1.4J mm.

Aigola tuberella new name. Plate III. figs. 5, 6.

Gongylidium tuberosum Emerton. Trans. Conn. .Acad., 1915, 20, p. 150, PI.

5, figs. 5-56.

MaJe. — Posterior row of eyes a little recurved. Eyes larger and nearer
together than in pauliaua, the medians about three-fifths their diameter apart,
and 1.4 times their diameter from the laterals. .Anterior row of eyes very
.slightly recurved; median eyes smaller than laterals in about ratio 9:11 or
4 : 5, nearly their radius apart and one and one-fourth their diameter from the
laterals. Clypeus about three and one-half times as high as diameter of an
anterior lateral eye. .Area of median eyes as broad as long, wider behind
than in front in ratio 7 : 5.

L'pper margin of furrow of chelicera with four teeth.

Length of cephalothorax, 2 mm.; width, 1.44 mm.

Length of tib. -f pat. I, 1.98 mm. F. of tib. -f pat. I\'. 2.16 mm. Length
of tib. I, 1.59 mm. F. of tib. IV, 1.75 mm.

Locality. — Labrador: Battle Harbor. (C. W. I.cng. »

The type is larijer than that of piittUaiia. l>ut the cephalothorax
and leps agree nearly in i)roportions. The i)Osterior median eyes arc

38 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'"'- >^>^f-^.

clearly closer together than in the genotype, as indicated in the de-
scription above. A difference to be noted is that only four teeth are
present along the upper margin of the furrow of the chelicera as
against six in the genotype. The palpal organ differs in the form of
paracymbium, as in lacking a ventral prong or lobe at distal end as
shown in the figures. It also differs in various other details ; e.g., at
the distal end of the bulb it has a prominently projecting lobe not
obvious as such in paiiUana, this lying just within the free mem-
branous lobe, as shown in fig. 5, where it is just at the left of the
terminal apophysis, and extends distad beyond the other parts.

Genus Anitsia new genus.

A genus suggesting Catabritltorox in its broad thorax and head,
though the latter is more elevated with sides steeper. It also re-
sembles that genus in the structure of the male palpal organ, the
median lobe of the bulb giving rise to a similar membranous process
which bends forward freely beneath the bulb, though in the present
genus this process is broader and shorter, and free for a shorter dis-
tance. The median dorsal process of the tibia of the male palpus
lacks the characteristic strong curvature of that in Catabrithorax.
From the latter the genus differs conspicuously in the eyes. Both
rows are straight or nearly so. The eyes, instead of being close
together, are widely separated. Eyes of posterior row nearly equi-
distant, separated by clearly more than their diameter, sometimes by
much more. Anterior median eyes smaller than the laterals, near
to each other but more than their diameter from the laterals. Lateral
eyes separated by a narrow space. Area of median eyes trapeziform.
longer than wide. Height of clypeus typically a little exceeding the
length of the quadrangle of median eyes. Sternum prolonged be-
tween the posterior cox?e.

Genotype. — A. abjccta. n. sp.

Includes also the Siberian Evigouc mcndico of Koch.

Anitsia abjecta new species. Plate IV, figs. 8-10.

Male. — Carapace and sternum blackish, as is also the abdomen. Legs
brownish yellow. Cephalothorax broad, head considerably broader than length
of eye rows, much as in Catabrithorax. Head moderately high with sides
steep. Posterior row of eyes slightly procurved ; eyes equidistant, the interval
between each two exceeding the diameter of a median eye about as 7:5;

March. 19^1.) Cn AMBERI.I.V : Ll N YI'H I IDAE OF AlASKA. 39

median eyes smaller than the laterals. Area of median eyes longer than wide
(10:9), wider behind than in front in the ratio 4:3. Anterior median eyes
much smaller than the laterals and much nearer to each other, being about
their radius apart but more than their diameter from the laterals. Clypeus a
little higher than length of area of median eyes. Upper margin of furrow of
chelicera with five large teeth ; lower margin with a series of close-set minute
teeth situated well toward base of fang. Details of palpus as shown in figs.
8, 9, and 10.

Female. — Epigynum as shown in fig. 7.

Length of cephalothorax of male type, i mm. : width, .8 mm.

Length of tib. + pat. I, .8 mm. : of tib. + pat. I\', 1 + mm.

A. ))u-miica (Koch) differ.^ in the more widely .separated eyes of
the posterior row. The male ditters ohviou.sly in the cliaracter.s of
the pal])us as e.g.. in the median dorsal apo])hysis of the tibia, which
is much more slender and has on each side another process of char-
acteristic form.

Genus Arctilaira new genus.

Agreeing with I'topiclliim Strand in the form of the cephalo-
thorax. The latter in the male is similarly depressed between and
caudad of the eyes in front of the cephalic elevation. Po.sterior row
of eyes strongly procurved. the eyes widely separated. Lateral eyes
prominently elevated on common tubercles. Upper margin of furrow
of clielicera with five teeth of which the ui)i)crmo.st is reduced, the
lower margin with three small, often granular, teeth, the dentition
alike in the two sexes. Chelicera of male not armed in front. Meta-
tarsi of leg I in the male curved and strongly spined. Tibia of male
palpus much thicker than patella, enlarged distad, at distal end a1)ove
with a very prominent i)rolongation above the tarsus. Third division
of bulb witli a prominently elevated and more or less complicated
lobe which extends to or beyond the tip of the cymbium. Ei^igynum
short and l)road. not i)rolonged freely behind the ejiigastric furrows.

Genotype. — ArctUaira bclluiis sj). nov.

The genus is quite obviously nearest I'tof^icllttw {.Strand, lyoi ),
which was established with the Erigonc wirahilis of Koch as geno-
type, but in the structure of the copulatory organs in particular is
quite di.stinct. In I'topicUttm the terminal lobe of the bulb of the
male palpus, so con.spicuously developed in Arctilaira and Ifilaira. is
obsolete, thus leaving the di.stal part of the alveolus empty and freely
exposed: while there is present across the distal end oi the bulb and

40 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- x>^I-^.

curving freely distad from its outer edge a conspicuous, smooth,
distally acuminate blade. The females of Utopicllnm have the epi-
gynum elongate and narrowed caudad and prolonged much behind
the epigastric furrow. In addition to the genotype, the Gongylidiiim
curz'itarsis of Emerton belongs clearly to this genus and will ac-
cordingly stand as Utopicllnm ciirritarsis (Emerton).

Arctilaira bellans new species.

Hilaira glacialis Kulczynski (nee Thorell 1871), Mem. Acad. Imp.
Sci. St. Petersb., 1908, 18, no. 7, p. 25, pi. 2. f. 45, 48, 49.

A male and several females of this Arctic species, which has x
distribution across Siberia and Arctic America. It is the form de-
scribed by Kulczynski in the place above cited under the name Hilaira
glacialis, but is apparently not the Hilaira glacialis of Thorell accord-
ing to the description of a male of this species given by Simon.^

Tmeticus armatus Banks.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1906, 7, p. 98.
One female.

Genus Montilaira new genus.

Cephalothorax suggesting that of Arctilaira, but the tubercles of
the eyes less prominent and the median depression in front of the
postocular elevation less marked. Posterior row of eyes straight, the
eyes well separated, the medians nearer to each other than to the
laterals. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera armed with five large
teeth, the lower margin with five minute teeth, alike in male and
female. Chelicera of male armed in front. Metatarsi of all legs
unarmed in both sexes. Tibia of each leg of the first three pairs
typically armed above with two spines, that of each fourth leg with
but one. Palpus of male with tibia enlarged as in related genera, its
dorsal distal margin extended only as a short wide plate or lobe which
may be angulate or toothed or not. Bulb characterized especially
by the presence of a median apophysis which is strongly pectinate on
ventral surface and especially along mesal edge, this apophysis lying
against the conductor and its marginal teeth protecting the embolus.
Epigynum in form of a strongly chitinized plate turned forward from
posterior border and presenting its free edge cephalad.

1 Bull. Mus. Hist. \at.. 190S, p. 505.

March. 19^1] Cn AMItERI.IN : LlN Y1"I1 I II»AE OK Al,A>K.\. 41

Genotype. — Hilaira uta Cliamhcrlin.

Differs from Hilaria sens. str.. in the possession of five minute
teeth along lower margin of furrow of chelicera instead of three, the
presence of a single spine only above on tihia IV instead of two, the
presence of an anterior process on chelicera of male, the much les^
developed dorsal distal lobe of the tibia of male palpus and particu-
larly the structure of the bulb of the palpus. In the arrangement of
eyes very similar to Hilarotcs (Hull. 1909). though the lateral eyes
of the latter are not on tubercles and the middle region of the head in
front of elevated region is not depressed. Hilaroti's, as typified by
rcproba (Cambridge), a species included by Simon in Hilaira sens,
lat. (Hist. Nat. Araign., I.), is otherwise distinguished in having
but three, moderately large, teetli along lower margin of furrow of
chelicera, the presence of two dorsal spines on tibia IV. etc.

In addition to the genotype, one other species is known to me at
present as belonging to Montilaira, this being Rrigonc pcrplcxa Key-
serling. of which the Tvicticns pcctinatus of Rmerton seeins to be a
synonym. The two species are very close in general structure but
differ in various details. Thus the males are readily distinguishable
by the difference in the anterior dorsal lobe of the tibia of the male
palpus, this presenting a conspicuous median tooth in pcrplcxa with
an angulation each side, whereas the margin is evenly rounded in uta,
as shown in figs. 12 and 11. The median enibaymcnt in the anterior
free edge of the epi.gynal plate is dce])er and at bottom l)roader in
pcrplcxa than in uta. The paired claws (leg I) in "''/ have each
typically eight teeth, in pcrplcxa but six, etc.

Microneta heathi n<.\v species. Plate IV', fis- 13-

Carapace dusky over fuivoiis. blackish along borders. Legs fulvous. .Ab-
domen blackish. Posterior row of eyes procurved ; median eyes larger than
the laterals (about 3.7:3), a little more than three-fourths their diameter
apart (3 : 3.7), a little nearer to the laterals. Anterior row of eyes a little pro-
curved, the summits of the eyes forming a nearly straight line; median eyes
much smaller than the laterals, the diameters being about as 2.5:4; less ih.in
their diameter apart, their diameter from the laterals. Area of median eyes
trapeziform, wider behind than in front in the ratio 9: 6.5, equal in length and
width, or the length sli^'htly greater. Clypcus lower than the width of the
median eye area in front. Unpaired claw (first leg) with a single tooth be-
neath ; paired claw with twelve short teeth which increase in length in going
distad, the longest of these not quite equalling the diameter of the contiguous

42 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- xxix,

part of the claw. Sternum strongly convex, subtriangular, prolonged behind
between fourth coxae ; obtusely angularly excavated in front, extending forward
each side of labium, the border of excavated part slanting steeply. Clypeus
depressed below the anterior eyes which thus protrude over its upper part from
where it slants to the lower margin, which in dorsal view is nearly straight.
Upper margin of furrow of cheliccra with three well-separated teeth, the lower
margin with five very minute teeth in a close-set series the length of which
but little exceeds half the length of the upper series. Epigynum large and
prominent, as shown in fig. 13.

Length, 1.74 mm.: width, .7 mm.

Length of femur I, .93 mm.; of tib. -f pat. I, i + mm.; of tib. I, .86 mm.;
of met. I, .8 mm.; of tar. I, .63 mm.

Bathyphantes brevipes (Emerton).

Diplostyla brevipes Emerton, Can. Ent., 1917, p. 267, fig. 19, 3, 4
and 8.

Two males and several females.

The species also occurs on Vancouver, Id., the type locality, and
on the mainland.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES III AND IV.
Pl.^te III,

CEdothorax ucsides n. sp.
Fig. I. Palpus of male, ectal view.
Fig. 2. Tibia of palpus of male, dorsal view.

Aigola pauliana n. sp.
Fig. 3. Palpus of male, ventral view.
Fig. 4. The same, view a little ventrad of ectal.

Aigola tuber ell a n. n.
Fig. 5. Palpus of male, view same as in 4.
Fig. 6. Mesal end of paracymbium, mesal view.

Anitsia abjecta n. sp.

Fig. 7. Epigynum.

Plate IV.
Anitsia abjecta n. sp.
Fig. 8. Right palpus of male, ventral view.
Fig. 9. Left palpus of male, ectal view.
Fig. 10. Tibia of palpus of male, dorsal view.

(Jour. X. V. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXIX.

(Plate III.).

I.l\\ I'HIIDAK.)

(Jour. X. V. Ext. Soc.) Vol. XXIX.

(Pl.xte I V.J

I.INVrMIIID.XE.

March. 1921.] Davis: Annotated List of Colorado Cicadas. 43

Montilaira uta (Chamberlin).
Fig. II. Tibia of palpus of male, dorsal view.

Montilaira perplexa ( Kcyserling).
Fig. 12. Tibia of palpus of male, dorsal view.

Microneta Iteathi n. sp.
Fig. 13. Lateral view of abdomen, with cpigynum. oi niiiale.

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE CICADAS OF COLO-
RADO WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

By W.M. T. D.u-is.
Xew Bri($hto.v, St.\ten I.sl.\.nd, X. Y.

In the summer of 1919 the American Museum of Natural History
sent a collecting party to Colorado, and among the insects secured
by Dr. Frank E. Lutz and his two companions Messrs. Herl)ert F.
Schwarz and Pearce Bailey. Jr.. were twelve species of Cicadas.
Dr. Lutz has kindly turned these over to me for determination. In
the summer of 1920 Dr. Lutz secured an additional .species. Prof.
Theodore D. A. Cockerell has sent me several species collected in the
state, one of which is here described as new. and has also furnished
the names of three fossil species. To Prof. C. P. Gillette and Prof.
Charles R. Jones of the Colorado Agricultural College. I am indebted
for the loan of specimens representing nine species. To these source-*
of information have been added records made by the writer from
specimens in his own collection, or sent to him at various times for
determination. These last are acknowledged in connection with the
several records.

There are a few species found in the eastern halt of Kansas, and
also in Nebraska, that do not appear to reach Colorado, but on the
other hand some of the recorded species of Okaniiyana |)robably do
not extend eastward of the mountainous regions of the state.
Twenty-three species are here recorded, but only two of them, namely
Tibiccn linnci and Tibiccn canicularis, are of the fauna of the
Atlantic .states. The majority of the others mentioned are confined

44 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- >^xix,

to the central parts of North America, only three or four of the
species of Okanagana and Platypcdia reaching California, and then
often showing some variation from Colorado specimens.

Among the several species most likely to be collected in the future
in Colorado and thus added to the present list are :

Tibicen aurifera (Say).

Common in Kansas, and recorded from as far west as Seward, near
the western part of that state at an elevation of 2,600 feet. This
species was figured in the Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society,
March, 1916, PI. 3, fig. 4.

Tibicen resh (Haldeman).

Received from Elk Co., Kansas, 1,008 ft. (R. H. Beamer). and
figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, March, 191 5, PI.
I, fig- 3-
Tibicen eugraphica (Davis).

A very common species in parts of New Mexico; we have a male
from Albuquerque, Bernalillo Co., which is within 140 miles of the
Colorado line. From 160 miles to the east we have seen eighty males
and eleven females collected in Barber Co.. Kansas, July 19-21,
I916, 1,46s ft. elevation, by Mr. R. H. Beamer. This species is usually
found in dry situations. It was described and figured in the Journal,
N. Y. Entomological Society, March, 1916, PI. 5, fig. 3.

Tibicen vitripennis (Say).

Examined from l)oth Nebraska and Kansas, so may possibly occur
in Colorado. Figured in the Jolirnal, N. Y. Entomological Society,
March, 1916, PI. 6, fig. 3.

Okanagana striatipes (Haldeman).

A more western species common in parts of Utah and Arizona,
but likely to occur in Colorado as well. This species is considered in
the Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, June-September, 1919, p.
215, and a figure is presented on the plate accompanying the present
article.

In 1895 Prof. C. P. Gillette and C. F. Baker published a Prelimi-
nary List of the Hemiptera of Colorado, as Bulletin 31. Agricultural
Experiment Station, State College of Colorado. They enumerated
nine species, namely :

March. 1921.] Davis: Annotatkd List ok Colorado Cicadas. 4.')

Cicada dorsata Say.

Cicada ntargiiiata Say [Tibicoi niarginalis Walker of this list].

Cicada Hbicen Linn. [Tibiceii liuuei ( S. & G.) of this list].

Proanta valvata Uhler.

Tibicen synodica (Say).

Tibicen rimosa (Say) [Okanafiaua bclla Davis of this list].

Tibicen cruentifera Uhkr.

Platypodia putnami (L'hler).

Mclampsalta parvula (Say I [M. dilliopc (W'alki-r) of this list].

The reason.'; for droppins? tibiccu Linn, a.^; far as the fauna of the
United States is concerned were s^ivcn by .sniitli and (irossheck. l-lnto-
moloj^ical News. XVIIL 1907, and the otlier two chanj.::es arc ex-
plained by tlie writer in the June-Sept., IQ19, and June. i()2o. numbers
of the Journal, X. Y. Kntomological Society.

While there will ultimately be found just as many or even more
species of Cicadas in Kansas than in Colorado, the following re-
marks on the latter state by Gillette and Baker in their introduction
to the list already referred to, seem well ju.stified: "" Probably there
is no state in the Union offering a richer field for the student of
natural history than Colorado, whether it be in the line of minerology,
paleontology, zoology or botany. Its broad stretch of arid plains
crossed by streams of living water, its high mountain ranges, broad
plateaus, innumerable gulches and deep canons, all combine to give it
a most excei)tional toi)ography with a consequent dixcrsified fauna
and flora."

A very useful pajier on the Cicadidae of Kansas, by P. 1'. Lawson.
Kansas University Science Bulletin. \'ol. Xll. Xo. 2, March 15, 1920.
was distributed in Xovember. 1920. It contains descriptions of
twenty-one species occurring in that state, also numerous figures of
structural details. As eleven species of Cicadas have been found both
in Kansas and Colorado, the paper will be heli)ful in considering those
mentioned in the present list. There is, however, a considerable dif-
ference in tlie Cicada fauna of these two adjoining states, and it is
alway.s of interest to note tlie changes that take ])lacc in animal life
a.s the one hundredth meridian is ai)proached.

I. Tibicen linnei (Smith ami (irossheck).

Figured in Joi-rnal, X. \. I*"ntomological Society, Sept.-Dccctn-
ber, 1918. PI. 7. fig. I.

46 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxix,

"Colorado ( E. V. Beales),"' male without exact locality or date
label. Through the courtesy of Prof. Myron H. Swenk, I have also
been able to examine a female of this species in the collection of the
University of Nebraska, labeled " Colorado." It is to be regretted
that the information is not more complete.

There is a male in the writer's collection from West Point, Ne-
braska, and Mr. R. A. Leussler has sent me nine llnnci from Omaha,
collected in October, 1917, and August, 1919. From Wakefield, Clay
Co., Kansas, I have two males and a female collected by Mr. J. C.
Warren. From the Kansas and Nebraska data it would appear that
the Colorado records are no doubt correct.

2. Tibicen canicularis (Harris).

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, March, 191 6,
PI. 3, fig. 2, and Sept.-Dec, 1918, PI. 7, fig. 2.

This species is recorded from Colorado in Mr. Van Duzee's Cata-
logue of the Hemiptera of America North of Mexico, 191 7.

In his List of Hemiptera of the Region West of the Mississippi
River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of
1873, Bulletin of U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the
Territories, vol. i, p. 342, 1876, Uhler says: "From the mountains of
Colorado. The specimen corresponds in size, structure, and mark-
ings with those from eastern Massachusetts and other parts of New
England. New Jersey seems to be the region where it varies most in
size and kind of markings."

In the writer's collection there are six specimens from Aweme,
Manitoba (Criddle), and a male from Sioux County, western Ne-
braska, collected August 17, 1908 (C. H. Gable). In the collection of
the University of Nebraska there are five additional specimens from
the same county.

This species must not be confused with Tibicen anrifcra (Say),
which it resembles.

3. Tibicen marginalis (Walker).

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Ento. Society, March, 191 5, PI. 2, fig.
I, and December, 1915, PI. 18, fig. 2.

"Colorado," male (E. V. Beales), University of Nebraska. This
is the only specimen so far examined from Colorado, but we have

March. 19J1.J DaVIS : ANNOTATED LiST OF COLORADO CiCADAS. 47

numerous Kansas and Nebraska records, so the locality is no doubt
correct.

This species does not as a rule inhabit as dry situations as dorsata
and dealbata.

4. Tibicen dealbata (Davisi.

Figured in Journal. X. Y. Entomological Soc. Sept. 1915. PI.
12. fig. 2.

This species was described in the Journal, X. Y. Ento. Society,
vol. 2T,. p. 162, Sept.. 19 1 5. and at that time was recorded from the
following localities in Colorado, the dates of capture being in July,
August and September : Denver ; Platte Canyon. Jefferson Co. ;
Chimney Gulch, Golden ; Pueblo, Pueblo Co. ; Colorado Springs, and
Durango. La Plata Co.

The following are additional records : Snyder, Morgan Co.. Aug.
8, 1899. female, Univ. of Kansas; Ft. Lupton, Weld Co.. male, col-
lection Dr. E. D. Ball ; Platte Canyon. Jefferson Co.. Aug.. 9.000 ft.,
four males (Oslar) ; Pueblo. July 31. 1907. female, and Aug.. 1907.
male ( G. M. Hite), Univ. of Colorado; Pueblo. Aug. 9. 1920. male in
vacant lot. captured by Sphechis wasp (Dr. Lutz). Am. Xluseum of
Natural History ; Nepesta, Pueblo Co., male, collection Dr. E. D.
Ball: La Junta. Otero Co.. July 22-23. IQ^Q- "^^'^ ^"d ^^o female^^
(Rehn and Hebard). Mr. Morgan Hebard states that this species
inhabits dry situations. La Junta. August ri-13. 1920. about 4.100
ft., male (Dr. Lutz). Am. ^[useum of Natural History.

Writing of this species from Foss. western Oklahoma, in Au-
gust. 1916. Miss Anna Bennett says: "The cicadas have all disap-
peared except the white-sided ones. These are very numerous hero
this year. In fact they are almost a pest. They sing in the even-
ing and early part of the night. In the morning they are usually
rather stupid and sleepy and are in the short weeds and grass out
from the trees for a few rods, but start up with a loud noise and arc
quite easily caught in a net or even in the. hands. They always fly
for the trees and often sing after they light for a short time." Miss
Bennett sent me 302 specimens of dealbata, well justifying her state-
ment that the "white-sided ones" were very numef-.^M- -i!„inr Foss.
Oklahoma, in 1916.

Dr. Raymond H. Beamer writes that he found thi> species asso-
ciated with dorsata in Kansas.

4B Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxix,

5. Tibicen dorsata (Say).

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, Sept., 1915,
PI. 12, fig. I.

In the Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey
of the Territories, Vol. i, p. 342, 1876, Uhler says: "This is the
grandest and most beautiful of the large western species of Cicada.
Its note is said to be loud, piercing, and sustained, and from the
great strength of the base of the wings and their fascicuke of
muscles the species must be one of the most vigorous and rapid in
flight. The specimens here noticed were collected in Colorado by
Prof. C. Thomas."

Dr. Raymond H. Beamer, in an account of his collecting trip
in Kansas in 1916, writes that dorsata was the most widely spread
and abundant species taken. It was commonly found on low shrubs
or weeds and grass, often on barren hill tops.

Colorado records are as follows : Laporte, Larimer County,
female, September 12. 1906, Colorado Agricultural College; six miles
west of Loveland, Larimer County, male, August 20 (W. Foster),
University of Colorado; Ft. Collins. August i, 1903, male, Colorado
Agri. College; Collins, August 19, 1898, male. University of Ne-
braska; Ft. Sterling, Logan County, July 11, 1909, 4,000-4,100 ft.,
male, Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia; Ft. Lupton, July 25, 1900,
two males, collection Dr. E. D. Ball; Ft. Lupton, July 25, 1900, male,
Colorado Agri. College; Wray, Yuma County, July 13, 1899, male,
University of Kansas; Wray, August 17, 1919, about 4,411 ft. on
sunflowers, sagebush, etc., two males (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum of
Natural History; Rocky Ford, Otero County, August 7, 1900, female,
collection Dr. E. D. Ball; La Junta, Otero County. August 11-13,
1920, about 4,100 ft. on arid hills, male (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum
of Natural History.

6. Tibicen duryi Davis.

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Ento. Soc, Dec, 191 7, PI. 13, fig. 2.

Bondad. June 27, 1919. 6,100 ft., male (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum
of Natural History.

This species is very common at times in New Mexico, and will no
doubt be found abundant in parts of Colorado as well. It is a beau-
tiful insect, and is colored near the base of both pairs of wings bright

March, igji.l DaVIS : AxNOTATF.D LiST OF CoKORADO CiCADAS. 49

orange or orange and gray, and in this and other respects looks
at first glance, especially when the wings are closed, much like some
of the sjiecies of Okana(/(]fia among which it lives.

;. Tibicen bifidus i Davis).

Figured in Joir.vai., X. ^'. 1-jitomological Society, March, 191 6,
PI. 4, figs. 3-4.

Fort Collins, June 28, 1900, three males, two females, collection
Dr. E. D. Ball; Fort Collins, June 2i^, 1900, male and June 29, 1901,
male and two females, Colorado Agri. College; Salida. Chaffee Co.,
1885. male. University of Nebraska; Pueblo, June 15. 1900. female,
collection Dr. E. D. Ball. The male type came from Clear Creek,
Colorado.

8. Cacama valvata (Ihler).

Figured in Jourx.m,. X. Y. Entomological Society, March, 1919,

PI. 13. fig- I-

In Cicadas of the Genus Cacanui. with Descriptions of Several
Xew Species, Journal. X^. Y. Entomological Society. March. 1919,
Colorado specimens are recorded from Pueblo, Carson City. Trini-
dad, Canon City, Holly, Coolidgc and Fort Collins, with dates of
capture in June and July. In the collection of tlie Colorado Agri-
cultural College there are additional specimens from Fort Collins,
June 28, 1900, male and female, and Puel)lo, June 15. 1900, male and
female.

This specres. according to Mr. John Woodgate of Jemez Springs,
Xew ^^exicc. ir often found on bush-cactus.

9. Proarna venosa (Lhler). Plate \'. fig. i.

Cafion City. July 2. 1885. two males, one female, and July 3,
male, collection University of Nebraska.

In July. 1917, Dr. H. H. Knight collected this small species very
commonly "" on desert grass " at Aden, Xew Mexico. At I'os.^,
Oklahoma, July, 1916, Miss .\inia l*)ennett reported finding ;i male
on a thistle near the roots of a Cottonwood " singing as loud as
possible." Dr. Raymond H. Beamer has taken this species in
Kansas in grass and weeds, where they were located by their song.
which was low through shrill.

50 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- >^>^i>i.

10. Okanagana cruentifera (Uhler).

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society. June-Sept.,
1919, PI. 19, fig. 2.

Bondad, June 27, 1919, 6,100 ft., three females (Dr. Lutz),
American Museum of Natural History.

11. Okanagana magnifica Davis.

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, June-Sept.,
1919. PI. 19, fig. I.

In the original description a female is reported from Nucla,
Colorado, Sept. 7, 1907 (C. T. Trueb), collection U. S. National
Museum. The following localities can now be added : Bondad, June
27, 1919, 6,100 ft., three males, five females, found among '' sage-
bush, oak, sabina, pinyon, cottonwood, etc." (Dr. Lutz), Am.
Museum of Natural History; Mesa Verde, July 3-7, 1919, 7,300 ft.,
six males, three females, found among " pinyon, sabina. sagebush,
etc." (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum of Natural History. With these last
mentioned specimens are two pupa skins, each about 30 millimeters
in length, with broad stripes of a chocolate brown color on the hind
margins of the abdominal segments. This is the largest species of
Okanagana so far described.

12. Okanagana schaefferi Davis.

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, March, 1915,
PI. 3, fig. 4.

The only two records for this species in the state, is the published
one of a male from Salida, June, 1885, collection. University of
Nebraska, and a male recently found in the collection of the U. S.
National Museum, labeled simply " Colorado."

Mr. George P. Engelhardt has informed me that the song of this
species closely resembles the whirring noise produced by a rattle-
snake, and that on one occasion in June, 19 17. in Washington
County, Utah, he came very nearly being bitten by a snake while
searching in a small bush for the supposed Cicada. Mr. J. Duncan
Putnam in his " Remarks on the Habits of Several Western Cicadae,'*
Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, March, 1881,
records his experience with a species of Cicada belonging to the
present genus Okanagana: "The male makes a rattling noise, ex-
ceedingly like that of a rattlesnake. This resemblance was so close

March, 1921.I DaVIS: ANNOTATED LiST OF COLORADO CiCADAS. 51

that one day in 1873. in the Shoshone Mountains. I was attracted hy
a noise which I took to l)e one of the insects, and stooped to pick
it up, wlien I suddenly discovered a hutje rattlesnake in its stead."

13. Okanagana bella Davis.

Figured in Journ.m., X. ^'. I'.ntomological Society. lune-Sept..
1919, PI. 20. fig. I.

In the original description this s])ecies was recorded from Liver-
more, Ft. Collins, Estes Park, Golden, Russell, C'reede and Durango
in Colorado, with dates of capture from June 24 to August i. T;)
these records may he added the following : Lily, Moffat Co., June
30, male and two females (J. W. Frey), Am. Museum of Natural
History received from University of Colorado; Fort Collins, June
29. 1901, two males and two females, Colorado Agri. College; Colo-
rado Springs, El Paso Co., male and female (H. B. Baker), L'ni-
versity of Michigan; The South Fork, Rio Grande, June 17, 1919.
8.500 ft., two females, "cold at night, ahout 42°" (Dr. Lutz). Am.
Museum of Natural History; Wolf-Fall Creek, Mineral Co., Juno
20, 1919, 7.900 ft., male (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum of Natural His-
tory; Pagosa Springs, June 21-23, 1919, 7.500 ft., two males (Dr.
Lutz), Am. Museum of Natural History. In the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, there are fourteen males from
Sedalia, Colorado, and in the writer's collection two males and a
female from Breckenridge, 9,000 ft.. July (Oslar). In these sixteen
specimens, as in most other males from Colorado, the valve is pale
in color.

The song of this species is described by Dr. Lutz. as having the
click.s run close together, and continued for a long while.

14. Okanagana synodica (Say). Plate V, fig. 2.

Thomas Say says in the original description : '' Dr. James and
Mr. Peale observed this species in great numbers in one locality,
at the base of the Rocky Mountains, but it did not occur elsewhere."

Uhler says in the Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geograph-
ical Survey of the Territories. Vol. i. p. 341. 1876: 'This pretty
little species seems to be common in Eastern Colorado. The present
specimens were collected in that region hy Mr. P.. H. Smith and Iiy
Prof. C. Thomas."

Mr. Joseph Duncan Putnam in his "Remarks on the Habits of

52 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- xxix,

Several Western Cicada;," already referred to, records that " Cicada
synodica Say, was quite common on the grassy plains near Denver
and Boulder, in Colorado, in June, 1872. The male makes a tolerably
loud rattling noisei"

Gillette and Baker in their Preliminary List of the Hemiptera of
Colorado, record the species from near Caiion City, August il
(Uhler); Southern Colorado, June to July (Carpenter); Fort Col-
lins, June 21 (Baker) and July 5 (Gillette) ; Manitou Park (Snow).

In the Journal, N. Y, Entomological Society, June-Sept., 1919,
the species is recorded from Denver, Ft. Collins, Pueblo, Lamar
and Salida, with the dates of capture in May, June and July.

To the above records may be added: Walsenburg, June 14, 1919,
6.200 ft., seven males, one female, " chiefly on grass and low
weeds" (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum of Natural History; Boulder,
female (Prof. Cockerell) ; Clear Creek Canyon, June 24, 1920,
7,500 ft., five males (Oslar).

15. Okanagana utahensis Davis.

Figured in Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, June-Sept.,
1919, PI. 20, fig. 4.

Mesa Verde, ^Montezuma Co., July 3-7, 1919, 6,600 ft, male, and
Bondad, June 2y, 1919, 6,100 ft., male. Both specimens in the Am.
Museum of Natural History and collected by Dr. Lutz, who states
that the song is continuous. This species has not before been re-
ported from Colorado.

16. Okanagana hesperia (Uhler). Plate V, fig. 4.

Denver City, Colorado, is the type locality given by Uhler in
the original description.

In the Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, June-Sept., 1919,
this species is recorded from Denver, Golden, Fort Collins, Platte
Canyon, La Junta, and Trinidad. The dates of capture are from
June 10 to July 17.

To the above records may be added : Colorado Springs, male
(H. B. Baker) collection University of Michigan; La Junta, July
22-23, 19 1 9- female (Rehn and Hebard) ; Animas, June 26, 1919,
6,600 ft., two males, and Bondad, June 2^, 1919, 6,100 ft., " song
continuous"' (Dr. Lutz), Am. Museum of Natural History.

March, 1921.I DaVIS: AnXOTATKU LiST OF COLORADO CiCADAS. £3

17. Platypedia mohavensis Davis.

Fig^ured in Iolrnai., X. V. Entomolojjical Society. June. 1920.
PI. 5. fig. I.

Tlic only Colorado record for this species is the one already puh-
lished in the orifjinal description, namely Rondail. June 27. 1919.
male and three females (Dr. Lutz). .\m. Museum of Natural
History.

18. Platypedia putnami (Lhli-T).

Figured in Journal. X. "S". I'.ntomological Society. June. 1920,

PI. 5. fig- 3-

In the original description in 1S77. Uhler states that the types
were "collected in the vicinity of Clear Creek. Colorado, hy Mr. [.
Duncan Putnam." In the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy
of Natural Sciences, Vol. 3, March, 1881. there are some "Remark-
on the Hahits of Several Western Cicad.-e." hy Mr. Putnam, made
at the meeting of January 31, 1879, as follows: "Cicada putnami
Uhler (Vol. 2, Plate 4. figs. 3 and 4) I have collected only ujjon one
occasion. July 2, 1872. It occurred in considerable numbers on some
small aspen trees growing close to tlie water of Clear Creek, between
Floyd's Hill and Idaho Springs, Colorado. The male makes a very
faint chirp, differing entirely from any other Cicada I have ever
heard. This species does not appear to have been collected since."

Specimens from the following localities are recorded in the
Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, for June, 1920: Fort Collins.
Boulder, Bear Creek in Jefferson Co., Chimney Gulch, Golden.
Platte Canyon, Manitou. Canon City. Alamosa. Mesa \'erde in
Montezuma Co., Durango, Bondad, Pagosa Springs, and Starkville.
The dates of capture are from May 13. 1901, at Chimney Gulch
(Dyar and Caudell). to July },-j. 1919. at Mesa Verde at an
elevation of about 7,300 ft.

All observers report the notes of the several species of Platypedia
as a series of short clicks, and Dr. Lutz states that those he col-
lected at Starkville produced a "clicking .sound; about eight clicks,
rapid at first, but slowing."

Additional records are as follows: I'"ort Collins. June 16. i8«/^
three females and June 22. 1899. female, collection Colorado .-Kgri.
College. Colorado Springs male and female (11. 1'. I'aker). col-
lection I'liivcrsitv of Michigan.

54 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'"'- xxix,

19. Platypedia minor Uhler.

Figured in the Journal, N. Y. Entomological Society, June, 1920,
PI. 5. fig. 10.

The only specimens I have seen from Colorado have already been
recorded, and consist of the fifty-seven individuals collected at Glen-
wood Springs, June, 1919, by Mr. Oslar. The type locality for this
species is San Mateo, California, but the Colorado specimens ap-
pear to be the same, though their distribution is unusual.

20. Platypedia latipennis new species. Plate V, fig. 5.

Type male, Douglas Spring, Routt Co., Colorado, June 26 (J. W. Frey).
Collection American Museum of Natural History, received from University of
Colorado.

The uncus resembles in shape that of Platypedia mohavensis, but the fore
wings are broader and the front of the head not as prominent as in that spe-
cies. The fore wings in form resemble those of barbata and minor, and have
also a rather broad basal cell, but it is not nearly as hairy as either of those
species, and the uncus is differently shaped.

Front of the head not prominent, median sulcus well defined and broad-
ening on the lower part of the face. The whitish hairs on the body are about

Pl ATI

LATIPE NNIS

as in putnaini ; the upper surface is nearly smooth except on the head and
about the mesonotal X, while beneath the hairs are long and numerous. The
fore wings have eight apical cells, are very broad, and have the costal nerve
rather suddenly bent near the end of the radial cell. When viewed from in
front the costal nerve is seen to be wavy, suggesting an approach to Neo-
platypedia. The uncus is slightly arched at the top, with the extremity rather
flat. and rounded; beneath it is somewhat deepened near the basal third; not
as much so as in putnami, but more so than in mohavensis.

General color blue black with the lighter marks brilliant orange-red as in
putnami, which indeed it strongly resembles in coloring, and for which it might
be taken if it were not for structural characters. Fore femora entirely black

March, 19^1] DaVIS : ANNOTATED LiST DF COLORADO CiCADAS. 55

except the extremities, which are brilliant orange-red ; middle and hind femora
black above, orange-red beneath. The hind margin of the pronotum or collar
is conspicuously orange-red, as are the membranes at the base of both pairs
of wings.

ME.^SL■REME.^•Ts i.v Millimeters.

.M«le Type.

Length of body i q.3

Width of head across eyes . . 5

Expanse of fore wings 42

Length of valve 4

Only the type has been examined, but the broad tore winjj*. and
the shape of the uncus readily separate it from the other described
species of Platypedia. This insect should be considered just after
barbata in the Key to the Genera and Species of Platypedia and
Xeoplatypedia published in the Journal. X. V. Entomological So-
ciety for June, 1920.

.2 1. Neoplatjrpedia constiicta Davis.

Figured in Journal. X. Y. Entomological Society. June. 1920.
Plate 5, fig. 13.

The only Colorado specimens so far examined are the fifteen
males and twenty-two females collected by Dr. Lutz at Bondad,
June 2-. 1919. and now in the collection of the Am. Museum of
Xatural History. It was noted when the insects were collected that
the song was a dp. dp. zip continued for a long time.

22. Melampsalta calliope (Walker), 1850.
Cicada parvula Say. 18^5 ; name preoccupied.
Cicada fallescens Germar, 1830; name preoccupied.

Figured in Journal, X. Y. Entomological Society. June, 1920,
PI. 5, figs. 14 and 15.

The only Colorado specimens so far examined are a male and a
female in the U. S. Xational Museum, collected at Granada, Prowers
Co.. in the eastern part of the state. It is a common species in parts
of Kansas and Xebraska.

23. Melampsalta kansa Da\is.

Figured in the Jour.val. X. Y. Entomological Society. June 1920.
PI. 5. fig. 17.

In the paper on the Xorth Am. ("icadas belonging to the Genera

53 Journal New York Entomological Society. [N'oI. xxix,

Platypedia and Melampsalta, published in this Journal for June.
1920, five males collected by the American Museum Expedition, in
June, 1919. are recorded from Regnier and Lamar. To these may
now be added one male and three females from Lamar, June 17,
1900, recently sent to me for examination from the Colorado Agri-
cultural College. The entirely green Cicada from near the Rocky
mountains, which Thomas Say wrote about in 1825 in connection
with his Cicada parvnla, is supposed to have belonged to this species.

Fossil Species.
Cicada grandiosa Scudder.

This species was described and wing figured in the Bulletin of
the U. S. Geological Survey, No. 93, 1892, in an article entitled
" Some Insects of Special Interest from Florissant and other Points
in the Territories of Colorado and Utah.''

In the Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 30,
191 1, p. 76, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerel! comments upon this insect as
follows : '' This species was based by Scudder on a hind wing, which
was remarkable for its large size, and supposed to differ from true
Cicada in several venational characters. The wing, however, agrees
very nearly with that of the living American Cicada marginata
[marginalis Walker], and I believe represents a quite typical Cicada.
In March, 191 1, my wife and I found at the south end of Fossil
Stump Hill, Florissant, a rather poorly preserved upper wing of
Cicada, showing all the central area, including the forking of the
radius and cubitus, the median cell and the two large discal cells
above it. A\\ of this is perfectly typical for Cicada, and might almost
have come from a wing of C. marginata. The large cell in the
forks of the media has its side on the cell (median) below 12 mm.
and that on the cell above 10 mm. As the proportions agree exactly
with the upper wing which should go with Scudder's hind wing, it
seems safe to assume that they belong to the same species."

Lithocicada perita Cockerell.

Described and figured in the Bulletin Am. Museum of Natural
History, vol. 22, 1906, p. 457, from a plainly represented anterior
wing 23 mm. in length and 10]/, broad, showing almost complete
venation. The costal margin is very much bent near the apex of

fJouR.'X. V. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXIX.

(Pl.ate. V.)

March. 1921] DaVIS: A.NNOTATKD L16T OF COLORADO CiCADAS. 57

the wins; the radial cell does not extend heyond the middle, and the
eighth apical cell is very large and inversely triangular.

Platypedia primigenia CockLnll.

Descrilied and figured in The American Journal of Science for
January, 1908, p. 52. from a well preserved specimen found at
Florissant in 1907. The following are some of the salient char-
acters: Length ahout 23 mm. (the apex of abdomen is lost). Com-
pared with the living piitiiami. the l>ody is larger and more robust.
As in that species the femora are black. P. primigenia will be easily
known from Lithocicada pcrita Cockerell, by the shape of the eighth
apical cell, and from Cicada grandiosa Scudd., by the much smaller
size.

It is interesting to learn that the genus Platypedia was represented
in Colorado in Miocene times, as it is today.

EXPLAXATIOX OF PLATE V.

Fig. I. Proarna vetiosa (Uhler).

Fig. 2. Okaitagana synodica (Say).

Fig. 3. Okanagana strialipes (Haldeman).

Fig. 4. Okanagana hesperia (Uhler).

Fig. 5. Platypedia latipcnnis Davis. Type.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Aglais j-album Boisduval and LeConte. — A female of this species
flew in my office window, at Broadway and Houston Street. New
York City. September 8th. 1920. I have not noticed any other Man-
hattan Island records. The specimen is in the collection of The
American Museum of Natural History.— Gavi.ord C. Hall.

58 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o^- xxix,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting or May 20.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P.M., on May 20th, 1920, in the American Museum of Natural History,
President L. B. Woodruff in the chair, with 19 members and five visitors
present.

Mr. Watson read a paper on " Collecting Insects in Jamaica, B. W. I.,"
illustrated by maps, photographs and two cases of lepidoptera. Mr. Watson
left New York, November 6, 19 19. Erebus odora was the first capture, Nov.
nth, and for three months thereafter he collected assiduously, his headquarters
being at Mandeville. There he met E. Stuart Panton and visited his bungalow
at 3,000 ft. elevation, where the collecting at light was good. At Kingston
he met Frank Cundall, Secretary of Jamaica Institute, and had an opportunity
of seeing their entomological collections. Special attention was paid to col-
lecting Sphingidae, at flowers about dusk ; their swift flight making quick work
necessary. Mr. Watson gave many notes on his captures which may be pub-
lished later, and spoke gratefully of the generosity of Mr. B. Preston Clark
and of the courtesies of Dr. Harry Far-quharson of Jamaica.

His remarks were discussed by Mr. Mutchler, who exhibited the Lampy-
ridas he had collected, and by Messrs. Davis, Engelhardt and Olsen.

Mr. Davis called attention to May 20, 1920, being the 82d anniversary of
Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson and the congratulations of the Society were
ordered to be sent to her by letter.

Dr. Bequaert spoke on " Fungi that grow on Ants," giving a general re-
view of the classification of such fungi, illustrated by blackboard sketches and
specimens. His remarks have been published in Bull. Br. Ent. Soc. XV, pp.
71-79, and were discussed by Messrs, Engelhardt and Davis, the latter recall-
ing numerous examples of the genus Cordyceps on beetle larvae and pupje.

Mr. Nicolay spoke of his trip to Manumuskin and Maurice River and
Malaga, N. J., resulting in the capture of four Buprestis salisburiensis.

Mr. Dickerson exhibited Bull. Cal. Agl. Dept-, IX, No. 4, on the control
of Mealy Bugs, especially by the introduction of natural enemies, Hymenop-
tera from Sicily and lady bugs from Australia.

His remarks were discussed by Dr. Marchand and Mr. Davis.

Meeting of October 5.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P.M., October 5, 1920, in the American Museum of Natural History,
President L. B. Woodruff in the chair, with 20 members and four visitors
present.

The Secretary distributed copies of a pamphlet on the Japanese Beetle,
presented by Mr. John J. Davis.

March, 1921.] Proceedings. 59

The Librarian reported accessions to the Lilirary.

The President called for reports on summer collectin(^'. Mr. Hall spoke
of collecting Lepidoptcra on Mt. Washington, commenting on the variation in
seasons there in different years.

Mr. Bell reported poor collecting locally in I.i pidnp. r,i.

Mr. Burns reported good success in Diptera.

Mr. Xicolay showed two boxes of notable captures at Washington, D. C,
in June and of rare Buprestidse received from British Museum and the Pacific
Coast, especially two species of Trachykele, bred from Abies and Libocedrus.

Among his Washington captures was Cher-rolatia amoena, found by sifting
debris at base of half-dead tulip tree. Mr. Weiss said he had been working
principally on Milkweed Insects this summer with some interesting results.
He spoke also of the Gypsy Moth outbreak at Somerville, X. J.

Mr. Barbers principal trip had been at Lakehurst, \. T., where rain had
marred his plans.

Dr. Lutz reported three months spent in Wyoming, Idaho, Utah and Colo-
rado with interesting comparisons of collecting in the northern and southern
regions. He also showed magnification of three-color process from the publi-
cation " Science and Invention."

Mr. Dickerson said his best result was the discovery of Tetraopcs larvw.

Mr. Bischoff exhibited a box of rare Coleoptera collected during the sum-
mer, including species of Ryhnchophora, Eucnemid;e, etc.

Mr. Davis as usual had much field activity to report, including three weeks
in North Carolina with Jas. P. Chapin, and many Long Island trips with Mr.
Engelhardt. He exhibited pmk Amblycorypha from Staten Island, commenting
on their apparent comparative frequency there, Calosoina sycophania and
Carabus neiuoralis, also from Staten Island, and described their distribution
and usefulness.

Mr. Mutchler spoke of sycophania being common also in Connecticut.

Dr. Bec|uaert spoke at some length of the rarer flies caught by Mr. Burns,
especially Mixogastcr breviventris and then spoke of his visit to Mr. Xotman
at Keene \'alley, of his trips to West Xyack, Cold Spring Harbor and else-
where, closing with an account of his recent discoveries in the genus I'oluceUa.

In reference to Dr. Bequeart's praise of Cold Spring Harbor as a collect-
ing ground, Mr. Bischoff urged consideration of Murray Hill. X. J.

Dr. Wiegmann spoke of a collection of microscopic mounts of insects.

Mr. Sherman spoke of his trip to .Atlantic City and visits in Philadelphia
with Fox, Laurent and Castle.

Mr. Olsen told of his collecting about West Xyack.

Mr. Hallinan spoke of his visits to public museums in London. Hull and
Bristol.

Mr. Shoemaker had visited his old collecting grounds near Washington,
D. C, in June and September and found the increasing number of bungalows
distressing. Three species of Cychrus had. howe\er, been caught this year.

60 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- xxix,

Mr. Leng described the extraordinary abundance of coleoptera on the
shingly beach of North Hero Island, Lake Champlain.

Mr. Woodruff spoke of his visit to Mrs. Slosson at Delaware Water Gap
and of his collecting at Litchfield, Conn.

Mr. Eugene G. Smyth, present as a guest, spoke of the supposed trans-
mission of Sugar Cane Mottling Disease in Porto Rico by insects.

Mr. Davis exhibited a bound volume of Mr, Sherman's catalogues of books
on insects ; also Blatchley's Orthoptera of the Eastern United States and
Morse's New England Orthoptera.

Meeting of October 19.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8: 00 P.M., on October 19, 1920, in the American Museum of Natural History,
President L. B. Woodruff in the chair, with 21 members and four visitors
present.

Mr. Barber read a paper on " A New Species of Thauniastocorid from
Cuba" (which has since been published in Bull. Br. Ent. Soc), illustrated by
specimens and blackboard illustrations. It was discussed by Messrs. Wood-
ruff, Hallinan, Bequaert and Lutz ; the latter pointed out that it might prove
another interesting instance of discontinuous distribution of a primitive sub-
family, Mr. Barber having established that the nearest relatives are known
from New South Wales and Tasmania. The specimens were found by Dr.
Mario Calvino crawling in crevices in young growth of the Royal Palm.

Dr. Bequaert spoke on " Dispersal of Spores of Certain Mosses by Flies,"
showing specimens of the flies and of the mosses, and blackboard drawings of
the latter. The mosses as identified by Dr. Wiegmann, were Tetraplodon
innioides and another species of the genus which grow only on dung or car-
rion and in northern or elevated or otherwise boreal situations. The fructi-
fication, instead of being dry so as to be readily dispersed by wind, is sticky ;
and apparently depends upon the fly in this case, a species of Phorbia, to
carry it from the capsule to fresh dung or carrion. The bright color of the
hypophysis attracts the fly and from its large stomata exudes a substance of
which the odor also probably acts as an attraction. Dr. Bequaert's investiga-
tions were made while Mr. Notman's guest in the Adirondacks and at an
elevation of about 5,000 ft. on July 28.

Mr. Dickerson exhibited the Monthly Bulletin of California State Exp.
Station containing an article on Black Scale Parasite, particularly in reference
to Parthenogenesis.

Mr. Wm. T. Davis read a clipping from a newspaper stating that October
14, with a temperature of 82 degrees, was the hottest October day recorded
in New York City. October 15 was also very warm. On these days the large
imported wasps, Vespa crabro, were encouraged to renew their activities in
nest building and a number were seen gnawing oft' the living bark of a lilac
bush in the Clove Valley on Staten Island.

March, I92I.] PrOCF.EDI XGS. ()1

He stated that these wasps did not fit very well into their environment,
and would be forced to discontinue building operations on their unfinished
nest, at which time the workers would perish.

He showed several specimens with particularly yellowish abdomens that
had been captured in molasses traps set for Orthoptera near Great Kills,
Staten Island.

Mr. Leng exhibited " Larvx of North American Beetles of the Family
Cleridse," by Adam G. Boving and A. B. Champlain, from Proc. U. S. X. M.,
LVII, pp. 575-649 with ten plates.

Mr. Mutchler exhibited " Catalogus alphabeticus generum it subgenerum
Coleopterorum orbis terrarum totius," by R. Lucas, from Archiv f, N'aturg.
LXXXI\', Abt. pp. i-6g6 : and pointed out that it was yet incomplete, in that
some of the largest f.nmilies were omitted.

T H fc:

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VuL XXIX.

No. 2.

JOUR N AL

OF THE

NEW YORK

Entomological Society

BcvoteD to lEutomoloQ^ in (5cue

JUNE, 1921.

Edited l)y HOWARD N(JTMAN
rHblicatiott Ci/mmiltee.

HoWAKD NOTMAN. K. E I.UTZ.

K, L. DitKEKSoN. Chari.rs SchaeTppr

Published Quarterly by the tSoclety.
LANCASTKR, \\\. NEW YORK CITY.

1921.

[Entered April 31, 1904,81 I-a- cajtrr, Pa, n» »econd-cl«iiniattCT nn<ler Art ol CoDRreMol July «6. 1894 ]

THt HtV» tl»* PBINT

CONTENTS

The Phylogenetic Origin of the Mandibles of Insects and their
Arthropodan Relatives. A Contribution to the Study of the
Evolution of the Arthropoda. By G. G. Crampton, Ph. d. . 63

Revision of the Genus Ligyrocoris Stal (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae).

By H. G. Barber .... 100

New Species of reared Gall Midges (Itonididae). By E. p. Felt,

State Entomologist, N. Y 115

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society .... 119

JOURXA.L

JOftn igork 6lntoraoIogirflI %mM^.

Vol. XXIX. June, 1921. No. 2.

THE PHYLOGENETIC ORIGIN OF THE MANDIBLES
OF INSECTS AND THEIR ARTHROPODAN RELA-
TIVES—A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ST-yTJ^an inso,
OF THE EVOLUTION OF TIpT,
ARTHROPODA.

By G. C. Cramptox, Ph.D..

Mass.xchcsetts Agricultural College
Amherst, Mass.

The study of the mandil)les alone has furnished but a small portion
of the evidence upon which the conclusions concerning the evolu-
tion of insects and their arthropodan relatives, set forth in the
following series of papers, are based. It is obviously imiiracticahle.
however, to attempt to present all of the evidence available on the
subject, in a single paper, since it would require too great a number
of plates to illustrate the various features of comparative anatomy,
embryology, etc.. which must be considered in such a discussion. On
this account, it has seemed preferable to present the evidence gained
from a study of the remaining features of the comparative morphol-
ogy of the mandibles (the origin of only one type in insects has been
discussed in the present paper), as well as that gained from the
study of the head capsule with its appendages, the trunk segments
and their appendages, the terminal abdominal structures, the embryo-
logical develo|)ment of the arthropods in question, and all other
features having a bearing on the study of the i)hylogeny of the
Arthropoda. in a series of papers dealing with each phase of the

63

64 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o-- x>^ix,

subject separately; and the following discussion is therefore offered
as the first of such a series of papers dealing with the more important
features of value in the study of arthropodan evolution.

It is extremely difficult for anyone who is not a specialist in the
Crustacea to obtain specimens of the rarer forms for dissection, and
on this account, it has been necessary for me to depend upon the
descriptions of others for the morphological details of certain of the
rarer Crustacea such as the Euphausiacea. Anaspidcs, etc., but I have
been fortunate in being able to examine representatives of these
forms, and I have been able to dissect other types sufficiently close to
these to enable me to form an opinion as to their relationships — and
luckily, those types of Crustacea which are of the greatest importance
for a study of the phylogeny of insects, are obtainable from the
biological laboratories of Europe.

I would use this opportunity of expressing my very sincere grati-
tude to Miss Rathbun for the loan of a specimen of Anaspidcs and
other interesting material from the U. S. National Museum, and to
Dr. Caiman of the British Museum for specimens of the interesting
crustacean Apseudes. Dr. Chamberlin of the Harvard Museum has
furnished me with interesting and valuable myriopodan material, and
Dr. Walcott of the Smithsonian Institution has very generously given
me a number of photographs of trilobitan appendages, and has very
kindly allowed me to copy Fig. i8 (Plate VII) from his restoration
of the appendages of the trilobite Ncolcnus. I am also deeply in-
debted to Dr. Raymond of the Harvard Museum for much valuable
information concerning the affinities of trilobites; and Fig. 9 (Plate
VI) is based upon a restoration of the trilobite Triarthriis made by
him.

General Considerations.

It is indeed astonishing that so little attention has been given to
the evolution of the members of the phylum Arthropoda, since no
other group of living things can equal or even approach them in the
number of their species, in the multiplicity of their modifications of
structure and habit, or in their preservation of synthetic types serv-
ing to connect the various subdivisions of the group. The survival
of ancient types but little modified from their primitive condition,
such for example as Apns, which has changed but little since Cam-

Tune. i9::i.l CrAMPTOX : EvOLL'TIOX OF THE AxTHROPODA. 65

brian times, enables us readily to compare the more recently evolved
forms with their " contemporaneous ancestors."' and it is therefore
frequently quite easy to obtain an almost unbroken series of stages
illustrating the probable steps in the evolution of certain structures
almost from the very inception of the development of the tendency on
the part of these structures to assume their more modified aspects,
"^ince I have been fortunate in obtaining an exceptionally fine series
illustrating the probable course of the phylogenetic development of
one type of insectan mandible, it has seemed preferable to make this
the subject of the first paper dealing with the evolution of arthropods
related to insects.

Since no living types are strictly speaking " ancestral " to other
living types (excepting in the case of mutants which have departed
but little from the parent stock), it should be clearly understood that
in employing a number of recent forms to illustrate the path of
evolution followed in deriving the insectan type of mandible from
the original arthropodan type of mandibular appendage. I would not
imply that any one of the stages represented in the series is actually
ancestral to the succeeding stages. On the other hand, certain primi-
tive living forms have departed but little from the actual ancestors
of other living forms in many respects, and those "' ancestral "'
features which they have preserved in a very slightly modified form, .
-erve to indicate the probable stages through which the parts of other
more highly modified forms have passed, in assuming their present
condition; and the study of such a series is of the greatest value in
enabling us to gain a correct understanding of the nature of the
parts in the higher forms.

As a rule, the student of trilobitan structures has confined his
attention to this group alone, and the carcinologist is content to
levote his energies to the study of the Crustacea alone, while those
entomologists who have attempted to invade these fields have not been
conspicuously successful in comparing the structures of insects with
those of Crustacea and trilobites, with the result that the true nature
of the parts of insects is not understood in many cases, and the most
glaring misinterpretations of insectan structures have gained a dis-
hearteningly widespread acceptance in the various te.xtbooks and
publications dealing with this phase of entomology. In this con-

66 Journal New York Entomological Society, t"^'"' >^xix,

nectiou I need but cite the universally accepted, though erroneous,
conclusion that the " superlinguse " of insects (which are the honio-
logues of the paragnaths of Crustacea) represent the first maxillse
(maxillulse) of Crustacea, and the resultant false conclusions that
the first maxilke of insects (which are homologous with the first
maxillae or maxillulse of Crustacea) represent the second maxillae of
Crustacea, while the second maxillae (labial appendages) of insects
are incorrectly homologized with the first maxillipeds of Crustacea,
instead of correctly homologizing them with the second maxillae of
Crustacea. As a consequence of these false views, the head of an
insect is regarded by some entomologists as composed of seven seg-
ments (instead of but six, as embryology has long shown to be the
case), and the true homologies of the structures of the head of an
insect have been greatly confused.

Not only has the composition of the head in general been misin-
terpreted by many entomologists, but the nature of the parts of the
mouth structures has not been properly understood, due to the fact
that no one has apparently made a thoroughgoing comparison of
these structures in insects, Crustacea and trilobites. Thus Chatin,
Smith, and other entomologists who are apparently not aware of the
fact that the mandible of an insect represents only one segment of a
modified limb, while the '"body" of the maxilla (not including the
cardo and palpus) is composed of at least tzvo segments of such a limb,
have made the unfounded claim that the parts of the maxilla are re-
peated in the mandible ; and such investigators as Hollis, 1872, or Hey-
mons, 1896, who have mistaken the lacinia mobilis and processes of
the incisor region of the mandibles of insects for so called mandi-
bular " palpi," homologous with the mandibular palpi of Crustacea,
are apparently not familiar either with the nature of the mandibular
palpi of Crustacea, or with the structure of mandibles in various
insects, since the structures occurring on the mandibles of insect's
which they attempt to homologize with the mandibular palpi of
Crustacea, do not occur in the same position occupied by the palpi
of the latter forms, and they have nothing of the nature of palpi to
warrant interpreting them as such.

The fact that entomologists homologize the palpi of the maxillae
(or labium) with the exopodite of a crustacean limb, and homologize
the galea and lacinia of the maxillae with the endopodite of such a

Uinc. IQ2I.1 Crami'ton: Hvull'tion of Tin: Antiipopoua. 67

liiramous limb, clearly shows that they have not traced the modifica-
tions of the moiithpart limbs in a series of Crustacea leadinjj up to
the insectan ty])c, in order to give an intelligent opinion in the matter;
and the attempt of Wood-Mason, 1879. to homologize the incisor
process of the mandible of Machilis with the exopodite of a crus-
tacean limb, and to homologize the molar i)rocess of .\facliilis'
mandible with the endopodite of a crustacean liml), well illustrates to
what flights of fancy one may be led if he docs not take the precau-
tion of studying t'-~ modifications met witli in the Crustacea and
lower insects, hefore indulging in speculations concerning the in-
terpretation of the structures of insects in terms of crustacean
anatomy I Furthermore, the fact that an entomologist of the reputa-
tion of Folsom. 1900, should suggest that the mandibular palpi of
Crustacea represent the exopodites of crustacean limbs, very clearly
indicates (in addition to the other instances cited above) that en-
tomologists in general are not sufticiently familiar with the develop-
mental tendencies exhibited by Crustacea and other forms related to
lower insects, to enable them to correctly analyze the conditions met
with in lower insects. On this account. I have devoted the greater
part of the present discussion to an attempt to trace the evolution of
the mandibular appendage in those arthropods which approach the
insectan type, instead of taking up the consideration of the evolu-
tion of the mandibles within the class Insecta — which I am hoping
to discuss in a future publication on this subject.

Origin' of Artiiropodax Appendages.

The lines of descent of the Arthropoda arc ap])roache(l by those
of the Onychophora, Tardigrada, Myzostomida and ' Annelida"; but
the lines of the descent of the Onychophora. Tardigrada and Myzos-
tomida lead off toward paths of specialization which do not parallel
that of the arthropods very closely, and the condition occurring in the
appendages of these forms (see textfigures 9, 10, and 11 ) does not
throw much light upon the subject of the nature of tiie precursors of
arthropodan limbs, although a study of the condition found in the
groups in question is not wholly without value. On the other hand, the
amielids approach the arthropods in so many i)articulars. that I am more
inclined to seek the ty|)e of structure foresliadouing an arthropodan

68 Journal Xew York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxix,

limb, in the so-called parapodia of the annelids (see textfigure 7) as
is done by Borradaile, Boas, and many of the earlier zoologists. It
should be borne in mind, however, that in dealing with groups so far
apart as the annelids and Crustacea, it is impossible to do more than
guess as to what parts are homologous in the structures of the two
groups, and the comparisons made below are more in the line of
suggested possibilities, than definite statements of actual homologies.
In such annelids as Laodice rubra (textfigure 7) the anteriormost
parapodium consists of a main axis "en" which bears a ventral
cirrus " ei" and a segmented dorsal cirrus "ex." The second para-
podium likewise bears a dorsal gill " cp" (dotted in the figure, since
it is not present in the first parapodium) attached near the base of the
parapodium. In comparing the parts of such a parapodium with
those of a typical crustacean limb (textfigure 8 — compare also Fig.
21, Plate VII) the position of the gills " ep" of textfigure 7 corre-
sponds in a general way to that of the gills or epipodites " ep " of
textfigure 8, while the dorsal cirrus "ex" of textfigure 7 occupies a
position somewhat suggestive of that of the exopodite "ex" of the
crustacean limb (textfigure 8). The main axis of the parapodium
labeled " en " in textfigure 7 resembles the main axis of the crus-
tacean limb {"en" of textfigure 8) in position, while the ventral
cirrus labeled " ei" in textfigure 7, is somewhat suggestive of the
endite or " gnathobase " labeled " ei " in textfigure 8. It is also quite
possible that the main axis of the crustacean limb labeled " en " in
textfigure 8, represents the main axis of the limbs " en " shown in
textfigures 9, 10, and 11. These in turn may correspond to the main
axis "en" of the parapodium shown in textfigure 7, although the
main axis of the parapodium shows no signs of segmentation.

Origin of the Mandibles.

Even such primitive worm-like forms as Peripatus have developed
a mandible-like appendage in the mouth region (Fig. 31) ; but some
investigators claim that the appendage in question in Peripatus is not
strictly homologous with the mandibular appendage of Crustacea,
insects and myriopods; and since the mouthparts of insects are merely
modified limbs (as was pointed out over a century ago by Savigny,
181 6, and has been confirmed innumerable times by embryological

June, 1921] CrAMPTdN : Rvoi.UTIOX OF THE AXTHPOPODA.

69

investigations) we would expect that the most primitive type of
mandible would be more like a walking-leg than a jaw-like append-
age, and those arthropods in which the mandibular appendage is still
in tlie ■■ walking-leg stage " should therefore be taken as the starting

Textfigures i to 6 (compare with figures in plates; are diagrammatic rcpre
sentations of the stages in the development of the insectan type of mandible.
For interpretation of lettering see list of abbreviations at end of paper. Text-
figure I. ^[andibular limb of trilobite. Textfigure 2. Limb of merostome.
Textfigure 3. Mandible of Xebalia.

point for tracing tlie evolution of the mandibular appendage in the
higher forms.

Fortunately, in such primitive artliropods as the trilobites (e.g.,
Triarthnis hccki. which Beecher has studied with such signal success)
we have an excellent starting point for the study of the evolution of
the mouthparts of other arthropods, since in the trilobites the ap-
pendages which Beecher homologizes with the second antennae,
mandibles, first maxill.'e, and second maxilloe of Crustacea, are all
practically alike, and are almost exactly like the trilobite's "walking"
legs. In fact. I know of no other arthropods which so well illustrate
:he fact that the mouthi)art appendages arc merely limbs of the
■ walking-leg " type adapted for holding and comminuting food.
Since those mouthpart-limbs of a trilobite which arc homologous with
ihe second antenna;, mandibles, first maxill.T and second maxillrv of
Crustacea, have not yet taken on the character of these appendages
of the Crustacea, but are still " walking "-leg (or more accurately

70 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxix,

" swimming " leg) like, I would refer to the appendages in question
in the trilobite as protantennse, protomandibles, protomaxillul?e and
protomaxillae, to indicate that they are the precursors of the second
antennae, mandibles, maxillul?e (first maxill?e) and maxill^E (second)
of Crustacea, but have not yet become sufficiently modified to take
on the form of these structures exhibited by the Crustacea, although
the first antennse (antennulse) of trilobites have lost the walking-leg
form and have taken on the character of true antennae.

I have been astonished to find that in such ancient and apparently
primitive Crustacea as Apiis (Fig. 22) and Branchippus (Fig. 23) the
mandibles have lost their original limb-like character and have as-
sumed the form of true mandibular jaws. Even in the Copepoda
(Fig. 30) and Ostracoda (Fig. 33) the mandibular appendages have
become so far modified that the terminal portion of the mandibular
limb has taken on the appearance of a palpus of the basal segment
which forms the body of the mandible proper, despite the fact that
the terminal portion of the mandibular limb {i.e., the palpus) in these
forms has still retained the inner branch "en" and outer branch
"ex" of the primitive biramous crustacean and trilobitan limb (com-
pare with textfigures i and 8, "en" and "ex"). On the other hand,
the mandibular appendage (protomandible) of trilobites is almost
exactly like a " walking "' leg, and in the Merostomata, Pantopoda,
Scorpionida, and the arachnoids in general, the appendage homo-
logous with the mandibles of insects, myriopods, and Crustacea is
more like a limb than it is like a jaw. I would therefore divide the
arthropods into two subphyla, one of which the Eiigiiathata contains
the Insecta, " Myriopoda," and Crustacea, and is characterized by
the modification of the mandibular appendage to form a true mandible
(with terminal segments either lost, or reduced to form a palpus) ;
while the other subphylum, the Podognathata, contains the remainder
of the arthropods, in which the mandibular appendage is essentially
like a limb, the terminal segments being of such a character that they
do not form a mere palpus-like organ for the basal jaw segment.

Such a division of the arthropods would group the trilobites with
the IMerostomata somewhat more closely than with the Crustacea,
and such a grouping would be justified by the character of the head
(which is flattened with the eyes located above), by the character of

June, I9JI.1 CRAMrXON : EvcH.UTION OK TIIK AnTHROI'ODA. 71

the limits ( uliich luive un jointed gnathobases in tlie two .cfroups).
and by the character of the segments and pygidium in trilobites and
immature merostomes such as Liwuliis. On the other hand, the
trilobites are very Crustacea-like in having biramous limbs, and other
features strongly suggestive of crustacean affinities, and I would not
minimize the fact that the trilobites are clearly annectant between the
Crustacea and Merostomata ; but, as I have pointed out in an article
in the American Xaturalist, and in the 51st Rei)ort of tlie Entomo-
logical Society of Ontario ( Crampton, 1919A and mjkjB) the ma'n
trend of the trilobitan developmental tendencies seems to lead more
toward the development of the merostome typo of arthropods, than
toward the main line of the Crustacea and their descendants the
myriopods and insects.

Raymond, 1920, wlio regards tlie trilobites as the ancestors of
other arthropods, does not differ from me in this matter as funda-
mentally as his paper in the American Xaturalist would imply, since
I too regard the trilobites as very close to the ancestors of arthropods
in general (as was stated in the article in the Report of the Entomo-
logical Society of Ontario for 1919) ; but I do not consider the
trilobites as actual ancestors of the Crustacea such as .If^iis, etc. (and
consequently of higher Crustacea also), since the .\podidc'e were
contemporaneous with certain trilobites, and the earlier trilobites
combine in themselves so many apodid and crustacean features, that
I cannot avoid the conclusion that the first arthropods were more of
the nature of trilobitan-Crustacea (or crustacean-Trilobita) rather
thai> pure trilobites; and the inherent tendencies which flowed into
the purely trilobitan side of the early artliropodan lines of develop-
ment are mostly those which lead to the merostome type, rather than
to the types of development exhibited by the Crustacea, and their
descendants the myriopods and insects.

To return to the subject of the origin of the mandibles of Crus-
tacea and their allies, it would appear that the precursors of the
mandibles were leg-like appendages of the biramous type (see text-
figure I. and Fig. 9 of Plate \'I ) in which the basal segment became
modified for holding or comminuting the food, while the endopodite
("en" of textfigure i, and Fig. 9) or inner branch of the limb, still
served to aid in the locomotion of the creature, and the exopodite

72 Journal New York Entomological Society. C^'o'- xxix.

("ex" of textfigure i, and Fig. 9) of the limb doubtless served as a
gill — or it may even have aided in locomotion as well. The probable
paths of development followed in the evolution of the different types
of mandibles of interest from the standpoint of the development of
the insectan type, have been sketched below.

Evolution of the Mandibles.

As was mentioned above, the trilobitan type of biramous mandi-
bular appendage, in which the exopodite "ex" (textfigure i) is still
retained, and the endopodite '' en " still functions in locomotion, while
the basal segment (like that of the body limbs as well) has become
modified in a fashion which enables it to function in the holding and
comminuting of food, serves as a convenient starting point in tracing
the series of modifications leading to the production of the insectan
type of mandible. The mesal region of the basal segment of the limb
is producted to form the so-called gnathobase " gb" (textfigure i, and
Fig. 9 of Plate VI) which abuts against its fellow projecting from
the limb of the opposite side of the body, and serves to manipulate
and comminute the food (which was probably of the nature of soft
bodied worms or similar creatures, as is the case with Limulus and
related forms living today). The gnathobase is provided with stout
spine-like projections which doubtless aided in comminuting the food,
and I think that a portion of the surface bearing these projections
becomes involved in the composition of the incisor region of the
mandibles of higher arthropods. It is possible that the endite "gb"
of the basal segment of the limb of Apiis, shown in Fig. 20 (Plate
VII) corresponds to the gnathobase " gb" of the trilobite shown in
Fig. 18 (or in textfigure i) ; but the other endites " ei" of the limb
of Apiis (Figs. 20 and 19) appear to be articulated appendages of
the limb differing slightly from the gnathobase " gb " which is a
prolongation of the entire mesal region of the basal segment of the
limb in the trilobite shown in Fig. 18, for example.

A somewhat higher stage of development is represented by the
condition exhibited by a limb of the merostome Limulus shown in
textfigure 2 (compare with Fig. 8, Plate VI). As m.ay be seen in
textfigure 2, there is a tendency to lose the exopodite ("ex" of
textfigure i) in the limb of a merostome. while the point of attach-

June, 1921.] Crami'Tox: Evoll'tiox of the Axthropoua. 73

ment of the endopodite is tlirown forward by tlie lengthening of tnc
area from " a " to " c " in the merostome, as may be seen by com-
parinj,'- the extent of the area from " a " to " c " (marked with a black
margin id make the comparison easier) in textfigures i and 2. In
Fig. 14 (Plate \'II) of the gnathobase of a limb of Liniulus, the
proximal spine-like projections are closer together, and stouter than
the distal ones, and on this account, I have represented the spine-
like i)rojections in the area labeled " / '" in the merostome shown in
textfigure 2, as though they were becoming more massed together than
is the case with the spines in the stippled area " c " of tne gnathobase.

The chief differences between the stages shown in textfigures I
and 2 are thus seen to be the loss of the exopodite ■' ex," the shifting
forward of the endopodite " en " through the lengthening of the
area from ''a" to " c '' (margined in black), the shortening of the
area from " d" to " c " (i.e., the stippled area), and the differentia-
tion of the " masticating " area into an upper area " e " and a lower
area "/"' in which the spine-like projections become more "massed
together." While the merostomes do not stand in the direct line of
descent of the Crustacea, but are on a side line leading to the arach-
noid type of arthropod, the merostomes have nevertheless retained
the condition of the limbs in a fairly primitive state, approaching the
condition which was doubtless characteristic of the limbs of a number
of primitive forms a little more modified tiian the trilobites; and on
this account the condition exhibited by the merostome appendage
may be taken as representative of the stage of development inter-
mediate between the trilobite shown in textfigure i and the crus-
tacean shown in textfigure 3, despite the fact that the character of
the body as a whole, in the merostomes, exhibits more arachnoid
than crustacean features.

In the crustacean Xehalia, whose mandible is shown in textfigure
3, the mandibular appendage has taken on the character of a true
mandible, through the reduction of the endopodite " en " to a three-
segmented palpus, the dift'erentiation of the "•masticatory" area into
a well defined incisor or biting area " c' " (stippled in the figure), and
a molar or grinding process " /," which is probably formed by the
crowding together of the spine-like projections of the area labeled
"/."' and the elongation of this area to form the molar process "/"

74 Journal Xew York Entomological Society. [^'°1- >^xiX;

of textfigure 3. The black margined area from " a " to " c " be-
comes proportionately longer, and arches over in such a fashion that
the point of attachment from " a " to " h " instead of being more
horizontal as in textfigures 2 and i, tends to become more vertical
(or obliquely so) in the mandibular appendage shown in textfigure 3.

If there were any question as to whether the palpus " en " of
textfigure 3 (compare also Fig. 10, Plate VII) represents the endo-
podite or the exopodite of a biramous limb, a glance at Fig. 33
(Plate VIII) will readily convince anyone that the exopodite "ex"
becomes reduced and is eventually lost, while the endopodite is re-
tained to form the palpus when the palpus is present. The mandibles
shown in Figs. 30 and 33 (Plate VIII) would doubtless have fur-
nished better intermediate stages than the merostome limb used in
textfigure 2 to illustrate the transition from the type shown in text-
figure I to that shown in textfigure 3, and these forms stand more
nearly in the direct line of descent of the higher Crustacea; but there
are certain features which the merostome limb illustrates better
than these other forms, and the figure of a merostome limb serves
well enough for the purpose intended.

Since there is only what appears to be a molar area "mo" in the
mandible of the branchiopod Branchippius shown in Fig. 23 (Plate
VIII), this suggests that the molar area " )iio" of Fig. 23 may repre-
sent the entire " masticatory " area of the mandible of Apiis, shown
in Fig. 22. I am more inclined, however, to think that the region
labeled " in" in Fig. 22 corresponds to the incisor area " in " of Fig.
10 (Plate VI) while the closely packed processes "mo" of Fig. 22
(Plate VIII) in the proximal portion of the masticatory area, may
form the molar area "mo" of Figs. 10 and 23. In this connection,
it should be noted that the mandible of Apus assumes the position
shown in Fig. 24 when " in situ" and consequently it must be turned
over and placed in an upright position as in Fig. 22, if it is to be
compared with the mandibles of other forms, which have assumed
the latter position. The fact that the molar process " mo " is the
only portion of the masticatory area preserved in the shrimp shown
in Fig. 26 (Plate VIII) makes it more readily comprehensible that
the molar area might be the only portion of the masticatory area
preserved in the branchiopod shown in Fig. 23 ; but I would not insist

June, i9-'i.l CraMPTOX : EvOLL'TIOX OF THK. AXTHRUPOUA.

75

upon the interpretation of tiie area labeled " nio " in Fig. 2^, as the
molar area alone, and I have only i^rovisionally interpreted it as such
until I have been able to study other related forms in order to
definitely determine the i)oint in question.

Textfigitri 4. Mandible of Mysis. Te.xtfigiirc 5. Mandible of Afseudcs.
Textfitrure 6. Mandible of Macliilis.

A stage beyond that represented in textfigure 3 is illustrated by
Mysis, shown in textfigure 4 (compare also I-"ig. 7 of Plate \I).
Tltysaiiof^oda or Eiiphausia would doubtless have proven to be much
better in many respects than Mysis for such a phylogenetic study, but
one must perforce do the best he can with such material as he is
able to procure, and the Crustacea in question are among the number
of certain interesting and much-needed specimens which I have as
yet been unable to procure for study I M ysis, however, serves the
purpose fairly well, and by comparing textfigure 4 of Mysis. witli
textfigure 3 of Xcbalia, the following changes may be noted as we
pass from the more primitive types of Crustacea to those which ap-
proach more closely to the types ancestral to the higher Crustacea,
insects and "' myriopods." The endopodite "en" (or mandibular
palpus) becomes proportionately smaller as the basal segment of the
mandibular appendage grows larger and becomes better adapted for
chewing purposes. It is possible that the endopodite " i'» " of
Xcbiih'a (textfigure 3. or Fig. 10 of Plate \T) might be of .some use
in swimming. At any rate, it can beat outward with a movement
which it would be apparently imi)ossible for the endopodite " en "

76 Journal New York Extomological Society, t'^'o'- xxix,

of textfigure 4 (or Fig. 7) to execute, since the joints of the endo-
podite "en" of Mysis (textfigure 4) are of such a nature that the
endopodite is directed mesahvard instead of outward as in Nchalia
(textfigure 3).

The black margined area from "a" to " c" is of proportionately
greater extent in textfigure 4 than in textfigure 3, and arches over
more pronouncedly in the former (Mysis) than in the latter (A''^-
balia) as may be more readily seen by comparing Fig. 7 with Fig.
10 (Plate VI). The molar region (" f " of textfigures 4 and 3, or
"mo" of Figs. 7 and 10) is essentially the same in both Crustacea,
but in the incisor region of Mysis (textfigure 4, or Fig. 7) the fol-
lowing parts become differentiated. The distalmost portion or apex
of the mandible proper retains its character of an incisor region
(labeled " c" in textfigure 4, or "in" in Fig. 7), but the processes
below it (i.e., " g" of textfigure 4, or " gf " of Fig. 7). called the
gnathofimbrium, may assume the character of a fringe of setae-like
structures, which are quite long and slender in the Crustacea shown
in Figs. 4, 2, etc., of Plate VL The function of this fringe is prob-
ably to sweep the food into the mouth cavity, or to prevent the
comminuted food from falling out of the mouth when the mandibles
are working. The so-called lacinia mobilis, labeled " li " in textfigure
4, or " hn" in Figs. 7, 4, etc., is probably formed by the fusion of
flattened seta-like structures like those forming the gnathofimbrium
below it. The articulatory region which bears the articulatory con-
dyle near the letter " a " in textfigure 4 bends outward more markedly
in Mysis (textfigure 4) than in Nchalia (textfigure 3) and this
tendency is quite pronounced in the following stages.

In the stage of the evolution of the mandibles represented in
textfigure 5 (compare also Fig. 3, Plate VI) the profile of the black-
margined region from "a" to " c" is not quite so arched as in text-
figure 4, and this straightening out of the arch is apparently cor-
related with the "upward" growth of the incisor process {i.e., the
stippled area in textfigure 5) which becomes long and slender in
Apscudcs (textfigure 5, or Fig. 3). Diastylis, and other related forms.
The gnathofimbrium "g" of textfigure 5 (or " gf " of Fig. 3) is
much reduced in Apsciides (textfigure 5), and the lacinia mobilis " h"
of textfigure 5 (or "hn" of Fig. 3) is relatively small and unim-

June, i9-'i.] CrA.MPTOX: EvOLUTIOX OF THE AnT11R0P(I»A. 77

portant in Apsciidcs. There is also a marked tendency toward the
reduction of the palpus "en," and. in fact, the palpus is completely
lost in the Crustacea shown in Figs. 2 and 6; and the condition ex-
hibited by the crustacean shown in Fig. 6 (Plate VI). which has not
only lost its mandibular palpus, but also has no gnathofimbrium or
lacinia mobilis (i.e., the structures labeled "en." " <if " and "hn" in
Fig. 3, Plate VI) is very suggestive of that exhibited by the insect
representing the next stage in the evolution of the mandible.

ep

Fig.8

Textfigure 7. First parapodium of Laodice rubra (gill " ep " is present
in the second parapodium, not the first). Textfigure 8. First thoracic limb of
crustacean, based on condition found in Syncarida.

As was mentioned al)Ove. the mandible of the crustacean shown
in Fig. 6 (Plate \l] is more like that of the insect shown in Plate
VI, Fig. 5 (or in textfigure 6) than is true of the mandible of the
crustacean figured in textfigure 5, since Vcrhins (Fig. 6) has lost
its mandibular palpus, and has only the incisor process " /// " and
molar process '' mo " in the distal region of the mandible — as is also
true of the insect shown in Fig. 5. On the other hand, it is a very
simple matter to compare the parts of the mandible of the insect shown
in textfigure 6 (which is the same insect as that shown in Fig. 5,
Plate VI) with the preceding crustacean stage shown in textfigure
5, and it is preferable for the sake of comparison, to use a crustacean
in which the mandibular palpus is still retained, in order to demon-
strate that there is no part of the insect's mandible comparable to the
mandibular palpus of the crustacean.

In comparing the mandible of the insect Machilis (textfigure 6)
with that of the crustacean Apseudes (textfigure 5) it may be seen

78 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- ^^i-^.

that, as we pass over into the insectan type, the basignath, or basai
region of the mandible included between the^ points " a," " b " and
" c," becomes somewhat slenderer and more elongate, and the outline
of the black -margined area from " a " to " c " is less sinuate. An
impressed line extending from "h" to "c" (compare also Fig. 5,
Plate VI) is continued around the other side of the mandible and
demarks the basal region, or basignath, from the distal portion of
the mandible, or the distignath. The secondary nature of this sub-
division of the mandible, is clearly evident if we trace back the evolu-
tion of the basal segment of the mandibular limb through the various
stages from textfigure 6 to textfigure i ; so that it should be patent to
anyone that the mandible of the insect shown in textfigure 6 repre-
sents a single segment of the original mandibular appendage, and any
attempt to compare the parts of an insect's mandible (which is com
posed of only one segment of a limb) with the parts of the "body"
of an insect's maxilla (which is composed of at least two segments
of a limb) is wholly unjustified.

The incisor process of Machilis (i.e., the stippled region from
"d" to " e" in textfigure 6) is clearly the equivalent of the incisor
process of Apseitdes {i.e., the stippled region from "d" to " c" in
textfigure 5), and it is consequently merely a differentiated portion
of the masticatory region of the mandible of Mysis (i.e., the region
from "f" to "e" in textfigure 4) in no wise comparable to the
mandibular palpus " en " of textfigures 5, 4, 3, etc., as Heymons would
maintain is the case with the incisor process of immature Ephemerida,
nor can the incisor process of Machilis (i.e., the stippled area from
" d" to "e" in textfigure 6) be compared to the exopodite of a
biramous limb (i.e., "ex" of textfigure i) as Wood-Mason would
maintain is the case ! The lacinia mobilis "' li " and the gnathofim-
brium " g " of the mandible of the crustacean shown in textfigure 5,
are lost in the mandible of the insect shown in textfigure 6 ; but this
is not surprising, since these structures are frequently absent even in
the Crustacea themselves (e.g., in the crustacean mandible shown
in Fig. 6, Plate VI). The molar process "/" of the insect's mandible
shown in textfigure 6 is clearly homologous with the molar process
" f" of the crustacean's mandible shown in textfigures 5, 4, and 3,
and is consequently merely a ditterentiated portion of the masticatory

June, 1921.] CrAMPTOX : EvOLUTIOX OF THE AnTIIROPODA. 79

surface (or the gnathobase) of the basal segment of the mandibular
appendage. On this account Wood-Mason's statement that the molar
process " / "' of Macliilis (textfigure 6) represents the endopodite
"en" of textfigures 5, 4. 3. 2, and i. is most astounding, and it is
very difficult to understand how anyone who has studied the Crus-
tacea at all. could come to such an unwarranted conclusion.

IXTERPRETATIOX OF pARTS OF AX Ix.^ECT's MaXDIBLE.

From the foregoing discussion, it should be evident that an in-
sect's mandible rejiresents only one segment of the original limb
forming the niandil)ular appendage of trilobites. Crustacea, etc.. and
neither the exopodite " ex" of textfigure i, nor the endopodite "en "
of te.xtfigures i, 2. 3, 4. and 5. are represented in the mandible of an
insect. Furthermore, the division of MachUis' mandible into a basal
region or basignath. and a distal region or distignath, by the suture
from " b " to " c " in textfigure 6. is a purely secondary one, and in
fact is foreshadowed in the mandibles of certain Crustacea such as
our common southern shrimp (and a hint of this division is shown in
the mandible of the crustacean Ligia — see Fig. 36. Plate VIII).

The evolution of the mandibles shown in textfigures i. 2. 3. 4. and
5, is in complete agreement witli the relative positions assigned the
arthropods in question from their general anatomical features, and I
do not see how anyone can deny that the series in all probability
represents the stages through which a specialized mandible such as
that of Apscndcs (textfigure 5) has passed in assuming its present
condition. We are therefore justified in assuming that the mandible
proper {i.e., exclusive of the palpus) of Crustacea is composed of one
and only one segment of the original mandibular appendage; and if
we compare the tentorio-basignathal muscles attached to the basal
region (basignath) of Macliilis' mandible (Fig. 5. Plate VI) with the
muscle attached to the base of the mandible of the crustacean shown
in Fig. 2 (Plate VI) it is evident that the muscles are practically the
same — consequently the regions to which they are attached are homo-
logous, and the apparent basal segment of Macliilis. mandible (Fig.
5) is therefore merely the basal region of the mandible of the crus-
tacean shown in Fig. 2. ivhicli is composed of only one segment. It
follows from this, that the subdivision of the mandible of MachUis is

80

Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- xxix,

purely secondary, and I am of the opinion that the apparent segmenta-
tion of the mandibles of " myriopods "' is also purely secondary.

As we trace the modifications of the mandibles from textfigure 6
back to textfigure i, it is evident that the incisor process (i.e., the
stippled area in textfigure 6) and the molar process "/" of the
insect's mandible shown in textfigure 6 are merely differentiated por-
tions of the gnathobase '' gh" of the basal segment of the biramous

Fig. 10 Fig. 1 1

Textfigure g. Diagram of limb of Peripatus. Textfigure lo. Diagram
of limb of a tardigrade based on Macrobiotus. Textfigure ii. Diagram of

limb of a myzostomarian such as Myzostoma cirriferum.

mandibular limb shown in textfigure i. If the lacinia of an insect's
maxilla represents the endite or gnathobase " ci " of one segment of
a mouthpart limb ultimately derived from a primitive limb of the type
shown in Figs. 20 and 19 (Plate VII), while the galea of the maxilla
represents the endite " ci" of another segment of such a limb (as I
am hoping to demonstrate is the case, in a later article), then the
incisor region and molar region together {i.e., the differentiated por-
tions of a gnathobase) of an insect's mandible would correspond to
the lacinia {i.e., a modified endite or gnathobase) of the maxilla. If
this is true (as I am convinced is the case) it is absurd to attempt
to homologize the small lacinia mobilis " // " (textfigure 4) of an
insect's mandible (in other words, a small appendage of the gnatho-
base region formed by the fusion of a few setae or spines) with the
entire lacinia of an insect's maxilla {i.e., with an entire gnathobase
or endite) as is done by Chatin, and many other entomologists who
are apparently ignorant of the true character of the parts they seek
to compare.

The incisor region " c," the lacinia mobilis " h," the gnatho-
fimbrium " g " and the molar region " / " of the crustacean mandible
shown in textfigure 4 are all represented in the mandibles of certain

June. 1921.] Cramptox: Evolutiox of the Anthropoda. 81

insects. The so-called prosthcca of tlie mandibles of certain insects
is possibly the homolosue of the lacinia mobilis " Ji " of the mandible
shown in textfi^ure 4. and from the discussion tjiven above, it should
be evident that it is impossible to homologize the prosthcca or lacinia
mobilis of an insect's mandible with the lacinia of an insect's maxilla,
since the whole gnathol)ase. inclusive of the resjion from "/" to '" c,"
of the scfjment forming the mandible shown in textfigure 4 is prob-
ably homologous with the whole gnathobase (or endite ) which forms
the lacinia of one of the segments entering into the composition of
the body of the maxilla of an insect. If entomologists could only
be brought to realize that the entire masticatory portion from " f" to
" c " of a mandible such as that shown in textfigure 4 represents
merely an area of one gnathobase (or endite) of one segment of a
limb such as " gb " of textfigure i. or " gh" of Fig. 20 (Plate VII).
and that the lacinia of the maxilla represents a similar entire endite
" gb " or '' c'l " of one segment of a limb such as that shown in Figs.
20 and 19, while the galea of the maxilla represents a second endite
" ri " of another segment of such a limb (the terminal portion of
the limb forming the maxillary palpus), there would not be such
absurd proposals put forward as some of the interpretations of the
parts proposed by Chatin.^ Smith. Packard, Hollis. Wood-Mason, and
others who have attemped to interpret the structure of insects' trophi
in terms of crustacean anatomy.

The study of the modifications met with in the Crustacea has
amply repaid the time spent upon it. and I would emphasize the fact
that it is the Crustacea (not the Myriopoda) which have in each case

1 Among other purely fanciful interpretations of the parts of the mandible
of insects, Chatin, 1884, refers to "' une ebauche de paipe " in the mandibles
of certain staphilinid beetles, apparently influenced by the suggestion of Hollis,
1871. who regards the prostheca of the mandible of certain staphylinids, etc..
as the representative of the mandibular palpus of Crustacea. Wood-Mason.
18-9. has also developed the idea that the prostheca. or the lacinia mobilis of
beetles represents the endopodite of a nauplius limb (Crustacea), and Eaton,
1883. in his " Monograph of the Ephemerida " refers to the lacinia mobilis of
the mandibles of immature may-flies as the representative of the endopodite
of a formerly biranious limb. These and many similar misinterpretations of
the parts of the mandible clearly show that it is necessary to study the evolu-
tion of the mandibular appendage in CniM-ir. n in nrrb r to properly interpret
the parts of the mandible in insects.

82 Journal New York Entomological Society. L^'o'- ^>^ix,

furnished the key to the interpretation of the parts in insects; and, in
fact, it is absohitely essential that anyone who desires to give the
correct interpretation to the various structures of insects, and who
wishes to determine the phylogenetic origin of insects, should give
as much time as he is able to the study of the evolution of the parts
in Crustacea, which have departed as little as any known forms from
the types of arthropods ancestral to the " Myriopoda " and Insecta.

Machilis is an insect which is structurally much more primitive
than most entomologists realize, and instead of being a degenerate
winged insect as Handlirsch would have us believe, I would insist
that it is absolutely primitive in most respects, and has departed in
fact but little from the condition characteristic of some of the an-
cestral insects. It has even preserved certain characters suggestive
of affinities with the primitive CoUembola — although its closest affini-
ties are with the Lcpisma-Ukc Apterygota, and it furnishes us with
a connecting link anatomically annectant between the Crustacea and
the Lepisma-Vikt types, as well as with the lowest representatives of
the winged insects such as nymphal Ephemerida, etc. In fact, the
mandibles of Machilis (and to some extent of certain immature
ephemerids also) are more like the mandibles of Crustacea than they
are like the mandibles of other insects (as is likewise true of the
muscles attached to the mandibles of Machilis) and a study of the
anatomical details of Machilis (and of nymphal ephemerids also) is
absolutely essential in making an attempt to trace the evolution of
the insectan type of arthropod. On this account, I have used Machilis
to illustrate the probable mode of origin of one type of insectan
mandibles; but it is also necessary in such a study to trace the origin
of the type of trophi found in the Dicellura (Japyx, Campodea, etc.)
as well, since the dicelluran type is one of the primitive types of
insects as well as Machilis; but the Dicellura are of less importance
despite their remarkable resemblance to the Symphyla {e.g., Scolo-
pcndrclla, etc.) since their line of development, in paralleling that of
the Symphyla, leads away from the main path of development fol-
lowed by winged insects (as exemplified by immature ephemerids)
and higher Crustacea, along a line of specialization having no par-
ticular bearing upon the developmental tendencies of insects in gen-
eral. Machilis, Lcpisrna, and Nicolctia, on the other hand, exhibit

June, 19^1.1 Cramptiix: Evoi.utiox of the Anthpopoda. 88

many tendencies carried over into \vini;:ed insects throufjh the
ephemerid and piccopteron types, and since Macliilis is the mosl
primitive of these forms, it will serve as the starting point for the
next of the series of papers in which it is proposed to trace the modi-
fications of the mandihlcs met with in insects in sjeneral.

Types of Crustaceax Mandip.les.

Since the Crustacea form the connectinir link lietwcen the lower
arthro])ods and the inscctan and myriopodan types, it may he of some
interest to note the modifications met with in the more imjjortant
groups of Crustacea, wliicli might throw some light u])on tlic condi-
tions occurring in the mandibles of insects. The condition met with
in the mandibles of the lower forms such as the Copepoda (Fig. 30),
Ostracoda (Fig. 33) and P.ranchiopoda (Figs. 22 and 23) is too far
removed from the insectan type to be of much interest from this
standpoint, especially since the incisor and molar regions are not
clearly differentiated in these lower Crustacea. Similarly, the
mandible of Ncbalia (Fig. 10) is still too primitive to be of much
value in such a study. Mysis (Fig. 7) on the other hand has ap-
proached sufficiently close to the type ancestral to insects, to exhibit
a number of features such as the differentiation into incisor region
proper, gnathofimbrium, and molar region, and the development of a
lacinia mobilis, all of which are present in some insects. The
mandibular palpus, however, is still very large in proportion to the
size of the mandible proper.

In such Crustacea as Stcgoccplialiis (Fig. 4) there is a pronounced
reduction of the palpus "en." while the incisor region " /;/ " becomes
slenderer and more elongate, and the gnathofimbrium " c/f " is of
greater extent and is composed of seta-like structures forming a hair-
like fringe rather than a cluster of spine-like projections as in Mysis
(Fig. 7). In the .species of Ascllus shown in Fig. i, the mandibular
palpus "en" is quite reduced: but the incisor region "in" is not
quite as long as in Stegocephalns (Fig. 4). The gnathofimbrium
" gf " is of somewhat less extent than in Fig. 4, and the reduction of
the gnathofimbrium " gf " is carried still further in Fig. 3.

In Diastylis (Fig. 2) the mandibular palpus has completely dis-
appeared, and the incisor process is rather .slender and greatly

84 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^'"i- xxix,

elongate. The gnathofimbrium " gf " is well developed and is com-
posed of flattened seta-like processes. The lacinia mobilis "Ini" is
somewhat reduced, but is still of a different character from the seta-
like components of the gnathofimbrium " gf," although in the man-
dibles shown in Figs, i and 3, the lacinia mobilis " Im " does not
differ greatly from the structures composing the gnathofimbrium " gj."

In the decapod shown in Fig. 6, the mandibular palpus has be-
come atrophied, and the beginning of the process is shown in the
decapod depicted in Fig. 35, in which the mandibular palpus '' en "
is merely a small rudimentary appendage of the greatly developed
mandible proper. The incisor process " in" of the decapod shown in
Fig. 6 is not very large, and it has completely disappeared in the
decapod shown in Fig. 26, which has retained only the molar process
" mo " of the distal structures of the mandible. The gnathofimbrium
and lacinia mobilis have apparently not developed in the decapod
types of Crustacea, though Mysis (Fig. 7) which resembles Thy-
sanopoda, Eupliausia, and other forms related to the Decapoda, has
acquired a lacinia mobilis " l)ii," and a primitive sort of gnatho-
fimbrium " gf."

In the mandible of Sqnilla (Fig. 28) the palpus "en" is very
small, and the structure which I have interpreted as the molar process
" mo " is folded back in a peculiar fashion. The incisor region " in "
is continued basalward in a region which may be the precursor of the
gnathofimbrium of higher forms. At any rate, the incisor surface
is of greater extent than in the higher forms.

In the mandibles shown in Figs. 25 and 32, there is a peculiar
gnathofimbrial lobe " gf," and the molar process " mo " has taken on
a peculiar form, and is somewhat folded around in a fashion sug-
gestive of the process which has been carried to an extreme in the
molar process "mo" of Fig. 28. Just above the base of the mandib-
ular palpus " en " in Fig. 25, is a small protuberance which is pro-
duced into two tooth-like processes just above the base of the cut-off
mandibular palpus in Fig. 32. These tooth-like processes may be
the precursors of the elongate incisor '" tusks " of the mandibles of
certain ephemerid nymphs, or a process of the region " in " of Fig. 4
forms the tusk-like process of the mandibles of ephemerid nymphs.

The mandible of a male of Gnathia (Fig. 27) resembles the

June, iQ^i.l CraMPTON" : EvOI.UTIOX OF THE AXTHROPODA. 85

mandibles of certain insects in havincr no palpus, or molar rej:^ion
differentiated from the incisor region. On the other hand, the
mandible of Caprclla resembles that of certain insects in having a
short molar protuberance " mo," and a shorter and stouter type of
mandible than is present in many Crustacea. The tendency toward a
shortening of the mandible is also exhibited by Ligia (Fig. 36) and
other isopods, and the molar process " mo " becomes blunter and
stouter in Ligia. Through a further shortening and through the
reduction of the basignath, or basal region of the mandible shown in
Fig. 36, the type of mandible found in certain pterygotan insects
might easily be derived, and the question naturally arises as to
whether the small sclerite called the basimandibula (or the " tro-
chantin " of the mandible) which is situated at the base of the
mandible in certain orthopteroid insects, may not correspond to the
demarkcd basal region of a mandible such as that shown in Fig. 36,
in which there is a slight indication of a division of the mandible into
a basal and a distal portion by the transverse dotted line shown in the
figure. While I would not deny the possibility of such an explanation
of the basimandibula (or mandiliular '" trochantin ") in insects, I am
more inclined to regard the formation of tliis l)asal sclerite or basi-
mandibula as the result of a chitinization of the articulatory mem-
brane at the base of the mandible in insects.

Relationships Ixdic.\ted by ^Maxdihular Appendage.

As was stated at the beginning of this paper, the mandibles alone
can furnish l)ut a small portion of the evidence of relationship, which
must be drawn from as many sources as possible, and should include
not only the study of anatomical details, but also that of the embryo-
logical development of the forms in question, as well as their habits,
immature stages, and all otlier features having a direct bearing upon
the subject. Taken in connection with these other features, however,
the nature of the mandibular appendage in the various arthropodan
groups is of considerable value in determining the lines of develop-
ment and the interrelationships of these groups, and it may be of
interest to point out some of the indications of relationship between
certain of the groups furnished by an examination of the mandibles.

The character of the mandibular limb (or any of the mouthpart

86 Journal Xew York Entomological Society, [^'o'- >^>^i>^'

limbs) of a trilobite such as that shown in Fig. 9 is more Hke that
of the mouthpart limits of the merostomes (Figs. 12, 8, etc.) than it
is like the mandible of a crustacean, as was pointed out above, and
in addition to the similarity in the head region, and in the body seg-
mentation and the pygidial region of an immature merostome such as
Lhnulus and certain of the Trilobita. this resemblance might justify
our grouping the trilobites with the merostomes, etc., in the sub-
phylum " Podognathata," rather than with the Crustacea and their
allies, in the subphylum '" Eugnathata.'' The gnathobase "" gh " of a
trilobite such as that shown in Fig. 18 is very similar to the gnatho-
base " gh" of the merostome shown in Fig. 12, and the appendage
homologous with the mandibular appendage of Crustacea, etc., is
more like a walking leg in the trilobites. merostomes, and their allies,
than it is like a true mandible (such as the mandible of a crustacean),
so that the evidence of the mandibular appendage of trilobites and
merostomes would indicate a somewhat closer relationship between
these two groups than between the trilobites and Crustacea, although
the trilobites are clearly intermediate between the Crustacea and
Merostomata, and are but slightly nearer the one than the other.

In the eurypterid shown in Fig. 17, there is a small appendage
" ci" called the '■ epicoxite " 'by Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912, which
is situated immediately below the gnathobase " gh " of the fourth
'■ endognathite "' (or mesal region of the basal segment of the limb)
according to Clarke and Ruedemann. In the limb of the xiphosuran
Limnlus shown in Fig. 14, I find a similar structure " ci" situated
below the gnathobase " gh," and if the structure " ci" of Fig. 14 is
homologous with that labeled " ci" in Fig. 17 (as seems to be the
case) the presence of this peculiar structure in both eurypterids and
xiphosurans would further strengthen the view that the two groups
are extremely closely related.

Since the Scorpionida are apparently descended from forms re-
sembling the Eurypterida and other merostomes. I have tried to find
the homologues of the gnathobases " gh" of Figs. 15 and 12, in a
scorpion's limb and I would suggest that the small projection labeled
" gh" in the basal segment of the limb of the scorpion shown in Fig.
16 may correspond to the gnathobases " gh" of Figs. 15 and 12.

Tune. i9-:i.l CrAMPTI^N : EvOLVTIOX OF THE A NTH ROPODA. 87

The gnathobases " <jb" of the merostomes shown in Figs. 12 and
16 are clearly homologous with the gnathohases " gb " of the trilo-
bites shown in Figs. 18 and 9, since in each instance the gnathobase
IS formed by a mesal i)roIongation of the entire basal segment of the
limb. On the other hand, the so-called gnathohases " gb " of certain
Crustacea such as those shown in Figs. 13 and 21, appear to be
slightly ditYerent outgrowths or appendages of the segment; and in the
crustacean shown in Fig. 20, the endites " ci " of the several segments
of the limb, which are homologous with the gnatholiase or endite
lal)eled " gb " in the basal segment, have taken on the appearance of
segmented appendages of the segments rather than mesal prolonga-
tions of the entire segment — although it must be admitted that the
endite " gb " of the basal segment of the limb shown in Fig. 20. ap-
proaches more closely to the trilobitan type of gnathobase (" gb" of
Fig. 18). The greater similarity between the gnathohases of trilo-
bites and merostomes (i.e., " gb " of Figs. 18. 15. and 12) than be-
tween the gnathobase of trilobites and the endites of Crustacea in
general (compare "gb" of Fig. 18 with "gb" of Figs. 21 and 13.
or "ci" of Figs. 19 and 20). however, would tend to throw the
trilobites slightly nearer the merostomes than the Crustacea, when
taken into consideration with certain other features of resemblance
in the groups Trilobita and Merostomata.

As was remarked above, the mandibles of the Branchiopoda (Figs.
22 and 27,) are not very much like the mandibular appendage of
trilobites (Fig. 9) despite the close relationship between the two
groups; but the mandibles of the Copepoda and Ostracoda (Figs. 30
and T,i) have still retained both the exopodite "ex" and the endo-
podite "en" of a typical biramous limb (Fig. 9, "ex" and "en"),
a]id it would appear that the masticatory portion of the mandible of
the Crustacea shown in Figs. 30 and ^^ represent true gnathohases
" gb" of a trilobitan limb (Fig. 9) since the structures in question
are mesal prolongations of the entire basal segment in both instances.
I would therefore maintain that the Copepoda (and the Ostracoda
also) are quite closely related to the Trilobita. although the former
belong to the subphylum " Eugnathata " in which the mandibles have
passed beyond the walking-leg stage and have become true jaws;
while the trilobites appear to be somewhat more closely associated
with the subphylum " Podognathata " in which the appendage homo-

88 Journal Xew York Entomological Society. [^'°'- -^>^i-^.

logons with the mandihles of Crustacea are more limb-like, or are not
of the true "jaw" type.

The fact that the incisor process "in" of A'cbolia (Fig. lo) is
but weakly developed, and the differentiation of the masticatory
region is consequently not so marked as in the higher forms, would
indicate that Nebalia is a comparatively primitive type but little higher
than the Branchiopoda, Copepoda, etc. ; while the fact that Nebalia
exhibits a marked tendency toward a differentiation of the mastica-
tory area and the development of an incisor process (even though a
feeble one), shows that Nebalia is structurally intermediate between
the lower Crustacea and the more modified forms, as is borne out by
the character of the body in general. The great size of the mandib-
ular palpus (in comparison with the size of the basal segment of the
limb which forms the mandible proper) and its apparent ability to
function in locomotion, is another feature indicating the compara-
tively primitive character of Nebalia, and the evidence of the man-
dible is in full accord with other indications of the intermediate
position of Nebalia as a form connecting the lower Crustacea
(Branchiopoda, Copepoda, Ostracoda, etc.) with the more modified
types. Nebalia has not developed a lacinia mobilis (and gnatho-
fimbrium), and on this account the absence of a lacinia mobilis in the
mandibles of certain Crustacea may possibly be regarded as some-
what more primitive condition than is the case with those Crustacea
in which the lacinia mobilis is developed.

The Euphausiacea, such as Tliysaiiopoda, are very primitive types
related to the Decapoda. and since both of these oi'ders have not
developed a lacinia mobilis (see Fig. 35) in the mandible (and the
gnathofimbrium is usually lacking also"), this fact would support the
view that the Decapoda and Euphausiacea are quite closely related.
The Stomatopoda such as SqitiUa (Fig. 28) are rather primitive forms
in some respects, and their mandibles also lack the lacinia mobilis
as in the Euphausiacea and Decapoda, which they resemble in cer-
tain other anatomical features as well.

The Mysidacea such as Mysis (Fig. 7) have developed a lacinia
mobilis " li>i," and a primitive sort of gnathofibrium " gf," and in this
respect they resemble the Cumacea (Fig. 2), Tanaidacea (Fig. 3),
Isopoda (Figs, i and ^6) and related forms, as was first pointed out

June, 1921.] CraMI'TOX: EvOLUTIOX of the AxTHROrODA. 89

by Boas, 1882. Caiman and otlier recent carcinoloj^ists liave removed
the Mysidacea from the old order Schizopoda which also included the
Euphausiacea, etc., and have grouped the Mysidacea with the
Cumacea. Tanaidacca, Isopoda, etc., because of the presence of the
lacinia mobilis (among other features) in these forms and its absence
in the Euphausiacea and Decapoda. I cannot avoid the conclusion
that the Mysidacea are much nearer the Euphausiacea. however, de-
spite these facts, although the Mysidacea are evidently intermediate
between the Euphausiacea on the one side, and the Cumacea, Tanai-
dacea, Isopoda, etc., on the other. It is thus a matter of determining
the closest atfinities of tlie Mysidacea and not a question of their
intermediate character, which is to be decided; and while the evidence
of the mandil)les would support the view that the Mysidacea are
somewhat nearer the Cumacea, Tanaidacea, etc., I am by no means
satisfied that other points of resemblance between the Mysidacea and
Eui^hausiacea are not of greater importance.

The mandibles of the Syncarida such as Aiiaspidcs have no lacinia
mobilis; but a gnathofimbrial lobe very suggestive of that shown in
Fig. 25, " gf," occurs on the mandil)le of Anaspidcs, and. contrary
to the opinion of Caiman. I would maintain that the Syncarida are
nearer the types ancestral to the Tanaidacea. Isopoda, etc., than they
are accredited to be by Caiman and other carcinologists. In fact, it is
quite probable that the common ancestors of the Tanaidacea, Iso-
poda, Amphipoda, Insecta and Syniphyla, etc., were anatomically
intermediate between the Syncardia on the one side, and the Mysi-
dacea on the other and were related to the Arthropleura and Oxyuro-
poda as well ; but this matter will be discussed more at length in a
later paper.

The mandible of a cumacean such as Diastylk ( I""ig. 2) bears a
well developed gnathofimbrium " gf " and a lacinia mobilis " Im,"
and in the development of its incisor process, it resembles Apscudcs
(!''&• 3)- The Cumacea are regarded by Caiman as intermediate
between the Mysidacea and the isopod type of higher Crustacea, and
a study of tlie mandible would lend weight to this view. On the
other hand, the Cumacea are such highly aberrant forms, that they do
not furnish any very valuable clews as to the phylogeny of the
higher Crustacea. Their type of mandible, however, is as near that

90 Journal Xew York Entomological Society. L^'o'- X-^ix.

of the Tanaidacea. Isopoda and Amphipoda as any, and it is more
logical to group them with these forms than to place them lower in
the scale of development than the ]\Iysidacea, as was formerly done
by the earlier carcinologists.

The mandibles of the Isopoda (Figs, i and 36) and Tanaidacea
(Fig. 3) are remarkably similar, and both are very like those of
the Amphipoda (Fig. 4), and the resemblance on the part of the
mandibles thus further substantiates the evidence of a very close
relationship between these groups drawn from other sources. All of
these groups are apparently closely related to insects, and with the
exception of the presence of the mandibular palpus, the types of
mandibles occurring in these forms are approached by the mandibles
of certain insects some of which are members of even so high a
group as the Pterygota. It would thus appear that certain hereditary
impulses from the Crustacea have surged upward, so to speak, through
the apterygotan lines of descent and have penetrated well into the
lines, of descent of the pterygotan insects before losing their force
and becoming so greatly modified as to be no longer recognizable as
crustacean features.

It should be borne in mind, that there are several types of
mandibles present in insects, which can be traced back to crustacean
types, and the type of mandible shown in textfigure 6 (which was
probably derived from the crustacean type shown in textfigure 5) is
only one of these. The type of insectan mandible shown in text-
figure 6, however, is so much like that of the crustacean shown in
textfigure 5, that it is almost more crustacean than it is insectan,
despite the fact that the insect (Mocliilis) to which it belongs, is in-
disputably an '' out-and-out " hexapod. The character of the head
and its appendages (Maxillary palpus, etc.) in Machilh, the nature
of its body, and many other features than its mandibles alone, pro-
claim its close relationship to the Crustacea; and if MachiUs is noth-
ing but a degenerate winged insect (instead of being a very primitive
type near the ancestors of winged insects) as Handlirsch, 1909, would
have us believe, then the Crustacea, to which MachiUs is so closely
related, must also be regarded as degenerate winged insects ( !) be-
cause MachiUs is anatomically much nearer the Crustacea than'
winged insects are — and if this be a sign of degeneracy, then the
Crustacea must be degenerate winged insects also.

Tune, I92I.1 CraMPTOX: EvOLUTIOX OF THE AXTHROPODA. 91

I suspect that Haiullirsch's overweening^ desire to derive winged
insects directly from trilobites is tlie cause of his attempt to deny
to Machilh. Lcf^isma and related Apicrygoia their rightful positions
as the nearest known representatives of the precursors of winged
insects, and to relegate them to the subordinate position of mere
'■ degenerate " winged insects, for there is a wide gap between these
Apterygota and the trilobites and they do not seem to approach the
trilobitan type any more closely than the winged insects themselves
do — and if winged insects are to be derived directly from trilobites.
their precursors must perforce resemble trilobites more closely than
winged insects do! Therefore, in order to maintain his unfounded
theory that winged insects are descended directly from trilobites. it
was necessary for Handlirsch to sweep the true ancestral types of
insects aside as degenerate winged insects, since they do not fit into
his preconceived scheme of the origin of pterygotan insects. As an
anatomist, however. I cannot avoid the conclusion that such Aptery-
gota as Macliilis. Lcpisiiia, Xicolctla. Caiiipodca, etc.. are far more
primitive than winged insects (as is also shown by the embryological
development of these forms) and if the facts of the case do not fit
into one's theory, it is much better to discard the theory and stick to
the facts I

I have i)erhaps laid greater emphasis upon Handlirsch's views as
to the origin of winged insects, than should be given to a theory
which was evidently developed merely as a side issue of his monu-
mental work on fossil insects ; but so many recent writers, who have
not taken the trouble to go into the matter at all deeply, have set
forth this unfounded view of Handlirsch's (even in text-books) as
though it were absolutely demonstrated, that it is high time that some-
one should call attention to the many obstacles in the way of accept-
ing such a view. There are many other insuperable obstacles to the
accei>tance of the view that winged insects (or even the most primi-
tive of the apterygotan types which preceded winged insects) may be
derived directly from trilobites; but since this paper deals with the
mandibles alone, I shall confine myself to the evidence offered by
these structures — which is quite sufficient in itself to disprove Hand-
lirsch's theory, since the mandibles clearly indicate that there must
have been a great number of intermediate stages between so primitive

92 Journal New York Extomological Society. t"^'oi- xxix,

a type as the biramous mandibular Hmli shown in textfigure i and the
greatly modified single segment of such a limb which forms the
mandible of the primitive insect shown in textfigure 6.

Let us for a moment consider the tremendous changes involved in
such a leap directly from the type of mandibular limb shown in text-
figure I to the type of mandible shown in textfigure 6, without refer-
ence to any of the intermediate stages of the series at whose extremes
these types stand. The most '' spectacular " change would be the
immediate loss of the exopodite "ex" and the endopodite "en''
which are better developed in trilobites than in other arthropods,
and represent the extreme of primitiveness as exhibited by the trilo-
bite's mandibular limb. The endopodite " en " is relatively larger
and better developed in trilobites than is shown in textfigure i (com-
pare with correct proportions shown in Fig. 9 of Plate VI) and it
still functions as a locomotor appendage in these forms. That such
a well developed, perfectly functioning, and apparently useful struc-
ture as this endopodite (which is wholly wanting in all insects)
should suddenly and completely disappear without first gradually be-
coming reduced to fewer segments and losing its importance as a
functioning organ of any value (as is shown in the complete series
from textfigure i to textfigure 6) is extremely improbable, to say
the least ; and it would require more of a mutational leap than even
the famous Drosophila has been able to execute, to accomplish " all in
one fell swoop " not only the loss of the exopodite and greatly de-
veloped endopodite, but the profound modification and intricate dif-
ferentiation of the parts of the basal segment which would transform
the gnathobase of a trilobite into the highly specialized mandible of
an insect !

It should be borne in mind that textfigure i is a diagram pure and
simple, and consequently the trilobite's gnathobase '' gb " as shown in
textfigure i is not as much differentiated as the diagram would indi-
cate (since the series shown in the textfigures is intended to empha-
size certain points of development thereby making it more readily
comprehensible as to how the changes have probably taken place) ;
and, as one may see by referring to Fig. 9 (Plate VI) the basal seg-
ment of the mandibular limb is still comparatively small in the trilo-
bite, and its gnathobase " gb " merely bears a few spine-like pro-

Tune, 1921.] CrAMPTOX : EVOLUTION OF THE AXTHROPODA. 03

jections. It is a considerable leap from such a condition even to tlie
weakly developed type of mandible shown in tcxtfi,c:ure 3 (which is
infinitely more primitive than any insect's mandible), since in the
latter form, there is a small incisor ])rocess " c " distinct from the
molar process "/" (neither of which are present in the trilobite),
and the basal segrment of the limb has begun to take on a contour
suggestive of a mandilile — while the basal segment of the trilobite's
mandibular limb is just like the basal segment of its " walking " legs;
and the Icaj) from such a basal segment to one of the mandibular
type bearing not only an incisor process, but a lacinia mobilis. molar
process, and other complicated structures, such as occur in the man-
dibles of immature ephemcrids (whose mandi])les are the most
primitive of any winged insect thus far studied) involves such pro-
found and fundamental changes in structure, that if we had only the
evidence of the mandibles alone, to judge from, it would be im-
possible to justify Handlirsch's impossible claim that winged insects
(or even the far more primitive apterygotan insects) were derived
directly from trilobites; and it is indeed astounding that such revolu-
tionary claims have been so readily accepted by scientific men who
are usually more than " conservative " in accepting new views which
are not demonstrated by almost irrefutable facts!

The nature of the mandiljular appendages, in addition to the evi-
dence drawn from many other sources, would indicate that the
■■higher" Crustacea, {i.e., Amphipoda, Isopoda. Tanaidacea. etc.)
together with the Insecta and Symphylo-Pauropoda, were in all proba-
bility derived from common ancestors anatomically intermediate be-
tween the Mysidacea on the one side and the Syncarida on the other,
and these common ancestral types were probably also related to the
Arthropleura and Oxyuropoda as well. Starting from this common
source, the lines of descent of the Insecta were paralleled on one side
by the '■ higher " Crustacea, and on the other by the lines of descent
of the Symphylo-Pauropoda. The symphylan line of development
I)aralleled that of the Insecta only as far as the jioint where the
Dicellura (Campodca, J a pyx. etc.) were developed, whereupon the
lines of development of the Symphyla and the Dicellura appear to be-
come specialized in a direction which does not lead to the production
of types approaching the winged insects. On the other hand, the

94 Journal Xew York Entomological Society, t^'o'- >^>^ix.

lines of descent of the higher Crustacea appear to parallel that of the
insects for a much longer distance, even until the lower forms of
winged insects were developed, since many crustacean characters are
carried over into the lower types of winged insects such as the
Ephemerida, etc. The study of the anatomical features of the Crus-
tacea is therefore of much greater importance than that of the
" myriopods." and in the foregoing discussion, it has been shown
that at least one type of insectan mandible has been derived more
or less directly from a type occurring in the Crustacea. The deriva-
tion of the other types of mandibles occurring in insects will be dis-
cussed in a second paper of this series, in which it is proposed to
take up the evolution of the modifications met with in the different
orders of insects as well.

Summary.

The principal points brought out in the foregoing discussion may
be briefly summarized as follows :

1. The parapodium of an annelid represents the probable pre-
cursor of the primitive biramous arthropodan limb, which in turn is
the forerunner of the mandibular appendage of Crustacea, Insecta,
and " Myriopoda."

2. Insects, myriopods, and Crustacea form a subphylum (the
Eugnathata) in which the mandibular appendage is essentially jaw-
like rather than limb-like. In the rest of the Arthropoda (which con-
stitute the subphylum Podognathata) the limbs homologous with the
mandibular appendage are not jaw-like, and trilobites appear to be
slightly nearer the latter group than the former, although they are
anatomically intermediate between the two groups.

3. The biramous mandibular appendage of trilobites, in which
both exopodite and endopodite are retained, and in which the basal
segment of the limb has become slightly modified for holding food
through the development of a gnathobase, while the rest of the
appendage still serves a locomotor limb, forms the starting point for
tracing the modifications met with in the mandibular appendage of
Crustacea, Insecta and " Myriopoda."

4. The first steps in the production of a true mandible from such
an appendage are the loss of the exopodite, and the reduction of the
endopodite to a mandibular palpus, accompanied by the greater de-

June, i9;:i.] CraMI'TOX : EvOI.L'TIOX OF THK A NTH KOl'ODA. 95

velopment of the basal se.e^ment of the maudil)ular ai)j)endage to form
the body of the mandible proper, and the ditterentiation of the
masticatory surface of the gnathobase into an incisor and a molar
area.

5. In the mandibles of the My>idacea and hijjher Crustacea, h
lacinia mobilis is formetl in the inci>or region {i.e., the region distal
to the molar process) through the fusion of several hair-like or spine-
like structures similar to those which form the so-called gnatho-
fimbrium or bordering fringe of the region of the mandible im-
mediately beyond (distal to) the molar process. These structures
also occur in the mandibles of insects, but the homologue of the
mandibular palpus of Crustacea has never been found in any insect
thus far described.

6. The mandible of MacJiilis represents one type of insectan
mandible which is even more crustacean than insectan in appearance,
and the derivation of this type of mandible from a crustacean pre-
cursor involves so slight a change, that the evidence drawn from a
study of the mandibles is in full accord with that drawn from other
sources, which indicate that the Crustacea probably represent the
forms ancestral to insects.

7. The character of the mandible of Macliilis indicates that it is a
very i)rimitive form, and the many crustacean features preserved by
Ma^hilis clearly indicate that it is a much more primitive insect than
it is generally supposed to be. This insect is anatomically annectant
between the Crustacea and such apterygotan insects as Lcf^lsnui.
Xicolctia, etc., which in turn lead to the lower types of winged insects
such as the Ephemerida, and through them and the Plecoptera to the
remainder of winged insects. There is no reason whatsoever for the
unfounded claim that Macliilis is a degenerate winged insect, and it
approaches the crustacean type so closely that if Macliilis is to be
regarded as a degenerate winged insect, then the Crustacea must also
be regarded as degenerate winged insects.

8. It is utterly impossible to derive any insectan type of mandible
directly from the trilobitan tyjie of mandibular a])pen(lage, since the
immediate loss of the exopodite and the endopodite (which still func-
tions as a locomotor ajipendage in trilobites), the immediate assump-
tion of the mandibnlar form by the comparatively simple basa! segment

96 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- xxix,

of tlie trilobite's mandibular limb, and the immediate differentia-
tion of its gnathobase into a highly complicated apparatus including
a specialized incisor region, a lacinia mobilis, a gnathofimbrium, and
a specialized molar process, involve too profound and far reaching
changes to be accomplished save by a gradual process of evolution
involving a long series of intermediate stages.

9. The Crustacea not only approach the insectan type astonish-
ingly closely, but they also furnish us with a long series of inter-
mediate stages connecting the insectan types of structures with the
lower arthropodan forms, such as the Trilobita. Furthermore, they
not only furnish excellent connecting links between the Insecta and
lower arthropods, but they are the only forms which furnish these
intermediate types leading from the lower arthropods to the Insecta,
and this fact is one which cannot be ignored in attempting to de-
termine the character of the ancestors of insects.

10. The Crustacea not only furnish the intermediate stages leading
from the lower arthropods to the insectan type, but they also furnish
us with the key to the proper interpretation of the homologies of the
various insectan structures, and they enable us to clear up many of
the false views concerning the meaning of the parts of the mandibles
as well as other structures of insects. Thus, a study of the evolution
of the mandibular appendage in the Crustacea clearly shows that the
incisor region, the lacinia mobilis, the gnathofimbrium and the molar
process are merely differentiated portions of the masticatory surface
of a gnathobase or endite, while a similar study of the appendages
homologous with the maxillc'e of insects indicates that the lacinia
represents a complete endite (or "gnathobase") of one segment of a
limb, while the galea represents a second endite of another segment
of the limb, whose terminal segments form the maxillary palpus. It
is thus impossible to homologize the lacinia mobilis of the mandible
with the lacinia of the maxilla in insects; and since the mandible
represent only one segment with its gnathobase, while the body of the
maxilla represents at least two segments with their endites (or
gnathobases) it is obviously incorrect to claim that the parts of the
maxilla are repeated in the mandible, as is done by many entomologists.

11. A study of the mandibles, in connection with other features,
would indicate that insects arose from ancestors which were an-

June, 19J1.] CrAMPTOX : Evoi.UTION OF Till-: A NTH ROPnOA. 97

atomically intcrnictliate l)et\vcen tlie Mysidacea and the Syncarida.
and were also in all probability related to the Arthropleura and to
Oxyuropoda as well. From this common ancestry arose the higher
Crustacea, whose lines of development have paralleled that of insects
on one side, and the Symphylo-Pauropoda. whose lines of develop-
ment have paralleled that of insects on the other side. The lines of
development of the hi},'her Crustacea have accompanied those of the
insects much further than the lines of development of the Symphyla,
etc.. have, and many crustacean features have even been carried over
into the lower representatives of the winged insects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1896. Beecher. The Morpholoj.'y of Triarthrus. Anur. Jour. Sci., 16, p. 166.
1882. Bo.\s. Vcrwandschaftsbeziehungen dcr Malakostraken. Morph. Jahrb.,

8, p. 485 (also "Zoologie").
1909. BoERXER. Xeue Homologicn zwischin Crustaccen und Hcxapoden.

Zool. Anz., 34, p. 100.
1Q1-. BoRRADAiLE. The Mouthparts of Pahcnionid Prawns. Proc. Zool. Soc.

London. 1917, p. 3;.
1909. C.AL.MA.v. Article " Crustacea," in Lankaster's Treatise on Zoologry.
1903. Carpenter. Relationships between the Classes of Arthropods. Proc.

Roy. Irish .Acad., 1903, p. 320.
->i4. Chatin. Morphologie Comparee des Pieces Maxillaires, Mandihulaires

et Labiales chez les Insectes Broyeures.
■J] 2. Clarke & Rledemax.n. Eurypterida of New York. X. Y. State

Educat. Dpt. Mus. Memoir Xo. 14.
1910A. Crami'tox. Evolution of Arthropods with Especial Reference to In-
sects. .Anur. Xat., 53. p. 143.
19196. Cr.'^.mptox. .•\rticle on the .Ancestry of Insects in the 51st Rpt. of the

Ent Soc. of Ontario, for i9'9.
(oo. FoLSOM. Mouthparts of .Anurida. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard,

Vol. 36. p. 87.
1009. Haxdlirsch. Die Fossilen Insekten.
1896. Hevmoxs. Entwicklung und Koerperbau von Odonaten und Ephenier-

iden. .Anh. .Abh. Kgl. Preuss. Akad. Wjss. Berlin. 189.6.
■loi. Hevmoxs. Entwicklungsgeschichte der Scolopender. Zoologica, 13.

p. I.
1S72. HoLi.i.«;. Homologue of the Mandibular Palp in Certain Insects. Jour.

.Anat. and Physiol., 6, p. 395.
1Q17. LrLL. Organic Evolution.
1S98. Packard. Entomology.
1920. Raymond. Trilobitis as Ancestors. .Anur. Xat., 54, p. 39^.

98 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'^'- x>^ix,

1916. RuEDEMANx. Median Eye in Trilobites. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2,
P- 234.

1915. ScHUCHERT. Textbook of Geology.

1892. Smith. Mouthparts of Copris with Notes on the Homologues of the
Mandibles. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 19, p. 83.

1 9 16. ToTHiLL. Ancestry of Insects. Amer. Jour. Sci., 42, p. 373.

191 1. Walcott. Middle Cambrian Merostomata. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.

57, No. 2, p. 19.

191 2. Walcott. Middle Cambrian Banchiopoda, etc. Ibid., No. 6, p. 148.
1879. Wood-Mason. Morphological Notes Bearing on the Origin of Insects.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. 145.

ABBREVIATIONS.

a Basal condyle; "a" and "b" denote limits of points of attachment of

mandible.

b "a" and "b" denote extent of basal attachment of mandibular ap-
pendage.

bg . . . .basignath, or basal region of mandible.

c distal limits of basignath on outer surface of mandible.

ci ....appendage called epicoxite in merostome gnathobase.

d point at base of incisor process.

dg . . . .distignath, or distal region of mandible.

e apex of mandible.

ei endites, or gnathobase (also called endognathite) ; ventral cirrus of

annelid parapodium.

en . . . .endopodite or inner branch of biramous limb; main axis of annelid
parapodium.

ep .... epipodites or gills.

ex . . . .exopodite or outer branch of biramous limb; dorsal cirrus of annelid
parapodium.

/ molar process.

g gnathofimbrium.

gb ....gnathobase or endite of basal segment of limb.

gf . . . .gnathofimbrium, or marginal fringe in distal region of mandible.

li lacinia mobilis or epignath.

in ....incisor process or incisor region ( incisorium ).

Ini ....lacinia mobilis or epignath.

nw . . . .molar process or mola.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES VI, VII, VIII.

Unless otherwise specified, all figures represent posterior views of right
mandibular appendage so oriented that apex is directed toward the top of the
page, and region normally bearing endopodite or palpus, is directed toward the
left-hand margin.

June. i9-'i.] Crami'tox: Evolctiox of tiif. Axthropoda.

99

Fig. I
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Pl.xtk VI.

Mandible of Asclliis coiniiiu)iis (Isopod Crustacea).
Mandible of Diastylis sp. (Cumaccan Crustacea).
Mandible of Apseudes sfinosus (Tanaidacean Crustacea).
Mandible of Stegocephalus sp. (.^mphipod Crustacea).
Mandible of Machilis sp. (.^pterygotan Insecta).
Mandible of J'erbius costericola (Decapod Crustacea).
Mandible of Afysis stenolepis (Mysidacean Crustacea).
Swimming leg of young Limulus polypliemiis (Xiphosuran Mero-

>tomata).

Fig. ij. Mandibular appendage of opisthoparian trilobite,
becki. based on figure by Raymond.

Fig. lo. Mandible of Nebalia bipcs (Leptostracan Crustacea).

Triarthrus

Pl.\te VII.

Fig. II. Basal region of swimming leg of immature Liiiniliis polyphcmus
Xiphosuran Merostomata).

Fig. 12. First gnathopod of Limulus polyphcmus (Xiphosuran Mero-
stomata;.

Fig. 13. First thoracic limb of the branchiopodan crustacean, Liniiwdia
lenticularis, based on figure by Sars.

Fig. 14. Gnathobase of third gnathopod of Limulus polyphcmus (Xii)ho-
suran Merostomata).

Fig. 15. Swimming leg of eurypteridan merostome, Eusarcus, based on
fiKure by Clarke and Ruedemann.

Fig. 16. Base of leg of Scorpio sp. fScorpionidan Arachnida).

Fig. 17. "Coxa of fourth left endognathite seen from below " of eurypte-
ridan merostome, taken from figure by Clarke and Ruedemann.

Fig. iS. Fourth thoracic limb of opisthoparian trilobite, Xeolenus, based
on figure by Walcott.

Fig. 19. Sixth or seventh limb of Apus sp. (Branchiopodan Crustacea).

Fig. 20. First limb of Apus sp. (Branchiopodan Crustacea).

Fig. 21. First thoracic limb of syncaridan crustacean, Paranaspides la-
cuslris, from figure by Smith.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 22. Mandible of Apus productus (Branchiopodan Crustacea).

Fig. 23. Mandible of Brauchippus rernalis (Branchiopodan Crustacea).

Fig. 24. Mandible of Apus productus — same as Fig. 22, but in position
normally assumed when i>i silu.

Fig. 25. Mandible of Conilera cylindracea (Isopodan Crustacea).

Fig. 26. Mandible of Crmigon vulgaris (Decapodan Crustacea).

Fig. 27. Mandible of male Gnathia maxillaris (Isopodan Crustacea).

100 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- xxix.

Fig. 28. Mandible of Squilla sp. (Stomatopodan Crustacea).

Fig. 29. Mandible of Caprella sp. (Amphipodan Crustacea).

Fig. 30. Mandible of Calanus (Copepodan Crustacea), drawn partly from
specimen, partly from figure by Borradaile.

Fig. 31. Left (?) "mandible" of Peripatus sp., drawn from several
sources.

Fig. 32. Distal region of mandible of isopod crustacean, Cirolana con-
chaniiu. The mandibular palpus is cut off.

Fig. 33- Mandible of ostracod crustacean. Acaufliocypris biciispis, from
figure by Claus.

Fig. 34. Apical region of mandible of ostracod crustacean, Cypris pubcra,
from figure by Claus.

Fig. 35. Mandible of Lcander serratus (Decapodan Crustacea).

Fig. 36. Body of mandible of Ligia sp. (Isopodan Crustacea).

REVISION OF THE GENUS LIGYROCORIS STAL
(HEMIPTERA, LYG^ID^).

By H. G. Barber.
RosELLE Park, N. J.

The genus Ligyrocoris was founded by Stal in 1872^ with Cimex
silvcstris L., Fiel). named as type. The author's short diagnosis trans-
lated reads: " Disk of the second and third ventral segments furnished
on both sides behind the acetabulse with a denuded, densely and very
delicately strigose vitta ; first segment of the posterior tarsus doubly
or in exotics more than doubly longer than the two apical segments
together ; anterior femora armed beneath anteriorly with two or three
larger and several very minute spines ; third segment of the rostrum
much longer than the fourth."

In 1874- Stal in his treatment of the genus as it pertained to
America dropped from his diagnostic characters the relative lengths
of the third and fourth segments of the rostrum and of the segments
of the posterior tarsus. He arranged six species under the genus, as
follows: L. balteatits and nuiltispiiut'S as new species, Plociomenis
syh'cstris Lin., Plociomcra Uiigiosa Stal, Lygcrus abdouiinalis Guer.

1 Stal, Of. Vet. Akad. Forli, XXIX. 51, 1872.

2 Stal, Enum. Hem., I\', 144, 145, 1874.

(JoiR. N. V. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXIX.

(Flatf \I.)

MANDII'.l.l.s ()| INSECTS.

JouK. N. \. Knt. Soc.) \( I.. XXIX.

(Plate \1I.)

MANDIBLES OF INM-XTS.

JoiK. X. \'. Est. Soc.) X'ol. XXIX

MAXDIP.I.ls OI- INSF.CTS

Tune, 1921.1 P,ari!kr: Rkvisiox OF Gknl's Ligyrocoris Stai.. 101

and Pamcra constricta Say. tlio last named in error. Plociowcnis
diffikius Ulil. and Pamcra coiitracta Say were placed as synonyms of
sylz'cstris L. which arrangement was accepted hy Uhlcr, until 1908,
when \'an Duzee^ properly separated difftisus as distinct, L. contracta
is also considered as distinct from the Pal.earctic sylvcstris by Van
Duzee. As discussed later I cannot concur in this opinion. Since
Stal's time the genus has increased somewhat in size hy the addition
of new species and the transference of others.

The genus Ligyrocoris is rather widespread, represented in th'.'
Palxarctic faunal realm l)y two species — sylrcstris in northern
Europe and .\sia and icri)iiiialis in Japan, while in the present paper
twenty species are shown to occur in the Xcarctic-Xeotropical realms.
While only five species are known from the Northern United States
fifteen species are listed from the Upper and Lower Sonoran fauna!
areas of the United States and Mexico.

Kev to Species.

1. Head and thorax dull, not shining, most commonly black. Coriuni with

or without post-nu-dian fascia. Basal segment of antenna short, much
shorter than basal segment of rostrum (subgenus Ligyrocoris Stal)...7
— . Head and thorax shining, commonly castaneous. Corium with postniedian
fascia and preapical pale spot. Basal segment of antenna long, quite
or nearly as long as basal segment of rostrum. Males frequently with
tibial tooth (Seoligyrocoris n. subg., type, aurivillianus Dist.) 2

2. Fore tibia of males much curved and armed with a stout median tooth.

Terminal segment of antenna with or without pale basal ring 3

— . Fore tibia of males cither straight or curved but unarmed with a median
tooth. Terminal segment of antenna not pale ringed at base 5

3. Terminal segment of antenna pale ringed at base, .\nterior lobe of pro-

notum longer than wide and two or three times as long as posterior lobe.

Larger species, over 6 mm. long 4

— . Terminal segment of antenna not pale ringed at base, .\nterior lobe of
pronotum slightly wider than long, short, only a little longer than pos-
terior lobe. Tibial tooth nearer apex than base. Smaller species 4 mm.
long (Southwest U. S.) nitidicollis Stftl.

4. .interior lobe of pronotum never more than twice as long and plainly nar-

rower than posterior lobe. Interocular space narrow, plainly less than
twice the diameter of eye. Apex of membrane with a triangular pale
spot. Tibial tooth nearer to base than apex. Narrow elongate iTex.'*.

aurivillianus Dist
3 Van Duzee, Canad. F.nt.. XI., no, 1908.

102 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix,

— . Anterior lobe of pronotum over twice as long and fully as wide as poste-
rior lobe. Interocular space over twice as wide as diameter of eye.
Apex of membrane not triangularly pale. Tibial tooth nearer apex
than base. Commonly brachypterous (California) sobrius Uhl.

5. Anterior and posterior lobe of pronotum nearly equally long, the former

plainly wider than long, sparsely setose. Fore tibia nearly straight.
Basal segment of posterior tarsus nearly three times as long as second
and third segments together. Hind tibia with fine stiff bristles only

(Southwest U. S.) rubricatus n. sp.

— . Anterior lobe of pronotum longer than wide, nearly twice as long as pos-
terior lobe. Fore tibia plainly curved. Basal segment of posterior
tarsus scarcely twice as long as second and third segments together. . .6

6. Dorsal parts, antennae and legs rather densely setose. Hind tibia provided

with numerous long setose hairs between the stiff bristles. Membrane

almost entirely pale (Colorado) coloradensis n. sp.

— . Dorsal parts, antennae and legs sparsely setose. Hind tibia scarcely setose
between the fine bristles. Membrane triangularly pale at apex (South-
west U.S.) nitidulus Uhler.

7. Corium outwardly without a postmedian transverse fascia 8

— . Corium outwardly with a postmedian transverse fascia 11

8. Corium with narrow costal margin pale. Fore femora provided only with

an inner series of spines 9

— . Corium broadly pale without the median vein. Fore femora with an inner
and outer apical series of spines. Ventral lunate vittas sometimes ob-
scured by coating of fine hairs (Pacific Coast) ... .latimarginatus n. sp.

9. Ventral lunate vitta; not obscured by coating of fine hairs. Posterior lobe

of pronotum commonly wider than anterior lobe. Anteocular distance
to apex of antenniferous tubercles nearly equal to postocular space or
the former plainly not twice as long as the latter. Membrane either

streaked through the middle or much mottled with pale 10

— . Ventral lunate vittae much obscured by coating of fine hairs. Anterior and
posterior lobe of pronotum of nearly equal diameter. Anteocular dis-
tance to apex of antenniferous tubercles nearly twice as long as post-
ocular space. Outer basal angle and basal veins of the membrane pale
(Eastern U. S.) obscurus n. sp.

10. Membrane broadly streaked with pale through the middle. Anterior lobe

of pronotum scarcely setose, less transverse and plainly longer than pos-
terior lobe. Second segment of antenna nearly two and one half or

three times as long as basal (Eastern states) depictus n. sp.

— . Membrane spotted with pale. Anterior lobe of pronotum sparsely setose,
very transverse, exclusive of collar only slightly longer than posterior
lobe. Second segment of antenna about twice as long as basal (South-
west U. S.) litigiosus Stal.

1 1. Terminal segment of antenna pale ringed at base 12

— . Terminal segment of antenna not pale ringed at base 13

June, 1921.J Barber: Revision of Gems Ligyrocoris Stae. 1U3

12. Fore femora with only an inner scries of sp.'nes. Head and pronotum

provided with long setose hairs. Second segm -nt of antenna over twice
as long as basal segment. Basal segment of posterior tarsus over twice
as long as second and third together. Membrane much variegated with

pale C Southern U. S. ) abdominalis Guer.

— . Fore femora with inner series of strong spines and apical outer series of
small spines. Head and pronotum with shorter setose hairs. Second
segment of antenna about twice as long as basal. Basal segment of
posterior tarsus not twice as long as second and third together. Mem-
brane with interior veins pale (Mexico; Florida) multispinus Stil.

13. Eyes not set midway in the head; anteocijlar distance to aju x of anten-

niferous tubercles longer than or subequal to postocular distance. .An-
terior lobe of pronotum not narrow, much more than half the diameter
of the posterior lobe. Basal segment of antenna short, about one half
the length of basal segment of rostrum. Head, pronotum and anterior
femora sparsely or scarcely setose. Fore femora armed with a few

spines towards apex. Membrane not decolorous 14

— . Eyes set about midway in the head, postocular distance a little longer than
anteocular distance to apex of antenniferous tubercles. .Anterior lobe
of pronotum very narrow, narrower than diameter of head across eyes,
nearly one half the diameter of posterior lobe. Basal segment of an-
tenna more than half as long as the basal segment of rostrum. Head,
pronotum and anterior femora rather densely long setose. Fore femora
armed with a row of strong spines for nearly its entire length. Mem-
brane nearly decolorous (Southwestern U. S.) setosus Stal.

14. .Anterior lobe of pronotum piceous, postmedian transverse fascia always

well marked. Fore femora armed on the outer half with two or three
strong spines, preceding and following the preapical one with two or

three tine small teeth 15

— . Anterior lobe of pronotum not piceous. either grayish or partially infus-
cated. Fascia of corium sometimes reduced or wanting. Fore femora
provided with one or two preapical minute spines sometimes reduced
to mere tubercles (Southwest U. S.) delitus Distant.

15. Anterior lobe of pronotum and fore femora nearly or ciuite devoid of

setose hairs. Diameter of pronotum at collar subequal to diameter at
constriction between the two lobes. Markings of corium fuscous or
piceous with the postmedian fascia extended entirely to the edge of the
hemielytra. Membrane most commonly not extended to apex of the

abdomen, apex triangularly pale (Northern U. S.) sylvestris Linn.

— . .Anterior lobe of pronotum and fore femora sparsely setose. Diameter of
pronotum at collar plainly less than at constriction between the two
lobes. Markings of the corium castaneous or ferrugineous with the
postmedian fascia generally not quite reaching edge of hemielytra.
Membrane commonly produced to end of abdomen, veins for the most
part pale (Northern U. S.) diffusus I'hl.

104 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'oi- xxix,

Ligyrocoris {NeoUgyrocoris) nitidicoUis Stal.

Stal. Enum. Hem., IV, 150, 1874 (Pamera) .

Barber. Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXIII, 514, 1914 {Ligyrocoris).

Van Duzee. Cat. 184, 1917 (Orthsea).

This is a small, shining species placed by Stal in the genus Pamera.
Stal's description of the female only is rather meagre and fails to
indicate very common color variations. Though the head, anterior
lobe of the pronotum and scutellum as well as the fasciation of the
hemielytra may be blackish more commonly these parts with the
exception of the scutellum are j^ale castaneous or ferrugineous ; the
collar and the posterior lobe of the pronotum pale stramineous, punc-
tate with ferrugineous. The anterior femora and preapical part of
second and third femora most frequently are also ferrugineous.
Other important characters omitted by Stal are : the head is relatively
short, much as in Hcrccus, front much inclined, the eyes so placed that
the postocular space is al)out equal to the space beween apex of
antenniferous tubercles and eyes; head and pronotum sparsely setose;
first three segments of antennae pale, fourth uniformly darker; mem-
brane slightly embrowned with the apex and some spots toward base
pale ; fore tibia of males much curved basally and provided with a
stout tooth one third the distance from apex ; fore femora quite setose
and armed almost throughout with a single series of scattered un-
equal, relatively strong spines, one or two in the middle largest.
Length 4 to 4>4 mm.

Distribution: — Texas (Stal) ; Cypress Mills, Tex., Dallas, Tex.,
Galiuro Mts., Ariz. (Coll. by H. G. Hubbard), "Ariz." (P. R. Uhler
Coll.) Coll. of U. S. N. M.; Monterey, N. L.. Mexico (Coll. of J. R.
de la Torre-Bueno).

Ligyrocoris (NeoUgyrocoris) aurivillianus Distant.

Distant. Biol. Cent. Amer, Het., I, 209, Tab. XX. fig. S. 1882.
(Pseudopainera) pseudohercrus Barber, Bull. Bklyn. In.st. of A. and S., 275,
1906 {Ligyrocoris) : JouRx. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XX\'I, 45, 1918.

After a careful study of Mexican material in the collection of
Mr. Torre-Bueno, I am fully convinced that my pscudohcrccns is a
synonym of Distant's species, as suggested by me in 1918. In the
Brownsville, Texas, material I had only females for study and thus
was unaware of the character of the fore tibia of the male. Mr.

June, 1921] Barhf.r: Rrvisiox of Gf.xl'S Ligyrocoris Stai.. 10.")

Van Duzec is certainly in crrur in rcmarkini^ that my pscudohcnnis
may not be distinct from Hcrcriis c.vintius Dist.

Distribution: — Mexico (Distant) ; Brownsville and New Braun-
fels. Texas (Barber) ; Pt. Isabel and Brownsville, Tex. (H. S.
Barber Coll.). Nuccest. Tex. (Marlatt Coll.), Tucson. Ariz. (H. G.
Hubbard Coll.) and L. California (P. R. Uhler Coll.) all in the Coll.
of U. S. X. M.; San Jose, Tamps, Mexico (Coll. of J. R. de la
Torre-Bueno).

Ligyrocoris (Xeoligyrocoris) sobrius Uhler.

Uhler. Proc. Calif. .\cad. Sci., Scr. 2, I\'. 241, 1894 (Cnemodus).

The author described this species only from the more common
brachypterous form. Because of the peculiar character of the pro-
notum and his failure to notice the ventral lunate vittse he placed it
in the genus Cncmodus. The macropterous form, of which I have
seen only a single male specimen, shows more aptly its Lig\TOcorid
affinity. In this form the species has much the color and appearance
of nitidulits and coloradcusis. Uhler's description however contains
an error which must have been typographical as in the brachypterous
form the pale posterior lobe of the pronotum is a little narrower and
in the macropterous form about as wide as the black anterior lobe ;
the former being at least one third as long as the rather globose,
elevated anterior lol)e. This species belongs to the group in which
the much curved anterior tibia of the males have a median tooth.
The fore femora are armed with two series of spines in their apical
two thirds, the outer series consisting of five widely separated medium
stout teeth, the inner series of about the same number of which one
shortly before apex is enlarged.

Distribution-. — Lower California and California (Uhler) ; San
Diego Co., Calif. (\'an Duzee) ; Los Angeles Co.. Calif, (my Coll.).

Ligyrocoris (Xeoiigyrocoris) rubricatus new species.

Shining, very sparsely setose. .Anterior lobe of prono'um, except collar,
and sciitclliim black ; head and collar ferrugineous red ; .Tntennx and legs
sordid yellow, the femora spotted with fuscous; the posterior lobe of pro-
notum, the heniielytra anteriorly sordid yellow with the inner field more or
less suffused with fuscous and with a broad postmedian fascia and apex dark
brown, before apex with an irregular conspicuous white spot ; membrane em-
browned with its apex broadly pale.

106 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- xxix.

Antennae rather long, basal segment extended beyond apex of head for
less than half its length, second segment one third longer than third, fourth
segment only a little shorter than second. Head nearly nude, postocular and
anteocular space to apex of antenniferous tubercles nearly equal. Pronotum
deeply constricted just behind middle, very sparsely setose, anterior lobe rather
globose, a little wider than long, shorter posterior lobe sparsely punctate,
sordid yellow, more or less infuscated. The hind femora have a preapical
brownish band. The fore tibia are straight and unarmed in the male. The
fore femora are armed with two series of spines towards apex at least, the
inner series consists of three stronger spines beyond the middle between which
are several smaller spines, the outer series near apex consists of two or three
minute teeth.

Length 6 mm.

Type: J' Safford, Ariz., July 19, 1914 (E. G. Holt collector, U. S. N. M.,
from Coll. of W. L. McAtee). Following paratypes : J Bear Wallow, St. Cata-
lina Mts., Ariz., July 12-17, 1916, and J Sabino Basin. St. Catalina Mts., Ariz.,
July 8-20, 1916 (A. M. N. H.) ; $ Palm Springs, Calif., Feb. 25 (U. S. N. M.) ;
$ Huachuca Mts., Ariz., Aug. 3, 1905 (my Coll.).

Ligyrocoris (Neoligyrocoris) coloradensis new species.

Very closely related to uitidulus Uhl. and only distinguishable from that
species by comparative differences. Coloration and pattern of markings much
the same. Head longer, plainly longer than wide, sides of antenniferous tuber-
cles nearly as long as eye ; first segment of antenna longer, apex of tylus not
reaching the middle point of it. Pronotum with anterior lobe more swollen
and over twice as long as posterior one : seen from the side the former is
more elevated; collar wider; dorsal surface more densely pilose. Armature
of fore femora and character of the tibia much the same as in nitidulus.
Transverse fascia of corium not so conspicuous, inwardly and posteriorly fused
with apical spot, leaving a small inconspicuous pale spot outwardly. Mem-
brane reaching apex of abdomen generally entirely pale or faintly embrowned
within. Length 6^-7 mm.

Described from five (^(^ and four JJ collected in northern Colorado April
II, 1898, by E. D. Ball. Type and paratype my collection, 6 paratypes in
Coll. Prof. E. D. Ball and i paratype in Coll. of Prof. Herbert Osborn.

It is very likely that Van Duzee's record of nitidulus from Colo-
rado should be placed here.

Ligyrocoris (Neoligyrocoris) nitidulus L'hler.

Uhler. No. Amer. Fauna. VH, 262, 1893 (Pamera).
Banks. Cat. Hem. 64, 1910 (Ligyrocoris).

In his Check List and various papers Uhler recognized the genus
Ligyrocoris and it therefore seems strange that he failed to recognize

Tunc, 19-M.] Bariikr: REVISION OF Gexl's Ligyrocoris Stai.. I07

the true affinity of tliis species in so much as he remarked in the
description of it tliat the venter of the female has a sickle-sliaped
callosity running backward inym the base. The rather strongly
curved anterior ti!)ia of the male is unarmed and the teeth of the
tore femora are not set in a single row; the outer series consists of
.1 few shorter teeth before apex, the inner series of several irregular
larger teeth, the first one about a third away from base between
which and apex are about five or six stout teeth, either one or two
near the middle usually licing tlic largest of the scries and those
before apex reduced in size.

Distribution. — .\rgus Mts.. Calif., Texas. Xew Mexico, and Lower
talifornia (I'hler); Colorado ( ?I and Arizona ( \'an Duzee);
Huachuca Mts., .Ariz.. Burnet Co., Tex. (my collection); "" Tex.".
Tt. (Irant, .Ariz., San Rita Mts.. Ariz., Galiuro Mts.. .Ariz., Hradsh.
\It.. Ariz., Chiric Mts.. .\riz. ( C. .^. X. M.).

Ligyrocoris latimarginatus tuw species.

Dull, very sparsely setose. Head black, sparingly setose, tylus red. .An-
tennae pale stramineous, apex of second, third and fourth except at base,
fuscous, apical third of basal segment extended beyond apex of head, second
Pigment longest of all. third and fourth segments subequal. Rostrum, except
it apex, pale stramineous, basal segment a little longer than basal segment of
mtennjc, its apex nearly reaching base of head. Anterior lobe of pronotum
lull black, sparsely setose, very little wider than long, not twice as long as
•isterior lobe; posterior lobe of pronotum infuscated, with humeral margins
.nd three obscure discal streaks paler, rather finely and not closely punctate.
>cutellum black with apex pale. Hemielytra anteriorly and laterally to mc-
iian vein broadly pale stramineous, punctate with fuscous; clavus posteriorly,
nner apical angle broadly and entire apical margin narrowly fuscous. Mem-
ranc fuscous variegated with pale spots. Legs pale stramineous, with the
•ore femora mottled or .=mudged with brown and the apices of the second and
bird femora infuscated. Fore femora provided on the outer half with three
■videly separated larger spines, preceding and following the prc.ipical one arc
-I veral smaller teeth. Tibia with stiff bristles only. Basal segment of pos-
■ rior tarsus very long, three times as long as second and third segments
)gcther. Sternum and venter black. acetabuK-c and posterior margin of nieia-
-:ernum pale.

Length, (^ 7 mm. ; 9 ^ '"'"•

Type, (^, and allotype. .Alameda Co., Calif.. Sept. 20. 1906, coll. by Chas.
Fuchs : paratypes: 2 c?<^ "Calif.," (^ " W. T.." (^ fniatilla, Oregon, June 24,
^»2. 2 55 Sta. Monica, Calif.. June 6. 1901 (ColL U. S. Nat. Mu8.). 9 Mt.
.•^hasrn 1.^1;.- ,.„.. - ■" 'rom C. E. OUen).

108 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°''- xxix.

This species is readily distinguished by the entire absence of the
post-median fascia of the corium. Occasionally the ventral lunate
vittse are somewhat obscured by the dense coating of fine hairs. It
should l)e placed close to litigiosits.

Ligyrocoiis obscurus new species.

Form rather narrow elongate, dull, sparsely setose; very closely resembling
Zeridoiiens (Perigenes) costalis Van Duzee. Head black, sparsely long setose,
with coating of fine impressed golden yellow hairs; apex of tylus reddish.
Antennae long, stramineous, extreme base of first, apex of second lightly, apical
half of third and all of fourth segment, fuscous ; apical half of basal segment
extending beyond apex of head, second segment two and one half times as
long as first, third about one third shorter than second -and subequal to terminal
segment. Pronotum dull black, sparsely setose, with the transverse constric-
tion shallowly, obtusely impressed, anterior lobe a little wider than long ;
posterior lobe little wider and except for humeral angles scarcely paler than
anterior lobe, rather closely and finely punctate ; lateral margin from the
humeral angles stramineous. Scutellum black, apex pale, posteriorly keeled,
closely punctate along the sides. Hemielytra infuscated, entire costal margin,
a streak outside of cla\al suture opposite apex of scutellum and a spot near
inner apical angle, stramineous-yellow. Membrane fuscous with some of the
veins basally and a few scattered spots, pale. Beneath piceous, the venter
densely coated with fine golden lunate vittse. Legs stramineous-yellow, fore
femora from about middle towards apex, hind femora apically, intermediate
femora more faintly and apices of all tibire infuscated. Fore femora armed
on the outer half with two series of spines, the inner series consists of three
larger spines, the first two just beyond the middle are set closer together, and
the third midway to apex, before and beyond the latter are some three or
four very small teeth ; the outer series consists of three or four minute teeth
towards apex. The hind tibia are provided with some ii bristles in each
side and the basal segment of the hind tarsus is a little over twice as long as
second and third together.

Length, J' 7^, mm.; $ Syi mm.

Type: (^ Plummers Is., Md., Feb. 8, 1905, collected by D. H. demons
(U. S. N. M.). Paratypes: 2 J'J' and 2 $5 Plummers Is.. Md. ; $ Cabin John,
Md., Feb. 9, 1914; ? Ogle Co., 111. (U. S. N. M.) ; 2 (^^ Plummers Is., Md.
(from O. Heidemann) ; (^ Kansas; 5 Cabin John Run, Md., Sept. 23, 191 1, col-
lected by Wm. T. Davis (my collection) ; (^ Plummers Is., Md., Sept. 21 ; $
Cabin John, Md., Sept. 2, 1907; ^ Glen Echo, Md., Oct. 12, 1901. from the
collection of Mr. O. Heidemann (Cornell L^niv.).

Very similar in appearance to Zcridoncns (Perigcncs) costalis
Van Duzee which species shows no trace of the lunate strigose vittae.
Furthermore in L. costalis the antennre are shorter with the first

June, 1921.1 Barhf.r: Revision of Gexus Lii,\ kmi hki- Stai . 109

segment fuscous and a|)ical third extended beyond apex of head, the
posterior lobe of the ])ronotuni is not so closely punctate and is
marked with two or three median longitudinal paler streaks; the hind
tibia are less bristly and the hind tarsus with basal segment relatively
longer, nearly three times as long as second and third segments
together. Specimens ]al»eled Lig. costalis in the collection of Mr.
Heidemann explains why this was recorded by Hanks as belonging
to this genus.

Ligyrocoris depictus niw species.

Very similar to and very closely related to L. diffnsus Uhl. Coloration of
body parts, antenna: and legs the same. The hcmielyira, however, arc almost
entirely dark castaneoiis brown within ; the base, entire costal margin and
much reduced inner apical spot stramineous-yellow, with no traces of trans-
verse postnudian costal fascia. The membrane is brown with a longitudinal
median streak and some of the veins basally pale.

The antennae arc unusually long, with all of the segments except the basal
one relatively longer than '\r\ diffusus. The pronotum is differently shaped and
devoid of setse ; constricted well behind the middle, leaving the dull black
anterior lobe nearly twice as long and scarcely narrower than the posterior
lobe ; the width in front is suhe(|ual to the diameter at the constriction. The
number and arrangement of the spines on the fore femora is not distinctive.
Most fre(|uently the membrane does not reach the apex of the abdomen, in
other cases it is fully developed.

Length 5-6 mm.

Described from 15 ,S^ and 11 ?$. Type, (^. Ramsey. X. T.. June 2^, 1Q12
(coll. by Dr. C. L. Pollard), in my collection. Paratypes : ^, Ramsey, X. J.,
June 23, t9i2; $ Bear Swamp, Ramapo Mts.. X. J., July 25, 19H ; 9 Green-
wood Lake, X. J., June 14: 9 Wood's Hole, Mass., July 21. 189S; ^ White
Plains. -V. Y.. June 2-. 1909 (coll. by T. R. de la Torrc-Bueno"), in my col-
lection.

$ Glen Ridge. X. J., July 4, 1906, 12 cJr^ and 4 99 White Plains. June and
July (coll. of J. R. de la Torre-Bucno) : 9 White Plains. X. Y.. July (coll. of
E. P. Van Duzee) ; 9 Ithaca. X. Y., .\ug. 7. 1889 (coll. Cornell Univ.); Port-
land, Conn.. .Aug. 9. 1913 (coll. Conn. Exp, Sta.).

Ligyrocoris litigiosus Stai.

Stil. Stctt. Ent. Zeit.. \'ol. 23. 313. 1S62 (Plociomcra).
StAl. Enum. Hemipt.. IV, 145, 1874 (Ligyrocoris).

This species is not so closely related to abdomimilis as it is to
diffusus. being the same general size and shape but quite differently
colored and marked. The corium has the costal margin pale, in-

110 Journal New York Entomological Society. C^'o'- >^xix.

wardly the surface suffused and punctate with fuscous rather than
ferrugineous, generally with slight trace if any, of the postmedian
transverse fascia; the apex frequently slightly infuscated. The mem-
brane is pale brown much variegated with pale. The femora are
either entirely stramineous or at least towards apex spotted with
fuscous. The dorsal anterior parts not as setose as in diffitsus.
Number and arrangement of spines and teeth of anterior femora
much as in that species.

Described by Stal from Mexico, since recorded by Van Duzee
from Florida and in my collection are four specimens from the
Huachuca Mts., Ariz., collected by me in 1905. In the U. S. N. M.
are several specimens from Mexico and one from Lower California.
Dis:tant records it from Guatemala and Colombia, S. A.

Ligyrocoris abdominalis Guerin.

GuERiN. La Sagra's Hist, de Cuba, VII, Ins., 165, 1857 (Beosus).

Stal. Enum. Hem., IV, 146, 1874 (Ligyrocoris).

Distant. Biol. Cent.-Amer. Rhynch. Het., I, 202, Pit XVII, fig. 21, 1882.

piligera Stal — Stett., Ent. Zeit., XXIII, 312, 1862 (Plocioiiiera) .

coustrictus Say — Uhler, Bull. U. S. G. and G. Survey, II, 309, 1876;
Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 388, 1878; Check List. Hem., 14, 1886.

This species has frequently been confused with what has been for
so many years catalogued as Ligyrocoris constrictus Say but that
species is now placed in the genus Pcrigcncs Distant as it lacks the
lunate vittse on the anterior ventral segments of the abdomen.

Originally described from Cuba, it is the largest and one of the
most widely spread members of the genus. The head, anterior lobe
of pronotum, scutellum and beneath dull piceous black, the posterior
lobe of the pronotum usually has three pale fascia in the middle and
the humeral angles pale. The hemielytra are pale stramineous yellow,
punctate with fuscous, just behind middle broadly fasciate and at
apex fuscous. Membrane fuscous variegated with pale, at least along
the sides. Antennae usually have the basal segment, tip of the second
and third and more than apical half of the fourth segment ferrugin-
eous or fuscous, the pale basal ring of the fourth segment is quite
conspicuous. The legs are varial^le but generally the fore femora
except extreme base and apex and a preapical ring on the inter-
mediate and posterior ones, black. The dorsal parts, venter and
femora, provided with a sparse covering of long setose hairs. Fore

June, 19JI.] DaRUKR : I\KVI>IiiN dl" ("ilM'S I .K .V K( k'oKIS StaI.. Ill

femora armed with a sni^'lc inner .-crio. c<jn>i>tnij; 01 two larjjcr
spines, the first one a little before middle, the other a little before
apex, between these are three or four even minute teeth, and before
the i)reapical spine two small spines. Length J-Si inm.

Distribution. — Warmer parts of the United .States. I'lorida,
Louisiana and Texas; Mexico. Central America and the West Indies.

Ligyrocoris multispinus St&l.

Stal. Enuni. Hem., I\', 145. 18-4.

Distant. Biol. Ccnt.-Ain. Het., I, 201, PI. i-. t^L' .s >ss.'

Berg. Nova Hemipt., 74. 1892.

\'a.\ Di-ZEE. Bull. Buff. Soc. Xat. Hist., IX, 171. \<tn>,.

confratcrnus Barln-r. Bull. .\. M. X. H.. XXIII. 512. 1914.

\'an Duzec has placed thi> si)ecies close to abiioviinalis where it
properly belongs. It was largely because- of Stal's placing this close
to his sylz-cstris and Distant's incorrect figure of the type which led
to my error in redescribing it from blorida as co)ifratcrtuis. It is
slightly .shorter and narrower than abdomiiwiis, varying from fuscous
to ferrugineous in color and is al.so sparingly setose. The fourth
segment of the antenna is annulate with pale at base. The femora
though variable are not black but dirty yellow ferrugineous spotted
with ferrugineous. The fore femora have a double scries of spines
as described by Stal and myself for confratcrnus. I have seen no
specimen quite as large as indicated by Stal.

Distribution-. — Florida. Mexico, Central America. Brazil. \'ene-
zuela and probably all of northern South .\merica.

Ligyrocoris setosus Stal.

Stal. Enuin. Hem., IV, 150, 18-4 iPamcra).

Barhkr. Bull. Am. Mus. Xat. Hist.. XXXIII. 514. iP"4 (Ligyrocoris
^=: Herinis pcrcultus Dist.).

Van Dlzee. Cat. Hem., 180, 1917; ^oc. cit., 185 (Ortli(ra).

percultus Distant. Biol. Cent.-Am., I, 205. PI. i'>. fii:. 10. iSS!^
(Hcrcrus).
Van Dvzee. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., II. <j. km 4 </-■!/> "i. ■'....

Placed by Stal in the genus Pamcra just before nitidicoUis and
Distant failing to recognize the species and because of the character
of the head redescribed it from Guatemalan material as Hcrtrus
percultus. The species is fairly well characterized 'v '''<• Tnth

li.ir

112 Journal Xew York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- xxix,

The head as seen dorsally and laterally is very much the same as
in nitidicollis but the post-ocular space is, if anything, a little longer
than the ante-ocular space to apex of antenniferous tubercles. The
fore femora are profusely long setose and provided for three fourths
their length with numerous strong teeth set in two irregular series,
at least apically.

Distribution. — Texas (Stal) ; Guatemala (Dist.) ; Huachuca Mts.,
Ariz, (my coll.); "Ariz.," "Tex.," San Diego, Tex., Palm Springs,
Calif. (U. S. N. M.), San Diego Co., Calif. (Van Duzee).

Ligyrocoris delitus Distant.

Distant. Biol. Cent.-Amer. Het., I, 201, Tab. XVIII, fig. 20, 1882.

This is a small species about 4 mm. long, of which Distant gives
a very good description and figure. It is closely related to litigiosus
and Distant remarks it is allied to baltcatits but this latter species 1
have not been able to recognize. Considerable variation occurs in
the color and extent of markings. The head and anterior lobe of
pronotum and scutellum varying to pale ferrugineous. The post-
median transverse fuscous fascia of the corium is frequently not ex-
tended to the margin but confined to the inner area. The head and
pronotum are quite pilose. The fore femora are armed with three
small preapical teeth.

Distr^ibittioii. — ^Guatemala (Distant) ; San Jose, Tamps, Mex.
(Coll. by J. R. de la Torre-Bueno) ; Huachuca Mts., Ariz. — seven
specimens collected by me in 1905; San Diego Co., Calif, (coll. of
E. P. Van Duzee).

Ligyrocoris sylvestris Linn.

LiNN,i:us. Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 449, 1758; Faun. Suec, 256, 1761 (Cimex).

Fallen. Hem. Suec. Cim., 61, 1829 (LygcBus).

FiEBER. Europ. Hem., 171, 1861 (Plociomeriis) .

Uhler. Check List, 14, 1886 (exc. diffnsns Uhl. from syn.).

HoRVATH. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., VT, 5, 1908.

OsHANiN. Verzeich. d. Palsearkt. Hem., I, 308, 1906-1909 (Ligyrocoris).
Contractus Say, New Harm. Ind., 1831 ; Complete Writ. (Lee. Edit.),
332, 1859 (Pamera) Stal — Enum. Hem., IV, 145, 1874 (Ligyrocoris
sylvestris Stal— var. b contractus Say, Leth. et Sev. Gen. Cat., 190,
1894; Banks Cat. 64, 1910; Van Duzee Cat. 180, 191 7. Luchsi
Baer., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 330, t. 6, fig. 2, 1859 (Plociomerus) .

June, i9-'i] Barhkr : Rkvision of Genl's Lu.yrocoris Stai.. 113

After careful comparison of European specimens of sylvcstris
and United States specimens of contractus Say. I am forced to the
conclusion that Uhler and Horvath were correct in following Stal in
the arrangement of these names. Moreover sylz'cstris is very closely
related to and sometimes difficult to distinjjuish from diffusus Uhl.
as shown hy the fact that Stal placed these together and Uhler ac-
cepted this arrangement.

Specimens of sylz'cstris are generally darker colored, with the
head, anterior lohe of the pronotum, scutcllum and most of the
corium behind middle i)iceous-black ; the broad transverse fascia be-
hind middle, rather clean cut and strongly contrasting with the pale
anterior surface, extends to the costal margin. Pronotum at the
transverse constriction subequal to diameter of anterior margin ;
width across humeri usually but very little wider than anterior lobe
across middle. Whole anterior part, particularly the pronotum.
scarcely at all setose. The legs though variably colored, are more
inclined to have the fore femora, except apex and base, and the
apical part of second and third, piceous or dark brown. Membrane
rarely reaching the tip of abdomen, with some of the veins pale and
apex conspicuously marked with a triangular white spot.

Distribution. — Over a large part of Europe and Asia, particularly
in the northern part. Also in the United States it is more common
in Canada and the northern states. Uncommon in New Jersey.

Ligyrocoris diffusus Uhler.

Uhler. Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H., loi, 1871 (Plociomcnis).

Van DfZEE. Cat. 180-181, 1917 (for synonymy and literature').

As previously remarked this species is so closely related to syl-
vc\stris Linn. (= coulructiis Say) that it has led to considerable con-
fusion in synonymy.

Some of the more important differences ])etwecn the two species
may be pointed out. In diffusus the darker color markings of the
corium tend toward ferrugincous. with contrasting i)ale colors less
striking, as anteriorly the general surface is largely .sutTuscd with
ferrugincous; the post-median transverse fascia is therefore less clean
cut and conspicuous and does not extend quite to the lateral margin.
The diameter of the pronotum at the transverse stricture plainly
wider than at anterior margin and the width across humeri quite

114 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxix.

evidently wider tlian across middle of anterior lobe. The anterior
parts, particularly the pronotum, much more obviously long setose.
The legs are pale ferrugineous, sometimes the posterior femora, more
rarely the others, are embrowned towards their apices. ^Membrane
usually reaches the apex of abdomen, pale brown with rather con-
spicuous pale veins and small apical spot. The anterior femora are
armed as in syh'estris.

Distribution.. — From Canada south at least to North Carolina and
west across the country to California.

Ligyrocoris slossoni Barber.

Barber. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 513, 1914.

Described from a single male specimen from Lake Worth, Fla.,
contained in the collection of Mrs. Slosson. Had it not been for
the purpose of giving as complete as possible knowledge of the
hemipterous fauna of Florida this species would not have been estab-
lished upon a unique specimen. Eventually this may prove to be
another illustration of the danger of violation of the well advised
rule. Later and more thorough study of the specimen, in preparation
of this paper, has forced me to the conclusion that it is imperfect.
The reddish coloration of head and pronotum may be due to its im-
maturity. Furthermore the description is in error as to the head. It
having apparently become detached has been imperfectly glued into
position, leaving the post-ocular space to appear longer than it
naturally should. As a matter of fact the post-ocular and ante-
ocular dimensions are not unlike those of L. syh'estris. Its affinity
to this species is closer than to L. nitidicollis where I originally
placed it because of the mistaken character of the head. For the
present at least this will have to remain a doubtful species. I have
therefore omitted it from the key to the species.

Lig3T:ocoris halteatus Stal.

I am obliged to omit this from the synopsis for as yet I have been
unable to recognize this species, originally described from Mexico.

June, 1921.] Felt: Xkw Species of Reared Gall Miuues. ll.j

NEW SPECIES OF REARED GALL MIDGES
(ITONIDIDiE).

By E. p. Felt. State Entomologist,
Aluany. X. ^'.

The followinitr descriptions are of species which have been reared
by various corres])oiuleiUs and sulnnitted for identification.

Rhopalomyia sabin^ new species.

Exuvium. Mesonotum, luad, leg and wing cases infuscated. The re-
mainder mostly whitish.

Pupa. Length 3 mm., rather stout, the antennal. wing and leg cases
brownish. Mesonotum somewhat darker, the abdomen yellowish orange with
reddish tints.

Male. Length 3 mm. Antennie extending to the fourth abdominal seg-
ment, sparsely haired, fuscous yellowish. 17 segments, the 5ih with a stem
about one third the length of the cylindrical basal enlargement, which latter
has a length about 2».4 times its diameter. Palpi, first segment short, irregular,
the second shorter, broadly ovate. Mesonotum dark reddish brown, scutellum
fuscous yellowish. Postscutellum yellowish, abdomen sparsely haired, mostly
dark brown. Genitalia yellowish orange. Halteres fuscous basally, reddish
orange distally, coxae fuscous yellowish, femora, tibis and tarsi mostly pale
yellowish. Claws rather long, slender, the pulvilli distinctly longer than the
claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment short, terminal clasp segment moder-
ately long, curved, dorsal plate deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes
broadly rounded, ventral plate long, broad and broadly rounded.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Antenme extending to the base of the abdo-
men, sparsely haired, pale yellowish, 17 sessile segments, the fifth with a length
over twice its diameter. Mesonotum fuscous yellowish, the submedian lines
sparsely black haired. Scutellum yellowish, reddish apically. sparsely black
haired. Postscutellum yellowish orange. Abdomen mostly deep red. the
sclerites dark brown, the basal and distal segments yellowish. Haheres dark
reddish. Femora a variable fuscous yellowish or fuscous. Tibia* and tarsi
black. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes broadly and roundly triangular
and thickly clothed with short setx. Type Cecid. A. 25.: i.

The species described above closely approaches in i^eneral appear-
ance iralsliowyia juttipcruia Felt, from which it may be readily dis-
tinguished by the biarticulate palpi and marked difTercnccs in the
strnctnrc of the jjenitalia.

116 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- xxix.

This insect occurs in a purplish, somewhat conical, thick walled,
apical bud gall with a length of about i cm. and a diameter of 3 mm.
When mature the tip splits, forming four or more irregular lobes, the
adult escaping from the apex. This gall develops later than that of
Walshomyia texana according to J. T. Patterson of the University of
Texas. This species has been reared from Jiuupcrus nionospcrmum
from galls collected near Denver, Colo., in 1914, by Professor E.
Bethel and from similar galls on Jnnipcnis utahcnsis collected by
Professor Bethel at Gilluly. Utah, and also from apparently identical
galls on Sabina sahinoidcs collected by J. T. Patterson in April, 1919,
near Austin, Texas. The gall has been figured by ]\Ir. Patterson on
page 345 of the November, 1919, issue of the Journal of Heredity,
volume 10.

Rhopalomyia weldi new species.

Gall. Dark purplish, fusiform, frequently clustered bud galls with a length
about I cm. and a diameter of .5 cm. Clusters of six or seven are not unusual
though occasionally only three or four, or one or two may develop upon a
shoot. One small shoot bore eleven galls.

Larva. No larva were found though Mr. Weld stated that they were
orange colored.

Pupa. Length 4 mm. Antennal cases fuscous yellowish, eye, wing and
leg cases black, mesonotum yellowish orange, abdomen reddish orange with
rather thick fuscous hairs on the dorsal sclerites.

Male. Length 4 mm. Antennae nearly as long as the body, sparsely haired,
18 segments, the fifth with a stem three fourths the length of the basal enlarge-
ment, which latter has a length one and three fourths times its diameter.
Terminal segment with a narrowly fusiform, pseudo-articulate apex as long as
the basal enlargement, the latter with a length nearly three times its diameter.
Palpus consisting of one small, narrowly oval segment. Mesonotum shining
dark brown. Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen fuscous
yellowish. Genitalia fuscous. Halteres fuscous apically, yellowish basally,
legs a nearly tiniform fuscous straw. Claws long, slender, rather strongly
curved apically, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia, basal clasp
segment long, stout, terminal clasp segment short, stout, subfusiform ; dorsal
plate deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes obliquely truncate, ventral
plate broad, broadly rounded apically.

Female. Length 3 mm. Antennae about three fourths the length of the
body, sparsely haired, fuscous yellowish, 18 or ig sessile segments, the fifth
with a length 2}^ times its diameter, the terminal segment produced, with a
length over three times its diameter. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scu-
tellum and postscutellum a little darker, abdomen deep red, sparsely clothed

June, 1921] Ff.lt: Xi:\v Species of Reared Gale Midges. 117

with fuscous hairs. Ovipositor yellowish orange. Haltercs yellowish basally,
fuscous subapically, pale orange apically. Coxjc mostly dark brown, the legs
a somewhat variable fuscous straw. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the
terminal lobes rather slender, with a length four times the width and sparsely
setose. Type C. a 2985.

The species described al)ove falls in our key next to R. bulbuhi
Felt and R. latcriflori Felt, from l)oth of which it is distinguished by
lial)its, colorational characters and variations in antennal and fjeni-
talial structure. The galls were collected by Mr. L. H. Weld at
Glencoe, 111., May 12. 1919. a few midges emerging on their reception
May 15. The galls occur on the subterranean stems or root stalks of
Aster macrophyllns, pushing up through the dead leaves in the spring
and when numerous preventing the development of the foliage. This
species appears to be somewhat badly parasitized, the parasites form-
ing a series of cocoons, usually consisting of two or three bundles
adherent at the ends; one mass contained as many as fifteen, though
the average numl)er is usually less.

Walshomyia insignis new species.

Gall. This is a somewhat yellowish leaf tip, hardly distinguishable from
the normal. The female escapes near the apex.

Exuvium. Length 1.5 mm. Whitish with a distinct fuscous shade on the
wings, thorax and antennal cases.

Female. Length 1.75 mm. Antennje extending to the second abdominal
segment, sparsely haired, reddish brown, the basal segments lighter, 14 sessile
segments, the fifth with a length 2^4 times its diameter and with moderately
high circumfila at the basal third and subapically and on the distal Yi. a series
of six or seven anastomosing transverse ridges, apparently chitinous and inde-
pendent of the circumfila ; the terminal segments consisting of two closely fused,
the apex obtuse. Palpus consisting of one short, irregular, coarsely setose seg-
ment. Mesonotum reddish brown, scutellum dark reddish, postscutcllum
orange reddish, abdomen sparsely haired, mostly deep red, the seventh and
eighth segments with a yellowish cast. Halteres fuscous orange, fuscous sub-
apically. CoxK fuscous yellowish, the legs mostly a fuscous straw. Claws
moderately slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about twice the length of the
claws. Ovipositor short, stout, striate, the terminal lobes roundly oval and
thickly clothed with short, stout sct.x. Type A 2962.

The peculiar female characterized above and tciUativcly referred
to this genus, was reared from an oval, apical hud gall on cedar, col-
lected bv Mr. I. M. Del Curto, .Austin. Texas. March j6. 1919. and

118 Journal New York Entomological Society, t"^''^'- xxix,

identified by Doctor H. D. House, State Botanist, as Junipcnts scopu-
lonim. The adult issued March 31. and is noteworthy because of the
numerous peculiar transverse elevations on the antennal segments,
suggesting circumfila, though in reality probably transverse chitinous
ridges.

Winnertzia fungicola new species.

Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennas a little shorter than the body, sparsely
haired, dark brown, 14 segments, the 5th with a stem Y^ the length of the basal
enlargement, which latter has a length J/2 greater than its diameter. Terminal
segment produced, narrowly conical, with a length fully four times its diameter.
Palpi ; first segment with a length over twice its diameter, the second nearly
twice as long, the third about as long as the second and the fourth nearly one
half longer than the third. Entire body a nearly uniform bronzy dark brown.
Halteres fuscous yellowish, lighter basally, coxae mostly dark brown, the legs
a variable straw color except for the dark brown of the anterior tarsi. Claws
moderately long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Geni-
talia ; basal clasp segment moderately long, stout, terminal clasp segment with
a length over twice its diameter, distinctly dentate apically, dorsal plate broadly
and slightly emarginate, ventral plate divided, the lobes broadly and irregularly
rounded.

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae extending to the second abdominal seg-
ment, sparsely haired, dark brown, 14 sessile segments, the 5th with a length
twice its diameter, the terminal segment somewhat produced, with a length
fully 2J/2 times its diameter, the distal third tapering strongly. Mesonotum
sparsely haired, purplish dark brown. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscu-
tellum dark purplish brown, abdomen dark brown, with a yellowish cast. Hal-
teres fuscous yellowish, coxae dark brown, legs mostly dark straw. Ovipositor
moderately long, stout, the triarticulate terminal lobes attached to a quadrate
basal portion, apparently the terminal segment of the ovipositor. Basal seg-
ment of the terminal lobe subquadrate, with a length % its diameter, the second
irregularly oval with a length Yi greater than its diameter, the third narrowly
oval and with a length nearly three times its diameter. Type Cecid. 1797, 1798.

The midges described above were reared by H. B. Weiss,
March 31, from a fungus, Lcnzitcs sccpiaria, collected at Plainfield,
N. J., and submitted for identification by Professor C. W. Johnson
of Boston, Mass. The male is closely related to IV. ntbida Felt,
though this species is distinctly larger, stouter and more heavily
chitinized. and presents some differences in antennal and genitalic
structures in particular.

June, i9:;i.] Proceedings of the Society. 119

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeti.vg of November 2.

A regular meeting of the Xew York Entomological Society was held
November 2, 1920, in the Public Museum, Staten Island, at 8:00 P.M., Presi-
dent L. B. Woodrutt in the chair, with nim- members pnd three visitors
present.

Xoah Levine, 1131 West Farms Road. Bron.x, was elected a member of
the Society.

The request of Dr. Walther Horn, Berlin, for the replacement of certain
missing numbers of the Journal was granted.

Mr. Burns exhibited his collection of " Staten Island Diptcra," contained
in I I bo.xes, the work of the last three years, pointing out some of the more
interesting species and the additions to local fauna.

Dr. Bequaert commended the collection for its excellent preparation and
arrangement and said it was a remarkable example of what could be accom-
plished in a short time. He congratulated the collector, who well deserved
the compliment paid him liy \'an Duzee in Buffalo, whereby Dolichopus burnsii
n. sp. has been named for him. This little fly had been found near Cameron's
Pond, Arrochar, Staten Island, while collecting aquarium material for the
Museum.

Mr. Davis presented " .An .Annotated List of Colorado Cicadas " illus-
trated by his collection thereof and compared with examples of those of New
York State. His paper will be printed in the Journal.

Mr. Engelhardt spoke of visits to Tottenville, Staten Island, with Mr.
Davis, who in August had discovered a single specimen of Scsia rilcyana, a
northernmost record for the species which occurs from the District of Colum-
bia southward and westward to the Missis.'ippi. Many additional specimens
of the moth were found .August 24, and in October its larva was found, boring
in the roots of Solanum caroliiiense. On the same plant the potato weevil,
Trichobaris trinotata, was found, while splitting the stems for Scsia larvae.

Mr. J. E. Logan, present as a visitor, exhibited a living specimen of
Miiiitis sinensis, found at .Arlington, Staten Island, on October 29, near 229
South .Ave., and said that he had a colony of this introduced species under
observation since July 31. He showed dried specimens found on that date.
He had known of the existence of the colony since 19 16,

Mr. Davis said the matter was of special interest to him because he had
put out an egg mass at .Arlington in 1913. Mr. Davis also recorded a Staten
Island bee tree, found in October near Great Kills, in the top of a hollow oak,
blown down by a storm.

120 Journal Xew York Entomological Society, f^'o'- >^xix,

Meeting of November 20.

A regular meeing of the Kew York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P.M., on November 16, 1920. in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, President L. B. Woodruff in the chair, with eighteen members present.

Mr. Jones exhibited " A New Papaipenia and Two Rare Psychids from
Southern Delaware." After speaking of the neglect by entomologists of the
peninsula formed by southern Delaware, eastern Maryland and eastern Vir-
ginia, Mr. Jones described the Papaipema he had reared from stems of Aralia
spinosa, the Hercules Club; and then spoke of the species of Psychidae, includ-
ing the large number of references to the well known Bag worm and the
scanty information about the other species, ending with an account of a new
species discovered on pine.

Mr. Bird called attention to an article in The American Botanist, 1920,
Vol. 26, p. 106, on " Mountain Climbing Lady Bugs," which drew forth a re-
minder of E. K. Carnes' account " Collecting Lady Birds by the Ton," in the
monthly Bulletin of the California State Commission of Horticulture for Feb-
ruary, 1912. and a comparison of the habits of Atlantic and Pacific Coast
Coccinellidae.

Mr. Schaeffer gave a learned discussion of the synonymy of the genus
Donacia, particularly devoted to the recognition, as far as possible without
access to types, of the species described by Lacordaire and other early authors.
His conclusions required sinking some of the names he had himself proposed
in synonymy and in restoring many old names, erroneously placed in synonymy
by Dr. LeConte and Leng ; but Mr. Schaeft'er admitted being still in doubt as
to some of the names.

Mr. Engelhardt gave an interesting account of Grape Vine Rootborers,
Parenthrene polistiformis Harris, of which P. semiiwle Newmoegen is a syno-
nym, known from \'ermont to Florida and west to Minnesota, and of two
new species, one from Nevada Co., Calif., the other from Victoria, Texas,
where it lives in Ampelopsis incisa, attacking shoots above ground, causing an
enlargement, which the larva leaves to pupate in the ground. \ general dis-
cussion on mimicry followed.

Meeting of December 7.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 : 00 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History, President L. B.
Woodruff in the chair, with fifteen members and one visitor present.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and approved.

Mr. Albert Efiingham Lawrence, 105 West 69th St., was nominated for
active membership by Mr. Davis.

Mr. Weiss exhibited the fungus Pomes applauatits with the egg capsules
of the beetle, Bolelotlienis bifnrcns, covered by excrement, deposited in
crevices.

Tune. 19^1] PrOCF.KDIXGS OF THE SoCIF.TY. 121

Mr. Weiss also reporttd that an approi)riation of $112,000 had hetn made
l)y the LtKislaturc of New .ItTsty to combat the dypsy Moth near Somerville,
permitting the cniployment of eighty Federal Scouts to destroy egg masses.
This work will be followed by spraying in the spring.

Mr. Weiss also showed the mines, pupal cases, larvx and adults of a new
species of Coptodisca on Sheep Laurel, which will be named liy Dr. Dietz,
and over-wintering cases. larv.T and adult of the Apple Loaf CrumpUr, Miiteola
iiidiginella. which he had found on Cotoneaster microphylhi.

Mr. Bird presented a paper, illustrated by specimens, entitled " Will the
European Apple Leaf Skeletonizer. Hcmerophila pariana, prove a serious
pest?" which was discussed by Dr. Felt and Mr. Weiss. Dr. Felt told of its
first appearance in Westchester Co.. in 19 17, and of the lack of danger in com-
mercial orchards where regular spraying operations take care of it ; Mr. Weiss
referred to its work on Thorn in nurseries, and both spoke of the character-
istic damage to the leaves.

The vice-president having taken the chair. Mr. WoodrulT read " Xotcs on
Species of Ophidcrma (Membracidae),'' confirming his previous publication by
additional material, which was exhibited. Mr. Woodruff also spoke of the
finding of many living Lathridiidse in boxes of mouldy beetles in his house in
New York City, and distributed specimens of Adistemia watsoni, found in
that way, 100 at a time. The other species found in smaller numbers were
Cartodere elegans and costulata and Corticaria fulva. In removing the mould
Mr. Woodruff said he had used a 10 per cent, solution of carbolic acid applied
with a camel's hair brush.

Dr. Bequaert exhibited " A Curious Case of Mimicry between a Digger
Wasp (Sphex egregia subsp. promontorii Kohl.) and a Fly (Systropus maci-
lentus Wild.) in the Congo Region," accentuated in life by the similarity in
their behavior. He referred to the excellent work of Dr. .\rnold Jacobi
" Mimikry and vcrwandte Erscheinungen." Many members joined in the
discussion.

The president appointed as a nominating committee Dr. Requaert, Mr.
Mutchler. Mr. Xicolay.

Dr. Felt spoke of the work of Miss Mabel Colcord in continuing the index
to bibliography of Economic Entomology, and of the extraordinary number of
references found, which necessitated some elimination and showed inci-
dentally the varying importance of the species involved.

A Correction — The order of Plates I and II of \'ol. XXI. \ >houl(l
be reversed. — Ed.

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Organixed June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893.

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each nionit
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Annual dues for Active Members, S3. 00.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to
the treasurer.

OflBcers for the Year 1920.

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Secretary, CH.\S. \V. LENG .... Staten Island Museum, St. George, S. I., N. Y.

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Librarian, FRANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History,

New York.

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THf NtW tH* PUfMr

CONTENTS

Notes on Milkweed Insects in New Jersey. By harry b. Weiss and

Edgar L. Dickerson 123

Some new Genera and Species of Coleoptera collected at West-
field, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. By Howard Notman 145

New Species of Serica (Scarabaeidae). IV. By r. w. Dawson . 160
Miscellaneous Notes and Records of local Lepidoptera and De-
scription of two new Aberrations. By Frank E. Watson 168
Corrections and Additions to the Leng List of Coleoptera.

Family Buprestidae No. I . By Alan s. Nicolay 173

Miscellaneous Notes 178

Book Reviews . . 179

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 181

JOURNAL

JOfto "^uvk €lntomoIogirfll KoriFJ^g.

Vol. XXIX. SKPTK\mKH -December, 1921. Nos. 3 and 4.

NOTES ON MILKWEED INSECTS IN NEW JERSEY.

By Harry B. Weiss and Edgar L. Dickerson.
Xkw Brlxswick, X. J.

In the following notes which are the results of nearly a year's
observations on the insects associated with Asclepias syriaca (A.
cormiti), the common species of the eastern states, and Asclepias
nilchra. which is considered a variety of Asclepias incarnata, special
attention is paid to those species about which little or nothing has
been recorded heretofore. However, in order to make the paper more
complete, it was thought desirable to treat other milkweed insects
briefly and to indicate where important papers relating to them could
be found.

The milkweeds which are persistent perennials in many waste
places are widely distributed in North America and are best recog-
nized by their opposite or whorled leaves, flat-topped clusters of
showy flowers and their milky juice. In the flowers, the stamens
are united at least at the base and each of them bears a large dorsal
appendage. These appendages together form the corona. Especially
characteristic are the club-shaped pollen masses or pollinia. l-'or the
;^(Urpose of pollination by insects, the pollinia are attached in pairs to
a corpusculum or glandular outgrowth of the stigma.

.\ paper on milkweed insects would not be complete without ref-
erence to Robertson's writings on the '" Insect Relations of Certain
Asclepiads" (Bot. Gaz., Vol. 12. 1887, pp. 207-216; pp. 244-250;
Trans. St. Louis Acad. Set.. iSqf. pp. 569-577). In tiie first paper,
"ihe various species of Asclepias arc treated together with notes on

124

Journal New York Entomological Society. ^^'°^- xxix.

floral parts and the parts of the insects to which corpuscula are at-
tached. According to Robertson, in Asclepias incarnata, the small
anther wings are adapted to fasten the corpuscula upon the legs of
large insects from the claws to the middle of the tibiae and on the
claws and tarsal hairs of the smaller ones, but they catch the hairs
much more frequently. In Asclepias cornuti, the anthers are much
larger than in A. incarnata and as a consequence the corpuscula
are fastened to the claws of insects more frequently. The tarsal
hairs are not readily caught unless they are long. However cor-
puscula are found more frequently on the pulvilli and on the hairs
near the claws than on the claws. For references to other species of
Asclepias, the reader is referred to Robertson's paper. At the end of
the article Asclepias in general are treated and the following table
given. This shows the number of species visiting the flowers together
with the disposition of the corpuscula on them. In the table, the
pulvilli are included under hairs.

Corpuscula on hairs, claws, tongue
Corpuscula on hairs and claws ....

Corpuscula on hairs, tongue

Corpuscula on hairs alone

Corpuscula on claws alone

Corpuscula on tongue alone

Corpuscula, none

c

2

d

c,

b

V

'?>

0

K

CQ«

6j

0

U

KH

14

2

8

7

I

5

I

3

26

15

I

7

2

3

3

I

2

13

12

6

13

5

70

35

7

25

9

4

16
16

9

54

3

3

49

ISO

In the second paper in the Botanical Gazette, Robertson discusses
the distribution of the pollinia on various groups of insects which
visit the flowers. The third paper contains detailed lists of the flower
visitors and notes on the distribution of the corpuscula.

Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst. (Coleop.).

This insect, known as the milkweed beetle, is common throughout
New Jersey and elsewhere, feeding on the leaves, tender tips, stems,
buds and flowers of several species of Asclepias. In New Jersey, it
occurs during June, July, August and the first part of September.
In the middle section of the State, the beetles were first noted on

Sept.-Dec, I9::i.] WeISS-DiCKERSOX : ^TlLKWEED INSECTS. 125

June 19 and contimied in evidence until tlic first part of September.
The majority of them a])peared to copulate durinc: July and the first
half of August.

When the beetles first appear, they feed upon tlic youn;? leaves.
Later the flower buds appear and these are eaten and lastly, the
flowers are devoured. As a result, the plants become ragged and
streaked with the milky white juice, which runs from the punctures
and hardens. Asclcf^ins syriaca seems to be the favorite milkweed,
although beetles were observed feeding to a certain extent on the
leaves and flowers of Ascicpias pulchra and l>eetles were collected
from the flowers of Accratcs riridiflora. a plant resembling and
related to the milkweeds. Our efforts to secure eggs of this species
resulted in failure. Numerous beetles were gathered and placed in a
roomy outdoor cage together with growing milkweeds and while
they fed and copulated extensively, they refused to deposit eggs.
However, through the kindness of Dr. F. H. Chittenden, we secured
several eggs which had been deposited in confinement on leaves, by
beetles collected by Mrs. D. H. Blake at Riverdale, Md., during the
last of July. Females collected on July 18 and dissected were found
to contain from 45 to 55 fully developed, elongate, whitish eggs. It
is not known just where the eggs are laid in the field. Various parts
of the plants were examined, with negative results. It seems prob-
able, however, that they might be deposited at the base of the plant
close to the main stem, in view of the fact that many larvie are found
in the lower stem and main root not far from the top of the soil.

The first larvse were found on July 31 at Red Bank, N. J., on the
main stem below the ground surface and on the larger roots. In
each case they were found in shallow channels covered over more or
less with soil, which stuck to the injured portions, probably because
of the sticky nature of the ])lant juice. Later in the season, it was
possible to find larger larvrc and by the middle of October, they
varied from one half inch in length to api)arently full grown. At this
time, several large larv.-e were found in the soil close to the lower
main stem and among the small roots. Other large ones were found
in shallow channels in the main lower stem. Still others were located
under the bark of the main lower stem and out of sight, while several
small ones were dug from the lower end of the main stem. These
small ones were well inside the stem in irregular, longitudinal chan-

126 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxix.

nels. When digging around the stem and roots for larv?e, it is
usually possible to find some in the soil before the main root
is uncovered. Therefore, some larv?e eat into the root from the
outside, while others burrow to a certain extent at least a part of
their time in the root itself. Mr. Craighead informs us that gal-
leries are found extending from root to root through the earth,
then continuing up to near the surface of the ground where pupa-
lion occurs.

Devereaux (Can. Ent., Vol. X, p. 143. 1878) states that while he
was plowing through a patch of Asclcpias cornuti, during the early
part of June, 1876, he observed numerous cerambycidian larvae in
the bottom of the furrow, stirring about in the soil. Two of them
were put in a glass jar with a milkweed plant. The larvae soon
came to the surface, pupated and adults of T. tctraophthaUnns
emerged later. Mr. Craighead is of the opinion that the larval
period extends through two years as pupx, and young larvae can be
found in the early summer.

Egg. Length, 1.85 mm. Width, 0.42 mm. Pearly white, compara-
tively smooth; elongate, rounded at both ends, sides almost parallel,
tapering slightly to posterior end.

Full Grown Larva. The following description was kindly sup-
plied by Mr. F. C. Craighead from a paper of his now in press. A
description of the pupa will also appear in a future paper by the
same author. " Form robust, fleshy, cylindrical or slightly tapering
posteriorly; texture very finely wrinkled, shining, densely clothed
with long whitish lemon-colored hairs.

'' Head rather thick but depressed, sides narrowing posteriorly,
suddenly constricted about middle, widest across posterior limit of
front; epistoma thick, rugulose ; clypeus and labrum thick, latter
transverse, roundly semi-circular from base, densely haired; mandible
from side about two times the basal width, outer face rather rugulose,
cutting edge obliquely truncate, molar tooth distinct ; antennal cavity
bisected by frontal suture; ocelli not distinct; ventral mouth parts
fleshy, thick; mentum distinct, transverse; maxillary palpi two-
jointed, last joint slender, shorter than the basal, equal to the last
labial ; hypostoma transversely bulging, finely wrinkled ; gula less
corneous.

Sept.-Dec, ig-'i.J WeisS-DiCKERSON : MlI.KWEED IxSECTS. 127

" Prothorax very tliick. about two times as wide as lonjj : pro-
tergum densely liairy on sides also across anterior border; pronotum
posteriorly finely velvety jiubescent ; prostcrnum densely hairy, lateral
areas swollen; eusternuni distinct, swollen; sternellum very narrow,
transverse. Mesonotum and metanotum densely hairy, niesonotum
with an anterior transverse band of hairs, ])osteriorly j^labrous.

■"Abdomen very densely hairy; am])ull;c narrow, projecting in
large dull tuberculiform lobes; later zone slightly protuberant on all
.segments, tubercles elongate, oval, bearing very many hairs and no
chitinous pits; spiracles large, orbicular."

The adult was described in 1771 ( Forst., Cent. Ins., p. 41) and
later mentioned in various lists and publications. Several other spe-
cies of Tctraopcs have been described, most of them being asso-
ciated with milkweeds.

Rhyssematus lineaticollis Say (Coleop.).

This species which is listed by Smith (Ins. N. J., p. 390) as
occurring in widely separated parts of the State is quite common
throughout New Jersey, appearing aliout the first week of June
and feeding at the bases of the young leaves of milkweed, especially
Asdcpias syriaca. It has long been known to breed in the seed
pods of milkweed. Webster (Ins. Life, II, p. 112), in his paper on
" Notes on Breeding and Other Habits of Some Species of Curcu-
lionidse, Especially of the Genus Tyloderma," states that it breeds
in the seed pods of A. iiicarnata, the larva feeding upon the seeds
and transforming to an adult in late autumn although these notes
may possibly refer to RItysscwotiis aiincctans Casey, a related species
which we have found breeding in the seed pods of Asclcpios pulchra
(incarnata ). He gives a very brief general description of the larva
and states that it is parasitized by a species of Bracoit.

In addition to feeding on the young leaves early in the season,
later the beetles attack the leaf petioles, midribs of leaves, seed
pods and upper jiortions of the main stem. As a result the injured
])arts bleed profusely and the milky juice hardens into unsightly yel-
lowish white streaks and blotches. In the central part of the State,
eggs are laid during the last half of July. They are deposited inside
the seed pod through an oi)ening cut l)y the adult and can be found
on the inner side of the seed pod wall, close to this opening. Many

128 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- xxix.

yellowish white eggs were found in such places, the number vary-
ing from one to five. The egg scars on the seed pod are usually
covered over with a yellowish white scab of dried juice and are
easily located by such exudations.

Upon hatching the larvcC first feed on the inner surface of the
green seed pod wall and then eat their way through the spongy
tissue between the wall and the developing seeds, until the seeds
are reached. Here they complete their growth, destroying more or
less of the young white seeds. The number of larvae in a single pod
varies from one to twenty. When many are present the entire
interior of the seed pod is consumed, nothing being left except the
outer wall. By the first and second week of August many larvae be-
come full grown at which time they leave the seed pod through a
hole in the wall and drop to the ground. Many simply crawl out
if the pod is cracked open which is usually the case after much of
the interior has been destroyed. After reaching the soil they enter
it to a depth of about one inch and at the end of a week have trans-
formed to pupae. The pupal stage requires from ten days to two
weeks after which several days are required for the beetles to color
and harden. Emergence in large numbers takes place during the
first two weeks of September and the beetles feed on the milkweeds
before seeking hibernation quarters. In the northern part of the
state, at Rutherford, eggs and young larvae were found as late as
August 17. There appears to be only one generation each year and
we found Uncaticollis confined entirely to Asclepias syriaca.

Egg. Length 0.89 mm. Width 0.39 mm. Whitish. Somewhat
capsule-shaped; both ends rounded, one end slightly wider than the
other ; sides almost parallel ; chorion apparently smooth.

Full Grown Larva. Form subcylindrical, tapering slightly at
both ends, slightly curved, almost smooth, whitish, head brownish.
Length of mature larva about 12 mm. Width about 3 mm.

Head small, subcircular, sparsely hairy, slightly depressed; col-
lum absent; occipital foramen subtriangular ; epicranial halves sepa-
rated dorsally by a faint median suture; front subtriangular, bearing
several slightly depressed spots; gula indistinct, membraneous; ven-
tral mouth parts somewhat fleshy; maxillary sclerite indistinct, not
cushioned; clypeus and labrum distinct, former transverse, latter

Sept. -Dec, I9--1.1 Weiss-Dkkersox : Milkweed Insects, 129

subtransverse ; antennae minute, single jointed, almost obsolete; ocelli
absent ; mandibles of biting type, broad across base, bifid at tip ;
maxilla fused with labium to near apex; lacinia simple, fringed
with chitinous hairs on inner surface; galea absent; maxillary palpi
two-jointed, first joint barrel-shaped, apical joint minute; cardo
subquadrate with distal and articulating angles strongly acute; la-
bium sulxjuadrate with mentum and submentum fused, indistinct;
iabial palpi one-jointed. True legs absent, indicated by ambulatory
tubercles. Thoracic and abdominal segments somewhat similar, trans-
versely wrinkled, each with three dorsal plicie. Hypoplcural chitini-
r.ation absent. Ccrci absent. Anal segment wart-likc. Spiracles
bifore.

Pupa. Length about 7 mm. Width 2.5 mm. to 3 mm. Oval,
whitish. Rostrum bearing a pair of dorsal chitinized hairs below
antennal insertion; a pair just opposite to where antenna; arise and
a pair above near the eyes. Head with a group of three chitinized
hairs on either side of middle and above the eyes. Prothorax tri-
angular dorsally, bearing a longitudinal row of three spines on either
side of a median line. Dorsal anterior edge of prothorax fringed
with a row of distantly placed spines; posterior edge bearing only
a few lateral spines. Mesothorax with a subhemispherical median
tubercle on posterior edge ; anterior to this tubercle on either side
of middle are a pair of spines. Metathorax with a broad shallow,
median, dorsal depression with a pair of spines on either side. Ab-
dominal segments each with a shallow, median, dorsal depression
and three spines on each side arranged transversely on a slight ridge.
Abdominal segments 5, 6. 7 and 8 bear a similar pair of lateral
spines. Anal segment terminated by two more chitinized dorso-
lateral spines and several smaller ones. Wing cases each l)earing
lour pronounced longitudinal rows of minute spines, these spines
becoming more prominent toward bases of wing cases. Distal outer
portions of femora each bearing a pair of spines. All spines with
tuberculate bases.

Ani'LT. Rhysscmatiis liiicaticollis. This was described by Say
in 1H24 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 3, p. 313) from Arkansas, under
the generic name Tylodcrma. According to lilatchlcy and Leng
( Rhyn. X, K. Amer., j). 4*^4) it ranges from Mass., to Mich., and
Kansas, south to Florida and Texas.

130 Journal New York Extomological Society. [^'°'- ^xix.

Rhyssematus annectans Casey (Coleop.).

This beetle which is distinguished from R. lincatiaoUis by its usu-
ally more narrow form but especially by its oblique thoracic strigae
was first thought to be identical with Uncaticollis but the two are
distinct as we have found by breeding them out. Annectans is re-
corded by Dury (Blatch. & Leng, Rhyn. N. E. Amer.. p. 484) as
abundant and eating out the heads of swamp milkweed (Asclepias
incarnata), May 24 and its distribution according to Blatchley and
Leng (loc. cit.) is Ohio. Indiana and Illinois. While not heretofore
recorded from New Jersey, we have found it to be a common spe-
cies occurring in numbers and breeding in the stems and seed pods
of Asclepias pulclira at Riverton, Monmouth Junction, New Bruns-
wick and several other places in the State. We have not found
annectans associated with any other milkweed except Asclepias
pulchra.

In New Jersey, the adults appear during June and by the middle
of this month are in full evidence. Before and at this time feeding
takes place on the stems and terminal leaves. In addition the leaf
petiole and midrib are also attacked. In many cases, the stem is
riddled with circular feeding and egg laying punctures. The pres-
ence of many Ijeetles is readily detected by the wilted tops of the
plants, due to excessive injury. In time, the tissue around the stem
punctures becomes hard, corky and discolored.

During the last ten days of June, eggs are deposited, these being
placed at the bottoms of channels eaten in the stems sometimes almost
to the pith, the openings of the channels being closed by whitish
scabs of tissue and plant juice, which eventually dry and fall off.
Eggs are deposited singly, mainly in the lower half of the stem,
jilthough all parts of the stem are utilized for this purpose except the
extreme tip. Both &gg and feeding punctures are similar on the
stem but egg punctures can be detected early by the scab-like cover-
ings. Later, both become hard, corky and discolored around the
edges. From two to ten eggs were found in stems eight inches in
length and later, the number of larvae in a stem varied from one to
tiine. Some stems were completely covered with tgg and' feeding
punctures, sixty being counted on a stem one foot high.

By the last week of July many partly grown larvae are in evidence.

Sept.-Ucc, 19:11 1 Weiss-Dickersox : Milkweed Insects. 131

After hatcliintr tlicy l)urro\v just under tlie bark and later usually
down but sometimes up the stem in the tissue and pith, makinsj; irre.iju-
lar, lon.e^itudinal cliannels, sometimes hollowing the stem completely
out. Durinj; the second week of July, pupa^ were found, this stage
taking place in the larval channels. During the last week of July
and first week of August adults api)car, having emerged through cir-
cular holes in the stem.

This completes the first brood. During the last of August and
lirst part of September, these adults deposit eggs in the seed pods
of Asclcpias piilchra. these being laid singly inside the pod just be-
neath the outer covering. Egg punctures can be located by the
reddish discolorations around them. A small amount of sap runs
from these punctures but nothing like the amount which exudes
from syriaca seed pods when punctured by Uncaticollls. From one
to nine eggs were found in a single pod. After hatching the larvse
feed on the developing seeds usually in the centre of the mass
and when full grown pupate in cells composed of frass. etc., in the
middle basal portion of the seed cluster. During the first part of
October many pupje were found. By this time all of the infested pods
had split open on one side exposing the seeds; the seeds however
do not disperse being webbed up and held together. During the
first ten days of October the beetles leave the infested seeds and dis-
appear. Shortly afterward, the seeds and parts of seeds fall from
tiie plant.

Egg. Slightly smaller, but otherwise similar to that of Uncati-
c oil is.

L.\RV.\. Slightly smaller but otherwise apparently similar to that
of lincaticollis except that in specimens which we examined, there
appear to be slight variations in the arrangement of the body
hairs. There are also variations in the lengths of the body hairs
but on the whole, those of lincaticollis are slightly longer than those
of anncctans.

Pl*p.\. A])parcntly similar to that of lincaticollis except that the
tubercles, sjjines and hairs are weaker. Size slightly smaller than
that of lincaticollis.

Adi'i.t. Khysscmatus anncctans. This was described by Casey
in 1895 (Annals X. V. Acad. Sci., VIII, p, 834) "from the Levette
cabinet but without labels" and probably from Indiana.

132 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^oi. xxix.

Chelymorpha argus Licht. (Coleop.).

This species known as the argus tortoise beetle is recorded by
Blatchley (Col. Ind., p. 1233) as throughout Indiana, frequent, April
7 to August II, on milkweed and wild potato. Smith (Ins. N. J., p.
356) says, common on Convolvulus and Asclcpias, but we have not
found it to be common on the latter. In the U. S. D. A. Yearbook
(1908, p. 579) it is mentioned as injuring morning glory and moon-
flower vines in western Texas. Webster and Mally (Bull. 17, n. s.,
Div. Ent. U. S. D. A., p. 99, 1898) state that adults were reared from
larvae found in Ohio on strawberry vines.

It is probably best known as a wild morning glory and sweet
potato pest and as such is treated by Crosby and Leonard in their
Manual of Vegetable Garden Insects (1918, p. 238). Additional
food plants given by these authors are sunflower and horse radish.
Sanderson (Ins. Pests Farm Garden, Orchard, p. 436) figures the
eggs, larvae and adults and gives short descriptions. Chittenden
(Bull. 9, n. s., Div. Ent. U. S. D. A., p. 23, 1897) gives an account
of its activities on sweet potatoes, and also mentions the larva
as feeding on Asclcpias but states that they prefer Convolvulus.
Packard in his " Guide " (p. 504) recorded the beetles as abundant on
the leaves of raspberry.

Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Hemip.).

Known as the milkweed bug, this species is well distributed
throughout New Jersey, occurring principally on Asclcpias syriaca
but being found on other milkweeds as well. Adults appeared to
be most plentiful during July and October, although they were found
from June on. The adults hibernate and deposit their elongate light
■red eggs in loose masses on the young milkweeds during the spring.
The nymphs and adults also feed on these plants, usually occurring
in colonies. Essig (Inj. and Ben. Ins. Cal., 2d ed., Suppl. Mon.
Bui. Cal. St. Comm. Hort., Vol. IV, no. 4, 1915) gives a brief ac-
count of this species and mentions Lygccus rcclivatus Say as another
common milkweed bug. Morrill (U. S. Bur. Ent. Bui., 86, p. 93,
[910) in his paper on plant bugs injurious to cotton bolls writes as
follows, " two large lygseids, OncopeltuiS fasciatus Dall., and Lygccus
turcicus Fab.,^ were common on cotton at Tlahualilo, Durango, Mex-

1 Mr. H. G. Barber suggests that this may be Lygcnis kalinii.

Scpt.-Dec, 1921.] Weiss-Dickerson : ^Milkweed Insects. 133

ico, ill July, 1905. ami youni,'^ of both species were found feeding on
alfalfa. They have been observed to attack cotton squares and
bolls. Milkweeds (Ascicpius spp.) seem to be the natural food
[.lants of both of these species."

Egg. Heidemann (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XIII. no. 3, p.
[33. 191 1 ) has the following to say al)out the ef:::^^. " Oncopcltus
jasciatus has oval-elongate eggs, a little shorter in size than those of
the preceding species (Bclonochiliis Jiiimcuiiis). The chorial process
IS very short and thin at the base and the round downward-bent por-
tion quite big; there are 12 processes surrounding the u])i)er end
of the egg. The outer chorion smooth, yellowish-red."' A drawing
of the egg accompanies this reference.

Last St.age Nvmi'ii. Length 9 to 11 nun. Width, 3.5 to 4 mm.
Elongate oval, widest across middle portion of abdomen, tapering
gradually to head; posterior portion of abdomen broadly rounded.
Head triangular, obtusely angled in front, slightly rugose, with more
or less pronounced, median, dorsal, slight, broadly rounded ridge ex-
lending from apex to middle portion, posterior to which is a slight,
curved, transverse depression. Antennre linear, finely pubescent,
about one half as long as body, inserted laterally, four jointed,
basal joint short, second three times as long as basal, third shorter
than second, distal joint equal to second and obtusely rounded. Eyes
lateral, prominent. Prothorax almost twice as wide as long, anterior
margin concave, sides straight gradually widening to posterior mar-
gin which is subconcave. Mesothorax slighdy wider, with wing-
pads reaching posterior margin of third abdominal segment. Lateral
margins of wing-])ads slightly rounded. Sides of abdominal seg-
ments slightly rounded. Rostrum lour jointed reaching beyond
posterior margin of thorax. Legs finely pubescent, comparatively
long and slender. Color, reddish orange except for the following
portions which are dark to black ; — antenna;, legs, rostrum, ui)per
portion of head (in most specimens), eyes, posterior margin of pro-
thorax, lateral 4)ortions of dorsum and all of the wing-pads of the
mesothorax. lateral sjjots on all of the abdominal segments and me-
dian dorsal spots on the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth ab-
dominal segments, apex of ventral abdominal surf.ict.-.

Adult. Oncopcltus fasciatiis. This sjjecies was named by Dallas

134 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°i- ^xix.

(Brit. Mus. Hemip. Insects, i. 2, 1851-1852, p. 538) from a descrip-
tion drawn up by Herrich-Schaffer who apparently misidentified
Fabricius's anlicus (Wanzenartigen Insecten, 1842, Band VI-IX, pp.
7^77). Dallas (loc. cit.) in addition to the United States, lists
specimens as having been received from Mexico, Brazil. Colombia
:>.nd British Guiana. Van Duzee in his check list gives numerous
references to the species and the localities listed indicate a wide
distribution in the United States.

Lygaeus kalmii Stal. (Hemip.).

In Ent. Amer., Vol. Ill, p. 53, 1887, Townsend under the name
Lygccus turcicns Fab., calls attention to the early papers dealing with
the feeding habits of this species and notes his own observations on
this insect in Michigan. He states that it is common on A. tuhcrosa
and sometimes on A. syriaca, being found from June to September
and that it probably hibernates as an adult. He speaks of obtaining
from 6 to 35 eggs from various females. In New Jersey, Lygccus
kalmii occurs throughout the State from April to October, on several
species of milkweeds.

Agromyza pusilla Mg. (Dip.).

The milkweed leaf miner Agromyza pitsiUa Mg., is a common
species throughout New Jersey especially on Asclcpias syriaca. The
mines consist of irregular, whitishi blotches on the upper leaf sur-
face. Sometimes the mines run together forming a large blotch,
which takes up a considerable ])ortion of- one half of the leaf. As a
rule, the mines start between the side veins and some often have
two parallel sides due to the failure of the larva to mine beyond the
veins. The number of mines in a leaf varies from one to several.
When full grown the larvae leave the mines and fall to the ground
where they pupate in soil cracks, under leaves, etc. There are several
generations in New Jersey and larv?e can be found almost any time
from the middle of May to the middle of September. Asclcpias
pulchra leaves were not mined to the same extent as those of
Asclepia's syriaca and in pulchra the edges of the mined area were
somewhat reddish. It was noted that almost any kind of insect
injury to pulchra resulted in reddish discolorations around the in-
jured portions.

There are several accounts of this species in European literature.

Se|.t.-i)cc.. 19-M.I Weiss-Dickerson : Milkweed Insects. 135

Gourcau in the Annales de la Society Entomologique dc France
;\'ol. IX. p. 138, 1851) figures the mine, adult, larva, etc.. and
-ivLS an account of injury to the leaves of liupJwrbia cyparissias
r.lso mentioning a i)arasite. Dciciiiisa iiiccrta Ci. In Xcw jersey, at
New Brunswick, on July 10. a parasite of the larva was secured and
identified by Mr. S. .\. Rohwer as Opiiis n. sp.

A very complete account of this leaf-miner is ^iven by W'eltster
und Parks (Jour. .\g. Res.. Vol. I. no. i, 1913) under the title,
■ The Serpentine Leaf Miner." This account ^'wes a history of
the species in luirope. its wide distribution in the United States, its
1 fe history, notes on food plants, descriptions of the various stages
nnd notes on parasites together with advice for controlling its in-
juries to alfalfa and forage crops. It has a wide range of food
l^lants including cabbage, nasturtium, radish, potato, turnip, spinach,
cowpeas. watermelon, beet, pepper, vetch, sweet pea, clover, rape,
cotton, tobacco, alfalfa, etc.. and was apparently first recorded in
.America by Riley in 1876.

Milkweed Midges.

Dr. E. P. Felt under the title " Hosts and Galls of American Gall
Midges" (Jour. F.con. Ji"t. Vol. IV. p. 454, 1911) and in his "Key
to .American Insect Galls" (N. Y. St. Mus. Bui., 200, p. 180) gives
the following information under Asclcpias.

Elongate fusiform stem gall on A. incarnata Xcolasioptera asclcpiw.

Rusty brown irregularly swollen young leaves on A.

incarnata Cccidomyia sp.

Oval, mid-rib, tumid fold, length 7 mm., diani. 4 mm.

on A. incarnata Cccidomyi^i sp.

Reared from rolled leaf of A. syrioca Lcstodiplosis asclepitc.

At New Brunswick, N. J., on July 31. whitish, midge larvie were
found in the rolled edges of the leaves of Asclcpias syrioca. The
edges were rolled downward and the larv.e occurred in colonies of
from five to twelve. No adults were secured but it is probable that
the species was LcstodipUx^is asclcpicc Felt.

Danaus archippus 1-abr. (l.ep.).

Very little need be said about the Mnnarch butterfly which occurs
over the entire continent as far north as southern Canada. In New

136 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxix.

Jersey, it can be found from May until November, sparingly before
midsummer and commonly until late September. The larva is bright
yellow or greenish yellow banded with shining black and furnished
with black, fleshy, thread-like appendages on the second thoracic
and eighth abdominal segments. It feeds on several species of
Asclepias and in New Jersey there are three broods. This butterfly
migrates in late fall. In May scattering females (and males accord-
ing to Mr. W. T. Davis) return and provide for the first brood
of larvae. The adults developing from these eggs give rise to a
second brood of larvae and the butterflies developing from the third
brood of larvae leave in swarms for the south during late September
and early October.

Various references to publications on the life history and habits
of this species can be found in Edwards' Catalogue (Bull. 35, U. S.
Nat. Mus.) and numerous papers on this insect have appeared in
the entomological journals and popular magazines. An interesting ac-
count of the migration of this species and its routes to the south and
return can be found in a paper by Mr. Howard J. Shannon entitled
"Insect Migrations as Related to Those of Birds" (Scientific
Monthly, Sept. 1916).

Anosia "berenice Cramer (Lep.).

This and the variety strigosa Bates which are confined to the
southern portions of the United States and South America are also
Asclepias feeders. Edwards (Bull. 35, U. S. Nat. Alus., p. 18) lists
references to the literature on the larva of bcrcnicc.

Mamestra legitima Grt. (Lep.).

In Insect Life (Vol. II, p. 382, 1889-1890) this species is recorded
as having been reared during the spring of 1889 from a larva found
feeding within a seed pod of Asclepias incarnata near LaFayette, In-
diana, early in November, 1888. Howard (U. S. D. A. Yearbook,
1898, p. 142) figures the larva, pupa and adult of this species and
notes its occurrence and injury in tobacco fields of southern Vir-
ginia. Chittenden (Bui. 10, n. s., Div. Ent. U. S. D. A., p. 60, 1898)
states that larvae were found on asparagus plants at Marshall Hall,
Md., October 12, 1896. Smith (Ins. N. J., p. 457) records the food

Sept.-Dec. ig::!.] WeiSS-DiCKERSOX : MiLKWEED INSECTS. 137

plants as asparagus, beans. cabl)agre. and a variety of other garden
plants. From the above statements, it is evident that Mamestra
Icgitima is somewhat of a general feeder l)ut not a species one is
likely to find commonly associated with milkweeds.

Euchaetias egle Drury (Lep.).

The tufted larva; of this species occur on milkweed in various
sections of Xew Jersey but during the .sea.son of 1920 they were
not at all numerous. There are two broods in New Jersey, the moths
appearing in June and again in late July and August. Various
species of Asdcpias are recorded as food plants, chief among these
being A. conntti. Jewett (Can. Ent., Vol. XII, p. 230, 1880) describes
the eggs and first stage larva and states that his notes carry the
life history of the insect to the point where Lintner begins. Lintner
(24th Kept. X. Y. St. Mus. Nat. His., pp. 136-137, 1870) describes
the larvae after each moult and the cocoon. Edwards (Papilio. Vol.
Ill, p. 147, 1883) also describes the larva in addition to the adults
of the spring and fall broods. The adult was described by Drury in
1773 (111. Exot. Ent., ii. pi. 20, f. 3) and its distribution is given by
Dyar (Bull. 52. U. .S. Xat. Mus.) as the Atlantic States.

Ammalo tenera Ilubner (Lep.).

This is one of the common tiger moths of the Atlantic States and
has been recorded by various authors as feeding on Asclcpias.
Its i)referred food plant however appears to be Apocynum. Numer-
ous references to the early stages are given by Edwards (Bull. 35,
U. S. Nat. Mus.) under the name Ruchcctcs collaris Fitch and need
not be gone into here.

Pygarctia eglenensis Clem. (Lep.).

Edwards (I'apilio, Vol. Ill, p. 147. 1883) under the generic name
Jiuchcrtcs describes tlie larv?e and adults of the fall and spring broods
of this species and gives Asclcpias spp., especially A. tubcrosa, as
food plants. The adult was described by Clemens (Proc. Acad. Nat.
.Sci. Phil., XII, 533, i860) and its distributon is given by Dyar (loc.
lit.) as South Atlantic States. It is recorded in "Insects of Florida*'
( Bull. .\mer. Mus. Nat. His., Vol. XXXVIII. Art. i. pp. 1-147. 1917.
IV Lep.) with the statement, "extends through the .Atlantic States to
Xew ^'ork."

138 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxix.

Plant Lice (Homop.).

Plant lice were unusually abundant throughout the season, espe-
cially on Asclcpias syriaca and Asclcpias pulchra, in fact often times,
these were the sole insect associates of the plants. The following
species were kindly identified by Prof. C. P. Gillette.

Aphis lutescens Mon. New Brunswick, N. J., July 9, plentiful on
leaves and stems of A. pulchra until frost. Plentiful on stems
of A. syriaca especially near ground during the fall.

Aphis asclepiadis Fitch. Riverton, N. J., June 22, plentiful on A.
syriaca.

Myzocallis asclepiadis Mon. New Brunswick. N. J., May 30, plenti-
ful on A. syriaca.

Aphis sp. Hanover Farms, N. J., June 10, plentiful on A. syriaca.
For additional species occurring on milkweeds, see Wilson and

Vickery, List of Aphididse of World (Tr. Wis. Acad. Sci. Art. Let.,

Vol. XIX, part i) and Dr. E. M. Patch, Food Plant Cat. of Aphididse

of World, Part VI (Bui. 282, Me. Ag. Exp. Sta.).

Tetranychus telarius Linn. (Acar.).

At Monmouth Junction, N. J., on June 19, several plants of
Asclcpias syriaca were found to be heavily infested and badly injured
by mites. Elderberry adjoining the milkweeds was also severely
infested. The species was identified by Dr. H. E. Ewing as our
common spider mite Tetranychus telarius Linn.

Other Insects Associated with Milkweeds.

The following list of records, dealing for the most part with
flower visitors, is necessarily incomplete. Systematic collecting would
result in the addition of many new names.

Neuroptera.
Chrysopa interrupta Schneid. New Brunswick, N. J., July 4, visiting
flowers of A. syriaca at night.

Homoptera.
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Listed as attacking milkweed (prob-
ably a woody kind) (Essig, Inj. and Ben. Ins. Cal., 191 5, p. 180).

Sept.-Dcc, 1921I Weiss-Dickersox : Milkweed Insects. 139

HeMII'TERA.

Mormidea liigens Fab. Elizabeth, N. J.. Auj?. 4. on A. pulchra

tlowcrs.
Thyreocoris pulicaria Germ. So. Kivcr, X. J.. July 17, plentiful on

llowcrs of A. syriaca.
Lygaeus kalmii Stal. Rivcrton. X. j., June 22, on A. syriaca.
Microphylellus modestus Rcut. Monmouth Jc, X. J., June 19, on A.

sxnaCii.
Phymata erosa Linn, l-llizabeth. X. J., Ausjust 4. numerous in flowers

of ./. pulchra.
Adelphacoris rapidus .Say. Monmouth Jc, X. J., July 19, on A.

syriaca.
Paracalocoris colon Say. Washington's Crossing, N, J., June 10, on

A. syriaca.
T^eurocolpus nubilus Say. Monmouth Jc. X. J.. July 14. on A. pulchra

tloWcTS.

Stenotus binotatus Fab. Rivcrton. X. J., June 22, on A. syriaca.
Pceciloscytus basilis Rent. So. River, X. J.. July 17. on A. syriaca

. Coleopter.\.

Adalia bipunctata L. Riverton, N. J., June 22, on A. syriaca.

This and the following species of coccinellids were associated with

plant lice.

Megilla maculata DoG. Monmouth Junction, X. J., July 17, on A.
syridca.

Hippodamia convergens Guer. Monmouth Jc. X'^. J., July 17, River-
ton, X. J.. June 22. on ./. syriaca.

Coccinella novemnotata Hb.st. South River, Red Bank, July 30. Riv-
erton, June 22, on A. syriaca. Rutherford, August 25, on A.
tuherosa. \\\ localities in X. J.

Coccinella trifasciata L. Monmouth Jc. X. J., June 19. on ./.
.s'V'''iU"a.

Brachyacantha ursina I'abr. So. River, X. J.. July 12. on A. syriaca;
Washington's Crossing, X. J., on A. syriaca flowers.

Scymnus indutus Csy. Riverton. Xew Brunswick, X. J., June 10,
July 24, on leaves of A. syriaca.

Antherophagus ochraceus Mcls. So. River, X. J.. June 17. on flowers

lit' . /. .sv'''i't'('.

140 Journal New York Entomological Society, f^oi. xxix.

Monocrepidius lividus DeG. So. River, N. J., July 17, on leaves of
A. syriaca.

Lucidota atra Say. Monmouth Jc. N. J., June 19, on leaves of A.
syriaca.

Pyropyga decipiens Harr. Deal Beach, N. J., July 20, on A. piilclira
flower buds. Monmouth Jc, N, J., June 19, on leaves of A.
syriaca.

Chauliognathus marginatus Fabr. Monmouth Jc, N. J., June 19,
July 17, on leaves and flowers of A. syriaca.

Popillia japonica Newm. Riverton, N. J., July 27, feeding on A.
syriaca flowers.

Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr. Washington's Crossing, N. J., feed-
ing on A. syriaca flowers.

Anomala lucicola Fabr. Monmouth Jc, N. J., July 17, on flowers of
A. syriaca.

Leptura velutinus Say. Chester, N. J., July, on A. syriaca.

Tetraopes canteriator Drap. Throughout New Jersey, local, on milk-
weeds.

Labidomera clivicollis Kirby. Various parts of New Jersey, larvae
and adults feeding on leaves of A. incarnata, A. syriaca and A.
pulchra. June, July, August.

Chrysochus cobaltinus Lee. Milkweeds, oleander, orchard trees
( Essig, Inj. and Ben. Ins. Cal., 1915, p. 259).

Gastroidea cyanea Mels. Somerville, N. J., June 30, feeding on
leaves of A. syriaca.

Diabrotica 12-piinctata Oliv. Riverton, N. J., June 22, on A. syriaca.

Coptocycla guttata Oliv. Beatystown, N. J., July, on A. incarnata.

Coptocycla aurichalcea Fabr. Monmouth Jc, N. J., on A. syriaca.

Epitrix cucumeris Harris. Princeton Jc, N. J., July 28, very abun-
dant on leaves of A. syriaca (det. W. A. Hoffmann).

Mordella octopunctata Fabr. Monmouth Jc, N. J., July 14, on
flowers of A. pulchra.

Mordella scutellaris Fabr. Elizabeth, N. J., August 4, on flowers
of A. pulchra; So. River, N. J., July 17, on A. syriaca flowers.

Epicauta vittata Fabr. Rahway, N. J., August 6, feeding on A. pul-
chra flowers.

Gymnetron teter Fabr. Monmouth Jc, N. J., June 19, on leaves of
A. syriaca.

Sept.-Dec, 1921.] \\'eiS.S-DiCKERSOX : MiLKWEED INSECTS. 141

Gljnptobaris rugicoUis Lee. On milkweed ( Blatchley and Len.s^. Rhyn.

X. 1-. Anier.. \). 3^)6).
Odontocorynus salebrosus Csy. On milkweed ( I'latcliley and Leng,

Rhyn. N. E. Amer.. p. 386).
Odontocorynus scutellum-album Say. J-^lizabeth. X. J.. August 4, on

lloweis of ./. pnlchni; So. River, X. J., July 17, on flowers of

A. syriaca.

Lepidoptera.

Danaus archippus Fal^r. X^ew Brunswick, X. J., August 8. visiting

nower> of .]. pulchra.
Phyciodes tharos Dru. Xew Brunswick, X. J., July 31, Deal Beach,

X. ].. July 2, on A. pulchra flowers.
Heodes hypophlaeas Boisd. Elizabeth, X. J., July 20, visiting A.

syriaca flowers.
Pieris rapae T.. Riverton. X. J.. June 22, visiting A. pulchra flowers.
Colias philodice Gdt. Riverton, X. J.. June 22. visiting flowers of

A. pulchra.
Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Xew Brunswick. X. J., August 8, visiting

A. pulchra flowers.
Atrytonopsis verna Edwards. Elizabeth. X. J., visiting flowers of

A. syriaca.
Poanes massasoit Scud. Princeton Jc. X. J.. July 28. visiting A.

pulchra flowers.
Ancyloxypha numitor Fab. Riverton, N. J., August 5, visiting A.

pulchra flowers; Washington's Crossing, X. J., June 28. plentiful

at A. syriaca flowers,
Epargyreus tityrus Fabr. Princeton Jc, X. J.. July 28. visiting

.•/. syriaca flowers.
Haemorrhagia thysbe I'abr. I-^lizabeth. X. J., August 4. visiting A.

pulchra flowers.
Scepsis fulvicollis Illm. I'rinceton Jc, X. J., July 28, visiting A.

pulchra fbiwers.
Apamea velata Walker. Xew Brunswick, X. J.. July 14. visiting ./.

.s"vr/V;c"(; flowers at night.
Autographa falcifera f. simplex Kirl)y. Xew Brunswick. X. J., July

14, visiting A. syriaca flowers at night.
Melittia satyrinifonnis Ilbn. Red P.ank. X. J., July 30. visiting A.

sxriaca flowers.

142 Journal New York Entomological Society, f^'o'- xxix.

Crambus albellus Clem. New Brunswick, N. J., July 14, visiting

A. syriaca flowers at night.
Archiceps rosaceana Harr. Rutherford, Dayton, New Brunswick, N.

J., July, August. Larvae in rolled edges of leaves of A. syriaca

and in pulled-together terminal leaves.

Hymenoptera.
Perilampus hyalinus Say. Chester, N. J., July, visiting flowers of

A. syriaca.
Lasius niger americanus Emery. Riverton, N. J., June 22, attending

plant lice on A. syriaca.
Formica fusca subsericea Say. New Brunswick, N. J., June 24, at-
tending plant lice on A. syriaca.
Formica pallide-fulva nitidiventris Emery. Riverton, N. J., June 22,

on A. syriaca.
Campsomeris plumipes Drury. Riverton, N. J., June 22, visiting A.

syriaca flowers and caught by A. pulchra flowers.
Elis quinquecincta Fabr. New Brunswick, N. J., July 31, August 8,

visiting A. pulchra flowers.
Polistes pallipes Le Pel. New Brunswick, N. J., July 31, visiting A.

pulchra flowers.
Amnobia ichneumonea L. Riverton, N. J., August 5, visiting A.

pulchra flowers. Flower visitor of Asclcpias (Hymen. Conn.,

p. 680).
Priononyx bifoveolatiim Tasch. Hammonton, N. J., August 3, visit-
ing A. tuber osa flowers.
Cerceris clypeata Dahl. Riverton, N. J., June 23, visiting A. syriaca

flowers.
Philanthus politus Say. On milkweed flowers (H. L. V.), June 27

(Hymen. Conn., p. 675).
Microbembex monodonta Say. So. River, N. J., July 17, visiting A.

syriaca flowers.
Oxybelus quadrinotatus Say. On milkweed flowers, July, August

(Hymen. Conn., p. 660).
Chloralictus pruinosus Rob. Riverton, N. J., June 22, visiting A.

syriaca flowers.
Chloralictus zephyrus Smith. Riverton, So. River, N. J., June 22,

July 17, visiting A. syriaca flowers.

Scpt.-Dec, 19^1.] WeiSS-DicKERSOX : MlI.KWEED INSECTS. 143

Chloralictus pilosus Sniiih. Kivcrton, X. J.. June 22. visiting A.

syriaca flowers.
Chloralictus nymphaearum Rob. Rivcrton. N. J., June 22. visiting

.-/. sxriuca nnwcrs.
Evylaeus pectoralis Sniitli. So. River, X. J., July 17, visiting A.

syrtuiii flowers.
Halictus viridissimus \ier. N'isiting milkweed flowers, June, August

(H. L. \'.) (Hymen. Conn., p. 705).
Anthemoessa bomboides Cress. Chester, X. J., July, visiting A.

syriiica tlowers.
Hylaeus modestus Say. On flowers of milkweed, June. July, August

( 1 l\nun. Coim.. p. 739).
Megachile brevis Say. Riverton, X. J., June 22, visiting flowers of

A. syriaca.
Megachile infragilis Cress. Taken on milkweed flowers (Hymen.

Conn.. ]i. 743).
Coelioxys octodentata Rob. So. River, X. J., July 17. visiting A.

syriaca flowers.
Bremus perplexus Cress. Chester, X. J., July, visiting A. syriaca

flowers.
Xylocopa virginica Drury. Xew Brunswick, X. J.. July 31, visiting

./. pidclira flowers.
Bombias separatus Cress. Chester, X. J., July, visiting A. syriaca

flowers.

Throughout the season, many honey bees were observed visiting
the flowers of ^1. syriaca and A. piilchra.

DlPTER.X.

Scatopse brevicomis Mg. l^ivcrton, X. ].. June 22, visiting ./. syriaca

tlower^ ( (k't. Malloch ).
Syrphus rectus O. S. Elizabeth, X. J., .\ugust 4, visiting A. piilchra

and ./. syriaca flowers (det. Johnson).
Sphaerophoria cylindrica Say. Riverton, X. J., July 26, visiting ./.

syriaca flowers; W'yckofl'. X. J., July 2S, larva feeding on aphids

on .1. syriaca (det. Johnson).
Toxomerus marginata Say. So. River, X. J., July 17, visiting A.

syriaca flowers (det. Johnson). For an interesting account of this

144 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxix.

fly and its relation to Apocynmn flowers, see Osburn (Ohio Jour.
Sci., Vol. XX, No. 7, May, 1920).

Eristalis arbustorum Linn. Elizabeth. N. J., July 20, visiting A.
syriaca flowers (det. Johnson).

Helophilus chrysostoma Wied. So. River, N. J., July 17, visiting A.
syriaca flowers (det. Johnson).

Helophilus distinctus Will. So. River, N. J., visiting flowers of A.
syriaca (det. Johnson).

Conops xanthopareus Will. New Brunswick, N. J., visiting A. pul-
clira flowers (det. McAtee).

Cistogaster immaculata Maq. Elizabeth, N. J., August 4, visiting
A. pnlchra flowers (det. Malloch).

Trichopoda pennipes Fabr. Princeton Jc, N. J., July 29. visiting
A. syriaca flowers (det. Johnson).

Pollenia rudis Fabr. New Brunswick, N. J., July 5, caught by
A. syriaca flowers (det. Malloch).

Lucilia sericata Mg. Elizabeth, N. J., July 20, caught by A. syriaca
flowers (det. Malloch).

Phormia terrae-novae Desv. New Brunswick, N. J., July 5, caught
by A. syriaca flowers (det. Malloch).

Elachiptera costata Loew. New Brunswick, N. J., September 10,
bred from decayed seed pods of A. syriaca (det. Johnson). Co-
quillett (Bull. 11, n. s., U. S. D. A., Div. Ent.) records the follow-
ing facts about this species : — bred from oats and fall wheat
plants ; bred from larvae found in decayed cavity in roots of
radish and from larvK found in a decayed melon root.

Egle radicum L. So. River, N. J., July 17, caught by A. syriaca
flowers (det. Malloch). In Smith's Insects of New Jersey, p. 791,
this is listed as the radish maggot, often troublesome.

Rivellia quadrifasciata Macq. Riverton, N. J., July 26, on A. pnl-
chra (det. Johnson).

Chaetochlorops inquilina Coq. New Brunswick, N. J., September 16,
bred from decayed seed pods of A. syriaca (det. Johnson). These
pods were first injured by the larvae of Rhysscmatus lincaticollis.
Coquillett {loc. cit.) lists this species as having been bred from
the following: — from a cecidomyiid gall on aster; from a pu-
parium found in a cavity in apple, doubtless made by the codling

Sept.-Dcc. 19.M.] XoT.MAN : Westfielu CoLEOI'TERA. 145

moth; from twigs of Ccpluilaiithus occidcntiilis, tliese twigs being
infested by the larva of Lavcrua ccphahuithiclla Chamb. ; from
^^^ sac of a spicier and from a berry of Solanum carolincnsc.
Agromyza pusilla Mg. New Brunswick. N. J., August 15, and va-
rious parts of New Jersey. Mining leaves of .•/. syriaca and A.
pulchra (det. Mallocli).

ACKXOWLEDGMENTS.

We are greatly indebted to the following entomologists for their
help in the preparation of this paper: to Mr. Andrew J. Mutchlcr,
through the courtesy of Dr. F. E. Lutz. for his assistance in locating
literature in the library of the American Museum of Natural History;
to Mr. F. C. Craighead and Dr. Adam Boving for advice and sug-
gestions concerning larval descriptions ; to Mr. C. W. Johnson
and Mr. J. R. Malloch for identifying the Diptera; to Mr. H. L.
Viereck for determining the Hymenoptera except the ants ; to Mr.
M. R. Smith for his help with the ants; to Prof. C. P. Gillette in
connection with the plant lice; to Mr. F. E. Watson for determining
the Lepidoptera; to Mr. H. G. Barber for identifying the Hemiptera;
to Mr. C. A. Frost for his assistance with the Coleoptera and to
the specialists whose names are mentioned in the text.

SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF COLEOP-
TERA COLLECTED AT WESTFIELD,
CHAUTAUQUA CO.. N. Y.

By How.\rd Notman,

Brooki.vx, X. Y.

In a collection of Coleoptera made by the writer from May i6th
to 30th, 1919. the following species were found which are believed to
be undescribcd. Two seem to require the erection of new genera.
The following correction should be noted in the "Coleoptera Col-
lected at Windsor," etc. (Jol'rxal N. Y. Ent. Soc. XW'III. j).
t8l). Daya iucputula Csy. should be Trauma'ciii iuf/ratitla Csy.

146 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°'- -^-"^ix.

Amara teres new species.

Form broad, convex, moderately shining; elytra (J) very finely alutaceous.
Color black, feebly seneus throughout with the exception of the three basal
joints of the antennae and the extreme base of the fourth which are pale rtifo-
testaceous. Head less than one half as wide as the thorax, slightly transverse"'
narrower than the apex of the thorax ; eyes convex, frontal strioles sub-
obsolete; antennae reaching the base of the thorax, third joint carinate at base;
mentum tooth broad, subtruncate at apex with a setiferous puncture either
side. Thorax rather more than three fifths wider than long, slightly narrower
than the elytra, sides subparallel in basal half, rather strongly convergent but
feebly arcuate anteriorly, anterior angles prominent, apex emarginate, posterior
angles ■ right, very narrowly rounded, base bisinuate, punctures about equi-
distant from the basal and side margins ; outer basal fovea subobsolete, inner
short, linear, rather deep, median line and transverse impressions subobsolete,
surface without trace of punctuation. Elytra very short, not more than one
fourth longer than wide, sides subparallel and very feebly arcuate to apical
third, thence strongly arcuately narrowed to apex, scutellar stria with an
ocellate puncture at its base, striae fine, minutely subpunctate, intervals very
feebly convex, much more strongly so apically ; ocellate punctures of the eighth
stria scarcely more widely spaced medially. Beneath impunctate. Inter-
mediate femora with three sets. Abdomen with two setae either side at apex.
.Three basal joints of posterior tarsi more or less distinctly grooved externally.
Length 8.5 mm., width 4. mm. i J.

Type 5 22 May.

The broad and somewhat parallel form of this species recalls the
insignis group. The carinate third antennal joint and the ocellat.e
scutellar stria places it with A. falla.v Lee.

Hydrsena angulicoUis new species.

Form rather short, oblong, scarcely oval, convex, moderately shining.
Color, head black, thorax brownish testaceous with a large rounded median
piceous spot, elytra piceous with paler margins ; body beneath black, epipleurae,
legs and antenna; pale. Head three fourths the width of the thorax, as wide
as the thorax at apex, slightly transverse, coarsely and closely punctured,
labrum acutely emarginate. Thorax three fifths wider than long, four fifths
the width of the elytra, widest slightly behind the middle, sides straight and
very slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior angles strongly rounded, sides
strongly sinuate posteriorly forming a strong angulation where the thorax is
widest, base slightly narrower than the apex, sides anteriorly vaguely concave,
surface rather coarsely and closely punctured but not confluently, a narrow
median smooth space. Elytra scarcely a third longer than wide, humeri some-
what prominent though strongly rounded, sides parallel to behind the middle,
thence strongly arcuate to apex. Elytral punctures coarse and close, serial

Sept.-Dec, 1921.] NOTM.W : W'estFIELD CoLEOPTERA. 147

arrangement rather indistinct, interspaces less than the diameters of the punc-
tures. Length 1.7 mm., width .7 mm. i specimen.
Type 21 May. >

This species seems very distinct by rca.son of its an.ijulatc tliorax,
distinct elytral lunncri and indistinctly serial punctuation of the
elytra. H. brcvis described from Guatemala by Sharp seems to have
much the same forrri but the thorax is said to be densely rugose and
uneven.

tiriuis Cainosternum new genus.

Head stronj^ly transverse, short before the eyes, without anlennal
s^rooves. clypeus broadly rounded, labrum cmarginate. Eyes convex,
rather prominent. .Xntcniue short, eleven jointed, first joint stout,
second a little more slender but of equal length, third longer, attenu-
ate basally, fourth distinctly elongate, six as long as wide, seven to
ten forming an abrupt elongate club, eight smaller than seven or
nine.

Maxillary palpi with the second joint slightly elongate, third joint
as long as broad, slightly obconic, terminal joint elongate conic, much
longer than the three preceding taken together.

Labial palpi with the terminal joint suboval. twice as long as
wide, as long as the two preceding wliich arc subglobular.

Prosternum short before the cox:e, finely but strongly carinate
medially; coxal cavities closed behind and angulate externally, tro-
chantin distinct. Mcsosternum extending to the middle of the in-
termediate cox;e which are rather narrowly separated, very strongly
carinate. carina interrupted by a rather deep transverse medial groove,
the anterior portion of the carina with its ai)ex projecting posteriorly
over the groove, not contiguous with the posterior section of the
carina which is but slightly produced. Transverse groove limited
anteriorly by a fine transverse carina. ]\!elastcrninu of moderate
length, posterior coxa; contiguous.

Legs moderate; femora strongly compressed; tibi;e very slender
and cylindrical ; tarsi moderate, joints 5-4-4.

This genus is related to Anisotoma (Silphida?) but is distinguished
by the more elongate and strongly conical terminal point of the
maxillary palpi, the carinate prosternum, highly developed meso-
sternal carination but especially by the slender, cylin<lrical tibi;e and

148 Journal New York Entomological Society. fV°^- xxix.

the tarsal formula. In form and elytral sculpture it resembles the
genus Liodes but the head is without antennal grooves. The terminal
joint of the maxillary palpi is strongly conical in Liodes also.
Cainosternum imbricatum new species.

Form rather broadly oval, convex. Color piceous black, strongly shining;
basal joints of the antennae, legs and under side dark piceo-rufous. Head
rather more than one half the width of the thorax, ' sparsely but not finely
punctate. Head and thorax very finely micro-reticulate, reticulations rather
large. Thorax more than twice as wide as long, as wide at base as the elytra,
strongly narrowed anteriorly, sides feebly arcuate, apex rather deeply emar-
ginate, posterior angles obtuse but distinct, surface sparsely punctate, punctures
finer medially than those of the head, about as coarse externally. Elytra one
fourth longer than wide, widest at base, sides parallel for basal third thence
evenly arcuate to the apex. Sutural stria strongly impressed apically, other
striae barely traceable ; with eight rows of rather fine, closely placed punctures,
punctures finer than those on the head, intervals with irregular, incomplete
and sparser double series of more minute punctures, surface imbricate but not
at all reticulate. Imbrications very fine but sharp, difficult to find because of
the high lustre of the surface, equally distinct throughout. Metasternum and
abdomen finely alutaceous ; epipleurae strongly concave. Length 2.5 mm., width
1.3 mm. I specimen.

Type 26 May.

This species is easily recognized by the characters given. It is
possible that the middle tarsi may be five jointed in the male as
in the genus Liodes.
Bledius verticalis new species.

Form somewhat robust. Color black, antennae, legs and elytra bright
rufous, the latter blackish basally and narrowly along the suture. Head and
thorax densely and finely reticulate and dull, elytra and abdomen strongly
shining. Head scarcely narrower than the thorax, front with a few coarse
punctures either side, slightly convex medially, transverse occipital groove very
strong, a small foveate puncture adherent to it at middle, surrounding surface
feebly swollen, clypeal suture distinct, entire and arcuate, antennal tubercles
distinct, antennae scarcely reaching the middle of the thorax, joints three to
six elongate, decreasing slightly in length, outer joints scarcely incrassate, as
long as wide. Thorax slightly wider than the base of the elytra but narrower
than the apex, one fourth wider than long, sides parallel and very slightly
arcuate in apical two thirds, strongly narrowed and subsinuate to the rounded
and scarcely distinct basal angles, very coarsely and rather closely punctured,
punctures separated by less than their own diameters, a median impunctate
area anteriorly ; median line fine and scarcely impressed anteriorly, coarser and
distinctly impressed posteriorly. Elytra one third longer than the thorax,

Scpt.-Dec, 1921.I XOT.MAX: WeSTFIELD CoLEOPTERA. 149

rather coarsely and closely punctured, subrugosc. Ahdonun wider than the
elytra with a few rather indistinct punctures laterally. Thorax, elytra and
abdomen with long, coarse, yellowish pubescence laterally, more abundant on
the abdomen. Length 5.5 mm., width 1.J5 mm. i specimen.
Type 26 May.

TIlis species may he i)laced in the ainiuUiris i^M'oiip, luiviii.Lj; widely
open coxal fissures. The fissures are ratlier short, however, extend-
ing a little more than half way to the martj:in. The sutures are not
quite parallel with the marg^in.

Thinobius amphibius new species.

Form sonuwhat robust, depressed. Color piceous black, antenn.x and legs
slightly paler, head and abdomen slightly darker. Integuments densely and
finely granulate punctate, dull. Head feebly transverse, five sixths the width
of the thorax, vertex with a distinct impression. Eyes feebly convex, tempora
efjually prominent and two thirds their diameter; antennal tuberculations dis-
tinct. Antenna; long and slender, feebly incrassate, reaching the basal third
of the elytra; first, second, third and terminal joints about one half longer
than wide, other joints just perceptibly elongate; the terminal suddenly nar-
rowed to a sharp point. Thorax three fifths wider than long, about four fifths
the width of the elytra at apex, sides subparallel, distinctly arcuate, posterior
angles not distinct, base arcuate, apex slightly emarginate ; a small indistinct
impression either side at the base. Elytra nearly twice as long as the thorax,
conjointly one fourth longer than wide, sides straight, sutural emargination
extending to apical third, pubescence extremely fine and dense. Abdomen
slightly narrower than the elytra, pubescence coarser, mixed with longer
bristles. Length 1.1-1.4 mm., width .3-35 mm.

Type and 8 parafypcs 26 May: 2 parafypcs 19 May.

This species may he placed in division II of Casey's synopsis
(Col. Not., I. i8»So, pp. 78-89). It differs from the three species
therein descrihed hy its Ions? elytra and very transverse thorax.

Thinobius tardus new species.

This species resembles the preceding very closely but may be distinguished
by the following differences. Head slightly less transverse, antenna: a little
shorter, reaching the basal fourth of the elytra ; thorax larger and much less
ransverse, scarcely one third wider than long, elytra but little more than one
third longer than the thorax and slightly less transverse than in the preceding
Length i.i mm., width .35 mm.

Type and 2 paratypes 26 ^L^y ; i paratype 19 May.

150 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'"'- xxix.

Thinobius grandicoUis new species.

This species is close to the preceding two. It differs by its head distinctly
narrower than the thorax, which is proportionally larger and as wide as the
elytral humeri. In the two preceding the thorax is perceptibly narrower than
the humeri. Thorax one half wider than long, sides and base rounded, basal
impressions distinct. Head much more distinctly transverse, fully a third
wider than long, antennae shorter but distinctly longer than the head and
thorax, second and third joints about a third longer than wide, outer joints
as wide as long, terminal joint subequal to the preceding two. Elytra scarcely
perceptibly wider at apex, with the sides straight. Length 1.2 mm., width
.4 mm. I specimen.

Type 26 May.

Thinophilus caseyi new species.

Form moderately slender, depressed, parallel. Color brownish testaceous,
head darker, antennae, legs and elytra paler, abdomen piceous black; antennae
slightly infuscate apically. Head, thorax and elytra densely and finely punc-
tured but somewhat shining. Head slightly transverse, as wide as the thorax,
widest at the base where it is truncate and strongly constricted ; eyes small,
tempora as long as the eyes, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Antennal
tuberculations strong, pubescence on head and antennae long, coarse and abun-
dant, conspicuous. Antennje long and slender, reaching the middle of the
elytra, feebly incrassate distally, first joint stout, cylindrical, nearly three times
as long as wide, second shorter, more slender, strongly narrowed basally, three
to seven globular, subequal, eight feebly obconic, nine and ten elongate, nearly
a third longer than wide, eleven more than twice as long as wide, acutely
pointed, not quite as long as the preceding two. Thorax one sixth wider than
long, scarcely narrower than the elytra, widest close to the apical margin, sides
and base completely and evenly rounded, disk unimpressed. Elytra parallel,
one fourth longer than wide and one half longer than the thorax, sides straight.
Abdomen as wide as the elytra, sides arcuate, surface evenly alutaceous, some-
what shining, punctures sparse and indistinct. Pubescence on thorax and
elytra fine, dense and short, on abdomen coarser and longer with longer bristles
intermixed. Length 1.2-1.4 mm., width .3— .4 mm.

Type and four paratypes 26 May.

This species is very distinct by its antennal strttcture and the
proportions of the thorax and elytra.

Thinophilus apicicornis new species.

Form moderately slender, parallel, depressed. Color black, basal joint of
the antennas and elytra slightly picescent, legs brownish testaceous. Head,
thorax and elytra punctured as in the preceding, feebly shining. Head scarcely
transverse, very slightly wider than the thorax, tempora as long as the diam-
eter of the eyes, parallel, suddenly narrowed to the neck ; posterior angles

Sept.-Dec, 19-M.] XoTMAN : WeSTFIELD CoLEOPTERA. 151

narrowly rounded; the strong, transverse, basal constriction noted in the pre-
ceding, wholly wanting, the neck and the occiput being continuous ; front
separated from the clypeus by a strongly impressed arcuate line, a distinct
median impression on the vertex ; antenna! tuberculations strong, antennae
slightly longer than the head and thorax, about the length of the terminal
joint, rather strongly incrassate distally, second joint about one half longer
than wide, third slightly elongate, four to eight subglobular. increasing grad-
ually in size, nine and ten larger, ten slightly transverse, terminal joint about
one third longer than wide and obtusely rounded at apex, antennae strongly
pubescent. Thorax thne fifths wider than long, slightly narrower than the
elytra, widest at apical third, narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, posterior
angles distinct though rounded, base rounded, apex less rounded, disk with a
distinct, longitudinal impression cither side extending nearly the length of the
thorax, widened basally. Elytra about a fifth longer than wide and nearly
twice as long as the thorax, sides straight. Abdomen gradually wider to the
apex of the fourth segment, where it is the widest part of the body ; four basal
segments strongly micro-reticulate, indistinctly and sparsely punctate, mod-
erately shining, fifth segment very strongly shining, reticulation less distinct,
four basal segments with an apical row of long, coarse, fulvous hairs which lie
flat on the segments, apex of the fifth segment with a very dense fringe of
very short, pale, yellowish hairs, broadly and shallowly cmarginate, sixth seg-
ment deeply emarginate with lateral projections. Length 1.7 mm., width .4
mm. I specimen.
Type 21 May.

This si)ecic.s is very distinct in tlic form of the head and antenn.'e.
the impressions of the tliorax and the very shining fifth ahdominal
se.e^ment.

Lathrobium lintneri new species.

Form rather slender, parallel, head, thorax and elytra subequal in width,
abdomen slightly wider at the apex of the fourth segment; the sexes not dif-
fering at all in proportions. Color black, antennae and legs pale piceo-rufous,
narrow apical margin of the elytra pale. Head coarsely, deeply and somewhat
sparsely punctured, thorax similar in punctuation with a median smooth area
equal in width to the length of the fifth antennal joint. Elytral punctuation
finer, subasperate and about as sparse. Abdomen densely and finely punctate.
Head about as wide as long, sides parallel and arcuate, posterior angles broadly
rounded, gular sutures well separated, straight and parallel ; antennae slender,
not quite reaching the base of the thorax (cj) shorter ($) joints all distinctly
longer than wide and obconic ((^) ; in the female the tenth joint is about as
wide as long ; they decrease regularly in length to the tenth, the terminal
slightly longer. Thorax one fourth longer than wide, as long as the elytra,
sides scarcely arcuate or convergent posteriorly. Elytra with the sides very
slightly divergent posteriorly and scarcely arcuate. Posterior tarsi slender.

152 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxix.

first joint much shorter than the second, third a little longer than the pre-
ceding two. Length 4.75 mm., width .75-1 mm.

Male. — Fifth ventral abdominal segment unmodified, sixth with a feeble
median subapical impression and an arcuato-triangular emargination, about one
third the width of the segment and nearly as deep as wide.

Female. — Sixth ventral abdominal segment with the apex strongly rounded.

Type c? 21 May.

Allotype $ 24 May; 2 paratypes 5 21 May, 26 May.

This species may be distinguished by its small size, the strong
reddish tinge of the antennae and legs, the punctuation of the head
and thorax and the proportions of the thorax and elytra.

Scopgeoma pallida new species.

Form rather slender and parallel, slightly convex. Color uniform, rather
pale rufo-testaceous ; very finely and densely punctured throughout, lustre dull.
Head quadrate, as long as wide, very slightly wider than the thorax, sides sub-
parallel, slightly arcuate, base truncate, posterior angles rounded, eyes small,
tempora nearly four times their diameters ; labrum with two long, slender, very
acute, median teeth, a slight emargination between them, outer teeth not
apparent ; antennae slender, nearly one half the length of the body ; mandibles
with three stout basal teeth ; gular sutures close together and parallel ; neck
about one sixth the width of the head. Thorax elongate oval, one third longer
than wide, widest at apical third, anterior angles completely rounded, a very
narrow median smooth line, a distinct longitudinal impression either side in
basal half. Elytra one fourth longer than wide, parallel, very slightly wider
than the thorax, equal in width to the head. Abdomen at the apex of the
fourth segment just perceptibly the widest part of the body. Posterior tarsi
short, four basal joints subequal in length, anterior tarsi dilated. Length
3.75-4 mm., width s-.ys mm.

Male. — Second, third and fourth ventral segments with a median apical
swollen area, that on the fourth extending nearly to the base and carinate
apically ; fifth very broadly and shallowly emarginate, a minute nick in the
margin at the apex of the emargination, a fine and entire median carina, sixth
with an acutely triangular emargination, longer than wide, extending beyond
the middle of the segment and about one fourth the width of the segment, no
modification anterior thereto.

Type 19 May.

Allotype and i paratype 19 May.

This species may be placed with S. tnincaticcps Csy. which is
described as black, shining with red brown legs and antennae, and
having the head slightly wider at the basal angles.

Sept.-Dec, 19-1.] XoTMAX : W'eSTFIELD CoLEOPTERA. 153

Gyrohypnus pallipennis new species.

Fiirin L-loiiuMte, slciulL-r, moderately convex, shining. Color dull testaceous,
thorax rufo-tcstaceous, head black, apex of the abdomen infuscate, antennae
rufous. Head elongate, widest at base, behind the front margin of the eyes
distinctly longer than wide, sides nearly straight, basal angles broadly rounded,
frontal grooves strong, gular sutures distinct and very approximate behind the
middle; antenna: with the second and third joints slightly elongate, subequal.
Head coarsely and rather sparsely punctured with a median smooth area, gcna;
shining with the strigillation rather feeble, a few coarse and somewhat indis-
tinct punctures. Thorax slightly narrower than the head, two fifths longer
than wide, distinctly narrower to the base, punctures in discal rows 9-12 in
number, lateral groups with twelve, elytra as wide as the head and as long as
the thorax with four discal rows of rather fine and indistinct punctures. Ab-
domen very minutely and finely punctate and strigillate. Length 5 mm., width
.75 mm.

Type 10 May.

This species resembles very closely a specimen listed as G.
fusciccf>s Lee. Aside from the difference in the number of pimc-
Uires in the thoracic series, it differs in the head more elongate with
the sides straighter, in the thorax narrower than tlie head (as wide as
the head in fitsciccps) and more strongly narrowed behind.

Leptusa triiiiuui) laticollis new species.

Form elongate, parallel, slightly convex. Color dark reddish piceous, head
and apical segments of abdomen blackish, antennae and legs dull rufous ; punc-
tures large, shallow, dense, umbilico-asperate, those on the elytra coarser,
strongly asperate, confluent and rugulose, punctures on the abdomen coarse
and asperate but moderately separated, abdomen more shining, particularly the
ipical segments; pubescence pale, moderate, not very conspicuous. Head

ransverse. four fifths the width of the thorax, tempora as long as the eye, some-
what convergent, scarcely arcuate, infralateral carinas strong, entire, the terminal
joint of the labial palpi is long, slender, narrowed basally and truncate at apex,
the ligula is slender, parallel and entire at apex, the mentum and subnientum
are rugose ; antennae reaching the base of the thorax, strongly incrassate, sec-
ond and third joints, elongate, of equal length, fourth scarcely as wide as long,
ninth and tenth three fourths wider than long, terminal joint as long as the
two preceding, arcuato-conical. Thorax three fourths wider than long, as wide

s the elytra, widest at apical third, narrowed anteriorly, oblique and sinuate
I'Mstcriorly, posterior angles small but sharp and prominent, disk just visibly
impressed medially and transversely at the base. Elytra just perceptibly trans-
verse, parallel, two thirds longer than the thorax. Abdomen slightly nar-
rower, subparallel, three basal segments strongly transversely impressed at
base. Intermediate coxae rather narrowly separated, the sternal projections

154 Journal New York Entomological Society, tvoi. xxix.

contiguous at the middle, the mesosternal more slender, both projections very
strongly margined, that of the metasternal rounding some distance posterior to
the apex ; the mesosternum strongly compresso-carinate medially in the basal
two thirds. Posterior tarsi nearly three fourths the length of the tibife, four
basal joints equal. Length 1.9-2. i mm., width .4-.S mm.

Male. — Fifth dorsal segment with a rather broad and obtuse but strongly
elevated median carina, not quite reaching the apical margin and about two
thirds the length of the segment.

Type ^ and allotype 5 i9 May.

This species seems to differ materially in color, form and sculp-
ture from L. crihratula Csy. and L. pusio Csy.

Tinotus lateralis new species.

Form stout, fusiform, convex, moderately shining. Color dull rufo-testa-
ceous. Head and the fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen black, the
elytra broadly infuscate laterally, sutural margin finely blackish ; three basal
antennal joints pale, outer joints blackish piceous. Head, thorax and elytra
micro-reticulate, head more shining, punctures fine throughout, those on the
head finer and sparser, those on the thorax closer, those on the elytra no
coarser than those on the thorax but as sparse as those on the head and more
distinctly asperate. Abdomen without reticulation but with long bilineaform
scratches. Punctures on the anterior parts umbilicate. Head transverse when
inserted, three fifths as wide as the thorax, sides parallel, eyes at less than
their own length from the base, antennae reaching the base of the thorax,
second and third joints equal, elongate, fourth joint as long as wide, ninth and
tenth joints twice as wide as long, terminal joint as long as the three preceding.
Thorax three fifths wider than long, sides arcuate, strongly narrowed anteriorly,
parallel posteriorly, base rounded, disk very convex, without trace of median
impressiion though the pubescence is arranged with a distinct parting along the
median line. Elytra as wide as the thorax, sides parallel, suture as long as the
thorax, suture slightly impressed. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra,
sides evenly arcuately narrowed, margins moderately thick. Basal joint of the
hind tarsi equal in length to the next two. Length 1.75 mm., width .5 mm.

Type 28 May.

The striking coloration of this species together with the form of
the antennae, sculpture of the anterior parts and proportions of the
thorax and elytra distinguish it from those hitherto described.

Trichiusa transversa Csy.

Four specimens of this species were collected under the bark
of a decayed log in a colony of the ant Ponera coarctata, subsp.
pcnnsylvanica Buckley. Stray specimens of the ant Aphccnogastcr

Sept. -Dec. loji.) NoT.MAx : \\'estfield Coleoptera. 155

j'lilza. siibsp. aqiiici Buckley were also present. The ants were kindly
identified for the writer hy Dr. J. Requaert.

Genus Amphibitherion new genus.

Head slightly transverse, eyes large, infralateral carince fine and
entire; antenna; long and slender, second and third joints equal, not
much longer than the fourth which is elongate, tenth joint not
transverse. Mouth parts as in the genus Athcta.

Thorax and elytra moderately transverse.

Abdomen subparallel. fifth segment not narrower. Dorsal seg-
ments uniformly, almost coarsely and somewhat closely punctured,
fourth and fifth not more shining, punctuation much more distinct
than that of the anterior parts.

Intermediate coxa^ distinctly though narrowly separated; sternal
projections contiguous at their middle; metasternal projection with
its upper surface evenly convex, l)ut inclined slightly anteriorly so
as to pass beneath the point of the mesosternal projection, anterior
marginal line of the metasternum very feebl}' rounded between the
cox;e.

Four basal joints of the posterior tarsi slightly elongate, of sub-
equal length.

The distinctly separated intermediate coxa?, the long, slender an-
tennae with the second and third joints of equal length and the
uniformly punctured abdomen distinguish this genus from Mctaxia,
Traumoccia and Athcta, to all of which genera it is closely related.

Amphibitherion demissum new species.

Form rather slender, subdepressed, parallel. Color black, antennae and
thora.\ blackish piceous, the former not paler basally, elytra and legs paler.
Integuments extremely finely micro-reticulate; punctures on the head sparse
and indistinct, on thorax and elytra close but indistinct, on abdomen rather
coarse and close ; pubescence on thorax and elytra fine and dense, fulvo-
cinereous. Head slightly transverse, scarcely narrower than the thorax, eyes
large, tempora parallel, scarcely two thirds the length of the eye, vertex with
a shallow impression, antenna; surpassing the base of the thorax, scarcely at
ill incrassate. second and third joints about one half longer than wide, fourth
joint elongate, a little shorter than the third, five to seven very slightly elon-
gate, eight to ten as long as wide, terminal joint long, parallel, as long as the
two preceding. Thorax nearly a third wider than long, about four fifths the
width of the elytra, widest slightly before the middle, sides feebly arcuate, disk

156 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^''°1- xxix.

with a distinct median impression before the scutellum. Elytra parallel, about
one fourth wider than long and one fourth longer than the thorax. Abdomen
slightly narrower than the elytra with the three basal, dorsal segments dis-
tinctly impressed basally, fifth segment slightly longer than the fourth. Length
1. 75-2. 15 mm., width .4-55 mm. Four specimens showing no sexual differ-
ences.

Type 22 May; 3 paratypes 19, 22, 23 May.

This species is close to A. (Philhygra) paliistris Kiesw. It dif-
fers by the second and third antennal joints equal and the outer
joints more or less elongate and not incrassate, by the less trans-
verse thorax and the strongly punctured fourth and fifth dorsal seg-
ments of the abdomen.

Hydrosmecta torrida new species.

Form elongate, parallel, rather depressed. Color, head and abdomen
blackish, thorax and elytra flavo-piceous, antennas and legs rather pale piceo-
testaceous. Integuments finely microreticulate, moderately shining, abdomen
more shining, punctures fine but not dense, pubescence moderately long and
rather conspicuous. Head transverse, eyes rather small, at about their own
diameters from the base, tempora slightly swollen and more prominent than the
eyes, infralateral carinse fine, abbreviated in front ; antennas rather short, not
incrassate, reaching the base of the thorax, second joint long, nearly twice the
length of the third which is very slightly elongate, outer joints not or scarcely
elongate, terminal joint as long as the two preceding. Thorax as wide as the
head, scarcely narrower than the elytra, nearly one third wider than long, sides
subparallel and scarcely arcuate, disk with a feeble median impression. Elytra
as long as wide, parallel. Abdomen slightly narrower. Length 1.8 mm., width
.4 mm.

Type 26 May.

This species is slightly larger than H. caduca Csy., with shorter
antenna;, much longer cephalic carinse and a more transverse thorax.

Hydrosmecta tincta new species.

Form elongate, parallel, rather depressed. Color, head and abdomen black,
thorax, antennae and legs pale flavo-testaceous, elytra darker, piceous. Integu-
ments as in the preceding. Head slightly transverse, as wide as the thorax,
eyes somewhat smaller, tempora more swollen and prominent, slightly longer
than the diameter of the eyes, infralateral carinas fine, abbreviated in front;
antennae long and rather thicker but not incrassate, reaching to the middle of
the elytra, second joint elongate, much longer than the third which is slightly
elongate, outer joints not at all longer than wide, terminal joint as long as the
two preceding. Thorax a third wider than long, sides subparallel, scarcely

Sept.-Dcc, 1921.] NoTMAN : Westfield Coleoptera. 157

arcuate, disk with a feeble median impression. Elytra as long as wide and
about a third longer than the thorax, sides parallel. Abdomen not narrower.
Fifth segment longer than the fourth. Length 1.8 mm., width .4 mm.
Type 19 May.

This species is distinct from the prcccdiii.q^ hy its much l()ii!.,'cr
antcnn.'L' and pale thorax. It is distinct from H. caduca Csy. hy its
larger size, slightly thicker antcnn.T. with the outer joints not elon-
'j^ate, loncfcr cephalic carin.'e and more transverse thora.x.

Thiasophila parvula new species.

Form stout, convex, subfusiforni. Color black. antenn;e and elytra feebly
picescent, legs and two basal joints of the antennjc paler. Head, thorax and
elytra densely and finely micro-reticulate and dull, punctures of moderate size
and rather dense, asperate on the thorax and elytra, strongly so on the latter,
aMomcn shining, reticulation feeble, punctures sparser, but asperate, pubes-
cence moderate, fulvo-cinereous, more conspicuous on the abdomen. Head
suborbicular. slightly more than half the width of the thorax, eyes large, at
scarcely more than half their diameters from the base, carina strong, entire,
antenna; short, scarcely reaching the base of the thorax, incrassate, second
joint shorter than the first, scarcely shorter than the third, fourth as long as
wide, five to ten strongly transverse, tenth joint about three fourths wider
than long, terminal joint elongate-oval, with a strongly marked annulation.
Thorax three fifths wider than long, slightly wider than the base of the elytra,
about as wide as the widest part, widest at the middle, sides parallel and
nearly straight posteriorly, distinctly convergent and feebly arcuate anteriorly,
base broadly rounded and subsinuate laterally, posterior angles very narrowly
rounded, disk strongly convex, with a distinct antcscutellar impression. Elytra
conjointly about two fifths wider than long, suture as long as the thorax, apical
sinuses not distinct. .Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra and feebly
attenuate posteriorly. Intermediate coxae moderately separated, mesosternal
projection long, extending to apical fourth of the coxal length, rather attenuate
and overlapping the broadly triangular metastemal projection; mesostcrnum
not carinate. Basal joint of the jwsterior tarsi elongate, but much shorter
ban the last joint, not as long as the second and third together. Length 3
nun., width .75 mm.

Male. — .Apex of the sixth dorsal segment with cik'ht broad triangular teeth.

Female. — Unmodified.

Type 24 May; allotype Windsor, X. Y.. 5 June, 1918 (erroneously listed
as Oxypoda ohllqua Csy. in the writer's list of Coleoptera collected at Windsor.
JoLRN. \. Y. Est. Soc. XXVHI, p. 181).

2 paratypcs (^ $ Kecne Valley, Essex Co., N. Y., 3, 18 June, i9'5-

This species is distinguished ])y its small size, dark color and
short, stout antenn.'c. Ganglhauer states that the ligula is divided

158 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxix.

lO the middle in this genus. In one of the specimens the ligula is
plainly visible. It is long, narrow and undivided. The li'gula is
exactly similar in a specimen of the European T. angulata Er.
which agrees in other respects with Ganglbauer's description of that
species. It is possible, therefore, that the generic characterization
may be erroneous in this respect. Otherwise the species agrees well
with the description of Thiasopliila.

Ptenidium simplicicoUe new species.

Form short, robust, very convex. Color black, elytra pale apically from
diaphaneity, antennae and legs bright rufo-testaceous. Integuments very
strongly shining, completely impunctate and glabrous. Head nearly twice as
wide as long, eyes large, very convex, head three fifths the width of the thorax,
antennas reaching the base of the thorax. Thorax three fifths wider than long,
very slightly narrower than the elytra, apex a little narrower than the elytra,
apex a little narrower than the base, widest a little before the middle, sides
more arcuate and convergent anteriorly, oblique and nearly straight posteriorly,
disk very convex, entirely devoid of basal impressions. Scutellum with a
crenulate basal margin. Elytra evenly oval, one fourth longer than wide,
slightly more than twice as long as the thorax, as wide as the thorax at base,
humeri not exposed, widest at basal third, base with a finely beaded margin.
Legs somewhat robust. Length .9 mm., width .5 mm.

Type 26 May.

This species is distinct by the complete absence of thoracic fovese.
moderately transverse thorax, short elytra and the entirely glabrous
and impunctate integuments.

Atomaria parviceps new species.

Form very elongate, subparallel, convex, shining. Color uniform, rather
pale ferruginous. Head, thorax and elytra at base somewhat coarsely and
moderately closely punctured, punctuation becoming indistinct apically on the
elytra ; thoracic hypomera coarsely punctate anteriorly, metasternum, metepi-
sterna and elytral epipleurse coarsely and somewhat closely punctured, pubes-
cence moderately coarse and dense, inclined. Head rather small, not more
than three fifths the width of the thorax, antennae scarcely surpassing the base
of the thorax, first joint short and stout, scarcely as long as the next two, four,
six and eight small, globular, five slightly elongate, dub strong, nine and ten
distinctly transverse. Thorax one third wider than long, about five sixths the
width of the elytra, widest at basal one fourth, strongly narrowed and arcuate
to base, gradually and feebly arcuately but distinctly more narrowed apically,
apex distinctly narrower than the base, base narrowly impressed along the
margin. Elytra at the humeri very slightly wider than the thorax, three

Sept.-Dec, ig.'i.) XoTM.W : W'eSTFIELI) ColEOPTERA. 159

fourths longer than wide, sides subparallel and rounded in at slightly more than
apical third, humeri minutely dentate. Prostcrnum not carinate. Length 2.1
mm., width .8 mm.
Type 26 May.

This species heloiij^s in the genus Agaihcngis of Casey's synopsis.
Jt should prohahly he placed next to patens Csy. hut differs in its
color, small head and elytra proportionally narrower.

Hypnoidus feiti new species.

Fonii moderately elongate, parallel, slightly convex and shining. Color
piceous brown, elytra with a broad blackish fascia behind the middle, antennae
and legs pale testaceous. Head rather finely, indistinctly and not closely punc-
tured. Thorax more closely and distinctly punctured with a narrow smooth
median line. Kiytra with the striation obsolete, punctuation not quite so close
or distinct as that on the thorax : beneath finely and closely punctate, pubes-
cence very short, fine and somewhat dense. Head rather small, slightly more
than half the width of the thorax, antennae short, slender, not reaching the
base of the thorax, second and third joints of equal length, elongate and
cylindrical. Thorax a little more than a fourth wider than long, widest near
basal third where it is as wide as the elytra, rather strongly narrowed ante-
riorly, sides nearly straight, slightly oblique and subsinuate posteriorly, poste-
rior angles minutely prominent and divaricate, carinate, carinae rather distant
from and parallel to the side margin to near the base where they are sharply
angulatc. Prosternal sutures arcuate and distinctly convergent basally. Elytra
two thirds longer than wide, sides parallel to the apical third, apex somewhat
acutely rounded. The fifth segment of the abdomen is narrowly and sharply
declivous along the apical margin and prolonged on either side. Length 2.9
mm., width .75 mm. 1 specimen.

Type 26 May.

This species may he distinguished from H. pcctoralis Say hy its
slightly hroader form, smaller head, thorax widest some distance
hehind the middle and hy the sharply angulatcd carina? of the posterior
thoracic angles.

Elater longipennis mw species.

Form elongate, subparallel, slightly convex. Color black, elytra with a
red spot either side of the scutellum, an obscure reddish spot either side be-
neath the humerus, antenna; and tarsi picescent. Head coarsely and closely
punctured, thorax similarly punctured anteriorly and laterally, more sparsely
and finely medially and posteriorly, pubescence fulvous, moderately coarse and
dense. Head about one half the width of the thorax, antennae slightly sur-
passing the base of the latter, second and third joints short, subequal. third
much shorter than the fourth, not triangular, outer joints moderately serrate.

160 Journal New York Entomological. Society. [^oI. xxix.

longer than wide. Thorax as long as wide, sides gradually narrowed and
nearly straight before the middle, subparallel and distinctly sinuate posteriorly,
posterior angles distinctly divaricate and unicarinate. Elytra not wider than
the thorax, about three times the length, sides subparallel, becoming gradually
attenuate behind the middle, striae deep, distinctly punctate, intervals rather
feebly convex, rather finely, sparsely and asperately punctured. Length 9.25
mm., width 2.5 mm.
Type 26 May.

This species is related to E. nigriiiiis Hrbst. Aside from the
color differences it may be distinguished by the thorax gradually
narrowed before the middle and distinctly sinuate posteriorly and by
the longer elytra.

NEW SPECIES OF SERICA (SCARAB^ID^). IV.

By R. W. Dawson,

Lincoln, Nebraska.
Serica lecontei new species.

(^. Length 9.5 mm., width 5 mm. Color varying from pale to very dark
chestnut, surface polished and shining.

Clypeus nearly level with the plane of the front, sometimes slightly de-
pressed, especially toward the sides ; lower median portion feebly tumid ; ante-
rior margin moderately but -suddenly reflexed, lateral margins less strongly and
suddenly elevated ; lateral incisure narrow and acute extending about two
thirds of the depth of the elevated margin. Clypeus rather strongly and closely
punctured, the punctures larger and separated by about their own diameters
near the suture, smaller and more closely placed on the slightly tumid area
just below the middle. Clypeal suture fine but distinct and unmodified. Front
less closely and regularly punctured than the clypeus. Antennal club rather
large, about equalling the total length of the antenna. Eyes of usvial size.
Measurements of head (in tenths of a millimeter) as follows : diameter of head
through eyes, 25 ; distance between inner eye margins, 14 ; length of head on
median line, 13; extreme width of clypeus in front of the incisure, 12; anten-
nal club, 10.5 ; dorso-ventral diameter of eye, 9.4.

Pronotum moderately convex, the sides but little rounded, gradually con-
vergent from the posterior angles to the anterior third, then more strongly
rounded to the anterior angles ; posterior angles obtuse but prominent and well
marked, sides distinctly margined ; puncturation rather strong and evenly dis-
tributed, the punctures separated by one to two times their own diameters.
Measurements of pronotum as follows: width through posterior angles, 41;

Scpt.-Dcc, 1921.] Dawson: New Species ov Serica. 161

width through anterior angles, 26; length on median line, 22. Scutellum
closely and strongly punctured; length, 9.5; width, 10.

Elytra rather strongly furrowed, the sulci with three very much confused
rows of coarse, closely placed punctures, the costae well rounded and with a
few scattered punctures, especially on the second, fourth and sixth ; length,
75 ; width, 50.

Mctastcrnum and posterior coxal plates rather strongly and closely punc-
tured, the puncturation usually denser toward the sides. Abdominal stcrnites
with rather numerous but finer punctures, the single rows of coarse punctures
bearing the ambulatorial seta: well marked, but the setae small and inconspicu-
ous. Fourth sternite usually with a distinct, median, longitudinal impression
near which the punctures show a tendency to develop into longitudinal wrinkles
or little grooves ; these modifications well marked to nearly obsolete. Last
sternite opaque.

Genital annature of male (PIr IX) symmetrical, length 2.4 mm.

5. Differs from the male in the much smaller antcnnal club (5 instead
of 10.5), the much less developed or obsolete clypeal notch, and the more
convex, and unmodified abdominal sternites.

Type: c?. Currant Cheap's, Charlottesville, Virginia, April 22. 1914 (H.
Fox).

Allotype: $. Charlottesville, \'irginia, May 25, 1914 (H. Fox), on red
oak.

Paratypes: 136 c?, 95 ?•

Maine: Paris, i d". 2 $ ; Monmouth, 1 (^; Ogonquit, i (^ ; Old Orchard,

2 c?.

New Hampshire: Durham, i ^T ; E. Wakefield, i (^ ; Three Mile Island,

3 d*. 6 $ ; Hooksett, i $.
Vermont : Bennington County, i d".

Massachusetts: " Mass.," 3 c?. 2 $ ; Boston, 4 d". i $ I Fairhaven, i d";
Southboro, i $; Berlin, i $; Hopkinton, 2 (^, 2 2', Marion, i d";
Natick. 2 d*. I ?; Stoneham, 8 d' I Sherborn, i d*. 6 ? ; Framing-
ham, 17 d*. 7 $; Tyngsboro, 18 d", 9 ?; Dracut, i $; Essex County,
I 5 ; Danvers, 2 d*-

Rhode Island : " R. I.." i d"-

Connecticut: Cornwall, i d" = ^'ew Haven, 3 d* '. Stanford, i d*-

New York: " X. V.." i d* : Peru, i d" : Wilton, 3 d"- 6 $ ; Ithaca, 13 d".
3 $; Staten Island, i d*. ' $•

Pennsylvania: Hummelstown. i J; Gettysburg, i $; Hecton Mills,
I d"; Carlisle Junction, i $; Rockville, i $.

Xcw Jersey: "X. J.." i d" I Bergen County, 13 d". '8 $; Lahaway,
Ocean County, i $: Fort Lee District, i $; Ridgewood, i d" •
Phillipshurg. i $; Brown's Mills Junction, i $.

Maryland : " Md.." i d"-

Delaware : " Del.," 2 d"-

Virginia: Charlottesville. 3 d"- 3 ?•

162 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'*'^'- X-'^iX-

Illinois : Chicago, i ^.

Michigan : Biological Station, i (^ ; Isle Royal, Lake Superior, i 5 ;

Douglas Lake, 3 c?, 4 ?.
Wisconsin : " Wise," i (^ ; Bayfield, i (^, i 5-
North Carolina: Chapel Hill, i $; Southern Pines, 5 c?, i $•
Georgia : Gainesville, i c^, i $.
Alabama : Tumbling Gap, 2 (^, 2 5-
Canada : Toronto, Ontario, i 5 J Ottawa. Ontario, 2 (^ ; Three Rivers,

Quebec, i ($ ; Nova Scotia, 2 i^, 3 J.

The material studied seems to indicate a definite correlation be-
tween the intensity of certain characters and the geographical dis-
tribution of the species. Northern specimens average larger, some-
limes reaching ten millimeters in length, while southern specimens
are smaller, usually measuring less than nine millimeters, and some-
times down to seven. Southern specimens also seem to average
lighter in color, frequently being pale chestnut or testaceous. Accom-
panying the reduction in size and color intensity occurs some modi-
fication of the male genital armature. The characteristic sudden and
strong inflation of the stalk of the armature seems to become pro-
gressively less well marked, until in the Alabama specimens the stalk
is but little modified. The specimens from Southern Pines, North
Carolina and Gainesville, Georgia, show a moderate ainount of ex-
pansion or widening of the terminal portion of the claspers.

Among the previously described species lecontei is most closely re-
lated to georgiana Leng, but the latter species may be recognized at
once by its very str.ongly tumid clypeus. The genital armatures of
the two species are very similar, but the stalk of the armature in
georgiana is never so strongly and suddenly enlarged as in typical
Iccontei.

Serica spicula new species.

(^. Length 7.5 mm., width 4.5 mm. Color claret brown to chestnut, sur-
face bare, polished and shining.

Clypeus not, or but very slightly, depressed, the discal area below the
center with a distinct median tumidity, nearly as prominent, when viewed from
the side, as the reflexed anterior margin. Anterior margin abruptly, mod-
erately elevated, divided from the less strongly and suddenly elevated lateral
margins by deep and acute incisures. Viewed perpendicularly the anterior,
reflexed margin broadly and feebly emarginate medially, viewed at an angle
from above, evenly but very slightly arcuate. Clypeal suture nearly arcuate,

Sept.-Dec, 192:.] Dawsox : New Species 01- Serica. 163

fine and inconspicuous. Punctures of clypeus moderately fine and quite regu-
larly placed, separated by about their own diameters. Front less closely and
regularly punctured than the clypeus, especially in the upper portion where it
becomes nearly inipunctatc. Antennal club well developed, slightly longer than
the preceding joints. Eyes moderately prominent. Measurements of head in
tenths of a millimeter: diameter of head through eyes, 22; distance between
inner eye margins, 13; length of head on median line, 17; extreme width of
clypeus in front of incisure, 10; antennal club, 04; dorso-ventral diameter of
eye, 8.

Pronotmn not very convex, the sides only feebly arcuate, hind angles dis-
tinct, nearly rectangular, surface very uniformly punctured, with the punctures
slightly coarser than those of the head, and separated by one to two times their
own diameters ; at the middle of each side, near the margin a small, incon-
spicuous, piceous spot. Measurements of pronotum : width through posterior
angles, 35 ; width through anterior angles, 23 ; length on median line, 20.
Scutellum with moderate-sized punctures crowded toward the sides; length,
9.4 ; width, 9.4.

Elytra rather strongly furrowed, the sulci with two confused rows of
rather strong punctures, separated by about half their own diameters, costae
well rounded and polished, with only an occasional strong puncture; length, 60;
width, 45.

Metasternum and posterior coxal plates strongly and coarsely punctured,
the punctures separated on the average by a little less than their own diam-
eters. Hind femora and abdominal sternites also closely and deeply punctured
but the punctures distinctly smaller than those of the hind coxal plates, sep-
arated on the last sternite, which is more or less strongly opaque or pollenose,
by half their own diameter or less. The single rows of ambulatorial seta; and
the coarse punctures bearing them not at all conspicuous.

The genital armature of the male (PI. X) bears a striking resemblance to
that of lecontet, but dififers at a glance by possessing the terminal spicules;
length, 2.3 mm.

$. Differs from the male by its smaller antennal club (6.5 instead of 9.4),
less strongly developed clypeal incisure, more convex underline of abdomen
and arcuate, rather than emarginate, terminal sternite.

Type: ^. Macon, Georgia, May 6, 1919 (Fox and Johnson), on post
oak.

.Allotype : 5. Same data.

Paratypes : '<:?''$• Same data.

Serica opposita new species.

^. .Almost an exact counterpart of spicula just described, but differing as
follows: averaging slightly larger, length 8 mm., width 4.7 mm.: clypeal
tumidity less well developed, viewed in profie scarcely half the height of the
anterior rcflexed margin; clypeal incisures stronger and less acute, entirely
dividing the somewhat more strongly elevated lateral and apical reflexed mar-

164 Journal New York Entomological Society. ^^'°^- xxix.

gins, the apical, reflexed margin almost straight when viewed perpendicularly;
antennal club relatively larger, ii instead of 9.4; the claspers of the genital
armature of male (PI. XI) lack the terminal spicules, but show on each side a
well-developed median tooth.

5. Clypeal margins, especially the lateral, only half to two thirds as
strongly elevated as in the male, and clypeal notch distinctly less well devel-
oped, acute and on the average about half dividing the elevated rim ; antennal
club small, 7.6 instead of 11 as in the male.

Type: c^. Riverton, New Jersey, May 25, 1919 (J. J. Davis), on post
oak.

Allotype: J. Same data.

Paratypes : 11 (^, 12 $.

New Jersey: " N. J.," 6 <^, 3 5 ; Riverton, 5 J', 9 ?.

Serica vespertina accola new subspecies.

J*. Length 8.5 mm., width 4.8 mm. Color uniformly light brown (amber
brown to argus brown), surface bare, polished and shining.

Clypeus not or but very little depressed at the suture, nearly flat with only
a very feeble convexity beyond the middle ; anterior margin abruptly, mod-
erately elevated, separated from the slightly less elevated lateral margins by
strong though acute incisures which nearly or quite divide the elevated rim.
Viewed vertically the anterior reflexed margin is straight, viewed at an angle
from above rather strongly and evenly arcuate from side to side. Clypeal
suture distinct, bluntly angled at the middle. Puncturation close, even, and
moderately strong, the punctures separated by one half to two thirds their own
diameters. Front less closely and regularly punctured, especially above. An-
tennal club about equal to the total length of the antenna beyond the basal
constriction of the first segment. Eyes larger than usual. Measurements of
head : diameter of head through eyes, 25 ; distance between inner eye margins,
13.5 ; length of head on median line, 18; extreme width of clypeus in front of
incisure, 11.5; antennal club, 9.4; dorso-ventral diameter of eye, 10.

Pronotum less convex and narrower behind than usual, sides feebly
arcuate, moderately convergent through the anterior third ; surface covered
with moderate-sized punctures, rather evenly placed, separated by one to two
times their own diameters, except just above the mid-lateral piceous spot where
the punctures are a little smaller and separated by only half their own diam-
eter, while below and behind this area the punctures are less numerous, but
twice as large. Measurements of pronotum : width through posterior angles,
38 ; width through anterior angles, 26 ; length of median line, 22. Scutellum
strongly and closely punctured, except at the middle, length, y.j ; width, 7.7.

Elytra only moderately furrowed, the sulci with three fairly definite rows
of strong punctures, separated by about their own diameter ; the costse with
only an occasional coarse puncture, well rounded but somewhat narrowed and
rather definitely marked by the adjoining rows of strong punctures; length, 65;
width, 48.

Sept.-Dec. 1921.] D.wvsox : New Species OF Serica. 1G5

Mesostcrniim and posterior coxal plates strongly and coarsely punctured,
more closely so toward the sides where the punctures are separated by only
half their own diameter. Punctures of abdominal stcrnites distinctly smaller,
half to two thirds the size of those on the posterior coxal plates, and separated
by nearly twice their own diameter. The single rows of ambulatorial seta:
short and inconspicuous, born by only moderately coarse punctures. Fourth
sternite with a more or less well-defined, median, longitudinal impression, with
the adjacent punctures often tending to develop into longitudinal wrinkles.
Last sternite and margins of pygidium opaque and faintly iridescent.

Length of genital annature of male (PI. XII), 3 mm. ,\ very character-
istic position of the claspers shows the shorter one more strongly flexed down-
ward than the longer one.

$. DilTers from the male by having distinctly smaller eyes (8.2 instead
of 10), shorter antennal club (8 instead of 9.4) and the fourth abdominal
sternite unmodified.

Type : <^. Lincoln, Nebraska.

Allotype: $. South Bend, Nebraska, May 5, 1918 (R. W. Dawson), on
boxelder.

Paratypes: 8 c^, 9 $.

Nebraska: Lincoln, 3 c?, 6 $ ; West Point, i $.
.Alabania : Mobile, 4 d*- ' 9 : Grand Bay, i c?. i $.

Tlie form here cle.«;cril)ed dift'er.s from rcspcrtiiui principally in
the form of tlie clypeus, which in that species is stron,c:ly, trans-
ver.^ely rid.s^ed or folded, or as the orgiiial description says: "in
medio disci trans^'crsim cicvato-siib-carinatus." The transverse ridge
is very densely pinictured. However, these very striking and positive
characters vary in intensity and seem to he evanescent, especially in
tlie southern and western parts of the range of vcspcrtina. Since
the genital armatures of vcspcrtina and accola are indistinguishable
it seems hcst to regard accola as a geographical race or subspecies
of Z'cspcrtina.

Serica egregia new species.

c^. Length S mm., width 4.2 mm. Color chestnut, surface opaque, slightly
^L-riceous, probably distinctly so on fresh specimens.

Clypeus feebly and indistinctly tumid beyond the middle of the discal
area, anterior margin moderately rcflexed, lateral margins less strongly ele-
vated, especially toward the clypeal suture; viewed vertically, the anterior
margin broadly and distinctly arcuate at the middle, with the corners less
broadly rounded than in iiiixlu ; viewed at an angle from above, the margin
appears slightly bisinuafe because of the rather prominent rounded corners:
lateral incisure entirely obliterated; clypeus densely, evenly and findy punc-

16G Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxix.

tured, the punctures separated by little more than half their own diameters.
Clypeal suture arcuate and distinct. Front less densely punctured than the
clypeus, the punctures separated by about twice their own diameters. Antennal
club small, about equal to the combined length of joints 2-6, inclusive. Eyes
relatively small. Measurements of head in tenths of a millimeter: diameter
of head through eyes, 21; distance between inner eye margins, 15; length of
head on median line, 16.5 ; antennal club, 6; dorso-ventral diameter of eye, 6.5.

Pronotum not very convex, the punctures fine, rather evenly placed and
separated by about twice their own diameters; posterior angles of pronotum
well rounded but distinct, lateral margins only slightly arcuate, the mid-lateral,
pigmented spot present. Measurements of pronotum : width through posterior
angles, 33: width through anterior angles, 22; length on median line, 19.
Scutellum evenly punctured like the pronotum : length, 6.5 ; width, 7.

Elytra with distinct line-like striae, each stria with a single, slightly irregu-
lar row of fine punctures separated by about their own diameters ; the rows of
punctures somewhat obscured or confused by rather numerous, fine punctures
at the sides of the intervals. The lateral stride at least with a few yellow,
semi-erect, but inconspicuous hairs. The intervals of uniform width instead
of alternately wider and narrower as in mixta. Length of elytra, 60 ; width, 43.

Under surface shining, but with a slight metallic sheen or iridescence.
Metasternum and posterior coxal plates strongly punctured, the punctures sep-
arated by one to three times their own diameters. Abdominal sternites with
the usual single rows of coarse, setigerous punctures and with a fine punctura-
tion about like that on the pronotum, except on the last sternite where the
puncturation becomes a little coarser, stronger and denser with the punctures
showing a tendency to coalesce. Under surface, except in the region of the
anterior coxa: and mesosternum, nearly devoid of hair, the pubescence yellow,
very fine, sparse and inconspicuous.

Length of genital armature of male, 2 mm. (PI. XIII).

$. Unknown.

Type: (^. California.

The unique type of this species is the fourth of the five specitnens
associated together under the name mixta by Dr. Le Conte. The
specimen, of course reinains in the Le Conte collection.

It seems to the writer not improbable that the two species here
described as new (egregia and abdita) were only tentatively associ-
ated by Dr. Le Conte with the first three type specimens of mixta.
Serica abdita new species.

<^. Length 7 mm., width 3.75 mm. Color brownish testaceous (argus
brown), surface not polished as in the respertina-Uke species, but somewhat
opaque or pollenose with more or less of a sericeous, iridescent luster, the
exact intensity of which cannot be determined from the single specimen at
hand.

Sept.-Dec, igji.] D.wvsox : Xew Stecies OF Serica. 107

Clypcus with the discal area jiractically continuous with the slight, even
convexity of the front, its margins rather strongly elevated, scarcely less so
at the sides which are not separated from the apical portion by an incisure,
there being a scarcely discernible waver in the elevated margin at the juncture
of its apical and lateral parts ; viewed perpendicularly the anterior margin is
straight, viewed at an angle from above a slight median prominence is evident;
surface of clypeus finely, evenly, and closely punctured, the punctures sep-
arated by about half their own diameters. Clypeal suture very fine and indis-
tinct. Front a little less strongly, closely and evenly punctured than the
clypeus. Antennal club of moderate size about equal to the total length of the
antenna beyond the basal constriction of the first segment. Eyes relatively
small. Measurements of head in tenths of a milliiiKter: diameter of head
through eyes, 19; distance between inner eye margins, 13; length of head on
median line, 15: antennal club. 7.5; dorso-ventral diameter of eye, 6.

Pronotum moderately and evenly convex, the surface finely, closely and
evenly punctured, the punctures separated by about their own diameters,
slightly more at the middle and less at the sides; posterior angles rather obtuse
and rounded, anterior angles distinct ; width of pronotum, viewed vertically,
carried forward to the middle, then distinctly decreasing to the anterior angles;
lateral margins, viewed from the side, rather strongly and evenly arcuate from
base to apex ; near the lateral margins and about three fifths of the way from
the base a small, slightly impressed area with a sniill, pigmented spot on its
posterior margin. Measurements of pronotum as follows: width through poste-
rior angles. 30 ; width through anterior angles, 20 ; length on median line, 18.
Scutellum finely and densely punctured except for a small median and basal
area ; l^-ngth. 7 ; width, S.

Elytra with rather feebly impressed, line-like striae, each stria with a single
row of small punctures, separated by a little more than their own diameters,
the rows of punctures, however, somewhat confused or obscured by admixture
with the sparse, scattered punctures of the intervals. The intervals feebly
convex, the second, fourth, sixth and eighth very slightly wider than the others.
Length of elytra, 53 ; width. 37.

Metasternum and posterior coxal plates, especially the latter, shining and
polished, elsewhere, except the femora, tibia; and tarsi, with the surface dulled
by a sericeous bloom. Beneath, except on the abdomen, thinly clothed with
erect, yellow hairs, the hairs on the metasternum comparatively short, about
half the length of those on the anterior and middle coxae and femora. Punc-
turation fine and close on the metasternum, distinctly stronger and a little less
dense on the posterior coxal plates, and very fine or minute on the abdomen,
where the punctures bear short, inconspicuous, recumbent hairs. The usual,
single rows of coarse setigerous punctures well developed on the abdominal
sternitcs.

Length of genital annature of male, 2.7 mm. (PI. XI\). .\ttintion should
be drawn to an important structural feature not clearly shown in the figures.

168 Journal New York Entomological Society. ^^'°^- xxix.

namely, the presence of a narrow, tapering, chitinous process extending far up
into the ventral membrane at the base of the claspers.

$. Unknown.

Type : J". Southern California.

The unique type is the fifth specimen (as numbered) of the series
associated together by Dr. Le Conte under the name mixta. As in
the case of the preceding type it remains in that collection.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND RECORDS OF LO-
CAL LEPIDOPTERA, AND DESCRIPTION OF
TWO NEW ABERRATIONS.

By Frank E. Watson,
New York, N. Y.

Butterfly Collecting in the Vicinity of New York for the

Season of 1920.

The exceedingly poor butterfly collecting in the vicinity of New
York City this past season may perhaps be laid to the abnormal
weather conditions, particularly to the greatly reduced amount of
spring-like weather through March, April and May. Following a
long cold winter, March was warm and springlike from the middle
to the end of the month. It also had a remarkable number of clear
days for that month in this vicinity. April gave us just five nice
warm spring-like days. May was better with nineteen warm days,
and being steadily warm after the 14th. The weather, during Jime,
was normal. July and August were exceedingly hot, humid and
rainy. When not actually raining it was damp and cloudy with rain
threatening, so that there were few sunny days during these two
months.

Cornus mass, a European Dogwood, produced its first flowers
on April i in Colonial Park, New York City. The same shrubs
last year -flowered for the first time on March 18, i.e., two weeks
earlier. With the butterflies, at any rate, the season has apparently
been about two weeks late, not becoming normal until about August i.

In Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, commencing with Au-

(JorKN. X. V. Rnt. Soc.) \'ol. XXIX,

(Plate IX.)

SKRK A LKC ()Mi:i.

(JotRN. X. V. KnT. SoC.) \<)I.. XXIX. rPLATR X.)

/

si: UK A MMCl LA.

(JouRX. N. V. Fnt. Soc.) \'(.i.. XXIX. (Plate XI.)

h

,_^itf^..-'

si:ki(\ oi'i'osrrA.

(JoiKN. X. V. Fnt. Soc.) \'()i.. XXIX. (Plate XII.)

X

M'.RK A \ I'.sl'I-.kllXA \((( »l.\.

(Jf)rKN. X. V. Knt. Soc.) \<.i. XXIX.

(Platk XIII.)

mM

^^■-

^^^tflfffflwtnTT^Rilb^.

*«&■..

J

M:I<|( A I'.C.Kl-.C.lA,

(Jot-RN.. \. ^■. i:nt. Soc.) \"()r.. XXIX. (FYatf XIV.)

si:ki( A .\iu)rrA.

Scpt.-Dcc, 19-M.] W'atsox : Local Lepidoptera. 169

j^ust I and lastinsj through the month and to al)Out September 7,
about sixteen of our commonest butterflies were very abundant and
many of the less common species were observed. Prior to August i
there was almost no collecting, while after Scptemi)er 7 the col-
lecting became very poor again.

At Lake Mashipacong. Sussex Co., N. J.. July 3 to 3. Mr. G. C.
Hall and the writer enjoyed the hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. C. L.
Robinson. Thirty-one species and four varieties were observed on
the three days, among which were Mclitcra harrisi Scudder, quite
common but many specimens poor, and Euphycs bimacida (Grote and
Robinson ), rather common, all males, just coming out on the 5th.

At Jamesburg. Monmouth Co.. N. J.. August 29, with Mr. C. L.
Lewis, thirty-two species and one variety were noted. This is my
best butterfly list (for one day) of the season. Worthy of special
mention are. — a single fresh male of Poancs zabulon (Boisduval and
Leconte) ; Mcgistias fusca (Grote and Rol)inson). two individuals;
Paviphila Iconardus (Harris), about fifteen to twenty seen, very
difiicult to capture; Caiia otlio cgcrcmct (Scudder), about six old
specimens captured (late record).

Eurymus philodice (Godart) has been, as it usually is. very com-
mon but its dichromatic female form pallidicc Scudder was rather
scarce.

Correction. — The note on page 343 in " Miscellaneous Collecting
Notes for 1919" should read, /:. philodice is commoner than it was
during 1917 but is by no means in its normal abundance.

Danaus archippus ( 1-abricius) has been, like last season. ^ ^learly
absent, only five individuals (listed below) being seen by mc or
brought to my attention and no eggs or larvje were found.

One specimen at Parsippany, Morris Co., N. J., June 27 (G. C.
Hall).

One old female near Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, .\ugust
3 (H. Mills).

One individual. \'an Cortlandt Park, August iS.

One specimen. Mastic Beach, Long Island. New ^'ork. September
20 (J. T. Nichols).

1 Miscellaneous Colltcting Notes for 1919. Watson, F. E., J.v. .V. V. Ent.
See, 1919, XW'II. p. 343.

170 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxix.

One specimen near The American Museum of Natural History,
October ii.

I have always considered this species one of our commonest local
butterflies and I cannot recall a season, those of the present and pre-
ceding years excepted, when it was not plentiful. This being a mi-
gratory species, perhaps some catastrophe occurred to the migrating
swarms, such as has been recorded for migrations of birds and cer-
tain mammals.

Vanessa virginiensis (Dtury) : One individual taken at Garden City,
Long Island, New York, on the morning of November 21 by J. T.
Nichols. It was sluggish when found on the top of a dead dry
weed.

Vanessa cardui (Linne) has been with us again this season but was
scarce.

Basilarchia archippus (Cramer) : correction. On p. 343, 1. 6, in
'' Miscellaneous Collecting Notes for 1919," D. archippus should
read B. archippus.

Pieris napi virginiensis Edwards.

Following the Barnes and McDunnough Check List of Lepi-
doptera, 191 7, this butterfly is here given as a race of Pieris napi
(Linne). I am inclined to think that this may be a distinct species,
for among other things, it seems to have but one generation a year,
napi oleracea (Harris), the more northern insect, having two.

The name virginiensis has not heretofore appeared in any of our
local lists, specimens recorded as napi (Linne) or oleracea (Harris)
are probably of this form. As this is a very rare butterfly in the
vicinity of New York City, records from the following specimens,
which I have examined, may be of value.

Good figures of virginiensis are given by W. H. Edwards in his
Butterflies of North America," Vol. I, 1871, PI. IX, figs. 5-8.

One female, in fair condition, Paterson, Passaic County, New
Jersey, May 6 (J. A. Grossbeck) ; in the collection of The American
Museum of Natural History. This specimen is recorded as "P. ole-
racea Bdv." on p. 417, of Report New Jersey State Museum — Insects
of New Jersey (1909), 1910, by J. B. Smith. It was probably taken
in the vicinity of Garrett Rock (Watchung Mountains).

Sci.t.-Dcc. 19-M.1 Watson: Local Lepidoptera. 171

One female, in poor condition, W'atchung Mountains, New Jersey,
May 6, 1900 (W. D. Kearfoot ) ; in the collection of The American
Museum of Natural History. A pencil lahcl attached to the specimen
says " Garrett Rock," so that this individual was probably captured in
the same general res^ion where the preceding; and followini^; butter-
flies were taken.

One male, in good condition, W'atchung Mountains, between
Paterson and Great Notch, Passaic County, New Jersey, April 30,
1905 (F. E. Watson) ; in author's collection.

One old male, Blairstown, Warren County, New Jersey. June 2,
1920 (A. B. Klots) ; in the collection of A. P.. Klots.

Argynnis aphrodite alcestis Edwards.

On page 45 of ilie lluilctin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society,
1913. \'ol. \'11I, I recorded the capture of a specimen of alcestis
Edwards in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. As two races can-
not occur in the same region, this specimen should be reduced in
rank to an aberration of A. aphrodite aphrodite (Fabricius). While
it is practically identical in appearance with alcestis, its blood rela-
tionship is with aphrodite and alcestis should not be considered one
of our local entities.

Brenthis bellona ab. kleenei, new aberration.

This aberration differs from typical bellona (Fabricius), in having the
entire area of both wings black from the base to just inside the extra-mesial
scries of round black spots. On the primaries there is a distinct subquadrate
spot of fulvous near the center, and an obsolete line (scarcely discernible) of
the same color at the end, of the cell. There is a dusting of fulvous scales
at the base, extending along the costa to nearly the middle of the wing and
along the inner margin to the fulvous terminal area. The extra-mesial series
of spots is greatly reduced, the upper three being obsolete, the two between
veins 2 and 4 are strongest. The geminate submarginal band is practically
obsolete. The outer series is reduced to a slight dusting of black scales on
the veins and the inner row to a series of four faint rounded spots between
veins 2 and 6. This scries of spots is also closer to the extra-mesial scries
than in normal individuals. Secondaries with an obsolete (scarcely discern-
ible) fulvous line at the end of the cell. The spots of the extra-mesial series
arc all present but smaller than normal. The submarginal series of elongate
spots is also present but reduced and somewhat sutTused, and together with the
marginal series of T-shaped spots (which arc also suffused) forms an indis-
tinct blackish marginal band. This band merges with the black basal area at

172 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxix.

the apex. Fringes of both wings blacker than normal. Underside of pri-
maries similar to upper but with the addition of a small distinct fulvous spot
at the base, and an obsolete line before the distal end, of the cell. There is
also a faint fulvous streak below vein 2 near the base. The deep cin-
namoneous marginal border is interrupted by a yellowish apical patch and
obsolete patches of the same color between veins 3 and 5. Underside of
secondaries with the area, which was black above, chestnut, except as follows.
A yellow bar along the precostal vein. A large lilacinous patch at base of
cellule 7-8, acuminate distad along vein 8 and terminating near the center of
the wing. This patch encloses near its base a round chestnut spot. A mesial
series of four yellow annuli, the first between veins la and i, second and third
between i and 2, and fourth at distal end of cell between 3 and 5, the middle
discocellular forming its outer edge. This, the fourth, annulus is less well
defined than the others and it has a horizontal lilacinous streak on its lower
edge extending distad to the outer edge of the chestnut area. The chestnut
area is also interrupted by blackish patches near the bases of cellules 2-1, 3-4,
and 4-5, the last being obsolete. The brown distal area is overlaid with
iridescent violet scales. The brown submarginal crescents and extra-mesial
annuli are present but more obscure than in normal individuals. Fringes of
both wings blacker than normal.
Expanse. — 43.5 mm.

This is a black. &^^Zona, with a ftilvotis terminal band on the
primaries about 4 mm. wide and a siibterminal band of the same
color on the secondaries, about 2.5 mm. wide.

This beautiful aberration was captured by Mr. S. Kleene, after
whom it is named, at West Hartford, Connecticut, May 3, 1921.

Holotype female, in the collection of The American Museum of
Natural History; donated by Mr. S. Kleene.

Aglais antiopa (Linne).

A patch of eggs was found by me on the underside of a willow
leaf at Tappan, Rockland County, New York, Aug. 4, 1918. They
covered nearly the basal third of the leaf extending to the edges
and down to the petiole. It is somewhat unusual to find eggs of this
species on a leaf as they generally encircle a terminal twig.

Poanes hobomok ab. pallida, new aberration.

This aberration differs from typical hobomok (Harris) in having the usual
dark brown borders and markings of all wings, above and below, light gray
and the normal bright tawny areas and spots on both wings above and on
primaries beneath pale dull tawny. Secondaries beneath with the band and
subbasal spot light dull yellow. Fringes of both wings above and below
grayish.

Sfpt.-Dcc, 19-M.] Xicolay: Lexu List of Coleoptera. 173

Expanse. — 31 mm.

Holotype. male, near Diinwoodic, Westchester County, New York. May 21,
1921 (F. E. Watson) ; in the collection of The American Museum of Natural

History.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE LENG

LIST OF COLEOPTERA. FAMILY

BUPRESTIDAE NO. i.

By Alan S. Nicolay.
Brooklyn, X. Y.

Since tlic completion of the text in 1918 and its publication during
Dccenilicr, ig20, tlierc liave been certain corrections made and many
new species described in the family Ruprestid?e. It is the purpose of
the present article to record all such forms and varieties together
with a bibliography through 1920 including not only references to
where the original description of mentioned species may be found,
but also listing the more important papers, written since the Leng list
and dealing with Buprestidae but which contain no new names.

Certain forms described in 1918 are included in the list while
others were published too late. The genera Cinyra, Pachyschclus,
and Taphroccrus, which have been reviewed recently, are copied in
their entirety.

The writer desires to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Harry
B. Weiss of the New Jersey State Department of Agriculture for
bringing to his attention several obscure references.

POLVCESTINI.

Acmaeodera Esch., 29-9.

A. marginenotata Chev., 67-583 Cuba, Fla.

iiihirrold t I)uv., 57—57 Cuh.T. Fla.

A. sinuata \'an Dyke, 19-152 ..Cal.

A. sinuata var. sez-notata Van Dyke, 19-153 Cal.

A. wenzeli Van Dyke, i<>-i54 Tex.

A. wheeleri \'an Dyke, 19-155 Ariz.

A. squamosa Van Dyke. 19-186 Ariz.. Tex.

A. 14-spilota Obcnb., 17-55 ^' \

174 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- xxix.

Paratyndaris Fisher, 19-92.

This genus should replace Tyndaris Thorn., 57-168, for all North
American species. Tyndaris is confined to South America.
P. coursetiae Fisher, 19-93 Ariz.

Chalcophorini.
Agseocera Water., 82-4.

A. scintillans Water, 82-4 Max., Ariz.

BUPRESTINI.

Trachykele Mars., 65-149.
T. hartmani Burke, 20-169 Cal.

Dicerca Esch., 29-9.

D. lugubris LeC, 59-200 Mich.

A valid species and not synonymous with tcnebrosa (Kby.),
37-155.

Cinyrai Cast., 37-157-
(Spectralia Csy., 09-175.)

C. purpurascens Schffr., 05-127 L. Cal.

C. robusta Chamb., 20-241 Tex.

C. prosternalis Schffr., 04-205 Tex.

C. gracilipes (Melsh.), 46-145 E. U. S., Tex., Wis.

macilenta (Csy.), 09-176 Tex.

abbreviata Csy., 14-361 N. C, 111.

ocularis Csy., 14-362 111.

Buprestis L., 60-408.

B. nuttalli var. alternans TLeC), 59-207 W. U. S

Incorrectly placed in the list as a variety of Iccvivcntris (LeC).

57-43-

Melanophila Esch., 29-9.

M. atropurpurea (Say), 23-160 Tex., Ariz., Kan.

A valid species and not synonymous with ocnminata (DeG.), 74-

133-

Anthaxia Esch., 29-9.

A. aeneogaster var. prasina Horn, 82-108 Cal.

1 .\rrangement follows Chamberlin's key, Ent. News, 1920, Vol. XXXI,
P- 243.

Sept.-Dec, ig-'i.] NiCOLAV : LeNG LiST OF COLEOPTERA. 175

CHRYSOnOTlIRlNI.

Chrysobothris Esch., 29-9.

C. atrifasciata I.cC, 73-33^ Ariz., X. Mcx.

I">roneously spelled atrofasciata in the list.
C. orono Frost, 20-232 Mc.

Agrilini.
Agrilus Stcph., 30-239.

A. viridis' \ ar. fagi Ratz., 39-63 Europe, N. J.

A. dozieri Fisher, 18-67 Fla.

A. criddlei Frost, 20-249 ^lanitoba, Ont., Quebec

A. restrictus Water., S9-119 Mix., Ariz.

A. juglandis Knull, 20-7 Pa-

A. f rosti Knull, 20-S Pa., Mass.

A. celti Knull, 20-1 1 " Pa.

Pachyschelus- SoHer, 33-313.

^felollillS Say, 36-264.

P. purpureas (Say), 36-164 E. U. S., Tex., Iowa

unwricatiiis Gory, 41-346 M. & W. States

P. laevigatus (Say), 36-164 E. U. S., Iowa

ovatus II (Say), 25-252.

punctatus (Gory), 41-347.

carhonalus (LeC), 59—252.

f'olitiis Kerr., 96—322.
P. schwarzi Kerr., 92-298 Fla., Ga.. Ark.. Tex

c<cruleus !l Sz., 78-364.
P. schwarzi vnr. oculatus Schffr., 09-377 .\riz.

Brachys Sol., 33-312.

B. cuprascens Blatcli.. i i-22, Fla.

On the authority of Mr. Charles Schaeffer this species is a syno-
nym of floricola (Kerr.). 00-347.

Taphrocerus^ Solier, 33-314.

T. puncticoUis Sz., 7S-363 Fla.. Ala.

T. schaefferi X. & W.. 20-144 Tex.

1 Introduced from Europe.

■-' .\rranRenient follows Xicolay and Weiss, JouRM. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1920,
\'ol. XW'III. pp. 136-150.

176 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^'o'- xxix.

T. agriloides Cr., 73-75 Ala., Ga., Tex.

T. laevicoUis LeC, 78-403 : Fla.

T. gracilis (Say), 25-252 E. U. S., Tex.. Ariz., Col.

alboguttatus (Mann.), 37-120 (So. Cal.?)

cylindricollis Kerr., 96—3 12 Pa.

? texanus Kerr., 96—3 12 Tex.

T. albonotatus Blatch., 19-29 Fla., Ga.

Bibliography. 2

Blatchley, W. S.

1919. Can. Ent., pp. 28—32 (Some new and scarce Col. from Fla. II).

Britton, W. E.

1920. Conn. Geo), and N. H. Survey, Bull. XXXI (List of the Insects of

Conn.).

Burke, H. E.

1918. JouRN. EcoN. Ent., Vol. XI, pp. 334-338 (Biol. Notes on some Wood-

borers of the Genus Bttprestis).

1919. JouRN. EcoN. Ent., Vol. XII, pp. 326-330 (Biol. Xotes on Apple Tree

Borers, Chrysobothris femorata and mali).

1920. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXII, pp. 72-76 (Collecting some little-

known Buprestidse) ; pp. 168-170 (Notes on Trachykele with descr.
of a new Species).

Carr, F. S.
1920. Alberta N. H. Soc, pp. 1-8 (An Annotated List of Col. of N. Alberta).

Chamberlin, W. J.
1920. JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 151-157 (Notes on Chryso-
bothris sylvania, etc.).
Ent. News, Vol. XXXI, pp. 241-244 (Descr. of One New Buprestid,
Notes on Others).

Dozier, H. L.
1920. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. XIII, pp. 325—380 (Ecological Study of
Hammock and Piney Woods Insects of Fla.).

Fisher, W. S.

19 18. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XX, pp. 67-68 (A New Species of Agrilus

from Fla.).

1919. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, pp. 91-93 (Descr. of a new Genus

and Species of Buprestidse from Ariz.).

2 Exclusive of papers in bibliography of Leng list.

Sept. -Dec, ig-'i.l XlCULAV; LeNG LlST OF CoLEOl'TERA. 177

Fisher, \V. S., and Xicolay, A. S.
1920. Ent. -News, Vol. XXI, pp. 100-102 (A Mexican Species of Agrilus
found in Ariz.).

Frost, C. A.
1920. Can. Ent.. pp. 22g-232, 249-253 (Xotes on Col. with Descr. of Xcw
Sjiecies).

Frost, C. A., and Weiss, H. B.
1920. Can. Ent., pp. 204-210, 220—223 (Bibliography of Literature on X. A
Agrilus).

Ganutt, R. T.
1920. Can. Ent., pp. 17-18 (N'ariations of Buprcstis virulisiitiiraJis).

Kniill. J. X.
1920. Ent. Xews, Vol. XXXI, pj). 4-12 (Xotes on Buprestidx with Descr. of
Xew Species).

Xicolay, A. S.
1919. Bull, of B'klyn Ent. Soc, Vol. XIV, pp. 17-20, 63-72 (List of Buprestida."
and Ceranibycidae from Long Island).

Xicolay. A. S., and Weiss, H. B.

1919. JouR.v. X. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXVII, p. 241 (Additions and Corrections

to the Genus Buprestis in X. A.).

1920. JouRN. X. Y. E.n'T. Soc, Vol. XX\'III, pp. 136-150 (Group Traches in

X. A., Part I, Genera Pacliysclieliis and Taphroccnis).

Obenberger, J.
1917. Xeuc Beitrage zur Systeniat. Insektenkunde, pp. 53-56 (Xeue Exotische
.\cma;oderen ).

Ratzeburg, J. T. C.
1839. Forstins, p. 63 (Descr. Agrilus viridis var. fagi ; References in U. S.
see Journ. Econ. Ent., Dec, 1914, Ent. Xews, 1916, Vol. XXVII.
p. 426).

Van Dyke, E. C.
1910. Ent. Xews, Vol. XXX, pp. 151-156. 186-190 (Xew Species of Bupres-
tidae from W. U. S. with Xotes on Others).

Weiss, H. B., and Dickcrson, E. L.
1919. JouRN. X. Y. E.NT. Soc, Vol. XXVII, pp. 39-68 (Insects of Rose
Mallow, " Rhcrboscclis tenuis ").

Weiss, II. B., and Xicolay, \. S.
1919. Can. Ent., pp. S6-8S (Life History and Early Stages of Brachys ovatus
and arosus).

178 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- ^-^i^-

Weiss, H. B.
1920. State of N. J., Dept. of Agriculture, Circular No. XXXI, p. 9 (Notes
on Food Habits of Brachys).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Lathridiidae in the heart of New York City (Coleop.). — Many spe-
cies of the beetles of this family have been found to be cosmo-
politan, and the following incident would lend plausibility to the as-
sumption that not only are they generally widely scattered, but
much more abundant than the scant material in collections would
lead one to suspect. During the past summer, while I was away
in the country, a leak in the plumbing in my city house soaked the
wall against which stood a large number of beetle boxes. Upon
examining the latter after discovering the condition of the wall, I
was aghast at the mass of mould, white, green and yellow, which
completely covered the specimens and a great part of the lining of
the boxes. Their contents seemed irretrievably lost ; but I deter-
mined to do what I might to save something from the wreck. In
this, by the way, I was highly successful, succeeding in removing the
mould and cleaning the specimens with a camel's-hair brush and a
solution of carbolic acid. But while engaged in this work I found
between one and two hundred live specimens of Lathridiidse, evidently
attracted to the boxes by their moist, mouldy condition. Four species
were represented, all of them originally described from specimens
taken in localities far removed from our shores, and so far as
known by no means common in this country. The question pre-
sents itself: How then did they find those mouldy boxes in a '"brown-
stone front" of a New York City block? If not indigenous (though
their original discovery elsewhere does not necessarily preclude such
a possibility), commerce is of course responsible for their introduc-
tion here. But whatever their origin, it would seem by no means
improbable that they may be present almost anywhere that offers
conditions favorable for their sustenance and reproduction, and that
dusty crevices in our city houses (between floor boards, etc.) may
have their Lathridiid content wholly unsuspected by us, even though
we regard ourselves as observant coleopterists; and owing to their

Sept.-Dcc. 1921.] Book Reviews. 179

extremely small size and secretive habits only an accident, as in my
experience, might bring them to our attention. .\s it happens, none
of the several species taken by me under the above conditions has
licretofore been recorded from New York. They are as follows:
Adistcmia watsoni W'oll.. originally described from Funchal in the
island of Madeira. .Mso taken in the Canaries, Algeria, Cape of
Ciood Hope. Venezuela and Chili, and in this country recorded from
Washington. D. C. This species in numbers far exceeded the others
found in the mouldy bo.xes. Cartodcrc costulata Reitt.. taken in
Japan and Germany, and in this country recorded from Mass., Penna.
and Mich. Cartodcrc clcgans Aube. From the Mediterranean re-
gion, and in this country recorded from Washington, D. C, only.
Corticaria fulva Com. Cosmopolitan, recorded here from Mass., Va.,
Ky., Mich, and Lower California. For the foregoing records I am
indebted to Mr. H. C. Fall's review of the family published in
Trans. Am. Fnt. Soc, XXVI. pp. 101-190. Apparently the beetles
in question subsisted entirely on the mould, as no evidence whatever
was discovered of any consumption of the mounted beetles in the
invaded boxes. — Lewis B. Woodruff.

BOOK REVIEWS.

Les Insectes. Ax.xto.mie et Physiologie Generales. Introduc-
tion' .\ l'Htude de l'Ento.mologie Biologique. By C. Houl-
RERT. Second, revised edition. One volume supcrroyal i8mo, 380
pp., with 207 text figures. Librairie Octave Doin. Paris, 1920.
Price: francs 8.00. unbound; francs 10.00, cloth bound.

This handy little volume is part of an " Encyclopedia of Science " pub-
lished under the direction of Dr. Toulouse and covering all branches of human
knowledge. It contains a general account of the structure and habits of in-
sects. Intended as an introduction to the study of entomology, it admirably
serves its purpose. .After a short definition of the class Insecta, the reader
plunges at once into a fascinating history of entomology. Perhaps this part
of the book will be most popular with the advanced entomologist because it
contains so many little-known details of the life and work of the early French
entomologists. It is rather curious that the author does not point with pride
to the Entomological Society of France as the senior scientific body exclusively
devoting its activities to the study of insects. Its first meeting was held

ISO Journal New York Entomological Society, [^oi. xxix.

February 29, 1832, while the next oldest association of the kind, the Entomo-
logical Society of London, assembled for the first time on May 3, 1833. Of
American entomologists only three are mentioned by name, viz., John Le Conte,
" whose ancestors were French, native of Normandy," Charles Riley, and L. O.
Howard. The omission of reference to the pioneer of American entomology,
Thomas Say, shows the need of a modern biography of this great naturalist.

The manifold features of insect morphology are treated in about 60 pages,
while more than half of the book is devoted to physiological and biological
considerations. This arrangement of subject matter is unusual in manuals
dealing with insects, but, I believe, most satisfactory, since it will undoubtedly
arouse the beginner's interest in the biological side of entomological science.
Following a short chapter on embryology, the larval and nymphal stages are
fully discussed. The book concludes with a consideration of insects in their
relations to mankind (economic and applied entomology) ; this part also con-
tains chapters on the means of defense of insects, on their geographical dis-
tribution, and on the fossil forms.

Apart from its didactic value to the beginner, this manual contains much
theoretical matter which renders it a welcome addition to the entomologist's
general library. I may call attention to the chapters dealing with the theory of
the Protentomon (pp. 35-37) ; the metameric origin of the head (pp. 58-59) ;
the theory of flight in insects (pp. 150—152) ; histolysis during metamorphosis
(pp, 263—273) ; etc. Such and other critical discussions of controversial sub-
jects are most acceptable in an elementary textbook and will help to emphasize
the philosophical aspect of entomology. American readers will be somewhat
surprised to find the chapter on wing venation (pp. 78-S4) wholly devoted to
an exposition of Woodworth"s views. It is difficult to understand why Com-
stock and Needham's valuable work has been overlooked, since it enjoys at
present much popularity, both here and abroad.

The classification of insects into nine orders, as briefly outlined at the
end of the volume, can hardly be justified and is neither practical nor in
accordance with theoretical views. It must, however, be conceded that the
delimitation of orders in the class Insecta is most unsatisfactory at present.
Handlirsch's division into 34 orders now seems conservative in view of the
fact that their number has been increased to 69 by two recent German authors !

The style of this manual is a good example of attractive and lucid con-
cision, a quality seemingly peculiar to the best French scientific writers. It
comes as a welcome relief after the brain-racking phraseology of certain mod-
ern " Handbiicher." The price of this handsomely bound, clearly printed, and
profusely illustrated volume should furnish food for thought for many an
American editor. — J. Bequaert, American Museum of Natural History.

Sipt.-Dec, I92I.1 Proceedings. ISl

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOG-
ICAL SOCIETY.

MeRTIXG ok DlUKMHKK 21.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
S;oo P.M., on December 21. 1920, in the .American Museum of Natural His-
tory. \'ice-Presi(Knl .lolin D. Shenii.in. Jr., in the chair, witii 16 members
present.

Mr. .Mbert ElTinyham Lawrence, 105 West 6rjlh St., was elected an active
member.

Mr. Davis proposed for active membership:

Mr. Herbert F. Schwarz, 383 Park .\ve.
Dr. Harry H. Knight, St. Paul. Minn.

Mr. Watson proposed :

Mr. Alexander B. Klots. 125 West 78th St.

On motion, the by-laws were suspended and the three candidates were
elected.

On motion by Mr. Schaeffer. the society's subscription to Catalogus
Coleopterorum Junk was withdrawn.

Mr. Weiss exhibited the insecticide catalogue of Sherwin-Williams Co.,
commenting on its serious scientific errors.

Mr. Weiss also read a paper on " The Insects of the Spreading Dogbane,"
illustrated by specimens in adult and immature stages, which will be published
elsewhere in full. Reference was made to a paper in Ohio Journal by Ray-
mond C. Osburn and some of the details were discussed at length by Dr.
Hequaert, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Burns, with the conclusion that the species of
Apocyniim involved would affect the conditions.

Mr. Xotman having assumed the chair, Mr. Sherman exhibited and dis-
cussed "The Biographies of Thomas Say," including the Memoir by George
Ord, read before Am. Philos. Soc, Dec. 19. 1834; Biog. Sketch by Benj. X.
Coates, read before Ac. Natural Science. Phila., Dec. 16. 1834; Thomas Say
by F. M. Webster, in Vol. VI of Ent. News, 1895.

With the copy of Ord's Memoir, from Dr. Le Conte's library, was a letter
of Mrs. Say protesting against Ord's literary criticism. Mr. Sherman showed
illustrations of Say's portrait, first and last home in Indiana, and of his monu-
ment, and described his expedition to Florida and the Northwest as well as his
devotion to science.

Mr. Davis called attention to the long time Mrs. Say survived her hus-
band, her death occurring at Lexington. Mass.. Nov. 15. 1886. and to her
having lived on Staten Island, where she was elected the first honorary mem-
ber of its Natural Science Association.

182 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxix.

Mr. Richardson spoke of his collecting experiences in Virginia and of his
happy association at Washington with Dr. Schwarz.

Meeting of January 4.

The annual meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held in
the American Museum of Natural History on Tuesday, January 4, 1921, Vice-
President John D. Sherman, Jr., in the chair, with 18 members present.

The Nominating Committee submitted the following list of candidates for
officers in 192 1 :

President — John D. Sherman, Jr.

Vice-President — Harry B. Weiss.

Secretary — Charles W. Leng.

Treasurer — William T. Davis.

Librarian — Frank E. Watson.

Curator — A. J. Mutchler.

Executive Coininittee.

H. G. Barber, Geo. I. Engelhardt,

Joseph Bequaert, C. E. Olsen,

L. B. Woodruff.

Publication Committee.

Howard Notman, Chairman, Charles Schaefifer,

Frank E. Lutz, E. L. Dickerson.

There being no other nominations, the Secretary was instructed to cast
one affirmative ballot electing the candidates proposed by the Nominating
Committee.

On motion by Dr. Bequaert, the Secretai"y was instructed to ascertain
from Messrs. Leonard & Johannsen the present status and future plans of
New York State List.

The Secretary presented for M. C. Houlbert a complimentary volume of
Encyclopedic Scientifique.

Dr. Lutz reported as the Society's delegate to Chicago meeting that
entomology was well represented, about 100 papers having been presented.

Mr. Leng's catalogue of Coleoptera was exhibited by advance copies, Mr.
Sherman stating that the binding of the whole edition would be finished about
January 20. He spoke of the interest Mr. Henshaw had shown and the thanks
due him. Mr. Leng spoke of the thanks due Mr. Mutchler and of the advan-
tage of printing such corrections as might prove necessary in one publication,
the Journal of the New York Entomological Society.

Mr. Nicolay exhibited his collection of the " Pselaphid Tribe Brachy-
glutini," reviewing the classification, methods of collecting, especially sifting

Sept.-Dcc, 19^1.] Proceedings. 1S3

vegetable debris at base of trees in fall and under stones in spring, and called
attention to the discovery of Balrisodes caseyi Dury on the Palisades. He
also spoke of Mr. Davis finding the Scydmaenid Connophron elongalum in
Cape May Co., X. J.

Mr. Weiss read a paper on " Colt-optcra of the Milkweed," which will be
published entire, illustrated by specimens of-adult larva and work of the differ-
ent species, especially Tetraopes, of which he gave the first complete life
history.

Mr. Dickcrson followed with a paper on " Other Insects of the Milk-
weed," treated in the same way, which also will be published in full.

The work of these two members was freely discussed and greatly admired.

Mr. Shoemaker gave an account of " Beetle Collecting at Washington,
D. C," during 1920, with an exhibition of the many fine species he had caught,
including records for Leptura americana and Cacoplia publata.

Mr. E. .\. Chapin and Prof. H. C. Fall, present as visitors, spoke briefly
on the work that they had recently done.

Mr. A. S. Van Winkle, also present as a visitor, made an interesting
address on his recollections of the entomologists of 40-50 years ago, especially
referring to Louis Agassiz. C. V. Riley, Otto Lugger, and Dr. John C. Kucklin.

Meeting of J.^nu.vrv 18.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P.M., on January 18, 192 1, in the American Museum of Natural History,
President John D. Sherman, Jr., in the chair, with 13 members present.

Edward Davis Quirsfeld, 523 4th St., Union Hill, X. J., was proposed as
an active member by Mr. Mutchler.

Mr. Xotman, under the title " Xotes on Staphylinidae," presented, with
blackboard illustrations, a graphic account of the wealth of structural char-
acters possessed by that family of beetles. The head was first considered with
respect to its form, and its modifications in its various parts ; the mouth parts,
the antennae, and the sutures were discussed in detail. The thorax, the elytra,
the mesocoxal parts followed. The exhibit accompanying Mr. Notman's re-
marks, taken from his own collection, showed 150 genera, all but 3 or 4 of the
Xorth .American tribes, with many rare and minute species, including the
remarkable Beyeria found by Mr. Gustav Beyer in .Arizona. Mr. Xotman
spoke without notes and displayed a remarkable familiarity with his subject.

Dr. Bcquaert spoke of the genus Pccderus as the cause of an epidemic of
blisters in the Congo. The beetle alighting on the skin at night would be
crushed by the sleeper's hand. A red spot followed in a few days by a vesicle
containing a little ccrosity re«ults and leaves a scar. He had notes showing
that this occurred in southern Russia, Khartoon, and Brazil, as well as in
the Congo.

Dr. Bcquaert presented a " Rev icw of C. HouUurt's ' .\natoniie ct Physi-

184 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxix.

ologie Generales ' in the Encyclopedic Scientifiquelnsectes," saying that it
contained rather more than would be found in Comstock's " Introduction to
Entomology," and in general very ably presented. The history of entomology
and entomologists was very interesting, though it treated rather unduly of the
French, and the treatment of wing venation seemed to lay undue stress upon
the theories of Woodworth. In this connection he called attention to the
excellent paper in Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, LXXXIX, 1920, pp. 1-50,
" La Nervation alaire des Coleopteres." by A. d'Orchymont. Dr. Bequaert
praised highly the moderation shown in dividing insects into orders as opposed
to the excessive subdivisions of Handlirsch and other German authors.

In reference to the history of entomology, Mr. Sherman recalled the paper
by John G. Morris in Silliman's Journal.

Mr. Watson, under the title " Notes on Lepidoptera," exhibited the milk-
weed butterfly, with many interesting aberrations and some of its foreign
relatives. His remarks thereon will be printed in full.

Mr. Davis exhibited a bound volume of W. D. Funkhouser's papers.

Index to Names of Insects and
Plants in Volume XXIX.

Generic names begin with a
Xew genera, subgenera, species,
printed in italics.

\bics 59
Acerates

viridiflora 125
AcniKodera

cuba;cola 173

niargincnotata 173

14-spilota 173

sinuata 173

var. sex-notata 173

squamosa 173

wenzeli 173

wheeleri 173
Adalia

bipunctata 139
Adelphacoris

rapidus 139
Adistemia

watsoni 121, 179
Agwocera

scintillans 174
Agathengis 159
Aglais

antiopa 172

j-album 57
Agrilus 176, 177

celti 175

criddlei 175

dozieri 175

frosti 175

juglandis 175

restrictus 175

viridis

var. fagi 175, 177
Agromyza

pusilla 134. 145
A igola

pauliana 37, 38

tuberclla 37

capital, specific names with a small letter,
subspecies, varieties and uomina iioza are

Amara

fallax 146

teres 146
Amaranthus 6
Amauronematus 30

azaleae 29

borealis 30

fulvipes 28

gracilis 30

kiteotergum 28, 29

similis 29

Z'acirus 28

raiius 27

ve)iaticus 29

Z'enerandus 30

verbosus 29

vescus 30

visendus 2S
Amblycorypha 59
Ammalo

tenera 137
Amnobia

ichneumonea 142
Ampelopsis

incisa 120
Amphibitlierion 155

deinissum 155
Anaspidcs 64, 89
Ancyloxypha

numitor 141
Anisotoma 147
Anilsia

abject a 38

mendica 39
Anomala

lucicola 140
Anosia

bcrcnicc 136

var. strigosa 136

185

186 Journal of the New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxix,

Anthaxia

aneogaster

var. prasina 174
Anthemoessa

bomboides 143
Antherophagus

ochraceus 139
Apamea

velata 141
Aphaenogaster 154
fulva

subsp. aquia 155
Aphis 138

asclepiadis 138
liitescens 138
Apocynum 137, 144, 181
Apseudes 64, y6, yy, 78, 79, 89
Apus 64, 70, 71, 72, 74
Archiceps

rosaceana 142
Arctilaira 39

bellans 35, 40
Argynnis

aphrodite

var. aphrodite 171
var. alcestis 171
Asclepias 123, 124, 132, 133, 136, 137,
142
cornuti 123, 124, 126, 137
incarnata 123, 124, 127, 130, 136,

140
pulchra 123, 125, 127, 130, 131,
134, 138, 139, 140. 141, 142,
143, 144, 145
syriaca 123, 125, 127, 12S, 131,
134. 135, 138, 139, 140, 141.
142. 143, 144, 145
tuberosa 134, 137, 139, 142
Asellus 83
Aspidiotus

perniciosus 138
Aster

macrophyllns 117
Atheta 155

palustris 156
Atomaria

parviceps 158
patens 159
Atrytonopsis

verna 141
Autographa
falcifera

f. simplex 141
Basilarchia

archippus 170

Bathyphantes

brevipes 42
Batrisodes

caseyi 1S3
Belonochilus

numenius 133
Beosus no
Beyeria 183
Bledius

verticalis 148
Boletotherus

bifurcus 120
Bombias

separatuS 143
Brachyacantha

ursina 139
Brachys 178

serosus 177

cuprascens 175

floricola 175

ovatus 177
Bracon 127
Branchippus 70, 74
Bremus

perplexus 143
Brenthis

bellona 172

ab. kleenei 171
Buprestis 176

lasviventris 174

nuttalli

var. alternans 174

salisburiensis 58

viridisuturalis 177

Cacama

valvata 49
Cacoplia

publata 183
Cainosternum 147

imbricatum 148
Calosoma

sycophanta 59
Campodea 82, 91, 93
Campsomeris

plumipes 142
Caprella 85
Carabus

nemoralis 59
Cartodere

costulata 121, 179

elegans 121, 179
Catabrithorax 38

Index to Names of Insects and Plants.

187

Catio

otho

var. (.gcrcnict 169
Cecidomyia 1.^5
Cephalanthus

occidtntalis i45
Cerctris

clypcata 142
Chanochlorops

in(|uilina 144
Chxtocntnia

siibcylindrica 25
Chaulioj-nathus

iiiarj;inatus 140
Chclymorpha

argus 132
Chcvrolatia

amoena 59
Cliloraliclus

nymphajaruni 143
pilosiis 143
pruinosiis 142
zcphyrus 142
Chrysobothris

atrifasciata i75
feinorafa 176
mali 176
orono 175
sylvania 176
Chrysochus

cobaltinus 140
Chrysopa

interrupla 138
ricada 4S. 56
dorsata 45
grandiosa 56. 57
niarginalis 56
marfs'inata 45
palkscens 55
parvula 55, 56
synodica 52
tibiccn 45
Cinicx 112

silvestris 100
I inyra 173

abbrcviata 174
gracilipcs 174
inacilenta 174
ocularis 174
prostirnalis 174
piirpurasccns 174
robnsta 174
1 istogastt-r

iininaculata 144
1 neniodus 105

Coccinella

novcinnotata 139
trifasciata 139
Cuelioxys

octodentata 143
Colias

philodjce 141
Connophron

flongatum 1S3
Conops

xantliopareus 144
Convolvulus 132
Coptocyla

aurichalcea 140
guttata 140
Coptodisca 121
Cordyccps 58
Cornicularia

clavicornis 35
Cornus

mass 168
Corticaria

fulva 121. 179
Cotoncastcr

niicrophylla 121
Crambus

albellus 142
Cychrus 59

Dacnusa

incerta 135
Danaus

archippus 135. 141, 169
Diabrotica

12-punctata 140
Diastylis 76, 83, 89
Dibolia 2^
Dicerca

lugubris 1 74

tcnebrosa 1 74
Diplostyla

brcvipcs 42
Disonycha

pcnnsylvanica

var. parva 16
Dolichopus

burnsii i 19
Donacia 120
Drosophila 92

Egle

radicr.ni 144
Elachiptcra

costata 144

188 Journal of the New York Entomological Society. L^'"'- -^>^ix.

Elater

loiigipennis 159

nigrinus 160
EHs

quinquecincta 142
Epargyrevis

tityrus 141
Epicauta

vittata 140
Epitrix

cucumcris 140
Erebus

odora 58
Erigone

arctica 36

mcndica 38

niirabilis 39

perplexa 41

sibirica 35
Eristalis

arbustorum 144
Euchaetes 137

collaris 137
Euchaetias

egle 137
Eupatorium

ageratoides 25
Euphausia 75, 84
Euphorbia

cyparissias 135
Euphyes

bimacula i6g
Eurymus

philodice 169

f. pallidice 169
Evylaeus

pectoralis 143

Pomes

applanatus 120
Formica
fusca

subsericea 142
pallide-fulva

nitidivLMitris 14;

Gastroidea

cyanea 140
Glyptina

brunnea 22
Glyptobaris

rugicollis 141
Gnathia 84

Gongylidium

curvitarsis 40
septentrionalis 36
tuberosum 37

Gymnetron
teter 140

Gyrohypnus

fusciceps 153
pallipennis 153

Hsemorrbagia

thysbe 141
Halictus

viridissimus 143
Haltica

bimarginata 23

blanchardi 2;^

carinata 23

corni 23, 24

gloriosa 23, 24

heucherae 2^

ignita 22, 23. 24

kalmiae 23

litigata 22. 24

probata 22

purpurea 23

rosae 23

schwarzi 22

suspecta 22

tombacina 24

ulmi 23

vaccinia 22

vialis 23

viatica 24
Hclophilus

chrysostoma 144

distinctus 144
Hemerophila

pariana 121
Heodes

hypophlteas 141
Heraeus 104

eximius 105

pcrcultus 1 1 1
Hilaira 39

glacialis 35, 40

uta 41
Hilarotes 41

reproba 41
Hippodamia

convergens 139
Hydrxna

aiigiilicollis 146

brevis 147

Indkx to Xa.mks of Insects anu Plants.

180

Hydrosnucta

cadiica 156, 157

lincla 156

tor rid a 156
Hylsus

niodestus 143
Ilypnoidus

feiti 159

ptctoralis 159
Japyx 82, 93
Junipcrus

iiionospernium i 16

scoi)ulorum i 18

utalunsis 1 16
Labidonicra

clivicollis 140
Lactica

iris 25
I.aodice

rubra 68
I.asiiis

niger

siibsp. amcricanus 142
I.athrobiuni

lintncri 151
Laverna

cephalanthiclla 145
I.tnzitcs

5.Tpiaria 1 18
Lepisma 82, 91, 95
Lcptura

amcricana 183

vflutiniis 140
Leptusa

cribratula 154

laticollis 154

pusio 154
I-i-stodiplosis

asclcpire 135
l.iboctdrus 59
LJRia 70, 85
Ligyrocoris 100, 106

abdominalis 103, 109, iio, iii

aiiri\ illianiis loi, 104

balteatus 100, 112, 114

coloradensis 102. 105, 106

confratt-rniis 1 1 1

constrictus 1 10

contracta loi

contractus 112, 113

costal is 109

dtlitus 103, 1 12

dcf'ictus 102, 109

ditTusus 103. 109, IIO, 112, 113

liitiniargiiialus 102, 107

litigiosus 102, 108, 112

multispinus 103, iii

nitidicollis loi. 104, iii, 112, 114

nitidulus 102, 105, 106

obsctirus 102, 108

piligcra iio

rubricatus 102, 105

setosus 103, 1 1 I

slossoni 1 14

sobrius 102, 105

sylvcstris 103, 111, 112, 113, 114

terminalis loi
Liinulus 71, 72, J3, 86
Liodcs 1 48
Lithocicada

pcrita 56, 57
Longitarsus 17

altcrnatus 18, 20

areiiaceus 18, 19, 20

cotulus 18

erro 19

fuscicornis 18

heliophyti 18

insolc-ns 19, 21

nielanurus 19, 21

iiiiscllus 19, 21

perforatus 19

pygmaeus 19

saltatus 19. 21

soHdaginis 19, 21

subcylindricus 19

subrufus 18

siisf'ectus 18, 20

testaccus 18, 20

traductus 18

turbatus 19. 21
Lucidota

atra 140
Lucilia

scricata 144
Ludwigia

paliistris 24
Lupcraltica

fuscula 25

senilis 25
Lyga;us 1 1 2

abdominalis 100

kalinii 132, 134. 139

rccli\atus 132

turcicus 132, 134
Machilis 67, 77, 78, 79, 82. 83, 90.

91. 95
Macrol)iotus 80
Macrodactylus

subspinosus 140

190 Journal of the New York Entomological Society, f^'oi. xxix,

Malacosoma 25
Mamestra

legitima 136, 137
Mantis

sinensis 119
Megachile

brevis 143

infragilis 143
Megilla

maculata 139
Megistias

fusca 169
Melampsalta

calliope 45, 55

kansa 55

parvula 45
Melanophila

acuminata 174

atropurpurea 174
Melitasa

harrisi 169
Melittia

satyriniformis 141
Metaxia 155
Metonius 175
Microbembex

monodonta 142
Microneta

heat hi 41
Microphylellus

modestus 139
Mineola

indiginella 121
Mixogaster

breviventris 59
Monocrepidius

lividus 140
Montilaira 40

uta 41
Mordella

octopunctata 140

scutellaris 140
Mormidea

lugens 139

Mysis 75, 76, 78, 83, 84. 88
Myzocallis

asclepiadis 138
Myzostoma

cirriferum So
Nebalia 73, 75, 76, 83, 88
Neolasioptera

asclepise 135
Neolenus 64

Neoligyrocoris 101, 104, 105, 106
Neoplatypedia 54

constricta 55
Neurocolpus

nubikis 139
Nicoletia 82, 91, 95

Odontocorynus

salebrosus 141

scutellum-album 141
CEdothorax

nesides 36

septentrionalis 36
Okanagana 10, 43, 44, 49, 50

arctostaphylae 11

balli 1 1

bella 45, 51

cruentifera 50

hesperia 52

magnifica 50

mariposa 8, 12

nigriviridis i, 9, 11

rimosa S

schaefferi 50

siiniilata 12

synodica 11, 51

utahensis 52

vanduzeei

var. consobrina 1 1
Okanagodes

gracilis 14
Ollanta 8
Oncopeltus

aulicus 134

fasciatus 132, 133
Ophiderma 121
Opius 135
Opuntia

humifusa 20
Oxybelus

quadrinotatus 142
Oxypoda 157

Pachynematus
affinis 22
gregarius 31
palliventris 31
rams 30
refractariiis 31
remissus 32
repertus 31
robustus 31
rose id us 31
rufocinctus 32
suadus 32

Index to Names of Insects anu Plants.

191

Pachyschcliis i73. ^11
anicricanus 175
caerulcus 175
carbonatus 175 ^
Irevigatus 175
ovatus 175
polilus 175
punctatus 175
purpurcus 175
schwarzi 175

var. oculatus 175
PwdtTiis 183
Pamcra 104, 106, 111
constricta 101
contracta 101, 112
Pamphila

leonardus 169
Papaipcma 120
Papilio

polyxenos 141
Paracalocoris
colon 139
Paratyndaris

coursctijc 174
Parinthrcnc

polistiformis 120
siiiiinole 120
Peri^cnes 108, 1 10
Pirilampus

hyalimis 142
Pcripatus 6S
Philanthus

politus 142
Philhygra 156
Phorhia 60
Phormia

tcrr.-e-nova: 144
Phyciodes

tharos 141
Phymata

erosa i39
PJcris
napi

var. oleracca 1 70
var. virginicnsis 170
rapw 141
Platypedia 44- 5.1. .55. 57
aperta 14, 15
liarbata 14, 54
loticapitala 14
liilit'Cfiius 54
minor 14, 54
inoha\fnsis 53, 54
priniiKinia 57

putnami 45, 53, 54. 57
var. kcddicnsis 14
vandiizeci 14
Plocioniera 109

litigio.sa 100
Plocionurus 112, 113
sylvcslris 100
l.uchsi 1 12
Poanes

hoboniok

ab. pallida 172
massasoit 141
zabulon 169
PcEciloscytus

basilis i39
Polistcs

pallipcs 142
Pollenia

rudis 144
Ponera

coarctata

subsi). lunnsylvanica 134
Pontania

borealis 34
da-dala 33
dccrcpila 33
dedecora 32
demissa 33
derosa 34
de'i'iucta 34
dotata 34
hyalina 34
nigrita 34
pallicornis 33
populi 35
ti-nninalis 33
Popillia

japonica 140
Priononyx

bifovcolatum 142
Proarna

valvata 45

venosa 49

Pseudopanicra

pstiidohrra-iis 104
Psylliodis 27
Ptcnidium

simpticicollc 158
Pygarctia

cgUncnsis 137
Pyropyga

decipii-ns 140

Kh.xboscilis
tennis 177

192 Journal of the New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- xxix.

Rhopaloniyia

bulbula 117

lateriflori 1 17

sabincc 1 1 5

weldi 1 1 6
Rhyssematus

annectans 127, 130, 131

lineaticollis 127, 128, 129, 130,
131, 144
Rivellia

quadrifasciata 144

Sabina

sabinoides 1 16
Scatopse

brevicornis 143
Scepsis

fulvicollis 141
Scolopendrella S2
Scopaeoma

pallida 152

truncaticeps 152
Scymnus •

indutus 139
Sclymbria

niodesta S
Serica

abdita 166

egregia 165, 166

georgiana 162

lecontei 160, 162, 163

mixta 166, 168

opposita 163

spicula 162, 163

vespertina

subsp. accola 164, 165
Sesia

rileyana 119
Solanum

carolinense 119, 145
Spectralia 174
Sphasroderma

opima 25
Sphaerophoria

cylindrica 143
Sphecius 47
Sphex

egregia

subs, promontorii 121
Squilla 84, 88
Stegocephalus 83
Stenotus

binotatus 139
Syncarida 77

Syrphus

rectus 143
Systena 27

marginalis 26

plicata 26
Systropus

macilentus 121

Tonygaster 26

ovalis 27
Taphrocerus 173, 177

agriloides 176

alboguttatus 176

albonotatus 176

cylindricollis 176

gracilis 176

laevicollis 176

puncticollis 175

schaetTeri 175

texanus 176
Tetranychus

telarius 138
Tetraopes 59, 127, 183

canteriator 140

tetraophthalmus 124, 126
Tetraplodon

ninioides 60
Thiasophila 158

angulata 158

parvula 157
Thinobius

amphibius 149

grandicoIUs 150

tardus 149
Thinophilus

apicicornis 150

caseyi 150
Thyreocoris

pulicaria 139
Thysanopoda 75, 84, 88
Tibicen

apache 3, 5

arizona 8

aurifera 44, 46

bifidus 49

canicularis 43, 46

cinctifera 2

cruentifera 45

cultriformis i

dealbata 47

dorsata 47

duryi 48

cugraphica 44

inauditus i

knighti 7

Indkx to Xamks of Inskcts and Plants.

193

linnei 43. 45. 4^

marginalis 45, 46

montczuma z

olynipusa 6

resh 44

riniosa 45

sordidata 6

synodica 45

ttxana 6

transversa 5

viridifascia 6

vitripennis 5, 7, 44

var. biquaiTti 6, 7
Tinotus

lateralis 1 54
Tmeticus

arniatiis 40

pectinatus 41

TOXOIIKTUS

iiiarKinata 143
Trachykcle 59. '"6

hartmani 174
Traunicecia 155

ingratula 145
Triarthnis 64

bccki 69
Trichiusa

transversa 154
Trichoharis

trinotata 119

Trichopoda

pcnnipcs 144
Tylodcrma i-'o
Tyndaris 174

Ulitusa 153
Utopiclluni 39, 40
curvitarsis 40

Vanessa

cardui 170

virginicnsis 170
Verbius 77
Vespa

crabro 60
V'olucella 59

Walshoniyia

iusigiiis 1 1 7
juniperina 1 15
texana i 16

Winnertzia

fiingicola i iS
rubida i iS

Xylocopa

virginica 143

Zcridoneus

costalis 108

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29 " 32

Two cents additional for each half-tone print. Covers on same paper
as the Journal, with printed title page, ^1.50 for 50 covers, and 2 cent
for each additional cover.

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