i
:
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
LIBRARY OF
Henry Guernsey Hubbard
AND
Eugene Amandus Schwarz
DONATED IN 1902
ACCESSION
NO.Vl'^-S.l
-/3
JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
JBeboteti to iSntomologp m (J^ennal.
Voliame V, 189T.
Edited by Wm. Beutenmuller.
NEW YORK.
PlJBT.lSHED BY THE SOCIETY,
Quarterly.
1897.
Press of
The New Era Printing Company.
Lancaster, Pa.
Contents of Volume V.
Banks, Nathan,
Descriptions of Two New Smynthurids, . . . - . 33
Some Syrphidse from Long Island, . . . . .40
Beutenmuller, William,
Note on Catocala elda . . . . . . .17
Note on Melittia satyriniformis, . . . . . -34
Preliminary Hand-Book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America (continued from Vol. IV, p. 49). ... 36
On the Two Species of Euda^monia, . . . . .166
Calvert, Philip P.,
Additions to the Odonata of New York State, . . 91
Note on Lestes virgo, . . . . . . .150
Chapman, T. A.,
Notes on the Pupa of (Eta floridana, . . . . 127
Cockerell, T. D. a.,
A New Aleurodes found on Aquilegia, . . . ,42
A New Aleurodes on Rubus from Florida, ... 96
Biological Notes on some Coleoptera from New Mexico, . 149
Davis, Wm. T.,
Intelligence Shown by Caterpillars in placing their Cocoons, 42
DOANE, R. W.,
The Immature Stages of Diabrotica soror, . . .15
Dyar, Harrison G.,
The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars VII-XII,
I, 5. io> 51. 61, 167
On the Larvae of Certain Sawflies (Tenthredinidae), . .18
CEta floridana, ...... . . 48
Note on Mr. Grote's Remarks on the Saturnians . . .66
Gluphisia severa in New Jersey ... . . 96
On the White Eucleidse, and the Larvae of Calybia slossoniae,
121
iv Contents.
A Comparative Study of Seven Young Arctians, . . 130
Notes on the Larvae of Lagoa pyxidifera, . . . .160
New Sawflies (Tenthredininse) with Descriptions of Larvce,
190
Grotk, a. Radclikfk,
The Correct Title : Noropsis elegans, . . . . -31
The Classification of the Saturniides, .... 44
An Attempt to Classify the Holarctic Lepidoptera, by Means of
the Specialization of the Wings. Part I. — The Day-Butter-
flies, . . . . . . . . . -151
Havward, Roland,
Preliminary Hand-book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America (continued from page 40), .... 133
LiNELL, Martin L.,
New Genera and Species of North American Curculionidje, . 49
MacGillivray, Alex. D.,
New Species of Tenthredo, ..... 103.
Packard, A. S.,
Notes on the Transformations of the Higher Hymenoptera,
II-III, 77, 109
ScHAUs, William,
New Species of Geometridx; from Tropical America, . 161
Townsend, C. H. Tvler,
Diptera from the Lower Rio Grande, or Tamaulipan Region of
Texas. — I, . . . . . . . . 171
Locality and Food-Plant Catalogue of Mexican Coccidae, . 178
Van Duzee, E. P.,
List of Dragonflies taken near Buffalo, N. Y., . . . 87
Webster, F. M.,
Tenacity of Life in Adults of Cryptorhynchus lapathi, . . 30
The Protective Value of Action, Volitional, or otherwise, in
" Protective Mimicry," ...... 67
Notes on Various Species of Coleoptera, . . . .201
Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, . 97, 205
JOURNAL
ppiD Sork 6lntomologirfll ^oriFK^g.
Vol. V. MARCH, 1897. ^o- 1-
LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG CATER-
PILLARS.—VII-IX.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.
PLATES I-II.
Tortricidia fasciola Herrich-Schajfer.
l^cA^Limacodes fasciola Herrich-Schffiffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. i86.
^ito-Limacodes laticlavia Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 157-
^%b^-Lithacodes fasciola Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 345-
i'S,?,2— Lima codes fasciola Grote, Check List, 17.
i^^e^Lithacodes laticlavia Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer. II, 9-
xZ^\—Limacodes fasciata Smith, List Lep. 28.
1892— Z///5am/^5/rtj«^/aKirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 555.
xZ^^-Tortricidia fasciola Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. \. Ent. Soc. II, /b.
Larva.
i860— Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phil. XII, 157.
1872-Lintner, 26th Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist. 149.
1883— Saunders, Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, 179.
1893— Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, loi.
iS94_Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 221.
Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal space broad, flat, narrowing to the ends in a short rounded
margin, gently arched; lateral space broad, oblique, slightly concave
narrowing to the ends; subventral space small, retracted. Subdorsal
ridge slight, angulated, smooth at maturity, the tubercles disappearing
during ontogeny and finally the set^ also. Lateral ridge moderately
prominent, also smooth at maturity. Head and joint 2 we 1 retracted
^ ........ •- • ™ — \r^A r-lf^fi-Jil-p Dorsal
Segments unusually distinct, the incisures marked, cleft-like. Dorsal
outline elliptical, joint 13 forming a broad quadrate termination. De-
pressed spaces (I) to (8) present, deep, but not large, the margms
2 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
rounded, not sharply defined; (4) is evidently situated in the incisure
on the posterior edge of its corresponding segment. (i) and (4) are
the largest and have distinct dark centers, both transversely elongated.
Skin granules large, rounded, contiguous, rather confused and irregular
so that the surface appears creased and coarsely shagreened rather than
covered with distinct granules. In stage I the sette are arranged as in
Apoda y-inversa and have the same structure. Their course of reduc-
tion in the later stages is also the same. The skin granules when first
appearing are of two forms, numerous fine ones and a few larger ones
which form short spines on the ridges. These persist till the last stage,
when the granulation is rendered uniform, but confused.
The coloration is a light yellowish green, marked obscurely with
yellow, adapted to the color of the leaves it feeds on,
AFFiNniEs, Habits, etc.
This larva is nearly allied to Apoda y-inversa and to what 1 now
think is A. biguttaia, * also in a less degree to the Packardias. It dif-
fers from these in the peculiar granulation. In referring the species to
Tortricidia, the characters of the moth alone were considered. On the
whole the species seems not strictly congeneric, phylogenetically, with
either Apoda or Tortricidia, and the name Litlwcodes would be justified,
if any good characters could be found in the moth. From Tortricidia
pallida and Heterogenea flexuosa (?) this larva differs in the slight
development of the depressed spaces which are as in Apoda. The shape
is similar in both.
T. fasciola ranges to the north, probably as far as T. pallida and it
also ranges well to the south. It is an abundant species in New York,
the larvae always well separated and living on a variety of plants, for
the most part low. Occasionally the larvae will be found on very low
shrubs. They are not particular as to the position of their food plant
in regard to light, being found in open as well as dark woods. The
small eggs are laid singly on the backs of the leaves in July and the
larvK mature in September. There are seven larval stages, occasion-
ally eight, the larvae feeding in stage I, as in all the smooth Eucleids. f
A newly hatched larva was found by me on wild cherry and carried
through to maturity. I am indebted to Miss Morton for fertile eggs,
from which also I followed out the life history.
* Described as ApoJa y-itiversa, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 221.
f Our statement to the contrary in the case of Apoda y-inversa is an error.
March 189-.] DyAR : LiFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SlUG CATERPILLARS. 3
Criticism of Previous Descriptions.
Dr. Packard's description is the only one of importance. His fig-
ure of Stage I is not drawn in a detailed manner, many of the setge being
omitted or incorrectly drawn. The description is like the figure, but is
not corroborated by my observations. I think the setae at the extremi-
ties were not carefully examined, and the spiracles have been put in in
the wrong place. The lowest row of short setae in the figure probably
represents the subventral row, not shown in my figure (Plate I, Fig. i)
and the spiracles should be above it. Besides stage I, Dr. Packard de-
scribes the last three stages, V, VI and YII (marked III?, IV? and
"last stage"). I find the descriptions excellent. The dorsal and
lateral depressed spaces are quite fully described and located, though
the upper segmental lateral (3) are said to be situated " on a suture "*
which is not the case. I also object to the centers of the dorsal depres-
sions (i) being called warts, and the broken yellow line along the lat-
eral ridge being described in the same series as the lateral depressed
spaces. f
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
£^g. — Elliptical, narrower than usual, not greatly flattened, the
upper surface arched ; size .7 > .5 mm., height about .2 mm. and there-
fore unusually high in proportion. Reticulations obscure, irregularly
hexagonal, linear. Color whitish translucent with a very faint yellow
tint. They hatch in eight days.
Sfage I. (Plate I, Fig. i). — Head whitish, eye black, mouth brown.
Body highest at joints 3-4, rather square. Sette arranged as in Apoda
y-inversa and with the same structure, colorless. Body all whitish,
without marks. The subdorsal setae on joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 lean out,
alternating with the others ; all have expanded cleft tips, the subdorsals
on joints 4 to 12 with a short spur near the base. The lateral setae on
joint 5 leans upward more than the others. After eating, the blood be-
comes pale green and the dark alimentary canal shows by transparency.
Length .7 to i.i mm.
Stage II. — Elliptical, tail squarish ; dorsal space broad, lateral
moderate, subventral small ; ridges prominent, tubercular ; two setae on
* " On each of the lateral slopes of the plateau are four rows of lemon yellow
spots, the highest and first being a row of minute transverse spots situated on the
suture."
f " TVq fourth ro-cv is on the margin of the body, and is a broken series of short
lines."
4 Journal New York Entomological Society. ivoi. v.
subdorsal ridge, one on lateral ridge of abdomen (Plate I, Fig. 4), a
secondary setse above the spiracle and the two of subventral row below
it. Upper setse long, stiff, black at apex. Skin with sparse granules
produced into slender spines, longest and most numerous along the
ridges at the bases of the setae ; a few distinct spines in the dorsal space,
but in the lateral area mostly fine granulations only. Color translucent
pale greenish, no pigment. Segments well marked. Length i to 1.6 mm.
Stage III. — Body moderately elongated, elliptical, more elongated
than T. pallida. Skin very finely granular, frosted under a half-inch
objective, which hardly resolves the fine granules ; conical, clear, pointed
tubercles, much larger than the granules, are distributed in a single row
along the low, rounded latticed ridges, becoming pale secondary spines
on the tubercles. Tubercles low and rounded, the subdorsal ones with
two, lateral with one large, dark, stiff setae. Ridges prominent, normal.
Color pale green, alimentary canal dark. Toward the end of the stage
a faint yellow line appears along the subdorsal ridge and yellow dots in
the dorsal depressed spaces (i); all the depressed spaces faintly shown.
Length 1.5 to 2.6 mm.
Stage IV. — Ridges well marked, tubercular, setae black. Tail
quadrate, composed of the last abdominal segment. Depressed spaces
as in T. pallida, but ill defined, the separating latticed ridges obscure.
Skin finely granular, the larger spinose granules few in number except
on the ridges. Color light green, dorsum dark, translucent. A narrow
yellow line below the subdorsal ridge, a series of yellowish dorsal rings
in the depressed spaces (i), seven of them distinct; a row of lateral
whitish spots (4). Length 2.5 to 4 mm.
Stage V. — Elliptical, tail quadrate, dorsal space moderate, lateral
broad, oblique, subventral small, retracted. Ridges only slightly tuber-
cular. Latticed ridges low, with both coarse and fine granules as be-
fore, the former becoming pale spines on the ridges, especially the lateral
one (Plate I, Fig 5). Color yellowish green, a narrow, wavy, yellow,
subdorsal line; yellow rings in depressed spaces (i), two yellow dashes
in (4), separated by a green spot ; the other depressions show as yellow
dots. There may be a distinct dark green spot between spaces (i) and
(2) in certain larvae. Length 3.5 to 6.7 mm.
Stage VI. — (Plate I, Figs. 2 and 3.) Ridges slightly tubercular with
distinct black setae, but without secondary spines ; shape elliptical, the
tail quadrate as in the mature larva. Skin confused granular, the gran-
ules resulting from the two kinds of the former stage, alike now except
in size, somewhat flattened in the dorsal space and irregular. Yellow-
March 1897.! DyAR : LiFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SlUG CATERPILLARS. 5
ish green, a narrow, slightly wavy subdorsal yellow line, free at the
ends; depressed spaces (i) to (6) yellow, (i) green centered, (4) bi-
sected by green, (6) above the lateral ridge, nearly divided by the in-
cisure; traces of a white subventral line and a broken yellow one on the
lateral ridge. Length 5 to 7.7 mm.
Stage VII. — (Plate I, Fig. 6.) Smooth, the setce absent; shape as
described. Depressed spaces moderately developed, without sharp
edges. Skin granules irregular, confused. Color yellowish green, dor-
sal space and upper half of lateral space pigmented, below more trans-
lucent. Subdorsal line yellow, narrow, waved by slightly darker green
segmental dots above; lateral line broken, faint, all joining on joint 13,
the subdorsals also on joint 3 anteriorly. Subventral edge white. De-
pressed spaces (i) to (6) pale yellow, (i) and (4) plainly green cen-
tered. Length 7 to 13 mm.
Food-plants observed. — Wild cherry, white birch, bayberry, dog-
wood, chestnut, sugar plum, oak, linden, maple, beech, hop hornbeam,
hickory and huckleberry.
Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-Schcpffer.
1854 — Limacodes spinuloides Herrich-Schoeffer, Ausser. Schmett. figs. 187, 188.
i860 — Adoneta voluta Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 158.
1864 — Cyclopteryx leucosigma Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 345.
1865 — Limacodes ferrigera Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. XXXII, 486.
1882 — Ado7teta spimiloides and leucosigma Grote, Check List, 17.
1894 — Adoneta spinuloides and leucosigma Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. II, 71.
Larva.
i860— Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. XII, 158.
1882— Ballard, Papilio, II, %-i,.
1883 — Edwards & Elliot, Papilio, III, 129.
1892 — Beutenmiiller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. His. IV, 68.
1893— Packard, P'oc Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 92.
1894— Dyar, Ann. N. V. Acad. Sci. VIII, 213.
Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal space moderately broad, narrowing to the ends, lateral and
subventral spaces both moderate, subequal, the latter scarcely retracted.
Body elongate, narrow, rising rather rapidly to joint 5, thence sloping
to joint 13. Ridges all slight, subdorsal indicated by change in direc-
tion between back and sides, lateral very slight, the row of horns form-
ing most of it. Horns short and small, rounded, the subdorsals on
joint 3 to 5 and 11 the largest, those on 8 and 13 next, the rest all
6 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
quite small. Skin densely and coarsely covered with subconic clear
granules, uniformly and without distinct depressed spaces, (i) indicated
by paired white dots in a slight intersegmental furrow, (3) just indi-
cated, whitish, (4) as faint pale rings. In the subventral space large rather
indistinct hollows (7) alternate with the spiracles, forming perpendicular
segmental ridges, reaching to the subventral edge. Caltropes are pres-
ent in the last stage only, in little patches on top of the lateral horns on
joints 6 to II and large patches on lateral of 12 and subdorsal of 13.
The first stage does not differ from that of Ettclea delphinii and
the mature larva, though differing in sliape, is also adapted for conceal-
ment by its coloration. Its defensive armor is even more reduced than
in the Euclea mentioned.
Affinities, Habits, Etc.
In the shortened horns the larva closely resembles Euclea delphinii.
It is more generalized than this species since there are no detachable
spines and the bright colors remain. It is more specialized than E.
ijidetermina in the shortening of the horns and the alteration in shape,
which resembles Parasa chloris, except in the absence of a tail. Our
two Eucleas, the Parasa and Adoneta, form a closely allied group.
The eggs of Adoneta are laid in July and the larvce mature in Sep-
tember as usual. The larva is a low feeder and, as several eggs are not
infrequently laid at once, several larvns are usually found on the same
plant. The bright colors of the larva possibly have little warning effect
as the spines are nearly functionless ; but they may serve rather as in
the smooth Eucleids to suggest patches on the leaves.
I am indebted to Miss Morton for the eggs of this species. She
has also furnished the material for Dr. Packard's descriptions and thus
our present knowledge of this life history is entirely dependent upon her.
Criticism of Previous Descriptions.
Though there are but few references to this larva, it may be said
to be well known, owing to the early date of Clemens' writing and to
Dr. Packard's very full and excellent account. In my description the
lateral horns are located below the spiracles ; the true position is given
by Edwards & Elliot. Mrs. Ballard's "strap-shaped lines, buttoned at
either end," are to be interpreted as transverse streaks between the
paired dots of depressed spaces (i). Dr. Packard describes the "whole
life history" in five stages. There are really seven, and Dr. Packard
has doubtless been misled by a too hasty generalization from observa-
tions of the Notodontidce. The stages which he gives seem to be I,
March 1897.]
Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars.
Ill * IV, VI and VII, which illustrates the life history very well,
though it' is not a complete account of it, as it purports to be. The de-
scription and figure of stage I are in error in placing a lateral horn on
joint 5 In stage -IV" (=VI) the paired glandular dots (i) are
again called - warts," and in the last stage he says " these dots appear
to be modified surface dorsal pdiferous warts ..." I do not think
they are The appearance is glandular and I have seen in T. fascwla
a small drop of moisture in the location of each one of these depressed
spaces which I believe was the secretion, not at the time evaporated.
Besides, all the normal primary warts are situated elsewhere, and there
are no warts, primary or secondary, in the whole order Lepidoptera in
such a position (in the incisures). That they are not secondary warts
is indicated by the fact that they are not more distinct in the early
stages and never bear any set«, as would be expected if they were
degenerate warts.
Dr Packard regards Adoneta as one of the more generalized forms
of its group, and with this I agree, though I think it is not so generalized
as Enclea indetermina. He says: " This larva indicates in some points
of its structure its descent, and that of the group to which it belongs, from
the Attacin^ ; these points are the setiferous tubercles and the distinct-
ness of the segments from one another, the sutures being well marked.
Recently Dr. Chapman also falls in with this view. He says
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896, p. 584): " My observations on the
spines of Limacodes and Backs, and again of these and Sphinges and
Saturnids . and the observations of Poulton and Weissman, on the
larv^ of A^lia, Sphingids, etc., leave no room for doubt that all these
families ar^ related . . . . " The question of the relation between the
Sphingides and Saturniides, which Poulton, Weissman and Muller dis-
cuss, is aside from the present matter, and cannot be answered vvith the
same certainty till some more generalized Sphingid^ are found. But
the relationship which is claimed between the Eucleid^ and Saturniides
on account of the spines, seems to me of exactly the same nature as that
between the species of Apatela and the several families in which Mr. But-
ler once distributed them, based with equal probability on the similar
structure of the hairs-t
*l^r"BHdgh^l7^1^^^^^as stating that this stage was drawn "after the first
molt ■' However, I imagine that the true first molt escaped his observation, as I do
not suppose he was looking for a molt before the larva had eaten anythu^g.
+ The stinging spines of the Saturnians (HemUeuca, etc.) are not ancestr.al to
the whole gro^p. nor are they so in the Eucleid... which I expect to illustrate m a
genealogical tree to be given at the end of these articles.
8 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
Egs^. — Elliptical, flat, 1.1X.7 mm., milky whitish when laid on
glass, reticulations obscure. Laid singly or in patches of two to ten,
slightly overlapping. They hatch in seven days.
Stage I. — (Plate I, Fig. 8) Structure as in Euclea ; eleven horns in
subdorsal row, nine in lateral row, the one on joint 5 absent. Three
setae on each horn, tapering, slightly enlarged and notched at the tips.
Color uniform, translucent whitish ; skin smooth ; head white, eye
black. Length .9 mm. The larva does not feed in this stage and
molts in two days from the time of hatching.
Stage 11. — Head white, eye black, mouth brown ; horns spined,
the long subdorsals, with a bunch of black-tipped spines, the short ones
with one spine ; lateral row moderately spined. Color opaque whitish ;
dorsal depressed spots (i) paired, greenish, two pair on the incisures
3-4 and 4-5, those on interspaces 8-9 and 9-10 connected into a trans-
verse streak. No marks except a white line along the subdorsal ridge.
Length, .9 to 2.2 mm.
Stage III. — Thickest through joints 4-5 ; dorsum flat, sides nearly
perpendicular ; lateral ridge moderate, shape as in the mature larva.
Subdorsal horns on joints 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12 large, rounded, notlong,
the others very small, but with several spines, lateral horns all small.
Color whitish, dorsum and upper half of sides green from food ; a
white subdorsal line, thickened at the large horns, causing the dorsal
space to widen and contract. In the wide spaces on joints 4-5 and 6-7
a rounded patch of pale purplish pigment, and in the space 9-10 a
smaller whitish patch. Skin finely clear granular except on the horns.
Dorsal dots (i) white. Later all the dorsal patches become purple-red
and there is another on joints 3-4 ; subdorsal horns faintly yellowish.
Length, 2.1 to ■^■l n:i™-
Stage IV. — Structure as in the mature larva. Skin clear granular,
the paired white dots (i) visible where the ground color is purple.
Markings at first as at the end of the last stage ; later the subdorsal
horns on joints 3 to 5 are tipped with red ; a yellow line on subdorsal
ridge, bent up at the large horns, the dorsal space filled in with dark
purple except in a space from joint 7 posteriorly to joint 9 anteriorly.
Sides green, the lateral horns colorless. Length, 3.2 to 4.7. mm.
Stage V. — Horns as in Euclea delphinii, the spiracle on joint 5
moved up. Long horns on joints 3 to 5 and 12 red tipped, the short
ones pale yellow, lateral ones colorless. Colors as before, the waved
March .897.] DVAR : LiFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SlUG CATERPILLARS. 9
purple patches extending on joints 3 to 7 and 9 to 12, separated by a
green space. Spines with black tips, rather delicate ; skin closely and
finely clear granular. Depressed spaces (i) and (2) indicated as glan-
dular dots, large lateral ones (4) as ill defined hollows, all obscure.
Head greenish, eye black. Length, 4 to 6.5 mm.
Sta-e. r/— As before; patches dark reddish purple. Subdorsal
horns on joint 6 and 7 moved outward a little, not in line with the
others ; that on 8 rather larger than the other short horns. A distinct
green line edges the subdorsal band below. Dorsal purple band broken
as before or continuous, incised at the large horns. Sometimes the sub-
dorsal horns of 1 1 and 1 3 are red tipped as well as 3 to 5 and 1 2 J he
purple band is bordered with crimson ; a pale dorsal line ; no caltropes.
Length 5.7 to 9 mm.
StainM/oides.
Euclea indetermina Boisduval.
1864 — Callochlora vernata Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ilf, 339.
1882 — Parasa chloris Grote, Check List, 17.
1891 — Parasa viridus Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 154.
1 89 1 — Parasa viridus Smith, List Lep. 28.
1893 — Euclea indetermina Dyar & Doll, Ent. News, IV, 311.
1894 — Euclea indetermina Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. V. Ent. Soc. IF, 68.
Larva.
1797 — Smith ^: Abbot, Lep. Ins. Ga., pi. 73.
1832 — Boisduval, Cuvier's An. Kingd. (Griffith), PI. 103, Y\g. 8.
1852 — Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 323.
1858— Duncan, Nat. Libr. X.X, PI. 21.
1878 — Andrews, Psyche, II, 271 (as Parasa c/iloris).
1885— Edwards & Elliot, Papilio, III, 128.
1885— French, Can. Ent. XVII, 161.
1893— Dyar & I^ol'. Ent. News, IV, 311.
1894 — Dyar, An. N. V. Acad. Sci, VIII, 214.
Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal space broad, narrowing only slightly at the ends, curving
down anteriorly and posteriorly at joints 3-5 and 11-13. Sides nearly
March 1897.] DVAR : LiFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SlUG CATERPILLARS. 11
perpendicular, the lateral and subventral areas practically continuous,
the latter not retracted, spiracles exposed. Elongate, subcylindrical,
the subdorsal ridge marking the change in direction of back and sides ;
lateral ridge slight. Horns well developed, irregular, well armed with
strongly stinging spines. Subdorsals on joints 3 to 5, 8, 1 1 and 12 long,
those on 5, 8, 11 and 12 longest, 6, 7, 9 and 10 very short; lateral
horns moderate, those on joints 3 and 4 longest, that on 5 absent. De-
pressed spaces feebly developed, (i) to (4) (7) and (8) indicated by
obscure dark, impressed dots, (i) paired. Skin densely finely spinulose-
granular, the granules colorless. Patches of caltropes are present on
the lateral horns of joints 6 to 13 and subdorsal horn of 13, but no de-
tachable spines. The larva is very brightly colored. In the first stage
the horns have the structure and arrangement of E. delphinii, three
setae from the apex of each.
This larva stands near Sibine stimulea in degrees of specialization.
Its skin structure is higher, but the detachable spines are absent and the
coloration is less diversified. It is, therefore, on the whole, a little
lower than Sibine. It stands, perhaps, nearest the main stem of the
spined Eucleids of any of our species. The horns at maturity are
scarcely modified in relative proportions from the condition in stage I ;
the primitive bright warning colors are present and the urticating spines
are in full functional activity, neither as yet affected by degeneration.
The shape is more like that of an ordinary lepidopterous larva than
usual. Therefore, we may regard E. indetermina as, on the whole,
most like the ancestor of the spined Eucleids of any New York species,
exclusive of Phobetron pithecium, which represents a still older con-
dition.
Affinities, Habits, etc.
This species is a typical representative of the group of spined
Eucleids. Its near allies are found throughout South America and in
India. Our nearest species is Eiiclea delphinii. The moth, however,
so closely resembles that of Parasa chloris that the two species were for
a long time confounded. They were separated by Grote in 1881, but
Herrich-Schaeffer's figure was not correctly identified. It was sug-
gested by Andrews, from the structure of the larva, that the species
should be placed in Euclea rather than in Parasa, and this opinion is
confirmed by the venation of the moth.
E. indetermina has a suuthern range. It occurs around New York
City, but seems to be entirely absent from the Hudson valley. It is
rather local in its appearance, often being common in certain localities
12 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi v.
and absent in others near by. Though not gregarious many are often
found on the same bush. They are low feeders, not occurring on trees
to any extent.
The eggs are laid during July and the larvae mature toward the
middle of September. They remain on the under sides of the leaves in
spite of their very conspicuous coloration. The effect of a touch of
their spines is about tlie same as that of Sibiiie stimulea. The larvae
have eight stages, occasionally nine. Two examples bred from eggs of
the same moth varied in this respect. They do not feed in stage I,
which is rapidly passed through.
I am indebted to Miss Morton for obtaining for me the eggs from
moths bred from larvae part of which I collected and part obtained from
Mr. Doll.
Criticism of Previous Descriptions.
All of the references given are to figures or descriptions of the ma-
ture larva, none of them going into structural details. The two best are
that of Professor French (1885) and my own (1894). I notice nothing
important of a positive nature to criticize except that in Prof. French's
account the segments from which the horns are said to arise are not
quite accurately numbered.
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
Egg. — Singly, or in small groups, slightly imbricated. Elliptical,
flattened, translucent pale ocher yellow on glass, 1.5 x .9 mm.; reticu-
lations obscure, visible only in a strong light, rounded hexagonal,
nearly linear, somewhat irregular. No special characters. They hatch
in nine days.
Stage I. — (Plate II, Fig. i.) Not different in structure from Euclea
delphinii, the horns proportioned the same, each with three setae with
slightly swollen tips. Color rather dark yellow, shining, the long
horns whitish. Segments well marked ; skin smooth. Shape as usual,
elongate, squarish, the horns low conical, prominent, their bases con-
tiguous. Length i.i mm. The larvas do not feed in this stage.
Siage II. — Subdorsal horns on joints 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12 large,
rounded ; the rest small, all furnished with stinging spines ; the short
subdorsals (joints 6, 7, 9, 10) bear only one si)ine and are crowded up
adjacent to the next large horn. Spines pale, black tipped. Ridges
whitish, but dorsal and lateral spaces faintly shaded with dull red;
horns pale. Dorsal depressed spaces (i) cleft-like with paired dots. In
shape the larva is thickest through joints 4-5, the outline elliptical;
iMarch 1897.] DyAR : LiFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SlUG CATERPILLARS. 13
dorsum flat, sides nearly perpendicular, composed of both lateral and
subventral spaces. During the stage the color changes. Dark brown,
the subdorsal horns pale yellow, only the long ones visible. Subventral
space very narrow, the bulging subventral edge colorless. Length i.i
to 1.8 mm.
Stage III. — Upper side dark velvety brownish red as far as the
upper edge of the lateral horns ; subdorsal horns on joints 3, 4, 5, 8, 1 1
and 12 large, thick, light yellow, the short horns not showing; lateral
horns all small and with the subventral space light yellow. Skin ob-
scurely finely granular. Dorsal pale dots paired, very faint. The
short subdorsal horns have one spine only. Length 1.8 to 3 mm.
S'age IV. — (Plate II, Fig. 2.) As before. Color velvety red-
brown, the long horns and subventral region pale yellow ; a white line
along subventral edge. Later the long horns become orange at the tips
and a straight white line appears along the middle of the sides between
the subdorsal and lateral horns, broken segmentally. Body high, sides
nearly perpendicular, horns erect. The short subdorsals have two or
three spines and are situated as before adjacent to the long ones.
Length 3 to 4 5 mm.
Stage V. — The six pairs of long horns prominent, thick, alike and
well spined ; bright red ; the four short ones small, rounded, incon-
spicuous, yet reddish. A faint pinkish dorsal line and traces of one
along the subdorsal ridge, ill defined on the dark purple ground which
reaches to the lateral horns. Lateral horns faintly pinkish. Subventral
region colorless, white on the lower edge. Later in the stage all the
horns are fine red and three pale lines can be seen, an addorsal pair be-
sides the dorsal, these new lines faint and broken by the large horns.
Also three pale lines in the lateral space, one above and one below the
original lateral line. Length 4.5 to 7 mm.
Stage VI. — Horns short at first and pale, but they quickly grow.
Color all purple brown, the horns red. Dorsum with three bluish
white lines, the outer ones waved and indistinct, lateral space with
three yellowish white lines, only the middle one distinct ; subventral
space with two white lines ; obscure red lines along the two rows of
horns. Skin finely clear granular. Later the broad lateral pale line
and subventral edge maybe tinged with red. Length 7 to 10.5 mm.
Stage VII. — The purplish black ground is now so much narrowed
that it appears rather as dark lines on a pale ground. Dorsal space
contracted at joints 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12, traversed by three bluish
white and four purple lines, somewhat broken. Subdorsal ridge whitish
14 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
above, broadly red centrally, the horns bright red. Sides blackish
purple, a broad lateral line and the subventral edge red ; a narrow
whitish line above and below the lateral red line, the upper broken. A
broad pale stigmatal line. Lateral horns red. Spines pale with black
tips ; skin clear granular. Small patches of caltropes are present on the
tips of the lateral horns on joints 6 to 12 in eight stage larvse. Length,
10.5 to 16 mm.
Stage VIII. — (Plate II, Fig. 3) Shape as described. The blackish
lines are now still narrower and appear plainly as lines. Dorsal space
bluish white with four black lines, waved and confluent opposite the
large horns. The rest of the ground color pale yellow, the horns fiery
red. Red bands along subdorsal and lateral ridges, in the middle of
lateral space and along subventral edge. Sides with four black lines,
subconfluent in pairs; subventral area with two black lines. Joint 2
purplish ; venter honey brown. The red side-band is partly cut by the
pale, dark centered, depressed spaces (4); spaces (i) small, paired,
dark. Skin clear granular (Plate II, Figs. 4 and 6). Caltrope patches
(Plate II, Fig. 10) present on the lateral horns of joints 6 to 12 and the
subdorsal of joint 13. Spines enlarged at base, pale with black tips
(Plate II, Fig. 8). Length, 16 to 22 mm.
In the yellow form all the red markings are bright yellow. It did
not come under observation in the early stages, but doubtless differs
from this only in the absence of red, beginning with stage IV. The
yellow form seems the more generalized of the two.
Food-plants. — The larvae feed on various kinds of low brush. I
have notes of finding them on wild cherry, oak, hickory and bayberry.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fig. I. I,arva in stage I, side view, enlarged.
" 2. Larva end of stage IV, dorsal view, enlarged.
" 3. P'ull grown larva, enlarged.
" 4. Skin granules from the region of the subventral ridge y^ 50, showing setae
iii and iv.
" 5. Base of same seta X I75-
" 6. Skin granules from region of subdorsal ridge X '75-
" 7. Abnormal skin granules from region of joint 2 X '75-
" 8. End of one of the large horns X 50> showing the wrinkled skin and spines.
" 9. Tip of a stinging spine X ^75-
" 10. Caltropes in position X '75-
" II. Moth of Euclea indeterinitta.
March iSj7] DOANE: EaRLY StAGES OF DlABROTICA SOROR. 15
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF DlABROTICA SOROR.
By R. \V. Doane.
[Mr. R. W. Doane, a student of entomology in this University
(Stanford), undertook during the college year 1895-96 the study of the
life-history of Diabrotica soror, the Pacific Coast representative of the
■destructive Diabroticas. Despite the abundance of soror, its serious
ravages on flowers and fruits, and a lively interest on the part of ento-
mologists in its habits, its life history has remained unknown. By rea-
son of Mr. Doane's removal, his work, well begun and successfully
prosecuted as far as carried, has been interupted. The following de-
scriptions of the egg, larva and pupa, together with a few notes on the
habits of the species, are extracted from his notes. — Vernon L. Kellogg,
Stanford University, California.]
The following descriptions were made from a number of specimens
taken in the field and laboratory.
Egg. — Length, .7 mm.; width, 5 mm.; oval, dirty white in color ;
surface finely sculptured by minute hexagonal pitted areas. These
areas under a higher power lens show several irregular depressions
within their own surface.
Full-grown larva. — Length, 12 mm.; width, 1.3 mm.; body
cylindrical, slightly tapeting toward the head ; the twelve segments be-
hind the head indistinctly separated. General color, except the head,
dorsal shield and last abdominal segment, dirty white, often becoming
more yellowish before pupation. Head dark brown above and on the
sides, same color as rest of body below ; posterior margin with a deep,
quite broad, V-shaped incision, ending in a broad deep suture which
runs cephalad for nearly one-third the length of the head, then divides
into two well-marked sutures which extend to the base of the antennae.
These sutures divide the head into three distinct parts, the anterior
part being the largest, the other two parts are equal and constitute the
posterior and part of the lateral portions of the head. There is a dark
median line ending at the tip of a small V-shaped incision in the anter-
ior margin of the head, and a few rather strong hairs scattered over the
surface of the head. Antennae white, three-jointed; first joint a little
broader than its length, second joint the shortest, narrower than the
first, third joint cone-shaped, its greatest width about equal to its
length. No eyes. Labrum same color as rest of the head. Mandibles
dark brown, darker at tips, other mouth parts and appendages whitish.
16 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Cervical shield brown, paler than the head, broadly shield-shaped with
quite a broad median white line, a few rather long hairs and several
shorter ones scattered over the surface. The remainder of the pro-
thorax, the meso- and meta-thorax same color as the rest of the body.
Legs pale, three-jointed, supported by dark brown chitinous frame-
work ; several short rather stout hairs on each segment ; a whitish,
elliptical, striated lobe arising beside the single brown tarsal claw.
Segments four to eleven, all similar, skin wrinkled, somewhat papillose,
a few scattering hairs over each segment ; on the lateral margin of each
segment is a long stiff hair just posterior to one and sometimes two
smaller and shorter hairs. Dorsal shield of posterior segment semi-
circular in outline, dark brown, finely sculptured so as to produce num-
erous hexagonal pitted areas much resembling the markings on the
eggs; several strong marginal hairs and two sub triangular processes
near the posterior end. A single fleshy proleg.
The larva agrees almost perfectly with Prof. H. Carman's descrip-
tion of the larva of D. 12-punctata as given in Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 48.
The only special difference I would note is in the description of the dor-
sal shield of the posterior segment which he describes as follows : " Dor-
sal shield of posterior body segment nearly circular in outline, brown,
with numerous minute black specks, slightly rimmed at posterior mar-
gin, and in young examples obscurely bituberculate ; furnished with
several strong marginal hairs, and with four minute, striate, centrally-
placed spatulate appendages."
Pupa. — Whitish or straw-colored. Length .4 mm., width .2 mm.
Scattered brown hairs over the body arranged as follows : six on the
head arranged in three transverse pairs, one pair close to the base and
just cephalad of the antennos, one just caudad of the antennne, and one
near the meso-dorsal angle of the eyes ; ten on the prothorax, one pair
on the anterior margin, one pair near the lateral margin, and one pair
near the posterior margin, a pair just anterior and a larger pair just
posterior to the middle near the mesal line ; an arched row of four hairs
each on the meso- and meta-thorax; a pair in the middle and one on
each side of each abdominal segment ; last three segments with another
pair slightly anterior to and more widely separated than the median
pair ; last segment also with a pair between and a pair in the bases of
the caudal spines, and another pair just anterior to the lateral pair.
Caudal spines usually slightly curved, brownish at tips. Each femur
with three hairs near the extremity. Wing pads clear white, covering
the proximal part of the posterior femor. Antennae curving outward
March 1897] BeUTENMULLER : NOTE ON CaTOCALA ElDA. 11
around the femora of the meso- and meta-thoracic legs, then meeting
on the median ventral line between them.
As the pupa grows older the eyes, wing parts, parts of the legs and
antennae and the tips of the mandibles begin to turn much darker.
Soror is especially injurious to the interests of the flower-grower.
The beetles eat unsightly holes in the buds and petals of roses and
chrysanthemums, and other showy flowers. It feeds on leaves too, and
is almost unrestricted in range of food-plants. Fruit-growers often suf-
fer serious loss by the beetle's eating the young forming fruit. The
apricot seems especially the object of attack. Hardly any kind of gar-
den vegetable is free from its attention.
The eggs are deposited, in breeding jars or out of doors, from y^
to y^ an inch below the surface of the ground, near the base of some
plant, sometimes singly but usually in numbers of from 20 to 50. The
eggs hatched in the breeding jars in about eighteen days. The larvse
developed slowly. Larvoe of various sizes, some full grown, some
newly hatched, were found around the roots of different plants out of
doors in March, xA.pril and May. The larvse do not bore into the roots,
as longicornis and 12-punctata do, but eat the roots from the outside,
sometimes cutting the young rootlets entirely in two. The larvse were
found in abundance feeding on the roots of sweet-peas and alfalfa, and
sparingly on other plants.
As the larva becomes full-grown it approaches the surface of the
ground and forms an oval or spherical cell in which it lies ten or twelve
days, semi-quiescent, before pupation. The pupal stage lasts from ten to
fourteen days. The first out-of-doors pupae were found early in April.
No special opportunity of combatting the pest is offered by its im-
mature stages. The wide range of food-plants of larva and adult, and
the underground life of the immature stages, make it a particularly
difficult insect to fisrht.
NOTE ON CATOCALA ELDA Behr.
By Wm. BeUTENMULLER.
This insect was described as a distinct species from a specimen
taken in Oregon. Since then three examples have been taken in British
Columbia, and last summer Mr. Doll raised a single specimen from a
larva found on Long Island, N. Y. It is, without doubt, nothing more
than a gray variety of C. relicta. Mr. Palm already called attention
to this fact. (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, I, p. 21.)
18 Journal New York Entomological Societv. [Voi. v.
ON THE LARViE OF CERTAIN SAW-FLIES
(TENTHREDINIDiE.)
Bv Harrlson G. Dvar, Ph. D.
Trichiosoma crassum Kir by.
L Mr. MacGillivray has sorted out my bred material into two species
of Trichiosoma, T. triangiilinn and T. crassum. There was no corre-
sponding difference in the larv£e, however, and, therefore, that of T.
crassion may be described as being indistinguishable from that of T.
trianguliim. (See Ent. News, vi, 199.)
Food-plants. — Willow, poplar, wild cherry and alder.
Hylotoma scapularis King.
The flies mentioned in Can. Ent., xxvii, 344, under label 2B were
pronounced by Mr. MacGillivray to be males of this species. The fol-
lowing is the present state of this confusing subject :
Larva; head black or red.
No paler subdorsal line.
Tubercles distinctly black.
Head red, body yellow; on l)irch V.
Head black, rarely reddish, body yellow ; on wild cherry S.
Tubercles blackish only, or pale in black rings.
Head blue black, body yellow •, on oak 2B
A pale yellow subdorsal line.
Head red or black, body greenish-yellow ; on willow 2C
Head pale testaceous with vertical dark band.
Body green, tubercles nearly all pale 2L
Here are five rather distinct types of larvre. From V have been
bred H. pectoralis, H. scapularis 9 and H. atruleiis $ ; from S has
been bred H. mcleayi; from 2^ H. scapularis $ \ larvae 2C were bred
from eggs laid by a female H. clavicornis ; 2L produces H. mcleayi $
and H. virescens (^clavicornis') $ .
Description of larvae 2B. Four last stages observed with widths of
head .8, i.i, 1.8 and 2.5 mm. Head rounded, uniform blue-black,
the sutures scarcely visible ; small black set^e in front. Body cylindri-
cal, subventral ridge prominent ; thoracic feet large, pale yellowish
brown, the large basal joint blue-black. Abdominal feet on joints 6 to
ID and 13 small, the last pair rudimentary, pale at tip, their bases dotted
with black. Segments coarsely 3-annulated with nine large (.35 mm.)
setiferous tubercles in an approximate square, the lower posterior one
moved inward ; another behind the spiracle ; these tubercles are black-
March 1897] DVAR : LaRV^ OF SaW-FlIES. 19
ish or yellow, edged with black. Subventral ridges oblique, prominent,
pale, but margined with black and bearing many setre. Anal plate ob-
scure, blackish. Between the setse are numerous small black dots bear-
ing still more minute setse. A row of four ventral setiferous black spots
on each segment anterior to the legs and six medio- ventral segmentary
round orange spots posterior to the feet on joints 6 to lo. Forms a
reticular cocoon of yellow silk.
Macrophya bilineata MacGillivray.
Head whitish, eye black, a large black patch on vertex, neat, al-
most pyriform. Body segments 7-annulated with minute black setas on
the second and fourth annulets. Body tapering a little posteriorly,
straight or curled spirally, feet on joints 6 to 13. Whitish, translucent,
not shining, appearing green from the food except subventrally ; a faint
black lateral shade bounding the apparently green area ; a single small
sooty black suranal spot. Tracheae distinct ; thoracic feet clear with
brown tips. Width of heart 1.8 mm.
Ultimate stage. — Annulate, slightly shining, all immaculate, waxy,
whitish emerald green. Head slightly testaceous, eye black, no marks.
Enters the ground.
Food-plants. — Viburmun opulus diwd V. cassinoides.
Macrophya mixta MacGillivray.
Head reddish on vertex, eye black, no marks; width 1.8 mm.
Body waxy greenish, 7-annulate, no marks. Another example had a
dusky lateral shade defining the dorsal color which appears darker than
the subventral region on account of the food showing by transparency.
Ultimate stage like the preceding species.
Food-plant. — Viburnum opulus.
These two species of Macrophya occurred together and only one
example of each was bred. I suspect that they are not specifically
distinct.
Tenth redo remota MacGillivray.
Resembles T. cressoni, but less yellowish green, the skin being
colorless and only green from the food ; no subdorsal band of fat, at
most only a few scattered granules. Widths of head observed .6, .8,
1.4, 1.8, 2.2 mm.
The egg forms a regular elliptical swelling near the middle of a
leaf, 2x 1.5 mm., under the lower epidermis, the saw-cut on the upper
side.
Larva. — Head large, prominent, with grooves before the vertices
20 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
of the lobes; pale below, orange above, shining, eye black, no marks^
Joint 2 small, the body only slightly tapering; feet on joints 6 to 13.
Whitish translucent, not shining, food green the whole length, plainly
visible. Thorax scarcely enlarged ; segments finely and neatly 7-annii-
late, the incisures more distinct, slightly folded. Under a lens white
points are present on the second and fourth annulets. No marks ;
thoracic feet colorless. Tracheal line not very distinct.
Ultimate stage. — Head shining whitish testaceous, eye black ; body
shining, pale clear honey yellow, rather whitish, somewhat opaque,
neatly annulate ; no marks.
Food-plant. — Yellow birch.
Taxonus dubitatus Norton.
Stage before last. — Head pale yellowish, a trace of brownish from
minute dottings ; a very small brown dot in apex of clypeus and behind
eye, eye in a black spot. Body sordid waxy, green from food, anal
end dark; segments 7-annulate, first and second annulets largest. No
marks except the small black spiracles, antennae, palpi, jaws and claws
of thoracic feet.
Last stage. — Head pale brownish, a big black patch behind the
eye. Body without marks except a large black subdorsal patch on joint
13 anterior to the anal flap; green from food, faintly yellowish, paler
subventrally. Others have more spots on the head.
Foad-plant. — Onoclea, sp. Occurred around New York City.
Taxonus albidopictus Norton.
Head shining pale brownish, a large triangular black patch on the
vertex connects with a like one on the clypeus ; another patch at its
apex on the black eye reacliing back to the occiput ; these three patches
have diffuse edges and the vertical and lateral ones are connected by a
dark cloud; mouth brown; width 1.2 mm. Feet on joints 6 to 13;
segments 7-annulate, rather unequal, annulet 2 large; slightly shining,
smooth ; dorsum to spiracles dark green, under the lens obscurely longi-
tudinally streaked and divided by the pale dorsal vessel, especially on
the thorax ; on joint 13 a large round smoky black lateral patch ; joint
2 anteriorly, subventral region and feet translucent whitish, thoracic
feet black marked ; spiracles black, tracheal line white. Bored in
wood. Found on Onoclea sensibilis at Rouse's Point, N. Y.
Mr. MacGillivray remarks "this differs from the description (of
Norton) in having more of black on the base of the abdomen and in
having the apex of the posterior femora whitish. Judging from Pro-
March 1897. DyAR : L.ARVJE OF SaW-FlIES. 21
vancher's description it is undoubtedly albidopictusy The larvae of
these two species of Taxonus cannot be certainly distinguished.
Harpiphorus tarsatus Say.
Esgs. — Laid under the lower epidermis, sawed through from
above ; close to the midrib in a long line, the cuts united ; one edge of
the swelling is on the midrib or large vein, the other parallel to it but
wavy, composed of the numerous saw cuts ; width i mm. ; length 4 to
30 mm., according to the number of eggs laid; punctures .8 mm. apart.
Stage I. — Nearly colorless, head with a smoky tint especially in a
shade upward from the black eye ; width .5 mm.
Stage II. — -Head brownish, a shade upward from the black eye ;
width .6 mm. Body all subtranslucent white, no marks ; food green in
thorax, more yellowish posteriorly; segments finely annulate. Body
shape much as in the mature form ; length 4.5 mm.
Stage III. — Head dark blackish brown, eye black; width .8 mm.
Body without marks.
Stage IV. — Head brownish, a darker shade on the outer sides of the
lobes; width i.o mm. Body whitish, the food green, anal plate
brownish, feet colorless.
Stage V. — Head shining black ; width 1.2 mm. Joint 2 anteriorly,
subventral region and feet pale yellow ; dorsum sordid pale olivaceous
without marks, slightly shining ; annulations obscure ; anal plate dark.
Length 12 mm.
Stage VI. — Head shining black; width 1.6 mm. Joint 2 and
subventral region pale yellow ; dorsum with a blackish rectangle on each
segment on a whitish ground, the rest of the dorsum colored nearly like
the sides. Later the coloration is more like the next stage.
Stage VII. — Like the next stage, but the marks a little fainter ;
with of head 2 mm.
Stage VIII. — Head small in proportion, lower than joint 2, all black,
slightly shining, width 2.5 mm. Joint 2 anteriorly, subventral region,
venter and feet orange yellow; dorsum to spiracles olivaceous black,
annulet 2 in the middle and whole of annulet 4 to the subventral color
pale greenish gray, both interrupted by the olivaceous dorsal vessel.
Segments 6 -annulate, the second and fourth with minute setge. Anal
plate black, darker than the dorsal marks. Thoracic feet spreading,
pale yellow, not very large ; abdominal feet all well developed. Body
large at joint 2, gradually tapering posteriorly, rapidly at the end of
joint 13. Length about 25 mm., width 4 mm. The pale dorsal bands
22 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
contain fat granules. In some examples they are broad and the dark
markings diffuse and pale. No bloom or white down.
Stage IX. — (Ultimate.) Exactly as in the last stage except that the
dorsal pale annulets are light blue instead of greenish gray, the black is
bluish rather than olivaceous and the skin is very slightly more shiny.
Head 2.5 mm. The larvae bore in wood to pupate.
Food-plant — Dogwood {Cornus alter nif alia).
Harpiphorus varianus Norton.
Described by me (Can. Ent., xxvii, 196) as H. farsatus. The
flies of these two species are occasionally alike in color, as Mr. Harring-
ton indicates, but Mr. MacGillivray has separated them by the structure
of the female saw-guide and saw. The larvae are abundantly distinct.
Harpiphorus versicolor JVorton.
Eggs. — About three laid side by side under the lower epidermis
from above ; a short row nearly parallel to a side vein ; 1.5 x -6 mm.,
swelling the leaf; faintly yellowish with a green central area.
Stage I. — Head pale brown, eye black; width .33 mm. Body
curled, whitish, rather opaque, without bloom. Food green in the
slightly enlarged thorax.
Stage II. — Head pale brownish, darker over the vertex ; width .5
mm. Body annulate, colorless or greenish from food, mealy white.
Stage III. — Head black, mealy only in a band across between the
eyes; width .8 mm. Body yellow, well covered with the white mealy
secretion.
Stage IV. — The same. Width of head i.i mm.
Stage V. — Width of head 1.5 mm.
Stage VI. — Head black, slightly mealy except the eye and mouth :
width 2.1 mm. Body coarsely 6-annulate, mealy or short woolly to and
including the subventral folds ; no marks whatever ; feet on joints 6 to
13. Thorax slightly enlarged.
Differs at once from H. varianus, in being without the black anal-
plate.
Stage VII — (Ultimate.) Head black, yellow below the eyes, no
bloom; width 1.5 or 2.1 mm. Body shining, the subventral folds and venter
ocher yellow, dorsum blue gray, marked with leaden black on annulets i,
3, 5 and 6 subdorsally and on all the annulets laterally, leaving a dor-
sal and a subdorsal line of the ground color connected on annulets 2 and
4. The lower end of this dorsal color is incised before the spiracle by
the upper yellow subventral fold. Feet all pale ; bores in wood. Found,
on Cornus at Greenwood Lake, N. J.
March 1897 ] Dyar : Larv.^^ OF Saw-Flies. 23
The following species have been named by Mr. C. L. Marlatt :
Schizocerus prunivorus Marlatt.
-Egg. — In a pyriform slit under the lower epidermis at the middle
of one edge of the leaf; laid singly. The larva hatches and eats a curi-
ous winding slit down into the leaf; later this reaches the edge.
Stage I. — Head pale greenish testaceous, eye black ; width .4 mm.
Body segments well marked, the incisures more perpendicular in front
than behind, faintly 3-annulate. Translucent with a greenish tint; ali-
mentary canal visible. Thoracic feet large, colorless with black shades
at their bases; abdominal ones very small on joints, 6 to 1 1 and 13,
colorless; joint 13 slightly bulging, with very small anal prongs.
Stage II. — The same ; head green, width .6 mm.
Stage III. — Head .75 mm. All leaf green, blackish shades at the
bases of the abdominal feet, eye black, mouth brown. Large suranal
prongs green and a smaller more approximate subanal pair. Joint 13
a little enlarged. On joints 5 to 13 a series of small, colorless, eversible
lateral glands. Abdominal feet rudimentary.
Stage IV. — Head 1.15 mm. All leaf green, a little brownish at
the vertex, eye black. Body leaf green, shining, 3-annulate, food
darker. Thoracic feet clear with a blackish cloud at base ; abdominal
ones rudimentary. Six anal prongs ; a small pair at end of plate, a large
lateral pair, reddish tinted and the small subanal pair. Lateral glands sit-
uated substigmatally, posterior. Subventral ridge distinct; tracheal
line fine.
Stage V. — Head pale green, thickly brown dotted, eye black; width
1.4 mm. Body green, faintly 3-annulate, slightly blotched with yel-
lowish subventrally ; a black subventral shade on the thorax in spots at
the bases of the feet which are green, clearer at tip. Subventral ridge
fluted, glands small ; the four suranal prongs brownish, subanal pair
green. Tracheal line distinct ; spiracles dark ; no marks. Cocoon in
the ground, reticular, of yellow silk.
Found on Pniniis pennsylvanica and Amelanchier cajiadensis at
Jefferson Highlands, N. H., and on Primus serotina at Bellport, Long
Island, N. Y.
Camponiscus americana Marlatt.
Head pale brown, shining, eye black ; width 1.5 mm. Thorax en-
larged, the feet spreading, pale ; abdominal ones on joints 6 to 1 1 and
13. Segments indistinctly annulate, incisures well marked, folded.
Whitish, not shining, the food makes the dorsum to spiracks green, the
24 Journal New York. Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
posterior end of alimentary canal forms a blackish shade vvnich looks
like a mark at first glance. Thorax higher than head. Sits flat on the
venter, usually curled spirally when at rest. Five stages were observed,
but not consecutively.
Found on the poplar at Plattsburgh, N. Y., and at Jefferson High-
lands, N. H.
Pontania populi Marlatt.
This is evidently what Mr. Marlatt had in mind when he said of
the habits of the larvae of Pontania, " at least one America species de-
velops in the rolled or folded edge of the leaf."* The present species
forms at first a small gall, but soon the leaf rolls over, gall and all, form-
ing two or three turns and the larva lives in the tube so formed, without
spinning any sort of web.
There are probably five larval stages. The larva remains in the
gall up to as late as the fourth stage, but is usually out to feed in the
third. It may be in the rolled part permanently in stage IV.
Gall. — A low irregular swelling on the upper side of the leaf, the
nearest veins enlarged and tending to curve backward, rolling the leaf
with the back side inward. Under side of gall thin, flat or irregularly
rugose ; above scarcely much thickened but folded up. Green or yel-
lowish, an ill-defined swelling about 5 mm. in diameter, concealed in
the rolled leaf.
Stage II. — (In gall.) Head pale brown, paler over the clypeus ;
body shining whitish; width of head .36 mm.
Stage III — Head pale brown above clypeus; width .55 mm.
Body annulate, shining, no marks ; anal prongs dark.
Stage IV. — Head very pale brown ; width .7 mm. Body colorless.
Stage V. — (In leaf.) Head all pale brown ; width i.o mm. Body
segments 3-annulate, whitish, scarcely shining, food green ; two dusky
brown corneous patches precede the dark tipped anal prongs.
The larvae never eat the whole leaf, but the parenchyma only, even
in the last stage. They spin small brown cocoons.
Found on Populus grandidentata at Fort Lee, N. J. There is
more than one brood in the season, the larvae infesting the successive
leaves of young shoots.
Pontania terminalis Marlatt.
Allied to the preceding. Egg deposited under the lower epidermis
forming a small gall-like swelling ot the type of P. 1)0puli^ but less pro-
* U. S. Dept. Agriculture, technical series, No. 3, 1896, p. 8.
March 1897.] DyAR : LaRV^ OF SaW-FlIES. 25
nounced. A green elevation of the upper surface; below a thin skin,
not swollen, but slightly yellowish ; the leaf rolls over tightly in a close
coil to two whole turns, finally as far as the midrib, from one half to the
whole of one side of the leaf being involved. The little larva lives in
the gall, but soon comes out of it and rests in the rolled part.
Stage II. — Head pale brownish, the eye black; width .3 ram.
Body all whitish, food forming a narrow green line ; slightly shining,
annulated, thoracic feet of good size.
Stage III. — Head and anal flap shining black; width .4 mm.
Body whitish, slightly shining, annulate.
Stage IV. — Head shining black ; width .55 mm. Body shining,
no distinct setae, irregularly 4- to 5-annulate; feet on joints 6 to 11
and 13. Body whitish, slightly opaque, food green ; the whole of anal
flap black ; anal prongs short, black.
Stage V. — Head pale in the sutures, a large black patch on each
lobe and one in the clypeus; width .8 mm. Body 3-annulate, smooth,
not shining, whitish with a slight yellow-green tint, food green ; anal
end concolorous, no patch at all, though the frass gives a dusky shade.
Prongs very short, brown tipped. The larvte eat the parenchyma only,
as in the preceding species.
Found on willow at Van Corilandt Park, New York City.
Pteronus dyari Marlatt.
<-- I supposed this species to have been bred from the same larvae
which produced Amaurofiematiis lufeotergum (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc,
xxii, 304), but Mr. Marlatt finds the flies distinct. Further observa-
tions are needed.
Pteronus hyalinus Marlatt.
c^.- I have described the larvae as Xematus lateralis (Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc, xxii, 307).
Pteronus lombardas Marlatt.
Larvae indistinguishable from those of P. ventralis, feeding on pop-
lar instead of willow (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxii, 305).
Pteronus populi Marlatt.
Indistinguishable from F. hudsonii Dyar in coloration in the last
stage.
Egg.—lw a cluster of saw cuts close together, but irregular, under
the lower epidermis at the apex of a leaf.
Stage I. — Head .6 mm. Larvae all blackish. Gregarious, eating
holes in the leaf.
26 Journal New York Entomological Societv. [Voi. v.
Stage 11. — Head, calculated, .75 mm. All blackish.
Stage III. — Head 1.2 mm., shining black. Body black, immacu-
late at first ; later, in some, faint yellow lateral spots as in P. ventralis.
Stage IV. — Head black, width 1.6 mm. Body greenish, tubercles
and streaks on the annulets slaty black, not entirely confluent, leaving
some of the green ground color especially dorsally and laterally ; orange
spots distinct ; feet colorless.
The males spin at the end of this stage, or at least with this colora-
tion and width of head.
Stage V. — Head 2.2 mm. Coloration as described for F. hiidsonii
(see Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxii, 306). Anal prongs short, black tip-
ped.
Found on Popiilus grandidentata at Jefferson Highlands, N. H.
Apparently the same larva also on willow at Greenwood Lake, N. J.,
and received from Mrs. Slosson from Franconia, N. H. There is more
than one brood in the year.
Pteronus ostryse Marlatt.
Head 1.6 mm, pale testaceous, a black patch at the vertex, eye
black. Body all green, tar brown on the folds, annulate, not shining,
no marks, no set?e.
This larva fell to the ground while I was examining a hop hornbean
tree. It was ready to spin and I have not observed it feeding or in the
appropriate coloration,
Amauronematus oregonensis Marlatt.
Whitish green, pilose, solitary on woolly willow at Keene Valley,
N. Y., and Jefferson Highlands, N. H. It has just the appearance of
the back of the leaf.
Whitish green, a white addorsal and stigmatal line, produced by
the edges of the dorsal vessel and the tracheal line, supplemented by a
few white granules under the skin laterally. Segments 3-annulate,
with concolorous warts on each annulet, bearing short white pile.
Feet on joints 6 to 11 and 13. Thoracic feet colorless outwardly,
greenish at base. Head same color as body, eye and mouth black ;.
width 1.2 to 1,4 mm.
Ultimate Stage. — Head shaded with pale blackish, eye black;
width as before. Body greenish parafhn color, shaded with black on
the three annulets except for a central subdorsal space on each, in a
narrow dorsal line and in stigmatal spots, and spots on the subventral
folds. No setae, the dark spots representing the warts. Feet colorless.
March i897] DyAR : LaRV^ OF SaW-FlIES. 2T
Both now and in the previous stage (except for the hairs) very like the
following species.
This or the following larva is described by Dr. Packard in the 5th
Report, U. S. Entomological Commission as "unknown saw fly larva"'
on page 589, number 72 of willow insects.
Amauronematus similis Marlatt.
Straight, solitary on woolly willow at Plattsburgh and Keene
Valley, N. Y., and Jefferson Highlands, N. H.
Abdominal feet on joints 6 to 11, very slight on 13. Head whitish,
a little mottled with green, not shining ; width 1.4 mm., eye and mouth
black. Body a little flattened, subventral region rather prominent, the
posterior segments slightly tapering. Color soft leaf-green, not yellow-
ish, not shining ; a distinct white subdorsal line, the pair approaching
and nearly touching on joint 13 ; the line sends down a mottled white
streak on all the annulets as far as the tracheal line, sometimes separated,
forming a lateral line of streaks, A few obscure white dots ventrally.
The white bands and streaks are composed of white granules below the
skin. Feet pale, thoracic ones clear. Segments not very distincdy
6-annulate, no tubercles; spiracles minute, brown.
The larvae feed resting on the edge of the leaf. In some examples
there are small black dots on the thorax and subventrally on the ab-
domen.
Ultimate Stage. — Slightly shining, light green, translucent like
ground glass, uniform. Segments 6-annulate, the second and third larger
than the others. Dorsal vessel a shade darker, its sides showing faintly
whitish ; tracheal line narrow, thread-like.
Later the larva is shaded with blackish on all the annulets and the
top of the head; bores in soft or decayed wood to pupate.
Amauronematus dyari Marlatt.
-^ Larvae described by me (Can. Ent., xxvi, 187) as Nematus mono-
chroma; later determined by Mr. Marlatt as iV. brunneus (Can. Ent.,
xxvii, 342). The final decision makes it a new species.
Amauronematus azalise Marlatt.
Solitary edge-eaters on Azalea; found at Jeff'erson, N. H., in June.
The larvae all disappear before the end of June, and there is only one
brood in the year.
Head a pale green, finely brown- dotted except a narrow space bor-
dering the brown clypeus ; eye black; width 1.2 mm. Segments irre-
28 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
gularly and faintly 5-anniilate ; shining green, the dorsal vessel dark,
the tracheal line evident ; no marks except little dusky rings subven-
trally defining the obsolate tubercles, which can also just be distin-
guished dorsally with a lens, though perfectly concolorous. Anal
prongs very short, remote, obscurely black-tipped. Setce very fine and
short. Thoracic feet clear with brown claws.
The larvce became streaked with dusky blackish on the annulets,
bringing out the tubercles more distinctly and entered the ground to
spin.
Hemichroa laricis Marlaff.
Head pale brown, dotted, eye black ; a pale arcuate line over the
clypeus: width 1.4 mm. Body segments 5 -annulate, the last two annu-
lets folded; feet on joints 6 to 11 and 13. Body green, shaded with
opaque pale green pigment subdorsally and broadly stigmatally, leaving
more translucent dorsal and lateral straight lines and small irregular
areas among the subventral folds. The bright green fat granules com-
posing the pigment are aggregated along the dorsal vessel, tracheal line
and subventrally. Feet concolorous, the thoracic clear with brown
claws. Tracheal line straight, white. The larvce are solitary and rest
on a needle of the food plant with the head toward the twig. They
are very difficult to distinguish in this position, since the brown head
harmonizes with the bark and the green-striped body with the leaves.
Found on the larch at Jeiferson Highlands, N. H.
This larva is described by Dr. Packard in Fifth Report United
States Entomological Commission as " Selandria (?) sp.," on page 901,
number 26 of larch insects.
Pachynematus affinis Marlatt.
Feet on joints 6 to 11, none on joint 13. Body segments 6-annu-
late, the last two annulets small and folded, whitish. Tubercles on the
second and fourth annulets. Head pale greenish with a bright testaceous
tint by transparency, eye black, jaws brown; width 1.8 mm. Body
pale green with a distinct, straight, rather broad white stigmatal line on
joints 5 to 12, lost posteriorly in a whitish shade which covers joints 12
and 13; the edges of the dorsal vessel form a distinct white geminate
line on joints 3 to ir, pulsating, lost in the white tint posteriorly. A
blackish green subdorsal band on thorax, also on the abdomen, but of
varying distinctness. Tubercles small, concolorous and obscure, setae
rudimentary, dark, situated in two transverse rows, on the second and
fourth annulets, and thickly on the subventral folds. Abdominal feet
green; thoracic clear with brown tips.
March 1S97.]
Dvar: Larv.'e of Saw-Fmes. 29
Swept from grass at Jefferson, N. H.; also on grass by Mr. L. H.
Joutel at Greenwood Lake, N. J.
Pachynematus pubescens Marlatt.
Head round, shining, testaceous, eye black; width 1.3 mm. Body
pale pinkish brown, a broad addorsal and stigmatal white band. The
former borders the dorsal vessel and the pair are separated by the dark
blood ; the latter is edged above by a blackish shade. All the lines
run from joint 2, but are lost on joint 13, the frass showing as a dark
shade. Body slightly shining; segments indistinctly 5-annulate; feet
concolorous.
Found on Carex near the summit of Mt. Washington by Mrs.
Zella Dyar.
Pachynematus gregarious Marlatt.
Eggs. Laid in an irregular group of slits under the lower epi-
dermis toward the center of a leaf. The slits are close together and
after the larvre emerge remain as irregularly placed, lunate, hollow
ridges, elliptical when fresh ; 1 x .5 mm.
Stage /.—Head blackish brown; width .35 mm. Body colorless.
Stage //.—Head pale with a black shade across the clypeus and on
each side nearly to the vertex. Body shining, colorless; the lateral
outline fluted, food green ; side3 of thorax bulging; tail often elevated.
Thoracic feet dusky and the sides of the thorax dusky spotted.
Stage III. Head .5 mm. Much as in the next stages, but the
black parts brownish and shaded.
Stage /F.— Head .8 mm. As in the next stage, but the black more
diffuse. The black marks on the body are small, but the elevations are
present. Thorax enlarged, fluted.
Stage V. Head i.o mm., rounded, tinted with pale testaceous,
almost colorless except for a broad deep black band which runs trans-
versely across the clypeus over the eyes and turns up posteriorly to the
vertex, becoming smoky; mouth brown. Feet on joints 6 to 11, none
on joint 12 and scarcely a trace on joint 13, yet the larvae sit flat on the
venter on the surface ot the leaf. Thorax a little enlarged ; abdomen
slightly tapering, smallest posteriorly. Segments obscurely 4-annulate,
the first annulet broad ; pale, whitish, tinged with yellow, translucent,
the alimentary canal showing green. On the abdomen on joints 5 to 1 1
a row of large round elevated black patches stigmatally and another
above the bases of the feet, a little anterior to the middle of the seg-
ments. On joint 12 the spots are smaller, absent on joint 13.- On
thorax a small lateral spot and a large one above the base of each leg.
vJO Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Body shining ; tracheae evident where not obscured by the large spots.
Thoracic feet marked with brown ; abdominal ones short, colorless.
There are six colorless, eversible, ventral glands on joints 6 to ii.
Sfage VI. — (Ultimate.) Head pale, the marks duskily clouded; a
patch over eye and streak on vertex. Body whitish, the black marks
supplemented by a series of black streaks on the annulets, diffusely
spreading over the dorsum. The body is scarcely shiny and does not
appear sticky. Width of head .8 or i mm.
Found on the willow at Jefferson, N. H., and Englewood, N. J.
These larvce are gregarious, with all the appearances of slugs,
though they are really not sticky as they look, but only very shiny.
The number of feet and the ventral glands shows them to belong to the
Nematinre, although from general appearance one would suppose them
to be some species of Eriocajnpa or Afoiiostegia.
I was much surprised that the flies should belong to Pachynematus.
The other larvae of this genus are solitary grass feeders, whereas a larva very
similar to this species is described as that of a species of Pristiphora.'^
TENACITY OF LIFE IN ADULTS OF CRYPTORHYN-
CHUS LAPATHI.
By F. M. Webster.
On August 24th, by invitation of Mr. Ottomar Reinecke, I visited
the locality near Buffalo, N. Y., locally known as Beer Creek, where
my friend had only a short time before discovered this species. We
arrived on the ground about 3 p. m., leaving about 5 p. m., and dur-
ing that time I was fortunate enough to capture eighteen specimens.
These were placed in a small collecting bottle, heavily charged with
cyanide of potassium, and had been prepared only a i^-^ days before.
I had put in so much of the cyanide of potassium that it soon dis-
colored the plaster parts in which it was embedded and collected so
much moisture that my battle was hardly fit for use. The specimens
were placed in this bottle as collected, and remained therein until after
11:30 p. m., or from six to seven hours, when they were removed and
placed in a small tight tin box. The following morning they were ex-
amined, but gave no signs of life. On returning home and opening
the box, on August 29th, not only were nearly all alive, but several
were found in copulation !
* P. murtfeldticB Marlatt. " A smooth greenish slug with black head, feeding
on black willow." Tech. ser. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 117.
March 1897] Grote : On Noropsis Elegans. 31
THE CORRECT TITLE: NOROPSIS ELEGANS Hiibn.
By a. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.
There are {q.\v species of moths, the Latin name of which has been
given so variously as the very pretty insect which 1 venture to believe
should be known in the future as N'oropsis elegans Hiibner sp. It is
found commonly in the West Indies and in Mexico, but within the po-
litical boundaries of the United States is only hitherto reported from
Texas, so far as I am aware. Not improbably it may be found in Flo-
rida and, like the "Spanish Moth," Xanthopastis timais, it may be
found at points further north upon the Atlantic coast line.
And first as to the specific title. The moth is first figured by
Cramer under the name P}ialcc?ia hieroglyphica ; but at that date accord-
ing to Guenee and the posthumous work of Moeschler upon the lepidop-
terous fauna of Porto Rico, p. 149, there was already a Fhalcena hiero-
glyphica of Drury, a different species. The rule is: once a synonym,
always a synonym, and at that time no second species of Fhalcena,
bearing the name of hieroglyphica, was permissable. It was then de-
scribed as Bombyx festiva by Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 579, according to
these same authorities. I find Bombyx f estiva in Fabricius' Mantissa,
II, 127, No. 157, 1787, which has no locality and is very briefly diag-
nosed as : B. alls deflexis flavesceniibiis basi coeruleo maculatis apice
nigro pujictatis and which is probably this species. But the same or a
similar objection meets us with regard to the name f estiva. There was
already, according to Guenee and Moeschler, a Bombyx f estiva of Huf-
nagel. The next name is Diphthera elegans of Hiibner. Guenee ob-
jects to this name also, because there was another noctid called elegans,
and this objection is sustained apparently by Moeschler. But there was
no Diphthera of that name at the time (1810). It is well known that
Guenee objected to the recurrence of specific names in the same lepidop-
terous family as liable to cause confusion. The genera being then im-
perfectly limited and the structural features not well understood, there
can be no doubt that the evil of duplication was strongly felt. Yet
there is no rule of nomenclature which would cover such change. It is
now generally recognized in Europe, that a change, made in the same
work by an author in a specific title proposed by himself, should be ad-
mitted. If admitted, then there is no limitation as to the name to be
changed and, in the case of the changes of his own names, proposed by
32 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Guenee in the 3d vol. of the Spec. Gen., it makes no difference, there-
fore, whether the change is made by him in the first or second use of
the name. It must be followed and Guenee's request be granted, be-
cause the question of priority does not come into play. We have no
right to change the second use of the name, when Guenee asks us to
change the first. And there is no doubt that the use twice over of the
same name in nearly allied genera is productive of confusion. In my
own case I was led to propose to take " nic titans " as the type of Apamea,
because Ochsenheimer had a species of this name in the genus which I
wrongly took to be the common Gortpia nictitans L. sp., whereas it is
a species or variety referable to the genus Oligia. But we have no right
to change the specific names of other writers on this account and I
think that the fourth name for our species, fasttiosa of Guenee, must be
referred to the synonymy. As there has been a neglect of the "Man-
tissa" of Fabricius, it may be well to include this citation in the syno-
nymy of the species.
We have now arrived at what seems to be the correct name for the
species, viz: elegans Hiibn. But a difficulty meets us as to the generic
title also. The generic title Euglyphia, from the Verzeichniss, is pre-
occupied by Hiibner himself, with the exception of a single letter, in the
name Euglyphis. What is evidently the same name, even when dis-
tinguished by the change or addition of a single letter, cannot be again
admitted. Here the question is quite clear from the almost identity of
the terms. We cannot admit Euglyphis and Euglyphia, any more than
we can admit Oenosandra and Oenosanda. The similarity would in-
evitably create that confusion which the rule was intended to obviate.
The reason given by Herrich-Schseffer, Schm. Cuba, III, 8, for retain-
ing Euglyphia, that the prior Euglyphis was "probably" not a valid
genus, has no bearing on the case. The nomenclator is not called
upon to judge of the validity of biological groups. Guenee proposed
the generic title Noropsis for our species, while Herrich-Scha^ffer ob-
jects (/. r.) that this term is too near Norops, already used in zoology.
If it were so, it would be a reason for a new term, and it is a delicate
question, since the derivation is identical. But I am inclined to believe
that the two are sufficiently distinct and that we may rest content in the
title Noropsis elegans Hiibn. sp., for the pretty moth and let it go at
that.
March 1897.] BaNKS : On TwO New SmYNTHURIDS. 33
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SMYNTHURIDS.
By Nathan Banks.
We hardly expect to find in the imy, soft-bodied spring-tails the
curious peculiarities that often excite our wonder in the higher groups.
The differences between species too often lie in uninteresting details.
Sometimes the pattern of markings or the covering of scales attract our
attention, but for the most part there is much similarity in appearance.
In Florida the writer collected a Smynthurid distinguished from all
known species by possessing a distinct median spine on the body ; it has
been described by Mr. Mac Gillivray as Smyttthurus floridanus.
Some years ago while collecting on Long Island I found a species
oi Smynthurus with clavate hairs on its back; the specimen was in some
way lost, but this year I have rediscovered it. Beside the clavate hairs,
which separate it from all other species, this form is also peculiar in
having between the eyes two tubercles. The other species which I de-
scribe below was swept from weeds on the top of the highest hill on Long
Island ; it is peculiar in having at the tip of the body horn-like tubercles.
This form I have named in honor of that distinguished authority on our
Thysanura, Mr. Mac Gillivray.
Smynthurus clavatus, sp. nov.
Length 1.2 mm. Head yellowish, with some irregular reddish spots and a
median stripe between antennae and eyes ; antennse yellowish, darker at the tips ;
abdomen rich brownish, rather purplish on the sides, anal tubercle yellowish; legs
pale, mottled with brownish, furcula paler, but denies somewhat purplish. (I have
seen specimens darker throughout.) Head quite broad, with two conical elevations
between the eyes, and a few small tubercles bearing short stiff hairs, simple hairs in
front ; antennae very short, first joint no longer than broad, second twice as long, third
as long as first and second together, fourth about as long as the third, consisting of
two parts, the basal the longer, the apical part tapering, only a few scattered short
simple hairs on the antennre ; dorsum of abdomen with scattered large clavate hairs,
simple short spike-like bristles on the anal tubercle ; legs short, with one claw and
a tenant hair at tip (apparently), clothed with stiff short haii's; furcula short, denies
about as long as the diameter of the anal tubercle, curved and with a few simple hairs
below (when in place), mucrones one-third the length of the denies, rather stubby,
with minute teeth along the lower edge.
One specimen under loose bark of a decayed log in a swamp, Oc-
tober, Sea Cliff, N. Y.; two others (darker in color) escaped me.
Easily distinguished by the short antennae, tubercles between eyes, and
clavate hairs on dorsum.
34 Journal New York Entomological Society. [\o1. v.
Smynthurus macgillivrayii, s[). nov.
Length .9 mm. Pale yellowish, whitish below, a black stripe each side start-
ing from the eye and running back to the base of the anal tubercle, on the abdomen
it is very much maculose, broader, and connected to the one on the opposite
side ; legs and furcula pale hyaline. Body clothed with short fine simple scattered
hairs, those on the abdomen recurved. Antennas rather long and slender, the first
joint no longer than broad, the second twice as long, the third as long as both
together, the fourth twice as long as the third, indistinctly subdivided into eight or
nine joints, the basal one the longer; legs of moderate length, slender, apparently
but one claw and a tenent hair at tip; at the tip of the abdomen near the base of the
anal tubercle there is on each side a distinct conical apparently corneus horn or
tubercle, seen from above they project somewhat outward; furcula of moderate
length, the denies longer than the diameter of the anal tubercle, with some fine hairs
below, the mucrones remarkably short and weak, about one-fourth as long as the
denies and very much smaller in diameter, minutely serrate below.
Several specimens swept from weeds on Harbor Hill, L. I., N. Y.,
in May. Readily recognized by the pattern, and the tubercles at tip
of the abdomen.
NOTE ON MELITTIA SATYRINIFORMIS Hiibner.
Bv Wm. Beutenmuller.
Melittia sn/yriitifor/nis HObn'ER, Zutrage Exot. Schmett. 1825, III, p. 176,
453, 454 ; BoiSDUVAi., Suites a Buffon, Nat. Hist. Lepid. 1874, p. 471
^■Egeria cticurbitce Harris, New England Farmer, Vol. VH, 1828, p. 33 ; Am.
Journ. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXXVI, 1839, p. 310 ; Ins. Inj. Veget. ist Ed. 1841,
p. 232; 1. c. 2d Ed. 1852, p. 253; 1. c. 3d Ed. 1862, p. 331 ; 1. c. 4th Ed. 1863, p.
330; DouBi.EDAY, Harris' Corresp. 1869, p. 161; Scudder, Harris' Corresp. pp.
360, 385; Riley, 2d Rep. Nox. Ins. Mo. 1870, p. 64; Reed, Rep. Ent. Soc. On-
tario, 1871, pp. 99-90; Thomas ( ist Rep.), 6th Rep. Nox. Ins. 111. 1878, p. 41 ;
Martin, (Thomas' 5th) loth Rep. Nox. Ins. 111. 1S81, p. 107; Saunders, Ins. Inj.
Fruit, 1883, p. 361.
Trochiliuni ceto Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. 1848, pi. 30, fig. 6.
Melittia ceto Walker, Cat. Lepid. HeL B. M. pL VIII, 1856, p. 66 ; Morris,
Synop. Lepid. N. Am. 1862, p. 335 ; Grotk, Check List of Moths, 1882, p. 10 ;
Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer. Vol. Ill, 1888, p. 223; Beutenmuller, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sciences, 1890, p. 20; Smith, Cat Ins. N. J. 1890, p. 228; Rep. Ent.
N.J. 1891, p. 385; I.e. 1893, P- 503; Econom. Ent. 1896, p. 259. Kellicott,
Can. EnL Vol. XXIV, 1892, p. 43 and 209; Insect Life, Vol. V, 1892, p. 82.
Melittia cucurbittz Walker*, Cat. Lepid. Het. B. M. p. VIII, 1856, p. 66
(as var.? ceto); Packard, Guide Study of Insects, 1869, p. 279 (and other editions);
BoisDuvAL, Suites a Buffon, Nat. Hist. Lepid. 1874, p. 469; Cook, 13th Rep. St
Bd. Agricul. Mich. 1875, p. 116; Coleman, Papilio, Vol. II, 1882, p. 50; Hulst,
* Walker places cucurbita as a var.? of ceto.
March 1897.] Beutenmuller : On Melittia Satyriniformis. 35
Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Vol. VI, 1883, P- 1° 5 Lintner, Country Gentleman, Vol.
XLIX, 1S84, pp. 477, 487 and 517; 2d Rep. Nox. Ins. N. V. 1885, pp. 57-68;
Smith, Insect Life, Vol. IV, 1891, p. 30; Beutenmuller, Bull. Am. Nat. Hist.
Vol. VIII, 1896, p. 113.
Trochilium cucttrbitce Morris, Synop. Lepid. N. Am. 1862, p. 139.
yEgeria {^Melittia) cuctirbita Packard, 9th Rep. U. S. Geol. Geograph. Sur-
vey (Hayden), 1877, p. 769; French (in Thomas' 2d Rep,), 7th Rep. Nox. Ins.
111. 1878, p. 173;
Melittia amcejia Hy Edwards, Papilio, Vol. II, 1882, p. 53; Beutenmuller,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 1896, p. 113.
In my paper entitled, "Critical Review of the Sesiidae, found in
America, north of Mexico," page 113 (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. VIII.) I made the following statements regarding our common
quash-borer Melittia aiairbitce. "This well-known species was de-
scribed by Harris as Algeria ciicm-bitce, and later by Westwood as
Trochilium ceto; consequently the former name must be used. Double-
day (Harris corresp., 1869, p. 161) states that ^Sgeria cucurbitcB is
Melittia satyriniformis Hiibner, and, if so, this latter name would have
precedence. Mr. Samuel Henshaw kindly examined for me Hiibner's
work (Zutrage Exot. Schmett., 1825), in the library of Harvard Univer-
sity, and writes me as follows: "The figure oi Melittia satyriniformis
differs from all ciiciirbitiB that I have seen in coloration ; the abdomen
is dark blue-black with light blue margins to lack segment and without
a trace of the orange so conspicuous in cuciirbitce.'''' In view of this
fact I thought it best to retain Harris' name until more light could be
obtained on the subject. Since then Prof. John B, Smith was kind
enough to examine for me Hiibner's Zutrage in the library of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and he writes me as follows :
"The insect which Hiibner figures as satyriniformis is without any
sort of question the moth of our common squash-borer. In this copy
the coloring is good and represents our insect in a male specimen.
The description is more full than usual and calls attention to several
little details that correspond perfectly with our insect, and I have no
doubt that Hiibner's figure refers to our species."
It seems to me quite evident that the plates of different copies of
Hiibner's works are differently colored and misleading. I have no
doubt as to Prof. John B. Smith's conclusions regarding the identifica-
tion of satyriniformis, and I would propose that hereafter M. cucurbita;
be called M. satyriniformis. The type of M. amivna was kindly sent
to me for examination by Prof. Snow, and it is absolutely the same as
satyriniformis, there being no differences whatever between the two.
36 Journal New York Entomological Society. [vouv.
PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.
By William Beutenmuller.
(Continued from Vol. IV, p. 49.)
The following description of the species of Tachys, may be of ser-
vice to those desiring to identify their species. The genus needs revi-
sion and a comparison of the types of the species must be made before
any synopsis can be prepared.
T. proximus Say. — Head and thorax piceous; antennae rufous ;
thorax transversely subquadrate, slightly contracted behind ; posterior
angles rectangular ; dorsal line distinct, basal ones indented ; elytra
testaceous with a black spot on the middle hardly attaining the mar-
gin, scutellar region dusky; strise very obtuse, obsolete, wanting at
sides and apex, impunctured, intervals convex ; underside piceous,
paler at tip; feet testaceous. Length 2.5 mm.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio.
T. scitulus Lee. — Flavo-testaceous, glossy ; head dark brown,
front black ; thorax convex, rounded at sides, retracted behind, hind
angles obtuse, not rounded ; margin behind the middle reflexed ; elytra
broader than the thorax, elongate, somewhat convex ; flavo-testaceous
Avith a dark brown fascia behind the middle ; sutural stria entire, re-
curved behind ; second stria abbreviated ; remaining stride almost ob-
solete ; fourth interval with a large piliferous puncture before the mid-
dle and one near the apex ; marginal stria much abbreviated anteriorly;
underside rufo-piceous; legs testaceous. Length, 2.5 mm.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio.
T. pumilus Dej. — Rufo-testaceous ; thorax subquadrate, hind
angles sub-acute.; elytra oblong-oval, shining bluish behind; first and
second striae distinct, external striae obsolete, with impressed punctures ;
underside blackish brown ; legs testaceous. Length, 2 mm.
Habitat : Illinois, Florida.
T. corruscus Lee. — Piceous, with a bluish reflection, shining;
thorax broader than long, sides rounded, slightly retracted behind, base
at each side obliquely truncate ; hind angles strongly obtuse, disc
slightly convex ; elytra much broader than the thorax, elongate, slightly
narrower anteriorly, subconvex, with two piliferous punctures ; sutural
stria deep, entire, almost touching the base and strongly recurved be-
March 1897] BeUTENMULLER : COLEOPTERA N. E. AMERICA. 37
hind ; remaining striae obsolete ; marginal stria abbreviated anteriorly,
with four punctures at the humeri ; legs testaceous. Length, 2.25 mm.
Habitat : New York and westward to the Rocky Mountains.
T. ventricosus Lee. — Piceous, glossy ; head and thorax somewhat
rufous; thorax slightly convex, transverse, somewhat narrowed on each
side behind, hind angles obtuse, slightly prominent; elytra ovate,
broader than the thorax, bipunctate, sutural stria deep posteriorly, remain-
ing striae obsolete; legs and antennae flavo-testaceous. Length, 2.5 mm.
Habitat : New York and southward.
T. laevis Say. — Piceous, body tinted with rufous; head rather
darker ; antennae paler at base ; palpi whitish ; thorax transversely sub-
quadrate, hardly narrowed behind, lateral edge not excurved behind,
angles slightly obtuse, angular, basal edge nearly rectilinear, dorsal line
obsolete, basal ones wanting ; elytra not punctured and without striae,
except an obsolete sutural one; legs testaceous. Length, 1.5 mm.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio.
T. pallidus Chd. — Elongate, head and thorax reddish-testaceous,
elytra darker, tips paler; legs palpi, and base of antennse pale testace-
ous; thorax broader than long, sides rounded, feebly sinuate before the
hind angles which are acute, surface slightly convex ; elytra slightly
wider than the thorax, sides feebly arcuate, sutural stria continuous,
other striae almost obsolete, near the inner basal angle is a small circu-
lar wart-like elevation. Length, 2.3 mm.
Habitat : New Jersey.
T. occultator Casey. — Reddish-tetaceous, head nearly black ; legs
pale testaceous ; form robust ; thorax with sides strongly rounded, feebly
sinuate behind ; posterior angle rectangular, prominent ; median line
feeble ; elytra distinctly wider than the thorax, sides feebly arcuate, su-
tural stria strongly marked, arcuate without, then a feeble second
stria, and beyond traces of a third stria ; two minute punctures ; mar-
ginal stria interrupted. Length, 2.8 mm.
Habitat : New Jersey (Cape May).
T. nanus Gyll. — Deep black, polished, antennae brown, base and
palpi and legs rufous ; thorax nearly as broad as the elytra, somewhat
narrowed and slightly sinuate behind ; angles rectangular, basal edge
rectilinear ; elytra with dorsal stria, outer striae obsolete, impunctured,
lateral stria wanting; feet piceous. Length, 2.25 mm.
Habitat : N. E. America. Usually found under bark of decaying
trees.
38 Journal Xew York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
T. flavicauda Say. — Black, elytra from near the middle to the
tip pale yellowish ; antennse, labrum and palpi pale rufous ; thorax
transverse, quadrate, broadest in the middle, not contracted behind,
hind angles rectangular ; basal edge rectilinear ; elytra with striae im-
punctured, wanting at the sides and tips, intervals convex; feet pale
rufous; venter piceous at the tip. Length, 1.5 mm.
Habitat : N. E. America. Common under bark of decaying trees.
T. asnescens Zee. — Pale rufo-piceous, head dark brown, elong-
ate ; antennae testaceous, apex fuscous; thorax transverse, quadrate,
sides slightly rounded, base on each side oblique, hind angles obtuse
and a little elevated, not rounded, disc convex; elytra fiat, with bluish
reflection, broader than the thorax, sides almost parallel, slightly nar-
rower anteriorly, apex truncately rounded, external strioc obliterated,
punctured, with 5 or 6 striK moderately distinct, a little deeper behind,
and nearly touching the base ; lateral stria broadly interrupted ; under
side rufo-piceous ; feet pale testaceous. Length, 2.25 mm.
Habitat : Arkansas, Georgia.
T. tripunctatus Say. — Piceous, head and thorax darker; anten-
n?e light brown, paler at base ; palpi yellowish ; thorax with the dorsal
line distinct, terminating on the basal margin in an impressed puncture,
on each side of which is another rather smaller puncture, basal lines
much dilated and deeply undulating the posterior edge of the thorax;
elytra with about four rather obtuse stria;, not extending to the tip
or base, lateral striiB wanting, except a marginal one which is inter-
rupted, on each side of scutel and on the humeri is an indention.
Length, 2.2 mm.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.
T. vivax Zee. — Rufo-piceous, lateral margin of elytra rufo-testace-
ous, dilated at the apex and humeri, thorax transversely quadrate,
hind angles acute, base foveolate, sides strongly rounded before the
middle, straight behind the middle, disc moderately convex, longi-
tudinal line fine, transverse anterior impression absent, posterior deep
with three large punctures at the middle; elytra broader than the
thorax, convex, sutural stria entire, third and fourth strise obliterated
behind ; third stria with two punctures, marginal stria interrupted.
Legs testaceous. Length, 2.5 mm.
Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and westward.
T. capax Lee. — Convex, shining black; antennre rufo-piceous,
legs rufo-testaceous ; thorax strongly rounded at the sides, slightly
March iSg?.] BeUTENMULLER : COLEOPTERA N. E. AMERICA. 39
sinuate behind, angles rectangular and with a short carina, dor-
sal line moderately distinct, before the base are three punctures and
at each side foveolate ; elytra oblong-oval, a little broader than the
thorax, bipunctate, sutural stria, deep and entire, second obliterated at
apex, third less distinct and lateral stria obliterated. Length, 3.25 mm.
Habitat: New Jersey, District of Columbia and westward. Al-
lied to T. tripunctatiis and vivax, but is more convex than the first and
has the sides of the thorax much more rounded than the second.
T. xanthopus Dej. — Blackish brown, shining, antennae at base
and legs testaceous ; thorax transversely subquadrate, foveolate on each
side posteriorly, angles rectangular ; elytra ovate, two impressed punc-
tures, two dorsal striae distinct, external stri?e obsolete. Length, 1.75 mm.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey and westward.
T. ferrugineus DeJ. — Rufo-piceous, elytra paler at the sides, an-
tennae and legs testaceous ; thorax strongly rounded at the sides before
the middle, straight behind, disc subconvex, dorsal line fine, posterior
transverse impression deep with three large punctures at the middle;
at the angle deeply impressed ; elytra convex, sutural stria deep and
entire, second stria abbreviated at each end, third slightly evident with
two punctures, marginal stria broadly interrupted. Length, 2.25 mm.
Habitat: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois,
Arkansas, Colorado.
T. incurvus Say. — Piceous, elytra with a honey yellow line from
the humeri to the apex, where it is a little dilated, antennas honey yel-
low; under side piceous; legs honey yellow; thorax a little con-
tracted gradually to the base, dorsal line slight, basal transverse line
deep and wrinkled; elytra polished, vvith a deep sutural stria, second
stria obsolete and an interrupted stria on the lateral margin; a
dilated indentation each side of the scutel, and a smaller one on the
humerus. The dilated vitta on each side curves near its tip a little
towards the suture. Length, 2 mm.
ZraZ-Z/d-/ .• N. E. America. Common; in the hills of the red ant.
T. nebulosus Chd. — Closely allied to T. incurvus, but is less con-
vex, and the thorax is less distinctly rounded at the sides and less re-
tracted behind the middle.
Habitat : Pennsylvania.
T. granarius D?j. — Pale rufo-piceous, shinning, antennae at base
and legs testaceous : thorax strongly rounded at sides, and retracted
behind the middle, hind angles strongly obtuse, not rounded, basal
40 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
impression deep ; elytra convex, smooth, with two fine punctures, sutural
stria almost touching the base, marginal stria broadly interrupted.
Length, 2 mm.
Habitat : Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois.
Resembles T. xanthopiis but lacks the second sutural stria; it is also
smaller and paler in color.
T. gemellus Casey. — Slender, convex, dark rufous, base of an-
tennae and legs testaceous ; thorax broader than long, sides rounded ;
feebly sinuate before the hind angles, which are obtuse, median line
fine ; elytra scarcely wider than the thorax, sutural stria fine, with
traces of a second stria. Length, 2.4 mm.
Habitat: New Jersey (Cape May).
T. dolosus Lee. — Pale rufous, elongate, convex ; thorax rather
flattened, quadrate, sides slightly rounded ; posterior transverse impres-
sions deep, finely punctate ; base deep, more marked at the angle ; elytra
broader than the thorax, elongate, smooth, distinctly bipunctate ; su-
tural stria almost touching the base, marginal stria interrupted. Length,
2.25 mm.
Habitat : Massachusetts, District of Columbia, Illinois, Missouri,
Arizona, Texas.
T. fuscicornis C/id. — Entirely reddish brown, with the last seven
joints of the antennce fuscous. Thorax of the form of granarius,
with the rounded sides directed obliquely towards the base; hind angles
a little prominent and acute ; transverse basal impressions less deep,
and has but one puncture at the middle. Elytra elongate, like those of
dolosus, but the sides are more rounded and above are more convex.
Length 2.5 mm.
[To be Continued.^
SOME SYRPHIDiE FROM LONG ISLAND.
By Nathan Banks.
The flies in the list given below were taken within a few miles of
Sea Cliff, L. I., N. Y. The island, or at least this portion, is not so
rich as the adjacent mainland in this group of insects. Specimens are
usually more rare here, and species common elsewhere are unknown, or
at least uncommon, here. Such, for example, is the case with the two
large species of Heiiophili/s, with Syrphus torvus, Mesograpta getninata,
and others. Along the shore we find two characteristic species.
Eristalis ceneus and Triodonta ciirvipes. Among the more interesting
March 1897] BaNKS : SyRPHID.^ FROM LONG ISLAND- 41
species may be mentioned Baccha auritiota, Pternllastes thoracicus,
Paragus tibialis and Neoascia globosa.
Paragus angustifrons Loew. One, September.
Paragus tibialis Fall. Several, July.
Chrysogaster nigripes Loew. A few, June.
Chrysogaster nitida VVied. Common, June, July.
Melanostomum obscurum Say. One, May.
Melanostomum mellinum Linn. A few, July.
Platychirus quadratus Say. A few, July.
Platychirus hyperboreus Stteg. Two, July.
Syrphus arcuatus Fall. One, September.
Syrphus americanus Wied. Several, May, June.
Syrphus ribesii Linn. A few, July.
Xantogramma flavipes Loew. Several, July.
Allograpta obliqua Say. Common, July, August.
Mesograpta marginata Say. Several, July.
Sphaerophoria cylindrica Say. Common, July, August
Neoascia globosa Walk. One, May.
Sphegina lobata Loew. One, May.
Baccha lugens Loew. One.
Baccha fuscipennis Say. Common, July, August.
Baccha aurinota Walk. One, July.
Rhingia nascia Say. Common, July, August.
Volucella evecta Walk. Several, June, July.
Sericomyia chrysotoxoides Macq. One, October.
Eristalis tenax Linn. Common, April, July, Sept., October.
Eristalis seneus Fabr. Common, April, July.
Eristalis dimidiatus Wied. Several, April, July.
Eristalis transversus W^ied. Several, May, July.
Eristalis flavipes Walk. Two, August.
Heliophilus conostomus Will. Several, June.
Pterallastes thoracicus Loew. One, May.
Mallota pcsticata Fabr. Several, July.
Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. One.
Triodonta curvipes Wied. Common, July, September.
Tropidia quadrata Say. Several, May.
Cynorhina analis Macq. Several, June.
Somula decora Macq. One, June.
Syritta pipiens Linn. Common, June, July, August.
42 JouKXAL New York. Entomological Society, [Voi v.
A NE^A^ ALEURODES FOUND ON AQUILEGIA.
Bv T. D. A. Cocker ELL.
Aleurodes aureocincta, sp. nov.
$. Fiody about i mm. long, blackish, with some dull ochreous markings, a
conspicuous yellow spot in front of base of wings. The body is very white-mealy, so
as to appear grey. Legs yellowish grey, femora blackish, knees cream color. Hind
femora extending as far as tip of abdomen ; forewings about twice as long as body.
Base of antenna very stout. Eyes completely divided. Wings snow white, with a
suffused dusky spot at end of nervure, most obvious on anterior wings. Forewings
with the main nervure apparently branched just as in AUin-oiiicus, but the seeming
upper branch is only a fold, as may be seen on examination by transmitted light un-
der a compound microscope. Lower branch of main nervure arising at extreme base,
so that there are practically two nervures.
Pupa, a little over i mm. long, oval, dorsaliy black, with a very broad pale
marginal area, which is pale lemon yellow in specimens which have given the imago;
but white in others, probably parasitized, which have not hatched. The margin of
the black area is dark brown. There is no fringe, but a dark line runs close to the
margin, separating a narrow marginal area which looks like a very short fringe. On
the dark portion of the pupa the segments are very distinctly marked; the light mar-
ginal portion is strongly but minutely corrugated all over, something like the skin of
one's finger-tips under a lens; while margin is very finely stiiate and feebly scalloped.
The vasiform orifice is approximately an isosceles triangle, with the angles rounded,
the basal side straight, the caudad sides bulging. The operculum is rounded, much
broader than long, somewhat less than the outline of a hemispliere ; the lingua is
broad and rounded at end, and projects beyond the operculum. The lingua and
operculum together have much the outline of an English "cottage loaf " of bread,
except that the operculum is too broad at base.
Habiiat : On leaves o{ Aquile^ia, Organ Mts. , New Mexico (E. O.
AVooton). It is severely parasitized by Pteroptrix flavimedia Howd.
Mr. Howard (Revis. AphelininK, p. 19) in recording the parasite, leaves
it to be inferred that the locality is Las Cruces ; x\\q Aqiiilegia, however,
does not occur tliere.
A. aureocincta could not well be confused with any otlier North
American species.
«
INTELLIGENCE SHOWN BY CATERPILLARS IN
PLACING THEIR COCOONS.
Bv Wm. T. Davis.
Usually the cocoons of the American silk-worm moth (^Telea
polyphemus), fall off with the leaves in autumn, or a few dangle from the
trees by a thread or two, which the caterpillars have accidently ex-
March 1807.] Davis : Intelligence shown by Caterpillars. 43
tended beyond the petioles of the leaves. During the storms of winter
most of these unsecurely supported cocoons are also broken loose and
complete their descent to the ground. We have found in early August
an American silk-worm cocoon attached to the side of a house, about
five inches from the ground, and on the loth of last January, Mr. Chas.
W. Leng and I, while walking on the ice in a Staten Island swamp,
discovered one firmly woven to a forked branch of a rose bush, that
stood in the water. It was as well secured to the forked branch as a
Cecropia cocoon would have been. Of course to have fallen off with
the leaves would have resulted in the death of this particular Folyphei?ii(S,
and we presume that it was in some way the realization of this fact that
caused the caterpillar to attach the cocoon so securely.
On the bushes and small trees that grow in the water on the margin
of Silver Lake, on Staten Island, we have found a Luna moth cocoon
and also an Angulifera cocoon firmly attached to branches. It is the
habit of both of these species to construct their cocoons on the ground,
but not being able to do so in the cases cited they did the next very
best thing possible.
The above are perhaps not quite as interesting cases of the care
taken by caterpillars to preserve their cocoons and themselves as the
one mentioned in the " Proceedings of the Natural Science Associa-
tion" some years ago under the caption of " Woodpeckers and Cecropia
Cocoons." As is well known, Cecropia caterpillars spin their cocoons
in a variety of places, often on fences, sometimes at the base of elder
bushes and sometimes at the ends of swaying branches, when the food-
plant happens to be a tree. The cocoons spun near the ground are
often devoured by mice that gnaw through the silken coats to the edible
pupa within. Those placed on tree branches are more safe from the
attacks of mice, but are liable to be eaten by woodpeckers. On the
14th of January, 1888, 1 saw a Downy Woodpecker investigating a Cecro-
pia cocoon in a white maple, the woodpecker thrusting its bill in and
pulling it out of the cocoon quite frequently. After a while it flew to
another cocoon a few feet away, but it being on such a small branch it
was unable to successfully pick it open as the branch swayed up and
down. It was then plain what a great protection it was to the insects to
place their cocoons near the branch ends, though no doubt they are
sometimes killed by the swaying of these branches during a storm.
When the woodpecker was gone, I cut the cocoon off, and found a
small hole in its side quite near the branch, where it was easiest to drill
because the silken fabric gave way the least to the strokes of the bird.
44 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Cutting open the other side of the cocoon, I found that the pupa shell
was sucked nearly dry of its contents. The Cecropia cocoons occur
commonly on white maples and are generally placed near the ends of
the long drooping branches, and it will be seen from the foregoing that
it is probably the safest situation afforded by the tree. If a woodpecker
is successful in making a hole into a cocoon, it is, nevertheless, some-
times disappointed at its contents. I have found a cocoon that con-
tained the tough pupa case of the Ophion ichneumon fly, that had been
drilled in the side by a woodpecker, and then abandoned, leaving the
parasite unharmed.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SATURNIIDES.
By a. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.
The publication by Dr. Dyar* of a critical notice of my recent
paper (June, 1896)"!' on the Satiimiides, affords me, in replying, the
opportunity of briefly stating the characters which I found in the group.
I founded the two families into which the superfamily naturally divides
(any other division being in my opinion unnatural) as follows :
Vein IV, anastomosing with IVj Saturniid.^.
Vein IV2 out of the cross-vein AgliiD/E.
Perhaps some reason should have been given by Dr. Dyar for call-
ing this fundamental difference in the neuration "artificial," while con-
trasting it with a "natural classification which should combine several
such special ones." But this combination does not exist; it remains
ideal. It reminds one of the hazy statement, that we must take charac-
ters from all parts of the insect, which procedure, without a strict
weighing of values, would lead us nowhere. But the fact is, that al-
though I have taken the structure of the Radius as the principal charac-
ter, determining as it does the dichotomous division of the superfamily,
I have not left out of sight the characters of differentiation offered by the
larvae and cocoons. I have worked out the gradual modifications of
the Radius in the highest of the two families. I have not "selected " a
random or arbitrary character, which would in the end fail. I have
been obliged to take the fundamental character which carries with it all
*Can. Ent. XXVIII, 270.
t Miltheilungen aus dem Roemer Museum zu Hildesheim, No. 6.
March .897.] GrOTE : CLASSIFICATION OF THE SaTURNIIDES. 45
the rest. And this proves the vahie, that the character does not
fail. *
The adverse statement fails, when I show, that in the larval special-
ization (the diminution of the tubercles and armature), the antennal
structure (the attainment of the equally lengthy pectinations), the neura-
tion and the complexity in the attachment of the cocoon, a consonant
direction is held and a perfectional advance throughout the SaturniidcB
(including Hemileuca). Dr. Dyar's statement that I have transposed the
position accorded by him to Hemileuca and Aglia is strictly correct and,
as I try to show here, entirely defensible. The former, Dr. Dyar would
place with the Automeris group on account of the stinging spines. But
I prefer to consider the eversible glands and stinging spines of the cater-
pillar as here characters of convergence. Their presence is explainable
by the consideration that both Hemileuca and Automeris have probably
arisen or diverged from a common point nearer the basis of the phyl-
lum. It is easier to see that the stinging spines are a subordinate char-
acter when we find them again in unrelated groups: e. g. Apodidce. It
is not possible for me to "suppose that vein IVg has moved towards
IVj in Hemileuca separately from the type of Attacus and Saturnia
where this process is congenital." Since I show that the type is fully
attained in Hemileuca, it is plainly already congenital in the Hemileu-
cinoi. The real morphological value of this ''movement" is strangely
underrated by Dr. Dyar. In reality it is profound. It amounts to a
reorganization of the wing through the action of the Radius upon an-
other pattern. In a paper subsequently read by me at the Frankfort
meeting, I have tried to trace the process by which the lower and more
generalized Agliid wing has passed into the higher, more specialized
Saturniid type. The difference, as we now find it, is, relatively speak-
ing, primary, palingenetic, not adaptory and secondary, as appears to me
the change of the armature into stinging spines.
With reference to Aglia, which I believe to be a specialized and
very much isolated type, I regard it as having left the main Agliid
stem before the devolution of Citheronia as we now find this group.
The loss of the pair of anal tubercles is to be set down solely to the
Cither oniince. I do not derive Algia from Citheronia, but from the
stem before Citheronia. Dr. Dyar charges me with entertaining more
* Since my paper went to press, the Roemc-r Museum lias received additional
material of South American Satiirniides in all stages. In a paper read September
23d, at the Frankfort meeting, I show that in all the new material the characters
pointed out by me hold good and sustain my general classification.
4G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
beliefs than I am conscious of possessing. I think I should believe
with difficulty that a purely structural character, noc correlated with
habit, could be twice evolved in the same limited group. But I cer-
tainly have believed that the larva of Aglia is derived from the main
stem of the family Agliidce and quite independent of the Saturiiiidx,
and I believe this still. I think that these supposed contradictory lar-
val characters can be straightened out to accord with my classification.
It seems to me that Dr. Dyar has failed to notice my genealogical tree
in its vertical aspect. My friend is not impressed as I hoped he might
be with this magnificent specimen of zoological gardening. The verti-
cal sequence is : Attaais,
Sati/r?iia,
Aglia,
Hemileiica,
Citheronia.
But I have separated the interlacing branches and show that there
are two natural main stems, to the higher of which I most decidedly
refer Hemileiica. Aglia has so grown over toward the Saturnians that
Dr. Dyar fails to find its real issue. It does not follow, because Dr.
Dyar has converted me fully to the value of the larval tubercles, that I
should be equally fortunate, on a much more modest scale, and bring
him round to the transposition of Hemileiica and Aglia. But I may
hope to do so. In my original paper I am much indebted to Dr. Dyar
for information, without which I could not have cleared the superfamily
from alien families which had found place in it, nor have made my
paper so complete. This gratitude is not in the slightest way impaired
by my attempt to rescue my classification in this one particular from
an adverse criticism. I am glad of the occasion to insist upon the
seeming greater reasonableness of my views. .
The difficulty in the way of believing that Hemileiica has inde-
pendently attained the type of Saiurnia lies in the physiological steps of
the progress. It appears to Dr. Dyar to be merely an approaching of
vein IV2 to vein IV ^ at base, but I have shown that vein IV ^ remains
nearly quiescent ; it is the cross-vein which becomes transformed so as
to form a continuous part of the vein.* It is part of a general mor-
*As I have shown, the cross-vein between IV^ and IV, becomes oblique in
Aglia and Citheronia, and shows a step towards Saturnia or HefiiiUuca ; therefore
so far as the radial evolution is concerned, the two first are the lower. The affinity
of Aglia and Citheronia lies in the fact, that in both groups the initiatory movement is
displayed. Hence I derive Aglia from the main stem before Citheronia and after
Autovieris had left it.
March 1S97.] GkOTE : CLASSIFICATION OF THE SaTURNIIDES. 4T
phological change in the structure of the wing, tending to the oblitera-
tion of the cross- vein, the permanent attachment of the two upper
branches of the median vein to the Radial series and of the lower
branch to the Cubitus. Such a grand alteration in the pattern of the
neuration must take place through a series of gradual steps, no one of
which i ; fortuitous. To suppose that a member of the Aglid series of
a low type (vein VIII of secondaries being retained) could attain such
a stage as Hemileuca presents, presupposes a total subversion of struc-
tural sequence. No one, I think, who had studied the neuration atten-
tively could entertain so violent a view. I close this reply to Dr. Dyar's
otherwise kind notice with a confession of my inability to understand
what it is in the spacing of the analytical table which makes it unintelli-
gible, and a recapitulation of the characters of the higher structural
groups of the Satiirniides as established by me. I conclude that the
classification is plain and obvious and is preferable to the obscure char-
acters upon which Dr. Dyar would regard Aglia and Hemileuca as
types of distinct families. So far as my studies go I have found no
grounds for increasing the family types in the Sati/rniides, since all the
genera examined by me fall naturally and easily into their places under
one or the other of the two families limited in my paper.
Radius 5-branched SPHINGIDES.
Radius 3-4-branched SATURNIIDES.
(1) Vein IV^ anastomosing with l\\ Saturniid.^;.-
Cell open Attacin.«. i. ■
Cell closed.
Hind wings wanting vein VIII SATURNiiNyE. 2.
Hind wings with VIII present Hemileucin.e. 3.
(2) Vein IV., from the cross-vein Agliid.e.-
Cell apically depressed.
Hind wings wanting vein VIII Agliin^. 4. ■
Hind wings with vein VIII present Citheroniin.^. 6.
Cell rectangular Automerin.^. 5.
In view of the radius being 5-branched and the internal vein (VIII)
of the secondaries being retained throughout, I consider the Sphingtdes
as lower, less specialized, than the Satiirniides. But, since both groups
are parallel, both rooting in the Tineides, their relative position in a
linear arrangement is less important and, as I say in the " Systema," I
have tried to keep the original sequence of Linne where this can be
done without violence. In this case there may be other points, such as
the specialized larva, the advanced prothorax and salient head, the
narrow wings and the cylindrical and tapering abdomen, all fitting the
48 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. v.
moths for their arrowy flight, which may balance the lower type of neura-
tion in the Hawk moths. A result of my recent studies is the recogni-
tion of the compact structure of the Sphingides, so that I return to a
view published by me a long time ago, but since practically abandoned,
that the family SphiiigidcB is probably only susceptible of tribal division.
Such an instance does not occur a second time in the Lepidoptera, the
series, certainly until we come to Acherontia, affording me no character
which seems of sub-family value, corresponding in any way to the fea-
tures which I have used as basis for these groups in the Saturniides.
OETA FLORIDANA Neumoegen.
Bv Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.
Mr. Neumoegen briefly described this form (Can. Ent., xxiii, 123)
as a variety of O. anrea Fitch, from the upper Indian River, Florida.
I have been acquainted with the larva for some time al Lake Worth and
Miami, but only recently bred them to imago. The larvae live grega-
riously in a large, loose and open web among the leaves of the bitter-
wood tree, Simariiba glatica. They are unusually long and slender, of
a dark brown color, and remaining motionless in the web, look like
pieces of sticks accidently caught in a spider's web. The pupa is
formed in the same location and is colored in the same manner.
O. floridana, larz'a. Slender, the abdominal segments elongated, one-half
longer than thick, the thoracic segments not unusually elongated. Head rounded,
scarcely bilobed, prominent and proportionately large ; black, a labial line, bases of
antennae, and the tubercles of the setae white ; width 2 mm. Thoracic feet large and
well developed, the abdominal ones small, short, the crotchets simple, distributed
rather regularly over the surface of the plant, not in rows. Setae simple, the sub-
primaries present. The prothoracic shield is united with the pre-spiracular tubercle,
forming a large shield, bearing the usual nine setae ; subventral tubercle with three
setae. Mesolhorax with ia and ib, iia and iib, iv and v approximate, iii remote, vi
with two setx. Abdominal setjc somewhat modified on account of the lengthening
of the segments ; iv and v are drawn far apart and, though not more out of line than
is frequent, v is slightly the more dorsad of the two, which, together with its remote
position, suggests somewhat the condition found in the Sphingida:. Tubercles i and
ii are nearly in line, iv is small and vi very large ; vii is composed of one large and
two small setae above the base of the foot. Otherwise normal.
Color chocolate brown ; a broad orange-brown dorsal band, reaching to tubercle
ii and along joints 3 to 12, contains a dorsal row of small white spots and a similar
border on each side; a row of tiny white dots above tubercle iii; another broad
brown band subventrally, from tubercles v to vii and joints 4 to 11, bordered above
by a narrow pulverulent white line ; a dark spot on tubercle vi ; spiracles pale ; setaj
white; length 25 to 30 mm.
Jo urn. N. Y. Eut. Soc.
Vol. V, PL I.
Life-Histories of Tortricidia fasciola and Adoneta
spinuloides.
Journ. A^. Y. Ent. Soc.
Vol. F, PL II.
11 9 3
Life-History of Euclea indetermina.
JOURNAL
]0p1d JBopfe €!ntoraoIogirHl %nM^.
Vol. V. JUNE, 1897. No. 2.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN CURCULIONIDiE.
By Martin L. Linell.
TRIBE ANTHONOMINI.
Anthonomus xanthoxyli, sp. nov.
Broadly oval, dark ferruginous, densely covered with small scales, variegated virith
white, gray, light and dark brown, with purplish reflection on the upper surface, and
grayish white, somewhat intermixed vi'ith brown on the ventral surface and legs;
beak coarsely substriately punctate, scaly and subopaque on the basal half, sparsely
punctate, glabrous and shining on the apical half; antennae slender, second joint one-
half longer than the third, third equal to fourth ; eyes large, protuberant, narrowly
separated above; frontal fovea deep, elongate; head rugose, densely scaly; thorax
transverse, rounded at the sides, broadly constricted at apex ; disc densely covered
with grayish and brown scales, a narrow dorsal line and a transverse one across the
middle forming a white cross, the latter line broadly bordered by dark brown ; elytra
wider at the base than the thorax, slightly wider behind the middle, strongly decli-
vous at apex ; strips fine, the punctures concealed by the scales ; intervals nearly flat,
the third at base and the suture on the declivity elevated ; scutellum and two spots at
its apex conspicuously white ; scales of the disc variegated in grayish and pale brown,
the extreme base dark brown, and of the same color is a very large triangular spot
each side behind the middle not touching the suture and bordered with lighter
gray ; ventral segments each with a row of pale hairs ; femora armed with a large
triangular tooth, with scales variegated in brown and gray ; tibiae scaly at base, out-
wards v/ith sparse grayish hairs; the anterior and middle tibiae angulated one-third
from base but not toothed, the posterior ones simple ; tarsi sparsely hairy, pale ; claws
black. Length, 2 mm.
Numerous specimens collected by Mr. E. A. Schvvarz at San Diego,
Texas, on Xanthoxylum pterota, living in the seeds. Type No. 1399,
U. S. N. M.
This species belongs in the subgenus Anthonomocyllus of Dietz, char-
acterized principally by the widely separated middle coxae, and is
50 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
closely allied to A. elegans Lee, but is smaller, less variegated and the
tibiae are unarmed.
Anthonomus brevirostris, sp. nov.
Subovate, robust, black, shining, with a slight ceneous lustre, clothed with long
white appressed hairs, very sparsely above, densely beneath; beak very short,
scarcely longer than head and thorax, glabrous, opaque and coarsely punctato-striate
behind the insertion of the antennae, shining and sparsely punctate at apex ; antennae
inserted far beyond the middle, slender, entirely testaceous, sparsely pubescent ; first
joint of funicle short, strongly clavate, second slender, much longer than third ; fol-
lowing joints gradually wider; eyes feebly convex, free behind ; head short, sparsely
and finely punctulate, finely but deeply sulcate above the eyes; thorax broader than
long, sides broadly rounded from the base, apex broadly but feebly constricted, disk
very sparsely, comparatively finely punctate, each puncture with a long scale-like
hair ; scutellum very conspicuous by dense white scale-like hairs ; elytra oval, about
one-fourth wider at base than the thorax and one-half longer than wide, with striae '
distant, deep but rather fine punctures ; the striae impressed only at the side-margin
and apex ; intervals nearly flat, obsoletely punctulate ; surface with very sparse long
white hairs, condensed into spots on the base of the sixth (sometimes also at the
apical fourth) and at the middle and apical fourth of the fourth intervals; pubescence
of the ventral surface generally dense but all the sutures and the median line of me-
tasternum and abdomen sparsely pubescent ; legs sparsely hairy, piceous, posterior
femora at base, apical half of the tibiae and the tarsi testaceous; all the femora
sharply toothed ; anterior tibiae bisinuate internally, incurved at apex ; tarsi short, the
first joint slightly longer than the second. Length (from apex of thorax), 2102.3
mm.
Four examples collected at Brownsville, Texas, by Prof. C. H. T.
Townsend. Type No. 1400, U. S. N. M.
This species belongs in the nigrinus group of Dietz, characterized
by the third and fourth ventral segments equal in length, and should be
placed with y4. /a*^)?/' Dietz, from which it is readily distinguished by
the sparser and finer punctuation.
Anthonomus testaceosquamosus, sp. nov.
Oblong oval, pale ferruginous, densely clothed with oval, uniformly colored, pale
yellowish scales ; beak very short, feebly curvate, dark ferruginous, shining ; basal
part to the insertion of the antennae deeply punctato-striate, clothed with sparse scale-
like hairs and some oval scales at the base, apical part glabrous, confusedly punctate;
antennae slender, testaceous with infuscate, densely pubescent club ; second joint of
funicle twice as long as the third; eyes large, convex; front flattened, fovea deep;
thorax much wider than long, strongly rounded at the sides and broadly constricted
at apex ; base strongly bisinuate ; surface densely and coarsely punctate ; scales
nearly uniform in size, oval, somewhat more condensed on the median line. Scutellum
densely scaly, not different in coloration ; elytra at base much wider than thorax,
oval, not wider behind ; striae fine, concealed by the scales ; intervals flat ; scales
June, 1897] Linell: New North American Curculionid.*:. 61
narrow, hairlike ; anterior thoracic opening very oblique ; prosternum short in front
of the coxa ; scales of ventral surface oval, very dense, more narrow and less dense
on the last ventral segments ; legs pale testaceous, all the femora armed with a sharp-
tooth, tibia feebly bisinuate, claws black. Length (from apex of thorax), 2.5 mm
Three examples collected at Brownville, Texas, by Prof. C. H. T.
Townsend. Type No. 1401. U. S. N. M.
This species should enter the sqiiamosus group of Dietz next to A.
squatnosus Lee, from which it differs by its much smaller size and
rounded sides of the thorax. The strongly shining beak will readily
distinguish it from A. tectus Lee.
Brachyogmus, gen. nov.
Claws simple, divergent ; hind tibia mucronate ; prosternum short in front of the
coxa ; antennal scrobes straight, directed against the eyes, but abbreviated long be
fore reaching them ; form convex, thorax narrow.
Brachyogmus ornatus, sp. nov.
Subovate, piceous, the ground color entirely concealed by large rounded scales,
variegated with white, black and ferruginous ; beak somewhat longer than head and
thorax, cylindrical, moderately stout, slightly curvate, at base densely scaly with white
and ferruginous, outwardly shining piceous ; scrobes commencing two-fifths from the
apex, broad and deep for about one-half the distance towards the eye, then gradually
evanescent; antenna slender; scape reaching the eye, suddenly clavate at apex, fer-
ruginous ; funicle as long as the scape, seven jointed, darker ferruginous, each joint
bearing a whorl of long stiff white hairs, first joint clavate, twice as long as the sec-
ond, second to seventh subequal in length, gradually but slightly wider ; club ellipti-
cal, piceous, densely pubescent ; eyes moderately large, feebly convex, rounded ;
front wide between the eyes, depressed, with ferruginous scales ; head short, the scales
white, forming three broad longitudinal stripes ; thorax as broad as long, very
convex, broadly not strongly constricted at apex ; sides strongly rounded ; base bisin-
uate ; scales white, variegated with ferruginous, on each side of the white median line
a broad black stripe, variegated with ferruginous, interrupted before the apex ; scu-
tellum purely white ; elytra at base fully one-third wider than thorax, twice as long
as broad, slightly wider behind the middle ; humeri prominent with arcuate margin ;
stria narrow, deeply impressed, the punctures concealed ; intervals flattened, the
sutural elevated towards apex ; scales variegated in white, ferruginous, black and me-
tallic green, in the basal region around the scutellum mostly ferruginous ; a humeral
spot, a broad band across the suture before the middle and numerous, often rectang-
ular, spots, forming two irregular transverse fascia posteriorly, are dark mixed
with black and metallic ; ventral surface with the scales white, mixed with ferrugin-
ous at the sides. The first four abdominal segments gradually shorter, the fifth equal
to the fourth ; pygidium concealed in the female, partly exposed and perpendicular
in the male ; femora clavate, obtusely, toothed, variegated with white and ferruginous
scales ; tibia stout, strongly mucronate at apex, variegated with white and metallic
green scales, towards apex with white hairs replacing the scales; tarsi short, narrow.
52 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
piceous, clothed with white hairs ; first joint scarcely longer than second, the third
slightly wider; claws strong, black. Length (from apex to thorax), 2.2 mm.
Four examples collected in Los Angeles Co., Cal., by Mr. D. W.
Coquillett. Type No. 1402 U. S. N. M.
This genus may be placed near Epimechus Dietz, from which it
differs in the abbreviated scrobes and the narrow thorax.
TRIBE BARINI.
Stenobaris, gen. nov.
Pygidium completely exposed, oblique; antennae inserted before the middle of the
beak, club oval, densely pubescent, as long as the preceding four joints combined,
second funicular joint as long as the next two combined ; tarsal claws very small,
free; anterior coxae large, very narrowly separated; prosternum slightly convex,
transversely impressed at the apical margin ; beak not separated from the head, slen-
der, cylindrical, arcuate, as long as the thorax ; body slender, sparsely clothed with
linear scales, not condensed into spots.
This genus should take its place near Plesiobaris Casey, from which
it differs by the slender form, narrow prosternum, longer second funicu-
lar joint and the vestiture not forming any spots.
Stenobaris avicennia^, sp. nov.
■ Elongate, lanceolate, shining, aeneous, beak, antennae and legs rufo-ferruginous ;
beak nearly smooth, finely punctate on the sides at base ; antennae slender, scape not
reaching the eye ; club piceous, the basal joint large, composing one-half of the mass;
eyes feebly convex, narrowly separated above ; head aeneous, alutaceous, coarsely but
not densely punctate, rugose and scaly between the eyes; thorax cylindrical, as long
as wide, narrowed but not constricted at apex ; disc very coarsely and densely punc-
tate, each puncture bearing a narrow yellowish white scale at the bottom, a few
broader, irregular, smooth intervals between the punctures near the middle ; elytra
at base distinctly broader than thorax, with prominent humeri, nearly two and a-half
times as long as broad ; sides parallel for four-fifths the length, then arcuate to apex ;
striae fine, coarser at the base, subobsoletely punctate ; intervals flat^ remot'ely trans-
versely strigose, each striga with a small puncture, bearing a long narrow grayish-
white scale ; ventral surface with squamiferous punctures, rather dense on the thoracic
segments, sparser on the abdomen; legs with sparse scale-like hairs; tarsi very short;
fimbriate. Length, 3 mm.
Type No. 1403, U. S. N. M. Five examples in the collection of
Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, two of which they have presented to
the National Museum. They were collected at Punta Gorda, Fla.
(July 14), on black mangrove {Avicennia nitida) and were labelled by
Mr. Schwarz with the manuscript names used above. In form this
insect is nearly as slender as the species of Barilepton.
June, 1897.] LiNELL : NeW NorTH AMERICAN CURCULIONID^. 53
Onychobaris rufa, sp. nov.
Oval, convex, shining, entirely rufo-ferruginous, clothed with very short, incon-
spicuous setoe ; beak shorter than the thorax, strongly arcuate, not tapering to apex,
second funicular joint one-half longer than the third; thorax scarcely wider than long,
strongly constricted and tubulate at apex ; sides distinctly tumid between the con-
striction and the middle, fully as broad there as at the base, subsinuate behind the
middle ; disc punctured as in O. sublonsa Lee, the punctures circular, less than one-
third the width of the scutellum, not in contact (m the middle but rugosely confluent
at the sides; elytra at base not wider than thorax, scarcely one-half longer; sides be-
hind the humeri decidedly convergent ; stria; abrupt, not very broad, obsoletely punc-
tate ; intervals flat, twice as wide as tlie grooves, coarsely and closely but not
deeply punctate, the third and fifth wider with the punctures confused, the others
with single rows; anterior coxae small, more remote than their own width; proster-
num nearly flat, slightly impressed at the constriction, with two deep punctiform
grooves and two obsolete rudimentary carinse each side, the exterior one very short ;
abdomen sparsely punctate at the middle, densely at the sides and apex ; tarsi with
the first joint as long as the two following, the terminal joint as long as the three
basal joints combined. Length, 3.8 mm.
Two examples were collected in the sand-dunes at Great Salt Lake,
Utah (June 25), by Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, who have presented
one of them to the National Museum. Type No. 1404, U. S. N. M.
Pachybaris xanthoxyli, sp. nov.
Form and size of P. porosus Lee. -Robust, convex highly polished, black, elytra,
antennce and legs rufo-piceous ; vestiture very sparse of snow-white scales, smaller and
narrow on the ventral surface, larger and obovate on the elytra and sides of thorax ;
beak slender, strongly arcuate, coarsely punctato-striate, separated from the front by
a deep transverse impression ; the prolongation of the antennal scrobes towards the
apex broad and deep, not gradually narrowed as in P. porosus ; head sparsely and
finely punctate; thorax strongly constricted, almost tubulate at apex; disc finely and
sparsely punctate, a line of coarse punctures on the apical constriction, the inflexed
sides coarsely rugose ; basal lobe obsoletely emarginate ; scutellum small, trapezoidal;
elytra with narrow, deeply impressed, feebly crenulate grooves ; intervals very broad
and flat, each with a single series of small scale-bearing punctures; prosternum in
front of the coxae deeply canaliculate. Length, 4 mm.
One example collected by Mr. E. A. Schwarz on Xanthoxylum
pterota, at San Diego, Texas. Type No. 1405, U. S. N. M.
By the deep frontal groove this species approaches the genus Lino-
notus Casey, but the small scutellum and the want of antecoxal processes
associate it more naturally with Pachybaris.
Oligolochus robustus, sp. nov.
Oval, convex, robust, shining, rufo-piceous ; beak, antennal funicle and legs ru-
fous ; vestiture of dorsal surface consisting of large yellow scales, forming three broad
longitudinal viUae on the thorax, the median vitta inturrupted at middle, smaller spots
54 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
on the base of the third and fifth intervals and scattered scales along the third, fifth,
seventh and ninth intervals ; ventral surface and legs sparsely clothed with smaller
yellowish-white scales ; beak slender, a little longer than thorax, arcuate near the
base, distinctly flattened at apex, strongly, unevenly punctate ; antennae inserted a
little beyond the middle, scape not reaching the eye, funicle with the first joint longer
than next three combined, the second somewhat longer than the third; club large,
oval, densely pubescent, with the basal joint one-half of the mass ; eyes flat, widely
separated above, with a few large erect yellow scales at the anterior margin on the
base of the beak ; head separated from the beak by an obsolete constriction, aluta-
ceous, sparsely and finely punctulate ; thorax one-third wider than long, rounded on
the sides, broadly constricted at apex; disc sparsely punctate at the base, more
coarsely and rugosely at the constriction and on the sides ; the median line smooth,
entire, fusiform ; a large smooth space on the disc each side, approaching the base ;
scutellum small, glabrous; elytra scarcely wider than thorax, slightly longer than
wide, broadly arcuate from base to apex ; humeri not prominent ; strite broad, deep
and abrupt ; intervals flat, scarcely wider than the striae, each with a sigle row of
rather coarse punctures ; ventral surface coarsely and rather densely punctate ; pros-
ternum flat, separating the coxce by about one-half their width, apical constriction en.
tire. Length, 2.6 mm.
Type No. 1406, U. S. N. M. One example from New Jersey, pre-
sented to the National Museum by Mr. Chas. Tunison, of New York.
Another specimen from the District of Columbia is in the collection of
Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz. The species resembles O. convexns
Lee. in sculpture, but may be readily distinguished by the robust forrn,
yellow scales and the humeri not being prominent.
Oligolochus longipennis, sp. nov.
Elongate, ovate, narrowed behind, less convex, shining, rufo-piceous, beak, an-
tennce and legs rufous ; vestiture of narrow white scales, sparse and nearly uniformly
distributed; beak slender, a little longer than thorax, regularly arcuate, scarcely flat-
tened at apex, less coarsely, unevenly punctate; basal constriction feeble; a few
erect longer scales at the margin of the eye ; antennae inserted distinctly beyond the
middle of the beak ; scape far from reaching the eye ; first joint of funicle as long as
the next three combined, the second a little longer than the third ; head alutaceous,
very sparsely and minutely punctulate ; thorax slightly wider than long, sides
slightly tumid before the middle, nearly parallel to base, broadly constricted at apex;
disc coarsely and densely, on the sides and at the constriction rugosely, punctate ; a
smooth median line, abbreviated each end ; the white scales uneven in size, on the
sides and along the base larger, on the middle of the disc very small and inconspic-
uous; scutellum small, with a couple of scales; elytra not wider than thorax, one-
half longer than wide, strongly narrowed from the humeri and compressed on the
sides near the apex ; humeri not prominent ; striae deep and abrupt, moderately wide;,
intervals flat, each with a row of rather coarse scale-bearing punctures, the scales
forming a spot on the base of the third interval; ventral surface coarsely and dense'y
punctate ; prosternum flat, separating the coxae by one-half their width, apical con-
striction entire; legs sparsely punctate and scaly. Length, 2.S mm.
June, 1S97.] LiNELL : NeW NoRTH AMERICAN CURCULIONID/E- 55
One example from Burnett Co., Texas.
Type in the collection of Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz.
This species is easily distinguishable by the densely punctate thorax,
the uniformly distributed scales and the elongate form, tapering behind.
Zygobaris coelestina, sp. nov.
Robust, subrhomboidal, convex, glabrous, strongly alutaceous, opaque, intensely
dark blue ; beak separated from the front by a shallow depression, short, arcuate, cy-
lindrical slightly flattened at apex, shining, sparsely punctate, basal half bluish green,
apical half piceous ; mandibles short, decussate, strongly bifid at apex ; scrobes deep,
directed inferiorly; antennae inserted a little beyond the middle of the beak, ferrugi-
nous, the scape not quite reaching the eye ; funicle stout, the first joint as long as the
three following comhined, the second and third subequal, the outer joints gradually
wider; club oval, pointed, finely tomentose; eyes large, flat, widely separated above;
frontal fovea small, punctiform ; head globose, sparsely and finely punctulate ; thorax
scarcely wider than long, conical; sides somewhat rounded; apical constriction broad
and feeble ; disc sparsely and finely punctate, more coarsely at the sides, without
trace of median line ; scutellum small, smooth, shining green ; elytra at base slightly
wider than thorax, gradually, moderately narrowed behind, broadly rounded at apex ;
humeral callus at base of seventh interval conspicuously elevated ; strise linear, dis-
tinctly impressed.with remote fine punctures, much larger at base between the scutellum
and humeral callus; intervals flat, each with a single series of remote, small, submuri-
cate punctures ; thoracic segments beneath coarsely and deeply but not very densely
punctate, each puncture at the bottom with a small narrow white scale ; prosternum
flat, separating the coxae by their own width, with a small shallow depression near
the apical margin enclosing two large deep punctures; ventral segments finely, very
sparsely, apical half of the fifth very densely, punctate ; legs bluish green, alutaceous
as the body, sparsely finely punctate, each puncture with a short white hair; tarsi
short, ferruginous, fringed with grayish hairs ; third joint moderately broad, bilobed ;
claws small, distinctly connate at base. Length, 4 mm.
Type in the collection of Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, taken at
Cocoanut Grove, Fla. (April 25). Mr. Schwarz informs me that another
specimen is in the collection of Dr. Horn.
Catapastus signatipennis, sp. nov.
Robust, rhomboidal, convex, black, somewhat shining ; antennce and legs pice-
ous ; beak as long as thorax, strongly curvate, piceous ; base thickened, coarsely ru-
gose and squamulate, the basal constriction distinct ; apex glabrous, punctato striate ;
antennae inserted beyond the middle of the beak ; scape not reaching the eye ; first
joint of funicle as long as the next four combined, second equal to third ; club oval,
large ; head nearly glabrous, alutaceous, obsoletely punctulate ; thorax wider than
long, conical, distinctly constricted at apex, coarsely and densely punctate, densely
covered with rounded scales, forming a broad brown band along the middle and yel-
lowish white on the sides ; a denuded spot on each side of the basal lobe ; elytra dis-
tinctly wider than thorax, broadly rounded and feebly convergent on the sides,
56 Journal New York Extomological Society. ivoi. v.
rounded at apex ; strice narrow but abrupt ; intervals broad, flat, sparsely, confusedly
and subrugosely punctate ; vestiture sparse, of brown narrow scales and broader yel-
lowish ones ; the latter forming a spot at the base of the third interval and a large \\' -
shaped mark across the suture at middle ; ventral surface rather sparsely punctate,
each puncture bearing a narrow white scale ; prosternum separating the coxse by
one-half their width, broadly sulcate, the sulcus deeper in front and with two deep
punctiform fovese at the constriction ; legs sparsely punctulate, each puncture with a
narrow white scale, the femora exteriorly towards apex with brown scales ; tarsi very
short, fringed with white hairs ; claws parallel, connate at base. Length, 2 mm.
Four examples collected at Key West, Fla., by Mr. E, A. Schwarz,
two of which are presented to the National Museum by Messrs. Hubbard
and Schwarz. Type No. 1407, U. S. N. M.
Catapastus albonotatus, sp. nov.
Rhomboidal, convex, piceous black, very sparsely clothed with scattered white
scales, very narrow and small on the ventral surface and larger but still sparser on
the thorax and elytra, collected into small spots on the base of the second interval,
on the base of thorax opposite the humeral umbone and on the base and apex of
the episterna of metathorax ; beak thick, not flattened at apex, strongly curvate and
abruptly bent at middle, coarsely striato-punctate, with a few minute scales towards
the base ; basal constriction obsolete, the upper margin of the eye with a white scale;
antennae inserted beyond the middle of the beak, piceous, the scape not reaching the
eye ; funicle with first joint obconical, second scarcely longer than third ; club large,
oval ; head sparsely punctulate ; thorax as long as wide, slightly rounded at the
sides, feebly constricted at apex, only moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures
separated by about their own diameter ; smaller scales wanting, the large white
scales about a dozen outside of the basal spot ; scutellum glabrous ; elytni at base
wider than thorax; sides behind the humeri strongly convergent ; strire narrow, re-
motely not conspicuously punctate ; intervals flat, each with a series of small re-
mote punctures and fine transverse strigae; the white scales mostly on the third, sev-
enth and ninth intervals ; ventral surface sparsely punctate ; prosternum separating
the coxse by nearly their own width, broadly impressed, with two punctiform fovCcE
at the constriction ; legs piceous, sparsely punctulate ; tarsi short, ferruginous, fringed
with white hairs. Length, 1.7 mm.
Type No. 1408, U. S. N. M. One specimen in the National Mu-
seum from Lake Worth, Fla., presented by Mr. Ottomar Dietz, of New
York ] another one exactly similar in the collection of Messrs. Hubbard
and Schwarz from Key West, Fla. In the latter collection is a third
specimen also from Key West, which has more numerous scales above,
condensed into three vitta^ on the thorax; the spots are diffused and the
beak and legs ferruginous, but there is no difference in sculpture. The
glabrous scutellum with a spot each side at once distinguishes this spe-
cies from C. cofispersi/s and C. diffitsus.
June, 1S97.] Dyar: Life-Histories OF N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 57
LIFE HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG
CATERPILLARS— X-XI.
PLATES III-IV.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.
Euclea delphinii Boisduval.
1797 — PhalcB-na cippiis Abbot «S: Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga. II.
1832 — Lirnacodes delphinii Boisduval, Cuvier's An. Kingdom (Griftith), pi.
cm, fig. 6.
1841 — Lirnacodes cippus Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 303.
1854 — Lirnacodes querccti Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 174.
1854 — Lirnacodes quercicola Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 175.
1855 — Euclea cippus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. V, p. 1143.
1855 — Etcclea viridiclava Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1154.
i860 — Euclea pccnulata Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 159.
i860 — Nochelia tardigrada Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 160.
1864 — Euclea jnonitor Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 337.
1864 — Euclea ferruginea Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 337. ^
1864 — Euclea bifida PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 33S.
1882 — Euclea querceti Grote, Check List, 17.
1882 — Euclea quercicola Pilate, Papilio, II, 67.
1887 — Euclea elliotii Pearsall, Ent. Amer. II, 209.
1891 — Euclea cippus Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 151.
1 89 1 — Euclea cippus var. interjecta Dyar, Ent. News, II, 61.
1 89 1 — Euclea cippus Smith, List Lep. 28.
1892 — Euclea querceti Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 547.
1894 — Euclea delphinii Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 67.
Larva.
1832 — Boisduval, Cuvier's An. Kingd. (Griffith), pi. CIII, fig. 7.
i860 — Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 160.
1878 — Andrews, Psyche, II, 272.
1881 — French, Papilio, I, 144, 145.
1890 — Packard, 5th Kept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 144.
189 1— Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 152.
1893— Packard, P™<^- ^i"- ^^i^- '^°'^- ^XXI, 89, loi.
1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 214.
1895 — Comstock, Man. Stud. Ins. 223; fig. 258.
Synopsis of Varieties of the Moth in New York.
Form delphinii. Green confined to a small triangular basal patch and subapi-
cal dots (plate III, fig. 1).
Form querceti. The basal green patch has a short projection on the outer side
(plate III, fig. 2, left wing).
58 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Fortn interjecta. A row of green dots connects the basal and subapical green
marks (plate III, fig. 3, right wing).
Form viridiclava. The green forms a continuous band, bordering the cell,
notched on the outer side (plate III, fig. 4).
Form elliotii. The green band encroaches on the cell, or even surrounds the
discal dot (plate III, fig 5).
Synopsis of Varieties of the Larva.
Form A. — Flesh colored, horns and ridges bright red shading to pinkish ; black
lines all present, waved, confluent, forming irregular areas about the glandular dots;
no quadrate spots; often no detachable spines (plate III, fig. 9).
Form B. — Sordid purplish, the black lines shaded ; horns and ridge broadly
bright ferruginous, broken on the interspaces, 6-7, 9-10 and 11-12 by quadrate dark
brown spots.
Form C. — Dorsum sordid purplish, sides green; marks as in form B (plate III,
fig. 6).
Form D. — Green, the black lines faint; horns and ridge yellow, broken by
quadrate spots as in form B (plate III, fig. 8;.
Form E. — Green, the ridge and horns red ; quadrate brown spots on joints 3-4,
4-5, 6-7, 9-10 and 11-12 (plate III, fig. 7).
Special Structural Characiers.
These characters have been already given for the Florida form (see
Journal N. Y. Ent. See, iv, 125). In the New York forms there are
usually no caltrope patches on the subdorsal horns of joint 13. The
patch on the lateral horn of joint 1 2 is present when there is only one
pair of detachable spines (on joint 13), but absent when the second
pair is present, and even absent in stage vii, before the spines have ap-
peared, so that it may be determined in this stage whether there will be-
one or two spine patches. The second pair of spine patches appears
above this horn (lateral of joint 12) and replaces the caltropes function-
ally ; but probably the spines are not homologous with caltropes as we
formerly supposed (Journal, iv, 3, foot note) since both may be present
on the same horn and the caltropes abruptly disappear before the spines,
not being converted into them.
Our larvae do not hide by day so persistently as the Florida form,
though the habit is present in some degree.
Affinities, Habits, etc.
The range of variation in the moths as they occur in New York is
illustrated on the plate (figs, i to 5). The variation of the amount of
green on the fore-wings is from delphinii, the minimum, to elliotii, the
maximum. The ground color also varies from dark ferruginous brown
June, 1897.] Dyar : LiFE-HisTORiES OF N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 59
to ocherous brown and the bright red shade bordering the green out-
wardly may be distinct or wanting.
The forms have a certain dependence on locality. In the Hudson
valley the delphinii form predominates, rarely becoming as green as
viridiclava ; on Long Island the tendency is towards green and the
elliotii form is frequent. The species ranges to the South, our locality
being toward its northernmost extension. In the southern part of
Florida the delphinii form appears, approaching the true cippus of Dutch
Guayana. According to Cramer's figure, cippus is a brown moth with
three green patches^ the third at the end of the cell, apparently. This
is a form which our species has no tendency to assume, and if it really
extends into South America, it is more likely to be represented by
Eiiclea cemilia Stoll, which differs from the delphinii form in having
the basal patch yellow, instead of green, a variation which is occasion-
ally indicated in New York specimens.
Eiiclea dicolon Sepp, is also nearly related, but has a very dif-
ferently colored larva. In the Mississippi valley and Texas, the forms
pcenulata and incisa occur. The larva of the latter is unknown and
I have no opinion as to its relation to our species ; but the larva of
pcenidata as described by Professor French does not differ from those
which have produced viridiclava and elliotii here. The moth of
pcenulata is only slightly more green than elliotii and it seems prob-
able that it is a variety of our species.
The variation in the larvae is considerable. In our preliminary
synopsis (Journal III, 146), we recognized pccmilata as distinct from
delphinii on the characters of the number of detachable spine patches
and coloration; but further experience renders this view untenable.
There is a certain local tendency coupling the forms of larvae with the
moths as indicated in our table. In the Hudson valley the larvae are
generally green with red or yellow horns, the subdorsal band broken by
brown spots and the four spine patches well developed. On Long
Island the terra cotta form prevails, though not exclusively, without the
brown spots and with feebly developed spine patches. However, rarely
the terra cotta colored form has four spine patches ; such a larva pro-
duced a moth of elliotii. Then the Florida larvae, having the charac-
ters o{ pee nu lata in the unbroken subdorsal band and single pair of spine
patches, but the green color of delphinii, have recently been described in
this journal. The moths were delphinii, and thus all the differential
characters have vanished, leaving a single variable species with a ten-
dency towards local forms.
60 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
The species is single brooded in New York. The moths fly in the
last of June and in July. The eggs are deposited in the evening, before
ten o'clock, usually singly, or but few together, not in the rather large
patches of Sibine. They hatch in seven days. The larvae pass through
the usual eight stages, occasionally nine. In this case a stage is interpo-
lated between the last two. It usually is like stage VII, but may be
like the last stage with the presence of detachable spines. The first stage
is quickly passed through without feeding, but afterwards development is
more slow. Mature larvae may be found in September.
The coloration of these larvae is much less conspicuous than that of
Sibine stimitlea and their defensive armor is weaker in proportion, the
spines being distinctly less venomous.
Miss Morton has obtained fertile eggs of the Long Island form from
cocoons collected by INIr. Doll. The youngest larvce which I have found
in the field have been in stage III.
Criticism of Previous Descriptions.
The references to Abbot & Smith, Harris, Morris, Packard and
Duncan, given in Edwards' catalogue of transformations of N. A,
Lepidoptera under the heading E, cippiis, do not refer to this species,
but to E. ijidetennina or ^. siimulea. The present references are to
descriptions or figures of the mature larva and cover the principal col-
orational forms. This larva has been on the whole so slightly investi-
gated that there is little of a positive nature to correct. Dr. Packard's
latest description is full and very good. He says " there seem to be no
caltropes ... in the cuticle of this genus," but above (page 90) he
describes " a pale brown patch like a mass of sand " on the upper side
of the lateral horns of joints 6 to 11, which are really the patches of
caltropes, though he failed to recognize them. The detachable spines
are correctly located, but not described in detail. The lateral horns
are not referred to their respective segments, and the position of the
spiracle on joint 5 is not described.
Dr. Packard's remarks on page 91 agree with my own views, except
that I regard this species as tending to become protectively colored, the
bright warning color having partly disappeared. Hence the habits of
concealment exhibited by the larvae.
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
My description of these stages of the Florida form will suffice for
the New York ones. At first all are alike, though the mature larva is
June, .897.] DyAR : LiFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SlUG CATERPILLARS. 61
SO various. There is usually no permanent color till stage IV and after
that the differently colored larv^ gradually differentiate themselves. I
have followed out the full life history of the Long Island form in two
instances, but do not find enough to warrant redescribmg the stages in
full. , ^ u
Food-plants. -O^k, chestnut, bayberry, Andromeda, beech, sour
gum ( Nyssa) and wild cherry.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL
Fig. I. Euclea delphinii, natural size.
" 2. Form qiierceti.
" 3. Form interjecta.
" 4. Form viridiclava.
" 5. Form elliotii.
" 6. Larva from Dutchess Co., form C.
« 7. The same, form E.
" 8. The same, form D.
" 0 Larva from Long Island, form A.
.. 10. A short horn of subdorsal row X 45. ^i^h adjacent skui granules.
u II A detachable spine of the Florida larva X I75-
» 12. The same from a Long Island larva with one pair of patches.
.. 13. The same from a larva with two pairs of patches.
" 14. A spine without the basal bulb ; rare; X I75-
" 15. An unusually short spine ; Florida larva.
<« 16. A caltrope from among the detachable spines.
« 17. Caltropes in position on a lateral horn X ^75-
Parasa chloris Herrich-Schaffer.
xZ^^-Nectra chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 176.
mA-Limacodesviridus^v.A.Kmr,Vxoc.^^i.^oc. Phd. Ill, 251.
, 1881— /'«r«^«/r(7^^r«« Grote, Papilio, I, 5.
\%%2— Parasa fraterna Grote, Check List, 17.
^%<^x— Parasa chloris Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 154-
1891— /'arfl5a chloris Smith, List Lep. 28. ,. ^ c tt ..
J^^-Parasa chloris Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. ^ . Ent. Soc. II, 72.
Larva.
1864— Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 251.
1887— Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer. Ill, 169.
1891— Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 154-
1893— Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 91.
i894_Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 217.
Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal space broad, of nearly even width, except at the extremities,
where it narrows considerably. The dorsum rises abruptly to a maxi-
62 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
mum at joint 5 and then slopes to the tail, the slope becoming steeper
after joint 11. Lateral space broad, nearly perpendicular and contin-
uous in direction with the broad, not retracted subventral space. Sub-
dorsal ridge well indicated by the abrupt change in direction between
back and sides ; lateral ridge slight ; subventral edge prominent, two
setae on each segment. Horns at first as well developed as usual in the
group (larvae of type 2), but soon reduced, finally to small rounded
spinose buttons. The subdorsal horns of joints 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12 re-
main longer than the rest; that on joint i^ becomes early consolidated
with its fellow into a tail directed posteriorly, at first cleft and spiny,
later more uniform. The lateral horns are all small, subequal, situated
on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12 as usual. The head is concealed under joint 2, but
this joint is scarcely retracted, its spiracle remaining exposed by a lat-
eral retraction of joint 3. The spiracle on joint 5 is moved up out of
line with the rest, all being plainly visible, as the whole subventral re-
gion is freely exposed.
After stage I, the spines on the horns are of the stinging type, but they
are gradually reduced in size and number and become functionless. In
the last stage they are so much aborted that they are imperfectly erected
after the molt and the group remains pointing inward over the back in
the case of the larger horns. The small, black, piercing caps remain
and the spines do not become setiferous, except in the case of some of
the smallest anterior horns.
Depressed spaces feebly developed, represented by black spots; (i)
round, distinct, paired; (2) and (3) tiny dots, segmental; (4) distinct,
narrowly elongated and slightly oblique, in the middle of the lateral
space; (7) slightly elongated, alternating with the spiracles; (8) a tiny
dot above the subventral edge.
Skin covered with very small, dark, pointed spines, which become
round, clear granules just above the subventral edge only. Small patches
of caltropes are present on the upper side of the reduced lateral horns on
joints 6 to 12. No detachable spines.
Affinities, Habits, etc.
This larva seems to represent a recent offshoot of the main stem of
the spined Eucleids. In its first stages it is very closely allied to Eiiclea,
but finally the colors and armor degenerate and the shape is altered to
one adapted for concealment. This direction of modification is indi-
cated in both Euclea delphinii and Adoneta spimiloides , but here it is
fully carried out. The tail, which is so like that of Packardia and EuU-
June, 1897.] Dyar : LiFE-HiSTORiES OF N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 63
viacodes, is homologous with neither, as it is composed of the two sub-
dorsal tubercles of joint 13 united, and not of a simple prolongation of
the body. While the larva departs so widely from the primitive form of
the spined Eucleids, the moth is generalized. I take the green thorax
and band on the fore wings to be the primitive pattern of maculation, as it
appears almost identically in both this species, and Euclea indetermina,
whose larva are so different, and reappears in many South American and
Indian species. P. chloris, then, is a form belonging to the most typical
group of spined Eucleids, the moth unmodified, but the larva recently
specially adapted.
The larvae are found on the lower branches of trees, not on low bushes
or brush. A rather low overhanging limb in a well shaded place is a
favorite location. The eggs are laid singly, but often several on the
same leaf and not infrequently of two or more ages, as different moths
tend to select the same branch for oviposition. The eggs are laid from
the middle to the end of July ; the larvEe become mature at the end of
August and during the most of September. They rest on the under-
sides of the leaves, feeding singly.
Eggs of this species occurred to me rather numerously at Bellport,
Long Island, and this life history was worked out from them. The eggs
are not as difficult to detect as usual on account of their proportionate
large size.
Criticism of Previous Descriptions.
The published descriptions refer only to the mature larvae, and are
not as full as could be desired. Both Edwards and Packard speak of
the subdorsal horns as "retractile tubercles." I think this term mis-
leading. The horns have the normal structure, though short and de-
generate, and only appear to be retracted by the movements of the
flexible skin. Dr. Packard figures the spines and skin spinules (com-
pare Plate IV, figs. 12, 13 and 14) with rather small magnification; but
no one else has even attempted to treat of the finer structure, and the
early stages have been altogether neglected.
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
Egg. — (Plate IV, fig. 8.) Elliptical, flat, transparent and very
shining; 1.6 X 1.2 mm. Reticulations angular, linear, irregular, dis-
tinct. The leaf is perfectly visible through the eggs, which resemble
spots of moisture or some clear gummy substance.
Stage I. — (Plate IV, figs, i and 2.) Elliptical, dorsum broadest
centrally, narrowed at the large horns ; sides perpendicular. Horns
64 Journal New York Entomological Society. [\o1. v.
arranged exactly as in Euclea, from which the larva is indistinguishable.
Color all opaquish white, no marks. Length 1.2 mm. The larva does
not feed in this stage.
Stage II. — Horns rounded, large, the subdorsals on joints 3, 4, 5,
8, II and 12 with many black-tipped spines, those on joints 6, 7, 9 and
10, with one or two spines. Lateral horns moderate, rounded, spined.
Color all ground glass white. Skin finely granular; segmental incisures
cleft-like; depressed spaces not indicated. Body widest at joint 5, nar-
rowing a little toward the ends. Subdorsal horns on joint 13 small, ap-
proximate, projecting posteriorly to form a subquadrate tail. Later a
chocolate brown shade appears dorsally on joints 3 and 4, the highest
part of the body, which slopes backward from this point. Toward the
end of the stage the full markings of the next stage may be assumed.
Length 1.2 to 2.1 mm.
Stage III — Elongate, the sides parallel, joints 3 and 4 a little the
highest; subdorsal horns elongate rounded, those on joints 3, 4, 11 and
I 2 large, 8 moderate, the rest with but one or two spines; lateral horns
very small with five or six spines, those on joints 3 and 4 the largest.
Color honey yellow, a white line along subdorsal ridge, the pair con-
nected by a narrow angular bridge on joints 5 and 11; dorsum on joints
3, 5 and II chocolate brown; a brown line along the lateral horns. De-
pressed spaces (i) and (2) indicated, faint, also the large lateral ones
(4). Skin nearly smooth, finely remotely granular or punctate. The
tail horns are partly fused into a short, cleft, spiny process; spines black
tipped; head pale brown, eye black. Length of larva 2.1 to 3 mm.
Stage IV. — As before, the dorsum rather broad. Long horns large,
rounded, whitish, with brown tips, short spined, the one on joints 8 and
13 white. Short subdorsal horns and the lateral ones of joints 6 to 12
small, inconspicuous, concolorous; a short notched tail. Body all
brown, except a space in the dorsum on joints 6 to 10, which is green-
ish ; a narrow white subdorsal line with white bridges as before, but on
joints 5, II and 12; a white line along the subventral edge; a faint
darker line along the lateral horns. Largest depressed spaces moderate ;
skin as before. Length, 2.9 to 4.5 mm.
Stage V. — Dorsum of joints 3, 5, 11 and 13, lower half of sides and
tips of subdorsal horns on joints 3 to 5 dark brown ; the rest of the body
flesh 3^ brown ; dorsal vessel greenish ; a fleshy pink tint along the sub-
dorsal ridge with a narrow bridge on joints 5,11 and 12 ; a pink line
along subventral edge. Bases of subdorsal horns on joints 3 to 5, all of
horns 8, 11 and 12 and the short, approximate tail-like pair fleshy pink;
June, 1897.] Dyar : LiFE-HisTORiES OF N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 65
other horns obscure. A broken, double, waved, pale addorsal line.
Depressed spaces very obscure. Skin sparsely, very finely granular.
Horns moderate, with slender, black- tipped spines. The anterior end
of the larva is darkly colored, joint ir conspicuously pale. Length 4.4
to 6.2 mm.
Stage VI. — Horns rounded, small, the subdorsals on joints 11 to 13
pinkish white, the rest brown, concolorous ; proportions as before, tail
cleft. Body dark-brown dorsally, and on the upper half of the sides,
marked with paler as before; the lines on the ridge and the bridges
rather faint. Central dorsal and waved addorsal faint, broken white
lines. Horns all spined, but the spines on joints 4 and 5 point inward,
not erected. Length 5.9 to 8.5 mm.
Stage VII. — (Plate IV, fig. 9, ventral view). Fleshy brown; dorsal
and waved addorsal broken, segmentary, salmon marks ; thorax and
subventral edge shaded darker; subdorsal horns of 11 light. Horns
short, rounded; tail slightly cleft, spiny. Dorsal paired dark dots (ij
joined by a whitish band; (4) oval, dark, narrow holes low down on the
sides. A narrow salmon line along the subdorsal ridge edged with dark
above ; sides with four salmon lines ; a conspicuous pinkish line along
subventral edge, bordered above by crimson and brown. Horns all dark
except the subdorsals on joints 11 to 13; the long ones form rather large
buttons. The shape is like the mature larva. Length 7.5 to 13
mm.
Stage VIII. — Tail pointed, spinose sometimes still cleft. Caltropes
present (Plate IV, figs. 13 and 16) on the lateral horns of joints 6 to 12
in a large patch, the caltropes themselves with larger side spines than
usual. Skin finely, rather densely spinulated (Plate IV, figs. 10, 13 and
14), much as in Sibine sthnidea. Color without dark shades, the ground
a sordid greenish marked with the numerous waved salmon-colored lines
(Plate IV, figs. 3, 4 and 5), brighter posteriorly. There are five in the
dorsal space, five in the lateral space, all somewhat confused. A narrow
blackish line on subdorsal ridge, none on the lateral one. Subventral
edge broadly pink, edged above by a dark red line. Depressed spaces
(i) small, paired; (4) narrow elongate; (7), round, pit-like; (8) in-
dicated, all blackish — no others. Horns short, the large ones with the
spines turned in (Plate IV, fig. 11) dark, those on joints 1 1 and 1 2
whitish, contrasting. Shape as described above. In some examples the
posterior portion of dorsal space is of a very bright, fiery color. Length
10.6 to 20.3 mm.
Food-plants. — Oak, chestnut, wild cherry, hickory and bayberry.
^66 Journal New York Entomological Society. lvoI. v.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Fig. I. Larva stage I, side view.
" 2. The same, front view,
" 3. Mature larva, enlarged, side view, feeding.
" 4. The same, front view.
" 5. The same, back view.
" 6. Feeding traces of stage II.
" 7. The same of stage III.
" 8. Egg.
*' 9. Ventral view of larva, the body shrunken preceding a molt, enlarged.
" 10. Skin granules at subventral edge, grading into the general spines above.
" 1 1. One of the large horns of subdorsal row, the spines imperfectly erected X S^-
" 12. Tip of spine, more enlarged.
" 13. Horn of lateral row, showing caltrope patch and skin spines.
" 14. Skin spines of same region, more enlarged.
" 15. Spines from a different region.
" 16. Caltropes, X 225.
" 17. Farasa chloris, natural size.
NOTE ON MR. GROTE'S REMARKS ON THE
SATURNIANS.
By Harrison G, Dyar.
Mr. Grote's reply to my criticism on his paper " Die Saturniiden "
is disappointing. I had hoped that he would adopt my suggestion to take
three or four entirely different characters, work each out independently
in the same manner as he has done for vein IV^" of primaries and let the
evidence from these show whether his classification or mine was the
nearest the natural one. Instead Mr. Grote defends his classification
on the original grounds and misstates (unintentionally of course) and
belittles the larval characters. The matter is certainly simplified by
" setting down the loss of the pair of anal tubercles solely to the Cither-
oniinai." The only objection that I know to this ingenious solution
is that it is not a statement of fact. But, seriously, it remains that the
genealogical tree deduced by INIr. Grote is contradictory to the one that
I have made on larval characters. My original statements are not af-
fected, so far as I can see, by Mr. Grote's insistance on the importance
of his characters ; it is open to me to insist equally on the importance
of mine. Collateral evidence only can decide the question, and this
Mr. Grote has not adduced. In reply to Mr. Grote's kind wish to con-
vert me to his views, I again point out the path to that end, or at least
the path which must lead to the end of a mutual agreement, whether on
Mr. Grote's system or mine, or some other more natural one, which we
neither have thous^ht of.
June, 1897.] Webster : On Protective Mimicry. 67
THE PROTECTIVE VALUE OF ACTION, VOLI-
TIONAL OR OTHERWISE, IN "PROTECTIVE
MIMICRY."*
By F. M. Webster.
Whatever in the form, color or actions of an organism tends to en-
able it to escape from its enemies, or more readily secure a proper supply
of food, is, to a certain extent, protective in its effects. Forms, not in
possession of such advantages, will, in case of an unusual abundance of
enemies, or a deficit in the supply of food, be the least likely to survive.
In this paper it is the intention of the author to discuss only such cases
of "protective mimicry" as require some special movements, or the
assumption of some peculiar or unique position, on the part of the pro-
tected form, in order to continue or complete the deceptive effects of
its shape, color or coloration.
There are a number of insects that, prepared and placed in our cab-
inets, have comparatively little resemblance to each other, while in the
midst of life and activity, are distinguishable from each other only with
extreme difficulty. An example may be found in Podosesia syringce
Harr., which somewhat resembles Polistes annularis Fabr., in form, while
its movements are almost an exact reproduction of those of the latter spe-
cies, which is an armed wasp, while the former is a helpless moth. The
Varying Hare, Lepus americanus virginianus Harlan, no doubt derives
more or less protection from the color of its fur, but this protection does
not appear to be supplemented by any correlative action on the part of
the animal itself.
Many naturalists object to the use of the term ''protective mim-
icry," for the reason that it implies mental capabilities supposed to be
confined to the human race. The statement is made, and by those
whose opinion is worthy of the greatest respect and most careful con-
sideration, that the influences of natural selection are amply sufficient to
account for all such phenomena, and that we do not need to assume the
presence of volition as a factor in such phenomena. In some quarters
the initial step, in an investigation of the phenomenon of " protective
mimicry," is to close the door, so to speak, against any possibility of
the most primitive kind of intelligence, on the part of the mimicing
species, while to admit that a mimicing insect has any conception of its
own appearance, is the most dangerous sort of heresy. Now there are
* Read before the Ohio State Academy of Science, December 30, 1896.
68 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
quite a large number of zoologists who both work and think, who do
not believe that natural selection is adequate to explain all of the phe-
nomena that come to the notice of the naturalist, and as a leader
of those who hold this view, we have that venerable thinker, Herbert
Spencer. It is clear enough that natural selection will maintain or even
perfect what has already been begun, but that it can set the machinery
of protective mimicry in motion — can bring a case of protective mim-
icry or coloration into existence, seems extremely doubtful. In the first
place, we must remember that "self-preservation is the first law of na-
ture," even in man. No human being will voluntarily take his or her
own life unless mentally deranged, or as a sacrifice to some great and
important principle, or to save the lives of others. Old and battle-tried
soldiers, whose acts of bravery have become known from one side of the
world to the other, have acknowledged that the impulse to break and
run, when first going into battle, had each time to be overcome. If self-
preservation is the first law of nature, then fear and the sense of pain
are the police powers, so to speak, that enforce the law. The soldier
who drops his gun and runs away, instead of facing the enemy, has al-
lowed the fear of pain or death to overcome his sense of duty and he
seeks a place of greater safety ; seeks to preserve his life. Among all
animal life below man, we find a different condition to exist, in that the
whole aim and object of life is to reproduce. The same phenomena
may be observed, even among plants, the whole of the remaining vitality
of an injured tree or a girdled vine, being exhausted in producing a few
seeds or seed inclosing fruit. In fact, almost a parallel may be observed
to some extent among consumptive men and women. Among lower
animal life, unless the young require the protecting care of the parents,
as soon as this duty of reproduction is accomplished death, generally
speaking, occurs, although among insects the period of reproduction may
vary from a few hours to several years, according to species. Protection,
in the egg stage, is usually accomplished, where such is needed, by the
mother insect in her selection of a place of oviposition, but both herself
and the larvse may need protection from natural enemies, and such pro-
tection may result from a close resemblance to other protected species,
or to inanimate objects, thus deceiving, to a greater or less extent, the
natural enemies that threaten their destruction. It often occurs that the
form and color of the adult or of the larva is such as to afford protec-
tion, but there are many cases, where, without the assuming of certain
positions, to represent forms not preyed upon, or inanimate objects, like
twigs, lichens or portions of flowers, or where peculiar movements are
June, i8s7.] WeBSTER : On PROTECTIVE MiMICRY. 69
necessary to complete the deception, form and color would fall far short
of protecting. The point in dispute is as to whether these actions are
of volition, and with the anticipation of protection to be derived there-
from, or are they involuntarily, and to be classed with the blushing of a
timid maiden when becoming suddenly confused, or the whitening of
the face of the less timid, when brought suddenly face to face with what
appears certain death ? The timid maiden is in no danger, and blushes
not because she intended or wished to, but because she had no power to
avoid so doing ; while the frightened one was in danger, but equally
unable to prevent a different change of color in her face, though no
protection would result. If, as we suppose, the sense of pain decreases,
as we descend in the scale of animal life, than the action that, with form
and coloration, tend to deceive the enemy, must be made in order to
escape destruction. A recent writer in Natural Science (Vol. IX, p.
29^) states that while sitting in a tree, rifle in hand, waiting for a tiger,
his attention was caught by a kind of slow cricket, which exactly re-
sembled a small patch of gray lichen, skurrying round the trunk of a
neighboring tree, with a lizard in full pursuit. ''Just as the lizard came
up with it, the cricket, falling in with a slight depression in the bark,
stopped dead and flattened itself out, and the lizard was utterly con-
founded. There it stood, looking ludicrously puzzled at the mysterious
•disappearance of its prey, which was just under its nose." Here we
have a sense of danger, a fear of death, and an attempt to escape death
by flight ; and when still pursued, certain actions that rendered the pe-
culiar coloration of the insect of greater life-saving value than flight,
were employed. With no knowledge of its own resemblance to a patch
of lichens, and equally ignorant of the protective value of this resemb-
lance, would the insect not have continued to attempt escape by further
flight? How did it know that the pursuer was an enemy? How did
it become aware that, to receive the benefit of its appearance, it must
stop, when it had before followed the opposite course ? If it had no
knowledge of its appearance, how would it be able to separate one of
the opposite sex from a patch of lichen ? Without such a knowledge
how can there be sexual selection at all ?
Under the head of ''A Case of Mimicry," Prof. Otto Lugger, in
Entomological News, Vol. VI, pp. 138 -140, gives a quite similar case
of protective mimicry, as observed by him in Marmopteryx gibbicostaia
Walk. Professor Lugger saw on an elm tree what appeared to be the
remains of a moth that had apparently been left over from the dinner
of a spider, and, recognizing it as new to his collection, like every
70 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
other entomologist, preferring a poor specimen to none, attempted to
secure it, when he was astonished to see his treasure take wing and
disappear. Returning again to the same tree an hour later, he ob-
served a second specimen, or perhaps, the same one in the same
position, but this took wing and disappeared. Returning again next
day, he began to brush the trunk of the tree with a small limb,
as is usually done in flushing Catocala. Finally, a moth alighted
within two feet of him, ran rapidly a few inches and disappeared. It
was then that the observer saw that the moth, after reaching the tree,
would run to some projecting piece of bark that had a certain gray
color so common upon old elm trees, then make a quarter turn,
and fold its wings in a peculiar way upon the spot selected, that
blended so well with it as to become invisible. In the normal position
of these moths when at rest tlie color of the upper surface of the wings
would contract with the color of the surface on which it was resting ;
as only the color and markings of the under side of the lower wing, and
a narrow margin of the upper edge of the under side of upper wing,
harmonize with the grayish spots before mentioned, and therefore these
last must be displayed and the others hidden. The moth by making a
quarter turn, and by pushing the upper wings deeply between the lower
ones, effectually hides all colors not in harmony with its surroundings.
As the colors upon the exposed parts vary somewhat from a very pale to
dark, the insect, in order to render the deception complete, must se-
lect a spot of the proper shade to correspond ; yet Prof. Lugger states
that of the hundreds of moths he saw, none could be detected upon the
trees unless the spot upon which they were observed to settle was kept
carefully in sight until they were approached closely. In this case the
deception was more largely a matter of action than of coloration, and
the action would certainly imply a knowledge of not only the colors of
its own wings but of its surroundings also. Collectors of Catocala are
familiar with similar phenomena among that group of moths, as a scar
or slight blaze, such as is often made by woodmen to mark paths or
boundaries, are more often selected for resting places than other parts of
the trees.
In North American Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 30, Dr. D. S. Kelli-
cott has called attention to the fact that the moth Alaria florida Guen.,
conceals itself during the day in the withering blossoms of the Evening
Primrose, (Enothera biennis. The inner two-thirds of the fore wings
of this moth are bright pink, while the outer third, hind wings and
abdomen, are pale yellow. The moth enters the flower before day.
June, X897.J WeBSTER : On PROTECTIVE MiMICRY. H
with its body resting upon the style, the four-parted stigma projecting
beyond the tip of the abdomen, appearing like a part thereof, and when
the sun appears the two petals that were above the moth soon wilt and
fall down over the roof-like wings, concealing the hinder portion, leav-
incr the yellow part exposed as a part of the blossom, and so effectually
isAe moih concealed in this way during the day, that only a tramed
eye can detect its presence, and even then with extreme difficulty.
Some time after Dr. Kellicott had published his observations, and be-
fore I knew of them, I find, from looking over some old note books where
I had recorded observations made in IlUnois, that a specimen of this
moth was taken by myself under much the same circumstances, except
in this case the pink color was exposed from under a reddening, discol-
ored leaf of Evening Primrose, in such a manner that the yellow
was concealed and the deception was so marked that I made a record
of it at the time. I still have the moth in my possession, and I have
never taken a specimen except on this plant, and concealed m the
manner indicated by the observations of Dr. Kellicott and myself.
In "A Naturalist in the Transvaal," pp. 41, 42, Mr. W. L. Distant-
calls attention to the fact that while a butterfly, Hamammiida dcedalus,
in Sene-ambia, Calabar and the Cameroons, according to report, always
settles with the wings vertically closed, and which so closely resemble
the soil of the district, that it can with difficulty be seen, the color
varies with the soil in different localities, yet in the Transvaal, and
Natal he was never able to observe it to rest except with horizontally-
expanded wings, by which its protection was almost equally insured, by
the assimulative color of the same to the rocks and paths on which it
was usually found. Here we have an insect breaking away, or at any
rate diff-ering radically from a prevailing habit, where such habit would
tend to expose it to natural enemies, and following that habit where it
derives proteciion therefrom.*
In the case of Podosesia syringcB, which when in flight the abdomen
has almost the exact position of Folistes annularis, when it is at rest
the posterior segments are bent downward and kept in motion, and it
* While quite foreign to this particular point, it is interesting to note the dif-
ference in the action of our domestic sheep, in different parts of the country, on the
appearance of sudden danger, like a wolf or dog. In the ^^^^-"^"^^'^^Jj^'-''^;"
states, a flock wni break and run for a place of safety, and if still followed w.11
scatter, each individual for itself. But in the far West, on the appearance oi a ike
dancer, the sheep will run directly to a common centre, and arranging themselves
in a^circle, heads outward, await further movements of the enemy.
72 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
it falls to the ground it will walk about precisely like the wasp it seems
to resemble the most closely, so that its actions constitute by far the
greater portion of the mimicry, and therefore are to the greatest extent
protective in effects.
Among those species which resemble ants the most closely, and ap-
pear to derive protection therefrom, we find that, besides a more or less
close resemblance in form and color, they have the erratic, rapid move-
ments of such species of ants as they most resemble. Pilophorus bifas-
ciatus Fab., a species of Hemiptera which is here in Ohio frequently as-
sociated with a species of black ant that is common and very often ob"
served running up and down the trunks of trees and out on the limbs
and twigs, does not closely resemble one of these ants when pinned and
placed in the cabinet of a collector ; but when running about over the
trees they have the quick, erratic movements of the ants, and are then
very difficult to distinguish from their associates.* In this case the de-
ception is largely due to movement, and but for this there would be little
resemblance. Belt, in "The Naturalist in Nicaragua," p. 314, speaks
of a species of spider that appeared so exactly like a species of stinging
ant that he did not distinguish the difference until he had killed the
spider, and adds that "the resemblance is greatly increased by the spider
holding up its two fore legs, like antennce, and moving them about just
like an ant."
Not over a couple of hundred yards from where I am now standing I
was some years ago collecting small insects from the leaves of an elm tree,
and saw what at a glance I took to be the excreta of a bird on the upper
surface of a leaf, and, avoiding it, was busily engaged with my collect-
ing. On making a sudden thrust I brought my hand in direct contact
with the leaf, and not perceiving any excreta on my hand looked for an
explanation, when, to my utter astonishment, the larger portion of the
supposed excreta was observed to take legs and run across the leaf, and
I found that it was nothing more or less than a small spider, whose back
was clouded with a blackish area, surrounded with white. A white
splotch remaining on the leaf proved to be only an irregular sheet of
spider web, but almost exactly counterfeiting the appearance of semi-
liquid bird excreta that had become dried, and I saw at once through
the whole deception. Taken separately, the spider was easily recog-
nized, but placed on its sheet of thin white web and the deception was
* In this case the rays of light reflected from the polished, black surface of the ab-
domen of the ant, appear like a transverse whitish band, very like in appearance to
the transverse white fasca: on the wings of the bug.
June, 1897] Webster: On Protective Mimicry. 13
complete, and I have no doubt but that it not only escaped its enemies,
but secured a better supply of food in consequence of its concealment,
though in plain light, in a most exposed position. Mr. Henry O. Forbes,
in his "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago," p. 63,
gives a similar experience of his in Java. In this case the observer saw
what he supposed to be a butterfly at rest on a splotch of bird excreta on
a leaf. Mr. Forbes carefully approached his prize until he was able to
seize it between his fingers, when, to his astonishment, the wings parted
from the body, which was left behind, and he still thought it had ad-
hered to a small splotch of bird excreta until he touched the latter with
his finger to find if it was glutinous, when, to his delighted astonishment,
he found that the supposed excreta was really a peculiarly colored spider
lying on its back, with its feet crossed, and on an irregularly shaped
film of web, appearing like a splotch of excreta, with its central and
denser portion of a pure chalk like color, streaked here and there with
black, the white margin being drawn out into a narrow streak, with a
slight thickening at termination near the margin of the leaf. Two years
after, in Sumatra, Mr. Forbes, while waiting for his servants to procure
some botanical specimens for him, rather dreamily plucked what ap-
peared to be an excreta-marked leaf, and, while looking at it, mentally
wondered why it was that he had never found a second specimen of the
curious spider found in Java, when suddenly the supposed excreta bit
him, and he was astounded to learn that he actually had a second spec-
imen in his hand (loc. cit., p. 216).
In transmitting his specimens to Rev. O. P. Cambridge, for deter-
mination, Mr. Forbes used this expression : "the similitude is so exact
that the spider might have had consciousness, and it could not have
been more exact if the spider did have it," referring, of course, to the
placing of itself on its sheet of web and the deceptive resemblance pre-
viously mentioned, though he really had no intention of crediting the
spider with any conscious design, as Rev. O. P. Cambridge at first supposed.
The latter gentleman, however, offered the following explanation of the
phenomenon (loc. cit., pp. 11 9-1 21) : "It seems to me, on the con-
trary, that the whole is easily explained by the operation of natural se-
lection, without supposing consciousness in the spider in any part of the
process. The web on the surface of the leaf is evidently, so far as the
spider has any design or consciousness in the matter, spun simply to
secure itself in the proper position to await and seize its prey. The silkj
which by its fineness, whiteness and close adhesion to the leaf causes it
to resemble the more fluid parts of the excreta, would gradually attain
74 Journal New York Entomological Society. [YoI. v.
those qualities by natural selection, just as the spider itself would grad-
ually, and probably pari />assu, become, under the influence of the same
law, and more and more like the solid portion." And further, in a foot
note on p. 121 : ''Is not this exactness probably the result of the un-
consciousness of the spider ? Conscious-design would possibly have re-
sulted in a failure and abandoning the plan, or at least in a more clumsy
imitation." *
To a great many naturalists it would appear as though if conscious-
ness were present at all it would first exhibit itself in protecting life and
afterwards in sustaining it. Without life food would be unnecessary,
and the same consciousness that would lead the spider to take certain
precautions to sustain life would impel it to take other or, perhaps, the
same precautions to protect its life. The earlier attempts might be
crude, but so long as they obscured the spider from the equally crude
vision of either foe or victim, it would suffice. Of course, if it should be
found that these species of spiders are inedible, then the whole effect of the
deception would be to aid in sustaining life, but this is yet to be shown.
Besides, it does not appear impossible that a kind of obscure and lim-
ited consciousness may have developed, springing, perhaps, from in-
herited instincts sufficient to enable these spiders and various species of
insects to take advantage of action or movements, in order to protect
their lives and perpetuate their species, but not extending beyond this
point in development.
When, in the earliest development of animal life on the globe, one
form or individual began to prey upon another, then self-preservation
became necessary, and death a catastrophe to be feared and avoided.
We would, here, have the first fear-incited efforts put forth to escape
destruction by flight — the first impulse that seizes even man at the pres-
ent day, when suddenly exposed to impending danger. The next effort,
usually put forth by an organism, is to hide or secrete itself from a
danger that, perhaps, cannot be avoided by flight. The second of these
efforts, it is possible, might have followed the first very rapidly in
time of development, and, later on, as the struggle for life became more
severe between different forms, concealment for the purpose of surpris-
ing and capturing prey might have developed, and still later, the at-
tempt at defense on the part of the form pursued, would lead to trials
of strength between the attacking organism and the organism attacked,
*These isolated observations give us no data whereby to judge to what extent
individual spiders vary from each other in their architecture, oi to what extent, if
any, the young profits by imitating its parents.
June, 1897.] Webster : On Protective Mimicry. 75
but the object of all of these efforts would be the protection of life, by es-
caping capture and securing food to sustain that life, and the most suc-
cessful would be the most apt to survive.
But have we not had, during all of this time, a consciousness of pos-
sible destruction and volition in the efforts put forth to get out of the way
of an enemy in pursuit ? Do not these, in fact, coexist with animation
itself; and does not their presence really afford natural selection the
primary foundation with which to begin the development of certain
characteristics, and perfect such to an extent necessary to the life of an
organism ?
Another kind of phenomena, commonly termed feigning death, also
comes within the scope of this paper, and includes such species as, when
they are alarmed, either fall to the ground or assume certain rigid po-
sitions while attached to plants, or both, so as to appear either dead or
like some lifeless object. Many insects, when disturbed, will draw up
their legs and falling down remain perfectly still and rigid until the
supposed enemy has passed on. Very many of our beetles do this, and
because of our common opossum Didelphys virginiana, taking a similar
course in its attempts to escape death, the action has been vulgarly
termed "playing possum." Species belonging to the Coleopterous
genera Chlamys and Exema, however, are shaped and colored so as to
almost exactly represent the excreta of caterpillars, and when feeding,
if disturbed, will drop to the ground if not caught by the leaves of the
plant upon which they are feeding, and as they lay perfectly still, may
be unrecognized by even fairly good entomologists. But, even the pe-
culiar form and color of these insects would fall far short of protecting
them while feeding, as their position at that time is so entirely different
from that under which the excreta of caterpillars is usually observed ;
but, when they loose their hold, and drop to the upper surface of a
lower leaf and either remain there or roll off and fall upon the ground,
the deception is complete.
The resemblance of the larvae of Geometridge, to small twigs of trees
and shrubs is everywhere observed, and as universally excites feelings of
delight and surprise. When disturbed, the caterpillars assume a rigid
position, more or less transverse to the limb upon which they are lo-
cated, so that their position, together with the peculiar form and color
of their bodies, render them not easily detected. In some species, the
form of the body is such as to closely resemble a dead twig, even to the
buds thereon. In this case it requires the assumption of the peculiar
and rigid position, in order to complete the deception so far as it is
76 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voj. v.
complete. On one occasion I found several eggs of a parasitic fly, one
of the Tachinae, placed among the bases of the legs, where the enemy
could by no possibility have placed them had the caterpillar not occu-
pied the peculiar position that it assumes when disturbed, thus showing
that the deception was not complete.
An interesting point is here brought out, as, if all individuals at-
tacked died, there would be no progeny and, therefore, no transmission
of acquired life preserving consciousness, this could only be brought
about by individuals that were attacked and escaped death. A new
enemy would be more crude and bungling in its work, and thus allow
of a greater number of escapes.
Now, in all of these phenomena we have form and color, supplemented
by action, the object of all of which, taken together, is the protection
of life. Indeed, what else have these organisms to protect ? And of
what service would life be to an organism, without intelligence enough,
to, in a measure, enable the possessor thereof to protect that life ? In
all of these actions and movements, do we not have the same kind of
consciousness, intelligence and volition, that we do in the case of a bird
building a nest, with the expectations of laying its eggs in that nest and
rearing its young? Are not all of these positions assumed, and move-
ments made, with the sole aim of protecting life — continuing to live ?
Did not life and a life protecting intelligence co-exist, in the beginning,
in some primitive organism, and was not this primitive, live-protecting
intelligence, developed side by side with form and color, until the
present conditions of affairs has been the result ? The term " protective
mimicry," is misapplied when used to designate this developed con-
dition, because that term implies the personation of different objects, by
different individuals of the same species, at the same time and in the
same exact locality, which is not the case. But, though the same
species may "mimic" different species in different localities, or differ-
ent sexes may "mimic" different species, or one sex "mimic" and
another not, yet these conditions cannot be changed to meet any sudden
change of environment. Not only will the forms, colors and colora-
tions continue long after the enemy to be protected from has dis-
appeared, but as Mr. Distant has shown ("A Naturalist in the Trans-
vaal," p. 66,) the " mimicing " form may continue to " mimic," even
when the mimiced form has fallen far below it in point of numbers and
becomes almost or even quite extinct.
It was Mr. Bates who wrote in his " The Naturalist on the Amazon,"
that " on the wing of the butterfly is written, as on a tablet, the story
June, 1897.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 77
of the modification of the species, so truly do all changes register them-
selves thereon," and it seems to me that in the brains of so-called " mimic-
ing " species of insects, we might, if we could but understand the full sig-
nificance of brain cells, read therein the records of the development of a
dim, obscure consciousness, a volition and an intelligence that has kept
pace with the requirements of these organisms, in protecting their lives
and perpetuating their race. Man himself comes into the world, little
less than a mere automaton, but with an inherited basis for future de-
velopment of an individual consciousness. He begins his education
with the alphabet, but does not transmit even a knowledge of this al-
phabet to his offspring, who must begin precisely where he himself be-
gan. But there has descended to his children, that which will enable
them to master the alphabet with more aptitude and less difficulty.
Now, if we descend the line of animal life, until we reach these insects
whose movements go far toward perfecting the protection afforded by
their form, color and coloration, may we not expect to find the founda-
tion for a "species consciousness" that will enable the possessors to
protect their lives from enemies of long standing and gradually, though,
perhaps very slowly, adapt themselves to shunning the attacks of more
recent foes ? Or, to put the question in other words, with a protective
appearance, will there not go either a consciousness of that appearance,
or an inherited foundation for such a consciousness, that will the better
enable an insect to apply its protective inheritance, and in the use of all
of these, as a means of perpetuating its kind, follow strictly in the line
of all other animal life ?
NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE
HIGHER HYMENOPTERA. II.
By a. S. Packard.
Polistes (probably P. canadensis Linn.).
Larva.— It differs generically from Vespa in its head being about
twice as large ; the body is much shorter, a third shorter than in Vespa,
and more ovoid ; the end sharper, the body narrowing rapidly towards
the tip, which is more pointed than usual ; towards the head it taperS
rapidly, the prothoracic segment being small in proportion to the head.
The lateral ridge of the body is but slightly prominent. The body is
not entirely cylindrical, but very convex above, and flattened beneath.
The last sternite is twice as broad as long ; the sides of the anal opening
•JS Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
are more exserted and prominent, the last tergite being much more pro-
duced than in Vespa. The nervous system is nearly the same in the
middle of the body, but owing to the shorter segments the ganglia are
nearer together, and each ganglion is opposite each suture ; the size of
the ganglia and of the cords are the same, but the ganglia appear to be
a little farther separated than in Vespa, in the specimens examined.
The head is very large, round, short and broad, full, convex above.
The eye-slits are long, narrow, oblique and prominent. The antennal
tubercles are flat, depressed, large and conspicuous, and are placed on
each side of the clypeus and in a line with the anterior or lower end of
the eyes. The clypeus is large, very regularly equilaterally triangular,
the apex or posterior portion separated by a slight suture from the ante-
rior and much larger portion ; the front edge is straight and aligned with
the squarely docked front edge of the side of the head. Labrum very
broad and short, nearly as broad as the clypeus is long; the front edge
is straight, the sides well rounded ; rounded, swollen, full and very prom-
inent at the end. Mandibles broad, triangular, very acutely bidentate,
much shorter and broader at base than in the Apidse, very convex on the
outer side. Maxill?e large, full, swollen, with two small corneous tu-
bercles on the interior next the mouth. Very full and bulging exter-
nally. Labium well separated from the mentum by a distinct suture,
with two terminal tubercles. Mentum broad, low, triangular, not quite
reaching to the outer side of the maxillje, but nearly as broad as the
head.
It differs from the larva of Vespa in having the antennal tubercle a
little more approximate, the clypeus more regularly triangular and more
distinct, while the labrum is very much larger and excessively swollen.
The mandibles are very different from those of Vespa, being bi-
dentate, very acute, broad at base, triangular, while in Vespa they are
tridentate, oblong, and as wide at the tip as at the base, the teeth being
rather equal and blunt, while the mentum is not prominent. The en-
tire head is freer from the body in Foiistes, and harder, more corneous
than in Vespa.
Both Foiistes and Vespa larvae differ from those of Botnbiis and
Apidse in general in having the clypeus and mouth-parts larger ; by the
antennal tubercles being more distinct, by the presence of the eye-slit,
by the larger mandibles and maxillae, while the entire head is larger in
proportion to the rest of the body, and the surface of the segments are
smooth. The end of the body is more acute, and the lateral ridge less
marked. (In the larva of 7' (Emerton del.)
Pupa. — Compared with that of Vespa maculata the body is much
longer and slenderer and the tubercle on the head is not near so large
and prominent. The clypeus is longer and fuller ; the labrum is small.
The antennse have the joints half as long, and the appendage, as a
whole, is still less bent than in Vespa, and much shorter than in Vespa,
not reaching to the tip of the anterior legs. The trochanters are very
much larger than in Vespa and at least twice as long. The maxillae are
much shorter than in Vespa, the lingua not so deeply bifid. The legs
are much longer than in Vespa and the wings do not reach so near the
tibial spurs as in Vespa, while the hind legs nearly reach to the tip of
the abdomen. Seen sideways, the legs and wings, especially, are much
more oblique and parallel to the longer axis of the body than in Vespa.
The thorax and long narrow subpedicellate abdomen are much as in the
imago. The ovipositor is still exserted, while the last tergite is greatly
80 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
expanded, forming an irregularly hexagonal expansion, the end of
which is broad and square, with the edge excavated.
Vespa (probably V. arenaria Fabr.').
Larva. — The head is about as long as broad, the vertex very slightly
depressed in the mesial line. Eyes well marked by a long narrow testa-
ceous line. Antennse rather remote from the sides of the clypeus,
when compared with those of Polistes ; the round flattened antennal
area, situated within an ovate much larger area, is obsolete in Polistes.
The clypeus is much longer and narrower than in Polistes, extending
farther back towards the vertex ; the posterior portion iiot being so
clearly dividetl from the anterior part as in Polistes. It is a quarter
longer than wide, and it differs very much from Polistes by its front
edge contracting and narrowing towards the labrum, where in Polistes
it rather spreads, so that the labrum is much narrower, being less swol-
len, nd shows a tendency to become bilobate. Mandibles stout, thick,
oblong, bidentate, the teeth small, cylindrical, not nearly so sharp as
usual. The maxillse are 2-tuberculate, swollen externally. The labrum
is distinct from the mentum, with two terminal tubercles, and a terminal
testaceous line, probably the lingua.
The body is long, cylindrical, not curved on itself so much as in
Polistes owing to its posture in the broad cell, which is longer and nar-
rower than that of Polistes. Posteriorly each segment is somewhat thick-
ened, as are the pleural ridges. The end of the abdomen is rather blank,
the last sternite large and transverse, while the tergite is considerably
smaller than in Polistes. The elements of the ovipositor are distinct,
two rather remote tubercles visible on the 8th abdominal segment, and
4 arranged in a semicircle on the 9th, the two inner ones much larger
than the minute outer pair. Above, owing to the thinness of the pelli-
cle along the median line of the body, the dorsal vessel can be distinctly
seen in the alcoholic specimens; each section of the vessel dilating prob-
ably near the posterior edge of each segment where the valves are prob-
ably situated and dilating not angularly so to speak from the insertion
of the succeeding section.
Halictus parallelus Say and H. ligatus Say.
Larva. — Body very slender, cylindrical, quite different from the
broad flattened body of Andrena; it is rather obtuse behind, but in
front tapering slowly towards the head, which is of moderate size, and
of the width of the prothoracic segment. The thoracic segments are a
little tuberculated on each side ; they are much more convex than the
June, 1897 1 Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 81
abdominal segments which are nearly smooth and very round. The
specimen described was not fully grown and was found by Mr. J. H.
Emerton, August 13, with eggs of the second brood.
When the larva has voided all its excrement the tubercles over the
whole body become very prominent, extending from low down on the
side of the body, forming high, regular, very prominent transverse
ridges, which beneath the abdomen are more prominent than on the in-
side of the thorax. Length, .40 inch.
In examining the larvae of H. parallelus and H. iigatus the head
only differs, so far as one can tell, by the sides of one species bulging
out; in the mandibles of H. Iigatus being longer and slenderer, and
the notch below being longer and ending in a distinct seta. The head
in the two species is of about the same size ; the clypeus is of the same
shape, the head above being a little more divided in H. parallelus than
in H. Iigatus. The entire larva of H. Iigatus is much longer and
slenderer than that of H. parallelus, and the thickened tuberculous
portion of the segments inclined to be a little more prominent. These
differences are sufficient to produce changes in form, rendering the
identification of the larva easy, but the best specific characters are the
differences in size and slenderness of form. The larvae being just in
the period approaching the serai-pupa stage, the head is protruded and
the segments more or less elongated, as the parts of the pupa growing
beneath press out the larval skin in various directions. The ovipositor
can not be detected beneath the thin larval skin.
This larva (the following description applies to it when in the early
semi-pupa stage, and there are no hairs yet developed) differs from that
oi Andrenavicinamhtmg longer and slenderer in proportion. The
antennae are shorter, stouter and more clavate. The mandibles in this
stage are not corneous. The maxillae are shorter, the lingua much
longer than the tips of both pairs of palpi, which are of the same length
as in Andretia. The two tubercles behind the ocelli are unusually
prominent. Of the three ocelli, which are arranged at points in an
equilateral triangle, afterwards becoming a very slight curved line, the
middle one in front is not raised.
In front of the ocelli, arranged transversely in a slight curved line,
are four low, flat tubercles which resemble the ocelli ; these disappear
when the pupa becomes mature. The head and front, including the
clypeus and labrum, are as in A?tdrena, but the supra-clypeal region in
the specimen before me is better marked. The legs are a very little
slenderer, and the hind tarsi do not reach nearly to the tip, but only
half way, as the abdomen is much less elongated than in Andrena.
82 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
The thorax is very convex, there are two high prominent tubercles
on the scutellum, which are higher and longer than in Andrena, also
two smaller ones on the meta-scutellum (none on the port-scutellum).
The propodeum is more like an abdominal segment than a thoracic one ;
it is broad and square-cornered, twice as broad as long, not yet sepa-
rated from the abdomen. The latter is now one-half larger than the
head and thorax. The segments posteriorly are very convex, and the
edges very distinctly, thickly and finely dentate ; the end or terminal
segment of the abdomen is long and slender.
The presence of the four deciduous semi-pupal tubercles on the head,
which in this stage are so large and distinct, and which are arranged in
a transverse line just in front of the ocelli, is interesting and deserves
further investigation, as their use is unknown. The fact that all these
tubercles disappear afterwards is of additional interest, also the circum-
stance that they do not exist at all in the corresponding stages of Apis
and of Bombiis is perhaps a characteristic of that sub-family of Apidae
i^Andreneice) of which Halictus is a member.
The pair of tubercles on the meso-scutellum and meta-scutellum are
also of corresponding interest. They are scarcely homologous in po-
sition with those of Oxybelus, except those on the meta-scutellum. The
serrate, very convex abdominal segments are noteworthy, as being a
" low" feature. Also noticeable are the great differences between the
two high posterior tubercles on the sides of which are situated the two
posterior ocelli, so different from the anterior sunken ocellus.
Andrena vicina Smith.
Larva. — In Andrena vicina the larva is not only much larger, stouter
and thicker than that of Halictus (^H.parallelus and ligatus), and not so
long in proportion, but the thickened tuberculous portion of the segments
is broader, and not so sharply ridged. The two tubercles on the head
are more prominent. The clypeus is wider and squarer, and the entire
clypeal region broader ; the mandibles are stouter and blunter, as are the
maxillae ; the best characters are the stouter, more truncate mandibles,
and the more raised tubercles on the vertex.
Head with the vertex rather deeply impressed by the median line;
on each side is a high, prominent, acute tubercle. The lateral region on
each side of the depressed median portion bulging, convex. This median
region is divided into two slightly convex pieces. The clypeus is divided
into an anterior and a posterior portion. The labrum is nearly square,
quite distinct from the clypeus ; the edge is square, the sides narrowing
very slightly towards the front edge. On each side of the front edge of
June, 1S97.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera. 83
the clypeus is a dark, corneous, minute, stout, acute spine. (The use of
this process is unknown ; it is not present in the larva of Sphex, and is
an interesting larval structure.) The mandibles are long, narrow, in-
curved, the tip very acute and rather long. The maxillae are cylin-
drical, stout, short and thick, obtuse, ending in a corneous, black, low,
obtuse tip. The labium is short, divided a little at the end, and in the
middle into two short, obtuse tubercles.
Compared with the larva of Bomhiis the vertex is not so rounded and
smooth, while the lateral eye-pieces are remote and more bulging in front,
leaving a broad, depressed mesial interspace ; the distinction so marked
jn Bombus between the clypeus and labrum is in Afidrena almost an-
nulled, the labrum in Andrena being at first easily mistaken for an an-
terior portion of the clypeus, until after comparison has been made ; its
edge differs from that of Bombus and most other hymenopterous larvae
in being square, entire and much longer, while the trophi, /. e,, the max-
illae and labium, are in Androia a little shorter, less produced beyond
the mandibles and labrum. In Andrena and Halictus the segments are
much more convex and angular, more tuberculous, while the last ab-
dominal segment is broader, more transverse than in Bombus, where it is
orbicular.
Fig. 7. Andrena vicina, pupa, enlarged nearly three times. (Emerton del.^
Nomada (probably imbricata Smith).
Larva. — The head is much smaller in proportion to the rest of the
body than in Andrena, smoother and rounder, somewhat flattened, seen
from in front somewhat square, with the angles rounded off; the eye-
pieces not full convex as usual, but continuous with the middle of the
front, which is not depressed mesially. Two black chitinous tubercles
situated rather far apart on each side of the epicranium in a line with
the insertion of the mandibles, being much farther apart than the sides
84 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
of the clypeus, which is short and narrow, projecting from the epicra-
nium and shorter than the labrum. The latter is squarish, convex and
rounded at the end, which is thickened, with the edge entire, and pro-
vided with four chitinous acute tubercles, two on the edge and two be-
hind. There is a deep depression or pit between the labrum and the
insertion of the mandibles. The latter are short, very stout, thick,
conical, suddenly ending in an acute mucronate point or spine ; they
are short, situated far apart, and in my alcoholic specimen do not meet,
only reaching to the sides of the labrum. Maxillce unusually short, low,
obtuse, thick, terminating in two very minute corneous, low, obtuse tuber-
cles. Labium stout, short, thick, obtuse. Body long and slender, the
segments very regularly convex, scarcely thickened, more so in the
middle of the body than in the prothoracic segment, where it is most
marked in Andrena ; the lateral region distinct, the smaller portions
less marked than in the higher genera, an important distinction, especi-
ally observable in the lower genera of fossorial Hymenoptera, such as
Sphex, where there is scarcely any difference in shape between the pro-
thoracic and the abdominal segments. Beneath, the segments are
smooth, regularly convex, not thickened. The body is straightened out
more than usual, tapers unusually fast towards the end of the abdomen.
The last segment is much more rounded, more prominent or exserted,
more convex, and free from the rest of the body than usual, even in
Sphex.
On a part of the head, and on the sides, and vertex, and on the
tergum are blackish pigment cells ; the thickened tergal portion not
ending in spinules as usual. The spiracles are large and more distinct
than usual in non-parasitic Apid larva;.
In all respects the larva of this parasitic genus is lower, more de-
graded, much less differentiated than in the non-parasitic Apid larvae;
the lateral region is less marked ; the tuberculous thickenings nearly ob-
solete, and the whole body more attenuated, tapering rapidly towards
the head and end of the abdomen, and is more cylindrical. The head
is rather smaller in proportion than in the non-parasitic Apid larvae.
The very hard chitinous mandibles ; the almost obsolete maxillae, the
thickened, rounded, entire labrum, with its 4 tubercles, the minute,
faintly marked clypeus, the convex surface of the epicranium, not mesi-
ally depressed, with a subtriangular depression such as usually occur in
non-parasitic larvae of this family, are signs of degeneration, or at least
of adaptation to its parasitic habits, and slightly reminds us of the head
of dipterous larvae. The absence of spinules on the surface of the
tergum is noticeable.
June, 1S97.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.
85
a
Fig. 8. N'otnada probably imbricata, a, semipupa ; b, pupa. X 3- (Emerton del. )
Nomada imbricata Smith.
Pupa. — The pupee of both sexes occurred in the nests of Andrena
vicina.
$ . Head not so broad as in Andrena. Ocelli situated in a curved
raised line ; on the upper and posterior edge of the orbit are three con-
spicuous spines, which are not present in the other genera, and are
evidently of use in locomotion. Front of the head much narrower and
depressed next to the orbits ; the insertions of the antennae are nearer
together than in Andrena. Supraclypeal piece well marked, though
the outlines are as yet indistinct. The clypeus is broad, subtriangular,
the surface very convex. Labrum not distinct, separated by suture
from the clypeus, somewhat triangular in form, with the front edge well
rounded. Mandibles long, cylindrical, regularly incurved; tips uni-
dentate, subacute. Antennse stout, not clavate, reaching to the inser-
tion of the posterior trochanter, also reaching just to the tips of the
maxillary palpi; the joints as long as broad, each with a mesial constric-
tion. From the labrum drops down a long slender pointed tongue-like
piece (the epipharynx) into the base of the maxillae (also present in the
pupa of Bombus). The lingua reaches beyond the tip of the antennae;
the tip long, slender and pointed. Paraglossae as long as the part of the
8G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
tip of the lingua extending beyond the end of the maxillje. The 5-
jointed labial palpi reach one-half way between the end of the lingua
and the end of the maxillae; the joints of both pairs of palpi rapidly de-
creasing in size; the maxillary palpi 6-jointed, reaching only to the tip
of the maxillae, thus being much shorter than the labial palpi, whereas
in the pupa of Andrena they reach to and are parallel with the tips of
the other pair. All the mouth parts are twice as long as in Andrefia,
and in this respect Nomada seems more allied to Bombus, etc., but
otherwise, and in its elongated body especially, it is much lower. The
legs are slenderer than usual, the tarsi folded on the breast as usual,
the hind legs only reaching to the middle of the abdomen, which is un-
usually long and slender, the segments long, very convex, the sutures
large, broad, deeply impressed, the hind edges much thickened, dentate
beneath (not so in Andrena) showing that the pupa of this parasitic
form probably moves about a good deal in its cell. On the hind edge
of the 7th and 8th abdominal segments grow out a pair of tubercles,
those on the 7th small and simple, the 2d pair (on 8th) very much
larger and ending in a nipple-like papilla. The 9th sternite is
square and slightly excavated at the edge, while the terminal (probably
loth) tergite is elongated into an acute extensible point tipped with
black. These rhabdites agree well in form and position with those of
$ Andrena vicina ; they are, however, a little longer, more exserted,
and the loth tergite is longer, slenderer and more pointed.
Thorax : The mesial groove and parapsidal grooves of the meso-
thorax are deep and better marked than usual. The scutellum rises into
two prominent tubercles which are larger than in Afidrena, while the
meta-.scutellum is smaller, being small and scarcely tuberculated. The
propodium is broad and flattened, contracting somewhat posteriorly.
The hind tarsi are spinulated on the outer edge.
9 differs from $ in the head being a little wider and the body
thicker ; the antenna are of the length and size in both sexes, though
differing in the adult, and the mouth -parts are precisely the same. Tip
of the abdomen : ovipositor with three pairs of rhabdites almost en-
tirely exserted ; the tip is precisely as described in the $ , ending in an
acute prolonged point, and the square end of the 9th urite forming the
under side of the anus is the same as in the 5 . (This identity in the
pupa is interesting. The $ and $ external genitals seem to be strictly
homologous in position though the genitals of the ^ only consist of two
pairs of appendages (rhabdites) arising from the 8th segment. The $
has one abnormal segment more, this being absorbed in the 9 . In the
June, 1897-1 Van Duzee : Dragonflies Near Buffalo, N. Y. 87
abdominal ^ tip of Andrena the yth urite is rounded, triangular, cover-
ing in the two small rhabdites on the 7th segment ; those on the 8th
are large, smooth, full, simple, not ending in apapilla, as in Nomada ;
the 9th urite is full, not so flat and excavated or as deep as in Nomada ;
the loth tergite rounder and shorter than in Nomada.
LIST OF DRAGONFLIES TAKEN NEAR
BUFFALO, N. Y.
By E. p. Van Duzee.
During the seasons of 1895 and 1896 I took up the collection of the
local Neuropteroid insects as a recreation from the heavier work I had
been doing on the Hemiptera. The time at my disposal was very lim-
ited, only a few half-days during the summer, therefore it is not likely
that this list, which enumerates 41 species, is anything like a fair repre-
sentation of our local Odonat fauna.
The principal localities mentioned are the following : Squaw Island
and Black Rock Harbor, in Niagara River, are within the limits of Buf-
falo City. Ridgeway, Ont., is on the north shore of Lake Erie, twelve
miles west of Buffalo, and Point Abino is just beyond. Between these
stations is a large swamp separated from the lakes by sand-dunes, reach-
ing in places a height of 100 feet. About here is by far the best col-
lecting grounds within many miles of Buffalo. Stations at Tonawanda
and Amherst are on a deep stagnant creek which affords excellent breed-
ing grounds for many of the Dragonflies. Golden and Boston are 20
miles southeast from Buffalo, among hills about 600 feet in height,
where the country is well wooded in places, and traversed by rapid
streams. Lancaster, Elma and Hamburgh are on the level country,
about 10 miles east and south from Buffalo. Clarence is farther east,
and there and at Hamburgh are bog swamps that harbor many Odonata
and other insects both interesting and distressing.
Several interesting localities not far from Buffalo have not yet been
visited for the Odonata. Among these is Niagara Falls, and it is not
improbable that this and other places at Chippewa, the lower end of
Grand Island, etc., will yield numbers of fine species not on this list.
Two or three species from the upper end of Grand Island taken by Mr.
Philip Fischer have been included to make this list more complete.
For the determination of these Dragonflies I am indebted to the kind-
88 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
ness of Dr. D. S. Kellicott, and Mr. P. P. Calvert has kindly under-
taken to revise the list and publish it in connection with his additions to
the list of Dragonflies of New York State :
Calopteryx maculata Beauv. This pretty insect makes its home
in deep woods and in gullies among the hills where a rift in the foliage
admits the sunlight to the little pools that form along the hill-side
streamlets. Here they often congregate in great numbers on the bushes
overhanging the water. On the level country about Buffalo this species
is rarely seen and then only near water in the heaviest woods.
Lestes uncata Kir by. June to August. I have taken this species
only in boggy woods where the water rarely if ever dries away during
the summer. In such situations it flies about the swampy openings
where the hot rays of the sun make the mosquitos lively and the collec-
tor miserable.
Lestes rectangularis Say. Not common. Taken near deep
stagnant streams in August and September.
Argia putrida Hageti. Through July and August this species is
common along some of our smaller creeks where a rapid current is bro-
ken by projecting stones. I have never seen it near still water as re-
corded by Dr. Kellicott.
Argia violacea Hagen. Rare. Taken in company with the pre-
ceding species in August.
Erythromma conditum Hagen. Taken flying over a ditch of
running water at Hamburgh, N. Y., in June.
Amphiagrion saucium Biirjn. Common about swampy places
through July and August.
Enallagma carunculatum Morse. Very abundant from late
June to September on Squaw Island in Niagara River and along the
shores of Lake Erie where the shallow water is overgrown with reeds.
Enallagma hageni Walsh. Squaw Island, June nth, two ex-
amples.
Enallagma exsulans Hagoi. Taken immature at Black Rock
Harbor about June ist, and mature, in July in a bog swamp at Clarence.
Enallagma signatum Hagen. Numbers taken along a sluggish
creek north of Williamsville in September.
Ischnura verticalis Say. This is the most abundant Agrion
about Buffalo. It occurs in immense numbers on Squaw Island and
along Niagara River and the shores of Lake Erie where fields of rushes
June, 1897.] Van Duzee : Dragonflies near Buffalo, N. Y. 89
cover the shallow water. It it also common along all of our inland
streams and ponds. Here they have been taken from May to Septem-
ber. The orange females appear to be more abundant than the blue.
Anomalagrion hastatum Say. Two males captured among the
rushes on the shore of Lake Erie at Point Abino, August 8, 1896. The
smallest of these expands but 20 mm.
Qomphus spicatus Selys. Taken in a tamarack swamp at Clarence
in July, and rarely about Black Rock Harbor, in June.
Qomphus f raternus Say. Abundant along Niagara River in June.
I have taken it only about still water.
Gomphus villosipes Selys. Taken on Grand Island, in Niagara
River, by Mr. Philip Fischer, of this city.
Episeschna heros Fab. Common. June and July. I can
verify Dr. Kellicott's remark that this species seems to enter our houses
from choice.
Boyeria (formerly Fonscolombia) vinosa Say. One example
of this, interesting species was taken by me from a bush in deep woods
far up on a hillside at Colden, N. Y., August nth, 1896. A little
water run was near, represented then by an occasional pool, and here
may have been the home of the larva.
Aeschna constricta Say. August and September. Taken im-
mature in July. I have found this species most commonly in hilly
country where a small brook meanders through open woods and pasture
lands. In such places it is sometimes abundant. On the level country
about Buffalo it is rarely seen.
Anax Junius Dniry. Common everywhere through June and
July. I once watched one of these insects pursuing gnats about a spruce
tree until it was so dark I could no longer discern him before the fading
light in the western sky.
Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. Taken by Mr. Philip Fischer on
Grand Island. In July, 1895, I saw an example of this species resting
on a store window in the heart of the city.
Epicordulia princeps. Common about Black Rock Harbor
through June and July.
Tetragoneuria cynosura Say. June. With the next.
Tetragoneuria semiaquea Bunn. Very abundant at Black Rock
Harbor during June, 1895. Early in the month they were mostly soft
90 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
and immature. But even when fully matured they were sluggish and
easy to capture. By the middle of July they had mostly disappeared.
Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. One female taken on the side
of a house nearly a mile from the river in May. Dr. Kellicott identified
this as spinigera with some doubt, but expressed himself as certain that
it was distinct from either of the two preceding.
Somatochlora tenebrosa Say. One example of this beautiful in-
sect was taken in a tamarack swamp at Clarence, N. Y., July 2, 1S95.
Somatochlora linearis Hagen. Taken on Grand Island by|Mr.
Philip Fischer.
Tramea lacerata Hagen. One specimen taken in the^city far
from the water on August 20th.
Libellula basalis Say. Common through June and [July along
Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek, where the water is deep.
Libellula quadrimaculata Linn. Numbers seen about a springy
spot among the hills in July, 1S95. These, though perfectly mature,
were of a rich olive brown color, becoming greenish on the mesonotum,
and the black basal triangles on the hind wings were conspicuously
veined with white. Though differing in some respects from'^typical ex-
amples. Dr. Kellicott pronounces them undoubtedly quadrimaculata.
Libellula semifasciata Burm. June and July. Rare'about Buf-
falo, but seen in considerable numbers along the railroad ditches at
Ridgeway, Ont.
Libellula pulchella Drury. June to August. Abundantjevery-
where but especially about Black Rock Harbor.
Plathemis trimaculata De Geer. Common around mill-ponds
and stagnant pools everywhere in the country about Buffalo, but' rarely
seen along Niagara River.
Leucorhinia intacta Hagen. Very abundant on the stones and
water plants in Niagara River and Black Rock Harbor through June
and early July. This species shows much variation in the extent of the
yellow markings on the abdomen and of the fulvous shade on the base
of the wings. When fully colored it is a most beautiful insect. Back
in the country it is rarely seen, only a few individuals find their home
along deep sluggish streams.
Diplax rubicundula Say. Common from July to September. The
immature taken in June.
June, 1897.] Calvert : Odonata of New York State. 91
Diplax obtrusa ^a,^^«. Clarence, N. Y., July 2d; Elma, N.Y.,
September 15th and Ridgeway, Ont., August loth.
Diplax costifera Hageri. Common along a dusty roadway near a
mill pond, in the town of Amherst, September 2, 1895. Not seen
elsewhere.
Diplax vicina Hagen. This species with ruhicimdula and obstrusa
occur together in low, wet meadows and along small streams, but rubi-
ciindula is here much the most abundant form. I have also taken vicina
among the reeds on the shores of Lake Erie, at Point Abmo.
Diplax corrupta Hagen. The immature of this large species were
abundant on reedy shores of Lake Erie, at Point Abino, on August 31,
1896. In this state their rich fulvous color varied with black and pale
green, and their glossy golden wings spread out to the sunlight, made
them beautiful objects. When mature the colors become obscured and
the insect is much less attractive.
Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. Quite abundant along Tona-
wanda Creek, August 12, 1896. Here the females were depositing their
eggs on the conferva near the shore. In doing this they hovered a few
inches above the water, dipping to the surface at intervals of a few sec-
onds with a rhythmic vibratory motion, each time bringing the tip of
the abdomen in contact with the aquatic weeds that were to serve as a
nidus for their eggs.
Pachydiplax longipennis Bunn. Rare. A few examples were
found in June, 1895, about the Sagittaria in Black Rock Harbor.
ADDITIONS TO THE ODONATA^OF NEW YORK
STATE.
By Philip P. Calvert, Philadelphia, Pa.
In this Journal for March, 1895 (Vol. Ill, No. i, pp. 39-48) I
published a list, with notes, of all the species of Odonata known to me
to inhabit New York State. Soon after, Dr. Lintner sent me notes on
the Odonata in the State Collection at Albany, including many made
by Dr. Hagen, and also a considerable number of unidentified dragon-
flies for determination. This material and the results of its study have
been referred to by Dr. Lintner in his recently published Eleventh Re-
port as State Entomologist, for 1895, p. 105, and are here marked (L.).
Professor Kellicott has kindly sent me a few notes which are designated
92 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
(K.). References are made to the paper by Mr. Van Duzee, in this
number of the Journal on the dragonflies of Buffalo (VD.). The
original list embraced 85 species; we now know 102 species and varie-
ties as found in this State.
A, Additional Notes on Species Previously Listed.
Subfamily Calopterygin^.
I. Calopteryx maculata Beauvois. Schenectady, July 14, 1875;
July 12, 1877; common at Le Grange's Mills, Guilderland, Albany
Co., June 24, 1893 (L.). Buffalo (VD.).
5. Hetaerina americana Fabr. Albany Co. (L.).
Subfamily Agrionin^.
9. Lestes uncata Kirby. Buffalo (VD.).
II. Lestes forcipata ^r//r)'. Lake Bluff, Wayne Co., July 10,
1880 (L.).
78. Leucorhinia intacta Hag. Centre (now Karner), June 4,
1870, Hagen det (L.). Croton on Hudson, May 17, 1896, by Mr. W.
T. Davis. Niagara River, etc. (VD.).
79. Diplax rubicundula Say. Buffalo (VD.).
81. Diplax costifera Hagen. Amherst (VD.),
82. Diplax vicina Hagen. Schoharie, Hagen det.; Piseco Lake,
August 31, 1888 (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.) Buffalo, etc. (VD.).
84. Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. Tonawanda Creek (VD.).
85. Pachydiplax longipennis Burtn. Black Rock (VD.).
B. Species Added to the Previous List.
Subfamily Agrionin^.
86. Lestes virgo Zr<2f,f«(sp. n.) [in MS.]. Lake Bluff, Wayne
Co. (L.). (Not seen by the writer.)
87. Lestes vigilax Selys. "New York" (L.).
88. Enallagma fischeri Kellicott. Presumably Ithaca, in Cor-
nell University Collection (K.).
89. Enallagma geminata Kellicott. Parish, August 24 (K.).
June, iS97.] Calvert : Odonata OF New York State. 95
Subfamily GoMPHiNiE.
90. Ophiogomphus mainensis Packard. Schoharie, Hagen
1877; Keene Valley, 1,000 feet elevation, July 6, 1892 (L.).
91. Gomphus plagiatus Selys. One male, Bethlehem, September,
1880 (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.)-
92. Qomphus amnicola Walsh. Bethlehem; Hagen det. (L.).
93. Gomphus descriptus Banks. Ithaca, May 21, 1890; May
15, 1894; May 18, 1895. Recorded by Mr. Banks in this Journal
iv, p. 195.
Subfamily Cordulegasterin/e.
94. Cordulegaster erroneus Hagen. Keene Valley, 1895 (L.).
Subfamily tEschnin^.
95. /Gschna pentacantha i?rt;w^. Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co.,
June, by R. H. Pettit; recorded by Mr. Banks in Ent. New^ vi, p 124.
Subfamily CoRDULiNiE.
96. Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. Grand Is., etc. (VD.).
97. Somatochlora walshii Scudder. One male, Keene Valley
Essex Co., Aug. 5, 1889. (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.).
98. Somatochlora linearis Hagen. Oswego Co., August 23-25
(K). Grand Is. (VD.).
99. Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. Buffalo (VD.).
Subfamily Libellulin^e.
79^. Diplax rubicundula Say var. assimiiata Uhler. "New
York" (L.).
100. Diplax obtrusa Hagen. Keene Valley, July and August;
Piseco and Elk Lakes, August (P. P. Calvert det.); Centre (L.). Re-
corded from Hastings, Oswego Co., August and September, by Prof.
Kellicott in Ent. News, vi, p. 239. Clarence, etc. (VD.).
loi. Diplax corrupta Hagen. One male on the sea-shore near
New Brighton, Staten Island, June 27, 1896, by Mr. Wm. T. Davis,
and submitted to the writer for examination. Mr. Davis recorded that
the frons, base of the wings and abdomen were scarlet in life. Compare
also Mr. Van Duzee's paper. This is a common western species which
perhaps is extending its distribution eastward. See also Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc, XX, p. 264.
Dr. Lintner also mentions four species of Agrioninse, indicated as
new by Dr. Hagen, but these the writer has not seen.
96 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
GLUPHISIA SEVERA IN NEW JERSEY.
By Harrison G. Dyar.
Fourteen larv?e of this species were collected by Mr. Beutenmiiller
and the writer at Fort Lee, N. J., in May, 1S96. The larvae pupated
early in Juns; imago in April, 1897, of the form avimacula Hudson.
The food-plant was Popnlus grandidentata. Stages IV. and V. were
observed, differing in no respect from Californian examples (see Dr.
Packard's monograph, p. 98) eggs were obtained from a bred 9 . They
correspond exactly with my description except that there is no black
spot at the micropyle. This spot in the Californian egg was probably
unnatural. The reticulation of the eggs are very small and rather ob-
scure. This species is probably not particularly rare, but escapes obser-
vation on account of the unusually early date of appearance.
A NEW ALEURODES ON RUBUS FROM FLORIDA.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Aleurodes ruborum, sp. nov.
9 . Very minute, about orhardly i mm. long; body and legs pale lemon yellow;
wings pure white, spotless. The main nervure appears to fork as in Aleurodicus, but
only the lower branch is a real nervure, the nervure bending at the apparent fork,
which is only a little more than half way from the base of the wing ; the apparent
upper fork is simply a fold. The second nervure arises from the main nervure nearly
at the base of the wing. The margins of the wings, after maceration in caustic soda,
appear delicately beaded. Eyes not completely divided. Antennae 7-jointed, second
joint excessively stout, its breadth at top, which is obliquely truncate, being at least
as great as that of basal portion of femur. Third joint long, cylindrical, coarsely
ringed throughout; fourth short and oval, broader than third; fifth narrow, cylin-
drical, a little longer than fourth, and very much narrower; sixth cylindrical, al-
most or quite as long as 4+5 ; seventh shorter than sixth, but longer than fifth; third
about as long as 4-|-5-[-6. Anterior tibia very slender, its distal end swollen.
Middle and hind tibia not nearly twice as long as their tarsi. Genitalia ordinary.
Pupa: About 4 mm. long, oval, flat, delicately transversely ribbed, with a delicate
fringe of long, glossy rods, easily broken off; the longest of these rods may be almost
or quite as long as the breadth of the pupa. Color of pupa black ; by transmitted light
after boiling in caustic soda extremely dark Vandyke brown. Margin presenting at
intervals round, clear orifices, about 14 on each side. Vasiform orifice an elongate
triangle, the base about two-thirds the length of a side ; operculum heart-shaped, or
approximately so, with the corners rounded and the base about as long as a side ;
lingua projecting only a little beyond, the projecting portion semilunar in outline,
showing seme tendency to crenulation, after the manner of A. erigerontis.
June. 1897.] Proceedings of the Society. y7
Habitat : Pupse abundant on under sides of leaves of a cultivated
Rubiis at Lake City, Florida, sent by Mr. A. L. Quaintance. Imago
emerging at the middle of February. As this occurred on a cultivated
Rubiis, Mr. Quaintance thought it barely possible it might be an intro-
duced species, but it is probably native in Florida. It certainly is not
the European A. riibi Signoret, which is more or less marked with
black, and has black legs and spotted wings. More nearly it resembles
the English species A. riibicola Douglas, 189 1, which has a yellow
body and immaculate white wings ; but in riibicola the pupa is not black,
there is not the fringe of our species, the lingua projects much more be-
yond the operculum, and there are decided differences in the legs and
antennae of the imago.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NE^A^ YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Meetinc, of June 16, 1896.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.
The evening was devoted to a discussion of the best methods of mounting and
preparing of insects.
The Treasurer reported the balance of the Journal fund as I368.06 and the
Society fund as ^133-73.
Mr. Beutenmiiller read a notice from tlie Philadelphia Society about the 4th, of
July excursion.
Meeting of September 15, 1896.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Mr. Beutenmiiller was elected temporary chairman. Nine members present.
The Treasurer reported on the funds of the Society.
The Executive Committee was instructed to organize, and devise ways and
means to increase the membership and to invest the money of the Society.
The following resignations were reported and accepted : H. Aich, D. H. Ray,
G. D. Hulst, A. Smith.
Col. Nicolas Pike was proposed as an active member by Mr. Beutenmiiller.
A number of rare coleoptera were exhibited by Messrs. Schaeffer, Meitzen and Joutel
and after discussion the meeting adjourned.
Meeting of October 6, 1896.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Zabriskie in the chair. Seventeen members present. Visitors:
Dr. George H. Horn, of Philadelphia, and Mr. Blackburn.
Treasurer reported a bill of ^24.00 from the Scientific Alliance as the Society's
share of the expenses for the year.
98 Journal New York: Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
The Executive Committee reported that card-cases to contain cards giving the
meeting days and other information of the Society be placed at the Museum and other
similar places, and that the moneys of the Society be deposited in the name of the So-
ciety.
Dr. Ottolenqui moved that the publication committee publish a new list of Lepi-
doptera, with Dr. Dyar as editor. After discussion the motion was lost, owing to the
want of funds.
Mr. Blackburn was proposed as active member by Mr. Beulenmuller.
Mr. Palm spoke of the Coleoptera collected by Mr. Kunze in Arizona, in which
he said that Plusiotis lecontei was found in the sawdust of old saw-mills, and that
Dynastes gyantii was found in numbers in the tops of ash trees.
Mr. Joutel exhibited the flowers of the cruel-plant with insects hanging from
them, and he explained the manner in which the insects were caught by the flowers.
Dr. Horn gave an informal talk about the region gone over by Mr. Kunze and
also about Coleoptera generally. The meeting then adjourned.
Meeting of October 20, 1896.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Zabriskie in the chair. Twelve members present.
Colonel Nicholas Pike and Mr. C. V. Blackburn were elected as active members.
Dr. H. G. Dyar spoke on the first larval stage of the Eucleida; (Limacodidoe).
This stage was discribed of ten difi'erent species inhabiting New York, and the rela-
tions of the species to each other were shown. The results confirm the position as-
signed to the family on larval characters derived from the adult larvse, leading back
to an ancestral form from which the whole group may have been derived. It appears
that this ancestral form must have been more like Lagoa than any other known larva,
a conclusion entirely in harmony with the author's previous results.
Mr. Joutel gave a few additional notes on the cruel-plant (^J'kysiaiit/ins alietis).
After discussion of both subjects the meeting adjourned.
Meeting of November 17, 1896.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.
Dr. Seifert spoke of the experiments he was making with the larvce, pupje and
eggs of moths and butterflies with a view of finding the eft'ects of heat and cold on
them. The results were very marked, as shown by the dark forms of Arc/ia arge,
produced by cold and the light ones by heat, when placed near a series of normal
specimens. Many of the pupte, eggs and larvoe were kept in 120O Fahr. for 100
hours, others were frozen. He found that the eggs of some species slowly developed
in a freezing temperature.
President Zabriskie exhibited several crickets from Florida.
Mr. Beutenmiiller gave an account of the capture of the dog's-head butterfly on
Staten Island by Mr. Wm. T. Davis. He also said that it was probable that the
larva of Everyx versicolor spun a slight cocoon and pupated in the branches of its
food plant, which grows in swamps where there is always more or less water on the
ground, so that it would be unable to pupate like the others of the genus. After dis-
cussion the meeting adjourned.
Meeting of December i, 1896.
Held at the Amerian Museum of Natural History.
June, 1897] Proceedings of the Society. 99
President Zabriskie in the chair. Eighteen members and six visitors present.
Dr. Horn was expected to give a talk on Coleoptera, but was unable to attend
on account of sickness. A general discussion of insects took place.
Mr. Beutenmiiller gave a preliminary account of some of the insects caught dur-
ing his trip through North Carolina, among which were Nomaretus debilis, Cychrus
andrewsii, C. bicarinatiis, Pterostichus blanchardi and several species of Platynus.
Meeting of December 15, 1896.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Mr. Beutenmuller was elected temporary chairman. Twelve members present.
A letter of regret from Dr. Horn was read explaining his absence at the last
meeting.
Messrs. Palm, Groth and Joutel were appointed a committee to nominate officers
for 1897.
Mr. Beutenmiiller read a paper on "A trip to the land of the sky in Western
North Carolina," in which he gave a description of the scenery and people as well
as some amusing incidents of travel and spoke of the insects he caught, among which,
besides those exhibited at the last meeting, were a host of Hymenoptera, Diptera and
Lepidoptera ; he also exhibited a number of photographs illustrating the trip.
Meeting of January 5, 1897.
Pleld at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.
Dr. G. Lagai and Miss Margaret Jaggers were proposed for active membership.
The Nominating Committee reported on officers for 1897 = For President, Chas.
Palm ; Vice-President, E. G. Love ; Treasurer, C. F. Groth ; Recording Secretary,
L. H. Joutel; Corresponding Secretary, H. G. Dyar; Executive Committee:
Messrs. J. L. Zabriskie, O. Dietz, E. G. Love, C. F. Groth, H. G. Dyar; Publication
Committee : Messrs. E. Daecke, C. Schaeffer, L. H. Joutel, Wm. Beutenmuller.
On motion the Recording Secretary was requested to cast an affirmative ballot,
and the candidates were declared elected.
The Treasurer read his annual report, which was referred to the executive com-
mittee for auditing and to report to the Society thereon.
A vote of thanks was given to the retiring officers.
The advisability of holding an annual exhibition of inseccts was discussed and
the matter was referred to the Executive Committee for action.
Mr. Beutenmuller called attention to Dr. Packard's work on the monograph of
the Notodontidffi, saying that it was one of the best,monographs extant and ought to
be in the possession of every student of Lepidoptera. A limited number of copies
were in the hands of Dr. Packard and to be had for ;?I5 per copy.
Meeting of January 19, 1897.
Held at the American Museum oi Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Twelve members present.
Dr. G. Lagai and Miss Margaret Jaggers were elected active members.
The resignation of Mr. Birnbaum was read and laid over to next meeting.
The President appointed Messrs. Munch and Schaeffer on the Field Committee
and Messrs. Beutenmuller and Love on the Scientific Alliance Committee.
The Committee on Constitution reported on the revised constitution and by-
laws, which were adopted and ordered printed.
100 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Meeting of February 2, 1897
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Vice-President Love in the chair. Eleven members present.
The Auction Committee reported that a number of insects had been donated to
the society by Messrs. Ottolenqui and Dyar.
It was decided to appoint a committee of three to devise ways and means of in-
creasing the membership of the Society.
Dr. Ottolenqui exhibited a series oi Ecpantheria scribonia showing the typical
form merging into the form denudata, and questioned the correctness of the variety,
saying it was only a worn specimen. Ur. Uyar replied by saying that in the true
denudata the scales did not hold very well and were sooner lost than in the typical
scribonia. He also showed a series of Nadata gibbosa, in some of which the white in
the fringes was entirely absent and in others only represented by one or two white
scales, thus agreeing with the description of dotibledoyi, and proving that it was a
synonym of gibbosa. He mentioned that Clisiocampa distria was very common and
destructive in New Hampshire the past summer.
Dr. Dyar spoke on a winter trip to Miami, Fla. He described the country and
mentioned the species of Lepidoptera seen. Insects were not abundant, Imt two
especially interesting lepidopterous larvae were found ; the first was the larva of the
little black Euchromian Syntomedia minima, which has only recently been found in
Florida. The larvae occurred sparingly and were observed in all their stages. The
larva is red, tufted with dark grey haiis resembling somewhat some of the species of
Etichates, but with the warts of an Euchromian, not an Arctian. The second species
was discovered on the Mangrove while rowing up the Miami river. It is the larva
of Eupoeya slossonicc Pack., a moth whose family position has been in dispute. Dr.
Packard described the form as a "new species of Limacodes-Iike moth," while Dr.
Dyar had considered it Megalophygid. The larva proved to be a true Eucleid
closely allied to Fhobetron. Dr. Dyar described its most essential characters, show-
ing that it was in effect a green Fhobetron on which had been superimposed the
special adaptation of our Sisyi-osea texlula (inornata').
Mr. Doll showed an example of Catocala elda bred from a larva found on Long
Island, on silver poplar. He also showed a beautiful aberration of Anisota stigma
suffused with black, and one of Melitcea chalcedon, also a cross evidently between
Limenitis Ursula and disippiis. He also had several aberrations of Cecropia, one
of which had the transverse band crowded to the edge of the wings, making a unique
insect.
Dr. Seifert exhibited some Lepidoptera showing the effects of heat and cold on
eggs and pupae. The Lunas which he showed had the eggs frozen twenty days.
The eggs of V. antiopa were kept frozen thirty days, the effect on the imagos was a
general loss of brightness in the males and a gain in the females. The October
brood were most affected.
Meeting ok February 16, 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Vice-President Love in the chair. Thirteen members present.
The resignation of Dr. Kretz was read and accepted.
The Auction Committee reported that Mrs. Slosson and Mr. Doll had donated a
number of insects for the Journal fund, a list of which was read.
June, i897-] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 101
Dr. Love appointed Messrs. Beutenmiiller, Schaeffer and Joutel as a committee
to increase the membership of the Society.
The Pubhcation Committee reported that arrangements were being made to give
a series of lectures to the pubHc and asked for a sum of money to defray the ex-
penses ; on motion the sum of fifty dollars was set aside for the purpose.
Dr. Love showed specimens of Phyllotreta arnioracice, an imported beetle, and
said they were very common in Wisconsin and were doing considerable damage.
They were very partial to horse-radish.
Mr. Beutenmiiller showed some Papilio chrysalids with the imagos among
which were those of thcas and cresphonies. He pointed out the differences in their
shape and characters which proved that they were not varieties, as some authors had
claimed, but distinct species. He also pointed out the difterences between P. bairdii,
asterias and oregonia, stating that bairdii was a variety of oregonia and not of
asterias, and also spoke on the relationship between brevicauda and asterias. The
chrysalid of Ornithoptera, sp. and Papilio philenor were almost identical in shape
but differed in size,
Mr. Joutel spoke of the close resemblance of grasshoppers to leaves and showed
two remarkable examples from Brazil.
Meeting of March 2, 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.
A note from Mr. Morris K. Jessup was read, giving the use of the large lecture
hall of the Museum for the Society's lectures.
A letter from the Scientific Alliance asking for nominations by the Society of a
person to receive the first grant of the Newberry fund was read. After discussion the
Corresponding Secretary was requested to notify the Secretary of the Scientific Alliance
that this Society had no candidate to propose.
Mr. Beutenmiiller read a paper by Mr. William T. Davis, entitled. Intelligence
Shown by Caterpillars in Placing Their Cocoons (see antea, p. 42).
In a discussion by the members the opinion was expressed that the cases cited
were accidental and were not a sign of intelligence.
Mr. J. Doll showed a series of Pseiidohazis in which the variation was well
shown, it being impossible to tell where one species finished and the other began, the
differences being evidently only local variations.
Meeting of March 16. 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Eleven members present.
The following resolutions were adopted :
Whereas, The present rate of postage on specimens of natural history to
foreign countries being the same as letter rates, a burden some and excessive rate,
and
Whereas, An amendment is to be proposed at the next International Postal
Congress (amendment to Article XIX (samples), 4 of the Regulation of Details and
Order) whereby such subjects shall be admitted to the mails at the rate of samples of
merchandise.
Therefore, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of the New York Entomological
Society that the amendment should be adopted, and
102 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Resolved, That the Postmaster-General be requested to instruct the American
delegate to vote for the same.
The delegates of this Society were recjuested to also bring the resolutions before
the Scientific Alliance.
The President appointed Messrs. E. G. Love, J. L. Zabriskie and H. G. Dyar
to act as auditors for 1897.
Mr. I>oos on behalf of the Agassiz Chapter asked permission to join our field
meetings. On motion the Chapter was invited to take part in our field meetings.
The Publication Committee reported that they had arranged for two lectures ;
one by Prof. Lyman A. Best, on Insect Mimicry, on April lolh, and the other by Dr.
E. G. Love on the Study of Insects and their Transformations on April 24th.
Mr. Zabriskie exhibited the secondary parasites on C/ilamys pluata,\\\Q generic
name of which he stated was Teterasticus. He also showed the parasite from the
eggs of Chelymorpha argus.
A paper on the Protective value of Action, Volitional or otherwise in " Protec-
tive Mimicry," by Mr. F. M. Webster, was read and discussed by the members (antea,
p. 67).
Meeting of April 6, 1S97.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.
The Corresponding Secretary reported that he had sent the Resolutions on
postage, which were offered at the last meeting, to the Postmaster General. Dr.
Dyar was instructed to notify other scieiitillc societies of the resolutions, and to re-
quest their cooperation.
A retjuest from the Swiss Entomological Society, to e.xchange publications was
received and referred to the Publication Committee.
Tickets for the annual reception of the New York Microscopical Society were
received and acknowledged with thanks.
The Publicalion Committee reported that final arrangements had been made for
the two public lectures by the Society, and tickets for the same were distributed.
Dr. Dyar spoke on the geographical distribution of the Eucleida; with relation
to past geological conditions. Maps of the former distribution of land and water
were shown, so far back as the early Mesozoic (Triassic). It was shown that on
the assumption that the Eucleidrc had never crossed considerable areas of water, that
it was necessary to regard their origin as dating from this early period. Their present
geograi)hical distribution was also explained. There are no known fossils in this
fimily, which renders direct palaiontological evidence unavailable. Mesozoic insects
in general are known to be similar to those now existant as remarked by Germar, and
Bar is of the opinion that the absence of flowers in the Carboniferous is no proof of
the absence of Lepidoptera. A mine of a Tineid is known from the Cretaceous.
Now the Eucleida;, in respect to the moths are not so highly specialized as many
Tineids, and it seems possible that they may have existed in the Triassic in spite of
the absence of fossil Lepidoptera an order which seems unusually poorly represented
in the rocks. However, Dr. Dyar showed conditions which may have been capable
of transporting the Eucleidct across areas of water, showing that the present argu-
ment may be more interesting than conclusive. After discussion, adjournment.
PRELIMINARY LIST OF INSECTS TO BE SOLD AT
AUCTION BY THE NEW YORK ENTO-
MOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
The sale will take place early next fall, and date, as well as a final
list, will be given in the September number of the Journal. For
further information apply to L. H. Joutel, 164 E. 117th St., New York,
who will also take chartre of bids of those who cannot attend the sale.
Cicindela var. splendida.
" cuprescens.
" var. media.
Oraophron gil;i^.
Cychrus angusticollis.
Calosoma externum.
Pasimachus stremuis.
Dasychiiius obesus.
Moiio monilicornis.
Pcerostichus subcordatiis.
" isabelLv.
" appalachius.
" rostratus.
Evarthrus engehiianni.
Dica'lus elongatus.
Chlcenius eryihropus.
" prasinus.
Necropborus pusiulalus.
Brachyacantha lopuslulata.
Mtlasis pectinicornis.
Cebrio bicolor.
Gyascutus obliieratus.
Buprestis lauta.
" bneata.
Melanophila notata.
Thrincopyge ambiens.
Polycesta californica var. elata.
AcmiEodera pulchella.
" variegata.
Dolichosoma foveicolle.
Elasmocerus terminatus.
Cymatodera inornata.
" ovipennis.
Clerus icbneumoneus.
Ichnea laticornis.
Amphecerus punciipennis.
Photuris frontalis.
Strategus anta'us.
Mallodon das)S omus.
Eburia quadrigeminata.
Elaphidion inerme.
" parallelum.
Molorchus longicollis.
Heterachthes 4 maculatus.
Purpurecenus humeralis.
Stenosphenus notalus.
Calloides nobilis.
Danais berenice.
Argynnis montinus.
" freya.
COLEOPTERA.
Neoclytus devastator.
Leptura gigas.
Ipochus fasciatus
Lagochirus araneiformis (Kla.).
Leptostylus biustus.
Lypsimena fuscata.
Monohanimus titillator.
Saperda puncticollis.
" discoidea.
Euryscopa lecontei.
Coscinoptera vittigera.
Bassareus lituratus.
Cryptocephalus leucoinelas.
Phyllobrotica lurida.
Creburius larvatus.
Adimonia externa.
Oedionychis miniata.
Argopistes scyrtoides.
Microrhopala erebus.
Cassida bivittata.
Phlcedes diabolicus.
Cryptoglossa verrucosa.
Eleodes pimelioides.
" opaca.
Polypleurus nitidus.
Amphedora nigrophilosa.
Blapslinus sordidus.
" pulverulentus.
Phaleria limbata.
Platydema ellipticum.
Ditylus creruleus.
Cepbaloon lepturides.
IMordella inflammata.
Pyrota mylabrina.
Cantbaris nuttalli.
" cyanipennis.
Thecesternus bumeralis.
Artipus floridanus.
Gononotus lutosus.
Eudiagogus pulcber.
Plinthus carinatus.
Pissodes strobi.
Dorytomus mucidus.
Cbalcodermus aneus.
Rbynchopborus cruentatus.
Pachnseus distans.
Brentbus ancborago.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Grapta faunus.
Junonia coenia ex larva.
Eunica tatula (Fla.).
Argynnis frigga.
" eurynome.
Apatura clyton.
Victorina steneles.
Anaea troglodyta (Fla. ).
Erebia descoidalis.
'* epipsodea.
Chionobas chryxus.
" jutla.
Eumenia atala.
" larva and pupa.
Thecla acis (Fla.).
Neophasia menapia.
Pieris ilaire.
Colias elis.
Parnassius clodius.
Papilio zolicaon.
" eurymedon.
" daunus.
" rutulus.
Erycides batabano.
Thyreus abbotii, ex larva.
Philanipelus achemon, ex larva.
Everyx myron var. cnotus.
Pseudosphinx tetrio.
Dilophonota ello.
" edwardsii.
Cautethia grotei.
Pachylia ficus.
Sphinx luscitiosa, ex larva.
" plebeius, ex larva.
" albescens.
'' eremitus, ex larva.
Dolba hyla;us, ex larva.
Paonias astylus, ex larva.
Sciapteron dollii.
Composia fidelissimia.
Alypia langtonii.
" wittfeldii.
Psychomoq)ha epimenis.
Exoprosopa fascipennis.
Anthrax lucifer.
" liniatula.
" alternata.
" fulvohirta.
" fulviana.
Stratiomyia picipes.
Volucella esuriens.
" pusilla.
Therioplectes trispilus.
Tabanus fronto.
Calliphora groenlandica.
Spilomyia 4-fasciata.
Isodontia philadelphica.
Zethus slossoncE.
Zethus spinipes.
Microbembex monodonta.
Sphivropthaliiia mutata.
INIonobia c|uadridens.
Vespa Carolina.
Timetes petreus (P'la. ).
Anartia schonherri.
Burtia bel;e.
Cosmosoma omphale.
Syntomedia minima.
Euchromia epilais.
Callimorpha contigua.
Arctia nevadensis.
" incorrupta.
" phyllira.
" docta var. a.
" detenninata.
" figurata.
Seirarctia echo.
Phragniatobia rubricosa.
Ecpanlheria permaculala.
Halisidota cinctipes.
" labecula.
Parorgyia plagiata.
Oiketicus abbotii.
Laria rossii (rare).
Lagoa pyxidifera.
" opercularis.
Phryganidia californica.
Ichthyura apicalis.
Notodonta basilriens.
Pheosia portlandia.
Coloradia pandora.
Sphingicampa bicolor.
Anisota virginiensis.
Heteropacha rileyana.
liepialus argenteomaculatus
" gracilis.
Plusia contexta.]
" vaccinii.
" simplex.
Agrotis rubristrigata.
Panopoda rufimago.
Calpe canadensis.
DIPTERA.
Hernietia illucens.
Physocephalus excisus.
Bombylius mexicanus.
Chrysops flavidus.
Pyrgota undata.
Baccha fuscipennis.
Proctacanthus brevipennis.
Echinomyia florum.
Plecteria flaviventris.
Dasyllis posticata.
Calabata fasciata.
Cyrtopogon chrysopogon.
HYMENOPTERA.
Megachila melanophcea.
" xylocopoides.
Urocerus abdominalis.
Polybia cubensis.
Trypoxylon collinum.
Melissodes bimaculata.
Joiirn. N. Y. Ent. So<
Vol. I . PL IJI.
Life-History of Euclea delplninii.
Journ. iV. Y. Ent. So
Vol. V. PL IV.
Life-History of Parasa chloris.
JOURNAL
OF THE
Jlfk Sork 6!n1foraologirfll jSoriFtg.
Vol. V. SEPTEMBER, 1897. No. 3.
NEW SPECIES OF TENTHREDO.
By Alex. D. MacGillivray, Ithaca, N. Y.
The species described below are arranged analytically so that the
labor of reading descriptions in determining specimens may be reduced
to a minimum. The grouping is the same as that used by Norton in the
Transactions of the American Entomological Society and consequently
can be compared directly with it.
1. Antennffi wholly or in part pale ^
Antennx wholly black 5
2. Antennje wholly pale 3
Antenna in part black 4
3. Abdomen black at base and rufous at apex, with the basal plates rufous.
redimaculus MacG.
Abdomen entirely black. 9 .—Black, with the following parts whitish-fuscous :
the labrum, the base of the mandibles, the apical half of the front femora be-
neath, and a square spot on the sides of the basal plates ; the antennae pale
luteous beyond the second segment ; the clypeus squarely emarginate ; the
third segment of the antennae one-fourth longer than the fourth ; wings hya-
line, very slightly infuscated ; the veins, including the costa and the stigma,
black. Length, 12.5 mm. Habitat.— Jay, Vermont (A. P. Morse.)
dubitatus, sp. nov,
4. Abdomen rufous beyond the basal plates basilaris Prov.
Abdomen rufous beyond the third segment bilineatus MacG.
5. Head more or less yellow above the base of the antenna 6
Head black above the base of the antennae ^2
6. Abdomen wholly or in part yellow 7
Abdomen wholly or in part rufous 9
7. Pectus pale *
Pectus black. 9 .—Black, with the following parts yellow : the clypeus, the
labrum, the mandibles except at apex, a triangular spot between and beneath
the antenna, the lower half of the cheeks, an ovate spot above the base of
each antenna, the inner margin of the eyes (interrupted opposite the bases
104 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
of the antennce, extending beyond the eyes, and dilated behind), a spot on
the collar, the tegulas, a large spot above the anterior coxse, a large spot on
the pleur3e, an oblique line on the metapleurse, a spot above the posterior
coxfe, the scutellum, the legs, including the coxse, except a black line above
and the apices of the posterior tarsi, and a longitudinal band on each side
of the basal plates and abdomen (appearing as a lateral margin to the ter-
gum and the venter, its mesocaudal angles on each dorsal segment produced
internally, and a narrow line on the caudal margin of the ventral segments) ;
the clypeus emarginate ; the third segment of the antennae one-third longer
than the fourth; the wings hyaline, slightly clouded; the veins, including
the costa, black ; the stigma brownish, paler beneath. Length, lo mm.
Habitat. — Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid) . . . .perplexus, sp. nov.
8. Posterior tibiae black above. $ . — Black, with the following parts yellow : the
clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the face beneath the an-
tennae, an ovate spot above the base of each antenna, the cheeks almost en-
tirely,'the inner margin of the eyes (reaching beyond the eyes and dilated
behind), a broad line on the collar, the tegulce, a large spot above the an-
terior coxK, the mesopleurae and the metapleur^T; except a narrow black line
between them, the scutellum, the postscutellum, the basal membrane, the
sides of the basal plates, a line on the posterier margin of the basal plates,
the pi'osternum, the pectus, all the legs except a black line above and the
posterior tarsi, the venter, the first and the second segments of the tergum
except a black spot at base, and the remainder of the tergum ; the clypeus
squarely emarginate ; the third segment of the antennae one-fourth longer
than the fourth ; the wings hyaline ; the veins, including the costa, black ; the
stigma black, brownish at base and apex. Length, lo-ii mm. Habitat. —
Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid); Juiicetta and Moscow, Idaho
( Professor J. M. Aldrich) linipes, sp. nov.
Posterior tibiae black at apex. J . — Black, with the following parts yellowish-
white : the labrum, the clypeus, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks,
a spot above the base of each antenna, the tegulze, a large spot on the col-
lar, a spot above the anterior coxm, a broad stripe on the pleurae, a spot above
the posterior coxa;, the front and middle cox^-e except above, the apices of the
posterior coxa?, the trochanters, the front legs beyond the coxa; (the tibiae and
the tarsi are greenish), the middle femora (one specimen has a small black
spot on the apex above), the middle tibi;T; except a black spot at apex
above, the basal segment of the middle tarsi beneath, the basal half of the
posterior femora, the posterior \\h\x except at apex, the scutellum, a Ime on
the postscutellum, the basal plates, the venter except the apical segment and
the sheaths of the ovipositor, and the sides of the segments of the tergum
(their inner caudal angles dilated along the caudal margin of the segments,
coalescing at middle) except on the filth segment (the black on the middle
of the tergal segments is in the shape of a wide equilateral triangle, in one
specimen the fourth segment is entirely pale) ; the clypeus emarginate ; the
third segment of the antennre twice the length of the fourth; the wings
hyaline, slightly infuscated towards the apex ; the veins and the costa black ;
the stigma fuscous, paler beneath. Length, r i mm.
Sept. 1897.] MacGillivray : New Species of Tenthredo. 105
$ . — The markings have more of a greenish tinge, with the following dif-
ferences in the arrangement of the pale markings : a spot on the middle of
the pectus, the five basal ventral abdominal segments (the remainder black),
and the apical two-thirds of the third and the fourth segments of the tergum
yellowish (the following segments black). Length, 11 mm. Habitat. —
Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid); Seattle, Washington (S. Bethel).
obliquatus, sp. nov.
9. Pectus pale 10
Pectus black 1 1
10. Anterior tibia; with a black line above, g 9 . — Black, with the following parts
yellowish-white : the clyepus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the
face below the antennae, a line on the inner orbits extending half way to the
caudal margin of the head, the cheeks broadly, the collar, the tegulce, the
pronotum at side, the V-spot, two spots on the postscutellem, the caudal por-
tion of the metathorax, the prosternum, the pectus, the pleurse, a line at the
base of the wings, a spot above the posterior coxje, the sides of the basal
plates, the venter, the coxae and trochanters, the anterior femora except a
short line at apex above, and the remainder of all the legs except a black line
above and the most of the posterior tibiae ; the tergum beyond the third seg-
ment, including the saw-guides, rufous ; the third segment of the antennae
twice as long as the fourth ; the wings hyaline; the veins black; the stigma
pale at base. Length, 10 mm. Habitat. — Franconia and Mt. Washington,
N. H. (Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson) secundus, sp. nov.
Anterior tibia; wholly pale. 9- — Black, with the following parts yellowish-
white : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks en-
tirely, the inner margin of the eyes, extending beyond the eyes (the cephalic
margin of the black spot on the vertex trilobed j, a spot on the collar, the
tegula;, a spot above the anterior cox^, the V-spot, a broad angulate mark on
the pleurae, a line on the metapleuras, a spot above the posterior coxae, a spot
on the pectus, the postscutellum, the basal membrane, the sides of the basal
plates, the first abdominal segment, the venter at base, and the front legs be-
neath ; the legs rufo-luteous except the parts named above and a black spot
on the apex of the anterior femora above and a black ring on the basal one-
third of the posterior tibiae ; the five apical abdominal segments, including the
venter, rufous ; clypeus squarely emarginate, the third segment of the anten-
nae one-third longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline, slightly yellowish ;
the veins brown ; the costa and the stigma luteous, the apex of the stigma
brownish. Length, 12 mm. Habitat, — Winchendon, Massachusetts (A. P.
Morse) simulatus. sp. nov.
1 1. Anterior tibiae black above *magnificus MacG.
Anterior tibiae wholly pale. 9 . — Black, with the following parts yellow : the
clypeus, the labrum, the front beneath the antenna;, a spot above the base
of each antenna, an ovate spot at the inner angle of the eye, the cheeks, the
collar, the tegula;, a triangular-shaped mark on the pleurae, the posterior
mesal portion of the pectus, the front and middle coxae, the posterior coxae
* This species was originally described as a Macrophya.
106 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
except at base, the trochanters, the front and middle femora except a black
line above, the front tibi?e except a dash above at base, the middle tibia; ex-
cept a black line above, the posterior femora at base, the posterior tibia; be-
neath slightly at base, the front and middle tarsi and the apical segment of
the posterior tarsi, a spot above tlie posterior coxa and the side and venter of
the basal plates and the three basal abdominal segments; the abdomen, ex-
cept the saw-guides, rufous beyond the third segment; the third segment of
the antennx' one third longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline, very slighily
yellowish; the costa, the stigma, and the veins luteous; the clypeus broadly
and roundly emarginate. Length, 1 1 mm. Habitat. —Mt. Washington, N»
H. (Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson.) novus, sp. nov.
1 2. Pectus pale 15
Pectus black 21
13. Posterior femora wholly or in part pale above 14
Posterior femora black above 17
14. Posterior femora fulvo-ferruginous or sanguineous 15
Posterior femora in part black , 16
15. Abdomen wholly ferruginous frigidus MacG.
Abdoman in part black. $. — Black, with the following parts whitish : the
clypeus, cheeks, a fine line on the latero caudal margin of the pronotum, the
tegula;, a spot on the pleurje, a spot on the pectus, a spot above the posterior
coxre, the sides of the basal plates, a line on their posterior margin, and the
anterior coxa; ; the legs, including the coxoe, shading from luteous to rufous
except a spot on the trochanters, the base of the femora above, a black line
on the apex of the posterior tibia; above, and the posterior tarsi ; the abdomen,
including the venter, rufous, except a transverse spot on the base of the first
segment and the apical segments; the clypeus deeply and squarely ema'-gi-
nate ; the third segment of the antenna; one-third longer than the fourth ; the
wings hyaline, yellowish along the veins ; the veins brownish ; the costa and
stigma black. Length, 11 mm. Habitat. — Olympia, Washington (Trevor
Kincaid) pallipectis, sp. nov.
16. Four anterior femora wholly pale. 9- — Black, with the following parts yel-
low : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at tip, the cheeks, the
face beneath the antennce, a spot above the base of each antenna;, the col-
lar, the teguloe, the ventral margin of the pronotum, an angular mark on the
pleurae, a spot above the posterior coxre, the pectus at middle behind, the
coxre except the base of the posterior pair, the trochanters and the base of
the femora; the following parts rufous: the front and middle legs slightly
beyond the middle of the femora, the middle of the posterior femora, the
basal three-fourths of the posterior tibise, and the abdomen beyond the basal
plates except the saw-guides ; the posterior femora and tibia; black at apex ;.
the wings luteous ; the veins brown; the costa and stigma luteous except the
apex of the stigma. Length, 11.5 mm. Habitat. — Mt. Washington, N. H,
(Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson) pallicolus, sp. nov.
Four anterior femora with a black line above. $ . — Yellow, with the following
parts black : the antenna;, the head except an ovate spot above the base of
each antennas, the basal two thirds of the cheeks, the clypeus, the labrum, the
Sept. 1897] MacGillivray : New Species OF Tenthkedo. 107
base of the mandibles, a spot on the pronotum, deeply angulate beneath, the
mesothorax and the metathorax except the scutellum, a spot on the pleura,
the pectus, a spot above the posterior coxse, the basal one-half of the basal
plates, a line on the base of the first abdominal segment, and a spot on the
apex of the femora; with the following parts rufous : the apical segments of
the abdomen, the apex of the posterior tibia: and the posterior tarsi ; the cly-
peus squarely emarginate ; the third segment of the antenna twice the
length of the fourth ; the wings yellowish hyaline ; the veins blackish ; the
the costa and the base of the stigma luteous ; the apex of the stigma brown-
ish. Length, II mm. Habitat— Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid.)
magnatus, sp. nov.
17. Posterior tibiae black. ^.— Black, with the following parts yellowish white :
the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks, an inter-
rupted line on the pleura, a line on the collar, a spot on the tegula, a spot
above the posterior coxze, the sides of the basal plates, a spot on the pectus,
the coxa, the trochanters, the femora except a black line above, the front and
middle tibia beneath, the venter, and a narrow margin on the apex of the
second and third abdominal segments; the clypeus narrowly and squarely
emarginate; the third segment of the antenna one-third longer than the
fourth; the wings hyaline, the apical third smoky; the veins, including the
costa and the stigma, black. Length, 13 mm. Habitat.— Olympia, Wash-
ington (Trevor Kincaid) nigritibiales, sp. nov.
Posterior tibia in part pale above jg
18. Four anterior tibia entirely pale lo
Four anterior tibia with a black line above. ^. — Black, with the following
parts yellowish-white: the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except
at apex, the cheeks for two-thirds the length of the eye, the palpi, the
tegula, a broad mark on the collar, an oblique spot on the pleura, a
spot on the pectus, a spot above the posterior coxa, the sides of the
basal plates, the coxa and the trochanters except a black line above, the
front and middle femora, the tibia and the tarsi except a black line above,
and the posterior femora (becoming rufous towards the apex) except a black
line above ; the following parts rufous : the posterior femora and tibia and
the abdomen beyond the basal plates ; the clypeus squarely emarginate ; the
third segment of the antenna twice the length of the fourth ; the wings hy-
aline; the veins black; the costa and the stigma luteous, darker at their junc-
ture. Length, 10.5 mm. Habitat— Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid).
This species has been sent to some correspondents under the name rubel-
^'^'^^^ messica, sp. nov.
19. Collar pale 20
Collar black. ^.— Black, with the following parts yellow: the clypeus, the
labrum, the mandibles except at tip, the cheeks, the tegula, a spot on the
posterior part of the mesopleura, a spot above the posterior coxa, a vertical
line beneath the posterior wings, the sides of the basal plates, the basal mem-
brane, and the coxa, trochanters, and front tibia except a black line above ;
the following parts rufous: the abdomen, including the venter beyond the
basal plates, the middle and posterior femora except a black line above, the
108 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
tibioe and the tarsi ; the head and thorax densely and finely punctulate ; the
wings luteous; the veins, including the costa and stigma, black; the third
segment of the antennre twice as long as the fourth ; the clypeus squarely
emarginate. Length, 12 mm. Habitat. — Seattle, Washington (S. Bethel).
stigmatus, sp. nov.
20. Pleurre and pectus marked with rufous ventricus MacG.
Pleurre and pectus marked with yellow. ^ . — Black, with the following parts
yellow : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks,
the tegulre, a spot on the collar, a spot above the anterior coxae, the proster-
num, the pectus, an angulate mark on each pleura, the coxae and trochanters
beneath, the front and middle femora beneath, the front tibiae beneath, the su-
ture between the mesothorax and the metathorax, a spot above the posterior
coxae, a spot on each side of the basal plates, and a fine line on the caudal
margin of the basal plates ; the following parts rufous : the posterior femora,
the middle and posterior tibioe, the front and middle tarsi (the posterior tarsi
are black), and the abdomen beyond the middle of the first segment; the
clypeus roundly emarginate ; the third segment of the antennae one-fourth
longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline ; the veins brown ; the costa and
the stigma luteous. Length, 12 mm. Habitat. — Plattsburg, New York (H.
G. Dyar) hyalinus, sp. nov.
21. Four anterior femora and tibiae black above. <^ . — Black, with the following
parts yellow : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the
cheeks, two spots above the base of the antennas, the tegulae, the collar, a
line on the pleurae, the ventral part of the pronotum, a vertical line beneath
the posterior wings, a spot above the posterior coxae, a spot along the lateral
margin of the coxae at apex, the legs beyond the coxce except above, a longi-
tudinal band along each side of the abdomen, and the caudal margin of the
ventral segments; the wings slightly infuscated; the veins and the stigma
black, the stigma some paler at base ; the third segment of the antennae twice
the length of the fourth ; the clypeus squarely emarginate. Length, 9 mm.
Habitat. — Colorado (Carl F. Baker) lateralbus, sp. nov.
Four anterior femora and tibiae rufous. 9 • — Black, with the following parts
yellowish : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the collar,
the tegulae, a line on the pleurae, a spot above the posterior coxae, the sides of
the basal plates, the coxae and trochanters except a black line above, and the
front femora, tibiae, and tarsi beneath ; the following parts rufous : the front
femora above except a black spot at apex, the front tibiae and tarsi above, the
the middle and the posterior legs beyond the trochanters except a black spot
at the base of the femora above, a spot on the apex of the second and third
abdominal segments, and the following segments, including the venter; the
clypeus deeply emarginate ; the third segment of the antenna; one-third
longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline, the veins black ; the costa luteous ;
the stigma brownish. Length, 10 mm. Habitat. — Olympia, Washington,
(Trevor Kincaid) capitatus, sp. nov.
Sept. 1897] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 109
NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF HIGHER
HYMENOPTERA— III.
By a. S. Packard.
Megachile (possibly centuncularis Linn.).
Larva. — Head of the usual proportions, of good size compared with
the rest of the body. Eye-pieces prominent, full and convex. Towards
but below the vertex, in between the eye-pieces, is a depressed subcordate
area, with a subacute depressed tubercle on each side of the median
line, which may be the antennce; between this area and the clypeus is
a transverse raised portion ; on each side of this ridge and aligned with
the side of the labrum at its base is a minute corneous tubercle, which
may be the antennae, though I think not.
The clypeus is considerably shorter than broad ; its base is a little
subacutely produced onesidedly, the front edge deeply excavated ; the
surface is not convex and increases in width towards the anterior edge.
The labrum is broadly subtrapezoidal, twice as broad as long ; base
rounded, semi-circular; anterior edge rather deeply excavated, render-
ing it slightly bilobate. Mandibles slender, not narrowing much towards
the end, which is unequally bidentate, the inner tooth the smaller;
they are much broader, stouter and thicker at the end than in Andrena.
The maxillae are long and slender, acutely pointed at the tip on one
side, the inner lobe being produced and incurved, while the outer acute
lobe or tubercle is minute ; this is easily overlooked and more remote
from the other lobe than usual ; they are long enough to touch each
other. The labium is long, square at the end, corneous; below and
posterior to this square corneous or chitinous edge are two minute acute
spines on each side of the labium, which are probably the rudimentary
labial palpi.
The body is thickest towards the posterior end, on the terminal fifth
of the body, whereas in Andrefia it is thickest at about the middle;
towards this last fifth the body gradually increases in thickness, and
then suddenly rounds off, so that the end is much rounder, more obtuse
than in Andrena and the larva of Apidae in general. The penultimate
sternite is larger and broader than in Andrena, while the last sternite
is smaller; differences readily appreciable. On the whole the larva of
Megachile resembles that of Bombics more than that of Andrena.
As regards the head characters, the larval Megachile differs from the
no
Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
larva oi Andrena in its head being a little larger, the antennal tubercles
being flatter and much less prominent; the eye-pieces less globose and
spreading less laterally. The clypeus is longer and larger, and the
front edge deeply excavated, where in Atidrena it is square and entire.
The labrum is narrower, the front edge more excavated, being hardly
at all so m Andrena. The mandibles are stouter; the maxilla large
and slender, as is the labrum, which has a broad, thickened, square
chitinous tip, not present in Andrena, the end of which in Andrena is
fleshy.
h Oj G
Fig. 9. MegachiU centiincularis. 7.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, 11, p. 82.
This has been previously known as antiquum Dej. It approaches
the next very closely.
Habitat : Canada and the United States from the Atlantic to the
Rocky Mountains and Texas.
B. chalceum Dej. — Spec, 1831, V, p. 88.
Habitat: The same region as the preceding, but apparently less
abundant.
B. blanchardi Hayiv.—Tr2ir\s. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV,
P- 56.
Habitat: Lowell, Mass.
B. nigrum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 85.
Habitat: Canada and the Eastern and Central States, extending
westward to Iowa and Kansas.
B. longulum Z^6.— Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 457 iOchthedromi/s').^
Habitat: Lake Superior region, the Rocky Mountains and Cali-
fornia.
14-4 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
B. concolor Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 54 {Feryphtis').
Habitat: Maine, the Lake Superior region and from thence west-
ward to the Pacific Coast. It is essentially a northern species.
B. planatum Lee. — Ann. Lye 1848, IV, p. 456 {Ochfhedromi/s).
Our largest species of Bembidium. In form it recalls certain species
of Plafynus.
Habitat: Lake Superior, the Rocky Mts., Nevada, Oregon, Wash-
ington and British Columbia.
B. simplex Lee. — List Col. X. Am. 1863, p. 14 (list name);
Hayw., Trans., Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p. 63.
Very closely allied to the next species.
Habitat: Labrador, Canada, the Hudson Bay Territory, the White
Mts. of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, the mountains of
North Carolina, the Lake Superior region and Missouri.
B. planiusculum Mann. — Bull. Mosc. 1843, XVI, p. 215.
Habitat : Lake Superior, the Rocky Mts. and from thence westward
to the Pacific Coast and northward to Alaska. But two specimens have
been seen by me from the Lake Superior region.
B. incertum Mots. — Bull. Mos. 1845, XVIII, p. 350 {Notaphus).
The dorsal punctures are larger and more prominent than in most
of the species of the genus.
Habitat: Lake Superior region, the Rocky iMountains, Alaska and
the Northwest.
B. grandiceps Hayzv. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV,
p 70.
The head is unusually large in this species, being scarcely narrower
than the thorax.
Habitat: Massachusetts, Xew York, Pennsylvania, the District of
Columbia and Texas. It seems to be local.
B. guexi Chaiid. — Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868, ser. 2, XX, p. 242.
Habitat: The northeastern States, extending southward to Virginia
and westward to Lake Superior.
B. fugax Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 467 (^Oehthedromus).
Habitat : Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Illinois.
B. transversale DeJ. — Spec. 1831, V, p. no.
A very variable species. As here constituted it includes several spe-
cies that were based upon characters which become evanescent when
a large series of specimens is studied.
Sept. 1897.1 HaYWARD : COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 145
Habitat: Gulf of the St. Lawrence, Canada, Michigan and the
Lake Superior region and from thence westward to the Pacific Coast.
B. canadense Hayio. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p.
77-
This species differs from its allies in having all the strire of the
elytra entire. It most nearly resembles the western B. striola.
Habitat: Ottawa, Canada.
B. bimaculatum Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1S37, IV, p. 52
(^Peryphus).
Habitat : The more northern portions of the continent from the At-
lantic to the Pacific, extending southward in the mountainous regions to
Colorado and Nevada.
B. postremum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1834, IV, p. 437.
Habitat : Massachusetts (Lowell), New York, Pennsylvania (Alle-
gheny) and Illinois. Apparently quite local.
B. ustulatum Linn. — Syst. Nat. 1758, I, p. 416 {Carabi/s).
Habitat : The region east of the Rocky Mountains, Europe and Si-
beria.
B. lucidum Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1S48, IV, p. 466 {Oclitliedromus).
It resembles the preceding very closely and may possibly prove to be
merely a variety of that species.
Habitat : Hudson Bay Territory, Lake Superior region, Minnesota,
Manitoba, and from thence westward to the Pacific Coast.
B. fuscicrum Mots. — Etud. Ent. 1855, p. 79.
Habitat : Manitoba, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Ore-
gon^
B. scopulinum Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 53 {Pery-
phus).
A very pretty and well-marked species.
Habitat: Labrador, Canada, Manitoba and the more northern
States, extending westward to Colorado.
B. picipes Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 54 {PerypJius).
Specimens rarely are seen with a submarginal pale spot. This is
the form described d& plagiattnn Zimm.
Habitat: Eastern States, Lake Superior region, Minnesota, Mis-
souri and Texas.
B. texanum Cliaud. — Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868, ser. 2, XX, p. 240.
Habitat : Iowa, Missouri, Indian Territory and Texas.
Hi) Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v
B. grapii Gy//. — Ins. Suec. 1827, IV, p. 403.
Habitat : Northern Europe, Greenland, the more northern portions
of this continent, and high altitudes in the White Mountains of New
Hampshire, the Rocky Mountains and the Sierras.
B. cordatum Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 457 {^Oehthe-
dro urns').
Habitat: New York, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, Indian Ter-
ritory and Texas.
B, graciliforme HayK'. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1S97, XXIV^
p. 97.
This species has been confused with the next in collections. It is,
however, more slender, and differs essentially in the form of the thorax.
Habitat: Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois and
Iowa.
B. dentellum Thunb. — Mus. Nat. Ac. Ups. 17S5, p. 50, not lo
{^C a r abas').
In this and the preceding the markings are ill-defined.
Habitat : The northern portions of this continent and Europe.
B. versutum Lee. — Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 187S, XVII, p. 594.
Habitat : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Michigan and Wisconsin.
B. dorsale .S^?j.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 84.
Habitat : The central region of the country. It seems to be most
abundant in the States between the Mississippi River and the Rocky
Mountains.
B. postfasciatum Hamilton. — Can. Ent. 1893, ^XV, p. 303.
Confused in many collections with the preceding, which it resembles
uite closely.
Habitat : Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas
and Texas.
B. y\v\6\Q.o\\Q Laferti. — Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 48 (^NotapJuis).
Habitat : Massachusetts, the Central States, Manitoba and the
Rocky Mountains.
B. fraternutn Z^^-.— Proc. Ac. Phil. 1857, p. 6.
Habitat : Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, Pennsylvania and
Massachusetts.
B. aneicolle Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 459 {Oehthedromus).
Habitat : Lake Superior region, Manitoba, Wyoming and Col-
orado.
Sept. 1897 ] HaYWARD : COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 14T
B. variegatum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 89.
A very variable species. As defined by me, it includes patruele
Dej. and conspersnm Chaud., there being apparently no constant char-
acters for their separation.
Habitat : The greater part of the United States and Canada from
the Atlantic to the Pacific.
B. nigripes Kirby — Faun. Bor. Am. 1S37, IV, p. 57 (J^otapJuis).
Capable of but feeble distinction from the preceding. The legs are
dark piceous or black, and the form is rather less elongate, while the
size averages somewhat smaller.
Habitat: Anticosti and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, the Lake
Superior region, Manitoba, Alberta, the Rocky Mountains, Oregon,
Washington, British Columbia and Vancouver Island.
B. intermedium Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 58
{Notaphus^.
Habitat : Illinois, Manitoba, Montana, Nebraska, Kansas, In-
dian Territory, Mississippi, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona
and southern California.
B. timidum Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 460 {Oehthedromus).
Habitat : Lake Superior region, Manitoba, Colorado, Utah,
Nevada and along the Pacific Coast from California to British Columbia.
B. versicolor Lee. — Ann Lye. 1848, IV, p. 460 (^Oehthedrotnns).
Habitat : The greater part of the United States and Canada.
B. constrictum Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 462 (Oe/it/ie-
dromiis^.
Habitat : The Atlantic Coast, extending westward to the Rocky
Mountains and Texas.
B. contractum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 85.
Closely allied to the preceding, but differs, in addition to the char-
acters above given, by its more slender and elongate form.
Habitat : The Atlantic States from Massachusetts to Florida and
westward to Ohio and Tennessee.
B. morulum Lee. — New Species Coleopt. 1863, pt. i, p. 19.
Habitat : Hudson Bay Territory.
B. mutatum G. 6^ H.—Cat. 1868, I, p. 416.
LLabitat : Hudson Bay Territory, Mt. Washington, N. H., Lake
Superior region and high altitudes in the Rocky mountains.
148 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
B. pedicellatum Lcc. — Proc. Ac. Phil. 1857, p. 6.
Habitat : Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Maryland and Mis-
souri. Apparently very local
B. quadrimaculatum Linn. — Syst. Nat. 1758, I, p. 416 (^Cara-
bus').
Habitat : The entire region east of the Rocky Mountains, Europe
and Siberia.
B. affine Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 86.
Habitat: The Atlantic and Central States, extending southward to
Florida, Texas and Arizona.
B. nvwsz\co\di Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p. 122.
This species has for some time been erroneously regarded as the
European B. lampros Hbst.
Habitat : Canada, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Michigan and
Illinois. Specimens have been seen labeled " Cal."
B. sulcatum Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 463 {Ochthedro/nus).
Habitat : Canada, Hudson Bay Territory, INIassachusetts, the
Lake Superior region and Illinois.
B. anguliferum Lee. — Ann. Lye. 1852, V, p. 185 {OchtJiedro-
ini/s).
Often confused with caiititin, from which it is rather feebly distinct,
by the characters above given.
Habitat : California, Vancouver Island, Nevada, Manitoba, Mich-
igan, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire (Mt. Washington) and Canada.
B. cautum Lcc. — Ann. Lye. 1848, IV, p. 464 {Ochthedromi/s).
Habitat : Alaska, Washington, Utah, the Rocky Mountain region
and Massachusetts. It has also been recorded from Mt. Washington,
N. H., and from Michigan.
B. assimile Gyil. — Ins. Suec. 1810, II, p. 26.
Habitat : The greater part of North America and Europe.
B. semistriatum LLa/d. — Proc. Soc. Phil. 1843, I, p. 303
{LoJ>/ia).
Recalls Iccvigatuni by the arrangement of the dorsal punctures.
Habitat : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Ken-
tucky.
B. puritanum LLayiv. — Trans. Am. Ent. Ac. 1897, XXIV, p. 129.
Resembles most closely the Californian B. laticeps.
Habitat : Massachusetts.
Sept. 1897] Cockerell: Biological Notes on Coleoptera. 149'
B. oblongulum Mann. — Bull. Mosc. 1852, XXV, p. 298
{Trechus).
Referable to ^///(fr/zz/y Chaud., by the peculiar structure of the outer
lobe of the maxillse, were that genus allowed to stand.
Habitat : Canada, Vermont, the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts (Lowell), Ohio, Michigan, Alaska, California and
Mexico.
{To be continued.^)
BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME COLEOPTERA
FROM NEW MEXICO.
By T. D. A. Cockerell, Mesilla, N. M.
In the course of some studies of plant fauna, the following memo-
randa have been made. The contemplated work treating of the several
plant faunae in detail is not likely to be finshed for some years, so it
may be well to offer some of the results in advance.
CHRYSOMELIDyE.
Calligrapha serpentina Rog.
In Mesilla this breeds abundantly on Sphcsralcea angustifolia. On
July 20 I found one ovipositing on the under side of a leaf next to the
midrib. The eggs are placed irregularly in a heap, loosely united by a
viscid secretion, the majority endwise on the leaf. The egg is 2 mm.
long, cylindrical, rounded at each end, pink (the color of a red rasp-
berry, granular from the presence of innumerable closely-placed low
tubercles, the extreme tips smooth and shining. Although the egg
masses are very conspicuous at a short distance, they could be over-
looked easily on the plant, being about the size and color of the flowers.
The larvae are gregarious on the under side of the leaf and are brown-
black to dark brown, with long black hairs on which appear pale ob-
jects which, on close inspection, are seen to be the stellate hairs of the
plant detached. I do not describe the larvae further, as I sent some to
Professor Wickham, who will probably describe and figure them.
Chrysomela tortuosaT'?^^., (det. Wickh.) — On July 10 I took one
at Deming on Ephedra.
Doryphora decemlineata Say. — Abundant on 6'(?/n in Mesilla.
Colaspis flavida Say, (det. Wickh.) — Rather common on culti-
vated (mission) grape vines in Mesilla, July 22, etc.
CURCULIONID.E.
Trichobaris compacta Casey, (det. Wickh.)— Common in Mesilla
on Datura metelioides, breeding in the stems.
Otidocephalus vittatus Horn, (det. Natl. Mus.) — Common on
Bige/ovia graveolens, var., Tularosa Creek, below the Mescalero Agency,
October 2. The species found on Bigelovia in the Mesilla Valley has
been referred to O. nivosus Casey.
SCARAB.EID.E.
Atcenius inops Horn, (det. Wickh.)— Flying in great numbers in
a sandy place, about 5:30 P. M., beginning of October, at Las Cruces.
Cyclocephala dimidiata Biirm. — Common at INIesilla in flowers
of Daiura metelioides. Also at Selden.
SCOLYTID.E.
Xylocleptes cucurbitae Lee., (det. Dep. Agr.) — Bred in the spring
of 1897 in numbers from dead stems of Cueurhita fcetidissima {^^per-
ennis) in Mesilla.
LAGRIID.E.
Statira opacicollis Horn. — San Augustine, on the east side of
the Organ Mountains, August 29, in great numbers in flowers oi Datura.
BUPRESTID.E.
Agrilus couesii Lee. — Santa Fe, August 3, on Menizelia niida.
Anthaxia asneogaster Lap. — Ruidoso Creek, 7,500 feet, on
Rosafendleri (E. O. Wooton. coll.).
The dragonfly mentioned on p. 9 \, of the June number of the Jour-
nal, as Lestes virgo Hagen (sp. n.) [in MS.], is, I find after examina-
tion of Hagen collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at
Cambridge, Mass., the same as Lestes inequalis Walsh. — Philip P. Cal-
vert.
Joitrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
Vol. V. PL V.
Early Stages of Calybia Slossonte.
i
Jo urn. N. V. Ent. Soc.
Vol. V. PL VI.
Pupa of Oeta floridana.
Joiirn. N. V. Ent.-Soc.
Vol. V. PL VII.
Young LarvcE of Arctiidse.
Journ. N. V. Ent. Soc.
Vol. V. PL VIII.
Young Larva? of Arctiid^e.
JOURNAL
Jlr\a gork €lntoraoIogirHl Horiptg*
\rol. V. DECEMBER, 1897. No. 4.
AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE HOLARCTIC
LEPIDOPTERA BY MEANS OF THE SPE-
CIALIZATION OF THE WINGS.
PART I.— THE DAY-BUTTERFLIES.
By A. Radcliffe Grote, A.M.
A. Forewings with vein IX present PAPILIONIDES.
a I. Vein IV2 of primaries inclines to Cubitus PARNASSIID^.
a2. Vein IVi of forewings from Radius Parnassiin^.
d2. Vein IVi of forewings from crossvein Thaidin^e.
a I. Vein IV2 of primaries placed centrally PAPILIONID^.
B. Forewings with vein IX wanting HESPERIADES.
bl. Radial veins on primaries not arising sej^arately, or if separate less than five
in number.
b2. Vein III4 to costa before apex.
h^. Wings not angulate.
b4. Vein IV2 not central on both wings PIERID^.
b5. Vein IIIi arising from above cell PieriNjB.
b5. Vein IIIi arising beyond cell LEPTiDiiNiE.
b2. Vein III4 to external margin below apex NYMPHALID^E.
b6. Vein II absorbed by HI to junction with I on secondaries N YMPHALlNiE
b6. Vein II absorbed by III to a varying point but always before junction
with I Argynnin^.
b2. Vein III4 to apex.
by. Vein VIII not marked on primaries AGAPETID^,
b8. Crossvein of secondaries joins Cubitus PARARGiNiB.
b8. Crossvein of secondaries joins veiA ^Y^ AgafetiNjE,
b3. Wings angulate />>»...... LIBYTHEID^.
by. Vein VIII marked on primaries.
bg. Vein III 2 beyond extremity of cell LIMNADID^.
bg. Vein III2 before extremity of cell NEMEOBIID^.
b4. Vein IV2 central on both wings.
bio. Vein I of hind wings developed RIODINID^.
bio. Vein I of hind wings absent LYCyENIDiE.
b II. Vein IVi of primaries directly joining Radius THECLlNiE.
b II. Vein IVi of primaries indirectly joining Radius . . . Lycenin^e.
152 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
bl. Radial veins on primaries arising separately and five in number.
bi2. Vein IV2 of primaries approaching cubitus MEGATHYMID.iE.
bi2. Vein IV2 of primaries placed centrally HESPERIADv^.
bi3. No costal vein (vein I) on primaries Pamphilin/E.
bi3. A costal vein (vein I) on primaries Hesperin^.
The division of the Day Butterflies rests upon the presence of a strong
and short downwardly curved vein at the base of primaries and joining
the internal margin in the Parnassi-Papilionidoe, and its absence in all
the other Day Butterflies. Whether we homologize this vein with the
loop at the base of vein VII, which we call VIII, or give it a separate
number the character is unaffected, for the loop runs in a contrary di-
rection, and the opposite development of the vein in the Swallow-tails re-
mains to be accounted for. But I cannot so homologize this peculiar vein
and for several reasons. We find in Castnia, Actias, Telea, Thyridop-
teryx, a lower prolongation of the loop VIII. It seemed to me at one time
that here might be a trace of this vein IX which would have anastomosed
with VIII and finally have disappeared. But the greatest encourage-
ment, that I might discover the phylogeny of Papilio, was offered me
by the drawings of Mr. Meyrick in the Geometridse. For here appeared
vein VIII as a degenerate (dotted in the drawings) nervure, and, be-
hold, IX was present likewise and indicated by a curved continuous line
joining internal margin as in Papilio. Here I said, can I never be mis-
taken. This is the internal vein of the Papilionides. But when I, my-
self, tried to find Mr. Meyrick's vein in nature, it was not there. The
pertinacity with which Mr. Meyrick repeats this vein in his drawings of
the Geometrid wing leads one to suspect that he has really perceived it
on some special occasion and now brings it in (/. e., Venilia macular id)
where there is no occasion. But I have small hopes.
The general resemblances, striking as they may be between the Hes-
periades and Papilionides, or between Papilio and the rest of the Day
Butterflies, might be all developed upon another line and thp connec-
tion between the two would in that case be placed farther back still.
Any system which places the Papilionides between the groups of the
other Day Butterflies, all of which appear to me to hang more or less
closely together, must first account for the fundamental neurational
differences before it can be entitled to credit. The diurnal habit might
be set down, with other features, to convergence.
There are two chief directions in which changes are making in the
structure of the butterfly wing. The first is traceable throughout the
order. Its aim is the breaking up of the system of theMedia, one
Dec 1S97] Grote: Classification of Lepidoptera. 153
of the three primary veins. Its progress is not uniform, but is evi-
denced in different ways. The comparative completion of this effort
affords a particular gauge of the standing of the form. The second
direction occurs sporadically in very different groups. It consists
in an absorption of the branches of the Radius, so that their normal
number is diminished. It is probably reminiscent of what has taken
place on the hind wings, as we see from Hepialus. When we apply
our knowledge of these two tests of specialization to the Day-Butter-
flies, we find that the second, or sporadic direction, occurs in the
Parnassidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, thus independently in otherwise
very different groups. It is thus a secondary character and we
find it again in a group so dissimilar to the Day Butterflies as the
Saturniades, while it is not indicated in the Hawk Moths. The first or
general direction of specialization we find indicated by most Lepidoptera,
in some of its stages. It is a fundamental movement and has probably
a mechanical cause. The Pieridae unite the two directions in a palpa-
ble manner, more strongly so than the Lycaenidae, which exhibit, in the
Theclinae, the second direction very completely. In the Pierinae
{Mancipiinn, Pier is, etc.) the first direction is shown by the transfer of
vein IVi, the upper branch of the Media, to the Radius. This state of
affairs we find only again so strongly marked in Nemeobius. In the
four-footed Butterflies the first direction, or suppression of the Media,
asserts itself in the total degeneration of the crossvein ; while the two
upper branches of the Media are pulled towards the Radius, the cell
opens completely. Thus the Media, as a system, ceases to exist. But
in the Nymphalidse, the upper branch of the Media does not become
completely absorbed by the Radius, as in the Pieridae, in which latter
the cell is never so completely opened as in the former family. Again
the second direction is not taken up at all by the brush-footed butter-
flies, the Radius remaining generalized, five-branched. Judging
from the condition of the hind wings especially, the Agapetinae
and Limnadidae are less specialized than the Nymphalidae. The
Libytheidae overlap the more generalized Meadow-Browns. The neura-
tion of the Libytheidte is almost repeated by the Nemeobiidae, which
latter retain no essential wing characters -of the Riodinidse (Erycinidae)
or Lycaenidae. I tried to explain its position on the Lycaenid branch
by the view that the evolution of the neuration has taken a parallel
direction to that of the Pieridae and the four-footed Butterflies. On
the neuration by itself we must, and I now do, exclude Nemeobius
from the Lycaenid branch. Its junction with this branch must remain
154 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
problematical. There are three patterns of the wings of Day But-
terflies: the Papilionid, the Pieri-Nymphalid, the Lyc^eni-Hesperid.
I cannot place Nemeobius satisfactorily because I am told it is a Ly-
csenid while its wings are of the pattern of the Pieri-Nymphalids.
The plan of the Lyc?enid and Hesperid wing is identical. The first
only differs from the latter, by the commencement of the absorption of
the radial veins. It is, in my opinion, very improbable that the Lycge-
nid and Hesperid wing should be separately evolved. The Lycaenid
wing is a continuation of the Hesperid and can be directly inferred from
it. The process of absorption which divides Lycana from Hesperia,
makes a further step and produces Thecla. The morphological value
of the stages is similar.
Although, from any limited study, the neural ion appears as a whole
fixed, it is not so; it has its flux, perhaps its reflux. A wider compari-
son brings this out already and it will bring it out more and more. The
neuration has a present meaning which cannot be overlooked. To
neglect or pass over its teaching, the conclusions we may derive from its
variations, is to detract from the picture, to make this picture by so
much an inaccurate one, of the present condition and the probable past
and future of the organism. In the Lepidoptera, the veins which seem
to be most stable are the main branches, the Radius and Cubitus. Per-
haps the latter with its two branches is the more constant. The play is
now with the Media and its system of branches. Even in so fast
bound, so concrete a group as the Sphingid^e, where everything seems
exhausted tending to a future development, where there is so little that
is lax and pliable in any stage of the insect, the branches of the median
system still shift, vein IVi sometimes leaves the crossvein and appears
attached to the Radius, while IV2 varies in its inclination to the Cubitus.
So rigid and stark a neuration as we find in the Hawk Moths seems to
defy the investigator and to tax his patience beyond its power. But
finally even here something will be yielded to the diligent enquirer. He
will be able on occasion at least to distinguish between the more gen-
eralized and the more specialized form and this through the veining of
the wings. The wing of the Hawk Moths has assumed a certain stability
from its meeting in a high degree the requirements of flight and holds
fast to this pattern of veining in consequence.
The art of the student is exercised to seize upon what is disparate
and bring these characters together into deeper harmony. No doubt,
a record lies for us to read in the neuration of the wings ; the difficulty
lies in properly revealing it, in an adequate interpretation. What I
Dec. iS97] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LePIDOPTERA. 155
have called the "moving veins" appear to follow a still active law of
development. Of the three primary veins, Radius, Cubitus and
Media, the two main trunks have attained a certain fixity opposi-
tion through processes which have been carried on during an unmeasur-
able past. The criticism which our knowledge of the direction of the
venation allows us of the recently published systems of classification is :
that these are often founded on characters the relative value of which
has not been ascertained, their recurring nature not taken into account.
It is as though I had placed Nemeobius among the Pieridae, because its
pattern of venation demanded it, and then proceeded to erect a violent
system upon such a basis after the fashion of Mr. Meyrick. But much
better work will be done in working out all the variations in a single
organ, endeavoring to bring out clearly the value of these variations
and allowing the existing classificatory sequence, I might say the Lm-
iiean sequence, as a rule, to stand. The work before us is still to make
what is now difficult, easy. When we have reached this goal upon any
point of our subject, there will arise plenty to take up the matter and
display their penetration upon it further.
So we see that the principal gain from these studies is the attainment
of a measure, a distinct register, of specialization. By it the groups and
genera drop more naturally into their places. And these studies are
critical of Mr. Meyrick's pretensions, who would arrange the Lepidop-
tera upon neuration but offers us a mass of incorrect figures, an impos-
sible phylogeny and the proof positive that he has nowhere understood
the movement of the veins. So, too, they reach classificators who
blindly thrust the Swallowtails between the Blues and Hesperids, and
they show that these also, have not even understood the conditions of
the problem they assume to have solved with so much pomp of learning.
In Comstock's "Evolution and Taxonomy," to which work my in-
debtedness is very great, I find no distinct recognition of the two main di-
rections of evolution in the wings as such, while there is everywhere ap-
parent the laudable effort to correlate the changes with mechanical causes.
The suppression of the Media is detailed on page 76. In this, my first
direction, the movement of IV2 is thus discussed : " But in which
direction would one expect the base of vein V2 to migrate ? Occupying
an intermediate position between radius and cubitus it may go either
way. It is like a stream in the middle of a level plain, a trifle may
change its course." The view taken by me is that there is a contest be-
tween Radius and Cubitus for the possession of the residue of the
Media, after base and crossvein have degenerated. The two principal
156 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
veins are the residuary legatees of the branches of the Media, and the
determining cause as to which shall succeed to the odd or middle branch
lies in the habit of the insect in flight. The strengthening of the Ra-
dius implies a more sailing, that of the Cubitus a more hovering flight,
with quicker up and down movement as in the Hawk Moths. Comstock
distinctly regards the crossvein as established after base of Media has
disappeared to hold the branches. I do not. The crossvein appears to
me a residue which is next attacked after the base of Media has been
absorbed. If the middle branch refuses to follow either Radius or Cu-
bitus it falls away by want of a base of supply, as in Lyccena and Hes-
peria. (See "Evolution and Taxonomy," p. 70.) The axiom ex-
pressed by me : The amount of the absorption is the iveasure of the
specializatio7i, is intended to embody the leading principle which is to
guide our pterogostic studies.* In the Pieridae alone have I found
both positions of IV2 expressed. While in Leptidia the position on
secondaries is cubital, in all the rest of the genera it is radial. I follow
Comstock's general view in considering this as here indicating dichot-
omy of descent and establish upon it a subfamily division.
To summarize the principal openings through which I have tried to
carry the working theory of the evolution of the v/ings beyond what had
been previously attained :
1. I try to show that the suppression of the Media is the result of a
continuous movement which, after absorbing the connection of the sys-
tem with the base of the wing and thoracic sources of supply, next dis-
integrates the crossvein and distributes the branches between Radius and
Cubitus. It is probable that the crossvein is an old character, an
adapted survival of a former system of crossveins.
2. That that part of the crossvein closing the cell, and lying between
the median branches and either Radius or Cubitus, becomes functionally
the base of the branches in their new auxiliary position after the disin-
tegration of the central or connecting portion of the crossvein. Its
former morphological character as a portion of the crossvein becomes
gradually lost, the angles rounded off.
3. The absorption of the radius branches is sporadic on different
lines of descent and is a reminiscent action of the absorption on the
secondaries which has here already generally fully taken place and been
*The inequality of the specializing movement has been recognized by me in
various places: Die Saturniden, 11, etc. The correlation of flight with the portion
of the middle branch of Media is endeavored to be established by me in the " Tag-
falter," etc., pp. 4 and 5.
Dec. 1897] Grote: Classification of Lepidoptera. 157
carried to its extreme. I try to show, in pursuance of this observation,
that it is questionable whether we can believe that the corresponding
simplification can be attained by the Radius of the primaries, from the
different position and conditions of the two wings. It is also interfered
with by the absorption of IVi, This proves the absorption of the
Media to have commenced after the absorption of the radial veins on
secondaries.
4. I try to show that the general movement is inaugurated with the
secondaries and that these show its effects more plainly than the pri-
maries in one and the same individual. We must logically expect this
to be the case from the entire course and the resulting theory of the
specialization as applied to the wings, and regard it as arising from
mechanical causes.
To descend to the application of these conclusions to classification,
I try to show :
1. That the position assigned by Scudder and Comstock (1. c. Ill,)
to the Swallowtails, next above the Hesperidae, cannot be maintained
in view of the pattern of the wings. The wing pattern of the Hes-
periadae and Lycsenidse is really the same and the interpolation of the
Papilionidge at this point is a violent proceeding. Far better is the
position assigned to the Papilionidse by Chapman ; best of all the plac-
ing of the Parnassi-Papilionidae, in a linear series, at the commence-
ment of the Day Butterflies. The longitudinal vein IX on primaries,
being a subprimary vein offers a subprimary character for dichotomy.
The wing of Papilio loses its generalized characters, by a gradual pro-
cess of specialization, in Parnassius. The Parnassi-Papilionidae differ
by a "high" character, the loss of VIII on secondaries, from all the
other butterflies. They are thus comparable with the Attacinge, the
most specialized of Moths.
2. I have shown the indissoluble nature of the alliance between the
Parnassiidse and Papilionidae and that the former are more specialized
and should ''head the series." The similiarity in color between the
Parnassians and Pierids is adventious and secondary.
3. I have shown that the Nymphalidse retain the radius in a gener-
alized condition. That the higher groups alone show a perfection on
on the opening of the cell, but that the upper branch of the Media is
not absorbed by the Radius (as in Mancipiimi, Pieris, Nemeobius) but
retains generally its position on the crossvein at the extreme upper cor-
ner of the cell. I thus show that there is small ground, from the neura-
tion, for any supremacy of the Nymphalidse, still less of the Agapetidae,
158 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
or Limnadidas, which are distinctly less specialized than the Nymphalidae
proper. So that we see that the statement of the Editor of the Phila-
delphia "Check List," that, in his "opinion," the Nymphalidse are
" correctly placed at the head of the Rhopalocera " is not derived from
what this writer elsewhere calls "scientific knowledge" or "science,"
but is plainly the result of an effort to get into good company. It is
characteristic also of this sort of "opinion," that when we turn to the
List itself we find it to "head" with the Limnadidae, the most gener-
alized of the four-footed Butterflies. The success of the Nymphalid
branch in attaining a variety of forms and a vast array of species
has been great, and this tends to our believing it to he so dominating.
It is, however, lateral, not on the main line. In the accompanying
diagram the opening of the cell has led me even to give the higher
groups perhaps too exalted a position, but this is a minor point. The
connection of the Charaxini, a foreign group, with the main stem of the
Nymphalidce is problematical. I have commented on its position else-
where, and it must be brought into place when the tropical butterflies
are studied upon the basis here set forth.
4. It may be further assumed, that, in former periods of time, the
grouping was laxer than to-day, and that the families we now are able
to separate were once interconnected by forms which have dropped out.
At that time the four or brush-footed butterflies may have been more
nearly connected with the six-footed stem. From small and specialized
groups we cannot expect the birth of new features, but from large and
spreading assemblages, presenting a wide range of character. That
such a state of aff"airs existed in the Whites, we have the testimony of
Leptidia to prove. This butterfly appears now as an isolated survivor
of what was probably a large group of Pieridse. The abyss separating
Leptidia from the Pierinae is profound and I am informed that even
more important deviations still exist in the family. The Pierids may
then well represent the matrix from which the four-footed type pro-
ceeded.
5. Boisduval's groups of Suspensi, Succincti, Involuti, based on the
fashion of fastening the chrysalis, have no existence as phylogenetic as-
semblages, hence are improperly used in this manner by Mr. Scudder.
The Papilionid, Pierid and Lycjenid Succincti have clearly reached the
habit independently. It is a fallacy to believe, with Mr. Scudder, that
there is a regular progression from the cocoon of the moths to a total ab-
sence of the use of silk. Instances are not rare where the generalized
forms spin little or no silk and the specialized forms on the same phyloge-
Dec. 1897 ] Grote: Classification of Lepidoptera. 159
netic line, make large and complex cocoons. This envelop to the pupa
is so clearly an adaptive secondary character, that in one, single, upon
all other characters, homogeneous group, like the Emperor Moths, the
habit runs through the entire scale, from utter absence to a specializa-
tion hardly elsewhere attained, the hanging cocoons of Philosamia,
Attacus and Callosamia. Only on paper does the sequence seen by
Mr. Scudder exist. The specializations of the butterfly do not keep
pace with Mr. Scudder's imaginary series, Pieris is more specialized
than Nymphalis, and Nymphalis than Oeneis. The differences in the
mode of attachment are brought by Mr. Scudder into an artificial con-
nection. As to the "shrouds" of the Involuti, the utmost we can
grant to Mr. Scudder is, that the mode of attachment in Hesperia may
represent a stage by which the cocoon-making larva prepared itself to
abandon this habit. To make more of the observation than this is to
trifle. In a similar way the fact that in Thais the girdle has slipped up
to the " nosehorn " may figure a stage between the Succinct! and Sus-
pensi. But Parnassius does not follow this lead. Among the Agape-
tidse, Oeneis is a generalized form. The most specialized Satyrids,
I have met with, are Pararge and Lasiotnmaia. In these vein IV3 of
the hind wings has effected its junction with the Cubitus. But in Oeneis
cello this junction is not attained and vein IV3 springs still form the
cross vein as in the mass of the more generalized forms. Oeneis belongs
evidently to the genera allied to Erebia, in which vein I is developed,
curved and running to a point. Herein it departs from Eunienis, in
which this vein is blunt as in the Pararginae. The character of IV3
offered by Oeneis is important. It shows that this vein has not been
fully absorbed by the system of the Cubitus, in this genus and the
whole subfamily, Agapetinae, to which Oeneis belongs. From a study
of the imago, Mr. Scudder's classification is thus clearly to be rejected.
The view that the Lycsenid Succincti are specializations of the Papili-
onid is clearly an imaginary one.
6. The sequence in the above table is that recommended by me to
be followed in catalogues and collections. The tribes are omitted be-
cause they are not sharply divisible. They are more or less lax group-
ings of allied genera near extensions of the generic idea. Each family
or superfamily commences with the more specialized forms. To reverse
this order in coUecdons or catalogues is, I believe, impracticable from
the nature of the objects here studied.
160 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM.
A. Papilionid stem (Papilionides) characterized by the presence on fore wings
of vein ' IX;' B, Hesperid stem (Hesperiades) characterized by the absence of the
same vein. The titles of groups in italics denote that in these a reduction of the
radial branches occurs (specialization through the second evolutionary movement).
All the groups are arranged with regard to the specialization of the wing in the two
principal directions. The Jirst direction lies with the breaking up of the system of
the Media and the final redistribution of the outlying three branches between the
Radius and Cubitus, and this reaches a culminating point in the disintegration and
disappearance of the cross vein (Nymphalinse). In the Moths the same phenomenon
is repeated in the Attacinse [Rothsc/iildia, Samia, Fkilcsamia, Callosamia, Atta-
cus.y, Ila is the six-footed Pierid and main branch; lib the four-footed (brush-
footed) Nymphalid branch ; both have the same essential wing pattern, or style of
distribution of the veins and this is shared also by lie, the Nemeobiid branch. lid
is the Hespend main branch; lie the Lycsenid specialized branch ; Ilf is the Hes-
perid generalized branch. The pattern of lid, et seq., differs from the Pieri-Nym-
phalid branches by the simpler, more equidistant vemmg. The specialization, in
the first direction, displays itself here by the disintegration of the cross-vein without
a shifting of the outer branches, which latter remain in situ.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF LAGOA PYXIDIFERA.
By Harrison G. Dyar.
Since Abbot & Smith's work, in 1797, there has been no original
reference to the larva in literature. It may be fitting that the one-hun-
dredth anniversary of the discovery of the larva should be celebrated
by a brief redescription, especially as Abbot & Smith's figure is some-
what erroneous and misleading. Their figure gives the impression of a
longitudinally banded larva, whereas it is really uniformly colored.
The larvae occurred to me in some numbers at Miami, Florida.
Feet and warts, as usual in the genus, distinct; head retracted.
Body slate gray ; hair dense, concealing everything, regularly directed
backward, soft, smooth, pale whitish gray with an under tint of darker
gray which predominates narrowly along the subventral edge and in a
disheveled anterior tuft above the hood. Dorsal line slightly keeled ;
anal hair short ; no tufts. Anal plate reddish. In the earlier stages the
hair is thin and fluffy, white; but the body shows through sordid whit-
ish with a brownish dorsal band divided by a pale line and a broad
brown lateral band. The spiracular glands show white. Edge of cer-
vical shield and anal plate orange tinted. Cocoon and pupa as in Z.
crispata. Feeds on the young shoots of live oak. The larva differs
from that of L. crispata only in color.
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Dec. 1897.] SCHAUS : NeW SpECIES OF GEOMETRlDiB. 161
NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRID^ FROM TROPICAL
AMERICA.
By William Schaus.
Hypnochlora olvidaria, sp. nov.
Body white. Wings white, covered with transverse strite of a dull green, thicker
in places and forming two transverse shades from the costal margin of the primaries
to the inner margin of the secondaries. Expanse, 9 mm.
Habitat'. Castro, Parana.
Comostola pallidaria, sp. nov.
Body yellowish white. Wings above white, thicky flecked with light green
scales; fringes white, costal margin of the primaries white. A black discal point on
primaries and secondaries. Underneath the wings are white. Expanse, 13 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Racheospila arpata, sp. nov.
Head reddish. Thorax bright green. Abdomen whitish green, with a sub-
dorsal row of reddish tufts. Wings bright green, with a reddish point, in the cells.
The primaries with the outer margin purplish, wide at the inner angle, very narrow
between 3 and 4, then widening slightly, and not continuing beyond 6, the fringe
purplish. Secondaries with a large purplish spot, inwardly shaded with yellow at
the apex ; the anal angle also purplish and the fringe of the same color. Underneath
greenish white, showing the markings of the upper surface. Expanse, 22 mm.
Habitat : Rio Janeiro.
Named after my friend, M. J. Arp, of Rio Janeiro.
Nemora masonaria, sp. nov.
Head brown. Thorax green. Abdomen dorsally brownish, laterally white.
Wings white, thick irrorated with dark green striae and scales ; two indistinct very
fine, wavy green lines cross both wings. Primaries with a small dark green discal
spot. Underneath greenish white, the costal margin of the primaries finely brown.
Expanse, 17 mm.
Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico.
I take pleasure in naiiiing this species after J. T. Mason, Esq., who
has kindly given me a specimen.
Aplodes fringillata, sp. nov.
Head thorax and abdomen white. Wings above bright green, the outer margins
and fringes pearly white. A basal white spot on the primaries. An inner and a sub-
marginal white line on both wings, between the latter and the extreme margm the
veins are white. A white discal point on each wing. Two white spots on the inner
margin of the primaries contiguous to the white lines. Underneath greenish white.
Expanse, 15 mm.
Habitat: Castro, Parana.
162 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Tachyphyle janeira, sp. nov.
Palpi while. Head, thorax and abdomen green. Wings above green, a smoky
brown space occupying the base of both wings, except the costal margin of the pri.
maries; an outer wavy dark line, heaviest on the primaries and outwardly shaded
with luteous, crosses both wings, beyond which the nearly entire outer margin is black
except the apex of the primaries and the anal half of the outer margin on the second-
aries. A black discal point on each wing. Underneath nearly white, the outer mar-
gin of the primaries and the apex of the secondaries heavily shaded with black. A
round black spot near the base of the primaries and a transverse basal black mark on
the secondaries. Expanse, 31 mm.
Habitat : Rio Janeiro.
Azelina paranaria, sp. nov.
Antennae pectinated, outer margins angular. Wings above pale reddish gray
specked with black, the primaries with the space between the two lines reddish browny
especially along the outer line. A round black discal spot on each wing. On the
primaries the inner line extends from the costa, forming a deep curve close below the
discal spot, and then two other large curves towards the inner margin, but not so deep
as the first; the outer line wavy. Secondaries with only the outer line, which is
nearly straight and shaded with brownish near the inner margin. Some termina,
black points. Underneath the wings are greenish gray, with brown outer line finell
wavy on the primaries, dentate on the secondaries, a dark annular discal spot on each
wing. Expanse, 34 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Nearest Azelina lindigii Feld.
Azelina jonesaria, sp. nov.
Wings very slightly dentate. Antennae simple. Body and wings greyish
brown. The primaries having the inner line wavy and oblique from the costa to the
median at the origin of vein 2 ; the line recommences again at the median nearer
the base, and forms an angle at the submedian. This line is outwardly shaded with
very dark brown. The outer line is parallel with the outer margin, very slightly
wavy with a deep indentation on the submedian vein. This line is inwardly shaded
with rich brown, outwardly outlined finely with buff which is followed by a broad
grayish shade, beyond which the margin is buff with a subterminal brownish shade.
A terminal row of spots. The discal spot consisting of two small velvety brown
contiguous spots one above the other and sometimes forming a line. Secondaries
grayish brown. A submarginal buff Ime inwardly shaded with darker brown. Un-
derneath dark fawn color, irrorated with black scales. A black discal point on the
secondaries. An outer dentate whitish line. Expanse, 31 mm.
The 5* difiers in having the medial costal space of the primaries more lifeht
reddish brown, and the general ground color of the wings more of a gray. The
terminal spots are yellow. Underneath the outer line is more angular and shaded
with dark brown. Expanse, 34 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Dec. 1897] ScHAUs : New Species OF Geometrid^. 163
Semiothisa paranaria, sp. nov.
Primaries excavated below apex. Secondaries with angle. Body and wings
creamy buft", thinly speckled with brown. On the primaries a basal curved line light
olive brown. An inner wavy brown shade on both wings followed on the primaries by
another wavy olive brown shade. A minute cluster of brown scales at the origin of vein
2. An olive brown streak at the end of the cell. On the secondaries a black discal
point. A broad greenish gray outer shade on both wings, narrowing near the apex
on the primaries and cut by a brownish streak. The fringe buff except in the excava-
tion below the apex where it is dark olive brown. Underneath yellowish buff with
the markings as above, but the outer shade is more in the appearance of a band inter-
rupted by tlie veins which are yellow. A whitish patch at the apex of the primaries.
Expanse, 26 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Semiothisa masonata, sp. nov.
Primaries with apex rounded and then excavated. Secondaries with an angle.
Wings lilacine brown, the outer margin somewhat darker; the basal line slightly
curved, fine brown. The inner line fine, nearly straight and contiguous on the pri-
maries to a dark brown spot on the costal margin. The outer line first curved, then
nearly straight till the secondaries, where it is very wavy, fine, brown, outwardly
shaded with buft. Beyond the outer line a brown costal spot on the primaries, also
a cluster of brown scales between veins 3 and 4. A black discal point on secondaries.
Underneath yellowish, irrorated with brown. The basal and inner lines more heavily
marked, the outer line very fine and followed by a more distinct brown line which is
nearly straight and is outwardly rather heavily shaded with brown. Expanse, 26 mm.
Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.
Epione cinerea, sp. nov.
Body and wings silvery brown gray, irrorated with black and white scales.
Veins pale, distinct; an outer row of black points on the veins, connected by a fine
brownish line, crosses both wings. The primaries with an indistinct white inner line,
and a large black discal point, a subapical reddish brown shade. Underneath the
markings less distinct, and the anterior portion of the outer line shaded with brown.
A black discal point on the secondaries. Expanse, 28 mm.
Habitat : Rio Jalapa.
Acrosemia ochrolaria, sp. nov.
Head and thorax reddish. Abdomen yellowish brown. Wings reddish, both
crossed by a wavy brown line, outwardly shaded with gray, which starts from a sub-
apical gray spot on the costa of the primaries. A terminal brownish gray line partly
dentate on the primaries, and forming a row of spots on the secondaries. A black
discal point on each wing. On the primaries an inner transverse line, slightly curved,
brown, inwardly shaded with gray. Underneath the wings are buff, the transverse
lines smoky and most apparent on primaries. Expanse, 28 mm.
Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.
164 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Boarmia cariaria, sp. nov.
Pale grayish fawn color irrorated with dark striDs and specks, a basal curved
black line not reaching the costal margin, a subbasal dark shade from the costa to
the submedian vein; the median shade outwardly curved below the costa, and
marked with a series of black points on each vein ; this shade is closely followed by
the outer line which is black and also marked with black points on each vein ; be-
yond the outer line an indistinct brownish shade, and a subterminal wavy white
line. On the secondaries the median shade and outer line are widely separated. A
brownish spot at the end of the cell on both wings. Underneath the wings are yel-
lowish white ; on the primaries a terminal black shade widest at the apex, which is
itself white ; the costal margin of the primaries yellowish with fine black stride. Ex-
panse, 38 mm.
Habitat : Peru.
Described from a long series showing no variations, the species is
closely allied to B. roccaria Obt.
Boarmia orizabaria, sp. nov.
Body gray. Wings white, thinly irrorated with black specks; the veins on the
outer half of the wings yellow ; some yellow shades at the base ; the basal line fine,
black ; the median shade and outer lines black, indistinct on the primaries ; on the
secondaries the median shade is formed of two parallel bands and more conspicuous,
the outer line is fine and well marked ; a yellow shade follows the outer line on both
wings ; the apical portion of the primaries is blackish crossed by a wavy white sub-
terminal line, the apex itself being gra}'. A broad subterminal black band on the
secondaries. A large black spot in the cells. Underneath white ; a black spot in
each cell ; a large black space on the apical portion of the primaries, leaving the
apex white. On the secondaries, a few black marks on the outer margin below the
apex. Expanse, 37 mm.
Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.
This species is very distinct from any described form known to me.
I possess a $ also quite similar but in poor condition.
Boarmia dukinfieldia, sp. nov.
Body gray; a black transverse line on the basal segment of the abdomen. Wings
whitish, thickly irrorated with brownish scales, especially beyond the outer line. The
basal line velvety black, very conspicuous ; the median shade consisting of a fine
brownish line rather indistinct except on the inner margin of the secondaries. A dark
brown point in the cell ; the outer line black, dentate and wavy, followed on the pri-
maries at vein 4 by a dark shade extending towards the outer margin ; the outer line
followed by two brownish bands ; a subterminal whitish wavy line on the primaries,
the extreme margin distinctly outlined in black, the fringe white, spotted with black
at the end of veins. Underneath the wings are dark gray, especially along the mar-
gins, and are crossed by an outer line marked with dark points in the veins. Ex-
panse, 35 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Dec. 1897] ScHAUS : New Species of Geometrid^. 165
Boarmia sapulena, sp. nov.
$ fawn color, thickly irrorated with brownish scales especially on the outer half
of the wings, the basal line fine, blackish, indistinct; the median shade, dark, broad,
indistinct, suffused with the ground color, the outer line fine, wavy, black, followed by
a light brownish shade; an ill-defined smoky terminal band, divided by a semilunular
white line. Abdomen with two dorsal rows of black spots. Underneath wings sor-
did white, faintly irrorated with brownish scales, and a faint dark subapical shade on
the primaries and the discal spots indistinct. Expanse, 31 mm.
9 fawn color, thickly irrorated with brownish scales, no lines visible. A broad
transverse median shade and the outer line replaced by a series of black points on the
veins, followed by a faint browish shade. The discal spots very indistinct. Expanse,
42 mm.
Habitat : Petropolis, Rio Janeiro, San Paulo.
Boarmia luciaria, sp. nov.
Thorax brown. Abdomen gray. Primaries dark brown with the median space
between the basal and outer lines light gray, these two lines black, well defined ; a
faint median brownish line, the discal spots brownish, circular, with grayish centre;
an indistinct subterminal dentate blackish line inwardly powdered with grayish scales.
Secondaries with the basal half light gray, crossed by a faint brownish median line,
the outer line black, distinct ; the marginal half dark brown with an indistinct sub-
terminal grayish shade. A terminal row of black points. Underneath the wings are
whitish at the base and then heavily shaded with black. Expanse, 32 mm.
Habitat : St. Lucia, B. W. 1.
Boarmia aztecaria, sp. nov.
Head and thorax gray. Abdomen somewhat paler. Wings semi-diaphanous,
whitish gray, slightly irrorated with darker gray and blackish striae. Primaries
with the base somewhat brownish ; the basal line velvety black, oblique from costa
to median, then slightly curved inwardly to the submedian and afterwards very
oblique inwardly towards the base of the inner margin ; a broad blackish sinuate me-
dian line extending on to the secondaries, where it curves down along the inner mar-
gin; the outer line velvety black and fine, starting from the costa at four-fifths from
the base, obliquely curved to vein 5, where it shoots out a short black line towards
the outer margin, and then wavy and sinuate to the middle of the inner margin, just
above which it touches the median line ; on the secondaries a wavy black outer line.
The extreme margin finely black. The discal spots small and faintly marked.
Underneath white, showing the markings of the upper side. Expanse, 42 rnm.
Habitat : Orizaba and Oaxaca, Mexico.
A very fine and distinct species.
Boarmia franckia, sp. nov.
Wings fawn color irrorated with black scales, thickly so on the basal and me-
dian spaces. The basal and outer lines fine, black and parallel, very oblique out-
wards from the costa, and then angled and inwardly oblique to the inner margin ;
166 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. v.
the outer line followed on both wings by a brown band : the median shade dark,
very dentate on the primaries; the discal spots small, black •, on the outer margin
some diffuse brown and whitish shades ; the extreme margin finely black. Under-
neath pale fawn color irrorated with grayish scales; an indistinct outer row of
points on the veins. Expanse, 39 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Boarmia nebularia, sp. nov.
Wings pale fawn color, thickly irrorated with pale brownish scales ; the lines
very indistinct and represented rather by shades and heavier suffusion of scales; the
outer line semilunular on the primaries, straight on the secondaries ; a subterminal
row of dark spots, more noticeable on the secondaries ; a terminal row of black
points. Underneath the wings are pale fawn color, thinly irrorated with brownish
scales; a black point in the cells and a broad subterminal dark shade. Expanse,
35 mi"-
Habitat: Petropolis, S. Brazil.
The se.xes are quite similar.
ON THE TWO SPECIES OF EUD/EMONIA.
plates xi-xh.
By William Beutenmuller.
Several examples of E. brachyiira and E. argiphontes and their
larvae, from Sierra Leone, Africa, are in the collection of Old World He-
terocera of William Schaus, Esq., which was recently donated by him
to the American Museum of Natural History.
Eudcemonia brachyiira (Plate XI) is pink, with the spots yel-
lowish. The larva is deep black on the upper side with the
extreme sides broken with yellowish, and the under side wholly yel-
lowish (possibly green in life). Anal plate with the two thorny spines,
cervical shield and head testaceous. Along each side of the body are
three rows of spines with branches of shorter spinules, on the anterior
edge of the cervical shield are four short spines. Length ■^2> "^'^- Aug-
gust 21, 1895. ^- argiphontes (Plate XII) is brown with pinkish shades
and a dark transverse band across each wing. The larva is yellowish
(probably green in life), mottled with black along the sides, cervical
shield, lateral row of spines and those on i, 2, 3, 11 and 12 segments
black. Remaining rows of spines yellow (green) tipped with black,
with the spinules also tipped with black. On each side of the segments
3 and 4 is a black band broken on the dorsum by the ground color.
Thoracic feet brown. Length 37 mm., July.
Dec. iS97.] Dyar: New York Slug Caterpillars. 167
THE LIFE -HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG
CATERPILLARS.— XII.
PLATE IX, FIGS. T-IO.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A M., Ph.D.
A pod a bi guttata Packard.
\Z(i\—Lhnacodes biguttata Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 341.
\%(it^—Limacodes tetraspilaris Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. XXXII, 486.
x'i-^i^—Limacodes biguttata Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. A. pi. 8, fig. 16.
1^^2—Limacodes biguttata Grote, Check List.
lZ<^2—Apoda biguttata KiRBY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, p. 553.
1894— ^/ofl'a biguttata Neumogen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 73.
Larva.
1894— Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 221 (as A. y-inversa).
Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal space broad, narrowing slightly toward the extremities,
ending behind in the broadly quadrate joint 13, not strongly arched.
Lateral space broad, oblique, scarcely concave, narrowing a little to-
ward the extremities. Subventral space small, contracted. Ridges at
first prominent and tubercular, setiferous, later smooth, granular, the
subdorsal ridge formed only by the change in slope between back and
sides. Setee of Stage I single, on the thorax ia-iib and iv, on abdomen
i-iii converted into tapering spines with expanded trifid tips, the upper
two on joints 4-1 2 united into a single spine of which one seta forms a
knot-like prominence on the other, exactly as in A. y-inversa. These
setae lean in alternating directions. Later the warts are represented by
short sets, normal in number, not united together; in the last stage al-
most entirely absent. Depressed spaces fairly well developed, small,
but not very sharply defined, but all present (i)-(8). Skin at first
smooth, later with secondary spines on the tubercles and conical
granules, finally uniformly covered with round clear granules. After
the last molt the specific white coloring definitely appears, of the same
general character as A. y-inversa. There are six or seven stages. In
the former case the stage before the last as here described is omitted.
Affinities, Habits, etc.
This larva does not differ structurally from A. y-inversa with which
it is strictly congeneric, and the same remarks will apply to both species.
(See Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 152.) In color it is the same whitish
168 Journal New York Extomological Society. [Voi. v.
green as its ally, but differs in the absence of the transverse yellow line
on joint 3.
The eggs are laid singly on the lower branches of the oak, its only
food plant. The larvae feed in Stage I eating the parenchyma from be-
low in little patches. The moths emerge at the end of June, my exam-
ples all appearing between the 25th and 29th of that month. The
males separate from the females before morning and are not found in
copulation during the day. The species is single brooded, mature
larvae occurring in the middle of August and into September.
This is the larva originally described by me as A. y-inversa. (See
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 15^ and V, 2.) I found them rarely at
Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., and on Esopus Island in the Hudson River
opposite Hyde Park, Dutchess Co. They were unusually abundant at
Bellport, Long Island, in the summer of 1896 and I bred them in some
numbers with the kind assistance of Mr. L. H. Joutel, who kept the
cocoons over winter for me.
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
Egg. — Elliptical, rather opaque whitish, white on both glass and
leaf; 1.2 x .7 mm. Reticulations very small and obscure, irregularly
quadrangular. They hatch in 7 to 8 days.
Stage I. (Plate IX, fig. i.) — Distinctly segmented, opaquish white,
the spines whiter. Rounded and narrowed behind, truncate before,
highest in front. Dorsal and lateral spaces moderate, flat, not hol-
lowed ; ridges slight. No marks except a large black spot on the head,
which consists of a patch of pigment below -the skin of joint 2 and is
visible even to the naked eye. Head smoky, especially on the vertex,
dhe sutures of clypeus black ; mouth brown, a pale area around it.
When retracted, the head looks black. Setae long, slender with broad-
ened bases, tapering, the subdorsal row of joints 4-12 with distinct side
prongs, one-third the length of the other limb. Tips enlarged and
cleft. Basal two-thirds of seta milky white, apex transparent, smooth,
becoming black. On joint 3 five setae, the same on joint 4 but the
upper two consolidated. The lateral seta of joint 5 leans upward and
the subdorsals of joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 lean outward, alternating with
the others. Two simple subdorsal sette on joint 13. Skin smooth,
slightly shining. Later the larva is very shiny, a hollow appears above
the base of each subdorsal tubercle in the dorsal space and a distinct
white line under the skin along subdorsal and lateral ridges. Spines
no longer conspicuously white. Length .9-1.5 mm. The larvae feed
in this stage. Duration about 5 days.
Dec. iSy7.] Dyar : New York Slug Caterpillars. 169
Stage II. (Plate IX, fig. 2.) — Blunt, squarish, highest at joints 5-6.
Pale green, a whitish line along subdorsal ridge, a little wavy. Sub-
dorsal tubercles on joints 3-13 and middle ones on joints 3 and 4 con-
ical, clear, with two black set^e each ; lateral row on joints 3-1 2 with
one seta, all with small, short, colorless, secondary setje with blunt tips.
Skin with sparse watery granules (Plate IX, fig. 6). Largest depressed
spaces indicated. The primary setse are conic and sharp tipped, the
secondary ones bulbous. The dorsal space appears as a dark green
band from the food showing by transparency. Length 1.5 to 2,5 mm.
Stage III. — Thickly conic, clear granular, otherwise as before.
The dorsal depressed spaces show faintly as whitish dots. Subdorsal
line more distinct, nearly straight ; lateral tubercles setose. Head about
.4 mm. wide, whitish, eye black, mouth brown. Length 2.4-3.5 '^'^•
Duration 4 days.
Stage IV. — Elliptical with square tail. Dorsal space flat : lateral
concave, subventral, short. Subdorsal ridge slight, lateral one well
marked. No subdorsal tubercles, set» arising from the ridge, two dark
stiff ones on each segment with no secondary setae. On the lateral
ridge, low raised tubercles with some secondary setae. Skin densely
clear granular, the granules slightly conic. Color green, a yellow line
along the subdorsal ridge on joints 3-13, not joining each other at
either end. A distinct dorsal row (with dark centers) and a fainter
lateral row of whitish intersegmental dots. Head .5 mm. wide, pale,
eye black. Later the ad-dorsal depressed spaces are indicated, and a
darker green shade appears above and below the subdorsal line. Length
3.5-4.6 mm.
Stage V. — Ridges even, not tubercular ; skin densely clear granular,
the granules large, conic, especially large along the lateral ridge, but no
longer setiform. Setee of both ridges black, arising from the ridge.
Dorsal (i), addorsal (2), small ones below the ridge (3), large lateral
(4), upper segmental (5) and lower inter- segmental (6) white dots, the
two largest (i) and (4), dark centered, all these areas smoother than
the skin between, lacking the granules in a small space, not much
deepened, the edges graded and obscure. Body elliptical, tail quadrate,
notched on the sides. Dorsal, and upper half of lateral space pig-
mented, green ; below this transparent leaf green ; a broad yellow sub-
dorsal line on joints 3-13, dark edged above and below. The larva
looks much smoother than before. Length 4.5-6.5 mm.
Stage VI. — Head about 1.3 mm., green, eye black. Body smooth,
no setae perceptible with a lens except the two pale ones of subventral row
170 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
(iv and v) which look long. Skin densely clear granular, the granules
large, coarse, conic as before, but less sharply pointed and situated
more closely along the lateral ridge. Tail quadrate, slightly laterally
notched. Color whitish green, a broad yellow line along the subdorsal
ridge, very slightly waved, edged with dark green as before. A faint
white line along subventral edge. All the depressed spaces (i) to (6)
indicated by yellowish dots, small, shallow, only (i) with a rather sharp
edge and fine granular bottom, the others nearly covered by the large
bordering granules. Subventral space very finely granular. Spiracles
round, whitish, normal, in line. Later the color becomes gradually
whiter, the subdorsal lines approach each other at the ends, but are
separated by a space of .5 mm. No transverse line on joint 3. Length
6.3-9.5 mm. Duration of the stage 8 days.
Sfai:;e VII. — (Plate IX, fig. 8). Shape as described above. Skin
closely clear granular, frosted. Whitish green, clearer on joints 3-5 ;
broad subdorsal lines pale yellow, edged with dark green above and less
distinctly so below ; an obscure whitish subventral line. Subdorsal lines
free at the ends. Depressed spaces whitish, not contrasting, (i) and
(4) faintly dark centered. Granules rounded, not conic as before; not
contiguous, but the sides a little angularly adapted to each other. De-
pressed spaces very small, the smallest, as (2), covered over by the
granules which are a little smaller there than elsewhere. Space (i) a
small elliptical smooth area. Seta inperceptible. The shape is as in
A. y-inversa except that the lateral ridge is more prominent, exceeding
the subventral ridge. Length 9.5-12 mm.* Duration of the stage 7
days.
Cocoon and pupa as usual.
Food-plants. — Oak. Usually on Q. alba, less commonly on other
oaks.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Fig. I. Larva in stage I, dorsal view, enlarged X 60.
" 2. Larva in s'age II, side view, enlarged X 3°'
" 3. Larva in stage VI I, front view, enlarged.
" 4. The same, side view.
" 5. Moth of Apoda bigiittata, natural size.
" 6. Granules of stage II, enlarged.
" 7. Larva in stage VII, early in the stage, dorsal view.
" 8. Larva in stage VII, mature.
" 9. Granules of stage V enlarged, from area of subdorsal ridge.
" 10. The same, stage VI.
* A larva with six stages had the following lengths: I, .9-1.5 mm., II, 1.5-2.4
mm., Ill, 2.4-3.6 mm , IV, 3.6-5.5 mm., V, 5.5-8.4 mm , VI, 8.0-1 1.2 mm.
Dec. 1S97.] TOWNSEND : DiPTERA FROM THE TaMAULIPAN ReGION. 171
DIPTERA FROM THE LOWER RIO GRANDE OR
TAMAULIPAN REGION OF TEXAS.— I.
By C. H. Tyler Townsend.
The present paper is the first of a series to be published on the
dipterous fauna of the region of the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas and
Tamaulipas. The material described was collected by the writer, princi-
pally near Brownsville, Texas, while engaged as Field Agent of the
Division of Entomology, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
The writer has already published, in the Transactions of the Texas
Academy of Science, i, pp. 71 to 96, a paper on biogeography, which
includes mention of the Lower Rio Grande district. This district forms
a part of the TamauUpan fauna, which may be recognized as extending
from the Nueces river region in Texas to the central or southern part of
the ]\Iexican State of Vera Cruz. Several months' collecting done by the
writer in the Lower Rio Nautla region of the State of Veracruz, since the
above paper on biogeography was published, has shown that that local-
ity must come within the limits of the TamauUpan fauna, as possessing
many temperate forms of insects. A considerable number of these tem-
perate forms may range as far south as the Coattjocoalcos river, or even
farther.
It is pointed out in the above mentioned paper that at best the
insect fauna of Lower Rio Grande, from an examination of some 500
species of Coleoptera and Diptera, shows somewhat less than twenty-
five per cent, of Neotropical forms. Probably the percentage will run
lower on the examination of a greater mass of material. The district is
mainly Lower Sonoran ; but there is, beside the Neotropical (^Mexican
province of the tropical transition zone), a considerable element of
Aitstroriparian, and even a few Upper Sonoran forms reach down to it
from the west, while a maritime Antillean fauna reaches up the Mexican
coast line and keys to Padre Island. The fauna of this district is there-
fore rich in forms, as particularly evidenced by the Coleoptera so far
collected, for no less than five great life provinces tend here to meet and
intermix their constituent elements to a greater or less extent.
For the determinations of the flowers on which the diptera men-
tioned in this paper were taken, I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Coulter and
Mr. F. V. Coville.
SIMULIID.F.
Simuiium tamaulipense, sp. nov.
9 . Length, i J^ mm. Near 5. meridionale, but smaller and the outer one on
1T2 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
each side of the three thoracic lines not curved outward at posterior end. Eyes vel-
vet black, face and front silvery ; the front with usually a trace of a linear black vitta
in one specimen very distinct, in another entirely wanting. Antennae yellowish, with
a silvery covering Thorax silvery, with three longitudinal lines ; the middle one
longest, very narrow and linear; the outer ones heavier, straight, slightly divergent
posteriorly. Looked at from directly above, the outer lines appear curved, outwardly
convex. Scutellum and metascutum below scutellum, both brownish in some lights
but in others they seem to be wholly silvery, the various portions appearing different
in color to the view at the same time. Abdomen silvery, but the third and fourth
segments wholly brownish, sometimes with a round median silvery spot on each.
Legs yellowish, shaded with silvery, tarsi blackish or brownish ; hind metatarsi yel-
jowish, except at distal end. Wings clear, whitish, veins dilute pale yellowish. Ilal-
teres and wing bases pale dilute yellowish.
Four 9 's, Reynosa, Tamaulipas. A small species taken on car win-
dows of railway train, May loth.
Described from four dried specimens.
SYRPHID^.
Baccha clavata Fab.
One $ bred from pupa found in square of cotton at Carmen, about
four miles up the river from Brownsville, May 24th. The pupa was
fastened by its anal end to the inside of the square. It may be described
as follows:
Pupa. — Length, 57^ mm. Pale greenish yellowish. Oval with a
flat ventral surface, full and rounded on anterior end, more tapering
and pointed on posterior end. A few short hair-like filaments of in,
tegument on dorsal surface in five transverse rows, the first row being
on anterior end above cephalic plate.
The adult was found issued May 31st. Facial stripe greenish
black. Thorax dark metallic greenish. Scutellum greenish across the
disk. Posterior border to the insertion of the antennae dark greenish.
Otherwise the coloring was normal.
Baccha tropicalis, sp. nov.
^. Length, nearly or quite 12 mm. Eyes of a beautiful soft yellowish-olive
color, frontal triangle rust-yellow except sides which are pale greenish-yellow, with
a round or slightly oval black spot anteriorly near basis of antennae, and a pointed
spot before posterior angle. Front with thin black hair. Antenna; rust-yellow, the
third joint with a brownish tinge, arista same color as third joint. Face pale green-
ish yellow. Ocellar area soft deep black, a brassy-yellowish space behind it between
eyes. Occiput gray-cinereous. Thorax on the sides, and scutellum, the same color as
the whole plurae, bright clear yellow with hardly a greenish tinge, the scutellum and
posterior sides of thorax with slightly more of a greenish or olivaceous tinge. Pectus
Dec. iSgy] ToWNSEND : DiPTERA FROM THE TaMAULIPAN REGION. 173
with a slight rosy tinge to the yellow. Disk of thorax abruptly rust-yellowish brown;
with a narrow black vitta near border on each side, interrupted at suture and bor-
dered on inside with a rust-yellow margin, but on outside with a hardly perceptible
one between the vitta itself and the rust-yellowish brown line belonging to the ground
color ; in the middle with a pair of narrow uninterrupted vittae, both narrowly mar-
gined inside and out with rust-yellow. Semicircular area below scutellum blackish,
yellowish next scutellum. First segment of abdomen almost wholly yellow with a
greenish tinge. (N, B. — The above description was made from fresh specimens just
captured. What follows is drawn from dried specimens. ) The colors change
somewhat in dried specimens. Two broad blackish vittae often appear on mesoscu-
tum after specimens have become dried. The semicircular area of metathorax below
scutellum is divided into two crescent-like portions, the lower one and lower half of
upper being brown, and the rest yellowish. Abdomen yellowish-red or reddish-yel-
low, but I believe it is more of a rust-yellowish in fresh specimens, and certainly
much lighter ; first segment broad, lunate, with yellowish hairs ; hind border of each
segment darker, also base of second segment same except extreme base which is yel-
lowish. Third, fourth and fifth segments with a median pair of narrow, closely ap-
proximated, longitudinal, parallel, brown lines. Legs yellow, the distal half of hind
tibiae brownish. Anterior-basal half of wings yellowish, extending on outer border
distally to end of third costal cell, inner border of yellow thence' extending back some-
what irregularly to middle or basal third of anal cell, except that it runs down the
inner border of apical cell inside of .spurious vein ; inner-apical half, or rest of wing,
dilute fuscous, the centers of the two posterior, anal, discal and submarginal cells be-
ing dilute or sub-clear. A wrinkle in distal end of second basal cell, extending into-
discal cell ; three whitish spots in transverse line, one on proximal end of this wrin-
kle, one on spurious vein which is here slightly enlarged, and one opposite in margi
nal cell. Halteres yellowish, with a brownish tinge on knobs.
9 . Length, 1 1 mm. Differs from $ as follows : Eyes not contiguous. Rust
yellowish of front extending back nearly to ocellar area, a narrow median blackish
vitta on its posterior half. Posterior portion of front brassy-yellowish, narrowly en-
closing ocellar area in front. Wings with the yellow as in ^ , but with no fuscous
except at end of submarginal cell, very narrowly in end of marginal, on vein at distal
end of anal cell, and faintly on small cross-vein. Abdomen with the two median
lines on third to fifth segments heavier, with slightly oblique more or less faint brown
lines on sides, and with lateral edges of third to sixth segments brown. Second
segment pale brownish with a broad yellowish curved anteriorly convex fascia across
middle. The 9 has the abdomen wider than the $.
Nineteen specimens, as follows : One $ and two $ 's, Brownsville,
June 21. Taken on flowers of Clematis drummondii Torr. &. Gray,
and Monarda cli?iopodioides Gray. Nine $ 's and five $ 's, Browns-
ville, June 22. Taken on flowers of Clematis drummondii. Also one
$ not on flowers. One $ , Roch's Resaca, about three miles up the
river from Brownsville, June 25, On flowers of Clematis drummondii,
in opening of heavy timber — big trees with hanging moss.
Belongs to the neotropical group of phcetoptera Schin., livida
174 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
^c\\\r\., flavipennis Wied., etc., which occurs from Brazil to the tropical
portions of Mexico.
Volucella esuriens, var. mexicana Mcq.
Brownsville, April 7. Ramirez and San Miguel, Tamaulipas, on
the Matamoras and Monterey Railway, May loth; and same date num-
bers seen hovering constantly about a large wood pile of well-seasoned
mesquite near La Mesa, a wood stop west of Ramirez. They were
probably seeking an opportunity to oviposit where their grubs could find
longicorn larvse on hatching from the tgg.
San Tomas, about seven miles down the river from Brownsville,
June 7. At this date this species was found extremely numerous in the
palmetto thicket at San Tomas, but always flying high up amongst the
tops of the palmetto (^Sabal mexicana) moving very swiftly, and in such
numbers making altogether a noise like a swarm of bees.
Brownsville, June 23. Two $ 's and two 9 's taken on flowers of
Gaillardia pidchella Fong. Also taken up to July 14th.
Point Isabel, Texas, on the coast, June 29. One $ taken on
flower of a composite near beach. This species ranges from the Texas
and Mexican coast line at sea level to the table lands of the Northwest,
reaching the top of San Francisco mountain in Arizona, nearly 13,000
ft. above the sea. It thus extends from the tropical to the boreal life-
zones, which is an exceptionally wide range and one not often attained.
Eristalis furcatus Wied.
One $ , Brownsville, June 24, on foliage. This species may be
distinguished by its velvety black vittate thorax.
The present specimen has the spots on each side of second and third
segments very distinct, of good size, and yellow, with a faint tinge of
reddish brown on the hinder pair. There is no trace of the median
whitish spot near the hind margin of second segment. Schiner (Nov.
Reise, 362) has pointed out that this whitish spot is not visible in the $ ;
the third and fourth segments have each a pair of metallic shining spots,
separated by the median velvety black, which unites the anterior median
triangular velvety black spot with posterior marginal fascia of the same
color. The pale golden pile of frontal triangle is mixed with black pile
posteriorly. Antennae brownish yellow. Length, 9 mm.
This is a tropical species, ranging from Rio Janeiro and Argentina
to tropical Mexico. It has been taken at an altitude of 6,000 feet at
Amula in the mountains of Guerrero (Williston, Biol. C, A. Dipt.,
Ill, p. 62).
Dec. 1897] TOWNSEND : DiPTERA FROM THE TaMAULIPAN REGION. ] 75
Eristalis tricolor Jaenn.
Thirty-three ^'s and eight $'s, as follows: San Tomas, one $
June 16, and one 9 June 23, in palmetto jungle. Brownsville, six ^ 's
and one 9 taken on flowers of Lippia lanceolata Michx, June 2 2; one
$ taken on flowers of Gaillardia pulchella Fong, June 23; twenty-
four $ 's and six 9 's taken on flowers of Lippia lanceolata, June 24; and
one $ , June 28.
The ^ taken June 16 shows a very faint line of brown on posterior
half of edge of second abdominal segment, and a still fainter trace on
third segment. Face silvery-white, with whitish-brassy pile. Front a
little cinereous, with longer hair of same color as that on face. Anten-
nse brownish yellow. Front and middle knees yellowish, extending half
way down tibiae, the rest of middle tibiffi yellowish brown, only the ex-
treme proximal end of hind tibiae yellowish. Wings very faintly flavous
tinged on antero-basal position. Length, 10)^ mm.
The other specimens measure from 8 to 1 1 mm. in length. They
are all quite constant in abdominal coloration. All the 9 's, however,
and a very few of the $ 's, show gradations to a variation (9 of
June 22) in which the black thoracic band is rather deeply invaded an-
teriorly in the middle by the cinereous, and also has an arcuate border of
cinereous behind next the scutellum and entendingto wing bases on each
side. This makes the thorax wholly cinereous excepting a pronounced
lunate band of black before hind margin, with its concavity forward.
The scutellum is yellow as in other specimens.
Eristalis vinetorum J^a3.
Brownsville, June i, two specimens, ^,9. One $ on flowers of
Verbesina encelioides Benth & Hook., June 18. One $ on flowers of
Monarda clinopodioides Gray, and two $ 's on flowers of Lippia lanceo-
lata Michx., June 22. Three ,c. .8,:, TOWNSEND ■. D.ITERA FROM THE TaMAUUPAN REG.ON. 117
the 9 \ have the tip of abdomen distinctly blackish, but several 1 's
have it more or less reddish. j„,i„da
Giglio-Tos makes this species a queried synonym of O d.smde^
Walk The specimens which I originally referred to 0. '"^''7'' '^^
E,' Soe Wash., .891) varied in length from 8-.0 mm. ; wh.le tho^
f ferred to O. }JJs were no. only much shorter, but proportronate y
much mailer in size, so that i, -emed hardly probable that aUbeloned
to one species, I am aware that size may be of no importance as a
specie character, and since I have more recently found speamens f
all gradations in size between the two forms, so that it was ^PO^f''' ? »
p rate them into two series, I am inclined to believe - *- '»
I advocate, however, the use of the name eucAen^r, instead of dos.ades
as used by Giglio-T^s, and this for the reason that the description of
III beuer applie; to the normal specimens. Were we to take he
ZL that comes first in the pagination of Walker's List, we would have
to employ epy/«s, which is manifestly only a synonym of eucAe,wr.
Jurinia apicifera IVa/i.
Eight specimens, Brownsville, as follows : Two, ^ , 9 , J™e J . ;
one ?, Tunc .., and four 5 's, June .4, taken on flowers of Z»
ZJojJa Michx'. ; and one S , June .8. length, ..^^4 mm^
The species which I have always recognized "^i^f ^^^^ ™;
may be distinguished by the following characters : The front except
Tar thorax and scutellum are characteristically brassy-yellowish
ometimes grayish-brassy) pollinose; the abdomen is sb.mng bUck
the fourth segment being conspicuously silvery (or grayish-ashy) polli-
™'' One of the specimens above mentioned ( i , June .4), i" which the
thorax "id scuteUum have become greased, shows the 8-"^ ™ " °
the disc of thorax to be opaque black, while the humeri and lateral
margins are tawnyyellowish, and the whole scutellum is brownish-
''"°This species has the frontal vitta of ^-ft ''"^'^-y^"-' --™;=:
ocher-yellow. The occiput is clothed with brassy-yellow hair of the
:ame tLge as the pollen of thorax, sides of front, and scutel -n Th
whole face, including sides of face and usually -^^' ^''^^^^^^ ^^l
Brownsville specimens is pure silvery-white ; while in "°^*J" ^^P^"
mens from Michigan it is usually very distinctly golden. I ^^^ > '^'"^y
r^arkedonthispectaiarity^fdif.^cebe.eenno^^^^^
specimens (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXil, p. -jo).
178 Journal New York Entomological Society, [Voi. v,
blackish vittse on the thorax, all sub-equally separated from each other,
the median pair being linear and more abbreviated behind than the
others, which are more interrupted at the suture and curved inward be-
hind. The hypopygium of the $ 's is more or less reddish. The
brassy pollen of thorax extends downward over the whole pleurse, and
on the underside of the front femora, in both sexes. The front tarsi of
9 do not seem to be dilated. The scutellum bears three strong
posteriorly appressed marginal bristles on each side, of which the middle
one is the shortest ; a short and weaker also appressed strongly decus-
sate X-like pair in the middle on margin; and a shorter but sub-erect
and straight pair immediately in front of the decussate ones. In the
other points given by Williston (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 300),
the specimens agree.
LOCALITY AND FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF
MEXICAN COCCID/E.
By C. H. Tyler Townsend.
'J'he following is a complete list, with full localities, distribution,
and food plants, of all the scale insects so far identified from Mexico.
The number, which in 1893 "^^^^ ^^^ ^^j ^""O^^' reaches 80, including vari-
eties, and four species found at Brownsville, Texas, which must surely
occur near Matamoros. The new species mentioned, have been de-
scribed by Professor Cockerell in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol.
XXIX, p. 265, who has recently worked up the last lot of material col-
lected for the Department of Agriculture. That portion of the material
collected between April 24 and May 10, 1896, in Yucatan, Campeche
and Laguna, was secured while on a trip for the Department. The
determinations of all the species of my own collecting have been made
by Mr. Pergande and Professor Cockerell. Mr. Pergand? determined
most of the well-known species, while Professor Cockerell worked up
new and less known forms.
Llaveia axinus Lhve. (a) Halfway between Salina Cruz and Te-
huantepec (Oaxaca). On unknown prickly bush, May 29, 1896. Coll.
Towns. (<^) Tlacotalpam (Vera Cruz). On Jatropha sp., and Spoii-
dias sp. Coll. by Llave.
Peculiar to Mexico. " I believe the genus Llaveia will prove to be
identical with Ortonia, from Ecuador and Guatemala " (Ckll.).
Dec. 1S97.] TOWNSEND : CATALOGUE OF MEXICAN COCCID^. 179
Llaveia axinus, var. dorsalis Duges. Mexico (exact locality not
known to me). Coll. Duges.
Peculiar to Mexico.
Icerya purchasi Mark, (a) Guaymas (Sonora). On orange,
Sept. 23, 1894. Coll. Towns, (i^) Hermosillo (Sonora). On orange,
Sept. 25, 1894. Coll. Towns, (c) Magdalena (Sonora). On orange
and lime, Sept. 26, 1894. Coll. Towns, (d) Victoria (Tamaulipas).
On orange, Oct. 16, 1894. Coll. Towns. (^) Monterey (Nuevo Leon).
On orange, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in California, Florida, Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa, Sandwich Islands.
Icerya montserratensis i?. &' H. Izamal (Yucatan). On
orange, April 28, 1896. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in Montserrat Trinidad, Grenada.
Icerya palmeri R. 6r» H. Guaymas (Sonora). On grape. Coll.
Palmer.
Peculiar to Mexico. This species was described from cast larval
skins, and may prove to be identical with some species more recently
described.
Coccus cacti Z. Southern Mexico. Formerly cultivated on
Opiintia, in parts of southern Mexico, Oaxaca, Guerrero, etc.
Known elsewhere in Madeira, Canary Islands, Algeria, Spain, In-
dia, etc., where it was introduced for cultivation long ago. Also occurs
in Jamaica.
Coccus tomentosus Lam. Guanajuato and Silao (Guanaj.)
On Opuntia sp. Coll. Duges.
Peculiar to Mexico.
Coccus confusus Ckll. var. La Puerta Rancho (Tamaulipas).
In masses on Optmtia sp., May 6, 1895. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado.
'* The specimens are larger than the normal confusus " (Ckll.)
Capulinia sallei Sign. Mexico (exact locality unknown). On
plant called " capu/i/to." Coll. Salle probably.
Peculiar to Mexico.
Conchaspis angraeci, var. hibisci Ck//. Tampico (Tamaulipas).
On Malvaviscus arboreus called '■^ tulipan,'" October 14, 1894. Coll.
Towns.
Peculiar to Mexico. The typical C. angrceci is known only from
Jamaica and Trinidad.
180 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Conchaspis newsteadi Ckll. (sp. n.) Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz).
On frangipanni, Feb. 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.
Peculiar to Mexico. "Surprising discovery! Three species of
the genus are now known ; angrceci in Jamaica on an orchid (Hope
Gardens), with the variety hibisct collected by Townsend in Tampico ;
another not yet published, found by Green in Ceylon ; and now the
third, this one found by Townsend in Vera Cruz. What the native
country of the genus is, I know not. It may be oriental. I called this
species after Mr. Newstead because he gave a very good illustrated ac-
count of the genus (as PseiidingUsia) only a few months after I pub-
lished it." (Ckll.)
Eriococcus dubius Ckll. — Valles (Tamaulipas). On unknown
plant, Oct. 13, 1894. Coll. Towns.
Peculiar to Mexico.
Phenacoccus yuccae Coq. {a) Tlaltizapani (Morelos). On
lime, Oct. 7, 1894. Coll. Towns. (^) Mexico (D. F.). On banana in
sheltered patio, Dec. 27, 1892. On Yucca sp., probably Y. Jilifera,
Oct. 8, 1894. Both coll. Towns. (c') Guadalajara (Jalisco). On
orange. Agave sp., banana. Yucca sp., Colocasia sp., Oct. 9 and 10,
1894. Coll. Towns, (d) Agnas calientes (A. C). On Pelargonium
sp., Amaryllis sp., Oct. 11, 1894. Coll. Towns. {/) San Luis Potosi
(S. L. P.). On orange, lime, cherimoya, Lantana sp., pomegranate,
Tacoma sians, a malvaceous tree, and a caprifoliaceous shrub, Oct. 12,
1894. Coll. Towns. (/) Tampico (Tamaulipas). On orange, Oct.
14, 1894. Coll. Towns, ig) Las Esteros (Tamaulipas). On Mimosa
sp., Oct. 15, 1894. Coll. Towns. {]i) Monterey (Nuevo Leon). On
fig, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll Towns. (/) Campeche (Camp.). On
Tecoma stans, April 25, 1896. Coll Towns. (/) Progreso (Yucatan).
On fig. May 16, 1890. Coll. Towns. Jalapa (Veracruz). On orange,
May 19, 1896. Coll. Towns.
Peculiar to Mexico and California.
Phenacoccus helianthi Ckll.vzx. Northern Tamaulipas (proba-
bly). Occurs in Lower Rio Grande Valley. On cotton at Santa
Maria, Texas, May 7, 1895. Coll. Towns.
Peculiar to Lower Rio Grande Valley. The typical form is found
in southern New Mexico on sunflower.
Dactylopius citri Boisd. {a) Orizaba and {b') Cordova (Vera
Cruz). On coffee. Coll. Segura. {c) Uruapan, {d) Ario, (. amygdali {latiatus) that I
had at first a notion to treat it as a geographichal race. Very 1 nterest-
ing discovery, scientifically and economically" (Ckll.). D. amigdali
is known in Jamaica, Grand Cayman, Santo Domingo, Barbadoes, An-
tigua, Martinique, Trinidad, Florida, Georgia, District of Columbia,
California, Japan, Hong Kong, Ceylon, Australia, Cape Colony.
Diaspis cacti, var, opuntise C('//. Xcolak (Yucatan). On Opi/?i-
tia sp.. May 10, 1896. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere only in Kingston, Jamaica. The variety opimti-
cola Newst. , is found in British Guiana; while the typical form D. cactt
Comst., is a native of Arizona and New Mexico, but has been recently
reported by Maskell to occur in India.
Aulacaspis rosas Bouch. Chihuahua (Chih.). On rose, Oct.
19, 1894. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in eastern United States, Europe, Jamaica,
Demerara, California, Central America, Sandwich Islands, China,
Australia, New Zealand.
Aulacaspis boisduvalii Sign. Alta Mira (Tamaulipas). On
Bromelia pinguin, Oct. 15, 1894. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in Jamaica, Barbaboes, Trinidad.
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides Cotnst Acapulco (Guerrero).
On cocoanut palm. Coll. Craw on plants entering port of San Fran-
cisco.
Known elsewhere only in Florida.
Parlatoria pergandei Comst. Matamoros (Tamaulipas). On
orange, June i, 1895. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in Texas (Brownsville. Coll. Towns.), Florida.
Mytilaspis citricola Pack, or sp. nov. Tehauntepec City
(Oaxaca). On Cliilaspis li?tearis, May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere {Af. citricola) in Florida, California, Tahiti,
Trinidad. " Mytilaspis sp. with the general appearance of citricola^
Dec. 1897J TOWNSEND : CATALOGUE OF MEXICAN COCCID/E. 189
material inadequate. If it is not citricola, it certainly is not any of the
known Mexican species. The group to which it belongs is a very crit-
ical one, and one must have good material " (Ckll.).
Mytilaspis gloverii Pack, (a) Tampico (Tamaulipas). On
orange, Oct. 14, 1894. Coll. Towns, (d) Matamoros (Tamaulipas).
On orange, Dec. 9, 1894, and June i, 1895. Coll. Towns. (<:) La-
guna, on Carmen Island (Campeche). On orange, April 24, 1896.
Coll. Towns, (d) Izamal (Yucatan). On orange, April 28, 1896.
Coll. Towns. (^) Jalapa (Vera Cruz). On orange. May 19, 1896.
Coll. Towns.
Known elsewhere in Louisiana, Florida, south Europe, Texas
(Brownsville. Coll. Towns.), Bolivia (La Paz), California, Japan,
Ceylon.
Mytilaspis philococcus Ck//. Guanajuato (Guan.). On cac-
tus. Coll. Duges.
Peculiar to Mexico.
Mytilaspis carinata CkU. Acapulco (Guerrero). On " plants
like Anthuriumy Coll. Craw on plants entering port of San Fran-
cisco.
Peculiar to Mexico.
Howard ia biclavis Corns t. Southern Mexico. On lime. Coll.
Craw on plants entering port of San Francisco.
Known elsewhere in Tahiti, Trinidad, Sandwich Islands, Ceylon.
Chionaspis citri Comst. {a) Tamipico (Tamaulipas). On
orange and tangerine, Oct. 14, 1894. Coll. Towns, {b) San Rafael
(Vera Cruz). On orange, June 19, 1896. Coll. Towns, (r) Laguna,
on Carman Island (Campeche). On orange, April 24, 1896. Coll.
Towns, (d) Izamal (Yucatan). On orange, April 28, 1896. Coll.
Towns.
Known elsewhere in Louisiana, Cuba, Bermuda, Antigua, Trini-
dad, Demerara, Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Japan, Samoa.
Chionaspis furfurus, var. ulmi Ckll. Northern Tamaulipas
(probably). Occurs in Lower Rio Grande Valley. On Ulmus crassi-
folia in Brownsville, Texas, May i, 1895. Coll. Towns.
Peculiar to Rio Grande Valley. C. furfurus Fitch, is known in
Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, Maryland, southern California.
This ends the list of species so far known from Mexico. It should
be stated that Lecanium verrucosum and Dactylopius calceolarice have
been erroneously recorded from Mexico.
190 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Professor CockereU's paper on Mexican Coccidae, in 1893 (Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 6, Vol. XII, pp. 47-53), l^rought the list of
species and varieties then known up to 30, his paper having added 12
species. The early additions to the list are shown in the following
table adapted from Cockerell :
Species known from Mexico before Signoret's time, ... 3
" added by Signoret (1873-75), 2
<' " Comstock (1882-83), 3
'' " Riley and Howard (1890) 2
" found by Duges (up to 1893) 8
Total up to 1893, 18
In 1893, Cockerell found, on a trip through Mexico, 12 additional
species, bringing the list up to 30. Since then the number has been in-
creased by the writer, who found 19 additional species in 1894; 8
further additional in 1895; and 16 still further additional in 1896. In ad-
dition to these, Mr. Alexander Craw has found, up to 1897, in the course
of his horticultural quarantine work at San Francisco, 7 more species,
thus bringing the total up to 80 in all with the close of the year 1896.
Therefore, in three years (1894, 1895 and 1896) the list of Mexican
Coccidse has been increased 50 species, and that during only a few
weeks each year, probably not exceeding three months altogether, dur-
ing v/hich time much other work was also attended to. This indicates
the surprising results to be obtained in collecting and investigating
scale-insects in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, as well
as South America, which is still less known in this respect. The writer
is at present engaged in collecting further material in Mexico, and has
a considerable number of species already which are doubtless additional
to this list, but it will be some time before they can be worked up.
NEW SAWFLIES (TENTHREDININiE) WITH DE-
SCRIPTIONS OF LARViE.
Bv Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.
Siobia excavata Norto7i. 1,
Antennae short and thick, a little thickened before apex ; posterior
tibiae not reaching apex of abdomen ; eyes reaching almost to base of
mandibles ; labrum round, pointed ; lanceolate cell with oblique cross
Dec. iSg?.] Dyar: New Sawflies, and LaRV/E. 191
nervure ; under wing with one middle cell or none. Black, coarsely-
granular and with a fine golden yellow pubescence. Head black, cly-
peus and labrum bright yellow, two basal joints of antennae orange yel-
low, palpi pale. Thorax black, posterior edges of prothorax, cenchri,
trochanters, basal two thirds of all tibia and apex of anterior femora
yellow ; tegulse orange yellow ; apex of tibiae and tarsi light brown. Ab-
domen black, basal plates yellow, first segment brown centrally, each
segment with a narrow posterior yellow line, the terminal segment half
yellow ; venter black. Wings faintly yellowish smoky, veins black, costa
and stigma brown, the latter yellow at base ; a black dot in the second
submarginal cell. Length of male lomm., female ii mm. ^. robiista
Kirby seems to be the same species. Larva characterized Can. Ent.,
XXVII, 339as"5c."
Stage I. — Head .35 mm., brown-black, shiny; skin dark.
Stage II. — Head .53 mm., black, slightly pruinose. Body dull gray,
scarcely darker dorsally except from the food showing by transparency ;
thoracic feet black ; subventral region white ; no spots.
Stage IV. — Head .9 mm., dark gray, body pruinose gray, brighter
subventrally, annulate. No marks. Length 10 mm.
Stage V. — Head black except around the mouth, covered with white
bloom ; width 1.3 mm. Dorsal area faintly grayish, lateral black spots
distinct, two on each segment ; a series of small black spots subventrally
along the bases of the feet, three on each segment. Subventral region
yellowish, black points present ; a white bloom.
Stage VI. — Head black, pale around the mouth ; width 1.6 mm.
Body as in the mature larva but the gray less evident, marks all smaller
and fainter. A thick white bloom gradually appears.
Stage VII. — Head shining black with a faint white bloom; antennae
short, pointed ; width 2.0 to 2.2 mm. Thoracic feet large, slender, di-
vergent, abdominal ones small, present on joints 6 to 13. Segments 6-
annulate with minute black points on the second and fourth annulets, a
few others on the third annulet, stigmatal and subventral folds. Body
pruinose leaden gray, a thin white bloom on a sordid greenish leaden
ground ; a series of diffuse, quadrate, black patches laterally, two on
each segment between annulets 1-2 and 4-5. Upper subventral fold
faintly yellowish, obscured by the bloom ; lower fold black, forming a
nearly continuous band. Subventral region white ; feet and venter
whitish ; thoracic feet largely black. Solitary feeders, do not curl.
Stage I'YII. (ultimate) — Head leaden black, but over the clypeus and
below antennae whitish; width 2.2 mm. Body annulate, shining, leaden
192 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
black throughout, no bloom ; a series of large lateral patches, one on a
segment, on joints 2 and 5-12 covering the spiracles, creamy yellow.
These patches are as broad as the width of annulet 2 and posterior half
of annulet i. Thoracic feet leaden, clear at the joiiits ; abdominal feet
clear at tip. On attaining this stage the larvae enter the earth.
Found commonly on the button bush (^Cephalanthus occidentalism
around New York City early in June, a large and striking larva, often
completely defoliating the plants of their young leaves. They all disap-
pear by the middle of June and the flies do not appear till the following
spring.
Macrophya trisyllaba Say. ^
Found by Mrs. Slosson at Franconia N. H., feeding on the elder
{Smnhucus raceinosa).
Upper half of head black, lower white. Body segments 7-annu-
late with distinct white points on the second and fourth annulets.
Dorsum to the spiracles black, mottled with sordid white principally in
a festooned narrow subdorsal line and straight dorsal one. Below the
spiracular line whitish with several small black spots on each segment
and one on the base of the foot. Anal plate black. Thoracic feet pale
with a mark at the base ; abdominal feet on joints 6 to 13.
Ultimate stage. — Smooth, without points, shining waxy, the black
coloration as before but paler, dotted with whitish and the creases of
the annulets pale, hence the general appearance is paler than before.
Head pale, eye black ; a dusky shade over the vertex. The larvae enter
the ground to hibernate.
Mrs. Slosson sent me a itw of these larvae in September ; the fly
emerged the following spring :
Tenth redo atroviolacea Norton, var. peratra, var. nov.
Agreeing exactly with the description of Tetzf/iredopsis atroviolacea, Norton,
except that there is no white spot on the posterior coxre and the third joint of an-
tennae is one and one-half times as long as the fourth. This is doubtless a variety of
T. atroviolacea. The fly is entirely black, head, thorax and legs dull with large
punctures, wings rather opaque violaceous, the venation of the posteriors as described
for the male of T. atroviolacea. One male, bred from larva.
The larva is a very curious one. For a Tenthridinid remarkably
specialized, having reached the stage of some Noctuid Lepidoptera
(T3ody shining, translucent.
19G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
slightly yellowish tinged with green, principally from the food. Seg-
ments 4-annulate, the fourth small, three rows of fine but rather long,
colorless setce on the first three annulets. Thoracic feet rather large,
colorless; abdominal small, on joints 6-11, 13, colorless; short, blunt
anal prongs, also colorless. No marks and the head is pale brown.
The larva eats the whole leaf when it emerges, sitting on the edge, the
body curled down a little on one side of the leaf. The larvae will rasp
with their prongs when in the houses if disturbed. At the end of the
stage the larvce enter the ground. Body all pale emerald green, the
head brown. Anal prongs rudimentary, brownish, situated on the edge
of the anal flap.
Found on the small leaved poplar {Pop2iliis tremuloides') at Fort
Lee, N. J. I have also seen the characteristic houses on the poplar
near New York City and at Jefferson, N. H. There is only one brood
a year, the larvae disappearing at the end of May or a little later. The
houses remain on the tree much longer. Cocoons formed on the
ground. The fly corresponds with Mr. Marlatt's description of the
female; the male is not like his description.
Pontania pallicornis Norton. ''
With the habits of /*. robusta but living on the willow. The
smooth leaves are closely folded over, the house long on the narrow
leaf, 25 to 40 mm., about one-fourth of the leaf turned over, so that the
outer edge just reaches the midrib. The folded part at the angle where
it is bent is slightly swollen and yellowish, caused by little scattered
patches eaten from the under side.
Egg slits under the lower epidermis half way between the midrib
and margin.
Stage I. — Head brownish, not black, width 2 mm. Body as in the
next stage, small, colorless, whitish. The larva was seen sitting by the
egg slit, no food in the alimentary canal and no marks of eating, yet a
good folded house, the leaf swollen between the veins. This was a
very young leaf.
Stage II. — Head shining blackish brown, nearly black ; eye black ;
width, .3 mm. Body colorless, the food green by transparency.
Stage III. — Head brownish black, paler than before; width .4
mm. Body the same, but the anal end appears black from the con-
tained frass, intensified by a black subdorsal patch which is now pres-
ent. Prongs short, blunt, black.
Stage IV. — Head pale, dotted with brown over the vertex, a dark
Dec. 1897.] Dyar : New Sawflies, and Larvae. 197
brown trilobate patch on the clypeus, eye black; width .6 mm. Seg-
ments indistinctly annulate, rather coarsely two-ridged, showing on the
subventral outline ; on thorax only simply ridged ; tubercles concolor-
ous, setge fine and pale. Subdorsal anal black patches preceded by a
narrow transverse band ; anal point black ; body greenish.
Stage V. — Head pale brown, darker on the clypeus, eye black;
width 1.2 mm. Thoracic feet rather large, colorless, abdominal ones
moderate on joints 6-1 1, 13. Body transparent, green from food and
slightly so from blood. Anal flap distinct ; rounded, marked with a
deep black subdorsal patch on each side. Points rudimentary, dark ;
tracheae evident. The larva comes out the apex of the house and eats
the whole leaf. Single brooded; the larvae can be found till the mid-
dle of June. (Cocoons formed on the ground.) On the willow at Van
Cortlandt Park, N. Y.
Pontania gracilis Marlatt.
Galls on the willow at Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City and also
sent me by Dr. Lintner in numbers from Gouveneur, N. Y., on Salix
petiolata.
Gall2& described by Marlatt (U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., Tech.
Ser. 3, p. 39), but not quite so large. Nearly spherical or a little
elongated in the direction of the leaf, nearly evenly divided by the leaf,
projecting half its width beyond the edge ; single or rarely two on a
leaf, situated near the petiole to one side of the midrib. Smooth,
green, a few corky dots, very little red blush if any. Size 7 to 10 mm.
in diameter. The shell is thin, containing a large hollow.
Stage III. — Head .5 ihm., lower half white, vertex above black,
eye smoky blackish, jaws brown. Body opaquish white, rather densely
finely pilose ; thoracic feet quite large, abdominal ones on joint 6 to 11
and 13, small. Anal end obliquely sloping, dusky shaded dorsally on
joint 13. No prongs. The larva can move the body violently up and
down.
Stage IV. — Head paler, dotted above; width .7 mm. Anal end
round pointed from dorsal view with a few tiny dark specks. Body all
opaquish white.
Stage V. — Head pale brown, sometimes with a blackish shade in
clypeus and up from eye, eye black; width .85 to i mm. Body whitish
colorless, segments 3 -annulate with slightly watery shiny tubercles on
each, not distinctly pilose, the setae fine. A single, small, pointed,
blackish minute tip to anal plate. The anal end is round pointed with
a few dusky dots above.
198 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. v.
When the galls are withered the larvae emerge, colored uniformly
whitish ash gray, and bore in soft wood to form their rather frail
cocoons. There is but one brood in the year.
Pontania hyalina Norton. \j
Gall. — Mr. Marlatt gives a figure and description of the mature gall
(Tech. ser. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr. , PI. Fig. 2, p. 37) in a place where
the galls were numerous. As the eggs are laid only in the very young
leaves and the species is polygoneutic, this necessarily happens in the
case of the later broods, where only the few growing shoots are availa-
ble for ovi position. Earlier in the season the galls are more scattered,
usually but one on a leaf, generally remote from the petiole, but some-
times near or adjoining it. Situated between the midrib and the mar-
gin, rarely reaching the edge, never exceeding it. When the young
leaf is just unrolled and still reddish, the egg is deposited by an ellipti-
cal cut below the epidermis on the under side, an inconspicuous punc-
ture. As the leaf grows, the egg area enlarges by natural growth of the
leaf, becoming also slightly thickened and surrounded by a bright crim-
son ring. This red ring later thickens faster than the central portion,
producing the irregular shape of the mature gall. This is elliptical with
irregular surface, especially below, evenly divided by the leaf, usually
green or pinkish below, reddish or even brown and withered above,
often black spotted ; 8x5x6 mm. Some are very irregular below,
grooved on one or both sides where crossed by the veinlets, thick, suc-
culent and watery rather than fleshy, cavity small, elliptical, green in-
side. At maturity they are hollowed to a shell. The full grown larva
eats a hole in the gall and escapes, leaving the empty gall on the tree
where it may become the hiding place for other insects. A larva of
Ichthyura was found in one. The galls are found on the trees at all
stages at once, there being no regularity in the succession of broods.
There appear to be five larval stages.
Egg. — Irregularly elliptical, smaller at one end, shining translu-
cent white; .6x.2 mm. Found in a gall which had attained the size
of 4.5 X 2 mm. and consisted of an annular swelling with a central hole
extending through the leaf. The egg was at one one side of the hole.
Stage II. — Head round, shining, dusky blackish ; width .35 mm.
Body uniform bright emerald green, segments 3-annulate, minutely set-
iferous; anal end slightly tapering, rounded. Thoracic feet large, ab-
dominal ones very small, rudimentary, present on joints 6 to 11 ; all
emerald green like the body.
Dec. 1897] Dvar: New Sawflies, and Larv^. 199
Stage K— Head leaden blackish, sutures of clypeus broadly pale,
eye black; width .95 mm. Body yellowish green, darker from the
shade of the alimentary canal, ill-defined wrinkly 3-annulate, minutely
setiferous, no distinct tubercles. Anal end bluntly rounded, brown
dotted above. Feet moderate, on jomts 6 to 11 ; tracheal line evident.
At maturity the larva eats a hole in the gall, through which it
pushes out the frass for some time before it is ready to leave the gall.
Sometimes more than one hole is eaten or even an adjoining part of the
leaf.
Cocoo7i.—Ov3\, brown, dense and opaque, sometimes formed be-
tween leaves on the tree or in a deserted gall.
Found on a large smooth-leaved willow tree at Bellport, Long
Island.
Strongylogaster abnormis Provancher. X
Larvje found on knot weed {^Polygonum lapathifoliuni) in New York
City differed from those which I have previously recorded on Rumex
(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 311), as follows : Head whitish with a
light gray patch before the apex of each lobe ; a brown patch in clypeus ;
a very slight bloom. Subventral folds slightly angulated and with the
white points suggesting somewhat the appearance of S. pinguis, espe-
cially as the larv£e when occasionally sitting on the upper surface of
the leaf may be somewhat sinuate. Anal segment green, concolorous
with the rest.
Strongylogaster pinguis Norton.
^o-cr —Under the upper epidermis in an irregularly elliptical area
1.7 X 1.4 mm., transparent, overlaid by the reticulations of the epider-
mal cells. Before hatching the larva swells up somewhat and a ring of
air forms around it, appearing like a white margin.
The newly hatched larva has a width of head of about .3 mm., con-
firming my former observations, which I had doubted (Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc, XXII, 308) and showing that there are probably seven stages in-
stead of six. My descriptions, then, refer to stages I, II, IV-VII.
Found on black oak at Bellport, Long Island.
Acordulecera dorsalis Say.
The larvae recorded in Can. Ent. XXVII, 340 as '' 6U " on hick-
ory, proved to be not different from this species when raised to maturity.
A number were found at Fort Lee, N. J., on pig nut hickory. I have
also seen others in which the head was partly black and partly pale.
The food plant was not the cause of the difference in color of the heads,
as I have seen the black form also on the oak.
200 JouRXAL New York Entomologicai, Societv. [Voi. v.
Lophyrus fabric! i Leach.
Gregarius on pitch pine (^Piniis rigiJa) at Bellport, Long Island,
N. Y.
Stage before last. — Head blackish brown, shiny ; width 1.5 mm.
Body greenish white, a little shining, immaculate except for a faint,
double, dusky suranal cloud; segments 6- annulate with minute points
on the first, second and fourth. Thoracic feet black ; abdominal ones
present on joints 6 to 13.
Last stage. — Head round, higher than wide, smooth, shining
brown-black ; eye blacker ; width 2 mm. Body slightly greenish,
white, opaque. A broad, regular, sub-dorsal gray shade line on joints
2-13, rarely a narrow fainter dorsal one. A row of square black spots
above the stigmatal line resting on the tracheae, broken and partially
disconnected by the annulets, one spot on a segment, covering annulets
2 and 4 on joints 3-12 ; a large, geminate, sooty black suranal patch.
Subventral region white without marks. Thoracic feet black, except at
the joints ; abdominal on joints 6-13. Rarely the subdorsal shade is
faint. The lateral spots vary somewhat, those on ihe thorax the small-
est. Segments 6-annulate, ist, 2d and 4th with a transverse row of
minute black points.
When disturbed the whole brood will elevate the thoracic parts
simultaneously.
Ultimate stage. — Head sordid whitish, shaded with black on the
vertex, eye black. Body dull grayish, subventer waxy yellowish, a
double dorsal, a broad lateral inky black, smoky band, cut by the in-
cisures. Thoracic feet faintly blackish, banded. Anal flap broadly
inky.
Cocoon. — Elliptical, dense but thin, light brown, single.
Eleven females bred from a single brood of larvae, vary in the num-
ber of joints of antennae. Seven have 16 joints, three 17 and one is
intermediate, being very indistinctly 17-jointed. The specimens corre-
spond with the description of L. pini-rigid(Z Norton, which I consider
a synonym oS. fahricii.
Eriocampa juglandis Fitch.
Head large, full at the vertex, nearly colorless, shining, a little
yellowish, covered with a thick white bloom ; eye black, mouth brown.
Body appears dark, greenish or blackish gray, but when denuded of
wool it is colorless, though darkly shaded from the contents of the
alimentary canal ; coarsely and deeply 6-annulate. The subventral
3")ec. 1897] Webster: Notes on Coleoptera. 201
fold has some mealy bloom ; dorsum covered with long tufts of white
down which is secreted slowly after each molt, in long, flattened masses,
two dorsal, two subdorsal, three lateral, the posterior one lower ; sub-
dorsal tufts longer than the unpaired dorsal ones. The wool may be-
come 5 mm. long and curls a little. Three stages observed with widths
of head i.t, 1.5 and 2.1 mm.
Ultimate Stage. — Head 2.1 mm. Perfectly smooth, uniform
opaque yellowish white, head shining and a shade darker, eye black.
Segments indistinctly transversely wrinkled. Body robust, thick, as
high as wide ; thorax very slightly enlarged.
Food-Plant. — Butternut. Found at Greenwood Lake, N. J.
Dr. Packard has confounded this species with Monophadnus caryce
Norton (5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., 339). Fitch's butternut larvae,
on being bred, prove to belong to Eriocampa, and moreover they differ
from the hickory larvae of Norton in being blackish, while the latter
•are described as greenish beneath the wool.
NOTES ON VARIOUS SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA.
plate X.
By F. W. Webster.
It has always appeared to me as a good plan to record the little,
detached observations that are made by almost every observing ento-
mologist. Taken individually, these are very often almost devoid of
scientific value, but we all of us know how much light some point, of
itself unimportant, will throw upon the problem of a life history, when
we attempt to work this out, or construct it from the known facts at our
disposal. It is as if a huge piece of chinaware were to be dashed into
an infinite number of fragments, and these scattered broadcast over the
land, and the attempt then made to bring these fragments together, and
from them construct the piece anew. It would probably occur that
many pieces would have to await the discovery of one, and again, a
piece would fit fairly well into the wrong place, and the error could
only be detected by the right fragment finally turning up and indicating
its proper place.
Sorrie of these notes have been, in the main, recorded elsewhere,
but without illustration ; and it seems to me to be a matter of mutual
benefit to have, somewhere, as accurate illustrations of as many of our
species as possible.
202 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
My two specimens of OdontcEiis Jilicornis Say, a male and a female,
were taken nearly twenty years ago in a small tract of woods, in
northern Illinois, under a decaying log, and I think in late November.
My only specimen of Tyloderma variegaium (Horn) was taken in
early spring, April, I believe, in an ant hill, located in grass land. It
was in hibernation, doubtless, as T. foveolatum Say, breeds in the stems
of the Evening Primrose, CEnothera biennis, and T. fragarice, in the
crown of the Strawberry. My T. variegaium is from Illinois and col-
lected many years ago.
Lina scripia Fab., has increased in some places and become quite
destructive to young willow and poplar trees, being especially trouble-
some in nurseries, where such trees are being grown. It has been found
to be a matter of considerable difficulty to manage these insects, espec-
ially the adults, with insecticides, and hand picking was found expen-
sive. The present year has witnessed a very material decrease in num-
bers of not only adults but in a marked degree among the larvae. The
cause of this was pointed out to me by an observing nurseryman, who
was not an entomologist, and who stated that there were several other
bugs that were destroying the young. On examination, I found these
several so called bugs to be the several stages of development of the
Spined Soldier Bug, Podisiis spinosiis Dallas. I have since noticed the
very young larvre of the bug, stationed about an egg cluster of the beetle
and destroying the young as fast as they hatched, and also attacking
much larger larvae while these were feeding on the leaves. This year,
the trouble by the beetle has been so slight as to obviate the necessity of
using preventive and remedial measures against them.
Not unfrequently we have statements to the effect that insect larvce
can be killed by shaking them from the plants, in excessively hot
weather, especially if the plants are growing in sand. As showing the
possibilities in this direction, though I have never had much faith in it,
I will say that during the terribly hot weather which occurred in this
country about the first of August, while walking along the pavement, I
saw an adult Phytono7nus punctatiis Fab., attempt to pass over a portion
of the pavement composed of thick glass for the purpose of lighting the
room beneath. The beetle had hardly touched the glass before it began
to exhibit signs of distress, and ere it had passed over an inch of the
glassy space it turned frantically about, but before it could escape from
its torture it rolled over and died. The temperature at the time was
above ioo° Fah., on the sunny side of the walls of the buildings, as in-
dicated by thermometers.
Dec. 1897.] Webster : Notes on Coleoptera. 203
Our Coccinellidse do not appear to have many Hymenopterous para-
sites. I have, however, the dried skin of a nearly fullgrown larva of
Coccmella g-7iotata Hbst., probably, punctured by several round holes,
showing that a parasite had developed within and several individuals
made their escape. Just what the parasite is, aside from its being a
Hymenopter, I cannot conjecture, but the h( les for escape are un-
mistakable. This was found at Painesville, Ohio, August 5th.
Valgus canaliadatus Fab., Plate X, Fig. 5. This has come to be
a fruit tree pest in southern Ohio, where the adult works very serious
injuries by eating out the fruit buds of the pear and other fruits, in
spring. I can find little regarding this habit in our literature, the
single instance of this injury being recorded in Insect Life, Vol. i, p.
53, where Mr. W. W. Meech, Vineland, N. J., stated that the adult ate
out the young buds of the quince. The larvae are known to develop in
decaying wood, and my assistant, Mr. Mally, has found the beetles
hibernating under decaying stumps.
Crioceris asparagi Linn., is making its way slowly but steadily
west and southwest into Ohio, seemingly spreading more rapidly in
these directions than to the southward. There is hardly a doubt but
that it has made its way through New York, and along the south shore
of Lake Erie, between the lake and the Alleghany Mountains, broaden-
ing out in its area in northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.
It now covers the area laying east of a line drawn from a point located
some distance west of Cleveland, to near the point where Ohio, Penn-
sylvania and West Virginia corner upon each other, and the Ohio river
ceases to form the boundary line betv/een the two States and passes into
Pennsylvania at this place. Professor A. D. Selby, Botanist of the Ohio
Experiment Station, informs me that an introduced plant, the Golden
Hawk-weed, Hieracium aurantiaciwi L., a native of the Alpine regions
of Europe, and introduced into this country prior to 1818, without
much doubt, is now apparently spreading over Ohio from western Penn-
sylvania in almost exactly the same way.
In regard to Oberea bimacjilata Oliv. , I have only to again call at-
tention to a point already published, unillustrated,* in regard to the
astonishing amount of excreta evacuated by the larvse during the space
of 24 hours. The adult is shown, slightly magnified, in Plate X, Fig.
I, the larva, also magnified at the left. These larvse burrow out the
center of the twig as shown in Plate X, Fig. 2, cutting out round holes
* [nsects of the Year in Ohio, F. M. Webster and C. W. Mally, Bull. 9^
New Ser., U. S. Dept. Agrieultm-e, Division of Entomology, p. 43.
204 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
through the walls thus left, for the ejectment of the excreta. This ex-
crement is shown at the right of Fig. i, also enlarged, and falls down
on the outside in more or less broken and detached masses. The larva
is, when nearly full grown, certainly less than an inch in length, and
the amount of these ejectments were so astonishing that I determined to
get some definite idea of the exact amount. We had at the same time
two larvae under observation in the Insectary, one working in apple,
the other in Witch Hazel, Hamainelis virginiana, and the castings of
each were carefully saved during a period of twenty-four hours. In
both cases the weight, 0.05 gram, was the same; and placed end to
end, the detached pieces measured twenty- four and three-eighths inches
in the one case, the other being too much broken to measure correctly,
but probably did not differ materially from the first. This is giving an
amount of evacuation for each hour from 11.00 a. m. to 11.00 a. m.,
the period of time covered by the test, amounting to considerably more
in length per hour than the length of the larva itself.
Cyllene picta Drury, has come to have a fondness for Osage orange,
Madura aicrantiaca, hardly second to that for the Hickory. From a
section of Osage orange fence post, one and one-half feet in length and
four inches in diameter, placed in the insectary, there emerged between
February 4th and April 14th, twenty-seven individual adults, the
greatest number to appear in a single day being four, on February 24th.
The beetle is shovvn in Fig. 3, Plate X, while the closely allied species,
C. robinicB Forst, which breeds in Robinla pseiidacacia L., is shown in
Fig. 4.
To our knowledge of Cryptorhynchus lapathl Gyll., Plate X, Fig.
6, I have little to add, beyond what was given in Journal New York
Entomological Society, Vol. V, p. 30. My specimens survived for a
time, the last one having died the latter part of November. There was
no indication of oviposition, and probably this does not take place until
spring, the insect developing to the adult, largely at least, by September.
The adults kept, fed daily by puncturing the bark of willow with which
they were provided, gouging out the cambium layer. They simply
make a hole the size of the beak, and then by circling about excavate a
circular cavity under the outer bark. In Europe the species attacks
Salix cinerea, S. alba, Popitliis, Betida, Alniis, and Rumex hydro-
lapathum, from which last it probably derived its specific name.
EXPLANATION OF PL.ATE X.
Fig. I. Adult, larva, and excreta of the latter, of Oberea biniaculata Oliv.
Fig. 2. Section of twig burrowed out by O. biniaculata, showing holes in the walls
for ejectment of the excreta of the larva.
205
Dec. 1897] Proceedings of the Society.
Fig. 3 Cv//.«^/eVM Drury. Fig. 5. Valgus canaliculaius Yzh
Fig 4 Cyllene robini^ Forst. Fig. 6. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Gyll.
All figures are slightly enlarged, and drawn from nature by Miss Lydia M.
Hart, under supervision.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGI-
CAL SOCIETY.
Meeting of April 20, 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Vice-President Dr. Love in the chair. Thirteen members present.
The Publication Committee reported that a lecture, by Prof. L. A. Best, had
been given and called attention to the next by Dr. E. G. Love, to be held Apr.l 24th.
A vote of thanks was given to Professor Lyman A. Best for his lecture given
before the Society.
Mr Joutel spoke on the breeding habits of beetles. He stated that each species
always worked in the same way, and that some larvae live only on the sap that they
cause to flow from their wounding the trees and so renders it impossible to raise them
in the breeding box. He exhibited a collection of fifty species mostly Longicorns
bred by him, among which were CaUidmm anlmnatum, four species of Elaphtdiou,
He/erachthes 4-maculatus, Phy ton pallidum, Stcnosphenus notatus, Cyllene pictus, A.
colonus, two species oiEuderces, Leptura emarginata, L. lineola, Cryptophor us verru-
cosus, Saperda pundicollis, moesla, discoidea and obliqua, Elasmocerus ternunatus and
Ichnea laticollis. r , ht i
Dr H G. Dyar spoke on the morphology of the abdominal legs of the Megalo-
pygidK ' He showed that there were two sets of legs of different functions, first, the
ordinary legs with hooks on abdominal segments 3 to 6 and 10, used for prehension,
and second, a series of paired soft pads oh segments 2-7 used as sucking disks for ad-
hering to smooth surfaces. The structuie is peculiar and proves interesting as lead-
ing up to the creeping disks of the Eucleida. where the prehensile legs have dis-
appeared and the disk is formed by an extension of these short pads.
Mr R. L. Ditmars read a paper entitled " Spiders," in which he gave a short
history of their classification and structure, together with a sketch of their habits and
uses He called attention to their poison glands and fangs and compared them with
those of the poisonous snakes. He illustrated their webs and explained their mode of
construction.
Meeting of May 4, 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.
A vote thanks was given to Dr. E. G. Love for his lecture on the " Study of
Insects and their Transformations," delivered on April 24ih.
206 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.
Prof. D. S. Martin spoke on insect inclusions in fossil renins. He stated that
many years ago he was an insect collector and collected in what is now the heart of
the city. He said the subject of fossil insects had been well studied in Europe, and
that the resins and insects had been found in many geological epochs. The resins
being an excellent preserving medium, the insects were usually in good condition.
Fofsil resins begin to appear in the Cretaceous but insects are not found in them ;
it is only when we come to the Eocene that insects begin to appear in the resins.
The resin is a product of Pinus succinefera. He gave a history of the formation and
'ts distribution and said that the African resins are of the latest Tertiary or (Quaternary,
and are found near the equator, that copal is not so hard as amber, and that Zanzibar
is very rich in insects, but that they have not been well studied. The Zanzibar
gum is found thirty to forty miles from the present beach, and is from a tree called
Tricolobiuni zanzibariense which still grows in Zanzibar, and as the tree is a beach
lover, it shows that the sea has receded that much.
Fossil resins, he said, are also found at the Magdallen River in South America-
Professor Maitin exhibited many specimens, which included beetles, flies, ants,
and bees, some like the Termes (white ants) were like these still found in the West
Indies. After discussion, adjournment.
Meeting of May iS, 1S97.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present.
The Auditing Committee reported the accounts of the Treasurer as correct.
Dr. G. H. Horn presented four of his recent papers on Coleoptera to the
Society.
Mr. Beu^enmiiller e.xhibited a number of hybrid moths, among which were
crosses between Actjas liina and seleiw, P. ceanothi and cecropin, P. glovert and
cccropia, P. gloveri and Columbia. He also showed the cocoons of the hybrids
vhich partook of the characters of both parents.
Dr. Dyar gave a few notes on his studies of the larvee of sawflies, and called at-
tention to their large thorai ic and small abdominal feet, just the opposite to the Lepi-
di-iptera. He said they were subject to dipterous and hymenopterous parasites in the
hame proportion as the Lepidoptera but of difierent species. He also spoke of the
sctK and their arrangement, but had not carried his studies to completion.
Mrs. A T. Slosson gave a few notes on her winter collections at Biscayne Bay
and Miami, Florida, and said that the llora and fauna were entirely diill'erent to those
of Lfcke Wtrth.
Dr. Prime gave a graphic description of the environs of Miami, I'lorida, and
mentioned that there was a solid foundation of coral covered by vegetable mould in
the hollows, and that the solid land extends along the coast in a strip about four miles
wide, the bay being on one side and the everglades on the other ; insect life is con-
lined to this narrow strip and to the rows of keys that extend along the coast three to
five mdes from the main land. He gave an amusing example of landscape gardening
around the hotel, which was to cut down every tree, shrub and bush to the ground,
leaving a barren clearing surrounded by virgin foiests.
Dec. 1897.] Proceedings of the Societv. 207
Mr. BeutenmiiUer informed the Society of the sudden death of Mr. Martin L.
^'°^ " Martin Larson Linell was born at Gronby, Sweden, June 24, 1849, and died
suddenly May 3. 1897, of heart failure. He matriculated at the University of Lund
Sweden in 1 870. His father intended to fit him for the mmistry, out he left the Uni-
versity at the end of his third year for the railway mail service. In 1879 he married
and came to America, being employed first in a chemical laboratory m Brooklyn and
afterwards becoming Curator of the Brooklyn Entomological Society In 1888 he
was appointed an aid in the Department of Insects in the United States Na lond
Museum, which position he held at the [time of his death. He was an invaluable
museum worker, and during his>ine years in Washington he worked over and ar-
ranged a very large share of the collection, and had recently began describmg all of
the new coleoptera." A bibliography of his published wiitings will be printed m the
Entomological News.
Mekting of JuxE 21, 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.
The advisability of holding a field meeting on July 4th was discussed and left
in the hands of the field committee for action.
Mr. Palm exhibited a number of moths from Arizona, amongst which was an un-
identified cossid. . . , •_!,
Mr. Munch showed a specimen of Purpuricenus humcrahs var axillaris which
he had bred.
Meeting of October 5, 1897.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Vice-President Dr. Love in the chair. Eleven members present.
Mr. Beyer proposed for membership Mr. Charles Nushardt.
Mr Joutel reported on the donations of insects for the auction sale by Mrs. blos-
son, Messrs. Love, Seifert, Pahn, Shoemaker, Ottolengui, Dyar. Cockerell, Doll,
Miinch, Joutel and BeutenmuUer. A vote of thanks was given to all for their gen-
erous donations. . r„„„^
Prof Cockerell communicated a note on the three species of Xennglossa, lound
in New Mexico. He stated that these bees are commonly found in his locality and
visit the flowers of Cucurhita, and that they are almost confined to this genus of
flowers X. strenua is described by him as A^. cucurbitarum, but Mr. I- ox s ated
that it agrees with Cresson's Melissodes stnnua. It is, however, a true Xenoglossa.
Dr Dyar spoke on the Pyromorphid^ found in New York, The family is a
small one, allied to the Zyg^nid.. of Europe and more remotely to *« Lucleid^^
There are three species in New York, Harrisina a.n-ricana, Acoloithus falsarius and
P.ro,norpha dunidiata. The larva of the first is familiar yet it needs fu. her re^
search, as there are two forms which may be different species. One form, described
by Harris, is yellow with black warts ; the other is banded with purple and has a
.^ite late;al L. The latter has not been bred recently. i/<.v.^«« is gregarious
and feeds on the leaves of grape and woodbine. The larva supposed to be Acoloitkus
208 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoI. v.
is solitary, and feeds on grape, but rests on the withered portion of the leaf, with
which its brown color harmonizes. A specimen of the larva of this species was shown.
The larva oi Pyromorpha, previously unknown, was discovered and bred last season.
It is brown and feeds on dead leaves on the ground. The larvre were bred on oak
leaves, and some inflated specimens were shown.
Mr Beutenmuller said that he has found Harrisina aiiiericaiia on the leaves of
Judas tree {Cera's canadensis) in Central Park, and found Pyromorpha dimidiata at
Parkville, Long Island, amongst grass at the border of a dense woods, and that the
insect was very local, being confined to only a short stretch of grass. The flight is
short and soft, thus rendering it easy to capture.
Rev. Zabriskie .showed Phengodes phimosa from Flatbush, Long Island, and
Phellopsis obcordafa from White Lake, N. Y. , and also a borer, unknown to him,
in the stems of currant.
Mr. Mlinch exhibited some beetles taken by him during the past season. Ad-
journment.
Meeting of October i6, 1897,
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Vice-President Dr. Love in the chair. Twelve members present.
Mr. Charles Nushardt was elected an active member. Mr. Beutenmuller pro-
posed Mr. C. F. Hartman for active membership.
Mr. Beutenmuller gave some notes on the genus Anf/ioc/iaris. He stated that
this name had to be dropped in preference to the name Euchloe. This last name was
proposed by Hiibner (Verzeich. l^ek. Schmett. , l8i6) and the former by Boisduval
(Spec. Gen., I, 1836, p. 556). He further stated that we had too many species in our
list and that in long series of sara and the var. reakirtii which run from white to yel-
low, Stella and julia could not be picked out. Thoosa Scudder is probably the same
as reakirtii 9 and the specimens in the Neumoegen collection from which descriptions
were made by W. H. Edwards (Can. Ent., xi, p. 87) were without doubt the same
as reakirtii, but the type in Scudder' s collection must be examined to definitely settle
this question. Flora, he thought was a small reakirtii, and ausonides certainly noth-
ing more than a race of the European ausonia. Strecker so places the species in
his catalogue. Hyantis is suspiciously close to ausonides arfd may prove to be the
summer brood. All the specimens of ausonides in the Hy. Edwards' collection were
taken from March to May and all the hyantis in July. Rosa is without much doubt
a variety of olynipia. A. cretisa, cctliura, pima, lanceolata and genutia are good
species. A. morrisonii was not known to him.
It is our painful duty to herewith announce the death of Dr. George H. Horn,
the well known and eminent coleopterist. He died at Philadelphia, Pa., November
25, 1897, in his fifty eighth year of age.
Index to Volume V.
Acoloithus falsarius, larva
of,
Acordulecera doisalis,
larva of,
Acrosemiaochrolaria, sp.
nov. .
Actias lima,
Adoneta spinuloides, life-
history of
yEschna clepsydra,
constricta, 89,
pentacantha,
var. verticalis,
Agapetidce,
Agliidae, classification
of, 44, 47>
Agrilus couesii, habits of,
Aleurodes aureocincta,
sp. nov.,
ruborum, sp. nov.,
Allograpta obliqua,
Aniauronematus azalia,
larva of,
dyari, note on,
oregonensis, larva of,
similis, larva of,
Amphiagrion saucium,
Anax Junius, 89
Andrena vicina, larva of,
Anisota stigma,
Anomalagrion hastatum,
Anthocharis, species of,
Anthonomus brevirostris,
sp. nov., 50
testaceosquamosus, sp.
nov., 50
xanthoxyli, sp. nov. , 49
Anthaxia seneogaster, 150
Anthrax sinuosa, larva of, 1 13
Apis mellifica, larva of, 120
Aplodes fringillata, sp.
nov., 161
Apoda biguttata, life his-
tory of, 167
Arctia arge, 98
Arctian, young larvre of, 130
Argia putrida, 88, 92
violacea, 88, 92
Aspidiotus, food habits
of, ]S5, 186
Asterolecanium pustulans.
181
207
Atsenius inops, note on,
150
Attacinas, classification ol
, 47
199
Aulocaspis boisduvalii,
188
rosa;,
188
163
Automerince, classifica-
43
tion of,
Azelina jonesaria, sp.
47
5
nov. ,
162
93
paranaria, sp. nov. ,
162
» 93
Baccha aurinota.
41
95
clavata,
172
93
fuscipennis.
41
151
lugens.
41
tropicalis, sp. nov. ,
172
151
Banks, N., ai-ticles by, 3
3.40
150
Bembidium, synopsis of,
Beutenmuller, W. , arti-
133
42
cles by, 17, 34, 36,
133
96
Boarmia aztecaria, sp.
41
nov.,
165
cariaria, sp. nov.,
164
27
dukinfieldia, sp. nov..
164
27
franckia, sp. nov..
165
26
luciaria, sp. nov..
165
27
nebularia, sp. nov..
166
88
orizabaria, sp. nov..
164
,93
sapulena, sp. nov. ,
165
82
Bombus fervidus, larva
100
and habits of.
"5
89
separatus, larva, pupa
208
and habits of
116
Catapastus albonotatus,
sp. nov.,
signatipennis,
Catocala elda,
Celithemis eponina,
Ceratina dupla, larva of,
Ceroplaster, food-habits
of, 182, 183
Chapman, T. A., article
Chionaspis, food-habits of,
Chelymorpha argus,
Chrysogaster nigripes,
nitida,
Chrysomela tortuosa,
Citheroniinoe, classifica-
tion of,
Clisiocampa distria.
Coccus, food-habits of,
Coccidie, food-habits of,
Coccinella 9-notata,
Cockerell, T. D. A.,
articles by, 42, 96, 149
5&
55
17
94
112
127
189
150
41
41
149
47
100
179
178
203
Colaspis tristis,
Coleoptera, N. E. Am.,
150
?6, i:
vagans, larva and pupa
of, 118
Boyeria vinosa, 89, 93
Brachyogmus ornatus, sp.
nov., et. gen., 51
Butterflies, classification
of, 151
Calopteryx maculata, 88, 92
Calligrapha serpentina, 149
Callosamia angulifera, 43
Calybia, synopsis of, 121
slossonise, life history
of, 121
Calvert, P. P., articles
by, 91, 150
Camponiscus americana,
larva of, 23
Capulinia sallei, 179
179
180
161
150
95
132
203.
Conchaspis agr^eci var.
hibisci,
newsteadii,
Comostola pallidaria,
sp. nov.,
Coptocycla clavata,
Cordulegaster en^oneus,
Cosmosoma auge, larva
of,
Crioceris asparagi,
Cryptorhynchus lapathi,
30, 204
Ctenucha virginica,
larva of, 133
Curculionid^e, sp. nov., 49
Cyclocephala immaculata,I50
Cyllene picta, 204
robinias, 204
Cynorhina analis, 41
Dactylopius, food-habits of,
180, 181
Uavis, W. T., article by, 42
Diabrotica soror, larval
stages of, 15
210
Index.
Diaspis cacti, var. opuiUia,
iS8
peisimilis, i88
Diplax corrupta, 91, 95
costifera, 91, 94
obtrusa, 91, 95
rubicundula, 90, 94
var. assimilata, 95
vicina, Ql? 94
Diptera, notes on, 171
Doane, R. \V. , article l)v.
15
149
87
93
Doryphora, lo-lineata,
Dragonflies, Buffalo,
Dromogomphus spinosus,
Dyar, H. G., articles by,
I, 18, 48, 57, 66, 96, 98
121, 129, 130, 160, 167,
190.
Dynast es graiitii, 98
Ecpantheria deiiudata, loO
scribonia, loo
Enallagma, carunculatum,
88
civile,
ebriufn,
exulans,
tischeri,
hageni,
mainensis,
signatum,
Epia;schna heros,
Epicordulia princeps,
Epione cinerse, sp. nov
88
92
92
92
92
94
88, 92
95
88, 92
89, 93
S9, 93
, 163
Eristalis, species of, 41, 174
Eriocampa juglandis,
larva of, 200
dubius, 180
Erythromma condituni, 88,92
Euchloe, species of, 208
Euclea delphinii, life-
liistory of, 57
indetermina, life-history
of, 10
Eucleidce, 98, 102, 121
Eupoeya slossonise, 100
Everj'x versicolor, 98
Fossil insects, note on, 206
Geornetrid?e, new species
of, 161
Gluphisia severa, note on
larva, 96
Gomphus adelphus, 93
amnicola, 95
brevis, 93
descriptus, 95
fraternus, 89, 93
plagiatus, 95
spicatus, 89, 93
villosipes, 89, 93
Grote, A. R., articles by,
3i» 44, 151
Halictus ligatus, larva of,
80
parallelus, larva of, 80
Halisidota carya^, larva of,
132
maculata, larva of, 132
Ilaqjiphorus maculatus,
var. coryli, larva of,
larsalis, life-history of,
varians, larva of,
versicolor,life-history of, 22
Harrisina americana,
larva of,
Hayward, R. , article by.
194
21
22
207
Heliophilus conostomus, 41
Hemichroa laricis, larva
of, 28
Hemileucinje, 47
Hesperiadre, classi-
fication of, 152
Hetoerina americana. 92
Howardia biclavis, 189
Hylotoma scapularis,
larva of, 18
Hymenoptera, trans-
formations of, 77, 109
Hyphantria cunea,
larva of, 132
Hypnochlora olvidaria,
sp. nov., 161
Icerya, food-habits of, 179
Ischnura verticalis, 88, 92
Jurina apicifera, 177
Lagoa pyxidifera, larva
of, 160
Lecanium, food-habits
of Mexican, 183, 184
Lecaniodiaspes radiatus, 181
Lecanopsis dugesii, 185
Lepidoptera, classi ca-
tion of, 151
Lestes, list of X. Y., 88, 92
inaequalis, 150
Leucorhinia intacta, 90, 94
Leucophobetron, synop-
sis of species, 122
Libellula, list of
X. Y., 90, 94
Libytheid;r, 151
Lichtensia lutea, 182
Limenitis disippus, 100
Ursula, 100
Limnadida?, 151
Lina scripta, 202
Linell, M. L., article by 49
Llaveia axinus, 178
var. dorsalis, 179
Lophvrus fabricii, larva
of, 200
Lycaenidse, 151
MacGillivray, A. T.,
article by, 104
Macromia illinoiensis, 89, 95
Macrophya bilineata,
larva of, 19
mixta, larva of, 19
trisyllaba, larva of. 192
TMallota cimbiciformis, 41
posticata, 41
Megachile centuncularis,
larva and pupa of, 109
Megalopygid..^, on larvaj
of, ' 205
Megathymidae, 152
Melanostomum mellinum, 41
obscurum, 41
Melissodes strenua, 207
Melitrea chalcedoh, 100
Melittia satyriniformis, 34
Mesogia]ita marginata, 41
Mesothemis simplicicollis,
91, 94
Micrathyria berenice, 94
Mogerus caryicolus, s[).
nov. et larva, I93
Mytilaspis, food-habits
of Mexican, 188, 189
Xadata gibbosa, lOO
doubledayii, loo
Xemora masonaria, sp.
nov., 161
Xemeobiidfe, 151
X'eoascia globosa, 41
Xomoda imbricata, larva
and pupa, 83, 85
Xoropsis elegans, 31
Nymphalidre, 151
Oberea bimaculata, 203
Ocyptera euchenor, 176
Odonata, X^. Y. species, 91
Odontseus filicornis, 201
Oeta floridana, larva and
pupa of, 48, 127
Oligolochus longipennis,
sp. nov., 54
robustus, .sp. nov., 53
Onychobaris rufa, sp. nov. ,
53
Ophiogomphus rujiinsulen-
sis, ^ 93
Index.
211
Orthezia insignis, i8l
Otidocephalus vittatus, 150
Parasa chloris, life-his-
tory of, 61
Paragus angustifrons, 4I
tibialis, 41
Pachybaris xanthoxyli,
sp. nov., ^ 53
Pachynematus affinis,
larva of, 28
gregarius, life-history
of, 29
pubescens, larva of, 29
Pachydiplax longipen-
nis, 91, 94
Packard, A. S., articles
by, 77, 109
Papilio bairdii, 100
brevicauda, loO
cresphontes, 100
oregonia, 1 00
thoas, 100
Papilionida', 151
Parlatoria pergandei, 188
Parnassidje, 15 1
Pieridte,
151
Plathemis trimaculata, 90, 94
Platychirus hyperboreus, 41
quadra tus, 41
Platysamia cecropia, 43
Polistes canadensis, larva
and pupa of, 77
Pontana gracilis, larval
stages of, 197
hyaline, life-history of, 198
pallicornis, life-history
of, 1 96
populi, life-history of, 24
robusta, life-history of, 195
teiininalis, life-history
of, 24
Pseudoparlatoria parlato-
rioides, 188
Pterallastes thoracicus, 4I
Pteronius dyari, 25
hyalinus, 25
lombardse, 25
ostrya^, larva of, 26
populi, life-history of, 26
Protective mimicry, 67
Proc. N. Y. Ent.
Soc, 97, 205
Phenacoccus helianthi, 180
yuccK, 180
Phyllotreta armoraciae, loi
Phytonomus punctatus, 202
Pyromorphidae, note on
larva of, 207
Racheospila arpetta, sp.
nov., 161
Rhingia nascia, 41
Riodinidffi, 15 1
Saturniidse, classification
of, _ 44
Saturninae, classification
of, 47
Saturnians, note on, 66
Sawflies, larvK of, 18
Schaus, W., article by, 1 61
Schizocerus prunivorus,
life-history of, 23
Semiothisa masonata, sp.
nov., 163
paranaria, sp. nov., 163
Simulium tamaulipense,
sp. nov., 171
Siobla excavata, life-his-
tory of, 190
Sisyrosea textula, loi
Slug caterpillars, 57, 167
Smynthurus clavatus, sp.
nov., 33
macgillivrayii, .5p. nov. 34
Somatochlora decora, 41
linearis, 90, 95
tenebrosa, 90, 93
walshii, 95
Sphserophoria cylindrica, 41
Sphegina lobata, 47
Spilosoma antigone,
larva of, 131
virginica, larva of, 131
Sphingides, 47
Statiraopacicollis, 150
Stenobaris avicenniiie, sp.
nov. et gen., 52
Strongylogaster abnormis,
larva of, 199
pinguis, larva of, 199
Syrphidffi, list of, 40
Syrphus americanus, 41
arcuatus, 41
ribesii, 41
Syritta pilieus, 41
Tachardia larrere, 182
mexicana, 182
Tachyphyle janeira,
sp. nov., 162
Tachys, N. E. Am., 36
Taxonus albodopictus,
larva of, 20
dubitatus, larva of, 20
Telea polyphemus, 42
Tenthredo basilaris, 103
bilinearis, 103
capitalis, sp. nov., 108
dubitatus, sp. nov., 103
frigidus, sp. nov., 106
hyalinus, sp. nov., 108
lateralbus, sp. nov., 108
linipes, sp. nov., 104
magnatus, sp. nov., 107
magnificus, sp. nov., 105
messica, sp. nov., 107
nigritibialis, sp. nov., 107
novus, sp. nov., 106
obliquatus, sp. nov., 105
peratra, var. nov., 192
pallicolus, sp. nov., 106
pallipectis, sp. nov. , 106
perplexus, sp. nov., 105
redemaculatus, sp. nov. ,
103
19
105
105
108
108
remota, larva of,
secundus, sp. nov.,
simulatus, sp. nov.,
stigmatus, sp. nov.,
ventricus,
Tetragoneuria cynosura,
89, 93
semiaquea, 89, 93
spinigera, 90, 95
Tortricidia fasciola, life-
history of, I
Townsend, C. H. C,
articles by, 17 1, 178
Tramea Carolina, 94
lacerata, 90, 94
Trichiosma crassum,
larva of,
Trichobaris compacta,
Triodonta curvipes,
Tropidia quadrata,
Tyloderma foveolatum,
variegatum,
Van Duzee, E. P. ,
article by,
Valgus canaliculatus,
Vanessa antiopa,
Vespa arenaria, larva of.
Volucella esuriens , var.
mexicana,
Webster, F. M., articles
by, 31, 67, 201
Xantogramma flavipes, 41
Xenoglossa strenua,
Xylocopa virginica,
larva of,
Xylocleptes cucurbitae,
Zodion albonotatum,
sp. nov.,
Zygobaris coelestina,
.sp. nov..
18
150
41
41
202
202
87
203
100
174
207
"3
150
175
55
n
ANNOUNCEMENT.
The annual auction sale of insects for the benefit of the Journal
Fund, will be held November i6th, 1897, at No. 141 East 40th St., N. Y.,
when the insects listed in the June number of the Journal and those in
the present list will be sold to the highest bidder.
Those who cannot attend the sale in person may send their bids to
L. H. JouTEL, 164 East 117th Street, New York, who will furnish any
information desired.
The Publication Committee.
Additions to the list of insects published in the June number of the
Journal :
COLEOPTERA.
Cychrus Andrewsii.
Calosoma lugubre.
Bembidium erosum.
" aproximatum.
" striola.
" pictum.
" lorquinii.
Platynus fossiger.
" sinuatus.
Pterostichus validus.
" adoxus.
Hippodamia glacialis.
Tritoma festiva.
Chrysobotrys octocola.
Megapenthes stigmosus.
Dicerca tenebrosa.
Canthon vigilens.
Aphonus castaneus.
Phymatodes thoracicus.
Callimoxys fuscipennis.
Toxotus vestitus,
" cylindricoUis.
Leptura cordifera.
Leptura canadensis.
" chrysocoma.
" vittata (yellow legs).
" crassipes.
" nigrella.
" aspera.
Pogonocherus mixtus.
Acanthocinus obsoletus.
Saperda vestita.
" tridentata.
" lateralis.
Trichodes Nuttalli.
Coscinoptera vittigera.
Saxinis saucia.
Lina obsoleta.
Monoxia consputa.
Disonycha quinquevitlata.
Phalera longula.
" globosa.
Rhipiphorus limbatus.
Rhynchites reneus.
Pterocolus ovatus.
Rhinoncus pyrrhopus.
m
LEPIDOPTERA.
Ellema bombycoides.
Cressonia juglandis.
Pamphail massasoit,
Sanninoidea exitiosa
Cerathosia tricolor.
Arctia trivittata,
" parthenice.
" virgo.
" virguncula.