(7/7J ISSN 0028-7199 Vol. LXXXVI MARCH 1978 No. 1 Journal of the New York Entomological Society c d to Entomology in General The New York Entomological Society Incorporating The Brooklyn Entomological Society ’ Incorporated May 21, 1968 The New York Entomological Society Organized June 29, 1892 — Incorporated February 25, 1893 Reincorporated February 17, 1943 ^ The Brooklyn Entomological Society Founded in 1872 — Incorporated in 1885 Reincorporated February 10, 1936 The meetings of the Society are held on the third Tuesday of each month (except June, July, August and September) at 8 p.m., in the American Museum of Natural History, 79th St. & Central Park W., New York, N. Y. 10024. Annual dues for Active Members; including subscription to the Journal, $15.00. Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the Treasurer. Officers for the Year 1978 President, Dr. Louis D. Trombetta Isaac Albert Research Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11203 Vice-president, Dr. Betty Faber ^ American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024 Secretary, Dr. Joseph Cerreta Columbia University, New York 10032 Assistant Secretary, Dr. Gerard Iwantsch Fordham University, New York 10458 Treasurer, Dr. Ivan Huber Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey 07940 Assistant Treasurer, Mr. Kenneth Sherman Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 Trustees Class of 1978 Mr. Frank Rutkowski Mr. Charles Calmbacher Class of 1979 Dr. Peter Moller Dr. Howard Topoff Publication Business Manager Mrs. Irene Matejko Fordham University, New York 10458 Mailed July 14, 1978 The Journal of the New York Entomological Society is published quarterly for the Society by Allen press Inc., 1041 New Hampshire, Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Second class postage paid at New Brunswick, New Jersey and at additional mailing office. Known office of publication: Waksman Institute of Microbiology, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. Journal of the N.Y. Entomological Society, total No. copies printed 7S0. Paid circulation 490, mail sub- scription 470, free distribution by mail 23, total distribution 493, left-over 257 copies each quarter. Journal of the New York Entomological Society \’OLUME LXXXVI xMARCH 1978 NO. 1 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor Dr. Karl Maramorosch Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 Associate Editors Dr. Lois J. Keller, RSM Dr. Herbert T. Streu Publication Committee Dr. Randall T. Schuh American Museum of Natural History Dr. Daniel Sullivan Fordham University Dr. Felix J. Boccliino The College of Mt. Saint Vincent CONTENTS Spatial properties of niche separation among Eueides and Drijas butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica Allen M. Young 2 A revision of the genus Odmalea Bergroth (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) L. H. Rolston 20 A rotary flight trap used for sampling Haplaxius crudus (Homoptera: Cixiidae) in coconut groves Neil L. Woodiel and James H. Tsai 37 The life history of Reliquia santamarta, a neotropical alpine Pierine Ixutterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Arthur M. Shapiro 45 The life history of an equatorial montane butterfly, Tatochila xanthodice (Lepidop- tera: Pieridae) Arthur M. Shapiro 51 The glycoproteins of insect cells in culture Neil I. Goldstein and Arthur H. McIntosh 56 Book Reviews 36, 63 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(I), 1978, pp. 2-19 SPATIAL PROPERTIES OF NICHE SEPARATION AMONG EUEIDES AND DRY AS BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: HELICON IINAE) IN COSTA RICA Allen M. Young Abstract. — Young, Allen M., Invertebrate Division, Milwaukee Public Museinn, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. — Habitat and larval food plant associations of heliconiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Dnjas iuUa (Fabricius), Eueides hjhia (Fabricius), E. aliphera (Godart), and E. isabella (Cramer) were examined briefly in three regions of northern Costa Rica. The following patterns were found: (1) although E. lijbia and £. aliphera are sympatric and utilize the same larval food plant, Passiflora vitifolia H.B.K. (Passifloraceae) in tropical wet forest, they are not micro- sympatric since the former occurs along shaded forest edges and forest light gaps, while the latter occurs in open secondary habitats; (2) Dryas iulia is sympatric with both species (1) and it is microsympatric with E. aliphera but uses a different larval food plant, P. auriciilata H.B.K.; (3) both D. iulia and E. isabella are microsympatric in the Meseta Central and use both the same larval food plant (P. aclenopoda D.C.) and nectar source {Serjania cf. atrolineata Saw. & Wright — Sapindaceae) during the dry sea- son; (4) in a patch of semi-deciduous forest in the lowland tropical dry forest zone, D. iulia shares a larval food plant, P. capsidaris L., with E. isabella, but also uses P. platyloba Killip and P. suberosa Juss. The wide- spread occurrence of D. iulia may be due to a high tolerance for heat and low humidity, and the use of Flectostemuui subgenus of Passiflora as food plants. Other factors, such as oviposition behavior and larval habits, are also discussed. Received for publication 4 May 1977. The heliconiine butterfly Dryas iulia (Fabrieius) (Lepidoptera: Nymphali- dae: Heliconiinae) is widespread in tropical wet and dry forest regions of Costa Rica. Einsley (1963) points out that it is very widespread throughout much of subtropical and tropical America. In some regions of Costa Rica, it is sympatric with at least two or three species of another heliconiine genus, Eueides. Adults of one of these, E. aliphera (Godart), are strikingly similar to D. iulia, and the two heliconiines often occur together (Emsley, 1963). Eueides aliphera is also often sympatric with E. lybia (Fabricius) and E. Isabella (Cramer) in the tropical wet forests of northeastern Costa Rica. Although the life cycles and larval food plant associations of these butterflies (Figs. 1 and 2) are known from various regions of tropical America (Beebe et ah, 1960; Alexander, 1961a, b; Brown and Mielke, 1972; Fig. 1. Drijas iulia (Fabricius), Eueides aliphera (Fabricius), and E. lybia (Fabricius) from “Tirimbina,” near La Vdrgen de Sarapiqui, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. These individuals were reared from the egg stage. Fig. 2. Eueides isabella (Cramer) from San Rafael de Ojo de Agua, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica. Eueides aliphera trapped in spider web at “Tirimbina” (February 1977). NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETYij: VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 5 Benson et al., 1976), this paper reports some aspects of niche separation in three regions of northern Costa Rica: (1) Meseta Central, where D. iulia occurs with E. isabella, (2) northeastern premontane tropical wet forest where D. iiilia occurs with E. lybia and E. aliphera, and (3) a patch of seini-deciduous forest in the tropical diy forest zone, Puntarenas Province, where D. iulia occurs with E. isabella. The general thesis explored by these descriptive field observations is that co-occurring heliconiines may exhibit niche differences, and these patterns may vary regionally. Methods During the period of 25 July-27 August 1976, the habitat, life cycle, and larval food plants of E. lybia were studied at “Tirimbina,” La Virgen, Heredia Province, a region of Premontane Tropical Wet Forest (Holdridge, 1967), and E. isabella was similarly studied at the “Barranca Site,” a small semi- deciduous forest in Puntarenas Province (see Orians, 1969 for description of this locality). Eueides isabella was again studied from 15 January-23 February 1977 but at San Rafael de Ojo de Agua, Alajuela Province, in Tropical Moist Forest (Holdridge, 1967) of the Meseta Central. Eueides aliphera was studied at “Tirimbina,” 12 January-18 Febmary 1977. Dryas iulia was studied as follows: (1) 3 February-14 March 1977 — “Tirimbina,” with rearing continuing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (3-14 March); (2) 15 January-23 February 1977 — San Rafael de Ojo de Agua; (3) 25 Januaiy and 24 February 1977 — Barranca Site. Observations were made on: nectar sources, larval food plants (including oviposition), and behavior of im- mature stages. Occasionally, a few individuals of each species were reared, using previously developed techniques (Young, 1975, 1976). Results Although E. Isabella occurs in northeastern Costa Rica (e.g., at “Finca La Selva,” Puerto Viejo, pers. obs.), it was rrot seetr at “Tirimbina” drrring the study periods, but habitat differences were seen here for E. lybia and E. aliphera. Eueides lybia adrrlts are most comrnorrly seerr alorrg the edges of shaded priirrary forest and forest light gaps (tree fall areas). The life cycle (Fig. 3) takes place on Passiflora vitifolia H.B.K. (Passifloraceae), a large forest vine. Population numbers of E. lybia are generally low, and adults are concentrated near certain individuals of P. vitifolia. A fresh female E. lybia shows up several times daily to lay eggs. Within a lO-rnimrte period, as many as 12 eggs can be deposited orr a viire, rrsually oire per leaf. The white egg is deposited on the under side of an old leaf after corrsiderable inspec- tion of the vine. Daily observations indicate that adult populations are con- fined to small areas of preferred habitats. 6 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 3. Top: fifth instar larva and pupa of E. aliphera; bottom: same for E. hjhia. Both series from “Tirimbina.” VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 7 Fig. 4. Cut-over forest habitat at “Tirimbina” where young vines of P. vitifolia are abundant in direct sunlight and used for oviposition by E. aliphera (February 1977). In open secondary vegetation, E. aliphera is very abundant and adults generally stay closer to the ground than seen for E. hjbia. Oviposition takes place on small, tender P. vitifolia vines. A major habitat of E. aliphera at “Tirimbina” is recently cut-over forest, where young P. vitifolia grow over logs and branches of fallen trees (Fig. 4). The larva and pupa of E. aliphera and E. hjbia are strikingly similar in appearance (Fig. 3) and size. The major distinction between the two species is the habitat: E. aliphera prefers low vegetation exposed to direct sunlight while E. hjbia prefers shaded forest edges and light gaps (where indirect sunlight is filtered down from the canopy). Oviposition by E. aliphera is similar to E. hjbia but egg production might be higher in the former: one fresh female on 12 January 1977 deposited 27 eggs on an isolated small vine of P. vitifolia within a 10-minute period at 11:00 AM. This vine was then inspected on three dates before the end of the month, and within 15 days only three larvae (third instars) were left. Unlike E. hjbia, several eggs were deposited on a single leaf, although other leaves were also used the same day. Adult populations of E. aliphera are large and fluid, being distributed over a large area. Small clumps of P. vitifolia occur over small areas. During the intense dry season of the Meseta Central, flowering shrubs 8 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 5. Stream-edge forest remnant at San Rafael de Ojo de Agua where E. isabella and D. iulia are abundant during the pronounced dry season of this region, and where a nectar source, Serjania cf. atrolineata (Sapindaceae) and larval food plant, Passiflora adenopoda attract the butterflies at this time. and trees along streams attract many butterflies, and E. isabella shows up at flowering bushes of Serjania cf. atrolineata Saw. & Wright (Sapindaceae) (Fig. 5). An example is San Rafael de Ojo de Agna, where E. isabella visits the inflorescences (Fig. 6) along with D. iulia and several other butterflies (mostly Nymphalidae and Pieridae). One particular bush that was frequently visited by E. isabella and D. iulia was situated about three meters from a large vine of Passiflora adenopoda H.B.K. (Fig. 7), where oviposition by both was observed. Inspection of the vine on several dates (January- Febniary 1977) turned up many eggs and larvae of E. isabella and a few of D. iulia. The egg of E. isabella is deposited singly on the under side of an old leaf, and occasionally eggs were deposited on branches of bamboo that intertwined with the food plant. Oviposition by E. isabella is a very time-consuming process with a lot of time spent in “false” oviposi- tion acts at the food plant. The larva bears a very close general resemblance to those of the other Eueides studied, but the pupa is distinct (Fig. 8). In comparison to E. lijbia and E. aliphera, E. isabella exhibits several dif- ferences: (1) different strategy of wing color pattern; (2) different laiwal VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 9 Fig. 6. Eueides isabella visiting inflorescence of S. cf. atrolineata at 1:00 PM 15 January 1977 at San Rafael de Ojo de Agua. 10 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 7. Passijlora adenopoda, a larval food plant of D. iulia and E. isahella at San Rafael de Ojo de Agua. Note large woody tendrils. food plant; (3) more pronounced divergence of the pupa .stage. Like E. aliphera the preferred habitat of this species during the dry season is the open stream-edge exposed to direct sunlight. At this time of the year, adults are concentrated near a nectar source and breeding takes place nearby. Dur- l ing the wet season at the Barranca Site near the Pacific coast, E. isahella is | abundant in the drier areas of the foiest where P. platijloba Killip is found; j| eggs and larvae have been found on this vine. During the diy season this j butterfly is scarce or absent here. Drijas iulia is abundant at “Tirimbina” in open secondary vegetation " where a larval food plant, P. auriculata H.B.K. (Fig. 9) grows in small patches heavily intertwined with, and shaded by, other vines. Unlike P. j' vitifolia, this vine has very smooth leaves and woody tendrils. A second > food plant species of D. iulia here, P. biflora D.C., also has smooth ' leaves and woody tendrils. Both vines grow in the same habitat as P. vitifolia. Here, E. aliphera and D. iulia fly together. The egg is deposited on a woody tendril, which also functions as a perch for the first instar larva; i older larvae rest on leaves and pupation sometimes occurs on the food plant (Fig. 10). Like E. aliphera, D. iulia is very abundant and the adults are dispersed over large areas. When a female shows up at a vine, she may deposit 2 or 3 eggs on different tendrils within two minutes; the large bright yellow egg is very conspicuous against the shaded back- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 11 Fig. 8. Life stages of E. isabella from San Rafael cle Ojo de Agua: egg, third instar larva, fifth instar larva and pupa. ground of the surrounding vegetation. On two days (3 and 8 February 1977) a very frayed female (probably the same individual) showed up at a young vine of P. hiflora at about 1:00 PM depositing two eggs on the first date and one on the second date. The eggs are invariably deposited 12 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 9. Passijlora auriculata, a larval food plant of D. iuUa at “Tirimbina.” on vines in very shady conditions; when a larva is placed in sunlight, it be- comes very agitated and starts to move very rapidly. Like the food plants of D. iulia at “Tirimbina,” the food plant at San Rafael de Ojo de Agua, P. adenopoda, possesses woody tendrils. At the Barranca Site, at least three species of Passiflora, all with woody tendrils and smooth leaves, are used as food plants by D. itdia: P. aff. capsularis VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 13 Fig. 10. Pupa and fifth instar larva of D. iulia (see also excellent diagrams in Beebe et al., 1960). Note woody tendril of P. auriculata in both photographs. L., P. platyloba Killip, and P. suberosa Juss. (Fig. 11). These vines have fresh leaves during the intense dry season, and two lines of evidence in- dicate breeding at this time: One pair of freshly-eclosed mating adults was seen (Fig. 12), and the easily-recognizable larval resting perches are common (Fig. 11). Adults are not abundant here at this time. Within a 2 hour period on 24 February 1977, one fresh and three very worn adults of D. iulia were seen (1-4 PM). While the Passiflora “sub-community” remains lush at this time, D. iulia, and perhaps to the exclusion of other sympatric heliconiines, is the only species breeding, perhaps at greatly re- duced numbers. Even though some of the vines are very small, they show signs of larval damage from D. iulia (Fig. 11). Estimates of developmental times are given in Table 1 and, as expected, they are similar. 14 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 11. Three larv'al food plants of D. iulia at the “Barranca Site,” Puntarenas, j Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, February 1977. Photographs taken in the wild. Top to bottom: P. platyloha, P. aff. capsularis, and P. suherosa. Leaf damage of P. suherosa I shows larval perching site and pattern of feeding, very characteristic of D. iulia (see ■! also Alexander, 1961a). All three vines less than one meter long. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 15 Fig. 12. Mating pair of freshly-eclosed D. ittlia at the “Barranca Site,” 25 Jan- uary 1977, 11:00 AM. Resting near ground on woody plant. Table 1. Developmental time* for the heliconiine butterflies Drijas iulia, Eueides alii)hera, E. lijhia, and E. isabella.** Duration of Life Stages (Days): Egg Larva Pupa Total Larval Food Plant 5 20-21 13-14 Drtjas iulia 38-40 Passiflora auriculata H.B.K. 5 18-19 10-11 Eueides aliphera 33-35 P. vitifolia 5 20-21 8 E. lijbia 33-34 P. vitifolia 5 21-22 9-10 E. isabella 35-36 P. adenopoda D.C. * Range of individuals reared was 3-11 and all species were reared in same manner and under similar conditions. ** D. iulia, E. alipliera and E. Itjbia reared from “Tirimbina” and E. isabella from San Rafael de Ojo de Agua (see text). 16 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Discussion The phylogenetic affinities of Eueides and Drijas within heliconiine evolution have been discussed (Einsley, 1965) and their life stages de- scribed (Beebe et ah, 1960; Alexander, 1961a, b). Unlike some Heliconius, whieh are noted for pollen-feeding (Gilbert, 1972), heliconiines sueh as Eueides and Drijas, are nectar-feeders and the distributions of adult pop- ulations in spaee and time must be regulated in part by the availability of the appropriate infloreseences. For example, although many adults of E. isaheUa were found on or near the blooming Serjania bush on 15 and 16 January 1977, the blooms were gone by 25 January and no adults were seen in the vieinity, despite an abundanee of larval food plant nearby. The persistence and predietability of preferred nectar sources may be a major factor in determining the spatial aspeets of adult population stmctnre in heliconiines, perhaps for reasons similar to those discovered for Helieonius populations (Ehrlich and Gilbert, 1973; Gilbert, 1975; Gook et ah, 1976). In strongly seasonal regions of the tropics, the phenology of flowering might result in a greater mobility of heliconiine populations annually in response to changing distributions of nectar sources. At less seasonal regions such as “Tirimbina,” such patterns may be very different. Different responses and tolerances of butterfly species to environmental paiiuneters such as air temperature may determine where most of the eggs are deposited. Thus although E. hjbia and E. aliphera both use P. vitifolia as a larval food plant at “Tirimbina,” one species does so most often in one habitat and the other in a different habitat. Perhaps this is a differential response to air temperature and humidity, with one species (lyhia) being less tolerant of the higher temperatures and lower humidity one presumably finds in open secondary habitats. Such a divergence in niche could lower the probability of local extinctions resulting from interspecific competitive interactions, if larval food plants and nectar sources are limited resources. Selection favors the co-occurrence of D. iulia and E. aliphera perhaps as a mimicry relationship, although this has not been studied. Brown and Mielke (1972) report that both E. aliphera and E. isabeUa have strongly localized populations and that adults tend to stay near the food plants. Gohesiveness of Eueides populations is, therefore, predicted to be a result of the distribution of larval food plants and nectar sources, and selection for mimicry with D. iulia. The general morphological and color similarity of the larva and pupa between these .species suggests another fonn of mimicry operative in the juvenile stages. The scarcity or absence of E. Isabella at “Tirimbina” is surprising since it does occur at other nearby localities. However, as Brown and Mielke (1972) point out, this species is never very abundant locally. It is generally expected that different heliconiines will have similar de- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 17 velopmental times and Beebe et al. (1960) report a generalized heliconiine larval developmental time of about 12 days. The estimates given here are considerably higher. It is likely that food plant differences and other en- vironmental factors will greatly influence this statistic. Although mortality of eggs and larvae of D. iuUa is unknown, the ob- served disappearance of eggs and larvae of E. aliphera at “Tirimbina,” although limited data, suggest high mortality. Emsley (1963) states that D. ittlia and E. aliphera often share the same habitats. Gilbert (1975) pre- dicts that in general, heliconiine immature stages are killed by ants and other predators. Young (1978) found that eggs and young larvae of Heli- conius hecale (Fabricius) and //. cydno (Bates) disappear at high rates at “Tirimbina,” suggesting predation and parasitism. The sophisticated egg- positioning and larval behavior of D. iulia (Alexander, 1961a, b; Benson et al., 1976) may offset some mortality. Eueides larvae do not exhibit such behavior. Dry as iulia sometimes places eggs on plants adjacent to the food plant (Benson et al., 1976) and this may be an effective way of hiding eggs from potential predators (assuming that the larvae can successfully locate the food plant). Benson et al. (1976) predict that the widespread abundance of D. iulia is dependent upon the diversity and abundance of Plectostemma, a subgenus of Passiflora. Passiflora adenopoda is in this subgenus, but at least one other, P. platyloba, is in the subgenus Granadilla (Benson et al., 1976). Brown and Mielke (1972) report several regional larval food plants of D. iulia in Brazil. Of the 42 known larval food plants of about a dozen species of Eueides, 34 are in Granadilla, and two in Plectostemma (Benson et al., 1976). Passiflora vitifolia is in the subgenus Distephana (Benson et al., 1976). To these considerations it is added that P. vitifolia is also used by Heliconius hecale and H. cydno at “Tirimbina” (Young, 1978). Benson et al. (1976) mention that silvaniform and melpomeneform Heliconius radiated mainly onto Granadilla and Distephana. The predilection of D. iulia for open habitats exposed to direct sunlight and the evergreen condition of the larval food plants are properties that account for the presence of adults during the dry season in lowland Puntarenas Province, a period when other adult heliconiines are noticeably less abundant or absent (pers. obs.). Perhaps Heliconius and other heliconi- ines are less tolerant of dry season conditions here. Another important factor is the availability of preferred nectar sources during the dry season. The data and above discussion suggest some definite patterns of niche separation for Eueides species and Dryas iulia in northern Costa Rica that warrant further study. Although E. lybia and E. aliphera are sympatric in northeastern Costa Rica and utilize the same larval food plant, the former species prefers forest edge habitats and the latter open secondary habi- 18 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tats. The flexibility of the larval food plant for thriving in both types of habitats may be a major factor accounting for this pattern of niche separa- tion between E. Iijbia and E. aliphera. Dnjas iulia occurs in the same habitat as E. aliphero but utilizes a different larval food plant species that thrives in shaded undergrowth. At a more seasonal locality, both E. isabella and D. hilia occur in the same habitat and utilize the same larval food plant and nectar source. In an even more seasonal region, D. iiilia is sympatric with E. isabella and they use the same larval food plant in the same habitat, but at least D. iulia has two other food plants there. The widespread occurrence of D. iulia over several regions of Costa Rica may be due in part to (1) its ability to use both Plectostemma and Granadilla larv^al food plants, and (2) nnnsually high flexibility in thermal- moisture tolerances. Acknowledgments This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB- 33060 (1976) and grants from Friends of the Museum, Inc. and James R. Neidhoefer. The assistance of Kenneth Starr of the Milwaukee Public Museum is appreciated. The Passiflora and other plants were identified with use of material in the herbarium at the National Museum of Costa Rica. Dr. J. R. Hunter and L. D. Gomez provided logistical assistance on various occasions. Literature Cited Alexander, A. J. 1961a. A study of the biology and behavior of the caterpillars, pupae, and emerging butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in Trinidad, West Indies. Part I. Some aspects of larval behavior. Zoologica 46:1-24. . 1961b. A study of the biology and behavior of the caterpillars, pupae, and emerging butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae. Part II. Molting, and the behavior of pupae and emerging adults. Zoologica 46:105-124. Beebe, W., J. Crane, and H. Fleming. 1960. A comparison of eggs, larvae, and pupae in fourteen species of heliconiine butterflies from Trinidad, W.I. Zoologica 45:111-154. Benson, W. W., K. S. Brown, Jr., and L. E. Gilbert. 1976. Coevolution of plants and herbivores: passion flower butterflies. Evolution 29:659-680. Brown, K. S., Jr., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The heliconians of Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part II. Introduction and general comments, with a supple- mentary revision of the tribe. Zoologica 57 : 1—40. Cook, L. M., E. W. Thomason, and A. M. Young. 1976. Population structure, dy- namics, and dispersal of the tropical butterfly Heliconius charitonius. J. Anim. Ecol. 45:851-963. Ehrlich, P. R., and L. E. Gilbert. 1973. Population structure and dynamics of the tropical butterfly Heliconius ethilla. Biotropica 5:69-82. Emsley, M. G. 1963. A morphological study of imagine Heliconiinae (Lep.: Nymphali- dae), with a consideration of the evolutionary relationships within the group. Zoologica 48:85-130. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 19 . 1965. Speciation in Heliconius (Lep.: Nymphalidae): Morphology and geo- graphic distribution. Zoologica 50:191-254. Gilbert, L. E. 1972. Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius butter- flies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (’Wash.) 69:140.3-1407. . 1975. Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butter- flies and plants. In L. E. Gilbert and P. R. Raven (eds.), Goevolution of animals and plants. Univ. Texas Press, Austin. 245 pp. Uoldridge, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Trop. Sci. Center, San Jose, Costa Rica. Orians, G. H. 1969. The number of bird species in some tropical forests. Ecology 50:783-801. Young, A. M. 1975. Observations on the life cycle of Heliconius hecale zuleika (Hewitson) in Costa Rica. Pan Pacific Ent. 51:76-85. . 1976. Studies on the biology of Heliconius charitonius L. (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica. Pan Pacific Ent. 52:291-303. . 1978. “Disappearances” of eggs and larvae of Heliconius butterflies (Nym- phalidae: Heliconiinae) in northeastern Costa Rica. Entomol. News 89: in press. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(l), 1978, pp. 20-36 A REVISION OF THE GENUS ODMALEA BERGROTH (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) L. H. Rolston Abstract. — Rolston, L. H., Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. — The genus Odmalea is re- described and a key provided to distinguish among the closely related genera Brepholoxa, Dendrocoris, Odmalea, and Thoreyella. Odmalea norda n. sp. from Venezuela and O. vega n. sp. from Golombia are added to the genus, the other four members are redescribed, and a key is provided for the separation of the species. NEW GOMBINATIONS are Odmalea basalts (Walker) from Euschistus, Odnudea concolor (Walker) from Thorey- ella, and Odmalea pallida (Jensen-Haarup) from Thoreyella. NEW SYN- ONYMY recognized is Thoreyella pulchra Jensen-Haarup as a junior synonym of Odmalea basalis (Walker), Odmelea quadripunctula Bergroth and Odmalea quadripunctula modesta Ruckes as junior synonyms of Odmalea concolor (Walker), and Odmalea olivacea Ruckes as a junior synonym of Thoreyella brasiliensis Spinola. Received for publication 24 January 1977. When Bergroth (1914) erected Odmalea he took care to distinguish be- tween this genus and Dendrocoris Bergroth, enumerating seven characters which seemed to differentiate the two genera. Most of these apparent differences disappear into intraspecific or intrageneric variability, em- phasizing the similarity of these genera. Nelson (1955) observed that Brepholoxa Van Duzee is much like these geminate genera, chose felicitous characters to separate the three and discussed their position in the classifica- tion of pentatomids. Thoreyella Spinola also belongs to this group of genera and, indeed, is less readily separated from Odmalea than are Brepholoxa and Dendrocoris. All of these genera have a median ventral spine at the base of the ab- domen, and in none does this spine fit into the posterior margin of the metasternum; the sterna are not produced save, at most, for a mild tumes- cence on each side of the mesosternum; the bucculae continue to or past the distal end of the first rostral segment, terminating as a lobe at the base of the head (Fig. 5). The pygophoral form is peculiar to these four genera and varies only in detail among species (Figs. 6 and 7). The following key separates the four genera. Key to Genus Group 1. Ostiolar canal extending less than halfway from ostiole to lateral margin of metapleuron; second segment of antennae longer than each succeeding segment Brepholoxa Van Duzee VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 21 - Ostiolar canal extending more than halfway from ostiole to lateral margin of metapleuron; second segment of antennae much shorter than each succeeding segment 2 2. Superior surface of femora prolonged at apex as spine (Fig. 30). 3 - Femora unarmed Dendrocoris Bergroth 3. Ostiolar canal curved (Fig. 23); juga contiguous before tylus Thoreijella Spinola - Ostiolar canal straight or slightly curved (Figs. 4, 15, 27, 44 and 48); juga usually separated at apex, rarely contiguous, in which case coda are decidedly bicolored, stramineous and castaneous Odmalea Bergroth Odmalea Bergroth, 1914 Odmalea Bergroth, 1914, pp. 436-437 Head wider across eyes than long, lateral margins sigmoid, tapering to apex; antenniferous tubercles exposed from above; juga separated (with rare exceptions) at apex of head (Figs. 1, 24, and 45). First antennal segment not surpassing apex of head; two basal segments each much shorter than each of three distal segments. Bucculae toothed near anterior limit, pro- longed as lobe at base of head, reaching to or slightly past distal end of first rostral segment (Fig. 5); apex of rostrum attaining metacoxae. Humeral angles acutely produced; anterolateral angles strongly toothed (Figs. 2, 13, 25, 36, and 46). Anterolateral margin obtusely rounded, usually with a few small denticles widely spaced at irregular intervals. Basal width of scutellum subequal to length; frena extending past middle. Costal angle of coria extending considerably beyond apex of scutellum (Figs. 3, 14, 26, 37, and 47). Prosternum and metasternum flat or nearly so; mesosternum weakly tumescent behind procoxae on each side of depression along midhne. Ostiolar sulcus nearly straight, extending about two-thirds distance from I mesial margin of ostiole to lateral margin of metapleuron (Figs. 4, 15, 27, I 44, and 48). Superior surface of femora prolonged apically as spine (Fig. 30); anterior tibiae flattened toward apex on superior surface, asymmetrically widened; middle and posterior tibiae sulcate or not. Abdominal spine terminating between metacoxae or longer and reaching I mesocoxae. Pygophoral opening narrowing posteriorly on dorsal surface, continuing I onto ventral surface (Figs. 6-7, 16-17, 28-29, 38-39 and 49-50). Lateral thecal lobes prominent to exceptionally large, thecal processes absent I (Figs. 11, 21, 31, 41 and 51); penisfilum lying entirely on median vertical I plane. First gonocoxae almost or entirely concealed (Figs. 8, 22, 33 and 53). 1 Spermathecal bulb elongate, bearing few to many diverticula or bulbous j enlargement distad of distal flange (Figs. 9, 35 and 55). I 22 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Comment. — Bergroth (1914), in his description of the genus and of the type species, the latter under the junior synonym O. qiiadripnnctula, at- tributed to sexual dimoiphism differences between the sexes that he ob- served in the proportional length of antennal segments and in the relative length of the coria and scutellnm. His examples apparently did not repre- sent the variability of these proportions fairly, and his conclusion is not supported by the specimens examined in this study. The boundary between the theca and conjunctiva is unclear in Odmalea species, and the division made here is therefore somewhat arbitrary. Full inflation of the conjunctiva seemed to have been attained in some specimens of O. basolis, and in these examples the lateral theca lobes became per- ceptibly more turgid. These structures therefore appear intermediate between typical thecal lobes and conjunctival appendages. This American genus is represented by one or more species from Arizona into northern Argentina, but nowhere is any species common if collections are reliable indicators of abundance. The Species of Odrmdeo At the time Bergroth (1914) erected Odmalea he described O. qiiad- ripunctula, designating this species as the type species, and transferred Dendrocoris schaefferi Barber to Odnudea. Ruckes (1959a, b) added O. olivacea from Brazil and O. qiiadripuncttda modesta from Panama. Six species are recognized here. The type species is Odmalea concolor (W^alker), transferred from Tlioreijella. This name is a senior synonym of O. qnadripunctula Bergroth and O. quadripiinctida modesta Ruckes. The latter refers to a form that is not geographically limited within the species range. O. schaefferi (Barber) remains as a member of the genus, but 0. olivacea Ruckes is placed in the synonymy of Thoretjella hrasiliensis, the type species of Thoreyella. Odmalea pallida (Jensen-Haarup) is trans- ferred from Thoretjella and Odmalea hasalis (Walker) from Euschlstus. Two new species, one from Venezuela and one from Colombia, are added to the genus. The six species are separated by the following key. Key to Males of Species 1. Propleura bicolorcd, broad border ventrad of denticles dark, re- mainder of propleura much paler 3 - Propleura almost uniformly colored, pale 2 2. Parameres with digitifonn production at apex only (Figs. 6 and 12). (S. Amer., Trinidad, Panama) O. concolor (Walker) - Parameres with two digitifonn productions, one apical and one lateral (Figs. 16, 18 and 19). (Southern S. Amer.) O. pallida (J-H) 3. Parameres terminating distally in simple hook (Figs. 54 and 57); pale VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 23 area on basal half of each corium continuing as narrow percurrent costal border to costal angle of eoriuin (Fig. 47) 5 - Parameres expanded distally (Figs. 28, 34, 38, 42 and 43); a large pale area on basal half of eaeh corium and smaller pale area at costal angle (Figs. 26 and 37) 4 4. Parameres unilaterally expanded at apex (Fig. 34); pale areas at base and apex of each corium separated (Fig. 26). (Southern S. Amer.) O. hasalis (Walker) - Parameres bilaterally expanded at apex (Fig. 42); pale areas at base and apex of each corium narrowly connected along costal margin (Fig. 37) (Venezuela) O. norda n. sp. 5. Margin of genital cup incised directly caudad of parameres, py- gophore continuing beyond this point as digitiform projection from dorsal view (Fig. 49). (Southwestern U.S., Mexico) O. schaefferi (Barber) -- Margin of genital cup depressed directly caudad of parameres, pygophore beyond depression knobbed (Fig. 56). (Colombia) O. vega n. sp. Odmalea concolor (Mhilker, 1867) new combination Morrnidea concolor Walker, 1867:256-257; Lethieriy and Severin, 1893:123 (listed). Thoreyella concolor: Distant, 1900:421 (listed); Kirkaldy, 1909:137 (listed); Jensen-Haarup, 1931:320 (keyed). Odmalea qiiadripunctula Bergroth, 1914:437-438, 439, fig. 5 (O. schaefferi compared); Piran, 1968:21 (record). NEW SYNONYMY. Odnudea qiiadripunctula modesta Ruckes, 1959:17-18. NEW SYNON- YMY. Odmalea quadripunctata (sic): Buckup, 1961:12 (record). Dull sordid yellow, green when living, with dark markings; punctation concolorous, usually excepting patch or band of dark punctures on pronotum before each corium, closer and stronger on head than generally prevailing on dorsum. Juga little or no longer than tylus, usually with castaneous to fuscous lateral border (Fig. 1). Denticles occasionally lacking on antero- 1 lateral margins of pronotum. Margins of humeral angles black. Four small dark spots on anterior disk of pronotum arranged in straight transverse } line or in shallow posteriorly directed arc, these almost equidistant or mid- dle pair farther from each other than each from nearest lateral spot; lateral or all spots rarely obscure (Fig. 2). Scutellum usually with dark marginal spot at distal end of each frenum (Fig. 3). Connexiva broadly exposed. Posterolateral angle of mesopleura usually bearing dark dot. Appendages 24 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 1-12. O. concolor. Fig. 1. Head. Fig. 2. Pronotum. Fig. 3. Corium and scutellum. Fig. 4. Metapleuron. Fig. 5. Right buccula; second rostral segment (r). Fig. 6. Genital cup, dorsal view; paramere (p); tumescence (t). Fig. 7. Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 8. Genital plates. Fig. 9. Distal part of spermatheca. Fig. 10. Theca and related stnictures, lateral view; conjunctiva (c), median penal lobe (m), penisfilum (pe). Fig. 11. Same, dorsal view; lateral thecal lobe (1). Fig. 12. Right paramere. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 25 nearly color of body. Middle tibiae barely flattened to weakly sulcate; posterior tibiae obviously sulcate. Abdominal spine reaching between metacoxae, sometimes longer and just attaining mesocoxae. Length of body without membranes 7.0-8.1 mm. Head 1.8-2.0 mm wide across eyes, 1.3-1.5 mm long; antennal segments 0.3-0.4; 0.3-0.6; 0.8-1.0; 0.9- 1.0; 0.9-1.0 mm in length. Pronotum 5.5-7.0 mm wide at humeri, 1.9-2. 3 mm long at meson. Scutellum 3.2-3.8 mm wide at base, 3.1-3.6 mm long. Opening into genital cup narrowing posteriorly on dorsal surface, passing between broadly depressed surfaces with wide mesial border of dense setae, continuing onto ventral surface as deep concave emargination with small median tooth (Figs. 6 and 7). A finely shagreened tumescence of irregular form located anterolaterad of each paramere. Paramere deeply cupped, much expanded before apex, with transverse base (Fig. 12). Lateral thecal lobes extending posteriorly, their length subequal to distance separat- ing them at base (Fig. 11); distal margin of theca reflexed between lateral lobes and along ventral margin (Fig. 10). Spermathecal bulb with numerous diverticula (Fig. 9). Type. — Female, in British Museum (Natural History). Type examined. Synonymy. — Although the syntypes of Odmalea quadripunctula were not located, Bergroth’s detailed description leaves little room for doubt as to the identity of the specimens. Discrepancies between his description and the specimens examined concern the color of some of the punctation, the lower range of size (6-7 vs. 7-8 mm), and the presence of two rather than four dark spots across the pronotum. The differences in coloration, size and markings noted are not inconsistent with the assumption of con- specificity in a species as variable as this one. Odmalea quadripunctula modesta, described from Barro Colorado in the Panama Canal Zone, represents the common form of this species throughout its range except that most specimens, including those from the Panama Canal Zone, have a few denticles on the anterolateral margins of the pronotum. The type, in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, was examined. Distribution. — Specimens examined were from the Amazon region of Brazil (type locality of Mormidea concolor), Trinidad and Panama. Other records are from French Cuiana (Bergroth, 1914), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Buckup, 1961) and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Piran, 1968). Odmalea pallida (Jensen-Haarup, 1931) new combination Thoreyella pallida Jensen-Haarup, 1931:320, 322. Light stramineous, often pinkish dorsally on humeri and much of head excepting broad area around ocelli. Punctures concolorous or nearly so. 26 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 13-22. O. pallida. Fig. 13. Pronotum. Fig. 14. Corium and scutellum. Fig. 15. Metapleuron. Fig. 16. Genital cup, dorsal view; paramere (p); tumescence (t). Fig. 17. Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 18. Right paramere. Fig. 19. Same, ro- tated 90° toward observer. Fig. 20. Theca and related structures, lateral view; con- junctiva (c), penisfilum (pe). Fig. 21. Same, dorsal view; lateral thecal lobe (1). Fig. 22. Genital plates. Fig. 23. Thoreyella brasiliensis, metapleuron. sometimes those along lateral margins of head and scattered punctures on disk black; punctation on head and on pronotum before cicatrices coarser than elsewhere on dorsum. Juga slightly longer than tylus, convergent distally, each jugum narrowly rounded at apex. A submarginal line along head above antenniferous tubercles and margins of humeri black. Pro- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 27 notuni sometimes marked with transverse line of four dark spots, the inner pair farther from each other than each from nearest lateral spot. Humeral angles acute but not spinose (Fig. 13). Connexiva not or narrowly ex- posed (Fig. 14). Distal half of middle tibiae flattened on superior surface; posterior tibiae flattened or weakly sulcate. Abdominal spine scarcely reaching middle of metacoxae or longer and attaining mesocoxae. Length of body without membrane 6. 5-7.5 mm. Head 1.5-1.8 mm wide across eyes, 1.2-1.3 mm long; antennal segments 0.3; 0.3-0.5; 0.7-0.8; 0.7; 0.8 mm long. Pronotum 4.9-6. 1 mm wide at humeri, 1.6-2.0 mm long at meson. Scutellum 2.9-3.4 mm wide at base, 2.9-3.3 mm long. Opening into genital cup trilobed anteriorly on dorsal surface, narrowing posteriorly between large flattened setose lobes, continuing onto ventral sui-face as deep emargination with a small mesial tooth projecting from an- terior margin (Figs. 16 and 17). Digitiform apex and lateral production of parameres resting against and largely obscuring irregular tumescence on each side of genital cup; parameres much expanded distad and again basad of production located near point of articulation (Figs. 18 and 19). Lateral lobes of theca projecting posteriorly little past median lobe (Fig. 21). Distal margin of theca reflexed between lateral lobes and also along ventral margin (Fig. 20). Type. — Female, in Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen. Type examined. Distribution. — Argentina: Misiones, Formosa; Brazil: The notation fol- lowing “Brazil” on the holotype appears to read “Maroim (Hygom) Benzon.” The meaning of this notation is obscure. Comment. — Only four specimens of O. pallida were available for study, but it seems that this species varies as does O. concolor in the intensity and number of pronotal spots. The males of the two species are easily dis- tinguished by the genitalia. The females are less readily separated. The humeral angles among these examples of O. pallida are less produced and more obtuse than is usual in O. concolor, and none of the specimens bore scutellar spots as most examples of O. concolor do. Odmalea hasalis (Walker, 1867) new combination Mormidea hasalis Walker, 1867:257 (not Walker, 1868:553) Lethierry and Severin, 1893:123 (listed). Euschistus hasalis: Distant, 1899:437 (listed); Kirkaldy, 1909:63 (listed). Thoreyella pulchra Jensen-Haarup, 1931:319, 320; Piran, 1956:32 (record); Piran, 1962:10, fig. 8 (record, 2 genital plates); Becker and Grazia- \4eira, 1971:20 (record). NEW SYNONYMY. Dorsum mostly dark stramineous. Head becoming rufous toward apex; 28 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 24—35. O. basalis. Fig. 24. Head. Fig. 25. Pronotum. Fig. 26. Corium and scutellum. Fig. 27. Metapleuron. Fig. 28. Genital cup, dorsal view; paramere (p); tumescence (t). Fig. 29. Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 30. Spine at apex of posterior femur. Fig. 31. Theca and related structures, dorsal view; lateral thecal lobe (1). Fig. 32. Same, lateral view; conjunctival appendage (a), lateral thecal lobe (1), penisfilum (pe). Fig. 33. Genital plates. Fig. 34. Right paramere. Fig. 35. Distal part of spermatheca. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 29 punctation concolorous to fuscous on disk, rufous to dark castaneous toward apex; lateral margins of head often black. Antennae rufous, sometimes with third or third and fourth segments almost entirely light stramineous. 1 Juga surpassing tylus, usually leaving quadrate incision at apex of head, [ convergent, rarely contiguous, individually and narrowly rounded distally (Fig. 24). Pronotum turning to light castaneous on humeri; punctation sometimes entirely dark but usually light castaneous with darker punctures about cicatrices, in broad basal band and along lateral borders. Disk with narrow impunctate median line and 4 blackish spots arranged in shallow posteriorly I directed arc; middle spots somewhat farther from each other than from nearest lateral spot (Fig. 25). Scutellum bearing 4 small dark spots, one in each basal angle and marginal spot at distal end of each frenum (Fig. 26). Pale stramineous wedge near I base of each corium extending from costal margin mesad, separated from clavical vein by two rows of dark punctures, impunctate mesad of radial vein, with obscure concolorous punctation on exocorium; a much smaller subtriangular area of similar or somewhat darker color and with con- colorous punctation usually present at apex of each corium; punctation on remainder of corium fuscous along veins, elsewhere castaneous to fuscous. Moderately exposed connexiva pale stramineous, immaculate. Ventral surfaces stramineous, immaculate, concolorously punctate, ex- cepting broad lateral border of pronotum and head colored and punctate t similar to adjacent dorsal surfaces. Tibiae not sulcate. Abdominal spine extending between but not surpassing metacoxae. Length of body without membranes 6. 1-7.0 mm. Head 1.6-1.7 inm wide at eyes, 1.3-1.5 mm long; antennal segments 0.3-0.4; 0.2-0.4; 0.9-1. 1; 0.7- 0.9; 0. 8-1.0 mm in length. Pronotum 5.0-6.0 mm wide at humeri, 1.5-1. 8 mm long at meson. Scutellum 2.6-3.0 mm wide at base, 2.5-3.0 mm long. Genital cup bearing large finely shagreened tumescence anterolaterad of each paramere (Fig. 28); opening into genital cup narrowing posteriorly on dorsal surface, then expanding on ventral surface to obovate form I truncated anteriorly by membrane, this sometimes missing (Fig. 29), bordered on both dorsal and ventral surfaces by broad sulcus of uneven depth, this usually traversed near anterior limit on dorsal surface by a thin dark ridge. Apex of parameres curved from dorsal view, with con- cave lateral surface appressed to tumescence of lateral pygophoral wall; parameres unequally expanded at apex, with a tubercle located adjacent to point of articulation (Fig. 34). Lateral lobes of theca elongate, di- I vergent (Figs. 31 and 32). Bifid appendage on each lateral conjunctival I lobe pigmented at apices. Spermathecal bulb sinuous, with diverticulum toward base and another i subapically (Fig. 35). 30 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Types. — The following specimen is designated as LECTOTYPE: male, with pygophore dissected, labeled (a) Santarem (b) Mormidea basilis. Walkers catal. PARALECTOTYPES: male, 2 females with same data. One female bears in addition to a “type” label next to the specimen and a fourth label “Brit. Mns. Type No. Hem. 1027.” However, Walker did not designate a holotype and no lectotype has been designated previously. Synonymy. — The type of Thoreyella pulchm is unusual only in having the juga contiguous rather than convergent before the tylus. Distribution. — Specimens examined came from Brazil: Santarem (type locality), Minas Gerais; Argentina: Corrientes; Uruguay: Salto. The type locality of Thoreyella pidchra, “Riacho del Oro,” was not identified. Piran (1956, 1962) listed this species from the department of Artigas, Uruguay, and Entre Rios, Argentina. Becker and Grazia-Vieira (1971) re- corded three female specimens of this species among pentatomids wliich they examined from Venezuela. This record needs verification since it may apply to the closely related species which follows. Odmalea norda n. sp. Dorsum mostly dark stramineous. Punctation on head concolorous to fuscous on disk, black along lateral margins of juga; antennae brownish yellow. Juga surpassing tylus, convergent, each jugum narrowly rounded distally. Pronotum divided along meson by narrow carinate impunctate callous. Four black spots on disk arranged in shallow posteriorly directed arc with middle pair farther from each other than each from nearest lateral spot (Fig. 36). Punctation fuscous to black in broad basal border, on humeri and along anterolateral margin, elsewhere castaneous. Humeri spinose. Scutellum with 4 small dark spots, one in each basal angle and marginal spot at distal end of each frenum (Fig. 37). A pale wedge covers basal ; half of each corium from costal margin mesad, reaching costal vein at base but distally separated from vein by 2 or 3 rows of castaneous punctures; • pale area continuing along exocorinm, expanding into subtriangular area at costal angle; pale areas concolorously punctate excepting impunctate ivory region between radial and clavical veins occupying distal half of basal wedge; punctation on remainder of corium dark castaneous. Gon- nexiva moderately exposed, immaculate, concolorous with exocoria. Ventral surfaces stramineous, thorax a little darker than abdomen, con- colorously punctate, excepting broad lateral border of pronotum and head colored and punctate similar to adjacent dorsal surfaces. Tibiae not sulcate. * Abdominal spine reaching between but not surpassing metacoxae. Length of body without membranes 5.8 mm. Head 1.7 mm wide across ' VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 31 Figs. 36-44. O. norda. Fig. 36. Pronotum. Fig. 37. Corium and scutellum. Fig. I 38. Genital cup, dorsal view; paramere (p), proctiger (pr), tumescence (t). Fig. 39. I Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 40. Theca and related structures, lateral view; con- I junctiva (c), lateral thecal lobe (1), penisfilum (pe). Fig. 41. Same, dorsal view; lateral I thecal lobes (1). Fig. 42. Right paramere. Fig. 43. Same, rotated 90° toward ob- I server. Fig. 44. Metapleuron. eyes, 1.3 mm long; antennal segments 0.3; 0.3; 1.0; 0.9; 1.0 mm long. Pro- : notum 5.0 mm wide at humeri, 1.5 inm long at meson. Scutellum 2.6 mm wide at base, 2.4 mm long. A large finely shagreened tumescence in genital cup located anterolaterad of paramere and cephalad of deep blind sulcus in margin of genital cup I (Fig. 38). Dorsal opening into genital cup narrowing posteriorly to slot; ventral opening expanding from slot, subquadrate with membranous an- terior border notched mesially, embraced on each side by broad sub- j marginal depression (Fig. 39). Parameres bilaterally but asymmetrically ! expanded at apex (Figs. 42 and 43), their concave lateral surface appressed I to tumescence on lateral walls of genital cup; parameres much expanded 32 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY near point of articulation and at base. Proctiger strongly carinate on each side toward base. Lateral lobes of theca greatly prolonged, divergent (Figs. 40 and 41). Median penal lobes forming cone with curved spur above penis- filum; spur about half as long as penisfilum. Heavily pigmented structure located along mesial surface of conjunction on each side, trifurcate distally with apices acute, the middle one curved mesad. Type. — Holotype, male, labeled: Museum Paris, Venezuela, Coll. E Seguy, 1919. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. No paratypes. Comment. — This species closely resembles O. basalis and O. schaefferi but differs most obviously in the form of the parameres and theca. Odmalea schaefferi (Barber, 1906) Dendrocoris {Liotropis) schaefferi Barber, 1906:262. Dendrocoris schaefferi: Kirkaldy, 1909:151; Banks, 1910:84. Odmalea schaefferi: Bergroth, 1914:438, 439. Yellowish brown above with faint rufous suffusion on head, humeri and sometimes coria; connexiva and costal border of coria pale stramineous with concolorous punctation; elsewhere on dorsum punctation castaneous to black, a subbasal impunctate area located mesad of radial vein. Apex of head subquadrately incised between narrowly rounded distal ends of juga (Fig. 45). Pronotum divided along midline by narrow impunctate line; 4 small blackish spots on pronotum arranged in shallow posteriorly directed arc, middle pair about half again farther from each other than each from closest lateral spot (Fig. 46). Scutellum with 4 blackish spots, one in each basal angle, one at distal end of each frenum (Fig. 47). Connexiva moderately exposed. Ventral surfaces pale stramineous with coneolorous punctation, except- ing broad lateral border of pronotum and head colored and punctured similar to adjacent dorsal surfaces. Legs pale stramineous, none of tibiae sulcate; antennae usually darker. Abdominal spine not surpassing meta- coxae. Length of body without membrane 6.9-7. 1 mm. Head 1.7-1 .9 mm wide Figs. 45-55. O. schaefferi. Fig. 45. Head. Fig. 46. Pronotum. Fig. 47. Corium and scutellum. Fig. 48. Metapleuron. Fig. 49. Genital cup, dorsal view; paramere (р) , tumescence (t). Fig. 50. Pygophore, ventral view. Fig. 51. Theca and related structures, dorsal view; lateral thecal lobe (1). Fig. 52. Same, lateral view; conjunctiva (с) , lateral thecal lobe (1), median penal lobe (m). Fig. 53. Genital plates. Fig. 54. Right paramere. Fig. 55. Distal part of spermatheca. Figs. 56-58. O. vega. Fig. 56. Genital cup, dorsal view, parameres and proctiger removed. Fig. 57. Riglit paramere. Fig. 58. Theca and related structures, dorsal view; lateral thecal lobe (1); median penal lobe (m). 34 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY across eyes, 1.4-1.5 mm long; antennal segments 0.4; 0.2-0.4; 1. 2-1.5; 1.0- 1.3; 1.1 mm long. Pronotum 5.4-6.2 mm wide at humeri, 1. 6-2.0 mm long at meson. Scutellum 2.8-3.2 mm wide at base, 2.7-3.3 mm long. Dorsal opening into genital cup concavely arcuate anteriorly, nar- rowing rather unifoiTnly to posterior margin, notched midway along lateral margins (Fig. 49). Outer pygophoral walls before this notch broadly de- > pressed. On ventral surface opening into genital cup subquadrate, trisinuate basally, enclosed parenthetically by broad depression (Fig. 50). Genital cup bearing large finely reticulated tumescence anterolaterad of parameres. ■ Parameres bent into acute hook distally, moderately expanded near point of | articulation, little expanded at base (Fig. 54). Distal margin of theca tri- sinuate from dorsal view (Fig. 51), reflexed ventrally but not dorsally from lateral view (Fig. 52); lateral lobes extending obliquely laterad and I a little farther posteriorly than median lobe. Conjunctiva bearing heavily pigmented bifid appendage on mesal surface of each lobe. Spermatheca with two opposed diverticula toward base (Fig. 55). T ypes. — Described from 3 males and 5 females, 7 of these identifiable i and in the U.S. National Museum. The following specimen is designated LECTOTYPE: male, labeled (a) Brownsville, Tex., V-03, Cat. No. 97 (b) Cotype 42717 (c) type 61089 (d) Type (e) Dendrocoris schaefferi Barber, Type. PARALECTOTYPES: male, labels (a) and (b) as on lectotype; male, label (a) as on lectotype, (b) Cotype (c) Dendocoris schaefferi Barb., 5 , j Cotype; female, labeled (a) Brownsville, Tex., VI-03, Cat. No. 97, Brooklyn | Museum Coll. 1929 (b) Type (c) Dendrocoris schaefferi Barber, 2, Type; fe- > male, labeled (a) Brownsville, Tex., V-03 (b) Cotype 42717 (c) Dendrocoris I schaefferi Barber, Cotype; female, labeled (a) Brownsville, Tex., V-03 (b) | Cotype (c) Dendrocoris schaefferi Barb., 2, Cotype; female, labeled (a) Brownsville, Tex., V-03, Cat. No. 97, Brooklyn Museum Coll. 1929 (b) Cotype No. 42717. Distribution. — From southwest Texas to Chiapas, Me.xico. Odmalea vega n. sp. Form, size and color of O. schaefferi but male genitalia differing in several respects. Length of body without membranes 6.7 mm. Head 1.7 mm wide across eyes, 1.5 mm long; antennal segments 0.4; 0.2; 1.2; 1.0; 1.0 mm long. Pro- notum 5.7 mm wide at humeri, 1.8 mm long at meson. Scutellum 3.1 mm wide at base, 2.8 mm long. Margin of genital cup directly caudad of parameres depressed, project- ' ing beyond this point as knob, not incised and continued as digitiform pro- jection as in O. schaefferi (Fig. 56). Two small tubercles on parameres near point of articulation (Fig. 57). VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 35 Type. — Holotype, male, labeled: Colombia, Bolivar, 10 mi S Cartagena, 15-XI-1973, D. Engleman, Coll. Deposited in U.S. Nat. Museum, Type no. 72133. No paratypes. Distribution. — Colombia. Comment. — A single female collected near Bogota, Colombia, may be this species. The spennatheca has a bulbous enlargement distad of distal flange, but it lacks the diverticula found in O. basalis and O. schaefferi. Acknowledgments I am indebted to Mssrs. N. Mpller Anderson of the Universitetets Zoologiske Museum (Copenhagen), P. van Doesburg of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (Leiden), W. R. Dolling of the British Museum (Natural History) (London), H. D. Engleman, M.D., R. C. Froeschner of the U.S. National Museum (Washington), Luis de Santis of the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (La Plata) and P. Wygodzinsky of the American Museum of Natural History (New York) for their contributions toward this revision. Literature Cited Banks, N. 1910. Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. 103 + viii pp. Am. Entomol. Soc. Philadelphia. Barber, H. G. 1906. Hemiptera from southwestern Texas. Brooklyn Institute, Sci. Bull. l(9):262-263. Becker, M., and J. Grazia-Vieira. 1971. Contribuigao as coheciemento da superfamilia Pentatomoidea na Venezuela. (Heteroptera). Iher. (Zook). 40:3-25. Buckup, L. 1961. Os pentatomideos de estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Iher. (Zook). 16:1-24. Bergroth, E. 1914. Pentatomides nouveaux de la Guyane frangaise. (Hemipt. Penta- tomodiae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. France. 83:423—441. Distant, W. L. 1899. XLIV-Rhynchotal notes. — III. Heteroptera: Discocephalinae and Pentatominae (part). Ann. Mag. Nat. History. (7)4:421-445. . 1900. LVII-Rhynchotal notes. — IV. Heteroptera: Pentatominae (part). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)5:386-397, 420-435. Jensen-Haarup, A. C. 1931. Hemipterological notes and descriptions. \T. Entomol. Medd. Copenhagen. 17:319-336. Kirkaldy, G. W. 1909. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), Vok I. Cimicidae. XL + 392 pp. Berlin. Lethierry, L., and G. Severin. 1893. Catalogue General des Hemipteres. Vok 1. Pentatomidae. IX + 286 pp. Brussels. Nelson, G. H. 1955. A revision of the genus Dendrocoris and its generic relation- ships. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 57(2):49-67. Piran, A. A. 1956. Hemipteros raros o poco conocidos y no mencionados para las faunas de Brasil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Bolivia. Rev. Soc. Uruguaya Entomol. l(l):29-35. . 1962. Hemiptera neotropica V. Notas sobre systematica y zoogeografia de Pentatomidae. Acta Zook Lilk 18:5-10. 36 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY . 1968. Hemiptera neotropica XL Rev. Soc. Entomol. Arg. 30:17-25. Ruckes, H. 1959a. A new species of Odmalea Bergroth from Brazil. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 67:55-57. . 1959b. New genera and species of Pentatomids from Panama and Costa Rica (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Am. Mus. Nov., no. 1939. Pp. 1-18. Walker, F. 1867—68. Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum, London. Part II. Pp. 243-417 (1867), Part III. Pp. 419-599 (1868). I BOOK REVIEW ; Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. An illustrated practical guide. Warren T. Johnson and Howard H. Lyon. 464 pp., 212 color illustrations. Com- stock Publishing Associates — Cornell University Press, Ithaca and Lon- don. 1976. $35.00. , This book was prepared with the collaboration of Carl S. Koehler of ' the University of California, Berkeley, of N. E. Johnson of Weyerhaeuser " Company, and of J. A. Weidhaas of Virginia Polytechnic Institute. It is ' an unusual reference work, which combines authoritative descriptions of pests with beautiful full-page color plates. The text is authoritative, ( readable, concise, and well organized. The book is divided into two parts — . insects that feed on conifers, and those that feed on leafed evergreens and deciduous plants. Not only professional entomologists and extension work- ers, but laymen interested in indoor and outdoor plants will find this treatise very useful. In numerous instances natural enemies of pests that exert ! biological control have been mentioned. Life cycles, seasonal histories, ' diagrammatic drawings explaining morphological features, and distribution ' maps are among the important features of this work. A good subject index is provided. The illustrations are perhaps the most remarkable feature and they enhance the value of this volume. The color photographs have been prepared by Prof. Johnson as well as by Howard H. Lyon, whose pro- fessional skill was responsible for many of the striking pictures of living in- sects. These illustrations are crisp and shar^D and the color rendition of high | quality. Tliis practical guide belongs into every college and university library as well as every public library. It will also be of considerable in- terest to home garden owners everywhere. Those who will examine this book will wish to own their personal copies, because of the lasting value of this publication. Karl Maramorosch, Waksrnan Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers Uni- versity. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(I), 1978, pp. 37-44 A ROTARY FLIGHT TRAP USED FOR SAMPLING HAPLAXIUS CRUDUS (HOMOPTERA: GIXIIDAE) IN GOGONUT GROVES^ - Neil L. Woodiel and James H. Tsai Abstract. — Woodiel, Neil L., and Tsai, James H., Postdoctoral Re- search Associate and Asst. Professor of Entomology, respectively, Agric. Res. Ctr., University of Florida, 3205 SW 70th Ave., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33315. Present address of senior author: Arrowhead Drive, Box 422, McMinnville, Tenn. 37110. — A rotary flight trap was successfully devised to sample flying insects associated with the palm community in south Florida. This machine consisted of a triangular support unit, and a boom and net assembly powered by an electric motor. Traps were op- erated three weeks per month for 12 months during 1974-1975. Although over 50 species of insects were periodically collected, Haplaxins crudus (Van Duzee) was trapped throughout the year. The flight activities of this insect appeared to be high in March, May, September and November. While in operation, the nets sampled 4,741 cu m of air per hour for insects. A list of materials necessary to construct this sampling unit is presented. Received for publication 8 July 1977. Introduction Bonnet (1911) conceived the idea of a constantly moving aerial net to sample airborne insects in France by attaching a net to his car. Later Byers (1928) collected dragonflies and McGlure (1938) collected general in- sect populations by this method. Similar aerial nets were used in the leafhopper and mosquito studies by Chamberlin and Lawson (1940, 1945) and Stage and Chamberlin (1945). Airplanes were used to sample the wind dispersion of gypsy moth by Collins and Baker (1934). Davies ' (1935) used water power as energy for his nets, and Williams and Milne I (1935) used electricity as the power source for their nets. Small gasoline engines were adapted for use by Barnes et al. (1939) and Chamberlin and Lawson (1940, 1945). The rotary nets employed in this study were a combination of previously used systems best suited for the studies con- ducted. This study was conducted to test the utility of the aerial net for de- termining which insects most commonly fly in and around coconut palms I in southeast Florida in hopes of determining which of these insects might ' be vectors of the lethal yellowing (LY) disease agent of coconut palms. I Because Haplaxius crudus (Van Duzee) was reported by Schuiling and 38 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Johnson (1973) to be abundant in coconut plantings in Jamaica, special emphasis was given to this insect and observations on trapping this plant- hopper are reported here. Materials and Methods This machine consists of three sections: (1) the support system; (2) the power unit; and (3) the boom and net assembly (Fig. 1). The total number and type of items required to construct each section are listed in Table 1. The machines were mounted at three heights (1.5, 4 and 8 m) around the groves of coconut palms. Traps were operated Monday through Friday, three weeks per month, over a 12-month period. With a net opening of 35.6 cm diameter and a boom length of 3.65 m, the two nets sampled a volume of 4,741 cu m of air per hour for insects, or approximately 114,000 cu m of air in 24 h, when spinning at 30 revolutions per minute. At the end of each collecting period, the small collecting bags attached to the rear openings of the trap were removed and emptied into a kilhng jar. Sample areas were located in Broward and Dade counties, Florida. In Dade County, the Doral Country Club was chosen for sampling since it had a very high incidence of LY. In Broward County, the Agricultural Research Center (ARC) in Fort Lauderdale was chosen since the disease was not present in the immediate vicinity at the start of this study. At each site the nets were placed near and under coconut palms. Results and Discussions The rotary flight trap is an excellent quantitative sampling method for flying insects and can be varied to fit many situations. Sinee it is non- selective, it offers a means of determining the population density of any flying insects at different elevations and at different times of the year. The traps were occasionally blown over by the wind but this was later pre- vented by securely anchoring them in the ground. When blowdowns oc- curred some type of safeguard was required to stop the machine from rolling due to the power of the motor. A pin of soft metal was inserted through the motor shaft and base of the boom assembly which would shear if the machine were to tip over. This avoided stress to the gears of the reduction assembly. The motor shaft was threaded so the base of the boom assembly eould be screwed onto it. When the pin which held the two together was sheared, the boom would unscrew and fall to the ground rather than continue to tighten. This also reduced the stress on the power assembly. Speed of operation definitely affected the efficiency of the maehine. The % hp motor produced 4.5 X 10^ Dyne-cm of torque at the shaft, more VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 39 Table 1. Materials required to construct a rotary net with the materials listed by units. Units Total materials required Support unit Angle Aluminum (3.81 cm angle for frame) 7 m Sheet Aluminum (38 mm sheet for top) 52 sq cm Sheet Aluminum (8 mm sheet for sides) 3 sq m Plywood (2.5 cm for motor support) 116 sq cm Plywood (2.5 cm for bearing support) 65 sq cm Power unit Geared electric motor (14 bp) (Dayton® Model 5K939) 1 Universal Joint Assm. (19 mm) 1 Shaft (19 mm in cold rolled steel) 60 cm Steel Sheet (13 mm thick, 49.5 X 22.7 cm wide) 1,045 sq cm Self-aligning Bearings (19 mm) 2 Electrical Cord 3 m Electric Plug (Male) 1 Bolts 6.3 X 76 mm (for shaft pin) 1 Bolts 6.3 X 32 mm (motor support) 12 Boom assembly Rigid conduit, 13 mm 6 m Cross coupling, 13 mm 2 Short nipple (13 mm) 1 Cable 3 mm (plastic coated) 12 m Eye bolts 13 mm 9 Tumbuckle 13 mm 3 U-clamp 13 mm 6 L-coupling 13 mm 2 Cotterpin (heavy duty) 4 Nets Steel rod 6.3 mm (for hoops) 18 m Aluminum 13 X 3 mm 3 m Reinforcing rod 2.5 cm 5 m Net materials 2 sq cm Saran 52 mesh 452 sq cm i The total cost for the above materials is estimated to be $60.00. ® The use of a trademark name should not be interpreted as an endorsement of one product over another that would provide equal effectiveness. I of power than required to do the desired work. The qjm could be in- creased from 30 to 60 with the same motor and the torque reduced to ,2.3 X 10*^ Dyne-cm. This would still be sufficient to operate a 3.66 m I boom and at a more efficient rate. Higher rpm prevents insects from dodging the moving nets and from flying out of the nets after being caught. 40 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 1. Diagram of rotary flight trap and the specifications of a.ssembly. The electric motor requires less attention and appears to be more reliable than other power sources. One feature of the system which can be adjusted is the length of the boom. The boom in our study was 3.66 m in length as it had been in earlier studies (Chamberlin and Lawson, 1945; Barnes et ah, 1939); how- ever, a 3.05 m length boom was used by McClure (1938). Diameter of nets in our study was 35.6 cm while those used in previous studies had varied from 48 cm (Chamberlin and Lawson, 1945; Barnes et ah, 1939), to 25.4 cm (McClure, 1938). Various sizes of the nets and booms used in pre- viously mentioned studies give some indication of the flexibility of tliis system. The nets can be modifed to operate at any angle from the vertical to the horizontal. The machine used in this coconut study was operated with the boom spinning on a horizontal plane with one net suspended below the boom and one placed above the boom (Fig. 1). In our studies with the aerial net, over 50 species of insects were collected. Nearly 90% of the total leaf hoppers and planthoppers trapped in the nets at each sampling site was H. crudus. This confirmed the observations made in Jamaica by Sch ruling and Johnson (1973). Therefore, this insect was considered as a prime suspect as a vector of LY (Tsai, 1975, 1977). Populations of H. crudus vary not only from area to area but also at 1 VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 41 Rotary Sweep Nets ARC Low Medium _ Months Fig. 2. Monthly average numbers of H. crudus captured in the rotary flight traps at the Agricultural Research Center and Doral Country Club (Low = 1.5 m; Medium rr I 4 m; High — 8 m). different heights above the ground (Fig. 2 and 3). The nets which col- lected the highest number of H. crudus were the 4 m nets at the ARC. I They were located near several mature coconut palms and a large coconut 1 seed bed. The 1.5 m nets at the ARC were located under the same trees 42 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Months I Fig. 3. Monthly total and average numbers of H. cnidus captured in all rotary nets , from the Agricultural Research Center and Doral Country Club. almost within tlie seed bed, caught considerably fewer insects than the 4 m nets. In contrast, the traps at Doral captured considerably more H. crudus in the 1.5 m than the 4 m or 8 m nets, because more St. Augustine- grass (Stenotophrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze), bennudagrass {Cijnodon ' doctylon (L.) Pers.), and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) were , planted on the Doral golf course than on the site of ARC. It is conceivable that more H. crudus migrated from their breeding hosts to their feeding 43 j VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 ^ hosts. All nets at Doral were located in close proximity to mature palm trees which were healthy when the study began. By the end of the study, one year later, 90% of coconut palms had succumbed to LY and were re- moved from the Doral study area. Samples in the nets did not differ before or after removal of the palms. This indicated that H. cruclus may feed on other plants still on the golf course and is not really affected by the loss of the palms. This would indicate also that plants other than coconut ■ palms could serve as alternate hosts of H. cruclus and possibly the LY I causal agent. The current research efforts are directed at the search for j alternate hosts. The average numbers of H. cruclus did not fluctuate greatly I during the entire year. The maximum difference in monthly average was i seven fold. In the rain months (mid May to late September), the average ; numbers of H. cruclus samples were relatively less. The flight activities i of this insect appeared to be high in March, May, September and November (Figs. 2 and 3). Since this insect was found throughout the year it covdd help explain why the infection rate of LY remains constant throughout the year (McCoy, 1976). This study of flight patterns of H. cruclus, there- fore, becomes an important aspect of LY research in view of experimenta- tion as well as control. Literature Cited Barnes, D. F., C. K. Fisher, and G. H. Kaloostian. 1939. Flight habits of the rasin moth and other insects as indicated' by the use of a rotary net. J. Econ. Ent. 32: 859-863. Bonnet, A. 1911. Recherches sur les causes des variations de la faunule entomo- logique aerienne. Comptes Rendus. Acad. Sci. Paris 152:336—339. Byers, C. F. 1928. Florida dragonflies captured by automobile. Ent. News 39: 236-239. Chamberlin, J. C., and F. R. Lawson. 1940. A mechanical trap for the sampling of aerial insect populations. U.S. Dept, of Agr., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, ET-163, 6 pp. . 1945. A mechanical trap for the sampling of aerial insect populations. Mosquito News 5(l):4-6. Collins, C. VV., and W. I. Baker. 1934. Exploring the upper air for wind-borne gypsy moth larvae. J. Econ. Ent. 27:320-327. Davies, W. M. 1935. A water-powered mechanical insect trap. Bull. Ent. Res. 26(4): 553-558. McCoy, R. E. 1976. Comparative epidemiology of the lethal yellowing, Kaincope, and cadang-cadang diseases of coconut palm. Plant Disease Reporter 60: 498-502. McClure, H. E. 1938. Insect aerial populations. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 31:504- 513. Schuiling, M., and D. G. Johnson. 1973. Current attempts to find a vector as- sociated with lethal yellowing disease of coconut. Principes 17:151-159. Stage, H. H., and J. C. Chamberlin. 1945. Abundance and flight habits of certain Alaskan mosquitos as determined by means of a rotary type trap. Mosquito News 5(1):8-16. 44 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Tsai, J. H. 1975. Transmission studies of three suspected insect vectors of lethal yellowing of coconut palms. FAO (UN) Plant Prot. Bull. 23:140-145. . 1977. Attempts to transmit lethal yellowing of coconut palms by the plant- hopper, Haplaxius crudus. Plant Disease Reporter 61:304-307. Williams, C. B., and P. S. Milne. 1935. A mechanical insect trap. Bull. Ent. Res. 26(4):543-552. Footnotes 'Research sponsored in part by USDA, ARS, Cooperative Agreement 12-14-7001- 105. ^ Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 721. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(I), 1978, pp. 45-50 THE LIFE HISTORY OF RELIQUIA SANT AM ART A, A NEOTROPICAL ALPINE PIERINE BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) Arthur M. Shapiro Abstract. — Shapiro, Arthur M., Department of Zoology, University of Cali- fornia, Davis, California 95616. — The egg, larva, and pupa of Reliquia san- tamarto from the alpine zone of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia are deseribed. Resemblances to and differences from the early stages of the Nearctic Pieris callidice group are noted. Overall R. santarnarta shows considerable differentiation from its alleged Nearctic relatives, but the hypothesis that it represents a relict of the stock which initially in- vaded South America from the north and subsequently underwent great adaptive radiation remains tenable. Received for publication 2 June 1977. Reliquia santarnarta Ackery is an unusual Pierine butterfly of uncertain affinities. It is known only from above 3,500 m in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northeastern Colombia, an isolated non- Andean range on the Caribbean margin. Discovered by Michael Adams in 1971, R. san- tamarta has been seen alive by only a handful of biologists. In January 1977 I was able to obtain fertile ova from 8 wild females collected at the type locality, the headwaters of the Rio Cambirumeina at 3,900-4,400 m. This material was reared at Cali, Colombia for use in photoperiod experiments which are being reported elsewhere (Shapiro, 1977a). Like the entire mon- tane and alpine Neotropical Pierine fauna, R. santarnarta has never been reported as reared in captivity. The adult of R. santarnarta is moq)hologically and phenotypically very similar to the Holarctic Pieris callidice Hubner group, which includes the familiar Nearctic P. protodice Bdv. & LeC. and P. occidentalis Reak. It is less similar to the widespread high Andean taxa of the genera Tatochila, Phulia, Piercolias, etc. and differs strikingly from them in having the sub- marginal lozenge-markings pointed basad in the interspaces, in this regard resembling true Pieris. The affinities of R. santanmrta pose a critical prob- lem for the interpretation of Pierine phylogeny and biogeography. It is generally assumed (Klots, 1933; Forster, 1958; Mani, 1968; Field and Herrera, 1977) that the entire Andean Pierine fauna evolved from a Pieris- type ancestor which invaded South America from the north in the Pliocene or Pleistocene, more or less in tandem with Andean orogeny. The same history is postulated for the Cruciferae, the plant family with which Pierini are predominantly associated globally (Raven and Axelrod, 1974:629). The 46 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is the northernmost mountain mass on the continent, and is characterized by an unusually high floral and faunal endemism (Adams, 1973, 1975). One of its oddest residents is the Pierid (Coliadini) Nathalis iole Bdv., which occurs in the high montane and al- pine zones but is otherwise unknown in South America. It is a common “weedy” butterfly of dry, open sites in the southern and southwestern United States, in Mexico and northern Central America, and in parts of the West Indies. Because N. iole is so morphologically odd, possessing several characters nomially associated with boreo-alpine Pierids, it has seemed “out of place” in its North American range. These traits, along with its oddly-shaped pupa, do not seem aberrant in its Colombian range and suggest daring new biogeographic hypotheses. The occurrence of R. santamarta in this range is exceptionally interesting in that this seems the logical place to look for a relict population of a northern invader, and the adult looks to “fill the bill.” Neither Ackery (1975) nor Shapiro (1977a, b) was, however, able to pronounce on the relationships of R. santamarta with great confidence, given the lack of information on its early stages. These are now available for study. Rearing Procedures These are described in more detail in Shapiro (1977a). Rearing was carried out at 26.5°C ± 2° on continuous light on fresh cuttings of the Cruciferous weed Lepidium virginicutn L. from a vacant lot in Cali. This regime is very different from the conditions in which this species develops afield (Shapiro, 1977b). Since the adult phenotype was not modified (Shapiro, 1977a) it seems likely the early stages were also normal. The growth rate was certainly tremendously increased, very closely matching those of other high-altitude and -latitude Pierines reared at temperatures of 20°C or higher. The descriptions which follow were prepared from live material and (fifth-instar larva, pupa, and egg) preserved specimens. Alcoholic material ■ will be deposited with the British Museum (Natural History), the United States National Museum, and the Allyn Museum of Entomology, all of which have substantial adult series. Descriptions ,i Egg (Fig. 1). — Size and form of the egg of Pieris protodice, 0.85 X 0.25 ' mm, erect, spindle-shaped, the chorion sculptured as figured, with about 12 vertical ribs; laid singly (in captivity — none were found afield) on leaves of various wild Crucifers. When laid dull yellow, changing within a few ■ hours to orange-yellow and within two days to brick red; becoming blackish and translucent about 12 h before hatching. Time to hatch 6 days. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 47 , Figs. 1-7. Reliquia santamarta from northeastern Colombia. 1, egg, X22.5. 2, ma- ture larva, dorsal view. 3, mature larva, lateral view. 4, lateral view of seventh seg- ment, showing major tubercles. 5, pupa, ventral view. 6, pupa, dorsal view. 7, pupa, ' lateral view. All x3 except 4, Xl5- Larva: first instar. — At hatch 1 mm long; pale unmarked yellow with a dark head; usually eating the eggshell. After feeding on the leaf becoming grayish green, unmarked, finely downy; head black. Begins as a pit feeder on leaves, soon switching to strip feeding. Length of instar 1V2 days. Second instar. — After molt 3.5 mm long at rest. Yellowish green, un- marked, finely downy, head black. By the end of the instar faint stigmatal yellow lines are visible, and a trace of a mid-dorsal one. Length of instar 1% days. Third instar. — After molt 7.5 mm long at rest. Gray-green; a faint yellow 48 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY mid-dorsal and stronger yellow stigmatal lines, these lines all bordered > by conspicuous black tubercles of two sizes, with many very small less con- spicuous tubercles scattered over the body at large; head at first gray- ^ green, turning to dull brownish, mottled with black; ocelli black. Length i of instar 2-3 days. Fourth instar. — After molt 11 mm long. Ground color olivaceous gray- • green; dorsal stripe pale yellow; stigmatal lines vaguely reddish yellow; black tubercles in three sizes, mostly bearing short black hairs. True legs i black; venter and prolegs pale gray-green. Length of instar 2-3 days. Fifth instar. — After molt 15 mm long at rest. Maximum resting size before i prepupal period, 22 mm. Color as in fourth instar; by the Kornerup and : Wanscher system (1967) ground color 3E6 (“olive”). Tuberculation as in . Figs. 2-4. The last one or two fecal pellets produced before pupation are i red, as in the Pieris callidice group. Before pupation the larva is very ^ active and wanders for several hours prior to selecting a final site. Length : of instar 3%-4 days. Prepupa. — Similar to the P. callidice group. Attached by the anal legs ; and by a girdle around the thorax. Generally vertical, head up. Length . of prepupal period, 8-12 hours. The prepupa does not become very ; pale in color, as occurs in Euchloe ausonides Lucas of the Nearctic which has a somewhat similar larva. I Pupa (Figs. 5-7). — Length 18 mm, width at girdle 4.7 mm. After pupa- ] tion bright green (27 A6), usually but not always changing within 24 h to « light buff (4A2, “yellowish white”), pattern as shown, with indistinct dark ; markings between the wing- veins (5D4, “light brown”); in color very similar ; to dormant pupae of Pieris napi L. rather than to members of the callidice ! group, which are characteristically grayish. Frontal prominence short, as ' in the callidice group, much shorter than in any napi population. The ; two supraocular prominences larger than in the callidice group or any ; Holarctic Pieris, approaching the frontal one in size. Most strikingly, the ■ flaring dorsolateral prominences (near the outer angles of the wing cases), ! which are moderately developed in the callidice group and greatly so in i P. rapae L. and P. napi, are entirely absent. The shape of the pupa suggests : a C alias, but with uninflated wing cases. Before emergence the eyes, wings, , and body are pigmented in that order, with white pigment laid down in ; the wings several hours before black. Meconium red, as in the P. callidice ■ group. Length of pupal period, 6-7 days. I Discussion The early stages of Reliquia santamarta are perplexing. There are strong hints of relationship to the Pieris callidice group in all stages. The egg i is virtually identical, the larval striping and tuberculation are somewhat ; VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 49 similar, the pupa has a similar facies except for the lack of dorsolateral prominences, and — perhaps most significantly — the larval wastes before pupation and the meconium are both red, a trait shared only with the calUdice group among the Nearctic Pierines. There are, however, so many aberrant traits that one must hesitate before accepting a close kinship. The ground color of the mature larva is unlike any Nearctic Pierine; it most closely approaches Pieris beckeri Edwards. However, it is identical to the color of larvae of Pieris hrassicae L. of Palaearctic, and it shares with that species the three-stripe pattern, along with a pronounced but hard-to- define “oily” look. Unlike P. hrassicae the lai*vae are not gregarious and do not stink. The pupa also somewhat resembles P. hrassicae in having a small frontal prominence, but the enlargement of the supraoculars is similar to the condition in the Andean genus Tatochila (Shapiro, 1977c) and points to a connection there — otherwise resemblances in the early stages are minimal. The first and second instar larvae are reminscent of Pieris sisymhrii Bdv., but the later instars are not. P. sisijmhrii has a blue-green egg of an unusual shape and an aposematically-colored fifth-instar larva which loses all its tubercles, and despite its facies does not seem to be closely related to the callicUce group. In culture R. santamarta behaved as a leaf, rather than an inflorescence, feeder when presented with Lepidium tops. In the Nearctic, leaf-feeding I Pierines tend to have cryptic green larvae with faint dorsal and stigmatal I yellow stripes, while inflorescence feeders are striped lengthwise in puiplish-gray and yellow. These patterns have evolved independently in I closely related species pairs in Pieris (Pierini) and also in Euchloe (Euch- ' loini). This suggests that although the larva of R. santamarta has not been ' found in the wild, it is probably a foliage feeder on the perennial rosette Cmcifers (many gray-green) which abound in its rocky alpine habitat. The geologic interpretation of the Caribbean margin, including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, is in flux and in any case exceedingly complex (Tschanz et ah, 1974). Several hypotheses can be advanced to ac- ' count for the range of R. santamarta, but given the various resemblances to 1 the P. caUidice group (including such “offbeat” characters as egg and i meconium color) and the link to Tatochila in pupal shape, the most per- !■ suasive hypothesis is the traditional one which makes the Andean Pierines I derivative from Nearctic invaders and assigns to Reliqnia a truly relict status. R. santanuirta, it should be noted in passing, has well-developed I androconia while these have been lost by P. protodice, caUidice, and oc- 1 cidentalis. It also has the long antennae characteristic of the Andean j Htjpsochila and Pierphulia and some lowland Neotropical genera, e.g. Itahal- ] lia. There are definite hints that if the Nearctic-invasion hypothesis is j correct, the ancestor of R. santamarta was a more primitive Pierine than 1 50 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY the present-day caUidice group, whose distribution demonstrates a j)re- Pleistocene origin. Acknowledgments This work was made possible by grants from the National Science Founda- tion and the National Geographic Society and with the help of Colombian friends too numerous to mention. Special thanks are due Mrs. Adrienne R. Shapiro and Dr. Arthur S. Weston for their help in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The illustrations are by Ms. Lynn Siri. Literature Cited Ac'kery, P. H. 1975. \ new Pierine genus and species, with notes on the gsnus Tatochila (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Bull. Allyn. Mus. 30:1-9. Adams, M. 1973. Ecological zonation and the butterflies of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. J. Nat. Hist. 7:699-718. . 1975. Full report of the “Third North Colombia Butterflies Expedition, 1974/75.” Privately circulated mimeograph. 42 pp. Field, W. D., and J. Herrera. 1977. The Pierid butterflies of the genera Hypsochila Ureta, Phulia Herrich-Schiiffer, hifraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field, and Pier- colias Staudinger. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 232:1-64. Forster, W. 1958. Die Tiergeographischen Verhaltnisse Boliviens. Proc. X In- ternal. Congr. Entomol. 1956, 1:84,3-846. Klots, A. B. 1933. A generic revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera), together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomol. Amer. 12:139-242. Kornerup, A., and J. H. Wanscher. 1967. Methuen Handbook of Colour. Lon- don: Methuen. 243 pp. Mani, M. S. 1968. Ecology and Biogeography of High-Altitude Insects. The Hague: W. Junk. 527 pp. Raven, P. H., and D. I. Axelrod. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography and past con- tinental movements. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 61:, 539-673. Shapiro, A. M. 1977a. Evidence for obligate monophenism in Reliquia santamarta, a Neotropical alpine Pierine butterfly. (Ms under review.) . 1977b. Notes on the behavior and ecology of Reliquia santamarta, an alpine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, with comparisons to Nearctic alpine Pierini. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Envt., in press. . 1977c. The life history of an equatorial montane butterfly, Tatochila xantho- dice (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). (MS under review.) Tschanz, C. M., et al. 1974. Geologic evolution of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northeastern Colombia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 85:273-284. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(l), 1978, pp. 51-55 THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN EQUATORIAL MONTANE BUTTERFLY, TATOCHILA XANTHODICE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) Arthur M. Shapiro Abstract. — Shapiro, Arthur M., Department of Zoology, University of Cali- fornia, Davis, California 95616. — The egg, larva, and pupa of Tatochila xanthoclice from moderate elevations in the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes are described. There are numerous suggestions of af- finity to the Holarctic Pieris caUicUce group. The pupa is unusual in the re- duction of the frontal prominence and concomitant enlargement of the supraocular ones, and in the reduction of the dorsolateral prominences. Received for publication 2 June 1977. The white butterflies of the tribe Pierini have undergone an adaptive radiation in the Andean region unparalleled elsewhere in the world: there are seven endemic genera and about 40 species from northeastern Colombia to Tierra del Fuego. The origins and affinities of this fauna are difficult to interpret. The butterflies occur in alpine, montane, subantarctic, tem- perate and Mediterranean climates, but avoid the lowland tropics. This distribution closely follows that of the Cruciferae, with which Pierines are usually associated. Traditionally the Andean taxa have been considered descendants of a Nearctic invader which penetrated South America about the time of the Andean orogeny (Klots, 1933; Forster, 195(S; Mani, 1968; Field and Herrera, 1977). Evidence from recent studies of the biology of Colombian Pierines is contradictory and confusing (Shapiro, 1977a, b). There are biogeographic and physiological hints of at least older, and perhaps multiple, invasions. The early stages of the Andean Pierines are unpublished. Several com- mon Chilean and Peruvian species have been reared (J. Herrera, M. Etche- verry, G. Lamas M., personal communications). Any data bearing on the early stages may be useful in phylogenetic and biographic inference about these animals; as a minimum they permit comparisons with the Nearctic Pierini, which have nearly all been described thoroughly. Tatochila xanthoclice is a common Pierine of montane, subalpine, and (occasionally) alpine northern South America, from northeastern Colombia (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10°54'N, 3,650-4,000 m) (Ackery, 1975) south to Cajamarca, Peru (7°10'S, 2,700 m) (Herrera and Field, 1959). In south-central Colombia it is multiple-brooded with 3 or 4 generations a year at Tenerife, Department of Valle del Cauca (3°30'N, 2,700-3,000 m). 52 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY There it is a colonizing insect, breeding on European Cruciferous weeds (Raphanus sativus L., Brassica campestris L., Lepidium ruderale L.) in onion fields and on cultivated cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) in gardens. Tenerife stock was collected in 1977 for photoperiod experiments (Shapiro, i 1977a), affording the opportunity for a description of the early stages. Ad- j ditional material was subsequently collected for me by Rodrigo Torres N. of Buga, Valle. Several rearing regimes were used; these are described in Shapiro, 1977a. No phenotypic variation in the adult was induced by these > treatments. The descriptions which follow, including developmental rates, > are for animals reared at 25° C on continuous light on fresh cuttings of Lepidium strictum (Wats.) Rattan. Alcoholic material of the early stages is being deposited at the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Descriptions Egg (Fig. 1). — Similar to the egg of Pieris protodice Bdv. & LeC. but t larger, 1.2 X 0.33 mm. Erect, spindle-shaped, the chorion sculptured as i figured, with 9-11 vertical ribs connected by about 40 horizontal ones. Laid i singly afield on leaves and stems, less often on inflorescences; usually 1 on the upper surfaces of leaves but frequently below; commonly found o on young rosettes of wild radish with only 2-5 leaves, less often on large plants. Light orange when laid, darkening to deep orange after 12-18 h, translucent blackish 12 h before hatching. Time to hatch, 4 days. Larva: first instar. — At hatch 1.5 mm long at rest. Dull orange, apparently unmarked except for minute dark tubercles bearing short setae; head black. Begins as a pit feeder on leaves. Length of instar, 2 days. Seeond instor. — After molt 5 mm long. Olive green, with two subdorsal ■' stripes, stigmatal stripes, and a very faint mid-dorsal one all yellow. Head ‘ gray-green, ocelli black. Head and body covered with many black tubercles li of 3 sizes. Length of instar 2-3 days. Third instar. — After molt 9 mm long at rest. Velvety black, pattern as before, the dorsal stripe very faint to obsolete. Head plain dull black. ■ At this stage the larva will feed indiscriminately on any aerial part of the I plant, growing very rapidly. Length of instar 3 days. Fourth instar. — After molt 13 mm at rest. Pattern as before, the stigmatal i stripes poorly defined and dull orange, the dorsal stripe often disappearing , altogether. Length of instar 3^ days. (Very rarely the black color is re- b placed by a dull gray-green throughout.) Fifth instar. — After molt 18 mm long, reaching 28 mm before ceasing ^ i feeding. Body with many black tubercles in 3 sizes (Figs. 2-4), each ' < bearing a short hair. By the Kornerup and Wanscher (1967) method the ' i two subdorsal stripes are 2A5 (“light yellow”); just before the intersegmental VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 53 Figs. 1-7. Tatochila xanthodice from southern Colombia. 1, egg, X20. 2, mature larva, lateral view. 3, mature larva, dorsal view. 4, lateral view of seventh segment, showing major tubercles. 5, pupa, lateral view. 6, pupa, dorsal view. 7, pupa, ventral view. All X25 except 4, X65. membrane at the anterior end of each segment the yellow stripes contain squarish orange (7A8, “reddish orange”) spots. Stigmatal stripes weak, orange, often obsolescent. The dorsal stripe is almost always absent. (Very rarely the black color is replaced by didl gray-green throughout.) Mature larvae eat a tremendous amount, and one can strip a small Brassica campestris plant of its foliage and siliques. As in the Pieris collidice Hbn. 54 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY group, the last one or two fecal pellets produced before pupation are red. Length of instar, 5 days. Prepupa. — Similar to the P. callidice group; attached by the anal legs and a girdle around the thorax. Usually vertical, head up. Prior to spinning a silken mat the larva wanders for 5-8 hours. Length of prepupal period, 12-30 hours. Pupa (Figs. 5-7). — Length 22 mm; width at girdle 5 mm. Initially colored like the larva/prepupa, assuming its final coloration in 4-6 h. Ground color 24A2 (“turquoise white”) with numerous black dots corre- sponding to the larger larval tubercles, and two rows of orange spots dor- sally corresponding to those in the larval subdorsal lines, which may be faintly indicated. The pattern of the anterior portion, including the wing cases, is extremely vaiiable. Some have this entire area unmarked 5A3 (“pale orange”). Others have it concolorous with the body, with or without heavy black filling on the wings. A few have the head, prothorax, and appendages including wings mostly black. The commonest form, with dark filling between the wing veins, is illustrated. The overall color scheme i is reminiscent of pupae of Chlosyne and Euphydnjas (Nymphalidae). The i \ ariation is completely uncorrelated with temperature of photoperiod. After i eclosion the pupal case is pale dull brown, with all the markings preserved. Frontal prominence greatly reduced, the two supraocular prominences of, equal size; flaring prominences at the outer angles of the wing cases reduced, j only very faintly indicated above the spiracles. Before eclosion the eyes, wings, and body are pigmented in that order. White is laid down 15-20 hours before black pigment in the wings. In females the outer half of the wing appears solid black in the pharate adult, and the ground color changes from white to yellow. Meconium red, as in the P. callidice group. Length ; of instar 7-10 days. The pupa is exceptionally active and wriggles if dis- turbed. Discussion The larva of Tatochila xanthodice is reminiscent in facies of the Pieris callidice group. It differs in the reduction of the stigmatal stripes and in having fewer large tubercles. In habits it resembles P. rapae L., eating ' high-water-content Crucifers, consuming great amounts of foliage, pro- i ducing very copious frass. The pupa is unlike anything found in the Nearctic, and has only a very vague and unconvincing resemblance to the i similar-sized Pieris hrassicae L. of the Palaearctic. The configuration of the various prominences is strikingly similar to the pupa of Reliquia santa- rnarta Ackery (Shapiro, 1977b) although that species is more of a “normal” Pierine and looks much less odd. The larva and adult are extremely con- stant, contrasting with the variable markings of the pupa. Three of about 70 larvae reared were gray-green rather than black; they produced unexcep- ; tional pupae and adults. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 55 The coloration of the larva and pupa of T. xanthodice recall the Nymphalid genus Euphydnjas of north temperate latitudes. In that genus the behavior of the larva and adult suggests distastefulness, and the coloration may be aposematic. No information is available as to the palatability of Tatochila, but the larvae are fully exposed and conspicuous on their host plants. The adult female of T. xanthodice is the most heavily melanized Andean Pierine; its behavior suggests a thennoregulatory function for the pig- mentation. The same may be true for the larva. In general the morphology of the early stages of T. xanthodice supports the inferred derivation of the group from a Nearctic invader akin to the j present P. callidice group. The recently studied R. santamarta from north- I eastern Colombia is a feasible intermediate. The tendency toward reduc- I tion of the frontal prominence occurs also in the very unusual Nearctic Coliadine, Nathalis iole Bdv., which may be of South American origin. , The adaptive significance of this character in those species which do not I resemble thorns or twigs requires investigation. I Acknowledgments This study was supported by the National Science Foundation. In Colom- bia help was received from Dr. Charles Michener, Sr. Rodrigo Torres N., Sr. Carlos Manrique, Drs. William and Mary Jane West Eberhard, and ' Sra. Otilia Delgado Z. Mrs. Adrienne R. Shapiro assisted ably and , patiently afield and in the rearing. The illustrations are by Ms. Lynn Siri. Literature Cited ' Ackery, P. H. 1975. A new Pierine genus and species with notes on the genus Tatochila (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Bull. Allyn Mus. 30:1-9. ; Field, W. D., and J. Herrera. 1977. The Pierid butterflies of the genera Hypsochila j Ureta, Phiilia Herrich-Schiiffer, Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field, and Pier- ' colias Staudinger. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 232:1-64. ’ Forster, W. 1958. Die Tiergeographischen Verhaltnisse Boliviens. Proc. X Internal. Congr. Entoinol. 1956, 1:843-846. Herrera, J., and W. D. Field. 1959. A revision of the butterfly genera Theochila and Tatochila (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 108:467-514. Klots, A. B. 1933. A generic revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera), together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomol. Amer. 12:139-242. Kornerup, A., and J. H. Wanscher. 1967. Methuen Handbook of Colour. London: Methuen. 243 pp. Mani, M. S. 1968. Ecology and Biogeography of High-Altitude Insects. The Hague: W. Junk. 527 pp. Shapiro, A. M. 1977a. Developmental and phenotypic responses to photoperiod and temperature in an equatorial montane butterfly, Tatochila xanthodice (Lepidop- tera: Pieridae). Biotropica, under review. . 1977b. The life history of Reliquia santamarta, a neotropical alpine Pierine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 86:45-50. I NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(I), 1978, pp. 56-62 THE GLYCOPROTEINS OF INSECT CELLS IN CULTURE Neil I. Goldstein and Arthur H. McIntosh Abstract. — Goldstein, Neil L, and McIntosh, Arthur H., Waksman Insti- tute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, P.O. Box 759, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. Present address of senior author; The Wistar Institute, 36th Street at Spruce, Philadelphia, Pa. | 19104. — Insect cells in culture synthesize glycopeptides and shed these molecules into the medium. The profiles of ’^C-glucosamine labelled pro- teins, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electro- ■ phoresis (SDS-PAGE), show both (juantitative as well as qualitative dif- I ferences between the insect lines studied. This research was supported iu part by National Science Foundation i Grant RMS 74-13608. Received for publication 13 June 1977. Introduction Glycoproteins are important macromolccular constituents of cells, oc- curring in both intra- and extracellular membranes (Yamada and Weston, 1974; Chiarugi and Urbano, 1973). The glycoproteins of the cell’s plasma membrane play important biological roles, being involved in active trans- port, cell to cell recognition, and as viral and hormonal receptor sites (Singer, 1974; Marchesi et ah, 1976). The membrane has been shown by histochemical techniques to contain or be closely associated with glyco- protein material (Gasic and Gasic, 1963). Of further interest are the qualita- tive and quantitative changes which have been reported for glyproteins of cells transformed by viruses and chemical carcinogens (Perdue et al., 1972; Warren et ah, 1973). Recent work by Hynes (1976) has shown that a large molecular weight membrane glycoprotein (called LETS protein or large external transfonning sensitive protein) is greatly reduced in trans- formed fibroblasts when compared to the normal parents and may be in\olved in the adhesion of these cells to the substratum (Hynes, 1976). Although glycoproteins occur in such diverse cell types as sponge, yeast, plant, and vertebrate cells, most of the glycoprotein studies have in- volved the latter cell type. In view of the rapid developments and in- terest in the field of insect cell culture (Maramorosch, 1976), and the limited utilization of insect cell lines, these studies were undertaken to de- termine whether glycoproteins are normal components of insect cells. In addition, the cellular glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in order to differentiate the different species of glycoproteins. I I VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 57 Table 1. Acid precipitable material from insect cells.’ CPM/MG protein Cell line In medium T rypsinate Trypsin- extracted cells AE 31,990 ± 4,499" 81,828 ± 19,022 185,771 ± 32,613 SE 32,277 ± 5,145 37,595 ± 8,688 81,281 ± 22,755 CP 23,230 ± 5,525 28,241 ± 8,973 68,107 ± 11,682 ’ Aliquots of the medium, trypsinate, and trypsin-extracted cells isolated from cells grown in radioactive medium were treated for 15 minutes with cold TCA (final con- centration = 20% TCA). The precipitated material was collected on filter pads using \'acuum filtration. The pads were dried overnight at room temperature and counted I by liquid scintillation spectrometry. J *’ Mean ± S.D. based on at least 2 experiments using replicate samples. Materials and Methods Cell lines and medium. — The lepidopteran insect cell lines Spodoptera frugiperda (SF, IPLB-21), Laspeyresia pomonella (CP-169) and the dipteran cell hue Aedes aegypti (AE) were grown at 28°C in monolayer culture using TC199-MK medium (for SF and CP) (McIntosh et ah, 1972) and ' M & M medium (for AE) (Mitsuhashi and Maramorosch, 1964). ' Metabolic labelling of glycoproteins. — Cells from confluent 75 cm^ T- flasks were removed with trypsin (0.25%), pelleted at 1,000 X g, and 1 5 X 10^ cells resuspended in growth medium containing either 2.8 p. Ci/ml I of 3H glucosamine (sp. act. 7.5 ci/m mole) (for plating experiments) or : 1.5 p Ci of ^‘‘C glucosamine (sp. act. > 200 m Ci/m mole) (for PAGE). I The cells, in 4 ml of medium, were dispensed into several 25 cm- T-flasks I and incubated at 28°C for 72 hours. At the end of this time period, all of the cells were observed to be in late log phase (non-confluent). TCA plating procedures. — The medium was asperated, removed from those flasks which were to be used in these experiments and the mono- layer washed three times with Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS). Four j ml of fresh, unlabelled medium were added to each flask and the cells in- i' cubated for an additional 24 hours at 28°C. The medium was then re- I moved from each T-flask and the floating cells pelleted by centrifugation. The cells remaining in monolayer were treated with 2 ml of 0.25% tiypsin for 30 minutes to remov^e the exposed surface proteins (trypsinate). The trypsin-extracted cells were pelleted and washed 3x with HBSS. To 1 dissolve the pelleted cells, 0.1 NaOH was added. An aliquot was then removed for protein determination by the method of Lowry et al. (1951). To a 0.5 ml aliquot of medium were added 2 ml of cold 20% trichloro- ' acetic acid (TCA). To the trypsinate and the trypsin-extracted cells, enough 1 cold 100% TCA was added to bring the concentration to 20%. The sam- 58 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 1. Electrophoresis of ^*C-glucosamine labelled glycoproteins from AE cells. The I glycoproteins were labelled, isolated, and electrophoresed as described in the text. • Bovine Serum Albumen (BSA), Ovalbumen (OVA), Carbonic Anhydrase (CA), and i Cytochrome C (CYTO C) were run as standards. The tracking dye (DYE) was noted, !l pies were vortexed and kept at 4°C in an ice bath for 15 minutes. The TCA precipitable material was collected on filter pads using vacuum filtra- l tion, washed 5x with cold 5% TCA, dried overnight at room temperature, He and counted by liquid scintillation procedures using Aquasol as the cocktail. ( The amount of glucosamine-labelled material was expressed as counts i per minute per mg of protein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. — The cells to be isolated for PAGE were washed in monolayer 3x with HESS, scraped with a rubber policeman, : and pelleted at 1,000 X g. To the pellet was added 300 X of PAGE sample j buffer containing 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 5% 2-mercapto- > ethanol. Before electrophoresis, the samples were heated for 3 minutes in a boiling water bath. About 25,000 cpm per sample were layered on the ) gel. The following proteins were run as standards: bovine serum albumen I (MW = 66,000); ovalbumen (MW = 46,000); carbonic anhydrase (MW = 31,000); cytochrome C (MW = 12,000). Electrophoresis was carried out in a > slab gel system consisting of a 5% stacking gel (pH 6.8) and a 10% separating gel (pH 8.8) (Laemmli, 1970). The samples were allowed to migrate 9.5 ! VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 59 Fig. 2. Electrophoresis of “C-glucosamine laljelled glycoproteins from SF cells. See Fig. 1 for legend description. cm. The gel was stained with 0.05% Coomassie brilliant blue dye in H2O, glacial acetic acid and isopropyl alcohol (13:2:5, v/v), and destained in 10% acetic acid. The gel was photographed and each sample slot cut and sectioned into 1 mm slices using a Joyce Loebel Gel sheer. Slices were placed in glass mini vials, solubilized with a homemade cocktail (5% Protosol; 1% HoO; 4 g PPO; 50 mg POPOP per liter of toluene) and counted by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Results and Discussion The results of our e.xperiments show that the three insect cell lines can synthesize glucosamine-labelled proteins which are found in the plasma membrane and are shed into the medium (Table 1). Among the three lines, AE synthesized the greatest quantity of cellular and membrane APM when compared to SF and CP (Table 1). This is probably related to the dif- ferent growth properties of the cell lines. AE grows to the highest maxi- I mum cell density (36 X 10'*) compared to either SF (17 X 10'*) or CP (16 x i 10®) in 25 cm- T-flasks (McIntosh, 1976). In addition, it is interesting to I note that the amount of APM released into the medium was constant among the three cell lines. This “shed” material probably results from the rapid 60 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ^ ® Fig. 3. Electrophoresis of ^‘C-glucosamine labelled glycoproteins from CP cells. See Fig. 1 for legend description. turnover of cell surface membrane proteins (Galunberg and Hakomori, 1974). It would appear that the rate of membrane turnover is the same for the three insect cell lines. The possibility that these insect glycopeptides might represent non- specifically absorbed, labelled serum proteins (Angello and Hauschka, 1974) was tested. Medium to which 2 /r Ci of -^H-glucosamine had been added and incubated for 72 hours at room temperature was extensively dialyzed in distilled water and >1 X 10® cpm added to replicate flasks of each cell line for 72 hours. The medium was changed, cold medium added and the cells processed as described in the Materials and Methods section. It was observed that the amount of radioactivity in samples treated in this manner was no higher than background values. Therefore, it seems unlikely that serum proteins are responsible for any counts obseiwed. Whole cell proteins and glycoproteins were characterized by SDS- PAGE. Proteins separated by electrophoresis can be visualized by staining with Goomassie blue dye. The profiles of the ^^G-glucosamine-labelled proteins are shown in Figs. 1-3. In all 3 cell lines, there is a major peak in the stacking gel and a region of peaks in the BSA molecular weight area of the separating gel; in AE and SF, a major peak near the cytochrome C II i II QD II i tf IB it f.I [l^ k b id Id VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 61 maiker was also observed. Several major conclusions from the data can be summarized: 1) A major peak in the stacking gel region quantitatively different between the 3 cell lines; 2) an area of peaks in the molecular weight range 125,000-50,000; 3) a qualitative difference between CP, on the one hand and AE and SF, on the other in the 12,000-20,000 molecular weight area. It must be noted that molecular weight detenninations of glycopro- teins by SDS-PAGE are not accurate (Segrest and Jackson, 1972). The function of insect glycopeptides is unknown. It seems probable that they play a role similar to that in mammalian cells; for example, cell- cell interaction (Spiro, 1970). In addition, there is some evidence that glycoproteins are responsible for the ability of tissue culture cells to attach to a substratum. In general, most insect cells do not attach firmly to culture vessel surfaces and are easily removed from T-flasks by simple shaking. We are presently investigating this phenomenon in relation to insect glyco- peptides. In addition electrophoresis of glycopeptides may serve as a useful technique in aiding in the identification of insect cell lines. Literature Cited Angello, J. C., and S. D. Hausclika. 1974. Glucosamine binding to serum proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 367:148-164. Chiarugi, V. P., and P. Urbano. 1973. Studies on cell coat macromolecules in normal and virus-transformed BHK 21/C13 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 298:195- 208. . Gahmberg, G. G., and S. L. Hakomori. 1974. Organization of glycolipids and glyco- proteins in surface membranes: dependency on cell cycle and on transformation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Gommun., 59:283-291. Gasic, G., and T. Gasic. 1963. Removal of PAS positive surface sugars in tumor cells by glycosidases. Proc. Soc. E.xptl. Biol. Med., 114:660-663. Hynes, R. O. 1976. Gell surface proteins and malignant transformations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 458:73-107. I Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Gleavage of structural proteins during assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680-685. I Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measure- ment with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Ghem., 193:265-275. Maramorosch, K. 1976. Invertebrate tissue culture: Research applications pp. 1- 369, Academic Press, New York. Marchesi, V. T., H. Furthmayr, and M. Tomita. 1976. The red cell membrane. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 45:667-698. McIntosh, A. H. 1976. Agar suspension culture for the cloning of invertebrate cells. Invertebrate tissue culture: Research applications. K. Maramorosch (ed.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 3-12. McIntosh, A. H., K. Maramorosch, and G. Rechtoris. 1972. Adaptation of an in- sect cell line (Agallia constricta) in a mammalian cell culture medium. In Vitro 8:375-378. Mitsuhashi, J., and K. Maramorosch. 1964. Leafliopper tissue culture: embryonic, nymphal, and imaginal tissues from aseptic insects. Gontrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 22:435-460. 62 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY « Oseroff, A. R., P. W. Robbins, and M. M. Burger. 1973. The cell surface membrane: biochemical aspects and biophysical probes. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 42:647-682. j Perdue, J. F., R. Kletzien, and V. L. Wray. 1972. The isolation and characterization j fj of plasma membrane from cultured cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 266:505-; 510. 5 Segrest, J. P., and R. L. Jackson. 1972. Molecular weight determination of glyco-j; proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Methods i . in Enzymology, 28:54-63. I: Singer, S. J. 1974. The molecular organization of membranes. Ann. Rev. Biochem.,*! ® 43:805-833. i K Spiro, R. G. 1970. Glycoproteins. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 39:599-638. [ ip Warren, L., J. P. Fuhrer, and C. A. Buck. 1973. Surface glycoproteins of cells before jj and after transformation by oncogenic viruses. Fed. Proc. 32:80-85. : ^ Yamada, K. M., and J. A. Weston. 1974. Isolation of a major cell surface glycoprotein from fibroblasts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3492-3496. (( VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 1 63 BOOK REVIEW Virus and Mycoplasma Diseases of Plants in India. S. P. Rauchaiidhuri and T. K. Nariani. 102 pp. 1977. Mohan Primlani, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. 32 rupees ($4.00). This hard cover volume is a real bargain at current book prices. The well illustrated text provides information not only for the beginner, but also for more experienced entomologists and plant pathologists interested in the vectors and diseases of cultivated plants in India. To write a treatise of this kind required a balance between jamming too much and too detailed information on the one hand, and omitting some useful data for the sake of brevity and clarity on the other. The authors have been successful in keeping the text to an essential minimum. The chapters deal with virus diseases of cereal crops, legumes, fruit trees, vegetables, plantation crops, industrial plants, and ornamentals. A separate chapter is devoted to wall- free microbial disease agents that resemble mycoplasmas. An index of hosts and of vectors is provided. The vector index will be of special interest to entomologists. It lists eryophyid mites, aphids, leafhoppers, plant- hoppers and whiteflics as well as the respective disease agents in India. A list of pertinent references follows each chapter. The book is authoritative and up-to-date. The two authors have worked for many years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, and have published numerous research papers on this subject, but this is the first handbook that brought together the information pertaining to vectors and plant diseases in the subcontinent of India. The book will be a welcome addition to departmental libraries and, thanks to its low cost, also to individual workers. Karl Maramorosch, Waksmati Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers Univer- sity. BOOK REVIEW Biochemical Interaction Between Plants and Insects. James W. Wallace and Richard L. Mansell, Eds. 425 pp. 1976. Plenum Press, New York and London. $35.00. The chemical relationships between plants and insects are presented by 21 authors of 8 chapters. The compilation was the result of a symposium held at Tampa, Florida in the summer of 1975. The chemical defenses of plants and their effectiveness, primarily that of tannins and glucosinolates are discussed by P. Fenny. Nutrition and host specificity in insect-plant interactions are described by S. D. Beck and J. C. Reese. These authors 64 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY cited more than 200 references in their comprehensive review of plant allelochemics that affect insect growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism. C. N. Roeske et al. described the cardonolite metabolism in the monarch butterfly. D. F. Rhoades and R. G. Gates presented a general theory of plant antiherbivore chemistry. Repellents and attractants in arthropods and plants were reviewed by E. Rodriguez and D. A. Levin. The chemical and biochemical aspects of the control of boll weevil in the United States, and especially the work at the USDA Laboratory at Missis-, sippi State were reviewed in great detail by P. A. Hedin et al. Ghemical messengers in insects and plants, particularly plant pheromones, kairomones, and allomones, were described by L. B. Hendry et al. The concluding chap- ter by Kurt Mothes, past president of the Leopoldina Academy in Halle, German Democratic Republic, gives a scholarly and stimulating presenta- tion of his findings of a red poppy, earlier confused with the ordinary ori- ental opium poppy Papaver orientale, but found to be a different species, P. hracteatum. This plant produces 100% thebaine, but no moq^hine, and it could serve as a non-narcotic source of commercial codeine. The amount of information in this book is impressive and the com- pilation should be of great assistance to those interested in interactions between insects and plants. The material is not readily accessible else- where, making this book a valuable addition to the literature. The references are especially useful since they include the complete titles. There is an index but I found it far from complete. The book is produced by photo- copy from a typed manuscript without justified margin. This inexpensive production process contrasts with the fairly high price of this No. 10 volume in the series of Recent Advances in Phytochemistry. Despite a few short- comings, the thorough review of the subject in the 8 self-contained chapters will be of considerable interest to insect physiologists, general entomologists, plant physiologists, teachers and graduate students. Karl Maramorosch, Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers Univer- sity. . . Journal of the New York Entomologieal Soeiely VOLUME LXXXVI JUNE 1978 NO. 2 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor Dr. Karl Maramorosch Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 Associate Editors Dr. Lois J. Keller, RSM Dr. Herbert T. Streu Publication Committee Dr. Randall T. Schuh American Museum of Natural History Dr. Daniel Sullivan Fordham University Dr. Felix J. Bocchino The College of Mt. Saint Vincent CONTENTS Terrestrial mites of New York — VI. Further notes on Tarsonemidae (Acarina) Mercedes D. Delfinado 66 Terrestrial mites of New York — VII. Key to the species of Scutacaridae and descriptions of new species M. D. Delfinado and E. W. Baker 87 A new subgenus of Euschistus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) L. H. Rolston 102 Activity and dispersal of first instar larvae of the citrus blackfly Robert V. Dowell, George E. Fitzpatrick and Forrest W. Howard 121 A redescription of Speleorodens michigensis (Ford) n. comb. (Acari: Ereynetidae), a nasal mite of microtine rodents with comments on generic relationships in the Speleognathinae Barry M. OConnor 123 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK2), 1978, pp. 66-86 TERRESTRIAL MITES OF NEW YORK— VI. FURTHER NOTES ON TARSONEMIDAE (ACARINA)i Mercedes D. Delfinado Abstract. — Twenty-one species of Tarsonemus known from New York are keyed. Five new species are described and illustrated: Tarsonemus acerbilis and T. edwardi found associated with eriophyid mites in galls, and T. blakemorei, T. socius and T. vulgaris taken from bird nests and stored grain. Five tarsonemid mites previously reported from nest habitat are newly recorded from stored grain; these are: T. ascitus Delfinado, T. con- fusus Ewing, T. granarius Lindquist, T. imitatus Delfinado and T. waitei Banks. This paper describes five new species of tarsonemid mites belonging to the genus Tarsonemus Canestrini & Fanzago as defined by Schaar- schmidt (1959). Two of the species were found associated with eriophyid mites in galls on leaves of Populus sp. and Acer saccharinum L., and three species were collected from bird nests and stored grain. Also included in this report are five tarsonemids newly found in stored grain; these mites were previously described and reported by Delfinado (1976) from nests in New York. A key for the identification of the females of Tarsonemus from New York is given. I wish to thank E. W. Baker for making the illustrations and reviewing the manuscript. Tarsonemus acerbilis, n. sp. (Figs. 1-13) Female. — Length of idiosoma 230 /jl, width 109 p (holotype). Gnathosoma about as wide as long or slightly longer than wide, almost conical; dorsal and ventral setae similar in length and size; external setae lacking. Palpal external setae minute. Pharynx slender, tubular and not enlarged. Dorsum (Fig. 1): Dorsal plates of idiosoma minutely punctate. Pseudo- stigmatic organs capitate, elongate oval, spiculate. Vertical setae slender and smooth, about % as long as scapular setae. Scapular setae about as long as distance between their insertions. Setae of tergite I slender, with lateral pair slightly longer than dorsal pair. Setae of tergite II and dorsal setae of tergite III slender, about equal in length. Lateral setae of tergite III longer than setae of tergite IV, both pairs heavier than other setae. Venter (Fig. 2): Apodemes well developed. Anterior median apodeme interrupted or weakened between apodemes I and II, posteriorly weakened i Sr S’ li, fe DO set VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 67 Figs. 1-13. Tarsonernus acerbilis, n. sp., female, 1. Dorsum; 2. Venter; 3. Tibio- I tarsus I; 4. Tibia and tarsus II; male, 5. Dorsum; 6. Venter; 7. Tibia and tarsus I; 8. Tibia and tarsus II; 9. Leg IV; larva, 10. Dorsum; 11. Venter; 12. Tibia and tarsus I; 13. Tibia and tarsus II. 1 before reaching transverse apodeme. Apodemes II slightly curved, not unit- ing with anterior median apodeme. Transverse apodeme strong, arcuate, not interrupted or weakened. Apodemes III extending medially near coxal setae III. Anterior end of posterior median apodeme weak, bifurcate, hut 68 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY SOI VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 69 strong and straight posteriorly. Apodemes IV almost straight, weakened at junction of posterior median apodeme. All coxal setae similarly long and slender. Coxal setae I and II immediately posterior to apodemes I and II respectively. Caudal setae short, slender. Metapodosomal lobe rounded, slightly produced posteriorly. Legs (Figs. 3, 4): Femora I and II with 4 and 2 setae respectively. Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla consisting of 1 small, clavate and 1 slender stalked capitate solenidia, and 1 long, stout pointed seta; tibiotarsal soleni- dion arising at distal V2 of tibiotarsus, clavate. Tarsus II solenidion clavate, smaller than spinelike seta; spinelike seta unusually large and hyaline, with black pointed tip, laterad of solenidion. Leg IV sHghtly longer than combined length of femur-genu and tibia of leg III. Tarsus III shorter than tibia III. Distal ventral spine of tarsus II stout, with pointed black tip; that of tarsi I and III slender, with blunt black tips. Male. — Length of idiosoma 179 /a, width 121 fi. Smaller than female, somewhat globular. Gnathosomal characters as in female. 70 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Dorsum (Fig. 5): Dorsal plates minutely punctate. Propodosoma with anterior and posterior pairs of vertical setae slender, equal in length, about Va as long as 2 pairs of scapular setae. Both pairs of scapular setae very long, whiplike. Anterior lateral setae of metapodosoma twice as long as 2 pairs of stout posterior setae. Venter (Fig. 6): Apodemes strongly developed. Anterior median apodeme extending posteriorly to and uniting with transverse apodeme. Apodemes II straight, uniting with anterior median apodeme near its junction with transverse apodeme. Transverse apodeme almost straight. Apodemes III and IV and posterior median apodeme united anteriorly, sometimes with weakened or interrupted areas between apodemal junctions. Posterior median apodeme straight, not bifurcate posteriorly. Coxal setae I shorter than coxal setae II-IV. Coxal setae III and IV inside coxal plates III. Legs (Figs. 7, 8, 9): Femora I and II with 4 and 2 setae respectively. Tibia I group of sensilla consisting of 1 clavate and 1 slender stalked capitate solenidia, and 1 stout, pointed seta; distal solenidion large, clavate. Tarsus II solenidion very large, spherical; spinelike seta smaller than and laterad of solenidion. Femur IV robust, with small, rounded flange or ridge extending between 2 ventral setae; ventral setae stout and stiff, with distal seta slightly longer than proximal seta. Tibia IV with short, slender, somewhat clavate solenidion. Ventral distal spine of tarsi I-III similarly slender; tip of tarsus II spine blunt, others almost pointed. Larva. — Idiosoma ovoid, with poorly sclerotized plates. Membranous integument striate. Dorsum (Fig. 10): Propodosomal vertical setae as long as medial setae. Scapular setae longest of idiosomal setae. Lateral setae of tergite I about 2¥j times as long as dorsal setae, slender. Dorsal setae of tergite I and all setae of tergites II-IV fairly stout and barbed. Setae of tergite II about as long as setae of tergite III. Posterior medial pair of setae on tergite IV about 2% times as long as lateral pair. Venter (Fig. 11): Propodosomal apodemes weakly developed. Hystero- somal apodemes lacking. Coxal setae I and II inside coxal plates I and II respectively; coxal setae III and IV inside coxal plates III; all setae .sim- ilarly short and slender. Legs (Figs. 12, 13): Tibia I group of sensilla consisting of 1 slender stalked solenidion and 1 stout, pointed seta; clavate solenidion lacking. Tarsi 1 and II solenidia slender, clavate. Spinelike seta on tai\sus II small and dark tipped, laterad of solenidion. Holotijpe. — Female, Schenectady, New York, 7 July 1976, in eriophyid galls on leaves of Acer saccharimun L., collected by E. W. Baker & M. D. Delfinado. Paratijpes. — Twenty-two females, 6 males, 3 molting larvae, with same data as holotype. The holotype and 15 paratypes are deposited in the VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 71 New York State Museum & Science Service collection at Albany; other paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum collection, and the Acarology Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — T. ocerhilis, n. sp. is readily distinguished from other gall-in- habiting tarsonemids by the following: In the female the spinelike seta of tarsus II is unusually large and hyaline with black pointed tip. In the male the solenidion of tarsus II is very large and globular, and femur IV has a small, rounded flange or ridge. The femora I and II of both sexes have 4 and 2 setae respectively. The larva differs from that of T. edwardi, n. sp., the other described larva, by the number of solenidia in tibia I group of sensilla; acerbilis has 1 solenidion and 1 seta, while edwardi lacks solenidia. Tarsonernus hlakemorei, n. sp. (Figs. 14-18) Female. — Length of idiosoma 134 fi, width 77 /x (holotype). Gnathosoma longer than wide, with ventral setae shorter and more slender than dorsal setae; lacking external setae. Palpal external setae minute. Pharynx slender but slightly swollen at mid portion. Dorsiun (Fig. 14): Dorsal plates of idiosoma with faint minute punctu- ations. Pseudostigmatic organs capitate, long and slender, attenuate with 1-2 larger spines at apex, generally covered with large spines. Vertical setae short and slender, smooth about % as long as scapulars, in some I specimens appearing heavier than scapulars. Scapular setae slender, fairly i weak, shorter than distance between their insertions. Setae of tergite I I slender, lateral pair longer than dorsal pair. Setae of tergites II-IV short and stiff, barbed, with dorsal setae of tergite III slightly longer and heavier j than other setae; lateral setae of tergite III appearing shortest. ' \'enter (Fig. 15): Apodemes complete but somewhat fragile. Anterior median apodeme uninterrupted, disappearing posteriorly before reach- 1 ing transverse apodeme. Apodemes II straight, medially widely separated from anterior median apodeme. Transverse apodeme arcuate. Apodemes III with long, slender lateral extensions. Posterior median apodeme with I bifurcate and weak anterior end, straight and uninterrupted posteriorly. Apodemes IV straight, anteriorly uniting with posterior median apodeme, posteriorly extending to coxal setae IV. Coxal setae I, III and IV similarly ‘ short and slender. Coxal setae II longer and slightly heavier than other ' setae, on apodemes II. Caudal setae short and stiff, slender. Metapodosomal lobe broadly rounded. Legs (Figs. 16, 17): Femora I and II with 3 and 2 setae respectively, : each with large ventral triangular flange; dorsal distal seta of femur I con- I spicuously stout. Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla consisting of 1 clavate ! and 1 slender stalked capitate solenidia and 1 stout seta; tibiotarsal soleni- I 72 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 6 I I p it ft I) (i ! < ( l! i. at lo Figs. 14-18. Tarsonemus blakemorei, n. sp., female, 14. Dorsum; 15. Venter; 16. ! Leg 1; 17. Leg II; 18. Pseudostigmatic organ. ■ dion clavate, arising at proximal % of tibiotarsus. Tarsus II spinelike seta just laterad of and as long as solenidion. Tibia II with spinelike pro- tuberance distally. Leg IV shorter than combined length of femur-genu and tibia of leg III. Tarsus III shorter than tibia III. Ventral distal spine of tarsi II and III similarly large; that of tarsus I small and slender. Male and larva. — Unknown. Holotijpe. — Female, Middle Grove, Saratoga Co., New York, 29 October 1976, taken from blackbird nest, by E. Blakemore. n 51 Be it Ilf to ll it VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 73 Paratypes. — Ten females, with same data as holotype; 10 females, Sara- toga, New York, 27 October 1976, taken from flycatcher nest, by E. Blake- more. The holotype and 10 paratypes are deposited in the New York State Museum & Science Service collection at Albany; other paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum in the Acarology Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — T. blakemorei, n. sp. is a very small species with a very short leg IV, and a strong ventral flange on femora I and II. It is distinguished from other nest-inhabiting tarsonemids by the presence of the long, lateral extensions of the ventral apodemes III; by the strong and conspicuously stout dorsal distal seta of femur I, by the presence of a spinelike pro- tuberance distally on tibia II, and by the proximal location of the tibio- tarsal solenidion. This species is named for its collector, E. Blakemore, of the New York State Museum & Science Service, Albany. Tarsonernus edwardi, n. sp. (Figs. 19-31) Female. — Length of idiosoma 230 /x, width 115 /x (holotype). Gnathosoma ! longer than wide, almost conical; dorsal setae stouter than ventral setae, equally long; external setae lacking. Palpal external setae minute, spinelike. Pharynx slender, not enlarged. I Dorsum (Fig. 19): Dorsal plates of idiosoma finely punctate. Pseudo- I stigmatic organs capitate, ellipsoidal, spiculate. Vertical setae stout, about 1 Va as long as scapular setae, finely barbed. Scapular setae slender, slightly I longer than distance between their insertions. Setae of tergite I slender, dorsal pair shorter than lateral pair. All setae of tergites II-IV similarly short and stiff. X'enter (Fig. 20); Apodemes well developed. Anterior median apodeme interrupted between apodemes I and II, posteriorly weakened at junc- tion of apodemes II, not reaching transverse apodeme. Apodemes II straight, tapering towards and weakening near anterior median apodeme, and not strongly united with it. Transverse apodeme weak, faintly visible except lateral extremities. Apodemes III extending medially near coxal setae III. Anterior end of posterior median apodeme weak, but clearly bifurcate, posteriorly straight and tapering. (In some specimens the bifurcate extremity is lacking.) Apodemes IV crooked, weakly united anteriorly with posterior median apodeme. All coxal setae similarly slender. Coxal setae I pos- terior to apodemes I, shorter than coxal setae II-IV. Coxal setae II im- mediately posterior to or on apodemes II. Caudal setae similar to or slightly heavier than coxal setae. Metapodosomal lobe broadly rounded. Legs (Figs. 21, 22): Femora I and II each with 3 setae, lacking ridge or flange. Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla consisting of I small, clavate Figs. 19-31. Tarsonemus edwardi, n. sp., female, 19. Dorsum; 20. Venter; 21. Tibiotarsus 1; 22. Tarsus and tibia II; male, 23. Dorsum; 24. Venter; 25. Tibia and tarsus I; 26. Tibia and tarsus II; 27. Leg IV; larva, 28. Dorsum; 29. Venter; 30. Tibia and tarsus I; 31. Tibia and tarsus II. solenidion and 1 stout pointed seta; accompanying capitate solenidion lack- ing, tibiotarsal solenidion arising at distal % of tibiotarsus. Tarsus II soleni- dion slender, elavate, similar to distal solenidion of tibiotarsus I; aeeompany- ing seta not spinelike and located distad of solenidion. Leg IV longer than I VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 Figs. 19-31. Continued. 76 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 19-31. Continued. combined length of femur-genu and tibia of leg III. Tarsus III about as long as tibia III. Distal ventral spines of tarsi I-III similarly slender. Male. — Length of idiosoma 204 /r, width 115 fi. Smaller than female, somewhat ellipsoidal. Gnathosomal characters as in female. Dorsum (Fig. 23). — Dorsal plates of idiosoma finely punctate. Pro- podosoma with anterior vertical setae stout and stiff, twice as long as posterior vertical pair; posterior vertical setae slender, shortest of setae. Anterior scapular setae stout, longest of setae; posterior scapulars short, slightly longer and heavier than posterior verticals. Three pairs of meta- podosomal setae as follows: Anterior lateral setae always longer and more slender than 2 pairs of posterior setae; posterior lateral and dorsal pairs stout, almost equal in length. Venter (Fig. 24): Apodemes strongly developed. Anterior median apodeme extending posteriorly to transverse apodeme, may be weakened or interrupted at or near junction of apodemes II. Apodemes II curved posteriorly, weakly uniting with anterior median apodeme near its junc- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 77 tion with transverse apocleme. Transverse apodeme with 2 weakened areas. Apodemes III and IV and posterior median apodeme united anteriorly with one another. Posterior median apodeme straight, not bifurcate. Coxal setae I shorter than coxal setae II-IV. Coxal setae III and IV inside coxal plates III. Legs (Figs. 25, 26, 27): Femora I and III each with 3 setae and ventral ridge. Tibia I group of sensilla lacking capitate solenidion as in female, with 1 fairly large clavate solenidion and 1 stout, pointed seta. Tarsus II solenidion similar in size and shape to corresponding solenidion of tarsus I; accompanying seta not spinelike, distad of solenidion as in female. Femur IV robust, with large flange as figured, inner proximal margin of flange usually straight, distal portion rounded and produced posteriorly; ventral proximal seta shorter than distal seta. Tibia IV with long, rodlike solenidion, about as long as or slightly longer than width of tibia. Ventral distal spine of tarsi I-III similarly small. Larva. — Idiosoma elongate oval, with weakly sclerotized and poorly de- fined idiosomal plates. Membranous integument striate. Dorsum (Fig. 28): Propodosomal vertical setae shorter than medial pair. Scapular setae very long, longest of idiosomal setae. Lateral setae of tergite I slender, as long as dorsal setae. Dorsal setae of tergite I, and all setae of tergites II-IV similarly stout and barbed. Setae of tergite II as long as setae of tergite III. Posterior dorsal pair of tergite IV about twice as long as lateral pair. Venter (Fig. 29): Apodemes of propodosoma distinct but not well de- veloped. Hysterosomal apodemes lacking. Integument striate. Coxal setae I and II inside coxal plates I and II respectively; coxal setae III and IV inside coxal plates III; all setae smooth and slender. Legs (Figs. 30, 31): Tibia I group of sensilla consisting of 1 pointed seta, lacking solenidia. Tarsi I and II solenidia clavate. Tarsus II dorsal seta distad of solenidion not spinelike as in female and male. Ventral distal spine of tarsi I-III very small. Holotijpe. — Female, Schenectady, New York, 7 July 1976, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado, in eriophyid galls on leaves of Acer saccharinum L. Paratypes. — Eighteen females, 6 males, Rensselaerville, New York, 7 July, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado, in eriophyid galls on leaves of Popuhis sp. The holotype and 10 paratypes are deposited in the New York State Museum & Science Service collection at Albany; other paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum collection, and the Acarology Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — The female and male of T. edioarcU, n. sp. differ from those of T. acerbilis, n. sp. in that the leg I group of sensilla consists of only 1 solenidion and 1 seta; the tarsus II seta distad of solenidion is not spine- 78 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY like, and femora I and II eaeh have 3 setae. The male has a large flange ; on femur IV, and a considerably long rodlike solenidion on tibia IV. ! Other differences can be found in the structure of the ventral apodemes. The larval propodosomal vertical setae are shorter than medial pair, and the. tibia I group of sensilla lacks solenidia in echvardi. This species is named for Edward W. Baker, with warmest affection. Tursonernus socius, n. sp. (Figs. 32-34) ' Fermile. — Length of idiosoma 262 yu,, width 128 fi (paratype). Gnathosomaj longer than wide, with equally strong dorsal and ventral setae, dorsal setae barbed and longer than short smooth ventral setae. Palpal external', setae stout, spinelike. Pharynx slender, tubular. | Dorsum (Fig. 32): Dorsal plates of idiosoma minutely punctate. Pseudo- 1 stigmatic organs capitate, ellipsoidal, spiculate. Vertical setae slender, about % as long as scapular setae. Scapular setae longer than distance i between their insertions. Lateral setae of tergite I longer than dorsal pair. , Setae of tergite II shortest. Dorsal setae of tergite III longer than lateral j pair. Setae of tergite IV conspicuously longer and heavier than other setae. ' Venter (Fig. 33): Apodemes well developed. Anterior median apodeme uninterrupted, uniting posteriorly with transverse apodeme. Apodemes II straight, tapering near junction of anterior median apodeme and clearly | uniting with it. Transverse apodeme straight, with curved lateral extremities, j weakened or interrupted medially at junction of anterior median apodeme. i Apodemes III extending to coxal setae III. Posterior median apodeme straight, anterior end not bifurcate. Apodemes IV uniting anteriorly with ' posterior median apodeme, curved posteriorly and extending beyond coxal ; setae IV. Coxal setae I posterior to apodemes I, shorter than coxal setae II. Coxal setae II on apodemes II, shorter than coxal setae III and IV. Coxal setae III and IV equally long. Caudal setae short and stiff. Meta- podosomal lobe narrowly rounded and protruding. | Legs (Fig. 34): Femora I and II with 4 and 3 setae respectively; femur ; II with ventral ridge. Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla consisting of 1 small clavate and I slender stalked capitate solenidia, and 1 stout rodlike seta; distal solenidion slender, clavate. Tarsus II solenidion clavate; spinelike seta large, longer than and slightly distad of solenidion. Leg IV about as i long as combined length of femur-genu and tibia of leg IV. Distal ventral spine of tarsi I-III with blunt, dentate tip; spine of tarsus I considerably ; smaller than others. Male and larva. — Unknown. Ilolotype. — Female, Beltsville, Maryland, 1 June 1976, from milled oats, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 79 Figs. 32-34. Tarsoncmus sociits, n. sp., female, 32. Dorsum; 33. Venter; 34. Tibia and I tarsus II. Paratypes. — Two females, with same data as holotype; 1 female, One- : squethaw Creek, Albany, New York, 11 April 1976, from bird nest, collected I by E. Blakemore. The holotype and 1 paratype are deposited in the New I York State Museum & Science Service collection at Albany; 2 paratypes are I in the U.S. National Museum collection. Remarks. — T. socius, n. sp. differs from other known stored product and nest inhabiting species by the structure of the ventral apodemes, by i the long body setae of tergites III and IV, by the strong gnathosomal and palpal setae, and by the dentate ventral distal spine of tarsi I-III. T arsonemus vulgaris, n. sp. (Figs. 35-38) Female. — Length of idiosoma 223 p,, width 134 p (holotype). Gnathosoma longer than wide, with ventral setae shorter than dorsal setae, both pairs slender; lacking external setae. Palpal external setae very small and spinelike. Pharynx swollen at posterior half. Dorsum (Fig. 35): Dorsal plates of idiosoma unifonnly minutely punc- tate. Pseudostigmatic organs capitate, ellipsoidal, spiculate. Vertical setae 80 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 35-38. Tarsonemus vulgaris, n. sp., female, 35. Dorsum; 36. Venter; 37. Tihiotarsus I; 38. Tibia and tarsus II. I slender, minutely barbed, about % as long as scapular setae. Scapular setae longer than distance between their insertions. Setae of tergite I slender, with lateral pair longer than dorsal pair. Setae of tergites II-IV stiff and barbed, with blunt tips. Setae of tergite II shortest. Dorsal and lateral setae of tergite III nearly equal in length, shorter than stout setae of tergite IV. Venter (Fig. 36): Apodemes well developed. Anterior median apodeme widely interrupted between apodemes I and II, continuing posteriorly to transverse apodeme, with short medial spurs at junction with transverse apodeme. Apodemes II straight, tapering medially but not uniting with anterior median apodeme. Transverse apodeme arcuate, indented me- dially at junction of anterior median apodeme. Apodemes III medially VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 81 extending near coxal setae III. Posterior median apodeme with bifurcate anterior end, weakened or interrupted portion immediately posterior to junction of apodemes IV. Apodemes IV anteriorly uniting with posterior median apodeme, crooked, posteriorly extending to coxal setae IV. All coxal setae slender. Coxal setae I posterior to apodemes I, shorter than coxal setae II. Coxal setae on apodemes II, shorter than coxal setae III. Coxal setae III longest. Coxal setae IV shortest. Caudal setae stiff and barbed, similar in size to setae of tergite III. Metapodosomal lobe small, rounded posteriorly. Legs (Figs. 37, 38): Femora I and II with 3 and 4 setae respectively. Femur II with ventral flange; femur I lacking flange but with ridge, ventral seta on ridge stout and long, barbed. Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla con- sisting of 1 clavate and I slender capitate solenidia, and 1 stout seta; distal tibiotarsal solenidion arising at distal % of tibiotarsus, long and slender, clavate. Tarsus II spinelike seta very large, laterad of clavate solenidion. Leg IV^ shorter than combined length of femur-genu and tibia of leg III. \"entral distal spine of tarsus II larger than that of tarsi I and III. Male and larva. — Unknown. Holotype. — Female, Shaker Road, Albany, New York, 27 May 1975, taken from robin nest, by E. Blakemore. Paratypes. — One female, with same data as holotype; 9 females, Saratoga and Middle Crove, New York, 26 April, 18 October 1975, taken from Phoebe and blackbird nests, by E. Blakemore; 8 females, Beltsville, Mary- land, 1 June 1976, from milled oats, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado. The holotype and 6 paratypes are deposited in the New York State Museum & Science Seiwice collection at Albany; other paratypes are deposited in the U.S. National Museum collection, and the Acarology Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — The female of this species has many characters in common with that of T. insignis Delfinado, including the strong, barbed setae on the ventral ridge of femur I. T. vulgaris, n. sp., however, may be readily dis- tinguished by the presence of short medial spurs at the junction of the anterior median and transverse apodemes, the transverse apodeme being indented at its junction with the anterior median apodeme. The following species listed below are additional records from stored grain material; they have been previously found in nest habitat from New York (Delfinado, 1976). T arsonemus ascitus Delfinado, 1976 Additional records. — Two females, Onesquethaw Creek and Shaker Road, Albany, New York, 11 April, 27 May 1976, from robin nests; 1 female. Green Co., New York, 14 August 1976, from bracket fungi, all collected by E. Blakemore. Three females, Beltsville, Maryland, 1 June 1976, from milled oats, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado. 82 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Tarsonernus confusus Ewing, 1939 Additional records. — Two females, Cambridge, and 5 females, Rensselaer- ville. New York, 24, 26 August 1976, from corn feed, collected by R. Means; 15 females. Shaker Road, Albany and Middle Grove, Saratoga, New York, 26 April, 27 May, 18 October 1976, from robin and Phoebe nests, collected by E. Blakemore. Five females, Beltsville, Maryland, 1 June 1976, from milled oats, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado. Tarsonernus granarius Lindquist, 1972 Additional records. — Three females. Shaker Road, Albany, New York, 27 May 1976, from robin nests, collected by E. Blakemore; 2 females, Cam- bridge, New York, 21 April 1976, from nest in bird house, collected by M. Delfinado; 2 females, Rensselaerville, New York, 26 August 1976, from corn feed, collected by R. Means; 3 females, Huntington, Long Island, New York, September 1975, from wild oats packing material, collected by M. Delfinado. Tarsonernus imitatus Delfinado, 1976 Additional records. — Three females, Beltsville, Maryland, 2 June 1976, from milled oats, collected by E. W. Baker & M. Delfinado. Tarsonernus icaitei Banks, 1904 Additional records. — Two females. Shaker Road, Albany, New York, 27 May 1976, from robin nests, collected by E. Blakemore; 2 females, Cam- bridge, New York, 8 August 1976, from corn feed, collected by R. Means. Key to Female Tarsonernus from New York 1. Apodemes 111 extending laterally beyond trochanters III (Fig. 15); scapular setae shorter than distance between their insertions 2 - Apodemes III not extending laterally beyond trochanters III (Figs. 2, 20, 33, 36); scapular setae longer than or as long as distance between their insertions 4 2. Lateral extensions of apodemes III with characteristic scalloped or uneven posterior edges; body surfaces heavily and conspicuously punctate ascitus Delfinado - Lateral extensions of apodemes III simple; body punctations minute and inconspicuous 3 3. Femora I and II each with prominent ventral flange (Fig. 17); tibia II with spinelike protuberance distally; anterior median apodeme uninterrupted between apodemes I and II; lateral ex- tensions of apodemes III long, peglike blakemorei, n. sp. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 83 - Only femur II with ventral flange; tibia II without protuberance; anterior median apodeme interrupted between apodemes I and II; lateral extensions of apodemes III short, spurlike praesignis Delfinado 4. Gnathosoma with ventral apodemes fusarii Cooreman - Gnathosoma without ventral apodemes 5 5. Tarsus II spinelike seta absent or not developed (Fig. 22) 6 - Tarsus II with large spinelike seta usually laterad of solenidion (Figs. 4, 17, 34, 38) 9 6. Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla consisting of 1 solenidion and 1 rodlike seta (Fig. 21) 7 - Tibiotarsus I group of sensilla consisting of 2 solenidia and 1 rodlike seta granarius Lindquist 7. Metapodosomal lobe elongate, produced posteriorly; anterior me- dian apodeme diffused immediately posterior to apodemes II; apodemes II curved medially, clearly not uniting with anterior me- dian apodeme cryptocephalus (Ewing) - Metapodosomal lobe broadly rounded; anterior median apodeme diffused before or at posterior level of apodemes II; apodemes II straight, ending at diffused area of anterior median apodeme, not strongly uniting with it 8 8. Anterior median apodeme interrupted between apodemes I and II; transverse apodeme weak except lateral extremities; posterior median apodeme extending posteriorly beyond junction of apo- demes IV; found in eriophyid galls echuardi, n. sp. - Anterior median apodeme not interrupted; transverse apodeme strong, with 2 short weakened or intermpted areas at middle; pos- terior median apodeme weak, not extending anteriorly; found in large numbers in bird nests tcaitei Banks 9. Transverse apodeme strong and well defined 11 - Transverse apodeme weak and indistinct at middle, strong at lateral extremities 10 10. Setae of tergite IV unusually long, 2-3 times as long as other hysterosomal setae; posterior median apodemes short, not bifurcate anteriorly diil)ius Delfinado - Setae of tergite IV as long as lateral setae of tergite III, slightly longer and stronger than other setae; posterior median apodeme weak anteriorly but clearly bifurcate hnitatus Delfinado 11. Transverse apodeme wavy or with 2 indentations at middle; an- terior median apodeme diffused at posterior level of apodemes II confusus Ewing - Transverse apodeme arcuate or with a notch at middle where it joins anterior median apodeme; anterior median apodeme well de- fined or diffused shortly before reaching transverse apodeme 12 84 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOCJCAL SOCIETY 12. Anterior median apodeine interrupted or weakened between apo- deines I and II 13 - Anterior median apodeme continuous, not interrupted 18 13. Spinelike seta of tarsus II very large, hyaline and with black pointed tip, considerably larger than solenidion (Fig. 4); found in eriophyid galls acerbilis, n. sp. - Spinelike seta of tarsus II as normal spine (Figs. 17, 34, 38); mostly found in nests and stored grain 14 14. Femur II with ventral flange; anterior median apodeme broadly interrupted between apodemes I and II 15 - Femur II without ventral flange; anterior median apodeme nar- rowly interrupted or weakened between apodemes I and II 17 15. Ventral .seta on ridge of femur I slender, inconspicuously barbed; flange of femur II small and not as developed as in related species smileiji Delfinado - \"entral seta on ridge of femur I stout and barbed 16 16. Transverse apodeme medially indented and with short spurs at junction with anterior median apodeme vulgaris, n. sp. - Transverse apodeme simple insignis Delfinado- 17. Anterior median apodeme strong and well defined posteriorly; posterior median apodeme normally bifurcate anteriorly; meta- podosomal lobe small, attenuate posteriorly; bursa copulatrix globular talpae Schaarschmidt - Anterior median apodeme posteriorly weakened or diffused be- tween apodemes II and transverse apodeme; posterior median apodeme with broad cellular neck between anterior fork and junction of posterior median apodemes; metapodosomal lobe small, narrowed posteriorly; bursa copulatrix elongate neotalpae Delfinado 18. Femur II with ventral flange 19 - Femur II without flange 20 19. Femur I with prominent ventral flange similar to that of femur II; setae of tergites II-IV similarly stout, with blunt tips nidicolus Delfinado - Femur I with small flange appearing as ventral ridge; all setae of tergites I-IV similarly slender and short similis Delfinado 20. Setae of tergite II shorter and more slender than setae (T tergites III and IV; dorsal setae of tergite III longer than lateral pair; distal ventral spine of tarsi I-III with blunt, dentate tip; palpal external setae stout and spinelike socius, n. sp. - Setae of tergite II similar to other hysterosomal setae; dorsal setae of tergite III shorter than lateral pair; palpal external setae minute; ventral distal spine of tarsi I-III not dentate irreaularis Delfinado VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 85 A checklist of tarsonemid mites presently known from New York: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Steneotarsonemus chionaspivorus (Ewing), 1911 S. friecimani Smiley, 1967 S. oconnori Delfinado, 1976'* S. pallidus (Banks), 1899 Tarsonemtis ocerbilis, n. sp. T. (iscitus Delfinado, 1976 T. hlakemorei, n. sp. T. confusus Ewing, 1939 T. crijptocephalus (Ewing), 1939 T. dubius Delfinado, 1976'* T. edwardi, n. sp. T. fusarii Cooreman, 1941 T. granariiis Lindquist, 1972 T. imitatus Delfinado, 1976'* T. insignis Delfinado, 1976 T. irregularis Delfinado, 1976 T. neotalpae Delfinado, 1976 T. nidicohts Delfinado, 1976 T. praesignis Delfinado, 1976 T. sirnilis Delfinado, 1976 T. smileyi Delfinado, 1976'* T. socius, n. sp. T. talpae Schaarschmidt, 1959 T. waitei Banks, 1904 T. vulgaris, n. sp. Xenotarsonemus viridis (Ewing), 1939 Iponemus confusus oriens Lindquist, 1969. Literature Cited Banks, N. 1899. Tarsonemtis in America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 4:294—296. I Beer, R. E. 1954. A revision of the Tarsonemidae of the Western Hemisphere i (Order Acarina). Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 36:1091—1387. ! . 1963. Social parasitism in the Tarsonemidae, with description of a new I species of tarsonemid mite involved. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56:153-160. Cooreman, J. 1941. Un tarsonemide mycophage nouveau (Acarien). Bull. Mus. r. I Hist. nat. Belg. 17:1-7. ' Delfinado, M. D. 1976. Terrestrial mites of New York — V. Tarsonemidae. Jour. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 84:255-274. i Ewing, H. E. 1911. New predaceous and parasitic Acarina. Psyche (Camb.) 18:37-43. ' . 1939. A revision of the mites of the .subfamily Tarsoneminae of North America, the West Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1 653:1-63. ' Lindquist, E. E. 1968. Review of Holarctic tarsonemid mites (Acarina: Pro- 86 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY stigmata) parasitizing eggs of ipine beetles. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 60: 2-111. . 1972. A new species of Tarsonemus from stored grain (Acarina: Tarsonemi- dae). Can. Entomol. 104:1699-1708. Schaarschmidt, L. 1959. Systematik und Okologie der Tarsonemiden. Beitr. Syst. u. Okol. Mitteleurop. Acarina l(2):713-823. Smiley, R. L. 1967. Further studies on the Tarsonemidae (Acarina). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 69:127-146. New York State Museum & Science Service, Albany, New York 12234. Received for publication 31 May 1977. Footnotes ^ Published by Permission of the Director, New York State Science Service, Journal Series No. 233. ^ This species has no spurlike lateral extensions of apodemes III as inadvertently mentioned on p. 267 (Delfinado, 1976). ^ Additional paratypes are deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, New York. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(2), 1978, pp. 87-101 TERRESTRIAL xMITES OF NEW YORK— VII. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCUTACARIDAE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES^ M. D. Delfinado and E. W. Baker Abstract. — Thirty-five species and three subspecies of Scutacaridae are listed from New York. An identification key to the species is given. In addition, three new species and 1 new subspecies are described and fig- ured; these are: Imparipes cupes, Scutacarus (S.) rneansi, S. (S.) iinicus indefinitus, and S. (Variatipes) suhaffinis. The specimens were collected from bird nests, dog food, and from a cupedid beetle. Scutacarus (S.) subellipticus Delfinado & Baker, 1976 (Dec.) is a synonym of S. (S.) curtus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976 (June). The following are transferred from Imparipes Berlese to Archidispus Karafiat: insulanus (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), longitarsus (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), similis (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello) and tarsalis (Delfinado, Baker & Ab- batiello). This series summarizes our knowledge of the scutacarid fauna of New ' York in the New York State Museum & Science Service collection at Al- bany. It contains 24 species and one subspecies of Scutacarus Gros, four I species of Archidispus Karafiat, and seven species and two subspecies of Imparipes Berlese (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976; Delfinado & Baker, 1976). A key for the identification of the species based on females ; is given. An additional three new species and one subspecies are described I and figured from specimens collected from bird nests, dog food, and I from a cupedid beetle in New York. These are; Imparipes cupes, Scuta- i carus (S.) rneansi, S. (S.) unicus indefinitus, and S. (Variatipes) subaffinis. Scutacarus (S.) subellipticus Delfinado & Baker, 1976 (Dec.) is conspecific with S. (S.) curtus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976 (June); we find no characters to separate the females. In a previous paper (Delfinado & Baker, 1976), an attempt was made to key the subgenera of Imparipes following Karafiat (1959). In that key (1976:265) we erred in recognizing Heterodispus Paoli and Archidispus Karafiat based on the characters of leg IV. We hope the present key i will clarify these errors; we do not recognize Heterodispus. The setal nomen- clature is that of Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello (1976). The following is a list of species of Scutacaridae known from New York: 88 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Genus Scutacariis Gros Subgenus Scutacarus Gros acarorum (Goeze), 1780: Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:117. hakeri Mahuuka & Rack, 1977, new name for pectinatus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:120, preocc. by Scutacarus pectinatus Mahuuka, 1968. communis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:122. curtus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:129 = subellipticus Delfinado & Baker, 1976:300, neic synonym, eicku'orti Delfinado & Baker, 1976:298. fimetarius Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:115. formosus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:120. grosi Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:126. imitans Delfinado & Baker, 1976:296. impar Delfinado & Baker, 1976:288. mahunkai Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:115. meansi, n. sp. nearcticus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:128. notabijis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:125. pedestris Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:125. spinosus Storkan, 1936: Delfinado & Baker, 1976:292. std)spinosus Delfinado & Baker, 1976:290. terrenus Delfinado & Baker, 1976:293. unicus Delfinado & Baker, 1976:295. unicus indefinitus, n. ssp. Subgenus Variatipes Jacot off inis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:107. contiguus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:109. jacoti Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:112. subaffinis, n. sp. uniformis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:112. Genus Archidispus Karafiat insidanus (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), 1976:137, new combuiation. longitarsus (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), 1976:129, new combination, similis (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), 1976:133, neiv combination, tarsalis (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), 1976:133, neiv combination. Genus Imporipes Berlese apicola (Banks), 1914: Delfinado & Baker, 1976:269. cupes, n. sp. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 89 degenerans italicus Berlese, 1904: Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976: 135. d. nearcticus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:137. humdis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:140. ithacensis Delfinado & Baker, 1976:279. ol)soletus Rack, 1965: Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:143. parapicola Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976:140. vulgaris Delfinado & Baker, 1976:286. Key to Species (Females) 1. Leg IV 4 -segmented, tibia and tarsus fused, without pretarsus, claws and empodium {Scutacarus Gros) 2 - Leg I\' 5-segmented, tibia and tarsus distinct, usually with pre- tarsus, claws and empodium 26 2. Tibiotarsus I with claw (subg. Scutacarus Gros) 3 - Tibiotarsus I without claw (subg. Variatipes Jacot) 22 3. Tibiotarsus IV elongate, 5-6 times as long as basal width 4 - Tibiotarsus IV short, at most twice as long as basal width 5 4. Epimeral setae 4b extending beyond posterior margin of hystero- soma; caudal setae ho shorter than hi, sparsely barbed mahunkai Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Epimeral setae 4b not reaching posterior margin of hysterosoma; ho and hi equal in length, plumose finietarius Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello 5. Empodium of tarsi II and III slender, spatulate, and not disclike; tarsus II solenidion Wi very long, rodlike meansi, n. sp. - Empodium of tarsi II and III rounded, disclike; tarsus II solenidion Wi short, usually clavate 6 6. Epimeral setae 4b absent 7 - Epimeral setae 4b present 9 7. Dorsal setae Co and fo similar in fonn to and almost as long as other dorsal setae grosi Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Dorsal setae Co and fo minute or small, spinelike and well differen- tiated from other dorsal setae 8 8. Dorsal setae Co and fo minute, simple spinosus Storkan - Dorsal setae Co and fo not as small, spinelike and sparsely barbed sidjspinosus Delfinado & Baker 9. Epimeral setae 4a anterior to 4b notabilis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Epimeral setae 4a in transverse line with 4b 10 10. Dorsal setae d, cj, fi and L conspicuously long, as long as length of idiosoma; Co minute 11 90 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY - Dorsal setae d, Ci and fi shorter than idiosoma; e-j, and fo varied in size 13 11. Caudal setae hi, h^ and h.s much shorter than dorsal setae d, Ci, fi and £2; hi and ho finely plumose communis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Caudal setae hi, ho and hs very long, nearly as long as dorsal setae; hi and ho pectinate 12 12. Epimeral setae 4a very short, smooth; 3a and 3b both short, e.x- tending posteriorly to apodemes 4 formosus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Epimeral setae 4a long, barbed, approaching posterior margin of hysterosoma; 3a and 3b long, extending beyond apodemes 4 to bases of 4a and 4b bakeri Mahunka & Rack 13. Tibiotarsus IV with 7 setae 14 - Tibiotarsus IV with 6 setae 20 14. Seta s of tibiotarsus IV short and slender; seta d of femur I serrate distally acarorum (Goeze) - Seta s of tibiotarsus IV usually long and robust; seta d of femur I simple 15 15. Dorsal setae 62, fi and £2 strongly developed, large and well dif- ferentiated from other dorsal setae neorcticus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Dorsal setae e-2, fi and £2 normal type, or 02 may be minute 16 16. Dorsal setae C2 minute terrenus Delfinado & Baker - Dorsal setae C2 not minute, short and slender, or may be spine- like 17 17. Epimeral setae 4b long, extending to posterior margin of hystcro- soma; 4a short, weak; caudal setae hi densely plumose pedestris Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Epimeral setae 4b short, not reaching posterior margin of hystero- soma; 4a short but not weak; caudal setae hi barbed or pectinate 18 18. Dorsal setae e> and £2 similar to other dorsal setae except shorter; caudal setae hs small, lanceolate irnpar Delfinado & Baker - Dorsal setae C2 and £2 almost spinelike, well differentiated from other dorsal setae; h,i hairlike 19 19. Seta s of tibiotarsus IV long and slender, sparsely barbed unicus indefinitus, n. subsp. - Seta s of tibiotarsus IV short, robust, daggerlike and smooth unicus unicus Delfinado & Baker 20. Tibia II dorsal seta distad of solenidion (f> spinelike, large and stout eickworti Delfinado & Baker - Tibia II dorsal seta distad of solenidion cf) not spinelike, slender 21 VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 91 21. Tibiotarsus I solenidion \\b short and small, clavate, considerably shorter than Wi irnitans Delfinado & Baker - Tibiotarsus I solenidion Wo long and slender, much longer than VVi curtus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello 22. Epimeral setae 4a anterior to 4b; dorsal setae e-2 and D strongly developed, espeeially fj and pressed against posterior margin of hysterosoma; caudal setae hi broad, leaflike, with hairy fringe jacoti Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello- - Epimeral setae 4a in transverse line with 4b; setae eo and nomial type and not appressed to margin of hysterosoma; caudal setae hi not leaflike 23 23r Dorsal setae d, ei, eo, fi and fo similar in length, with ei and fi as long as eo and fo; caudal setae hi barbed, ho simple iiniforrnis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Dorsal setae d, ei, eo, fi and fo of various lengths, fi or both ei and fi longer than eo and fo; hi and I12 of various forms 24 24. Only dorsal setae fi longer than ei, 62 and f2; caudal setae hi and h2 finely serrate contiguus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Dorsal setae fi and ei longer than eo and f2; hi and I12 not as above 25 25. Tibiotarsus I solenidion W2 long, as long as Wi; caudal setae hi sparsely barbed, h2 simple affinis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Tibiotarsus I solenidion W2 shorter than Wi; hi and I12 serrate subaffinis, n. sp. 26. Tarsus IV elongate, gradually narrowing distally; pretarsus al- ways shorter than tarsus {Archidispus Karafiat) 27 - Tarsus IV broad basally, abruptly narrowed distally; pretarsus usu- ally as long as tarsus {Imparipes Berlese) 30 27. Tibiotarsus I with small claw as figured in Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976; 139, epimeral setae 3b, 4a and 4b characteristi- cally lanceolate; tibia IV with rodlike solenidion insulanus (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), n. comb. - Tibiotarsus I without elaw; epimeral setae 3b, 4a and 4b not lanceolate; tibia IV without solenidion 28 28. Epimeral setae 2b daggerlike, smooth; seta p of tarsus IV large, immensely developed tarsalis (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), n. comb. - Epimeral setae 2b slender, barbed; seta p slender 29 29. Tibiotarsus I solenidion W2 as long as Wi, rodlike; caudal setae h2 simple similis (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), n. comb. - Tibiotarsus I solenidion Wo very short, peglike, much shorter than Wi; setae ho barbed longitarsus (Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello), n. comb. 92 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 30. Tarsus and pretarsus IV very short, atrophied, lacking claws and enipodium obsoletus Rack - Tarsus and pretarsus IV normally developed, with claws and empodium 31 31. Epimeral setae 2b not daggerlike, sparsely barbed; seta t of tarsus IV minute cupes, n. sp. - Epimeral setae 2b daggerlike; seta t of tarsus IV minute to long 32 32. Seta t of tarsus IV long, extending to or beyond tarsal claws; seta r of tarsus IV weak, bristlelike 33 - Seta t minute or very short; seta r short but not weak 35 33. Dorsal setae d, ci, co, fi and f2 longer than Ci and C2; epimeral setae 2b stout, barbed; 4a long and barbed, about as long as 4b or 4c humilis DeLfinado, Baker & Abbatiello - Dorsal setae d, Ci, C2, fi and f2 shorter than or about as long as Cl and C2; epimeral setae 2b daggerlike, smooth; 4a short, simple, about % as long as 4b or 4c 34 34. Caudal setae hi and h2 shorter than hs, sparsely barbed degenerans italicus Berlese - Caudal setae hi and h2 as long as ha densely short plumose degenerans nearcticus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello 35. Dorsal setae d, Ci, C2, fi and fo similarly long and slender, tapered to fine points, uniformly barbed 36 - Dorsal setae d, Ci, C2, fi and f2 robust, varying in thickness and length, densely barbed distally 37 36. Dorsal setae Ci and C2 longer and stronger than d, Ci, fi and fa; C2 short, % as long as other dorsal setae; tibiotarsus I solenidion W2 short, clavate vulgaris Delfinado & Baker - Dorsal setae ci and C2 shorter and more slender than d, ci, fi and fo; C2 as long as other dorsal setae; tibiotarsus I solenidion W2 long, slender and rodlike parapicola Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello 37. Epimeral setae 4a, 4b and 4c similarly strong; 4b extending beyond posterior margin of hysterosoma; only solenidion W2 of tibiotarsus I slender, others clavate ithacensis Delfinado & Baker - Epimeral setae 4a shorter and more slender than 4b and 4c; 4b approaching posterior margin of hysterosoma; tibiotarsus I solenidia W2 and (f)> both slender, Wi and 0i large, clavate apicola (Banks) Imparipes (I.) cupes, n. sp. (Figs. 1-4) Female. — Idiosoma 268 microns long, 229 microns wide (holotype), ellipsoidal. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 93 Figs. 1-4. Imparipes cupes, n. sp. 1. Female dorsum; 2. Venter; 3. Tibiotarsus I; 4. Tibia and tarsus II. Dorsum (Fig. 1): Dorsal plates unifomily, finely punctate, well sclero- tized. Sensillus capitate, spiculate. Prodorsal setae spinelike, pdi more ro- bust than pdo. Setae Ci shorter than c^, both slender, attenuate distally and sparsely barbed; d more robust and shorter than other setae; e^, £2 equal 94 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in length, more slender than and about as long as ei, fi; ei, fi both stout but ei appearing shorter and stouter than fi; all setae moderately barbed. Venter (Fig. 2): Coxisternal plates well sclerotized, finely punctate. Apodemes 1, 3 and anterior (apsa) and posterior sternal (apsp) apodemes strongly developed. Apodemes 4 and posterior end of posterior sternal apodeme (apsp) free and incomplete. Epimeral setae la, lb long and stout, densely pectinate; 2a sparsely barbed; 2b about % as long as 2a, not daggerlike, sparsely barbed; 3a, 3b, 3c similarly short, densely barbed; 4a shorter and more slender than 4b; sparsely barbed; 4b almost reaching posterior margin of hysterosoma, sparsely barbed; 4c more robust than 4b, densely barbed; 4a arising anterior to 4b. Caudal setae hi, hs nearly as strong as dorsal setae, densely pectinate; h^ setiform, short and smooth, origin approximate to hi. Legs (Figs. 3, 4): Tibiotarsus I with claw; solenidia W2, (f>2 similarly short and slender, shorter than clavate Wi; conspicuously large, clavate. Tarsus II solenidion Wi small, clavate, smaller than that of tibiotarsus I. Tibial solenidion 0 of legs II & III small, slender clavate and in sclero- tized depression; seta laterodistad of solenidion, not spinelike but robust. Leg IV pretarsus about as long as tarsus; tarsus with 6 setae including hair- like seta q, seta t minute. Male. — U nkno wn . Holotijpe. — Female, Ithaca, New York, 16 July 1975, from Cupes con- color (Coleoptera: Cupedidae) (T. McCabe), collected by B. M. OConnor. Faratypes. — Four females, with same data as holotype. The holotype and 1 paratype are deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History collection (Washington, D.C.); other paratypes are in the New York State Museum & Science Service collection at Albany, and Cornell Uni- versity collection at Ithaca, New York. Remarks. — This species is similar to Imparipes vulgaris Delfinado & Baker, a scutacarid commonly found infesting bees. I. cupes differs as fol- lows: Dorsal setae Ci are shorter than C2; C2 are as long as f2; epimeral setae 2b are not daggerlike, slender and sparsely barbed, and tibiotarsus I solenidion is conspicuously large; in vulgaris setae Ci and C2 are equal in length; C2 are considerably shorter than f2; 2b are small, dagger- like and smooth, and solenidion <^i is not as large. Scutacarus (S.) meansi, n. sp. (Figs. 5-10) Female. — Idiosoma 223 microns long, I9I microns wide (holotype), broadly ellipsoidal. Dorsum (Fig. 5): Dorsal plates well sclerotized, uniformly, finely punc- tate. Sensillus capitate, sparsely spiculate. Prodorsal setae (pdi, pd2) VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 95 Figs. 5—10. Sciitacarus (S.) meansi, n. sp. 5. Female dorsum; 6. Venter; 7. Tibio- tarsus I; 8. Tibia and tarsus II showing empodium; 9. Tibia and tarsus III; 10. Leg IV. 1 minute and difficult to see. Setae Ci, c->, d similarly short, stiff and smooth; ^ setae ei, e-2, fi, f2 similarly long and slender, finely attenuate distally; i! d, ei, e2 smooth; fj with 1-2 minute barbs; fi finely barbed for most of j its length. Venter (Fig. 6): Coxisternal plates well sclerotized, uniformly, finely punctate. Apodemes 1, 2 strong, complete. Apodemes 4 and posterior sternal apodeme (apsp) incomplete, free. Epimeral setae la stout, densely pectinate; lb slender, sparsely pectinate; 2a slightly heavier than lb, sparsely pectinate; 2b daggerlike, smooth; 3a, 3b similar in thickness. 96 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY sparsely pectinate, 3a shorter than 3b; 3c heavier and longer than 3a, 3b, barbed; 4a short and slender, about ¥2 as long as 4b, smooth; 4b sparsely barbed; 4c robust, sparsely peetinate; 4a, 4b bases arranged in straight trans- verse line. Caudal setae hi, I12 baibed, approximate at their origins, hi heavier and longer than ho; I13 small, slender and smooth. Legs (Figs. 7-10): Tibiotarsus I with claw; solenidia Wo, c^i, (^o similarly slender clavate and much shorter than Wi; Wi very long and slender, fingerlike. Tibial solenidion (f) of legs II & III very small, peglike, not in depression; seta distad of solenidion not spinelike, slender. Tarsus II solenidion Wi charaeteristically very long and slender, rodlike. Leg IV as figured; tibiotarsus short, about % as long as basal width, with 7 setae; seta p stouter than r; seta s slender. Trochanter IV with pointed spur dorsally. Empodium of tarsi II & III slender, spatulate and not disclike. Male. — Unknown. Holotijpe. — Female, Cambridge, New York, 21 April 1976, taken from bird nest, by M. Dclfinado. Paratypes. — Three females, with same data as holotype; 2 females, Cam- bridge, New York, 30 April 1976, from dog food, eolleeted by R. Means. The holotype and 2 paratypes are deposited in the New York State Museum & Seience Service colleetion at Albany; other paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, and the Aearology Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — This species is unique in that the empodium of tarsi II & III is not diselike but slender and spatulate, and the tarsus II solenidion Wi is unusually long and slender; also the trochanter of leg IV has a pointed spur dorsally. This mite is named for Robert E. Means, of the New York State Mu- seum & Science Service, Albany, who has eolleeted many speeimens. Scutacarus (S.) unicus indefinitiis, n. subsp. (Figs. 11-15) Female. — Idiosoma 190 mierons long, 153 microns wide, excluding 1 gnathosoma (paratype), ellipsoidal. Dorsum (Fig. 11): Dorsal plate minutely punetate. Prodorsal setae a pdi as slender as pdo. Sensillus eapitate, spieulate. Type and size of dorsal a hysterosomal setae essentially as in type form, unicus Delfinado & Baker, c except ei, fi noticeably longer than other setae; eo, fo slender and short, | with 2-3 sharp barbs as in type fonn. Setae Ci, c^ equally short and stout, ( both shorter than ei, fi and with shaip barbs. Venter (Fig. 12): Apodemes and type of epimeral setae as in type form. ^ Caudal setae hi, I12 pectinate, equal in length and approximate at their 1 origins; I13 very small. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 97 98 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Legs (Figs. 13-15): Tibiotarsus I with claw; solenidia Wo, Wi, (f)i, (f)-2 as in type form, with characteristically very long and slender. Tarsus II solenidion Wi as large as that of tibiotarsus I. Tibia III solenidion (f> much smaller than that of tibia II; seta laterodistad of solenidion spinelike, robust. Tibiotarsus IV slightly longer than basal width, with 7 setae; seta s slender, sparsely barbed distally. Male. — Unknown. Holotype. — Female, Cambridge, New York, 21 April 1976, taken from bird nest, by M. D. Delfinado. Paratypes. — Six females, with same data as holotype. The holotype and 2 paratypes are deposited in the New York State Museum & Science Ser- vice collection at Albany; other paratypes are in the U.S. National Mu- seum of Natural History, and the Acarology Laboratory, Ohio State Uni- versity, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — The female of the new subspecies, indefinitiis, differs pri- marily from that of the type fonn, unictis, by having long, slender and sparsely barbed seta s of tibiotarsus IV; in the type form this seta is short, daggerlike and smooth. Also prodorsal setae (pdi, pd2) are similarly slender; in the type form pdi are more robust than pd^. Scutacarns (Variatipes) subaffinis, n. sp. (Figs. 16-20) Female. — Idiosoma 287 microns long, 191 microns wide (paratype), ellipsoidal. Dorsum (Fig. 16): Dorsal plates uniformly punctate. Sensillus capitate, sparsely spiculate. Prodorsal setae pdi stout, lanceolate and short, pdo long and slender. All dorsal setae long and slender, finely attenuate dis- tally; Cl, c-2 slender, about as long as d, fi, ei, sparsely barbed; d, eo, f2 about equal in length, sparsely and minutely barbed, may appear smooth; ei, fi stronger and longer than other setae. Venter (Fig. 17): Coxisternal plates well sclerotized, finely punctate. Apodemes 1, 3 strong and complete. Apodemes 4 and posterior end of sternal apodeme (apsp) free, incomplete. Epimeral setae la stout, sharply serrate; lb almost as slender as 2a, barbed; 2a slender, stiff, sparsely barbed; 2b daggerlike, smooth; 3a shorter and more slender than 3b, 3c, sparsely barbed; 4a short and slender, with minute barbs; 4c stouter than 4b, almost serrate; 4a, 4b bases arranged in straight transverse line. Caudal setae hi, li2 strong and serrate, approximate at their origins, hi stronger and longer than h2; hs tiny. Legs (Figs. 18-20): Tibiotarsus I without claw; solenidia W2, (f>j, (f>i similarly short; W2, (j)o both slender, clavate; (f)i clavate, swollen distally; Wi long and conspicuously large, clavate. Tibial solenidion cf) of legs II & III VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 99 Figs. 16-20. Scutacarus (V.) subaffinis, n. sp. 16, female dorsum; 17, venter; 18, tibiotarsus 1; 19, tibia and tarsus II; 20, leg IV. small, somewhat capitate, in sclerotized depression; seta laterodistad of solenidion not spinelike, slender. Tarsus II solenidion Wi short, clavate. Tibiotarsus IV short, about % as long as basal width, with 7 setae, all robust and sparsely serrate; seta r nearly as stout as seta p, seta s slender. 100 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Male. — Unknown. Holotype. — Female, Cambridge, New York, 21 April 1976, taken from bird nest, by M. D. Delfinado. Poratijpes. — Ten females, with same data as holotype. The holotype and 4 paratypes are deposited in the New York State Museum & Science Service collection at Albany; other paratypes are in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, and the Acarology Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Remarks. — In general appearance the female of siibaffinis, n. sp. may be confused with that of affinis Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello, or that of contiguus Delfinado, Baker & Abbatiello. S. subaffinis, however, differs by having similarly long, slender and distally attenuate dorsal setae, and similarly short solenidia (j>i, (f)^, Wj of tibiotarsus I and being shorter than Wi. In the related species Wo is conspicuously long and slender, as long as dorsal setae eo and L are much shorter than other setae. Caudal setae hi and ho are serrate in subaffinis and eontiguus; in affinis these setae are sparsely barbed and simple respectively. Acknowledgment We thank Dr. Gisela Rack, of the Universitiit Hamburg, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, West Germany, for kindly reviewing the manuscript. Literature Cited Delfinado, M. D., and E. W. Baker. 1976 (1977). New species of Scutacaridae associated with insects. Acarologia 18:264—301. Delfinado, M. D., J. M. Abbatiello, and E. W. Baker. 1976. Terrestrial mites of New York — III. The family Scutacaridae (Acarina). Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 84:106-145. Karafiat, H. 1959. IV. Systematik und Okologie der Scutacariden. Beitr. Syst. u. Okol. Mittleuron. Acarina 1(2):627-712. Mahunka, S. 1965. Identification key for the species of the family Scutacaridae (Acari: Tarsonemini). Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11:353^01. . 1968. Fauna Paraguyensis 3. Acari: Pyemotidae and Scutacaridae. Acta Zool. Sci. Hung. 14:407-425. . 1969. The scientific results of the Hungarian soil zoological expedition to South America 9. Acari: Pyemotidae and Scutacaridae from the Guayaremerin region in Bolivia. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 15:63—90. Mahunka, S., and G. Rack. 1977. Bibliographica Tarsonemidologica HI. Folia En- tomol. Hung. Rovartani Kozlemenyek (Series Nova) 30:99-104. Rack, G. 1973. Archidispus pterostichi sp. n. und die Gattung Archidispus Karafiat, 1959 (Acarina, Trombidiformes, Scutacaridae). Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamb. 4(80):319-326. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 101 (MDD) New York State Museum & Science Service, Albany, New York 12234; and (EWB) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. Received for publication 28 August, 1977. Footnotes ' Published by Permission of the Director, New York State Science Service Journal Series No. 239. ■ S. jacoti has 7 setae on tibiotarsus IV, not 6 as figured and stated in the original description (1976:111-112). NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(2), 1978, pp. 102-120 A NEW SUBGENUS OF EUSCHISTUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) L. H. Rolston Abstract. — Mitripus, new subgenus, is erected for seven South American species of Euschistus Dallas. The contained species previously recognized are: E. aciitus, E. anticus, E. convergens, E. latiis, E. legionarius and E. touricornis. Euschistus grandus, new species, is added to this group. A key to species, and a description or diagnosis of each, are provided. New synonymy recognized is E. variicornis Bergroth, 1914, as a junior synonym of E. acutus Dallas, 1951. A lectotype and paralectotype are designated for £. olaticollis Stal, 1860, a junior synonym of E. latus Dallas, 1852. Among the species of Euschistus are seven from South America which warrant grouping into a new subgenus. The group includes Euschistus acutus Dallas, E. anticus StM, E. convergens (Herrich-Schaffer), E. latus StM, E. legionarius Breddin, E. tauricornis StM and one new species. The six species previously recognized are transferred from the nominate sub- genus. Mitripus new subgenus One pair of small tubercles located on proctiger about midway between base and apex of iDioctiger or nearer base (Fig. 12). Theca lacking lobes on distal margin. Thecal processes originating within theca (Fig. 6). Inferior ridge of pygophore wanting or represented only on each side. Lateral walls of genital cup each bearing large carina or carinae (Fig. 5). Rim of genital cup interrupted on each side of superior ridge by di- agonal depression (except E. convergens) (Fig. 12). Penisfilum lying on medial vertical plane. Juga surpassing tylus (except E. convergens), con- vergent, rarely contiguous (Fig. 1). Type species. — Euschistus acutus Dallas, 1851. Comments. — In species of the nominate subgenus, the tubercles on the proctiger are located subapically, the distal margin of the theca is lobed, and the thecal processes are finnly attached to the dorsal, distal thecal margin. Characteristics enumerated for Mitripus other than those relating to the proctiger and theca also occur uncommonly in the nominate sub- genus or are not universal among the species of Mitripus. When the conjunctiva of some specimens of E. acutus inflates, part of the conjunctiva everts from the theca and carries with it the thecal processes, which are then individually movable (Fig. 7). Clearly these processes are VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 103 attached to the conjunctiva rather than to the rigid theca. This suggests that the thecal processes, which are common among pentatomid species, had their origin as appendages of the conjunctiva. A partial invagination of the conjunctiva would place the basal part of conjunctival appendages, if these arose near the distal margin of the theca, inside the theca. This condi- tion is found elsewhere in the genera Lodeaschistiis and Siboria (Rolston, 1973 and 1975). The spermathecal bulb among species of this subgenus also presents an interesting trend. In five species the bulb is elongate and digitifomi, in E. latus it is short relative to the diameter, and in E. grandus the bulb is spherical (Figs. 39-45). As far as is known, all species in the nominate subgenus have a spherical spermathecal bulb. The genital plates provide relatively weak taxonomic characters, but the form of the posterior margin of the basal plates does differ among species. It contrasts strongly in each of two pairs composed of species similar in general appearance, viz. Euschistus anticus and E. convergens, and £. grandus and E. latus (Figs. 46-52). The basal plates overlap along part of the mesial margin, and either plate may overlap the other. Key to Species of Subgenus Mitripus 1. Pair of small subbasal scutellar patches of dense black punctation (Fig. 8) £. anticus StM - Scutellum lacking patches of black punctures, or punctation in such patches not especially dense 2 2. Humeral angles acute (Fig. 1) £. acutus Dallas - Humeial angles narrowly rounded (Fig. 35), or broadly rounded at least anteriorly (Figs. 13, 18, 25, 31) 3 , 3. Humeral angles broadly rounded, little elevated (Fig. 13); tylus and juga subequal in length £. convergens (H-S) - Hrrmeral angles narrowly rounded (Fig. 35), or rounded anteriorly, angulate posteriorly, swept strongly upward (Figs. 18, 25, 31); juga suipassing tylus 4 I 4. Hrmieral angles narrowly rounded, little elevated (Fig. 35) £. tauricornis Stal - Humeral angles broadly rounded anteriorly, angulate posteriorly, swept strongly upward (Figs. 18, 25, 31) 5 5. Thoraeic pleura without conspicuous black spot above each coxa; length of body without membranes less than 11 mm £. legionarius Breddin - Black spot present above some or all coxa; length of body without membrane more than 11 mm 6 6. Posterior angle of humeri pale; pronotum behind eyes black or fuscous £. grandis n. sp. 104 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY - Posterior angle of humeri dark brown; pronotum irri descent bluish- green behind eyes E. latus Dallas Euschistus acutus Dallas, 1851 Euschistus acutus Dallas, 1851:202. — Walker, 1867:247 (listed). — StM, 1872: 24 (keyed, records). — Lethierry & Severin, 1893:126 (listed). — Van Duzee, 1901:344 (record).— Kirkaldy, 1909:63.— Rolston, 1974:17-19, figs. 10-17 (keyed, description, distribution). Euschistus variicornis Bergroth, 1914:429-430. NEW SYNONYMY. Dorsum fuscous, grading to black on anterolateral pronotal margins, on humeri and at least basally on head; numerous yellowish brown sub- calloused spots scattered on pronotum, scutellum and base of hemelytra; a lacuna of same color located near distal end of radial vein, and a small calloused yellow spot at posterior margin of each cicatrice near medial boundary; punctation rather dense, black, arranged in irregular transverse rows on base of iDronotum. Length without membrane 7.6-9.0 mm. Juga slightly surpassing tylus, inclined near apex from tylus to elevated outer margin; lateral margins not parallel (Fig. 1). Basal segment of an- tennae brownish yellow with fuscous longitudinal streak dorsolaterally, narrow incomplete apical ring, and elongated ventral spot; remaining segments fuscous excepting dorsal longitudinal streak on second, basal 2 tenths of third and fourth, and basal half of fifth yellowish. Denticles on anterolateral pronotal margins small, acute or reduced to vertical rugae. Humeral angles strongly produced, acute to spinose, neither elevated nor turned foi*ward. Membrane of hemelytra dark, veins simple or furcate. Connexivum narrowly exposed, black, interrupted in middle and narrowly at apex of each segment with yellow. Venter orange yellow, punctation concolorous; thoracic pleura bearing 5 small black spots on each side. Evaporative area unicolorous. Spiracles and surrounding surface concolorous. Broad emargination in posterior margin of pygophore deep and sinuous from both caudal and ventral views (Figs. 2, 3), with concave mesial notch from dorsal view (Fig. 5). Carina on each lateral wall of genital cup complex, anteriorly subvertical and bifid, posteriorly divided into two divergent rami. Posterior margin of basal plates shallowly concave above 9th paratergite (Fig. 46). Spennathecal bulb digitifonu; proximal part of spemiathecal pump convolute (Fig. 39). Distribution. — From Bolivia, Peru and northern Brazil northward in South America and Trinidad. Type. — Female in British Museum (Natural History). Examined. Comment. — The acute humeri are diagnostic within the subgenus. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 105 Figs. 1-7. E. acutus. 1. Head and pronotum; 2. Posterior margin of pygophore, caudal aspect; 3. Pygophore, ventral aspect; 4. Right paramere; 5. Genital cup, dorsal aspect, with parameres and proctiger removed; carina (ca); 6. Theca and related structures, conjunctiva uninflated; 7. Same, conjunctiva inflated; conjunctiva (c); me- dian penial lobes (mpl); penisfilum (p); thecal processes (tp). Dimensional lines equal 0.5 mm. Bergroth applied the name E. veriicornis to speeimens from French Guiana and compared them with E. acutus, writing: “Voisin de E. acutus I Dali., mas plus petite et avec presque toute la face superieure parsemee de petites taches calleuses pales et les joues plus longues.” The measure- 106 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY nients given for length without membrane of S 7.8 mm and 2 8.3 mm, and for width at humeri of S 5.8 mm and 2 6.8 mm, fall within the range ob- served in E. acutus. The dorsum of £. acutus is, indeed, sprinkled nearly all over with small, pale, calloused spots. Bergroth’s detailed description also applies in other respects to E. acutus. The only apparently discordant statement concerns the pygophore, the apical margin of which he de- scribed as “ — utrinque obliquato-subtruncato, medio sinuato, fundo sinus recto.” The bottom of the emargination is concave, not straight, but if a male is inverted with the longitudinal axis of the body horizontal and the pygophore observed peipendicularly to this axis, then the bottom of the emargination does appear straight. Although the specimens upon which Bergroth based the name E. vari- icornis were not located, I place this name in the synonymy of E. acutus on the basis of the description of these specimens. Euschistus anticus StM, 1860 Euschistus anticus Stal, 1860:20. — Walker, 1867:248 (listed). — Stal, 1872: 24 (keyed, descriptive note). — Berg, 1878:306 (synonymy, variation, record). — Berg, 1879:45 (reprint 1878 paper). — Distant, 1887:61 (listed). — Berg, 1891:277 (descriptive note). — Bergroth, 1892:262 (synonymy). — Lethierry & Severin, 1893:126 (synonymy). — Kirkaldy, 1909:63 (synon- ymy).— Buckup, 1961:10 (record). — Grazia-Vieira & Casini, 1973:58 (record). Euschistus inermis Mayr, 1864:910. — Mayr, 1868:62, fig. 11. — Walker, 1867: 248 (listed). — Stal, 1872:24 (keyed, synonymy) (synonymized by Berg, 1878). Euschistus fallax Mayr, 1864:910. — Mayr, 1868:63, fig. 12. — Walker 1867: 248 (listed). — Stal, 1872:24 (keyed, synonymy) (synonymized by Berg, 1878). Euschistus planicornis Fallou, 1889:36 (synonymized by Bergroth, 1892). Head and anterior portion of pronotum fuscous to black with faint bronze tinge, remainder of dorsum yellowish brown, castaneously punctate, with vague dark reticulation on hemelytra; a small patch of dense usually black punctures on each side of scutellum near base about midway between lateral margin and meson; calloused spot at posterior border of each cicatrice near mesial limit usually pale; a small pale mesial spot usually present at base of scutellum. Length without membrane 8.4-10.1 mm (7- 10.5 mm according to Berg, 1891). Head rather flat, shallowly impressed anteromesad of eyes and sub- marginally at apex. Juga suipassing tylus, convergent or just contiguous at apex, their lateral margins subparallel for middle third of distance from VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 107 Figs. 8-12. E. anticus. 8. Head and pronotum, with variation in humeri; 9. Py- gophore, ventral aspect; 10. Right paramere; 11. Posterior margin of pygophore, caudal aspect; inferior ridge (ir); 12. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; anterior carina (aca); posterior Carina (pea); paramere (pa); proctiger (pr). Dimensional lines equal 0.5 mm. ; eyes to apex (Fig. 8). Antennae light to dark brown with a few obscure 1 darker dots on basal three segments. Denticles on anterolateral margins of pronotum acute, black, inclined i toward humeri. Humeri moderately produced, rounded; posterolateral mar- : gin sometimes emarginated; dorsal surface following contour of pronotal . disk from cephalic view, or moderately elevated. Pale portion of pro- notal disk less densely punctate than dark anterior portion, with many punctures arranged in transverse rows separated by rugose interstices. Mem- branes of hemelytra lightly fumose; veins simple or furcate. Connexivum rather narrowly exposed, castaneous to black, weakly to strongly alternated I with paler spot in middle of each segment. ' Venter orange yellow, concolorously punctate; thoracic pleura with four small black spots on each side, lacking spot at anterolateral angle of pro- 108 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY thorax, occasionally with spot only at base of each subcoxae. Evaporative area unicolorous. Peritreines of spiracles fuscous. Eniargination of pygophore deep, concave, exposing inferior ridge from caudal view (Fig. 11), inesially truncate from ventral and dorsal views (Figs. 9, 12). Inferior ridge obsolete inesially. Margins of genital cup in- terrupted by diagonal suleus on each side of superior ridge. Large lobed Carina located on each lateral wall of genital cup; a smaller carina entad of first partially obscured by apex of parameres (Fig. 12). Parameres terminat- ing in simple hook (Fig. 10). Posterior margin of basal plates markedly concave above 9th paratergite (Fig. 47). Spennathecal bulb digitiform; basal part of spennathecal pump slightly sinuous (Fig. 40). Distribution. — Argentina (Misiones), southern Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Gatarina) and Uruguay (Rivera). Type. — Male, in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. Not seen. Comments. — The small paired areas of dense, usually black punctation near the base of the scutellum is diagnostic. I have accepted the synonymy given by Berg (1878) and Bergroth (1892). The figure published by Mayr (1868) of E. inermis (Fig. 11) is hard to reconcile with the one for E. fallax (Fig. 12) or specimens of E. anticus. It differs especially in the conspicuously sigmoid junction of the corium and membrane, and in the absence of subbasal scutellar spots. The distal margin of the corium actually varies in E. anticus from slightly convex to slightly sigmoid, and the illustrator may have exaggerated the difference between two specimens. With regard to the two subbasal spots, these are present in the 37 specimens which I have examined, but they do not always contrast strongly in color. Stal (1860) noted that these spots are sometimes obsolete. Presumably they were inconspicuous in the speci- men to which Mayr applied the name E. inermis since the dark reticulation on the coria is also absent. Euschistus convergens (Herrich-Schaffer, 1842) Cimex convergens Herrich-Schaffer, 1842:94, fig. 665. Pentatorna convergens: Herrich-Schaffer, 1844:95. Euschistus convergens: Dallas, 1851:203 (synonymy). — Walker, 1867:247 (synonymy). — Stal, 1872:24 (keyed, synonymy, descriptive note). — Lethierry & Severin, 1893:127 (synonymy). — Kirkaldy, 1909:64 (synon- ymy). Euschistus roripes Stal, 1860:20. — Walker, 1867:248 (listed) (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Dorsum fuscous with head and anterior portion of pronotum black, or entirely black, relieved by small pale spot at posterior margin of each VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 109 Figs. 13-17. E. convergens. 13. Head and pronotum; 14. Pygophore, ventral aspect; 15. Right paraniere; 16. Posterior margin of pygophore, caudal aspect; 17. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; carina (ca). Dimensional lines equal 0.5 mm. cicatrice near mesial limit, another on disk of each corium, and often by one to five poorly delineated spots along base of scutellum; pimcta- tion dense, black. Length without membrane 8.5-10.4 mm. Juga slightly converging over apex of tylus, their lateral margins taper- ing from eyes to evenly rounded apex of head (Fig. 13). Antennae black or fuscus with sordid yellow on little more than basal half of last segment, basal fourth of fourth, basal 2 tenths of tbird, and as streaks above and be- low on three basal segments. Humeri moderately produced, broadly rounded, elevated little if any above pronotal disk. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave; denti- cles few, obtuse, yellowish. Scutellar disk uneven. Membrane of hemelytra brown, veins simple or furcate. Connexivum black, alternated with brownish orange marginal spot in middle of each segment. Venter orange yellow, concolorously punctate; five small black spots on each side of thoracic pleura. Evaporative areas unicolorous. Peritremes of spiracles fuscous. Posterior margin of pygophore with sinuous V-shaped emargination no NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY from both caudal and ventral views (Figs. 14, 16), convexly arcuate with mesial notch from dorsal view (Fig. 17). Inferior ridge reduced to sub- vertical ridge on each side. Small denticle on eaeh lateral wall of genital cup located just entad of and obscured by diagonal carina (Fig. 17). Parameres unequally bifid (Fig. 15). Posterior margin of each basal plate evenly convex (Fig. 48). Spermatheeal bulb digitiform: proximal part of spermatheeal pump convolute (Fig. 41). Distribution. — Argentina (Misiones), Bolivia, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina), and Paraguay. Type. — Type material of Cimex convergens was not located. The type of Euschistus roripes Stal, a male, in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock- hohn, was compared by Per Inge Persson with specimens of Euschistus con- vergens furnished to him and found to be conspecific with these specimens. Euschistus grandis n. sp. Dorsum yellowish brown to dark eastaneous, becoming fuscous to black on anterior portion of pronotum and on head; small pale spot at posterior margin of each cicatrice near mesial limit, another mesially at base of scutellum; punctation dense, black, fine to moderate. Length of body without membrane 12.1-14.0 mm. Juga longer than tylus, lateral margins briefly subparallel in concavity before eyes, inner margins toward apex converging slightly over tylus; in- cision at apex of head shallow (Fig. 18). Antennae ivory to sordid yellow marked with black as follows: lateral stripe and narrow apical ring on basal segment, lateral and mesial stripe widening and fusing toward apex on second and third segments, all of fourth except narrow irregular basal ring, and apical half of last segment. Humeri strongly produced laterally, rising well above pronotal disk; tmneate apex rounded anteriorly, angular posteriorly, slightly concave beneath from lateral view; posterior angle paler than rest of humeri. Anterolateral margins slightly concave, nearly right angular to axis of body; denticles small, acute, black. Fovea in basal angles of scutellum small, obscure; scutellar di.sk often roughly uneven, uniformly punctate, often with scattered smooth spots, these pale or not. Corium of hemelytra with impunctate lacuna of variable size near end of radial vein; membrane brown, veins branching. Connexiva black, with short narrow pale marginal line in middle of each segment; punctation dense, black. \^enter yellowish brown; punctation mostly concolorous, sometimes eastaneous, less dense but coarser than on dorsum. Basic pattern of 5 black spots on each side of thoracic pleura reduced: spot at antero- lateral angle of propleura wanting, spot at base of metathoraeie subcoxae VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 111 Figs. 18-24. E. grandis. 18. Head and pronotum; 19-20. Variation in emargina- tion of posterior pygophoral margin, ventral aspect; 21. Genital cup, caudal aspect, with parameres and proctiger removed; inferior ridge (ir); posterior carina (pea); an- terior Carina (aca); 22. Right paramere; 23. Same, rotated 90 degrees toward observer; 24. Genital cup, dorsal aspect, with parameres and proctiger removed. Dimensional i lines equal 0.5 mm. often absent. Evaporative areas usually unieolorous, rarely minutely fuscous punctate. Most black dots on femora and tibiae moderately large. I Spiracles black. Pygophore finely fuscous punctate. Deep broad emargination in posterior margin of pygophore evenly arcuate 112 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY at bottom of concavity from caudal view, sinuous on each side near dorsal margin, there exposing remnant of inferior ridge (Fig. 21); from ventral view posterior margin usually broadly emarginated, prominently sinuous on each side of emargination (Fig. 20), but emargination sometimes nar- rowed to about one-third width of pygophore and remainder of margin weakly sinuous (Fig. 19); emargination much shallower from dorsal view (Fig. 24). Rim of genital cup intermpted on each side of superior ridge by diagonal sulcus; lateral wall of genital cup each bearing two large sub- parallel earinae rising diagonally cephalad from depth of eup to rim. Proctiger distad of tubercles rather uniformly setose. Base of parameres ex- tremely large; apical hook subtriangular in cross section, almost imper- ceptibly roughened on lateral surface (Figs. 22, 23). Posterior margin of each basal plate evenly convex (Fig. 51). Spermathecal bulb spherical; spermathecal pump cylindrical (Fig. 42). Distribution. — Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Sao Paulo. Presumably present in Minas Gerais since Mount Itatiaia, from wheirce some speeimens eame, is at the junction of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais. Types. — Holotype, male, labeled (a) Brazil, Sao Paulo, Serra Bocaina, S. J. Barreiro, 1,650 m (b) Oct-Nov 1969, Alvarenga & Seabra. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: 103 5, 11? 2. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 800 m, 12-933, S Lopes et R. Cunha (22 2 RNH, 2 LHR); Itatiaia, IV 1932, D. Mendes (2 RNH); Itatiaia, 816 m, 2-1-933, N. B. Pagondes ( 2 RNH); Itatiaya (sie), 1,000 m Est. Biologiea, 22-12-33, W. Zikan (3 RNH); same data exeept 19-1-34 (2 USNM); same data except 25-xl-942 (3 LHR); Faz. Penedo, Itatiaia, HI-942, P. Wygodzinski (2 RNH); Parque Nacional de Serra dos Orgaos, Terresopolis (sie), 1,500-1,700 m, 18-22, 4, 1947, VVygod. col. (3 RNH, 3 LHR, 2 UNLP) Santa Catarina: (a) Rio Vennelho, XII 1944 (b) A. Mailer (3? AMNH); same data except I 1944 (3 AMNH). Sao Paulo: same data as holotype (3 BMNH, 2 AMNH). Euschistus latus (Dallas, 1852) Tropicoris latus Dallas, 1852:12, fig. 5. Euschistus alaticollis Stal, 1860:20. — Walker, 1867:248 (listed) (synonymized by StM, 1872). Euschistus latus: Stal, 1872:24 (keyed, synonymy, deseriptive note). — Dis- tant, 1887:61 (listed). — Lethieriy & Severin, 1893:128 (synonymy). — Kirkaldy, 1909:65 (synonymy). — Costa Lima, 1940:58, fig. 252. Differing prineipally from E. grandus as follows: Metallic bluish-green border along anterolateral margins of pronotum VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 113 I Figs. 25—30. E. lotus. 25. Head and pronotum; 26. Posterior margin of pygophore, I ventral aspect; 27. Genital cup, caudal aspect, with parameres and proctiger removed; i posterior carina (pea); 28. Right paramere; 29. Same, rotated 90 degrees toward ob- i server; 30. Genital cup, dorsal aspect, with parameres and proctiger removed; an- terior carina (aca). Dimensional lines equal 0.5 mm. ^ broadest at eyes, evenescent before reaching humeri; exocoria usually j colored similarly at base. Lateral margins of juga tapering sinuously from eyes to apex, nowhere subparallel (Fig. 25). Humeri clearly concave beneath from lateral view; posterior angle not differentially colored. Posterior margin of pygophore sinuously concave from caudal view 114 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY (Fig. 27), with a small projection laterally and trapezoidal mesial emargina- tion which narrows anteriorly from ventral view (Fig. 26); emargination from dorsal view truncate at bottom (Fig. 30). Anterior carina on each lateral wall of genital cup reduced to spur (Fig. 30). Prominent projection present where paramere sharply bent (Figs. 28, 29). Posterior margin of each basal plate angulate, concave above 9th para- tergite (Fig. 49). Spermathecal bulb somewhat elongate; spennathecal pump cylindrical (Fig. 43). Distribution. — Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro); Uruguay (Montevideo). Types. — The type of Tropicoris latus Dallas, a female, in the British Museum (Natural History) was examined. The syntypes of Eu.schi.stus alaticoUis Stal, in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, consist of a male and female. The male, labeled “Rio Jan” “Stal,” is designated LECTO- TYPE and the female, labeled “Brasil” “F. Sahib.” “?” PARALECTOTYPE. Per Inge Persson kindly compared the syntypes of Euschistus alaticoUis with an example of £. grandus and E. latus and concluded that “it is quite evident — that E. alaticoUis is conspecific with E. latus Dallas.” Euschistus legionarius Breddin, 1914 Eu.schistus legionarius Breddin, 1914:56 — Schroder, 1964:62, 74, PI. 1, fig. 4 (lectotype designated). Dorsum yellowish brown grading to dark brown or fuscous on an- terior half of pronotum and head; punctation castaneous to black, denser where color is darkest. Length without membrane 7.2-9. 2 mm (9t4-10 mm long according to Breddin, 1914). Juga exceeding tylus, usually angular at apex, with lateral margins parallel for middle third of distance from eyes to apex (Eig. 31). Basal 2 tenths of fourth antennal segment and basal 3-5 tenths of fifth pale, remainder of these segments fuscous. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave, irregularly denticulate to humeri. Humeri explanately produced, rounded anteriorly, angulate pos- teriorly, sweeping upward. Cicatrices prominent, tumescent, with numerous strong punctures connecting with other pronotal punctures only near postero- lateral boundary of cicatrices. Small elevated callous located near postero- mesial margin of cicatrices usually pale. Basal disk of scutellum roughly elevated, bearing irregular patches of black punctures along base adjacent to small fovea in basal angles; apex not pale. Dark macule often present near end of radial vein; membrane slightly brown with few simple or branched veins and an occasional cell basally. Connexivum moderately exposed, with broad black border along sutures between segments. X^enter little paler than dorsum, punctation mostly fuscous or castaneous; I f 1 t ■■ Ic pill I Ira tall lill! la' li( bo ilw Spe fi« D h Hat VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 115 j Figs. 31-34. E. legionarius. 31. Head and pronotum; 32. Pygophore, ventral aspect; Ij 33. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; carina (ca); paramere (pa); proctiger (pr); 34. Right para- I mere. Dimensional lines equal 0.5 mm. thoracic pleura lacking dark spots. Evaporative areas with fine dark punctation. Spiracles ringed with fuscous. Posterior margin of pygophore deeply emarginate mesially; emargination truncate basally from dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 32, 33); a submarginal tumescence on pygophoral surfaee located below emargination. Inferior ridge lacking. Rim of genital cup broken on each side of superior ridge by diagonal suleus. Carina on each lateral wall of genital cup tumescent, finely striate, produced posteriorly into tubercle. Parameres a simple hook (Fig. 34). Posterior margin of each basal plate angulate, prominently concave above 2nd gonoeoxae, diagonally linear above 9th paratergite (Fig. 50). Spermathecal bulb digitiform, twisted; spermathecal pump subcylindrical (Fig. 44). Distribution. — Brazil (Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro). Type. — Lectotype, male, in Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main. (Schroder, 1964). Not seen. 116 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 35—38. E. tauricornis. 35. Head and pronotum; 36. Pygophore, ventral aspect; 37. Genital cup, dorsal aspect, with parameres and proctiger removed; carina (ca); 38. Right paramere. Dimensional lines equal 0.5 mm. Euschistus tauricornis Stal, 1872 Euschistus tauricornis Stal, 1872:25 (keyed). — Berg, 1878:306 (Hsted). — Berg, 1879:45 (listed). — Lethierry and Severin, 1893:128 (listed). — Kirk- aldy, 1909:66 (listed). — Pennington, 1922:317 (listed). Dorsum yellowish brown with anterior portion of humeri black, densely punctate; these humeral areas connected by band of less dense black punctures. Length without membranes 8.0-9.5 mm. Juga much exceeding tylus, convergent, each jugum rounded apically, their lateral margins parallel for middle third of distance from eyes to apex (Fig. 35). Second and third antennal segments streaked laterally VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 117 42 Figs. 39-45. Distal portion of spemiatheca; spermathecal bulb (sb); spermathecal pump (sp); 39. E. acuUis; 40. E. anticus; 41. E. convergens; 42. E. grandus; 43. E. latus; 44. E. legionarius; 45. E. tauricornis. Dimensional line equals 0.5 mm. and mesially with fuscous; last two segments castaneous, basal 1-2 tenths I, pale. I Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave, irregularly denticulate to j humeri. Humeri strongly produced laterally, narrowly rounded at apex, I little elevated. Black punctures in irregular patches at base of scutellum I not especially crowded; scutellar apex ivory, concolorously punctate. A I dull fuscous macule located at end of radial vein; some punctures on coria : connected by network of thin fuscous lines; membrane slightly brown, veins ! , simple. Connexivum moderately exposed, sutures between segments broadly : bordered with lusterous black. 118 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figs. 46-52. Genital plates, oriented with anterior and posterior margins of basal plates on same focal plane at meson; basal plates (bp); 2nd gonocoxae (gx 2); 9th paratergite (pt 9). 46. E. acutus; 47. E. anticus; 48. E. convergens; 49. E. latus; 50.1 E. legionarius; 51. E grandus; 52. E. tauricornis. Dimensional line equals 0.5 mm. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 119 Venter yellowish brown, punctation concolorous to light castaneous. Evaporative areas unicolorous. Thoracic pleura with 4 black spots, lacking spot at anterolateral angle of pronotum. Spiracles black. Posterior margin of pygophore deeply and broadly emarginated mesially (Figs. 36, 37); an impression as large as emarginated area located on pygophoral surface below emargination. Inferior ridge lacking. Carina on each lateral wall of genital cup tumescent, with fine undulating striae, produced posteriorly into tubercle directed dorsomesad (Fig. 37). Rim of genital cup tripartite, divided by diagonal sulcus on each side of superior ridge. Unpigmented area on basal half of proctiger with pair of tubercles intruding from pigmented distal part of proctiger. Parameres bent into simple hook (Fig. 38). Posterior margin of each basal plate angulate, decidedly concave above 2nd gonococae, slightly convex above 9th paratergites (Fig. 52). Spermathe- cal bulb digitiform; proximal part of spermathecal pump an irregular cylinder (Fig. 45). Distribution. — Uruguay and Argentina (Buenos Aires). Type. — Female, in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. Not seen. Cominent. — An apparently rare species. The humeral marking is di- agnostic within the subgenus. Deposition of paratypes is indicated as follows: American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); British Museum (Natural Plistory) (BMNH); author’s collection (LHR); Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic (RNH); Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturals y Museo (UNLP); U.S. National Museum (USNM). Literature Cited Berg, C. 1878. Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 5:297-314. . 1879. Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Bonariae; Hamburgo. viii -j- 9 -|- 316 pp. . 1891. Nova Hemiptera faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 32:277—287. Bergroth, E. 1892. Notes synonymique. Rev. Ent. 11:262-264. . 1914. Pentatomides nouveaux de la Guyane frangaise. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 83:423^41. Breddin, G. 1914. Neue oder wenig gekannte neotropische Hemiptera. Abh. Senckenb. Ges. 36:53-59. Buckup, L. 1961. Os pentatomidos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) (Hemip- tera-Heteroptera-Pentatomidae). Iheringa (Zool.) 16:5-23. Costa Lima, A. M. da. 1940. Insectos do Brasil. Vol. 2. Hemipteros. Escola Nacional de Agronomia. 351 pp. Dallas, W. S. 1851. List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London. 592 pp. 120 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY . 1852. Descriptions of some new species of hemipterous insects belonging to the tribe Scutata. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London (n.s.) 2:6-17, plate 1. Distant, W. L. 1887. Enumeration of the Van Volxem collection of Rhynchota con- tained in the Brussels Museum. Part 1. Compte-Rendu Soc. Ent. Belg. ser. 3 no. 31:56-66. Fallou, J. 1889. Hemipteres nouveaux recueilles a Minas Geraes. Le Nat. (2)1:36. Herrich-Schiiffer, G. A. W. 1842. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten (Wanz. Ins.) 6:1-118. . 1844. Wanz. Ins. 7:1-134. Grazia-Vieira, J., and C. E. Casini. 1973. Lista preliminar dos hemipteros uruguaios de regiao nordeste: Pentatomidae e Coreidae (Insecta; Heteroptera). Iheringia ■ (Zool.) 44:55-63. Kirkaldy, G. W. 1909. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera). Vol. 1. Cimicidae. Berlin, xl -|- 392 pp. Lethierry, L., and G. Severin. 1893. Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Vol. 1. Heteropteres, Pentatomidae. Brnssels; Berlin, ix -f- 286 pp. Mayr, G. L. 1864. Diagnosen neuer Hemipteren. Verh. zool. -hot. Ges. Wien. 14: ■ 903-914. I . 1868. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den i Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zool. Theil. vol. 2. vi -f 204 pp., 5 plates. Pennington, M. S. 1922. Hemipteros nuevos para la Republica Argentina (primera • parte). Physis 6:315-319. Rolston, L. H. 1973. A new South American genus of Pentatomini (Hemiptera; i Pentatomidae). J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 81:101-110. . 1974. Revision of the genus Euschistus in Middle America (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Ent. Amer. 48:1-102. . 1975. A new species and review of Siharia (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). ; J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 83:218-225. J Schroder, H. 1964. Die Typen und Typoide des Natur-Museums Senckenberg, 28: ■ Insecta Heteroptera. Senck. Biol. 45:61-80. ; Stal, C. (1858) 1860. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens, Hemipterfauna. K. Sv. Vet.- .h Ak. Handl. 2(7): 1-84. . 1872. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. 2. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 10(4): 1-159. .) Van Duzee, E. P. 1901. Notes on some Hemiptera from British Guyana. Trans, ‘.a Amer. Ent. Soc. 27:343—352. Walker, F. 1867. Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the l i? collection of the British Museum. Part 2. London. Pp. 241-417. Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, ' f Louisiana 70803. Received for publication 28 August 1977. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK2), 1978, pp. 121-122 ACTIVITY AND DISPERSAL OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE CITRUS BLACKFLYi Robert Dowell, George F. Fitzpatrick and Forrest W. Howard Abstract. — We found that a small portion (0.2-0.3%) of first instar Aleu- rocanthus woghimi Ashby are mobile for 2-4 h and will crawl up to 25- 30 mm. When leaves overlap these highly mobile individuals can crawl from one plant to another. The citrus hlackfly (Aleurocanthus tvoghimi Ashby)- is a major pest of citrus that was discovered in the Ft. Lauderdale area of Florida in January, 1976. It is currently the target of an eradication effort by the Division of Plant Industries (Florida Department of Agriculture) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA). A quarantine on the movement of all plants that have been shown to support full A. tvoghimi development is included in the eradication effort. However, there are many plants upon which females will oviposit, but which will not support complete development of the immature stages (e.g. orange jasmine, Murraija paniciilata (L.) Jack) (Howard, F. W., and P. L. Neel, 1977. Host plant preferences of citrus hlackfly (Aleurocanthus tvoglumi Ashby) (Homoptera; Aleyrodidae) in Florida. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 1977 (in press)). This study was initiated to determine if first instar larvae of A. tvoglumi are capable of crawling from the leaves of one plant to those of another. We field-infested 4 orange jasmine plants (M. paniculata) with A. tvoglumi. After 3-4 egg spirals were oviposited on each leaf, the plants were returned to the laboratory and uninfested citrus rootstock plants were put into contact with them. In addition, 5 uninfested citrus leaves were stapled to 5 of the infested orange jasmine leaves, harboring a total of 300 A. tvoglumi eggs, to provide a dispersal opportunity for first instar larvae. The length of time the first instar larvae are mobile after hatching was also observed. After hatching, first instar larvae are mobile and seek feeding sites for up to 3-5 hours (n = 3) before becoming immobile. Although no larvae were found on the citrus plants in contact with the orange jasmine, one larva was found on the citrus leaves stapled to the orange jasmine leaves. This individual represented %oo (0.3%) of the population and it had crawled a distance of 28 mm. It was previously observed that first instar A. tvoglumi are mobile for 2-4 hours and that 0.2% (Ifiso) of the population are able to crawl up to 38 mm from the egg spiral (Dietz, H. F., and J. Zetek, 1920. The hlackfly of citrus and other subtropical plants. USDA Agric. Bull. #885, 55 pp). The presence of these highly mobile individ- 122 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY uals in populations of A. tvoglumi presents the possibility that larvae may crawl from an unsuitable host to a suitable one if contact between the plants occurs. Agricultural Research Center, 3205 SW 70th Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314. Received for publication 17 July 1977. Footnotes ^ Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 520. “ Homoptera: Aleyrodidae. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVI(2), 1978, pp. I23-I29 A REDESCRIPTION OF SPELEORODENS MICHIGENSIS (FORD) N. COMB. (ACARI: EREYNETIDAE), A NASAL MITE OF MICROTINE RODENTS, WITH COMMENTS ON CENERIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SPELEOGNATHINAE Barry M. OConnor Abstract. — Speleognathopsis michigemis Ford is redescribed and placed in the genus Speleorodens. Speleorodens clethrionomys Fain and Lukoschus is placed in synonymy with S. michigemis. The characters used in de- limiting genus group taxa within the Speleognathinae are discussed and the taxonomic system of Domrow is rejected in favor of that of Fain. A new genus, Domrownetes, is created for Para.speleognothop.sis exul Dom- row. Mites of the family Ereynetidae, subfamily Speleognathinae, are cosmo- politan endoparasites of the upper respiratory passages of birds and mam- mals. In the latest reviews of the speleognathine parasites of mammals (Fain, 1970b; Fain & Lukoschus, 1971), 22 species in 7 genera were recog- nized. Of these species, only 2 were reported from the Nearctic region: Speleorodens strandtmonni (Fain, 1955) (= Poraspeleognathopsis sciuri Clark, 1961) from the Eastern gray squirrel, Sciurtis carolinensis, and Neo- speleognathopsis bastini (Fain, 1958) from the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Domrow (1975) described a new species, Poraspeleognathopsis exul, from Australia and synonymized Speleorodens Fain, 1962, and Spele- omtjs Fain, 1970, with Poraspeleognathopsis Fain, 1958. He also pointed out several omissions in the review by Fain (1970b), notably the lack of reference to Speleognathopsis michigemis Ford, 1962, a parasite of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in North America, and to the records by Drummond and Medley (1964) of Speleognathus australis Wo- mersley, 1936, from North American bison. Bison bison. During my recent examinations of microtine rodents for acarine para- sites, a single female of a speleognathine mite was collected from the nasal passages of a red-backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi, collected at Arnot Forest, Schuyler County, New York, USA. In the key to species presented by Fain (1970b), this specimen keys to Speleorodens clethrion- omys Fain and Lukoschus, 1968. However, comparison with the original description of Speleognathopsis michigemis showed no significant differ- ences that would separate these two nominal taxa. I examined the holotype of S. michigemis in order to redescribe the female of this species and to note individual variations among the specimens at hand and those de- scribed in the literature. In the following description, all measurements 124 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY are in micrometers. Classification of setal types is based upon Fain (1963) and nomenclature for idiosomal setae follows that of Fain (1970a). Family EREYNETIDAE Oudemans 1931 Subfamily SPELEOGNATHINAE Womersley 1936 Genus Speleoroclens Fain 1962 Speleoroclens michigensis (Ford, 1962) NEW COMBINATION Speleognathopsis michigensis Eord 1962:104. Paraspeleognathopsis (Speleoroclens) clethrionomijs Fain and Lukoschus 1968:86 NEW SYNONYMY. Speleoroclens clethrionomys Fain 1970a: 516, 519. Paraspeleognathopsis michigensis Domrow 1975:98. Female. — Length of idiosoma 264-350; width 150-255. Body cuticle finely striate with minute projections along striations. Cuticle completely hydrophobic. Network of subsurface sclerotizations well developed in the legs, coxal areas, gnathosoma and dorsal shield area. Dorsal shield com- posed of a network of wide lines interconnecting to fonn large open cells between them (Figs. 1-4). These cells larger and more irregular in shape than those of S. strandtnmnni. Posterior margin of shield either open or closed by a few transverse lines. Interior portion of shield area containing setae vi without subsurface lines. Length of shield 90. Most dorsal setae cylindrical, rounded tenninally, covered with short barbs and bearing an elongate terminal flagellum (Type BN). Length with flagellum 12-18; length of basal body of seta 6-8. Exceptions are setae ve which are shorter (4) and bear no flagellum (Type B), and setae sci (sensillae) which are elongate (22-28) and barbed along their entire length. Setae of the ventral idiosoma of the same forni as dorsal setae but shorter, length 4-6 excluding flagellum which is difficult to observe. Genital opening in the form of an inverted Y, flanked by 3 pairs of setae (2 pairs ge; 1 pair gm). Anus small, indistinct, flanked by 1 pair of setae (ai). Setae ae displaced tenninally or dorsally. Three pairs of intercoxal setae (ic 1-3) positioned mid-ventrally in a Hne between coxal areas. Gnathosoma. — Hypostomal area with two pairs of short, barbed ventral setae. Palps consisting of two distinct segments; proximal segment bears a single modified seta (Type Fa); distal segment rounded, bearing 4 setae similar to body setae but very short (Type BN) and a single solenidion. Chelicerae reduced, details difficult to observe. Legs. — Legs with pattern of lines well developed. Ereynetal organ of tibia I consisting of a basal bulb connecting to the surface via a long duct, in lateral view entire organ has the appearance of the letter J. Chaetotaxy: coxae 2-1-1-1; trochanters l-l-O-O; femora 5(4)-5(4)-3-l; genua Figs. 1-4. Variation in dorsal shield in Speleorodens michigensis. 1. Holotype from Microtus pennsylvanicus; 2. Specimen from Clethrionomys gapperi; 3 and 4. Specimens from C. glareolus. (Figures 3 and 4 redrawn from Fain and Lukoschus (1968).) Scale line is 50 micrometers. 4(5)-4-3-2(3); tibiae 4-2-2-2; tarsi 12-8-7-7. Certain leg setae greatly ex- I panded, especially on femora, genua and tibiae (3 each); other setae similar to body setae or more elongate, especially on tarsi. A single solenidion is i present on tarsi I and II. Two well developed claws present on each pre- ■ tarsus. Accessory pulvillar pads absent. 126 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1 ■ (01 Mole. — Male specimens were not available for study. The male was de- 1 scribed (as P. (S.) clethrionomijs) by Fain and Lukoschus (1968), and differs from the female in the shape of the leg setae which are not expanded. Nymphs. — Nymphal instars are unknown for this species. Larva. — Larvae were not available for study, however, they were de- scribed both by Ford (1962) and by Fain and Lukoschus (1968). The larva f of this species is characterized by a single claw which is angled at 90 degrees present on pretarsus III. Hosts and localities. — Speleorodens michigensis has been reported from i the following hosts, all rodents of the family Cricetidae, subfamily Mi- i crotinae: Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), Ingham County, Michigan, USA ' (Ford, 1962); Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus), Nijmegen, Holland (Fain and ; Lukoschus, 1968); Clethrionomijs glareolus (Schreber), Holland (various , localities) (Fain and Lukoschus, 1968); Clethrionomijs gapperi (Vigors), ( Schuyler County, New York, USA (present study). ■ Intraspecific variation in S. michigensis. — Several characters of syste- ; j matic importance are variable within this species, as indicated by examina- j tion of specimens and published descriptions from different hosts. How- j ever, the variations are not consistent with host differences and probably J only reflect the inherently large genetic variability within the species. ^ ^ Such variability has been noted previously for the Ereynetidae (Fain, 1963) and for other endoparasitic groups of mites (Johnston and Manische- witz, 1973). The specific variations I have noted involve the shape of the ; dorsal shield, the iDosition of seta h and the leg chaetotaxy. In the holotype ij^ specimen of S. michigensis from M. pennsylvanicus, the open area containing i |f the vi setae in the center of the dorsal shield is closed posteriorly by 3 lines > ia (Fig. 1). In the specimen from C. gapperi, the area is closed by a single I > line (Fig. 2). In two specimens from C. glareolus. Fain and Lukoschus I iie (1968) illustrate this area being closed by 2 lines in one specimen (Fig. , ' ' 3) and completely open in another (Fig. 4). In the holotype of S. michigensis, both setae are situated well posterior } to a line drawn through the bases of setae di. In the specimen illustrated ' by Fain and Lukoschus (1968) and in the schematic drawing of S. clethrion- omys by Fain (1970a), the h setae are slightly anterior to the di. In the specimen from C. gapperi, on the other hand, one seta of this pair is j clearly posterior to the di while the other is slightly anterior. The leg chaetotaxy of S. michigensis was not discussed in the original ti description by Ford (1962). Fain and Lukoschus (1968) noted the following i variations within a series of specimens from C. glareolus and M. agrestis: pe coxa I, 2 or 1 seta; femur I, 4 or 5; genu I, 4 or 5; and genu IV, 2 or 3. The Pf holotype of S. rnichigensis and the specimen from C. gapperi show identical leg chaetotaxy and show the following character states: coxa I, 2 setae; VOLUME LXXX\'I, NUMBER 2 127 femur I, 5 setae (3 inflated and 1 uninflated distal setae and 1 small un- inflated proximal seta); femur II, 5 setae in the same pattern as on femur I exeept the inflated setae are not nearly as large; genu I, 4; and genu IV, 2. Fain (1970b) recognized 9 genus-group taxa within the mammal- associated Speleognathinae. Domrow (1975), on the other hand, recog- nized only 3: Speleognathus, 1 species from Artiodactyla (Bovidae); Para- speleognathopsis (including Speleomys and Speleorodens), 11 species from 3 orders of small mammals; and N eospeleognathopsis (including Speleomijotis, Speleochir, Neospeleochir, and Hipposideroptes), 8 species from Chiroptera. The characters which have been used to delimit these taxa , are the presence or absence of eyes, the form of the idiosomal and leg setae, I the degree of reduction of palpal segmentation and the structure of the . pretarsus. Based upon the relative values placed upon these morphological char- i acteristics in the taxa involved, I find the system of Fain (1970b) preferable ' to that of Domrow (1975). The validity of these characters in defining ' taxa of various ranks is established in other prostigmatid taxa and in I unrelated but ecologically similar endoparasitic groups. The characters i are not as Domrow (1975) stated merely “an arbitrary selection from the ' range of characters useful as species-group level.” (His emphases.) Further- more, species subsequently described from bats (Fain and Lukoschus, 1971) but not mentioned by Domrow (1975) are easily accommodated within ' the more limited generic-level groups of Fain and do not show intennediate 1 characteristics. In fact, the characters used by Fain in delimiting taxa at I the subgeneric level in one group (bat parasites) appear to be valid at the generic level when applied to other groups (rodent parasites). It is j probable that all the genus-group taxa of Fain represent valid genera which i will in time be shown to be diverse. In this regard, I recognize the follow- ing genera among the bat-associated speleognathines: Hipposideroptes, \N eospeleognathopsis, Speleochir, Speleomijotis and Neospeleochir, the latter ! two having been regarded as subgenera by Fain (1970b). On the other hand, the three groups recognized by Domrow (1975) at the generic level probably represent monophyletic evolutionary lines. Finally, of all the described species, only Paraspeleognathopsis exul I Domrow, 1975, from the Australian marsupial Antechinus stuartii, requires revision in systematic placement in order to be accommodated in the system lof Fain (1970b). I consider this species to be the most primitive known species among the group parasitizing small terrestrial mammals {Para- \speleognathopsis s.l. of Domrow). It displays the most plesiomorphic ; character states, namely, 3-segmented palpi, least reduced leg chaetotaxy Discussion genu IV) and least reduction of genital setae. Apomorphic char- 128 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY acter states such as the loss of 1 pair of hypostomal setae, loss of 1 or 2 setae on genu IV and elongation of the dorsal shield as in the bat-associated genera indicate the distant relationship of this species to others. Within the taxonomic system of Fain, this combination of characters requires the , erection of the following new genus. Domroicnetes NEW GENUS Speleognathine mites with 3 free palpal segments; 1 pair of hypostomal setae; 12 setae present on tarsus I, 5 pairs of genital setae. Dorsal shield elongate with few open cells. Idiosomal and leg setae barbed (Type B) without terminal flagellum. Pretarsi without accessory pulvillar pads. ^ Type species: Parospeleognathopsis exiil Domrow 1975 by monotypy. Derivation: This genus is named for Dr. Robert Domrow in recognition! of his contributions to the knowledge of respiratory parasites of vertebrates. |j The name is formed by contracting the name Domrow with Ereynetes, thei. most primitive genus in the family, and is masculine in gender. jj The following key to the speleognathine genera associated with mammals | is modified from that of Eain (1970b). Keys to mammal-associated species i are given in Eain (1970b) and Fain and Lukoschus (1971). Key to Genera of Speleognathinae Associated with Mammals S ; 1. Idiosomal and leg setae barbed (Type B) 2! - Some idiosomal or leg setae striate (Type S) or simple 5! 2. Palp with 3 free segments; 1 pair of hypostomal setae 3j - Palp with 1 or 2 free segments; 2 pairs of hypostomal setae; as- i sociates of Rodentia and Primates 4| 3. Tarsus I with 12 setae; 5 pairs of genital setae; dorsal shield elongate with few small cells; associates of Marsupialia j Dornrownetes n. gen.i - Tarsus 1 with 10 setae; 3 pairs of genital setae; dorsal shield ex- 1 panded posteriorly with many larger cells; associates of Rodentia [ Speleornys Fain, 1970 4. Palp with 1 free segment; dorsal shield without open central area bearing setae vi Paraspeleognathopsis Fain, 1958 - Palp with 2 free segments; dorsal shield with setae vi situated in | open central area Speleorodens Fain, 1962 ;i 5. Eyes present; associates of Artiodactyla | Speleognathus Womersley, 1936 j,, - Eyes absent; associates of Ghiroptera 6 6. Pretarsi with accessory pulvillar pads 7 j - Pretarsi without accessory pidvillar pads HipposicJeroptes Fain, 1970 7. Accessoiy pulvillar pads small, median; setae vi present 8 ^ VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 2 129 - Accessory pulvillar pads large, striate, laterally positioned; setae vi absent 9 8. Palp with 3 free segments; 2 pairs of hypostomal setae; setae ?r> present; 7 pairs of genital setae Speleomyotis Fain, 1962 - Palp with 2 free segments; 1 pair of hypostomal setae; setae h absent; 3-5 pairs of genital setae Neospeleognathopsis Fain, 1958 9. Palp with 2 free segments; sensillae not expanded Speleochir Fain, 1966 - Palp with 1 free segment; sensillae expanded Neospeleochir Fain, 1970 Acknowledgments 1 thank Mr. R. L. Smiley, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, for the loan of the type specimen of S. michigensis. 1 also thank Mr. Robert Stehn, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, for assistance in collecting small mammal hosts, and Dr. George Eickwort, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, for his com- ments on the manuscript. Literature Cited j Domrow, R. 1975. A new species of Paraspeleognathopsis Fain (Acari; Ereynetidae) from an Australian dasyurid marsupial. J. Austral. Ent. Soc. 14:97-99. i Drummond, R. O., and J. E. Medley. 1964. Occurrence of Speleognathus australis Womersley (Acarina: Speleognathidae) in the nasal passages of bison. J. Parasit. 50:655. Fain, A. 1963. Chaetotaxie et classification des Speleognathinae (Acarina: Trom- bidifonnes). Bull. Inst. r. Sci. Nat. Belg. 39(9): 1-80. ' . 1970a. Nomenclature des polls idiosomaux et description de trois especes nouvelles dans la famille Ereynetidae (Trombidiformes). Acarologla 12:313- 325. . 1970b. Notes sur les Speleognathines parasites nasicoles des mammiferes. (Ereynetidae: Trombidiformes). Acarologia 12:509-521. Fain, A., and F. S. Lukoschus. 1968. Note sur deux acariens parasites nasicoles de murides (Ereynetidae: Trombidiformes). Bull. Ann. Soc. r. Ent. Belg. 104: I 85-90. I . 1971. Parasitic mites of Surinam XV. Nasal Ereynetid mites of bats with ' a key of the known species. (Trombidiformes). Bull. Ann. Soc. r. Ent. Belg. 107:284-297. Ford, H. G. 1962. Speleognathopsis michigensis (Acarina: Speleognathidae) a new species of nasal mite from the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsijlvanicus (Ord). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 81:104-105. ; Johnston, D. E., and J. R. Manischewitz. 1973. Observations on the tarsal chaetotaxy I in parasitic Gamasina (Acari). J. Parasit. 59:183—186. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Received for publication 26 June 1977. f ^ "’M M rf^ . ■•.:■ *r- ^ ' • ■' ^ iilim^vSm S -^- 'Cii't t M :; ?- ^rr*^r t *uu I I < $ •«r ! V -5=-*%*.. # - -^. 'fc f ■- - "-uiijil 1^ ■i isaa»rti^nt L. M'.i>|<> '< ..»c* Wi »:- ’ .-<441 ^ . ■ - ■ ■ ; v> . -< ■ ^ .. ■-* * ^ ‘ . A < . 1^ Jf .*2i9: *“'■ ‘/r". r;ii'! - *^ » / ? ' .t *1 ■ • 4^- ■ ■■^- '”1^' ,«■ I*'. '2: • • d»* j •• ' i>' . -.'^4' *.-.‘>Vi JSi -*W fWiWM * • ^ --: V oJrtii •* if.. V ■■'.,• ••^’ ii--^ .iM ,r>4:' i,.-S) '■^- ■• ' . .***fl^Mi* *'■: ’'mU. J0aa> U* »1 ^ Ip' S9 .. - _ . , « lA'.- It'/ ■} ‘ . .,..A' •( ./ h 'ii J# M IVI hi^ ’ w< *•% >■> jn2 iMuHfj Ai : 4 iw ‘'.i V . VJ I ^ . . <1^ ^HT‘jitfiH^Hi^CA«iitt'* Journal of the New York Entomological Society VOLUME LXXXVI SEPTEMBER 1978 NO. 3 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor Dr. Karl Maramorosch Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick. New Jersey 08903 Associate Editors Dr. Lois J. Keller, RSM Dr. Herbert T. Streu Publication Committee Dr. Randall T. Schuh American Museum of Natural History Dr. Daniel Sullivan Fordham University Dr. Felix J. Bocchino The College of Mt. Saint Vincent CONTENTS Foraging trails of leaf-cutting ants. Harold G. Fowler 132-136 Mirid fauna associated with old-field goldenrods (Solidago: Compositae) in Ithaca, N.Y. Frank J. Messina 137-143 Seasonal succession and diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Factory Brook, Massachusetts Richard J. Neves 144-152 Defensive behavior against tertiary parasitism by the larva of Dendrocerus carpen- teri an aphid hyperparasitoid Alfred W. Bennett and Daniel J. Sullivan, S. J. 153-160 A revision of the genus Mormidea (Hemiptera; Pentatomidae) L. H. Rolston 161-219 Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), a winter host reser- voir for parasitic insects in southwestern Pennsylvania John D. Plakidas 220-223 Revision of the genus Loxa (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Joseph E. Eger 11 224-259 Ascidae associated with the nasal cavities of Mexican birds (Acarina: Mesostig-) mata) K. E. Hyland, A. Fain and A. S. Moorhouse 260-267 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVIO), 1978, pp. 132-136 FORAGING TRAILS OF LEAF-CUTTING ANTS Harold G. Fowler Abstract. — Fowler, Harold G., Department of Entomology & Economic Zoology, Rutgers — The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 80903 U.S.A. — Leaf-cutters construct and maintain well defined foraging trails, which can be easily quantified. To examine the relationship between ant activity and trail measurements, colonies of eight species of Atta and Acrotnynnex were examined. A significant correlation was found between leaf inputs per day and colony trail measurements (trail development). Also, the number of ants returning unladen was also correlated with the degree of trail development. Unladen ants have been postulated to comprise the trail maintenance force. However, no correlation was found between trail development and the proportion of ants returning unladen. This suggests that no predictions can be formulated concerning the proportion of foragers that must be diverted to trail maintenance. Received for publication March 29, 1978. Introduction The Gardening Ants (tribe Attini) are among the dominant invertebrates of the Neotropics (Wheeler 1907). The higher attine genera Atta and Ac- romyrmex comprise the true leaf-cutting ants, harvesting vegetation to use as substrate in the cultivation of fungus. All species of A//a and many spe- cies of Acromyrmex construct and maintain conspicuous foraging trails, over which harvested vegetation is transported to the nest. Other species of Acromyrmex and the lesser genera of attines exhibit a much smaller degree of trail construction. Apparently all members of the Attini employ trail pheromones (Robinson et al. 1974) to recruit workers to suitable re- source patches. Carroll and Janzen ( 1973) postulated that physically defined foraging trails would be expected for ants exploiting predictable resources, while pheromone trails would be employed to exploit low permanence re- sources. However, the integration of physical and chemical trails in the foraging strategies of leaf-cutting ants has not been eludicated. The colony cost of foraging trail maintenance has been treated by Lugo et al. (1973) in a study of the energetics of an A/?« colombica colony. These authors hypothesized that the trail maintenance force consisted of those ants which return to the nest unladen, and they further hypothesized that the size of the nest maintenance force ultimately determines colony size. Species characterized by a reduced or non-existant foraging trail system VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 133 were ignored by these authors. This report addresses this omission by test- ing an extension of the hypothesis of Lugo et al.: if those ants returning unladen constitute the trail maintenance force, the number of returning un- laden workers should increase with increasing foraging trail development. This report also addresses an implicit assumption of the hypothesis by Car- roll and Janzen (1973) that a high degree of physical trail development in- dicates a high predictability of resources and consequently should provide for a high input of resources into the colony, while the opposite should be expected for those species employing a reduced degree of trail development. Methods Field observations were conducted in a mixed hardwood forest near Asuncion, Paraguay, and in a Copernica sp. palm savanna in the lower Chaco, 40 km west of Asuncion, in January 1975. Mature colonies of leaf- cutting ants examined were two each of Acromyrmex rugosus rugosus, Ac- roniyrmex landolti fracticornis, and Acromyrmex lundi puhescens, and one each of Alt a sexdens rubropilosa, Atta vollenweideri, Acromyrmex crassis- piniis, Acromyrmex laticeps and Acromyrmex heyeri. The degree of trail development by each colony studied was quantified by measuring the length of all discernible physical trails (m), multiplying this value by the mean trail width (m), and then dividing by 100 to provide a Trail index.’ Mean trail width was calculated separately for each trail from measurements taken at 10 equidistant points along the trail from proximal to distal ends. Foraging was monitored by hourly counts of the number of laden and unladen ants returning to the colony per 3 minutes. Census periods ranged from 24 to 240 hr. Due to rhythmic foraging cycles exhibited by the ants, foraging was monitored throughout the day. A Trail maintenance ratio' was calculated using the index of Lugo et al. ( 1973), which is the ratio of unladen to laden ants. Results and Discussion With the exception of A. lundi puhescens, species of Atta exhibited a greater degree of trail development than species of Acromyrmex (Table 1). Moreover, a significant correlation was found between trail development (trail index) and the input of substrate into the nest (number of incoming laden/day) (r = 0.940, P < 0.01), clearly suggesting the adaptive value of foraging trail development in resource exploitation. If trails develop in re- sponse to large or extremely profitable resource patches (Carroll and Janzen 1973), then trail development would allow for the exploitation of distant, predictable patches, and permit the ants to conservatively manage the re- sources within the foraging territory of the colony (Cherrett 1968; Rockwood 1976). At the other end of the scale, A. rugosus rugosus, which forages on 134 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table I. Physical trail development and ‘maintenance’ indices of some mature, healthy colonies of Paraguayan leaf-cutting ants. Species Hours observed No. of trails Trail index® Incoming ants/day'’ laden unladen ‘Mainte- nance’ index' Atta sexdens 240 9 15.295 62,840 49,978 0.795 voUenweideri 24 14 9.450 27,552 11,418 0.414 Acromynnex crassispinus 240 3 0.980 1,735 4,107 2.367 heyeri 24 4 0.780 3,228 2,089 0.647 laticeps 240 1 0.744 213 38 0.178 landolti 240 1 0.045 157 75 0.478 240 1 0.060 151 101 0.669 lundi 24 5 2.950 4,673 3,342 0.715 24 4 4.025 3,312 2,199 0.664 rugosus 240 1 0.092 58 18 0.310 240 1 0.176 93 32 0.344 “ Trail index = *’ From hourly total length of trails 3 min counts. To X mean trail width/100, obtain an estimate of the total incoming number of ants/day, multiply these figures by 20. ' Maintenance index = ratio of unladen to laden ants, after Lugo et al. (1973). leaf and flower fall (unpublished), possesses only short trunk trails to direct foragers toward likely sites, much as in Pogonomyrmex spp. (Holldobler 1976). Likewise, A. landolti fracticornis, a grass cutter, does not construct extensive foraging trails, but rather utilizes the discontinuities of the clonal growth pattern of the grass to reach cutting sites. The construction and maintenance of foraging trails would present the colony with an added contingency to be met in order to maximize fitness (Wilson 1968). To examine trail maintenance further, an examination of Table 1 reveals a strong correlation between the number of ants returning unladen and the trail index (/■ = 0.918, P < 0.01). However, do the propor- tion of ants returning unladen constitute the trail maintenance force?, and if so, should we expect that as trail development increases the proportion of workers diverted to maintenance should also increase? This was dis- proven by a weak correlation {r = 0.004) between the trail index and the maintenance index. Thus, we may assume that the total number of ants that might be diverted to trail maintenance increases linearly with trail devel- opment, but the proportion available for maintenance does not. Although these results are based on one or two colonies per species, the results indicate that there is a linear relationship between trail development and ant activity, even across generic lines. Obviously, the proportion of VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 135 ants returning unladen cannot be used as a gauge of trail maintenance. It is possible that to maximize input of energy into the nest, there may be an optimum ratio of maintenance workers to foraging workers. Likewise, there is probably a maximum distance after which it is energetically too costly to forage, due to maintenance and travel time, and thus might explain the linear relationships found here. Exactly why so many ants return unladen is un- clear, but it is improbable that all of these comprise the trail maintenance force. Littledyke and Cherrett (1976) have shown that workers of Atta ceph- alotes and Acromynnex octospinosus directly imbibe plant sap, and a large portion of the ants returning unladen to the nest may be transporting plant sap. Also, as older workers tend to do the foraging in many species of ants (Rosengren 1971), a portion of those ants seen unladen on the trail may be young foragers just learning their way around the colony's foraging territory. During this study, maintenance indices on the order reported by Lugo et al. (1973) were not observed, but it may be that tropical species must divert more workers into ‘maintenance' than their subtropical counterparts. Acknowledgments This work was conducted while I was employed at the Instituto de Cien- cias Basicas, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion. Support was supplied in part by the Instituto de Ciencias Basicas, the Paraguayan Ministry of Ag- riculture, U.S. Peace Corps/Paraguay, UNESCO, the British Ministry of Overseas Development, and the New Jersey Experiment Station. Literature Cited Carroll, C. R., and D. H. Janzen. 1973. Ecology of foraging by ants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:231-257. Cherrett, J. M. 1968. The foraging behavior of Arta c L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 1. Foraging patterns and plant species attacked in tropical rain forests. J. Anim. Ecol. 37:397^03. Holldobler. B. 1976. Recruitment behavior, home range orientation and territorality in har- vester ants, f’ogonomvwieA'. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1:3^4. Littledyke, M., and J. M. Cherrett. 1976. Direct ingestion of plant sap from leaves cut by the leaf-cutting ants Atta cephalotes (L.) and Acromynnex octospinosus (Reich) (Formici- dae: Attini). Bull. ent. Res. 66:205-217. Lugo, A. E., E. G. Farnsworth, D. G. Pool, P. Jerez, and G. Kaufman. 1973. The impact of the leaf-cutter ant Atta colomhica on the energy flow of a tropical rain forest. Ecology 54:1292-1306. Robinson, S. W., J. C. Moser, M. S. Blum, and E. Amante. 1974. Laboratory investigations on the trail-following responses of four species of leaf cutting ants with notes on the specificity of trail pheromone of Atta texana (Buckley) Insectes Soc. 21:87-94. Rockwood, L. L. 1976. Plant selection and foraging patterns in two species of leaf-cutting ants {Atta). Ecology 57:48-61. 136 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Rosengren, R. 1971. Route fidelity, visual memory and recruitment behavior in foraging wood ants of the genus Formica. Acta. Zool. Fennica 133:1-106. Wheeler. W. M. 1907. The fungus-growing ants of North America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23:669-807. Wilson. E. O. 1968. The ergonomics of caste in the social insects. Am. Natur. 102:41-66. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVU3), 1978, pp. 137-143 MIRID FAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH OLD-FIELD GOLDENRODS (SOLIDAGO: COMPOSITAE) IN ITHACA, N.Y. Erank J. Messina Abstract. — Messina, Erank J., Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cor- nell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853. — The mirid fauna associated with old- field goldenrods (Solidago spp.) was sampled from May 10 to October 25, 1977 in Ithaca, N.Y. Twenty-three species belonging to 16 genera were recorded; 97% of all individuals (1,099) belong to 6 genera {Lygus, Slater- ocoris, Lopidea, Plagiognathus, Adelphocoris and Polymerus). The tar- nished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, was the most common species. The dominant mirids can be divided into 2 fairly distinct guilds, Lygus lineolaris, 2 Plagiognathus spp. and Adelphocoris rapidus feeding primarily on gol- denrod flowers, and 3 Slaterocoris spp., Lopidea media and Polymerus venaticus feeding on the immature foliage. The phenological pattern exhib- ited by these species can be broadly explained by this difference in resource utilization. Observations on the biology of certain species are presented. Received for publication Eebruary 20, 1978. Introduction The genus Solidago contains over 100 species in North America (Fernald 1950). Recent studies have been directed toward the niche relationships of co-occurring species (Abrahamson and Gadgil, 1973; Werner and Platt, 1976), but little is known about the phytophagous insect loads of Solidago spp. This paper, as part of a larger study examining certain herbivores of old-field goldenrods, describes the mirid fauna found on Solidago spp. in Ithaca, N.Y. The mirid faunas associated with several host plants have been described (e.g. Waloff and Southwood 1960, Dempster 1964, Wheeler 1974). Reid et al. (1976) collected 46 species of Miridae in sweep samples of Solidago canadensis at 4 sites in southeastern Ontario. Only 7 “resident” species, however, accounted for 90% of all individuals sampled; these species oc- curred in a “rigid phenological order” with little temporal overlap among the dominants. An example of geographic variation in the goldenrod-mirid association is presented here; results from the two locations can be com- pared in terms of species composition, abundance, and seasonality. Description of the Study Site. The area sampled is an abandoned hay field 138 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY on the Whipple Farm near Ithaca, N.Y. The field is rectangular (70 m x 150 m), bordered on the east and west by tree hedgerows, on the north by a field of dense shrubs (predominantly Viburnum sp.), and on the south by a paved road. Recently it has been mowed on a 3-year cycle. The entire field is strongly dominated by Solidago spp., which form a near monocul- ture. Solidago density and species composition was estimated by taking a random series of 20 0.25 m^ quadrats. The mean density of goldenrod stems was 65 stems/m^; the relative abundance was 64% S. altissima, 11% S. rugosa, 9% S. graminifolia and 3% S. gigantea. S.juncea was present but occurred in an overall density of less than 1%. The remainder of the vege- tation consisted of grasses and sparsely distributed forbs including Aster spp., Erigeron spp., Hieracium spp., Daucus carota, Plantago sp. and D/p- sacus sylvestris. Materials and Methods Sweep samples were taken at approximately weekly intervals from 10 May to 23 October 1977. Fifty sweeps were taken along 4 permanent tran- sects on each sampling day (200 sw/day). The transects were chosen to represent all major portions of the field; 2 of the transects were located in N-S direction and 2 ran E-W. Sweeps were made with a 43 cm diameter net along the tops of the goldenrod stands. Once the plants were in bloom the sweeps were made just below the panicles. Samples at each transect were placed in a 3.8 1 jar with a small amount of chloroform. Samples were sorted in the laboratory and stored in 70% alcohol. Mirid specimens were identified to species except for 2 groups which were identified to genus. Selected specimens of these 2 genera were later identified to species. Vouch- er specimens of the dominant mirid species were placed in the Cornell Uni- versity Collection under Lot. No. 1068. Results and Discussion A total of 1,099 individuals representing 23 species (Table 1) of mirids were taken in sweep samples. This total was divided rather evenly among the 4 transects (SSI = 227, SS2= 288, SS3 = 259, SS4 = 275), suggesting that mirid abundance was similar in each portion of the field. Most of the species discovered were relatively rare, and many are probably not asso- ciated with goldenrods during any part of their life cycles. Of all mirids collected, 97% belong to six genera: Lygus, Slaterocoris, Lopidea, Plo- giognathus, Adelphocoris and Polymerus. These mirids were observed on all goldenrod species, but were rarely found on the foliage of 5. graminifolia. Biological notes on the dominant species follow. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the tarnished plant bug, was the most common species. This mirid is a well-known economic pest and feeds VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 139 Table 1. Species of Miridae collected from sweep samples in an old field from 10 May to 23 October 1977. Nymphs of Slaterocoris and Lopidea were recorded separately. Species No. of Individuals Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) 176 Slaterocoris Wagner S. breviatus (Knight) 144 S. atritibialis (Knight) 109 S. stygicus (Say) 77 Slaterocoris nymphs 100 * Lopidea Uhler (Adults) 132 Lopidea nymphs 59 L. media (Say) L. marginalis (Reuter) L. heidemanni Knight * Plagiognathus Fieber 111 P. cuneatus Knight P. politus Uhler Adlephocoris rapidus (Say) 86 Polymerus venaticus (Uhler) 52 Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) 14 Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff) 8 Leptoterna dolobratus (F.) 6 Prepops nigricollis (Reuter) 6 Capsus ater (L.) 4 Megalocerea recticornis (Geoffroy) 4 Orthocephalus coriaceus (F.) 3 Phytocoris sp. 2 Horcias dislocatus (Say) 2 Collaris meilleurii Provancher 2 Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.) 1 Stenotus binotatus (F.) L TOTAL 1,099 * Individuals of these genera (except for specimens of Plagiognathus chrysanthemi) were not determined to species for each sample. Subsequent determinations indicated the species listed here under the generic name. See text for further discussion. on many different plant species (Taksdal 1963, Kelton 1975). Unlike the other common mirids, this species overwinters as an adult and 3 full gen- erations occur in Ithaca (see also Ridgway and Gyrisco 1960, Wheeler 1974). Adults were found flying in Ithaca as early as 10 March 1977 and individuals of this species persisted beyond the last sampling date on 23 October 1977. This species was most abundant in the old field from mid-August until late September (Fig. 1). The peak in abundance corresponded with the apparent availability of composite flowers. Tarnished plant bugs were observed in 140 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Nymphs of Slaterocoris and Lapidea were recorded separately. July on the earlier blossoms of Erigeron and were subsequently common on Soiulago spp. and Aster spp. Doubtless more specimens would have been collected if sweeps had been made through the Solidago inflorescences where the bugs were most often found. Large numbers of nymphs may be collected by shaking goldenrod panicles in alcohol (up to 30/panicle, un- published data), suggesting that females commonly oviposit on or near the fall flowers. The phenological pattern is similar to that found by Reid et al. ( 1976), where large numbers of individuals seem to disperse onto goldenrod plants upon flowering. These results support their statement that attempts to control this bug may be thwarted by continual replenishing ofL. Hneolaris populations on non-crop plants such as the ubiquitous goldenrods. Lygiis vanduzeei (Knight), which is listed as being restricted to or pri- marily feeding on goldenrod (Knight 1941, Kelton 1975), was not sampled in the study area. Yet this species, a “resident" component of the fauna (Reid et al. 1976), was fairly abundant in a similar old field located less than 400 m from the study site (the 2 fields are separated by an area of dense shrubs). At that site as many as 40 individuals were collected in 200 sweeps. Such spotty distribution was also noted for the nymphs by Reid et al. (1976) and contrasts sharply with the more even distribution of the tarnished plant VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 141 bug. Observations suggest that the patchy distribution ofL. vandiizeei could result from a relatively low dispersal tendency or more restricted overwin- tering sites. The 3 species of Slciterocoris recorded from the study area are all known to feed primarily on goldenrod (Leonard 1919, Knight 1941, Reid et al. 1976). Nymphs of the genus show a somewhat bimodal distribution (Fig. 1) which corresponds to the abundance of the adults. S. breviatus (Knight) was the most common adult, followed in order of abundance by S. atriti- hialis (Knight) and S. stygicus (Say). This order was also found by Reid et al. (1976) but in Canada S. breviatus was relatively more common; it was 25 X as abundant as S. atritibialis, and S. stygicus was virtually absent. In Ithaca the differences in abundance were not very large (Table 1) and more significantly, the phenology of 5. stygicus overlapped considerably with S. breviatus (Fig. 1). On 2 occasions, individuals ofS. atritibialis on laboratory plants were found feeding on the eggs of a goldenrod chrysomelid, Oph- raella sexvittata (Leconte). This is apparently the first report of predation by this genus. “Facultative predation” has been recorded in the field and laboratory for several “phytophagous mirids” (Wheeler 1974, 1976) and may be an important component of their feeding niche. Lopidea spp. were common but individuals could not be determined to species for each sample. Subsequent determination indicated that individ- uals sampled before 27 July (and thus the majority of specimens collected. Fig. 1), are Lopidea media (Say). These bugs are known to feed on Solidago rugosa (Knight 1941) and were observed on other goldenrods. This species was apparently absent from the 4 sites sampled by Reid et al. (1976). Two other Lopidea spp. were found in August and September, L. marginalis Reuter and L. heidemanni Knight. These are listed as feeding on non-gol- denrods (Knight 1941, Wheeler 1974) and were rare. Nymphs of this genus (Fig. 1) were collected early in the season and were probably L. media. Except for the dx^ixncixvQ Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff), which was rare, specimens of Plagiognathus were determined only to genus on each sampling date. Later determinations made on a subsample of the collection revealed that approximately 85% of the individuals were P. cuneatus Knight, with the remaining specimens belonging to P. politus Uhler. P. cuneatus was collected from late June to September and is apparently bi- voltine in Ithaca (Fig. 1). It was observed almost exclusively on the com- posite flowers with the first generation predominantly on Erigeron spp. and the second on Solidago spp. arxd Aster spp. P. politus was also found in late June and exhibits a similar seasonal abundance in Ithaca (Wheeler 1974). Neither species was reported to have 2 full generations in southeastern Ontario (Reid et al. 1976) where P. cuneatus was also the more abundant species. The rapid plant bug, Adelphocoris rapidus (Say), was present throughout 142 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY the season (Fig. 1), but was most numerous in August and September. This species feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants and was found most often on the goldenrod flowers. Nymphs were rarely sampled by the sweep meth- od. Polymems venaticus (Uhler) was present in relatively low numbers from early June until late August. This bug is known to feed on goldenrod (Knight 1941, Reid et al. 1976) and was found on the unfolding leaves at the tops of the plants. It is apparently univoltine in Ithaca. The actual phenological order of the common mirids in this study is similar to that found by Reid et al. ( 1976). 5. atritihialis adults appear first followed by P. venaticus, S. stygicus, S. hreviatus, P. politus, P. cuneatus and L. lineolaris. L. vanduzeei and L. media were not found at both study sites and, interestingly, they occupy the same phenological position (with a peak abundance between those of P. venaticus and 5. hreviatus). There is, how- ever, considerable overlap among the seasonal abundances of the species in Ithaca, unlike the general condition reported by Reid et al. (1976). The example of 5. hreviatus and S. stygicus has been previously mentioned. Other instances of substantial overlap in adult populations would include the appearances of L. lineolaris, A. rapidus and P. cuneatus (Fig. 1). Reid et al. (1976) suggest some sort of “diffuse competition” (not food compe- tition, because goldenrod resources do not appear limiting) to explain the degree of overlap and the predictable phenological order. While this concept is worth considering, it would be misleading to interpret the broad pheno- logical pattern without reference to the particular resource the species uti- lize. Adults of L. lineolaris, Plagiognathus spp., and A. rapidus seem to feed primarily in the inflorescences of goldenrod and other late-blooming composites. The competition regime among these species, resource based or not, should be considered separately from the regime faced by mirids that feed on vegetative tissue (P. venaticus, Slaterocoris spp., and L. me- dia). It would then be more useful to attempt to explain the phenological pattern within one of these resource guilds, given the constraints of the seasonal appearance of the resource. Acknowledgments I thank R. B. Root for comments on the manuscript, A. G. Wheeler, Jr., for advice regarding mirids, and T. J. Henry for identifying specimens of Lopidea and Plagiognathus. This work was supported in part by NSF Grant No. DEB 77-25120 to R. B. Root. Literature Cited Abrahamson, W. G. and M. Gadgil. 1973. Growth form and reproductive effort in goldenrods (Solidago. Compositae). Amer. Natur. 107:651-661. Dempster. J. P. 1964. The feeding habits of the Miridae living on broom (Sarothamnus sco- parius (L.) Wimm.). Ent. exp. appl. 7:149-154. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 143 Fernald, M. L. 1950. "Gray's Manual of Botany." 8th ed. American Book Company, N.Y. Kelton, L. A. 1975. The lygus bugs (genus Lygus Hahn) of North America (Heteroptera: Miridae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 95:1-101. Knight. H. H. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Bull. 111. St. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 22. 234 pp. Leonard, M. D. 1919. The immature stages of the goldenrod leaf-bug. Stroiif^ylocoris stygica Say (Miridae, Heterop). Can. Ent. 51:178-180. Reid. D. G.. C. C. Loan, and R. Harmsen. 1976. The mirid (Hemiptera) fauna of Solidago canadensis (Asteracea) in South-eastern Ontario. Can. Ent. 108:561-567. Ridgway, R. L. and G. G. Gyrisco. I960. Studies on the biology of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. J. Econ. Ent. 53:1063-1065. Taksdal, G. 1963. Ecology of plant resistance to the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56:69-74. Waloff, N. and T. R. E. Southwood. I960. The immature stages of mirids (Heteroptera) occurring on broom (Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) (Wimmer) with some remarks on their biology. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35:39-46. Werner, P. A. and W. J. Platt. 1976. Ecological relationships of co-occurring goldenrods (Solidago: Compositae). Amer. Natur. 110:959-971. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. 1974. Studies on the arthropod fauna of alfalfa. VI. Plant bugs (Miridae). Can. Ent. 100:1267-1275. . 1976. Lygus bugs as facultative predators. In Scott, D. R. and L. E. O'Keeffe [eds.], Lygus Bug: Host-Plant Interactions. Univ. Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK3), 1978, pp. 144-152 SEASONAL SUCCESSION AND DIVERSITY OF STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) IN FACTORY BROOK, MASSACHUSETTS* Richard J. Neves Abstract. — Neves, Richard J., Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Re- search Unit, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003. Present address of author: Virginia Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. — The species composi- tion and flight periods of Plecoptera along a woodland stream in Massachu- setts was studied by 3 yr of nymphal and adult sampling. Twenty-two genera and 45 species emerged between mid-February and early September. Most species were collected in May and June at stream temperatures between 8-15 C. A comparison with other stonefly surveys indicated a diversity gra- dient for Plecoptera in North America. Received for publication December 5, 1977. Introduction During initial productivity studies in a Massachusetts woodland stream, stoneflies exhibited considerable diversity in the benthic community and constituted a major component of the invertebrate trophic structure. A lit- erature review revealed extensive taxonomic studies on the Plecoptera of New England but little ecological data on the diversity and seasonal pro- gression of species from one stream. Stonefly surveys on specific streams have been published for several regions of the U.S. (Knight and Gaufin 1966; Sheldon and Jewett 1967; Hilsenhoff et al. 1972; White 1974; Ellis 1975; Kerst and Anderson 1975) but not for the Northeast. This paper sum- marizes 3 yr of nymphal and adult stonefly collections along Factory Brook and presents the species composition and appearance of adults throughout the year. Study Area Factory Brook (lat. 42°20'64"N, long. 73°00'95"W) is a 13 km tributary of the West Branch, Westfield River in Hampshire County, western Massa- chusetts. The stream drains 2,204 ha and has a gradient of 18.6 m/km. Base flow during late summer averages 0.004 m^s; mean annual precipitation for the region is 1 14 cm/yr. Soil composition is shallow glacial tills underlaid by gneiss bedrock. Land use in the drainage basin is as follows; woodland 90%, cropland and pasture 8%, wetland 1%, and urban land 1% (MacConnell 1975). The woodland is a typical mixed northern hardwood and eastern VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 145 hemlock forest providing a canopy over most of the stream. Fish species composition is typical of trout streams in the Northeast (Enoch 1976). Stream sediments are predominantly coarse particle sizes ranging from pebbles to boulders; bedrock outcrops occur at intervals downstream. The stream does not freeze over in winter, although ice shelves nearly cover pools and slow riffles; frazil ice is common in February. Mid-monthly phys- ico-chemical analyses of water parameters during 1974 yielded the following ranges; temperature (0-19.5 C), discharge (0.004-2.6 m^/s), dissolved oxy- gen (9-12 mg/1), total hardness (14-24 mg/1), and pH (6. 5-7. 5). Materials and Methods Stonefly nymphs and adults were collected along accessible sections of Factory Brook from September 1973 to June 1976. I captured adults by aerial net, aspirator, forceps, and blacklight insect-trap. Examination of bridge abutments, railings, and snow crests during winter and spring, and tri-weekly sweepnet collections in riparian vegetation from May to Septem- ber, 1974 and 1975 proved effective for most species. Weekly blacklighting for 1 h after dusk was conducted from May to September 1975. Emerging nymphs were captured by spreading Stikem Special (Michel and Pelton Co., Emeryville, Calif.), a non-drying adhesive, above the water- line on two bridges over the stream. I reared last instar nymphs in screen cages in the stream and laboratory. Monthly benthic samples obtained by Surber sampler, D-frame net, or periodic sets of rectangular drift nets (30 x 45 cm) were sorted and identified to supplement adult collection records. Water temperature was monitored for two consecutive years with a Ryan Model D-30 recording thermometer. All insects were preserved in 70% isopropanol. Species identifications were based on the keys of Frison (1935, 1942), Ricker (1952), Hitchcock (1974), Baumann (1975), Ricker and Ross (1975), and Stark and Gaufin (1976); nomenclature followed lilies (1966) and Zwick (1973). Results The stonefly fauna of Factory Brook totaled 45 species and included nine families and 22 genera (Table 1); nymphs for 17 of these genera (77%) were 1 collected in benthic samples. Two species, Perlinella drymo and Ainphi- I nemiira wui, were taken only as nymphs. I captured nearly 5,000 adults and I j many more immatures during this survey, but collections of some females i ' and nymphs could not be identified to species. Six species were represented I by single male specimens, Ostrocerca truncata, O. complexa, O. alhidipen- ' nis, Prostoia sinulis, Isoperla clio, and Perlesta placida. Perlids and per- 1 lodids were occasionally taken by light-trap, while other families were rarely attracted to the blacklight. 1 collected most perlids and Allonarcys biloha 146 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table 1. Checklist of Plecoptera collected along Eactory Brook, September 1973 to June 1976. Pteronarcidae Allonarcys hilobci (Newman) Peltoperlidae Peltoperla maria Needham & Smith Taeniopterygidae TaenUmema atlanticum Ricker & Ross Oemopteryx contorta (Needham & Claassen) Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet) Leuctridae Leuctra ferruginea (Walker) Leuctra grandis Banks Leuctra sihleyi Claassen Leuctra tenella Provancher Leuctra tenuis (Pictet) Paraleuctra sara (Claassen) Capniidae Allocapnia maria Hanson Atlocapnia minima (Newport) Allocapnia nivicoia (Pitch) Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister) Paracapnia angulata Hanson Nemouridae * Amphinemura wui (Claassen) Ostrocerca alhidipennis (Walker) Ostrocerca complexa (Claassen) Ostrocerca truncata (Claassen) Prostoia completa (Walker) Prostoia similis (Hagen) Chloroperlidae Alloperla atlantica Baumann Alloperla caudata Prison Alloperla chloris Prison Alloperla concolor Ricker Alloperla voinae Ricker Hastaperla brevis (Banks) Sweltsa lateralis (Banks) Sweltsa mediana (Banks) VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 147 Table 1. Continued. Perlodidae Isogenoides hansoni (Ricker) Isoperla bilineata (Say) Isoperla clia (Newman) Isoperla cotta Ricker Isoperla dicala Erison Isoperla francesca Harper Isoperla holochlora (Klapalek) Isoperla lata Prison Isoperla similis (Hagen) Perlidae Acroneuria abnormis (Newman) Acroneuria caroUnensis (Banks) Paragnetina immarginata (Say) Perlesta placida (Hagen) * Perlinella drymo (Newman) Phasganophora capitata (Pictet) * Collected only as nymphs. adults from bridge and railing cracks bordering the stream; sweepnet and aspirator were effective on the remaining species. Water temperatures were lowest in February (0 C) and highest in late July (21.5 C) (Figure 1). Winter species emerged over several weeks on days when water and air temperatures were slightly above freezing. Emergence of spring species corresponded with a gradual rise in water temperature during late March and April. The greatest number of species was collected in May and June at stream temperatures between 8 C and 15 C. Adult stoneflies first appeared in mid-February, with a progression of species emerging into September (Figure 2). Discontinuous collections of a species (3 wk or less) were attributed to sampling inefficiency and not adult absence. Seasonal occurrence of the various forms ranged from 1 wk to 12 wk. Prolonged flight periods were evident for Leuctra fermginea, L. tenuis, Paragnetina immarginata, Alloperla chloris, A. caudata, Taeniopteryx maura, and Allocapnia spp. Emerging nymphs of Allocapnia, Alloperla, and Isoperla showed considerable congeneric overlap. Collections of nymphs and exuviae on the non-drying adhesive indicated that times of individual species emergence were within 5 days of each other in 1974 and 1975. The 148 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 22 20 18 9 16 9 I a |.2 E K 10 I I I 1 i- ll. July Aug Sept Figure I. Combined weekly range of water temperatures for Factory Brook, September 1973 to August 1975. relative abundance of species, based on adults and identifiable nymphs was as follows (Figure 2): 9 abundant (A), 14 common (C), 11 uncommon (U), and 1 1 rare (R). Discussion Sampling problems due to seasonal availability and distribution of nymphs and adults were overcome by the prolonged period and multiple sampling methods used in this survey. The alternative sampling approach, extensive use of emergence traps, can theoretically collect representatives of all spe- cies emerging from a stream and eliminate potential immigrants from col- lections. However, the advantages and disadvantages of emergence traps should be evaluated prior to field use (Gledhill 1960; Harper and Pilon 1970; Langford and Daffern 1975). The years of collecting required to obtain a relatively complete list of organisms from one stream (Cummins 1975) is indicative of the sampling difficulty in evaluating aquatic insect diversity. The longitudinal zonation and life cycle differences among species (Min- shall 1968; Hynes 1971; Woodall and Wallace 1972) required stratified sam- pling for an extended period to collect all nymphs present. For example, winter and early spring species remain in the egg or diapause stage for several months (Harper and Hynes 1970) and were not collected in my benthic samples from June to September. Considerable sampling effort was also required to obtain adults of all species, since they were seldom taken by light-trap and have limited dispersal ability. The greater longevity of females (Finni 1975; Lillehammer 1975) and the relatively long egg devel- opment period for many species greatly extended the flight period of fe- VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 149 Species Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Allocapnla pygraaea (C) Allocapnia nlvicola (C) Allocapnla minima (A) Allocapnia maria (R) Taeniopteryx maura (A ) Paracapnla angulata (U) Oemopteryx contorta (U) Paraleuctra sara (C) Taenionema atlantlcum (A) Isogenoldes hansoni (C) Isoperla lata (C) Prostoia completa (R) Acroneurle carolinensis (C) Isoperla similis (U) Leuctra grandls (U) Leuctra sibleyi (A) Sweltsa mediana (C) Sweltsa lateralis (C) Allonarcys blloba (C) Ostrocerca truncate (R) Prostoia slmllls (r) Hastaperla brevis (U) Peltcperla maria (A) Alloperla caudata (C) Alloperla concolor (R) Ostrocerca con^jlexa (r) Alloperla atlantica (A) Isoperla francesca (A) Leuctra tenella (U) Ostrocerca albidipennls (R) Isoperla clio (R) Isoperla dlcale (U) Phasganophora capitate (C) Isoperla cotta (R) Isoperla holochlora (U) Alloperla chlorls (C) Peragnetina immarginata (c) Acroneuria abnormis (c) Alloperla voinae (U) Leuctra tenuis (A) Isoperla bilineata (u) Leuctra ferruglnea (A) Perlesta plaoida (r) (A) Abundant (C) Common (U) Uncommon (R) Rare Eigure 2. Seasonal occurrence of adult Plecoptera along Factory Brook, 1974 to 1976. males. The slightly earlier emergence of males (Brink 1949; Nebeker 1971) and shorter adult life made their presence a better indicator of emergence times for each species. Emergence periods for species captured as nymphs on the non-drying adhesive agreed closely with male collection records. Segregation of congeneric species by sequential emergence (Harper and Pilon 1970) had exceptions in several genera. Allocapnia, Isoperla, and Al- 150 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table 2. Stonefiy surveys of various streams in North America. Stream Latitude Number of Species Investigator Sashin Creek, Alaska 56'20N 17 Ellis 1975 Kananaskis River, Alta. 50'00N 37 Radford & Hartland-Rowe 1975 L'Achigan River, Que. 46'30N 50 Harper 1976 Pine-Popple River, Wis. 45'50N 34 Hilsenhoff et al. 1972 Oak Creek, Oreg. 44'30N 43 Kerst & Anderson 1974 Hubbard Brook, N.H. 44'OON 42 Fiance 1977 Eactory Brook, Mass. 42'20N 45 This study Sagehen Creek, Calif. 39'30N 31 Sheldon & Jewett 1967 Gunnison River, Colo. 38'30N 34 Knight & Gaufin 1966 Salt River, Ky. 38'OON 12 White 1974 loperla exhibited concurrent emergence of sibling species and supported previous emergence trap and rearing studies (Radford and Hartland-Rowe 1971; Narf and Hilsenhoff 1974). Reproductive isolation by genital incom- patibility or behavioral mechanisms may be as effective in assuring species identity as temporal separation. Seasonal occurrence of adults fell into two basic types, synchronized and prolonged (Corbet 1964; Harper and Pilon 1970). Since the ecologically distinct phases of species with complex life cycles evolve independently (Istock 1967), short emergence periods would increase the chances of adult intra-specific contact. Macan (1958) and Cor- bet (1964) reviewed other possible causes and consequences of synchro- nized emergence. Conversely, it is advantageous for carnivorous immatures to have a wide size distribution and exploit the range of prey available (Hynes 1961). The extended emergence of many perlids, perlodids, and chloroperlids may therefore be related to the predacious habits of their nymphs. This ecological strategy to reduce competition and increase nymphal population size can also serve as a means of habitat partitioning (Kerst and Anderson 1974, 1975). The 45 species collected from Factory Brook appear typical of stonefiy diversity in undisturbed streams of north temperate latitudes (Table 2). In spite of differences in stream size and sampling effectiveness among these surveys, the general trend is for maximum stonefiy diversity to occur in north temperate streams, with decreasing species numbers north and south of the temperate zone in North America. Additional surveys in the southern U.S. and Canada are required to confirm this continental diversity gradient for Plecoptera. A valid comparison between rheophilic insect diversity in mid-latitude versus tropical streams (Stout and Vandermeer 1975; Fox 1977) must await comparable tropical stream surveys to resolve this apparent exception to the diversity-latitudinal gradient rule (Pianka 1966). VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 151 Acknowledgments 1 thank Dr. P. P. Harper and Dr. S. Jewett for confirming several iden- tifications and the Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Research Unit for logistic and financial support. Literature Cited Baumann, R. W. 1975. Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): a study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smith. Contr. Zool. No. 211:1-74. Brink, P. 1949. Studies on Swedish stoneflies (Plecoptera). Opus. Entomol. Suppl. 11:1-250. Corbet, P. S. 1964. Temporal patterns of emergence in aquatic insects. Can. Entomol. 96:264- 279. Cummins, K. W. 1975. Macroinvertebrates. Pages 170-198 in B. A. Whitton (ed.). River ecology. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Ellis, R. J. 1975. Seasonal abundance and distribution of adult stoneflies of Sashin Creek, Baranof Island, Southeastern Alaska. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5:23-30. Enoch, L. S. 1976. Incidence of insects and their importance in the diet of brown trout (Salmo trutla), brook trout {Salvelinus fontinalis), blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) and longnose dace (/?. cataractae) in the watershed of the West Branch, Westfield River, Massachusetts. M.S. Thesis, University of Massachusetts. 92 pp. Fiance, S. B. 1977. Distribution and biology of the mayflies and stoneflies of Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire. M.S. Thesis, Cornell University. 149 pp. Finni, G. R. 1975. Feeding and longevity of the winter stonef\y , Allocapnia gramdata (Claas- sen) (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:207-208. Prison, T. H. 1935. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois. Bull. 111. Natur. Hist. Surv. 20:281^71. . 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera, with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Bull. III. Natur. Hist. Surv. 22:235-355. Fox, L. R. 1977. Species richness in streams — an alternative mechanism. Am. Natur. 111:1017-1021. Gledhill, T. 1960. The Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera caught by emergence traps in two streams during 1958. Hydrobiologia 15:179-188. Harper, P. P. 1976. Emergence patterns of Plecoptera. Pages 414-415. In: R. W. Baumann (ed.), A report on the fifth international symposium on Plecoptera. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 88:399^28. (summary). , and H. B. N. Hynes. 1970. Diapause in the nymphs of Canadian winter stoneflies. Ecology 51:925-927. and J. G. Pilon. 1970. Annual patterns of emergence of some Quebec stoneflies (In- secta: Plecoptera). Can. J. Zool. 48:681-694. Hilsenhoff, W. L., J. L. Longridge, R. P. Narf, K. J. Tennessen, and C. P. Walton. 1972. Aquatic insects of the Pine-Popple River, Wisconsin. Wis. Dept. Natur. Res. Tech. Bull. 54: 1-^4. Hitchcock, S. W. 1974. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. Guide to the insects of Connecticut Part VII. State Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv. Conn. Bull. 107:1-262. Hynes, H. B. N. 1961. The invertebrate fauna of a Welsh mountain stream. Arch. Hydrobiol. 57:344-388. . 1971. Zonation of the invertebrate fauna in a west Indian stream. Hydrobiologia 38: 1-8. lilies, J. 1966. Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich, 82. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin. 632 pp. 152 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Istock, C. A. 1967. The evolution of complex life cycle phenomenon: an ecological perspec- tive. Evolution 21:592-605. Kerst, C. D. and N. H. Anderson. 1974. Emergence patterns of Plecoptera in a stream in Oregon, U.S.A. Freshw. Biol. 4:205-212. and . 1975. The Plecoptera community of a small stream in Oregon. U.S.A. Freshw. Biol. 5:189-203. Knight, A. W. and A. R. Gaufin. 1966. Altitudinal distribution of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a Rocky Mountain drainage stream. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 39:668-675. Langford, T. E. and J. R. Daffern. 1975. The emergence of insects from a British river warmed by power station cooling-water. Part 1. The use and performance of insect emergence traps in a large, spate-river and the effects of various factors on total catches, upstream and downstream of the cooling-water outfalls. Hydrobiologia 46:71-114. Lillehammer, A. 1975. Norwegian stoneflies. III. Field studies on ecological factors influenc- ing distribution. Nor. Entomol. Tidskr. 22:71-80. Macan, T. T. 1958. Causes and effects of short emergence periods in insects. Verb. Int. Verein. Limnol. 13:845-849. MacConnell, W. P. 1975. Remote sensing 20 years of change in Hampshire County Massa- chusetts, 1952-1972. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 627:1-91. Minshall, G. W. 1968. Community dynamics of the benthic fauna in a woodland springbrook. Hydrobiologia 32:305-339. Naif, R. P. and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1974. Emergence pattern of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Otter Creek, Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol. 7:117-125. Nebeker. A. V. 1971. Effect of high winter water temperatures on adult emergence of aquatic insects. Water Res. 5:777-783. Pianka, E. R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. Am. Natur. 100:33^6. Radford, D. S. and R. Hartland-Rowe. 1971. Emergence patterns of some Plecoptera in two mountain streams in Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 49:657-662. Ricker, W. E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Ind. Univ. Publ. Sci. Ser. No. 18:1- 200. and H. H. Ross. 1975. Synopsis of the Brachypterinae (Insecta: Plecoptera: Taeniop- terygidae). Can. J. Zool. 53:132-153. Sheldon, A. L. and S. G. Jewett, Jr. 1967. Stonefly emergence in a Sierra Nevada stream. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 43:1-8. Stark, B. P. and A. R. Gaufin. 1976. The Nearctic species of Acroneuria. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 49:221-253. Stout, J. and J. Vandermeer. 1975. Comparison of species richness for stream-inhabiting insects on tropical and mid-latitude streams. Am. Natur. 109:263-280. White, D. S. 1974. The distribution of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) of the Salt River, Ken- tucky. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 35:17-23. Woodall, W. R. and J. B. Wallace. 1972. The benthic fauna in four small southern Appalachian streams. Am. Midi. Natur. 88:393-407. Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches system und katalog. Das Tierreich, 94. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin. 465 pp. Footnote ‘ Contribution No. 53 of the Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Research Unit jointly sup- ported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, and the University of Massachusetts. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK3), 1978, pp. 153-160 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR AGAINST TERTIARY PARASITISM BY THE LARVA OF DENDROCERUS CARPENTERE AN APHID HYPERPARASITOID" Alfred W. Bennett^ and Daniel J. Sullivan, S.JT Abstract. — Bennett, Alfred W. and Daniel J. Sullivan, S.J., Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458. — Using the pea aphid as the host and Aphidiiis smithi as the primary para- sitoid, the ovipositional behavior of the aphid hyperparasitoid, Dendrocerus carpenteri, is described. Laboratory experiments indicate that the possibil- ity of tertiary parasitism by a 2nd Dendrocerus is greatly reduced to an average of 6.0% during the last 9 days of the development of the 1st Den- drocerus within the mummy. It is suggested that Dendrocerus has evolved a defensive behavior which deters tertiary parasitism at least by its own species. The 4th instar larva and the prepupa have a conical process at the posterior end which enables it to twitch violently and move about in the mummy when probed by the ovipositor of a 2nd Dendrocerus, thus inhib- iting oviposition. Received for publication January 25, 1978. Introduction Members of several families of Hymenoptera are aphid hyperparasitoids or secondary parasitoids in that they attack, not the aphids themselves, but the primary parasitoid which is developing inside either a live aphid or the “mummy” (a dead aphid). This secondary parasitoid can in turn be attacked by another hyperparasitoid which would result in tertiary parasitism. This was demonstrated by Sullivan (1972) with the aphid hyperparasitoid, Asaphes californicus Girault, which successfully attacked and oviposited on another aphid hyperparasitoid, Alloxysta victrix (Westwood). The prog- eny of the Asaphes fed on the Alloxysta larva inside the mummy and even- tually emerged as an adult 21 days later. He noted, however, that such tertiary parasitism diminished with time as the Alloxysta developed to the pupal stage. These were but two of a complex of five different families of hyperparasitoids which were studied in the field (Sullivan and van den Bosch 1971). Another species of hyperparasitoid, Asaphes lucens (Provancher), will even attack a developing larva of its own species. Thus this type of tertiary parasitism can be both interspecific and intraspecific. In the labo- ratory experiments described herein, one such aphid hyperparasitoid, Den- drocerus carpenteri (Curtis), exhibits a defensive behavior as a 4th instar 154 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY larva and prepupa. This behavior reduces the possibility of it being parasi- tized and thus avoids tertiary parasitism. Materials and Methods Apterous, viviparous pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were reared in the laboratory on broad bean plants, Vida fava L. (Windsor va- riety), in a Percival bioclimatic chamber (E-54U). The daytime regime had a photoperiod of 16 hr, a temperature of 21.1 ± 0.6°C, and a relative hu- midity of 75 ± 5%. At night, the photoperiod was 8 hr, with a temperature of 15.5 ± 0.6°C and 85 ± 5% RH. The primary parasitoid wa.sAphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao. After mating, 2-4 females were introduced into a glass “stinging-tube” containing a cut broad bean stem and 10-15 pea aphids. The stinging tube was kept in the bioclimatic chamber for 6 hr. At the end of that time, the wasps were removed, and the aphids placed on growing bean sprouts and returned to the bioclimatic chamber. After 8 days, mummies were formed, and on the 9th day they were re- moved from the plant by cutting the leaf in a circle around the mummy in order to avoid damaging the mummy itself and to allow sufficient leaf sub- strate on which the Dendrocenis female could stand. Each mummy was then placed separately in a plain, uncoated Dixie Cup container (No. 2168- SE) and sealed with a clear plastic cover (Dixie No. 3068). The hyperpar- asitoid which was used, had formerly been called Lygocerus niger (Howard, 1890), but Dessart (1972) compared the Fordham University specimens with those in Europe and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Sys- tematic Entomology Laboratory). He determined that they are the same species, viz. — Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis, 1829). One mated Dendrocerus female was then introduced into the container, and her oviposition behavior observed. When egg deposition onto ihcAphi- dius larva was completed, this 1st Dendrocerus was removed. Unsuccessful hyperparasitization could easily be determined by the fact that Iht Aphidius would continue its development and eventually emerge as an adult. In such cases, these replicates were discarded. In the laboratory experiments on tertiary parasitism, although the devel- oping Dendrocerus No. 1 could be attacked over a period of 15 days while developing inside the mummy (cf. Life Cycle — Table /), Days 0-1-2-3 were omitted from the experiments because of the difficulty in determining wheth- er the adult which eventually emerged was the progeny of the 1st or 2nd Dendrocerus female. Hence, only 12 test-days were used (Days 4-15), when the emergence of Dendrocerus No. 1 or 2 could be accurately determined. Normally the adults emerge on the 16th day after oviposition. On each of the 12 test-days, the same procedure was followed, viz. — a 2nd mated Dendrocerus female was introduced into the container having a VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 155 Table 1. Composite life cycles of the primary parasitoid, Aphidius sinilhi, and the hyperparasitoid, Dendrocerus carpenteri, under experimental laboratory conditions. Day Aphidius smithi 0 1 Egg deposited in aphid 2 1st larval instar 3 4 2nd larval instar 5 6 3rd larval instar 7 8 Host aphid mummified Day Dendrocerus carpenteri 9 0 Egg deposited on Aphidius 10 Prepupa (meconium voided) 1 1st larval instar 11 Pupa 2 12 Adult emerges® 3 2nd larval instar 4 5 3rd larval instar 6 7 4th larval instar 8 9 Prepupa (meconium voided) 10 Pupa 11 12 13 14 15 16 Adult emerges'’ In these experiments, because of hyperparasitization by Dendrocerus, the Aphidius is attacked on Day 9, and does not develop to an adult. ’’ Similarly, if Dendrocerus No. 1 is successfully hyperparasitized by Dendrocerus No. 2 during the experimental test-days (4-15), it will not develop to an adult. mummy which had been previously hyperparasitized by the 1st Dendroce- rus. The 2nd Dendrocerus female was removed after normal drilling and possible oviposition had been completed. Each mummy was then left un- disturbed in its container, and returned to the bioclimatic chamber. At least 100 replicates were done for each of the 12 test-days (4-15). Results and Discussion The ovipositional behavior of Dendrocerus carpenteri has the following sequence. The female approaches the mummy and antennates it in a rather aggressive manner. She then walks on top of the mummy, but almost im- mediately walks off it at the spot where she will eventually drill a hole. This 156 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 1. Dendrocerus female (a) backs into the pea aphid mummy (b), drills a hole and oviposits on Xhe Aphidius larva developing inside. (20x) Fig. 2. An 8-day old, 4th instar Dendrocerus larva showing the posterior conical process (a) and some of the spine-like projections (b). (55x) VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 157 site is usually on the side or rear of the mummy. The female backs into the mummy and anchors herself to the leaf substrate with her prothoracic and sometimes mesothoracic legs (Fig. 1). This is in sharp contrast io Asaphes which drills the hole while standing on top of the mummy. The metathoracic legs are hooked into the mummy wall, cornicles, or appendages of the dead aphid. She extends her ovipositor and with a jackhammer-like action drills a hole in the mummy with a twisting and pushing motion. Her antennae are held motionless, being extended forward and usually resting on the leaf. The egg is laid immediately on the primary larva within the mummy. Unlike Asaphes (Keller and Sullivan 1976), there is no feeding-tube construction or host-feeding even by a female ovipositing for the 1st time. Two or more eggs are frequently deposited, and although only one larva will normally develop to an adult — occasionally two dwarf-size adult wasps will emerge from the same mummy. The entire ovipositional process may take 3-20 minutes depending on the hardness of the part of the mummy being drilled. In general, however, the time spent searching, antennating, drilling and ovipositing was much shorter in the case of Dendrocerus females than with Asaphes. The former, therefore, seems to be a much more aggressive and efficient hyperparasitoid. In maintaining the Dendrocerus colony under laboratory conditions, the sex ratio of the adult progeny was 62.8% females (3,622) to 37.2% males (2,149). The results of the laboratory experiments on tertiary parasitism are given in Tab/e 2, where the emergence of Dendrocerus No. 2 was greatest on Day 4 (22.4%). On this day, Dendrocerus No. 1 is a 2nd instar larva. Later tertiary parasitism was reduced by almost one-half on Days 5 and 6 to 12.1%, at which time the larva of Dendrocerus No. 1 is in the 3rd instar. It should be pointed out, however, that even at these stages of Dendrocerus No. 1 development, it may be that it is the primary Aphidius larva which is really being attacked. This is because the 2nd and even the 3rd instars of the 1st Dendrocerus are still relatively small, and true tertiary parasitism may not be occurring. The remaining test-days revealed an even more dramatic change. Begin- ning with Day 7, when Dendrocerus No. 1 is in the 4th instar, the emergence of Dendrocerus No. 2 decreased even further to an average of 6.0%, and remained fairly constant over Days 7-15. The totals for the entire series of 12 test days (4-15) showed that of 1,383 adult wasps which emerged during these experiments, only 8.0% were Dendrocerus No. 2, which indicates a relatively low percentage of successful tertiary parasitism. One explanation for these results might be the defensive behavior of the larva beginning with Day 7. Observations of dissected mummies revealed that on this test-day, the larva of Dendrocerus No. 1 is in the 4th instar, and was not merely larger, but unlike earlier instars, each segment had a Table 2. Adult emergence and non-emergence (mortality) of Dendrocerus No. I vs. Dendrocerus No. 2, arranged according to attack on mummies iring the 12 Test-days (4-15).® 158 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY s o f- C/5 (U E E 3 E — — — — — — — — — — — — sO -rf r-- O s£i OO m — — I — ri — — — — — o m sO v't — O o z scr^ — oo-^u~, Tfoom»o — r^Tj- r4 rsi — — — rJc^rNir^rMr^Tt "D — U C5 OC W Urn O sOsOsor-OTf— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (^ Tt — — 0»^ — *0\00v00'^'/^0 rNirNjrsiNC»osd'rfr^»OsOrt'r^od r-j — — r-rj'T^-r-sor^'^ONr^oosOOO sc^^a^o»oo^«/^Tr— rsjsov^o r^r-r^TTTfm'/^iriTfmiAirMri t^00003^O^Q^0^<^^O^O^^O^ ON rj r-i o r- so o 0 0 — 000 — ON ON ^ o rj (N r- — — — fN >v -o C/5 H rf nC r- 00 On O Tf V) H , ® Days b-1-2-3 not included explained in text. Refers to those mummies from which no Dendrocerus emerged. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 159 number of rows of small, lateral and dorsal spine-like projections. In addi- tion, there was a distinctive conical process at the posterior end (Fig. 2) which was also visible in the prepupa. This conical process could even be extended beyond the length visible in the photograph. In parallel experi- ments on tertiary parasitism presently being conducted with Asaphes, this other hyperparasitoid does not possess such a conical process. Perhaps this is the reason why tertiary parasitism with this species is quite high. Related to this morphological difference between Dendrocerus and Asaphes, there is also a noticeable difference in behavior. The 4th instar larva and prepupa of Dendrocerus No. 1 are easily disturbed when touched either by the ovipositor of a 2nd Dendrocerus or even by a mechanical probe. Such prodding resulted in the larva or prepupa twitching violently and seeming to use the conical process as a lever to help it move about in the mummy and away from the stimulus. This is not the case v^\\h Asaphes. Hence, it is suggested that, unlike Asaphes, the Dendrocerus larva has evolved a defensive behavior which prevents or at least drastically reduces tertiary parasitism, at least by its own species. The net result of this ability of the 4th instar larva and prepupa to react to the probing of an ovipositor and even to move about in the mummy by means of the conical process serves as a 94% successful deterrent against hyperparasitization by a 2nd Dendrocerus during these stages of development beginning with Day 7. The pupal stage also seems relatively immune to tertiary parasitism. How- ever, as Sullivan (1972) pointed out when Asaphes californicus was used in experiments of tertiary parasitism on another hyperparasitoid, Alloxysta victrix, as the pupa becomes sclerotized, tertiary parasitism is greatly re- duced. This is probably also the case with Dendrocerus. As shown in Table 2, the mortality or non-emergence of any adult from mummies used in these experiments was rather high, the overall average being 15.0%. This compares favorably, however, with the 18.0% reported by Sullivan in the experiments mentioned above. After being held for several months, these Dendrocerus mummies were dissected. All that was visible was a dark-brown, unidentifiable mass on the floor of the mummy. This indicated that diapause was not involved, but rather death of the larvae occurred, due to competition or ovipositional probing. Literature Cited Dessart, P. 1972. Un synonyme Americain et Australien de Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis, 1829). Bull. Ann. Soc. R. Belg. Entomol. 108:239-241. Keller, L., and D. J. Sullivan. 1976. Oviposition behavior and host feeding of Asaphes lucens, an aphid hyperparasitoid. Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 84:206-211. Sullivan, D. J. 1972. Comparative behavior and competition between two aphid hyperpara- sites: Alloxysta victrix and Asaphes californicus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae; Pteromali- dae). Environ. Entomol. 1:234-244. 160 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY and R. van den Bosch. 1971. Eield ecology of the primary parasites and hyperparasites of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, in the East San Francisco Bay Area. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64:389-394. Footnotes ' Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae. ^ This research was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Grant GU-3554 to the second author. Manuscript is a portion of a dissertation submitted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Biological Sciences. Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458. ^ Presently Plant Quarantine Officer with U.S. Department of Agriculture (APHIS), New York City. ■* During 1977-78 on sabbatical leave from Fordham University as a Research Associate in the Department of Entomological Sciences, Division of Biological Control of the University of California, Berkeley. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK3), 1978, pp. 161-219 A REVISION OF THE GENUS MORMIDEA (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) L. H. Rolston Abstract. — Rolston, L. H., Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. — The 33 species of Monnidea are described and keyed. One of these species, M. geographica, is provi- sionally retained in the genus, although certainly it mars the phyletic ho- mogeneity of the genus. Seven new species are described: M. dana, M. faisana, M. isla, M. lunara, M. pama, M. rugosa and M. vaya. The following new synonymy is recognized: M. angustata Stal (=M. pid- chella Walker, =M. lemoidti Bergroth); M. cornicollis Stal (=M. jheringi Berg); M.fusca StM (=M. angidosa Stal); M. geographica (F) (=M. brevis Walker, =Oenopiella testacea Ruckes); M. hamidata Stal (=M. pullata Berg); M. paupercula Berg {=M. profana Breddin); M. v-luteam (Lichten- stein) (=A/. spegazzini Berg, =M. tristis Bergroth); and M. ypsilon (L) (=Pentatonia scutellata Westwood). M. discoidea (Dallas) is removed from the synonymy of M. notidata and recognized as a good species. A lectotype is designated for each of the following: M. aglaeopus Dallas, M. angidosa Stal, M. compta Walker, M. cornicollis Stal, M. fusca Stal, M. hamidata Eiischistus integelhis Distant, M. jheringi Berg, M. me- t allied Stal, M. pictiventris Stal, M. sordidida StM, M. spegazzini Berg and M. spicidigera Stal. Moromorpha n. gen. is erected jov Monnidea tetra Walker, type species. The genus is described, as is Monnidea, and a key provided to separate these genera from each other and from Oebaliis. Received for publication March 17, 1978. As the genus Monnidea was conceived initially, its limits were so gen- erous that for several decades afterward many rather distantly related spe- cies were placed therein. Subsequent refinements in classification left in Monnidea only species of the Western Hemisphere, most of which are indeed congeneric. However, the genus has not been revised prior to this time. This revision leaves, with one exception, a homogeneous group of 33 species, seven of which are previously unrecognized, and removes one spe- cies to a new genus. The generic placement of Monnidea geographica (Fa- bricius) is not disturbed for now, even though the male genitalia would support removal of this species to a new genus. This timorous treatment of 162 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY the species is excused on the grounds that the entire nominate tribe in the Western Hemisphere needs reviewing, and the addition of a genus now on the basis of cryptic characters may be a disservice. Index to Species of Mormidea Subgenus Melanochila bridarolli Piran lugens (Fabricius) montandoni Kirkaldy purpurescens Van Duzee Subgenus Mormidea albisignis Stal ambigua Berg angustata Stal bovilla (Distant) collaris Dallas cornicollis Stal cubrosa (Dallas) dana n. sp. discoidea (Dallas) faisana n. sp. fusca Stal geographica (Fabricius) hamulata StM integella (Distant) isla n. sp. laevigata Distant lunara n. sp. nmcidata Dallas metallica Stal notiilata (Herrich-Schaffer) notidifera Stal pama n. sp. paupercida Berg pictiventris Stal rugosa n. sp. speciosa Haglund vaya n. sp. v-luteum (Lichtenstein) ypsilon (Linneaus) VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 163 Related Genera Among American pentatomids, the genera most like Monnidea are Oe- halus and a new monotypic genus, characterized below, which is based on the species previously known as Monnidea tetni. The following key sepa- rates the three genera. 1. Superior surface of tibiae sulcate; a small flat spine arising at pos- terior pronotal angle and extending over each corium Moromorpha n. gen. - Superior surface of tibiae rounded; posterior pronotal margin un- armed 2 2. Apex of first rostral segment not or scarcely surpassing bucculae Oehaliis Stal - Apex of first rostral segment clearly surpassing bucculae Monnidea Amyot & Serville Moromorpha n. gen. Small flat spine on each side of pronotum arising at posterior angle and projecting over corium (Fig. 1). Distal end of first antennal segment not quite reaching apex of head; other four segments each longer than first. Juga and tylus subequal in length. Bucculae toothed anteriorly, truncate posteriorly, clearly exceeded by distal end of first rostral segment. Propleura without anterior lobe. Prosternum slightly concave longitudinally, without carina; mesosternum bearing low median carina cephalad of xyphus; metasternum nearly flat. Orifice of scent gland auriculate, neither much prolonged as canal nor accompanied by elon- gated ruga. Femora unarmed; tibiae sulcate on superior surface; tarsi three segmented. Lateral angle of corium surpassing apex of scutellum, attaining fourth connexival segment. Abdominal venter without median tubercle or spine at base; spiracles lying on or near imaginary line passing between the two trichobothria on each of first five visible sternites. Type species. — Monnidea tetra Walker, 1868. The generic placement of Monnidea tetra has escaped challenge until now, presumably because in general appearance and most characters this species resembles some common Monnidea species. The sulcate tibiae have been regarded as a generic anomaly and a convenience in distinguishing the species. The pronotal projections seem not to have been noticed or at least not to have provoked comment. This combination of characters preclude accommodating the species in the genus Monnidea and seem to exclude it from any previously established genus. 164 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY The construction of the male genitalia of the type species, together with other characters, place Moromorpha near Mormidea. This species and Mor- midea ypsilon, the type species of Mormidea, are similar in the form of the theca, placement of major conjunctival lobes, great development of the me- dian penial lobes and presence of a large vesical plate (Figs. 2, 3). Mormidea Amyot & Serville, 1843 Mormidea Amyot & Serville, 1843, p. 134-135 — Dallas, 1851, p. 195, 210 (keyed) — Stal, 1867, p. 527 (keyed) — Stal, 1872, 19-22 (synonymy, key to spp.) — Distant, 1880, p. 53 (synonymy, diagnostic note) — Provancher, 1886, pp. 26, 43 (keyed, desc.) — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 123 (syn- onymy)— Summers, 1898, p. 44 (keyed) — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 59 (synony- my)— Zimmer, 1912, p. 222 (keyed) — Parshley, 1915, p. 173 (keyed) — Van Duzee, 1917, p. 37 (synonymy) — Stoner, 1920, pp. 62, 74 (keyed, descrip- tion)— Blatchley, 1926, p. 212-213 (keyed, described, key to spp.) — Bar- ber & Bruner, 1932, p. 249, 251-252 (keyed, key to Cuban spp.) — Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 210, 217-218 (keyed, key to N. Amer. spp.) — Froeschner, 1941, p. 217, 219 (keyed) — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 157 (list Cuban spp.) — Alayo, 1967, p. 8, 10-11 (keyed, key to Cuban spp.) — McPherson, 1970, p. 44 (keyed) — Hoffman, 1971, p. 29, 43 (keyed) Distal end of first antennal segment not surpassing apex of head; each of remaining four segments longer than first. Tylus slightly longer than juga, apex of head parabolic. Bucculae toothed anteriorly, terminating convexly or rarely abruptly near base of head, clearly exceeded by distal end of first rostral segment. Propleura without anterior lobe partially covering genae. PLATE I Eigs. 1-2. Moromorpha tetra. Eig. 1. Spine at posterolateral angle of pronotum. Eig. 2. Part of genitalia inside pygophore, ventral view: median penial lobes (m); vesical plate (v). Pig. 3. Mormidea ypsilon. Part of genitalia inside pygophore, ventral view: basal lobes of conjunctiva (c), median penial lobes (m); vesical plate (v). Pigs. 4-5. M. lugens. Pig. 4. Basal plates. Pig. 5. Pygophore. caudal view. Figs. 6-8. M. montandoni. Fig. 6. Basal plates. Fig. 7. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 8. Left paramere, dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Fig. 9. M. bridarolli. Left paramere, dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Figs. 10-12. M. hovilla. Fig. 10. Left humerus. Fig. 11. Basal plates. Fig. 12. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 13-15. M. geographica. Fig. 13. Left humerus. Fig. 14. Basal plates. Fig. 15. Part of genitalia inside pygophore, dorsal view. Fig. 16. M. speciosa. Genital cup, dorsal view. Dimensional line in Fig. 1 equals 0.5 mm and applies to Figs. 1, 4-7, 11-12, and 14. Figs. 2, 3, 8-9, 15-16 are twice this magnification. Figs. 10 and 13 are half this magnification. VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 165 166 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Prosternum shallowly concave longitudinally, without carinae; mesoster- num bearing low median carina cephalad of xyphus; metasternum nearly flat. Orifice of scent gland auriculate, not greatly prolonged into canal or accompanied by elongated ruga. Femora unarmed; superior surface of tibiae asulcate. Posterior angles of pronotum unarmed. Lateral angle of corium extending well beyond apex of scutellum, reaching fourth or fifth connexival segment. Abdominal venter lacking median spine or tubercle at base; spi- racles lying within or just dorsad of imaginary band formed by longitudinal lines drawn through the two trichobothria on each of first five visible ster- nites. Type species. — Ciniex ypsilon Linneaus. 1758, by subsequent designation (Kirkaldy, 1909). Subgenus Melanochila Stal, 1872 Subgen. Melanochila Stal, p. 19 — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 59, 61 (type species designated) Stoner, 1920, p. 75 (description) This subgenus is characterized by an ivory callous traversing the prono- tum at the posterior margins of the cicatrices but terminating short of the anterolateral margins of the pronotum. This group seems to be one of convenience since the four included species appear not to differ basically from all others of the genus. Kirkaldy (1909) designated Cimex lugens Fabricius, 1775, as type species. Key to Species of Monnidea 1 . Pronotum traversed at posterior margin of cicatrices by narrow ivory callous (Subgen. Melanochila) 2 - Pronotum at posterior margin of cicatrices uncalloused or with cal- loused (usually pale) spot at each cicatrice (Subgen. Monnidea) 5 2. Scutellum with an ivory callous along lateral or all margins 3 - Scutellum without marginal callous (Andean region) M. purpurescens Van Duzee 3. Ivory callous along basal and lateral margins of scutellum; disk of coria with prominent ivory callous along radial vein 4 - Ivory callous along lateral margins of scutellum only, disk of coria lacking linear callous along radial vein (North America) M. lugens (F.) 4. Proximal and distal ends of tibiae broadly banded in black, usually with narrow intermediate black band (Andean region) M. montandoni Kirkaldy - Tibiae with numerous small black spots (Andean region) M. hridarolli Piran VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 167 5. Dorsum mostly metallic green, head and pronotum anteriorly light brown (Amazon region) M. speciosa Haglund - Dorsum mostly brown or black, often with ivory markings 6 6. Humeri cornute, sweeping laterad and dorsad, usually with a sub- apical tubercle on posterior margin (Fig. 10) (northern South Amer- ica) M. hovilla (Distant) - Humeri less strongly produced, lacking a subapical tubercle 7 7. Acutely produced humeri conspicuously emarginated posteriorly (Fig. 13); dorsum lacking pale markings (Venezuela, Guyana, northern Brazil) M. geographica (F.) - Humeri obtuse or acute, if acute and emarginated then dorsum with pale markings 8 8. Anterolateral margins of pronotum angularly concave with anterior half crenulate (Fig. 61) (Argentina, southern Brazil) M. paupercula Berg - Anterolateral margins entire, vertically rugose at most (Fig. 17) 9 9. Scutellum black or fuscous excepting at most three small pale dots or marks at base 10 - Scutellum brown to black but pale at apex or with pale marks at least along frena 15 10. With anterior and posterior pronotal margins on same focal plane, pale border clearly visible at least on cephalic half of anterolateral margins 1 1 - Anterolateral margins of pronotum black or fuscous from above 12 1 1. Males: superior ridge of pygophore reduced to subquadrate projec- tion on each side of meson (Fig. 20). Females: mesial margin of basal plates nearly straight, widely separated proximally and con- tiguous distally (Fig. 18) (Argentina, Brazil) M. cornicollis Stal - Males: superior ridge not reduced, arcuate, with deep mesial notch (Fig. 23). Females: mesial margins of basal plates contiguous from base to apex (Fig. 21) (Colombia) M.fusca Stal 12. Apex of scutellum acute (Fig. 31); most distal part of basal plates located above paratergite 9 (Panama) M. vaya n. sp. - Apex of scutellum narrowly rounded (if acute in male, inferior ridge projecting caudad into triangle which nearly reaches posterior py- gophoral margin (Fig. 30)); most distal part of basal plates above gonocoxae 2 13 13. Antennifers usually swollen. Males: pygophore deeply impressed mesially beneath inferior ridge. Females: mesial margin of basal plates quite concave (Fig. 25) (South America, Trinidad) M. hamulala Stal - Antennifers normal. Males: pygophore rather evenly excavated 168 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY behind inferior ridge. Females: mesial margin of basal plates straight for most or all of their length 14 14. Males: inferior ridge of pygophore produced as triangular process with apex directed posteriorly (Fig. 30). Females: basal plates sub- triangular, rounded distally (Fig. 28) (Costa Rica, Panama) M. integella (Distant) - Males: inferior ridge of pygophore simple. Females: basal plates truncate distally, angulate above paratergite 9 (Fig. 21) (Columbia, Venezuela) M.fusca Sta\ 15. Thin callous along frena somewhat paler than scutellar disk, but apex of scutellum concolorous with disk (Yucatan) M. faisana n. sp. - Scutellum pale at apex, often with additional pale markings 16 16. Black mottling on abdominal venter arranged as irregularly contig- uous and poorly defined vittae (northern Argentina, southern Bra- zil) M. v-luteum (Licht.) - Abdominal venter with well-defined mesial vitta (sometimes accom- panied by additional vitta on each side) or mesial row of spots, or disk uniformly colored 17 17. Abdominal venter pale with dark mesial vitta (sometimes in addi- tion a lateral vitta on each side) or a mesial row of spots 31 - Abdominal venter dark (excepting pale lateral margins and small subspiracular spots) or pale and without mesial vitta (occasionally on fifth visible sternite a thin dark mesial line which rarely continues interruptedly onto base of one or more preceding sternites) 18 18. Abdominal venter entirely dark brown to black excepting pale lat- eral margins and small subspiracular spot on each side of some or all sternites (C. Amer., W. Indies) M. cuhrosa (Dallas) - Abdominal venter pale 19 19. Dark spot at distal end of supracoxal clefts, that above mesocoxae larger than least diameter of tibiae; antennae nearly uniform in color (W. Indies, Middle Amer., S. Amer.) M. angitstata Stal - Distal end of supracoxal clefts immaculate or with tiny dark mark; at least last antennal segment bicolored with proximal part pale 20 20. Humeral angles acute to spinose and directed obliquely cephalad, or spinose and curved strongly dorsad (Middle Amer.) M. lunara n. sp. - Humeral angles obtuse, or acute to spinose and slightly retroar- cuate or directed laterad 21 21. Females 22 - Males 26 22. Basal plates inconspicuously punctate, with fine curved wrinkles; distance from imaginary line drawn through lateral angles of basal plates to most distal margin of plate Yio or less of distance from line ] VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 169 to base of plates at meson (Fig. 79) (West Indies, Middle America, South America) M. isla n. sp M. ypsilon (L.) - Basal plates usually without wrinkles, with fine punctation; dis- tance from imaginary line to most distal margin of basal plates Vio or more of distance from line to base of plates at meson 23 23. Distance from imaginary line to most distal margin of basal plates usually VioOr more of distance from line to base of plates at meson; punctation on sides of first visible abdominal sternite much weaker than on adjacent part of metathorax (northern South America) M. maculata Dallas - Distance from imaginary line to most distal margin of basal plates usually V,o to ®/io of distance from line to base of plates at meson; punctation on sides of first visible abdominal sternite about as strong as that on adjacent part of metathorax (but usually less dense) 24 24. Tiny dark mark present at distal end of supracoxal clefts (Middle America) M. collaris Dallas - Pleura immaculate (occasionally faintly marked) at distal end of su- pracoxal clefts 25 25. Body length including membranes 7. 0-8. 5 mm (eastern South America) M. notidifera Stal - Body length including membranes 5. 0-6. 9 mm (Greater Antilles) M. albisignis Stal 26. Dorsal margin of pygophore tuberculate near lateral limits (Fig. 76) (West Indies, northern South America, Central America) M. isla n. sp. - Dorsal margin of pygophore smoothly curved 27 27. Dorsal margin of pygophore broadly and shallowly concave from caudal view, without mesial emargination or deep marginal impres- sion on posterior surface (Fig. 80) (West Indies, South America, Middle America) M. ypsilon (L.) - Dorsal margin of pygophore conspicuously emarginated or with deep marginal impression on posterior surface (Figs. 51, 44) 28 28. Dorsal margin of pygophore deeply emarginated from caudal view (Fig. 51) (northern South America) M. maculata Dallas - Posterior surface of pygophore with semicircular mesial impression at dorsal margin, usually bordering shallow emargination (Fig. 44) 29 29. Tiny dark dot located at distal end of supracoxal clefts; proctiger truncate distally (Fig. 45) (Middle America) M. collaris Dallas - Pleura immaculate (rarely faintly marked) 30 170 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 30. Proctiger with mesial spine on distal margin, serrate posterolater- ally (Fig. 48); body length with membrane 7. 0-8. 5 mm (eastern South America) M. notulifem Stal - Proctiger bilobed distally (Fig. 73); body length with membrane 5. 0-6. 9 mm (Greater Antilles) M. alhisignis Stal 3 1 . Humeral angles connected by narrow irregular calloused fascia con- colorous with or little paler than disk of pronotum; legs and apex of scutellum usually bright, ferruginous (Brazil) M. rugosa n. sp. - Pronotal disk not divided transversly by calloused fascia connecting humeral angles; apex of scutellum usually ivory 32 32. Mesial vitta on abdominal venter interrupted, usually lacking on fourth visible sternite and sometimes faint on third; when rarely present on fourth, vitta severely restricted (Colombia, Panama) M. metallica Stal - Mesial vitta continuous or consisting of a row of spots 33 33. All of scutellum except base bordered in ivory (Mexico) M. laevigata Distant - Sides of scutellum not or incompletely bordered in ivory 34 34. Dark spot at distal end of supracoxal cleft on mesocoxae larger than least diameter of tibiae; antennae nearly uniform in color (West Indies, Middle America, South America) M. angastata Stal - Spot at distal end of supracoxal cleft on mesocoxae no larger than least diameter of tibiae; at least fifth segment of antennae usually bicolored with pale basal ring 35 35. Femora yellowish proximally, becoming rufous distally (Colombia, Venezuela) M.fuscaSikX - Femora almost uniformly colored excepting dark dots 36 36. Lateral margins of scutellum bordered along frena by pale callous 42 - Pale areas of scutellum confined to apex and basal spots 37 37. Anterolateral margins of pronotum decidedly concave from dorsal view 42 - Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight or nearly so 38 38. Males 39 - Females 41 39. Dorsal margin of pygophore from caudal view nearly straight, bear- ing on each side a short transverse marginal ridge (Fig. 65) (West Indies, southwestern United States to Colombia) M. cuhrosa (Dallas) - Dorsal margin of pygophore from caudal view concave 40 40. Small obtuse mesial production on posterior pygophoral margin from caudoventral view (Fig. 55); dorsum shiny metallic brown when viewed without magnification (Colombia, Peru, Ecuador) M. dana n. sp. VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 171 44 45 - Posterior margin of pygophore smoothly concave from caudoven- tral view; dorsum dull brown to fuscous when viewed without mag- nification (Argentina) M. amhigiui Berg 41. Mesial margins of basal plates well separated except basally (Fig. 64) (West Indies, southwestern United States to Colombia) M. ciihrosa (Dallas) - Mesial margins of basal plates contiguous or nearly so for most of length (Fig. 54) (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) M. dana n. sp. 42. Males 43 - Females 48 43. Dorsal margin of pygophore from caudal view moderately concave (Figs. 37, 39) - Dorsal margin of pygophore from caudal view shallowly concave or truncate (Figs. 65, 67, 70) 44. Connexiva black with pale spot on each segment arching mesad from margin; an incomplete lateral vitta usually present on each side of mesial abdominal vitta (Mexico) M. discoidea (Dallas) - Lateral margin of connexiva entirely pale; only mesial abdominal vitta well defined (Middle America, South America)M. notidata (H-S) 45. Posterior margin of pygophore from ventral view conspicuously notched mesially (Florida, West Indies, southwestern United States to Colombia and Venezuela) M. pama n - Posterior margin of pygophore from ventral view weakly concave or convex 46. Small sharp tooth on dorsal margin of pygophore at beginning of cheveron shaped deflexed carina on posterior surface of pygophore (Fig. 67) (Middle America, Colombia) M. pictiventris Stal - Dorsal margin of pygophore unarmed 47 47. Posterior margin of pygophore with short transverse marginal ca- rina on each side; faint semicircular impression on surface of py- gophore between carina and immediately beneath dorsal margin (Fig. 65) (West Indies, southwestern United States, Middle Amer- ica) M. cuhrosa (Dallas) - Carinae absent on posterior margin of pygophore; surface impres- sion extending from each side beneath central area at dorsal pygo- phoral margin (Yucatan) M. faisana n. sp. 48. Pale border of anterolateral pronotal margin intruding onto disk as indicated by arrow in Fig. 68 (Florida, West Indies, southwestern United States to Colombia and Venezuela) M. pama n - Pale border if present not intruding onto disk 49. Viewed laterally, basal plates subvertical (West Indies, southwest- ern United States, Mexico) M. cuhrosa (Dallas) - Basal plates inclined 30 degrees or more from vertical 50 sp. 46 sp. 49 172 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 50. Mesial margins of basal plates concave (Middle America, Colom- bia, Peru) M. notiilata (H-S) - Mesial margins of basal plates contiguous or nearly so for entire length 51 51. Basal plates entirely or almost entirely light brown (Yucatan) M. faisana n. sp. - Basal plates mostly fuscous 52 52. Lateral border of connexiva uniformly yellowish-brown (Middle America, Colombia) M. pictiventris Stal - Connexiva black, draped with yellowish brown between sutures (Mexico) M. discoidea (Dallas) Monnidea lugeus (Fabricius, 1775) Cime.x lugens Fabricius, 1775, p. 716 — Herrich-Schaffer, 1840, p. 66, fig. 510. Cimex alhipes Fabricius, 1798, p. 535. Cydnus lugens: Fabricius, 1803, p. 187. Cimex gamma Fabricius, 1803, emendation (replacement name for Cimex alhipes F.). Pentatoma punctipes Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. 113 Hem. PI. 8, fig. 6. Pentatoma punctipes Say, 1825, p. 313 (as new species). Pentatoma gamma: Say, 1831, p. 10. Pentatoma lugens: Herrich-Schaffer, 1844, p. 96 (keyed). Monnidea lugens: Stal, 1862, pp. 103-104 (description) — Stal, 1872, p. 19 (synonymy, records) — Uhler, 1872, p. 395 (records) — Uhler, 1876, p. 285 (records) — Uhler, 1877, p. 402 (records) — Uhler, 1878, pp. 376-377 (rec- ords)— Provancher, 1885, pp. 43^4 (synonymy, description) — Van Du- zee, 1889, p. 2 (record) — Van Duzee, 1894, p. 171 (record) — Gillette & Baker, 1895, p. 14 (record) — Torre-Bueno, 1908, p. 225 (record) — Van Duzee, 1909, p. 155 (record) — Morse, 1910, p. 155 (record) — Olsen, 1912, p. 52 (hosts) — Van Duzee, 1912, p. 138 (Provancher det. verified) — (Parshley, 1914, p. 148 (records) — Barber, 1914, p. 522 (records) — Parsh- ley, 1915, p. 174 (descriptive note) — Stoner, 1916, p. 306 (la. distribu- tion)— Stoner, 1917, p. 44 (record) — Van Duzee, 1917, pp. 37-38 (syn- onymy, distribution) — Parshley, 1917, p. 19 (N. England distribution) — Hart, 1919, p. 188 (host) — Stoner, 1920, pp. 75-76 (description, hosts) — Britton, 1920, p. 82 (record) — Hussey, 1922, p. 13 (host) — Parshley, 1923, p. 761, PI. 18, fig. 12 (descriptive note, records, host) — Stoner, 1925, p. 54 (on reeds) Blatchley, 1926, pp. 123-124 (keyed, description, hosts) — Leonard, 1926, p. 80 (records) — Torre-Bueno, 1939, p. 217 (keyed) — Froeschner, 1941, p. 129 (descriptive note, records) — Esselbaugh, 1946, VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 173 p. 676 (eggs) — Esselbaugh, 1948, pp. 23-25 (biology, hosts) — Decoursey & Esselbaugh, 1962, pp. 327-328, fig. 2 (nymph) — McDonald, 1966, p. 19, figs. 1 15-1 18 (male genitalia) — Me Pherson, 1970, p. 48, fig. 31 (Mich, distribution) — Hoffman, 1971, p. 43 (record) — Oetting& Yonke, 1971, pp. 456^57 (biology, hosts) — Furth, 1974, pp. 27-28, fig. 12 (description, hosts, record) — Schaefer, 1974, p. 230 (trichobothria) — McPherson, 1974, pp. 940-941 (biology) — McPherson & Mohlenbrock, 1976, p. 148 (hosts, parasites). Dorsum yellowish brown to medium brown with head, anterior part of pronotum and scutellum darker brown to black; ivory markings consist of part or all of pronotal collar usually, transverse callous behind cicatrices, anterolateral margins of pronotum, on scutellum submarginal callous along frena and marginal border apically, mesial spot at base of scutellum, costal margin of coria basally, and lateral margin of connexiva; membrane hyaline excepting large heavily fumose area at inner angle. Venter dark castaneous to black excepting ivory lateral margins of abdomen and posterolateral angle of metapleura. Legs including coxae and sometimes genital plates yellowish brown; coxae darkly punctate, femora and tibiae darkly dotted. Third an- tennal segment distally, all of last 2 segments excepting narrow basal rings, fuscous to black; remainder of antennae brownish yellow. Humeri obtusely rounded, scarcely produced; anterolateral margins of pronotum shallowly concave or sinuous. Scutellum about as wide as long, 1.8-2. 6 mm wide at base, 1.9-2. 6 mm long. Body length with membranes 5. 7-7. 2 mm. Basal plates densely punctate, their mesial margins contiguous and to- gether tectiform; distal margins convex; surface impressed near lateral an- gles (Fig. 4). Dorsal margin of pygophore sinuous, deeply emarginated mesially; emar- gination largely bridged by inferior ridge (Fig. 5). Distribution. — Ontario and Quebec in Canada; from Maine to Florida and westward into the Dakotas, Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas in the United States; and Mexico (Tamaulipas). Uhler's (1887) report of this species in Cuba, reiterated often without indication of source, is undoubt- edly erroneous. I have seen specimens from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Tennessee and West Virginia, states for which no I previous record seems to exist. Comments. — There are several references to hosts of this species, but the insect has been reared through all nymphal instars only on a sedge (Mc- Pherson, 1974). However, the bug will feed on several diverse plants and may utilize a succession of hosts in the field. 174 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY This is the only North American species of the subgenus Meltmochila. Type. — Zimsen ( 1964) did not locate Fabricius' type material of this species. Mormideci montandoni Kirkaldy, 1902 Monnidea montandoni Kirkaldy, 1902, p. 165. Black above, with yellowish border on juga from apex caudad almost to ocelli, on base of head laterad of ocelli, on anterolateral and posterolateral margins of pronotum, on all sides of scutellum, and on costal margin of coria basally; callous traversing pronotum at posterior limit of cicatrices (but separated from anterolateral borders), callous along radial vein, con- nexiva where exposed, all yellowish; membrane darkly fumose. Venter ba- sically yellowish with black markings; abdomen with 7 longitudinal black vittae, 3 on each side of mesial one; the two most lateral vittae on each side extend along thorax, these interrupted at posterior margin of prothorax and with complete or partial connections near anterior margin of mesothorax and both anterior and posterior margins of prothorax; black macule present on head anterior to antennifer, another beneath rostrum. Antennae black except about basal 7 tenths of last segment, and sometimes joints, yellow. Femora yellowish with broad preapical black band; tibiae black basally and distally, usually with a relatively narrow intermediate black band separating yellowish bands, sometimes with basal black band broken into macules. Humeral angles little produced, acute, clearly emarginated on postero- lateral margin; anterolateral pronotal margin shallowly concave, entire. Scu- tellum much longer than wide at base, 2. 3-2. 8 mm wide, 2. 9-3. 3 mm long. Body length with membranes about 7.0-8. 1 mm. Mesial margin of basal plates quite concave, contiguous basally, widely separated apically; basal plates compressed at acute apical angle; posterior margin of plates nearly straight (Fig. 6). Dorsal pygophoral margin from caudal view moderately emarginated me- sially, barely impressed on each side where dark marking begins on reflexed margin; macule at base of pygophore broad, black (Fig. 7). Parameres as in Figure 8. Distribution. — Peru, Ecuador. Comment. — From M. bridarolli, which is similar in appearance, this species is readily distinguished by the black leg bands. The legs of M. bridarolli have numerous scattered dark spots but no bands. Type. — The type was not located. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 175 Mormidea hridarolli Piran, 1963 Mann idea hridarolli Piran, 1963, p. 108-109. The following differentiates M. hridarolli from M. montandoni and in part amplifies the original description. Coria mesad of yellowish callous, or all of coria, and sometimes scutellum and pronotum posteriorly, brown to fuscous. Numerous dark spots scat- tered on femora and tibiae but no broad dark band. Dark ventral vittae (7 on abdomen, 2 on each side of thorax) usually absent or much reduced. Basal 2-3 tenths of fourth antennal segment as well as basal 5-6 tenths of last segment and usually at least basal portion of first three segments, pale. Basal plates similar to those of M. montandoni, but mesial margins well separated throughout. Reflexed dorsal margin of pygophore conspicuously impressed on each side; dark marking at base of pygophore and laterally on reflexed dorsal margin absent or represented by a few small spots. Parameres as in Figure 9. Distrihution. — Peru, Colombia (Putumayo), Ecuador and Bolivia (type lo- cality: Chulumani, Sur Yungas, La Paz Dept.). Comment. — The first antennal segment does not quite reach the apex of the head contrary to the statement in the original description that this segment surpasses the apex of the head. Types. — The type material, in the private collection of A. A. Piran, was not seen. Mormidea purpurescens Van Duzee, 1931 Mormidea purpurescens Van Duzee, 1931, p. 93. Black above; lateral border of head to ocelli, base of head narrowly to ocelli, anterolateral margins of pronotum, transverse callous across prono- tum at posterior margin of cicatrices (but not extending to anterolateral border), costal margin of coria basally, and connexivum, all yellowish or ivory; membranes fumose. Venter brownish yellow, darkly marked as basal macule on disk of first visible abdominal sternite. Basal half of last antennal segment and basal 2 tenths of fourth pale, reminder of these segments fus- cous. Femora and tibiae with numerous dark spots. Anterolateral margins of pronotum moderately concave, entire; humeral angles somewhat produced laterad, narrowly rounded. Scutellum 2. 5-2. 8 mm wide at base, 2. 5-2. 7 mm long. Mesial margin of basal plates concave, contiguous basally only; posterior 176 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY margin slightly convex; acute apex of basal plates compressed, covered by dark macule. Distribution . — Bolivia (La Paz) and Peru (Cuzco). Comment. — Of the four species in the subgenus Melanocliila this is the only one that has none of the scutellar margins bordered with ivory. Type. — The female type, in the California Academy of Sciences, was ex- amined. i t Mormidea hovilla (Distant, 1887) Euschistus bovillus Distant, 1887, p. 61 — Synave, 1969, p. 5 (type data). Mormidea hovilla: Bergroth, 1891, pp. 220-223 — Bergroth, 1906, pp. 2-3 (generic placement reaffirmed). i Euschistus bovillus: Distant, 1899, p. 438. Dorsum castaneous or brown; coria along basal half of costal margin, exposed part of connexiva and often tip of humeri paler; membranes fu- mose. Appendages and venter rather uniformly colored and lighter than dorsum, or almost concolorous with dorsum excepting pale narrowly cal- loused margins of abdomen. Humeri cornute, sweeping upward, usually with a preapical tubercle on posterior margin (Fig. 10). Scutellar width at base subequal to length, 3.2- 3.5 mm wide by 3. 4-3. 5 mm long. Body length with membranes about 9-10 mm. Basal plates subtriangular, both mesial and posterior margins convex; mesial margins well separated at base, contiguous or nearly so at apical angles (Fig. 11). Punctation on ventral surface of pygophore strong, rather sparce, irreg- ularly arranged; dorsal margin from caudal view with broad, moderately deep. V-shaped emargination (Fig. 12). Distribution . — Brasil (Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro); Ecua- dor (Napo-Pastaza); Surinam. Comment. — The form of the humeri distinguishes this species. In transfer- ring this species from Euschistus to Mormidea, Bergroth (1891) quipped “ — il a le facies [of Euschistus], mais non les characteres.” In fact, it does not closely resemble any other member of either genus. Types. — In describing this species. Distant (1887) wrote; “One specimen is contained in the Van Volxem collection and a second unlocalised one, has been for years in my possession." Synave (1969) lists the Van Volxem VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 177 specimen, among the type material in the Institut Royal des Sciences Na- turelles de Belgique, as the holotype. Since the second specimen cannot be recognized surely, the Van Voixem specimen may be regarded as the sole specimen identifiable as one of the two syntypes. This specimen, a male, was examined. Monnidea geogniphicu (Fabricius, 1803) Cimex geographicus Fabricius, 1803, p. 159. Monnidea brevis Walker, 1867, p. 256, NEW SYNONYMY. Monnidea geographica: Stal, 1868, p. 27 (description of type). Easc/nstns brevis: Distant, 1899, p. 437. Oenopiella testacea Ruckes, 1958, pp. 150-152, NEW SYNONYMY. Dorsum light brown or castaneous, mottled on pronotum and scutellum with darker blotches; punctation dark castaneous to fuscous; thin impunc- tate line along meson of pronotum often continues onto scutellum, from each side of this line a pale vague ray diverges from anterior pronotal margin onto pronotal disk; anterior half of pronotal margin sometimes fuscous; membrane slightly fumose; connexiva concolorous with venter, marked by dark marginal spot on each side of sutures. Venter and appendages yellow- ish brown with thoracic punctures, dots on legs and usually distal 6-7 tenths of each of last two antennal segments fuscous to black. Anterolateral margins of pronotum entire, sinuous, deeply concave before humeri; humeral angles spinose, directed laterad, slightly retroarcuate, deeply emarginated on posterolateral margin (Eig. 13). Scutellum as wide or a little wider at base than long, 2. 1-3.0 across base, 2. 0-2. 8 long. Body with membrane about 6-7 mm long. Basal plates almost uniformly colored; mesial margins sinuous, overlap- ping basally, contiguous distally, parenthetically separated subapically; pos- terior margin sinuous; apical angle of each plate acute (Eig. 14). Posterior pygophoral margin with deep wide arcuate emargination from ventral view. Theca with pair of dorsal appendages attached internally (Eig. 15). Distribution. — Bolivia (Beni); Brazil (Amazonas, Para); Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, San Martin); and Venezuela (Amazonas). This species seems to be distributed through much of the drainage area of the Amazon River and its tributaries. Comment. — Stal correctly noted the aberrance of this species within Mor- midea and its similarity to Euschistus, in which genus Distant (1899) placed Walker's species. The insect has attributes of both genera. Although the 178 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY male genitalia are like those of numerous Euschistus species, considering the difficulties of a practical classification of the subfamily it seems best simply to note the aberrant nature of the species and to leave undisturbed its generic placement. Types. — The type of Cime.x geographicus, a female, in the Universitetets Zoololgiske Museum, Copenhagen, of Monnidea brevis, a female, in the British Museum (Natural History) and of Oenopiella testacea, a male, in the American Museum of Natural History, were examined and found not to differ significantly other than in sex. Monnidea speciosa Haglund, 1868 Monnidea speciosa Haglund, 1868, p. 155 — Stal, 1872, p. 20 (keyed). Head, band along anterior of pronotum to include cicatrices and extending submarginally with diminishing breadth toward humeri, and submarginal callous along basal part of frena light brown; anterolateral margins of pro- notum, posterolateral margins thinly, costal margin of coria basally, apex of scutellum, and connexivum ivory; remainder of dorsum metallic green; punctation dense and strong on exocoria, rugose on pronotum and scutellum where metallic green, elsewhere on dorsum less dense and weaker; mem- brane darkly fumose. Venter brownish yellow, concolorously punctate ex- cepting several weak dark punctures on prothorax; disk of abdomen smooth. Antennae entirely fuscous excepting basal segment, this pale beneath. Fem- ora brownish yellow with black spots which distally become larger and coalesce; tibiae excepting a few small pale macules and tarsi fuscous. Humeri acutely angular; anterolateral margins of pronotum nearly PLATE 2 Eigs. 17-20. M. coniicollis. Fig. 17. Left humerus and anterolateral margin of pronotum. Fig. 18. Basal plates. Fig. 19. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 20. Superior ridge of pygophore, dorsal view. Figs. 21-24. M. fusca. Fig. 21. Basal plates. Fig. 22. Pygophore. caudal view. Fig. 23. Superior ridge of pygophore, dorsal view. Fig. 24. Left paramere. dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Figs. 25-27. M. hamulata. Fig. 25. Basal plates. Fig. 26. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 27. Superior ridge, dorsal view. Figs. 28-30. M. integella. Fig. 28. Basal plates. Fig. 29. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 30. Inferior ridge of pygophore, dorsal view. Figs. 31-34. M. vaya. Fig. 31. Apex of scutellum. Fig. 32. Genital plates: basal plates (bp); second gonocxae (gx2); ninth paratergites (pt9). Dimensional line in Fig. 17 equals 0.5 mm and applies to Figs. 17-19, 21-22, 25-26, 28-30, 32-34. Figs. 20. 23-24, 27, 33 are twice this magnification. Fig. 31 is half this magnification. 180 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Straight, entire. Scutellum 2.5 mm wide at base, 2.9 mm long. Length of body with membranes about 7.5 mm. Posterior margin of pygophore bisinuate from both ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 16); proctiger terminating convexly, distal margin reflexed. Female unknown. Distribution. — Amazon region. Known only from type. Comment. — The metallic green color of most of the dorsum sets this species apart from all known congeners. Type. — Male, in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. Examined. Mormidea cornieollis Stal, 1860 Mormidea cornieollis Stal, 1860, p. 21 — Stal, 1872, p. 21 (keyed). Mormidea jheringi Berg, 1891, pp. 241-242. NEW SYNONYMY. Mormidea iheringi: Buckup, 1961, p. 11 (record). Dorsum black, ivory along anterolateral margins of pronotum, costal mar- gins of coria basally, and lateral margin of connexiva; a small pale mesial spot present on base of scutellum, occasionally also behind each cicatrice and in each basal angle of scutellum; membranes fumose. Venter brownish yellow with black mesial vitta on abdomen; punctation, apex of humeri, small diffuse spot at distal ends of supracoxal clefts, and spiracles all black or fuscous; mesial abdominal vitta continuous, composed of contiguous sub- trapezoidal spots, one on each sternite; many punctations on abdominal venter usually arranged in vague subspiracular vitta on each side. Basal segment of antennae ivory with dorsolateral dark dot or stripe distally; suc- ceeding segments black with ivory basal ring, that on last segment occuping about half of segment. Humeri acute or subacute; anterolateral margins entire, angularly con- cave, vertically rugose (Fig. 17). Scutellar width at base a little less than length, 2.8-3. 1 mm wide by 2. 9-3. 3 mm long. Body with membranes about 8.5-10.5 mm long. Distal two-thirds of basal plates black, roughened by a few diagonal fur- rows; mesial margins nearly straight, widely separated basally, contiguous or nearly so distally (Fig. 18). Dorsal margin of pygophore concave from caudal view (Fig. 19). Superior ridge reduced to subquadrate projection on each side of meson. (Fig. 20). Distribution. — Argentina (Misiones); Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Caterina, Sao Paulo). Comment. — This species may be distinguished from M. fusca by the form of the basal plates and the superior ridge. VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 I8i Types. — From the syntypes of Moridea cornicollis Stal the following spec- imen is selected as LECTOTYPE: female, labeled (a) Rio Jan (b) Stal (c) Type (d) Paratypus (e) 408/75 (f) Riksmuseum Stockholm. The PARALEC- TOTYPE is a male, labeled (a) Brasil (b) E. Sahib (c) 6 (d) Type (e) Typus (f) 145/56 (g) 407/75 (h) Riksmuseum Stockholm. These specimens have the humeri produced to a degree found in only a small minority of specimens. Regarding Monnidea jheringi, Berg’s (1891) statement “El ejemplar tip- ico brasilero conserva el Museo de Montevido, los dos argentinos forman parte de mi coleccion hemipterologica." can be construed to mean that the Brazilian specimen is the holotype, but 1 do not so interpret it because he habitually treated all specimens of a type series as syntypes and labeled them “typus.” Therefore, I designate as LECTOTYPE of Monnidea jher- ingi Berg a female labeled (a) Typus (b) Misiones (c) Mormidea jheringi Berg 1891 (d) Berg(e) Museo La Plata. PARALECTOTYPES: male, labeled (a) Typus (b) Misiones (c) 1378 (d) Col. Berg (e) Museo La Plata; male labeled (a) Brasil (b) Typus. (in Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Mon- tevideo). Monnidea fusca Stal, 1872 Monnidea fusca Stal, 1872, p. 21. Monnidea angidosa StM, 1872, p. 21. NEW SYNONYMY. Dorsum fuscous with humeral angles, pronotum anteriorly and head black, or entirely black; spot behind each cicatrice, small tooth at antero- lateral angles of pronotum, narrow costal margins of coria basally, and lat- eral margins of connexiva brownish yellow; often in addition on scutellum a small mark in basal angles, another mesially at base, and apical margin pale; membranes fumose. Venter brownish yellow; punctation, thoracic sterna, small spot near distal end of supracoxal clefts, apex of humeri usu- ally, mesial abdominal vitta, spiracles usually, all fuscous or black. Proximal 3 segments of antennae brownish yellow or rufous, distal 2 segments fuscous or black with basal ivory rings covering about a third of segment 4, half of last segment. Legs about color of venter with numerous black dots; femora usually becoming rufous on distal half. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave, entire; humeral angles usu- I ally acute, directed obliquely forward, with posterolateral margin of humeri and costal margin of coria forming continuous contour, but sometimes nar- rowly rounded to acute and produced laterad. Scutellum longer than wide, j 2. 7-3.0 mm wide at base, 2. 9-3. 2 mm long. Body with membrane about 8. 5-9. 5 mm long. Basal plates impunctate or shallowly punctate, usually with a few fine 182 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY longitudinal furrows, fuscous above second gonocoxae; mesial margins straight, usually somewhat divergent distally; posterior margins convexly arcuate (Fig. 21). Dorsal margin of pygophore moderately concave from caudal view; a large black mesial spot at base of pygophore (Fig. 22). Superior ridge not reduced, mesially emarginated (Fig. 23). Parameres as in figure 24. Distribution. — Colombia (Antioquia, Choco, Cundinamarca, Magdalena); Venezuela (Aragua, Merida, Miranda). Kirkaldy (1909) lists Bolivia and Trinidad under M. angulosu, but these records are doubtful. Comment. — Most specimens of this species so far examined have femora that become rufous on the distal half, differing in this respect from congeners with a fuscous or black dorsum that is inconspicuously relieved by pale markings. M. fusca is much like M. cornicollis in appearance, but the two species differ vastly in the form of the basal plates and superior ridge. Types. — From the type series of Mormidea fusca Stal, the following spec- imen is selected as LECTOTYPE; male, labeled (a) Bogata (b) Lindig (c) Type (d) Paratypus (e) 299/76 (f) Riksmuseum Stockholm. PARALECTO- TYPES are; female, labels (a) (b) (c) (f) as lectotype (d) Paratypus (e) 300/ 76; female, labels (a) (b) (f) as lectotype (c) Allotypus (d) 144/56 (e) 302/76. The last specimen listed is proportionately a little broader and more densely punctate than common. Prom the type series of Mormidea angulosa Stal, the following specimen is designated as LECTOTYPE; female, labeled (a) Bogota (b) Lindig (c) Type (d) angulosa Stal (e) Typus (f) 146/56 (g) 405/75 (h) Riksmuseum Stock- holm. PARALECTOTYPE: female, (a) Bogota (b) Lindig (c) Type (d) Para- typus (e) 406/75. Mormidea hamulata Stal, 1860 Mormidea hamulata Stal, 1860, p. 21 — Stal, 1872, p. 21 (keyed). Mormidea pullata Berg, 1891, pp. 242-243. NEW SYNONYMY. Puscous above, costal margins basally, connexiva, often a spot behind each cicatrice, mesial spot at base of scutellum and spot on disk of each corium brownish yellow to ivory; punctation except on endocoria dense, somewhat rugose on pronotum and scutellum; membrane heavily fumose. Venter brownish yellow, sometimes rufously suffused; lateral margins of abdomen and of metepimeron narrowly calloused, impunctate or nearly so, yellowish. Black or fuscous subtriangular or semicircular spot on each ab- dominal sternite usually solidly colored on first and fifth visible sternites, usually only outlined or partially obscure on intervening sternites, together forming a continuous or interrupted mesial vitta. Legs mostly rufous with small fuscous spots. Basal 3 segments of antennae nearly concolorous with VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 183 venter, third often darker distally; last 2 segments fuscous with about basal 2 tenths of fourth and basal half of fifth segment ivory. Anterolateral margins of pronotum entire, concave; humeral angles pro- duced laterad, acute or subacute. Scutellum slightly longer than wide, 3.0- 3.4 mm across base, 3. 1-3.6 mm long. Body length with membranes about 9-10.5 mm. Mesial and posterior margins of basal plates concave; apex of plates dig- itiform, black, longitudinally furrowed (Fig. 25). Pygophore emarginate in broad even arc from caudal view, deeply im- pressed mesially beneath inferior ridge (Fig. 26); superior ridge semicircu- larly emarginated at meson (Fig. 27). Distribution . — This species seems most common in southeastern Brazil (Dis- trito Federal, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina). Specimens were seen from Ar- gentina (Misiones), Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and Trinidad. Stal (1872) gave “Nova Granada” as a locality. The listing of M. hamulata by Stal (1862) in “Hemiptera mexicana — ” must have been inadvertent. This error was per- petuated by Walker (1867, p. 254), Distant ( 1880, p. 56) and Uhler ( 1886, p. 6). Comment. — Of sympatric congeners, M. hamulata resembles most closely M. cornicollis. The latter species is readily separable from the former by the pale border, visible from above, along the anterolateral margins of the pronotum, by the form of the basal plates, and by the shape of the superior ridge in the genital cup. Types. — From the syntypes of Mormidea hamulata the following specimen is designated LECTOTYPE; male, labeled (a) Brasil (b) E. Sahib, (c) 6 (d) Type (e) Typus (f) 143/56 (g) 410/75 (h) Riksmuseum Stockholm. The three following specimens are PARALECTOTYPES; female, labeled (a) hamulata Stal (b) Type (c) Rio Jan (d) Allotypus (e) 41 1/75 (f) Riksmuseum Stockholm; female, labeled (a) Rio Jan (b) Stal (c) Paratypus (d) 412/75 (e) Riksmuseum Stockholm; male, labeled (a) Brasil (b) E. Sahib, (c) Paratypus (d) 413/75 (e) Riksmuseum Stockholm. The type of Mormidea pullata Berg, a male, in the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Eacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, seems not to differ in any significant aspect from the specimens upon which Stal based the senior synonym M. hamulata. Mormidea integella (Distant, 1893) Euschistus integellus Distant, 1893, p. 456. Mormidea integella: Rolston, 1974, p. 6. Black above, or fuscous with humeri, pronotum anteriorly and head black; spot on disk of each corium paler; connexiva ivory; membranes 184 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY heavily fumose. Venter pale yellow to brownish yellow; most punctures, sterna, small spots near end of supracoxal clefts, and mesial vitta of abdo- men fuscous or black. Appendages basically brownish yellow; legs dotted with black; basal 3 segments of antennae specked with black, last two seg- ments black excepting about basal 2 tenths of segment 4 and basal half of fifth segment. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave, entire; humeral angles nar- rowly rounded. Width of scutellum less than length, 3.1 mm wide at base, 3.3 mm long. Body with membranes about 8-9 mm. Basal plates impunctate, convex; mesial margins straight, contiguous ba- sally, slightly divergent distally; posterior margins sinuous; apical angles i< rounded, fuscous (Fig. 28). Dorsal margin of pygophore from caudal view truncately concave (Fig. 29); inferior ridge produced caudad into triangle extending nearly to pygo- phoral margin (Fig. 30). Distribution . — Known only from the type locality, Chiriqui, Panama. Spec- imens were again captured there in 1974. Comment . — Of those species of Mormidea that are fuscous or black above save for a few inconspicuous paler markings, only M. integella and M. vaya are known to occur in Panama. The remarkably formed inferior ridge of M. ■ integella is distinctive within the genus. | Types. — Distant (1893) in describing this species stated that he had seen only 6 specimens. The number is no doubt a typographical error, perhaps an inversion, because there are 9 specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) the labeling of which indicates that all belong to the syntype series. From these syntypes the following specimen of Euschistus integellus Distant is designated LECTOTYPE: Male, labeled (a) Type (b) V. de Chiriqui, 25- 4000 ft. Champion (c) B.C.A. Hem. I Euschistus integellus (d) Brit. Mus. Type No. Hem. 1040. The remaining 8 specimens, the PARALECTO- TYPES, consist of 6 males and 2 females bearing labels indicated above as (b) and (c). Mormidea vaya n. sp. Black above, except exposed connexiva, mesial dot at base of scutellum and very apex of scutellum pale; membrane heavily fumose. Venter brown- ish yellow; on abdominal disk first and last sternites and anterior margin of intervening segments black, as well as spot at base of pygophore and tho- o racic sterna; punctation black, rather dense and irregular on each side of \{ abdomen, sparce on abdominal disk. Legs brownish yellow with black i[ spots; apex of tibiae and all tarsi black. Antennae black, with very base of third segment, basal 2 tenths of fourth and basal half of last brownish yellow. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 185 Humeri produced laterad, narrowly rounded at apex; anterolateral mar- gins of pronotum entire, sinuous. Scutellum about 3.4 mm wide at base, 3.6 mm long; apex acute (Fig. 31). Body length with membrane about 9.7 to 10.2 mm. Mesial margins of basal plates contiguous; most distal part of posterior margin above paratergite 9 (Fig. 32); apical angles fumose. Dorsal pygophoral margin broadly concave to moderate depth; emargi- nation sinuous mesially (Fig. 34). Digitiform projection on parameres (Fig. 33). Distribution. — Panama. Types. — Holotype; female, labeled Cerro Campana 800M, Distr. Chame, Panama, 2-V-76, Col. H.D. Engleman. USNM type no. 72135. Segments 4 and 5 of the right antenna are fused, without the pale band at the base of 5. Paratype; male, labeled (a) El Valle, Panama, Prov. Code 500 M, 2-VII- 74 (b) Col. Henry Hespenheide. (HDE)*. Comment. — The other black or fuscous species of Monnidea without a con- spicuously pale scutellar apex that are or may be sympatric with this species are M.fusca and M. integella. Females of M. vaya are distinguished from these species by the basal plates. The unique inferior ridge of M. integella identifies this species. Differences in the pygophoral margin and parameres (Figs. 32, 24) and usually the scutellar apex and femoral coloration separate M. vaya and M.fusca. Monnidea discoidea (Dallas, 1851) Rhaphigaster discoideus Dallas, 1851, p. 290. Monnidea discoidea: Walker, 1867, p. 555 — Stal, 1872, p. 20 (keyed, de- scription). Monnidea notuiata: Distant, 1880, pp. 55-56 (in part) — Distant, 1889, p. 328 (in part). Dorsum black; ivory spot present behind each cicatrice, mesially at base and at apex of scutellum, on disk of each corium; small blunt tooth at anterolateral angles of pronotum and lateral margin of coria basally also ivory; connexiva black with yellowish brown marginal macule of various shapes on each segment; membranes fumous. Venter brownish yellow with broad border along lateral cephalic margins, thoracic sterna, thoracic punc- tures, humeri near apex, a continuous mesial abdominal vitta and on each side basally a diffuse lateral subspiracular vitta, and spiracles fuscous or black. Basal segment of antennae brownish yellow, usually with dorsolateral longitudinal dark streak; following segments darker, distal two fuscous with about basal 2 tenths of each pale. 186 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Anterolateral margins of pronotum subangularly concave, entire; humeri little produced, rounded. Scutellum a little longer than wide at base, 2.8 — 3.1 mm wide by 3. 0-3. 4 mm. long. Body length with membrane about 8.5- 10 mm. Basal plates almost entirely covered by large fuscous spot; mesial margins contiguous, posterior margin unevenly concave (Fig. 35). Mesial 2 thirds of dorsal pygophoral margin moderately concave from caudal view; surface of pygophore unevenly contoured, with black mesial spot at base (Fig. 37). Parameres with process directed posterodorsad (Fig. 36). Distribution . — Mexico (Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca). Records given by Distant (1880, 1889) must be disre- garded because he confused this species with the more common M. notu- lata. Comment. — Distant (1880) regarded M. discoidea as a junior synonym of M. notulata. Although these two species are similar in appearance, the genitalia differ appreciably in both sexes. Type. — Male, in British Museum (Natural History). Examined. Mormidea notulata (Herrich-Schaffer, 1844) Pentatoma notulatum Herrich-Schaffer, 1844, p. 100, fig. 765. Mormidea notulata: Dallas, 1851, p. 213 — Stal, 1862, p. 103 (descriptive PLATE 3 Figs. 35-37. M. discoidea. Fig. 35. Basal plates. Fig. 36. Left paramere. dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Fig. 37. Pygophore. caudal view. Figs. 38^0. M. notulata. Fig. 38. Basal plates. Fig. 39. Pygophore. caudal view. Fig. 40. Left paramere, dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Figs. 41-42. M. angustata. Fig. 41. Basal plates. Fig. 42. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 43^5. M. collaris. Fig. 43. Basal plates. Fig. 44. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 45. Proctiger, dorsal view. Figs. 46-48. M. notulifera. Fig. 46. Basal plates. Fig. 47. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 48. Proctiger. dorsal view. Figs. 49-51. M. maculata. Fig. 49. Basal plates. Fig. 50. Proctiger. dorsal view. Fig. 51. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 52-53. M. rugosa. Fig. 52. Basal plates. Fig. 53. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 54-55. M. dana. Fig. 54. Basal plates. Fig. 55. Pygophore, caudoventral view. Figs. 56-57. M.faisana. Fig. 56. Basal plates. Fig. 57. Pygophore, caudoventral view. Dimensional line in Fig. 35 equals 0.5 mm and applies to Figs. 35. 37-39. 41-57. Figs. 36, 40 are twice this magnification. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 187 188 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY note) — Stal, 1872, p. 20 (keyed, synonymy) — Distant, 1880, pp. 55-56 (in part), PI. 5, fig. 12 — Distant, 1889, p. 328 (in part). Appearing black, but coria, scutellum and basal disk of pronotum actually in large part yellowish brown between dense black punctation; margin of coria basally and connexiva laterally, ivory; small ivory spot located behind each cicatrice, in each basal angle, mesially at base of scutellum, and on disk of each corium; apex of scutellum covered by large white or ivory spot; spot in basal angles of scutellum occasionally elongated as submarginal band along frena. Venter yellowish brown with sparse black punctation on tho- rax; lateral band of punctures on abdomen often in part black mesad of black spiracles; sterna and spot at distal end of supracoxal clefts black; mesial vitta on abdomen black, irregularly margined, composed of more or less triangular spots, one on each segment. Basal segment of antennae pale with fuscous streak distally on outer side; next 2 segments fuscous, pale at joint between them; distal 2 segments fuscous excepting pale band around basal fourth of penultimate segment and basal third of last segment. Humeri narrowly rounded to spinose; anterolateral margins concave, often angularly so, entire. Scutellum longer than basal width, 2. 3-2. 7 mm wide, 2. 7-3. 2 mm long. Body length with membrane about 7. 8-9.0 mm. Basal plates subtriangular, mesial margins clearly concave, distal margin nearly straight; apical angle of each plate covered by large dark spot (Fig. 38). Dorsal margin of pygophore moderately concave from caudal view, con- cavity extending for entire width, occasionally with small mesial convexity (Fig. 39); posterior margin from ventral view usually straight, occasionally somewhat trisinuate; black mesial spot present on ventral surface of pygo- phore at base. Parameres triangular without a posterodorsal process (Fig. 40). Distribution. — From Nuevo Leon state, Mexico, southward throughout Central America. Also present in Colombia (Magdalena) and Peru (Lam- bayeque). Comment. — Similar to M. discoidea in general appearance, the males of the two species are best separated by the parameres and the females by the basal plates. Type. — The type was not located. Monnidea angustata Stal, 1862 Mormidea angustata Stal, 1862, pp. 102-103 — Stal, 1872, p. 20 (keyed) — Distant, 1880, p. 55, PI. 5, fig. 10 (synonymy) — Barber & Bruner, 1932, pp. 250-251 (keyed, descriptive note) — Barber, 1939, pp. 287-288 (keyed. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 189 hosts) — Wolcott, 1936, p. 175 (record) — Wolcott, 1948, p. 191 (hosts) — Alayo, 1967, pp. 10, 11, PI. 9, figs. 1, 2 (keyed, synonymy, descriptive note). Mormidea pulchella Walker, 1868, pp. 552-553 — Distant, 1900, p. 430 (ge- neric placement). NEW SYNONYMY. Mormidea lenwidti Bergroth, 1914, pp. 426^27. NEW SYNONYMY. Mormidea ypsilon: Wolcott, 1923, p. 253 — Wolcott, 1936, p. 175 (misdeter- mination fide Wolcott, 1948). Dorsum light brown with darker punctation; humeral angles black at apex; ivory spot varying in size usually present behind each cicatrice, also me- sially at base and at apex of scutellum, and on each corium; submarginal callous extending from each basal angle to distal end of frenum usually ivory; punctation on exocoria often rufous, color suffusing from punctures; endocoria semitransparent; connexiva light brown; membrane hyaline. Ven- ter brownish yellow; thorax darkly punctate with black spot near distal end of supracoxal clefts, those spots on mesothorax and metathorax largest, as large or larger than diameter of tibiae; abdominal venter immaculate or with mesial row of brown to fuscous spots, each at base of sternite. Basal seg- ment of antennae usually lighter in color than remaining segments, these light brown to dark castaneous or fuscous, none with white basal band. Humeri acute to spinose; anterolateral margins of pronotum entire, sin- uous or concave. Scutellum longer than wide at base, 2. 2-2. 5 mm wide by 2.7-3. 1 mm long. Body with membrane about 7-8 mm long. Basal plates almost uniformly colored, contiguous at mesial margins, each evenly convex at posterior margin (Eig. 41). V-shaped emargination in dorsal margin of pygophore bordered by im- punctate tumescence on posterior pygophoral surface (Fig. 42). Distribution. — Apparently widely spread, but uncommon, in Middle Amer- ica, South America and the West Indies. Specimens examined were from Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana and Nicaragua. Additionally, the species is reported from French Guiana, Mexico and Puerto Rico. Comment. — The large dark spot near the distal end of the supracoxal clefts on the metathorax and mesothorax, with a smaller spot on the prothorax, is diagnostic. Types. — The specimens upon which Bergroth based the name Mormidea lemoulti were not located. His description fits some specimens of M. an- gustata and his diagnosis nearly all of them: “Bien voisine de M. angustata Stal dont elle se distingue cependant facilement par les deux callosites du pronotum et par les angles apicaux du sixieme segment abdominal prolonges en une epine aigue dirigee en arriere.” The two calloused spots on the 190 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY pronotum are sometimes absent in M. angustata but are usually present and variable in size. The acuteness of the apical angles of the sixth (fifth visible) abdominal segment and of the humeral angles is correlated and both are usually spinose. The type Monnidea pidchella Walker, a female, in the British Museum (Natural History) is an ordinary example of the species, with spinose humeri and a mesial row of spots on the abdominal venter. The type of Monuidea angustata Stal, a female, in the Signoret collection conserved by the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, was not examined. Mormidea collaris Dallas, 1851 Mormidea collaris Dallas, 1851, pp. 211-212 — StM, 1872, p. 19 (keyed) — Distant, 1880, p. 54, PI. 5, fig. 9 (descriptive note, records) — Distant, 1889, p. 328 (records). Dorsum usually light brown, posterior disk of pronotum darker, grading to fuscous on humeri; frequently all of dorsum dark brown to fuscous ex- cepting anterior pronotal disk and head which are light brown to yellowish brown; punctation fuscous; large ivory spot behind each cicatrice occasion- ally reduced, rarely absent; small tubercle at anterolateral angles of pro- notum, often an impunctate border along about half of anterolateral margins just cephalad of humeri, costal margin of coria basally, all pale yellow; submarginal ivory callous along frena sometimes reduced to large macule in basal angles, sometimes expanded to cover most of scutellum; mesial spot at base and at apex of scutellum, large spot on disk of coria, and connexiva ivory; membranes lightly fumose. Venter pale yellow; dots at distal end of supracoxal clefts, mesial blotch on first visible sternite of ab- domen, suture mesially between this and following sternite, dark; linear mesial vitta often present on ultimate sternite usually faint, sometimes ex- tending discontinuously onto preceding one or two sternites; punctation laterally on abdominal disk nearly as strong as that on thoracic pleura. Antennae light to dark brown with distal 7 to 8 tenths of each of last two segments fuscous. Anterolateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuous, entire; humeri usually little produced, lateral angle narrowly rounded or acute, sometimes spinose and somewhat retroarcuate. Scutellum longer than wide, 2. 2-2. 8 mm wide at base, 2. 6-3. 4 mm long. Body with membranes about 7. 5-9. 5 mm long. Mesial margins of basal plates contiguous at meson, posterior margins convex, usually unevenly so (Fig. 43); distance from imaginary line drawn through lateral angles of basal plates to most distal margin of plates usually 5-6 tenths, rarely less, of distance from line to base of plates at meson. Dorsal pygophoral margin shallowly concave from caudal view, posterior VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 191 surface conspicuously depressed at dorsal margin (Fig. 44). Proctiger as in Figure 45. Distribution. — From Sonora and San Luis Potosi, Mexico, southward into Panama. Stal (1872) records this species from Colombia, as well as Mexico, and this record is probably correct. Comment. — This species varies considerably in color and markings. Some specimens are colored and marked like those of M. macidata, a species whose range includes Colombia. Females of the two species may usually be separated by proportional differences in the basal plates and the relative strength of punctation on the abdominal venter. Males of these two species are readily separable by the pygophore. Type. — Male, in the British Museum (Natural History). In the form of the humeri, color and markings, the type is representative of only about 5 per- cent of the males. The humeri are spinose, the scutellar callous along the frena is reduced to a large macule in each basal angle, and the dorsum is strongly bicolored with the anterior pronotal disk and head much lighter in color than the remainder of the dorsum. Distant (1880) figured a specimen that is similar in appearance to the type. Mormidea notulifera Stal, 1860 Mormidea notulifera Stal, 1860, p. 21 — Stal, 1872, p. 21 (keyed) — Berg, 1878, p. 300 (record) — Buckup, 1961, p. 11 (record). Light brown to fuscous above, usually darkest at humeri, sometimes with pronotum and/or base of scutellum darker than remainder of dorsum; ivory dot behind each cicatrice, medially at base of scutellum, and on disk of each corium varying in size, sometimes absent on pronotum; pale callous in each basal angle of scutellum usually present and extending submarginally along frenum; scutellar apex ivory; connexiva brownish yellow; membranes light- ly fumose. Venter brownish yellow; punctation concolorous, close and somewhat coarse on pleura, subequal in strength but more sparse along sides of abdominal venter. Basal segment of antennae usually brownish yellow with darker lateral stripe, next two segments brown, distal two black with basal 2 tenths of fourth and basal 2 to 3 tenths of fifth ivory. Humeri little produced, rounded; or produced laterad, somewhat retrorse, spinose; anterolateral margins of pronotum sinuous, entire. Scutellum long- er than wide, 2. 3-2. 6 mm across base, 2. 6-3.0 mm long. Length of body with membranes about 7-8.5 mm. Mesial margins of basal plates contiguous, together forming slight tecti- form elevation; posterior margins convex; distance from imaginary line drawn through lateral angles of basal plates to most distal part of posterior 192 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY margin usually 5 to 6 tenths of distance from line to base of plates at meson. (Fig. 46). Margin of pygophore shallowly emarginate mesially from both caudal and ventral views (Fig. 47). Proctiger as in Figure 48. Distribution . — Argentina (Misiones); Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Parana, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Peru (Loreto); Uruguay (Rivera). Comment. — In appearance this species is most like M. maculata. Males of the two species are easily distinguished by the markedly different proctiger and pygophore. The females may usually be separated by the strength of the punctation along the sides of the abdomen relative to that on the thoracic pleura. About 80% of the females of these two species are separable by the proportional length of the basal plates distad and basad of an imaginary line drawn transversely through the lateral angles of the plates. Type. — The holotype, in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, is a female that, unfortunately, is not very representative of the species. It lacks the usual pale spot behind each cicatrice, the mark in the basal angles of the scutellum is only obscurely elongated along the frena, and the propor- tional length of the basal plates basad and distad of a line through the lateral angles is near the mean for M. maculata. The abdominal punctation is char- acteristic, however. Mormidea maculata Dallas, 1851 Mormidea maculata Dallas, 1851, p. 212. Color and markings variable, usually medium brown grading to dark cas- taneous on basal disk of scutellum and exocoria, to black on humeri; ivory spot of variable size behind each cicatrice, on disk of each corium, on scutellum mesially at base and apex, and in basal angles; spots on pronotum often much reduced or absent, those in basal angles sometimes punctate and spread over much of scutellum; membrane fumose. Venter yellowish brown, most punctures concolorous, with or without smsall dark dot at distal end of supracoxal clefts; punctation laterally on abdominal sternites about as strong as that on metapleura. Proximal three segments of antennae almost uniformly colored, light brown to fuscous; distal two segments fuscous with basal fourth of each pale. Humeral angles narrowly rounded to spinose; anterolateral margins of pronotum shallowly concave, entire. Scutellum longer than wide, 2. 3-2. 5 mm wide, 2.6-3. 1 mm long. Body length with membrane about 7. 4-8. 6 mm. Distance from imaginary line through lateral angles of basal plates to most distal margin of plates from 6 to 9 tenths of distance from line to base of VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 193 plates at meson (Fig. 49); mesial margins contiguous, elevated; posterior margins convex; apical angles covered by dark apot. Deep mesial emargination covering two-thirds of dorsal pygophoral mar- gin V-shaped from caudal view, sometimes slightly sinuous (Fig. 51); punc- tation in transverse depression beneath emargination sparse, fine, black. Proctiger as in Figure 50. Distribution. — Northern South America south to northern Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Para), Bolivia (Benf), and Peru (Amazonas, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco). A common species in Colombia. Comments. — This species most resembles M. notulifera, both varying great- ly in color and markings. Males of the two species are easily separated by the proctiger and the pygophore, but identification of females on the basis of basal plate proportions and relative strength of punctation on the abdom- inal venter is not always certain. Type. — The holotype, a male, in the British Museum (Natural History) was examined. Morniidea rugosa n. sp. Ferruginous to black above, usually with a pale spot behind each cica- trice, on disk of each corium, and on scutellum mesially at base, in each basal angle and at apex; above spots, lateral margins of connexiva, costal margin of coria on basal fourth, and lateral margins of pronotum dull yellow to rufous; punctation black, usually contrasting with background; membrane slightly fumose. Venter brownish yellow; punctation black, sparse, strong; mesosternum (excepting median carina) and metasternum black; mesial vitta on abdominal venter consisting of broad basal macule on first visible ster- nite, a small spot (sometimes lacking) near middle of next, and progressively larger macule on each succeeding sternite; each sternite usually bearing subspiracular patch of denser punctation, together forming vague lateral I vitta on each side; spiracles pale or peritreme narrowly dark. Legs brownish yellow to rufous with dark dots; antennae fuscous or black excepting mesial face of first segment, narrow basal ring on fourth, and basal 3 tenths of fifth segment, pale. ! Pronotum traversed between humeri by calloused irregular fascia; hu- meral angles narrowly rounded to acute; anterolateral margins sinuous, en- ; tire. Scutellum 2. 5-2. 7 mm wide at base, 2. 6-3.0 mm long. Body length ' with membrane about 7. 9-8. 7 mm. I Basal plates weakly punctate, apical angles immaculate or faintly dark- I ened; mesial margins contiguous, posterior margins evenly convex (Fig. 52). Dorsal pygophoral margin broadly and moderately concave from caudal ! view (Fig. 53), labiate from lateral view; a median dark spot basally. i 194 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Distribution. — Parana and Santa Catarina states, Brazil. Comment. — Most specimens are recognizable by the ferruginous color. The transverse calloused fascia between the humeri is diagnostic. Types. — Holotype: male, labeled; Brasilien, Nova Teutonia, 27°l TB52°23'L, Fritz Plaumann. 200-500 M (on edge). XII 1973 (on opposite edge). Depos- ited in Museu Nacional, Universidade do Brasil. Paratypes. ISdd, 129 9. Labeled as holotype excepting dates: I-6-I960 (<3 9AMNH); XI-I-1958 (9AMNH); XI-I9-I959 (9AMNH); X-1967 (9AMNH); XI-I973 (dCAS); II-I973 (c3CAS); XI-I973 (c?UNLP); 11-1974 (9, 4c?c3LHR); X-1974 (dBMNH, 9USNM); XI-1974 (dFSCA, dTAMU, dMRCN, 9FSCA, 9NR); 11-1974 (c3NR); XII-1974 (9UNLP); XII-1975 (39 9LHR); (a) Cauna, S. Cath., Brazil XII-1945 (b) A. Mailer, Coll., Frank Johnson Donor (cJAMNH); New Teutonia, Brazil Jan. 1939, Fritz Plaumann (JAMNH). Mormidea albisignis Stal, 1872 Monnidea albisignis Stal, 1872, p. 20 — Barber & Bruner, 1932, p. 251 (keyed, descriptive note) — Alayo, 1967, pp. 10, 11 (keyed, synonymy, descriptive note). Light to dark castaneous above with darker punctation at least on head; anterolateral margins of pronotum, costal margin of coria basally, spot on PLATE 4 Figs. 58-59. V/. meicillica. Fig. 58. Genital plates: ninth paratergites (pt9). Fig. 59. Py- gophore, caudoventral view. Fig. 60. M. amhigua. Pygophore. caudal view. Figs. 61-63. M. piiiipercula. Fig. 61. Left humerus and anterolateral margin of prono- tum. Fig. 62. Basal plates. Fig. 63. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 64-65. M. cuhrosa. Fig. 64. Basal plates. Fig. 65. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 66-67. M. pictiventris. Fig. 66. Basal plates. Fig. 67. Pygophore. caudal view. Figs. 68-70. M. puma. Fig. 68. Left humerus and anterolateral margin of pronotum. Fig. 69. Basal plates. Fig. 70. Pygophore. caudal view. Figs. 71-73. M. albisignis. Fig. 71. Basal plates. Fig. 72. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 73. Proctiger, dorsal view. Figs. 74-75. M. laevigata. Fig. 74. Basal plates. Fig. 75. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 76. .V/. isla. Pygophore, caudal view. Figs. 77-78. M. v-luteum. Fig. 77. Basal plates. Fig. 78. Pygophore. caudal view. Figs. 79^81. M. ypsilon. Fig. 79. Basal plates. Fig. 80. Pygophore, caudal view. Fig. 81. Left paramere, dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Fig. 82. M. lunara. Left paramere, dorsomesial view with anterior part to right. Dimensional line in Fig. 58 equals 0.5 mm and applies to all figures except Fig. 68 which is half this magnification and Figs. 81-82 which are twice this magnification. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 195 196 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY disk of each corium, rather broad band curving along each frena from basal angle of scutellum to submarginal position near distal end of frenum, mesial spot at base of scutellum and spot at posterior margin of each cicatrice, all ivory, with spots varying greatly in size; basal disk of scutellum within parenthetical ivory markings, coria about or distad of ivory spot, postero- lateral surface of humeri and pronotal surface laterad of cicatrices, all some- times fuscous to black; lateral margins of connexiva pale; membranes lightly fumose or frosty. Venter brownish yellow with pleura sometimes dark in large part, occasionally becoming as dark as dorsum in area laterad of evap- orative surface; punctation excepting on head often dark and often strong. Distal 7-9 tenths of last antennal segment, distal 7-8 tenths of fourth, and sometimes distal tenth of third fuscous with remainder of antennae brownish yellow. Anterolateral margins of pronotum moderately concave, entire; humeri narrowly rounded, or produced laterad as slightly retroarcuate spine. Scu- tellum 1.9-2. 2 mm wide at base, 1.9-2. 4 mm long. Body with membranes about 5. 0-6. 9 mm long. Basal plates roughly punctate, nearly uniform in color, contiguous and subtectiform along mesial margins, each plate evenly arcuate along posterior margin; distance from imaginary line drawn through lateral angles of basal plates to most distal margin of plates about 5 tenths of distance from line to base of plates at meson (Fig. 71). Dorsal margin of pygophoral surface impressed mesially (Fig. 72). Proc- tiger as in Figure 73. Distribution. — Cuba and Hispaniola. Comment. — Although some specimens superfically resemble M. ypsilon, this species seems to belong in a group containing M. collaris, M. maculata and M. notulifera, none of which is sympatric with it. Type. — Female, in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. Not seen. Mormidea laevigata Distant, 1880 Mormidea laevigata Distant, 1880, p. 55, PI. 7, fig. 3. Light to dark brown above, anterior disk of pronotum and head somewhat paler than remainder of dorsum; punctation concolorous with darkest part of dorsum; anterior and anterolateral pronotal margins, area between cica- trices, two large spots at posteromedial margins of cicatrices, and transverse band of varying width between humeri more or less confluent, pale yellow or ivory; equally pale; mesial spot at base of scutellum, narrow border around scutellum except at base, costal margin basally, spot on disk of each corium, lateral margins of connexiva; membranes hyaline. Venter pale VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 197 brownish yellow with castaneous to fuscous punctures on head, pleura, and in broad subspiracular band on abdomen, often with longitudinal vitta as dark as dorsum covering thorax between subcoxae and lateral margin and extending over subspiracular punctations of abdomen; sterna dark; spots forming mesial vitta on abdomen solidly colored on first and fifth visible sternites, only outlined, sometimes faintly so, on intervening sternites. Basal 3 segments of antennae brown, distal 2 fuscous with narrow basal band of lighter color. Anterolateral margins of pronotum nearly straight, entire; humeri little produced, rounded. Scutellum 2. 1-2.3 mm wide at base, 2. 3-2. 6 mm long. Body with membrane about 6-7 mm long. Dorsal pygophoral margin visible from caudal view broad, sloping con- vexly ventrad, depressed mesially; opening into genital cup small; pygo- phoral surface fuscous basally (Fig. 75). Basal plates submarginally impressed along posterior margin, somewhat rugose, with a few strong punctures; mesial margins straight, contiguous; posterior margins evenly convex (Fig. 74). Distribution. — Mexico (Tabasco). Comment. — Of sympatric congeners, this apparently rare species most closely resembles M. pama and M. pictiventris in coloration and size. The pygophore is particularly distinctive. Type. — The holotype, in the Museum fiir Naturkunde an der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, was not examined. Mormidea dana n. sp. Light to dark brown above, shiny, disk of scutellum basally and disk of pronotum anteriorly darkest; vertex, tylus and sometimes most of cephalic disk yellowish brown; anterolateral margins of pronotum narrowly, costal margin of coria basally, connexiva laterally, spots at base of scutellum (one in each angle, one mesially), scutellar apex, and spot on disk of each corium, all ivory; punctation fuscous to black; membranes fumose. Venter yellowish brown with thoracic sterna and broad median vitta on abdomen fuscous; punctation dark, moderately dense, usually extending from thoracic pleura as broad submarginal band along each side of abdomen; disk of abdomen impunctate. Antennae fuscous, only basal 4 tenths of last segment conspic- uously pale. Anterolateral margins of pronotum nearly straight; humeral angles little produced, narrowly rounded. Scutellum 2. 0-2. 3 mm wide at base, 2. 2-2. 6 mm long. Body length with membranes 6. 4-8.0 mm. Basal plates contiguous mesially or narrowly separated; posterior margin almost evenly convex; a dark spot covers apical angles (Fig. 54). 198 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Dorsal pygophoral margin broadly and deeply concave from caudal view, shallowly so from ventral view with obtuse median tooth; base of pygophore covered by broad dark spot (Fig. 55). Distribution. — Ecuador (Napo-Pastaza) and Peru (Amazonas). Types. — Holotype: male, labeled (a) Ecuador, Pompeya on Napo R. 40 km from Coca, Napo-Pastaza Prov. V-1965 (b) L. E. Pena (sic) Collector. De- posited in the American Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: (a) Bagus, 3.9.66 W. E. Rose (b) Meunprg. No. 330-66 ( dLHR, 9UNP); Montenegro, Bagua, Amazonas. Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1963. 350 m. Wygodzinsky (9AMNH, cJLHR); (a) Peru: Dept. Amazonas, Montenegro, forested Mtn. Slopes. Alt. 300 m. 22-25.1.1964 (b) P. C. Hutchison and J. K. Wright, Collectors (9CAS); Quincemil, Peru, IX-15-1962. L. Pena, Coll. (9AMNH); (a) Quin- cemil, Cuzco, Peru. April 27, 1947. Elev. 2400 ft. (b) J. C. Pallister Coll., Donor Erank Johnson (9AMNH); Tingo Maria, Huan., Peru. Jan. 11, 194 (sic) Alt. 2200 ft. (b) as above (9AMNH); Tingo Maria, Peru, IV-6-1963. L. Pena, Collector (9LHR, S AMNH); Quincemil, Peru. IX-15-1962 L. Pena, Coll. (c3LHR, 49 9AMNH). Comment. — Species most similar in appearance toM. dana areM. metallica and M. faisana. Mormidea faisana n. sp. Dorsum yellowish brown with much darker punctation; narrow callous along base of scutellum interrupted and sometimes reduced to median spot; callous along each frenum continuous, submarginal; spot on disk of each corium impunctate; above callouses, anterolateral margin of pronotum, small calloused spot behind each cicatrice, connexiva and costal margin of coria basally, all brownish yellow to ivory; membrane slightly fumose. Ven- ter somewhat lighter in color than dorsum, with thoracic sterna and contin- uous broad mesial vitta of abdomen black; dense dark punctation on tho- racic pleura continues as broad submarginal band along each side of abdomen; lateral borders of abdomen impunctate, concolorous with connex- iva; vitta impunctate, adjacent light band sparsely punctate. Legs including tarsi yellowish brown, femora and tibiae with dark spots; antennae similarly colored excepting distal 7-8 tenths of each of last two segments dark brown. Anterolateral pronotal margins nearly straight, entire; humeri little pro- duced, narrowly rounded. Scutellum 1.8-2. 4 mm wide at base, 2. 1-2.6 mm long. Body with membranes about 6. 0-7. 4 mm long. Basal plates contiguous mesially; posterior margin convex; usually a few strong punctures laterally on disk (Eig. 56). Dorsal margin of pygophore broadly convex mesially from ventral view; ventrad of this arc a large area of pygophoral surface shallowly depressed; VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 199 mesial spot located at base of pygophore and smaller spot present along dorsal margin near lateral limits of depression (Fig. 57). Distribution . — Y ucatan , Mexico . Types. — Holotype, male labeled (a) Uxmal, Yuc, Mex., VIII-25-1952, J. & D. Pallister (b) C. R. Vose Fund, Explorers Club, A.M.N.H. Exped. De- posited in the American Museum of Natural Flistory. Paratypes: (a) Temax, N. Yucatan, Gaumer (b) B.C.A. Hem. I, Mormidea pictiventris (2 9 9BMNH); Yucatan, Yucatan, Mex. VIII-21-1952, J. & D. Pallister (9AMNH, 9LHR); Mex., Yucatan, Piste, June 3-5, 59, P. & C. Vaurie (9AMNH); (a) Colonia Yucatan, Yucatan, Mex. VIII-19- 1952, J. & D. Pallister (b) C. R. Vose Fund, Explorers Club, A.M.N.H. Exped. (9LHR). Comment. — The similar species M. metallica and M. dona apparently are not sympatric with M. faisana. Mormidea metallica Stal, 1872 Mormidea metallica Stal, 1872, p. 20. Dark brown to fuscous above; dot behind each cicatrice, anterolateral margins of pronotum, mesial dot at base of scutellum and thin submarginal line extending from each basal angle part way along frenum, very margin of scutellar apex, margin of coria basally and dot on disk, lateral margin of connexiva, all brownish yellow to white; membrane darkly fumose with some nearly hyaline areas. Venter brownish yellow, on each side a lateral band of dark punctures extending along body; thoracic sterna black; ab- dominal disk impunctate between lateral bands of black punctures, black or fuscous mesial vitta incomplete or lacking on fourth visible sternite, occa- sionally on both third and fourth sternites. Basal segment of antennae pale with dark lateral stripe, rarely entirely dark; following two segments dark excepting articulation between them; basal 1 or 2 tenths of fourth segment and basal 5 to 6 tenths of fifth segment pale, remainder of these segments black. Humeral angles not produced, rounded; anterolateral margins of prono- tum shallowly concave, entire. Scutellum longer than wide at base, 2. 0-2. 5 mm wide, 2. 3-2. 9 mm long. Body length with membranes about 6. 3-9. 3 mm. Basal plates sparsely punctate about dark area covering apical angle; me- sial margins contiguous; posterior margin of each plate arcuate, somewhat depressed above ninth paratergite (Eig. 58). Mesial convex emargination in dorsal margin of pygophore moderately deep (Eig. 59); pygophore black or fuscous at base. 200 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Distribution. — Colombia, Panama. Comment. — The interrupted mesial vitta on the abdomen, much constricted distally on the fourth visible sternite, or at the other extreme virtually absent from both the third and fourth sternites, together with the unproduced hu- meri, seem diagnostic for the species. M. metallica seems more variable in size than most species of the genus. Types. — The type specimens of Mormidea metallica Stal, in the Naturhis- toriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, were examined. The following is designated LECTOTYPE; male, labeled (a) Bogota (b) Lindig (c) Type (d) Allotypus (e) 414/75 (f) Riksmuseum, Stockholm. The one PARALECTOTYPE is: female, labeled (a) Bogota (b) Lindig (c) Type (d) metallica Stal (e) Typus (f) 142/56 (g) 415/75 (h) Riksmuseum, Stockholm. A third specimen, numbered 416/75 and bearing among other labels (a) Bogota (b) Lindig (c) Paratypus, is probably an addition to the syntype series. It is an example of M. notulata that is aberrant in having the mesial vitta of the abdomen reduced to transverse basal lines on sternites 2—4. The humeral angles are directed more cephalad than usual and the thoracic spots at the distal end of the supracoxal clefts are extraordinarily large. I think it improbable that Stal would have taken this specimen to be an example of M. metallica. Mormidea ambigua Berg, 1891 Mormidea ambigua Berg, 1891, pp. 240-241 — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 123 (listed) — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 59 (listed). Light brown to nearly fuscous dorsally; anterolateral margins of prono- tum, a callous at posterior margin of each cicatrice near mesial limits, three basal spots on scutellum (one mesial and one near each basal angle), im- punctate apex of scutellum, basal 3 tenths of costal margin of coria, spot near distal end of radial vein, and broadly exposed connexiva brownish yellow; membrane slightly fumose. Venter brownish yellow with sterna black excepting hirsute median streak; on pleura a black spot present at distal end of each supracoxal cleft, this spot at posterior margin of evapa- torium on metapleura; a less distinct spot located at each anterolateral pro- notal angle; spiracles dark; median row of dark spots on abdominal venter, each nearly semicircular, sometimes forming outline with brownish yellow center; band of strong dark punctures laterad of mesial vitta much less pronounced than in M. paupercula. Antennae brownish yellow with distal 2 thirds of fourth and fifth segments dark castaneous. Anterolateral margins of pronotum nearly straight, slightly reflexed before humeri, entire, without noticeable band of submarginal dark punctures; hu- VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 201 meri little produced, rounded. Scutellum longer than wide at base, 2.6 mm wide, 2.9-3. 1 mm long. Body length with membranes 8. 0-8. 2 mm. Posterior margin of pygophore labiate from lateral view, concave from both ventral and caudal views (Fig. 60), convexly rounded from dorsal view. A median dark spot present at base. Two reticulated carinae, one above other, present above parameres on each lateral wall of genital cup. Proctiger black where deflexed, posterior margin sharply reflexed. Female unknown. Distribution. — Argentina (Cordoba, Corrientes). Comment. — The only species in Argentina of similar appearance is M. pau- percula, a species distinguished by the crenulations on the anterolateral margins of the pronotum. M. amhigua is known only from the type series. Types. — From the syntype series of three males the following specimen is designated LECTOTYPE: (a) Typus (b) Corrientes (c) Mormidea ambigua (d) 1376 (e) Berg (f) Museo La Plata. The two PARALECTOTYPES are labeled: (a) Typus (b) Cordoba (c) 1376 (d) Berg (e) Museo La Plata. All specimens are in the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Eacultad de Cien- cias Naturalis y Museo. Mormidea paupercula Berg, 1878 Mormidea paupercula Berg, 1878, pp. 300-301 — Berg, 1879, pp. 39-40 (re- print original description) — Piran, 1948, p. 12 (Argentina distribution) — Grazia-Vieira & Casini, 1973, pp. 58-59 (records). Mormidea profana Breddin, 1912, p. 352 — Gaedike, 1971, p. 96 (lectotype designation) — Weidner, 1972, p. 120 (type material). Light brown above, often darker at humeri and submarginally along ivory colored anterolateral margin of pronotum; punctation dark brown to fus- cous; calloused spot behind each cicatrice, sometimes mesial spot at base of scutellum, lateral margin of connexiva, costal margin of coria toward base, all ivory; small black fovea present in basal angles of scutellum; mem- branes of hemelytra fumose. Venter brownish yellow, darkly punctate; tho- racic sterna, spot at distal end of supracoxal clefts, spiracles and mesial vitta on abdomen black; vague longitudinal band of denser punctation lo- cated between mesial vitta and spiracles. Legs and antennae rufous or light castaneous. Humeri moderately produced, rounded; anterolateral margin sinuously concave, noticeably crenulate (Fig. 61). Scutellum about as long as wide at base, 2. 5-2. 9 mm wide, 2.6-3. 1 mm long. Body length with membranes about 7. 2-8. 3 mm. 202 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Basal plates roughly punctate, together pincer-shaped, mesial margins concave; apical angle covered with fuscous spot (Fig. 62). Dorsal margin of pygophore moderately concave from caudal view (Fig. 63). Distribution . — Specimens examined came from Argentina (Misiones); Bra- zil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) and Uruguay (Paysandii, Rivera). Piran (1948) adds to the Argentinian distribution the states of Bue- nos Aires, Cordoba, Entre Rios and Santa Fe. Grazia-Vieira & Casini (1973) include the department of Artigas in the Uruguayan distribution. Comment. — The crenulated anterolateral margins of the pronotum distin- guish this species. Types. — The holotype of Mormidea paupercula and the lectotype of Mor- midea profana, both females, were examined. The former is conserved in the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, and the latter in the Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften at Eberswalde. Weidner (1972) listed a holotype and two paratypes of Mormidea profana in the collection of the Zoologischen Museums der Universitat Hamburg, but Breddin did not designate a holotype. Breddin indicated that part of the syntype series was in “Mus. Hamb." and the remainder in his collection. These specimens were examined. Mormidea cubrosa (Dallas, 1851) Pentatoma cubrosa Dallas, 1851, p. 247. Mormidea cubrosa; Walker, 1867, p. 254 — Bergroth, 1891, p. 222 (record) — Barber & Bruner, 1932, pp. 250, 252 (keyed, synonymy, record) — Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 218 (keyed, records) — Wolcott, 1948, p. 191 (hosts, rec- ord)— Alayo, 1967, pp. 11, 12 (keyed, synonymy, descriptive note) — Gaud & Martorell, 1974, p. 258 (record) — Rolston, 1976, p. 5 (synonymy). Eysarcoris punctifer Walker, 1867, p. 274 (synonymized by Rolston, 1976). Mormidea sordidula Stal, 1872, p. 21 (synonymized by Barber & Bruner, 1923) — Uhler, 1876, p. 285 (records) — Van Duzee, 1904, p. 43 (descriptive note, record) — Snow, 1906, p. 151 (record) — Van Duzee, 1907, p. 7 (rec- ord)— Barber, 1923, p. 12 (record). Mormidea punctifer: Distant, 1899, p. 437. Mormidea punctiger (sic): Van Duzee, 1904, p. 28 (status queried). Mordidea punctifera (sic): Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 61 (listed). Dorsum dull brown; small spot behind each cicatrice, on base of scutellum at meson and in basal angles, and on disk of each corium, usually pale; a submarginal callous often extending from each basal angle along part or all VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 203 of frenum; connexiva brown with lateral margin palely draped by arcuate spot on each segment; apex of scutellum often with narrow pale margin; membranes hyaline. Venter coloration in two intergrading forms. Light form: pale with punctation, thoracic sterna and abdominal vittae fuscous to black; longitudinal mesial vitta usually constricted on third visible sternite, otherwise composed of contiguous subtrapezoidal spots, one on each ster- nite; mesal vitta paralleled on each side by vitta extending from base of abdomen over one to four sternites. Dark form: all of venter fuscous to black excepting pleura about coxae, lateral margins of abdomen, and usually calloused spot mesad of each spiracle. Antennae light to dark brown with pale basal rings on last two segments, that on last segment covering basal 2 or 3 tenths. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave, usually only slightly so, en- tire; humeral angles little produced, rounded. Scutellum longer than basal width, 2. 0-2. 3 mm wide, 2. 1-2.5 mm long. Body length including mem- branes about 6.5-7 mm. Basal plates contiguous basally, separated distally, generally rather broad- ly so; disk with numerous punctures similar in size to those on fifth visible sternite; apical angles usually darkened; posterior border depressed midway between apical and lateral angles (Fig. 64). Posterior surface of pygophore somewhat protruding along each side of dorsal pygophoral margin, with a shallow semicircular depression between these protrusions arching ventrad from dorsal margin; pygophoral surface conspicuously and rather densely punctate, fuscous basally (Fig. 65). Distribution. — This species seems to have a divided range, one part in the West Indies and the other continental. It is found in all the Greater Antilles and in the Lesser Antilles as far south as Martinique. On the continent it occurs from southern Texas to southern California and south into Colombia. Comment. — On the continent, specimens from the northern part of the range have the light colored, trivittate venter, while those from the southern part of the range have the dark venter. Both forms and intermediates occur in Nicaragua and in the West Indies. Too few West Indian specimens are available to determine if a color dine exists in the islands, but if one does it is not as clearly defined as on the continent. Types. — The types of Pentatoma cubrosa Dallas and Eysarcoris punctifer Walker, both females and both in the British Museum (Natural History), were examined, as were the syntypes of Mormidea sordidula Stal, preserved by the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. From the syntypes of Mor- midea sordidula the following specimen is designated LECTOTYPE: male, labeled (a) Texas (b) Belfrage (c) Type (d) sordidula Stal (e) Typus (f) 148/ 56 (g) 303/76 (h) Riksmuseum Stockholm. PARALECTOTYPES are: male. 204 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY labels (a) (b) (c) as above (d) Paratypus (e) 305/76 (f) Riksmuseum Stock- holm; female, same labeling except (e) 306/76; female, same labeling except (d) Allotypus (e) 304/76. Mormuiea pictiventris Stal, 1862 Mormidea pictiventris Stal, 1862, p. 103. Differing from M. pama as follows; pale narrow border along anterolateral margin of pronotum usually even, not intruding onto disk about midway between anterior and humeral angles. Narrow band along margin of con- nexiva entirely pale, not formed by pale area on each segment arching mesad between sutures. Basal plates sparsely punctate basally; distal margin slightly convex, me- sial margins weakly concave; large part of each plate including apical angles fuscous, polished (Fig. 66). Pygophore truncate from lateral view, 2 minute teeth protruding from dorsal margin; dorsal margin from caudal view shallowly concave between minute teeth; arms of weak chevron-shaped carina on disk of pygophore terminate laterad of teeth (Fig. 67). Distribution. — From Venezuela (Lara) and Colombia (Magdalena) north- ward into Tamaulipes state, Mexico, and possibly into southern Texas. Comments. — This species has been thoroughly confused with Mormidea pama, to which records from Florida and the West Indies apply. Distant’s specimens bearing the label “B.C.A. Hem. 1, Mormidea picti- ventris" belong to four species; M. cubrosa (Dos Arroyos, Guerrero; Venta de Topilote, Guerrero); M. faisana (Temax, Yucatan, in part); M. pama (Atoyac, Vera Cruz; Chiacaman, Vera Paz; Teapa, Tabasco; Temax, Yu- catan, in part); and M. pictiventris (Bugaba, Panama; Caldera, Panama; Chilpancingo, Guerrero; Rincon, Guerrero; S. Geronimo, Guatemala; Sen- hu, Vera Paz; Tamax, Vera Paz; Temax, Yucatan, in part; V. de Chiriquf, Panama). The following references may apply either to M. pictiventris or M. pama, or to a mixture of both species: Stal, 1872, p. 20 — Distant, 1880, p. 55, PI. 5, fig. 11 — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 124 — Uhler, 1894, p. 229 — Van Duzee, 1904, p. 42 — Barber, 1906, p. 258 — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 60 — Banks, 1910, p. 87 — Van Duzee, 1916, p. 5 — Van Duzee, 1917, p. 38 — Torre Bueno, 1939, pp. 217-218. Type. — Of the syntypes, only one specimen seems to remain in the Natur- historisches Museum, Vienna. This male, which I designate LECTOTYPE, bears the labels; (a) Mexico, Coll. Signoret (h) pictiventris det. Stal. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 205 Monnidea pama n. sp. Monnidea pictiventris (auct., not Stal). Uhler, 1886, p. 6 — Van Duzee, 1907, p. 7, (Jamaica record) — Blatchley, 1926, pp. 123, 124-125 (keyed, de- scribed, Florida & Cuban records) — Barber & Bruner, 1932, p. 250, 251 (keyed, descriptive note) — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 157 (listed) — Alayo, 1967, pp. 11, 12, PI. 1, fig. 4 (keyed, descriptive note, host). Yellowish brown to fuscous above; border along anterolateral margins of pronotum and large spot behind each cicatrice ivory; on scutellum, median basal spot, apex, calloused band extending along frenum from spot in each basal angle, all ivory; spot on disk of coria and draping on connexival seg- ments between sutures pale; costal margin of coria ivory toward base; mem- branes slightly fumose. Venter brownish yellow, darkly punctate; thoracic sterna, blotches on pleura, broad median vitta on abdomen and on each side a lateral vitta along basal three or four visible sternites, brown to black; spiracles pale. Antennae colored as dorsum excepting most of basal segment and narrow basal rings on segments 4 and 5 pale; legs brownish yellow to light castaneous, sparsely dark dotted. Humeri little produced, rounded; anterolateral margin of pronotum shal- lowly concave or sinuous, with ivory border intruding onto disk as indicated in Figure 68. Scutellum 2. 0-2. 7 mm wide, 2. 1-3.0 mm long. Body with mem- brane about 6. 3-7. 8 mm long. Basal plates punctate, contiguous mesially; distal margin convex near lateral angle, then transverse to apical angle; surface deeply impressed along distal margin between lateral angle and dark spot covering apical angle (Fig. 69). Dorsal margin of pygophore labiate from lateral view, elevated mesially above chevron-shaped impression (Fig. 70). Major variation. — Dorsum mostly impunctate: a few scattered punctures on head; two small mesial patches of punctures on pronotum, one just caudad of cicatrices, the other at base; a line of punctures caudad of frena follows outline of scutellum but well in from margin; on each corium a large lacuna on disk with few or no punctures. Punctation on venter slightly less dense than usual, normally distributed. Dorsal colors strongly contrasting: tylus, vertex and base of head, as well as spot near base of each jugum brownish yellow; most of pronotum ceph- alad of humeri similarly colored excepting cicatrices and patch of punctures fuscous; ivory markings on scutellum unusually broad. Color of venter and appendages normal. Distribution. — Like M. cuhrosa, this species has a divided distribution, oc- 206 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY curing in Florida, Jamaica and Cuba in the east and ranging from Tamaulipas state, Mexico, into Colombia (Antioquia, Meta). Comments. — Species most likely to be confused with M. puma are M. pic- tiventris and M. cubrosa. The genitalia of both sexes are distinctive in the three species, and M. cubrosa has less conspicuous pale, dorsal markings. M. pama has a short pale intrusion of the anterolateral margin into the pronotal disk, a feature not seen in M. pictiventris. (Fig. 68). In addition to the synonymy given above, all records under the name M. pictiventris for Florida and the West Indies relate to this species, as may some for Middle America. The major variation is described from a single specimen collected at Homestead, Florida. The collector of the specimen, Dr. R. M. Baranowski, writes that he has seen additional specimens of this form. Types. — Holotype: male, labeled La Lima Honduras 31 X 1972 L. H. Rol- ston. Deposited in the U.S. National Museum, type no. 72136. Paratypes; Mexico: Veracruz, 8 mi. ne. Catemaco. July 3, 1971. Taken at light. Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffer (cJTAMU); 2 mi se Tecoman, Col., Mex. VII-20-66. F. M. & P. K. Wagner (?TAMU); 4 mi NW Sonteco- mapan, V.C., Mex. VI-9-1965, H. R. Burks, J. R. Meyer, J. C. Schaffner 9TAMU); La Lima, Honduras, 2 XI 1972 L. H. Rolston (d 9TAMU); (a) Cuba (b) EP Van Duzee Collection (2 9 9 CAS); (a) Cuba (b) H. M. Parshley Collection (dCAS); (a) Habana, Cuba F. Z. Cervera, Collr. (b) H. M. Parsh- ley Collection (c3CAS); (a) Bradentown. Aug. 15' 10 Fla. J. C. Bradley (b) EP Van Duzee Collection (9 CAS); (a) Mandev'le Ja. Apr. 06 (b) Van Duzee Collector (c) EP Van Duzee Collection (dCAS); (a) Villavicencio, M. I. Colomb. VIII:4: 1939 (b) Col. by Henry Dybas (c) Chicago N. H. Mus. Collection (ex W. J. Gerhard Colin. {96 S , 49 9EMNH); same data except date VIII: 15: 1938 (2c?(5FMNH); (a) Puerto Berrio, Antio. Colomb. VIII:4:1938 (b) Col. by Henry Dybas (c) Chicago N. H. Mus. Collection ex W. J. Gerhard Colin. ( 9 FMNH); same data except date VIII: 15: 1938 {26 6, 9 FMNH); (a) Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mex. VIII:8:41 (b) Col. by H. Dybas (29 9FMNH); Brooksville (6 mi. NW) Hernando Co., Fla. VI:21:55 HS Dybas leg. (JFMNH); (a) Dade Co., Fla. 8-11-1954 (b) O. D. Link, coll, (c) S.P.B. Acc. No. 119454 (9FSCA); (a) Davie, Florida. 8-VIII-74. Bro- ward Co. (b) R. L. Chavez. Ixora {26 6, 9FSCA) Lakeland, Fla. 9 Nov. 1950. R. F. Hussey (9FSCA); same data except date 17-V-1949 (<5,9 FSCA); same data except date X-27-1947 (c3,9FSCA); (a) Glen Saint Mary, Baker Co., Florida (b) 23-VHI-72. H. Collins, on Euonymus (dFSCA); (a) Orlando, Fla. (b) J. R. Woodley, Coll. 4-X-61 (t?FSCA); (a) Emory Univ., Ga. 10-1-1945 H. V. Weems, Jr. (b) Det. by H. G. Barber (c) Mormidea pictiventris Stal Det. H. G. Barber (9 FSCA); same data VOLUME LXXXVI. NUMBER 3 207 except date 10-2-1947, without label (c) (d,9FSCA); same data as holotype (cJ,9AMNH, c?9NR, c?,9UNLP, d9LHR); LaLima, Honduras. 2X1 1972. L. H. Rolston (d Baranowski). Mormidea isla n. sp. Light brown above, base of scutellum and coria distally sometimes dark brown with humeri and base of scutellum then becoming fuscous; pale spot behind each cicatrice, on disk of each corium and mesially at base of scu- tellum usually present; calloused submarginal band along frena and apex (or entire scutellar tongue) pale but rarely contrasting strongly with remain- der of scutellum. Venter and appendages yellowish brown excepting fuscous spots on legs (femora and tibiae) and about distal 7 tenths of each of last two antennal segments; punctation rather strong on thorax and along sides of abdomen, concolorous, or on thorax in part or whole darkened; mesial macule at base of first abdominal sternite and usually discal portion of suture between first two sternites fuscous; dark mesial line usually present on last sternite, occasionally also on one or more of preceding sternites. Anterolateral margins of pronotum slightly concave; humeri little pro- duced, angular, narrowly rounded. Scutellum 2. 0-2. 3 mm wide at base, 2.3- 2.7 mm long. Body length with membrane about 6. 8-7. 7 mm. Basal plates shaped like those of Mormidea ypsilon but somewhat ru- gosely punctate. Elevation located on each side of dorsal pygophoral margin at distance from lateral limits about equal to one fifth width of pygophore; dorsal py- gophoral margin between these low elevations modestly concave; posterior surface of pygophore broadly flattened along dorsal margin (Fig. 76). Distribution. — West Indies (Grenada, Trinidad), northern South America (Venezuela), and Costa Rica. Comment. — This species closely resembles some small individuals of Mor- midea ypsilon. Males of the two species are quickly distinguishable by the pygophore. Among females the stronger punctation on the basal plates and sides of the abdomen ofM. isla should separate this species from M. ypsilon. Types. — Holotype, male labeled Costa Rica, Guanacaste Prov. Las Canas, Finca la Taboga. 17-27 June, 1969. Toby Schuh, Janet Crane. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: labeled as holotype {46 6, 69 9AMNH; 26 6, 29 9LHR); Caripito, Venezuela. 30 VIII 1942 (dAMNH); (a) Trinidad, WI 6-17 1902 Chipman (b) Distant Coll. 1911-383 (dBMNH); same except date 7-8-1902 (dBMNH); (a) SlOO (b) Grenada, Br. West Indies. H. E. Summers (dBMNH); J. M. Ayala Edo. Guaranico, La Puerta, Venezuela. l-VIII-75 (3dc3UNAM, c3RDE, cJFSCA, dLHR). 208 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Mormidea v-luteum (Lichtenstein, 1796) Cimex v-luteum Lichtenstein, 1796, p. 106. Pentatoma croceipes Herrich-Schaffer, 1844, p. 97, fig. 759 (synonymized by Bergroth, 1908). Mormidea aglaeopus Dallas, 1851, pp. 212-213 (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Mormidea croeeipes: Dallas, 1851, p. 213 — Stal, 1860, p. 21 (var. noted) — Stal, 1872, p. 20 (keyed, synonymy) — Berg, 1878, pp. 299-300 (descrip- tion, nymph) — Berg, 1879, pp. 38-39 (reprint of 1878 paper). Mormidea spiculigera Stal, 1860, p. 21 (varr. described) (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Mormidea compta Walker, 1867, pp. 255-256 (synonymized by Stal, 1872). Mormidea spegazzini Berg, 1883, pp. 204-205 — Berg, 1884, pp. 20-21 (reprint of 1883 paper) — Buckup, 1961, p. 12 (record). NEW SYNONY- MY. Mormidea tristis Bergroth, 1891, pp. 221-222. NEW SYNONYMY. Mormidea v-luteum: Bergroth, 1908, p. 248 — Kirkaldy, 1909, pp. 59-60 — Buckup, 1961, p. 12 (on rice) — Grazia-Vieira & Casini, 1973, p. 59 (rec- ords). Euscous to black above, with ivory dot on disk of each corium, another mesially at base of scutellum, usually one behind each cicatrice; on each side of scutellum a calloused ivory strip begins in basal angle and runs submarginally along frenum; scutellar apex and costal margin of coria along basal third, ivory; connexivium light castaneous where exposed; membranes lightly fumose. Venter light castaneous largely covered by disorganized fus- cous to black blotches; coarse punctation and thoracic sterna black; abdo- men irregularly margined laterally with castaneous or ivory; subspiracular spot at posterior margin of sternites (except last) usually subcalloused, bright castaneous or ivory; spiracles pale. Legs castaneous with dark dots; antennae fuscous or black excepting part of first segment and narrow basal ring on fifth segment pale. Humeri narrowly rounded to spinosely produced; anterolateral margins of pronotum sinuous, entire. Scutellum longer than wide at base, 2. 4-3.0 mm wide, 2. 6-3. 4 mm long. Body with membranes 7. 3-8. 9 mm. Basal plates sparsely punctate, with diffuse dark spot covering apical angles; mesial margins contiguous, posterior margins convex, bent most above ninth paratergite, truncate above second gonocoxae (Eig. 77). Dorsal margin of pygophore broadly and moderately concave; obtuse pos- terior edge mesially impressed (Eig. 78). Major variation . — All ivory markings on dorsum are completely suppressed or obscurely represented in part. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 209 Distribution. — Argentina (Buenos Aires, Misiones, Tucuman, Salta), Brazil (Ceara, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay and Uruguay. Comment. — The dark mottled abdominal venter of this species is distinc- tive. Synonymy. — Stal (1872) synonymized Mormidea agUieopus Dallas, 1851, M. spiculigeni Stal, 1860, and M. compta Walker, 1867, with Pentatoma croceipes Herrich-Schaffer, 1844, a name which Bergroth (1908) equated with Cimex v-luteum Lichtenstein, 1796. The synonymy of the first three names was verified. The type of Mormidea tristis Bergroth, 1893, was not located, but the description fits the form of M. v-luteum in which the pale dorsal markings are absent. Stal (1860) noted degrees by which these markings are sup- pressed, remarking under M. croceipes “Variat supra tota nigra" and nam- ing three forms under M. spiculigera: the black form "var. nigricans," an intermediate form "var. punctipennis" and the fully marked form "var. ornata ." Mormidea spegazzini Berg, 1883, applies to a combination of minor vari- ations in color and humeral angles. Types. — The type series of Mormidea aglaeopus Dallas, is in the British ' Museum (Natural History). The male here designated LECTOTYPE is la- beled: (a) Type (b) a (c) Brazil (d) Ent. Club 44-12 (e) Brit. Mus. Type No. i Hem. 1015 (f) Mormidea aglaeopus. The female PARALECTOTYPE is i labeled: (a) 40/3.30/829 (b) b (c) aglaeopus Identified by Dallas. The type series of Mormidea spegazzini Berg, in the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Eacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, consists of three specimens. The female here designated LECTOTYPE is the best preserved specimen and is labeled: (a) Typus (b) Buenos Aires (c) Mormidea pegazzini I (sic) Berg (d) 1382 (e) Col. Berg (0 Museo La Plata. PARALECTOTYPES: I female, labeled as lectotype, with all legs save one front leg missing; male, broken and carded, labeled (a) Typus (b) Buenos Aires (c) 1382 (d) Col. I Berg (e) Museo La Plata. • The type series of Mormidea spiculigera Stal in the Naturhistoriska Riks- I museet, Stockholm, consists of three females corresponding, in the order ] given below, to the varieties nigricans, punctipennis and ornata. The LEC- I TOTYPE bears the labels (a) Brasil (b) E. Sahib, (c) 9 (d) spiculigera Stal I type (e) Typus (f) 138/56 (g) 339/76 (h) Riksmuseum Stockholm. PARA- j LECTOTYPES: female, labeled (a) Rio Jan (b) Stal (c) var. b (d) 341/76 (e) Riksmuseum Stockholm; female, labeled (a) Brasil (b) F. Sahib, (c) fla- voornata Stal type (d) Typus (e) 139/56 (f) 340/76 (g) Riksmuseum Stock- holm. 210 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY The type series of Mormidea compta Walker, 1867, in the British Museum (Natural History), consists of 4 specimens. The specimen here designated LECTOTYPE, a male, is labeled (a) Type (b) Petropolis. Eeby, 1857. J. Gray (with 57.57 on reverse side) (c) 24 Mormidea compta (d) Brit. Mus. Type No. Hem. 1016. PARALECTOTYPES are: female, labeled: (a) Con- stancia. Jany, 1857. J. Gray (with 57.57 on reverse side) (b) Mormidea comp- ta Walker's catal.; female, labeled: (a) Tejuca. Jany, 1857. H. Clark (with 57.50 on reverse side) (b) Mormidea compta Walker's catal. The remaining specimen of this type series (var. B in Walker's catalog) is a female of Mormidea hamidata Stal labeled (a) Rio Janeiro. Decy, 1856. J. Gray (with 57.57 on reverse side) (b) Mormidea compta Walker's catal. Mormidea ypsilon (Linneaus, 1758) Cimex ypsilon Linneaus, 1758, pp. 443^44. Cimex ypsilon-aenus De Geer, 1773, p. 332, PI. 34, figs. 7, 8 (synonymized by Dallas, 1851). Pentatoma ypsilon: Le Peltier & Serville, 1825, p. 56. Pentatoma scutellata Westwood, 1837, p. 37. NEW SYNONYMY. Mormidea ypsilon: Amyot & Serville, 1843, p. 135 — Dallas, 1851, p. 211 (synonymy, record) — Stal, 1860, p. 21 (record) — Walker, 1867, p. 254 (records) — Stal, 1872, p. 19 (keyed, records) Berg, 1878, p. 298 (synon- ymy, records) — Distant, 1880, p. 54, PI. 6, fig. 7 (synonymy, records) — Distant, 1889, p. 328 (records) — Uhler, 1893, p. 705 (record) — Uhler, 1894, p. 172 (record) — Van Duzee, 1901, p. 344 (record) — Stoner, 1925, pp. 9-10, PI. 1, fig. 5 (records) — Callan, 1948, p. 121 (record) — Piran, 1948, p. 12 (records) — Buckup, 1961, p. 12 (records). Mormidea inermis Dallas, 1851, p. 211 (synonymized by Distant, 1880). Mormidea scutellata: Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 124. Mormidea scutellata: Distant, 1900, p. 81 1, PI. 52, fig. 7 — Van Duzee, 1907, p. 7 (record). Mormidea vopsilon (sic): Stoner, 1919, p. 219 (record, host). Yellowish brown above with darker humeri, often entirely dark brown to black caudad of cicatrices; spot behind each cicatrice and on disk of each corium ivory, former often larger, sometimes absent; ivory Y-shaped mark on scutellum calloused from basal angles to junction of three arms of Y near end of frena, mesial arm usually punctate excepting at apex of scutellum; connexiva pale where exposed; membrane slightly fumose. Venter pale; punctation concolorous or darker on thorax and sides of abdomen, weakly evident on abdominal disk; spiracles concolorous with venter. Basal seg- ment of antennae pale, variously streaked or dotted darker; remaining seg- ments dark excepting about basal 2 tenths of fourth and basal 3 tenths of fifth. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 21 1 Humeri narrowly rounded to spinosely produced; spinose humeri usually somewhat retrorse, their posterolateral margin occasionally subemarginate; anterolateral margins of pronotum straight or concave, entire. Scutellum longer than wide, 2. 1-3.0 mm across base, 2. 5-3. 3 mm long. Body length with membrane about 7. 0-9.0 mm. Basal plates impunctate or nearly so, finely wrinkled; mesial margins con- tiguous, posterior margins convex, disk slightly depressed; distance from imaginary line drawn through lateral angles of basal plates to most distal part of posterior margin 2 to 4 tenths of distance from line to base of plates at meson (Fig. 79). Margin of pygophore shallowly concave from both caudal and ventral views (Fig. 80); transverse band of sparse dark shallow punctures connects mild submarginal impression on each side of pygophoral disk. Parameres as in Figure 81 . Distribution. — This is the most widely distributed species of the genus, rang- ing from Uruguay and northern Argentina (Entre Rio, Misiones, Santa Fe) northward in the east through the Lesser Antilles at least to Nevis (Stoner, 1925) and in the west at least into the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Types. — The type of Pentatoma scutellata Westwood, from St. Vincent, in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, falls within the lower range of size for this species but is otherwise unremarkable. The type is male. The type of Mormidea inermis Dallas, a female, in the British Museum (Natural History), is an ordinary example of the form with narrowly rounded humeri. The type material of Cimex ypsilon was not sought. Mormidea lunara n. sp. Light to dark brown or castaneous above with fuscous or black humeri and punctation; ivory markings on scutellum limited to large spot at apex and often large spot in each basal angle, the latter occasionally somewhat elongated; pale spot at posterior margin of each cicatrice and on disk of each corium small or absent; connexiva pale where exposed; membranes hyaline or slightly fumose. Venter pale, concolorously punctate, sometimes with small dark spot before each mesocoxa, usually with dark basal macule on disk of first visible abdominal sternite, often with dark mesial line on part of one or more of other sternites. Basal segment of antennae marked by dark spot or longitudinal streak on lateral surface or entirely dark except basally; second segment similarly streaked or brown to fuscous with narrow pale ring distally; remaining segments fuscous with about basal 1 to 4 tenths of third, basal 3 tenths of fourth and basal 4 tenths of last pale. Humeral angles acute to spinose, directed laterad and usually cephalad. 212 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ' 1 ! ' ♦ VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 213 occasionally sweeping upward; anterolateral margins of pronotum concave, entire. Scutellum 2. 7-3.0 mm wide at base, 3. 2-3. 4 mm long. Body length with membranes about 9.3-10.0 mm. Basal plates and pygophore like those of Monnidea ypsilon. Parameres as in Figure 82. Distribution. — From Sinaloa and Tamaulipas states in Mexico southward into Panama. Comments. — The appearance of this species from a dorsal view is much like that of Monnidea notidata, but the latter has a well defined mesial vitta on the abdominal venter. Although the genitalia of M. lunara and M. ypsilon appear the same in undissected specimens, the two species differ in dorsal markings and in size. Types. — Holotype: male, with genitalia dissected, labeled 1 mile north- west of Ayutla, Queretaro, Mexico. July 24-25, 1970. Schaffner, Murray, Phelps, Hart. Deposited in American Museum of Natural History. Para- types: labeled as holotype (c329 9TAMU, c329 9LHR, (3 9UNAM); 2 miles southeast Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas, Mexico. July 20, 1970. Murray, Phelps, Hart, Schaffner (d, 9FMNH dTAMU); 5 miles sse. of Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas, Mexico. July 19-20, 1970. Murray, Phelps, Hart, Schaffner (cj 9UNLP); Cerro Campana 800 m. Panama Prov., R. P. 3 Jun 72 ( 9HDE); Santa Fe Veraguas, Panama. 1100'. 7 Oct 73 Col: D. Engleman (d HDE); 45 km. sw. Cintalapa, Chiapas, Mexico. Aug. 12, 1967. el. 2500'. H. R. Burke and J. Hafernik (9 NR); same data except 57 km and 2100' (dNR); San Benito. 16VI69. Sebaco, Nic. Col: Ev. Vogel (d9LHR); Mexico: Oaxaca, Temascal. July 1, 1971. Taken at light. Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner (9 FSC A); Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico. VI-20-1965. Burke, Meyer, Schaffner (9TAMU); Honduras, Com., 5 mi NW Comayagua, 1600'. VII-18-1974 C. W. & L. O'Brien & Marshal (9 LHR); Tepic, Nayarit, Mex. 9-13-57. R. & K. Dreisbach (d9AMNH); Vera Cruz, Mex. 7-28-8- I 11-56 R. & K. Dreisbach (9AMNH); same data except date 11-1-57 (d 1 AMNH); Acayucan, V.C. Mex. 10-23-56 R. & K. Dreisbach (d9AMNH); I San Bias, Nayarit, Mex. 9-13-57. R. & K. Dreisbach (d 9 AMNH); Jalapa, Ver., Mexico. 5/21/1946 (d CAS); 17 Mi. S. Loma Bonita, Oax., Mex. Jan. i 6, 1951 (9CAS); 14 Mi. E. San Bias, Nayarit, Mex. Oct. 8, 1950. Ray E. I Smith (9 AMNH); 3 Mi. E. Arco, Sin., Mex. Sept. 23, 1950. Ray E. Smith (9AMNH). Acknowledgments For their assistance I am indebted to the following colleagues: N. Mpller Andersen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum), Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. (Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences), R. M. Baranowski (University of Florida), 214 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Harry Brailovsky (Universidad Nacional Autonomo Mexico), C. E. Casini (Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay), W. R. Dolling (British Museum (Natural History)), Henry S. Dybas (Field Museum of Natural History), H. Dodge Engleman, M.D., R. C. Froeschner (U.S. National Museum), U. Gollner-Scheiding (Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat), Jocelia Grazia (Universidade Estadual de Campi- nas), A. Kaltenbach (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien), I. Lansbury (Uni- versity of Oxford), J. Maldonado C. (University of Puerto Rico), Frank W. Mead (Florida State Collection of Arthropods), Luis E. Pena G. (University of Chile), Per Inge Persson (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet), G. Petersen (Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften), D. C. Rentz (California Academy of Sciences), Luis de Santis (Universidad Nacional de La Plata), J. C. Schaffner (Texas A&M University), Randall T. Schuh (American Museum of Natural History), Eric H. Smith (Field Museum of Natural His- tory), H. Striimpel (Universitat Hamburg), P. H. van Doesburg (Rijksmu- seum van Natuurlijke Historic), and P. Wygodzinsky (American Museum of Natural History). Literature Cited Alayo D., P. 1967. Catalogo de la fauna de Cuba. XVIII Los hemipteros de Cuba. II Eamilia Pentatomidae. Mus. Eelipe Poey Acad. Cienc. Cuba Trab. Divulg. 43:1^7. Amyot. C. J. B. and J. G. Audinet-Serville. 1843. Histoire naturelle des insects. Hemipteres. Paris. Banks. N. 1910. Catalogue of the nearctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Amer. Entomol. Soc. Philadelphia. Barber. H. G. 1906. Hemiptera from southwestern Texas. Mus. Brookl. Inst. Arts Sci. 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Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens, Hemiptera-fauna. K. Sv. Vet-Ak. Handl. 2(71:1-84. . 1862. Hemiptera Mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Stett. Ent. Z. 28:81-118. . 1867. Bidrag till Hemipterernas Systematik. Conspectus generum Pentatomidum Americae. Ofv. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 24(71:522-534. . 1868-1869. Hemiptera Fabriciana. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 7(111:1-148. . 1872. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. 2. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 10(4): 1-159. Stoner, D. 1919. Distributional notes on some Iowa Pentatomoidea. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 23:303-307. . 1917. The Pentatomoidea of the Lake Okoboji region. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., Studies Univ. Iowa 7:39-47. . 1919. Popular and practical entomology. Collecting terrestrial arthropods in Barbados and Antigua, British West Indies. Can. Entomol. 51:173-178, 217-220. . 1920. The Scutelleroidea of Iowa. Univ. Iowa Studies, Nat. Hist. 8:1-140. . 1925. Report on the Scutelleroidea collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the Univ. of Iowa in 1918. Univ. Iowa Studies Nat. Hist. 10:1-17. . 1925. The Scutelleroidea of the Douglas Lake region. Univ. Iowa Studies Nat. Hist. 10:45-65. Summers, H. E. 1898. A generic synopsis of the nearctic Pentatomidae. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 6:40-46. Synave, H. 1969. Liste du materiel typique conserve dans les collections entomologique de ITnstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique: Hemiptera: 23-25, Cydnidae, Pen- tatomidae, Gelastocoridae. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. 45(37): 1-21. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1908. Hemiptera Heteroptera of Westchester County, N.Y. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 16:223-238. . 1939. A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Entomol. Amer. 19:141-310. Uhler. P. R. 1872. Notices of the Hemiptera of the Western Territories of the United States, chiefly from the surveys of Dr. F. V. Hayden. In Hayden, F. V. Preliminary report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and portions of adjacent territories, being a fifth annual report of progress. Washington, D.C. . 1976. List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 1:269-361. . 1877. Report upon the insects collected by P. R. Uhler during the explorations of 218 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1865. including monographs of the families Cydnidae and Saldae. and the Hemiptera collected by A. S. Packard, Jr., M.D. Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 3:355-475, 765-801. . 1878. Notices of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the collection of the late T. W. Harris, M.D. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 19:365^46. . 1886. Check-list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of North America. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. Brooklyn. . 1893. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected in the island of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith; with descriptions of new genera and species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London ( 1893):705-7 19. . 1894. On the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the island of Grenada, West Indies. Proc. Zool. Soc. London ( 1894): 167-224. . 1894. Observations upon the heteropterous Hemiptera of Lower California, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) 4:223-295. Van Duzee, E. P. 1889. Hemiptera from Muskoka Lake district. Can. Entomol. 21:1-11. . 1894. A list of the Hemiptera of Buffalo and vicinity. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 5:167-204. . 1901. Notes on some Hemiptera from British Guiana. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 27:343-352. . 1904. Annotated list of the Pentatomidae recorded from America north of Mexico, with descriptions of some new species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 30:1-80. . 1907. Notes on Jamaican Hemiptera: A report on a collection of Hemiptera made on the island of Jamaica in the spring of 1906. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 8:3-79. . 1909. Observations on some Hemiptera taken in Florida in the spring of 1908. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 9:149-163. . 1912. Synonymy of the Provancher collection of Hemiptera. Can. Entomol. 44:317- 329. . 1916. Check list of the Hemiptera (except Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. New York. . 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publ. Tech. Bull. 2:1-902. . 1931. Four new neotropical Heteroptera. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8:93-95. Walker. F. 1867-1868. Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. London. Vol. 2:241—417 (1867); Vol. 3:418-599 (1868). VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 219 Footnote ' Repositories of paratypes are indicated as follows: American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); California Academy of Sciences (CAS); Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH); Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA); L. H. Rolston (LHR); Museu Rio-Grandense de Ciencias Naturais (MRCN); Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NR); H. Dodge Engleman, M.D. (HDE); Texas A&M University (TAMU); Universidad Nacional Autonomo Mexico (UNAM); Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); Universidad Nacional de Peru (UNP). NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK3), 1978, pp. 220-223 EPIBLEMA SCUDDERIANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), A WINTER HOST RESERVOIR EOR PARASITIC INSECTS IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA John D. Plakidas Abstract. — Plakidas, John D., 8506 Eorest Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania 15237. — Epihlema scitdderiana (Clemens) was studied for two suc- cessive winters 1974—1975 and 1975-1976, to evaluate the moth’s economic importance as a winter host reservoir for parasitic insects in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Prom the collection of 5,609 galls for the two year study, an average of 1 1. 12% primary parasitism was observed. Results reveal that E. scudderiana harbors 12 primary parasites, including 6 ichneumonids, 4 bra- conids, 1 eupelmid, and 1 tachinid. Seven of these parasites are known to parasitize a variety of insect pests during their summer generations. As an economically beneficial winter host reservoir, E. scudderiana increases the natality of these parasites during periods when alternate hosts are scarce. Received for publication October 31, 1977. Introduction The goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens), forms a thin walled, elliptical gall on the stem of Solidago graminifolia (L.). Its distri- bution ranges from Manitoba (Kearfott, 1905), Massachusetts (Clemens, 1860), Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin (Heinrich, 1923), to Georgia (Hoffmann, 1945). The moth larva is solitary in existence forming a single celled gall toward the upper half of the stem. I have observed that the larva begins gall formation in June and continues to develop through the summer months thus contributing to the long susceptible stage of the larva to stem boring parasites. The larva overwinters in the last instar and pupates late in April or early in May. Although it is an abundant moth over its range of distribution there is a limited amount of literature on this insect. However, for the first time a large sample of the population has been studied and the results of the par- asite frequencies and their alternate hosts are reported here. Materials and Methods Galls were collected in Allegheny, Beaver, and Butler counties in South- western Pennsylvania from December 1, through April 15, 1974-1976. The galls were opened and examined in the lab to determine their contents. The recovered gall moth larvae were placed in plastic petri dishes equipped with a cardboard grid composed of 21 individual 15 mm x 15 mm x 10 mm com- VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 22 1 partments. One larva was placed per compartment. All other larvae re- covered from the galls were stored in the same manner described above. In order to more closely simulate the natural development of these larvae the petri dishes were stored in a closed metal container and placed outdoors away from direct sunlight until April 15. Following this they were brought indoors and kept at approximately 20°C to allow further development of the larvae. This method of storage proved effective in rearing and observing parasitic activity of the moth larvae, especially in the emergence of endo- parasites. Reared adult parasitic specimens were sent to the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Belts- ville, Maryland, for identification. Results and Discussion In 1974-1975 a total of 4,567 galls were collected having an incidence of 11.37% parasitism. In 1975-1976 1,042 galls were collected having an inci- dence of 9.98% parasitism. From this sampling of 5,609 galls a combined aver- age of 11.12% primary parasitism was recorded for the two years. In three species hyperparasitism was observed, all by Perilainpiis fulvicornis Ash- mead. The following is a list of the primary parasites, their percent parasitism of the total number of galls collected, and their alternate hosts as reported in the literature. Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). 1. Scambus pterophori (Ashmead), 2.78%. Its hosts include, Olethreu- tidae: Ancylis comptuna (Froel.), Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), Gni- pholitha molesta (Busck), Epiblema otiosana (Clemens), E. stren- uana (Wlkr.), Pyralidae: Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.), Tortricidae: Proteoteras aesculana Riley, (Muesebeck, 1951). Because S. ptero- phori commonly attacks stem boring larvae using as host whatever species is available, there is no apparent synchronizing of its life cycle with that of its host (Cushman, 1926). 2. Glypta rufiscutellaris Cresson, 1.1%. Alternate hosts include, Oleth- reutidae: A. coniptana, C. pomonella, Grapholitha packardii (Zeller), G. prunivora (Walsh), G. molesta, Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch), Mel- issopns latiferreanus (Wlsm.), E. strennana , Tortricidae: P. aescti- lana, (Muesebeck, 1951). G. rufiscutellaris has been reported as an important parasite of the oriental fruit moth, G. molesta, (Merritt, 1933) (Putman, 1935). Its life cycle is not synchronous with that of the moth's (Pepper, 1934). Allen (1930) reports that the ragweed stem borer apparently serves as host for this parasite during periods when other moth larvae are scarce. 222 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3. Ccilliephialtes notandus (Cresson), .84%. Other hosts include, Oleth- reutidae: Epihlema desertana ?, E. strenuana, Gelechiidae: Gnori- moschenui gallaesolidaginis Riley, (Muesebeck, 1951). Summer gen- erations of this parasite have been reported by Leiby (1922) who reared an adult of this species from G. gallaesolidaginis. 4. Scaiuhns sp. either gran id os is Wly. or deceptor Wly., .41%. 5. Centeteriis linearis (Provancher), .23%. 6. Calliephialtes grapholithae (Cresson), .02%. Other hosts include, Olethreutidae: C. poinonella, E. strenuana, G. nwlesta, and L. car- yana, (Muesebeck, 1951). Hamilton (1890) reared this parasite from the hickory shuckworm, L. caryana, and Merritt ( 1933) reared it from the oriental fruit moth. I reared a single male and it would seem that it is merely an accidental parasite of this moth. Braconidae (Hymenoptera). 7. Apanteles cacoeciae Riley, 1.89%. Another reported host, Gelechi- idae: G. gallaesolidaginis, (Muesebeck, 1951). This was the only gre- garious species found to parasitize E. sciidderiana. It was also hy- perparasitized by Perilampus fidvicornis Ashmead. 8. Macrocentrus pallisteri Degant, 1.4%. Other hosts include, Olethreu- tidae: E. otiosana, E. strenuana , and G. molesta, (Muesebeck, 1951). Thirty occurances of hyperparasitism by P. fidvicornis were recorded here. 9. Agathis sp., .94%. Eleven puparia yielded P. ////I’/ro/vjA. 10. Bracon sp., .05%. Eupelmidae (Hymenoptera). 11. Eupehnus nwmphae Gahan, 1.14%. Another recorded host, Oleth- reutidae: Epihlema tripartitana (Zell.), (Muesebeck, 1951). Hoffmann (1945) reared E. momphae from a stem boring larva in August, pre- sumably from either £. tripartitana or E. sciidderiana. Tachinidae (Diptera). 12. Lixophaga thoracica Curran, .32%. The biology of this species is poorly understood (Curran, 1931). Because many parasitic insects do not synchronize their life cycles with that of their host's they must rely on a variety of alternate hosts to maintain establishment within a community. Erom this study it is evident that E. sciidderiana is host for a variety of parasites which are not synchronous with its own life cycle. 5. pterophori, C. notandus, G. riifisciitellaris, C. grapholithae , E. momphae, A. cacoeciae, and M. pallisteri, are all known to utilize a variety of other hosts to maintain a standing population. Pepper (1934) stated that a study of non-economic insects inhabiting weeds might yield valuable information in the biological control of injurious insects. Prom these results it is evident that E. sciidderiana plays an essen- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 '’23 tial role as a winter host reservoir for some parasitic insects in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Expanding this concept, it may be advantageous to cultivate this and other suitable species of wild flowering plants in and around orchard and field crops to insure a standing population of specific parasitic insects. This method of cultivating weeds for the purpose of harboring hosts for parasitic species might be termed intercalation. A program utilizing this style of in- tegrated control of insect pests could prove highly affective. Acknowledgments My thanks to the following for identifications: C. W. Sabrosky — Tach- inidae, G. Gordh — Eupelmidae and Perilampidae, P. M. Marsh — Braconi- dae, and R. W. Carlson — Ichneumonidae. Also my thanks to G. Wallace for use of the Entomology Laboratory in the Carnegie Museum. Literature Cited Allen, H. W., and E. Lott. 1930. Epiblema strenuana Walk., the host of certain parasites of the oriental fruit moth, Laspeyresia molesta Busck (Lepidoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 32:135-136. Clemens, B. 1860. Contributions to American Lepidopterology — No. 6. Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 12:345-362. Curran, C. H. 1931. Report on the Diptera collected at the station for the study of insects, Harriman Interstate Park, N. Y. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 61:21-115. Cushman, R, A. 1926. Address of the retiring president. Entomol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 28:25-51. Hamilton, J. 1890. The inhabitants of a hickory nut hull. Entomol. News 1:49-51. Heinrich. C. 1923. Revision of the North American moths of the sub-family Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. Bull. 123:1-272. Hoffmann, C. H. 1945. Insect pests of cultivated goldenrod. J. Econ. Entomol. 38:355-358. Kearfott, W. D. 1905. Manitoba micro-Lepidoptera. Can. Entomol. 37:205-209. Leiby, R. W. 1922. Biology of the goldenrod gallmaker Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley. Journ. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 30:81-94. Merritt, J. M. 1933. Oriental fruit moth parasites in Michigan. J. Econ. Entomol. 26:788-792. Muesebeck, C. G. W., K. Krombein, H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2. 1420 pp. Pepper, B. B., and B. F. Driggers. 1934. Non-economic insects as intermediate hosts of parasites of the oriental fruit moth. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27:593-598. Putmann, W. L. 1935. Notes on the native hosts of some oriental fruit moth parasites. Can. Entomol. 67:46^8. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXXVK3), 1978, pp. 224-259 REVISION OF THE GENUS LOXA (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) Joseph E. Eger IE Abstract. — Eger II, Joseph E., Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. 70803. — A key is provided to separate Loxa and four other American genera of similar appearance: Chlorocoris , Chloropepla , Fecelia and Mayrina. The genus Loxa is redescribed and the species are described, or rede- scribed, and keyed. Of the 10 included species three are new species: Loxa melanita, from Peru, Brazil and Guyana; L. parapallida, from Peru; andL. periiviensis from Peru. New synonomy recognized is Loxa planifrons Barber & Bruner, 1932, as a junior synonym of L. pallida Van Duzee, 1907; L. flavicollis obtusa Hor- vath, 1925, and L. prasina Horvath, 1925, as junior synonyms of L. vires- cens Amyot & Serville, 1843; L. assimilis Horvath, 1925, L. colambiae Horvath, 1925, L. exsul Horvath, 1925, L. orthacantha Horvath, 1925, L. scutellaris Horvath, 1925, andL. vicina Horvath, 1925, as junior synonyms ofL. viridis (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805). A lectotype and paralectotype are designated for L. florida Van Duzee, 1909, and L. flavicollis obtusa Horvath, 1925; and a lectotype is designated for L. picticornis Horvath, 1925. Loxa haematica is considered to be a nomen dubiion. Received for publication September 16, 1977. Introduction The genus Loxa Amyot & Serville is similar in appearance to four other small tropical genera: Chlorocoris Spinola, Chloropepla Stal, Mayrinia Hor- vath and Fecelia Stal. The last three genera have been revised recently (Grazia, 1968; Grazia-Vieira, 1972; Grazia-Vieira, 1973). All five genera may be recognized from descriptions and diagnoses in the literature, but no pre- vious key separated all of them. A key is provided here to facilitate rec- ognition of each, and the genus Loxa is redescribed. The last revision of Loxa was based on so few specimens that intraspecific variation was underestimated (Horvath, 1925). Characters used by Horvath, such as color, length of antennal segments and the ratio of the length of the humeral spines to the breadth of the interocular vertex, were found to be quite variable within species. In addition, the male genitalia, which were found to be relatively consistent within species, were not used by Horvath. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 225 Consequently, many junior synonyms were created and the key to species was unreliable. In the following revision the key to species and descriptions, or rede- scriptions, of species emphasize the morphology of the parameres, proctiger and first gonocoxae. These structures, in most cases, show distinct inter- specific differences and little intraspecific variation. The terminology used for genitalia is that of McDonald (1966). Key to Genera of Similar Appearance 1. Ostiolar rugae very long, extending Vi or more width of metapleuron from ostiolar orifice to lateral margin, evanescent apically from ven- trolateral view. Chloropepla Stal, 1867 - Ostiolar rugae extending less than V2 width of metapleuron from ostiolar orifice to lateral margin, somewhat spatulate apically from ventrolateral view 2 2. Superior surface of femora broadly rounded at apex Chlorocoris Spinola, 1837 - Superior surface of femora armed with acute spine at apex 3 3. Distal end of ostiolar rugae evanescent in profile Mayrinia Horvath, 1925 - Distal end of ostiolar rugae truncate in profile 4 4. Ostiolar rugae short, extending Vs-Ve width of metapleuron from ostiolar orifice to lateral margin Loxa Amyot & Serville, 1843 - Ostiolar rugae relatively long, extending approximately V3 width of metapleuron from ostiolar orifice to lateral margin Fecelia Stal 1872 Loxa Amyot & Serville, 1843 Loxa Amyot & Serville, 1843, p. 137, 198 — Stal, 1867, p. 24 (keyed) — Walk- er, 1867, p. 241 (listed) — Stal, 1872, p. 36 (synonymy) — Distant, 1880, p. 70 (synonymy) — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149 (listed) — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 96 (synonymy, n'dmesflavicollis type species) — Van Duzee, 1917, pp. 54-55 (synonymy) — Hart, 1919, p. 178 (keyed) — Horvath, 1925, pp. 307-324, tab. 4-5 — Blatchley, 1926, p. 153 (description) — Barber & Bru- ner, 1932, p. 285 (keyed) — Barber, 1939, pp. 286, 295 (keyed) — Torre- Bueno, 1939, pp. 207-208 (keyed) — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 148 (listed) — Ruckes, 1952, p. 6 (synonymy) — Alayo, 1967, pp. 21-22 (keyed). Dorsum pale green to dark blue green (apparently often discolored brown in part or whole), densely punctured concolorously or with red, moderately convex transversely behind humeri, strongly declivent before humeri. Ven- ter generally lighter in color than dorsum (frequently discolored), strongly convex transversely, moderately punctured. 226 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Head subtriangular; fine lines directed anterolaterad on anterior part of jugae, transverse on disk, tylus and jugae posteriorly; punctation mostly arranged in longitudinal bands (may be lacking in pallida). Jugae surpassing tylus, lateral margins convergent. Antennae 5 segmented; apex of first seg- ment reaching apex of head or nearly so; segments 2-5 each distinctly longer than first segment; antenniferous tubercles visible from dorsal aspect. Bucculae evanescent basally; each tooth near anterior limit angulate to rounded. Rostrum reaching middle of metathorax to posterior margin of third abdominal segment; basal segment distinctly surpassing distal end of bucculae. Pronotum densely punctured, with transverse rugae separated by fine lines connecting punctures. Apex slightly wider than breadth of head across eyes, rarely by more than length of first denticle. Anterolateral margins denticulate; submarginal band of punctures moderately to strongly more dense than those of disk. Cicatrices well defined, usually possessing distinct tubercle, (obscure or absent in planiceps). Humeri usually produced into acute spines (except in peraviensis), moderately to strongly elevated. Scutellum transversely convex, densely punctured, especially so poste- riorly and laterally, 1.4 times longer than wide to subequal in width and length. Coria densely punctured; punctures becoming increasingly smaller and more dense posteriorly, forming dense submarginal band laterally on each corium; irregular scattered pale calli usually present; posterior angles reaching middle to slightly surpassing posterior margin of sixth abdominal segment. Frena extending approximately two-thirds length of scutellum. Membranes clear, immaculate or with scattered colored spots. Connexiva slightly lighter than or concolorous with dorsum; scattered punctures most dense near intersegmental sutures. Tergites slightly lighter than or concol- orous with connexiva, impunctate. Thoracic pleura moderately punctured with red or concolorously. Evap- orative area from base of ostiole approximately Ti width of metapleura, frequently with fine irregular lines. Prosternum longitudinally concave; me- sosternum moderately carinate mesally; metasternum nearly flat. Apex of each femur produced dorsally into narrowly angular to acute spine; tibiae sulcate. Abdominal sternites most densely punctured laterally, usually im- punctate mesally; medial spine at base of abdomen lacking. Sixth visible abdominal segment of males and eighth paratergites of females produced posteriorly, usually forming distinct spine. Spermathecal bulb with three digitiform processes. Proximal and distal flanges of pump distinct. Median dilation of spermathecal duct evenly pro- duced, surrounding sclerotized rod (Fig. 5). Posterior margin of pygophore subquadrate dorsally, subtriangular ven- trally. Dorsolateral inner margin of genital cup with distinct denticle on each side about halfway between anterior and posterior limits of cup (except in VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 227 deducta). Superior ridge emarginate mesally. Inferior ridge strongly devel- oped, forming vertical wall mesally; dorsal margin of wall with pair of py- gophoral appendages; appendages (in ptirapallida, pallida, planiceps and nesiotes) with distinct recurved hooks overlapping posterior face of inferior ridge. Proctiger strongly ridged dorsolaterally, variously constricted mesal- ly, deeply concave for approximately caudal half; concavity enclosing striate membrane. Parameres complex, with several processes. Theca large, acentric, constricted mesally, strongly attached to floor of pygophore by large basal plates. Thecal shield bowl-shaped; vesica surrounded by sheath. Conjunctival appendages absent (Figs. 25, 26). Distribution. — Southern Texas and Florida south to Uruguay, Argentina and southern Brazil; restricted to New World. Type species. — Cime.x flavicollis Drury by subsequent designation (Kirkal- dy, 1909). Comment. — The species of Loxa are quite variable in color of preserved specimens, ranging from orange-brown and tan to blue-green. The greens are lost upon submersion in hot water, presumably also upon exposure to other high temperatures. The structure of the theca and spermatheca are relatively homogenous, interspecific variation being minimal. In contrast, the parameres and proctiger of males differ among species as do the first gonocoxae of most species, making identification possible in most cases by these structures alone. Key to Loxa Males 1. Pygophoral appendages each with distinct caudal hook (Figs. 29, 33, 37,41) 2 - Pygophoral appendages each without distinct caudal hook 5 2. Lateral margins of dorsolateral parameral processes spiculate 3 - Lateral margins of dorsolateral parameral processes glabrous, lack- ing spicules 4 3. Humeral spines weakly produced, distinctly curved caudad (Fig. 34) planiceps Horvath - Humeral spines angled slightly caudad at most, usually projecting laterad, sometimes curving cephalad (Fig. 38) nesiotes Horvath 4. Lateral margins of dorsolateral parameral processes convex from caudal view (Fig. 33) pallida Van Duzee - Lateral margins of dorsolateral parameral processes slightly concave from caudal view (Fig. 29) parapallida n. sp. 5. Lateral carina of genital cup distinctly spiculate (Fig. 20) deducta Walker - Lateral carina of genital cup not at all spiculate 6 228 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 6. Posterior dorsal face of proctiger with pair of distinct spines (Figs. 7, 15) 7 - Posterior dorsal face of proctiger lacking distinct spines 8 7. Dorsolateral parameral processes elongate, distinctly curving mesad (Fig. 16) melanita n. sp. - Dorsolateral parameral processes projecting laterad, not at all curv- ing mesad (Fig. 8) virescens Amyot & Serville 8. Posterior margins of coria broadly rounded peruviensis n. sp. - Posterior margins of coria moderately to strongly sinuous, the lateral angles produced 9 9. Dorsolateral parameral processes from caudal view inclined dorsad, rounded at apex (Fig. 24) viridis (Palisot de Beauvois) - Dorsolateral parameral processes projecting laterad, acute apically (Fig. 4) flavicollis (Drury) Key to Loxa Females 1. First gonocoxae with mesal margins strongly divergent from base to apex (Fig. 18) dediicta Walker - First gonocoxae with mesal margins contiguous or nearly so for most of their length 2 2. First gonocoxae each moderately to strongly lobed posteriorly, ex- tending onto ninth paratergites 3 - First gonocoxae each at most broadly rounded posteriorly not lobed and only narrowly overlapping ninth paratergites 5 3. First gonocoxae each strongly produced posteriorly, extending onto ninth paratergites V2 or more length of ninth paratergites (Fig. 14) melanita n. sp. - First gonocoxae each moderately produced into broadly angular to rounded lobe, extending onto ninth paratergites less than V3 length of ninth paratergites 4 4. Humeral spines moderately produced, curving caudad (Fig. 34); length of first gonocoxae from base at meson to posterior apex 1.6 mm or more planiceps Horvath - Humeral spines strongly produced, projecting laterad to cephalad (Fig. 38); length of first gonocoxae from base at meson to posterior apex 1 .4 mm or less nesiotes Horvath 5. Humeri weakly produced, each lacking distinct spine 6 - Humeri each moderately to strongly produced into distinct spine 7 6. Posterior margins of coria broadly rounded peruviensis n. sp. - Posterior margins of coria moderately to strongly sinuous, the lateral angles produced 8 VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 229 7. Length of first gonocoxae from base at meson to posterior apex greather than 1.7 mm; length of second gonocoxae at meson greater than 1.0 mm 8 - Length of first gonocoxae from base at meson to posterior apex less than 1.5 mm; length of second gonocoxae at meson less than 0.9 mm 9 8. Pronotum between humeri traversed by transverse fascia of rugae; coria each with discoidal pale spot; inferior face of basal two anten- nal segments with fine piceus line virescens Amyot & Serville - Pronotum between humeri lacking transverse fascia of rugae; coria each without discoidal pale spot; basal two antennal segments lack- ing fine piceus line flavicollis (Drury) 9. Posterior margins of coria broadly rounded pallida Van Duzee - Posterior margins of coria strongly sinuous, the lateral angles pro- duced riritlis (Palisot de Beauvois) Loxa flavicollis (Drury, 1773) Cimex flavicollis Drury, 1773, p. 67, pi. 36, fig. 4. Cimex albicollis Fabricius, 1781, p. 347 — Gmelin, 1788, p. 2138. Pentatoma flavicollis: Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. 185. Loxa flavicollis: Dallas, 1851, p. 198 (in part) — Stal, 1860, p. 19 — Walker, 1867, p. 241 (in part) — Walker, 1868, p. 549 (in part) — Distant, 1880, p. 70 (in part) — Uhler, 1876, p. 290 (in part) — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149 (in part) — Van Duzee, 1917, pp. 54-55 — Horvath, 1925, pp. 319-320, tab. 4, fig. 7, tab. 5, fig. 6 (in part) — Torre-Bueno, 1939, p. 208 (in part) — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 158 — McDonald, 1966, pp. 27, 51, figs. 224- 229, 463 (genitalia) — Alayo, 1967 p. 22. Loxa afflnis: Distant, 1892, p. 336 (in part) — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149 — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 96 (in part). Loxa florida Van Duzee, 1909, p. 156 — Barber, 1914, p. 523 — Van Duzee, 1917, pp. 54-55 — Blatchley, 1926, pp. 28-30 — Torre-Bueno, 1939, p. 208 — Ruckes, 1952, p. 7. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 6 16.6-20.7 mm, 9 9 18.8-23.4 mm. Jugae with mesal and lateral band of red or concolorous punctures vari- able in density; lateral margins nearly straight to slightly undulating (Fig. 1), usually lighter than disk. Tylus with mesal band of red to concolorous punc- tures for at least basal half. Antennae variable, usually uniformly lighter than disk of head, occasionally tinged with red or slightly darker than disk of head, basal two segments sometimes possessing fine dark brown to piceus line on inferior surface; length of segments (both sexes) 1.2-1. 8; 2. 0-3.0; 230 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 231 2. 2-3. 8; 2. 7-4. 6; 2.2-4. 1 mm. Width of head across eyes d d 4. 0-4. 7 mm, $ 9 4. 0-4. 9 mm; length 6 6 3. 4-4. 3 mm, 9 9 3. 4-4. 4 mm. Pronotal rugae uncommonly forming transverse fascia between humeri. Anterolateral margins generally paler than disk, with submarginal band of usually red punctures. Humeri moderately produced into spines, slightly elevated, projecting laterad to slightly cephalad (Fig. 1); red submarginal anterolateral band commonly extending onto each spine; humeral spines red to lighter than disk. Width of pronotum across humeri 6 6 11.4-14.6 mm, 9 9 10.8-15.6 mm; length at meson 6 6 4. 2-5. 3 mm, 9 9 3. 8-5. 4 mm. Scutellum with numerous fine irregular calli, these usually pale; width at base 6 6 6. 0-7. 8 mm, 9 9 6. 3-7. 8 mm; length at meson <3 c5 7. 6-9. 6 mm, 9 9 7. 6-9. 4 mm. Coria with scattered irregular calli, these usually paler than disk; discoidal spots usually lacking; posterior margins strongly sin- uous, lateral angles produced. Legs concolorous with or somewhat lighter than thoracic pleura, occa- sionally marked with red; apical femoral spines weakly produced. First gonocoxae contiguous mesally for most of length, narrowly diver- gent near apex; posterior margins broadly rounded (Fig. 2); breadth at wid- est point 1.4-1. 9 mm; length at meson 1.8-2. 5 mm. Second gonocoxae with shallow longitudinal impression mesally; basal width 1. 1-1.6 mm; mesal length 1.0-1. 6 mm. Superior ridge of genital cup moderately emarginate mesally; denticles on j each inner dorsolateral margin of genital cup small, obtuse; sides of pygo- i phore caudad of parameres relatively broad, somewhat compressed. Py- I gophoral appendages lacking distinct caudal hooks. Proctiger with two broadly angular projections located mesally along each lateral margin of posterior concavity; proctigeral spines lacking (Fig. 3). Ventral length of abdominal segments 3-6 at meson 0.8-1. 2; 0.5-0. 8; 0.3-0. 6; 3. 7-5.0 mm. Each dorsolateral parameral process acute apically. Dorsomesal process- es each with two short acute lobes; dorsal lobes projecting dorsad, curving j mesad; ventral lobes projecting ventromesad. Each ventromesal process bi- 1 lobed; dorsal lobes projecting dorsad, curving caudad and mesad at narrow- ] ly angular to obtuse apex; ventral lobes projecting ventromesad, curving ' laterad at acute apex (Eig. 4). i I Figs. 1-4. L. flavicollis. Fig. I. Pronotum and head. Fig. 2. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl). second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8), ninth paratergite (pt9), tenth sternite (slO). Fig. 3. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig, 4. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. 232 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Eig. 5. L. flavicollis. Spermatheca and related structures; spermathecal bulb (sb), distal flange of spermathecal pump (df). proximal flange of spermathecal pump (pf), spermathecal duct (sd), dilation of spermathecal duct (dsd). Dimensional line equals 1.0 mm. Types. — The type material ofCime.x flavicollis is apparently lost. Loxa flor- ida was described from Crescent City, Florida (a male) and from Biscayne Bay, Florida (a female). Blatchley (1925) and Ruckes (1952), however, cite only Crescent City as the type locality. No definite lectotype has been des- ignated for this species so the male syntype from Crescent City is designated lectotype and the female from Biscayne Bay paralectotype. Cime.x albicollis was proposed as a replacement name for C. flavicollis and as such is based on the type specimens of C. flavicollis. Distribution. — Florida, Alabama, Bahamas, Jamaica (type locality), Cuba, Mexico, and Texas. Comment. — This is a highly variable species in most of its characters, the male genitalia and female genital plates being relatively consistent, however. Lo.xa virescens Amyot & Serville, 1843 Cime.x albicollis: Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842, p. 68, fig. 634 Lo.xa virescens Amyot & Serville, 1843, pp. 137-138, tab. 3, fig. 3 Lo.xa flavicollis: Amyot & Serville, 1843, p. 137, tab. 3, fig. 3 — Dallas, 1851, p. 198 (in part) — Walker, 1867, p. 241 (in part) — Walker, 1868, p. 549 (in part) — Stal, 1872, p. 36 (in part) — Uhler, 1876, p. 290 (in part) — Distant, 1880, p. 70 (in part) — Berg, 1884, p. 28 — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149 (in part) — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 96 (in part) — Horvath, 1925, pp. 319- 320, tab. 4, fig. 7, tab. 5, fig. 6 (in part) — Torre-Bueno, 1939, p. 208 (in part) — Piran, 1948, p. 12 — Becker & Grazia-Vieira, 1971, pp. 14—15. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 233 Pentatonui albicolle: Herrich-Schaeffer, 1844, p. 94. Loxa affinis Dallas, 1851, p. 198 — Walker, 1867, p. 241 — Stal, 1872, p. 36 — Distant, 1880, p. 70, tab. 6, fig. 22 — Distant, 1892, p. 336 (in part) — Leth- ierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149 (in part) — Distant, 1899, p. 441 — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 96 (in part) — Fennah, 1935, p. 194 — Rolston, 1976, p. 3. Loxa invaria Walker, 1867, p. 242 — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149. Loxa flavicollis obtusa Horvath, 1925, p. 320. NEW SYNONYMY. Loxa prasina Horvath, 1925, p. 322, tab. 5, fig. 8. NEW SYNONYMY. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) SS 18.7-21.4 mm, 9 9 19.2-24.7 mm. Head closely resembling that of L. flavicollis. Antennae variable, usually possessing fine light brown to piceus line on inferior face of basal two to three segments, superior face red or tinged with red; apical two or three segments commonly with at least apical half much darker than first two segments, basal part pale; length of segments (both sexes) 1. 4-2.0; 2. 0-3. 7; 2. 0-4. 8; 3. 0-5. 6; 1.9-4. 7 mm. Width of head across eyes 6 6 4. 2-4. 9 mm, 9 9 4. 2-5. 2 mm; length 6 6 3. 6^. 5 mm, 9 9 3. 5^. 6 mm. Pronotum usually with transverse fascia of pale rugae between humeri (Fig. 6). Humeral spines usually lighter than disk of pronotum, rarely red. Width of pronotum across humeri 6 6 12.2-16.0 mm, 9 9 11.5 -16.0 mm; mesal length 6 6 4. 4-5. 5 mm, 9 9 4. 2-5. 8 mm. Basal width of scuttelum 6 6 6.8-8. 1 mm, 9 9 6. 0-8. 6 mm; length at meson 6 6 8.4-10.3 mm, 9 9 7.6-10.3 mm. Coria usually each with pale discoidal spot, this being occasionally concolorous and obscure or entirely lacking; posterior margins strongly sinuous, lateral angles produced. Legs usually concolorous with or lighter than venter; tibiae occasionally with sparse piceus markings on lateral margins of anterior face. Breadth of first gonocoxae at widest point 1.6-2. 3 mm, length from base at meson to apex 2. 1-3.0 mm. Second gonocoxae 1.2-1. 7 mm wide at base; 1.2-1. 7 mm long at meson. Proctiger with pair of distinct spines on posterior dorsal face (Fig. 7). Mid-ventral length of male abdominal segments 3-6: 0.8-1. 1; 0.4-0. 7; 0.2- 0.5; 3.9-5. 1 mm. Parameres each occasionally with spine on dorsocaudal face located about midway between dorsolateral process and dorsomesal process. Each dor- somesal process with dorsal lobe rounded, not spinose. Ventromesal pro- cesses each with ventral lobe more elongate than in L. flavicollis (Fig. 8), this process occasionally possessing rounded to spinose projection about midway between dorsal and ventral lobes. Types. — The types of Cimex flavicollis and Loxa virescens are apparently not extant. The name L. virescens, rather than L. flavicollis, is assigned to 234 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY this species on the basis of the type localities. The type locality of L. vires- cens is Surinam, that of C. flavicollis is Jamaica. The types of L. affinis (type locality Paraguay) and L. invaria (type locality Guyana) are both fe- males in the British Museum (Natural History), London. The type of L. prasina (type locality Venezuela) is a female and the two syntypes of L. flavicollis obtusa (type locality unknown) are a male and a female. These three specimens are in the Akademie der Landwirtshaftswissenschaften in East Germany. Type material on which the specific names of L. affinis, L. invaria, L. prasina & L. flavicollis obtusa were based was examined. From the syntypic specimens of L. flavicollis obtusa the following is des- ignated the lectotype: 6, labeled (a)^ coll. Breddin (b) Typu^, picticornis var. obtusa Horv. (c) Horvath det. (d) Typus (e) flavicollis obtusa Horv. The $, same data as lectotype (except label (e) is lacking) is designated paralectotype. The syntypes of L. flavicollis obtusa possess unusually short humeral spines, approaching those of L. peruviensis, but are otherwise representa- tive ofL. virescens. Distribution. — Southern Mexico south to southern Brazil and Uruguay. Comment. — Since L. virescens has long been considered a junior synonym of L. flavicollis, the literature regarding these two species is confounded. The synonymy given here has of necessity a geographical basis. Fortunate- ly, L. virescens and L. flavicollis are narrowly sympatric, their ranges ap- parently overlapping only in southern Mexico. This species is very close to the preceding, being consistently different only in the structure of the male genitalia. Females usually can be distin- guished by the discoidal spot on each coria, the transverse fascia of rugae on the pronotum and the antennal color. Each of these characters, however, is unreliable. Loxa peruviensis n. sp. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 15.2 mm, 5 9 16.8-18.3 mm. Eigs. 6-8. L. virescens. Eig. 6. Pronotum and head. Eig. 7. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), proctigeral spine (ps), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Eig. 8. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimen- sional lines equal 1.0 mm. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 235 236 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 237 Lateral jugal margins usually moderately convergent for basal half, apical half strongly convergent; jugae usually each with thin submarginal band of dense punctures laterally, submarginal band of scattered punctures mesally. Antennae uniformly straw-colored, occasionally slightly darker near points of articulation. Length of segments L2-1.5; 1.8-2. 2; 2. 3-2. 7; 2.6- 2.8; 2.5 mm. Head slightly broader than long; width across eyes (both sexes) 3.7- 4.0 mm; length 3. 3-3. 6 mm. Disk of pronotum becoming most rugose between and anterior to cica- trices. Denticles of anterolateral margins punctured basally. Humeri weakly produced, broadly angular to obtuse apically (Fig. 9). Width across humeri 6 8.8 mm, $ 9 9.4-10.1 mm; length at meson 6 3.4 mm, 9 9 3.8- 4.0 mm. Scutellum transversely rugose anteriorly, less so posteriorly; scattered irregular calli usually present, especially posteriorly. Width at base S 5.4mm, 9 9 5. 6-5. 8 mm; length at meson 6 6.4 mm, 9 9 6. 3-7. 3 mm. Scattered irregular pale calli on coria most dense posteriorly; discoidal spots lacking; posterior margins broadly rounded. Breadth of abdomen at widest point subequal to that of pronotum across humeri, c? 9.1 mm, 9 9 9.5-10.4 mm. Legs concolorous with or slightly lighter than venter; apical femoral spines weakly produced, acute to narrowly angular apically. Female genital plates smaller, but not structurally different from those of L. flavicoUis and L. virescens (Fig. 10). Breadth of first gonocoxae at widest point 1.3-1. 4 mm; length from base at meson to apex 1.6-1. 8 mm. Basal width of second gonocoxae 1. 1-1.3 mm; mesal length 0.8-1. 3 mm. Pygophore and enclosed structures very similar to L. flavicoUis, differing as follows: L. peruviensis with bi-lobed apex of dorsomesal parameral pro- cesses thinner; caudal face of parameres at base of dorsomesal processes with distinct spine (Fig. 12); posterolateral margins of proctiger each lacking mesal raised area found in L. flavicoUis (Fig. 11). Mid-ventral length of abdominal segments 3-6: 0.6; 0.4; 0.3; 4.3 mm. Holotype. — Male, labeled (a) Paijan, 4.8.67, N. Amaya C. (b) Meunprg No. 1168-68. Type no. 72137, U.S. National Museum. Paratypes. — 5 9 9: 29 9 (a) Peru, 1970 (b) Meunprg No. 567-70 (1-LHR, 1-AMNH); 19 (a) Peru: Dept. LaLibertad, Immediately N. of Trujillo. Pan Figs. 9-12. L. peruviensis. Fig. 9. Pronotum and head. Fig. 10. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl), second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8), ninth paratergite (pt9), tenth sternite (sIO). Fig. 1 1. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig. 12. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. 238 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY American Highway. 31. XII. 1963 (b) P.C. Hutchinson and J.K. Wright Col- lectors (CAS); 1 $ (a) Peru, Ancash, Dec. 1965 (b) UA 610-67 (USNM); 1 $ (a) Piura, Peru (b) CHTTownsend Collector (USNM). Distribution . — Peru . Comment. — Easily distinguished from most of its congeners by the lack of distinct humeral spines. Lo.xa melanita n. sp. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 6 17.9-19.4 mm, $9 19.4-22.8 mm. Lateral jugal margins evenly convergent; apical and lateral margins nar- rowly yellow bordered, with fine piceus line on lateral face at apex and for short distance from apex; both mesal and lateral submarginal band of dense red punctures present. Narrow mesal line of red punctures present along basal half of tylus. Lirst antennal segment reddish, second segment dull yellow, usually with red tinge; two basal segments each with fine piceus line on ventral and posterolateral surfaces, both lines extending entire length of segments; basal Vi to of third segment pale, becoming piceus apically, fourth and fifth segments similarly colored, with only basal '4 to V5 pale. Length of segments (both sexes) 1.6-1. 9; 2. 6-3. 3; 2. 8-3. 8; 3.6-5. 1; 3. 8-4. 4 mm. Head slightly wider across eyes than long, d d 4. 1-4.5 mm wide, 3. 6^.0 mm long; 9 9 4. 2-4. 7 mm wide, 3. 4^. 2 mm long. Anterolateral margins of pronotum nearly straight, varying from slightly lighter green than disk to bright yellow-orange. Humeri strongly produced into spines, slightly elevated, lighter in color than remainder of pronotum, sometimes connected by fascia of weak discontinuous rugae. Pronotal width across humeri 6 6 12. 1-14.8 mm, 9 9 12.7-15.0 mm; length at meson 6 6 4. 3-5.0 mm, 9 9 4.2-5. 1 mm. Breadth of scutellum at base 6 6 6. 1-7.7 mm, 9 9 6. 3-7. 4 mm; length at meson 6 6 7. 8-8.9 mm, 9 9 7. 6-9. 4 mm. Coria each with one large pale discoidal spot; scattered irregular pale calli present; posterior margins strongly sinuous, lateral angles produced. Legs light green to greenish-brown; apical femoral spines moderately pro- Figs. 13-16. L. melanita. Fig. 13. Pronotum and head. Fig. 14. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl), second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8). ninth paratergite (pt9). tenth sternite (slO). Fig. 15. Genital cup. dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d). proctigeral spine (ps), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventro- mesal parameral process (vmp). Fig. 16. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir). pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 239 H 240 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY duced; apex of fore, mid and, occasionally, hind femora tipped with piceus; fore and mid tibiae with lateral and mesal borders of superior face each posessing piceus line, darkest at both extremes, evanescent toward middle of tibiae. First gonocoxae each strongly and acutely produced posteriorly (Fig. 14), extending for more than half of length of ninth paratergites; breadth at wid- est point 1 .6-2.2 mm, length from base at mesal margin to apex 2. 8-4. 2 mm. Second gonocoxae with thin obscure to distinct longitudinal concavity along meson; slightly broader than long; 1.2-1. 6 mm wide at base, 1.0-1. 3 mm long at meson. Denticles on each inner dorsolateral margin of genital cup small and ob- tuse. Superior ridge shallowly emarginate mesally, sinuate. Sides of pygo- phore caudad of parameres thin, strongly compressed. Caudal third of proc- tiger with two distinct strongly recurved spines lying flush with proctigeral surface (Fig. 15). Pygophoral appendages without caudal hooks. Ventral length of male segments 3-6 at meson 0.7-0. 8; 0. 3-0.4; 0.2-0. 3; 4. 3^. 8 mm. Parameres with several distinctive processes. Each dorsolateral process elongate, recurved from dorsal view, obtuse apically. Dorsomesal processes each acute, curving dorsad at apex. Each ventromesal process bi-lobed; dorsal lobes each obtuse apically and strongly recurved from lateral aspect; ventral lobes each sharply acute apically, slightly curved laterad from caudal view (Eigs. 15, 16). Holotype. — Male, labeled (a) Brazil, Mato Grosso; Lat. 12° 31' & Long. 55° 37', Sinop, October, 1974, M. Alvarenga. Deposited in the American Mu- seum of Natural History. Paratypes. — 5dd and 149 9: 26 6 and 59 9 same data as holotype (Id BMNH, 19 Museu Nacional, Brazil, Id and 49 9 AMNH); Id and 29 9 (a) Brazil, Mato Grosso: Vila Vera, 55° 30' long., 12° 46' lat., Oct., 1973, M. Alvarenga (19 LHR, Id and 19 AMNH); 19 (a) Brazil: Para Jacarea- canga, Dec., 1968, M. Alvarenga (AMNH); Id and 19 (a) Tingo Maria, Rio Huallaga (b) WKW 758, Peru, 670 m., XII. 46, W. Weyrauch (AMNH); 1 9 (a) Tingo Maria, Huan., Peru, Jan. 20, 194- , Alt. 2200 ft. (b) J.C. Pallister Coll. Donor Prank Johnson (c) Loxa sp. nov. (AMNH); 1 9 (a) Peru: Mon- son Valley, Tingo Maria, XII-18-1954 (b) E.I. Schlinger & E.S. Ross col- lectors (CAS); 1 9 (a) Peru, S. Amer. Cucharas, Vail, of Riv. Huallaga, 500 mtrs. A.S.L. (b) Dept. Huanuco, 11.16.1954, P. Woytkowski (c) J.C. Lutz Collection, 1961 (USNM); 19 Santipo, Peru, IV. 15. 1941, P. Paprzyoki (b) 38 (c) J.C. Lutz Collection, 1961 (USNM); Id Tingo Maria, Peru, 1.1950, H.A. Allard (USNM); 19 (a) Upper Mazaruni R., Br. Guiana, IX-X, 1938 (b) Coll. A.S. Pinkus (c) Loxa sp. nov. Ruckes (AMNH). VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 241 Distribution. — Brazil, Peru, Guyana. Comment. — This species is, in general, darker in overall coloration and possesses more black or piceus markings than its congeners. From them it is easily distinguished by the remarkably elongate parameral processes and by the shape of the first gonocoxae. Loxa deducta Walker, 1867 Lo.xa deducta Walker, 1867, pp. 242-243 — Lethierry & Severin, 1893, p. 149 (synonymy, distribution) — Van Duzee, 1901, p. 344 (distribution) — Horvath, 1925, p. 321, tab. 4, fig. 8, tab. 5, fig. 7 — Buckup, 1961, p. 11 (distribution) — Rolston, 1976, p. 4. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 6 13.3-16.3 mm, 9 9 16.3-19.4 mm. Disk of head with scattered punctures usually concentrated in mesal lon- gitudinal band. Jugae with both mesal and lateral submarginal band of dense red punctures, these occasionally concolorous in mesal band; lateral mar- gins slightly undulating; lateral face at apex and for short distance from apex occasionally with fine piceus line. Tylus with mesal band of usually red punctures on approximately basal half, punctures on apical half scattered. Antennae lighter than head or concolorous with it, occasionally tinged with red; length of segments (both sexes) 1.2-1. 4; 1.8-2. 4; 2. 1-2.6; 2. 4-3. 2; 2.4- 2.8 mm. Width of head across eyes 6 6 3. 3-3. 8 mm, 9 9 3. 4-3. 9 mm; length 6 6 2. 8-3. 3 mm, 9 9 2. 8-3. 4 mm. Disk of pronotum traversed between humeri by fascia of usually pale rugae. Anterolateral margins nearly straight, paler than or concolorous with disk. Humeri strongly produced into elevated spines, projecting laterad to slightly cephalad (Fig. 17). Width of pronotum across humeri 6 6 10.2-12.6 mm, 9 9 11 .2-13. 1 ; length at meson 6 6 3. 4-4. 2 mm, 9 9 3. 3^. 2 mm. Scutellum with scattered irregular, usually pale, calli; basal breadth 6 6 4. 7-6.0 mm, 9 9 4. 7-6.0 mm; length at meson 6 6 5. 7-7. 6 mm, 9 9 6.6- 7.6 mm. Coria with numerous scattered pale calli; discoidal spots lacking; posterior margins slightly sinuous to broadly rounded, lateral angles not produced. Legs nearly concolorous with venter; apical femoral spines moderately produced. Mesal margins of first gonocoxae widely divergent from base to apex, distinctly exposing triangulum; posterior margins broadly rounded (Fig. 18); maximum width 1.2-1. 7 mm; length from base at meson to apex 1.7-2. 2 mm. Second gonocoxae slightly broader at base than long at meson, 1.0- 1.3:0. 9-1. 2 mm, usually with shallow longitudinal sulcus mesally. 242 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 243 Denticles lacking on inner dorsolateral margins of genital cup. Pygophore with posterior margin deeply concave, sides caudad of parameres broad, slightly compressed. Superior ridge deeply emarginate; lateral carina dis- tinctly spiculate. Mesal wall of inferior ridge strongly angled dorsocaudad from below. Pygophoral appendages lacking caudal hooks. Proctiger subquadrate, quadrately emarginated posteriorly; caudolateral margin ap- pearing somewhat spinose (Fig. 19). Mid-ventral length of abdominal seg- ments 3-6, 0.^0.7; 0. 2-0.6; 0. 1-0.2; 3. 8-4. 7 mm. Caudal face of parameres transversely elongate, each with dorsomesal spine. Dorsolateral processes each bi-lobed from dorsal aspect, both lobes spinose; one projecting cephalad, one mesad. Each ventromesal process also bi-lobed; dorsal lobe strongly recurved caudally, apex acute, slightly turned mesad; ventral lobe broad basally, acute apically, projecting ventro- mesad, curving ventrad at apex (Fig. 20). Type. — Female in the British Museum (Natural History), London. Type examined. Distribution. — Panama, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil (type locality), Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina. Comment. — This is a very distinctive species, easily distinguished by the shape of the parameres and proctiger, by the spiculate lateral carina of the genital cup, and by the divergent first gonocoxae of females. Lo.xa viridis (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) Pentatoma viridis Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. Ill, pi. Hemip. 8, fig. 1. Loxa viridis: Dallas, 1851, p. 198 (placed in synonymy of flavicollis) — Hor- vath, 1925, p. 311, tab. 4, fig. 1, tab 5, fig 1. Lo.xa picticornis Horvath, 1925, pp. 312-313, tab. 4, fig. 2, tab. 5, fig. 2 — Buckup, 1961, p. 11 (distribution) — Becker & Grazia-Vieira, 1971, p. 58 (distribution). NEW SYNONYMY. Lo.xa sciitellaris Horvath, 1925, pp. 3 13. NEW SYNONYMY. Loxa vicina Horvath, 1925, pp. 313-314, tab. 5, fig. 3. NEW SYNONYMY. Lo.xa e.xsid Horvath, 1925, pp. 314-315, tab. 4, fig. 3. NEW SYNONYMY. Figs. 17-20. L. deducta. Fig. 17. Pronotum and head. Fig. 18. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl). second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8), ninth paratergite (pt9), tenth sternum (slO), triangulum (tr). Fig. 19. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), lateral carina (lea), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ven- tromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig, 20. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. 244 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Loxa columhiae Horvath, 1925, pp. 315-316, tab. 4, fig. 4 — Becker & Gra- zia-Vieira, 1971, p. 14 (distribution). NEW SYNONYMY. Loxa assimilis Horvath, 1925, p. 316, tab. 4, fig. 5. NEW SYNONYMY. Loxa orthacantha Horvath, 1925, pp. 317-318, tab. 5, fig. 4 — Piran, 1968, p. 21, pi. 1, fig. C (distribution). NEW SYNONYMY. Loxa pilipes Horvath, 1925, pp. 318-319, tab. 5, fig. 5 — Barber, 1939, p. 249 (keyed, synonymy) — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 159 (distribution) — Ruckes, 1952, pp. 6-7 (synonymy, distribution) — Alayo, 1967, pp. 21, 23 (synonymy, keyed, distribution). NEW SYNONYMY. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 6 18.3-25.5 mm; 9 9 18.9-25.3 mm. Lateral margins of jugae undulating, normally becoming divergent at apex, usually lighter in color than disk of head; each with submarginal band of dense concolorous to red punctures along lateral and mesal margins. Lateral margins of tylus each with submarginal line of dense, usually red, punctures. Antennae highly variable in color, from almost entirely pale to dark, mostly possessing some red coloration and at least one fine brown to piceus line on two basal segments; apical three segments commonly darker at apex than at base; length of segments (both sexes) 1.2- 2.0; 1.9-3. 2; 2.2- 4.7; 2. 6-4. 6; 2. 1^.0 mm. Width of head across eyes 6 6 3.1-4.8 mm, 9 9 3.7— 4.7 mm; length 6 6 3.4— 4.4 mm, 9 9 3. 3^. 5 mm. Rugae of pronotum occasionally forming transverse fascia between hu- meri. Anterolateral margins usually lighter than disk. Humeri strongly pro- duced into acute spines, moderately to strongly elevated, directed laterad or laterocephalad (Eig. 21), usually concolorous with anterolateral margins or red. Width of pronotum across humeri 6 6 13.8-19.4 mm, 9 9 13.3-18.7 mm; length at meson 6 6 4. 2-5. 7 mm, 9 9 4. 1-5.9 mm. Scutellum frequently with numerous scattered irregular calli, these con- colorous to pale; width at base 6 6 5. 9-8. 6 mm, 9 9 6. 0-8. 3 mm; mesal length 6 6 7.3-10.2 mm, 9 9 6. 5-9. 7 mm. Coria normally with scattered irregular pale calli; large discoidal spots present or absent; posterior margins strongly sinuous, lateral angles produced. Legs varying from almost entirely light brown or light green to much darker, bearing some red coloration and frequently piceus markings at apex Figs. 21-24. L. viridis. Fig. 21. Pronotum and head. Fig. 22. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl), second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8), ninth paratergite (pt9). tenth sternite (slO). Fig. 23. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig. 24. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 245 i 246 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY of femora and at base and apex of tibia; apical femoral spines strongly produced. First gonocoxae nearly contiguous to slightly divergent for much of length along mesal margins, apex of mesal margin rounded; posterior margins near- ly straight transversely, slightly undulating (Fig. 22); breadth at widest point 1. 1-1.7 mm; length from base at meson to apex 1.0-1. 4 mm. Second gon- ocoxae 0.9-1. 3 mm wide at base, 0.5-0. 8 mm long at meson. Superior ridge of genital cup broadly emarginate mesally; denticle on each inner dorsolateral margin of genital cup broadly rounded; sides of pygophore caudad of parameres slightly compressed. Pygophoral appendages lacking distinct hooks. Proctiger lacking distinct spines on dorsal face (Fig. 23). Mid-ventral length of abdominal segments 3-6: 1.0-1. 7; 0.7-1. 6; 0. 3-1.0; 3. 7-5. 5 mm. Parameres (Fig. 24) with each dorsolateral process subquadrate, some- what thinner at base than at apex. Dorsomesal processes broad; each pro- jecting mesad, slightly curving ventrad; apex broadly rounded. Each ven- tromesal process tri-lobed; ventral lobe projecting ventromesad, rounded to narrowly obtuse apically; dorsal lobe somewhat subtriangular from mesal aspect with point which projects cephalad thinner and more elongate than other two; mesal lobe flattened in mesal aspect, rounded apically. Types. — The type specimens of Pentatoma viridis, Loxa vicina, L. ortha- cantha and L. pilipes are all apparently lost. The holotype of L. assimilis, a male, in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien was kindly compared to a determined specimen of L. viridis and drawn for me by Dr. A. Kaltenbach. Holotypes for the following species are in the Akademie der Landwirtshaft- swissenschaften: L. columbiae, a male; L. e.xsul, a male; L. scutellaris, a female. These types were examined. The syntypes ofL. picticonus are in the following institutions: Akademie der Landwirtshaftswissenschaften; Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum Allattara; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. The entire syntype series forL. picticor- nis was not examined; therefore, a lectotype only is designated as follows: d, labeled (a) Porto do Cadi (b) F. Hoffmann coll., Arp dedic. 1921 (c) Loxa picticornis Horvath (d) Holotypus. (Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum Al- lattara). Apparently Horvath intended this specimen to be the holotype, although he did not indicate this in his publication. There is also the possibility that this label was added subsequent to Horvath’s revision. Distribution. — Southern Texas and Florida south to southern Brazil and Argentina. Comment. — This species is the most widespread of the genus and the most Figs. 25-26. L. viridis. Fig. 25. Theca and related structures, dorsal aspect; vesica (v), thecal sheath (ts), basal plate (bp). Fig. 26. Theca and related structures, lateral aspect. Di- mensional lines equal 1.0 mm. variable, but the male genitalia and female genital plates are relatively con- sistent throughout. Variability appears to be somewhat geographically cor- related, but the examination of a large series shows the intergradation of the different geographical forms. The pygophore and enclosed structures are similar to those ofL. nesiotes, L. pallida, L. parapallida and L. planiceps. From these four species, L. viridis is especially distinguished by the absence of caudal hooks on the pygophoral appendages. The first gonocoxae resemble only those of L. pal- lida (the female of L. parapallida being unknown), but females of L. viridis can be distinguished from L. pallida by the absence of numerous dense calli on the dorsum (which are normally present in L. pallida), and by the sinuous posterior margins of the coria (which are broadly rounded in L. pallida). Loxa parapallida n. sp. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 18.9 mm. Disk of head moderately punctured with red. Lateral margins of jugae yellow, undulating, divergent at apex; three bands of red punctures present on each jugum; one marginal laterally, one submarginal along mesal margins and continuing onto vertex of head, one parallel to and laterad of submar- ginal band and terminating at ocellus. Tylus with submarginal line of red punctures along each lateral margin. Antennae light brown, two basal seg- 248 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 249 merits with fine brown line on inferior face; length of segments 6 1.5; 2.2; 3.2; 3.1; 2.8 mm. Width of head across eyes 6 4.2 mm; length 6 3.9 mm. Pronotum without pale calli; anterolateral margins yellow, submarginal band of punctures dense. Humeri strongly produced into spines, projecting slightly caudad, moderately elevated (Fig. 27). Width of pronotum across humeri S 15.7 mm; length at meson 6 4.7 mm. Basal breadth of scutellum 6 7.0 mm; length at meson 6 8.2 mm. Irregular pale calli scattered on coria; each corium with pale discoidal spot, sinuous posterior margin, slightly produced lateral angle. Legs light brown to green; apical femoral spines strongly produced. Pygophore and enclosed structures very similar to L. pallida (Figs. 28, 29), with the following differences: lateral margins of dorsolateral parameral processes each shallowly concave (convex in L. pallida)', mesal face of each ventromesal process deeply emarginate (less prominently so in L. pallida)', pygophoral appendages projecting ventromesad, curving ventrad (projecting ventrad, curving laterad in L. pallida). Mid-ventral length of segments 3-6: 0.8; 0.4; 0.3; 4.2 mm. Holotype. — Male, labeled (a) Achinamiza, Peru, VIII-28-27, F. 6001 (b) H. Bassler Collection, Acc. 33591. Deposited in the American Museum of Nat- ural History. No paratypes. Distribution. — Peru. Comment. — The male genitalia are very close to L. pallida, but L. para- pallida is larger and differs in the form of the parameres. In overall size and shape, and in the structure of most of the male genitalia this species is similar to L. viridis, but is easily distinguished by the presence of caudal hooks on the pygophoral appendages which are absent in L. viridis. The female of this species is unknown. The punctation of the jugae, apparently diagnostic, may prove variable within the species. Loxa pallida Van Duzee, 1907 Loxa pallida Van Duzee, 1907, pp. 9-10 — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 197 (synon- ymy)— Horvath, 1925, p. 317, tab. 4, fig. 6 — Barber & Bruner, 1932, pp. Figs. 27-29. L. parapallida. Fig. 27. Pronotum and head. Fig. 28. Genital cup. dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Figs. 29. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendages (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. 250 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 259-260 — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 159 (distribution) — Alayo, 1967, pp. 22- 23, pi. 4, fig. 1 (synonymy, keyed). Loxa planifrons Barber & Bruner, 1932, p. 260, pi. 25, fig. 7 — Wolcott, 1936, p. 177 — Barber, 1939, p. 294 (synonymy, keyed) — Bruner & Barber, 1949, p. 159 — Wolcott, 1950, p. 192 — Alayo, 1967, p. 23 (synonymy, keyed). NEW SYNONYMY. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 6 16.9-19.0 mm; 9 9 17.4-21.1 mm. Head with sparse concolorous punctures, scattered pale areas. Lateral margins of jugae concolorous with disk to pale, nearly straight, divergent apically. Antennae uniformly colored, slightly lighter than dorsum, occa- sionally apical two segments darker or more yellowish. Length of segments (both sexes) 1.2-1. 4; 2. 0-2. 4; 1.9-2. 7; 2. 3-2. 7; 2. 2-2. 7 mm. Head slightly broader than long; width across eyes 6 6 3. 5^.0 mm, 9 9 3. 6^. 2 mm; length 6 6 3. 3-3. 7 mm, 9 9 3. 2-3. 7 mm. Pronotum bearing numerous fine transverse pale calli. Anterolateral mar- gins light yellow in green specimens. Humeral spines strongly produced, acute, moderately to strongly elevated (Fig. 30). Width across humeri 6 6 1 1 .7-15.3 mm, 9 9 12. 1-14.5 mm; length at meson (both sexes) 3.7-4.S mm. Scutellum longer than broad; basal width 6 6 5. 6-7.0 mm, 9 9 5. 7-7.0 mm; mesal length 6 6 7. 2-8. 2 mm, 9 9 7. 2-7. 9 mm; calli numerous, pale, transverse. Punctation of lateral submarginal band on each corium hardly more dense than that of disk; numerous irregular calli present; discoidal spot absent; posterior margins broadly rounded. Legs pale, nearly concolorous with venter; apical femoral spines strongly produced. Mesal margins of first gonocoxae contiguous for most of their length, rounded apically; posterior margins nearly straight, slightly angled caudad from mesal margins (Fig. 31). Breadth of each first gonocoxa at widest point 1.3-1. 4 mm; length from base at meson to apex 1.2-1. 3 mm. Breadth of second gonocoxae at base 1. 1-1.3 mm; mesal length 0.6-0. 8 mm. Denticle on each dorsolateral inner margin of genital cup rounded. Su- perior ridge moderately emarginate. Pygophoral appendages with small slightly recurved hooks. Proctiger simple, without spines on dorsal face Figs. 30-33. L. pallida. Fig. 30. Pronotum and head. Fig. 31. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl), second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8), ninth paratergite (pt9), tenth sternite (slO). Fig. 32. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig. 33. Genital cup, caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. VOLUME LXXXVl. NUMBER 3 251 h 252 I NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 253 (Fig. 32). Mid-ventral length of segments 3-6; 0. 8-1.0; 0.5-0. 6; 0.2-0. 4; 3.8- 4.7 mm. Dorsolateral processes of parameres broad basally; rounded apically. Dorsomesal processes small and thin. Ventromesal processes rounded api- cally (Fig. 33). Types. — The holotype of Lo.xa pallida Van Duzee, a female, in the Califor- nia Academy of Sciences, was examined. The paratypes of L. planifrons Barber & Bruner in the U.S. National Museum (a male and two females) and in the American Museum of Natural History (a female) were examined. Distribution. — Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Puerto Rico and Ja- maica (type locality). Comment. — Easily distinguished from its congeners by the numerous pale dorsal calli. Loxa planiceps Horvath, 1925 Lo.xa planiceps Horvath, 1925, pp. 323-324, tab. 5, fig. 10. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6 17.2 mm, 9 9 17.7 mm. Disk of head finely punctured with red. Lateral jugal margins nearly straight, yellow, with thin submarginal band of red punctures. First and second antennal segments light red; basal segment with fine piceus line beneath; third and fourth segments straw-colored, becoming red at base and apex; apical segment entirely straw-colored. Length of segments (both sexes) 1.4-1. 6; 2. 2-2. 4; 2.6-3. 1; 2.4— 2.7; 2. 4-2. 6 mm. Width of head across eyes 6 3.9 mm, 9 9 3.8— 4.2 mm; length S 3.2 mm, 9 9 3. 3-3. 6 mm. Pronotum becoming more rugose before cicatrices. Anterolateral margins denticulate, much lighter green than disk. Humeri moderately produced into spines (Fig. 34), red tinged, strongly angled rearward, slightly elevated. Width of pronotum across humeri d 10.6 mm, 9 9 10.3-1 1 .4 mm, length at meson d 3.7 mm, 9 9 3. 8^. 3 mm. Breadth of scutellum at base d 6.1 mm, 9 9 6. 1-6.7 mm; length at meson d 1.1 mm, 9 9 7.2-8. 1 mm. Submarginal band of punctures on each corium Figs. 34-37. L. planiceps. Fig. 34. Pronotum and head. Fig. 35. Female genital plates; first gonocoxa (gxl), second gonocoxa (gx2), eighth paratergite (pt8), ninth paratergite (pt9), tenth sternite (slO). Fig. 36. Genital cup, dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr), denticle (d), dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig. 37. Genital cup, caudal view, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. 254 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY weak, irregularly discontinuous; disk with scattered pale calli; discoidal spots lacking; posterior margins weakly sinuous to broadly rounded. Breadth of abdomen at widest point subequal to width of pronotum across humeri (? 10.7 mm, 9$ 10.2-1 1.2 mm. Legs light greenish-brown, apical femoral spines moderately produced. First gonocoxae concolorously punctured; mesal margins divergent for caudal half; each posterior margin concave, acutely produced at postero- lateral angle which overlaps ninth paratergite (Fig. 35); beadth at widest point 1.4-1. 5 mm. Second gonocoxae with one mesal and two lateral lon- gitudinal concavities, much broader at base than long at meson, 1 .2-1 .4:0.8- 0.9 mm. Dorsal margins of genital cup diverging posteriorly, each with large obtuse denticle slightly caudad of meson. Sides of pygophore broad, not strongly compressed. Superior ridge shallowly emarginate mesally. Proctiger simple, lacking distinct spines on dorsal face (Fig. 36). Pygophoral appendages with well developed recurved caudal hooks overlapping mesal wall of inferior ridge (Fig. 37). Mid-ventral length of male abdominal segments 3-6: 0.6; 0.4; 0.2; 4.3 mm. Lateral face and margin of each dorsolateral parameral process spiculate; apex obtuse, curved laterally and posteriorly from caudal aspect. Dorso- mesal processes each protruding rearward, slightly twisted, obtuse at apex. Ventromesal processes each broadly rounded apically. Type. — Apparently lost. Distribution. — Dominica, Guadeloupe (type locality). Comment. — Closely allied to L. nesiotes in the structure of the male genitalia and the first gonocoxae of the females, but easily distinguished by the cur- vature of the humeral spines. Although Horvath's type is apparently lost, the five specimens examined agree closely with his description and the dis- tribution given by him. Lo.xa nesiotes Horvath, 1925 Lo.xa nesiotes Horvath, 1925, pp. 322-323, tab. 5, fig. 9. Length (exclusive of extensions of membranes beyond apex of abdomen) 6d 14.3-16.2 mm, 9$ 15.5-18.5 mm. Eigs. 38—41. L. nesioies. Fig. 38. Pronotum and head. Fig. 39. Female genital plates: first gonocoxa (gxl). second gonocoxa (gx2). eighth paratergite (pt8). ninth paratergite (pt9). tenth sternite (slO). Fig. 40. Genital cup. dorsal aspect; superior ridge (sr). denticle (d). dorsolateral parameral process (dip), dorsomesal parameral process (dmp), ventromesal parameral process (vmp). Fig. 41. Genital cup. caudal aspect, omitting proctiger; inferior ridge (ir), pygophoral appendage (pa). Dimensional lines equal 1.0 mm. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 255 41 I 1 256 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Jugae each with thin distinct submarginal band of punctures laterally; fine broken band of sparse punctures mesally; mesal margins widely separated to nearly contiguous subapically; lateral margins lightly undulating, usually divergent near apex, slightly to distinctly paler than remainder of jugae. Tylus with lateral line of sparse punctures along each lateral margin. An- tennae entirely light green to straw-colored, occasionally two basal seg- ments red at extremities. Length of segments (both sexes) 0.9-1. 4; 1.7-2. 2; 1.9-2. 5; 2.3-3. 1; 2. 2-2. 5 mm. Width of head across eyes dd 3. 4-3. 7 mm, 9 9 3. 5-3. 8 mm; length d d 2. 8-3. 2 mm, 9 9 2. 8-3. 4 mm. Pronotum becoming somewhat more rugose before cicatrices. Anterola- teral margins nearly straight (Fig. 35), paler than disk. Humeri strongly produced into acute spines, protruding laterad to slightly cephalad, mod- erately to strongly elevated. Pronotal width with humeri dd 9.8-12.2 mm, 9 9 9.9-13.0 mm; length at meson d d 3. 4-3. 9 mm, 9 9 3.5-4. 1 mm. Scutellum rugose anteriorly; breadth at base dd 5. 0-5. 9 mm, 9 9 5.4- 6.3 mm; mesal length d d 6. 3-7. 3 mm, 9 9 6. 4-7. 3 mm. Coria with scattered calli varying in color from slightly paler than disk to distinctly paler; dis- coidal spots lacking; posterior margins weakly sinuous to broadly rounded. Breadth of abdomen at widest point d d 8. 9-9. 8 mm, 9 9 8.7-10.1 mm. Color of legs somewhat lighter than dorsum; apical femoral spines strong- ly produced. First gonocoxae moderately produced posteriorly; caudal angle overlap- ping ninth paratergites; mesal margins contiguous for almost entire length, divergent and somewhat rounded posteriorly (Fig. 39); breadth at widest point 1.2-1. 4 mm; length from apex to base at meson 1.3-1. 5 mm. Second gonocoxae with two longitudinal concavities, one on either side of meson; thin mesal longitudinal concavity sometimes present; width at base 1.0-1. 2 mm; length at meson 0.6-0. 8 mm. Structure of pygophore and enclosed structures closely resembling that of L. planiceps, except dorsolateral parameral processes curve inward api- cally (Figs. 40, 41). Ventral length of male abdominal segments 3-6 at meson 0. 5-0.7; 0.3; 0. 1-0.2; 3. 7-4. 3 mm. Type. — Apparently lost. Distribution. — Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Curacao (type lo- cality) and in the Lesser Antilles (Grenadines & St. Lucia). Comment. — The most similar congener is L. planiceps from which it is distinguished by the genitalia in both sexes and the form of the humeri. Loxa haematica (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842) NOMEN DUBIUM Cimex haematicus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842, p. 70, tab. 203, fig. 636. Pentatoma haematicum: Herrich-Schaeffer, 1844, p. 94. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 257 Loxa haenuitica: Walker, 1867, p. 242 — Stal, 1872, p. 36 — Lethierry & Sev- erin, 1893, p. 149 — Kirkaldy, 1909, p. 96 — Horvath, 1925, p. 324 (un- known species) — Piran, 1963, p. 337. This species was unknown to Horvath, the type specimens being appar- ently lost. Recognition of this species is not possible on the basis of Herrich- Schaeffer's description and figure. Acknowledgement I am deeply indebted to the following individuals for the loan of material: Dr. W. R. Dolling, British Museum (Natural History); Dr. H. Dodge En- gleman. Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone; Dr. Richard C. Foreschner, United States National Museum; Dr. F. Mead, Florida State Collection of Arthro- pods; Dr. G. Peterson, Adademie der Landwirtshaftswissenschaften; Dr. D. C. Rentz, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. J. C. Schaffner, Texas A&M University; Dr. R. T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural History; Dr. A. Soos, Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum Allattara. I would especially like to thank Dr. A. Kaltenbach of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien who, in addition to loaning specimens, compared the holotype of L. assimilis with specimens of L. viridis and L. flavicollis and figured the genital cup of L. assimilis for me. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. L. H. Rolston, Louisiana State University, for constructive criticism and advice during the course of this revision. I am also obliged to Drs. R. A. Goyer, J. B. Graves, L. D. Newsom and B. H. Wilson, all of Louisiana State University, for their encouragement and criticism. Literature Cited Alayo, P. 1967. Catalogo de la fauna de Cuba-XVIII-Los Hemipteros de Cuba-11 Familia Pentatomidae. Mus. Felipe Poey Acad. Cienc. Cuba Trab. Divulg. 43:1^7, 9 pis. Amyot, C. J. B. and J. G. A. Serville. 1843. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hemipteres. Paris. Ixxvi -I- 681 pp., 12 pis. Barber, H. G. 1914. Insects of Florida II Hemiptera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 33:495- 535. . 1939. Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands-Hemiptera-Heteroptera (excepting the Miridae and Corixidae). Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, N. Y. Acad. Sci. 14:263^41, 12 figs. , and S. C. Bruner. 1932. The Cydnidae and Pentatomidae of Cuba. J. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico 16:231-280. pis. 24-26. Becker, M. and J. Grazia-Vieira. 1971. Contribui^ao ao conhecimento da superfamilia Penta- tomoidea na Venezuela (Heteroptera). Iher. (Zool.) 40:3-26. Berg, C. 1884. Addenda et emmendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. Bonariae. 213 pp. Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with special ref- erence to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Indianapolis, The Nature Publishing Co. 1 1 16 pp. Bruner, S. C. and H. G. Barber. 1949. List of the Pentatomidae of Cuba with the description 258 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY of a new species (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., Havana 19:155-165. Buckup, L. 1961. Os Pentatomideos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) (Hemiptera- Heteroptera-Pentatomidae). Iher. (Zool.) 16:5-23. Callan. E. McC. 1948. The Pentatomidae, Cydnidae and Scutelleridae of Trinidad, B.W.I. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London Ser. B Taxon. 17:115-124. 1 fig. Dallas. W. S. 1851. List of the specimens of Hemipterous insects in the collections of the British Museum. London. 2 pts., 592 pp., 15 pis. Distant. W. L. 1880-1892. Insecta. Rhynchota, Hemiptera-Heteroptera. In Godman, E. D. and O. Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana London. Vol. 1, xx -(- 462 pp. 39 pis. . 1899. Rhynchotal notes 111 Heteroptera: Discocephalinae and Pentatominae (part). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)4:421^44. Drury, D. 1773. Illustrations of exotic entomology, containing upwards of six hundred and fifty figures and descriptions of foreign insects interspersed with remarks and reflections on their nature and properties. 3 vol. xxxix -(- 317 pp. London. Fabricius, J. C. 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adjectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Ham- burgi et Kilonii. 2 vols. Fennah, R. G. 1935. A preliminary list of the Pentatomidae of Trinidad, B.W.I. Trop, Agr., Trinidad 12:192-194. Gmelin, J. F. 1788. Carol! a Linne Systema Naturae. Ed. 13. 1(4): 204 1-2224 (Hemiptera). Lipsiae. Grazia, J. 1968. Sobre o genero Chloropepla Stal, 1867, com a descricao de uma nova especie (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Rev. Bras. Biol., 28(2): 193-206, 21 figs. Grazia-Vieira, J. 1972. O genero Mayrinia Horvath, 1925 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pen- tatomini). Rev. Per. Entomol. 15( 1): 1 17-124, 21 figs. . 1973. Uma nova especie de Mayrinia Horvath, 1925 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Iher. (Zool.) 42:25-33, 9 figs. Hart, C. A. 1919. The Pentatomoidea of Illinois with keys to the nearctic genera. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 13:157-223. pis. 16-21. Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1842-1844. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Nurnberg. Vols. 6(1842) and 7(1844). Horvath, G. 1925. De Pentatomidarum genere Loxa Am. et Serv. et de novo genere ei affini. Ann. Mus. Nation. Hung. 22:307-328, 5 figs. Kirkaldy. G. W. 1909. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera). Vol. I Cimicidae. Berlin, xl -I- 392 pp. Lethierry, L. and G. Severin. 1893. Catalogue general des Hemipteres-Pentatomidae. Brux- elles. Vol. I, X -(- 286 pp. McDonald. F. J. D. 1966. The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Het- eroptera). Quaest. Entomol. 2:7-150. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. 1805-1821. Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique dans les royaumes d'Oware et de Benin, a Saint-Dominique et dans les Etats-Unis pendant les annees 1781-1797. Paris. 267 pp., 90 pis. Piran, A. A. 1948. Contribucion al conocimiento de la dispersion geografica de los Hemipteros neotropicales. Acta Zool. Lilloana 5:5-17. . 1963. Hemiptera neotropica VIE Algunas especies nuevos o poco conocidas del no- roeste Argentino. I. Acta Zool. Lilloana 19:335-341. . 1968. Hemiptera neotropica XL Revta Soc. Ent. Argent. 30:17-25. Rolston, L. H. 1976. An evaluation of the generic assignment of some American Pentatomini (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 84(l):2-8. Ruckes. H. 1952. Some Scutelleroid Hemiptera of the Bahama Islands, British West Indies. Amer. Mus. Nov. 1591:1-9. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 3 259 Stal, C. 1860. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens hemipterafauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar 2(7): 1-84. . 1867. Bidrag till Hemipterernas Systematik. Conspectus generum Pentatomidum Americae. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 24(7):522-534. . 1872. Enumeratio hemipterorum 11. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Han- dlingar 10(4): 1-159. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1933. On Floridian Heteroptera, with new state records from the keys. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 18:23-31. . 1939. A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Entomol. Amer. 19:141-310. Uhler, P. R. 1876. List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 1:269-361. pis. 19-21. Van Duzee. E. P. 1901. Notes on some Hemiptera from British Guiana. Trans. Amer. En- tomol. Soc. 27:343-352. . 1907. Notes on Jamaican Hemiptera: a report on a collection of Hemiptera made on the island of Jamaica in the Spring of 1906. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 8:1-79. . 1909. Observations on some Hemiptera taken in Florida in the spring of 1908. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 9:149-230. . 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Univ. California Pubs. Entomol. 2:xiv -i- 902 pp. Walker. F. 1867-1868. Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part II (1867), pp. 241^17. Part HI (1868), pp. 418-599. Wolcott. G. N. 1936. “Insectae Borinquensis." A revised annotated check-list of the insects of Puerto Rico. J. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico 20(1): 1-627. . 1950-1951. The insects of Puerto Rico. J. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico 32( 1948): 1-975. Footnotes ‘ Currently with the Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843. ^ Letters in parentheses indicate the number and position of labels with (a) being the topmost label next to the insect. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LXXX\T(3), 1978, pp. 260-267 ASCIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NASAL CAVITIES OF MEXICAN BIRDS (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA)i K. E. Hyland, A. Fain and A. S. Moorhouse Abstract. — Mites of the family Ascidae taken from the nasal passages of birds, mostly hummingbirds (Troehilidae) in Veracruz, Mexico, are repre- sented by the genera Proctolaelaps and Rhinoseitis. P. kirinsei, P. belemensis and R. heliconiae are new to Mexico. Three new species are described: P. mexicanus from Euphonia hirundinacea, P. spiralis from Phaethornis superciliosus, and R. mathewsoni from Amazilia Candida. Received for pubHcation September 22, 1977. Introduction Fain, Hyland and Aitken (1977a, 1977b) have pointed out the di- versity of the mites placed in the family Ascidae which have been re- covered from the nasal passages of birds in the New World. They de- scribed species from three genera, Rhinoseius, Proctolaelaps and Lasioseius, and gave a key to the known species. In the present work, we continue the series begun earlier on the mites from Mexican birds (Hyland and Moorhouse, 1970; Fain and Hyland, 1970) and we report on the family Ascidae collected during the month of August, 1963. Although we recognize that these mites exhibit a phoretic relationship with their host, and not a parasitic one, we consider it ap- propriate to treat them in this series because they were collected in the same habitat. In our earlier work (Hyland and Moorhouse, 1970) we described the collecting area, and the conditions under which the hosts and the acarines were taken. In the descriptions which follow, all measurements are in micrometers (/um). Holotypes and allotypes will be desposited in the acarological col- lection of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Paratypes are in authors’ collections at the Institut de Medecine Tropicale, Antwerp, Belgium, and the Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island. All specimens were taken in Veracruz by R. W. Dickerman. The common name of each host is given the first time the host is men- tioned. Proctolaelaps mexicanus n. sp. This species can be separated from all other species of the genus found phoretically associated with birds by the presence of certain setae with expanded (bulbous) tips as follows: Z 5, posterior opisthogasteral, postanal, and setae on the femora of all legs. In addition, the genital plate of the female possesses an anteromedian area which appears to be sclerotized. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 261 Eig. 1-2. Proctolaelaps mexicanus sp. n. Holotype male. 1. Ventrally; 2. Dorsally. Male. — (Holotype) (Figs. 1, 2). Idiosoma 478 /xm long, 291 /um maximum width. Dorsum: Anterior part of dorsal plate possesses 22 pairs of setae (6 pairs of /, 6 pairs of z, 6 pairs of s and 4 pairs of r) of which the r 3 or humeral is long (39 fj.m) and with an expanded tip, and / i is 21 jum long; posterior portion of plate with 20 pairs of short setae except for Z 5 which is 94 /um long and has an expanded tip. Venter: Sternal plate separated from ventrianal plate. The latter has a distinct pattern and bears 5 pairs of ventral setae in addition to the 3 anal setae. Postanal seta 42 /am long and with ex- panded tip. Gnathosoma: Spemiadactyl slender and long (101 /um) with curved tip. Legs: All femora with a dorsal seta with expanded tip. Leg I with short conical spine on trochanter and femur. Leg II with short conical spines on genu (1), tibia (1) and tarsus (4). Femur IV with a very strong ventral spine which is partly fused to integument at its base. Both tarsi IV have been broken off. Female. — (Allotype) (Figs. 3, 4, 5). Idiosoma 577 nm long, 359 /am wide. Dorsum; Anterior part of dorsal plate with 22 pairs of setae (6 pairs of /, 6 pairs of z, 6 pairs of s 262 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 3-5. Proctolaelaps mexicanus sp. n. Allotype female. 3. Ventrally; 4. Dorsally; 5. Inseminating apparatus. and 4 pairs of r), posterior part with 15 pairs (5 of /, Z and S each). All setae are small, with a maximum lengtli of 13 /^m, except for Z 5 which is 31 /xm long and possesses an expanded tip. Distance between anterior tips of the peritremes 86 /^m. Venter: Sternal shield with anterior lobes containing a network of striations; an ill-defined thicker band (stippled in Fig. 3) runs horizontally across the center of the plate; distance between anterior pair of setae 39 jum long and distance between their bases 52 /um. Genital plate truncate posteriorly with setae off the plate, anterior tongue moderately elongate and with a median longitudinal sclerotized area as illustrated. Anal plate 28 /rm long, 18 um wide. Postanal seta with inflated tip. Ten pairs of opisthogasteral setae, the postmedian pair being well developed (49 long) and with expanded tips. Maturation pouch of inseminating apparatus membranous, the spermiduct joins at the distal end of this pouch and the adductor canal is long and only slightly enlarged distally. Gnathosoma: Tectum denticulate as in P. hunteri. Legs: Each femur possesses distally on its dorsal surface a seta with an expanded tip. Host and locality. — Holotype male, allotype female, 16 paratype females and one nymph were taken from the nasal cavities of a single specimen of Bonaparte’s euphonia, Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte, 1838 (family Thraupidae) in Veracruz, Mexico, 23 Aug. 1963, host M63-08-23-10/2040, R. Dickerman, coll. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 263 Since this host is not a trochilid the question has arisen concerning the authenticity of our collection data. Norgaard-Olesen (1973/74) and Van Bocxstaele (1977) have indicated that the diet of many tanagers consists of a significant quantity of flowers and nectar, so it seems likely that this host legitimately acquired these acarines. Proctolaelaps spiralis n. sp. This species is close to P. helemensis belemensis Fain, Hyland and Aitken, 1977, and P. b. cyanocompsae Fain, Hyland and Aitken, 1977, in having the genital plate pro- longed anteriorly, seta / 1 unusually long and the 5th and 6th rows of deutosternal teeth more expanded. It can be separated from females of both these subspecies by the spiral shape of the inseminating apparatus and decrease in the number of setae on both anterior and posterior portions of the dorsal plate (19 and 14 respectively compared with 23 and 18 for both subspecies). Female. — (Holotype) (Figs. 6, 7, 8). Idiosoma 624 /^m long, 390 pm wide. Dorsum: Shield not incised but slightly constricted toward the middle; anterior half of plate bears 19 pairs of setae of which j 1 is 23 /^m long and z 6 is 42 /im; posterior portion with 14 setae of which Z 5 is 55 pm long, only 3 of S series remain on the plate, and none of the R series occur on the plate. Distance between anterior tips of peritremes is 49 pm. Venter: Sternal shield evenly sclerotized with distinctive pattern consisting of 3 pairs of median scales and with small anterior lobes. All sternal setae located on plate, anterior pair 31 /xm long and their bases 65 ^im apart. Genital plate truncate with anterior projection attenuated as in P. belemensis cyanocompsae-, genital setae on the plate. Anal plate 96 ;xm long, 86 pm wide, with anus located toward the anterior end; postanal seta 52 /um long. Opisthogasteral setae nearly equal in size (34 ^xm) except for posterior median pair which are 60 long. Inseminating apparatus with a long, thin, ad- ductor canal which is enlarged slightly toward the distal end and possesses a membranous maturation pouch which is spiral shaped. Gnathosoma: Tectum broad and finely denticulate anteriorly. Ghelicerae 129 pm long. Legs: All leg setae of usual size, coxa I without denticles, and posterior seta on coxa II is not spinous. Host and locality. — Holotype female and 5 paratype females were collected from the long-tailed hermit, Phaethornis siiperciliosus (Linnaeus, 1766), in Veracruz, Mexico, 13 Aug. 1963, host M63-08-23-12/2022, R. Dickerman, coll. Proctolaelaps kirmsei Fain, Hyland and Aitken, 1977 This species was described from Phaethornis augusti Bourcier, 1847, collected in Venezuela. We have now encountered a single female specimen in the nasal cavity of Phaethornis superciliosus from Veracruz, collected 26 Aug. 1963, host M63-08-26-4/2078, by R. Dickerman. This female agrees very closely with the type with respect to the length of setae j 6, s 5, J 1 and Z 5. The anterior pair of sternal setae are 29 pm apart compared with 21 /xm but this difference is within the range exhibited by the paratypes. The in- seminating apparatus agrees closely. Proctolaelaps belemensis Fain, Hyland and Aitken, 1977 This species was described from Brazil where it was taken in association with Threnetes leucurus (Linnaeus, 1766) and from several other hosts including Phaethornis superciliosus. We have three representatives in the Mexican collection, one female from Phaethornis superciliosus collected 26 Aug. 1963, host M63-08-26-4/2078, by R. Dicker- 264 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 6—8. Proctolaelaps spiralis sp. n. Holotype female. 6. Dorsally; 7. VentraUy; 8. Inseminating apparatus. man. The remaining two are from the violet sabre-wing. Campylopterus hemileucomus, collected 27 Aug. 1963, host M63-08-27-4/2098, by R. Dickerman. Rhinoseius mathewsoni n. sp. This species is near to both R. heliconiae Raker & Yunker and R. phaethornis Fain, Hyland and Aitken. The males can be separated from R. heliconiae by the presence of long s 3 and s 4 and S 1 to S 5 setae on the dorsum and from R. phaethornis by the presence of extremely small posterior opisthogasteral setae and the enlarged S setae. The female can be separated from R. heliconiae by the presence of seta Z 5 and from R. phaethornis by the nearly absent cuticular network on the dorsal shield, the smaller opisthogasteral setae, especially the posterior median pair and the more oval shape of the anal plate. Male. — (Holotype) (Figs. 9, 10). Idiosoma 504 /xm long, 338 fim maximum width. Dorsum : Shield with deep lateral incision and a line extending through the plate. Setae VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 265 variable in lengtli; / 1 and z 1 small and nearly of equal length (10 /um), z 3 is lacking, s 3 and s 4 approximately 3 times longer (41 and 47 jum) than those of / and z rows; Z 5 twisted, approximately 110 /im long; S 1 to S 5 well developed, 44 to 68 /^m in length. Peritremes 65 /tm apart at their anterior tips. Pattern on dorsal shield poorly developed and confined to the periphery of the anterior half of plate. Venter; Trito- sternum normal. Ventroanal plate contiguous but not fused with sternogenital plate, and bears 4 pairs of ventral setae plus the 3 anals. All 9 pairs of posterior opisthogasteral setae small, at most 8 /xm long. Gnathosoma: Tectum arched and tapering to a point. Spermadactyl 44 /^m long with small hook at tip. Legs; Blunt, cylindro-conical setae present as follows; Femur I (1), Genu (1), Femur II (I), Genu II (I), Tibia II (1), Tarsus II (4), Tarsus III (I). Other setae on leg segments frequently long, including those on tibiae III and IV some of which are longer than their respective leg segments. Female. — (Allotype) (Figs. II, 12, 13). Idiosoma 510 fim long, 328 ixm wide. Dorsum; Setae generally uniform in shape and length (16 jum) except that / 1 and z 1 are minute (3 ixm)\ z 3 is wanting, and z 5 is small (10 /um). Shield deeply incised, lacks cuticular pattern except on the border. Anterior tips of the peritremes 39 ;;tm apart. Venter; Tritosternum 91 /xm long, base 39 /xm. Sternal plate without well defined pat- tern; anteriorly prolonged into two lobes which bear a few striae. Distance between anterior pair of setae is 60 /xm. Third pair of setae in posterior lateral angles of plate. Remaining pair of setae located off the plate. Genital plate rounded both posteriorly 266 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 11-13. Rhitwseius mathewsoni sp. n. Allotype female. 11. Dorsally; 12. \'entrally; 13. Inseminating apparatus. and anteriorly; anterior tip e.xtends beyond level of sternal setae II. Anal plate elliptical, 83 /xm wide, 138 /xm long. Anus located in middle of plate. Adanal setae smaller than adjacent opisthogasteral setae. Postanal seta 42 /xm long. Setae on opisthogaster com- prise 10 pairs; median pair 49 /xm long, at least twice as long as other pairs. Posterior portion of inseminating apparatus “L” shaped; longitudinal part 39-44 /xm long in holo- type. Gnathosoma; Tectum tapering to a point; deutosternal teeth indistinct on al- lotype but on paratype consists of the usual se\'en rows. Legs: Posterior seta on coxa II spine-like, 18 /xm long. All setae shorter than their respective leg segments. Remarks. — This species is dedicated to our friend and colleague. Professor John Angell Mathewson, on the occasion of his retirement from the Depaiiment of Zoology at the University of Rhode Island. Types. — Holotype male, allotype female and 7 paratype females from the nasal cavity of the white-bellied emerald, Amazilia Candida (Rourcier & Mulsant, 1846), taken in Veracruz, Mexico, 17 Aug. 1963, host M63-08-17-12/1497; R. Dickerman, coll. Additional paratypes from Amazilia Candida as follows: 1 male, 7 females from host VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 3 267 M63-08-13-8/1490, 13 Aug. 1963; 10 females from host M63-08-24-1/2048, 24 Aug. 1963; 1 female from host M63-08-17-9/1494, 17 Aug. 1963. Other paratypes from the rufus-tailed hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl (de la Llave, 1883) as follows: 4 females from host M63-08-13-7/1488, 13 Aug. 1963; 1 female from host M63-08-13- 6/1489, 13 Aug. 1963. Also paratypes from Phaethornis superciliosus as follows: 7 females from host M63-08-25-4/2078, 26 Aug. 1963; 5 females from host M63-08-23- 12/2022, 23 Aug. 1963. Rhinoseius heliconiae Baker & Yunker, 1963 This species is well represented in this collection. Although the holotype was taken from Heliconia cuttings of unknown origin at New York, additional specimens were recovered from the nasal passages of Phaethornis yaruqui (Bourcier) from Rio Raposo in Colombia, and were considered conspecific by Baker and Yunker. Our material agrees well with the description and with the types with one exception: the median pair of posterior opisthogasteral setae measure 78 to 81 yum in length (this includes a second specimen on the same slide with the holotype). In our material these same setae vary in length from 29 to 57 /rm. Our collection includes the following: Erom Amazilia Candida, 7 females, 1 male from host M63-08-24-1/2048, 24 Aug. 1963; 4 females, 1 male from host M63-08-13- 8/1490, 13 Aug. 1963. Erom Phaethornis superciliosus, 2 females from host M63-08-23- 12/2022, 23 Aug. 1963. One female from host M63-08-26-4/2078, 26 Aug. 1963. Literature Cited Fain, A., and K. E. Hyland. 1970. Acariens nasicoles des Oiseaux du Mexique. III. Families Ereynetidae et Turbinoptidae. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. Ent. Belg. 106:37^6. Fain, A., K. E. Hyland, and T. H. G. Aitken. 1977a. Nouveaux acariens Ascidae (Mesostigmata) phoretiques dans les fosses nasales de Colibris (Note preliminaire). Bull. Ann. Soc. r. Ent. Belg. 113:184-186. . 1977b. Flower mites of the family Ascidae phoretic in the nasal cavities of birds (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Acta Zool. et Path. Antverpiensia 69:99-154. Hyland, K. E., and A. S. Moorhouse. 1970. Nasal mites from Mexican birds. I. Rhinonyssidae (Mesostigmata) from host family Tyrannidae. Acarologia 12: 43-58. Norgaard-Olesen, E. 1973/74. Tanagers, 2 vols., Skibby-Books, Skibby, Denmark. Van Bocxstaele, R. 1977. Personal communication. (KEH) Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; (AF) Institut de Medecine Tropicale Prince Leopold, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium; and (ASM) United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Ser- vices, 424 Trapelo Rd., Waltham, MA 02154. Footnote ' This investigation was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Grant (GB-1295). That part of the study conducted in Mexico was further supported by the USPHS Training Grant N° 5T1-AI-231 from NIAID and by the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, under sponsorship of the Gommission on Viral Infections of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. ’ yt trim 1W^..)Ur»7 |UA H tR'U «»Uu;^| 01 iJSflt «0A Kl ■mi) «|ilK> 0».^ ><* Tt Jjfij > Ti-*!*' U>Ki %.l1 »nwi ( ^ ••/r.Htil «A . (§^J ffwfU'I At> UBM teal «wd i -'^ T^J4ir€0M ^ WAtas4 T --•iM ‘*4 *v . I^whimw ttr» *.l-* ,^, ufwl -#►x /!.,», Y ,.il\ JT^;J €t u SO Com uk.' • "<"i t- i4fMi#V *ir*» **v > I ■\ Vs^i pi M U-% r A ' ^sf ^ •i*(iw. ***<^‘ H* y WH ** '(►■*•» Ktajl iii ‘ ' J Viryl ■ W ,*im»> ^1* VTf A*** b*lv ♦! ■>> ’ >1’ f*» *1 ff ®T Wlif— y| ic Jfe'" •■ .rtiiniK I «S|? ft/ ■ ~ f"'*'' ’*■/* ♦‘*^'4 , ^ ® r’ 11> MqfcuH . i fAr» 4il>WlTfW- »(♦•«'> «^ti M»|| f '^* » *'>'<' 'jH ,444\t4>^ 4»vV ) ^^ 1^1^^ ,U ' T • ■ :i Y ‘ - .r rj . ^ f iti Ininl* <1^ 1 .wi« •«4> ,*A ', i itj* ^AiU. At^i .liiy«i^i V'rf.’Cl 'I A h04 ,.K‘ *^«e riMifmff M> tii| wfr ■ A»^m4:»AU4A rr^ •ji»mAhgUAJmArn^.Hu*imfai4> ■4.AA.M.f *- >t<» * - ( ■ ■ f••*^‘ftm^,^’^■i 1 ■• ; - 4 li *4 i IMliC'f^ -fFTlt« k*4«4 Journal of the New York Entomological Society VOLUME LXXXVI DECEMBER 1978 NO. 4 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor Dr. Karl Maramorosch Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 Associate Editors Dr. Lois J. Keller, RSM Dr. Herbert T. Streu Publication Committee Dr. Randall T. Schuh American Museum of Natural History Dr. Daniel Sullivan Fordham University Dr. Felix J. Bocchino The College of Mt. Saint Vincent ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Editors wish to express their appreciation to all those who have helped in reviewing manuscripts during 1978 for publication in the Journal: Sami Ahmad, Edward W. Baker, Theodor Chase, Jr., Mercedes Delfinado, Gordon W. Frankie, Eric Grissell, Francis O. Holmes, Alexander B. Klots, David Miller, Radclyffe B. Roberts, Randall T. Schuh, Paul J. Spangler, Fred C. Swift, Louis M. Vasvary, and Pedro Wygodzinsky. CONTENTS The 50th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch. Entomological Society of America, New York, NY Abstracts of papers presented September 27, 28 and 29, 1978 Toxicological studies on the molt-inhibiting insecticide (EL-494) against the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) and effect on chitin biosynthesis A. H. Abdel-Monem, E. A. Cameron and R. O. Mumma Toxicological response of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs to insecti- cides S. Ahmad Correlation of common plant taxa phenologies to development of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) J. T. Andaloro, T. M. Peters and A. J. Alicandro Integrated control of cotton bollworms in P.D.R. of Yemen S. A. Ba-Angood Bionomics of the New Zealand genera Neolimnia and Eulimnia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) J. K. Barnes Simplified artifical diet and rearing techniques for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) R. A. Bell, M. Shapiro and C. Owens Development of sequential sampling plans for insect defoliation on soybeans R. G. Bellinger and G. P. Dively Performance of selected insecticides against pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Ho- moptera: Psyllidae) W. M. Bode Sampling procedures for collecting Simulum penobscotensis Snoddy and Bauer (Dip- tera: Simuliidae) and other Maine black flies L. R. Boobar and J. Granett Palatability studies on Euphydryas phaeton (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) M. D. Bowers Discriminant function analysis of the abdominal coloration variations in the large milk- weed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) M. W. Brown and C. W. Rutschky Measuring honey bee foraging responses with an artificial flower D. M. Caron and G. D. Waller Observations on the life history of Pseudeucoila spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) P. C. Chabora and S. J. Smolin Simulated defoliation and depodding effects on yield and quality of baby lima beans D. L. Coggin and G. P. Dively Electrophysiological identification of oviposition-deterring pheromone receptors in Rhagoletis pornonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) R. M. Crnjar, R. J. Prokopy and V. G. Dethier Synergistic microbial attack on Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) R. A. Daoust and H. B. Gunner The nature and distribution of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) feeding injury on snap beans G. P. Dively II and J. E. McCully Effect of chitinase on the peritrophic membrane of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae N. R. Dubois Attraction of apple maggot Rhagoletis pornonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) females to apple volatiles in wind tunnel bioassays B. L. Fein, W. H. Reissig and W. L. Roelofs Queen cell production and control in the honey bee {Apis mellifera L.) colony (Hyme- noptera: Apidae) R. D. Fell Contact action of diflubenzuron on eggs and larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantiidae) A. J. Forgash, N. C. Respicio and B. K. Khoo 274 275 275 275 276 277 277 278 278 279 280 280 281 281 282 283 283 284 284 285 286 286 287 270 The structure and dynamics of arthropod communities of bat guano ecosystems E. R. Franklin and T. H. Kunz Esterase variation in female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Isozyme characteriza- tion and the influence of adult ageing D. J. Fryauff and D. J. Sutherland A hypothesis for the distribution of holarctic groups of fungus gnats (Diptera: Myce- tophilidae) R. J. Gagne Temporal patterns of parasitization of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) by Thehiziu sp. (Bose) (Nematoda: Spirurata) on three dairy farms in Western Massachusetts C. J. Geden and J. G. Stoffolano, Jr. Emigration behavior of the East African driver ant, Dorylus (Anommaj molestci Ger- staecker (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae) H. W. Gotwald, Jr. Differences in maze-learning ability in two species of lepidopteran larvae S. T. Grant Courtship of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae) R. S. Grippo and I. Huber Changes in food quality of an insect’s marginal host species associated with a plant virus J. D. Hare and J. A. Dodds Dusky sap beetle Carpophilus lugubris (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): Control in sweet corn F. P. Harrison and J. C. Richardson The insects important in no-till corn in Maryland and their control F. P. Harrison, R. A. Bean and O. J. Qawiyy The origin of the cell lining in the nests of Colletes bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) A. Hefetz and S. W. T. Batra Feeding activity of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) R. G. Helgesen and F. Baxendale Establishment of Daenusa dryas (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Chrysocharis punctifacies Delucchi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasites of Agromyza fron- tella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Delaware R. M. Hendrickson, Jr. Acoustical communication during courtship and mating in green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) C. S. Henry Two sex attractants for male speckled green fruitworm moths, Orthosia hibisci Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) A. S. Hill and W. L. Roelofs Kairomone of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) influencing host-searching behavior of its predator, Amblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) R. G. Hislop, N. Alves and R. J. Prokopy Synthetic pyrethroids to control insect pests of vegetable crops R. N. Hofmaster and J. Francis Introducing integrated control in Virginia apple orchards: Techniques for involving and training growers R. L. Horsburgh Potato leafhopper density and its relationship to alfalfa quality A. A. Hower Hemocytes, cell death, hemolymph coagulation and melanization in insects J. C. Jones and R. J. Ruschell Experience with grape pest management in Erie County, Pennsylvania G. L. Jubb, Jr., T. H. Obourn and D. H. Petersen Estimation of esterase activity in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Ly- mantriidae) larval tissues M. A. Kapin and S. Ahmad Basic studies of chiasma frequency in male Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattel- lidae) C. B. Keil Induction of multiple progeny emergence of the gypsy moth parasitoid, Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) by Dimilin® B. K. Khoo, S. B. Ramaswamy, N. C. Respicio and A. J. Forgash 288 288 289 289 290 291 291 292 292 293 293 294 295 295 296 297 297 298 298 299 299 300 301 301 271 Resource availability and reproductive variation in Pseudeucoila spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) A. Kopelman and P. C. Chabora Physical and chemical defenses of the salt marsh shrub, Baccharis halimifoUa L. (Com- positae) against insect herbivory S. K. Kraft and R. F. Denno Effects of field application of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lyman- triidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus) on birds R. A. Lautenschlager, J. D. Podgwaite and H. Rothenbacher Flight periods of Orthosia hihisci Guenee (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in relation to the calendar, temperature and host development S. E. Lienk and P. J. Chapman Is there intraspecific competition in Vespula mucidifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)? W. D. Lord and R. R. Roth Diurnal, seasonal and relative abundance of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) predators T. P. Mack and Z. Smilowitz Feeding behavior of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on mammals L. A. Magnarelli Seasonal population growth of the southern red mite, Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acarine: Tetranychidae), infesting Japanese holly in New Jersey ■ D. L. Mague and H. T. Streu Evolution of Batesian mimicry in the Syrphidae (Diptera) C. T. Maier Energy metabolism and heat exchange in flying dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) M. L. May Laboratory feeding studies with selected spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Virginia apple orchards J. P. McCaffrey and R. L. Horsburgh Self-regulation in scale insect populations on hemlock M. S. McClure Modelling for pest management: Analysis of environmental and inherent developmental rate variation on emergence in the alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) W. K. Mellors and R. G. Helgesen Thermal requirements for development of the parasite Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) J. Morales and A. A. Hower Separation and quantitation of dytiscid defensive secretions using high-pressure liquid chromatography A. T. Newhart and R. O. Mumma Orientation disruption of Argyrotaenia velutinana and Choristoneura rosaceana (Lep- idoptera: Tortricidae) male moths M. A. Novak, W. H. Reissig and W. L. Roelofs Field evaluation of pheromone baited trap-trees to control elm bark beetles D. P. O'Callaghan, E. M. Gallagher and G. N. Lanier Laboratory rearing of Leptothrips mali (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) M. P. Parrella and R. L. Horsburgh Life history and population dynamics of Heteroplectron americanum (Walker) (Tri- choptera: Calamoceratidae) J. W. Patterson and R. L. Vannote Indirect effects of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) insec- ticides on the parasite Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzenburg) (Hymenoptera: Bra- conidae) E. H. Pollack and A. J. Forgash Morphology and taxonomy of first-stage nymphs of five Periplaneta Burmeister (Dic- tyoptera: Blattidae) P. K. Powell and W. H. Robinson Complementary foraging of bee species in blueberries E. G. Rajotte and R. B. Roberts Effect of juvenile hormone on mating behavior of female German cockroach, Blattella gerrnanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) S. B, Ramaswamy and A. P. Gupta Aerial application for the control of alfalfa weevil larvae (Hypera postica) in Virginia, 1978 J. E. Roberts and M. T. Snider 302 303 303 304 304 305 306 306 307 307 308 309 309 310 311 311 312 312 313 314 314 315 315 316 272 True armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta) control in Virginia, 1978 J. E. Roberts and M. T. Snider Field evaluation of post emergence control of cutworm (Af^rotis ipsUon) in Virginia, 1978 J. E. Roberts and M. T. Snider Variability in nectar production by an American linden R. B. Roberts and E. G. Rajotte Aspects of the nesting behavior of Cerceris watlinpensis in relation to its geographical location (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) P. Salbert and N. Elliott The sexual behavior of Tenodera sinensis (Saus) (Orthoptera: Mantidae) M. E. Schauff and J. C. Jones The adaptive significance of the latitudinal dine in oviposition site of Alsophiia pome- taria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) J. C. Schneider Dietary preferences and patterns of occurrence of Lepidoptera larvae in a northern hardwoods forest J. C. Schults, P. J. Nothnagle and R. T. Holmes Biological and physical influences on the mass rearing of Coecygomimus turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) P. B. Schultz Occurrence of beneficial insects on due-cured tobacco treated with soil insecticides P. J. Semtner and J. E. Roberts, Sr. Infiuence of diet upon gypsy moth NPV production M. Shapiro, R. A. Bell, and C. D. Owens Interfacing green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) damage with season potato plant growth Z. Smilowitz, M. E. Whalon, C. A. Martinka and E. S. Nolan The effect of larval host exposure on the oviposition preferences of Pieris rapae J. H. Smith and W. G. Yendol Effect of low temperature on survival of red pine scale Matsucoccus resinosae Bean and Godwin (Homoptera: Margarodidae) G. R. Stephens White grub control in turf with Bendiocarb (NC 6897) W. W. Surles and W. L. Ekins Biology and control of the Northern fowl mite on caged layers E. C. Turner, Jr. Recognition of virus-diseased gypsy moth larvae by Apanteles mekinosceliis Ratzenburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) P. L. Versoi and W. G. Yendol The relationship of the maple cambium miner. Phytohia setosa (Loew) (Diptera: Agro- myzidae) to its host W. E. Wallner and R. A. Gregory Implications of parasite effectiveness of crossing Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzenburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with an exotic Apanteles from India R. M. Weseloh Biotype variation and temperature effects on Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Homoptera: Aphi- dae) M. E. Whalon and Z. Smilowitz Updating the green peach aphid forecast system with a monitoring procedure M. E. Whalon, B. A. Bajusz and Z. Smilowitz Survey and detection of the alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhynchus lipustici L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) H. R. Willson A comparison of the effectiveness of Bacillus spliaericuslSSU-\ against Aedes stimulans and A. triseriatus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) at different temperatures S. P. Wraight, S. Singer and H. Jamnback Vector potential of Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) in central New York State R. H. Zimmerman and C. D. Morris Erratum Index of Scientific Names of Animals and Plants for Volume LXXXVl Index of Authors for Volume LXXXVl 316 317 317 318 319 319 320 320 321 322 322 323 323 324 325 325 326 326 327 327 328 329 329 330 331 273 274 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE 50th ANNUAL MEETING EASTERN BRANCH ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEW YORK, NY VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 275 Abstracts of papers presented at sessions, workshops, and symposia on September 27, 28 and 29, 1978 Toxicological studies on the molt-inhibiting insecticide (EL-494) against the gypsy moth {Lymantria dispar L.) and effect on chitin biosynthesis. A. H. Abdel-Monem, E. A. Cameron and R. O. Mumma, Pest. Res. Lab. and Grad. Study Ctr. and Dept. Entomol., The Pennsylvania State Univ., Uni- versity Park, PA 16802 All larval instars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) were fed on an artificial diet containing 13 different concentrations varying from 0.0 to 2.0 ppm of EL-494 (N-[[[5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-methyl-2- pyrazinyl]amino]-car- bonyl]-2,6-dichIorobenzamide), a molt-inhibiting insecticide, and the larvae were scored for their ability to molt subsequently to healthy individuals. Gypsy moths were scored for molting abnormalities as follows: 1) failure to feed, 2) partial ecdysis ranging from retention of old head capsule to failure to completely remove the old cuticle from the abdomen, and 3) death prior to molt. The 5th and 6th larval instars were the most susceptible while the 1st and 2nd larval instars were the least susceptible. Adult emergence, es- pecially of females, was reduced by concentrations of EL-494 that did not show any effect on the larval stages. To investigate the effect of EL-494 on chitin biosynthesis, 5th instar larvae were fed on artificial diet containing either 0 or 20 ppm EL-494 for 24 h and then were injected with 0.1 /xCi '^C- glucose. After 24 h the larvae were sacrificed and the amount of ’^C incor- porated into various fractions was determined. Larvae fed on diet containing EL-494 reduced (ca. 80%) the incorporation of '^C-glucose into chitin rel- ative to the control and clearly indicated the inhibition of chitin biosynthesis by EL-494. Toxicological response of Japanese beetle (Copeoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs to insecticides. S. Ahmad, Dept. Entomol. and Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Dosage-mortality response and toxicological symptoms following topical treatment of 3rd stage grubs of a Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman population from Rivervale, N.J., were studied. The 8-day LDj,, and LD95 for chlorpyrifos were 1.88 and 55.24 /^g/grub, respectively. For the slower- acting insecticide dieldrin, the 14-day LD,,, and LD95 were 26 x and 32 x more than chlorpyrifos, respectively. Dieldrin resistance in these grubs is thus indicated and is in agreement with similar findings from Connecticut, New York, and Ohio. The high ratio of LD95 and LD^,, (29:1) with chlor- pyrifos may also be indicative of incipient organophosphate resistance in 276 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY New Jersey grubs. Grubs treated with either insecticides moved up to the soil surface, remaining there for one or more days, progressed to the ad- vanced stage of poisoning and died. When recovering from insecticide ac- tion, the surfaced grubs dug back into the soil. The surfacing behavior may be related to general hyperactivity often discerned as an initial effect of insecticides on insects. Grubs in advanced stage of poisoning were char- acterized by 3 distinct symptoms: 1. shrinkage in size and reduction in body weight to ca 50%, 2. Yellow-brown coloration of the body instead of the normal whitish appearance, and 3. moribundity. Correlation of common plant taxa phenologies to development of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). J. T. Andaloro, T. M. Peters and A. J. Alicandro, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Throughout the spring and summer of 1978 the phenological stages of various plant species were recorded to determine their utility as indicators of events occurring in the life history of the Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer (ABL) A. frontella. A major objective was to determine the reliability of forecasting ABL seasonal development through the use of specific plant phenologies. These data are expected to increase the efficiency of ABL sampling, pest outbreak detection, and possible control programs. In studies at Amherst, MA first emergence of A. frontella adults from overwintering pupae was detected on May 11 (Julian calendar day 131) paralleling the beginning of bloom (BOB) stage of Pin Cherry Primus pennsylvanica, and Magnolia soulangeana petal fall. Four days later Common Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum (BOB) coincided with initiation of ABL oviposition. Detec- tion of the first mine was not until May 25th in concurrence with Bridal wreath Spiraea prunifolia at full bloom (FB), High Bush Blueberry Vaccin- ium corymhosum (FB) and Choke Cherry Primus virginiana (BOB). Alfalfa Medicago sativa, flowering (BOB) on June 6 correlated with similar phe- nological stages of Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia (FB) and Black- berry Ruhus allegheniensis (FB). Alfalfa at (BOB) supported an average of 54 mines/stem. Abandoned mines represented 25% of the total number, third instars 30%, first and second instars 37%, and dead larvae due mainly to parasitization 8%. Forty- two days and 875 Degree days elapsed from detection of the first generation egg until adult emergence. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 277 Integrated control of cotton bollworms in P.D.R. of Yemen. S. A. Ba-An- good, Dept, of Entomol., Macdonald College, McGill Univ., Que., HOA ICO P.D.R. of Yemen has recently emerged as a moderate exporter of long stable cotton. During a 7-year period 1971 to 1977 inclusive, extensive stud- ies have been carried out on the control of cotton bollworms. As a result an integrated control program has been planned which resulted in a reduc- tion in cotton bollworm infestation from 70% (in 1971-72) to about 15% (1976-77). The results of these studies which lead to this integrated control program show that (1) early sowing date (late July to late August) produced twice the yield of late sown cotton (late September and October) without insecticidal treatment (2) spraying at 18% bollworm infestation gave signif- icant difference in yield in comparison with 10% and no-spray treatments. This resulted in reducing the number of sprays from 4 to 1. (3) Strict close season from the end of May till the 3rd week of July and early watering of all the land cropped with cotton the previous year reduced infestation with bollworms and specially the Sudan bollworm Diparopsis watersi and re- sulted in high yield. (4) Monocrotophos (nuvacron 40), chlorpyrifos (dursban 4), carbaryl -i- molasses (sevimole 4) proved to be very effective against bollworm complex. Carbaryl (Sevin 85) was less effective against the Amer- ican bollworm Heliothis annigem. (5) Parasites and predators contributed to control only on early stages of infestation (September-October). Bionomics of the New Zealand genera Neolimnia and Eulimnia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). J. K. Barnes, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853 The endemic New Zealand genera Neolimnia and Eulimnia are typical members of the cosmopolitan mollusc-eating subfamily Sciomyzinae and of the largely predatory tribe Tetanocerini, and their larvae have evolved di- verse food preferences. In Neolimnia the four species of the subgenus Pseu- dolimnia have aquatic larvae and puparia that are similar to the majority of known Tetanocerini. As is typical of the aquatic predatory sciomyzids, lar- vae of most of these species feed upon aquatic pulmonate snails, but Neo- limnia tranquilla (Hutton) seems to prefer the operculate snail Potamopyr- gus antipodarum (Gray) (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Adults and immature stages of the subgenus Neolimnia are usually collected in moist forests near marshy areas. The larvae and puparia are not capable of life in open water. The larvae prey upon tiny terrestrial snails, especially those of the family Punctidae (Pulmonata), killing and consuming the snails quickly. Larvae of Eulimnia philpotti Tonnoir and Malloch are subsurface predators of fingernail clams (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae). They are adapted for life in the muddy substrates of marshy areas. Long, narrow, tracheated lobes on the 278 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY posterior segments are exposed to passing water currents while the anterior end of the larva is buried in the substrate or in the tissues of fingernail clams. The larvae kill and consume the clams quickly, and they consume many clams before the late third instar larva leaves the water to form a puparium in surface vegetation or debris. Simplified artificial diet and rearing techniques for the gypsy moth, Lyman- tria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). R. A. Bell, M. Shapiro and C. Owens, USDA SEA/FR, Otis AFB, MA 02542 Large numbers of gypsy moths are required for in vivo production of pathogens and parasites and for conducting laboratory and field tests with alternative (autocidal) control measures such as the sterile male technique. Since the high cost of rearing has heretofore been a limiting factor in the development of biological and autocidal control methods, research was ini- tiated to develop a simplified, inexpensive diet and a more efficient rearing system. Thus, a variety of alternative and less expensive diets, container- ization and handling procedures were evaluated and modified. Subsequently a simplified wheat germ-casein or soy based formulation was developed that costs ca. 25®/L and is nutritionally equivalent or superior to other more expensive diets. Of a variety of commercially available containers tested, best results were obtained with 6 oz. polyethylene (ME-6R or XE-6; Sweet- heart Plastics) food cups fitted with paper lids. Insects were reared @ 8/cup containing 80/90 ml of diet from newly hatched larvae to pupation without a change of food. Adult recovery was 90% and the average time to pupation at 25°C was ca. 28 and 30 days for males and females respectively for a New Jersey F,g colonized strain. Wild strains reared by these methods showed similar survival and only a slightly longer developmental time. With these developments, the average cost of rearing the gypsy moth has been reduced from previously projected figures of $60-80 to a present estimate of $12/1000. With implementation of envisioned automation of infesting and pupal harvest, cost may be further reduced to $6-8/1000 insects. Development of sequential sampling plans for insect defoliation on soy- beans. R. G. Bellinger and G. P. Dively, Dept. Entomol., Univ. Maryland, College Pk., MD 20742 Sequential sampling plans based on the binomial distribution were devel- oped for sampling insect defoliation on soybeans. The plans were simulated on actual data collected from over 300 fields where a fixed-sample size method (30 plants) was employed. Data were from two varieties of soy- beans, York and Essex, from Maryland’s Eastern Shore and represented a VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 279 range of field conditions and levels of infestation of Mexican bean beetle. Epihichna varivestis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) over a three year period (1975-77). Plants were rated as economically damaged (>20% de- foliated) or not economically damaged (<20% defoliated). Results showed that average savings in sampling time of 30% can be expected, with as much as 70% savings realized in fields with low (<10%) or high (>40%) defolia- tion. Plans chosen used a = .01 or .05, fi = .01, p, = .2 to .3, and = .8 to .7. Sequential sampling plans were in agreement with the fixed-sample method over 90% of the time. Within plant distribution of defoliation was characterized for the two varieties in 1976 and 1977. Differences in defoli- ation were found at various locations in the plant and were related to the population dynamics of the Mexican bean beetle and the morphogenesis of the plant. These findings are useful in the estimation of whole plant defoli- ation which is required by the sequential sampling plan. Sequential sam- pling plans used to sample insect defoliation on soybeans can result in con- siderable savings in scouting time and render on-the-spot control decisions with a predetermined degree of precision. < Performance of selected insecticides against pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Psyllidae). W. M. Bode, Pennsylvania Sta. Univ. Fruit Res. Lab., Biglerville, PA 17307 Randomized and replicated single-tree plots of d'Anjou pear were sprayed I with a handgun. Control was evaluated by counting psylla eggs and nymphs j on 5 fruiting spurs per plot until petal-fall, and thereafter on 10 new leaves i from growing shoots. Eggs and nymphs were counted in the laboratory with I the aid of a binocular microscope. Adults were counted in the field by three minute examinations of individual trees and by tapping 3 branches per plot over a 18 in x 18 in cloth tray. Among prebloom treatments the combination of 2 gal of 70 sec. Superior oil plus 1 qt of either Perthane'^’ 4 EC, phosalone 3EC, or amitraz 1.5EC per 100 gal of spray were most effective. The fun- gicide mancozeb suppressed populations of psylla eggs and nymphs appre- ciably. Petal-fall applications of amitraz (6 oz ai/100 gal), permethrin (0.1 lb ai/100 gal), and fenvalerate (0.05 lb ai/100 gal) were very effective. In sum- mer cover sprays the performances of registered materials were variable, and some lost effectiveness with repeated applications. The pyrethroid prod- ucts (permethrin and fenvalerate) were extremely effective at low rates (0.1 and 0.05 lb ai/100 gal). Insecticides labeled for pear psylla control may not be reliable unless rates are increased above those currently recommended in Pennsylvania. Mancozeb fungicides have significant activity against small nymphs and should be included in all sprays applied to pear. 280 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Sampling procedures for collecting Simulium penohscotensis Snoddy and Bauer (Diptera: Simuliidae) and other Maine black flies. L. R. Boobar and J. Granett, Entomology Dept., Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME 04473 Two types of polyethylene samplers, ceramic fireplace tiles, Surber sam- ples, 2 types of Hess samplers, vegetation collections and drift nets were used to sample black flies. Quantitative collections were made in the Pleas- ant and Penobscot Rivers in central Maine and black fly species and num- bers compared. Simulium penohscotensis Snoddy and Bauer, a summer black fly species which bites humans, and 5. nyssa Stone and Snoddy do not readily colonize tile samplers and were not collected by bottom samplers in numbers similar to collections on Potamogeton and Sparganium vege- tation. Other black fly species colonized the artificial substrates about equal- ly with bottom samplers being markedly inferior. 5. penohscotensis and other black fly larvae were collected in drift nets in the Penobscot River. Samples on vegetation indicated that 5. penohscotensis was found at least down to 1 m in the Penobscot River. The percentage of S. penohscotensis in the total black fly population increased with depth. The number of instars and frequency of each instar were estimated by head capsule width mea- surements. S. penohscotensis apparently has 7 instars, however, instar fre- quency was not uniform in collections. The bulk of the samples consisted of mature larvae and pupae. The lack of early instar larvae in collections indicated a different habitat for this age group. Palatability studies on Euphydryas phaeton (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). M. D. Bowers, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 The ecology and behavior of both larva and adult Euphydryas phaeton, the Baltimore checkerspot, suggest that it is unpalatable. Thus, both larvae and adults exhibit conspicuous, non-evasive behaviors; the larvae are gre- garious; and both larvae and adults are very brightly (warningly) colored. In a series of laboratory experiments using blue-jays as predators and the butterfly, Cercyonis pegala (Satyridae), as a palatable control, it was found that E. phaeton is indeed unpalatable, and in fact emetic, to the birds when fed throughout larval development on the primary foodplant, Chelone gla- hra (Scrophulariaceae), Turtlehead. Female oviposition and early larval de- velopment are confined to C. glahra, but in the later instars, larvae may become polyphagous, feeding on plants in 5 families. Butterflies which fed in early larval instars on C. glahra and in later instars on Plantago lanceo- lata (Plantaginaceae) were fed to blue-jays, again using C. pegala as a pal- atable control. These E. phaeton butterflies were palatable. In a single pop- ulation of E. phaeton, therefore, one could find a range of palatabilities in the butterflies. The palatability of any individual would be dependent on the VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 281 amount of C. glahra eaten during larval development and could range from highly emetic (larvae fed throughout development on C. glahra) to quite palatable (larvae switched to alternate food soon after emerging from dia- pause in the spring). Discriminant function analysis of the abdominal coloration variations in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). M. W. Brown and C. W. Rutschky, Pennsylvania State Univ., Univ. Pk., PA 16802 The patterns of grey and black ventral abdominal coloration were mea- sured on 25 males and 25 females from six laboratory cultures: Penn. State U., Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Fordham U., U. of Wisconsin, Con- necticut A.E.S., and Cornell U. Linear discriminant function analysis of these data resulted in a 66.67% classification of each insect into the correct culture. Discriminant function analyses were also run on each sex separately to eliminate a sex-culture interaction, resulting in a correct classification of 64.00% for males and 70.67% for females. A plot showed that the separation of cultures was correlated with the geographical distance between institu- tions. The discriminant function distance from the Penn State culture to the Cornell culture was very small. The Connecticut culture lay close to both of these. The discriminant function analysis almost completely separated the V.P.I. culture from the previous three; the Wisconsin culture was lo- cated the farthest from the others. The insects from the Fordham culture showed the largest variance and overlapped all the other cultures; it was initiated with milkweed bugs from Connecticut and supplemented with in- sects from the Albany, NY area. The other cultures were started from in- sects collected within the vicinity of the institution. Measuring honey bee foraging responses with an artificial flower. D. M. Caron and G. D. Waller, Dept. Entomol., Univ. Maryland, College Pk., MD 20742 and USDA Bee Res. Lab., Tucson, AZ 85719 Various sugar solutions were made available to foraging honey bees. Apis mellifera visiting artificial flowers. Capillary tubes extended downward through a blue plastic disk so the bees could remove sugar solutions from one of 6 vials. Amounts collected were used to measure relative acceptance by the bees. Up to six sugars or combinations of sugars were compared during each test. Honey bees preferred sucrose over any other sugar or mixture of sugars. They preferred concentration varied between 30 and 60%. Addition of NaCl 282 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Strongly inhibited collection of sugar solutions at levels above 3000 ppm Na, but lower levels improved acceptance. Potassium contamination also inhib- its collection. Sucrose solutions to which small amounts of maltose had been added were collected in preference to sucrose without the maltose. Addition of fructose, glucose, or trehalose had no such stimulating effect on honey bee foragers. The bee toxic sugars raffinose, xylose, galactose, lactose, and melezitose all had an inhibitory effect on collection of sucrose solutions by bees visiting the artificial flowers. Different stock lines responded similarly to sugar and adulterated solu- tions. Selectivity is reduced if foraging populations are allowed to become too large. Tests are conducted in cages to limit populations and insure re- sponse measure from selected stock. Observations on the life history of Pseudeucoila spp. (Hymenoptera: Cy- nipidae). P. C. Chabora and S. J. Smolin, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367 A new endoparasite which attacks the larval stage of several Drosophila species was collected from several mid-east coast states. Adults of both sexes were found in shaded habitats on fruits in which Drosophila were breeding. This species is morphologically similar to P. bochii but differs in developmental and pheromone response characteristics. Studies of the co- evolutionary patterns between interacting populations required a replicable procedure for quantifying the wasp’s life history characteristics. Both par- asite and host stocks originated from mass collections at Chapel Hill, N.C. in August 1976. Wasps will oviposit single eggs in host larvae 12-72-h-old, but to standardize procedures, hosts 24-48-h-old were used. Six D. mela- nogaster females oviposited on yeasted banana medium for 24 h to provide approximately 250 larvae. Each pair of wasps (23 replicates) were trans- ferred to a fresh host vial daily until death. Emerging offspring were counted daily to provide a schedule of developmental rates and sex ratios. Male and female offspring began emerging at 16.5 and 17.5 days, respectively, until a total of 376.8 ± 58.9 offspring were produced at a 0.46 sex ratio. A net reproductive rate of 202.8 and the weighted generation time of 20.3 days yielded an estimated r of 0.26. This opportunistic species produced 53% of its total egg output in 24 h which accounted for 72% of its female offspring. Within 72 h, 75% of all eggs and 92% of female eggs were produced. Adult life expectancy was calculated at 15.8 days. (Supported by BHE-PSC Award 10189.) VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 283 Simulated defoliation and depodding effects on yield and quality of baby lima beans. D. L. Coggin and G. P. Dively, Univ. of Maryland, College Pk., MD 20742 Lima bean plants were defoliated and depodded to simulate the injury caused by phytophagous insects. Plants were defoliated at five levels (0, 1/6, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3) during five maturity stages (early prebloom, prebloom, bloom-pin, flat pod, mature pod). In another experiment pods were removed at four levels (0, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3) during three maturity stages (pin pod, flat pod, mature pod). Multiple regression methods were employed to develop sep- arate equations for predicting yield reductions as a result of defoliation and pod loss for any maturity stage of the plant. Defoliation of 15% caused ' economic yield reductions at prebloom while 10% defoliation caused eco- nomic damage from bloom to harvest. Pod removal of 10% resulted in yield ' losses from the beginning of flat pod production to the beginning of mature I pod production. Once mature pod production began, depodding reduced yields at increasingly higher percentages of pod loss. Leaf area and pod production of the lima bean plant were measured at various growth stages i' from field samples taken during 1976 and 1977 to obtain morphological data ■ on the development of the plant. Based on average leaf area and pod pro- *, duction for each maturity stage and average leaf area and pods consumed in their development, static economic injury levels were calculated for the I Mexican bean beetle and corn earworm, respectively. Electrophysiological identification of oviposition-deterring pheromone re- ceptors in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). R. M. Crnjar, R. J. Prokopy, and V. G. Dethier, Univ. Massachusetts, Amhert, MA 01003 I Through structural ablation, it was previously demonstrated that recep- tors of oviposition-deterring fruit marking pheromone in Rhagoletis po- monella (Walsh) females are located on the fore tarsi. Ablation tests and behavioral observations suggested that additional but less important or less often utilized receptors may also be present on the mid- or hind tarsi and the mouthparts. Here, we used the hair-tip recording technique to electro- physiologically identify marking pheromone-sensitive sensilla and possible receptor response types. The D-hairs on the ventral surface of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th tarsomeres of the fore tarsi and the short (marginal) hairs of the labellum proved highly sensitive to a crude extract of the pheromone. Some pheromone sensitivity occurred also in the A and D hairs of the 5th tarsomere of the fore tarsi, D-hairs of the mid tarsi, and the largest hairs of the labellum. The D-hairs of 3-day-old (immature) females were just as responsive as those of 3-week- old (mature) females. The particular D-hair cell sensitive to the pheromone 284 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY does not appear to be the salt cell, though it may be the sugar cell. The pheromonal response pattern of the labellar short hairs implicates more than one cell type, though one cell is predominantly active. Stadler, Boiler, and Katsoyannos (pers. comm.) have found tarsal D-hairs of R. cerasi females to be sensitive to the marking pheromone of that species. Synergistic microbial attack on Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lyman- triidae). R. A. Daoust and H. B. Gunner, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that chitinases of bacterial origin degrade the peritrophic membrane of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, thus increasing larval susceptibility to infection. However, since most bacterial chitinases have a pH optima for activity between 5. 0-6.0, the high alkalinity in the mesenteron of L. dispar larvae severely limits chitin- olysis of the midgut lining. Fermentative acid-producing bacteria isolated from healthy gypsy moth larvae, although nonpathogenic, effectively low- ered larval mesenteron pH when administered per os. The combination of fermentative isolates with a crude culture and supernatants from a centri- fuged culture of a strong chitinolytic isolate produced synergistic increases in mortality over either dose administered by itself. The principal role of these fermenters was to poise midgut pH and thus to enhance the action of chitinases in the degradation of the peritrophic membrane. This was con- firmed through the microscopic examination of cadavers and by classifying dead larvae according to their symptoms and mode of death. Although in vitro studies showed that other bacteria isolated from environments foreign to that of the gypsy moth could ferment carbohydrates with acid production at an alkaline pH, in vivo studies demonstrated that these bacteria were incapable both of poising larval midgut pH and of enhancing mortality when added to chitinolytic bacteria. Microorganisms isolated as resident flora from healthy larvae were, therefore, ecologically better adapted to the pest. The nature and distribution of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) feeding injury on snap beans. G. P. Dively II and J. E. McCully, Univ. of Maryland, College Pk., MD 20742, and Regional Agricultural Agronomist, Green Giant Co., Le Sueur, MN Egg masses were placed on snap beans at 7, 14, 21 days before harvest to determine the nature and distribution of feeding injury by Ostrinia nu- hilalis (Hubner). Early instars fed first on leaves and then bored into stems and pods as they reach the late 2nd and 3rd instars. About 37% of the stem damage occurred inside the lower portion of the main stem, with the re- £ VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 285 maining damage distributed among lateral stems. Second and later instars invaded all sizes of pods with a significant preference toward the marketable pods (sieve sizes 3-6). External symptoms indicating that the pods had been damaged were not consistently observed. Many marketable pods were com- pletely normal in appearance despite extensive boring, and the only sign of injury was the entry hold. Injury to pin pods (sieve sizes 0-2) invariably was associated with external symptoms, and it is likely that these pods develop to a marketable size. The nature and distribution of feeding injury to pods and stems depended on the time of oviposition. When hatching occurred at bloom, about half of the surviving larvae invaded pods of all sizes and caused little external evidence of injury by harvest time. When hatching occurred one week or more before bloom, surviving larvae bored primarily into lateral stems; however, ca. Vs of these larvae shifted their feeding activity to pods as they became available. Effect of chitinase on the peritrophic membrane of Lynumtria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae. N. R. Dubois, U.S. Forest Service, Hamden, CT, H. B. Gunner, and D. A. Daoust, Dept. Environ. Sci., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Chitinolytic microorganisms have been isolated from healthy instar III, IV and V L. dispar larvae. The acquisition of the chitinolytic microflora appears to be correlated with an increase of mobility by the maturing larvae. Selected isolates, two identified as Bacillus coagidans and two Strepto- myces species were inducible for chitinase by the insect host tissue. Stock chitinases produced by the four isolates readily attacked the chitinous in- teguments of the larvae, releasing N-acetylglucosamine. In vitro studies showed that the peritrophic membrane was very susceptible to the chitinase. In vivo studies demonstrated that B. coagulans was lethal to the larvae when these were fed chitinase induced whole cultures of the bacteria; when the chitinase was fed with sublethal doses of B. thuringiensis, significant mortality was observed. When ingested, the chitinase caused localized dis- solution and ulceration of the peritrophic membrane. The pH of the mes- enteron appears to have a limiting effect on the in vivo chitinase activity on the peritrophic membrane. 286 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Attraction of apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Te- phritidae) females to apple volatiles in wind tunnel bioassays. B. L. Fein, W. H. Reissig, and W. L. Roelofs, Dept. Entomol., NYS Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, NY 14456 Apple volatiles from whole Red Delicious and Red Astrachan apples at- tracted sexually mature female apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella, in wind tunnel bioassays. Forty other apple varieties were tested but these were not attractive. Compressed air was passed through a desiccator filled with apples of a given variety for three days and the volatiles were trapped on a column of Porapak Q. The volatiles were retrieved for testing by rinsing the Porapak with Skelly B, and reducing the solvent volume to 1 ml, and testing 60 p\ quantities. In wind tunnel tests, two pieces of filter paper were placed adjacent to one another at the upwind end of the tunnel, 36 cm apart. An aliquot of volatile extract was placed on one and an equal volume of solvent was placed on the other as a control. A perforated wax sphere was placed over each filter paper. Tests with smoke showed that non-overlap- ping plumes emanated from each sphere and remained coherent the length of the tunnel. Two cages, each containing fifty laboratory reared flies, were placed in the downwind end of the tunnel. The cages were aligned to be directly in the plume of the volatiles or the control. The number and rate of flies arriving and the number of flies attempting oviposition was recorded. Attractive volatile rinses were fractionated using gas-liquid chromatogra- phy. These fractions were assayed in the wind tunnel and by electroanten- nography. Fractions which were the most attractive in the olfactometer also elicited the highest electroantennogram responses. Queen cell production and control in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony (Hymenoptera: Apidae). R. D. Fell, Dept. Entomol., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853 The production of emergency queen cells occurs when a honey bee colony suddenly loses its queen. Young worker larvae are fed royal jelly and are reared into queens. Cell construction begins within 24 hours and continues for several days. The number of queen cells that a colony produces was found to reach a peak within 4 to 5 days and then level off as the first queen cells were capped. Usually no new cells were initiated after capped cells appeared in a hive. This reduction in the number of emergency queen cell starts was not caused by a lack of suitable worker larvae from which to rear queens; but from the presence of capped queen cells. These cells have been found to inhibit further queen cell production. The addition of young worker larvae to a queenless colony with capped queen cells did not stimulate additional queen rearing. Significant queen production only occurred if the VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 287 capped queen cells in a test colony were destroyed at the time the worker larvae were introduced. These observations are supported by the finding that the addition of capped queen cells to a recently dequeened colony will also reduce queen cell production. These results indicate that negative feed- back controls queen cell production in the honey bee colony. The possibility that a queen cell pheromone is involved in the control of cell production and recognition is currently being investigated. Contact action of diflubenzuron on eggs and larvae of gypsy moth, Lyman- tria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). A. J. Forgash, N. C. Respicio and B. K. Khoo, Dept. Entomol. and Eco. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 The contact toxicity of diflubenzuron to eggs and larvae of the gypsy moth was investigated. Egg masses and dehaired eggs were sprayed with 2.07 EL or SULV 5% formulations at the rates of 0.067 and 0.56 kg Al/ha. Contact toxicity to larvae reared on artificial diet was determined via topical and spray applications. Third-instar larvae were treated topically with tech- nical grade or W-25 formulation. Two formulations (2.07 EL and SULV 5%) were sprayed at the rate of 0.067 kg Al/ha on 1st to 5th-instar larvae. Tox- icities were evaluated according to the number of successful molts and in the severity of the symptoms in non-surviving larvae. Treatment of eggs with both rates did not affect hatching success. In addition, the molting process of hatched larvae was not affected at the rate of 0.067 kg Al/ha. However, at the rate of 0.56 kg Al/ha, molting of hatched larvae was pre- vented completely. Topical and spray applications effectively prevented molting of treated larvae. Technical grade diflubenzuron was slightly more effective than W-25 formulation on 3rd-instars by topical application. Spray 1 applications of 2.07 EL and SULV 5% formulations were also toxic to all larval instars; SULV 5% was more effective than 2.07 EL on 1st and 2nd instars. However, there were no differences in toxicity between the two formulations on the older instars. These results established the effectiveness of diflubenzuron on gypsy moth via cuticular penetration and indicate that there may be other species that are equally susceptible to this material by contact. 288 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY The Structure and dynamics of arthropod communities of bat guano eco- systems. E. R. Franklin and T. H. Kunz, Dept. Biol., Boston Univ., Boston, MA 02215 The objective of this study was to characterize the composition, structure, and dynamics of arthropod communities associated with bat guano deposits in buildings. Three sites in New Hampshire were sampled from February 1977 through January 1978. Twelve species are reported including three Coleoptera, one Siphonaptera, two Hemiptera, two Psocoptera, three Acarina, and one Pseudoscorpion. Most are cosmopolitan associates of dried organic matter. These communities exploit a seasonally rich food source produced by roosting bats. Seasonal community changes included the pres- ence of fleas only when bats were present, more arthropod species but a lower species diversity when bats were present, and a more equitable dis- tribution and abundance of species when bats were absent. Older commu- nities and those with the most diverse resource base generally supported the most species. There was evidence of the following species interactions: 1) an adverse effect of predatory bdellid mites on flea larva density, 2) predation of mealworms and flea larvae by the masked assassin bug, 3) decreases in fungivorous mite density corresponding with increases in den- sity of mealworms and dermestid larvae, and 4) a fungivorous mite, pred- atory mite, pseudoscorpion food chain. Esterase variation in female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Isozyme characterization and the influence of adult ageing. D. J. Fryauff and D. J. Sutherland, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Soluble esterase components of female Ae. aegypti were resolved through conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pooled whole body ho- mogenates. Using a staining reaction that employed the general esterase substrate 1-naphthyl acetate, enzyme activity of pupae and adults was re- vealed colorimetrically and assessed by densitometry. Subclass and isozyme characterization of esterases as either carboxylesterase (E.C.-3.1.1.1), ar- ylesterase (E.C.-3. 1.1.2), or cholinesterase (E.C.-3. 1.1.7) was based on comparative inhibition of activity by the specific esterase inhibitors dichlor- vos (DDVP), and eserine. Of 9 migrating bands detected in pupae, 6 were characterized as isozymes of carboxylesterase, 2 as arylesterases, and 1 as cholinesterase. More than 90% of the pupal activity was concentrated in the 4 leading carboxylesterases. Newly emerged imaginal mosquitoes contained 11 esterase components with relative activities and banding patterns similar to those of pupae. During the course of emergence an arylesterase was lost and additional carboxylesterase components became apparent in adults. However, combined activity of all adult esterases had declined significantly 1 VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 289 from those levels recorded for pupae. Maximum activity of adult esterase, recorded within 48 hours, declined rapidly after 72 hours. This decline was attributed to the (1) reduction in number, and (2) diminished activity of the 4 leading carboxylesterase isozymes. Conversely, cholinesterase, which had contributed insignificantly to the total activity in pupae rose sharply to ac- count for 8% within 6 hours of emergence and continued to register high activity over 14 days of ageing. A hypothesis for the distribution of holarctic groups of fungus gnats (Dip- tera: Mycetophilidae). R. J. Gagne, Systematic Entomology Lab, FR, SEA, USDA, Washington, DC 20560 Recent revisions of Mycetophilidae show patterns of holarctic distribution that are repeated many times. These flies are evidently very ancient in that many holarctic genera are represented on the southern continents by vicar- iant genera. In the holarctic region, most genera, subgenera, and species groups have one or more species that occur in both Europe and North America, one or more that are strictly nearctic, and one or more strictly palearctic. Although most species that occur in North America are wide- spread from coast to coast, some occur only in the Great Plains eastward, others only in the Rocky Mountains westward. Many of the eastern nearctic species occur in Europe, but none of the exclusively western species do. These patterns are not explained by dispersal via Beringia or by separation due to Pleistocene glaciation. The most likely hypothesis for this particular distribution must take into account the early Eocene land connection be- tween eastern North America and Europe. Species presently ranging throughout the holarctic region are probably virtually unchanged since be- fore the breakup of Laurasia and those species limited to Europe and eastern North America unchanged since the early Eocene when those 2 areas were one continent separated from western North America and Asia by seas. ' Species restricted to eastern North America resulted some time after the ! breakup of Euramerica in the middle Eocene. This supposes a very ancient age for extant species of fungus gnats, but that conclusion is supported by i the fossil record. Temporal patterns of parasitization of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) by T/ie- I lazia sp. (Bose) (Nematoda: Spirurata) on three dairy farms in Western Massachusetts. C. J. Geden and J. G. Stoffolano, Jr., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Two species of nematode bovine eyeworms of the genus Thclazia, T. I fzniosa and T. skrjahini have been recovered from the eyes of slaughtered 290 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY cattle in Massachusetts while a survey during the summer of 1976 showed that of eighteen face fly populations sampled in the state, all contained some members parasitized by immature forms of the parasites. Because of the potentially serious veterinary and economic hazards presented by this group of eyeworms and the scarcity of basic information on the life history of the worms, a study was conducted to determine what temporal patterns of par- asitization may be present in the intermediate host. To this end three herds of dairy cattle, all Holsteins from Western Massachusetts, were selected, from which female face flies were collected and dissected throughout the summer of 1977. On all three farms a first peak of infection in the flies was observed at about June 20, followed by a decline in early to mid-August, then an increase to a second peak in early September. These patterns may be due to the biology of the parasites, the age structure of the fly populations or to a combination of these factors. Emigration behavior of the East African driver ant, Dorylus (Anomma) molesta Gerstaecker (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). W. H. Got- wald, Jr., Utica College of Syracuse Univ., Utica, NY 13502 Emigration behavior of Anomma driver ants and of Old World army ants in general is poorly known. Theoretically, army ants are defined as nomadic, since the most thoroughly studied species periodically emigrate from one nesting site to another. In order to better understand army ant emigration behavior, a study of D. (A.) molesta was conducted from July 1971 through December 1973 on a research area of approximately 5 hectares near Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 100 emigrations conducted by 15 colonies were observed and 39 nest sites located and described. One colony emigrated 40 times and was under continuous observation for 432 days. The most extensively used nest site was occupied on 15 separate occasions by 4 different colonies. Specific nest sites were occupied by some colonies for as few as 3 days and as many as 67 days. The following can be concluded: (1) emigrations occur at irregular intervals, indicating that the behavioral stimuli for emigrations do not reside in the colony’s reproductive cycle; (2) emigrations often take place over short distances and may not significantly change the colony’s trophophoric field; and (3) many emigration trails and nest sites become permanently established and can be reused by a single colony or used and occupied sequentially by several different colonies. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 291 Differences in maze-learning ability in two species of lepidopteran larvae. S. T. Grant, Zool. Dept., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Larvae of Vanessa cardui L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Danans plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) were trained in T-shaped mazes which incorporated electric shock as negative reinforcement for entering the wrong arm of the maze and food reward for entering the correct arm. All larvae were trained daily for one-hour periods, during the fifth larval instar, after a ten to twelve-hour period of food deprival. The V. cardui larvae showed progressive improvement in their performance during training but the D. plexippus larvae did not. Latency to the first completed run was significantly lower in V. cardui larvae, and the rate at which larvae re-entered the choice point of the maze following encounter with the shock device was signifi- cantly higher in V. cardui. The two species of Lepidoptera studied differ in their larval ecology, with V. cardui caterpillars being polyphagous, crypti- cally colored, and prone to defoliate their foodplants, while D. plexippus caterpillars are oligophagous, aposematically colored, and not prone to de- foliate their foodplants. It is concluded that the ecological differences be- tween the two speices helps to account for their differing abilities in maze- learning, as the V. cardui larvae would be pre-adapted for active exploration of their environment. Courtship of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae). R. S. Grippo and I. Huber, Dept. Biology, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ., Madison, NJ 07940 Courtship of Supella longipalpa (F.) is similar to that of the German cockroach: antennal fencing, male raises wings and rotates 180° to face away from female, female mounts and feeds on male’s exposed tergal glands, male grasps female’s genitalia with his and pair assume an opposed linear (copulatory) position facing away from each other. In Supella, mutual an- tennal fencing is not a necessary releaser for the male to continue his court- ship sequence as it is in the German cockroach. Also, wing-raising precedes rotation whereas these are simultaneous in Blattella germanica. The virgin male does not show a positive response, as indicated by wing-raising, to contact with a virgin female until 6 d. after adult ecdysis. The percent males responding increases to a maximum on the 10th and 11th days and is slight after the 17th day. The time needed to elicit a courting response in the male after initial contact with a virgin female was shortest from the 9th through 11th days. Morphological evidence indicates that a primitive blattellid such as Supella is a more likely ancestor of the internal-incubating cockroaches (Blaberidae), than is a blattelline such as Blattella. Thus, further study of courtship, pheromones and mating in Supella, a member of the previously 292 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY unstudied subfamily Plectopterinae, should be important in understanding these phenomena in the Blaberidae as well as aiding in the development of methodologies for the disruption of mating m this pest species. Changes in food quality of an insect’s marginal host species associated with a plant virus. J. D. Hare and J. A. Dodds, Connecticut Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven, CT 06504 The ecological relationships between insects, plants, and plant viruses are poorly understood. Although changes in several physiological functions of plants caused by plant viruses have been described, their effects on other species, such as herbivores, are virtually unknown. Most varieties of the cultivated tomato, Lycopersiciim escidentum, are poor hosts for the Colo- rado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. However, when tomato plants are inoculated with either a mild (nearly symptomless) or a severe (symptomatic) strain of tobacco mosaic virus, insect survival is signifi- cantly greater. Analyses of leaf tissue show that the total organic nitrogen content of virus-infected plants is up to 40% greater than virus-free plants, and most of this difference can probably be attributed to the presence of viral protein in infected leaf tissue. Recent studies with other plant- insect associations have shown that plant nitrogen content is one of the more important factors governing insect growth, and further experiments are in progress to ascertain if the major differences in plant nutritional qual- ity are the result of virus induced increases in total leaf protein. These results call into question the advisability of using mild strains of plant viruses to confer immunity to more severe strains, and they raise several questions concerning the differential utilization of individual plants of marginal host species and their role in the dynamics of phytophagous insect populations. Dusky sap beetle Carpophiliis liigubris (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): Control in sweet corn. F. P. Harrison and J. C. Richardson, Dept. Entomol. Univ., Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Since 1959 a screening program for control of insects attacking sweet corn ears has been conducted in order to evaluate promising compounds. Car- baryl was used in all these tests as the standard comparison material. After examining the effect of spraying ears with carbaryl over many years, it is apparent that the results obtained with this material against dusky sap beetle was unpredictably erratic. These data were examined from more than one aspect. The results of examing these data indicated that the presence of corn earworm was apparently associated with significant control of dusky sap beetle. Also, secondary infestation, that sap beetle infestation that at- VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 4 293 tacks ears that are injured by another insect, was the infestation that was significantly reduced. A series of experiments was conducted in order to determine techniques that would be effective in reducing primary infesta- tions. Plots of sweet corn were planted in series in 2 consecutive years. Plots were divided into 4 sub-plots receiving 0, 1, 2 and 3 applications of 2 lbs. carbaryl each in 25 gallons of water per acre. Observing results of these experiments indicated that primary infestation (ears infested with dusky sap beetle alone) required a greater number of applications of carbaryl than secondary infestation. i The insects important in no-till corn in Maryland and their control. F. P. Harrison, A. Bean and O. J. Qawiyy. Univ. Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 A survey of the soil-borne insects damaging corn in Maryland indicated that cutworms and armyworms were significantly more injurious in no-till corn than in conventionally tilled corn. Because the producers of sweet corn grown for processing have experienced yield losses in recent years and these ; yield reductions are mainly attributed to moisture stress, there is some in- I terest within the processing industry in growing no-till sweet corn, the idea , being that no-till provides a degree of moisture conservation. Because a no- ' till culture encourages attacks by cutworms and armyworms, a series of ! experiments were conducted from 1975 through 1978 to evaluate techniques for reducing losses by cutworms and armyworms. The sweet corn was ' grown using rye as a cover. In the spring this cover is killed with a contact { herbicide in combination with preventive herbicides. Corn seed is then 1 planted through this cover. The cover mats down and provides a mulch which conserves moisture and provides optimum conditions for some in- j sects. These experiments evaluated a number of insecticides applied as i banded planter applications and as broadcast sprays. In 1975 and 1976 the losses were from armyworm. In 1978 black cutworm caused stand reduc- tion. Chlorpyrifos 15G, carbofuran lOG and Dyfonate 20G were effective against armyworm. Chlorpyrifos 15G and 4E and Nematak 2L were effec- tive against black cutworm. The origin of the cell lining in the nests of Colletes bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). A. Hefetz, Laboratory of Chemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Inst., Bethesda, MD 20014, and S. W. T. Batra, Beneficial Insect Introd. Lab. USDA, MD 20705 The Dufour’s gland, associated with the sting apparatus, is very large in bees of the genus Colletes. It is filled with oily, odoriferous material and 294 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY occupies most of the abdomen. Since these ground dwelling bees utilize their sting when lining their brood cell, it was interesting to compare the chemistry of their glandular content with that of the cell lining. Dufour’s glands of three species, C. thorncicus, C. validus and C. ineqiuilis, were extracted in methylene chloride and analyzed by a combined gas chroma- tography-mass spectroscopy, utilizing an SE-30 capillary column. The major components of the glands are a homologous series of macrocyclic lactones, hexadecanolide, octadecanolide, eiscosanolide and docosanalide. An un- saturated lactone, octadecanolide also appears in appreciable amounts. Ac- companying these lactones are high molecular weight hydrocarbons and an unidentified compound. The cell lining in the nests of the bees is a white membrane, only slightly soluble in methylene chloride. Analysis of the sol- uble fraction revealed the presence of the lactones characteristic to the Dufour's gland, as well as the unidentified component. These results suggest that the bees use the content of their Dufour's gland for lining their cells. The origin of the insoluble material in the cell lining is still unknown, but it is possible that the corresponding hydroxyfatty acids, form polyesters rather than lactones, thus creating a waterproof lining. Feeding activity of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Ron- dani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). R. G. Helgesen and F. Baxendale, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853 In developing a pest management program for the alfalfa blotch leafminer, it was necessary to quantify the age-specific feeding activity of the miner because our simulation models function on an age-specific, continuous ba- sis. The alfalfa blotch leafminer feeds on its side in a sickel-like fashion consuming the entire mesophyll of the alfalfa leaflet. The larva leaves behind it three chracteristic frass patterns conveniently corresponding to each lar- val instar. The first instar larva forms a linear mine with frass laid in two parallel rows, the second instar larva produces a transitional mine with frass laid in semi-circular arcs and the third instar larva forms a blotch mine with amorphous frass oriented to the center of the blotch. Newly hatched larvae usually feed toward the margin between the veins of the leaflets and then turn toward the center of the leaflet to form the blotch. We photographed completed mines, enlarged them lOx and, with a polar planimeter, mea- sured the area consumed during each larval stage. We found that the area of leaflet consumed was a) ca 2.5 mm^ in the first instar, b) ca 10 mm^ in the second instar and, c) ca 45 mm^ in the third instar producing a complete mine of ca 60 mm^. We assumed the feeding rate was an increasing expo- nential function with regard to age. Using this model we found that we could express the age specific feeding rate (y) as: y = e and cumulative feeding (z) as: z = e where x is percent development. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 295 Establishment of Dacniisa dryas (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Chrysocharis punctifacies Delucchi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasites of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Delaware. R. M. Hendrickson, Jr., USDA-SEA-FR, Benef. Ins. Res. Lab., 501 S. Chapel St., Newark, DE 19713 These European parasite species were released in 1977 at the laboratory alfalfa field. A total of ca 600 D. dryas were released against the 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-host generations, and a total of ca 200 C. punctifacies against the 2nd- and 3rd-host generations. Both species were recovered by sweeping during the 1st- and 2nd-host generations in 1978. Maximum recovery rates were 20 per 100 sweeps for D. dryas, and 1 per 100 sweeps for C. puncti- \ facies. Both species have been released in small numbers in 4 other states: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Recoveries have been I made only from Delaware where large releases and extensive recovery sur- veys were made. These species oviposit on larvae and emerge from puparia. ' The USA has no effective native parasite species which emerge from pu- I paria. In contrast, D. diyas and C. punctifacies accounted for a combined 1 21% parasitism (from 33,573 puparia shipped to Newark, Del., by the USDA 1 European Parasite Laboratory in 1976-77). Since season-long parasitism of ] A. frontella by all native parasite species averaged 36% for 1975-77, the j addition of these 2 European species to the native complex may raise total 1 parasitism to 50-60%, perhaps enough to reduce A. frontella populations : below an economic threshold. I I Acoustical communication during courtship and mating in green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). C. S. Henry, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 Courtship and mating of the green lacewing Chrysopa carnea Stephens are described in detail. Copulation is preceded by 5 well defined activities; search, antennal contact, mouthpart contact, abdominal approach, and ab- I I dominal contact. Rhythmic vibration or jerking of the abdomen in the ver- 1 I tical plane accompanies all stages of courtship in both sexes. Isolated, sex- ually receptive individuals release long sequences of discrete, short volleys of abdominal vibration or jerking separated by 1 to 2 sec intervals; female solos are rarer than male solos and display significantly longer intervals between bursts than do the latter. Sexually receptive heterosexual pairs of lacewings establish duets of precise reciprocal abdominal jerking between partners; these calls seem like interdigitated solo calls, with each partner 296 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY altering its normal interburst interval slightly toward that characteristic of the opposite sex. While each solo sequence typically displays increasing and then decreasing burst intervals, successful heterosexual duets manifest ever increasing burst spacing until terminated by copulation. A pair of sex- ually receptive males can also establish a duet of reciprocal abdominal jerk- ing. Airborne sound, possibly ultrasound, is used for intraspecific commu- nication. Two lacewings that occur sympatrically with C. cornea similarly jerk their abdomens spontaneously and in heterosexual duets, but differ from it markedly in the temporal patterning of their volleys: C. rufilahris Burmeister releases sustained, modulated bursts of jerking at 10-12 sec intervals, while C. oculata Say produces simple long sequences of closely spaced volleys of abdominal vibration. I postulate that acoustical commu- nication in chrysopids is a short distance phenomenon that functions pri- marily to isolate reproductively species that are morphologically and eco- logically similar. Two sex attractants for male speckled green fruitworm moths, Orthosia hihisci Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A. S. Hill and W. L. Roelofs, NY Sta. Agric. Exp. Stn., Geneva, NY 14456 Male Orthosia hibisci moths, collected from blacklight traps, were used for screening series of monounsaturated, straight-chain 12-, 14- and 16-car- bon acetates, alcohols and aldehydes for electroantennogram (EAG) re- sponses. (Z)-9-Tetradecenal (/) produced the highest EAG response, fol- lowed by (E)-12-tetradecenal. I and (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal (//) each produced about equally high EAG responses. I and II were tested in the field, alone and in a 1:1 combination, at various dosages (totals of 20, 60, 200, 600, and 2000 ixg) on rubber septa in Pherocon 1C traps. The highest dosage resulted in the highest trap catches and, as the dosage diminished, so did trap catches. /, II, and I + II were about equally effective at any given dosage. As many as 60 moths were caught in one trap at one time. Catches of 20-40 moths/trap/night were seen frequently with 300 fxg I + 300 iJLg of II, which was used in 1978 by workers in the area for monitoring this insect. Other insects were not seen in consistent numbers in any of the traps used. No work has been done as yet with the female moths to identify the natural sex pheromone of O. hihisci. However, the EAG screening technique used, which required less than 10 moths, resulted in the rapid selection of two effective sex attractants for male O. hihisci in the field. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 297 Kairomone of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) influencing host-searching behavior of its predator, Amhlyseius fallacis (Acarina; Phy- toseiidae). R. G. Hislop, N. Alves and R. J. Prokopy, Dept, of Ent., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 A. fallacis is a predator of phytophagous mites in eastern North American apple orchards. In early summer it invades the trees, often borne there by wind currents. It may either remain for some time searching for prey, or soon depart to search for prey elsewhere. This choice may depend on the frequency of contact with prey. We examined the possible influence of chemical cues deposited by T. urticae on the host-finding behavior of A. fallacis. First we allowed T. urticae adults to infest 2-cm diameter filter paper discs for 2 days, after which we removed all stages. Then we allowed free access to such discs by starved female A. fallacis. The predators re- mained on discs over 4 times longer than on control discs having no previous exposure to T. urticae. Using various solvents we made extracts of discs previously infested by T. urticae, applied the extracts to fresh discs, and ' allowed starved female A. fallacis free access to the discs. The predators I visited the discs treated with methanol extract more than twice as often as check discs (methanol alone). Also, time spent between visits to methanol- treated discs was only one-third that time between visits to check discs. ' These data indicate that T. urticae secretes chemicals which function as I kairomonal cues to host-seeking A. /«//ac/.v females. { Synthetic pyrethroids to control insect pests of vegetable crops. R. N. Hof- I master and J. Francis, Virginia Truck and Ornament. Res. Stn., Painter, VA 23420 The synthetic pyrethroids. Pounce, Ambush and Pydrin along with the pyrethroid analog, FMC45498, were evaluated as foliage sprays against in- I sect pests of sweet corn, collards and Irish potatoes. The following results j were obtained: SWEET CORN — Fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda j (J. E. Smith) caused 100% loss of untreated ears in N&K 199 sweet corn. I Applying 5 treatments of Pounce, Pydrin or Ambush at 2-3 day intervals j following first silk gave 90% or better undamaged ears at a rate of 0.1 lb active/acre and virtually 100% control when the dosage was increased to 0.2 lb active/acre. The analog, FMC45498, gave comparable results at only 1/ I 10 the above rates. COLLARDS — Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Linn., I infestations averaged nearly 30 loopers/collard plant in late August. Follow- ing a series of 3 foliage sprays, populations were reduced over 97% by Pounce, Pydrin and Ambush at 0.05 lb active/acre and FMC45498 at 0.01 lb active/acre. Especially interesting was the increase in control generated by combining 0.25 lb Dipel with 0.005 lb Pydrin/acre. IRISH POTATOES — 298 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) and European corn borer, Ostrinia nuhilalis (Hubner) damage was reduced at least 95% by foliage sprays of Ambush, Pounce or Pydrin applied at 0.1 lb active/acre in a 7-10 day schedule. Beet armyworm infestations averaged 18/hill and corn borers 22.5/hill in the untreated check. The synthetic pyrethroids. Pounce, Ambush and Pydrin together with the analog EMC 45498 offer a potentially valuable means of control of hertofore troublesome vegetable insect pests. Introducing integrated control in Virginia apple orchards: Techniques for involving and training growers. R. L. Horsburgh, Shenandoah Valley Res. Sta., VPI & SU, Steeles Tavern, VA 24476 The wide geographic separation and small acreage of apple orchard blocks in central Virginia make private commercial consultation in pest manage- ment relatively unattractive economically. Therefore, attempts were made to improve grower capabilities of pest recognition and pest population mon- itoring during the early growing seasons of 1976, 77, and 78. The technique employed was that of holding weekly in-orchard training sessions that ex- tended over the noon hour. In 1976, 17 such meetings were held, 24 in 1977 and 27 in 1978. Grower capabilities have definitely improved and an inte- grated control program was commenced in seven commercial orchards in 1978. Other extension objectives have been realized through the utilization of this technique, including familiarization of extension of personnel with local pest problems on a regular basis; dispersal of timely information on a variety of orchard related subjects; routine problem solving and graduate student training under commercial orchard conditions. Interest of fruit pro- ducers has been maintained and intensified because the topics discussed each week are directly related to their own commercial orcharding methods. Eurthermore, the problems are observed under genuine commercial condi- tions instead of a less typical research situation. Potato leafhopper density and its relationship to alfalfa quality. A. A. How- er. The Pennsylvania Sta. Univ., University Park, PA 16802 Studies were conducted in various regions across Pennsylvania in order to characterize the population densities of potato leafhoppers and to deter- mine corresponding losses in alfalfa quality. Leafhopper numbers at the population peak on a crop ranged from a low 0.6 per sweep in northeastern counties to a high 156 per sweep in the southeast. During 2 years the rela- tionship between leafhopper numbers and reduction in % crude protein ap- peared nonlinear. A density of 2 leafhoppers per sweep caused an average VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 4 299 2% loss in protein while 50 and 100 leafhoppers per sweep accounted for losses of 5.8 and 7.0 percent, respectively. A field cage study was initiated to more precisely identify the amount of damage caused by leafhoppers developing on an individual alfalfa stem. Leafhoppers were caged as 1st instar nymphs on 22.9 cm tall alfalfa. A density of 1-2 nymphs per stem reduced crude protein an average 3% on 2nd and 3rd crop alfalfa. Protein declined an average 4-5% on both crops where leafhoppers numbered 3-4 per stem. Alfalfa height and weight also were negatively influenced under leafhopper stress. Dry weight losses ex- ceeded 24% when 3 or more nymphs were allowed to develop to adults on one stem. Additional field and laboratory studies are being continued to more precisely identify the above relationships. Hemocytes, cell death, hemolymph coagulation and melanization in insects. J. C. Jones and R. J. Ruschell, Jr., Univ. of Maryland, College Pk., MD 20742 The hemocytes of four species of insects belonging to four orders of insects were studied in relation to cell death, gelation and melanization of the hemoplasma in unfixed whole hemolymph. In Acheta domesticus adults, almost all of the hemocytes rapidly disintegrated (their nuclei remained in- tact) and there was an intense precipitation of the hemoplasma. The he- molymph turned a light gray. In mature Musca domestica and Manduca sexta larvae only a few hemocytes disintegrated and none of the hemocytes themselves darkened, yet the hemoplasma turned dark and gelled. Gelation of the plasma in mature Musca occurred in the absence of podocytes. In mature Apis mellifera larvae, only a few hemocytes and fat body cells were seen in the hemoplasma; none lysed; none darkened. The plasma did not gel or darken in vitro. It is concluded that while cell death may be associated with plasma coagulation it is not associated with melanization. Experience with grape pest management in Erie County, Pennsylvania. G. L. Jubb, Jr., T. H. Obourn, and D. H. Petersen. Pennsylvania State Univ. North East, PA 16428. A pilot pest management program for grapes was tested in Erie County, Pennsylvania, during the summers of 1976-78. Nine growers participated in 1976 (135.6 ha), 14 growers participated in 1977 (214 ha), and 16 growers participated in 1978 (224.8 ha). Vineyards were scouted weekly for 15 weeks beginning on June 1. Pees of $3.00 and $4.75 per 0.4 ha were assessed to 300 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY participants in 1977 and 1978, respectively, to help offset costs of the pro- gram. Scouts reported insect and mite pest counts to each grower the day their vineyard was inspected. Growers made the final decision on the need to apply pesticides. Insect and mite damage in pest management vineyards was generally light each year. Pests requiring post-bloom sprays in several vineyards were grape leafhopper, grape berry moth, grapevine looper, and European red mite. Participants reduced their post-bloom insecticide sprays as compared to non-participants. Average number of post-bloom insecticide applications in 1976 was 2.5 for non-participants and 0.8 applications for participants and in 1977 was 2.3 applications for non-participants and 1.1 applications for participants. Potential savings in spray costs, depending on materials used, ranged from $7-12 per 0.4 ha in the pest management pro- gram. Scouting costs were $4.42 per 0.4 ha in 1976 and $4.63 per 0.4 ha in 1977. Grower opinion of the program was quite favorable. Most growers would like to see the program continued and indicated a willingness to pay a higher seasonal fee. Estimation of esterase activity in gypsy moth, Lymuntria dispar L. (Lepi- doptera: Lymantriidae) larval tissues. M. A. Kapin and S. Ahmad, Dept, of Entomol. & Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Esterases (EC 3.1.1.) in insects are implicated in the regulation of JH titer, catabolism of fats, cuticular wax synthesis and transport, degradation of undesirable dietary esters, and insecticides. This report relates to our current work on the nature of these enzymes in gypsy moth larvae. Ho- mogenates of fifth-instar tissues were centrifuged at 12000 x g to obtain clear supernatants as enzyme sources. 1-Naphthylacetate was used as a substrate, which upon enzymic hydrolysis produces 1-naphthol. This prod- uct when coupled to a diazo dye. Fast Blue B, produces a blue color that is estimated spectrophotometrically at 590 nm. By this method, relative specific rates and distribution of esterase activity (in parentheses) in larval tissues, excluding hemolymph, were initially estimated as follows: 100 (95.9), 9.7 (1.6), 5.4 (0.2), 2.7 (0.4), 2.0 (1.7), 1.7 (0.1), 1.3 (<0.1), and 0.8 (<0.1) percent in midgut, foregut, gonads, hindgut, brain, Malpighian tu- bules, nerve cord, and muscles, respectively. Thus, the principal site of esterases in gypsy moth larvae is the midgut, showing the highest concen- tration (specific activity, 2.9 /umoles mg~‘ min at 24°C) of esterases ever recorded in an insect species. Also, the midgut preparation is fairly ther- mostable (optimum range 45°-50°C for 20 min.) and can be stored over 24 h at -15°C without any loss in enzyme activity. Further characterization of esterases is in progress. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 301 Basic studies of chiasma frequency in male Blattella genmmica (Dictyop- tera, Blattellidae). C. B. Kei!, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061. This investigation represents the first examination of chiasma frequency in a primitive orthopteroid insect, Blattella germanica . The data obtained are useful both in advancing our knowledge of cockroach genetics and in stimulating comparative cytogenetic studies. Experimental animals were reared in a constant temperature and humidity chamber and segregated ac- cording to whether they emerged from a first, second, or third ootheca. The testes of 3rd to 4th instar male nymphs were removed, stained with acetic orecien and examined for suitable numbers of primary spermatocytes at diakinesis. Analysis of the chiasma frequency data showed a slight decrease in the mean number of chiasma per bivalent; 1.3325 ± 0.0385 for 1st ootheca cockroaches, 1.3002 ± 0.0371 for 2nd ootheca cockroaches, and 1.2950 ± 0.0346 for 3rd ootheca cockroaches. The variances of the groups decline with the means. Bartlett’s test for homoscedasticity showed these variances to be drawn from statistically different populations (P < 0.05). The chiasma frequency of a stock heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation involving two mid-sized chromosomes, 8 and 9, was compared to the wild type fre- quencies. I found an elevated chiasma frequency, 1.4185 ± 0.0190 chiasma per bivalent, in comparison to the first ootheca group. This figure is within values expected if a double chiasma event in either bivalent 8 or 9 in wild type cockroaches is assumed to occur in the majority of primary spermato- cytes. In comparison with the 1st ootheca data the variance of the trans- location stocks’ chiasma frequency is greatly reduced. This reduction may be due to a compression of the frequency distribution upon a mechanical upper limit. Induction of multiple progeny emergence of the gypsy moth parasitoid, Bra- chymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) by Dimilin®. B. K. Khoo, S. B. Ramaswamy, N. C. Respicio, and A. J. Forgash, Dept. Entomol. and Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903. I I The effect of Dimilin® (diflubenzuron) on adult Brachymeria intermedia I (Nees) was investigated. Initially, female and male adults were topically treated with 2.0 or 4.0 jxg diflubenzuron. Treated parasites were held for a ! minimum of 6 days before each mated female was provided with a gypsy ' moth pupa for 24-h oviposition. Both treatment levels of diflubenzuron in- ; duced emergence of multiple progeny. As many as 14 parasites emerged from a single host. There was great variation in the size of the F, progeny. This may be related to difference in hatching time of the oviposited eggs and nutrient supply of the host during parasite development. Diflubenzuron has no adverse effect on the parasitization capacity of the parents nor the 302 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY F, progeny, and its inductive effect was not carried over to the Fj genera- tion. It was determined that only female B. intermedia need be treated and that a virgin state is not a prerequisite for multiple progeny induction. By varying the intervals between diflubenzuron-treatment and the providing of hosts to the treated females, it was found that a holding time of a minimum of 4 days was necessary for manifestation of multiple progeny emergence. Diflubenzuron also induced multiple progeny emergence in Bruchymeria lasus, an exotic relative of B. intermedia, with no apparent effect on its parasitization capacity or on that of the Fj generation. Resource availability and reproductive variation in Pseudeucoila spp. (Hy- menoptera: Cynipidae). A. Kopelman and P. C. Chabora, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367 Theory regarding reproductive plasticity as an adaptive strategy has re- cently emerged and here is investigated in a parasite-host relationship. In- dividual females were presented excess host (Drosophila melanogaster) lar- vae in three schedules: a) constant exposure to hosts throughout life, b) exposure to hosts for 24 h every third day, c) daily exposure for 1 h through- out life. When without hosts, parasites were kept in vials with host medium and honey. Two patterns of progeny production emerged. 1) With contin- ually available hosts (schedule a), early “explosive” reproduction was fol- lowed by an extended period of post reproductive survival. By day 5 about 95% of all female progeny were produced and the sex ratio changed from 0.31 ± 0.04 on day 1 to 0.72 ± 0. 16 on day 5. After the last female offspring, males were produced for 4 days prior to a post reproductive period of 9.6 ± 0.89 days. 2) With limited host availability (schedules b and c) reproduction was maintained for all but the last day of life. Female progeny were pro- duced throughout the reproductive period with 95% being produced in 10 days. Sex ratios increased to a maximum of 0.92 and 0.59 for exposure schedules b and c, respectively, on the last day of reproduction. Survivor- ships were similar between exposure schedules. Reproductive strategies in unpredictable environments show increased survivorship at the expense of reproductive output. The patterns suggested here show that potential lon- gevity affords maximal opportunity for parasitism when hosts are patchily distributed, yet allows opportunistic exploitation when hosts are abundant. (Supported by BHE-PSC Grant No. 10189 to P.C.C.). VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 4 303 I Physical and chemical defenses of the salt marsh shrub, Baccharis halimi- I folia L. (Compositae) against insect herbivory. S. K. Kraft and R. F. Denno, Dept. Entomol., Univ. Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 !j Baccharis halimifolia leafs out in early spring and shows an increase in ; leaf biomass throughout the growing season. Leaf drop occurs in late fall. Trirhahda baccharidis (Weber) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a univoltine, |i monophagous species, and the dominant herbivore on B. halimifolia , feeds only during spring and early summer. B. halimifolia is free of most insect herbivory during summer and fall. This research explores the defensive syndrome of B. halimifolia which is apparently effective during much of the growing season. I Leaves increase in toughness and decrease in moisture as the growing 1 season progresses. When simultaneously offered various age (toughness)- I classes of leaves, larvae of T. baccharidis fed primarily on young, tender leaves. Also, larvae fed young, tender leaves ultimately weighed more, pu- ! pated earlier, and incurred less mortality than those fed older leaves. T. baccharidis larvae showed no apparent feeding preference for similarly ! tough B. halimifolia leaves painted with differing concentrations of late season acetone and ethanol leaf extracts. Elm leaves painted with the same B. halimifolia leaf extracts were avoided by larvae of the elm leaf beetle, ' Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller) (Chrysomelidae). Control leaves painted with I pure solvents were readily eaten. These results suggest that the adapted specialist T. baccharidis is able to tolerate secondary chemicals, over the concentration range that we exam- 1 ined, and that leaf toughness is the primary factor that dissuades its feeding. I However, secondary chemicals present in the leaves of B. halimifolia may be effective in preventing herbivory from other insects. Effects of field application of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus) on birds. R.A. Lau- I tenschlager,^ J.D. Podgwaite^ and H. Rothenbacher,^ U.S. For. Ser., North- ' eastern For. Exp. Stn.,^ Hamden, CT 06514 and Dept. Vet. Pathol. Penn- I sylvania State Univ.,^ University Pk., PA 16802. Wild songbirds and caged quail, Colinus virginanus (L.) were studied to I detect any short-term adverse effects resulting from the aerial application ' of nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) for gypsy moth control on woodland I plots in central PA. NPV was used in two formulations and applied at the j rate of 2.5 x 10*^ polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ha. Singing male terri- I tory-mapping census techniques were used to determine demographic I changes in resident songbird populations. Analysis of pre-spray and post- spray censuses on NPV-treated and control plots indicated that there were 304 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY no short-term population changes that could be attributed to NPV treat- i ments. Necropsy and histopathological data were taken on 23 quail that had n been caged on the study plots for 3 weeks following NPV application. Sim- ! a ilar data were taken on 53 songbirds that were collected from the study plots 1 ti over a 10-week period following NPV application. Analyses of these data j n indicated that there were no significant differences between control and ; e treated birds that could be ascribed to the NPV application. [i , 0 c Flight periods of Orthosia hihisci Guenee (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in re- ' ti lation to the calendar, temperature and host development. S. E. Lienk and j f P. J. Chapman, NYS Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva, NY 14456 j Of the green fruitworms that feed on the young fruits of apple and pear i " in the northeastern quadrant of the United States and in the adjoining prov- inces of Canada, O. hihisci is the commonest species. It overwinters in the pupal stage. Based on records obtained from two (one in 1974) walk-in ' blacklight traps at Geneva, NY a few adults may be recovered some seasons ’ in March but the main flight occurs in April and May. In 1974, 50% of the ■ seasons’ catch was taken by April 26; by May 4 in 1975; by April 17 in 1976; by April 16 in 1977; and by May 1 1 in 1978. The five year catch of O. hihisci , adults totaled 3250. Flight was induced when maximum-minimum temper- ^ ature means of 7°C (45°F) and higher prevailed. Between the years, no ( agreement was found between key fractions of the flight period and sums , of daily mean temperatures above a base of 7°C starting March 1. A good , correlation was established, however, between the flight period and the | growth stages in apple fruit buds. Thus, in all five years less than 10% (from 1 to 8%) of the flight occurred prior to the “!4 inch green stage”; approxi- ^ mately 50% of the catch was taken by the “early tight cluster” stage; and , from 95 to 98% by the “mid-pink” stage. , Is there intraspecific competition in Vespula maciilifrons (Hy- menoptera: Vespidae)? W. D. Lord and R. R. Roth, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 A 2-yr study of eastern yellow jackets in 9.4 ha of a Delaware woodlot examined nest location, density, and productivity for evidence of inter-col- ony competition. Worker populations were indexed by weekly counts from a can-trap grid. Nests were located by a thorough search in August and were excavated in October to determine productivity. The number of nests was 29 in 1976 and 72 in 1977. Workers were much more numerous in 1977. Only 16 of 90 plots of 1000 m^ each had nests in both years (repeat areas) (16 nests in 1976, 19 in 1977). There were 13 nests in 9 plots used only in I VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 305 1976 and 53 in 37 plots used only in 1977 (non-repeat areas). Colonies in repeat areas in 1977 tended to be more productive by several criteria (queen and worker comb area, number of queen cells, queen cell size and nest biomass) than ones in non-repeat areas. In 1976 the subhabitats were similar in productivity. These results indicate that density dependent phenomena existed among the wasps. When the nest density in a limited “quality” habitat exceeded a certain threshold, additional nests were accomodated only in “peripheral” habitats. This was especially notable in 1977. The consequence for the excluded queens was an apparent reduction in produc- tivity. Such exclusion may occur due to queen aggression in the spring. Reduced productivity could be due to lower food levels in peripheral areas and/or scramble competition among more workers for food. This mechanism may underlie “wasp cycles.” Diurnal, seasonal and relative abundance of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) preda- tors. T. P. Mack and Z. Smilowitz, The Pennsylvania State Univ., Univer- I sity Pk., PA 16802 ; The diurnal, weekly and seasonal abundance of predaceous natural ene- I mies of M. persicae, the green peach aphid (GPA), were determined in j potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var Katahdin) fields in 1977 as a step in the I development of a natural enemy sampling procedure. These distributions ! were determined by visually counting all predators occurring on randomly selected potato stems at 0900, 1 1 15, 1330 and 1545 hours for 7 weeks during ' the growing season. Coleomegilla maculata (Degeer) adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and coccinellid larvae were the most abundant known GPA predators found. C. maculata adults were approximately 4 times more abundant than other coc- cinellids. C. maculata adults increased in abundance in a linear manner for the entire experiment. The coccinellid larvae population increased with in- creasing slope until August 12, and then decreased until the experiment's end. Chi square analysis indicated that the 0900 and 1115 hour sample periods produced the highest means for C. maculata adults and coccinellid larvae. No time of day effects on variance of the mean were noticeable. Chrysopa larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), syrphid larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae), and hemerobiid larvae (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) occurred in extremely low I numbers throughout the season. The most abundant general predators were Orius insidiosus (Say) adults and nymphs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Na- , : his spp. adults and nymphs (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and various spiders. I Field observations indicated that these arthropods were not primarily feed- i I ing on the GPA. 306 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Feeding behavior of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on mammals. L. A. Magnarelli, The Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven, CT 06504 Precipitin tests have been developed to ascertain host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes. In some studies, mixed blood meals (of different origins) are reported. Incidences of multiple feedings, as determined by precipitin tests, may be conservative estimates because proteins in one of the blood meals may be digested to the point where it is difficult to identify. Accordingly, the feeding behavior of female mosquitoes (representing 8 common Aedes species and Psorophora ferox) was directly observed on man, anesthetized raccoons, and immobilized white-footed mice in a woodland and salt marsh habitat of southern Connecticut to determine frequencies of intermittent feedings. Results indicate that, when undisturbed, the majority of mosqui- toes fully engorged after the initial bite in about 2-3 minutes, but other females sometimes penetrated their fascicles into host skin, exhibited ex- tensive exploratory probing beneath epidermal layers, and withdrew mouth- parts 3 times from the same host without ingesting visible amounts of blood. The present study establishes that intermittent feeding occurred in each species, but incidences of such feedings did not exceed 14%. In conclusion, under more natural conditions where hosts react to biting mosquitoes, fre- quencies of discontinuous feedings are probably much higher than reported here and consequently, repeated biting of different hosts during an ovarian cycle might be epizootiologically significant in the transmission of certain arboviruses. Seasonal population growth of the southern red mite, Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acarine: Tetranychidae), infesting Japanese holly in New Jer- sey. D. L. Mague and H. T. Streu, Dept. Entomol. and Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Populations of O. ilicis, an important pest of ornamentals in the Aquifo- liaceae and Ericacae, infesting //e.v crenata ‘Convexa’ were assessed in ran- dom counts from May 1977 to January 1978 in carbaryl-sprayed and un- treated hosts. The treated group showed a five-fold increase in the number of immature mites and a ten-fold increase in the number of adult females and eggs when compared to populations on untreated plants. Initial mite densities in both groups were low (0.002 females/10 leaves) in the spring of 1977 and showed gradual increase over the summer to peak densities (38.7 females/10 carbaryl-treated leaves and 2.5 females/10 untreated leaves) in the fall. Treated populations produced 50.9 diapausing eggs/leaf and caused severe injury to the host foliage. No leaf damage was visible on untreated hosts where only 3.8 overwintering eggs were deposited per leaf. Neither treatment group followed the mite population growth pattern previously VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 4 307 described in the literature as an early summer peak followed by an abrupt mid-summer decline and late season resurgence. Results suggest predation in the unmanaged New Brunswick, NJ plot had maintained mite populations at low densities during previous seasons and was responsible for the vari- ation from population growth trends reported on commercially cultivated ornamentals, where at high initial densities, intraspecific competition on declining food sources during periods of summer plant stress apparently combine to result in an early population crash. Evolution of Batesian mimicry in the Syrphidae (Diptera). C. T. Maier, Dept. Entomol., The Connecticut Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven, CT 06504 Many adult syrphids bear a striking resemblance to aculeate Hymenop- tera, their suspected models in Batesian mimicry complexes. Although most, if not all, syrphids probably suffer predation from insectivorous birds, only those species which spend most of their life in forested areas are spe- cialized Batesian mimics (those convincing to the human eye). The over- whelming numbers of these mimics are members of the Milesiinae, one of two large syrphid subfamilies. Mimetic flies including Ceriana ahhreviata, MaUotci hautias, M. posticata, Sphiximorpha signifera, Spilomyia spp., and Temnostonui spp. have both morphological and behavioral adaptations which enhance their resemblance to their particular model(s). The following probably explain why mimicry evolved principally in species of Milesiinae: (1) They spend proportionally more time than most non-mimetic Syrphinae in forests where potential avian predators are abundant. (2) They have con- spicuous foraging and mating behavior which increases the chance of dis- covery by insectivorous birds. (3) They share many biological attributes such as foraging and larval development sites with their models. These proposals agree with Bates’ original postulates. Other factors that probably affect selection for Batesian mimicry include fly abundance, phenology, and size as well as bird behavior. In conclusion, Batesian mimicry is more prev- alent in forest-inhabiting syrphid flies because they are apparently more exposed to avian predation than are most non-mimetic species. Energy metabolism and heat exchange in flying dragonflies (Odonata: An- isoptera). M. L. May, Rutgers Univ. New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Energy metabolism of dragonflies in flight was estimated from data on body temperature in the field, on flight speed, and on variation in heat loss as a function of flight speed. Ranges of metabolic rate in each of seven species varied from 0.98-2.9 x 10^^ W in Miathyria nuircella to 1 1.2-20.3 x 10“^ W in Macromia taeniolato. Mean body mass ranged from 0. 1-1.2 g. 308 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY and energy expenditure increased approximately in proportion to mass. Metabolic rates were comparable to maximum rates in dragonflies during endothermic warm-up. These data were also compared to extensive data from the literature on flight metabolism of other insects. Dragonflies have slightly lower rates of metabolism in flight than most other insects, despite a relatively large mass of flight muscle. The low metabolism correlates with their low wing loading and with the unusual histology of their wing muscles. Data on heat exchange at various wind speeds suggest that heat loss in dragonflies can be roughly described by a simple model of two resistances in series and that the degree of thermal insulation may be adapted to ther- moregulatory requirements. Laboratory feeding studies with selected spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Virginia apple orchards. J. P. McCaffrey and R. L. Horsburgh, Shenandoah Valley Res. Sta., VPl & SU, Steeles Tavern, VA 24476 Laboratory feeding studies were conducted to evaluate the potential in- fluence of spider predation on pests and beneficial insects associated with Virginia apple orchards. Individual spiders were confined with one prey insect in a 6 x 2 cm plastic petri dish for 48 h. Each test was replicated 3 times. The adult spiders tested were Theridion alhidum Banks, Anyphaena pectorosa L. Koch, Philodromus placidus Banks, Misumenops ohlongus (Keyserling), Hentzia pcdmarum (Hentz), Metaphidippus galathea (Walck- enaer), Phidippus auda.x (Hentz) and Dictyna suhlata (Hentz). The poten- tial prey included alate and apterous forms of Aphis sp. and Dysaphis plan- taginea (Passerini); adults and larvae of Platynota flavedana Clemens; adult leafhoppers (Typhlocybinae); adult Stethoms punctum (LeConte); adult Leptothrips mali (Fitch); and Chrysopa spp. larvae. Alate forms of both aphid species were accepted by all spiders, but the apterous forms were accepted only by T. alhidum, M. galathea, and D. suhlata. Adults and larvae of P. flavedana were accepted by all spiders except T. alhidum and A. pectorosa. Leafhoppers were readily accepted by all spiders. The thrips L. mali was fed on by T. alhidum, D. suhlata, and M. galathea. Only T. alhidum and D. suhlata captured 5. punctum. No spiders fed on the chry- sopid larvae. These results indicate that several pests and beneficial insects could serve as prey for the complex of spiders inhabiting Virginia apple orchards. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 309 Self-regulation in scale insect populations on hemlock. M. S. McClure, Con- necticut Agr. Exp. Stn, New Haven, CT 06504. Population self-regulation in the Homoptera has been linked to the nu- trient quality of the host plant and its related effects on the success of feeding nymphs. Studies on the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Homoptera: Diaspididae) have indicated that populations are re- sponsive to changes in the nutrient quality of hemlock related to edaphic conditions of the growing site and to changes in the intensity of feeding following insecticide application. This study investigated the presence of self-regulation in hemlock scale populations by examining the effects of scale density on survival, rate of development, and fecundity. Weekly sam- pling for two years of ten mature hemlocks in a Connecticut forest revealed that each of these parameters was significantly, negatively correlated with scale density. Scales residing on trees supporting the higher densities suf- fered up to four times greater mortality, developed more slowly, and pro- duced fewer eggs than did scales on less heavily infested trees. Though initially the densities of feeding nymphs on the ten hemlocks varied consid- erably (range from 134 to 1011 nymphs per 100 hemlock needles), the den- sities of scales which subsequently matured were similar (range from 109 to 279). The results indicate that density-dependent self-restraints resulting from a reduction in the quality and availability of essential resources for feeding nymphs maintained populations of F. externa at densities below three mature scales per needle. However, hemlocks supporting even these densities suffer significant reductions in growth which may eventuate in tree death. Therefore, it is unlikely that the self-restraints, alone, are sufficient to control hemlock scale. Modelling for pest management: Analysis of environmental and inherent developmental rate variation on emergence in the alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae). W. K. Mellors and R. G. Helgesen, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853 The objective was to account for the variation observed in the cumulative adult emergence patterns of field populations of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agroinyza frontella (Rondani). Observed emergence patterns were com- pared to computer simulated patterns based on (1) variation in develop- mental rate alone, (2) variation in environmental temperature alone, and (3) the combination of the two. Variation in developmental rate was quantified through controlled laboratory rearings of pupae at constant temperatures. The 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90th percentile developmental rates were determined for the distribution of rates observed at each temperature. Temperature 310 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY variation in the soil environment of pupae within a site was analyzed with respect to (1) variation in space and (2) variation with depth. Soil temper- atures were recorded in the field throughout pupal development periods. Pupal development to adult emergence was simulated using the temperature records and the temperature-dependent developmental rates. The extent to which a simulated pattern accounted for the observed pattern was computed as the r-squared value between the observed and simulated dates with the same percent cumulative emergence. The simulations based on both tem- perature and developmental rate variation, on rate variation alone, and on temperature variation alone, respectively, accounted for 94, 90, and 88% of the variation in the emergence patterns observed in the spring of 1978. The two sources of variation accounted similarly for the observed variation un- der these specific field conditions. Thermal requirements for development of the parasite Microctonus aethio- poides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Morales and A. A. Hower, Pennsylvania State Univ., Univ. Pk., PA 16802 Laboratory studies indicated that the threshold temperature for devel- opment of Microctonus aethiopoides larval and pupal stages is 8.4°C (47°F). The regression equations for the developmental time of various life stages of the parasite were computed from the logarithm of the average duration of the stage in days and the log temperature in °C. The regression equations for the rate of development were derived from the daily percent of devel- opment in relation to temperature. This relationship was linear within the range of temperatures supporting complete development (r^ = 0.97). Tem- peratures were converted to a cumulative degree-day summation. Degree- days were computed using the mean duration in days for complete devel- opment of various life stages of the parasite above 47°F. Averages of 228 and 240 degree-days were required for development of the larval and pupal stages, respectively. Total parasite development, from first instar larva until emergence of the adult parasite, required an average of 469 degree-days. During two years of field studies 50% of the first and second parasite generations emerged when means of 463 and 947 degree-days, respective- ly, had accumulated after January first. These data validate the use of degree- days to forecast M. aethiopoides emergence in the field. Based on this information insecticide application could be timed to avoid the parasite and thus increase its potential against the alfalfa weevil. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 311 Separation and quantitation of dytiscid defensive secretions using high-pres- sure liquid chromatography. A. T. Newhart and R. O. Mumma, Pesticide Research Lab. and Dept, of Entomol., The Pennsylvania State Univ., Univ. Pk., PA 16802 High-pressure liquid chromatography methods were developed for the analysis and purification of dytiscid defensive secretions. These methods were rapid, sensitive, quantitative and allowed the simultaneous analysis of pygidial and prothoracic gland contents. Separations were achieved with a normal phase column (^iPorasil) using a dioxane:hexane solvent system and with a reverse phase column (/xBondapak) using an acetonitrile:water solvent system. Four species of dytiscids were analyzed using these methods: Acil- ius semisulcatus, A. sylvanus, A. niediatus and Graphoderus liherus Say (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). The pygidial glands of all four species were found to contain the antimicrobial agents: benzoic acid, p-hydroxymethyl ben- zoate and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The prothoracic gland of all three AcU- ius species produced the same compounds, one of which has been identified as an 4-androsten-3-one steroid. Deoxycorticosterone was the major steroid produced by Graphoderus, confirming earlier studies. The seasonal defen- sive titer of the pygidial and prothoracic gland contents of A. semisulcatus was studied over a five month period and were found to vary independently. The pygidial antimicrobial agents reached their maximum titer in July while the prothoracic gland steroid quantified remained at low levels throughout the summer months, rapidly reaching a maximum titer in October. Orientation disruption of Argyrotaenia velutinana and Choristoneura ro- saceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) male moths. M. A. Novak, W. H. Reis- sig and W. L. Roelofs, Dept, of Entomol. NY State Agric. Exp. Stn., Ge- neva, NY 14456 Most species of the complex of tortricid leafroller moths which are pests or potential pests in New York State apple orchards use blends of (Z)-ll- tetradecenyl acetate (Zll-14:Ac) and Ell-14:Ac as major pheromone com- ponents. Various mixtures, release rates, and methods of application of these have been previously tested for their effectiveness as mating disrup- tants. We now report tests with pheromone components and pheromone analogs, dispensed from hollow capillary fibers, for effectiveness in dis- rupting orientation to pheromone-baited traps in small field plots. The species selected for the tests were Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), the redbanded leafroller, and Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), the oblique- banded leafroller. A. velutinana was effectively disrupted by Zll-14:Ac alone or combined with other chemicals, at a release rate as low as 3 mg/h/ ha. C. rosaceana required a mixture containing both Z1 1-14: Ac and (Z)-ll- 312 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tetradecen-l-OI(Zl l-14:OH), a minor pheromone component. A 1:1 mixture of these compounds, each at a release rate of 5 mg/h/ha, and a mixture of the Z and E 1 l-14:Ac's and the Z and E 1 l-14:OH’s at 5 mg/h/ha each, were both effective disruptant systems. Neither Zll-14:OH nor (Z)-l 1-tetra- decenyl formate (Z1 l-14:formate), which decrease trap catches for A. vel- utinana, were effective alone for disrupting either species. (Z)-l 1-tridecenyl acetate (Z1 1-13: Ac), an attractant for A. velutinana, effectively disrupted this species, but not C. rosaceana. These tests show that differences exist in the systems necessary for disrupting these two leafrollers, although their natural pheromone blends are very similar. Field evaluation of pheromone baited trap-trees to control elm bark beetles. D. P. O’Callaghan, E. M. Gallagher and G. N. Lanier, SUNY College of Env. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 Subsequent to the isolation, identification and synthesis of the aggregation pheromone of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) — principal vector of Dutch elm disease (DED) — and its use in mass trapping there has been a decline in new cases of DED from 1975 through 1977 in most areas where phero- mone traps have been employed. The concept of baiting diseased trees with pheromone (“Multilure”) and killing them with the herbicide cacodylic acid — applied either to axe frills or by pressure injection — is presently being evaluated as a management technique. Elms, thus poisoned, are heavily attacked by the beetles but their broods fail to develop. In three areas — two close to Syracuse, NY and one in Wisconsin, four and five square miles in area respectively — large numbers of diseased elms have been killed and baited. A grid of Multilure baited traps, at V-x mile intervals on utility poles, serves to monitor beetle populations in these and the concomitant check areas. Results to date in- dicate that large numbers of beetles are absorbed by trap trees and their brood destroyed. Although this study is less than half way advanced, the indications are that the pheromone baited trap tree approach has a devas- tating effect on beetle populations and should effectively reduce DED rates. Laboratory rearing of Leptothrips mali (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothrip- idae). M. P. Parrella and R. L. Horsburgh, Shenandoah Valley Res. Sta., VPI & SU, Steeles Tavern, VA 24476 Leptothrips mali (Fitch) has been found associated with high densities of mites in Virginia apple orchards. Laboratory rearing methods were needed before an adequate assessment of this thrips’ biology and mite control po- tential could be made. Field collected adults were housed in pint cartons VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 313 containing apple leaves. The containers were modified by cutting a hole in the bottom allowing the petioles to extend into water and by replacing the top with a fine muslin cloth. Eggs were removed from the leaves with a wetted minuten probe and placed on moistened filter paper in plastic con- tainers (4.1 cm diam x 1.3 cm deep) with friction-sealed lids. Prior to eclo- sion, an egg was transferred to the underside of an apple leaf resting on saturated cotton. The egg was placed in an arena (ca. 10 cm^) bordered with Stickem®which contained European red mite eggs {Panonychus ulmi (Koch)). The center of the arena was covered with a portion of leaf tissue. Two days post-eclosion, the larva was transferred to another leaf arena made by inverting the bottom of a plastic petri dish with its top replaced by 100 mesh screen over the underside of an apple leaf. The container and leaf fitted on one-half of a larger petri dish, and the whole apparatus was held firmly in place by a rubber band. The supporting dish rested in saturated cotton. The thrips completed development in this leaf container. Rearing conditions were 23.9° ± 1°C, 14-h photoperiod, and 80-100% RH. Life history and population dynamics of Heteroplectron americanum (Walker) (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae). J. W. Patterson and R. L. Van- note, Dept, of Entomol. and Applied Ecol., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 Monthly samples of Heteroplectron americanum were taken from the headwaters of Blackbird Creek on Delaware’s coastal plain. Adults emerged from mid-May to early June. Females contained an average of 387 eggs which were deposited within a gelatinous matrix either under water on branches and logs or attached to tree roots and mosses on the stream bank. Larvae began to hatch in about 15 days and remained within the gelatinous matrix for a time period varying with the frequency of inundation. Egg masses deposited above the wetted zone of the stream bank desiccated within two days. First instar larvae weighed 0.01 mg, constructed a case of detrital fragments, and fed on leaf fragments and wood. During the second ' or third instar, larvae began to hollow out twigs for cases. Most individuals attained the final instar (5th) by December (x = 8.7 mg). Growth then ceased until mid-March when the average stream temperature reached 6°C. Larval growth was completed by May when the mean dry weight of mature male and female larvae was 6.5 mg and 16.1 mg, respectively. The pupation j period was approximately 21 days. A small proportion of the population (<25% >2%) did not achieve sufficient growth to complete development in one year. A one year generation time was confirmed by following the growth of larvae developing from 40 egg masses introduced into a Piedmont spring brook where this species was not previously present. 314 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Indirect effects of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lyman- triidae) insecticides, on the parasite Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). E. H. Pollack and A. J. Forgash, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Apanteles melanoscelus, an important monophagous parasite of early- instar gypsy moth, is actively searching for hosts around the time of chem- ical applications for control of the pest. Current knowledge of the effect of insecticides on Apanteles consists primarily of qualitative information on direct toxicity of a few insecticides. To aid in filling this void we have •. devised testing procedures for detecting potential impacts of insecticide- • containing hosts on parasite activity, behavior and reproductive success. We have applied these methods to the study of effects of carbaryl, acephate ; and trichlorfon on A. melanoscelus. Second-instar gypsy moth larvae that survived topical or oral doses of 1 carbaryl, ranging from LD 20 to 85, were parasitized and the progeny were t compared to those from untreated hosts with respect to (1) numbers of larvae emerging, (2) number of viable adults, (3) sex ratio and (4) length of ’ time for parasite development. Tests were also conducted to detect (1) par- asite discrimination between treated and untreated hosts and (2) chronic effects arising from continuous rearing in treated larvae. The results show conclusively that Apanteles (1) develop normally in carbaryl-treated gypsy moth, (2) are not affected by rearing in treated larvae for 4 successive generations and (3) do not discriminate between treated and untreated hosts. Similar studies, in progress, indicate that larvae which survive topical treatments of acephate or trichlorfon are also compatible hosts for Apanteles. Morphology and taxonomy of first-stage nymphs of five Periplaneta Bur- meister (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). P. K. Powell and W. H. Robinson, Virginia Polytechnix Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061 First-stage nymphs in the genus Periplaneta have not previously been well described. First-stage nymphs of four Nearctic and one Palearctic species (P. japonica) can be separated on the basis of pattern and number of setae on the dorsum of the thorax, particularly the mesonotum. In P. australasiae the mesonotum is very setose, it is less setose in P. fuliginosa and P. brunnea, and in P. americana and P. japonica it is almost totally bare. Color pattern is also a useful character for separating all but two of the five species. Nymphs of P. americana and P. japonica are solid in color. P. americana nymphs are characteristically light grayish-tan, while P. japonica nymphs are dark brown, almost black. Nymphs of P. austra- lasiae, P. brunnea, and P. fuliginosa are patterned on the mesonotum, VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 315 second abdominal segment, and some antennal segments with light bands and patches. P. brunnea can be separated from the other two patterned species by abdominal color, which is much lighter than the head or thorax in P. brunnea and concolorous with the head and thorax in P. australasiae and P. fuHginosa. These two species cannot be separated by color pattern; one must rely on setal pattern and number. Complementary foraging of bee species in blueberries. E. G. Rajotte and R. B. Roberts, Dept. Entomol. and Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Bruns- wick, NJ 08903 Populations of bees were sampled in a field containing 3 cultivars of blue- berries {Vaccinum corymbosum) in an area of southern New Jersey where both native bees and honeybees are abundant. The flowers of cultivars Ear- liblue and Coville are known to be unattractive to honeybees while Wey- mouth is highly attractive. Ten bushes in each of three positions (edge of field, l\st bush in, 4h/ bush in) within each cultivar were sampled using a modified automobile vacuum cleaner on each of 15 days from April 18 to May 12, 1976. Collected bees were counted and grouped in three categories (honeybees, bumblebees, other wild bees). Analysis of variance revealed a significant position effect indicating that the pollinators, especially honeybees, preferred the bushes to the interior of the field that were not buffetted by the wind. There was no significant cultivar effect (i.e., bees were spread evenly among the cultivars) but there was a significant cultivar X bee group effect indicating that certain groups of bees preferred certain cultivars. Although each group of bees differed in their cultivar preferences, their foraging patterns were complementary. Thus, the number of pollinator visits were similar and all three cultivars produced good fruit yields. When bumblebees and other native bees are scarce, complementary foraging does not occur and blueberry cultivars shunned by honeybees produce little fruit. Effect of juvenile hormone on mating behavior of female German cock- roach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), S. B. Ramas- wamy and A. P. Gupta, Dept. Entomol. and Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Studies of the effects of JH on insect behavior are few. This report deals with the effects of JH on mating behavior of female B. germanica. JH treatment of last instar nymphs produces black females owing to excessive melanization (Das, Y. T., and A. P. Gupta, 1977, Nature, 268:139-40). 316 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY These females elicit a typical pheromone-induced wing raising behavior in normal males but do not mate. Bioassay of methylene chloride-extracts of black females placed on filter papers also shows the wing raising behavior in males. This shows that these treated females are capable of pheromone production. However, based on the bioassays, it appears that there is a delay in pheromone production of about 48 hr in treated females compared with normal ones. Comparison of electroantennograms of treated and un- treated females responding to various attractants shows a decrease in the response of treated females. Preliminary examination of antennae of treated females shows the sensilla to be highly melanized, as the rest of the body, including the sensillar pits which appear black. Therefore, it is likely that the perception of the male pheromone by treated females is either entirely lacking or substantially re- duced following JH application owing to the melanized antennal sensilla. This might explain the behavioral anomaly in treated females and the ab- sence of mating. Aerial application for the control of alfalfa weevil larvae (Hypera postica) in Virginia, 1978. J. E. Roberts and M. T. Snider, Ext. Entomol., VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Treatments were applied on May 11, 1978 to large nonreplicated plots. The airplane used was a Gruman Ag. Cat. G164A equipped with 4664 jet nozzles spraying a swath width of 45 to 50' at a speed of approximately 100 mph. Spray concentrates were applied in 2, 3, or 5 gal. of H20/acre at 22 psi. Weevil larvae data were recorded 2 days prior to treatment and post- treatment at 7 and 14 day intervals. Weevil population data were recorded from 10 stems plucked from each plot. Total population counts were made on the first two of ten stems found containing larvae. The remaining tips were counted as either being infested or not infested and totals were com- bined and recorded under % Infestation. Sumithion 8E, Imidan in 5 gal. H2O/A and Supracide were the only treat- ments to give better than 80% control during the test. Sevin UCSF-1 and Imidan in two gallons H2O/A were the only treatments that gave consistent or increasing rates of control. True armyworm (Pseudaletia imipimcta) control in Virginia, 1978. J. E. Roberts and M. T. Snider, VPI & SU, Entomology, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Five insecticides were tested for the control of true armyworms in Mont- gomery County, Virginia during 1978. Plots were 14' by 50' (4 rows) rep- licated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two center rows were used for evaluating treatments. A compressed air sprayer oper- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 317 ating at 30 lbs. psi duster was used for the sprayable materials. A hand cranked seeder was used to apply the granular materials in a 7 inch band. Insect population counts were taken on June 14 immediately before treat- ment. This pretreatment population count was taken randomly of 50 plants over the entire test area to show established infestations. Posttreatment evaluations were made on June 16, and June 19, by counting the insect populations on 50 plants per plot. The percent control was based on the j untreated checks. The sprayable materials had the best percent control with I PenncapE having the best overall ratings. I Field evaluation of post emergence control of cutworm {Agrotis ipsilon) in j Virginia, 1978. J. E. Roberts and M. T. Snider, VPI & SU, Ext. Entomol., Blacksburg, VA 24061 Four insecticides were evaluated for cutworm control in Halifax County, ii Virginia during 1978. Plots were 14' by 50' (4 rows) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two center rows were used for , evaluating treatments. The evaluation was made by counting the total num- ! ber of live plants per treatment. A compressed air sprayer operating at 30 I lbs. psi spraying 36 gal. per acre was used to apply the test materials. ' Treatments were applied broadcast as a foliar application on June 6, post- plant. Plant population counts were taken pretreatment on June 6, and post- treatment plant population counts were made on June 8. Posttreatment pop- ulation counts were apparently influenced by a prolonged germination period in certain areas which caused data to show a lesser amount of cut- worm damage than was actually present. Phytotoxicity averaged from .25 to 3.25 on a scale of 0-5 where 0 = no damage and 5 = dead plants. Lorsban 4E had the lowest phytotoxicity av- erage of the four insecticides with .25. Variability in nectar production by an American linden. R. B. Roberts and E. G. Rajotte, Dept. Entomol. and Econ. Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Bruns- wick, NJ 08903 Tilia americana, known as basswood or American linden, is renowned as , a source of honey. In 1977, a single tree 1 meter in diameter was studied in ; order to learn how much nectar sugar may be produced and how it is per- I ceived and utilized by bees. The tree produced approximately 3.3 million 1 flowers in 1977, but only a few thousand in 1978. Thus, year to year vari- ability is significant. In 1977, 800 flowers were tagged upon opening and Ij their age was recorded when they were harvested. Half were open to pol- ‘ linators and half were enclosed in netting to exclude pollinators. Sugar con- 318 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tent of the flowers was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Analysis revealed that the flowers secreted sugar rapidly for the first two days after opening. If not removed, the sugar content remained more or less constant until the 5th day. Sugar content dropped on the 6th day and the flowers usually dropped at the end of the sixth day. The tree bloomed for a period of two ' weeks. Enclosed flowers yielded an average of 6.0 mg of sugar and open . flowers yielded 0.6 mg. Thus, pollinators removed 17.8 kg of sugar from the ; tree, enough to make 21.6 kg of honey. If nectar is replaced by the flower ) as a result of its removal, the productivity of the tree would be even higher 1 than measured. Enclosed flowers of the same age harvested on the same | date typically showed a 10-fold range in sugar content. Thus, although 1 trends were noted, nectar production varied significantly. ! Aspects of the nesting behavior of Cercehs watlingensis in relation to its geographical location (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). P. Salbert and N. Elliott, Dept, of Biol. Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY 13820 C. watlingensis has so far been collected only from San Salvador Island, the Bahamas. Studies of its nesting behavior, conducted during November and December, 1977, indicate differences from previously studied species of Cerceris, most of which are northern and continental in distribution. Many of these differences are clearly related to the subtropical and insular location of the species. As compared with northern species, C. watlingensis has a longer season of activity. Eemales of this species constructed more extensive nests with deeper main burrows and greater numbers of cells. Nests contained cells of a variety of ages, from those with newly laid eggs to old cells from which adults had already emerged. Thus there is an overlap of adult generations, which is one prerequisite for social behavior. There is evidence that nest sharing occurs in C. watlingensis. The remote location of the island contributes to a low diversity of the insects normally associated with sphecid wasps. Females of this species preyed only on curculionids. Of the 62 whole-prey records for C. watlin- gensis, ninety percent belonged to a single species of weevil in the genus Artipus. This is the most common weevil on the island; probably few other species of suitable size are present. Many of the parasites and predators that usually attack digger wasps are absent on San Salvador, but ants have been observed to prey on adults and attack the nests. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 319 The sexual behavior of Tenodera sinensis (Saus.) (Orthoptera: Mantidae). M. E. Schauff and J. C. Jones, Dept. Entomol., Univ. Maryland College Park, MD 20742 The sexual behavior of praying mantids is not well known. Upon sighting a female, males of T. sinensis immediately “freeze” in position. The du- ration of the interval between sighting and pursuing of the female varied from 2 minutes to 4 hours. Males always flew to the females. As he flies, the male turns in mid-air, approximately 180° and lands on the female’s back, facing her rear. He must re-orient to her front end before he will initiate copulation. After re-orientation, the male begins probing with his genitalia about the posterior end of the female’s abdomen, while he lightly strokes the female’s head and antennae with rapid alternating strokes of his own antennae. The female either reacts by raising her abdomen, preventing coitus, or she may keep her abdomen level, allowing the male to copulate. Duration of copulation averaged 2 hours 59 minutes. After coitus, most males quickly fell off of or directly flew away from the female. Some males were observed to remain on the female as long as 3 hours 25 minutes fol- lowing copulation. Courting males were captured and eaten only twice in twenty encounters. Although the genitalia of these males began copulatory movements, they did not copulate. On three occasions, precopulatory ab- dominal searching movements were elicited without contacting the female. The adaptive significance of the latitudinal dine in oviposition site of Al- sophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J. C. Schneider, Dept. Biol., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08540 Oviposition by the fall cankerworm is usually on twigs in low latitudes (e.g. NC) and on trunks in high latitudes (e.g. NY). In NJ, where oviposition occurs in both places, I have shown that, as for the winter moth Operoph- tera bmmcita, the degree of synchrony between hatch and foliation greatly affects the fitness of the insect. The variance in time of hatch of egg masses on trunks is higher than that for ones on twigs due to aspect effects. A female ovipositing on a trunk increases the variance in time of hatch of her eggs by ovipositing at two sites. If leaf flush is less predictable at higher latitudes, oviposition on trunks is seen to be a maximization of minimum fitness strategy (a hedge against 100% mortality). Hatch tracks variation in foliation time among stands of different composition. Clones in a gynoge- netic system specialize on different hosts and have different developmental requirements. In NJ part of the tracking is accomplished by differences in oviposition time. Diapause development is finished after weather warms above the threshold for embryo development. In New Brunswick, Canada 320 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY winters are too cold for this. Thus somewhere north of NJ the tuning of time of hatch by oviposition time is lost so leaf flush may be more unpre- dictable. Dietary preferences and patterns of occurrence of Lepidoptera larvae in a ( northern hardwoods forest. J. C. Schultz, P. J. Nothnagle and R. T. Holmes, . Dept. Biol. Sci., Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 1 Lepidoptera larvae at endemic population densities were sampled from i four tree species at three levels in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. 400-leaf samples were visually inspected from over 600 trees during 1977 and 1978. There were no significant differences in density of total larvae among the tree species or among layers over the summer growing season. However, there were significantly more geometrid larvae than expected on maples, and fewer on beech and birch. Noctuid larvae occurred on beech and birch more often than expected. Tortricids were more abundant than expected on beech; gracilariids preferred sugar maples. Choice tests and growth experiments with both field-collected larvae and those reared from eggs revealed some strong dietary preferences. Some species exhibited little or no host discrimination. These results, in addition to patterns of occurrence of over 50 larval taxa, indicate that feeding preferences of forest Lepidoptera range from very broad to very narrow within a single community. Our community-wide sur- vey leads us to conclude that the suggestion that forest Lepidoptera should have broad diets because their hosts are chemically convergent may be naive. Factors such as within-tree variation in tissue quality and differential use of trees in predator avoidance may favor specialized diets among forest insects. Biological and physical influences on the mass rearing of Coccygomimus tiirionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). P. B. Schultz, Virginia Truck and Ornament. Res. Stn., Virginia Beach, VA 23455 and L. T. Kok, VPI and SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Biological and physical factors affecting the rearing of Coccygomimus turionellae (L.) on wax pupae were examined to determine the optimum conditions for its mass propagation. The most critical factors were the par- asite:host (P/H) ratio, and duration of exposure of host to the parasite. In a study involving seven P/H ratios and three exposure times, optimum par- asite emergence occurred with a ratio of 0.4 or 0.5 at 24-h exposure, and with a ratio of 0.1 at 72-h exposure. Production of C. turionellae could be increased by retarding pupal development of the wax moth. Decreasing the VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 321 Storage temperature of wax moth pupae from 32° to 27°C extended the duration of its suitability for parasitism from two to seven days. Prompt removal of wax moth pupae from the 32°C rearing temperature was found to increase the emergence of C. turionellae. Mass rearing was unaffected by the age of C. turionellae. The optimum temperature for propagation of C. turionellae was 27°C but oviposition activity was high at 21 and 32°C. A 12-h photoperiod and 600-6000 lux light intensity were optimum for pro- duction. A significant drop in fecundity did occur after 14 generations of laboratory rearing. This 21% reduction in parasite progeny emergence be- tween 1976 and 1977 could be attributed to inbreeding within the colony. Occurrence of beneficial insects on flue-cured tobacco treated with soil in- secticides. P. J. Semtner and J. E. Roberts, Sr., S. Pied. Cntr. and Dept. Entomol., VPI & SU, Blackstone, VA 23824 There has been a steady increase in the use of soil insectide-nematicides in tobacco production in Virginia during the last ten years. For this reason, an investigation was initiated to evaluate effects of soil insectides on several beneficial insects that occur on tobacco. The stilt hug, Jalysus spinosus Say, which feeds on eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), and Nahis spp., which feed on many tobacco insect pests, were the most abun- dant beneficial insects in this investigation. Fifteen insecticides and insec- ticide formulations, including ethoprop, ethrop-disulfoton, fensulfothion, disulfoton, disulfoton aldicarb, Standak, Nematak, carbofuran, Vydate, and a carbofuran-disulfoton combination were evaluated for their effects on ben- eficial insects and their prey. Stilt bug populations were greatly reduced on tobacco treated with Standak, aldicarb, Nematak, disulfoton, and the car- bofuran-disulfoton combination. Tobacco hornworm populations were high- est in the Standak and aldicarb treatments, indicating that the reduced num- ber of stilt bugs may have caused increased hornworm populations. This was not the case through all the treatments. Carbofuran had little effect on the stilt bug, other than reducing its food supply. Although low tobacco hornworm populations occurred in the carbofuran treated tobacco, stilt bug populations were only slightly lower than the untreated check. Tobacco receiving ethoprop and disulfoton 6LC had higher stilt bug populations than the check. Nahis spp. were least abundant on tobacco treated with Standak, Vydate, and aldicarb. 322 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Influence of diet upon gypsy moth NPV production. M. Shapiro, R. A. Bell and C. D. Owens. USDA, SEA. Otis AFB, MA 02542 The influence of diet upon gypsy moth NPV production was examined. Major dietary ingredients as wheat germ, casein, vitamins, sucrose, and I salts were evaluated. In addition, influence of diet pH and the use of agar i substitutes were studied. Several published diets were compared to the Otis production diets. The '. modified hornworm and Otis high wheat germ diets were superior to the i Leonard-Doane, Odell-Rollinson, Magnoler, Ridet, and Shorey-Hale diets. Although virus yield was greatest using the modified hornworm diet, virus ^ production was least expensive using the high wheat germ diet. Several wheat germ products were examined, and the raw wheat germ i was slightly better than the toasted material. Several protein sources were } compared to casein (the standard) and were found to be comparable. An i increase in vitamin mix concentration resulted in little increase in virus j yield. Several sugars were compared to sucrose (the standard) and were 1 comparable in activity. Wesson salts (standard) were compared with salt I mixes used in tissue culture, and the standard was superior. Little differences in virus yield occurred at diet pHs between 4-7. As the pH increased to 8, virus yield decreased. Several carrageenans were com- pared to agar at concentrations ranging from 0.75 to 2 percent. The most commonly used carrageenan, Gelcarin HWG, was comparable to agar. Interfacing green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) damage with season potato plant growth. Z. Smilowitz, M. E. Whalon, C. A. Martinka and E. S. Nolan, The Pennsylvania State University, Univ. Pk., PA 16802 Potato plant growth characteristics were interfaced with green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (GPA) population levels to develop seasonal damage indexes. Potato plots treated with five rates of systemic insecticide, aldicarb, at planting were sampled weekly for GPA following establishment of winged migrants. Temperature dependent models using accumulated day degrees were established for foliage and tuber yields from plant growth production data collected on alternate weeks. The relationship of pest num- bers and foliage production was determined from accumulated foliage pro- duction at each of the harvest periods. The percent foliage loss was deter- mined from the proportion of foliage harvested and the maximum foliage obtained at each phase of plant growth. The percent foliage loss and GPA numbers were regressed to establish foliage loss/GPA for each sample pe- riod. These values were compared with accumulative foliage day degrees ( to establish the realtionship of plant growth and GPA damage throughout | the season. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 323 Peak foliage production occurred at approximately 1300 accumulated fo- liar day degrees. Following this phase of plant growth production remained at a high level at low pest densities, whereas high density caused a decline. GPA had the greatest impact on foliage production early in the season; 1300 accumulated day degrees. Pest impact declined logarithmically as the season progressed. The effect of larval host exposure on the oviposition preferences of Pieris rapae. J. H. Smith and W. G. Yendol, The Pennsylvania Sta. Univ., Uni- versity Park, PA 16802 Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of larval host exposure on the oviposition preferences of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). In one experiment, groups of P. rapae were raised on either 'Savoy King’ (Brassica oleracea var. sahauda) or ‘Premium Late Flat Dutch' {Brassica oleracea var. eapitata) cabbages, and as adults their oviposition preferences for these two cultivars were tested. In a second experiment, the oviposition preferences of field-collected gravid females were determined for the same two cultivars. Preference test procedures were similar for both experiments. Mated fe- males with the same larval host background were released in groups of 5 into outdoor screen cages containing 10 ‘Savoy King’ and 10 ‘Premium Late Flat Dutch’ plants. After 6'/4 hours, the females were removed and the number of eggs laid on each plant was determined. Laboratory-reared females laid the same number of eggs on both cabbage cultivars, regardless of which host cultivar they were reared on. In contrast, field-collected females laid significantly more eggs on ‘Savoy King’ than on ‘Premium Late Flat Dutch’ cabbages. The oviposition preferences of laboratory-reared P. rapae were not me- diated by pre-imaginal conditioning. In addition, host preferences of the laboratory-reared females did not represent preferences of females from the field population. It seems possible that the development of P. rapae ovi- position preferences is influenced by adult host experience. Effect of low temperature on survival of red pine scale Matsucoecus res- inosae Bean and Godwin (Homoptera: Margarodidae). G. R. Stephens, Con- necticut Agr. Exp. St., P. O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504 During 1976-78 the effect of low temperature on survival of red pine scale overwintering on 4- to 6-year-old potted red pine was studied. During Jan- uary and February pines were taken from outdoor storage and subjected to 1, 2 or 5, 4-hour exposures at -23 C or continuous exposure for 1 to 80 324 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY hours at - 15 to -27 C in a large freezer. Therafter treated trees and controls were maintained above freezing. Mortality was determined 7 to 10 weeks after treatment when surviving nymphs entered the next growth stage. Scale , mortality was greatest on 1 -year-old branches and decreased as branch age ; increased. Mortality was generally least on 3-year-old branches where scale | populations are often highest. In 1976 scale mortality was 31% on 3-year- j old twigs after 5 4-hour exposures at —23 C compared to 27% on controls. In 1977 continuous exposure of 1 to 80 hours at —15 to -27 C revealed that most mortality occurs during the first few hours of exposure and increases slowly thereafter. In 1978 two populations were compared at continuous exposure of 1 to 75 hours at - 18 to -27 C. After 25 hours at -27 C there was 97.6% mortality from a source near Long Island Sound compared to 93% for a source near the northern limit of infestation in Connecticut. The lack of complete mortality at prolonged temperature indicates that this scale is capable of infesting red pine throughout southern New England and south- ern New York and the reduction in mortality compared to a 1957 report suggests that a more cold-hardy scale has developed during the last 20 years. White grub control in turf with Bendiocarb (NC 6897). W. W. Surles and W. L. Ekins, Eisons Corp., 2 Preston Court, Bedford, MA 01730 Bendiocarb (NC 6897) is a carbamate insecticide, which exhibits good soil activity and moderate mammalian toxicity. Data generated by unviersity researchers have demonstrated excellent activity against turf-feeding white grubs (numerous species) at 2.0 to 4.0 lb ai/A and varying activities against other turf infesting arthropods. Working under Experimental Use Permit programs approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, Eisons’ per- sonnel field-tested three formulations (76 WP, 2.5 G and 5 G) in 1977 and 1978. Non-replicated, practical application trials were conducted in the Cen- tral and Northeastern United States on home lawns. Pre and post-treatment population assessments were monitored for: 1) untreated; 2) bendiocarb and 3) plots treated with a standard product. Data were taken and observations were conducted to evaluate: efficacy (for early spring and late summer ap- plications), turf and applicator safety, irrigation effect and ease of applica- tion. The results indicated that bendiocarb provided at least 80% control of the white grub complex at 2.0 lb ai/A in most areas; however, 4.0 lb ai/A were required in New York and Central Texas. Late summer and early spring trials demonstrated good activity against all larval stages. Post-treat- ment irrigation was required to ensure this high level of activity. These findings complement the results obtained from researcher trials and confirm the desirability of eventual registration of bendiocarb. VOLUME LXXXVl, NUMBER 4 325 Biology and control of the Northern fowl mite on caged layers. E. C. Turner, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061 Historically, laying hens have been infested by the common chicken mite, Denmmyssus gallinae (De Geer) and the Northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus syh'iarum (Canestrini & Fanzago). However, most commercial egg produc- ers now house their hens in cages. This management practice has virtually eliminated the chicken mite as a pest but has greatly encouraged the de- velopment of large populations of Northern fowl mites on the caged birds resulting in reports of losses in egg production and complaints by personnel operating the houses and egg packing rooms. Dissemination of mites in large caged layer houses has been observed to be primarily from egg trays, con- veyer equipment, and even the eggs. In some cases, wild birds, escaped hens and rats can play a part in this dissemination. Recent research has indicated that stress, through the release of corte- costerones, is an important factor in the ability of the host to support or resist populations of Northern fowl mites. Cages housing two or more birds will result in reduced mite populations while birds housed alone will support large mite populations. The mechanism of host resistance to mites was found to be due to decreased capillary density in the skin proximate to the vent of the bird. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and SD 43775 applied as sprays at dosages of 0.125 and 0.0125% AI respectively has resulted in excellent long term control of the mite. Recognition of virus-diseased gypsy moth larvae by Apanteles nielanosce- lus Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). P. L. Versoi and W. G. Yendol, Pesticide Res. Lab., Penn State Univ., Univ. Park, PA 16802 The objective was to determine if the parasite, Apanteles melanoscelus could discriminate between diseased and healthy gypsy moth (GM) larvae. The disease agent used was the Gypsy Moth Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (GMNPV). The incidence and frequency of behaviors including parasite- host contacts, and subsequent ovipositor probing were used for indicating host preferences. The basic procedure involved transfer of 5 mated, female parasites with no prior host encounters into a test chamber containing 10 mid-3rd instar (55-80 mg) GM larvae. During confinement of the parasites with host larvae, behavioral activities of the parasites were video-recorded for 30 min. This approach was repeated a number of times for each of the following 4 preparations: healthy GM with movement unrestricted; healthy GM with movement restricted; diseased GM with movement restricted; and 5 diseased larval GM and 5 healthy larval GM in the same container with movement restricted. The results of this investigation indicated: (1) A. mel- 326 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY anosceliis females were able to distinguish between healthy and diseased hosts, as evidenced by behavioral discrimination, and (2) a greater per- centage of the healthy GM larvae were attacked by the parasites when compared to moribund, GMNPV-infected larvae. Such information would be important in assessing the efficacy of these two biological agents when being considered as components of GM management systems. The relationship of the maple cambium miner, Phytohia setosa (Loew) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to its host. W. E. Wallner and R. A. Gregory, U. S. Forest Service, Hamden, CT 06514 The maple cambium miner, P. setosa, attacks Acer spp. producing ray flecks which result in degrade in face veneer and furniture wood. The pur- i pose of this study was to determine the histological relationship of P. setosa { to sugar maple and determine if mines influenced sap sugar content. It was i found that while mines pass close to the vascular cambium the initial cells - were unaffected hence even though called a cambium miner it does not mine : in the cambium. The zone of newly differentiating xylem provides the path ' of least resistance for P. setosa larvae who mine from young shoots to roots. Mines quickly filled with parenchyma cells. When mature these cells stored starch and increased the starch content of the xylem. To determine if mines influenced sap sugar content 300 sugar maple trees were tapped during the fall and spring and sugar values were determined with a hand held refractometer. The 10 highest and 10 lowest trees were sacrificed and sap sugar levels were correlated with mine abundance at heights of 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 14 m on each tree. Flecks constituted up to 1% of cross-sectional area of xylem. However, there was no correlation between fleck number or area to sap sugar levels. Implications for parasite effectiveness of crossing Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with an exotic Apanteles from In- dia. R. M. Weseloh, Connecticut Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, CT 06504 An unidentified species of Apanteles from India is morphologically very similar to the established gypsy moth parasite, Apanteles melanoscelus, which was originally imported to North America from Europe. Behavioral tests showed that males of A. melanoscelus responded to the sex phero- mone produced by females of the Indian form, but not vice versa. In cross mating tests males of either strain successfully mated with females of the other to produce fertile female offspring, showing that they are functionally the same species. The two strains differ substantially in cocoon morphology, that of the Indian strain being surrounded by a “halo” of coarse silk which is much less evident in A. melanoscelus cocoons. F, hybrid females result- VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 327 ing from crosses between the two strains had intermediate cocoon halo dimensions as measured by the ratio of cocoon width (including halo) to cocoon length (not including halo). Back-crosses of these females with males of either strain resulted in regression of cocoon morphology toward the appropriate pure strain, suggesting multiple gene inheritance. These results have practical implications, as A. melanoscelus is heavily attacked by hy- perparasites in the field. The Indian strain, whose halo could serve as a barrier against hyperparasites, appears to have an inappropriate diapause response (i.e., not photoperiodically induced as it is for A. melanoscelus). Thus, incorporation of the halo into A. melanoscelus cocoons while retain- ing this strain’s desirable diapause characteristics might result in larger field populations of the parasite. Biotype variation and temperature effects on Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Ho- moptera: Aphidae). M. E. Whalon and Z. Smilowitz, Pesticide Research Lab., Penn State Univ., University Pk., PA 16802 Offspring, survival and thermal requirements per developmental stage for three biotypes of the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were determined over a range of constant temperatures from 12.4°-29.4°C. Biotypes originated from Pennsylvania, Maine and Washington state potato producing regions. Offspring produced, survival and thermal requirements were similar for all three biotypes. Offspring production increased from 12.4° to 15.6°C and then decreased as temperature increased. Percent sur- vival was high except at 29.4°C where only 26.7% survived. Thermal re- quirements, with 4°C as the lower developmental threshold, were 25.2, 27.1, 30.9, 30.7, 20.7, 74.2, 201.6 and 135.7, respectively, for instars 1-4, prere- productive adults, reproductive adults, longevity and generation time. Since the three aphid types were of distinct karyotype, by definition they are biotypes. This definition, however, is not operational because many distinct karyotypic colonies are produced within a single potato field through parthenogenetic reproduction. A suggested operational definition for green peach aphid biotypes classifies on the basis of applied characteristics, i.e., resistance or fitness. i Updating the green peach aphid forecast system with a monitoring proce- ( I dure. M. E. Whalon, B. A. Bajusz and Z. Smilowitz, The Penn. State Univ., : Univ. Park, PA 16802 A dynamic, deterministic-continuous model was developed and validated 1 for predicting green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), population ; development in the field. Laboratory studies of GPA development over a 328 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY range of constant temperatures provided an initial regression equation for predicting generation time. The model was derived by the regression of this independent variable on field sample data from plots maintained under Mal- thusian conditions, i.e., food limited only. Additional equations relating a management strategy (soil application of a systemic insecticide at planting) and predation were included in the overall model. A capacity to predict future GPA populations was built into the model by including an algorithm to calculate day degrees from climatic data. Weather forecasts, therefore, provide input for prediction of GPA populations. The model was used to evaluate various control strategies and to predict spray dates based on weather forecasts for 80 acres of commercial potatoes and 4 acres of experimental plots. The model was updated twice during the growing season. Water pan traps provided peak GPA immigration dates in each grower's field. A subsequent censored sample procedure and programmable calculator were utilized to estimate population parameters and parameter precision. These data were incorporated into the model via an update algorithm. Survey and detection of the alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhyncluis ligustici (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). H. R. Willson, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853 The distribution of O. ligustici in North America is limited to a four county area of New York. Accurate information on the dispersal of this species is essential to regulatory programs. In 1975, a grid survey of O. ligustici was initiated using the universal transverse mercator grid system. Alfalfa fields were sampled on a 10 km square grid to document areas of population establishment and dispersal. Initially, a biased method of digging 16 plants around the perimeter of each field sampled was followed to detect larvae of O. ligustici. Analysis of the detection results from the first 2 years of survey found that digging of 8 plants per field achieved 90% of the results obtained with digging 16 plants. Thus, inspector time spent per field in larval detection could be reduced. A computerized storage and retrieval system was developed to sort field data by coordinates. Since coordinates were assigned at hectare accuracy, the system can generate graphical printouts of the survey to aid decisions on future field efforts. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 329 A comparison of the effectiveness of Bacillus sphaericus/SSU-\ against Aedes stimulans and Ae. triseriatus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) at different temperatures. S. P. Wraight,' S. Singer^ and H. Jamnback,' NYS Science Service, Biol. Field Sta., Cambridge, NY* and Dept. Biol. Sci., Western Illinois Univ., Macomb, IL 12816- Mid to late third instar field collected Aedes stimulans were assayed at two temperatures against Bacillus sphaericus Strain SSII-1. Each assay consisted of seven different doses and one untreated control. Fifty larvae were exposed to each concentration of the bacterium in trays containing one liter of water at a depth of 1.5 cm. Larvae remained in the treated trays, and mortality was recorded until adult emergence. The inoculum used was taken from a ten day old synthetic broth culture with a total cell count of 4.24 X 10^ cells/ml, total viable count of 2.01 x 10** cells/ml and spore count of 1.01 X 10** spores/ml. Probit analysis indicated on LC.,,, of 7.23 x 10^ cells/ml (95% fiducial lim- its at 5.88 X 10^ and 8.42 x 10-^; slope = 5.27) at 27°C, while at 15-18°C over four times the number of cells was required to achieve 50% mortality (LC5,, = 2.93 X 10®; 95% limits at 2.27 x 10® and 3.54 x 10®; slope = 3.5). An even greater difference in the effective number of bacterial cells (5.8 fold) was observed at the LC95 levels (27°C — LC95 = 1.48 x 10® cells/ml, 95% limits at 1.22 x 10® and 2.13 x 10®; 15-18°C - LC95 = 8.64 x 10® cells/ml, 95% limits at 6.80 x 10® and 1.27 x lO*"). In both of the above assays, a large percentage of the observed mortality occurred during the pupal stage. At dosages near the LC95, most of the susceptible individuals succumbed within 6 days after treatment at 27°C and 14 days at 15-18°C. Results similar to those observed for Ae. stimulans have been obtained using laboratory reared Ae. triseriatus. Vector potential of Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) in central New York State. R. H. Zimmerman and C. D. Morris, State Univ. of New York, College of Env. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13201 The biology of Culiseta melanura has been extensively studied, but it’s vector potential neglected. Whether Cs. melanura is also the epizootic vec- tor, as well as the amplifying vector of EEE virus in central New York State is in debate. In either case control of this mosquito decreases virus infec- tions. By using artifical resting shelters the relative abundance and parous rates of Cv. melanura were monitored at 3 sites progressively farther from the center of a 5,000 acre swamp. Greatest numbers of Cs. melanura were first caught at the center site, but after the first week the perimeter site was more productive. The distant site had the fewest adults. Parity was pro- gressively higher with increasing distance from the swamp. Parous rates at 330 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | all three sites increased and were approximately equal at the beginning of | the year, but after the second emergence on July 31 parity was highest at ( the distant site. The number of parous females was 3.4 times greater at the perimeter site than at either of the other sites and, if all other factors were equal, the vector potential was greatest at the perimeter. Only 11% of a total of 405 pars collected at the distant site were caught before July 31. This would suggest an increase in importance of the distant site because EEE isolations occur after the second major emergence of Cs. melanura as do equine and human cases. Erratum The species figured in the Journal of the New York Entomological Soci- ety 86(3):212 is Mormidea collaris Distant. The caption for this figure was inadvertently omitted. VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 331 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS VOLUME LXXXVI Generic names begin with capital letters. New genera, species, sub- species, and varieties are printed in italics. The following items and articles are not indexed; Table 1. Species of Miridae collected from sweep samples in an old field from 10 May to 23 October 1977. p. 139; Table 1. Checklist of Plecoptera collected along Factory Brook, September 1973 to June 1976. p. 146-47; Figure 2. Seasonal occurrence of adult Plecoptera along Factory Brook, 1974 to 1976. p. 149. Acer, 326 Acheta domesticus, 297 Acilius mediatus, 3 1 1 semisulcatus, 3 1 1 sylvanus, 3 1 1 Acromyrmex, 132 crassispinus, 133 heyeri, 133 landolti fracticornis, 133 laticeps, 133 lundi pubescens, 133 octospinosus, 135 rugosus rugosus, 133 Acyrthosiphon pisum, 154 Adelphocoris, 137 rapidus, 137 Aedes, 306 aegypti, 57, 288 stimulans, 329 triseriatus, 329 Aesculus hippocastanum, 276 Agathis, 222 Agromyza frontella, 276, 294, 295, 309 Agrotis ipsilon, 317 Aleurocanthus woglumi, 121 Allocapnia, 147 Allonarcys biloba, 145 Alloperla, 147 caudata, 147 chloris, 147 Alloxysta victrix, 153 Alsophila pometaria, 319 Amazilia Candida, 260 tzacatl, 267 Amblyseius fallacis, 297 Amphinemura wui, 145 Ancylis comptana, 221 Anomma, 290 Anyphaena pectorosa, 308 Apanteles, 314, 326 cacoeciae, 222 melanoscelus, 314, 325, 326 Aphidius smithi, 153 Aphis, 308 Apis mellifera, 281, 286, 299 Archidispus, 87 insulanus, 87 longitarsus, 87 similis, 87 tarsalis, 87 Argyrotaenia velutinana, 311 Artipus, 318 Asaphes californicus, 153 lucens, 153 Aster, 138 Atta, 132 cephalotes, 135 colombica, 132 sexdens rubropilosa, 133 vollenweideri, 133 Baccharis halimifolia, 303 Bacillus coagulans, 285 sphaericus, 329 thuringiensis, 285 Blatella, 291 germanica, 291, 301,315 Brachymeria intermedia, 301 lasus, 302 Bracon, 222 Brassica campestris, 52 oleracea, 52, 323 Brepholoxa, 20 332 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Calliephialtes grapholithae, 222 notandus, 222 Campylopterus hemileucornus, 264 Carpocapsa pomonella, 221 Carpophilus lugubris, 292 Centeterus linearis, 222 Cerceris watlingensis, 318 Cercyonis pegala, 280 Ceriana abbreviata, 307 Chelone glabra, 280 Chlosyne, 54 Choristoneura rosaceana, 311 Chrysocharis punctifacies 295 Chrysopa, 305, 308 carnea, 295 oculata, 296 rufilabris, 296 Coccygomimus turionellae, 320 Coleomegilla maculata, 305 Colias, 48 Colinus virginanus, 303 Coliseta melanura, 329 Colletes, 293 inequalis, 294 thorncicus, 294 validus, 294 Copernica, 133 Cynodon dactylon, 42 Dacnusa dryas, 295 Danaus plexippus, 291 Daucus carota, 138 Dendrocerus carpenteri, 153 Dendrocoris, 20 Dermanyssus gallinae, 325 Dictyna sublata, 308 Diparopsis waters!, 277 Dipsacus sylvestris, 138 Distephana, 17 Domrownetes , 123 Dorylus (Anomma) molesta, 290 Drosophila, 282 melanogaster, 282, 302 Dryas, 2 iulia, 2 Dysaphis plantaginea, 308 Epiblema desertana, 222 otiosana, 221 scudderiana, 220 strenuana, 221 tripartitana, 222 Epilachna varivestis, 279 Erigeron, 138 Euchloe ausonides, 48 Eueides, 2 aliphera, 2 Isabella, 2 lybia, 2 Eulimnia, 277 philpotti, 277 Eupelmus momphae, 222 Euphonia hirundinacea, 260 Euphydryas, 54 phaeton, 280 Euschistus, 20, 102 acutus, 102 alaticollis, 102 anticus, 102 convergens, 102 grandus, 102 latus, 102 legionarius, 102 tauricornis, 102 variicornis , 102 Fiorinia externa, 309 Glypta rufiscutellaris, 221 Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis, 222 Granadilla, 17 Graphoderus liberus, 311 Grapholitha molesta, 221 packardii, 221 prunivora, 221 Haplaxius crudus, 37 Heliconia, 267 Heliconius, 16 cydno, 17 hecale, 17 Heliothis armigera, 277 Hentzia palmarum, 308 Heteroplectron americanum, 313 Hieracium, 138 Hypera postica, 316 Hypsochila, 49 Ilex crenata, 306 Imparipes, 87 cupes, 87 Isoperla, 147 Clio, 145 Itaballia, 49 VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 333 Jalysus spinosus, 321 Mormidea, 161 angidosa, 161 Lasioseius, 260 hrevis , 161 Laspeyresia caryana, 221 dana, 161 pomonella, 57 faisana, 161 Lepidium ruderale, 52 isUi, 161 strictum, 52 Jheringi, 161 virginicum, 46 leinoulti, 161 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 292 lunar a, 161 Leptothrips mali, 308, 312 pama, 161 Leuctra ferruginea, 147 pulchella, 161 tenuis, 147 pullata, 161 Lixophaga thoracica, 222 prof ana, 161 Lopidea, 137 rugosa, 161 heidemanni, 141 spegazzini , 161 marginalis, 141 tristis, 161 media, 137 vaya, 161 Loxa, 224 Moromorpha , 161 assimilis , 224 columhicie , 224 e.xsul, 224 flavicollis ohtusa, 224 melunitci, 224 orthacantha , 224 parapallida , 224 peruviensis , 224 planifrons , 224 prasinci, 224 scutellaris , 224 vicina, 224 Lycopersicum esculentum, 292 Lygocerus niger, 154 Lygus, 137 lineolaris, 137 vanduzeei, 140 Lymantria dispar, 275, 278, 284, 285, 2i, 300, 303, 314 Macrocentrus pallisteri, 222 Macromia taeniolata, 307 Magnolia soulangeana, 276 Mallota bautias, 307 posticata, 307 Manduca sexta, 299, 321 Matsucoccus resinosae, 323 Medicago saliva, 276 Melissopus latiferreanus, 221 Metaphidippus galathea, 308 Miathyria marcella, 307 Microtonus aethiopoides, 310 Misumenops oblongus, 308 Mi tripus, 102 Murraya paniculata, 121 Musca domestica, 299 Myzus persicae, 305, 322, 327 Nabis, 305, 321 Nathalis iole, 46, 55 Neolimnia, 277 tranquilla, 277 Odmalea, 20 hasaUs, 20 concolor, 20 nor da , 20 olivacea, 20 pallida, 20 quadripunctula , 20 quadripunctuia modesta, 20 vega, 20 Oenopiella testacea, 161 Oligonychus ilicis, 306 Oncopeltus fasciatus, 281 Operophtera brumata, 319 Ophraella sexvittata, 141 Orius insidiosus, 305 Ornithonyssus sylviarum, 325 Orthosia hibisci, 296, 304 Ostrinia nubilalis, 284, 298 Ostrocerca albidipennis, 145 complexa, 145 truncata, 145 Otiorhynchus ligustid, 328 Panonychus ulmi, 313 Paragnetina immarginata, 147 334 NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Paraspeleognathopsis exul, 123 Paspalum notatum, 42 Passiflora adenopoda, 2 auriculata, 2 biflora, 10 platyloba, 2 suberosa, 2 vitifolia, 2 Pentatoma scutellata, 161 Perilampus fulvicornis, 221 Periplaneta, 314 americana, 314 australasicae, 314 brunnea, 314 fuliginosa, 314 japonica, 314 Perlesta placida, 145 Perlinella drymo, 145 Phaethornis augusti, 263 superciliosus, 260 yaruqui, 267 Phiddippus audax, 308 Philodromus placidus, 308 Phulia, 45 Piercolias, 45 Pieris, 45 beckeri, 49 brassicae, 49, 54 callidice, 45, 51 napi, 48 occidentalis, 45 protodice, 45, 52 rapae, 48, 54, 323 sisymbrii, 49 Pierphulia, 49 Plagiognathus, 137 chrysanthemi, 141 cuneatus, 141 politus, 141 Plantago, 138 lanceolata, 280 Platynota flavedana, 308 Plectostemma, 2 Pogonomyrmex, 134 Polymerus, 137 vanaticus, 137 Popillia japonica, 275 Potamogeton, 280 Potamopyrgus antipodarum, 277 Proctolaelaps, 260 belemensis, 260 belemensis belemensis, 263 belemensis cyanocompsae, 263 hunteri, 262 kirmsei, 260 tnexicanus , 260 spiralis, 260 Prostoia similis, 145 Proteoteras aesculana, 221 Prunus pennsylvanica, 276 virginiana, 276 Pseudaletia unipuncta, 316 Pseudeucoila, 282, 302 bochii, 282 Pseudolimnia, 277 Psorophora ferox, 306 Psyalla pyricola, 279 Pyrausta nubilalis, 221 Pyrrhalta luteola, 303 Pytobia setosa, 326 Raphanus sativus, 52 Reliquia santamarta, 45, 54 Rhagoletis pomonella, 283, 286 Rhinoseius, 260 heliconiae, 260 mathewsoni, 260 phaethornis, 264 Robinia pseudoacacia, 276 Rubus allegheniensis, 276 Scambus deceptor, 222 granulosis, 222 pterophori, 221 Scolytus multitriatus, 312 Scutacarus (S.) curtus, 87 meansi, 87 subellipticus, 87 unicus indefinitus , 87 (Variatipes) suhaffinis , 87 Serjania cf. atrolineata, 2 Simulium nyssa, 280 penobscotensis, 280 Slaterocoris, 137 atritibialis, 141 breviatus, 141 stygicus, 141 Solanum tuberosum, 305 Solidago, 137 altissima, 138 canadensis, 137 gigantea, 138 VOLUME LXXXVI, NUMBER 4 335 graminifolia, 138, 220 juncea, 138 rugosa, 138 Sparganium, 280 Speleognathopsis michigensis, 123 Speleorodens, 123 clethrionomys, 123 michif’ensis , 123 Sphiximorpha signifera, 307 Spilomyia, 307 Spiraea prunifolia, 276 Spodoptera exigua, 298 frugiperda, 57, 297 Stenotaphrum secundatum, 42 Stethorus punctum, 308 Streptomyces, 285 Supella, 291 longipalpa, 291 Taeniopteryx maura, 147 Tarsonemus, 66 acerhilis, 66 ascitus, 66 bUikemorei . 66 confusus, 66 edwardi, 66 granarius, 66 imitatus, 66 socius, 66 vulgaris, 66 waitei, 66 Tatochila, 45 xanthodice, 51 Temnostoma, 307 Tenodera sinensis, 319 Tetranychus urticae, 297 Thelazia, 289 gulosa, 289 skrjabini, 289 Theridion albidum, 308 Thoreyella, 20 brasiliensis, 20 pulchra , 20 Threnetes leucurus, 263 Tilia americana, 317 Trichoplusia ni, 297 Trirhabda baccharidis, 303 Vaccinium corymbosum, 276, 315 Vanessa cardui, 291 Vespula maculifrons, 304 Viburnum, 138 Vicia fava, 154 >>V- ' > .. -if ^ «#*ti'» ,^r^itf'"Atj4''.' 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«>«« ... -^,..«U...., , Ijf ,.* rtl&_ i1f ' *■ ■ ■%! ^ ^ma ifpii Journal of the IVew York E]\TOMOLOCiICAL SOCIETY Devoted to Entomology in General VOLUME LXXXVI Published by the Society New York. N.Y. INDEX OF AUTHORS ABDEL-MONEM, A. H., E. A. CAMERON and R. O. MUMMA. Toxicological studies on the molt-inhibiting insecticide (EL-494) against the gypsy moth (Lymuntria dispar L.) and effect on chitin biosynthesis 275 AHMAD, S. Toxicological response of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs to insecticides 275 ANDALORO, J. T., T. M. PETERS and A. J. ALICANDRO. Correlation of common plant taxa phenologies to development of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) 276 BA-ANGOOD, S. A. Integrated control of cotton bollworms in P.D.R. of Yemen 277 BARNES, J. K. Bionomics of the New Zealand genera Neolimniu and Eulimniu (Dip- tera: Sciomyzidae) 111 BELL, R. A., M. SHAPIRO, and C. OWENS. Simplified artificial diet and rearing techniques for the gypsy moth, Lymuntria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) 378 BELLINGER, R. G. and G. P. DIVELY. Development of sequential sampling plans for insect defoliation on soybeans 278 BENNETT, ALFRED W. and DANIEL J. SULLIVAN, S. J. Defensive behavior against tertiary parasitism by the larva of Dendrocerus carpenteri an aphid hyper- parasitoid 153 BODE, W. M. Performance of selected insecticides against pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Psyllidae) 277 BOOBAR, L. R. and J. GRANETT. Sampling procedures for collecting Simulium penohscotensis Snoddy and Bauer (Diptera: Simuliidae) and other Maine black flies 280 BOWERS, M. D. Palatability studies on Euphydryas phaeton (Lepidoptera: Nym- phalidae) 280 BROWN, M. W. and C. W. RUTSCHKY. Discriminant function analysis of the ab- dominal coloration variations in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatiis (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) 281 I CARON, D. M. and G. D. WALLER. Measuring honey bee foraging responses with an artificial flower 281 CHABORA, P. C. and S. J. SMOLIN. Observations on the life history of Pseu- deucoila spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) 282 COGGIN, D. L. and G. P. DIVELY. Simulated defoliation and depodding effects on yield and quality of baby lima beans 283 CRNJAR, R. M., R. J. PROKOPY and V. G. DETHIER. Electrophysiological identi- fication of oviposition-deterring pheromone receptors in Rhagoletis pomonella (Dip- teral Tephritidae) 283 DAOUST, R. A. and H. B. GUNNER. Synergistic microbial attack on Lyniantria dispur L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) 284 DELFINADO, MERCEDES D. Terrestrial mites of New York — VI. Further Notes on Tarsonemidae (Acarina) 66 DELFINADO, M. D. and E. W. BAKER. Terrestrial mites of New York — VII. Key to the species of Scutacaridae and descriptions of new species 87 DIVELY, G. P., II and J. E. McCULLY. The nature and distribution of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) feeding injury on snap beans 284 DOWELL, ROBERT V., GEORGE E. FITZPATRICK and FORREST W. HOWARD. Activity and dispersal of first instar larvae of the citrus blackfly 121 DUBOIS, N. R. Effect of chitinase on the peritrophic membrane of Lyniantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae 285 EGER, JOSEPH E., II. Revision of the genus Loxa (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) 224 FEIN, B. L., W. H. REISSIG and W. L. ROELOFS. Attraction of apple maggot Rhagoietis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) females to apple volatiles in wind tunnel bioassays 286 FELL, R. D. Queen cell production and control in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 286 FORGASH, A. J., N. C. RESPICIO and B. K. KHOO. Contact action of difluben- zuron on eggs and larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lyman- triidae) 287 FOWLER, HAROLD G. Foraging trails of leaf-cutting ants 132 FRANKLIN, E. R. and T. H. KUNZ. The structure and dynamics of arthropod com- munities of bat guano ecosystems 288 FRYAUFF, D. J. and D. J. SUTHERLAND. Esterase variation in female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Isozyme characterization and the influence of adult ageing 288 GAGNE, R. J. A hypothesis for the distribution of holarctic groups of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) ' 289 GEDEN, C. J. and J. G. STOFFOLANO, JR. Temporal patterns of parasitization of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) by Thelazia sp. (Bose) (Nematoda: Spirurata) on three dairy farms in Western Massachusetts 289 GOLDSTEIN, NEIL 1. and ARTHUR H. MeINTOSH. The glycoproteins of insect cells in culture 56 GOTWALD, W. H., JR. Emigration behavior of the East African driver ant, Dorylus (Anomma) molesta Gerstaecker (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae) 290 GRANT, S. T. Differences in maze-learning ability in two species of lepidopteran larvae 291 ii GRIPPO, R. S. and 1. HUBER. Courtship of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae) 291 HARE, J. D. and J. A. DODDS. Changes in food quality of an insect’s marginal host species associated with a plant virus 292 HARRISON, F. P. and J. C. RICHARDSON. Dusky sap beetle Carpophilus luguhris (ColeOptera: Nitidulidae): Control in sweet corn 292 HARRISON, F. P., R. A. BEAN and O. J. QAWIYY. The insects important in no- tiil corn in Maryland and their control 293 HEFETZ, A. and S. W. T. BATRA. The origin of the cell lining in the nests of Colletes bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) 293 HELGESEN, R. G. and F. BAXENDALE. Feeding activity of the alfalfa blotch leaf- miner, A.gromyzw frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) 294 HENDRICKSON, R. M., JR. Establishment of Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and chrysochuris punctifacies Delucchi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasites of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Delaware 295 HENRY, C. S. Acoustical communication during courtship and mating in green lace- wings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 295 HILL, A. S. and W. L. ROELOFS. Two sex attractants for male speckled green fruitworm moths, Orthosia hibisci Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 296 HISLOP, R. G., N. ALVES and R. J. PROKOPY. Kairomone of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) influencing host-searching behavior of its predator, Am- hlyseius fallucis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) 297 HOFMASTER, R. N. and J. FRANCIS. Synthetic pyrethroids to control insect pests of vegetable crops 297 HORSBURGH, R. L. Introducing integrated control in Virginia apple orchards: Techniques for involving and training growers 298 HOWER, A. A. Potato leafhopper density and its relationship to alfalfa quality 298 HYLAND, K. E., A. FAIN and A. S. MOORHOUSE. Ascidae associated with the nasal cavities of Mexican birds (Acarina: Mesostigmata) 260 JONES, J. C. and R. J. RUSCHELL. Hemocytes, cell death, hemolymph coagulation and melanization in insects 299 JUBB, G. L., JR., T. H. OBOURN and D. H. PETERSEN. Experience with grape pest management in Erie County, Pennsylvania 299 KAPIN, M. A. and S. AHMAD. Estimation of esterase activity in gypsy moth, Ly- mantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larval tissues 300 KEIL, C. B. Basic studies of chiasma frequency in male Blatella germanica (Dicty- optera: Blattellidae) 301 KHOO, B. K., S. B. RAMASWAMY, N. C. RESPICIO and A. J. FORGASH. In- duction of multiple progeny emergence of the gypsy moth parasitoid, Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) by Dimilin® 301 KOPELMAN, A. and P. C. CHABORA. Resource availability and reproductive variation in Pseiideucoila spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) 302 KRAFT, S. K. and R. F. DENNO. Physical and chemical defenses of the salt marsh shrub, Baccharis halimifolia L. (Compositae) against insect herbivory 303 LAUTENSCHLAGER, R. A., J. D. PODGWAITE and H. ROTHEN BACHER. Ef- fects of field application of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lyman- triidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus) on birds 303 iii LIENK, S. E. and P. J. CHAPMAN. Flight periods of OrthosUi hihisci Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in relation to the calendar, temperature and host develop- ment 304 LORD, W. D. and R. R. ROTH. Is there intraspecific competition in Vespula macuU- frons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) ? 304 MACK, T. P. and Z. SMILOWITZ. Diurnal, seasonal and relative abundance of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) predators 305 MAGNARELLI, L. A. Feeding behavior of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on mammals 306 MAGUE, D. L. and H. T. STREU. Seasonal population growth of the southern red mite, OUgonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae), infesting Japanese holly in New Jersey 306 MAIER, C. T. Evolution of Batesian mimicry in the Syrphidae (Diptera) 307 MAY, M. L. Energy metabolism and heat exchange in flying dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) 307 McCaffrey, j. P. and R. L. HORSBURGH. Laboratory feeding studies with selected spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Virginia apple orchards 308 McClure, M. S. Self-regulation in scale insect populations on hemlock 309 MELLORS, W. K. and R. G. HELGESEN. Modelling for pest management: Analysis of environmental and inherent developmental rate variation on emergence in the alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) 309 MESSINA, FRANK J. Mirid fauna associated with old-field goldenrods (Sotidago: Compositae) in Ithaca, N.Y. 137 MORALES, J. and A. A. HOWER. Thermal requirements for development of the parasile Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 310 NEVES, RICHARD J. Seasonal succession and diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Factory Brook, Massachusetts 144 NEWHART, A. T. and R. O. MUMMA. Separation and quantitation of dytiscid de- fensive secretions using high-pressure liquid chromatography 311 NOVAK, M. A., W. H. REISSIG, and W. L. ROELOFS. Orientation disruption of Argyrotaenia velutinana and Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) male moths 31 1 O’CALLAGHAN, D. P., E. M. GALLAGHER and G. N. LANIER. Field evaluation of pheromone baited trap-trees to control elm bark beetles 312 O'CONNOR, BARRY M. A redescription of Speleorodens michigensis (Ford) n. comb. (Acari: Ereynetidae), a nasal mite of microtine rodents, with comments on generic relationships in the speleognathinae 123 PARRELLA, M. P. and R. L. HORSBURGH. Laboratory rearing of Lepiothrips wa/; (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) 312 PATTERSON, J. W. and R. L. VANNOTE. Life history and population dynamics of Heteroplectron americanum (Walker) (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) 313 PLAKIDAS, JOHN D. Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), a winter host reservoir for parasitic insects in southwestern Pennsylvania 220 POLLACK, E. H. and A. J. FORGASH. Indirect effects of gypsy moth Lymantha dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) insecticides on the parasite Apanteles melano- scelus (Ratzenberg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 314 IV POWELL, P. K. and W. H. ROBINSON. Morphology and taxonomy of first-stage nymphs of five Periplaneta Burmeister (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) 314 RAJOTTE, E. G. and R. B. ROBERTS. Complementary foraging of bee species in blueberries 315 RAMASWAMY, S. B. and A. P. GUPTA. Effect of juvenile hormone on mating be- havior of female German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattel- lidae) 315 ROBERTS, J. E. and M. T. SNIDER. Aerial application for the control of alfalfa weevil larvae {Hypera postica) in Virginia, 1978 316 ROBERTS, J. E. and M. T. SNIDER. True armyworm {Pseudaletiu unipiincta) con- trol in Virginia, 1978 316 ROBERTS, J. E. and M. T. SNIDER. Field evaluation of post emergence control of cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) in Virginia, 1978 317 ROBERTS, R. B. and E. G. RAJOTTE. Variability in nectar production by an Amer- ican linden l 317 ROLSTON, L. H. A revision of the genus Odmalea Bergroth (Hemiptera: Penta- tomidae) 20 ROLSTON, L. H. A new subgenus of Euschistus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) 102 ROLSTON, L. H. A revision of the genus Mortnideci (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) 161 SALBERT, P. and N. ELLIOTT. Aspects of the nesting behavior of Cerceris wcit- lingensis in relation to its geographical location (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) 318 SCHAUFF, M. E. and J. C. JONES. The sexual behavior of Tenodera sinensis (Saus) (Orthoptera: Mantidae) 319 SCHNEIDER, J. C. The adaptive significance of the latitudinal dine in oviposition site of Alsophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) 319 SCHULTS, J. C., P. J. NOTHNAGLE and R. T. HOLMES. Dietary preferences and patterns of occurrence of Lepidoptera larvae in a northern hardwoods forest 320 SCHULTZ, P. B. Biological and physical influences on the mass rearing of Coccygomi- mus turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 320 SEMTNER, P. J. and J. E. ROBERTS, SR. Occurrence of beneficial insects on flue-cured tobacco treated with soil insecticides 321 SHAPIRO, ARTHUR M. The life history of Reliquia santamarta, a neotropical al- pine Pierine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) 45 SHAPIRO, ARTHUR M. The life history of an equatorial montane butterfly, Tato- .ranf/iO(7(ce (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) 51 SHAPIRO, M., R. A. BELL and C. D. OWENS. Influence of diet upon gypsy moth NPV production 322 SMILOWITZ, Z., M. E. WHALON, C. A. MARTINKA and E. S. NOLAN. Inter- facing green peach aphid, Myzus persicue (Sulz.) damage with season potato plant growth 322 SMITH, J. H. and W. G. YENDOL. The effect of larval host exposure on the ovi- position preferences of Pieris rapcie 323 STEPHENS, G. R. Effect of low temperature on survival of red pine scale Matsu- coccus resinosae Bean and Godwin (Homoptera: Margarodidae) 323 SURLES, W. W. and W. L. EKINS. White grub control in turf with Bendiocarb (NC 6897) 324 V TURNER, E. C., JR. Biology and control of the Northern fowl mite on caged layers 325 VERSOI, P. L. and W. G. YENDOL. Recognition of virus-diseased gypsy moth \ar\ae by Apanteles melanoscelus Ratzenburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 325 WALLNER, W. E. and R. A. GREGORY. The relationship of the maple cambium miner, Phytohki setosa (Loew) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to its host 326 WESELOH, R. M. Implications of parasite effectiveness of crossing Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzenburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with an exotic Apanteles from India 326 WHALON, M. E. and Z. SMILOWITZ. Biotype variation and temperature effects on Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Homoptera: Aphidae) 327 WHALON, M. E., B. A. BAJUSZ and Z. SMILOWITZ. Updating the green peach aphid forecast system with a monitoring procedure 327 WILLSON, H. R. Survey and detection of the alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhynchus lipustici L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) 328 WOODIEL, NEIL L. and JAMES H. TSAI. A rotary flight trap used for sampling Hapla.xius crudus (Homoptera: Cixiidae) in coconut groves 37 WRAIGHT, S. P., S. SINGER and H. JAMNBACK. A comparison of the effective- ness of Bacillus sphaericuslSSU-\ against Aedes stimulans and A. triseriatus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) at different temperatures 329 YOUNG, ALLEN M. Spatial properties of niche separation among Eueides and Dryas butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica 2 ZIMMERMAN, R. H. and C. D. MORRIS. Vector potential of Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) in central New York State 329 Book Reviews MARAMOROSCH, KARL. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. An illustrated practical guide. Warren T. Johnson and Howard H. Lyon 36 MARAMOROSCH, KARL. Virus and microplasma diseases of plants in India. S. P. Rauchaudhuri and T. K. Nariani 63 MARAMOROSCH, KARL. Biochemical interaction between plants and insects. James W. Wallace and Richard L. Mansell 63 7 VI : iaj <» 3* Journal of the New York Entomological Society vol. 85-86 1977-78 59.57.06(7^7) J# T»*an#p