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Alex. Agassiz.

IJtbrai'u of tin S^useum

1

OF

1

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

JFounirt bu private siibscvt|3tton, in 18(J1.

Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ.

No. ^a^^

JOURNAL

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

_ ,.,, .- _ (7 7 ]'y f- '^

ZOOLOGY. , , _

v-x/. iL. h'^.i-XlU.Mi V

VOL. IV.

LONDON:
LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS AND ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1860.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED HON COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page

Garner, Robert, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Shell-bearing MoUusca, particularly with regard to Struc-
ture and Form 35

Hanley, Sylvanus, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Linnean Manuscript of the ' Museum Ulricae ' 43

Huxley, Prof. T. H., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural
History, Government School of Mines.
On the Dermal Armour of Jacare and Caiman, with Notes on
the Specific and Generic Characters of recent Crocodilia 1

Salter, S. J. A., Esq., M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S.

On the Moulting of the Common Lobster {Homarus vulgaris)
and Shore Crab ( Carcinus mcenas) 30

Sandwith, Hon. H., M.D., C.B., Colonial Secretary of the Mauritius.
On the Habits of the " Aye-Aye " {Cheiromys madagascariensis,
L., Cuv.) 28

Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Makessar, in
Celebes, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species 90

Wallace, A. R., Esq.

On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago 1/2

Index 185

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

On the dermal armour of Jacare and Caiman, with notes on the
Specific and Greneric Characters of recent Crocodilia. By T.
H. Htjxlet, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S., Prof, of Nat. History,
Gov. School of Mines.

[Read Feb. I7th, 1859.]

In the course of a recent investigation into the nature of the singu-
lar extinct reptile, Stagonolepis, I was led to inquire somewhat
minutely into the character of the exoskeleton, or dermal armour,
of the existing Crocodilia. To my surprise, I found that very little
detailed information on this subject was to be obtained from the
standard repertories of Comparative Anatomy, or even from the
special monographs on Crocodilian structiu-e and classification ;
but I was still more astonished to discover, among whole genera
of recent Crocodilia, an exoskeleton possessed of characters such as
have been universally supposed to be peculiar to long extinct forms
of the order, and whose existence in any recent species has hitherto,
so far as I can ascertain, been completely overlooked.

The attempt to discover the limits within which this remarkable
exoskeleton is to be found, led me to look, more critically than I
had previously done, into the arrangement and specific characteriza-
tion of the recent Crocodilia. I have thereby arrived at results
which, imperfect as they are, may be of service by leading others to
inquire into the exact characters of species not at present within my

lilNN. PBGC— ZOOLOOT. 1

Z PEOF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

reach ; and I thei'efore propose to preface my account of the pecu-
liarities of the exoskeleton in two of the genera of recent Croco-
diles with some remarks on the classification of the group, and
with a few notes upon the characters of the species and the limits
of the genera.

Everyone is acquainted with the great improvement effected in
this branch of Herpetology by Cuvier, who divided the Crocodiles,
wliich he regarded as constituting only a single genus, into the
tliree subgenera AlVicjatores, Crocodili, and Longirostres. Subse-
quent writers have admitted these highly natural subdivisions ;
but there has been a constant tendency to raise their rank. The
genus Crocodilus has become the order Crocodilia ; the subgenera
Alligatores, &c., have been elevated into families ; Dr. Grray has
shown that the Alligatores must be divided into three genera, and
that there are at least two genera of Crocodili ; and, while one of
Cuvier' s species of Longirostres has been suppressed, the group
is very generally retained with a changed name (^Gavialis), a
very important addition having been made to it in the Crocodilus
Schlegelii of Miiller and Schlegel.

Unless the considerable materials contained in the British
Museum, the Hunterian collection, the collection of Dr. Grant,
and the Christchurch Museum at Oxford had been freely placed
at my disposal, I should have been wholly unable to acquire the
information contained in the following pages. It is only right,
therefore, that I should take this opportunity of offering my
thanks to my friends Dr. Gray, Prof. Quekett, Dr. Grant, and
Dr. EoUeston for the many fecilities they have liberally aftbrded
me.

The recent species of the order Crocodilia are divisible into
three families, which correspond with the original subgenera of
Cuvier, and may be termed the Alligatoridw, the Crocodilidts, and
the Gavialidce.

I. In tlie ALLiaATOBiD^ the teeth are strong and unequal, and
the posterior ones differ greatly in shape from the anterior. The
anterior pair of mandibular teeth, and the fourth pair (or the so-
called canines) are received into pits in the margins of the premaxilla
and maxilla ; while the mandibular teeth behind these pass inside,
and not between, the maxillary teeth. The mandibular symphysis
does not extend back beyond the level of the fifth tooth, and often
not nearly so far. The line of the premaxillo-maxillary suture on
the palate is sti-aight, or convex forwards. The wide posterior
nares look downwards, and are situated forwards on the palate.

CHAEACTEES OF RECENT CEOCODILIA. S

This family embraces three genera, readily distinguishable by
osteological characters — Alligator, Caiman, and Jacare.

Genus 1. Alligator.

Dental formula, ^^Ei^. 9th maxillary tooth the largest of its
series. The snout is very broad, flattened, and rounded at the
end. There is an indistinct longitudinal interorbital ridge ; and
there are two short ridges along the line of junction of the pre-
frontal and lachrymal bones. The aperture of the external nares
is divided into two parts, by the prolongation forwards of the nasal
bones. The supra-temporal fossae are well-marked and open, though
not large. The vomers do not appear in the palate. The feet
are well webbed. The dorsal bony scutes are not articulated
together ; and there are no ventral scutes.

This genus contains only one species, the well-known Alligator
3Iississipiensis, or lucius, which is exclusively North American.

Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ed. 4. vol. ix. p. 211) gives the appearance
of the vomer in the palate as a general character of the Alligator es ;
but this bone is not visible in the palate of any of those Alligatores
which Cuvier would have referred to his A. lucius or A.palpehrosus,
and which form the genera Alligator and Cahnan as here defined.
The vomers are in fact as slender and delicate as in the Crocodile,
and extend only between the level of the tenth maxillary tooth an-
teriorly and the descending processes of the prefrontal posteriorly.

What may be called the median nares, or the arch formed by
the postero-lateral part of the vomer and the anterior and superior
lamina of the palatine bone on each side (which would constitute
the posterior boundary of the posterior nares, if the palatine and
pterygoid bones gave off no inferior or palatine processes), are
situated nearly on a level with the twelfth tooth, or with the
palato-maxillary suture.

Genus 2. Caiman.

Dental formida ^^^ (Natterer). The face is without median

or transverse ridges, but it is sharply angulated along a line which
extends from the orbit forwards along the sides of the snout. The
anterior nasal aperture is undivided in the dry skull. The vomers
do not appear in the palate. The supra-temporal fossae are obli-
terated, the circumjacent bones uniting over them. The webs of
the feet are rudimentary. The dorsal scutes are articulated to-
gether by lateral sutures and anterior and posterior facets ; and
there is a ventral shield, consisting of similarly articulated scutes.

1*

4 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

Natterer* bas described tbree species of Caiman — G. pal/pebro-
sus, O. trigonatus, aud C. gibhiceps. Tbe Caimans abound chiefly
in tropical South America ; but they are found as far north as
Mexico, a specimen of C. palpehrosus in Dr. Grant's collection
coming from that country.

Genus 3. J AC are.

The snout is broad, and rounded at the endf- Each prefrontal
bone is traversed close to its anterior extremity by the ends of a
strong transverse ridge, which then curve round and pass forwards
on the lachrymal and maxillary bones, to subside opposite the
ninth tooth. The anterior nasal aperture is not divided by bone.
The vomers, separated by a longitudinal suture, appear in the
palate between the premaxillaries and the palatine plates of the
maxillaries. The temporal fossa), though not large, are open. The
webs of the feet are small. The dorsal scutes are articulated
together, as in the preceding genus ; and there are similarly-arti-
culated ventral scutes. There are 18-20 teeth on each side, above
and below ; and the fourth tooth in the upper jaw is the largest.
The mandibular symphysis extends back nearly to the fifth tooth.

In a skull of Jaca/t^e (Jlssipes ?), 19 inches long, in the British
Museum, I find that part of the vomer wliich is visible in the
palate to be a rhomboidal plate, somewhat truncated anteriorly, and
rather more than 1\ inch long and 1 inch wide. Its anterior end
comes within |ths of an inch of the posterior margin of the an-
terior palatal foramen. Its posterior margin reaches to the level
of the eighth tooth. The visible portion of each vomer is onlv its
anterior end, which forms a thick and solid wedge-shaped plate,
broader in front than behind, and articulating by a rough anterior
and outer face with the premaxilla, by an obliquely ridged pos-
terior and outer face with the maxiUa, and by its internal face
with its fellow. Its upper, rounded surface projects but little
into the nasal passage. 2^ inches behind its anterior end, the
posterior and upper extremity of the vomer passes into a thin and
narrow plate of bone, whose plane is at first inclined at an angle
of 45° to that of the anterior part of the bone, but gradually
becomes vertical ; as it does so it deepens, until, 3 inches behind

* " Beitrag ziir niihercn Kenntniss der Sudamerikanischen Alligatoren,"
' Annaleii des Wiener Mus.,' Band i.

t According to Natterer, the dental formula of J. nigra and J. fissipes is

-- — -, of J. sclerops — — — , of J. rallifrom and J. vunctulata ,_— r^.

CHARACTERS OF RECENT CROCODILTA. 5

the anterior extremity, tlie vomer is a thin vertical plate of bone,
■|ths of an inch deep, which articulates below with the 2)alatiiie
plate of the maxilla, and, about 1 inch behind this, with the pala-
tine plate of the palatine bone. The upper edge of this plate nowhere
extends to one-third of the height of tlie nasal chamber. It gives
off a horizontal process outwards, which, gradually increasing
in width, inclines downwards until it comes into contact, first,
with the inner surface of the maxilla, and, fths of an inch behind
this, with the nasal plate of the palatine bone. In front of its
junction with the maxilla, the horizontal plate of the vomer presents
a long free edge, concave externally ; and this bovmds the median
nares internally 9,nd posteriorly. Throughout its junction with tlie
maxilla, the horizontal plate is parallel-sided ; but after it joins the
palatine bone, it gradually narrows posteriorly, in consequence of
the gradual increase in width of the palatine, and ends almost in
a point, 6| inches behind its anterior end. The posterior edge of
the vertical plate is extremely thin, and |-ths of an inch deep. It
articulates with the anterior end of the vertical plate of the ptery-
goid, while the straight inferior edge articulates throughout Avith
the palatine plate of the palatine bone. The vomers terminate
midway between the median nares and the descending process of
the prefrontal. The median nares are bounded entirely by the
vomer and the maxilla. They correspond with the nasal face of
the palato-maxillary suture, but are rather behind its palatine
face, and they are about on a level with the interval between the
tenth and eleventh teeth. If the anterior edge of the palatine
bone bounded them, they woiild be a little behind the twelfth
tooth. The posterior nares, 2-1- inches wide, by |-ths of an inch
long, look altogether downwards, are completely divided by a bony
septum, and have the form of a rhomboid with its narrowest side
posterior. They are surrounded by a strong raised ridge, incom-
plete only at the anterior and outer angles of the rhomboid.

Five species oi Jacare are enumerated by Natterer— Jlj^s^^^je^,
J. selerops, J. nigra, J. punctulata, and J. vallifrons. They have
met with only in Soiith America.

II. In the family of the Crocodilid^ the teeth are usually
strong and very unequal in size, and there is always a considerable
difference between the anterior and the posterior teeth. The two
anterior mandibular teeth are received into pits in the premax-
illa ; bvit the canines pass into grooves (which may be converted
into fossae) situated at the junction of the premaxilla and maxilla.

b PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECTETC AND GENERIC

The other mandibular teeth are received between the maxillary
teeth. The symphysis of the lower jaw does not extend beyond
the level of the seventh or the eighth mandibular tooth. The
premaxillo -maxillary suture may be either straight or strongly
convex backwards. The divided vomers do not appear in the
palate. The posterior nares look more or less backwards, and
are transversely elongated. The supra-temporal fossae are always
open, and the feet are distinctly webbed. The dorsal scutes are
not articulated ; and tliere are no ventral scutes.

Two genera, Crocodilus and Mecistops, are distinguishable in
this family.

Genus 4. Crocodilus.

The teeth are always strong and very unequal, the strongest in
the upper jaw being the tenth. The mandibular symphysis does
not extend beyond the level of the sixth tooth. There are usually
six cervical scutes, in two rows, or forming a rhomb, and separated
by a distinct interval from the tergal scutes. There are 18 or 19
teeth above, and 15 below, on each side.

1. Crocodilus vulgaris.

As Cuvier has remarked, it is extremely difficult to find good
distinctive characters for all the species of this genus. My first
difficulty was to ascertain the precise characters of tluit species
which has been misnamed vulgaris, inasmuch as I could find
neither in the British Museum, nor in the Museum of the Eoyal
College of Surgeons, any authentic skeleton or skull of this, the
so-called Nilotic Crocodile. This difficulty subsisted up to the
time that the chief statements contained in the present essay were
laid before the Linnean Society ; but since then I have been en-
abled, by Dr. G-ray's permission, to examine the skull of a small
stuffed specimen, brought to this coxmtry from Egypt by Sir
Gardner Wilkinson, and to study the splendid entire skeleton of a
Crocodilus vulgaris in the Christchui'ch Museum at Oxford, pre-
sented to that Institution by the gentlemen who shot it on the Nile,
and set up with great care under the auspices of my friend Dr.
EoUeston, Lee's Reader in Anatomy and Curator of the Museum.
Fortunately the entire skin has been preserved ; so that this is the
most complete record of the hard parts of any individual crocodile
with which 1 am acquainted, besides being, so far as I am aware,
the only authentic entire skeleton of Crocodilus vulgaris in this

CHAEACTEKS OF BECENT CEOCODILIA. 7

country. I subjoin the chief points of interest which I nt)ti'd iu
my brief examination of this valuable specimen : —

Inches.

Tlie total length of the skeleton is 114

„ „ „ skull 16

Between the outer edges of the posterior ends of

the quadj'ate bones 8f

From the snout to the middle of the canine notch ... 2f
Transverse diameter of snout opposite 10th tooth ... 4^

Long axis of orbit 2|

Short axis of orbit 1|-

Interorbital space opposite the middle of the orbit If

Anterior edge of the orbit from end of snout 10^

Syucipital* area in length, about 2^

„ „ in breadth anteriorly 3|-

,> „ „ posteriorly 4

Supra-temporal fossae, wide ^

long If

Least width of parietal -^

Total length of mandible 20|

Its greatest depth 3

Length of cervical region (or anterior 8 vertebrse) ... 10 1

„ dorso-lumbar region 27

jy SiXiCVcil jy '-^ tr

Length of humerus 7-i

„ ulna 5^

„ fore foot, extreme length 6

„ femur 8^

„ tibia 6

„ hind foot, extreme length 9|

From the above measurements it -will be seen that the skull is
somewhat slender. Behind the canine groove it widens to the
tenth tooth, which is 5^ inches behind the end of the snout. It
retains about the same diameter to the twelfth tooth, and tlien
slowly vddens again, — a sudden increase in size, to the extent of
half-an-inch, taking place opposite the posterior margin of the
orbit, owing to the flanging-out of the jugal. On the whole,
however, there is a slow and even increase in breadth, from the

* By tliis term I denote that squarisli flat area bomicled by the postfrontal
and squamosal bones laterally, by the occiput posteriorly, and by a line joining
the outer angles of the postfrontals anterio)-ly.

8 PEOF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENEEIC

canine groove to the ends of the ossa quadrata. The nasal
aperture is pyriform, its wider end being forwards, and its narrow
posterior extremity, into which the pointed ends of the nasal bones
project, attaining the level of the first tooth behind the canine
groove.

On the left side there is only a pit for the reception of the
anterior mandibular tooth, while on the right side tliis pit is con-
verted into a complete foramen. On the upper face of the skull,
the premaxiUo-maxillary suture runs vertically upwards through
the canine groove, and then passes obliquely backwards to a point
5 inches behind the end of the snout. The anterior part of this
suture lies in a strong ridge, which is continued downwards and
forwards on the premaxiUa to the level of the fifth tooth, a groove
separating it from the margin of the nasal aperture. Posteriorly
this ridge dies away, but a curved irregular elevation, convex
inwards, arises opposite the tenth tooth. It is wholly confined to
the maxilla, not extending on to the nasals.

There is a distinct, rough, irregular elevation, bounded on its
outer side by a sharp groove, which extends back to the orbit, on
the lachrymal bone. The profile of the skull is convex as far as the
posterior boundary of the nostril,and very slightly concave from that
point as far as the twelfth tooth. It then passes back as a straight,
slightly ascending line, only interrupted by the lachrymal I'idge, to
the margin of the occiput. The inferior margin of the maxilla is
convex downwards as far as the canine groove, whose lower end
is indicated by a deep sinuation. It then becomes convex again,
the crown of the curve being at the ninth and tenth teeth, and its
posterior end sweeping into a concavity whose summit is at the
twelfth tooth. Behind this the edge of the maxilla is only slightly
convex. The inferior contour of the jugal bone is very concave ;
but the articular end of the quadrate bone descends to the level
of the edge of the ninth alveolus.

The orbits liave a sort of heart-shape, their apices being turned
forwards, and their more convex sides inwards.

The supra-temporal fossae are half-moon-shaped, their straight
sides being externa] and so inclined tliat, if prolonged, they would
decussate upon a line joining the anterior margins of the orbits.

On the palatine surface of the skull, the premaxiUo-maxillary
suture runs backwards from the canine groove, as far as the level
of the middle of the second alveolus behind the groove (or that of
the seventh tooth), which point it reaches at about the junction
of the middle with the inner third of the palatine plate of the

CHAKACTJillS OF HECENT CROCODILIA. 9

maxilla. The suture then turns abruptly forwards until it reaches
the level of the anterior margin of the alveolus of the sixth tooth,'
when it bends suddenly inwards to meet its fellow. The whole
suture, therefore, has the form of a W. The vomers are com-
pletely hidden.

The posterior nares look downwards and backwards ; their aper-
ture is, from the incompleteness of the septum, single, and has a
transversely elongated erescentic form. It measures 1^ inch in
width by fths antero-posteriorly. The basi-sphenoid is seen for
about -ith of an inch on the base of the skull behind it, bounding
the sides of the eustachian tube. The dental formula is i^zl^.

15—15

Tlie fourth and tenth teeth are largest in the upper jaw, the first
and fourth in the lower. The eight posterior teeth on each side
in the upper jaw, and the five posterior in the lower, have a
marked constriction between the short crown and the fang of the
tooth. There are deep interdental pits for the reception of the
mandibular teeth between the third and fourth, and fourth and
fifth teeth above, and between the succeeding teeth from tlie
sixth to the thirteenth.

The hyoidean cornua are very strong curved bones, the chord of
whose arc measures 3^ inches. They are concave inwards, convex
outwards, concave posteriorly, convex anteriorly ; they are flat-
tened from side to side below, but they end above in subcylin-
drical styloid extremities.

In the ninth vertebra the neurocentral suture passes just above
the base of the parapophysis ; it traverses the parapophysis in the
tenth and eleventh vertebrae, while in the twelfth the parapophysis
suddenly rises to the root of the diapophysis, and the suture lies far
below it. The centra of the dorsal vertebrae, as far as the thirteenth
inclusive, have hypapophyses. The diapophyses of the ninth ver-
tebra pass almost horizontally outwards, but are a good deal in-
clined backwards. In the succeeding vertebrae up to the fourteenth
or fifteenth, the diapophyses are, in addition, inclined upwards, the
upward inclination being most marked in the tenth, eleventh and
twelfth vertebrae. Prom the fifteenth vertebra onwards, the
transverse processes pass almost directly outwards, without either
upward or backward incliuation. The span of the transverse pro-
cesses is greatest in the eighteenth and nineteenth vertebrae, in
which the distance between the extremities of these processes is
7-|- inches, a length about equal to that of the longest vertebral rib.

The rib of tlie ninth vertebra is terminated by a single long and
slender semicartilaginous process which does not unite with the

10 PEOF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

sternum. Each of the vertebral ribs from the tenth to the seventeenth
vertebrae inclusively, on the other hand, is united with the sternum,
or its continuation, by two such semieartilaginous costal elements,
which may be respectively termed sternal and lateral. The sternal
elements of the ribs of the tenth and eleventh vertebrae are united
with the sternum proper ; those of the next five vertebrae are con-
nected with its median backward prolongation, while those of the
seventeenth vertebra are attached to the processes into which this
prolongation divides posteriorly.

The sternal costal elements are very broad and flat, and though
the lateral ones are less so, they are wide and expanded. The
lateral costal pieces of the eleventh to the sixteenth vertebrae
inclusively, give attachment to very large and flat, triangular, pro-
cessus tincinati. Those of the twelfth are 3-f- inches long and If
inch wide at their widest part. The transverse processes of the
twentieth vertebra bear rudimentary ribs. The centrum of the
thirteenth vertebra is 1^ inch long, and the vertebra is 3|- inches
high from the lower edge of the centrum to the summit of the
neural spine. The centra of the vertebrae retain nearly the same
length to the twentieth caudal; but behind tliis vertebra they
are shorter, as are the anterior dorsal vertebrae. The first caudal
vertebra is provided with two styliform bones, which represent the
chevron bones of the other caudal vertebrae, but are not united
below.

The dorsal scutes have the arrangement which has often been
described. They are separated (except perhaps the median rows)
by integumentary spaces, neither overlapping nor uniting by
sutures ; and there are no ventral scutes.

Among the osteological characters which have been detailed, the
peculiarities of the tergal armour, the proportions of the skull,
combined with the characters of the ridges upon its surface, and
the form of the premaxillo-maxillary suture amply sufiice to dia-
gnose this species. Even in the small skull, only 5^ inches long,
lent to me by Dr. Gray, the characteristic features of the species
are well exhibited, although age appears to give rise to many dif-
ferences. Thus the posterior margin of the external nostrils does
not extend so far back as in the advilt, and the facial is smaller in
proportion to the syncipital region, whose anterior and posterior
transverse dimensions are very nearly equal. The orbits are pro-
portionally larger, the interorbital space more excavated ; and the
outer straight margins of the supratemporal fossae are parallel with
the longitudinal axis of the skull. Still more important differoncetf

CHAEACTEES 01" EECENT CEOCODILTA. 11

are visible ou the palatine face of the skiill. The premaxillo-
maxillaiy suture reaches back, iudeed, to the line of the seventh
tooth ; but it forms an even curve whose summit is in the middle
line. The aperture of the posterior nares, again, has a totally dif-
ferent form from that which it assumes in the adult. It is some-
what heart-shaped, with its apex forwards, measures -^ inch long
by T%ths at broadest, and looks altogether downwards, while its
anterior margin is situated far more forward in the palate than
that of the adult.

2. Crocodilus biporcatus.

This, the best-known Crocodile, is a very well-marked species,
characterized (beside the peculiarities of its dermal armour) by a
comparatively slender skull, similar in shape to that of C. vul-
garis, and, like it, without any sudden enlargement immediately
behind the canine groove ; and by the strong ridge which arises
on each lachrymal bone close to the anterior edge of the orbit,
and is continued forwards on to the line of junction of the nasal
and maxillary bones, so that the naso-maxillary suture traverses
the axis of the ridge, and then curves outwards, descending
towards the alveolus of the tenth tooth. The premaxillo-max-
illary suture is W-shaped ; and its salient angles reach backwards
even to the level of the posterior margin of the seventh alveolus.

3. Crocodilus Americanus (acufus, Cuv.)
has the slenderness of snout (even more marked) and the form of
the premaxillo-maxillary suture of the preceding species ; but it is
at once distinguished from this and all other Crocodiles (except
C. rhomhifer) by the marked longitudinal and transverse convexity
of the middle of the face, which gives the profile a totally different
aspect from that of the other species, which are flat or concave in
this region.

4. Crocodilus Journei
is another unmistakeably distinct and very remarkable species.
The descriptions and figures given by Graves, Bory de St. Vincent,
and Dumeril and Bibron, of the imique specimen of this Crocodile
in the Bordeaux Museum, would alone have compelled me to difier
entirely from the view taken by Dr. Gray of the affinities of this
species. These observers agree in stating that Crocodilus Journei
has six cervical scutes, arranged as m the other Crocodiles, and, as
Graves says, " separated by an interval of four inches" from the
commencement of the tergal scutes, whence it is obviously impos-

12 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AKD GENERIC

sible^tliat it can be a Mecistops. B{it, in addition to tbis, I had
the good fortune to find, among the recent additions to that excel-
lent osteological collection whicli Dr. Gray has gradnallj formed
at the British Museum, the skull of a Crocodile obtained from a
dealer in Paris, and labelled by him " Croc, de I'Orinoke." I at
first imagined this Crocodile to be a 3Iecistops ; but on careful in-
vestigation it turned out to be no other than the skull of a Groco-
dilus Journei, somewhat larger than the Bordeaux specimen, but,
as the subjoined measurements will prove, agreeing with it in all

its proportions : —

Inches.

Length from end of snout to end of ossa quadrata. . . 22|-

Breadth between outer margins of ossa quadrata ... 9-|

at the level of the anterior margins of the

orbits 5^

at the tenth tooth 3|^

at the end of the snout 2|-

of the interorbital space 1-|

Length of mandibular symphysis 5

Now Dumeril and Bibron expressly state that the length of the
head of C. Journei equals 2-^ times its greatest transverse diameter,
that the width of the jaws at the anterior margins of the orbit
equals one-fourth the length of the head, and that at the tenth
tooth it equals one-sixth the length of the head ; and these are as
nearly as possible, it will be observed, the relations of the same
dimensions in the above list.

In the specimen in the British Museum there are eighteen teetli
on each side above, and fifteen below. The Bordeaux specimen is
stated to have the same dental formula, except that there are six-
teen teeth in the left ramus of the mandible. The fotu-th and tenth
maxillary teeth are stated by Graves to be as large again as the
others ; and the corresponding alveoli have these proportions to
one another in the British Museum specimen. In fact, there can
be no doubt that this skuJl is that of a true Crocodilus Journei.

But its general characters at once prove the close affinity of C.
Journei witli the other true Crocodiles, from which it differs onl}'-
in its elongated and gradually tapering skull, and in the more
backward extension of the mandibular symphysis*, which attains
the level of the posterior margin of the sixth tooth.

In this character, and in the extreme slenderness of the snout,

* The greater proportional length of the symphysis is noted by Dumeril and
Bibron.

CHABA.CTEBS OF KECENT CBOCODILIA. 13

there is doubtless an approximation to llecistops ; but Crocodilus
Journei is sharply separated from that genus by the characters
of its teeth, and by those of its dermal armour.

5. Crocodilus hombifrons (palustrisy) .
All the species of Crocodilus which I have hitherto mentioned
have, in common, the backward curvature of the premaxillo-maxillary
sutuj-e to the level of the seventh tooth. But there is a species of
Crocodile, about whose proper specific name I am by no means
clear, iu which this suture passes straight across the palate, or may
even be a little convex forwards.

And not only do the skulls of this species exhibit this approxi-
mation to those of the Alligatoridce, but they resemble them still
further in their rounded snouts, their great width immediately
behind the canine groove, and in the fact that, in young speci-
mens, one or the other canine may be received into a pit instead
of into a groove*.

In the Hunterian Collection there are seven skulls, varying in
length from 5-1- inches up to 16 inches, in none of which does the
crown of the premaxillo-maxillary suture extend beyond a line
joining the sixth pair of teeth. In all there are two short ridges
(convergent in young specimens, nearly parallel in old ones) upon
the lachrymal bones, which end before reaching the anterior limits
of those bones. They all have an oblique ridge on the upper jaw
above the tenth tooth ; and the snout attains the width which it
has opposite this tooth immediately behind the canine groove.
In the British Museum there are five middle-sized skulls with the
same characters ; but two of these have a pit on one side of the
upper jaw, and a groove on the other, and one has something
between a pit and a groove on each side.

Dr. Gray, has in his ' Catalogue f,' mentioned the peculiar trans-
verse disposition of the premaxillo-maxillary suture in his Croco-

* In a skull of this species 14^ inches long, in the British Museum, the
vomers are completely excluded from the palate, and their anterior ends do not
extend for an eighth of an inch beyond the palatine part of the palato-maxillary
suture, which lies on a level with the anterior margin of the twelfth alveolus.
Each vomer is 2|- inches long, and pi'esents the same general form as that of
Jacare ; only the anterior division is but a very small, flat and thin plate, not a
quarter of an inch long. The boundary of the median nares is formed in equal
proportions by the vomer and the palatme, and is opposite the fourteenth tooth.
The hinder end of the vomer articvdates with the end of tlie descending pro-
cess of the prefrontal.

t ' Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Ainphisbienians in the Col-
lection of the British Museum,' 1844, p. 59.

14 PEOF. HTJXLET ON THE SPECIFIC AKD GENERIC

dilus honibifrons ; and on examiuiug the two crania thus named in
the British Museum collection, one of which is 20 and the other
21 inches long, I can discover no distinguishing character be-
tween them and those already described. There can be no doubt
then, I think, that these constant and well-marked characters,
exhibited by fourteen skidls which vary in length from 5i to
21 inches, prove the existence of a distinct species of Crocodile,
which I would provisionally term homhifrons.

I beHeve that this species has been constantly confounded
with liporcatus, from which it may be at once distingviished by
the direction of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, and by the shape
of the snout behind the canine groove. I have found these dis-
tinctions to hold good at all ages ; but the last-mentioned differ-
ence is far more marked in middle-aged than in either young or
old specimens.

All the skulls named Orocodilus paltistris which I have seen are
referable either to C. liporcatus or to C. homhifrons. "With respect
to the C. palustris of Lesson and Dumeril and Bibron, the latter
authors consider it to be only a variety of C. vulgaris. Their descrip-
tion would, however, apply very well to C. homhifrons, as I have de-
fined it above ; and they expressly state (' Erp. Generale,' t. iii.
p. 113) that aU their specimens (twelve in number and varying in
length from 30 centimetres to more than 3 metres) came from the
East Indies or the Seychelle Islands. Now, Dumeril and Bibron
enumerate only three Asiatic Crocodiles — C. hiporcatus, C. palus-
tris, and G. galeatus, the last of which was only known to them
by description ; so that all the numerous Asiatic crocodiles which
passed through their hands belonged either to C. hiporcatics or C.
palustris. On the other hand, all the skidls of crocodiles from Asia
which I have met with (amounting to at least twenty) are either
those of C. hiporeatu^ or of the species which I have called hom-
hifrons ; so that I suspect the latter title will turn out to be a
synonym oi palustris.

6. Crocodilus rhomhifer.

I hare not been able to obtain any skull of this species, which,
according to Cuvier's account and figures (' Oss. Fossiles,' t. ix.
p. 102), resembles C. Americanm in the great convexity of its
nasal region, but differs from it in the greater breadth of the skull,
and in the strong converging preorbital ridges, which appear to be
limited to the lachrymal bones. If the figures are to be trusted,
however, there are other very important distinctive characters

CHABACTEES OF RECENT CROCODTLIA. 15

about the cranium of this species ; for Cuvier's, fig. 2, pi. 331, which
gives a view of the palate, shows the premasillo-maxillary suture
forming a nearly straight transverse line.

There remain several species of Crocodihis whose skulls I have
not been able to examine, and of which no sufficient descriptions
exist. Of these, (7.) C.galeatus and (8.) C. Gravesii {planirostris)
would appear to be very distinct forms. (9.) C. inarginutus is con-
sidered by Dume'ril and Bibron to be only a variety of C. vulgaris ;
and they take the same view of (10.) Crocodilm suchus. Professor
Owen, however, has figured the cranium of an Egyptian mummy
under this name ('Monograph on the Eeptilia of the London Clay,'
Pal. Soc, 1850). In the under- view of this skull (tab. i. fig. 2), the
junction of the premaxilla and the maxilla in the palate seems to
be broken away ; but on the left side, the palatine process of the
maxilla is entire, as far as the level of the anterior margin of the
sixth tooth, and there is not a trace of a suture behind this point.
Are there, then, two or more species of Crocodile in Egypt, as
Geolfroy St,-Hilaire supposed ?

With regard to the distribution of the species of Crocodilus, C.
vulgaris, C. marginatus, and C. suchus (?) appear to be exclusively
African ; all the crocodiles from other parts of the Eastern hemi-
sphere, which I have met with, belong, as I have stated above,
either to C. biporcatti-s or C. homhifrons, both of which species are
found in the Ganges. Crocodilus galeatus appears to be peculiar
to Siam. Crocodilus Americanus and C. rhomhifer are undoubt-
edly American. C. Journei has been supposed to be African ; but
such positive evidence as exists tends rather to prove it to be an
American species. Thus Bory de St. Vincent states that the
Bordeaux specimen is "suspected to have come from America;"
and, as I have said, the skull in the British Museum is labelled
"from the Orinoko."

Crocodilus Gravesii (planirostns) is supposed by Bory de St.
Vincent to have been brought from the Congo ; but its real origin
is not known.

Genus 5. Mecistops.

The cranium is elongated, and the snout slender and Gavial-like.
There are eighteen slender and subequal teeth above, and fifteen
below, on each side. The mandibular symphysis extends back to
the level of the seventh tooth. The cervical scutes are arranged
in two transverse rows, each of which contains two scutes ; and
there is no space left between the posterior row and the tergal series.

16 PROF. HUXLEY ON TKE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

This excellent genus, as established by Dr. Gray, includes Cuvier's
Crocodiltis cataphractus (which Dr. Gray considers to be the yoimg
of a species whose full-grown form was discovered by Mr. Bennett
in West Africa), Crocodilus Journei and Crocodihis ScTilegelU.
As I have endeavoured to show, however, C. Journei is a true
crocodile ; and, as I shall point out below, MiiUer and Schlegel
have satisfactorily proved C. Schlegelii to be a Gavial. Conse-
qviently Mecistops is at present represented by only one species,
which must be called M. cataphractus if M. Bennettii of Gray is
really the adult of the form which Cuvier described.

III. In the family of the Gavialid^, the snout is always very
long and slender ; the teeth are for the most part slender, sharp-
edged, and subequal. The two anterior mandibular teetli pass into
grooves, one of which lies on each side of a beak-like prominence
of the premaxillae, which carries the two anterior upper teeth.
The canines are received into grooves. The mandibular symphysis
extends back to at least the fourteenth tooth, and is partly formed
by the junction of the splenial bones. The premaxillo-maxillary
sutvu-e is always strongly convex backwards. The posterior nares
are situated more forward than in the Crocodili. The temporal
fossae are large. The feet are strongly webbed. The dorsal scutes
are not articulated ; and there are no ventral scutes.

I distinguish two genera in this family, Rhyncliosuchiis and
Gavialis.

G^nus 6. Ehynchosuchus.

There are twenty teeth above, and eighteen or nineteen below,
on eacb side ; the mandibular symphysis extends to the fifteenth
tooth. The posterior teeth of the upper jaw, and almost all those
of the lower jaw, are received into interdental pits ; the orbital
margins are not raised ; and the premaxillse are hardly at all ex-
panded. The premaxillo-maxillary suture does not reach the third
tooth behind the notch.

I propose the name RhyncJiosuchus to indicate that generic type
which is at present represented by the solitary species called by
MUller and Schlegel Crocodilus ( Gavialis) Schlegelii, and ad-
mirably described and figvired by them in their essay, ' Over de
Krokodilen van der Indischen Archipel,' in the ' Verhandelingen
over de natuurlijke Gesch. der Nederl. overzee. Bezittingen,'
1839-1844. Under the title Crocodihis (Gavialis) Schlegelii
(p. 18), they say — " The Gavial from Borneo, when compared with

CHARACTERS OF RECENT CROCODILIA. 17

the Indian one, is principally distinguished by the following
characters : —

"1. By its stronger form and better developed limbs.

" 2. By its much less slender head and snout, which last does
not narrow so suddenly in front of the eyes as in G. Gangeticus.

" 3. By the smaller number of teeth, of which there are twenty
above and eighteen below on each side, while G. Gangeticus has
^ or — ; furthermore, the teeth are stouter, less curved, and less
sharp, and are disposed more perpendicularly, and the ninth
tooth of the upper jaw (reckoning from the front) is considerably
larger and stronger than the others ; whence it follows that, just
as in the true Crocodiles, the snout at the level of this tooth ex-
hibits a lateral projection.

" 4. By tlie shorter symphysis of the under jaw.

" 5. By the absence of the swollen nasal prominence (neus-
klep), which characterizes the Gangetic Gravial.

" 6. By the less expanded form of the tabular upper surface of
the hinder part of the skull.

" 7. By the very slight production of the edges of the orbit.

" 8. By the large eyes.

" 9. By the presence of a number of small nuchal shields,
while G. Gangetictcs has but one pair.

" 10. By the strongly developed keels of the dorsal scutes.

"11. By the much larger scales on the under parts and on
the legs of the animal.

" 12. By the different colours with which it is variegated."

These authors further point out that the vomers appear for a
small space in the posterior part of the palate, that the opereidar
or splenial bones join in the symphysis of the lower jaw, and that
the cervical and dorsal scutes form one continuous shield ; and they
I'epresent the two anterior mandibular teeth passing in grooves on
either side of the end of the premaxilla. In fact, they fully and
completely establish the fact that their new species belongs to the
Lonqirostres of Cuvier, or to the Gavials of later writers.

Under these circvim stances, it is somewhat surprising to find
the deliberate conclusions of these carefid investigators set aside
in the following brief passage : —

" This Bornean species (C. Schlegelii) was, in fact, originally
•described as a new species of Gavial ; but the nasal bones, as in
the fossil from Sheppey, figured in t. ii. 15, extend to the hinder

LINN. PROC — ZOOLOaT. 2

18 PBOr. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

border of the external uostril." — Owen, Fossil Reptilia of the
London Clay, Crocodilia, p. 15 : 1850.

Muller and Schlegel give remarkably clear and beautiful figures
of the skull of tbeir Gravial ; and these show at once that the nasal
bones do not " reach the hinder border of the external nostril,"
but meet the premaxillaries at a point very distant from that
border, viz. opposite the ninth tooth. Even did the nasal
bones reach the posterior boundary of the nostril, such a cha-
racter would not outweigh those derived from the relations and
number of the teeth, the structure and extent of the mandibular
symphysis, and the disposition of the dermal scutes, — all of which
are so clearly and definitely set forth by Miiller and Schlegel, that
it seems difiicult to understand how any one who had consulted
the original memoir could have overlooked them.

It was possible, however, that Miiller and Schlegel, notwith-
standing their great opportunities, might have erred in their
statements ; and I therefore gladly seized the opportunity of test-
ing their description by comparing it with an authentic skull of
the species in question, from New Guinea, in the collection of
the British Museum.

I have foimd the statement of Miiller and Schlegel minutely
accurate in almost all points ; and there cannot be the slightest
doubt, not only that the Schlegelian crocodile is one of the Ga-
vialidce, but that it forms a distinct generic type in that family,
as difierent from Gavialis as Caiman is from Jacare, or Mecistops
from Crocodilus.

The following are the most important measurements of the skull
of JRJiyncliosiichus SMegelii in the British Museum collection : —

Inches.
Length from the end of the premaxilla to that of

OS quadratum 23

Breadth from outer edge of one os quadratum to that

of the other 8|

Breadth across the face in front of the orbits 4

„ at the 9th tooth . . 2

„ at the 5th tooth 11

„ at the 3rd tooth 1|

„ of the beak-like curved process which carries

the two anterior teeth 1

Mean width of lower jaw from symphysis to ex-
tremity 1|

CHABACTEES OF BECENT CROCODILIA. 19

Inches.

Length 12

No tooth measures transversely more than -^

The face is very smooth ; but a slight longitudinal groove runs
down on each side from the anterior margin of the orbit for about
two inches. Anteriorly to this point the snout retains a nearly
even diameter as far as the ninth tooth, in front of which it sud-
denly narrows a little, retaining nearly the same dimensions to the
fourth tooth, where it widens a very little, and then sviddenly
narrows to the terminal beak. The lower jaw does not expand at
all at its extremity. The nasals join the premaxillaries opposite
the ninth tooth, and the splenial bones, in the lower jaw, end op-
posite the tenth mandibular tooth, as the figures of Miiller and
Schlegel show. The vomers appear between the inner edges of the
palatines posteriorly, as a thin bony band If inch long by ^ inch
wide, which tapers at each end and is divided by a longitudinal
suture. The ninth tooth of the upper jaw is stronger than the rest.

The only point in which the description of Miiller and Schlegel
seems to me to be incomplete* is with regard to the disposition of
the teeth. They say — " The teeth of C. Sclilegelii, as regards
their form and development, more nearly resemble those of the
true Crocodiles ; but in the way in which the teeth of the two
jaws are opposed, there is the most complete resemblance between
our species and the Gangetic Gavial, — both which species dififer
from aU other crocodiles in the circumstance that when the mouth
is shut, all the teeth of the under jaw project outside the lateral
margin of the upper jaw" (1. c. p. 22).

What I find is this : — The anterior teeth of both the upper jaw
and the mandible are long, slender, sharp-edged, and slightly
curved. The posterior eleven, on each side, in the upper jaw, are
short, straight, conical, and constricted below their crowns. There
are deep interdental pits between the ten posterior mandibular
teeth, into which the opposed teeth of the maxilla are received
when the jaws are closed. All the mandibular teeth, except the
two anterior and the fourth pair, pass into like pits in the upper
jaw. The anterior eight teeth on each side of the upper jaw pass
straight down outside the lower jaw. In the Gangetic Gavial the
relations of the teeth of the two jaws appear to me, as I shall
state below, to be very different.

* Or it is possible that the Rhynchosuchus from New Guinea, which I have
examined, is specifically distinct from the Bornean form.

2*

20 PBOr. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

RJiynchosKchus Schlegelii inhabits the inland lakes of Borneo,
and is fonnd in New Guinea.

G-enus 7. Gayialis.

There are twenty-seven or twenty-eight teeth in the upper, and
twenty-five or twenty-six in the lower jaw. The mandibular sym-
physis extends to the twenty-third or twenty-fourth tooth. The
lateral teetli of both jaws are, all but the very hindmost, directed
obliquely downwards (or upwards), forwards or outwards, and are
not received into interdental pits. The anterior margins of the
orbits are raised. The premaxillse and the end of the mandible
are greatly expanded. The premaxillo-maxillary suture reaches
the level of the fourth tooth behind the canine notch.

The only true Gavialis is the well-known G. Gangeticus from the
East Indies. In this ' Gavial,' or ' Garrhial,' the vomers are slender
bones which do not extend further forwards than the level of the
twenty-second or twenty-first tooth, and have but a very short
and slender representative of the anterior flattened division of the
bone in Jacare ; posteriorly they extend back to the level of the
descending processes of the prefrontals. In a skull 25 inches
long the vomers have a length of about 4 inches, extending as
they do a little further forward than the palato-maxillary suture.
The median nares are opposite the twenty -fifth tooth.

All the Crocodilia which I have enumerated are provided with
two perfectly distinct kinds of dermal armour, — the one consisting
of plates of horn, produced by a modification of the superficial
layer of the epidermis ; the other composed of discs of bone marked
by a peculiar pitted sculpture on their outer surfaces, and deve-
loped within the substance of the dermis. To the former I shall
apply tlie term "scales ;" the latter are what I have denominated
"scutes."

All recent Crocodilia have both scales and scutes in the dorsal
region of the body, the scutes underlying, and having the same
general form as, the scales. In all, the ventral region of the body
is also covered with scales which have a very definite shape ; but
in no recent Crocodilian which I have examined, save those species
which are included in the genera Caiman and Jacare, are there
any scutes in the ventral region.

Again, in the genera Alligator, Crocodilus, Mecistops, RhyncJio-
siichus, and Gavialis, the edges of the scutes, except those of the
two median longitudinal rows, are hardly ever united by sutures,

CHARACTERS OP RECENT CROCODILIA. 21

nor do the posterior margins of those in each transverse row overlap
the anterior margins of the succeeding row. At any rate, there is
no flat, bevelled, articular facet on the outer surface of the anterior
margin of a scute, for articidation with the inner surface of the
posterior margin of its predecessor. In the genera Caiman and
Jacare, however, the lateral edges of all the scutes of the dorsal
and ventral shields are united by serrated sutures ; and the anterior
end of the outer face of each is provided with a well-marked smooth
facet, which is overlapped by the smooth under-surface of the
scute in front of it.

I first noticed the remarkable structure of the dermal armour
of these Alligator idee Vll the skin of a Jacare (sp. incertd), wanting
the end of the tad, but which must have belonged to an animal
between five and six feet in length. It had long been in my pos-
session ; but I had never before had occasion to study its cha-
racters minutely.

The horny scales, which had the appearance of thin tortoise-
shell, could be readily peeled off (especially by the aid of a little
caustic potash) ; and then the white surface of the subjacent
bony scute upon which they were modelled came into view. It
is to be understood, however, that the inner surface of the scale
corresponded only in its general form with the outer surface of
the scute ; for it did not dip into the pits with which the latter
is sculptured. These are in fact filled by the dry dermis which
extends over and encloses the scute, a very thia layer (bearing the
rete mucosum) being interposed between it and the scale ; so that
the pitted scidpture does not come out well untd. the scutes have
been boiled.

The dorsal scutes are both carinated and angulated. By the
application of the former term, I mean to indicate that, along a
median or submedian longitudinal line, their substance is more
or less elevated, so as, in many cases, to form a very prominent
crest. This crest always subsides before it reaches the anterior
margin of the scute, though it may extend beyond the posterior
margin. Its highest point is always behind the centre of the
scute, and is devoid of sculpture. The sculpture however seems
to radiate from this point, inasmuch as it consists, on the greater
part of the scute, of distinct pits, which are usually round towards
the centre, but towards the periphery become ovals with their
long axes directed towards the point in question.

The smooth inner surfaces of the scute shelve towards a depres-
sion which corresponds with the external ridge, under which the

22 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

sides of the scute seem to meet in an angle. This may be called
the ' angulation ' of the scute. From before backwards, the inner
surface of the scute is a little convex. The scute is thickest in the
middle ; posteriorly, it thins off to an edge and overlaps its suc-
cessor ; anteriorly, its outer svirface is bevelled off at an acute angle
with the inner, so as to give rise to a smooth shelving surface —
wide from side to side, narrow from before backwards — forming the
' articular facet,' which is overlapped by the inner surface of the
posterior edge of the preceding scute. I have termed this the
' articular facet ;' but it must not be supposed that there is any-
thing like a true joint between the opposed facets of the overlap-
ping and overlapped scutes ; on the contrary, they are at once
separated and connected by the dermal connective tissue.

The posterior margin of the articular facet is separated by a
deep transverse groove, divided by little partitions into as many pits,
from the rest of the sculptured surface ; but there is no trace of
any suture dividing the scute into two portions. The lateral
margins of each scute are united by serrated sutural edges with
those which lie next to them in the same transverse row ; so that
each row forms a nearly solid flat bony bar, composed, in the mid-
dle of the back, of as many as ten distinct scutes. The outer edges
of the outermost scutes only, thin off and exhibit no sutural ser-
ration, inasmuch as they are not directly connected with any other
scutes.

The median line of the back corresponds in general with the
suture between the two middle scutes of each transverse row; so
that the scutes are disposed symmetrically on either side of that
line. Furthermore, the anterior part of the inner surface of each
of the two middle scutes is connected by ligament with the extre-
mity of the spinous process of a vertebra ; at least, this is the
case in the dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and anterior caudal regions.

Tlie scutes which protect the ventral side of the body, from
the throat backwards, are four-sided and similar in their orna-
mentation to the dorsal scutes ; but they exhibit neither ridge nor
angidation, their outer and inner surfaces being parallel, and either
nearly flat or evenly curved. Each forms, in fact, a segment of a
large cylinder, inasmuch as the whole ventral shield is convex
transversely, being nearly flat in the middle and much bent up at
the sides. The dorsal shield, taken as a whole, is, on the contrary,
n(\arly flat. The lateral edges of the ventral scutes interlock
suturally ; and their anterior and posterior edges are overlapped
and overlap, just like the dorsal scutes. Tlie outer edges of the

CHABACTEBS OF RECENT CROCODILIA. 23

outermost ventral scutes thin oft' and are not united with any
bony element ; and the ventral, like the dorsal scutes, are usually
arranged sj^mmetrically on either side of the median sutural line.
There may be as many as twenty-two scutes united by their lateral
sutiu-es into a single strong, curved, transverse, bony, bar-like
segment of the ventral armour.

Throughout the neck and body, and as far as the commencement
of the tail, the ends of the dorsal and ventral bony bars, whose
sum may be regarded as a dorsal and a ventral shield respectively,
are separated by an interval of integument, in which only small
scattered scutes are visible. The ' physiological import of this
arrangement becomes obvious when we consider in what manner
the animal breathes ; and indeed the integumentary interval
answers very precisely to the leather which connects the two
boards of a beUows. Again, though the limbs are themselves
covered with articulated scutes, they are afforded free play upon
the body by this flexible interspace. Immediately behind the
hind legs, the ventral and dorsal shields unite ; and the tail is from
that point surrounded by a succession of bony hoops, each of
which corresponds with a vertebra, the segments of the exoskeleton
answering to those of the endoskeleton.

The most remarkable feature about the ventral scutes, however,
and that in which they differ most widely from the dorsal ones, con-
sists in the fact that each scute is composed of two distinct pieces,
an anterior and a posterior, which unite together by a transverse
serrated suture. The anterior piece or ' semi-scute ' may attain
to three-quarters the length of the posterior, and it has exactly the
same width. The anterior semi-scute bears the articular facet and
the transverse pitted groove, whose posterior wall is just in front
of its hinder edge, or in other words, of the suture, when the two
semi-scutes are united.

Such are the general characters and mode of arrangement of the
dorsal and ventral armour of Jacare. Bu.t there remain many
noteworthy peculiarities in the disposition and number of the
components of each band of the armour.

Thus, in the dorsal shield there are two rows of nuchal scutes,
each containing eight separate keeled bony plates ; and of cervical
scutes there are five rows, the two anterior of which contain four
angulated and cariuated scutes each, while the three posterior con-
tain only two scutes each. All these scutes, except the anterior
row, have articular facets ; and all those of each row are united
suturally. Of dorsal scutes there are thirty transverse rows up to

24 PEOF. nUXLET ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

the median keel of the tail, which commences witli the thirty-first
row. The number of scutes in each row is as follows : —

E.OWS. Scutes. Rows. Scutes.

1,2,3,4 6 25,26 5

5,6,7,8,9,10,11 10 27,28 4

12, 13 8 29,30 4

14, 15 6

16,17,18 4 31,32,33,34 5

19 6 The rest of the tail is

20 8 . wanting.

23,24 6

Throughout the dorso-lumbar and sacral regions (i. e. up to the
nineteenth row), the median scutes are hardly keeled at all, while
the outer ones are the more strongly carinate the more external
they lie.

In the caudal region, the second scute from the middle line, in
the twenty-third row, has a strong keel and angulation, which
grows stronger in the corresponding scutes up to the thirtieth
inclusive, until the superior and lateral faces of these scutes, in the
twenty -ninth and thirtieth rows, are inclined to one another at a
right angle and very strongly keeled. I have said that, as a rule,
the median line is occupied by a suture between two median scutes ;
but in the caudal region*, in the twenty-fifth row (which corre-
sponds with the sixth caudal vertebra) the two median scutes are
replaced by one fiat scute, so that there is no suture in the middle
line. In the twenty-sixth row there is a similar arrangement, but
the flat scute is smaller ; and in the twenty-seventh no trace of it
is left, so that the strongly keeled lateral scutes meet in the middle
line, which is again occupied by a suture. This continues up to
the thirty-first row, when the median scute reappears as a thin
vertical plate, broader below and in front, where it articulates with
the median lateral scutes, than above and behind, where it exhibits
a free edge only covered by the horny epidermis. It is thus that
the serrated dorsal crest of the tail is formed. The scutes of the
crest exhibit only very small round and distant pits.

The ventral shield begins in the neck just behind the level of

* The second and third cervical rows in Caiman palpebrosus and trigonatus
also contain a median scute, and consequently an odd nuuiber of scutes. In
Caiman trigonaius, the third to the ninth supra-caudal I'ows hare each a median
single scute.

CHABACTEES OF EECENT CliOCODILIA. 25

the anterior margins of the orbits : the fifteen anterior rows may
be tenned subcervical, as they lie in front of the thorax. In the
first six rows the scutes are very small, and increase in number up
to twelve in a row. In the next six rows there are ten scutes
in a row, and in the last three, twelve. All these rows are sym-
metrically divided by the median line. In the three hinder rows
the inner scutes are longer than the outer ones ; and this is most
markedly the case in the fifteenth row, whose innermost scute is
half as long again as the corresponding one of the preceding row,
and more than three times as long as the outermost of its own
row.

The sixteenth row differs from its predecessors and successors,
and may be termed the axillary row. It is bent upon itself with
an angle open forwards, and is divided into two halves (each of
which contains seven scutes) by the union of the middle scutes of
the fifteenth subcervical with those of the first row of what may
be termed the subdorsal scutes, or those which lie imder the
thorax and abdomen. Of subdorsal and subcaudal scutes there
are, up to the broken-oft' end of the tail, thirty-seven rows, with the
following numbers of scutes : —

Rows. Scutes. Rows. Scutes.

I 12 22 18

2 10 23 22

3,4,5 12 24 22

6, 7, 8, 9 14 25 • 20

10 16 26—28 18

II 14 29—31 16

12—17 14 32—34 14

18—20 12 35 12

21 14 36,37 10

It will be noticed that there are three more rows of ventral
than of dorsal scutes. On endeavouring to ascertain how this
came about, I observed that the first subdorsal was a good deal
behind the first dorsal row, though the eighth to the twelfth
dorsal corresponded exactly with the eighth to the twelfth ventral
rows. In the anterior part of the body, therefore, there is a clear
general correspondence between the segments of the dorsal and
those of the ventral armour.

In the caudal region, again, I found that the twenty-fourth ven-
tral row, which is the first of the caudal rows not excavated by the

26 PEOr. HTJXLET ON THE SPECIFIC AND OENEEIC

vent, corresponded exactly with the twenty-first dorsal row. It
was clear, therefore, that three ventral rows were interpolated
somewhere between the twelfth and twenty-first dorsal rows ; and
on close examination I found this interpolation to arise from the
doubling of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth ventral rows.

I have examined Jacare Jtssipes and nigra, Caiman trigonatus,
and C. gihhiceps, in the British Museum ; and I find, in all, dorsal
and ventral armour having the same essential arrangement as
that just described. A specimen of Caiman palpehrosiis about
two feet long, the opportunity of examining which I owe to Dr.
Grrant, exhibits the dorsal and ventral shields (whose scutes are in
the main similarly arranged) very beautifully ; and a young Jacare
of about 18 inches in length, for which I am indebted to the kind-
ness of the same gentleman, proves that the scutes are developed
even in specimens of this age. I have no hesitation therefore in
expressing my belief that this singularly complete dermal armour
will be found to be characteristic of all the species of the genera
Caiman and Jacare. On the other hand, I have examined Alli-
gator Mississipiensis, Crocodilus vulgaris, C. hiporcatus, G. Ameri-
canus, C. rhomhifer, and C. homhifrons, Mecistops cataphractus,
and Gavialis Gangeticus, of various ages and sizes, witliout having
been able to discover a trace of ventral scutes. This is the more
remarkable, as the well-marked ventral and dorsal shields of many
of the ancient Teleosauria would lead one to expect a correspond-
ing exoskeleton (if anywhere) in their nearest aUies, the modern
Gavialidce. However, Gonioplwlis, with its strong armour, is
more like an ordinary Crocodile ; and I have recently discovered
that a true Crocodile in some respects curiously similar to C. hom-
hifrons (C. HastingsicB) was covered with scutes exceedingly like
those of the modern Caiman and Jacare.

In minute structure the bony scutes of Jacare closely re-
semble those of such a fish as a Sturgeon : a middle layer, con-
taining so many canals as to appear almost cancellated in longi-
tudinal or transverse section, is covered externally by a thin, and
internally by a thick, layer composed of bony lamellte, nearly par-
allel to the plane of the scute. Round the canals of the middle
layer, the bony lamellae are disposed concentrically, to a greater or
less extent. The lacunae are of very various shapes ; and there are
perhaps as many short as elongated forms. The canals of the
middle layer comaiuuicate by large branches witli the inner, by
smaller and fewer branches with the outer surface of the scute.

In the young Jacare mentioned above, I found tlie dermis to be

CHAEACTEBS OF RECENT CEOCODILIA. 27

distinguisliable into two layers. The more superficial of these is
thin, made up of irregular or formless connective tissue, and con-
tains many ramified pigment-masses. Its smooth outer siu-face un-
derlies the rete mucosum. Internally, it passes into the second or
deep layer, which consists of successive layers of distinctly fibrous
connective tissue, disposed in definite parallel bundles, and having
a very regular arrangement. Throughout a space corresponding
with the area of each scale, in fact, the bundles of each layer cross
those of the succeeding layer at right angles ; and the successive
tiers of bundles are tied together by short cords disposed perpendi-
cularly to the planes of the tiers. A corresponding arrangement of
the bundles of connective tissue has long been known to obtain
in the dermis of Fishes and Satrachia. At each end of this small
" mat " of connective tissue, the bvmdles, if I may so say, fray out ;
and at the anterior end, the layers, loosened in textiu-e, bend up-
wards, spreading out at the same time to become continuous with
the fibres of the " mat " in front. In consequence of the matting
under the quadrate surface of each scale, the dermis has a peculiar
facetted aspect, quite apart from any osseous deposit. Where
bony scutes are formed, they appear as very thin perforated plates
in the most superficial portion of the deep layer of the dermis ; so
that there is a single thin layer of dense connective tissue above
them, while below them are all the rest of the denser and deeper
lamellae of the dermis. Through the apertures in this primitive
osseous plate (the rudiment of the middle layer of the future
scute), bundles of connective tissue extend, connecting the deep
with the superjacent lamellae.

If a thin section is made and decalcified with weak acid under
the microscope, the calcareous matter, as it is dissolved away, leaves
an obscurely fibrous matrix of a difierent aspect from the sur-
rounding connective tissue, and the endoplasts, or nuclei, of this
matrix are seen each to have occupied the centre of a lacuna.

Again, the rudimentary scute lies in the dermis as in a sort of
pocket, the superficial and deep walls of which separate from it
with great ease ; and in good thin sections made through the der-
mis and scute, there seems to be no direct connexion between the
substance of the scute above and below, and the connective tissue
with whicli it is in contact. Nor could I satisfy myself that the
margins of the scute were continuous with the surrounding bundles
of connective tissue. However, the specimen had been a very
long time in spirit ; and I am unwilling to lay too much stress
upon these observations, which tend to negative the supposition

28 DR. SANDWITH ON THE HABITS OF THE ATE-ATE.

that the scute proceeds from the direct calcificatiou of the con-
uective tissue of the dermis.

On the other hand, 1 must remark that horizontal sections of
the scutes have presented oblique parallel fissures, sometimes
crossing one another, which might readily be supposed to corre-
spond with the lines of separation of ossified bundles of connec-
tive tissue.

Note. — Dui'ing a recent visit to Paris, my friend Mr. Busk
was kind enough to examine the specimens of recent Grocodilia in
the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, with reference to certain
points to which I requested his attention. Mr. Busk informs me
that there is no doubt about the transverse direction of the pre-
maxillo-maxillary suture in Crocodilus rhomhifer ; and his state-
ments lead me to entertain no question that C. hombifrons is a
synonym of C. palustris.

In the typical specimens of C. marginatus and C. sicchus of
Geofiroy St.-Hilaire, the premaxillo-maxillary suture extends back
to the level of the seventh tooth.

Mr. Busk has furthermore pointed out to me the existence of
another American species of Crocodile — C. Iforelettii, which has
been described by M. Auguste Dumeril in his " Description des
Heptiles nouveaux on imparfaitement connus," &c., 'Archives
du Museum,' t. vi. 1852.

This species inhabits lake Plores, in Yucatan ; and it is said by
M. Dumeril to approach C. Aviet'icantis, from which it differs in
the proportions of the skull and in the characters of the dermal
armour.

June 21st, 1859.

On the Habits of the "Aye- Aye" (^Gheiromys madagascarieims,
L., Cuv.). By the Hon. H. Sand with, M.D., C.B., Colonial
Secretary of the Mauritius. Communicated by Prof. Owen,
F.R.S., V.P.L.S.

[Eead April 7th, 1859.]

" Mam-itiu9, Jan. 27, 1859.
" Mt deab, Me. Owen, — After very great difficulty and much
delay, I have at length obtained a fine healthy male adult Aye- Aye ;
and he is now enjoying himself in a large cage wliich I have had
constructed for him.

" He is a most interesting little animal ; and from close observa-

DE. SANDWITH ON THE HABITS OF THE AYE- ATE. 29

tion I have learnt his habits very correctly. On receiving him
from Madagascar, I was told that he ate bananas ; so of course 1
fed him on them, but tried him with other fruit, I found he liked
dates, — which was a grand discovery, supposing he be sent alive to
England. Still I thought that those strong rodent teeth, as large
as those of a young Beaver, must have been intended for some
other purpose than that of trying to eat his way out of a cage — the
only use he seemed to make of them, besides masticating soft
fruits. Moreover, he had other peculiarities, —e.y., singularly large,
naked ears directed forward, as if for offensive rather than defen-
sive purposes ; then, again, the second finger of the hands is unlike
anything but a monster supernumerary member, it being slender
and long, half the thickness of the other fingers, and resembling
a piece of bent wire. Excepting the head and this finger, he
closely resembles a Lemur.

" Now as he attacked, every night, the woodwork of his cage,
which I was gradually lining with tin, I bethought myself of
tying some sticks over the woodwork, so that he might gnaw
these instead. I had previously put in some large branches for
liim to climb upon ; but the others were straight sticks to cover
over the woodwork of his cage, which alane he attacked. It so
happened that the thick sticks I now put into his cage were bored
in aU directions by a large and destructive grub called here the
Moutouk. Just at sunset the Aye- Aye crept from under his
blanket, yawned, stretched, and betook himself to his tree, where
his movements are lively and graceful, though by no means so
quick as those of a squirrel. Presently he came to one of the
worm-eaten branches, which he began to examine most attentively ;
and bending forward his ears, and applying his nose close to the
bark, he rapidly tapped the surface with the curious second digit,
as a woodpecker taps a tree, though with much less noise, from
time to time inserting the end of the slender finger into tlie
worm-holes, as a siu-geon would a probe. At length he came to a
part of the branch which evidently gave out an interesting sound,
for he began to tear it with his strong teeth. He rapidly stripped
off the bark, cut into the wood, and exposed the nest of a gi'ub,
which he daintily picked out of its bed with the slender tapping-
finger, and conveyed the luscious morsel- to his mouth.

" I watched these proceedings with intense interest, and was
much struck with the marvellous adaptation of the creature to its
habits, shown by his acute hearing, which enables him aptly to
distinguish the different tones emitted from the wood by his gentle

30 MB. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE MOULTING OE THE

tapping; his evidently acute sense of smell, aiding him in his
search ; his secure footsteps on the slender branches, to which he
firmly clmig by his quadrumanous members ; his strong rodent
teeth, enabling him to tear through the wood ; and lastly by the
curious slender finger, unlike that of any other animal, and which
he used alternately as a pleximeter, a probe, and a scoop.

" But I was yet to learn another peculiarity. I gave him water
to drink in a saucer, on which he stretched out a hand, dipped a
finger into it, and drew it obliquely through his open mouth ; and
this he I'epeated so rapidly, that the water seemed to flow into his
mouth. After a while he lapped like a cat ; but his first mode of
drinking appeared to me to be his way of reaching water in the
deep clefts of trees.

I am told that the Aye-Aye is an object of veneration at Mada-
gascar, and that if any native touches one, he is sure to die within
the year ; hence the difficulty of obtaining a specimen. I over-
came this scruple by a reward of £10,

" I quite despair of obtaining the bones of the Dinornis or Dodo,
though I have made every efibrt. I shall always be proud to be
of service.

" Believe me, yours very faithfully,

"H. Sandwith."

On the Moulting of the common Lobster {Homarus vulgaris) and
Shore Crab (Carcimis mcenas). By S. James A. Salteb,
M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S.

[Read April 7th, 1859.]

I AM induced to bring this subject before the Linnean Society, on
account of the singularly perfect specimen of the thro vm-off" slough
of a Lobster which I have now an opportunity of exhibiting, and
because the process by which it was shed was witnessed and care-
fully watched by two competent observers — by my friend Mr.
Robert Cooke, of Scarborough, a Fellow of this Society, and by
the intelligent wife of the Curator of the Scarborough Museum,
in an aquarixun in which institution the occiu-rence took place.

The methods by which certain of the Decapod Crustaceans cast
their old shells in the process of renewal and growth have already
been made the subject of observation and record.

Eeaumur, as early as 1712, and again in 1718, saw and described

COMMON LOBSTEE AKD SHORE CRAB. 31

the sloughing of the common freshwater Crayfish (Astactis flti-
viatilis) .

It was witnessed in the common edible Crab {Cancer' Pagurus)
by Mr. Couch, in 1833.

Subsequently the moulting-process was observed by Mr. Gosse,
in the Spinous Spider-crab (^Maia Squinado).

Beyond these three recorded examples, I believe that the actual
operation of movilting in Decapods has never been seen, though
the sloughs of our common Crustacea, and the animals themselves
but recently emerged from their old shells, are familiar to all
marine zoologists.

There is no recorded account of the moulting of the Lobster,
that I have been able to discover.

The Lobster from which the slough was obtained, and whose
operations are the subject of this communication, was an inhabit-
ant of a large marine aquarium in the Museum at Scarborough.
The period was July 1857. The aquariiim contained the ordinary
assemblage of sea-shore animals, and a considerable collection of
vegetation, which consisted of Ulva, Fticus, and other common
sea-weeds.

For two days previous to its throwing off the shell, the Lobster
was observed in a very peculiar attitude, and to be very busily en-
gaged. Its abdomen was permanently and stiffly erected and
straight ; while the animal, in this rigid attitude, was hard at work
detaching and carrying aH the soft sea-weed it could collect to
one end of the aquarium, where it thus accumulated a large mass
of vegetation, which was afterwards destined to become a screen
and protection for its soft body. At the same time, and by the
same means, a clearing was made at the other end of the tank, in
which it had space for the evolutions which were subsequently
necessary for the extrication of its body.

The Lobster remained in the peculiar rigid attitude I have
described, during the entire two days previous to the moult. On
the third day, a crack was observed along the membrane which
unites the dorsal surface of the first abdominal ring with the
carapace ; and when these parts became separated by about half an
inch, the bright-blue membrane of the new sheU being plainly
visible beneath, the operation of extricating the Abdomen com-
menced. By a strong vibratory action of the whole abdomen,
principally in a lateral direction, one segment was, at first, pro-
truded through the split ; and this was followed by an interval of
complete repose, during which the animal remained quite mo-

32 ME. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE MOULTING OF THE

tionless. Then, by another vibratory action, the second segment
was extricated ; then followed an interval of repose, when tlie
third was withdrawn; and so on till, at last, the entire abdomen,
after having been bent double upon itself, was turned completely
out backwards, and then, elongated and compressed, remained
above and parallel to the empty shell that it had occupied, and
which was still attached to the under surface of the cephalo-thorax.
Hitherto the only orifice of escape consisted in the transverse
splitting of the first abdominal segment from the carapace, on the
dorsal surface. None of the abdominal segments separated from
each other.

Thus far the extrication had commenced at the front of the
abdomen, and had progressed from before backwards. It was now
observed that the carapace had split from behind forwards, the fis-
sure commencing posteriorly at the transverse split between the
carapace and the first abdominal segment, and reaching forwards
to the apex of the rostrum, which, however, it did not absolutely
divide. The two halves of the carapace then separating posteriorly,
the interval between them, together with the original transverse
slit, constituted a trifid opening, through which the rest of the
animal escaped.

The escape of the cephalo-thoracic portion was effected from be-
hind forwards. First the posterior ambulatory legs were loosened
and withdrawn ; then followed the next pair ; and this process
was continued from behind forwards, pair by pair — the withdrawal
of each pair of legs being followed by an interval of repose. The
limbs were withdrawn very readily from the old shell, slipping out
of it as a leg would from a loose boot. No apparent effort ac-
companied these operations so far.

The extrication of the claws, however, was attended with mucli
and violent exertion. This consisted of two powerful and sudden
tugs, the soft abdomen of the Lobster pressing by its under surface
upon the upper surface of the empty sheU. By this means the
soft chelae were drawn through the narrow joints of the old shell,
exhibiting strong, unmistakeable marks of the violence and pres-
sure to which they had been subjected. The escape of the chela?
from their unyielding incasement was not aided by any splitting
of the old shell, the large soft hands being drawn by compression
through the narrow joints, as a wire is drawn through the con-
tracting holes of a draw-plate.

The efforts for the withdrawal of the chelae were the last, and
succeeded in completely freeing the Lobster from its old case.

COMMON LOBSTER AND SHORE CRA.B. 33

Not only the claws, but the parts of the mouth, the antennae, and
the eyes, were all unsheathed ; and witli the last tug the regenerate
Lobster plunged backwards, and entirely escaped, above and be-
hind the now empty shell — its former tenement.

The operation, from first to last, occupied about twenty minutes,
and was performed entirely in view, in that part of the aquarium
which the Lobster had cleared of sea-weed.

Immediately after emerging from the old shell, the Lobster, was
much deformed : there was a general elongation of the whole
animal ; but this was most remarkably the case with the claws,
which were quite drawn out of shape. During the few subsequent
hours, both the body and the claws became shorter and much
enlarged. This increase of size did not result from any unfolding
of membrane of the shell previously plicated, as no folds were ob-
servable immediately after the emergence of the animal, but from
a simple distension, apparently from the imbibition, either by
swallowing or by endosmosis, of considerable quantities of water.
The membrane of the new shell was perfectly soft, and of a bright
blue colour. At first the Lobster was shy and quite inactive,
retiring to and remaining concealed among the accumulated sea-
weed ; but in a few hours it emerged from its retreat, and moved
freely about the aquarium. The membrane of the new shell re-
mained soft for some days, but on the seventh it appeared to
have become perfectly calcified.

These are the details of the exuviation of the Lobster whose
cast-off shell is before the Society. By a happy accident, tlie
same observers had an opportunity of witnessing the sloughing
of another Lobster, in the month of November following. The
process was identically the same in every particular ; but it was
observed that the subsequent calcification of the shell did not take
place till after the lapse of about fourteen days, — a circumstance
probably dependent on a lower temperature and a less active
nutrition. These are, I believe, the only two instances in which
the exuviation of the Lobster has been actually witnessed ; but
there exist specimens of sloughs which are entirely in keeping
with this description. In the fish-house of the Zoological Society
of London there are two specimens which were cast in the tanks
there ; and in each there is the same transverse splitting of the
carapace from the abdomen, and the longitudinal splitting of the
carapace itself, without any other opening for the escape of the
animal.

One or two general observations are suggested by the foregoing

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOOT. 3

34 ON THE MOULTING OF THE COMMON LOBSTER AND SHORE CRAB.

description. In the only examples of the exuviation of macrou-
rous Decapod Crustaceans, there exists a singular diversity in the
process itself. In Astacus, as described by Reaumur, the process
commences with the escape of the cephalothorax ; in Somarus, as
I have now described it, it begins by the emergence of the abdo-
men. In Astacus the carapace is detached and thrown off bodily
and unbroken, being severed from its attachments with the lateral
portions of the cephalothorax, as is the case in the Brachyura ;
whereas in Somarus the lateral attachments of the carapace
remain, whilst the plate itself is split up the centre. In Astacus,
as is also the case in the Brachyura, the thrown-off slough is uni-
formly left resting on its dorsal surface ; in Homarus the reverse
is uniformly the case. But the most striking dissimilarity is
to be found in the circumstances stated to attend the liberation
of the chelse. Prof. Bell, in the Introduction to his ' History of
the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea,' remarks — " It is impossible to
imagine that the crust of the legs, and especially of the great
claws of the larger species, could be cast off, unless it were
susceptible of being longitudinally split" (p. 35), and he then
proceeds to give the account detailed by Eeaimiur of the longi-
tudinal splitting of the shell in the neighbourhood of the joints of
the claws in Astacus, so as to allow of the extrication of the hands.
Nevertheless, however impossible it may appear for the chelse to
escape without this splittiug, no such circumstance occurs in the
exuviation of Homarus vulgaris ; and when we consider that the
hands of Astacus are small in proportion to the wrist-joints, and
that in Somarus they are larger in proportion to those joints than
in any other of the Macroura, this dissimilarity in the mode in
which the claws escape is the more remarkable, and, I confess, to
my own mind it suggests the suspicion that the distinguished and
usually most accurate French naturalist to whom I have referred
may possibly in this instance have been led to consider as a fact
that which was to him a supposed necessity*.

Since the foregoing account of the moulting of the Lobster was
written, I have dredged a specimen of the common shore-crab
{Carcinus mcenas), in the act of casting its shell. This little
crustacean had taken refuge, no doubt for the safe and secret per-

* Tlie suspicion above exj)i'essecl has been fully confirmed by observations
made by Mr. J. J. Bennett, the Secretary of the Linnean Society. Mr. Bennett
informs me that, in an aquarium in his possession, an Astacus fluviatilis has
twice cast its shell, and the process of moulting was on each occasion accom-
plished without any spUtting of the sheU at the joints of the claws.

ME. B. GARNER ON THE SUELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA. 35

formance of sloughing in a forest of Zostera, on one of the mud
banks in Poole Harbour, and while scraping these weeds with a
keer-drag it fortunately fell into my net. It shows how the Bra-
chyura leave their old shells by the horizontal splitting away of the
carapace from the other portions of the shell — the carapace itself
remaining entire ; and it also shows (and this was my principal
object in exhibiting the specimen) the enormous amount of increase
of size upon emerging from the shell, and the rapidity with which
that increase takes place. The animal, as now seen, is in exactly
the same state as when taken out of the water, and its bulk is
probably some four times larger than the area of the shell in which
it had been encased only a few minutes before. I retaiued the
Crab in connexion with its old shell, and prevented its further
escape by wrapping it in paper, so that it could not move its limbs.
I thought such a specimen would be telling and illustrative, and that
the old shell, being in contact with the new, would afford facilities
for contrast. In this condition the Crab died, and, being out of water
some time, it became diy, and the soft new shell collapsed and
bulged in ; but, upon placing the dead Crab in sea-water, the soft
shell very speedily imbibed suflBcient fluid to distend it to its pre-
vious dimensions. This of course was simply the effect of endosmosis.
Mr. Couch, in describing the moulting of the common Edible Crab
{Cancer Pagurus), speaks of its drinking large quantities of water,
and thus becoming distended ; but I rather think that the distension
takes place by endosmosis, even during life. There are two cir-
cumstances which militate agauist Mr. Couch's opinion : — first,
the rapidity with which the distension occurred in the Crab I have
just exhibited, while still in the act of moulting ; and secondly,
that after death the same distension occurred when the Crab was
immersed in sea- water ; in which case it could only be by endosmosis.
Indeed to me it seems very probable that this very endosmosis,
when the water once comes in contact with the new, uncalcified
shell, may, by distending it, be the main agent in the breaking-
open and dissevering of the elements of the old shell.

On the Shell-bearing Mollusca, particularly with regard to Struc-
ture and Form. By Egbert Garner, Esq., F.L.S.

[Abstract of a Paper read before the Society.]

The author commences the paper, of which the following is the
substance, with some general observations on the morphology of

3*

36 MR. R. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLTTSCA.

animals. He thinks that the idea of an ascending and successive
scale or chain of creation is, in the main, correct, when the great
classes, and not species or genera, are made the links, — the dis-
turbing or modifying influences being due to modes of life, food,
habitat, &c.,and causing a diiferent (say the quinary) distribution.
He is an advocate, too, for the doctrine of one fundamental plan
of organization, and thinks that, in the zoophyte, there is a real
union of both the animal and vegetable nisus.

The great divisions of this chain, the radiate, articulate, mollus-
cous, and vertebrate, constitute an ascending series ; the links of
the chain, so to speak, being in each case, for such an extent, of a
particular pattern ; but, nevertheless, one of the highest mollusks
may surpass in organization one of the lowest fishes, or an articu-
late creature a mollusk. The author considers such great divisions
of animals, as well as minor ones — the gasteropodous mollusks, for
instance — as realities, and not mere abstractions ; and that they
are independent of the circumstances of food, habitat, locomotion,
&c., just referred to. So great, however, are these disturbing
influences, tliat they often produce an extraordinary external
resemblance or pseudo-analogy between animals of a very different
nature, as between a Chiton and an Oniscus, and they are con-
nected intimately with, though not the cause of, what we call
specific or generic distinctions. Aerial life, in contradistinction to
aquatic, raises much tlie character of the locomotive organs ; yet
this is subordinate to type : hence the creeping Mollusk appears
to have commonly a higher organization than the flying Insect,

The cartilages of Sepia have a true resemblance to those of
a Skate, and the Cirrhipede truly connects the Mollusk with the
Crustacean. The author regards Dentalium as a gasteropod, differ-
ing in this respect from Lacaze-Duthiers, whose beautiful paper,
however, renders it supererogatory to say anything more on this
animal, except that the aiithor believes that the presence of the
spiniferous tongue, of a proboscis, and the nature of the food, are
favourable to his view : he also takes the feathery tufts to be the
branchiae.

The anatomy of Aspergillum is similar to that of PJiolas ;
its mantle, however, is all but closed in front, and ends in an
obliquely-set muscular disk, applied to the internal surface of the
rose of the so-called arrosoir, the openings of this part of the shell
giving exit to certain processes and fimbriae of the fleshy disk, —
a narrow slit being also left in both the muscular and shelly disks
for the exsertion of the small, compressed and curved foot. The

MR. E. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEABINCi MOLLUSCA. 37

aDiinal is enveloped within the shell by a rather horny, general
membrane.

The author touches upon the anatomy of some other genera of
Lamellibranehiata. Solemya has its firm, horny, dark cuticle
doubled inwards from the valves over the tubular mantle ; behind,
it has an anal opening, and a second fringed branchial slit lower
down : the branchiae and tentacles are single on each side, the
former being remarkably feather-like. The foot is similar to that of
the Solens, but crenate round its anterior disk. Cyrenoidea has the
mantle closed below, but with two openings behind, the upper one
with a semicircular internal fringe, incomplete above ; a callous
rim and fringe surround the mantle, which has also a third opening
for the long, compressed, bent, and blunt foot. This last has a
remarkable crystalline body, directed from the stomach to the
pedal pore, apparently, as in Cardium, subserving by its elasticity
to the extension of the foot, and consequently to locomotion ; at
any rate, it is not a sexual distinction. The external branchiae are
short, and the upper or internal branchial cavity does not commu-
nicate with the lower one. The renal organ opens near the
branchial nerve, and the ovai-y at tlie base of the abdominal mass.
Trigonia is remarkable for its beautifully fringed, open mantle, its
pectinated pits for the secretion of the teeth, and the large scythe-
shaped foot, trenchant before and peaked behind, and having a
fringed disk. Vulsella is allied to the Oyster, but more so to the
Pecteus, having a small cylindrical grooved foot and appended
visceral mass, but no byssus ; the rectum perforates the heai-t, and
has a tentacle above its opening. Perna has a similar foot, and a
very bulky byssus, with a large muscle attached to their base ; the
lips resemble those of the Oyster. The anatomy of Crania is little
diiferent from that of Orhicula, as described by Owen, — the beauti-
ful arms folded in several coils, with a simple mouth at their base,
the stomach and short intestinal canal surrounded by the liver and
hearts, and terminating by a lateral bend ; the ovaries ramifying in
the mantle ; the adductor muscles being four in number, with some
bands to the mantle ; and on the latter, glandular markings cor-
responding with the microscopic sculpture of the shell. With
respect to Anomia, the author has again been anticipated by Lacaze-
Duthiers, though he has already given, in another paper, most of
its anatomy and morphology : he would simply call attention to
its very long and curious crystalline stilette, unconnected with the
minute foot.

With respect to that qiicestio vexata, the sexes of the Lamelli-

38 Mil. R. WAHNEK ON THE SHELL-BEABING MOLLUSCA.

branchiata, be observes that any number of individuals of Cyclas
may be examined, and young fry will be found in the branchial
laminae in all ; that all Oysters have ova, and also all individuals of
Pecten maximus, the subpedal mass being visibly composed of an
ovary and a testis. He is obliged to believe that one species of
British Anodon is universally oviferous. But the common Edible
Cockle appears to have the individuals of different sexes, and the
same may be said witli regard to Mytihis edulis and Patella.

The spermatozoa in the Cockle are oblong and a little curved,
and torulated, as it were, whilst they are pear-shaped in My-
tilus ; they are also extremely minute, and their appendages must
be very fine, for with a power magnifying 500 diameters they are
scarcely to be seen.

In the shell of a Patella, Emarginula, or Haliotis, we have
the two conjoined valves of a lameUibranchiate mollusk ; and
through such forms as CalyptrcBa, Hipponyx, Navicella, and Ne-
rita, we arrive at the ordinary form of tlie gasteropod with its
operculum.

Then follows a disquisition on the progressive tendency to a spiral
geometry in these animals, due to a varying plan of conformation,
and not to the force of the heart, there being generally an atrophy
of the left side of the body. In Nautihcs and Argonauta, the shell
and mantle are reversed in position to what they are in the Gaste-
ropods, whilst Sepia and Hyalcea agree rather vdth the latter.
The symmetrical shell of the lower Gasteropods undergoes a
lateral torsion in the higher, spiral forms, to become again
symmetrical in the Cephalopoda. The branchiae in Patella retain
a position analogous to that of the same organs in the Lamelh-
branchiata ; in some Chitons they have a tendency to retract
towards the anus, as in Doris ; in Fissurella they waste at the
sides and become developed above the neck, as in the spiral
Gasteropods ; but in them, the right branchia, and right side of
the mantle are principally developed. From this torsion arises
the form and spire of the shell. In Aplysia, where the bran-
chial fissure is far back and to the right side, the right respiratory
nerve preserves a superior position, and passes backwards to form
its ganglion at the front of the branchial opening ; the left, on the
contrary, passes under the oesophagus to form a second ganglion,
not mentioned by Cuvier, behind the first. In the more spiral
Gasteropod the torsion is greater ; the right nerve, for instance,
mounts upwards over the digestive canal to form its ganglion
quite in the left flank, whilst the left goes below the digestive

MR. R. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA. 39

canal to attain the right flank. lu Sepia the branchiae are again
symmetrical and abdominal.

The shell of the young Sepia is composed of distant plates, only
connected by minute transversely striated laminae or flattened
tubes, producing by their insertion a beautiful appearance of
sinuous lines, very like those of a Baculite or Ammonite ; and the
spongy part of the shell, so constituted, is probably filled with air
from the cavity of the body situated immediately in front, the
intervening membrane having a peculiar structure. This cavity of
the body exists in much lower mollusks ; air being apparently
secreted in it, to lighten the animal.

The author thinks that, in considering the anatomy and form of
the body of the Gasteropoda, about ten species may be taken as
types of corresponding families.

1. Patella and its congeners. — He claims to have been one of
the first to show the termination of the oviducts and renal organs
between the processes of the branchiae iu the Chitons. As they
are commonly phytivorous, the intestine is often very long and
disposed in large coils, in double apposition ; the buccal apparatus is
very remarkable. Cliitonelhis difters but slightly from Chiton, the
central elements of its tongue, however, being little developed,
though having the same tessellated basement membrane. The
tongue of Emavginula difters much from that of Patella, having
an immense number of serrated side-hooks and a dilated middle
portion.

2. Caltpte^a, 8fc. — The mollusks of this division have often
supranuchal branchiae, as have some of the last ; the sexes also
are frequently separate, rendering copulation necessary ; and they
are sometimes partially spiral, with a tendency to form an oper-
culum. However, the little Ancylus fluviatilis appears to be what
is commonly called hermaphrodite, with a branchial lamina on
the left side, together with the heart and openings of the genital
organs ; the stomach has a caecum, and the penis a long filiform
appendage ; the female parts opening near the rectum and behind
the male organs. It mvist respire by water rather than by air,
for, in a rapid stream, the stones at the bottom are covered with
Ancyli (upon which also its round oothecse, each containing four
or five ova, are deposited), and it appears impossible for them to
get to the surface to breathe. On the contrary, the \ake- Ancylus,
though the margin of its mantle is ciliated, may perhaps come to
the sLu-face, ascending the stalks of the Water Persicaria, on
which it is mostly found, and on which its oothecae are deposited.
A¥hen the dark cuticle of this last minute creature is removed,

40 MR. B. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA.

its organs may be seen to be reversely disposed to those of the
larger species, the heart being placed to the right, before the apex
of the shell, and the rectum also on the same side.

3. Doris, S^c. — The little Doris aspera swims, back downwards,
on the surface of a glass of sea-water, copulates, and deposits its
semicircular oothecae. The brain of the common Lemon Doris is
of a fine orange eoloiu', enveloped in a glandular matter, and is
constituted by a complicated assemblage of ganglia : there are
acoustic sacs and dark ocular spots upon it. There are six ganglia
on the buccal mass, and about six or eight minute ones on the
stomach. The anal sac appears to be a purple- or ink-bag; and
the so-called matrix is composed of a peculiar substance, swelling
enormously in water, of which it renders a large quantity viscid,
and being also coagulable by alcohol and bichloride of mercury,
but not by heat. Spermatozoa M-ere found in the genital vesicle,
as well as in the epididymis and its caecum. The spines of the
lingual plate are uniform, and in number about 10,000.

4. Apltsia, Sfc. — Aplysia has been before alluded to. Cuvier,
in his generally beautiful drawings, has scarcely done justice
to (5) lanthina, nor to its beautiful float and ootheca; it is
peculiar for its fins, and the disk at the back of the foot. With
respect to Magilus, it should be removed from the (6) Tubuli-
branchiata, its animal being a Purpura in structure, with a bent
horny operculum, and a very long linear appendage on the right
side of the head, leading to the supposition that the animals are
of difierent sexes, though there seem to be difficidties in the way
of sexual congress. In the specimen examined, the spire of the
shell was not solidified ; the animal had a short proboscis, with
rather bent subulate feelers, and eyes on the outside ; it had also
a rich purple secretion near the rectum on the right side.

7. Trochus, Sfc. — Some of the species of Trochus surpass even
Mmargimila in the beauty of their lingual apparatus. The renal
organ opens into the bottom of the branchial cavity, contrary to its
disposition in Helix and Lymncttis, where its exit is near the respi-
ratory orifice. In Flanorhis, that part of the respiratory cavity
receiving the excretions seems separated by an imperfect valve
from the right portion. With respect to the secretion of this organ,
it consists, in both Gasteropoda and Lamellibrauchiata, of niune-
rous pellucid globular bodies, containing opaque earthy nuclei or
granules, and presenting diftereut appearances in Anodon (for
instance), Cyclostoma, Buccinum, and Helix. When these bodies
are incinerated, lime is left, which in some cases appears to ha\e
been combined with oxalic acid. The little JVerita litoralis presents

MR. B. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA. 41

the structure of the Turbonidae very prettily aud in small compass
particularly iu the very long spiral tongue. Delpliinula has the
fringed mantle and sides aud very vronderfuUy armed tongue of the
other Trochidse. Melania is of similar organization to our well-
known Paludina, the stomach compound, the mantle and bilobed
head fringed, and the latter marbled like that of Paludina. Ampul-
lar ia appears to be truly amphibious.

8. BucciNUM, ^c. — Natica presents much the same structure
as the common Buccinum, but has a muscular disk anterior to the
mouth, — a disposition, with some variations however, found in other
mollusks. The first and second stomachs are at a distance from
each other, the tongue is little developed, and the branchiae (often
single in the Turbonidae) two in number. Purpura also differs
but little from Buccinum. Ovula is a less attainable mollusk : the
foot is long and rather narrow, and subventral rather than sub-
trachelian, with a sinuosity on the right of the neck, where also is
a short hooked penis in the male, receiving a vas deferens from
near the rectum behind ; there is a large and small branchia, and
the reflected portion of the mantle is covered witli tubercles and
tentacles, — no doubt a fine garnish in the living animal ; the mouth
has a muzzle, and there are small eyes on the external sides of the
curved, awl-shaped tentacles ; the elements of the tongue are
beautifully toothed and serrated.

9. Lymn^us, Sfc. — Of the air-breathing aquatic and (10) ter-
restrial gasteropods the most interesting particulars are their
generative organs, wliich the author proposes to re-examine. The
brain of Helix aspersa is composed internally of pyriform or
oval ganglionic vesicles, each giving origin to one or more nervous
fibres. The acoustic sacs are similar to those of Botns. The nerves
from the upper part of the ring are enveloped in a darkish neuri-
lema, and comprehend no doubt olfactory, optic, and tactile twigs ;
there being the buccal ganglia for taste, and the acoustic sacs for
hearing ; the twigs, however, forming the buccal or pharyngeal
ganglia have a broad double root on each side, near the origin of
the above three nerves. The lower part of the brain is very
analogous to that of Sepia, giving off nerves to the foot, and
external and internal respiratory ones to the mantle, respiratory
opening, branchiae, &c. Lymnceus has the cephalic ring formed by
about twelve ganglia, exclusive of two large and t^o minute ones
. on the buccal mass. The upper portion of the ring has gangli-
onic swellings, but in other respects the nerves are as iu Helix.
Its lower portion consists of two pedal nerves, and has the

42 MR. B. &ABNEE ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA.

acoustic spot and a minute ganglion upon it ; behind, this lower
portion consists of five ganglia connected with both the anterior
and upper swellings by a cord, but separated from the former by the
aorta, as usual, and giving nerves to the flanks, pulmonary orifices
and sac, heart, stomach, and viscera. The lower ganglia are bright
yellow.

With respect to the Pteropoda, the branchiae in Hyalcea exist
as a delicate membrane under the swollen part of the shell, in
structure much like the same part in the Ascidians, the inlet being
through the anterior opening of the mantle. There are eyes at the
fold of the mantle behind, and two small tentacles above the mouth ;
the heart and rectum being on the left side, and the generative
opening at the base of the right ala. Cleodora is a very beautiful
creature, with the same disposition and structure of viscera;
brain-spots but no eyes were visible ; the mantle had beautiful
muscvdar bands ; the branchiae as above ; the buccal apparatus is
imperfect in both. Cleodora has similar membranous expansions
with Hyalcea, and also a sort of triangular lip.

Argonauta has a lachrymal pore before and beneath the eye.
The beautiful and obvious respiratory mechanism in the Cephalo-
poda needs not to be described. There is a large sac behind the
viscera of the Argonaut, which opens on each side ; it is perhaps of
some hydrostatic use. There are at least three pairs of salivary
glands, of which four open on the floor of the mouth, and two or
three at the commencement of the gullet. Several small shells of
Pteropoda and fragments of Cephalopods were fovmd in the sto-
mach, on which was observed the large nervous ganglion found in
aU these, as well as in lower mollusks. The branchial nerves have
each two ganglia, of which the last at the root of the branchiae is
rounder than the other ; the branchial hearts have processes as
in Sepia. In Sepia two openings lead from the respiratory sac
into the cavity containing the venae cavae and their secreting ap-
pendages often imbued with glittering crystalline particles, and
from the above cavities a wider opening on each side leads into a
second sac further back, situated in front of the shell. There are
auditory sacs in the Argonaut. The oviducts have separate open-
ings, but originate together. Both Sepia and Arffonauta are infested
with a subcutaneous filiform entozoon, hooked anteriorly and rolled
up spirally in the former. Loligo media and Sepiola have but one
ovidvict, and the two large, glandular, laminated organs, opening
at their sinnmits, are wanting in Argonauta and Octopus. In
Sepiola one would almost think that copidation takes place, for the

MK.S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC.E.' -13

author has taken what he supposes to be the capsules of Need-
ham, with dilated oval ends, tubular and bent pedicles or pro-
cesses, enclosed elastic filaments, and adhering zoosperms, from
the oviducts of the female : he has made the same observation
also in Sepia. The latter has very similar male organs to Oc-
topus, as described by Cuvier. In the embryo Sepia, the yelk
enters below the mouth and opens into the upper stomach, but
the beak of the animal also appears to be inserted into it be-
hind. The vitellus in reality therefore enters by the foot, as it
does in Bulimus, and probably in all Bivalves.

On the Linnean Manuscript of the ' Museum TJlricse.'

By Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., F.L.S.

[Read Dec. 3, 1858.]

Not the least important result of the investigations of the Com-
mittee appointed by the Linnean Society to examine the condi-
tion of the collections and manuscripts of Linnaeus, was the redis-
covery of a written copy of the ' Museum Ulricse.' The volume
was manifestly, from internal evidence, a legible transcript of the
original manuscript of that work, with alterations and interpola-
tions in the peculiar handwriting of the author. It was, indubi-
tably, the unpublished catalogue so often mentioned in the tenth
edition of the ' Systema,' and contains descriptions of certain spe-
cies alluded to as defined, yet, strangely enough, omitted in the
printed edition. It is worthy of notice for many reasons : it cor-
rects the frequent misprints ; explains the many fallacious allusions
to preceding species, their sequence being very different ; it ex-
hibits those early synonyms, which, culled from comparison with
the actually described specimens, had been eventually supplanted
by supposed better representations ; above all, it imparts to us
those original headings, or diagnoses (condensed from the sub-
sequent detads), which had been suppressed, of old, in favour of
those already pubKshed in the ' Systema.'

This wholesale substitution, adopted by Linnaeus, as a ready
method of avoiding a tedious revision of all the headings, when he
absorbed in the more comprehensive groups of his ' Systema ' the
members of manuscript genera he had determined to reject,involved
a serious amount of confusion ; for, oftentimes, the species of the
two works, although designated by the same appellations, were
totally distinct ; and the combination of the diagnosis of the one
with the details of the other displayed an array of features not
known to be associated in any object in nature.

44 MR.S.IIANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS, OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBIC.E.

The generic arrangement exhibited in the manuscript differs
essentially from that which appeared in the final edition of his
' Systema Naturae.' As a whole, it is decidedly inferior, yet it se^'
gregates certain natural groups, such as Lyra and Cassula, the
value of which have been acknowledged by all modern naturalists.
The following list and sequence of the genera comprised in it, can-
not, indeed, be regarded as an entire system, for certain groups,
viz.. Chiton, Lepas, Teredo, SabelJa, and the typical forms of Mya,
Mactra, and Anomia, were not at that period represented in the
Museum ; but it is not devoid of interest, since it manifests a trans-
itional stage in the progressive advance to that matured scheme
which was finally elaborated in the pages of his revised ' Systema.'
Dentalium. Haliotis.

Patella. Nautilus.

Nerita. Cymbium (=Argonauta).

Helix. Spondylus.

Turbo. Ostrea.

Trochus. Pectcn.

Turricula. Area.

Bucciaum. Pinna.

Lyra. Mytilus.

Morion. Solen.

Conus. Tellina.

Voluta. Chama (not that of the

Strombus (not that of the ' Systema').

' Systema'). Cunuus (=Yenus).

Harpago (= Strombus). Pholas (not that of the

Murex. ' Systema').

Cassida. Trimculus (=Donax).

Cypr^ea. Bucardium (=Cardium).

BuUa.
Besides the four genera {Chiton, Lepas, Teredo, Sahella) that
were excluded from this catalogue, either from the absence of speci-
mens, or from mistrust of their being veritable Testacea, six of the
remaining 32, namely, Pholas, Mya, Mactra, Chama, Anomia, and
Serpula, were likewise omitted, not being yet eliminated from So-
len, Bucardium, Spondylus, Ostrea, and Dentalium. To counter-
balance these, we find no less than eight subsequently abandoned
groupings :

Turricula (an undefined amalgam of the long-spired species
of Buccinum, 3Iurex, and Strombiis).
Lyra (the Harpa and Purpura of the Lamarckian school).

MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEA.N MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBTCiE.' 45

Monon (an unnatural compound of Eburna, Auricula proper,
PytJiia, &e.).

Stromhus(a combination of the immature members of the received
genus with Pyrula, Fasciolaria, and other allied forms).

Cassida (nearly the modern Cassis).

Pec fen (equal to Lima and Pecteri).

Chama (the Tapes of recent conchologists).

Pholas (chiefly composed of Artemis and Lucina) .

It may be remarked, moreover, that the simple univalves com-
mence, and the bivalves close the series ; the exact converse of the
order in which they are marshalled in the two principal editions
of the ' Sy sterna Naturae.'

I feel assured, after a careful study of the manuscript, that the
names eventually allotted to the shells of the * Museum ' did not
result from a careful comparison of the royal specimens with the
typical examples in the private collection of our author, but were
attached to the species, either from the identity of the written and
printed synonymy, or from the general accordance of their described
features with the meagre characteristics enumerated in the prior
publication.

The erased nomenclature of the species, however, was very dis-
similar, and was scrupulously based upon a supposed identity of
the specimens with those delineated by Eumphius, Klein, and
d'Argenville, Assuredly at that period of his career, our author
entertained the same profound respect for the laws of priority
which is professed by all modern naturalists ; and I hesitate not
to affirm that, from the crude and inharmonious theories of his
predecessors, he eliminated a system of Conchology that was
better suited to the requirements of the age he lived in than any
more elaborate arrangement would have been. For simplicity
attracts the student, whom a more complex (even if more natural)
method would repel ; and for the collection of an adequate mass of
materials wherewith, eventually, to build up a more symmetrical
and widely -based structure, a multitude of comparatively unskilled
labourers is more efficacious than a small knot of the most erudite
architects.

Before inviting the attention of my readers to the original head-
ings of the ' Museum Ulricse,' and to my brief account of the
variations in the written copy from the text of the printed version,
I must premise, that it has not been my practice invariably to
notice, in the summary, such trifling differences of construction as
the preferential use of the ablative for the nominative case, where
the verbal change involved no alteration of the precise meaning.

46 mb.s.hanlet on the linnean ms. of the 'museum ulbic-s!.'

Museum Ludovic^ Ulrica E-egin^.
CONCHTLIA.

CHITON. LEPAS.

Nothing relating to these two genera was found in the copy.

PHOLAS.

The Pholas of the manuscript is perfectly dissimilar to that of the
' Systema.' Our author had evidently, when he first wrote the ' Museum
Ulricae,' not appreciated the remarkably striking characteristics of this
group, having located the only species he then knew (for P. candidus seems
a subsequent discovery) with the Salens.

P. CANDIDUS. Not mentioned in the manuscript.

P. CRisPATus. Sol. ovatus, obtusissimus, cardinis dente depresso ro-
tundato.
The Appendix to Lister was not cited ; " Habitat in Anglia, Suecia," was
appended to the description, which in many respects was inferior to the
published one. The account of the hinge was merely " Cardo dente dila-
tato rotundato extus excavato."

MYA.

The three incongruous forms assorted as Mi/cb were not so imited in the
MS. ; the second being very properly placed with the Mussels, the other
two ascribed to Solen.

M. LUTRARIA. Sol. ovali-oblongus, cardine laterali dilatato semior-
biculato.

In lieu of the reference to Lister (whose work does not appear to have
been consulted by our author at the period when this portion of his manu-
script was written), plate 45, figure N, of Rumphius was quoted as illustra-
tive. The published account of the hinge is much more complete than the
written one, which was apparently drawn up from a worn specimen ; it
ran as follows : " Cardo extus vix gibbus, intus constans laminis 2 semi-
orbiculatis concavis introrsum spectautibus."

By a slip of the pen, in my ' Ipsa Linnsei Conchylia,' I had tei'med
Brown's figure of the Linnean Mya lutraria, L. oblonga, instead of L,
elliptica.

M. PERNA. Myt. Isevis, cardine terminali unidentato.

The intended name was M. Magellanicus.

M. VULSELLA. Sol. oblougus, liuguseformis, cardine terminali dilatato
semiorbiculato.

" Pinna linguaformis subfalcata" was written after the reference to the
' Museum Tessinianum;' hence it seems that Linnaeus did not himself
consider that he had used the binomial method in that work, or he would
have quoted it as P. lingulata.

" Rumph. 148. t. 4G. f. a," and " Gualt. t. 90. f. h," were the impublished
svnonvms.

MR. S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICjE.' 47

SOLEN.

Testa valvulis utrinque hiantibus. Cardo dente iinico inflexo recurvo.

The Mya lutraria, M. vulsella, and Pholas crispatus were originally
included in this genus.

S. VAGINA. S. linearis rectus, cardiuibus unidentatis.

"Habitat in Indiae littoribus arenosis : in mari Rubro (Hasselquist)" w&s
the recorded locality in the MS., where the European shell delineated by
Gualtieri was not then included : " Klein, 163. t. 11. f. 65" (a copy from
the cited figure of Rumphius) was its substitute.

S. siLiQUA. S. linearis rectus, cardine altero bidentato.

The wretched drawings of Argenville were not quoted ; but " Bonan. 2.
f. 56 " (error for 57), " Plane, t. 3. f. 6," and " List. Ang. 192. t. 3. f. 37,"
were cited instead.

S. ENSis. S. linearis subarcuatus, cardine altero bidentato.

The final remark was not in the MS.

S. CULTELLUS. S. ovali-oblongus curvatus.

" Habitat in Amboinse littoribus arenosis " is an addition of the MS.
The intended name (derived from Rumphius) was cultriformis,

S. RADiATUS. S. ovalis, cardinis costa tereti.

" Habitat in littoribus arenosis Xulii (?) Amboinae " is an addition to the
published account. The intended specific name was violaceus, an appella-
tion bestowed upon it by Rumphius : " solida " was an emendation.

S. STRiGiLATus. S. ovalis, oblique striatus.

" Bonan. 2. f. TG" (error for 77) was an unpublished synonym.

S. ANATiNUS. S. ovatus membrauaccus, costa falcata.

Rostrum anatis was the intended name.

TELLINA.

Testa altero latere inflexa. Cardo dentibus aliquot, raro lateralibus.

T. GARGADiA. T. antice rugosa, rima dentata.

The absurd " marginis posticum latus remotum " was a misprint for
(dens) " marginis posticus, latus, remotus."

T. LINGUA-FEUS. T. subovata scabra.

" Klein, 1. 11. f. 62" (cited in the * Systema'), and " d'Arg. t.25. f.G"
(the description of which suits better than the drawing) are the additions
of the MS. : " sesquilatiore " was the printed emendation of " latiore."

T. viRGATA. T. ovata, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus
lateralibus.

The erroneous reference to d' Argenville was not present : " Klein, 158.
Tellina virgata Rumphii" had been added by Linnaeus. Avery large portion
of the printed account is wanting in the MS., to wit— " aequales. Intus
radiis obsolete incarnatis picta." " Labris rugosis et scabris," "hymene
tectis. Anus est rima concava," " primores," " transversi cum cavitate pro
oppositis dentibus," " longitudinalem." The " retrorsum " was originally
" sursum" ; " dextrum " was " sinistram" ; " Tertius dens " was " Altera
testa."

48 MR.S.HAJfLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULRICA.'

T. GARi. T. ovalis, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus
lateralibus uuUis.

The G in the reference to Rumphius, and the F in the reference to
d'Argenville were misprints for D and I, and were so pubHshed in the
' Systema :' the "primoribus" was an emendation.

T. ALBIDA. T. ovahs, laevis, nymphis prominulis. "Primores" was
an emendation. The species was unnamed.
T. FOLIACEA. T. antice scabra, rim a serrata.

The Rumphian name " fohum " was the intended appellation : " Klein,
162. t. 11. f. 64" was cited, as in the ' Systems' : "aciatum" was the
reading for the printed "acutum."

T. PLANATA. T. ovata plana, transversim striata, marginibus acutis.
The erroneous reference to Gualtieri (whose figure C looks more like the
species than his G) is not to be found in the manuscript. The species was
not named.

T. L^viGATA. T. ovata lajvis, nymphis intractis.
The figure of T. chloroleuca in Rumphius was not quoted, neither was
the hence-derived appellation attached : the " radiato " and " primoribus "
were also subsequent additions.

T. RADiATA. T. ovali-oblonga, longitudinaliter substriata, sutura pos-
tica canaliculata. " Obsoletis " and "primores" were subsequent emen-
dations.

T. ROSTRATA. T. oblouga, antice angulato-rostrata.
The T. rostrata of the final edition of the ' Systema' was assm-edly the
T. Spengleri, and w\i\\ that shell solely will the printed account in the
' Museum Ulrica; ' accord. But the five earlier lines of the description
(save " et albus "), and the detailed dentition (except " fossula distinctus "),
with the varieties a, b, y, and the same synonyms as in the tenth edition of
the * Systema,' appear in the MS. with the name T. /jefasMKCMZMS attached.
Whether designedly or not, there was a pictorial definition of T. vulsella
in the earlier ' Systema;' and if an author be not allowed to amend his
description, T. vulsella is better entitled than T. Spengleri to the name
rostrata. " Mavgo exterior parum repandum est " was written in the MS,
T. REMIES. T. rugosa, suborbiculata.

The expressions " hians," " primores," " remoti," and the last five words
of the details were absent ; " utrinque " followed " duo " : "non " in place
of " vix " was the earlier reading.

T. scoBiNATA. T. scabra orbiculata.

" Primores," and " in altera testa profunda fossula distinctus," were not
in the copy.

CARDIUM.

Cardo dentibus baseos binis, marginis solitariis remotis acutis. Val-
vulse gibbae, hinc figura cordis.

BucARDiUM was the epithet applied in the written copy to the members
of this genus, to which the Solen bullatus of the ' Systema ' was correctl}'
referred. Mactra had not then been separated.

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 49

C. COSTATUM. Buc. sulcis costis elevatis membranaceis.

The original description has been somewhat enlarged in the press, by the
addition of " brevissimis," " et extrorsum flexis," " fossula distinctus ; at
vero ille sub ano quasi duplex " : " minus vero ad latera sulcata," moreover,
was simply " ad alterum latus " : the only expression omitted in printing
was "reflexus," which followed "Anus margine."

C. Cardissa. Buc. compressum, valvis carinatis, natibus contiguis.

" Colura. Aqu. 19. t. 16 " (cited also in the ' Systema') was quoted in
the MS. from which the " vix," " subcontigui," " remotus, validus, fossula
distinctus," were absent. The"Rima" was termed " subrotunda " in-
stead of " cordata."

C. HEMicARDiuM. Bmc. subquadrilatcrum : valvulis carinatis, umlwni-
bus distantibus.

" Fasciis " was a misprint for the original " facies " : " sulcis convexis "
was written "sulcis excavato-rugosis." There was no specific appel-
lation.

C. MEDIUM. Buc. subcordatum subangulatum ; valvulis angulatis sul-
catis laevibus.

The prefatory remarks were the only portion of the printed description
to be found in the MS. The species was not named, but was quoted in
the ' Systema ' before the publication of its details.

C. ACULEATUM (misprinted " muricatum "). Buc. subcordatum, sulcis
convexis, linea cava exaratis, versus apicem dentatis.

The intended name was verum.

C. ECHiNATUM. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis acutis exaratis linea elevata
ciliata aculeis inflexis plurimis.

" List. Aug, 188. t. 5. f. 33, Pectunculus echinatus," " Bonan. 2. t. 90,"
« Gesn. Aq. 131, 132," " Faun. Suec. 1339," " Rondel. Aq. 22," were the
ori;i;inal synonyms, to which our author had subsequently added " Klein,
139. t. 10. f. 40." " Alba " followed " gibba " ; " parum antrorsum in-
flexis " was the reading for the printed " erectis subulatis " ; " extrorsum "
for the " uti extus " : " brevioribus. Anus Isevis, sutura simplici prominula,"
" recurvi," " fossula distinctus," were emendations.

C. TUBERCULATUM. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis obtusis nodosis trans-
versim striatis.

" Gualt. t. 71- f- M. " was a correct additional synonym.

C isocARDiA. Buc. cordatum, sulcis imbricatis squamis fornicatis.

" Klein, 138. isocardia fragum" had been interpolated by Linnaeus;
hence the name, which was not in the original. The " fossula distinct! "
has replaced the earlier " validi."

C. FRAGUM. Buc. subcordatum subangulatum, sulcis notatis semicir-
culis elevatis.

By the addition of " mala" to the erroneously cited figure of Gualtieri,
our author has virtually repudiated it. " Spinosa;" followed " Pruni ; " the
fallacious " s. rubris " was not present, nor " saepe " either; " anteriore "
stood in the place of" postico," and " postico" in that of " antico." The

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 4

50 MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAK MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICiE.'

descriptions of the "rima" and "anus" have been added: "recurvati"
and " fossula distinct! " were amphfications.

C. Unedo. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis lunulis coloratis.

C. MURiCATUM. Buc. subrotundum sulcatum, lateribus muricatis.

C. MAGNUM. Bue. oblongum, sulcis angulatis latere serratis.

I had hoped to have found the 19 a misprint, but the MS. and the
printed copy agree precisely in evei-y particular.

C. FLAVUM. Buc. subovatum sulcatum, latere altero scabrum, altero
dentatum.

The redundant " subovata " was not in the copy, where the remark was
made that the species resembled the shell subsequently termed Chama cor,
the figure of which (Gualt. t. 71. f- E.) had been cited, but erased in the
MS. The ideal hence derived is a very different shell from the one sup-
posed identical. No mention is made of lateral teeth : was it then a veri-
table Cardium ?

C. L^viGATUM. Buc. ovatum, striis Iseviusculis longitudinalibus.

I do not consider this (the B. striatum of the MS.) to be identical with
the C. Icevigatum of the ' Systema.'

C. SERRATUM. Buc. Ovale Iseve, antice serratum.

" Ovata " stood in the place of the printed " obovata " : " curvatus "
and " parvi " were subsequent to the MS.

C. TRISTE. Buc. ovatum laeve, rima anoque obsolete striatis.

The ' Museum ' was referred to for this shell previously to the publication
of the details. Curious to relate, the species was wholly omitted in the
twelfth edition of the ' Systema.' It was, in all probabihty, a Mactra,
which genus had not been constituted at the period when the description
of C. triste was issued.

C. PECTINATUM. Buc. subcordatum, striis hinc longitudinalibus, illinc
transversalibus.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

Mention was made in the ' Systema ' of a Solen bullatus, for a more
detailed account of which the reader was referred to the ' Museum Ulricae.'
No such species appeared in the published edition ; but the omitted shell
(a veritable Cardium) was thus described in the unprinted version : —

Buc. BULLATUM. B. subrotundum, antice crenato-bians.

Rump. 143. t. A4. f. N. Pecten bullatus.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, gibba, fragilis, pellucida, substriata, rufo ne-
bulosa, antice hians, margine serrato. Umbones tumidi, obtusi, reflexi.
Rima minima brevissima. Ani regio obsoleta. Dens cardinis fere unicus,
minimus. Marginales solitarii, remoti, compressi, majores.

DONAX.

Trunculus was the proposed name of this genus, which was thus
characterized : —

Testa compressa, antice obtusissima, retusa. Cardinis dentibus 2, mar-
ginis unicus.

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBIC^.' 51

D. scoRTUM was wisely omitted.

D. PUBESCENS. Trun. antice spiuis ciliatus.

D. RUGOSA. Trun. antice rugosus, marginibus crenatis.

The printed " cuneiformis " has replaced the earlier " majuscula" ; and
" crenulatis " was originally " undulatis." " Intus subviolacea est " was
not in the written copy.

D. TRUNCULUS. Trun. antice laevis, marginibus crenatis.

The reference to Klein was not in the original, but " d'Arg. t. 25. f. L."
was quoted (as in the twelfth edition of the ' Sy sterna '). The last seven
words printed were not in the copy. The intended name was gibbus.

D. CUNEATA. Trun. cuneiformis, marginibus integerrimis.

The final remark was not in the copy, where " parva, ovata," preceded
"cuneiformis." The then unpublished details were quoted in the
* Systema.'

D. scRiPTA. Trun. ovatus Isevis scriptus.

The erroneous citation of Gualtieri (a misprint for 88. f. Q.) was not in
the copy, and, as the figure represents the D. trunculus in the page opposite,
I suspect was carelessly placed here by the printer, when our author had
inserted it in his revised proof. I suspect this error often occurred, as for
instance in Tellina planata and radiuta, where Gualtieri's figure (added
diu-ing revision) was attached to the former instead of to the latter.
" Margo interne crenulatus," and nearly the entire account of the teeth,
were emendations.

D. MURICATA. Trun. ovatus, striis muricatis, margine denticulato.

" Postice soUtarii " followed the final " utrinque " : " primores " was
an emendation.

VENUS.

This genus (as a whole) was not to be found in the manuscript System.
Its components were distributed into three groups, two of which bore
names that were subsequently allotted to forms very remote from those
therein so designated.

CuNNUS. Testa subrotunda. Rima nymphis instructa, Dentes car-
dinis 4, lateralibus divaricatis versus latera. This contained the bulk of
the Veneres, all except Nos. 63, ^&, and those referred to Pholas and
Chama.

Pholas. Testa lenticularis. Rima fissa, destituta nymphis. Dentes
cardinis 1 s. 2, marginaUs tantum intra anum. V. Pennsylvanica, iiicrus-
tata, punctata, edentula, exoleta, scripta, pectinata, ziczac were its con-
stituents.

Chama. Testa ovalis cum angulo. Cardo dentibus 4 confertis, quo-
rum unus in singula valvula bifidus. In this were located V. literata,
rotundata, decussata.

V DioNE. Cun. cordatus, antice pubescenti-spinosus.

The same references to Petiver, Olearius, and Lister were present as in
the ' Systema.' The final remark was an addition. The proposed name

was C. Veneris.

4*

52 MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC^.'

V. MARiCA. Cun. subcordatus, decussatim striatus, pube lamellosa.

V. Dysera. Cun. testa subcordata, sulcis transversis reflexis, labiis
concavis incumbentibus.

Neither " Iluic rugae, &c.," " laevis," nor the synonym of Lister were in
the original.

V. Chione. Cun. subovatus, laevis.

The erroneous reference to d'Argenville was not inserted in the MS.,
from which " lanceolatis," likewise, w as absent.

V. maculata. Cun. testa ovato-eordata laevis.

"Lanceolata" and " ovato-oblongus " have been additions. The ob-
servation that it was difficult to distinguish this shell (which was not
named in the MS.) from the following, would mislead one, since the
remark referred to two unpublished species, which it originally preceded.

V. MERETRix. Cun. subcordatus glaber, labris gibbis, nymphis apice
hiantibus.

C. vulgatus was the name originally designed.

V. CASTRENSis. Cun. suborbiculatus glaber, characteribus scriptus.

V. Merge. Cun. sutura postica hians.

V. FiMBRiATA. Cun. subrotuudus decussatus rugosus, longitudinaliter
striatus.

D'Argenville was not referred to.

V. RETICULATA. Cun. subcordatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano
cordato.

V. TiGERiNA. Cun. suborbiculatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano
ovato.

The name was an error, having been derived from the " Lingua tigerina "
of Rumphius (his figure G., not H.) : fuliginosus was the one originally
intended.

V. PRosTRATA. Pho. orbiculata, transverse striata, labiis scabro-
membranaceis.

The unpublished details had been previously referred to in the ' Systema.'

V. Pennsylvanica. Pho. glabra, rugosa, antice sulco longitudinali.

" Habitat in Pennsylvania," and " subdiaphana," were the unprinted
additions. The " margo interne crenatus," " nates sub-recurvatae," and
" color intus versus marginem violaceus," were not in the copy. The last
character (so utterly inappropriate to the features of Lucina P.) was, I
suspect, intended for punctata on the page opposite.

V. INCRUSTATA. Pho. glaberrima laevissima, punctis excavata.

The details were referred to in the ' Systema ' before their publication.

V. PUNCTATA. Pho. longitudinaliter sulcata.

The G in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written D,
from which figure (" Chama pectinata ") our author had proposed to
borrow the specific name, but subsequently had preferred the published
designation. " Klein, 147. Actinobolos aequilatera " has been added to
the MS. by Linnaeus.

V. exoleta. Pho. decussatim striata.

MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 53

The original synonymy and details have been so transmuted in the press,

that it is manifest that the amended (!) species was perfectly distinct from

the shell originally designed. The name of the latter was clathrata, and

the declared sculpture was not merely " transversim," but " et lon^itu-

dinaliter " likewise (in place of " striis retrorsis "). The reference (added

by Linnaeus) was not to Gualtieri, but to Lister, 335, f. 1/2, and its copy

in Klein (t. 10. f. 52), both which would have more appropriately been

assigned to V. reticulata. The V. exoleta having been previously defined

in the ' Systema,' this confusion becomes of little importance.

V. ziczAC. ¥ho. striis transversis membranaceis erectis.

The number which indicates the position of this species in the ' Museum '

has been subsequently ('Syst.' ed. 12) referred to V. cancellata, yet,

judging from the generic appellation (and consequent dentition), it could

scarcely have been that well-known species. The " lentiformi " of the

•Systema' (ed. 10), where the name ziczac first appeared, forbids the

annexation ; but, although the details of the ' Museum ' were there referred

to, the obnoxious word was not mentioned in that publication. The

following are the printed emendations (?) : " laevis, et quasi excisa," " com-

pressa,'' " variat colore albissimo."

V. PECTIN ATA. Pho. sulcis longitudiualibus nodosis, antice antror-
sum ramosa.

The additional synonym of " Gualt. D. 75, f. A. " appears in the MS.,
where " quam reliquae " follows " orbiculata," and in place of " In area
antica " may be read " et a primo sulco." The details there terminate
with the word "lanceolatum." " Ramosa " was the intended name.
V. SCRIPTA. Pho. striata, postice angulo recto circumscripta.
The incorrect figure of d'Argenville was not indicated.
V. EDENTULA. Pho. subgloboso-lenticulata rugosa edentula.
V. LiTERATA. Cha. transversim striato-ovata.

The earlier reading of confertim was " profunde " ; " striis crenulatis
antice et postice," " lanceolata," and "tres s." were absent.

V. ROTUNDATA. Cha. trausvcrsim striata ovata absque angulo.
The printed additions are "variusin variis," "aut albis," " lanceolata,"
and the final remark. There was no name attached in the MS.
V. DECUSSATA. Cha. testa ovata, decussatim striata.
" Ssepe " and " minimus " are the sole printed additions.

Probably the V. Phryne of the ' Systema ' was designed by the following
unpublished description : —

CuN. VENOSUS. C. subcordatuslaevislateribusrugosis. Testa cinerea,
nuce coryli major, gibba, glabra, antice et postice transversim sulcata.
Margo exterius tantum denticulatus, non vero apex externus, aut margines
laterales.

The V. rnacrodon answers fairly enough to this definition.

54 ME. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC^.'

SPONDYLUS.

This very natural genus was confused with Chama, and thus charac-
terized : —

Testa imbricata. Cardo e callo gibbo obhque inserto fossula obhqua.

S. G^DEROPUS. S. imbricatus auritus, cardine dentato.

"Rumph. t. 48. f. 1," "Gualt. t. 99. f. E. F. G," "Bonan. 2. f. 21,"
" Rondel, c. 40. p. 41," were the additional synonyms of the MS. The
" ad cardinem truncata " was an emendation for the previous " breviore " :
the " superiore " a misprint for the written " inferiore " : the final remark
was not present.

S. REGIUS. S. spinosus sulcatus inauritus, cardiue dentato.

No name was attached to this species : the previous one had been termed
Pectinites.

S. PLiCATUS. Not mentioned in the manuscript,

CHAMA.

The members of this genus were included in Spondylus, e.xcept cordifor-
mis, which was referred to Bucardium.

C. GiGAS. Sp. plicatus squamosus, ano hiante cren^to.

The species as originally defined was more comprehensive in its details
than when printed ; for the restricting " decussatim " had not been added,
and "Gualt. t. 93. f. B." was an additional synonym. The printed
additions were " obsoletis," "Margine reflexo," " exteriore duplicato lon-
giore," and the final remark. S. imbricatus was the intended name.

C. Hippopus. Sp. plicatus muricatus, ano retuso clause dentato.

"Arg. t. 26. f. H." was an additional synonym of the MS. : the printed
20 should have been 10, as written : " ut in prsecedente " was an emen-
dation : S. asper was the proposed name.

C. Lazarus. Sp. imbricatus.

Seba was not cited: "obliquam" followed " fossam " in the MS.
" Elevatis," " longitudine testae," " productiore," " instar auris," formed
no portion of the early description.

C. ANTittUATA. sp. subcordatus, sulcis perpendicularibus transversim
striatis.

No name was attached to the original details, which appear to have been
altered (" in aliis minimum cordatum impressum fuscum "), and the
synonym of Bonanui added, in order to comprise that species {Cardita sul-
cata) which had been pictorially defined in the ' Systema.' " Gibba" was
preceded by " admodum " : " obsoletis " was not present. Cardita bicolor,
var. unicolor was probably intended.

C. SEMioRBicuLATA. Sp. scmiorbiculatus comprcssus, dccussatc stri-
atus, rudis.

" Interior " was the earlier reading of " primarius."

C. cordata. Sp. cordatus, transversim striatus, hinc elongatus, com-
pvessus.

MH. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MTTSEUM ULRICA.' 55

C. OBLONGA. Sp. oblongus, antice angulatus, dentibus anticis aciitis.

" Unico " (error for " uniciis ") originally preceded " in altera valvula."

C. coRDiFORMis. Buc. subrotundum Iseve, umbonibus recurvatis.

The brief description in the ' Systema ' had evidently been copied in the
manuscript by our author himself, who cited Gualt. t. 71- f. E. as the sole
synonym. The specimen had apparently been added to the collection,
subsequently to the drawing up of the first catalogue.

ARCA.

Testa crassa, umbonibus distantibus intus fornicatis. Cardo planus,
masticatus dentibus numerosis minimis sequalibus transversis.

A. TORTUOSA. A. oblonga obliqua, valvula altera oblique carinata.

" Nates, &c." and " Cardo, &c." were the printed additions to the earlier
description. The ' Systema' synonyms of Klein (t. 8. f. 16) and Bonanni
(2. f. 128) were present in the manuscript.

A. No^. A. oblonga angulata hians.

This manuscript furnishes us with the additional synonyms of

" Aldrov. 3. p. 513." and " Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 257- Musculus Matthioli,"
besides the previously published references to Lister (368. n. 208) and
Bonanni (2. t. 32). The formation of the hinge was not, however, indicated,
and the passage commencing with " Nates " has been enlarged from " Um-
bones remotissimse, area interjecta concava, ad angulum rectum striata.
Margo exterior in medio hians, apertura barbata.''

The intended specific epithet was A. Noemi.

A. ANTiauATA. A. testa oblique cordata, transversim sulcata, antice
angulo compresso, rima intra rhombum transversim striata.

The admixture of two species (at the least) in the published edition
resulted from the amalgamation of two earlier descriptions. To the above
diagnosis belonged the printed details with the following important changes.
In place of " extus striata longitudinahter sulcis crenatis," the reading was
simply "intus striata longitudinahter," and in lieu of " interjecto spatio
rhombeo piano," merely " rima patens."

The proposed name for this shell, from a supposition of its identity with
the Pecten virgineus of Rumphius, was A. virginea. The other species
which Linnaeus referred to the same numerals of the ' Systema ' was not
named, but was thus characterized : —

A. (Sys. n. 144). A. cordata, sulcis nodosis, rima decussatim striata.

List. Hist Pecten polyleptoginglymus, &c.

Gualt. t. 87. f. C.

Testa reliquis magis gibba, albido-flavescens, sulcis xxx obtusis, trans-
versim nodosis : nodis transversis, obtusissimis, imbricatis. Intus albida.
Margo dentibus xxx argutiusculis. Rima sulco rhombeo circumscripta,
disco decussatim vix mauifeste striate. Umbones distantes ad neutrum
latus flexi.

A. SENILIS. A. oblique cordata, octosulcata, lajvis, antice hians. rima
obtusangule striata.

66 MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICiE.

Lister (without numerals!) was referred to in illustration; the early
unimproved account of the beaks and ligamental area ran as follows :
" Umbones distantes, oblique incurvati. Rima hians striata transversim
ad angulos acutos " : " et profunde immersis " was an addition.

A. GRANOSA. A. subcordata, sulcis muricatis, rima obtusangule striata,
utrinque angulura formante.

The name was evidently borrowed from RumTph\\is,v,'hose Pecten granosus
(" 143. t. 44. f. K.") was referred to in the manuscript, though neither
quoted in the printed copy nor in the 'Systema' (ed. x.). "Bonan. 2.
n. 73," and Lister (without numerals) were also cited.

A. DECUSSATA. A. leuticularis, dccussatim substriata, apicibus reflcxis.

For a detailed account of this shell, to which no specific name was
attached in the MS., the ' Museum Ulricas ' was referred to, previous to its
publication.

A. FALLENS. A. lenticulari-subobliqua, decussatim striata, rima brevi.

This was the type referred to in the ' Systema.'

A. PECTUNCULUS. A. Icuticularis sulcata, decussatim rugosa.

" Arg. t. 27. f. B," and Lister without numerals appended, were the
unpublished synonyms. The expressions " leviter," " exteriore tenui ;
sulcata," " in arcum," were not parts of the original copy, which con-
tained, however, the unprinted paragraph " latere interiore margine pro-
minente notato." There was no specific name attached to either this or
the next species.

A. GLYCiMERis. A. Icutiformis, transversim substriata, rima laevi.

The ' Chama glycimeris Bellonii ' of Lister (t. 247) was an unprinted
synonym.

The following suppressed description of an unnamed Ark that was allied
to, if it were not, fusca or barbafa, was found in the manuscript. The
' Museum ' had been referred to in the synonymy of the latter in the ' Sys-
tema,' but the species was not mentioned in the published version.

Area ovalis, corapressiuscula, apicibus subcontiguis.

Testa rudis, ferrugineo-fusca, longitudinaliter striata, striis quasi ex
punctis callosis concatenatis, alternis striis majoribus ovatis, parum obliqua,
minus lateribus gibba, rotunda absque angulis. Margo aequalis, edentulus.
Apices recurvi fere tangunt se invicem. Rima dentibus minutissimis, antice
longius extensa, nee recta.

OSTREA.

The ver} natural genus Pecten was separated from the unsymmetrical
oysters, with the following definition : —

PECTEN. Testa subrotunda, altera planior, basis transversa, anguli
transversi (auriculae) ad basin. Cardo cavitas conica, striis utrinque 3 lon-
gitudinalibus obliquis.

The genus OSTREUM, enlarged by the addition of the true oysters
confounded with the Mytili, the Meleagrince, Avicula, and the Anomia
placenta, was thus characterized : —

MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OP THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.' 57

O. MAXIMA. Pec. radiis 14 rotundatis longitudinaliter striatis.
In place of Gualtieri, " List. Ang. 184. t. 5. f. 29. Pecten maximus,"
and " Faun. Suec. 1343 " were referred to : these synonyms had been
added subsequently to the description.

O. Jacob^a. Pec. radiis 14 angulatis, fomicis longitudinaliter striatis.
. The cited drawing of Gualtieri was not mentioned.
O. ziczAC. Pec. radiis 18 explanatis.

No specific name was attached to this, the preceding, and the next two
species.

O. STRiATULA. Pec. radiis 16 obliteratis, transverse membranaceo-
striatis, margine integerrimo.

O. MINUTA. Pec. radiis 20 convexis.

O. PLEURONECTES. Pec. radiis 12 duphcatis, extus laevis.
O. OB LITE RATA. Pec. radiis 24 duplicatis, extus laevis.
O. RADULA. Pec. radiis 6 convexis decussate striatis, mai'gine cre-
nato, auriculis aequahbus.

O. PLICA. Pec. radiis 16 convexis laeviusculis, decussato-striatus.
No specific name was appended to either this, the next, or the two
preceding species.

O. PALLIUM. Pec. radiis 12 convexis, striatus.scaber, squamis imbricatus.
This with the remainder of the Pectens (as far as flavicans) formed a
group characterized by " Auricula altera intus ciliato-spinosa."
O. NODOSA. Pec. radiis 9 nodoso-vesicularibus.
O. PES-FELis. Pec. radiis 9, laevis, fornice squamis fornicatis.
The printed diagnosis, or heading, was evidently drawn up from a difi'er-
ent shell.

O. PELLUCENS. Pec. radiis 9, laevis, fornice squamis cochleari-hemi-
sphaericis.

No name was attached to this or the next shell.
O. SANGuiNEA. Pec. radiis 22 scabris, semiauritus.
The reference was not to plate 74 (as printed) of Gualtieri, but to plate
73. " Purpureus nigio undatus " was written after the indicated colouring.
O. VARiA. Pec. radiis 30 scabris explanatis.

" Et omnia eadem " followed " sanguineae " ; " striis compressis echi-
natis " was not present ; " color pallidior " was in the place of " concolor."
O. pusio. Pec. radiis 40 fihformibus.

O. GLABRA. Pec. radiis 10 laevibus planiuscuhs, internis striis elevatis
duphcatis.

Gualtieri's rude drawing was not quoted.

O. opERCULARis. Pec. radiis 20 subrotundis, decussate striato-scaber,
operculo convexiore.

O. GiBBA. Pec. radiis 20 glabris, gibbus.
Brown's drawing was not quoted.

O. FLAVICANS. Pec. radiis 8 striatis, margine altero rotundato.
As in the ' Systema,' the next two shells, along with this, formed a group
distinguished as having the " Valvulis altero latere magis gibbis. " No

58 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULETC-E.'

names had been appended to this, the three preceding, and the two fol-
lowing species.

O. FASCiATA, Pec. radiis 20, auriculis sequalibus exoletis.

The " gibba" of the borrowed diagnosis was not, it may be observed, in
the original.

O. LIMA. Pec. radiis 22, imbricatis squamis, altero margine rotnndato,
auriculis obliteratis.

The " gibba " of the borrowed heading was not in the original diagnosis.
The final remark was likewise absent.

O. isoGNOMON. The entire account of this species was added to the
copy in the Linnean handwriting. " Klein, 128. t. 8. f. 15. Isognomon"
and " Cardo ut ephippo " had been omitted in printing.

O. MALLEUS. O. trilobum.

"Transverso ad marginem " was a subsequent addition.

O. FOLIUM. O. ovatum, lateribus obtuse plicatura.

Klein's copy (t. 8. f. 22.) of the indicated figure in Rumphius was cited,
in the handwriting of Linnaeus : " the " cavitate conica " was an emenda-
tion.

O. EDULE. 0. subrotundum semiorbiculatum, valvula altera plana
integerrima.

There was no semicolon after " opaca," but a comma after " latiore.'"
The original sole synonym was the omitted one of " Gualt. t. 102. f. B."

O. SEMIAURITUM. O. semiauritum ovatum laeve, basi obliqua.

Linnaeus himself had added this species to the earlier catalogue.

O. EPHIPPIUM. 0. subniembranaceum curvum, cardine octosulcato.

In addition to the published OstrecR, the following description of the
shell subsequently termed O. perna (Syst. ed. 12.) was found in the
manuscript : —

O. rugosum, inaequale, tumidiusculum, cardine octocrenato.

Testa perniformis, obovata, substantia ligni antiqui, tumidiuscula, super-
ficie obsolete rugosa, inaequali, interne livida. Cardo transversus, mar-
gine inflexo, notatus crenis obtusis circiter 8.

ANOMIA.

The single species here mentioned was compi-ehended in Ostreum,

A. PLACENTA. O. orbiculatum planum pellucidum.

Reference was made, by a long periphrasis, to plates 225, 226 of Lister's
' Historiae ' ; Seba was not quoted : " intra discum testae adnatis " was
absent.

MYTILUS.

Testa opaca, laeviuscula. Cardo nullis dentibus instructus, sed fossula
obliqua intra marginem.

This definition very properly excluded the oysters which had been erro-
neously inserted in this genus. Only the Mytili and Modioli of Lamarck
were left as members ; for margaritiferus and hirundo were transferred to
Ostreum ! !

ME. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OE THE 'MUSEUM ULBIC^.' 59

M. FRONS. Ost. acutum plicatum, labio altero scabro.

M. CRISTA-GALLI. Ost. acutum, plicatum, labio utroque scabro.

The reading of the MS. was not " secundum marginem insculptus," but
" secundum marginem Mytilus."

M. HYOTis. Ost. subacuto-plicatum imbricatum squamis compressis,
labio utrinque glabro.

M. MARGARiTiFERUs. Ost . semiauritum, imbricatum tuuicis, basi
transversum.

" Bonan. 2. f. 1." was the omitted synonym. The description of the
hinge was not at first inserted.

M. UNGUIS. M. subrotundus, longitudinaliter striatus, pellucidus.

This ambiguous species was not named, but placed next to Ostrea edulis.
I entertain but little doubt of its being a young Perna.

M. LiTHOPHAGUS. M. cylindricus.

Neither Gualtieri nor d'Argenville was referred to, which confirms my
idea that the species of the ' Museum ' (termed coriaceus in the manuscript)
was not the Mediterranean Lithodomus.

M. BiLOCULARis. M. striatus, cardine fornicato.

M. EXUSTUS. M. striatus, dorso angulato.

M. EDULIS. M. laevis, subcurvatus, cardine terminali mutico.

The printed synonyms are additions. From the " crassa," and the
" absque denticulo," it is by no means improbable that some large exotic
species was intended. The proposed name was niger ; and that word origi-
nally formed part of the heading, but had been erased by Linnaeus.

M. UNGULATUS. M. Iseviusculus, valvis obliquis posticc dilatatis, aiitice
apice.

" Lineis " was " tunicis " in the original. I do not consider that the
details of this species (the M. rusticus of the MS.) pertain, even generically,
to the ungulatus of the ' Systema.'

The large Mytilus represented by Gualtieri was not quoted : the refer-
ence, on the contrary, was to the two Modiolce depicted by Rumphius
(" Rump. 151. t. A&. f. B. C. ") and to their Kleinian names (" Klein, 127.
Musculus acutus vulgaris, a. b. ") ; and to that genus, rather than to
Mytilus, does the account of the suture, and the final remark, apply.

M. MODIOLUS. M. laevis, cardine sublaterali, margine dorsali dilatato.

The erroneous, yet approximate, synonyms of Rumphius and Gualtieri
(the 4 H's of whose engraving represent 4 different shells) were not
quoted in the original. The species (for want of a good figure) was not
clearly defined until the twelfth edition of the ' Systema.'

M. viRiDis. M. laevis membranaceus, cardine terminali.

M. RUBER. M. rugosus, valvulis obliquis, postice dilatatis, margine
antico apicem aequante.

The preceding mussel spoken of was not viridis, but ungulatus. The
reading was not " brevissimo, compresso," but " brevissime compresso."

M. HiRUNDO. Os<. valvis bilobis, lobo anteriore angustiore longiore.

" Bonan. 2. f. 57 " (error for 58) and " List. 220. f. 55" were quoted.

60 MB. S. nANLEY ON THE LINNEAK MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.'

PINNA.

The definition was not precisely similar in words to that of the ' Systema,'
but the sense varied but little. It ran as follows : —

Testa oblonga, merabranaceo-fragilis, basi angustata. Cardo nullus,
sed valvis altero latere coadunatis ut una appareat.

P. RUDis. P. rugosa squamis fornicatis per seriem digestis.

The name of this shell, identified (I think wrongly) by our author with
the one he had termed rudis in the ' Systema,' was originally /orwica^a.

P. NOBiLis. P. squamis canaliculato-tubulosis subimbricatis.

P. MURiCATA. p. striata, squamis concavis ovatis acutis.

" List. Hist. t. 370. no. 215," and " Sloan. Hist. i. p. 254," were pre-
sent among the original synonyms.

P. ROTUNDATA. P. squamis obsoletis, testae margine rotundato.

P. SACCATA. P. nuda saccata erectiuscula.

P. DiGiTiFORMis. P. nuda digitiformis incurva.

P. LOBATA. p. nuda lobata.

In addition to the printed species, an anomalous Pinna, which I doubt
not was the Lingula anatina, is here described.

P. viRiDis. P. ovalis, basi compressa.

Generis dubii hue relata, donee certiora determinentur.

Testa utraque ovali-oblonga, viridis, intus magis pallida; quasi com-
pressa, et fere naviculata, acutior.

ARGONAUTA.

The intended name of this genus was Cymbium, the one applied to it by
Gualtieri.

A. Argo. Cym. carina dentata.

" Bonan. 1. f. 13," and " Klein, 3. t. 1. f. 3," were the unprinted syno-
nyms. The intended specific epithet was C. papyraceum.
NAUTILUS.

There was no definition of either this, or of the preceding genus, in the
written catalogue.

N. PoMPiLius. JV. apertura cordata, anfractibus contiguis.

The unprinted synonyms were " Bonan. 1. f. 1, 2," " Breyn. Polyth.
14," "Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 7," "Pet. Gaz. t. 99. f. D," "Klein, 2. t. 1.
f. I, 2," and " Bellon. Aquat. 318. t. 382," Seba was not quoted.

N. SPIRULA. N. apertura orbiculari, anfractibus distantibus.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1 ;
"Bon. 1. f. 39," "Breyn. Polyth. 21. f. 2," " Klein, 5. t. 1. f. 6," and
" Petropol. Mus. 532. n. 6," were the unprinted synonyms : " tubo " was
an emendation.

CONUS.

Testa oblonga, cylindrica, deorsum attenuata. Apertura longitudinalis.
Labium edentulum. Os non reflexum. Columella Integra.

This most natural genus had the precise limits ordinarily assigned to it.

C. MARMOREUS. C couicus fuscus, maculis ovatis albis.

MR. S. HAIfLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OP THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.' 61

" Bonan. 3. f. 123" was an additional synonym; the "versus basin
transverse striata," and " subtruncata, apice prominulo," with the account
of the variety, were not found in the MS.

C. iMPERiALis. C. pictus fasciis flavis cingulisque linearibus albo
fuscoque articulatis.

The "obconica" was simply "conica"; there was no description of
the spire.

C. LiTERATUs. C. conicus albuspunctis fuscis.

The spire was not described : the reference to d'Argenville was I, not Q.

C. VIRGO. C, striis convexis Isevibus, basi cserulescente.

" Longa " was originally " magna " : the erroneous reference to Gualtieri
was not inserted.

C. CAPiTANEUs. C. conicus, basi fiisca, spirae anfractibus adscenden-
tibus.

At least two species were confused ; but, from the heading, it is clear that
C generalis, rather than C. capitaneus, was the typical form : the latter
was the variety g.

The V in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written Y :
" Gualt. t. 20. f. G." and " Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. O. " were additional syno-
nyms. " Notata hturis undatis fuscis " was not in the manuscript.

C. PRiNCEPs. C. flavus, lineis fusco-purpureis longitudinalibus ramosis.

" Sub " preceded " convexa."

C. Ammiralis. C basi punctato-scaber.

After " summus " was written " cingulo albo " ; after " ordinarius,"
" cingulo nullo " ; Seba was not quoted ; " pruniformis " was the earlier
reading for "conico -convexa, pyriformis." The variety a. was described
as " circumdata lineis numerosis albis nigro articulatis, quarum quae cylin-
drum distinguit a spira latior maculis albis nigrisque majoribus alternan-
tibus." The variety g. was not originally present in the catalogue, but was
interpolated by Linnaeus. " Haec pretiosissima ut vendita fuerit 500 flo-
renis " was the final remark.

C. NOBiLis. C. subcylindricus laevis glaber, spira acuta argute cana-
liculata.

" Cacumen " was a misprint for the written " acumen."

C. Genuanus. C pictus cingulis linearibus albo fuscoque articulatis.

A strange confusion took place between the details of C. senator and
C Genuanus. The published description belonged to the former, the syno-
nym to the latter, and should have preceded the following brief description :

"Testa conica, pallida, glauca, oblongiuscula. Lineae 19 transversae
fusco-nigrae s. purpurascentes albo interruptae, alternae saepe angustiores.
Spira subconica, obtusa."

C. GLAUCUS. C. emarginatus, basi striatus, spirae inermis anfractibus
convexis.

C. MONACHUS. C. gibbus acutus, fusco-caerulescente nebulosus, basi

striatus.
Bonanni was not quoted in the written copy.

G2 MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULKIC^.'

C. MINIMUS. C. cinerascens, punctis oblongis cinctus.

The original description has been much altered by Linnaeus. It ran as
follows: "Testa ovata, glauco-cinerea, gibba, striae transversales plus 30
punctis fuscis oblougis. Spira convexa, alba, maculis fuscis magnis trans-
versis." The cited figure does not even suit these meagre characteristics,
which might have been equally applied to C glaucus.

C. RUSTicus. C. ovatus, basi rugoso-scaber, spira conica convexa.

The variety was not noticed, and d'Argenville was not quoted in the ori-
ginal catalogue. " Flavo et glauco " should have been " flavo aut glauco,"
as written.

C. MERCATOR. C. ovatus, albus fasciis reticulatis flavis.

C. BETULiNUS. C. subemarginatus, basi rugosus, spira planiuscula mu-
cronata.

Seba was not cited.

C. FiGULiNUS. C emarginatus, basi rugosa, spira convexa acuta.

An additional synonym, " Rump. t. 31 (error for 33, there being no
number 1 in that plate) f. 1," was indicated.

C. EsRiEUS. C. ovatus albus fasciis nigris ex maculis transversis.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 99. f. 12." was quoted.

C. STERCUS-MUSCARUM. C. emarginatus, basi striatus, spirae anfrac-
tibus canaliculatis.

Of the two species confounded under this designation the C. arenarius
appeared as a variety in the manuscript. Of the typical form " Spira Isevi,"
" Pet. Gaz. t. 75. f. 1," and " Rumph. Mus. t. 33. f. Z," were cited as
illustrations ; the other synonyms were ascribed to " Var. a. coronatus
spinis obtusis." The colouring was not mentioned.

C. VARius. C. scabro-coronatus, elongatus, spira coronata acuta.

C. GRANULATUS. C. scabcr inermis, striis Isevibus.

The original size indicated was " magnitudine coryli."

C. MAGUS. C. subcylindricus, fasciis longitudinalibus albo punctatis.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not referred to ; and the 32, Q
(as in the ' Systema'), not 34, A, of Rumphius was quoted as illustrative.
The final remark had been interpolated by Linnaeus.

C. STRIATUS. C. ovato-oblongus gibbus nebulosus, striis tenuissimis
parallelis fuscis.

The "Caeterum testa minus ante convoluta est," is a press addition. " Pet.
Gaz. t. 98. f. 9." was correctly cited.

C. TEXTILE. C. pictus vcnis reticulatis luteis, maculis luteis fus-
cisque.

The intended name ( C drador) was an amusing specimen of concholo-
gical Latin : it was of course borrowed from d'Argenville's appellation of
" Drop d'or." " Columella ad postica quasi replicata est " was added in
the printing ; the " luteo " was originally " albo " ; the " subconica " was
" anfractibus subconicis " ; and there was no mention of a variety.

C. AULicus. C pictus venis reticulatis fasciisque longitudinalibus inter-
ruptis fuscis.

MR. S. IIANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OE THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' G3

" Columella postice replicata est," and the objectionable "obovato-sub,"
were not in the copy. No figures were cited in the original catalogue.

C. SPECTRUM. C. caerulescens, flavo-nebulosus, punctis striisque albo-
luteis.

The original description did not comprise those characteristics which are
so much at variance with the essentials of the C. spectrum of authors. The
following passages were omitted: " gibba, minus arete convoluta" (this
replaced "conica"), " Columella postice striata et replicata. Intus testa
sub-cserulescens," " mucrone cingulis granulate."

C. BULLATUS. C. flavus, albo nebulosus.

The account of the variety, and the " vix tubercnlata," were absent from
the manuscript.

C. GEOGRAPHUS. C. oblongus gibbus corouatus.

The Rumphian name was the one attached to this species in the written
copy.
• C. TEBEBELLUM. C. scabcr inermis, striis tuberculatis.

The synonyms attached to the published details were " Gualt. Test,
t. 25. f. L.— Arg. Conch. 1. 16. f. P.— Rumph. t. 33. f. EE." Now these har-
monize with both the heading and the description, and clearly indicate the
C. Nussatella of the ' Systema ' !

The details attached to the published synonyms (which latter belonged to
the C. terebellum of the ' Systema,' and to which were joined " Gualt. t. 23.
f. O.— Bonan. 3. f. 57.— Pet. Amb. t. 13. f.24," ran as follows :

" Testa cylindracea, glabra, antice angustior, desinens in spiram attenu-
atam, anfractibus 3. Basis truncata, tenuis. Columella non torta, sed in-
voluta. Color pallidus."

CYPREA.

Testa ovata Isevis involuta. Apertura linearis, utrinque dentata. Spira
occultata intra testam.

C. MAPPA. C. subturbinata characterisata, macula longitudinali den-
tata.

" Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 2." was an omitted synonym. The terminal remark
is an improvement upon the earlier " Noscitur linea utrinque dentata in
superficie scripta."

C. Arabica. C. subturbinata characterisata, macula longitudinali
simplici.

"Denticulis testaceis" and the description of the variety were additions
by the hand of Linnaeus.

C. Argus. C. subturbinata subcylindrica, maculis annularibus.

The synonyms of Petiver (t. 97. f. 6) and Bonanni (f. 263), quoted in
the ' Systema, ' were also present in the MS., where " 2. s. 1 " was in the
place of " duabus." The " pallidis " was a misprint for the written " pal-
lidae." The account of the variety was subsequent to the copy.

C. TESTUDINARIA. C. obtusa cyliudrica, extremitatibus depressis.

" Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 7." was an unprinted synonym.

C. CARNEOLA. C. subturbinata pallida, fasciis incarnatis.

64 MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE * MUSEUM ULRICA.'

C. TALPA. C. subturbinata violacea, fasciis pallidis.

" Pet. Amb. 1. 16. f. 1." was an unprinted synonym : "pallide flavescens"
was the earlier reading for " testacea." The final remark was not in the
copy.

C. Amethystea. C subturbinata, dorsoviolaceo.

Rumphius was not originally cited as illustrative.

C. Vanelli. C. subturbinata, maculata punctis luteseentibus.

" Obsoletis " was originally in the place of " acutis " : the " saepe lutes-
eentibus " was an addition of the press. C. Ovum Vanelli was the intended
designation.

C. LOTA. C. subturbinata alba, denticulis subulatis.

C. FRAGiLis. C. subturbinata gibba fragilis, obsolete fasciata.

Linnseus himself inserted this heading, with the first three lines of the
printed details, in the manuscript copy. Neither the reference, nor the
longer account of the variety (evidently a different species) appeared there.

C. CAPUT-SERPENTis. C. obtusa triquetro-gibba, posticc obtusiuscula.

" Fusis" was the earlier reading for "confertis."

C. Mauritiana. C. obtusa triquetro-gibba, postice depresso-acuta.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 96. f. 8. ex Insula Mauritii " was added in the manuscript :
" fuscus ' was the earlier version of " fusco-testaceus."

C. viTELLUS. C. subturbinata livida, maculis albis.

The published reference was substituted for " Bonan. 3. f. 254," a more
characteristic figure : " maxima ex parte distincta, sed " followed " Spira."
" Albida," not " alba," was the tint at first ascribed to the base.

C Mus. C. obtusa subovalis gibba cinerea, fascia longitudinali fusca.

Our author himself inserted the account of this species in the manuscript.
Seba was not quoted. " Habitat in Carthagena " was appended to the
description.

C. TIGRIS. C. obtusa ovata, postice obtusa.

In the synonym of Rumphius, 36 is a misprint for 38 : the erroneous
reference to the H of Gualtieri was not in the copy, where " Pet. Gaz. t. 96.
f. 7" was indicated as illustrative. The printed additions were " autalba,"
" fusco-ferrugineis " (in lieu of " fuscis "), and " s. alba, quasi exarata ; pos-
tice subcylindrica, truncata " ; the previous words " Linea, &c." of that
sentence were also absent from the original description, but had been in-
serted by the hand of Linnseus. " Postice " preceded " planiusculo," and
" subviolaceo " followed "nitore."
C. LYNX. C. oblongo-ovata, linea flavescente, postice acutiuscula.
No variety was mentioned in the written copy.

C. Isabella. C obtusa cylindrica, extremitatibus luteis.

" Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 16." was cited in the manuscript, where the final
remark was wanting.

C. ONYX. C. umbilicata, subtus fusca.
Neither of the synonyms was quoted in the copy.
C. succiNCTA. C. umbilicata, labio interiore utraque extremitate ro-
tundato.

MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULUTC.E.' G5

The entire account of this shell (the C. bicincfa of the MS.) was added
to the copy by our author.

C. ZTCZAC. C. umbilicata, subtus lutea punctis fuscis.

None of the cited figures were referred to in the original, where "inte-
riore " stood in the place of the printed " utroque fusco."

C. HIRUNDO. C. umbilicata, supra cjerulescente.

"Sparsis", "s. fusca", "necnon macula, &c." were emendations of
the press : "postice" preceded "fere marginato" in the original.

C. ASELLUS. C. umbilicata alba, fasciis tribus fuscis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 18." and " Pet. Gaz. t. 97- f. 11." were cited iu
the copy as illustrative.

C. CRIBRARIA. C. umbilicata, maculis albis.

" Margo " preceded " adscendens " in the copy, in which " livide flavo "
was found in place of " luteo " : " flavicantibus " was omitted. The in-
tended name was C. Argiolus.

C. ERRONES. C. umbilicata, macula testacca a^quali.

Erratica was the original specific appellation.

C. MONETA. C. marginate-nodosa.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 97. f. 8." and " Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 8." were omitted iu
printing; " subflavescente " followed "convexo"; " subtus planiuscula "
and " incisis " were absent. In place of the final remark (added, however,
by the hand of our author), there originally stood "Noscitur tuberibus
quinque elevatis."

C. ANNULus. C. marginata annulo flavo.

The " s. rotundata " was added in printing.

C. EROSA. C. marginata flava albo-punctata.

"Undique aspersa " and " Macula fusca notat medium utriusquelateris "
are the printed emendations.

C. HELVOLA. C marginata, postice crenata, subtus flava immaculata,
supra albo punctulata.

The final remark was unwritten, and the size not mentioned : " margitiis
gibbi " was " margine exteriore gibbo", and " subcrenati " was "latere
subcrenato."

C. STOLiDA. C. marginata variegata cinereo testaceoque.

"Quinque " and "adspersis " were not in the original.

C. OCELLATA. C. marginata lutea, ocellis nigris.

C. FLAVEOLA. C marginata fuha, albo punctata.

C. PORARIA. C. marginata subviolacea, albo punctata.

C. PEDICULUS. C. transversim sulcata.

" List. 168. t. 3. f. 17." and " Barr. 1. 1326. f. 28.' were cited iu addi-
tion to the printed synonyms. The last four words of the description were
not in the copy.

C. NUCLEUS. C sulcata punctata tuberculis, rostrata.

" Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 11." was cited as illustrative.

C. STAPHYLiBA. C. puHctis elevatis sine striis, suljrostrata.

The printed " minus " has been substituted for the earlier "' vix " ;
LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 5

G6 MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN M«. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBIC^.

" lutea " for " flava " ; and " totam basin " for " maximam partem baseos."

C. GLOBULUS. C. rostrata Isevis.

The printed additions were " alba s.", " extremitate utraque " (in place
of " postice"), " Superficies punctis vix manifestis notata", and " excur-
rentes in strias".

BULLA.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, Isevis. Apertura oblonga, non utrinque den-
tata. Spira obsoleta. Columella obliqua.

The Miirex Jicus and rapa of the printed edition were originally located
in this genus, from which Auris Midce, Auris JudcB, and achafina were ex-
cluded : the two former were placed in Morion, the last in Buccinum.

B. OVUM. B. birostris, labio dentato.

"Arg. t. 21. f. A." "Pet. Gaz. t. 94. f. 7." " Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 6,"
were additional references in the written copy : " magnitudine ovi galli-
nacei ", " apice et basi producta ", were emendations during the printing.
The " dilatata " was originally modified by a "parum."

B. VOLVA. B. birostris, rostris elongatis striatis.

"List. t. 711. f. 63" had been added to the copy by the hand of Lin-
naeus. The mode of reference (not, as in the earlier writings, by sections
and chapters) evinces that this addition was, in all probability, subsequent
to the publication of the work.

B. VERRUCOSA. B. angulata, aucta utrinque puncto osseo.

The correct synonyms of "Arg. t. 21. f. M." and "Pet. Gaz. t. 97.
f, 22." were found in the manuscript : the printed emendations were, " mag-
nitudine ovi passerini ", " uti anterius ", and " granis duobus " for the earlier
" punctis."

B. GiBBOSA. B. angulata, cingulo elevato.

"Bonan. 249", "List. t. 711. f. 64", "Pet. Gaz. t. 16. f. 5", were
cited in the copy: "prfccedentis magnitudine", "solidiorque", with the
modification of "cylindrica" by a preceding "sub", were press emen-
dations.

B. NAUCUM. B. rotundata pellucida.

The size was not at first mentioned.

B. AMPULLA. B. rotundata opaca.

The printed "nulla" replaced the earlier " descendens, nuda", and
"pallido-testacea " the written " albida." The " antice, nullus vero postice"
was an emendation of the press.

B. PHYSis. B. spira obtusa, lineis crispata.

" Ssepe", "hiansque", " tenue", and the name, are not to be found in
the written copy : " apicem " was the reading for the printed " ventrem,
adnatum."

B. AMPLUSTRE. B. spira elevata, fasciis incai-natis.
B. PALLIDA. B. spira elevata acuta, corpore cyhndrico.
So very many changes has this puzzling species experienced in the
works of our author, that it has been thought advisable to transcribe the
written description from the manuscript copj"^ : —

ME. S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRIC.E.' 67

Testa ovato-cylindrica, glabra. Spira convexo-conica, mucronata. Co-
lumella multum torta. Color lividus, longitudinaliter griseo undulatus.

This evidently was a very different shell from the four-plaited, pale piiik,
and often variegated specimen described in the printed copy. The de-
scription of the outer lip, the name, and the terms " solida ", " laevigata,
obsoletior " were, likewise, additions of the press.

B. CANALicuLATA. B. cylindrica Isevis, spirse anfractibus canaliculatis.

The entire account of this species was added to the manuscript in the
Linnean handwriting.

B. ACHATiNA. Buc. glabrum, apertura integra.

"Colum. Aphr. 18. t. 16" was the omitted synonym : " vel inaequaliter
ovata" and the entire account of the base (merely described as "vix mani-
feste emarginata ") were the printed additions.

• B. AuRis-MiDiE. Morion ovali-oblongum, spira rugosa, labio inte-
riore bidentato.

Figure 122 of Klein's seventh plate was correctly quoted as illustrative :
" crudae " preceded " niger."

B. AuRis-JuD^. Morion oblongus, spira Ifevi, labio interiore tri-
tlentato.

B. SOLIDULA. B. ovata opaca striata, spira elevata.

I do not doubt, from the " ovata", that Tor7iatella flammeawa.s the shell
originally here intended ; for the inharmonious account of the inner lip
(as well as of the outer one) was not found in the manuscript, — from which,
too, the erroneous reference to Bonanni was at first absent. The " acuti-
uscula" was " obtusiuscula " : the " postice rotundata, antice acuta'' was
an improvement upon the earlier " pone gibba."

B. LiviDA. B. spira elevata obtusa, corpore cylindrieo.

This heading makes no mention of the columellar plication of the shell
so named, in the 'Systema,' and confirms my surmise of their distinctive-
ness. The name livida was not originally attached to the description, but
had been added (together with " obsoletis ") by Linnaeus, from a mistaken
identification.

There has evidently been some error in the comparison with Valuta Caffru.
I suspect that Conus bullatus was meant, as the contrasting characters
answer admirably. " Differt a B. pallida et livida, quod testa solida — an-
fractus spirae canaliculati ". This passage shows that " fragilis et spirae
anfractus obtusae " referred to livida, not to Caffra.

VOLUTA.

Testa oblonga, subconvexa, basi emarginata, replicata in canalem rec-
tum. Columella plicata oblique. Labio integro.

The genus appears to comprehend precisely the same members as in the
published edition. They were arranged in sections exactly corresponding
with the Lamarckian genera of Oliva, Volida, Mitra, and Marginella.

V. PORPHYRIA. V. spira basi obliterata, labio medio retuso.

68 ME. S. UANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.'

Linnaeus spoilt his excellent earlier description by his attempted emen-
dations. The interpolated " Faux sajpius rufescens " (misprinted virescens),
and the reference to Gualtieri's figure O. (O. erythrostoma), formed no part
of the original version.

The " Varietas fere sola est V. Oliver " was an afterthought.

V. Oliva. V. spirae basi reflexa.

The synonyms were thus distributed. To var a, Rumph. t. 39. f. 2, and
Gualt. t. 2.3. f. B; to var. g, Rumph. t. 39. f. 3; to var. e, Arg. t. 16.
f. R; to var. d (" Caesius atro-undatus," not " Fusco undulatus " as printed),
Rumph. t. 39. f. 4. The expressions " ponderosa " and " raagis sulcatum "
were not in the original.

V. IsPiDULA. V. spira adscendente, margine unico.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 59. f. 8," cited in the ' Systema,' was also written in the
manuscript : not so the " Varietas forte praecedentis V. OUvcb.'" None
of the drawings exhibit the produced spire, which must have resembled
that of O.jaspidea. The earlier name was ispida.

V. GLABELLA. V. ovata laevis, labii margine reflexo, basi rotundata.

The reference to Gualtieri(a doubtful figure) was not or ginally inserted.
The intended name was V. polita.

V. Caffra. V. fusiformis laevis.

The absurdity of asserting, in relation to this and the next species, that
each resembled the other, but was larger, arose from the circumstance that
when our author, in revising the laboiu-s of his amanuensis, added " sed
major," he omitted to erase it from the following species.

V. VULPECULA. V. fusiformis angulata inermis, transversim striata.

Of the ample details the first two paragraphs only were found in the
manuscript. The proposed name was V. picta.

V. PLICARIA. F. fusiformis, angulis antice subspinosis.

The intended appellation angulata was changed from an erroneous im-
pression of the identity of the species with the Turricula plicata of Rum-
phius. " Mucronatis " and " albidus " were emendations. " Bonan. 8.
f. 65 " was referred to, as in the ' Systema '.

V. PERTUSA. V. fusiformis, labro denticulato, striata punctis pertusis.

V. denticulata was the name originally proposed for this Mitre.

V. MiTRA. V. fusiformis laevis, labro denticulato.

The final paragraph was not in the manuscript, where " Bonan. 3. t. 119,
120 ", and " Klein, 36. Mitra episcopi", the former cited in the ' Systema',
the latter a mere name, were quoted as illustrative.

V. MUsrcA. V. spinis obtusiusculis, columella plicis 8.

The reference to the letters X. and Y. of Gualtieri (neither of which are
illustrative) stood not thus in the original: the characteristic Z, of that
work was the figure really cited. The printed edition has been enlarged
by an " ob " before " ovate " the addition of " solida ", and the description
of th6 lips.

V. VESPERTiLio. V. spinis acutis, columella plicis 4.

ME. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULRICiE.' 69

The only printed additions are " ob " before " ovato", " s. glauca", and
" fuscis lineis " in place of the " satui'atius."

V. ^THiopiCA. V. spinis fornicatis cingentibus apicem papillarem.

" Habitat in niari Pacifico ", " Pet. Amb. t. 7. f. 5 " (copied from Rum-
phius, t. 31. f. B.), and "Bonan. t. 3 f. 1 " (cited in the ' Systema') were
the unprinted additions.

V. CYMBiUM. The entire account of this shell was in the handwriting
of Linnaeus, and inserted at a later period than the mass of species. The
decided reference to Gualtieri was not in the manuscript.

V. OLLA was not mentioned in the written catalogue.

In addition to the species published in the ' Museum, ' the following were
also characterized in the manuscript : —

V. FABA. V. ovata, antice subplicata, labii exterioris margine reflexo,
basi rotundata.

Bonan. 3. f. 49.

Testa magnitudine vix fabae, ovalis, Isevis, antice subplicata, livida, punc-
tis fuscis aspersa. Spira testae § brevior, subplicata. Labium extei-ius re-
flexum, basi rotundatum integrum.

This was evidently the shell so designated in the ' Systema.'

V. GRANULATA. V. fusiformis, sulcis longitudinalibus, striisque trans-
versalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 29. f. V.

Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. V.

Testa facie antecedentis, sed sulci et striae contrariae, fusiformis, sulcis
longitudinalibus elevatis obtusis, striis transversalibus exaratis. Color ci-
nereus, fasciis linearibus 2 rubris ex punctis. Spira longitudine ventris.
Apertura praecedentis.

This was the V. sanguisuga of the ' Systema.'

The preceding species referred to was

V. LIMA. V. fusiformis, sulcis transversis, striisque longitudinalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 28. f. T.

Testa fusiformis, scabriuscula, striis longitudinalibus secundum testam,
et sulcis secundum anfractus adscendentibus margine acutiusculis. Color
albidus sulcis elevatis rubris — albidus sulcis elevatis flavis albo interruptis.
Spira longitudine ventris. Apertura oblonga, intus alba. Basis acuta,
emarginata. Labium exterius integrum ; interius nullum. Columella den-
tibus 4 obliquis.

These features fairly enough suit the Mitra filosa, generally, and with
reason, supposed to be the V.filaris of the ' Mantissa.' The cited figure
however, seems M. gracilis of Reeve.

BUCCINUM.

The species which compose this group in the ' Museum ' were originally
separated under many generic designations.

70 MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS OE THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.'

1. BucciNUM. Testa ovata, ventiicosa. Apertura Integra, semilunaris,
superne extrorsum, postice introrsum.

2. Cassida. Testa ovata, gibba. Cauda reflexa oblique. Apertura
longitudinalis, obliqua.

3. Lyra. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura ovata, patens, pone sub-
marginata. Labium interius nullum. Columella compressa, nitida.

4. TuRRicuLA. (No definition : evidently intended for all the turreted
shells.)

5. Morion. Testa oblonga, inermis. Apertura oblonga, labio interiore
reflexo unidentato.

In the first were located the Dolia, and B. echinophorum ; in the second
the Cassides, with B. jjapillosum and arcularia ; in the third the Harpce
and Purpura ; in the fourth the TerebrcB ; in the fifth B. glans, spiratum,
glabratum.

B. undosum was located in Murex.

B. PERDix. B. umbilicatura subsulcatum, basi recta.

The proposed name was B.pennatum, adopted from Rumphius : " lu-
nari-patula" was not in the manuscript.

B. POMUM. jB. exumbilicatum, labio utroque dentato.

"Barr. Ic. t. 1325, f. 12" (cited in the 'Systema'), and "Klein, 95.
Semicassis, striata, costosa", were the additional synonyms of the manu-
script : " s. sulcata", " nullum, interne ", " at vero in adultioribus accres-
cit planum album", were subsequent emendations.

B. DOLiUM. B. emarginatum subsulcatum rugosum, labio exteriore
reflexo dentato.

The Dolium jimbriatum, or, as Deshayes prefers it, D. Minjac (the Malay
name was Bia Minjac in Rumphius, who preceded Adanson), was assuredly
the shell described in the ' Museum ', as the recorded dentation of the outer
lip clearly manifests. An excellent figure of it in Petiver (" Gaz. t. 99.
f. 11 ") was cited in the original copy, where the drawing of Gualtieri was
not referred to.

B. ECHINOPHORUM. B. (changed to Cassida) tuberibus (" quaterna
serie " interpolated) nodosum.

The reference to Rumphius was correctly written 1, not I, in the original,
where " albido-flavescens " was the indicated colouring. The printed emen-
dations were "quadruplici s. quintuplici", instead of "triplici", and the
entire account of the aperture, which at first ran simply as follows, " La-
bium exterius crassius, margine tenuiore, interne subrugosum, obsolete
dentatum."

B. TUBEROSUM. B. tubcribus gemina serie nodosum.

The entire published account of this species had been interpolated by
Linnaeus in the written copy, with the exception of the " color pallidus."
The " nodis anterioribus " was a misprint for "nodis acutioribus."

Gualtieri's admirable figure of the Cassis tuberosa of authors was not,
however, cited, which confirms my statement that the species of the 'Mu-
seum ' was not the Cassis usually so designated.

MK. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OP THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC-ffi.' 71

B. CORNUTUM. Cas. acuminibus antice cingentibus, superficie reticu-
lata.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1 :
" maculata " was originally " maculis griseis."

B. RUFUM. Cas. nodis sparsis.

" Pyri " was a misprint for the written " pugni ''. Neither the " maculis
fuscis " nor the " Variat tota albo colore " were originally present. The
Rumphian name rubra was the one written.

B. FLAMMEUM. Cas. lougitudinalitcr striata, antice subnodosa.

To the solitary synonym our author had added " List. t. 1004. f. 69 "
and " Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 242. n. 2 ". The final remark was not in the copy.

B. TESTicuLus. Cas, Isevis, striis longitudinalibus, sulcis transver-
salibus.

" Vix uUus " was at first " nullus " : " Iseve " was not present.

B. DECUSSATUM. Cas. laevis, striis decussatis, labio exteriore dentate.

" Bonan. Clas. 3. t. 157 " was an additional synonym.

B. AREOLA. Cas. glabra, spira papillosa.

The erroneous references to Gualtieri, and to the figure 2 of Rumphius,
were not present in the original, nor was there any allusion made to the
sculpture of the inner lip.

B. ERiNACEUS. Cas. subsulcata, antiee nodosa, labio edentulo, pos-
tice extrorsum denticulato.

The entire account of this Cassis was interpolated by Linnaeus in the
pages of his amanuensis.

B. GLAUCUM. Cas. glabra, antice muricata, labio dentato, postice ex-
trorsum denticulato.

The superfluous A in the reference to Gualtieri was a misprint : " inferne "
was " interne " : the " acuminata " and " marginatum " were emendations.

B. viBEX. Cas. glabra, labio edentulo, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The figures 8 and 9 of Rumphius were not cited.

B. PAPILLOSUM. Cas. papillis decussatis, labio tenui, extus denticulato,
fauce glabra.

" Rectum " followed " exterius " in the written copy, wherein " s. al-
bidus " and " antice sinu excavata " were not to be found.

B. GLANS. Morion labio exteriore denticulato, interiore bidentato.

" Labium exterius margine postico denticulato " was omitted in printing.

B. ARCULARIA. Cos. longitudinalitcr sulcata, labio exteriore tenui,
interiore maximo.

B. cosTATUM. Lyra costis longitudinalibus, antice prominulis, altei-nis
obsoletis.

This diagnosis but ill suits the Many -ridged Harp, which, of late, has
been considered identical.

B. HARPA. Lyra costis longitudinalibus antice mucrouatis.

The shell is described in the MS. as " striata subtilissime longitudinalitcr ",
and " Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 2", " Pet. Gaz. t. 48. f. 13" (the latter quoted
also in the ' Svstema') are there substituted for the reference to Gualtieri.

72 MR. S. UANLEY ON TUE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULEIC^.'

Tlie printed additions arc considerable ; to wit, " costae vero striis trans-
versis", " aufractibus costis mucronatis", " denticulatum."

B. Persicum. Lyra Iseviuscula, labii margine crenulato.

The erroneous citation of Grew (t. 9. f. 5, 6) in the ' Systema ' had been
adopted in the manuscript.

B. PATULUM. Lyra rauricata spinis obtusis.

Neither the erroneous reference to Gualtieri, plate 51. f. A (which was
designed for Purpura heemastoma), nor the " color interne rufescens", is to
be found in the manuscript.

B. SMARAGDULUS. Lyra glaberrima, columella denticulata.

Neither the erroneous reference to d'Argenville, nor the s])ecitic name
derived from his figure, is to be found in the MS. The proposed appel-
lation was L. vitreu. " Siniilhma Cassid. lapillo, sed glabra, et columella
crenata " is the unprinted remark.

B. SPIRATUM. Morion umbilicatus, aufractibus distinctis canaliculo.

The specified colouring was " alba, maculis longitudiualibus fuscis " :
" pone bifidum " followed "integrum." The intended name was M. ca-
naliculatus.

B. GLABRATUM. Moriou umbilico descendente flexuoso.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. G.

" Testa oblonga, acuminata, obtusiuscula, glaberrima, anfractibus con-
fluentibus, Neritarum maximaruin pondere. Color albo-flavescens, nitidus.
Apertura obliqua, profunde emarginata. Labium exterius integerrimum.
Labium interius antice reflexum adnatum, deiu solutum brevius flexuosum,
descendens ad basin. Sulcus profundus distinguit basin testae. Umbilicus
pone labium interius descendens ad basin sulco."

B. viRGiNEUM. I can find no account of this shell in the written copy.

B. UNDOSUM. The nearest approach to this species seems the variety
B. of the Murex succinctus (the shell so named in the ' Mantissa').

M. laevis, sulcis transversis laevibus, angulo marginali.

d'Arg. Couch, t. 12. f. N. Bon. 3. f. 4?.

Testa ovata, absque tuberculis, magnitudine nucis, exarata sulcis trans-
versis pallidis, eminentibus vero lineis luteis. Spira obtusa, anfractibus
rotundatis. Cauda teretiuscula. Apertura ovata, margine crasso, uec alia
costa laterali crassa.

Var. B. Rugis s. angulis obliteratis 5 longitudiualibus.

B. MACULATUM. Turricula elongata, anfractibus laevibus integerrimis.

The L of Gualtieri, and the reference to d'Argenville, were printed emen-
dations.

B. CRENULATUM. Turric. elongata, anfractibus margine crenatis.

The reference to Gualtieri was an emendation.

B. STRIGILATUM. Turric . elongata, oblique striata.

B. DUPLiCATUM. Turric. elongata emarginata, anfractibus bipartitis
striatis.

MR. S. HANLEI ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.

STROMBUS.

This genus, rendered more natural by the omission of S. lividus and
ater (assigned to Turricula), appeared under the designation of Harpago
with the following definition : —

Testa depressa, nodosa. Apertura longitudinalis. Labium antice dila-
tatum ultra basin.

The Strombi of the manuscript were the young of this genus (erased by
Linnaeus) and certain Lamarckian Fusi, Pyrulce, and Fasciolarm.

S. CHiRAGRA. Har. labii spinis Isevibus 6, extimis recurvis, fauce
striata.

" Bar. Icon. 327- f. L " was an additional synonym.

S. scoRPius. Har. labii spinis nodosis 7, fauce striata.

The published account was enlarged by the following passages, which are
not to be found in the written copy : " crenulato cincta", " lato, brevi",
" s. incarnata", " s. testaceo-nebulosus". " Distinctum " was originally
" obscuro", and "repandus, inflexus " was " denticulatus."

S. LAMBis. Har. labii spinis Isevibus 7, fauce Isevi.

" Bar. Icon. t. 1326. f. 7 " was the synonym omitted in printing. The
name was borrowed from d'Argenville.

S. MILLEFE0A. Har. labii spinis laevibus 10.

*' Anteriora" was "posteriora " in the manuscript.

S. LENTIGINOSUS. Har. labio inermi integro rotundato, angulis pluri-
bus nodosis.

The "aut marginatum " was "fragile, diaphanum", so that a young shell
appears to have furnished the materials for description.

S. GALLUS. Har. labio inermi mucronato, cingulo dorsali spinoso.

S. AuRis-DiANiE. Har. labio inermi niuricato, cauda recurva, lobo in-
curvato.

The "32. f. H." was a misprint for the written " 17. f. O." The printed
additions are " usque " and " Color testaceo et albido nebulosus."

S. PUGiLis. Har. labio inermi obtuso, spira spinosa distincta, basi
emarginata.

" Nitida", and " sed spira albida", were not found in the original.

S. LuHUANUS. Har. labio obtuso, antice posticeque emarginata.

Few of the details were present in the original copy, but appear to have
been added, to discriminate the species from the allied gibberulus. " Spira
obtusa brevis" was added by the hand of Linnaeus ; " saepe subplicati",
" postice lobo obsoleto instructum ", "intus ", "Columella nigricans",
" Cauda nulla, sed postice emarginata", were all absent from the MS.

S. GIBBERULUS. Har. labio inermi, dorso Isevi, spira repanda.

The printed additions are " subtus planiuscula", "Iseves", "fuscum",
and the final remark.

S. LATissiMUs. Har. labio inermi rotundato, spira subnodosabreviore,
florso laevi.

74 MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.'

S. EPiDROMis. Har. labio inermi dilatato, dorso Isevi, spira subnodosa.

The S. epidromis, as it originally stood in the manuscript, was a recog-
nizable species, and precisely identical with the shell so named in the
* Systema ' ; for the erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present,
neither was " carinato," nor any of the discordant details from " interius "
to the termination. As the printed description now stands, it would suit
/S. emarginatus or succinctus, at the least, equally well. I doubt not our
author, when correcting the press, forgot his own species, and added the
partial essentials of one species to those of another.

S. Canarium. Har. labio inermi dilatato, dorso spiraque laevibus.

The erroneous reference to plate 37 of Rumphius was not present in the
written copy, which contains the additional synonyms of " Pet. Gaz. t. 98.
f. 11 ", and " Klein, t. 4. f. 73 " : the latter was not there originally. The
early description has been improved, in the press, by the addition of
" obovata", " Faux laevis, alba", and " longitudinaliter subundulatus."

S. viTTATus. Har. labiis inermibus, spirae anfractibus vitta interstinctis.

S. URCEUS. Har. labiis inermibus striatis, dorso nodoso.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the original, but
in place of it the 37- W. of Rumphius (S. mutabilis) : " Spira testa bre-
vior, plicato-subnodosa " was, likewise, absent. " Klein, 49, urceus fim-
briatus" (a name for Rumph. t. 37. f . F & W) was interpolated by our
author.

S. ATER. Turricula labiata.

Neither the reference to Rumphius, nor the " et postice emarginatum "
were found in the original. This confirms my expressed belief that the
Museum species (to which no name was at first attached) was distinct from
that of the ' Systema.'

S. LiviDus. Turric. labiata, anfractibus serie subspinosa.

This was located in a section of Turricula distinguished as having the
outer lip dilated and rounded.

Besides the above, the following unprinted details were found in the
manuscript : —

The Strombus gigas was described at length under the appellation of
Harp ago gigas.

Har. labio inermi rotundato, dorso spiraque subulato-spinosis.

Gualt. t. 34. f. A. Bar. Icon. 1727. f. 7-

Testa gibba, maxima, magnitudine capitis. Cauda obtusa. Spira spinis
patentibus, subulatis, valichs. Anfractus desinens in dorso spina. Series
in dorso spinarum maximarum ferme conicarum. Labium dilatatum, ro-
tundatum, spira longius, vix adnatum spirae. Faux glabra, nitida, incar-
nata. Color pallidus.

The Strombus dentatusl was also defined (without a specific appellation)
by the following characters : —

Har. labio dentato, testa laivis, plicato-nodosa.

Testa similliraa reliquis, longitudine articuli digiti, lajvis, flavescens, sub-

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC-J:.' 75

plicata, plicis antice acurainatis nodis. Spira acutiuscula, similiter plicata,
nodosa. Labium exterius minus dilatatum, postice margine dentatum et
interne fuscum, striatum. Labium internum crassum, integrum, laeve.

The Strombus palustris, although not published until the twelfth edition
of the ' Systema,' had been already defined in the ' Museum ' as Turricula
cornea.

Tur. decussatim rugosa, labio dilatato.

Rumph. 101. t. 30. f. Q. Strombus palustris.

Testa crassa, rudis, pyramidalis, cornea aut plumbea, anfraetibus 12 et
ultra, secundum spiras transversim aliquot striis exai-ata, longitudinaliter
subplicata, adeoque sine spinis rugosissima. Labium dilatatum, rotunda-
tum, concavum, edentulum.

MUREX,

The definition of this genus ran as follows : —

Testa subovata, spinosa. Apertura coarctata, ovata, desinens in canalem
tubuloso-conniventem.

This was evidently designed for the Murices proper. The other species
of the ' Museum ' were distributed in the groujjs of Cassis, Turricula,
Bulla, and Strombus. The last was defined as follows ; " Testa obverse
conica, nodosa, labium exterius angulum transversalem superne formans ;
interius nullum. Columella incurva. Cauda integra."

M. HAUSTELLUM. M. caudatus, subinermis, nodosus.

" Suturis" was originally " costis". The printed emendations are "gibbis,
adglutinatis ", " costati et nodosi", " subtus rima longitudinali clausa",
" margine ", and the final remark.

M. TRiBULUS. M. caudatus, spinis subulatis trifariis.

" Olear. Mus. t. 39. f. 1 " was cited in the transcript, to which Linnaeus
had added " Bonan. 269 " and " List. t. 902. f. 22", all which synonyms
are present in the ' Systema.' The printed additions are " suturis 3 lon-
gitudinalibus, adglutinatis, incrassatis "," secundum suturas : superficies
transversim striis elevatis distinctis", "recta".

M. coRNUTUS. M, caudatus, spinis subulatis serie gemina.

The s. in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 6 :
" Pet. Gaz. t. 68. f. 12" (as in the ' Systema') was present in the copy.
The expressions " striata ", " conicae ", " obliquo situ ", and the final remark,
are the printed additions.

M. TRUNCULUS. M. subcaudatus, spinis simplici serie.

The description of the tail and account of the variety were not originally
present : " suturis " was, at first, " plicis", and " adglutinatis " was " an-
trorsum adnatis".

M. RAMOSUS. M. dsedaleus triangularis, spira longitudine ventris.

Had the original manuscript been printed, the multitude of species con-
fused under this appellation would have been somewhat lessened. For the
cited figures of M. influhis (Rumph. t. 26. f. A, and Gualt. t. 38. f. A), with
that of another short-spired Murex (Arg. t. 19. f. C), were separated from

76 MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LIKNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ITLIUC^.'

the rest, and quoted for a M. unguis-odor, the brief definition of which m as
" M. daedaleiis triangularis, spira ventre breviore."

The published details, and the drawings of the longer-spired and more
slender-bodied Murices (Rumph. t. 26. f. 1 ; d'Arg. 1. 19. f. E, H.), appeared
as M. lichenoides.

I consider, then, that in that event the M. adustus (Arg. t. 19. f. H.),
which woidd tolerably suit the definition, would have been considered the
typical form, and M. axicornis (Rumph. t. 26. f. 1, and d'Arg. 1. 19. f. E.),
the variety y.

M. SCORPIO. M. dsedaleus quadrangularis, spira subcapitata.

The ill-judged final remark was not in the copy.

M. SAXATiLis. M. dffidaleus quinquangularis, spira contigua.

The idea of this being a mere variety was not expressed in the original.

M. RAN A. M. angulatus subdepressus, costis lateralibus.

The R. of d'Argenville was properly referred to the variety B. The
" alba ", " sulcis transversis ", and " Dorsum anfractum simplici cingulo
aculeato " were not in the copy.

M. LAMPAS. M. angulatus tuberculis nodosis, cauda flexuosa, labio
interiore laevi.

The earlier reading of " una alterave ruga " was " uno alterove denticulo."

M. FEMORALE. M. augulato-triqucter : angulis antrorsum acuminatis.

The intended name was M. triqueter. Grew's engravings (f. 7, 8) of the
species were correctly cited, and the erroneous reference to Rumphius was
not inserted. The printed additions were unimportant — " exarata", "re-
pando", " sub " before " edentula", and " levissime".

M. LOTORIUM. M. angulatus, tuberculis eonicis, cauda flexuosa, labio
interno rugoso.

" Subter " was a misprint for the written " inter " : the " ut in proximis "
was a printed addition.

M. RUBECULA. M. angulatus, sulcis moniliformibus, costis lateralibus,
dorsalique.

" Gualt. t. 49. f. I ". was rightly cited as illustrative : " ex " preceded
" lineis".

M. RETICULARIS. Cos. insequalis gibba reticulata, cauda elongata.

The erroneous reference to Rumphius was not present in the manuscript.
As corroborative of my expressed belief in the identity of the species de-
scribed in the ' Museum ' with the Triton ! mulus, it may be observed, that
our author has wholly separated this and the allied anus from the true
Tritons and Ranellee, and that the original heading corresponds accurately
with the peculiar characteristics.

M. ANUS. Cos. inaequalis, gibba nodosa, labris rugosis.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 74. f. 9" and " Pet. Amb. t. 6. f. 4 " were the unprinted
synonyms. The"rugisreticulato-intertextis'', "irrcgulaiis ", and " patens "
were emendations.

M. RiciNUS. 21/. ecaudatus, ore utrinque dentato.

" /Equalibus, ad labium niajoribus " was not in the copy.

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBIC^.' 77

M. CAPiTELLUM. M. ecaiulatus ovatus, columella rugosa, labio eden-
tulo, superficie inermi rugosa.

"Alba " followed "edentula", and "Umbilicus ad basin" terminated
the description in the original : the word " striis " was a subsequent intro-
duction.

M. TURBiNELLUS. M. ecaudatus, turbinatus, columella dentata, spinis
explicatis.

The printed additions are " anteriores ", " nodulosa ", " alba", " Cauda vix
uUa", and " Variat colore albo spira longiore ".

M. Ceramicus. M. ecaudatus, utrinque acuminatus, columella dentata,
spinis conicis.

"Rumph. t. 49. f. L." was an unpublished synonym.

M. NODUS. M. ecaudatus ovatus, labio denticulato.

As " Gualt. t. 28. f. R." was quoted, and " aut nigris, conicis, obtusius-
culis" (a character which probably belonged to some distinct species
erroneously supposed to be a variety) was not inserted in the manuscript,
I feel convinced that the Purpura hystrix of authors was the species
designed in the ' Museum Ulricge.'

M. HYSTRIX. M. ecaudatus edentulus, fauce Isevi.

M. MANCiNELLA. M. ccaudatus, edentulus fauce striata.

This original heading, and the absence of the erroneous synonym from
the MS., confirm the received opinion of the identity of the Museum
species (not that of the ' Systema ') with Purpura mancinella.

M. HIPPOCASTANUM. M. ecaudatus edentulus, fauce edentula Integra,
spinis serie triplici.

Gualtieri's erroneously cited figure was not indicated in the manuscript.
No specific name had been originally attached to the description.

M. MELONGENA. M. ccaudatus edentulus fauce patula laevi, spinis
serie duplici.

" Bonan. 3. f. 186 " had been added to the synonymy by our author.
The details were less copious than in the published edition, " apice solo
acuminatus " being the meagre substitute for the entire description from
" Spira " to the end.

M. Ficus. Bui. caudata, striis reticulatis, spira obtusa.

" Pet. Amb. t. 6. f. 9 " was an omitted synonym. The shell described
in the ' Museum' was assuredly not the ficus of most writers.

M. RAPA. Bui. caudata, striis longitudinalibus, spira acuta.

M. Fusus. Turric. caudata laevis, labio dentato.

" Bonan. f. 121 " and the name had been added to the MS. by Linnaeus.

M. Babylonius. Turric. caudata, transversim angulo sulcata, labio
marginali versus basim sinu excise.

M. COLUS. Turric. caudata striata, labio exteriore crenato.
The printed emendations were " longa " and " s. angulati." The name
was added by Linnseus. The following unnamed Turricula succeeded the
species in the manuscript copy : —

T. caudata striata, longitudinaliter sulcata.

78 ME. S. HANLET ON TUE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBIC^.

Testa parva, striis plurimis secundum anfractus. Anfractus scabri, sulcis
longitudinalibus 15. Color anfractuum superne griseus inferne pallidas.
Apertura ovata. Rostrum baseos rectum, testae dimidio brevius. Labium
tantum exterius integrum. An filia praecedentis ?

M. MORio. Strom, spira subnodosa, labio exteriore intus rugose.

The synonymy, as might be expected (for Seba was unknown to Linnaeus
when the descriptions were written), was not in the original.

M. COCHLIDIUM. Strom, spira pyramidata, anfractibus planis.

The reference to Seba, the name, and the " Cauda subulata, longitudinc
testae " were not present.

M. CANALicuLATUS. Stvom. spira subconvexa, anfractibus distantibus.

The " Anfractus distincti canahculo per omnes spiras," the name, and
the reference to Seba, were the printed additions. " Habitat in Canada.
Kalm." was appended.

M. Aruanus. Strom, incurvus spinosus ventricosus, angulo obsolete.

The objectionable name (for assuredly the Buccinum Aruanum of Rum-
phius suits not " spinosus ") was not present in the original, but had sub-
sequently been added by our author, who seems to have erased the original
" Habitat in Canada. Kalm." I doubt not that Pyrula carica was in-
tended.

M. PERVERSus. Strom, inversus.

The wretched engraving of Gualtieri was not cited.

M. Tritonis. Cas. pyramidalis laevis, columella dentata.

"Bonan. 3. f. 188 " stood in the place of Seba. The printed additions
were " plerisque", " et suturis variis alternis crassis", and the specific epi-
thet. "Genus difficile eruitur" was written after the description, and the
following note erased : — " Ad genus retuli ob labium interius adnatura
in quibusdam latius, ob suturas verrucosas, ob caudam canaliculatam
parum elevatam, ob labium postice dentatum, quae omnia affinitatem
arguuut."

The Triton nodiferus was probably designed by the following description,
which succeeded that of M. Tritonis : —

Cas. (corrected by Linnaeus to Murex) Neptuni. C. pyramidalis nodosa,
columella dentata.

Testa maxime facie statura et colore praecedentis. Anfractuum angulus
summus nodis promiuentibus, unde et spira nodosa evadit, quod non in
prsecedente. Apertura praecedentis. Labium interius magis dilatatum,
raaximeque planum. Columella non dentata. Habitat Constantinopoli.
Edw. Carleson.

M. trapezium. Strom, spira nodosa, labio denticulate, columella
rugosa.

M. ALUCO. Tvrric. recurvirostra, spinosa, serie simplici.

Gualtieri was not cited, and the leference was to " N. Strombus tubero-
sus" {Cerithium aluco), not O. (C. nodulosum) of Rumphius. The inner
lip was described as "non adnatum, sed prominens" : "s. fuscis", and
" Variat cauda recta, &c.", were not in the original.

ME. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OE THE ' MUSEUM ULRTCiE.' 79

Besides the published species, the following had been written, but omitted
in printing : —

TuRRicuLA ALBA. T. alba reeurvirostra, anfractibus margine crenu-
latis.

Bon. 3. t. 84. Rumph. t. 30. f. K. Pet. Gaz. t, 56. f. 4. d'Arg. Conch,
t. 14. f. P. Gualt. Test. t. 5?. f. D.

Testa laevis. Anfractus circiter 15, margine subcrenati. Color albus,
ssepius saturatior ad marginem anfractuum. Apertura ovata, rostro cana-
liculato, recurvo. Labium interius adnatum, dente unico obsolete.

This was evidently identical, from its synonymy, with the M. vertagus of
the ' Systema.'

TuRRicuLA SENTicosA. T. reflcxo-emarginata, costis reticulatis.
d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. O.

Testa gibba, costis saepius 12 perpendiculari-obliquis, intertextis striis
lamellosis transversis ad anastomosases muricatis, unde admodum scabra
evadit. Anfractus ventricosi, saepius x. Color griseus. Apertura ovata,
interne striata, emarginata, parum reflexa.

Evidently this was identical with the M. senticosus of the ' Systema.'
M. OLEAGINEUS. M. angulis sulcis inaequalibus, labio interiore rugoso,
costis alternis.

Gualt. Test. t. 49. f. G. d'Arg. Conch, t. 13. f. M.
Habitus et structura rubeculcB, at octies major, nee vivide pictus, sed
colore testaceo fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus. Apertura intus saturate
crocea, rugis albis.

Apparently this was the Triton pileare of authors, — not the Mediterranean
shell (T. corrugatus) termed M. pileare in the ' Systema.'

M. piLEUS Helveticus. M. angulis rotundatis, tuberculis conicis,
apertura utrinque canaliculata.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. D. Rumph. t. 28. f. D.

Testa ovata, admodum inaequalis, adspersa nodis conicis tuberculatis
inaequalibus. Costae latere antico membranaceae, primae 2 oppositae, reli-
quae alternae. Color flavus. Apertura hians, antice et postice canaliculatae,
faux intus striata. Labium exterius dentatum, intus dilatato-membra-
naceum.

This suits very fairly the Triton lampas of authors ; far better, indeed,
than does the M. Lampas of the ' Museum Ulricae.'
M. suBULATUS. M. ecaudatus, pyramidalis.

Testa subulata instar turris, anfractuum undecim, reticulata striis elevatis
decussantibus punctis contignationem eminentibus. Costae oppositae et
alternae. Color albus, maculis flavescentibus. Apei-tura ovata. Labium
exterius crassum, intus dentatum. Interius dentato-glabrum.

Both Triton ! maculosus and Ranella candisata approach the ideal por-
trait, yet neither of them precisely agrees.

Under the name of Trochus turritus our author appears to have first
. described his Murex radula.

Trochus exumbilicatus, pyramidatus, anfractibus duplici serie muricatis.
Gualt. t. 58. f. F.

80 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINKEAN MS. OE THE ' MUSEUM ULRTCiE.'

Testa elongatii, flavescens s. testacea. Anfractus 16, connexi sutura
crenulata, dorso duplici serie instructi punctis eminentibus pallidis. Aper-
tura subtetragona, subtus in canalis rudimentum desinens.

The Murex Neritoideus of the ' Systema ' was thus described.

Lyra Neritoides. L. testa nodosa subrotunda.

Gualt.

Testa crassa, ponderosa, alba cum rubedine tincta, figura Neritse, niag-
nitudine juglandis, cincta anfractibus 5 e nodis obtusis crassiuscuUs. La-
bium interius depressura, longitudine pictum raacvila ferruginea.

TROCHUS.

Testa conica. Apertura quadrangularis, basi cohimella contorta, sinu
descendens.

The last five words had been substituted for " absque sinu evidente."

T. MACULATUS. T. contorto-umbilicatus conicus, vertiee subnodoso.

The printed description and the synonymy are so very dissimilar to the
written one, that I entertain no doubt that an early definition of T. Nilo-
/ic?<s (with references to " Olear. Mus. t. 9. f. 5" and "Bonan. 3. f. 102")
was transmuted into that of a granular species, by the addition of " quasi
granis exasperata," &c.

T. SOLARIS was not mentioned in the manuscript.

T. PERSPECTivus. T. crenato-uinbilicatus convexus obtusus : margine
acuto.

" Bonan. 3. f, 2/, 28 " was quoted, as illustrative : " costa crenata", not
" costa concava', was the earlier reading.

T. HYBRIDUS. T. crenato-umbilicatus, convexus, imdique obtusus.

The proposed name was T. spurius. The " absque carina, rotundata "
was " absque angulis, glabra" : " albo, flavoque " preceded " variegata".

T. Pharaonius. T. umbilicatus subovatus striatus, pimctis globu-
losis, labio dentato.

" Habitat in mari rubro, frequens. D. Hasselquist." was written : the
final remark was absent.

T. Magus. T. umbilicatus couvexo-conicus nodosus.

The " cinereo nebulosa " was a manuscript emendation by Linnaeus.

T. muricatus. Except' that " obverse " precedes " ovata", both the
dia:^nosis and the details are precisely similar to the printed account.

T. scABER. T. umbilicatus subovatus, sulcis alternis majoribus moni-
liformibus.

The erroneo\is figure of d'Argenville was not cited in the original, nor,
indeed, was any name attached to the description. The whorls were said
to number from 6 to 8 (not 4 or 5) ; and the aperture was termed "ovata,"
not "subrotunda." " Pallida", the final remark, and the present con-
struction and enlargement of the passage relative to the inner lip (which at
first ran thus, " Labium posticum coadunatura, sinu postico excisum "),
had been added bv Linnaeus himself.

MR. S. IIANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE * MUSEUM ULRICA.' 81

T. LA BIO. T. exumbilicatus ovatus striato-tuberculatus, labio dentato.

The erroneous figiu-e of d'Argenville was not cited ; " variegata " was
the earlier reading of " marmorata"; "aliquot "of " et punctis"; "ex-
terno " of " margine". Linnaeus himself had enlarged the account of the
inner lip from the earlier " postice sinu excisum " to its present length.

T. zizYPHiNUS. T. umbilicatus conicus, striis papillosis.

This is clearly not the imperforated zizyphinus of the ' Systema.' Gualtieri
was not referred to ; " ambitu marginati ", and " in aliis clausus", were not
in the copy : " columella parum obliqua " was an addition in the Linnean
handwriting.

T. TELESCOPIUM. T. exumbilicatus pyramidatus, striis cxaratus ; labio
postice reciu-vato, spirali, integro.

" Bon. 92", and " Klein 26. Pseudotrochus striatus", were the additional
synonyms of the MS.

T. DOLABRATUS. T. umbiHcatus, labio postico i-ecurvato sulcato, ovato-
pyramidalis, glaber.

The whorls were at first called imbricated. The " basis rotundata ", and
" in superioribus vero unica", had been added by Linnaeus.

TURBO.

Testa conica. Apertura orbicularis, integra.

T. PERSONATUS. T. exumbilicatus inermis convexus, labio postice
diducto.

The I of the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1. A
drawing of Gualtieri (t. 64. f. O), which accords not with the description
of this species, was an additional synonym. The name had been added
subsequently. Turbo cidaris agrees in most respects.

T. PETHOLATUS. T. exumbilicatus ovatus Isevis, anfractibus sursum
obsolete angulatis.

The written version furnishes us with the additional synonyms of " Gualt.
t. 64. f. F.", and "Klein 40. t. 2. f. 51."; the latter (also cited in the ' Sy-
stema ') was added by our author when he admitted the at first excluded 5.
6 of the synonym of Rumphius. The admission of the rounded-whorled
variety ? was evidently an after-thought.

T. CHRYSOSTOMUS. T. exuuibilicatus subovatus rugosus striatus, spinis
fornicatis.

" Klein 41. t. 7- f. 126 " (cited in the ' Systema '), and the printed " in
superiore serie majoribus " . had been added by Linnaeus in the original
account.

T. tectum-Persicum. T. exumbilicatus subovatus, spinis obtusis
reflexis, subtus papillosus.

" Forte sola varietas sequentis a loco " has been remarked by our author,
who did not admit in his MS. the deceptive figure of d'Argenville.

T. PAGODUS. T. exumbilicatus conicus spinis obtusis concatenatis,
subtus papillose striatus.

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. Q

82 MB.S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULraC;E.'

Neither "aenmiuata", nor the inappropriate " rotundata", were in the
original acconnt of this well-known species.

T. CALCAR. T. exumbilicatus depressus, anfractibns supra spinis for-
nicato-compressis scabris.

To his printed synonyms Linnaeus has added " Gualt. t. 65. f. N. P.",
" List. Hist. t. 608. f. 46", and "Klein t. 1. f. 27". The "fornicatis"
was an emendation.

T. MARMORATUS. T. exumbiUcatus subovatus nodosus laevis.
T. PICA. T. umbilicatus laevis conicus denticulo umbilicali.
" Habitat in Barbados, Jamaica", which corrects the stated locality of
the ' Systema,' and " Bonan. 29, 30", "Pet. Ga^. t. 70. f. 9", were the
additional particulars of the manuscript copy.

T. ARGYROSTOMUS. T. umbilicatus subovatus, striatus lineis dorsalibus.
The erroneous references to Gualtieri and d'Argeuville, were not present :
" OS argenteum variegatum " was written after the reference to Rumphius,
which name belongs to figure 3, not to 4, whose colouring, moreover, ex-
cludes it from being illustrative. The intended specific name was " os
variegatum."

T. MARGARiTACEUS. T. cxumbiUcatus subovatus, (? angulo) dorsali
elevato, ore postice diducto.

Rumphius was not referred to in the original, where " subtilissimis "
was in the place of " variis " : the printed " margine albo " was a subsequent
emendation.
T. DELPHiNUS. T. umbilicatus depressus hispidus, spinis ramosis.
" Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 1 ", and "Grew Mus. t. 11. f. 5, 6", wei-e also cited.
T. DiSTORTUS. T. umbilicatus muricatus undique spinulis brevibus.
The final remark was not in the original.

T. scALARis. T. cancellatus conicus, anfractibus distantibus.
" Pretium immensum, ssepe 100 ducatorum", was the final remark in-
stead of the printed one. " Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 9 ", was an additional
synonym in the written version.

T. CLATHRUS. T. cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis Isevibus.

All the synonyms of the tenth edition of the ' Systema,' together with

" Johnst. t. 1 1, f. 9 ", were present in the MS., but most of them, together

with the final remark, had been subsequently added to the copy by our author.

T. CRENATUS. T. cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis supra

crenatis.

The details of the ' Museum ' were referred to before their publication.
" Pyramidalis " was the earlier reading for " turrita" ; " ssepe " was absent :
" transversim " preceded " crenati."

T. UVA. T. cancellatus ovatus, anfractibus contiguis imbricatis.
" Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. 2. Olivaris " was the unpublished additional syn-
onym, and the intended name was borrowed from that work. " Longitu-
dinalibus " was " transversis " in the copy, where " ut latus planum non
conspiciatur exterius distincta linea " terminated the account of the volu-
tions : the colouring ("alba") was not indicated.

MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULUICiE.' 83

T. CORNEUS. T. imibilicatus, anfractibus teretibus decussatim striatis,
oris margiiie reflexo.

The " s. cornea", the name, and the " vix raanifeste " had been added to
the original account, which latter was referred to previous to its publica-
tion.

T. iMBRiCATUS. T. pyramidalis, anfractibus deorsum subimbricatis.

The " praecedentibus tribus", here mentioned, were not those which the
species now follows, but nos. 358, 359, 360, after which it was placed in
the MS. "Grisea" had been added by Liunfeus.

T. REPLicATUS. The entire account of this shell was interpolated in
the MS. by Linnaeus.

T. ACUTANGULUS. T. pyramidalis, sulco unico acuto majore.

The last four words of the details were written subsequently to the earlier
description, to which no name was then appended.

T. DUPLiCATUS. T. pyramidalis, sulcis 2 acutis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 114", and "List. 160. t. 3. f. 7", were additional syn-
onyms ; both, however, were quoted in the ' Systema.' The " color albus ",
and the term " obtusiores ", were in the Linnean handwriting.

T. TEREBRA. T. pjTamidatus, sulcis 6 acutis.

" Bonan. 3. f. 115 " was in the place of the doubtful figure of Rumphius ;
the indicated colouring was simply "pallida" : the " obsoletum " was an
afterthought .

HELIX.

Testa cochleata, laevis. Apertura subrotunda segmento circuli exempto.

Except scarabcBus and amarula, the members of this genus were located
in the same group as in the published edition.

H. scARAB.«us. Morion ovatus subanceps, labio utroque tridentato.

The " ovata, adeo " has replaced the earlier "ita", and "angulata" the
original " articulata". The account of the aperture was not inserted in the
manuscript, wherein "List. Hist. 5/7- f. 31 ", and " Klein 11. t. 1. f. 23",
had been inserted in the Linnean handwriting.

H. LAPiciDA. H. marginata perforata convexa carinata.

" Cincta " was a press emendation. The only written synonym was
"Faun. Suec. 1298".

H. ocuLus-CAPRi. H. marginata perforata subcarinata.

" Pet Gaz. t. 76. f. 6. " was indicated as a synonym. The name was
Latinized from the " I'ceil de bouc " of d'Argenville, who has, however,
represented an utterly diflferent shell.

H. CAROCOLLA. H. submarginata imperforata carinata, labio interiore
recto.

D'Argenville's figure was, evidently, not at first considered sufficiently
illustrative to be referred to : it was not cited in the written copy. " Co-
nicoplaniuscula " was the reading for " convexa", "segmento circuli " (the
5 without any sequence was absurd) for "semiovata": the size, as usual,
was not given.

G*

8i MR. S. HANLEY OJf THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBICiE.'

H. coRNU-MiLiTARE. H. marginata iraperforata subcarinata, labio
interiore explanato.

The deceptive figure of Gualtieri was not at first cited.

H. CORNEA. H. marginata convexa umbilicata, spira plana.

" Faun. Suec. 1304 " was in place of the reference to ' Lister's English
Conchology,' a work apparently unknown to our author when he first drew
up the Museum Catalogue. I doubt the identity of this shell (the intended
name for which was tabellaris) with the cornea of the ' Systeraa.'

H. coRNU-ARiETis. H. utriuque depressa.

" List. Hist. t. 136. f. 40 " was written by our author in the manuscript

copy.

H. AMPULLACEA. H, subrotuuda, sursum ventricosior glabra.

The original reading of " anfractus superne ventricosi " w as " abdomen
superne ventricosius ". The erroneous reference to Gaultieri was not at
first attached to the description. The species of the Museum was evidently
distinct from that of the ' Systema.'

H. GLAUCA. H. subrotunda acuminata, labro postice marginato.

H. ciTRiNA. H. umbilicata convexa obtusa.

The final remark was an afterthought.

II. ARBUSTORUM. H. marginata perforata convexo-acuminata, ore sub-
orbiculari, margine duplici, antice elongato.

" Faun. Suec. 1295 " was the only synonym ; the work of Lister on
English Conchology not having been at first known to Linnaeus.

H. UNGULINA. H. marginata perforata spiralis convexa, ore subor-
bioulato.

The " Gualt." was a misprint for the written " Rumph."

H. LUTARIA. H. ovata-oblonga umbilicata, interne coloratiore.

" Habitat frequens in lutosis fluviis, lacubus." May not the Valvata
piscinalis be the shell intended ?

H. PERVERSA. H. ovato-oblonga subperforata glabra.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 44. f. 7", and "Grew. Mus. t. 10. f.9", cited in the 'Sy-
stema', were also referred to in the MS. " Alba", and "in quibusdam ",
were interpolations in the Linnean handwriting : H. sulphurata was the
intended designation.

H. lANTHiNA. H. subrotunda obtusa patula diaphana.

The entire account of this beautiful shell was written by Linnaeus sub-
sequently to the labours of his amanuensis : the twelve last printed words
were not present. The cited figure of Gualtieri was not admitted, as a re-
presentation, but only alluded to in the final remark of " Confer Gualt.
t. 64. f. O." " List. Hist. t. 572. f. 23", and " Sloan. Jam. 2. p. 239. t. 1.
f. 4 " were indicated as delineations.

H. NEMORALIS. H.

" Habitat ubique in Europse nemoribus ", and " Argen. t. 32. f. 8", were
the unprinted additions. Lister's English Conchology was not, of course,
mentioned. " Flavescens", and " nigro-purpurascens ", were not in the
original.

ME. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 85

H. H.ffl:MASTOMA. H. imperforata subrotunda fusca fascia longitudinal!
subrecta alba, ore purpureo.

H. DEcoLLATA. H. clongata laevis truncato-mutilata.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 66. f. 1", and "Habitat in Arabia. Hasselquist. Santa
Cruz. Petiv." were the unprinted additions. The entire account was in the
handwriting of our author.

H. AMARULA. Nerita edentula oblonga, anfractibus multifariam den-
ticulatis.

Our author was evidently puzzled as to the generic position of this pecu-
liar-looking shell, for he has written " Habitu accedit ad Volutas vesper-
tiliones, ore Helicibus, sed labium interius planum, et affinitas cum ante-
cedenti fiat, ut hie relinquatur." The preceding shell alluded to was iV.
corona.

H. Neritoidea. H. convesa longitudinaliter striata.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

H. PERSPicuA. H. convexo-ovata, labio interiore nullo, apertura ad
apicem usque pervia.

The then unpublished details of both this and the preceding were re-
ferred to in the tenth edition of the ' Systenia.' Patens was the proposed
specific appellation.

H. HALiOTOiDEA. H. depresso-plauiuscula obtusissima, ore ovali
dilatato.

None of the cited figures were at first accepted by our author, who only
added that of Rumphius to the earlier description, and wholly omitted the
rest. "Transverse" preceded "striata".

NERITA.

Testa subrotunda, obtusa. Labium interius planum, transversim trunca-
tum, depressum.

The generic arrangement was similar to that of the printed version.

N. CANRENA. N. edentula umbilicata, spira mucronata, labio reflexo
bifido.

When Linnaius first described this shell, under the appellation of JV.
musica, he did not admit a single one of the cited figures as illustrative.

N. GLAUCiNA. N. edentula convexa, umbilico simphci semiclauso gib-
boso dicolore.

None of the deceptive figures were at first referred to, but had been
added at a subsequent period ; and that of Rumphius again erased. N.
luteola was the intended name.

N. ALBUMEN. N. edentula subrotunda, umbilico teretiusculo.

The present heading agrees with the subsequent details, which could not
be aflfirmed of the printed one borrowed from the ' Systema.' The MS., in
some degree, clears up the extraordinary confusion in which the Linnean
species was enveloped. There were two N. albumens in the written copy.
The shell here described (assuredly not the lobed albumen of the ' Systema ')
was originally termed hepatica or luteola (for both had been erased). The
true albumen was described as "edentula subrotuuda, umbilico subcordato.

86 MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULBICiE.'

labri interioris lobo explanato " and the only figure referred to was "Rumph.
t. 22, f. B." "Klein 13. Platystoma vitellum compressum" was also
mentioned. This description was suppressed, and the other species retained,
with the erroneous designation, and the faulty synonymy, attached. Nor
was this the only change. In order to include the Natica vitellus of authors
(" Rumph. t. 22. f. A. Valvata laevis prima s. vitellus " had been quoted
by our author) the " aut lutea", " aut macuUs albis ", had been added to
the earher description : so, likewise, had been " Apertura rotundata, semi-
cordata", and "glabrum,planiusculum, nitidum." I suspect, then, that whilst
the ideal of the albumen of the ' Systema ' was any hemispherical or flattened
Natica with a labial lobe (such as Nat. albumen, didyma, olla, Sfc), the
albumen of the 'Museum', as printed, was composed of Natica rufa
(" Rumph. 22. f. D.'' was quoted in the MS.) and vitellus (for A, not B, of
Rumphius was the letter indicated in the MS.).

N. MAMMILLA. The entire account of this common shell was added in
the Linnean handwriting. The inappropriate " aut lutea " was not at first
present.

N. CORONA. N. edentula, simplici spira spinosa.

" Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 4.", a mere copy of the Rumphian figure, was also
quoted. The 19 in the reference to d'Argenville was a misprint for the
written 10. N. spinosa was the intended designation.

N. RADULA. N. edentula sulcata, tuberculis sequalibus.

The valvata granulata of Rumphius (t. 22. f. M.) was refen-ed to as illus-
trative.

N. CORNEA. iV. edentula, obsolete striata.

N. BIDENS. iV.

"Obsoletis" followed " duobus" : the name had been written subse-
quent to the description.

N. viRGiNEA. N. subedentula ovata laevis.

" Dentibus pluribus minutissimis " preceded " oris " ; " Pet. Gaz. t. 11 .
f 3" was in the place of the delusive figure of d'Argenville : the variety d
was a subsequent addition.

N. POLiTA. N. laevis, labiis dentatis.

The 1 in the synonym of Rumphius was a misprint for the written I.

N. PELERONTA. N. Striata, labiis dentatis, interiore ])laniusculo rugoso.

The erroneous synonym was added, along with the name pelerotita, to
the written details : N. rufa was the original appellation.

N. ALBiciLLA. N. striata, labiis subdentatis, interiore tuberculato.

N. HiSTRio. N. sulcata, transversim striata, labio interiore dentato.

The name, and the synonym, were added by Linnaeus to the written
details.

N. PLiCATA. N. sulcata, labiis profunde dentatis, interiore rotundato,
exteriore utrinque dentibus acutis conicis.

The variety alluded to was a subsequent addition. The details of the
' Museum ' had been quoted, in anticipation, for this sjiecies.

N. GROSSA. N. sulcata labiis dentatis, interiore convexo rugoso.

MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULBICJE.' 87

N. CHAMiELEON. N. sulcata, labiis ilentatis, interiore rugoso tuber-
culato.

" Habitat in Banda", and "compositis" after " subtilissimis ", are the
imprinted additions.

N. UNDATA. N. sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore rugoso, tuberculato.

The erroneous figure of Gualtieri was not cited when the description was
drawn up, but added to the details, along with " confluentibus. Spira
acuta promiuens ", when the present name was substituted for the earlier
nebulata.

N. EXUVIA. N. sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore dentieulato.

HALIOTIS.

Testa uuivalvis, patens, convexa. Spira obsoleta, lateralis. Foramina
lateralia pei-via.

H. MiD^. H. subrotunda, utrinque nitida.

Humana was the intended specific appellation.

H. TUBERCULATA. H. subovata, rugis transversis tuberculatis.

The reference to Lister was an emendation.

H. STRIATA. H. ovata, transversim rugosa, longitudinaliter striata.

No name was attached to either this or any member of the genus, except
the first.

H. VARiA. H. ovata, striis longitudinalibus, majoribus tuberculatis.

H. MARMORATA. H. ovata, striis longitudinalibus, transversis obsoletis.

H. ASININA H. oblonga, extra foramina angvilata, striis elevatis.

H. PARVA. H. ovata, angulo inter foramina et spiram.

All the headings in this genus are similar to those in the ' Systema '.

PATELLA.

Testa conica, convexa. Spira regularis nulla vera.

The limits of this genus were precisely those of the printed edition.

P. EauESTRis. P. ungue foi-nicali nutante.

P. NERITOIDEA. P. iutegm ovata, a])ice subspirali, labio laterali.

" Supra " preceded " convexa ", and the " fere " was before " apice ".

P. CHiNENSis. P. conica latior la;vis, labio interne laterali.

This was an addition to the original catalogue.

P. PORCELLANA. P. basi iuteiTie labiata, pone mucronato-subspiralis,

P. CREPiDULA was not mentioned in the manuscript.

P. SACCHARINA. P. margiue sinuato, carinata, costis 7-

"Pet, Amb. t. 3. f. 3", and "Klein 117. t. 8. f. 4", were additional
synonyms : both are in the ' Systema.'

P. BARBARA. P. dcntata, costis 19 elevatis.

P. GRANULARis. P. marginc dentato, striis elevatis mucronibus ini-
bricatis.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not in the original.

P. GRANATINA. P. margiuc angulato, striis II l?evibus.

" Interius " was the earlier reading of " subtus ".

88 ME. S. HANLET OS THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC-E.'

P. TUBEBCULATA. P. dcntata conica tuberculata, postice sima.

Sima was the earlier name in the MS., but was erased by Linnaeus.

P. LUTEA. P. iategerrima striata, vertice mucronato iuflexo.

P. UNGUIS. P. ovali-oblonga, apice emarginata, mucrone dorsali
carinato.

Unguiformis was the intended appellation.

P. TESTUDiNARiA. P. ovata gkberrima intcgerrima.

P. RUSTICA. P. integra, striis 50 obtusiusculis.

P. FUSCA. P. ovata iutegerrima, striis elevatis, vertice obtuse.

The intended name was cinereo-nigricans.

P. CRUCiATA. P. ovalis convexa integerrima, cruce picta.

P. RETICULATA. P. conica compressa, superficie reticulata.

The suggestion I have elsewhere made that this uncertain shell might
prove the European Pedicularia, induces me to remark that, although P.
Sicula has been supposed to be a comparatively modern discovery, Favaune
had long ago delineated it in the fourth plate (f. H. 1.) of his enlarged
edition of d'Argenville.

P. NiMBOSA. p. conica ovaUs, costis confertis, vertice perforate.

The discrepancy between the heading borrowed from the ' Systema', and
the after detads, is removed by the substitution of the original one. The
shell was termed perforata (not nimbosa), and was wrongly identified by
Linnffius with the striated brown Fissurella of the ' Systema'.

In addition to the printed species, the two following were present in the
manuscript copy.

P. SOLARIS. P. ovata integerrima, striis subnodosis, vertice acutiusculo.

Testa ovata, diaphana, magnitudine extimi articuli digiti, margine inte-
o-crrimo, Isevis, striis subtilissimis ina;qualibus numerosissimis, fasciis lon-
gitudinalibus rubris albo passim maculatis. Mucro acutiusculus obliquus
albidus.

This was placed in the section having a simjjle margin.

P. PERFOLIATA. P. conica, reclinata, perfoliata.

Testa magnitudine coryli nucis, conica, sed cono retro inclinato, acutis-
sima, alba, imbricata lameUis horizontaliter testam cingentibus. Margo
integer, ovalis, antrorsum gibbus s. dilatatus. Cavitas profunde glabra.

This description very fairly suits the Patella antiquata of the twelfth
edition of the ' Systema'.

DENTALIUM.

Testa univalvis, subcylindrica, utrinque aperta. Spira regularis nulla.

Although the Serpulce were intermingled, it is clear that they did not
accord with the above definition.

D. ELEPHANTINUM. D. subulatum subarcuatum, angulatum.

The synonymy of the tenth edition was apjjeuded. Lister excepted ; the
erroneous 13 of the reference to the Gazophylaceum was erased. Dens
elephantis was the proposed trivial name.

ME. S. nANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 89

D. ENTALis. D. subulato-cylindricura, subarcuatum.
The terminal details were not furnished,
JD. dentalium was the intended appellation.

SERPULA.

In the original version of the ' Museum Ulricae,' the members of this
genus are not separated from the Dentalia (a proof, among many others,
of the early date of this catalogue). Linnaeus, however, when revising
the transcript, had meditated the withdrawing of S. arenaria and lumbri-
calis, and constituted for them a nameless genus with the following
definition : —

Testa tubulosa, isthmis coucamerata, dissepimentis integris, nee per-
foratis, s. communicantibus.

This genus would have been the equivalent of the modern Vermetus.

S. TRiauETRA. D. triquetrum, adhaerens.

The reference to Gualtieri (whose figure was somewhat uncertain, yet
probably designed for Vermilia triquetra) was queried. The proposed
name was D. parasiticum.

S. coNTORTUPLiCATA. D. terctiusculum, depressuoi, rugosum.

There was at first no name to the description of this shell ; but it was
added in the handwriting of Linnaeus.

S. GLOMERATA. D. tercs glomeratum.

The ' decussato-rugosa ' of the ' Systema ', a])plicable to the ' Vermetus
subcancellatus', the shell designed in that work, was not inserted. Gualtieri's
figure is that of Vermetus glomeratus, for the colouring of which ' alba '
woidd be a most inappropriate term.

S. LUMBRiCALis. D. spira divaricata terctiusculum, integrum.

D'Arg. t. 29. f. L was an additional synonym.

S. ARENARIA. D. tercs rectiusculum intestiniforme.

Despite the name borrowed from Rumphius, the Vermetus gigas was the
object defined in the tenth edition of the 'Systema'. The absence from
the manuscript of the reference to Gualtieri's drawing of that shell, and
" rectiusculum " in the written diagnosis, confirms the conclusion pre-
viously arrived at, that the Septariu arenaria of authors was the species
intended in the ' Museum Ulricae ' : it was subsequently termed S. poly-
thalamia by Linnaius. The delusive " subangulata " of the supposititious
diagnosis was of course absent.

The V. gigas was probably intended by the following unpublished de-
scription.

D. INTESTINIFORME. jD. teres flexuosum intestiniforme.

Testa rudis crassitie digiti et ultro, flexuosa vario modo in diversis, Integra,
intus laevis.

S. ANGUINA.

The two very dissimilar Siliquarice united under this appellation in the
' Museum Ulricae,' were originally held distinct. The prickly variety was
the unpublished type, and was thus defined : —

90 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKE8SAB.

D. ANGUiNUM. D, spira insequali angulata aculeata, sulco longitudinali
perforata.

Rumpli. 125. t. 41. f. IL Soleu anguinus.

Lang. Test. 6. Tubulus vermicularis crista dentata.

Testa albida, teretiuscula, angulis 9 obsoletis. Anfractus insequales,
nunc confertiores, nunc remotiores. Sulcus longitudinalis in superiore
latere perforatus serie punctorum. Spinse breves, fornicatse ad angulos
in latere inferiore.

Condensation, that peculiar faculty of the mental organization of Lin-
naeus, induced him to suppress this description, and attach the species, as
a vai-iety, to the form he had simultaneously characterized as

D. spira elongata, teretiusculum, inerme, fissura longitudinali.

Gualt. test. 10. f. z.

To this latter the published details belong, except the expression " pas-
sim coucatenata et quasi poris pertusa " (which was a subsequent and fal-
lacious addition), and the account of the variety.

S. PENIS. D. teres, extremitate radiata disco cylindris poroso.

" Bonan. i. f. 38.", indicated in the tenth edition of the ' Systema ', was
among the synonyms. The " Stigma, &c." was an addition ; so too were
" Isevis," " tubulosis ", and " sequalibus". The term " hemisphserico " has
replaced the earlier " convexo."

In addition to the published species, the S. Spirorbis of the ' Systema '
ajipears to have been indicated as

D. PLANORBE. D. spira plana, adhserens.

It. W. Goth. 170. Dentalium testa spirali plana adhaerente.

Plane. Conch. 13. n. 3. Vermiculus in littore Veneto foliis algae ad-
haerens.

Testa minima, magnitudine nuper ab ovo exclusae cochleae, cujus formam
omnino gerit, at plana omnino est, et altero latere omnino fuei foliis ad-
haeret.

This was evidently different from the Serpula planorbis oi the ' Systema.'

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Makessar in
Celebes, by Mr. A. E. Wallace, witli Descriptions of New
Species. By Francis "Walker, Esq , E.L.S.

(Eead June 2nd, 1859.)

Pam. CrLICID^, Haliday.

Gen. Megarhina, Desmidy.

1. Megarhina immisericors, n. s. Mas. Nigra, squamosa, capite
thoraceque viridibus, hujus disco cupreo, proboscide palpis pedibus-
quc pm'pureis, femoribus subtus fulvis, tarsis intcrmccUis albo bifas-

ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE, 91

ciatis, tarsis posticis albo unifasciatis, pectore argenteo, abdomine
cyaneo fabciculis lateralibus albis subapicalibus nigris apicalibus aura-
tis, alis subcinereis apud costam nigricantibus.
Male. Black. Head and thorax with green metaUic scales ; disc of the
latter with cupreous scales. Proboscis, palpi, and legs purple ; femora
tawny beneath ; middle tarsi with two white bands ; hind tarsi with
one white band. Pectus silvery. Abdomen blue, widening from the
base to the tip, with small white tufts of hairs along each side ; four
larger black subapical tufts, two gilded apical tufts. Wings slightly
greyish, blackish along the costa ; veins black. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. CuLEX, Linn.

2. CuLEX OBTURBANS, n. s. F(£m. Nigricans, thoracis disco fusco,
abdomine cupreo apice viridescente, gutta subapicali alba, fasciis ven-
tralibus latis albis, pedibus subcupreo squamosis, femoribus subtus
albis, alis cinereis.

Female. Blackish. Pi-oboscis pale; its sheaths dai-k, longer than the
thorax. Disk of the thorax with brown tomentum. Abdomen with
cupreous tomentum, and with a slight greenish tinge towards the tip ;
a white subapical dot ; underside with broad white bands. Legs with
a cupreous tinge ; femora whitish beneath. Wings grey ; veins black,
fringed. Length of the body 2| lines; of the wings 4| lines.

3. CuLEX iMPATiBiLis, n. s. Mus. Subcuprco-niger, capite albo punc-
tato, pectore albo guttato, abdomine fasciis interrnptis albis, genubus
albis, femoribus posticis albis apice nigris, tarsis intermediis basi albis,
tarsis posticis albo bifasciatis, alis cinereis.

Male. Black, with a very slight cupreous tinge. Head with shining white
points. Sheaths of the proboscis dark tawny, longer than the thorax.
Pectus with shining white dots. Abdomen with internipted shining
white bands, which are most complete beneath. Knees white ; hind
femora white, with black tips ; middle tarsi white at the base ; hind
tarsi with two white bands. Wings cinereous ; veins black, fringed
Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 3 lines.

4. CuLEX IMPELLENS, n. s. Fcem. Fuscus, subtus testaceus, probos-
cide nigi'icante albo-fasciato, pedibus pallidis, femoribus albidis apice
obscurioribus, tarsorum articulis basi albis, ahs cinereis.

Female. Brown, testaceous beneath. Pi-oboscis blackish, with a white
band, a little longer than the thorax. Legs with pale reflections ;
femora whitish, with darker tips ; joints of the tarsi white at the base.
Wings grey ; veins black, fringed. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of
of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Anopheles, Meigen.

6. Anopheles vanus, n. s. Mas. Cinereo-fuscus, graciUs, autennis

92 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

late plumosis, pedibus testaceis longis gracillimis, tarsorum articulis
basi albis, alls subcinereis antice nigro punctatis,
Male. Cinereous brown, slender. Proboscis full half the length of the
body. Palpi nearly half the length of the body. Antennae broadly
plumose. Legs testaceous, long, very slender; joints of the tarsi
white at the base. "Wings slightly cinereous, with black points on
the fore part ; veins black, fringed. Length of the body 2^ lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. TIPULID^, Haliday.

Gen. LiMNOBiA, Meigen.

The following species, in the structure of the wing-veins, does not accord
with any of Meigen's divisions of the genus. The mediastinal vein
ends at about three-fourths of the length of the wing ; the subcostal
ends at seven-eighths of the length, and is connected with the radial
by a transverse veinlet at its tip ; the radial, the cubital, and the 1 st
and the 3rd externo-medial are long and of equal length ; the 2nd
externo-medial springs from the 1st, at one-fourth of its length;
the 3rd externo-medial is connected by a transverse veinlet near its
base with the subanal.

6. LiMNOBiA iMPONENS, u. s. Ochracca, palpis antennisque nigri-
cantibus, his thoracis dimidio brevioribus, thorace antico valde elon-
gato et attenuato, abdomine piceo, alis subcinereis longis angustis,
stigmate nigricante longissimo, halteribus piceis basi testaceis.

Ochraceous. Proboscis, palpi, and antennae blackish, the latter moni-
liform setaceous, not half the length of the thorax. Thorax much elon-
gated and attenuated in front. Abdomen piceous. Wings greyish, long
narrow ; veins black, testaceous at the base and along the costa from
the base to the stigma, which is blackish and very long; halteres
piceous, testaceous at the base. Length of the body 7 (?) lines ; of
the wings 16 lines.

Gen. TiPULA, Linn.

7. TiPULA INFINDENS, n. s. FcBm. Fusca, capite apud oculos subtus-
que cinereo, antennis basi testaceis thorace brevioribus, thorace vittis
quatuor ochraceis, abdominis apice ochraceo, pedibus fulvis longis-
simis, femoribus apice fuscis, alis cinereis apud costam luridis.

Female. Brown. Head cinereous about the eyes and beneath. An-
tennae setaceous, submoniliform, testaceous at the base, shorter than
the thorax. Thorax with a slight cinereous tinge, and with four dull
ochraceous stripes. Abdomen ochraceous at the tip. Legs tawny,
slender, very long ; tijjs of the femora brown. Wings cinereous,
lurid along the costa to the stigma, which is brown ; veins black,
tawny at the base. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 24
lines.

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA. COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 93

8. TiPULA INORDINANS, n. s. Mas. Fusca, capite pallide cinereo
vitta fusca, antennis testaceis thorace valde loiigioribus, articulis basi
nigris nodosis setigeris thorace vittis quatuor pallida cinereis, abdo-
minis lateribus ventreque testaceis, segmentis basi nigro postice albo-
marginatis, pedibus nigris longissimis, femoribus dimidio basali tes-
taceis apices versus albo fasciatis, tibiis albo fasciatis, tarsis albo bifas-
ciatis, alis hyalinis striga costali subapicali nigricante, venis transversis
nigro nebulosis.

Male. Brown. Head pale cinereous, with a brown stripe. Antennae
testaceous, slightly setaceous, much longer than the thorax ; joints at
the base black, nodose, setigerous. Thorax with four pale cinereous
stripes ; pectus pale cinereous. Abdomen testaceous beneath and
along each side, thickened towards the tip ; segments whitish at the
base, black along the hind borders. Legs black, slender, very long ;
femora testaceous for half the length from the base, with a white sub-
apical band ; tibiae with a white band beyond the middle ; tarsi with
two broad white bands. Wings hyaline, with a blackish costal sub-
apical streak ; veins and stigma black, the latter small ; transverse
veins and forked subapical vein clouded with black ; veins testaceous.
Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Ctenophora, Fahr.

9. Ctenophora incunctans, n. s. Mas. Atra, capite thoraceque
Isete ochraceis, antennarum ramis longis sequalibus subpilosis, abdo-
mine basi ochraceo. FcEm. Thoracis disco satiu-ate ochraceo. Var. j3.
Capite thoraceque saturate ochraceis, ahs albido strigatis et guttatis.

Deep black. Male. Head and thorax bright ochraceous. Antennae
with long equal slightly pilose branches. Abdomen ochraceous at the
base. Female. Disc of the thorax deep ochraceous. Var. Head and
thorax deep ochraceous. Wings with five whitish streaks and two
exterior elongated whitish dots. Length of the body 8-10 lines; of
the wings 18-22 lines.

10. Ctenophora gaudens, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Laite ochracea, ab-
domine apicem versus nigi-o, pedibus nigris, femoi-ibus ochraceis apice
nigris, tibiis fascia basali Candida, alis nigricantibus basi ochraceis,
fascia exteriore albida.

Male and Female. Bright ochraceous. Abdomen black towards the
tip. Legs black ; femora ochraceous, black towards the tips ; tibiae
with a snow white basal band. Wings blackish, ochraceous at the
base, with a whitish exterior band which is attenuated hindward.
Male. Antennae with long, equal, slightly pUose branches. Length of
the body 7-10 lines ; of the wings 14-16 lines.

94i MB. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKES9AR.

Fam. STEATIOMID^, Raliday.
Greu. Ptiloceka, Wied.

11. Ptllocera smaragdina. Walk. Dipt. pt. 3. 625.
Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

12. Ptilocera smaragdifera, n. s. Mas. Nigra, thorace pubes-
cente vittis duabus smaragdinis, lateribus purpurascentibus, abdo-
mine nigricanti-cyaneo sqiiamis lateralibus viridibus, tarsis basi ob-
scure rufescentibus, alls subhyalinis, dimidio basali antice nigricaute
postice cinei'eo.

Male. Black, Thorax thickly pubescent, purplish along each side,
with two emerald green dorsal stripes. Abdomen blackish blue, with
green scales along each side. Tarsi dark reddish towards the base.
Wings nearly hyaline ; basal half blackish in front, cinereous hind-
ward ; veins black, yellow along the costa exteriorly. Length of the
body 5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

G-en. Hebmetia, Latr.

13. Hermetia bemittens, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra, capite antico
livido, antennis basi subtus lividis apice albis, thorace vittis tribus
cinereis, abdomine seneo-nigro, tibiis basi tarsisque albidis, alis ni-
gricantibus basi subhyalinis. Mas. Abdominis dimidio basali livido.

Male and Female. Black. Head livid in front; a whitish line along
the eye on each side of the front. Antennae livid beneath towards
the base ; apical joint elongate-fusiform, white at the tip, as long as
all the other joints together. Thorax with 3 indistinct cinereous
stripes. Abdomen slightly bronzed, livid for half the length from the
base in the male. Tibiae at the base and tarsi whitish. Wings black-
ish, nearly hyaline at the base ; halteres livid. Length of the body
78 lines; of the wings 12-14 lines.

Gren. Stbatiomys, Geoffr.

14. Stratiomys immiscens, n. s. Mas. Nigra, antennis fulvis par-
vis, scutelli margine postico spinisque pallide flavis, abdomine pallide
flavo fasciis tribus dorsalibus latis nigris postice excavatis, pedibus
flavescentibus, femoribus tibiisque nigro fasciatis, tarsis nigris, alis
limpidis.

Male. Black. Head beneath and thorax with whitish down. An-
tennae tawny, short. Scutellum along the hind border and spines pale
yellow. Abdomen pale yellow, with three broad black dorsal bands,
whose hind borders are much indented. Legs yellowish ; femora and
tibiae with black bands; tarsi black. Wings limpid; veins brown;
halteres pale. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

15. Stratiomys FiNALis, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, aureo-tomentosa, capite

MR WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 95

subtus fulvo, anteunis fulvis parvis, thorace vittis tribus nigris, tho-
racis margine postico spinisque pallide flavis, abdomine fulvo, pedibus
pallide fulvis, alis limpidis.
Female. Black with gilded tomentum. Head tawny beneath, with two
more or less tawny calli above the antennae, which are tawny and
short. Thorax with three black stripes ; scutellum with the hind
border and the spines pale yellow. Abdomen tawny, paler beneath.
Legs pale tawny. Wings limpid; veins tawny; stigma testaceous.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Clitellaeia, Meigen.

16. Clitellaria festinans, n. s. Mas. Nigra, aureo-tomentosa,
antennis rufescenti-fulvis apices versus nigris, thorace fascia vittisque
duabus aui'eis, scutelli spinis apice rufescenti-fulvis, abdomine vittis
tribus macularibiis aiu-eis, pedibus luteis, alis luteis postice cinereis
apice nigricantibus.
Male. Black, thick, with gilded down. Antennae nearly as long as the
breadth of the head ; scape reddish tawny, fusiform, longer than the
flagellum, which is black and lanceolate. Thorax and pectus with an
interrupted downy band ; thorax with two downy stripes, and with
two lateral black spines ; scutellum with a downy border, and with
two stout spines, whose tips are reddish tawny. Abdomen with three
rows of downy spots ; the middle spots triangular ; the lateral spots
oblique. Legs and halteres luteous. Wings luteous along the costa,
cinereous hiudward, where the veins are bordered with black; tips
broadly blackish ; a black dot adjoining the luteous stigma. Length
of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Fam. ? Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, antennis scapo intus fulvo, thoracis
vittis duabus abdominisque maculis cinereis, femoribus tibiisque
albidis apices versus nigris, tai'sis basi albidis, alis obscure cinereis
fascia lata subapicali nigricante.
Female ? Black. Head shining, with white tomentum about the eyes.
Antennae shorter than the breadth of the head ; scape linear, tawny
on the inner side, much shorter than the flagellum, which is lanceolate.
Thorax with two stripes of cinereous tomentum and with two lateral
spines ; scutellum with two stout spines ; pectus with silvery cine-
reous tomentum. Abdomen with cinereous tomotose spots, which are
disposed in three rows. Femora and tibiae whitish black towards
the tips ; tarsi whitish at the base. Wings dark grey, with a broad
blackish subapical band ; veins and stigma black ; halteres whitish.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.
17. Clitellaria gavisa, n. s. Mas. Nigra, albido-tomentosa, an-
tennis testaceis apices versus nigris, thorace vittis duabus aureis, scu-
telli spinis apice flavis, abdomine vittis tribus macularibus aureis, pedi-
bus flavis apices versus nigricantibus.
Male. Black, with whitish down. Antennae shorter than the breadth
of the head ; scape testaceous, longer than the flagellum, which is

9G ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

pilose. Thorax with two stripes of gihled tomentum, and with two
lateral spines; spines of the scutellura yellow towards their tips.
Abdomen with three rows of gilded tomentose s])ots, the dorsal spots
triangular ; the lateral spots oblique. Legs yellow ; tarsi black
towards the tips. Wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips and
about the transverse veins ; veins black, yellow towards the base ;
halteres yellow. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Fam. ? Cinereo-toraentosa, thoracis vittis abdominisque maculis cine-
reis, pedibus albidis, femoribus tibiis tarsisque apice nigris alis cinereis,
fascia subapicali nigricante.

Female ? With cinereous tomentum. Head white and shining about
the ej^es. Stripes of the thorax and spots of the abdomen cinereous.
Legs whitish ; femora, tibiae and tarsi black towards the tips. Wings
cinereous with a blackish subapical band.

Gen. OxTCEEA, Meig,

18. OxYCERA MANENS, n. s. Mtts et Fam. Nigra, cinereo-sub-
tomentosa, antennis fulvis, pedibus pallide fulvescentibus aut lividis,
alis vix cinereis. Mas. Thorace aureo-subtomentoso.

Male and Female. Black, shghtly covered with cinereous tomentum.
Head white and shining about the eyes. Antennae tawny. Thorax of
the male slightly covered with gilded tomentum. Legs dull pale
tawny or livid ; hind tibiae black. Wings hardly cinereous ; veins and
stigma pale in the male, black in the female. Length of the body 3
lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Saegus, Fahr.

19. Sargus repensans, n. s. Mas. Testaceus, pubescens, vertice
nigro, palpis lanceolatis, arista nigra, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris,
his albo cinctis, tarsis anterioribus apice nigris, alis cinereis apices
versus nigricantibus.

Allied to S aurifer.

Male. Testaceous, pubescent. Vertex black. Palpi lanceolate, ex-
tending along two-thirds of the space between the mouth and the
antennae ; arista black. Hind tibiae and hind tarsi black, the latter
white towards the tips, which are black ; anterior tarsi with black tips.
Wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips ; veins black, testaceous at
the base. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

20. Sargus remeans, n. s, Fcem. Niger, pubescens, thorace purpu-
rascente-nigro, vittis duabus lateralibus pectoris disco tibiisque ante-
rioribus supra Rordide albidis, alis nigricantibus. 71/as. ? Antennis
piceis, thorace purpurascente-cupreo, pectore livido, abdominis seg-
mentis albido-marginatis, alis fuscescente, cinereis extus svlbido-stri-
gatis.

Allied to S. tenebrifer.

:NrE. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 97

Female. Black, pubescent. Head wanting. Thorax p\ir])lish l)lack,
with a dingy whitish stripe along each side ; disk of the pectus dingy
whitish. Anterior tibiae dingy whitish above. Wings blackish; veins
I)lack ; halteres dingy whitish, with blackish knobs. Length of the
body 9 lines ; of the wings 20 lines.

Malel Black. Head whitish about the mouth. Antennae piceous.
Thorax purplish cupreous, with a dingy whitish stripe along each
side ; pectus livid. Abdomen with two lanceolate apical appendages ;
hind borders of the segments whitish. Wings brownish cinereous,
with slight whitish streaks on the exterior areolets. Length of the
body 7 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

21. Sargus redhibens, n. s. Faem. Cyaneus, antennis fulvis, tho-
racis lateribus anticis purpurascentibus, abdoraine purpureo, pedibus
albidis, tibiis posticis feraoribusque nigricante strigatis, alis cinereis.
Var. /3. Vertice purpureo, thorace viridi.

Female. Blue. Antennae tawny. Thorax purplish on each side in
front. Abdomen purple, much broader than the thorax. Legs
whitish ; femora with a blackish streak above towards the tips ; hind
tibiae with a blackish apical streak. Wings cinereous; veins black ;
stigma blackish. Halteres tawny. Vnr. (i. Vertex purple. Thorax
green. Length of the body 34^-4 lines ; of the wings 7-9 lines.

This may be a local variety of S. metallinus,hut differs from that sjjecies
by the dark marks on its hind legs, and by the wing-veins being black
at the base.

22. Sargus mactans, n. s. Foem. Cupreo-viridis, abdomine cupreo,
pedibus testaceis, tibiis posticis basi nigris, alis cinereis apices versus
obscurioribus.

Female. Cupreous green, with cinereous down. Head wanting. Ab-
domen cupreous. Legs testaceous ; hind tibiae black for half the
length from the base. Wings cinereous, darker from the discal areolet
to the tips ; veins black ; stigma brown ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 44 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

23. Sargus inactus, n. s. Mas. Albido-testaceus, vertice nigro,
thoracis disco scutellique apice puqjureis, pectore maculis duabus
cupreis, alis cinereis.

Male. Whitish testaceous. Vertex black. Disk of the thorax and scu-
tellum towards the tip purple ; pectus with a cupreous spot on each
side. Wings cinereous; veins black; stigma dark brown; discal
areolet shorter than that of the two preceding species. Length of
the body 5 ? lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Nerna, Walk.

24. Nerna impendens, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra, cinereo-subto-
mentosa, antennis tarsis posterioribus halteribusque testaceis, tarssi

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 7

98 MU. AVALKER ON DTPTEBA COLXECTED AT MAKESSAB.

anticis tibiisque piceis, alls cinereis apud costam exteriorem nigri-
caiitibus.
3Iale and Female. Black, with very slight cinereous pubescence. An-
tennae, posterior tarsi, and halteres testaceous ; tibiae and fore tarsi
piceous. Wings cinereous, blackish along the exterior part of tlie
costa ; veins and stigma black. Length of the body 3h lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

Greu. SoLVA, n. g.

Corpus lineare. Proboscis lanceolata. Palpi porrecti, lineares, caput
non snpcrantes. Antennce lanceolatfc. Scutellum inerme. Abdomen
thorace longius. Pedes breviusculi, femoribus posticis incrassatis sub-
serratis. Alee sat angusta;.

Body linear. Head not broader than the thorax. Proboscis lanceolate.
Palpi porrect, linear, rounded at the tips, not extending beyond the
head. Antennae lanceolate, shorter than the breadth of the head ;
joints indistinct. Thorax with a humeral callus and a linear callus on
each side. Scutellum unarmed. Abdomen rather longer than the
thorax. Legs rather short ; hind femora incrassated, minutely ser-
rated beneath ; hind tibiae very slightly curved, applied to the femora.
Wings rather narrow; 1st and 2nd cubital veins rather long ; length
of the discal areolet more than thrice its breadth ; 3rd and 4th exter-
no-medial veins connected towards the border; anal and subanal
veins connected at some distance from the border.

25. SoLVA INAMCENA, n. s. Foem. Cinereo-nigra, palpis, thoracis
callis, scutello, abdominis lateribus, ventre pedibusque testaccis, an-
tennis testaccis apicc nigris, abdominis segmentis testaceo raarginatis,
alis subcinereis.

Female. Cinereous black. Mouth, palpi, calli of the thorax, scutellum,
abdomen beneath and along each side except at the base, legs, and
halteres testaceous. Antennae testaceous except towards the tips.
Hind borders of the abdominal segments testaceous. Wings greyish ;
veins black, testaceous towards the base. Length of the body 2|-3
lines; of the wings 5-6 lines.

G-en. Ampsalis, u. g.

Fmn. Corpus elongatum, sublineare. Antenna filiformes ; flagellum
lineare. Thorax longi-ellipticus ; scutellum bispinosum. Abdomen
ellipticum, thorace pauUo latins non longius. Pedes longiusculi. Alee
angustae.

Female. Body elongate, nearly linear. Head a little broader than the
thorax. Eyes prominent. Palpi very short. Antennae filiform, much
longer than the breadth of the head ; flagellum linear, about twice the
length of the scape ; joints indistinct. Thorax elongate-elliptical ;
scutellum armed with two obliquely ascending spines. Abdomen

ME. WALKER 01!^ DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 99

elliptical, a little broader but uot longer than the thorax. Legs rather
long. Wings narrow; 1st cubital vein about one-fourth the length
of the 2nd; four externo-medial veins complete; subanal veincui'ved,
joining the anal vein at some distance from the border ; discal areolet
elongated and attenuated exteriorly ; exterior side very short.

26. Ampsalis geniata, n. s. Fam, Ferrugineo-fusca, antennis ni-
gris basi fulvis, thorace vittis duabus testaceis, scutello testaceo, apice
spinisque et pectoris disco nigris, abdomine nigro, basi vittis duabus
interruptis laterahbus pedibusque testaceis, alis cinereis apices versus
fuscescentibus.

Female. Ferruginous brovra. Antennae black, tavray towards the base.
Thorax with two testaceous stripes ; scutellum testaceous ; tip and
spines black. Disk of the pectus black. Abdomen black ; base and an
interrupted stripe along each side testaceous. Legs and halteres tes-
taceous. Wings grey, brownish in front towards the tips; veins
black, testaceous at the base ; stigma testaceous. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 1 1 lines.

Gren. Tracana, n. g.

Mas et Fam. Corpus elongatura. Proboscis lanceolata. Antenna
graciles, filiformes, capite transverso vix breviores. Thorax longi-ellip-
ticus; scutellum bispinosum. Abdomen thorace pauUo longius et
latius. Pedes longiusculi. Alee longae, non latse.

Male and Female. Body elongate. Head rather broader than the fore
part of the thorax. Mouth lanceolate ; palpi very short. Antenna;
slender, filiform, about as long as the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint
long; 4th and following joints shorter. Thorax elongate-elliptical,
with a distinct linear callus along each side ; scutellum armed with
two obliquely ascending spines. Abdomen elongate-elliptical, most
attenuated towards the base, a little broader and longer than the tho-
rax. Legs rather long. Wings long, not broad ; 1st subcubital vein
hardly one-third the length of the 2nd ; four externo-medial veins
complete ; subanal vein curved, joining the anal vein near the border ;
discal areolet oblong, narrower exteriorly ; exterior side very short.

27. Tracana iterabilis, n. s. Mas et Foim. Cinereo-nigra, capite
antico fulvo, antennis albido-flavis basi nigricantibus, pedibus fulvis,
tibiis posticis femoribusque nigro-fuscatis, alis cinereis apices versus
nigricantibus. Mas. Abdomine fulvo maculis lateralibus nigris. Fam.
Abdominis basi lateribusque fulvis.

Male and Female. Cinereous black. Head in front and caUi of the
thorax tawny. Antennae whitish yellow, blackish at the base. Legs
tawny; femora and hind tibiae banded with black. Wings grey, black-
ish towards the tips ; veins black ; halteres tawny. Male. Abdomen
tawny, with some black spots on each side. Female. Abdomen tawny

7*

100 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

at the base and along each si«le. Length of the body 5 hnes ; of the
wings 10 lines.

Gen. EosAPHA, n. g.

Mas et Fain. Corpus angustum, elongatum, lineare. Antennce gra-
eiles, filiformes, capite transverso longiores ; articulus 3"* fusiformis.
Scuiellum spinis duabus longis acutis arniatum. Abdomen thorace
vix longius aut latins. Pedes breves. Alee angustae.

Male and Female. Body nan-ow, elongated, linear. Mouth and palpi
extremely short. Antenna; slender, fihform, longer than the breadth
of the head ; 3rd joint long, fusiform ; joints of the flagellum indi-
stinct. Thorax nearly linear, a little nan-ower in fi-ont; scutellum
armed with two long, acute, hardly ascending spines. Abi'.nmen sub-
fusiform, narrowest towards the base, very little broader and longer
than the thorax. Legs short. Wings narrow ; 1st cubital vein nearly
half the length of the 2nd; three complete externo-medial veins ; sub-
anal vein curved, joining the anal vein at some little distance from the
border ; discal areolet oblong ; exterior side short.

28. RosAPHA HABiLis, u. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, capite anteunis-
que nigris, his basi fulvis, thoracis macula antica elongata, spinis apice,
tibiis posticis apices versus tarsisque anterioribus nigris, tarsis posticis
albis apice nigris, alis cinerascentibus apices versus nigris. Fcem.
Abdomine supra nigro, basi lateribusque fulvis,

Male and Female. Tawny. Head black, white beneath along the eyes.
Antennae black; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd joints tawny. Thorax with an
elongated black spot in front ; spines of the scutellum black towards
the tips. Hind tibiae towards the tips and anterior tarsi black ; hind
tarsi white with black tips. Wings greyish, blackish in front towards
the tips; veins black, tawny at the base; stigma ferruginous brown.
Female. Abdomen black above, except at the base and along each side.
Length of the body 31 lines ; of the wings / lines.

• Gen. EuBA, n. g.

Fam. Corpus breve, crassum, latum. Caput parvum. Antennce capite
transverso vix breviores. Scutellum inerme. Abdomen globosum,
thoi'ace valde latins. Pedes breves. Alee medioci'es.

Female. Body thick, short, broad. Head much narrower than the
thorax. Proboscis and palpi very short. Antennse nearly as long as
the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint broader and longer than the flagel-
lum, of which the joints are short, compact, and minutely setulose.
Thorax a little longer than broad; scutellum unarmed. Abdomen
globose, very much broader and a little longer than the thorax. Legs
short. Wings moderately broad ; 1st cubital vein not one-third of
the length of the 2nd ; four complete externo-medial veins ; subaual

ME. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 101

vein curved, joining the anal vein at some distance from the border ;
discal areolet elongated exteriorly, irregularly triangular ; exterior side
very short.

29. RuBA iNFLATA, n. s. Mas. Testacea, valde pubescens, capite
subtus guttis duabus nigris, alis sub-cinereis apices versus fuscescen-
tibus, stigmate flavescente.

Male. Testaceous. Head with a black dot on each side of the mouth.
Flagellura of the antennae black. Thorax and abdomen very pubes-
cent. Wings slightly greyish, brownish towards the tips, and espe-
cially so in front ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; stigma yellowish.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. TiNDA, u. g.

Fam. Corpus longiusculum, depressum. Caput oblongum, margine
postico elevato. Antennce capite transverso vix breviores ; articulus
3"' fusiformis ; flagellum compressum, lanceolatum. Scutellum spi-
nosum. Abdomen ellipticum, thorace latins non longius. Pedes breves,
graciles. Alee angustae.

Female. Body somewhat elongated and depressed. Head somewhat
oblong ; eyes nearly contiguous in front, diverging hindward, where
there is an elevated margin. Mouth and palpi very short. Antennae
nearly as long as the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint fusiform, fully half
the length of the flagellum, which is compressed and lanceolate, and
with indistinct joints. Thorax slightly widening hindward ; scutellum
with six ? vei-y minute spines. Abdomen elliptical, broader but not
longer than the thorax. Legs short, slender. Wings narrow; 1st
cubital vein less than one-third the length of the 2nd ; three com-
plete externo-medial veins; subanal vein joining the anal vein at some
distance from the border ; discal areolet elongated, its exterior side
very short.

30. TiNDA MODiFERA, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, antennis basi testaceis,
pedibus testaceis, femoribus posterioribus supra obscurioribus, alis
cinereis costani versus subnigricantibus.

Female. Black, hardW shining. Antenna; testaceous towards the base.
Legs testaceous ; posterior femora somewhat darker above, except
towards the base. Wings grey, slightly blackish along most of the
costa ; veins black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 5 lines.

Geu. Saruga, n. g.

Mas. Corpus contractum, breve, latum, crassum. Vertex gibbosus.
Oculi magni. AntennrB brevissimsp; articulus 3"^rotundus; arista
apicalis, gracillima. Thorax gibbosus ; scutellum elevatum, conicum,
postice productum. Abdomen transversum, tliorace brevius. Pedes
breves, graciles, simplices. Al<s breviusculae.

102 MB. WALKEE ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Male. Body contracted, short, broad, thick. Head almost as broad
as the thorax ; vertex gibbous ; eyes large, bare ; mouth extremely
short and small ; antennae very short, 3rd joint round ; arista apical,
very slender, a little longer than the antennae ; thorax gibbous ; scu-
tellum very gibbous, forming an upright cone, somewhat gibbous and
conical hindvvard, where it is horizontal ; abdomen a httle broader than
long, much shorter than the thorax ; legs short, slender, simple ; wings
rather short ; veins in structure Uke those of Oxycera.

31. Saruga conifera, n. s. Mas. Anthracina, antennis pedibus-
que albido-testaceis, thorace maculis duabus magnis flavo-tomentosis,
femoribus nigris, genibus fulvis, alis albidis.

Male. Coal-black ; antennae and legs whitish testaceous ; thorax with
a large yellow tomentose spot on each side in front of the scutellum ;
femora black ; knees tawny ; wings whitish vitreous; veins and stigma
whitish testaceous, the former black towards the base. Length of the
body 24 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Fam. TABANIDJ^, Leach.
Gren. Tabanus, Linn.

32. Tabanus succurvus, n. s. Fcem. Nigricanti-fuscus, capite ferru-
gineo, callo longo lanceolato gracillimo, palpis piceis, antennis nigris,
segmentorum abdominalium marginibusposticis subpallidioribus, tibiis
subtus rufescenti-piceis, alis obscure cinereis apud venas fusces-
centibus.

Female. Blackish brown. Head ferruginous, with a long lanceolate
and very slender callus between the nearly contiguous eyes ; under
side clothed with black hairs. Proboscis black. Palpi piceous. An-
tennae black ; 3rd joint with a small horn. Hind borders of the ab-
dominal segments slightly paler in the middle. Tibiae reddish piceous
beneath. Wings dark grey, brownish about the veins towards the
base ; veins black, piceous towards the base ; fore branch of the cubital
vein simple, nearly straight ; halteres ferruginous, with luteous knobs.
Length of the body 11 lines; of the wings 22 lines.

33. Tabanus factiosus, n. s. Fcem. Nigricanti-fuscus, capite tes-
taceo, callo nigro gracili lanceolato, palpis piceis, thorace cinereo, ab-
domine rufescenti-piceo, macuhs dorsalibus trigonis albidis, segmen-
torum ventralium marginibus posticis testaceis.

Female. Blackish brown. Head with testaceous tomentum and with a
slender lanceolate black callus between the eyes. Proboscis black ;
palpi piceous. Antennae with a very small horn. Thorax with cine-
reous down ; pectus paler and more thickly clothed with paler down.
Abdomen reddish piceous, with a whitish triangular spot on the hind
border of each segment ; hind borders of the ventral segments testa-
ceous. Legs piceous; femora black ; tibiae tawny beneath. Wings
grey, with a brownish tint in front ; veins black, ferruginous towards

ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 103

. the base ; fore branch of the cubital vein simple, nearly straight ;
halteres ferruginous, with whitish-yellow knobs. Length of the body
10 lines; of the wings 22 lines.

34. Tabanus reducens, n. s. Foem. Cinereo-niger, capite albido,
callo nigro longo clavato, palpis albidis, antennis nigris vix dentatis,
thorace vittis quatuor cinereis, abdomine vittis tribus albidis, segmentis
ventralibus albido marginatis, tibiis fulvis apice nigris, ahs cinereis
striga subcostali uigricante, halteribus piceis apice testaceis.

Female. Cinereous black. Head whitish, clothed with white hairs
beneath ; callus black, long, clavate ; palpi whitish ; antennae black,
with an extremely small tooth ; thorax with four cinereous stripes ;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen with three whitish stripes, the dorsal one
much more conspicuous than the lateral pair ; hind borders of the
ventral segments whitish; tibiae tawny with black tips. Wings cine-
reous, with a blackish sub-costal streak ; veins black ; fore branch of
the cubital vein simple, nearly straight ; halteres piceous, with luteous
knobs. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

35. Tabanus spoliatus, n. s. Mas. Cinereo-niger, albido tomen-
tosus, capite cinereo, palpis testaceis, antennis nigris basi rufescentibus
vix dentatis, thoracis lateribus fulvescentibus, abdomine rufescente
maculis dorsalibus trigonis albidis, segmentis ventralibus albido mar-
ginatis, tibiis rufescentibus nigro lineatis, alis cinereis apud costam
fuscescentibus, halteribus albidis.

Allied to T. univentris and to T. internus, but distinct.

This may prove to be the male of T. reducens, though it is very differ-
ent in appearance. Male. Cinereous black, with whitish tomentum,
which is visible when viewed horizontally; head cinereous; palpi tes-
taceous, very short ; antennaj black, reddish at the base, with an ex-
tremely small tooth ; thorax dull-tawny along each side ; abdomen
reddish, with a small triangular whitish spot on the hind border of
each segment ; hind borders of the ventral segments whitish ; tibiae
reddish with a black hne ; wings cinereous, brownish along the costa ;
veins black, ferruginous at the base ; fore branch of the cubital vein
simple, nearly sti-aight ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 9 lines ;
of the wings 16 lines.

3*1. Tabanus immixtus, n. s. Fcew. Cinereo-niger, capite albido, callo
nigro longo angusto sublineari, palpis albidis, antennis nigris basi rufis
vix dentatis, abdomine ferrugineo apice nigro maculis trigonis mar-
ginibusque posticis testaceis, tibiis fulvis, alis cinereis apud costam
subluridis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head whitish ; callus long, black, slender,
nearly linear ; palpi whitish ; antennae black, red at the base ; tooth
extremely small and obtuse ; abdomen ferruginous, black towards the
tip ; each segment with a triangular spot and the hind border testa-
ceous ; tibiae tawny ; wings cinereous, slightly lurid along the costa ;

104 Mil. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

veins black, ferruginous at the base ; halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 hues.

37. Tabanus flexilis, n. s. Fcem. Cinereus, testaceo tomentosus,
callo nigro longo gracillimo, palpis testaceis, antennis ochraceis sub-
(lentatis apiee nigris, abdomine ferrugiueo fusco raaculis dorsalibus
trigonis marginibusqne posticis testaceis, tibiis basi fulvis, alis cinereis
apud costam subluridis fusco bifasciatis, halteribus testaceis apice albis.

Female. Cinereous, with testaceous tomentum ; head with a black, long,
extremely slender callus ; palpi testaceous ; antennae ochraceous, with
black tips and with a very small black tooth ; pectus whitish ; abdo-
men ferruginous brown ; each segment with a large triangular spot
and with the hind border testaceous ; tibite tawny towards the base ;
wings cinereous, somewhat lurid along the costa, with two irregular
brown bands; 1st band short, discal, 2nd abbreviated hindward ;
veins black, ferruginous at the base ; fore branch of the cubital vein
simple, nearly straight ; halteres testaceous with white tips. Length
of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Chrysops, Meu/en.

38. Chrysops fasciatus, Wied. See Vol. L p. 112.

Fam. ASILID^, Leach.

Subftim. Mydasites, Walk.

Geu. Mydas, Fab)'.

39. Mydas basifascia, n. s. Fam. Atra, antennis clavatis, ab-
domine fascia basali flava apice nitente, femoribus tibiisqiie posticis
rufescentibus, alis cinereis a])ud venas ochraceis.

Female. Deep black ; antennae clavate, a little longer than the breadth
of the head ; abdomen with a slender yellow band very near the base,
shining at the tip ; hind femora and hind tibiae reddish ; wings cine-
reous, ochraceous about the veins, which are also ochraceous. Length
of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

Subfani. Dasypogonites, Walk.
Greu. DiscocEPHALA, Macquavt.

40. DiscocEPHALA PANDENS, n. s. Mas. Picea, proboscide palpis-
que nigris, pectore thoracisque lateribus albidis, abdomine subtus pal-
lide cinereo maculis lateralibus nigris, pedibus fulvis, genibus nigris,
tarsis piceis, alis fuscescentibus cinereo strigatis et marginatis, halte-
ribus albidis. Fatm. Abdomine fulvo, alis cinereis.

Male. Piceous ; front facets of the eyes large; proboscis and palpi black ;
mystax with four bristles ; pectus and sides of the thorax whitish ;
abdomen beneath pale-cinereous, with black shining spots along each
side ; legs tawny ; trochanters and knees black ; tarsi piceous ; wings

ME. WALKER ON BIPTERA OOLLECTEIJ AT MAKESSAR. 105

brownish, cinereous along the hind border, and with cinereous streaks
in the disks of the areolets ; halteres whitish. Female. Abdomen
and halteres tawny; wings cinereous. Length of the body 4-5 lines;
of the wings 10-12 lines.

Subfam. Laphrites, Walk.
Gren. Laphria. Fabr.

41. Laphria concludens, n. s. Foem. Aurata, capite pilis flavis,
antennis flavis articulo 3° rufescente fusiformi, thorace vittis tribus
nigris, abdomine fulvo lituris duabus fasciaque interrupta fasciisque
duabus ventralibus nigris, pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis apud apices
nigricantibus, halteribus pallide flavis.

Female. Gilded; head clothed with pale-yellow hairs; mystax with
several bristles ; proboscis hnear, tawny ; antennae yellow ; 3rd joint
reddish, elongate fusiform ; thorax with 3 black stripes, the lateral
pair abbreviated ; abdomen tawny ; 4th and 5th ventral segments with
black bands ; 4th dorsal segment with a slight black mark on each side ;
5th with a widely interrupted black band ; legs tawny ; wings cine-
reous, blackish towards the tips ; veins black, ferruginous towards the
base ; halteres pale yellow. Length of the body 1 1 lines ; of the
wings 20 lines.

42. Laphria Vulcanu.s, Wied. See Vol. L p. 10.

43. Laphria Taphius, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2, 380.
Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

44. Laphria requisita, n. s. Mas et Foem. Viridis, capite amato.
antennarum articulo 3° longi-fusiformi, femoribus posticis incras-
satis, alis nigricantibus basi et apud costam cinereis, halteribus tes-
taceis. Mas. Femoribus anterioribus incrassatis, halteribus ex parte
nigricantibus. Fcem. Abdomine purpurascenti-cyaneo basi viridi.

Male and Female. Green ; head gilded in front, with whitish hairs
beneath ; mystax with a few black bristles ; third joint of the antennae
elongate-fusiform ; hind femora incrassatcd. Wings blackish, cinereous
near the base and along nearly half the length of the costa ; veins
black ; halteres testaceous. Male. Anterior femora iucrassated ;
halteres ))artly blackish. Female. Abdomen purplish blue, green
towards the base. Length of the body 7-9 lines; of the wings 14-16
lines.

45. Laphria partita, n. s. Mas. Nigra, capite aurato, antennarum
articulo 3° sublineari, thorace lineis tribus cinereis, lateribus ochraceo-
pilosis, maculis duabus humeralibus testaceis, abdomine apice cyancs-
centi-nigro dimidio basali ochraceo-piloso, pedibus aurato- pilosis, fe-
moribus incrassatis, alis nigricantibus dimidio basali fere sublimpido,
halteribus testaccis. Fcem. Antennarum articulo 3" longi-fusiformi,

106 MB. WALKEB. ON DIPTEKA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

maculis duabus humcralibus albidis, abdomine nigricauti-cupreo,
dimidio basali cinereo piloso.
Male. Black ; head brightly gilded above, clothed with luteous hairs
beneath ; mystax with some black bristles ; 3rd joint of the antennae
nearly hnear, conical at the tip, a little longer than the 1st and the 2ad
together ; thorax with three slender cinereous lines ; sides with ochra-
ceous hairs; two humeral testaceous spots; abdomen bluish-black
towards the tip ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments with ochraceous haiis ; legs
with gilded hairs and with black bristles ; femora incrassated, especially
the hind pair; wings blackish, almost limpid for nearly half the length
from the base, which is partly blackish ; the blackish part emitting
some streaks into the limpid part ; veins black ; halteres testaceous.
Female. Third joint of the antenna; elongate fusiform ; two humeral
whitish spots ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd abdominal segments with cinereous
hairs ; following segments blackish cupreous. Length of the body
7-9 lines ; of the wings 14-16 lines.

46. Laphria complens, n. s. Fam. Nigra, capite argenteo, anten-
narum articulo 3" fusiformi, thorace strigis duabus anticis obliquis
maculisque duabus pectoralibus argenteis, abdomine purpureo maculis
duabus argenteis, pedibus purpurascenti-nigris, femoribus non incras-
satis, alis nigricantibus, halteribus apice testaceis.

Female. Black ; head silvery, with black hairs beneath ; mystax with
several black bristles ; third joint of the antennae fusifoi'm ; thorax
with an oblique silvery streak on each side in front ; pectus with a sil-
very spot on each side ; abdomen purple, with a silvery spot on each
side of the 4th segment ; legs purplish-black ; femora not incrassated ;
wings blackish; veins black; discal veinlet and third externo- medial
vein nearly forming one straight line ; halteres with testaceous knobs .
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 12 lines,

47. Laphria dioctrioides, n. s. Fam. Nigra, tenuis, linearis, facie
pectoreque argenteis, antennis linearibus, abdomine maculis lateralibus
pedibusque fulvis, femoribus posticis nigro fasciatis, tibiis tarsisque
posticis nigris, alis cinereis, halteribus pallide flavis.

Female. Black, slender, linear ; face silvery ; mystax with four black
bristles ; antennae slender, linear, nearly as long as the breadth of the
head ; pectus silvery ; abdomen with tawny dots along each side ; legs
tawny ; a black ring on each hind trochanter ; hind femora with a
black band ; hind tibiae and hind tarsi black, the latter tawny beneath ;
wings cinereous ; veins black ; halteres pale yellow. Length of the
body 2\ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Subfam. Asilites, Walk.
Geu. Teupanea, Macq.

48. Trupanea strenua, n. s. Fam. Nigra, robusta, capite fusees-
centi-cinereo, pilis subtus flavescenti-cinereis, abdomine fuscescenti-

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 107

nigro fascia basali fasciculari alba apice nigi-o nitente, pedibus crassis,
alis fuscescentibus vitta sordide albida, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Black, stout j head brownish cinereous, very thickly clothed
beneath with yellowish cinereous hair& ; epistoma very prominent ;
mystax with a few black bristles above and with many yellowish cine-
reous bristles below ; palpi with short black bristles ; 3rd joint of the
antennae elongate conical ; thorax with black bristles hindward and
along each side ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen brownish black, with a
basal band of white tufts ; tip black, shining ; legs very stout ; pul-
villi reddish ; wings brownish ; radial areolet with a dingy whitish
stripe ; veins black ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 1 1 lines ;
of the wings 22 lines.

49. Trupanea calorifica, n. s. Mas et Fam. Ochracea, capite
aurato, antennis nigris, thorace vittato, abdomine maculis magnis trans-
versis subquadratis nigris, pedibus rufis crassis, tarsis nigris, alis cine-
reis vitta sordide albida, halteribus fulvis. Mas. Pectore abdomine-
que cinereis, hujus fascicule subapicali argenteo. Foem. Pectore
testaceo, abdomine fulvo.

Male and Female, Ochraceous ; head gilded in front, thickly clothed
beneath ; epistoma prominent ; mystax with numerous gilded bristles
and above with a few black bristles ; palpi with short black bristles ;
antennae black ; third joint fusiform ; thorax with slender indistinct
stripes ; abdomen with a large black transverse subquadrate spot on
each segment ; legs red, very stout ; tarsi black ; wings cinereous ;
radial areolet with a dingy whitish stripe ; veins black; halteres tawny.
Male. Head with whitish hairs beneath ; pectus and abdomen cine-
reous, the latter with a silveiy-white subapical tuft. Female. Head
with gilded hairs beneath ; pectus testaceous ; abdomen tawny.
Length of the body 9-11 lines; of the wings 18-20 lines.

Gen. AsiLUS, Linn.

60. AsiLUS DETERMINATUS, u. s. Mas et Fcem, Cinereo-niger, ca-
pite subaurato, antennis nigris, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, pedibus
fulvis robustis, femoribus nigro vittatis, tibiis apice tarsisque nigris,
alis fuscis, halteribus testaceis. Mas. Abdomine pilis basalibus lu-
teis. Fcem. Abdomine pilis basalibus cinereis dimidio apicaU stylato.

Male and Female. Cinereous black ; head slightly gilded in front, with
l)ale hairs beneath ; epistoma not prominent ; mystax with many pale,
and above with a few black bristles ; antennae black ; third joint lan-
ceolate ; arista nearly as long as all the preceding joints ; thorax with
three cinereous stripes, the lateral pair dilated towards the humerus
on each side ; pectus cinereous ; legs tawny, stout ; femora striped
above with black ; tarsi and tips of the tibiae black ; wings brown ;
veins black ; halteres testaceous. Male. Abdomen with luteous
hairs towards the base. Female. Abdomen with cinereous hairs

108 MB, WALKEE ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

towards the base ; nearly half the apical part stylate. Length of the
body 10-12 hnes ; of the wings 18-20 lines.

51. AsiLus iNTRODUCENS, n. s. F(Bm. Cinereo-niger, capita aurato,
antennis nigris, thorace vittis duabus lateribusque cinereis, abdo-
mine fasciculis quatnor basalibus cinereis dimidio apicali stylato,
pedibus nigris robustis rufo variis, alis fuscescentibus, halteribus fulvis.
Mas'? Capite argenteo, abdomine fascia basali fasciculari fasciaque
subapicali albidis latis, alis obscure cinereis.

Female. Cinereous black; head gilded in front; with cinereous hairs
beneath ; epistoma slightly prominent ; mystax with several gilded
bristles, and above with a few black bristles : antennae black ; 3rd
joint lanceolate, nearly as long as the arista : thorax with two cinereous
stripes, which are dilated on each humerus ; sides and pectus cinereous :
abdomen with two cinereous tufts on each side at the base ; nearly
half the apical part stylate : legs black, stout ; femora red beneath
and partly above ; tibiae with a broad red band : wings brownish,
somewhat paler towards the base and about the borders of the posterior
areolets ; veins black ; halteres tawny.

Male ? Head silvery in front ; mystax with several white, and above with
a few black bristles ; abdomen with a broad whitish tufted band at
the base, and with a broad whitish subapical band ; wings dark cine-
reous, partly paler, as in the female. Length of the body 8-12 lines ;
of the wings 12-16 lines.

52. AsiLUS AREOLARIS, n. s. Mas. Cinereo-niger, capite aurato, an-
tennis nigris basi fulvis, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, abdomine apice
nigro nitente segmentis cinereo marginatis, pedibus fulvis, tarsis pos-
terioribus nigris, alis fuscescenti-cinereis pallido lituratis triente basali
albido, halteribus testaceis. Fcem ? Antennarum articulo 3^ fusiformi,
alis fuscescentibus hyalino lituratis.

Male. Cinereous black ; head gilded in front, clothed with black hairs
beneath ; epistoma prominent; mystax with many gilded bristles, and
above with a few black bristles ; antennae black, tawny towards the
base ; thorax with three slender cinereous stripes, sides and pectus
cinereous ; abdomen black and shining at the tip, hind borders of the
segments cinereous ; legs tawny ; posterior tarsi black ; wings brown-
ish cinereous, with paler marks in most of the areolets, white on more
than one-third of the length from the base ; veins black, tawny towards
base ; halteres testaceous.

Female"? Epistoma less prominent ; third joint of the antennae fusiform,
hai-dly half the length of the arista ; wings brownish ; marginal areo-
lets with a nearly colourless spot in each. Length of the body 10
lines ; of the wings 18 lines.

53. AsiLUS TENUicoRNis, u. s. FosM. Cinereus, capite argenteo,
antennis testaceis parvis, thorace vittis duabus fuscescentibus, abdo-
mine obscure cinereo segmentis testaceo marginatis, pedibus fulvis,

MB. WALKER ON DTPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE, 109

genubus tarsisque nigris, alls cinereis apice obscurioribus, halteribus
testaceis.
Female. Cinereous ; head silvery white in front ; epistoma very slightly
prominent ; mystax with some white bristles, and above with very few
black bristles : autennse testaceous ; 3rd joint conical, much shorter
than the 1st joint, and not more than one-fourth of the length of the
arista : thorax with two brownish stripes : abdomen dark cinereous ;
hind borders of the segments testaceous : legs tawny ; tarsi, except at
the base and knees, black : wings cinereous, dark cinereous towards
the tips ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Ommatius, llliger.

54. Ommatius scitulus, n. s. Mas et Fam. Fulvus, gracilis, capite
cinereo antice albo, antennis nigris basi fulvis, thoracis disco cinereo-
nigro, pectore testaceo, abdominis segmentis pallido marginatis, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Tawny, slender ; head cinereous above, white in
front ; mystax with several white bristles ; antennae black, tawny
towards the base. 3rd joint lanceolate, arista not longer than the 3rd
joint ; disk of the thorax cinereous black ; pectus testaceous ; hind
borders of the abdominal segments pale ; tarsi black towards the tips ;
wings cinereous ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body 6-7 lines ; of the wings 11-12 lines.

55. Ommatius strictus, n. s. Mas. Niger, angustus, capite argen-
teo, pectore albido- cinereo, abdomine fusco maculis trigonis nigris,
segmentis albido marginatis, pedibus fulvis, genibus tarsisque nigris,
alis subcinereis extus nigricantibus, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black, narrow ; head silvery white in front ; mystax with very
few white bristles ; third joint of the antennae elongate-conical ; arista
a little longer than all the preceding joints together ; pectus whitish
cinereous ; abdomen brown, each segment with a black triangular
spot and with a whitish hind border ; legs tawny ; knees and tarsi
black, the latter tawny at the base ; wings greyish, exterior half
blackish; veins black; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4-4 i
lines ; of the wings 7-ii lines.

Gen. Leptogastee, Meigen.

56. Leptogaster munda, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, capite argenteo, pro-
boscide antennisque fulvis, thorace lineis duabus fuscis, abdomine
longo gracili apicem versus subdilatato, segraentorum marginibus ma-
culisque quatuor subapicalibus testaceis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus
tibiisque posticis nigro fasciatis, alis subcinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Cinereous; head silvery white; proboscis and antennae tawny;
thorax with two brown lines ; abdomen long, slender, slightly dilated

110 ME. WALKEB ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

towards the tip, hind borders of the segments testaceous, two tes-
taceous spots on each side towards the tip ; legs tawnj', hind femora
and hind tibiae with a black band on each ; wings slightly greyish ;
veins black, tawny at the base ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 6 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Fam. LEPTID^, Westiv.
Geu. Leptis, Fahr.

57. Leptis ferruginosa, Wied. See Vol. L p. 118.

Heliomeia ferruginea, Dolichall.

Dr. Dolichall has described this species and several other Diptera in a
Zoological Journal published in Java. I am unable to refer to this
work, but have adopted the names with which he has ticketed the
species in Mr. Wallace's collection.

Heliomeia has the aspect of Leptis, but is distinguished by the subanal
and anal veins being united before they join the border of the wing,
thus agreeing with Chrysopila, from which it differs in the shorter
third joint of the antennae, and in the more slender arista.

Gen. SuEAGiNA, n. g.

F(Bm. Corpus lineare. Caput thorace vix angustius. Proboscis porrecta,
compressa, capitis latitudine pauUo brevior. Palpi lanceolati, porrecti.
Antennce brevissimae ; articulus 3"^ rotundus; arista gracilis, nuda.
Abdomen subdepressum, thorace non duplo longius, apice obtusum.
Pedes nudi, inermes, longiusculi, sat graciles. Alee mediocres, areola
discali longissima.

Female, Body Unear, moderately broad. Head almost as broad as the
thorax ; vertex and front of equal breadth. Proboscis porrect, com-
pressed, a little shorter than the breadth of the head. Palpi lanceo-
late, contiguous to the proboscis. Antennae* very short; ."iird joint
round ; arista slender, bare, longer than the antenna. Thorax a little
narrower in front. Abdomen somewhat flat, less than twice the length
of the thorax, obtuse at the tip. Legs bare, unarmed, rather long
and slender. Wings moderately long and broad ; radial vein slightly
curved ; forks of the cubital vein a little longer than the preceding
part; 3rd externo-medial vein inclined beyond the discal areolet
towards the 4th, which is straight; subanal and anal veins united
close to the border ; discal areolet nearly six times longer than broad,
its fore side hardly angular.

68. SuRAGiNA ILLUCENS, n. s. Foem. Cinereo-nigra, capite argenteo-
cinereo supra atro, palpis antennisque nigris, thorace vittis duabus
cinereis, abdomine basi cinereo maculis duabus magnis basalibus apice-
que testaceis, pedibus nigris, femoribus testaceis nigro ciuctis, tibiis
intermediis luridis, alls fuscis postice cinereis albo bifasciatis et bi-
strigatis.

I

MB. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. Ill

Female. Cinereous black ; head silvery grey, deep black above ; probos-
cis, palpi, and antennae black ; thorax with two cinereous stripes ;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen cinereous at the base ; two large basal
and lateral spots and the tip testaceous ; legs black, femora testa-
ceous, anterior femora black towards the base, hind femora with a
broad black band, middle tibiae lurid ; wings brown, cinereous along
the basal part of the interior border ; two white abbreviated bands
and two white intermediate streaks ; veins black ; halteres testaceous,
with black knobs. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam. BOMBYLID^, Leach.
Subfam. Therevites, Walk.

Gen. Thereva, Latr.

59. Thereva congrua, Walk. See Vol. II. p. 90.

Subfam. Bombtlites, Walk.
Gen. Anthrax, Fabr.

60. Anthrax Tantalus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 260. 15.
Inhabits also Hindostan, China, and Java.

61. Anthrax semiscita, Walk. See Vol. I. p. 118.

62. Anthrax pretendens, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, fulvo tomentosa,
thorace strigis duabus albidis, abdomine fasciis albidis maculisque
duabus apicalibus albis, alis subcinereis basi nigris apud costam nigri-
cantibus, halteribus albidis.

Female. Black ; head with tawny tomentum in front, cinereous behind
and beneath ; thorax with tawny hairs in front and on each side, a
whitish streak on each side by the base of the wing; abdomen with
whitish bands, and with a white spot on each side at the tip, sides
with tawny hairs at the base ; wings slightly cinereous, black at the
base, blackish along nearly half the length of the costa; veins black ;
radial vein forming a right angle at its base, curved towards its tip ;
fore branch of the cubital vein deeply curved ; externo-medial veins
almost straight ; subanal and anal veins approximate on the hind
border ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
12 lines.

This and the two following species belong to the group of which A.
hottentotta is the type.

63. Anthrax antecedens, u. s. Fcem. Nigra, flavescente pilosa,
capite cinereo, abdomine fasciis late interruptis guttisque duabus
apicalibus albis, lateribus anticis albo pilosis, alis hyalinis basi nigri-
canti-fuscis.

Female. Black ; head cinereous in front and beneath ; thorax with \iidc-

112 MR. WALKEK ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR,

yellowish liairs in front and on each side ; abdomen with broadly
interrupted white bands, a white dot on each side at the tip, sides
with white hairs towards the base ; wings hyaline, blackish brown at
the base ; veins black ; radial vein curved towards the tip ; fore branch
of the cubital vein deeply curved ; extemo-medial veins straight ; sub-
anal and anal veins somewhat approximate on the hind border,
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

64. Anthrax congrua, n. s. Mas. Nigra, albo pilosa, capite abdo-
minisque lateribus nigro pilosis, abdomiue fasciis duabus pallidis, alis
subcinereis basi et apud costam nigricantibus, litura costali basali
argentea.

Male. Black ; head and sides of the abdomen clothed with short black
hairs ; antennae very short, 3rd joint round ; thorax clothed with
white hairs in front and along each side ; abdomen with two slender
pale bands ; wings slightly greyish, blackish at the base and along half
the length of the costa, which has a silvery mark at its base ; veins
black; radial vein curved towards its tip ; fore branch of the cubital
vein deeply curved ; externo-medial veins straight ; subanal and anal
veins somewhat approximate on the hind border. Length of the body
3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

()5. Anthrax demonstrans, n. s. FoEin. Nigra, flavescente pilosa, ca-
pite cinereo, abdomine fascia subinterrupta guttisque duabus apicalibus
albis, lateribus nigro pilosis basi luteo pilosis, alis nigricantibus basi
et apud costam nigris.

Female. Black ; head with cinereous toraentum behind and beneath ;
thorax with yellowish hairs on each side ; abdomen with a white
middle band, which is almost interrupted in the middle and slightly
dilated on each side, a white dot on each side at the tip ; sides with
black hairs, and at the base with luteous hairs ; wings blackish, black
at the base and along the costa ; radial vein forming a rounded angle
at its base, as deeply curved towards its tip as is the fore branch of the
cubital vein, to which it is parallel ; 1st and 2nd externo-medial veins
imdulating, 3rd nearly straight ; subanal and anal veins approximate
on the hind border. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10
lines.

66. Anthrax PRiEDiCANS, n. s. Fam..; Nigra, nigro pilosa, antennis
brevissimis articulo 3" rotundo, pedibus piceis, alis nigricantibus,
albido strigatis, apice et apud marginem posticum cinereis.

Female. Black ; head and sides of the thorax and of the abdomen
clothed with short black hairs ; antennae very short, 3rd joint round ;
legs piceous ; wings blackish, dark grey at the tips and along the
hind border ; discal, pobrachial, 3rd externo-medial, and anal areolets
with whitish streaks; radial vein undulating towards its tip; fore-
branch of the cubital vein slightly curved ; externo-medial veins
straight ; subanal and anal veins approximating closely on the hind

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 113

border ; hind side of the discal areolet forming a right angle, and emit-
ting thence the stump of a vein. Length of the body 4§ lines ; of
the wings 9 lines.

67- Anthrax degenera. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 15. var. Mas et
F(£7n. Nigra, angusta, fulvo-pilosa, capite cinereo, antennarum ar-
ticulo 3" conico, pectore subargenteo, abdomine fasciis duabus ventre
pedibus halteribusque fulvis, tarsis uigris, alis fuscis, apice margine-
que postico cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, narrow, head cinereous ; 3rd joint of the an-
tennaj conical; arista very short; thorax with tawny hairs ; pectus silvery
cinereous ; abdomen with two lateral tawny stripes, which are broadest
in the female ; underside, legs and halteres tawny; tarsi black; wings
brown, long, narrow, cinereous towards the tips and along the hind
border ; radial vein curved towards its tip : fore branch of the cubital
vein slightly curved, sharply angular at its base; externo-medial
veins straight ; subaual and anal veins a]>proximate on the hind bor-
der. Male. Hind femora with black tips ; angle of the fore branch
of the cubital vein emitting the stump of a vein.

Var. j3. Female. Sides of the abdomen less tawny ; wings dark brown,
cinereous at the tips ; fore branch of the cubital vein deeply curved,
with its angle emitting the stump of a vein. Length of the body 3|-5
lines ; of the wings 8-12 lines.

This species is closely allied to A. fervida, and, like the two preceding
species, approaches the Australian group (sub-g. Neuria), which is
distinguished by the long wings with contorted veins.

68. Anthr.\x proferens, n. s. Mas. Atra, angusta, abdominis la-
teribus basalibus albo-pilosis, alis longis atris apud marginem posticum
exteriorem limpidis, puncto discali albo, litura exteriore transversa
albida.

Male. Deep black, slender ; head clothed with short black hairs ; an-
tennae and arista very short ; 3rd joint round ; abdomen with white
hairs on each side at the base ; wings long, deep black, limpid along
the exterior part of the hind border ; a white point in the discal areolet,
and a little transverse whitish mark at the base of the fore branch of
the cubital vein ; the latter deeply curved. Length of the body 4 hnes ;
of the wings 12 lines.

Allied to the group of which A. hyalacra is the type.

Geu. Systeopus, Wiecl.

G9. Systropus sphegoides, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite albido-tes-
taceo, antennis apices versus lanceolatis, thorace strigis quatuor late-
ralibus pallide flavis, abdomine lurido basi et apicem versus nigro,
petiolo lougissimo, femoribus subtus tibiisque apice luridis, alis nigri-
cante-cinereis, halteribus albidis nigro fasciatis.

Male. Black ; head white behind, whitish testaceous in front about the
LINN. PBOC. — ZOOLOGY. 8

114 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

eyes ; proboscis longer than the breadth of the head, its sheaths diver-
ging and convoluted at the tips ; antennaj a little longer than the pro-
boscis, lanceolate towards the tips ; thorax with two pale-yellow streaks
on each side, one in front, the other behind the wing ; abdomen lurid,
black at the base, above, and towards the tip, where it is fusiform ; its
petiole very long and slender ; femora beneath and tibiae towards the
tips lurid ; wings blackish grey ; veins black ; halteres whitish, with a
black subapical band. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 8
lines.

ram. DOLICHOPID^, Leach.
Gen. PsiLOPUS, Meigen.

70. PsiLOPUS SPECTABILIS, n. s. Mas. Aureo-vh'idis, capite pur-
purascente-C3'aneo, antice argenteo, antennis testaceis, thorace vittis
tribus cupreis, scutello cyaneo, abdominis lateribus cupreis, pedibus
flavis, alls albis,costa lituris duabus costalibus lutescentibus, halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Bright golden green ; bead purplish blue, with silvery tomentum
in front ; antennae testaceous ; arista black, shorter than the thorax;
thorax with three bright cupreous stripes ; scutellum blue ; pectus
silvery ; abdomen bright cupreous along each side 5 legs yellow ; tarsi
black towards the tips ; wings white, brown along the costa and on
more than one-third of the length from the tips, with the exception
of the hind border ; the costal brown part including two transverse
lutescent marks, beyond which there is a brown band ; veins black ;
fore branch of the prsebrachial vein nearly straight ; discal transverse
vein straight ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of
the wings 8 lines.

71. PsiLOPUS FiLiFER, n. s. Mas. Viridescente-cyaneus, capite pec-
toreque argenteis, antennis pedibusque nigris, arista longissima, ab-
domine viridi fasciis nigris, tibiis anterioribus albidis, alis subcinereis.
Fcum. ? Viridis, capite cyaneo, tibiis anterioribus testaceis.

Male. Greenish blue ; head and pectus with silvery white tomentum ;
antennae black ; arista much longer than the body ; abdomen green,
with a black band on the base of each segment ; legs black, long,
slender ; anterior tibiae dingy whitish ; wings slightly cinereous ; veins
black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein much curved ; discal trans-
verse vein very slightly undulating.

Femalel Bright green; head blue, its fore part and the pectus with
silvery white tomentum ; abdomen with black bands ; anterior tibiae
testaceous ; discal transverse vein straight. Length of the body 2^
lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

72. PsiLOPUS ^STiMATus, u. s. Mas. Viridis, capite pectoreque
argenteis, antennis nigris basi testaceis, abdomine fasciis latis nigris,
pedibus flavescentibus, femoribus posticis apice tarsisque nigris, alis
subcinereis, halteribus testaceis.

ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAZESSAE. 115

Male. Bright green ; head in front and pectus silvery white ; antennae
black, testaceous at the base ; arista about as long as the thorax ; ab-
domen with a broad black band on the base of each segment ; legs
yellowish, stout ; tarsi black ; femora paler than the tibia; ; hind
femora with black tips ; wings greyish ; veins black ; cubital vein
slightly curved ; fore branch of the prsebrachial vein much curved ;
discal transverse vein straight ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

73. PsiLOPus ABRUPTUS, n. s. Mas. Viridis, capite cyaneo, facie pec-
toreque subargenteis, antennis pedibus halteribusque nigris, abdomine
cyanescente-viridi, alis c.inereis.

Male. Bright green ; head blue ; its fore part and the pectus somewhat
silvery ; antenna; black ; arista hardly longer than the thorax ; abdo-
men bluish green ; legs black ; wings grey ; veins black ; fore branch
of the cubital vein forming a much rounded right angle, from whence
it is straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by half
its length from the border, and by less than its length from the fork
of the cubital ; halteres black. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the
wings 4 lines.

Gen. DoLiCHOPUS, Latr.

74. DoLiCHOPUs ciNEREUS, n. s. Mas. Cinereus, capite albo, an-
tennis fulvis, pectore albido, abdomine fasciis seneo-nigris, pedibus
testaceis, tarsis anterioribus apice nigricantibus, tibiis posticis apice
tarsisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Cinereous, not metallic j head white between the eyes ; antennae
tawny ; 3rd joint elliptical ; arista black, much longer than the an-
tennae ; pectus whitish ; abdomen with an aeneous black band on each
segment ; legs testaceous, stout ; anterior tarsi blackish towards the
tips ; hind tarsi and tips of hind tibiae black ; wings grey ; veins black ;
praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, much curved
from thence to the border ; discal transverse vein slightly bent out-
wards ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

75. DoLiCHOPUS PR^DiCANS, u. s. Fcem. Cinereus, capite pectoreque
albis, antennis fulvis, thorace vitta apiceque viridibus, abdomine ma-
culis lateral ibus albis, pedibus testaceis, femoribus posticis uigro linea-
tis, alis cinereis basi nigricantibus, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Cinereous ; head and pectus white ; antenna; tawny : arista
black, longer than the antennae ; thorax with a dorsal stripe and the
hind part green ; abdomen with white spots along each side ; legs
testaceous, stout; tibiic beset with black spines ; tarsi black towards
the tips ; hind femora with a black line ; wings cinereous, blackish
towards the base ; veins black ; praebrachial vein gently curved out-
wards at its flexure, straight from thence to the border j discal trans-

8*

116 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

verse vein straight ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 2i lines ; of
the wings 4 lines.

76. DoncHoPUs PROVECTUS, n. s. Fcem. Viridis, capite pectoreque
argenteis, antennis nigris latiusculis basi testaceis, thorace vittis duabus
nigris, abdomine fasciis argenteis, pedibiis nigris, robustis spinosis,
tibiis testaceis, alls obscure cinereis.

Female. Bright green ; head in front and pectus silvery white ; antennae
black, rather broad, testaceous towards the base ; 3rd joint conical ;
arista much longer than the antennaj ; thorax with a black stripe on
each side ; abdomen with silvery white bands ; legs black, stout, spi-
nose ; tibiit; testaceous ; wings dark grey ; veins black ; prfebrachial
vein forming a very obtuse angle at its flexure, straight from thence
to the border ; discal transverse vein straight. Length of the body
2\ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

77. DoLiCHOPUS PRiEMissus, n. s. Mas. Obscure viridis, capite
pectoreque cinereis, antennis nigris, abdomine viridescente-nigro, pedi-
bus nigris vix spinosis, tibiis ferrugineis, alis obscure cinereis, hal-
teribus fulvis.

Male. Approaches the Psilopi in some of its characters. Dark green ;
head in front and pectus cinereous ; antennae black, very small and
short ; 3rd joint conical ; arista as long as the breadth of the head ;
abdomen greenish black ; legs black, hardly spinose or setose ; tibise
ferruginous ; wings dark grey ; veins black ; praibrachial vein hardly
bent between the straight discal transverse vein and the border ; hal-
teres tawny. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 31 lines.

78. DoLiCHOPUS PROVENiENs, u. s. Fam. Obscure viridis, capite
albo, antennis nigris, thorace vittis duabus pectoreque cinereis, ab-
domine cyanescente-viridi fasciis cupreis, pedibus nigris, femoribus
anterioribus apice tibiisque fulvis, alis nigricantibus, haltcribus fulvis.

Female, Dark green; head white in front and about the eyes; antennae
black ; 3rd joint round ; arista shorter than the breadth of the head ;
thorax with two cinereous stripes ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen bluish
green, with cupreous bands ; legs black ; tibiae and tips of anterior
femora tawny ; wings blackish ; veins black ; praebrachial vein quite
straight ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by twice its length
from the end of the subanal vein ; halteres tawny. Length of the
body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Geu. Cheysotus, Meigen.

79. Chrysotus exactus, n. s. 3/as. Obscure viridis, cinereo-tomen-
tosus, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdomine obscure cupreo, tibiis
anticis fulvis, alis cinereis.

Male. Dark green, with cinereous tomentum ; antennae black ; 3rd
joint conical ; arista much shorter than the breadth of the head ; ab-
domen dark-cupreous ; legs black ; fore tibiae tawny ; wings grey ;

ME. WALKEK ON DTPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 117

veins black ; praebrachial vein hardly bent exteriorly ; tliscal transverse
vein parted by more than four times its length from the end of the
subanal vein. Length of the body \k line; of the wings 2 lines.

Gen. DiAPHORUS, Meigen.

80. DiAPHORUS RES UM ENS, Wlk. See Vol. 11. p. 93.

Tarn. LONCHOPTEEID.^, Curtis.
Gen. Cadrema, n. g.

Mas, Corpus breviusculum, sat gracile. Caput thorace vix angustius ;
facies snbobliqua. Antennm brevissimse ; arista apicalis, longa, sub-
pubescens. Abdomen ovatum, thorace vix longius. Pedes posteriores
robusti ; tibiae posticae calcare apicali arciiata. Alee angustee, lan-
ceolata;.

Male, Body rather short and slender ; head nearly as broad as the
thorax; face slightly oblique. Antenna; extremely short ; arista long,
apical, minutely pubescent. Abdomen oval, hardly longer or broader
than the thorax. Posterior legs stout ; hind tibia; with a curved apical
spur. Wings narrow, lanceolate ; cubital vein and pr?ebrachial vein
parallel, the latter ending at the tip of the wing ; discal transverse
vein straight, ending at full thrice its length from the border and at
nearly thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse.

81. Cadrema Lonchopteroides, n. s. Mas. Testacea, antennis
luteis, thoracis disco et metathorace nigris, abdomine apicera versus
nigricante, alis vitreis macula apicali nigricante.

Male. Testaceous ; antenna; luteous ; disk of the thorax and meta-
thorax black ; abdomen blackish towards the tip ; wings vitreous,
with a blackish apical spot ; veins black, testaceous towards the base.
Length of the body 1 J line ; of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. PLATTPEZID^, Halidmj,
Gen. Platypeza, Meigen.

82. Platypeza glaucescens, n. s. Mas et Fceni. Piceo-nigra,
capite gutta atra, thoracis disco cyanescente-cinereo, abdomine nigro,
pedibus halteribusque piceis, tarsis albidis, posticis dilatatis, alis vitreis.

Male and Female. Piceous black; head with a deep black dot in front;
disk of the thorax with a bluish-cinereous tinge ; abdomen black ;
legs piceous ; tarsi whitish ; hind tarsi dilated ; wings quite vitreous ;
veins black; discal transverse vein parted by nearly twice its length
from the border, and by more than twice its length from the fork of
the priEbrachial vein; fore branch of the latter joining the termination
of the costal vein at the tip of the wing, close to the end of the cubital
vein; haltercs piceous. Length of the body \-\h line ; of the wings
2-2^ lines.

118 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

Fam. SIPPHIDJE, Leach.
Gen. Ceeia, Fair.

83. Ceria lateralis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, capite vittis guttisque
duabus, thorace maculis octo, pectore fasciis duabus, abdomine ma-
culis duabus basalibiis fasciisque duabus flavis, antennarum petiolo
pedibusque rufis, alls subcinereis, basi costa strigaque fuscis, halteribus
flavis.

Male. Black ; head with two yellow stripes in front, and with a yellow
dot on each side at the base of the antennae ; petiole of the latter red-
dish; 3rd joint elongate-fusiform : thorax with three yellow calli on
each side ; scutellum with two oblique fusiform yellow spots which are
united hindward ; pectus with a yellow band on each side ; abdomen
with a slender petiole which is as long as the terminal fusiform part ;
a yellow spot on each side of the base; hind borders of the 1st and
2nd segments yellow ; legs red ; tarsi piceous ; wings greyish, dark
brown at the base, whence a dark brown streak proceeds to the disk ;
costa dark brown, blackish exterioi'ly ; veins black ; halteres yellow.
Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. MiLESiA, Latr.

84. MiLESiA coNSPiciENDA, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra, capite flavo
maculis duabus nigris, palpis antennisque rufescentibus, thorace vittis
fasciis maculisque duabus, scutelli margiue abdomineque fasciis tribus
flavis, abdomine fasciis tribus chalybeis, pedibus luteis, femoribus
nigro vittatis, tarsis nigris apice luteis, alis cinereis apud costam fuscis.

Male and Female. Black; head yellow, with an elongate black spot
above the antennae, and with another above the epistoma ; mouth
black ; palpi and antennse reddish ; thorax with two yellow stripes ;
each of its sides in front with a large yellow spot, the latter connected
with a band across the pectus ; two yellow bands, the 1st interrupted ;
scutellum bordered with yellow ; pectus with two yellow bands on each
side; abdomen with three yellow bands and with three chalybeous
bands ; 3rd yellow band slightly interrupted ; legs luteous ; femora
striped beneath with black ; tarsi black, with luteous tips ; wings grey,
^ brown along the costa; veins black ; halteres yellow. Male. Abdo-
men with a subapical interrupted band; 1st band notched on the hind
side. Female. First abdominal band slightly interrupted. Length
of the body 8-9 lines; of the wings 14-16 lines.

Gen. Geaptomyza, Wied.

85. Graptomyza tibialis, Wlk. See Vol. II. p. 95.

F(Em. ? Lutea, crassa, lata, pubescens, vertice et epistomatis hnea nigris,
thoracis maculis duabus, disco postico, scutelli pectorisque discis cu-
preo-nigris, abdomine fasciis tribus nigris, femoribus anterioribus
tibiisque nigro fasciatis.

Female ? Luteous, pubescent, broad, thick ; vertex black ; epistoma

ME. ■SVALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 119

conical, forked at the tip, with a black line ; proboscis longer than the
thorax, black towards the base; arista plumose; two large spots on
the thorax, its disk hindward, disk of the scutellum and disk of the
pectus cupreous black; abdomen highly arched, with three black
bands which are produced and slightly interrupted in the middle ;
apical band very broad ; tibiae and anterior femora with black bands ;
wings with a luteous stigma. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

Gen. Eristalis, Latr.

86. Eristahs crassus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. 281, 12.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

87. Eristahs iEsepus, Wlk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 3, 625.
Inhabits also China.

88. Eristalis bomboides, n. s. Mas. Ater, capite albo, arista
nuda, thorace pubescente fascia cinerea fasciaque chalybeo-nigra, pec-
tore cinereo, abdomine fasciis quatuor chalybeo-nigris, vittis duabus
ventralibus latis albidis, tibiis basi flayis, alis nigricante-fuscis cinereo
marginatis, halteribus flavis.

Male. Deep black ; head with black hairs on the front and with white
tomentum in front and behind ; arista simple ; thorax thickly pubes-
cent, having in front a cinereous band which is tawny on each side,
and a chalybeous black hinder band; scutellum chalybeous-black ;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen with four chalybeous-black bands ; the
1st widely interrupted; under side with a broad short whitish stripe
on each side ; hind (and anterior ?) tibiae yellow at the base ; wings
blackish-brown, cinereous towards the tips and along the hind border ;
veins black ; halteres yellow. Length of the body 5i lines ; of the
wings 11 lines.

Greu. Helophiltjs, Meigen.

The two following Helophili may be merely varieties of H. quadri-
vittatus.

89. Helophilus consors. n. s. Mas. Niger, thorace vittis quatuor
flavis, scutello luteo, abdomine vittis tribus luteis tribusque chalybeis,
tibiis basi luteis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis cinereis apud cos-
tam fuscescentibus, halteribus flavis.

Male. Black; thorax with four yellow stripes; scutellum luteous;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen with three luteous bands and with four
chalybeous bands ; 1st luteous band interrupted, very broad; 3rd and
4th slightly excavated on the hind side ; tibiaj luteous towards the
base ; hind femora incrassated ; hind tibisc curved ; wings cinereous,
brownish along the costa ; veins black ; halteres yellow. Length of
the body 5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

90. Helophilus conclusus, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite albo, antennis

120 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

rufescentibus, arista nuda, thorace vittis quatuor flavis, scutello fulvo,
abdomine fasciis quatuor lineaque transversa flavis fasciaque chalybea,
peilibus nigro-luteis, tarsis nigris, alls cinereis apud costam subfuscis,
halteribus flavis.
Male. Black ; head white, with a black callus above the antennae, which
are reddish ; arista simple ; proboscis black ; thorax with 4 yellow
stripes ; scutellum tawny ; pectus with a broad oblique pale yellow
band on each side ; abdomen with 4 yellow bands ; 1st and 2nd bands
very broad ; 1 st interrupted ; 2nd interrupted except in front, where
there is a yellow transverse line ; 3rd and 4th narrow, with a ehaly-
beous band along the hind border of the 3rd ; legs luteous, shaded
with black ; tarsi wholly black ; wings grey, slightly brown along the
costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; halteres yellow. Length
of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines."

Gen, Meeodon, Fahr.

91. Merodon INTERVENIENS, n. s. Mas. FuscuS; flavescente-cinereo
tomentosus, capite testaceo, antennis nigris, arista nuda, scutello fulvo,
abdomine fasciis septem ventreque testaceis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus
nigro vittatis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, tibiis posticis nigris, alis
cinereis litura costali nigricante, halteribus flavis.

Male, Brown ; head with short black hairs on the vertex, white behind,
pale testaceous, and with a brown stripe in front ; proboscis and an-
tennae black ; arista simple ; thorax thickly clothed with jellowish
cinereous down ; scutellum tawny ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen cylin-
dric-conical,with seven testaceous bands; under side testaceous ; legs
tawny ; femora striped with black ; hind femora incrassated ; hind
tibias curved, black; wings cinereous, with a blackish mark by the
middle of the costa ; veins black, halteres yellow. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Geu. VoLucELLA, Geqf.

92. VoLUCELLA DECORATA, n. s. Mas. Fulva, oculis thoraceque pu-
bescentibus, hujus disco cupreo-nigro, abdomine cupreo-nigro fasciis
tribus flavis, pedibus piceo-fulvis, tarsis piceis basi fulvis, alis vitreis,
costa lutea extus fuscescente, halteribus apice niveis.

Male. Tawny ; epistoma very prominent ; eyes pubescent ; arista
broadly plumose ; thorax pubescent ; disk cupreous-black ; abdomen
cupreous-black, with three yellow bands ; 1st band basal ; legs slightly
shaded with piceous ; tarsi piceous, tawny at the base ; wings vitreous,
luteous and exteriorly brownish along tlie costa ; veins tawny, black
towards the tips; halteres with snow-white knobs. Length of the
body 7 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Baetteeoceea, Walk. See Vol. L p. 123.

93. Baryterocera gibbula, n. s. Fam. Cupreo-uigra, capite fla-

ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 121

vescente vitta cupreo-nigra, antennis fulvis, thoracis lateribns fasciaque
flavis, abdominis lateiibus fasciis tribus flavis strigisque tribus flavis,
pedibus flavis, tibiis posticis femoribusque nigris apice flavis, alis
cinereis, litura costali fasciisque duabus exterioribus nigricantibus.
Female. Cupreous black ; head in front yellowish with a cupreous-black
stripe ; antennae tawny ; 3rd joint long, linear, obtuse at the tip ;
thorax yellow along each side and with a yellow band in fiout of the
scutellum ; abdomen yellow along each side and with three yellow
bands; 1st band entire; 2nd nearly interrupted ; 3rd emitting a lan-
ceolate streak in front and two hindward streaks which extend to the
tip ; legs yellow ; femora and hind tibiaj black with yellow tips ; wings
cinereous, with a blackish mark by the middle of the costa, and with
two exterior slender blackish bands ; veins black ; halteres yellow.
Length of the body 2} lines ; of the wings 4 hues.

Gen. EuMERTJS, 3Ieigen.

94. EuMERus FiGURANS, n. s. F(£m. Niger, capite albo vitta cyanea,
scutelli margine postico fulvo, abdomine nigro-a;neo fasciis duabus
albis, 2" interrupta, tarsis subtus genubusque testaceis, alis sub-
cinereis.

Female. Black, nearly cylindrical ; head whitish, with a dark blue stripe
on the vertex; antenna; with whitish tomentum; 3rd joint somewhat
dilated, rather broader than long ; scutellum tawny along the hind
border ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen seneous-black, minutely punc-
tured, with two white bands, placed oblique with regard to the seg-
ments, the 2nd interrupted ; tarsi beneath and knees testaceous ;
wings greyish ; veins black ; cubital vein much contorted ; haltei-es
testaceous. Length of the body 5i lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Syritta, St. Farg.

95. Syritta illucida, n. s. Fcum. iEnea, capite argenteo, vertice
nigro punctis duobus nigris, antennis pallide rufis, abdomine fasciis
duabus latis interruptis testaceis maculisque duabus subapicalibus
albis, pedibus testaceis, femoribus tibiisque posticis nigris, his rufo
fasciatis, alis subcinereis.

Female. jEneous ; head silvery white ; vertex black, with an elongated
white point on each side ; antenna; pale red ; pectus and sides of the
thorax whitish ; abdomen with two broad interru])ted testaceous bands ;
apical segment with a white spot on each side at the base ; under side
testaceous except near the tip ; legs testaceous ; hind femora and hind
tibia; black, the latter with a red band ; wings greyish-vitreous ; veins
black. Length of the body 3i lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Baccha, Fair,

96. Bacciia dispar, n. s. Mas. Cupreo-nigra, capite chalybeo-nigro
vittis duabus flavis, antennis rufis, thorace maculis quatuor luteis, ab-

122 MB. WALKER OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

domine fasciis duabus arcuatis luteis, pedibus rufescentibus, alis sub-
cincreis, costa fasciaque nigricante fuscis, halteribus fuivis. Fain. Scu-
tello flavo apud discum nigi'icante, abdominis petiolo fulvo, fascia 2^
non arcuata, apice chalybeo, pedibus testaceis, posticis nigro fasciatis.

Male. Cupreous black ; head chalybeous black, with a yellow stripe
on each side in front ; antenna3 red, very short ; 3rd joint conical ;
arista black, short ; thorax with two luteous spots on each side ; the
1st pair joining a luteous band on each side of the pectus ; abdomen
petiolated, clavate, with two much-arched luteous bands ; legs reddish ;
wings shghtly cinereous, blackish-brown along the costa, and with an
irregular blackish-brown band, which hardly extends to the hind bor-
der ; veins black ; halteres tawny.

Female, Scutellum yellow, with a blackish disk ; abdomen much com-
pressed, with a long slender linear tawny petiole ; the 2nd yellow baud
not arched; tip chalybeous; legs testaceous; hind femora slightly
banded with black ; hind tibiae black towai'ds the tips. Length of the
body 4i-5 lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.

Gen. Sybphus, Fair.

97. Syrphus consequens, Wlk. See Vol. I. p. IS.

Farn. MUSCID^, Zatr.

Subfam. Tachinides, Wall:;.

Gen. NEMOEiEA, Ifacq.

98. Nemor^a AMPLiFiCANS, n. s. Fcein. Cinereo-nigra, capite tes-
taceo, frontalibus nigris, palpis fuivis, antennis piceis, thorace vittis
quinque nigris, scutello ferrugineo, abdomine piceo fasciis duabus latis
interruptis cinereis, alis cinereis basi et apud costam fuscis.

Female. Cinereous black, with black bristles ; head testaceous, more
cinereous beneath ; frontalia black, slightly widening to the face, with a
row of bristles along each side ; facialia not bristly ; epistoma not pro-
minent ; palpi tawny ; antennae piceous, not extending to the epistoma ;
3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, full twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista nearly twice the length of the 3rd, stout for full half its length ;
thorax with five slender black stripes, thickly beset with long stout
bristles ; scutellum ferruginous except towards its base ; abdomen
piceous, setose towards its tip ; 2nd and 3rd segments with broad
interrupted cinereous bands along their fore borders ; legs stout,
bristly ; wings grey, brown at the base and in front ; veins black ;
praebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, from
whence it is very slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse
vein straight, excepting a very slight inward bend near its base, parted
by rather more than half its length from the border, and from the flex-
ure of the prfebrachial ; ahilse cinereous -white. Length of the body
8 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

MR. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 123

99. NEMORiEA TENEBROSA, n. s. Fcem. Cinereo-tiigra, capite albido,
frontalibiis nigris, oculis pubescentibus, palpis et antennariim articulo
2° rufescentibus, thorace lineis quinque nigris, scutello rufo, abdomine
obscure rufescente tessellis cinereis, femoribus posticis fimbriatis, alis
cinereis, basi costa et venarum marginibus obscure fuscis.

Female. Cinereous black, with black bristles ; head whitish ; frontalia
black, slightly widening to the face, with a row of bristles along each
side and beyond it ; facialia bristly along most of the length ; epi-
stoma not prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi reddish ; antennae not
nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, slender, obtuse at the
tip, much less than twice the length of the 2nd, which is reddish ;
arista stout for full half its length, much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax with five black lines ; scutellum red, black at the base ; abdo-
men dark reddish, slightly tessellated with cinei-eous ; legs black,
bristly ; hind femora fringed with shoi't black hairs ; wings grey,
dark brown at the base, along the costa and along the black veins ;
prsebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexiu'e, from whence it is
slightly curved inward to its tij) ; discal transverse vein much curved
inward near its base, parted by much less than its length from the
border and by rather less than its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial ; alulae lurid-cinereous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the
wings 12 lines.

Gen. Masicera, Maq,

100. Masicera DOTATA, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, oculis nudis, proboscide palpisque fulvis, thorace vittis quatuor
nigris, abdomine longi-elliptico fasciis cinereis, alis luridis angustis,
dimidio apicali obscure fusco, raargine postico cinereo, halteribus tes-
taceis.

Female. Cinereous, beset with numerous long stout black bristles ;
head white, clothed behind and beneath with white hairs ; frontalia
deep black, slightly widening towards the face, with stout bristles
along each side; facialia without bristles except by the epistoma,
which is not prominent ; eyes bare ; proboscis and palpi tawny ; an-
tennae nearly i-eaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint slightly broader to-
wards tlie tip, which is I'ounded, about four times the length of the
2nd J arista stout at the base, very much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax with four black stripes ; abdomen elongate-eUiptical, its bristles
stouter than those of the thorax ; a cinereous band along the fore-
border of each segment ; lips black, stout, bristly ; wings lurid, nar-
row, dark brown on the exterior half, cinereous along the hind border j
veins tawny, black exteriorly ; praebrachial vein extending rather
beyond the slightly acute angle which it forms at its flexure, much
curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undu-
lating, parted by rather less than its length from the border and from
the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae cinereous ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 6 Unes; of the wings 12 lines.

124 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

101. Masicera HORRENS, U.S. Fcem. Albido-cinerea, valde setosa,
capite albo, facie obliqua, oculis pubescentibus, thorace vittis quatuor
nigris, abdomine subfusifonni spinoso fasciis tribus latis subinter-
ruptis albidis, alls cinereis basi et apud costam subfuscis, aliilis albido-
cinereis.

Female. Whitish cinereous, thickly beset with long stout black bristles ;
head white, clothed behind and beneath with white hairs; frontaha
deep black, hardly widening towards the face, with bristles along each
side and beyond it ; face oblique ; facialia with bristles along nearly
two-thirds of the length ; epistoraa not prominent ; eyes pubescent ;
palpi black, rather long ; antennaj nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tip, full four times the length of the 2nd ;
arista very much longer than the 3rd joint, stout for more than one-
third of its length ; thorax with four black stripes ; abdomen nearly
fusiform, more spinose than bristly, with three broad slightly inter-
rupted whitish bands on the fore bordei's of the segments ; legs black,
stout, bristly ; wings grey, shghtly brown at the base and along the
costa; veins black; prsebrachial vein forming a somewhat rounded
right angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved inward and is
thence straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by
about its length from the border and by much less than its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alula; whitish cinereous. Length
of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

102. Masicera immersa, n. s. Fam. Albido-cinerea, capite argen-
teo, oculis nudis, palpis, autennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis
quatuor nigris, abdomine nigro fasciis tribus latis interruptis cinereis,
alis cinereis, alulis albido-cinereis albo marginatis.

Female. "Whitish cinereous, with a few black bristles ; head silvery
white, with white hairs behind and beneath ; frontalia black, widen-
ing towards the face, with a row of bristles along each side ; facialia
without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi black ;
antennae not reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint lineai', rounded at the
tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista slender, very much
longer than the 3rd joint ; thorax with four slender black lines ; ab-
domen black, conical, not longer than the thorax, with three broad
interrupted cinereous bands along the fore borders of the segments ;
legs black, stout ; wings grey ; veins black ; pra;brachial vein forming
a slightly rounded and obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is
slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein slightly undu-
lating, parted by much less than its length from the border and from
the flexure of the prajbrachial ; alulse whitish cinereous with white
borders. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

103. Masicera prognosticans, n. s. Foem. Cinerea, gracilis, capite
albo, abdomine nigro cylindrico fasciis albis, alis cinereis, alulis hal-
teribusque albis.

MB. -WALKEU OIT DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAEiESSAE, 125

Female. Cinereous, slender; head white ; frontalis deep black, linear,
with stout bristles along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma
not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi short, slender ; antenna) reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about six times the
length of the 2nd ; arista rather slender, not much longer than the
3rd joint ; abdomen black, cylindrical, very much longer than the
thorax, with a white baud on the fore border of each segment ; wings
cinereous; veins black; prffibrachial vein forming a slightly rounded
and extremely obtuse angle at the flexure, straight from thence to the
tip ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by about its lengtli from
the border, and by much less than its length from the flexure of the
pratbrachial ; alulae and halteres A^hite. Length of the body 2| lines;
of the wings 4^ lines.

Gen. EuRTGASTEE, ILacg.

104. EuRYGASTER RiDiBUNDA, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite argenteo,
oculis pubescentibus, palpis fulvis clavatis, antennis piceis, thorace
lineis quatuor nigris, abdomine nigro fasciis tribus latis albido-cinereis,
pedibus nigris, alis subcinereis basi et apud costam subluridis, hal-
teribus fulvis.

Female. Cinereous, with black bristles ; head silvery white in front and
behind, clothed behind and beneath with white hairs ; frontaha deep
black, hardly widening towards the epistoma, with a few black bristles
along each side and beyond ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not
prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi tawny, clavate ; antennae piceous,
almost reaching the ejjistoma; 3rd joint linear, slightly rounded at the
tip, nearly thrice the length of the 2nd ; arista slender, very much
longer than the 3rd joint; thorax with four black lines; abdomen
black, conical, a little broader and longer than the thorax, with three
broad whitish-cinereous bands, somewhat spinose towards tjie tip ;
legs black, hardly bristly ; wings greyish, with a lurid tinge at the
base and along part of the costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ;
praebrachial vein forming a rounded and obtuse angle at its flexure,
nearly straight from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein hardly
undulating, parted by little more than half its length from the border,
and by much less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae cinereous; halteres tawny. Length of the body 41 lines; of
the wings 8 lines.

105. EuRYGASTER REMiTTENS, n. s. Fmii. Cinerea, capite albo,
oculis pubescentibus, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis
quatuor nigris, scutello rufo, abdomine nigro fasciis cinereis fere inter-
ruptis, segmenti 2' lateribus rufescentibus, alis cinereis basi fusces-
centibus, alulis albidis.

Female. Cinereous, slightly bristly ; head white, clothed behind and
beneath with white hairs; frontalia deep black, widening towards the
face, with a row of bristles along each side and beyond ; facialia without

126 ME. "WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi black, short ;
antennae almost reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint slightly widening
towards the tip, which is rounded ; arista slender, very much longer
than the 3rd joint ; thorax with four black lines ; scutellum red, black
at the base; abdomen black, conical, somewhat pilose at the tip,
hardly broader or longer than the thorax, with cinereous nearly inter-
rupted bands ; 2nd segment reddish on each side ; legs black, slightly
bristly ; wings grey, brownish at the base ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it
is hardly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly
undulating, parted by a little more than half its length from the
border, and by about half its length from the flexure of the prae-
brachial; alulae whitish. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 8
lines.

106. EuRYGASTEK APTA, u. s. Foim. Ciucrea, capite albo, oculis nudis,
palpis, antennis, pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis quatuor indistinctis,
abdominis vitta dorsali et segmentorum marginibus posticis nigris,
alis cinereis apud costam fuscescentibus, alulis albido-cinereis.

Female. Cinereous, with few bristles ; head white ; frontalia black,
narrow, linear, with a row of bristles along each side and beyond ;
facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi
black ; antennae almost reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded
at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista slender,
very much longer than the 4th joint ; thorax with four indistinct black
stripes ; abdomen conical, especially setose towards the tip, very little
longer than the thorax; 1st segment, hind borders of the other seg-
ments and dorsal stripe black ; legs black ; wings grey, brownish
along the costa ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming an obtuse
angle at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal
transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by a little less than its length from the flexure
of the praebrachial; alulae whitish cinereous. Length of the body 4
lines; of the wings 7 lines.

107. EuRYGASTER CONGLOMERATA, n. s. Fcem. Cincrco-nigra, capite
albo, oculis pubescentibus, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace
lineis quatuor anticis nigris, thorace postico abdomineque anthracinis,
tibiis posticis subfimbriatis, alis cinereis, alulis testaceo-albis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head white, with white hairs behind and
beneath ; frontalia deep black, linear, with a row of bristles along each
side and beyond; facialia without bristles; epistoma not prominent;
eyes pubescent ; palpi black ; antennae reaching the epistoma ; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tip, six times the length of the 2nd ; arista
much longer than the 3rd joint, stout to half its length ; thorax with
four black lines ; hind part and abdomen coal black, shining, the latter
conical, not longer than the thorax, setose towards the tip 3 legs black j

ME. WALKEE OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 127

hind tibife slightly fringed ; wings grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein
forming a hardly obtuse angle at its flexure, almost straight from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by much
less than its length from the border, and by a little less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae testaceous white, very
large. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

108. EuRYGASTER PROMiNENS, H. s. Mos. Cincrco-nigra, capite albo,
oculis pubescentibus, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis
quatuor indistinctis, abdominis basi vitta dorsali et segmentorum mar-
ginibus posticis nigris, scutelli apice rufescente, abdomine segmenti 2'
lateribus subrufescentibus, ahs cinereis, aluhs albis.

Mcde, Cinereous black ; head white, with white hairs behind and beneath ;
frontalia deep black, widening to the epistoma, with a row of bristles
along each side and bej'ond; facialia without bristles; epistoma not
prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi black ; antennai extenchng to the
epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, narrow, rounded at the tip, full four times
the length of the 2nd ; aiista much longer than the 3rd joint, stout to
nearly half its length ; thorax with fom- indistinct black lines ; scutel-
lum reddish towards its tip; abdomen nearly oval, cinereous, not
longer than the thorax; 1st segment, hind borders of the following
segments, and dorsal stripe black ; 2nd segment slightly reddish on
each side ; legs black ; wings grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein
forming a right angle at its flexure, near which it is very slightly
curved mward, and is thence straight to its tip; discal transverse
vein hardly undulating, parted by much less than its length from the
border, and by less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae white, very lai'ge. Length of the body 3? lines ; of the wings
6^ lines.

109. EuRYGASTER DEDUCENS, n. s. Foim, Ciuerca, capite albo, ocuUs
nudis, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis quatuor, ab-
dominis basi fasciisque tribus nigris, scutello rufescente, alis cinereis
basi nigris, alulis albis.

Female. Cinereous, bristly, head white, with whitish hairs behind and
beneath ; frontalia deep black, widening to the face, with black bristles
along each side and beyond ; faciaha without bristles, except by the
epistoma, which is slightly prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rather broad, slightly rounded at the
tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista much longer than
the 3rd joint, stout to half its length ; thorax with four black lines ;
scutellum reddish ; abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax,
black at the base, and with three black bands on the hind borders of
the segments ; Avings grey, black at the base ; veins black, testaceous
at the base, except along the costa ; praebrachial vein forming an ob-
tuse angle at its flexure, slightly curved inward from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein straight, except a sUght curve at its base, parted

128 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

by a little more than half its length from the border, and by much
less than its length from the flexure of the prtebrachial ; aluliE white.
Length of the body 3f lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

110. EuRYGASTER CONTRACTA, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, brevis, eapite
albo, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis quatuor nigris,
abdomine nigro fasciis tribus latis subinterruptis argenteo-cinereis, alis
cinereis basi nigricantibus, alulis albis,

Female. Cinereous, short ; head white ; frontalia deep black, widening
slightly towards the face, with stout bristles along each side ; facialia
without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi and legs
black; antennas reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at
the tip, about four times the length of the second ; arista stout for
almost one-third of the length ; thorax with four black stripes ; abdo-
men black, nearly oval, not longer than the thorax, with three broad
slightly interrupted silvery cinereous bands ; wings cinereous, blackish
at the base ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle
at its flexure, nearly straight from thence to its tip ; discal transverse
vein curved inward towards its base, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by about its length from the flexure of the pra;-
brachial ; alula; white. Length of the body 2+ lines ; of the wings
4.y lines.

111. EuRYGASTER I'ROGRESSA, n. s. FcPOT. Fulva, capitc subtus et
apud oculos albido, antennis jallide luteis apice fuscescentibus, ab-
domine maculis tribus dorsalibus nigris, alis cinereis apud costam
Inridis apice fuscis, halteribus testaceis.

Female, Tawny, with black bristles ; head testaceous, whitish about the
eyes and beneath ; frontalia pale luteous, widening to the epistoma,
beset with bristles along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma
not prominent ; eyes bare ; antenna; pale luteous, almost reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, brownish towards the tip; arista stout
to about one-third of the length ; abdomen nearly oval, hardly longer
or broader than the thorax, with three black dorsal spots ; tarsi piceous ;
wings grey, lurid along the costa, brown towards the tips, except along
the hind border ; pra;brachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at
its flexure, much curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal trans-
verse vein undulating, parted by much less than its length from the
border, and by about its length from the flexure of the prajbrachial ;
alula; and halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Geu. Metopia, Ileigen.

112. Metopia inspectans, n. s. Faim. Cinerea, eapite magno ar-
genteo subconico, facie perobliqua, thorace vittis quatuor, abdominis
vitta dorsali ct segmentorum margiuibus posticis nigris ; alis cinereis,
alulis albis, halteribus piceis.

MR. WALKEB ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAU. 129

Female. Cinereous ; head large, silverj, almost conical in front ; fron-
talia black, linear, with a few bristles along each side ; face very ob-
lique ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ;
proboscis and palpi black, very short ; antenna; extending to the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, full six times the length of
the 2nd ; arista longer than the 3rd joint ; stout to nearly half its
length ; thorax with four black stri^)es, the outer pair interrupted ;
abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the seg-
ments and dorsal stripe black ; legs black, rather short and stout ;
wings grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming an almost right
angle and emitting a branch at its flexm-e, from whence it is slightly
curved inward to its tip; discal transverse vein straight, parted by
much less than its length from the border and by very much less than
its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white ; halteres
piceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

113. Metopia instruens, n. s. Fam. Cinerea, capite subconico ar-
genteo micante, facie perobliqua, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris,
thorace vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine e maculis nigris trivittato, alis
cinereis.

Female, Cinereous ; head brilliant silvery, almost conical ; face very
oblique ; facialia with bristles along each side ; epistoma not promi-
nent ; eyes bare ; palpi and legs black ; antennae reaching the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about six times the length
of the 2nd ; arista longer than the 3rd, stout to about one-third of its
length ; thorax with four black stripes ; abdomen with three rows of
triangular black spots ; wings cinereous ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming an obtuse angle, and emitting a branch at its flexure,
slightly curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by more than its length from the border and from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Dexides, Walk.
Gen. Dexta, Meigen.

114. Dexia basifera, n. s. Fcem. Testaceo-alba, capitis antici la-
teribus palpisque fulvis, oculis nvulis, antennis pallide luteis, tho-
race vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine fulvo fusiformi maculis trigonis
nigris, macula fasciaque testaceis, pedibus nigris longis, femoribus
fulvis apice nigris, tibiis ex parte fulvescentibus, alis cinereis apnd veniis
nigricantibus, fascia basali obliqua alba, alulis albis.

Group of D. longipes.

Female. Testaceous white, narrow, bristly ; head somewhat prominent ;
frontalia black, slightly widening towards the epistoma, with a few
long stout black bristles on each side; facialia without bristles; epi-
stoma not prominent ; sides of the peristoma tawny nnd slightly pro-

LTKN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 9

130 MB. WALKER ON BIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK.

duced ; eyes bare ; proboscis and palpi tawny, the former geniculated,
rather long; antenna; pale luteous, 3rd joint lanceolate, not reaching
the epistoma, thrice the length of the second ; aiista plumose : thorax
with two slender deep black stripes and v\ith two exterior broad black-
ish stripes ; scutellum w ith six black spines : abdomen tawny, fusiform
longer than the thorax, with little black hairs, with several black spines,
and with a triangular black spot on the hind border of each segment ;
3rd segment with a testaceous spot at the base, 4th with a testaceous
basal band : legs long, black ; femora tawny, with black tips ; tibiffi
partly dark tawny : wings cinereous, blackish along the veins, with an
oblique white basal band; costa black at the base ; veins black, testa-
ceous in the w hite part ; prsebrachial vein forming a slightly acute
angle and emitting a short stump at its flexure, curved inward from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by hardly
more than half its length from the border, and by less than its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulfe white. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Mas. Subaurato-cinerea, abdomine testaceo lanceolate longissimo fasciis
maculisque trigonis nigris connexis, pedibus anticis longissimis, alis
apud costam nigricantibus, venis vix nigricante marginatis.

Male. Pale gilded cinereous, narrow, bristly ; frontalia piceous, widen-
ing much towards the epistoma, with bristles along each side ; sides
of the peristoma much produced ; thorax with four deep black stripes,
the outer pair rather broad ; abdomen testaceous, lanceolate, twice the
length of the thorax; hind border of each segment with a black band
which is connected with a triangular black spot ; legs vei-y long, fore
legs extremely long ; wings blackish along the costa, hardly blackish
along the veins ; prsebrachial vein curved slightly inward near its flex-
ure, almost straight from thence to its tip. Length of the body 8
lines; of the wings 12 lines.

115. Dexia includens, n. s. Foem. Atra, capite apud oculos albo,
palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis duabus cinereis, ab-
domine lanceolato fasciis tribus albis late interruptis, pedibus longius-
culis, alis nigricanti-cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Deep black ; head cinereous in front, white about the ej^es ;
vertex narrow ; frontalia widening to the face, with bristles along each
side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; jjalpi slen-
der; antennae reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint narrow, linear, about
four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax cinereous on each side, and
with two cinereous stripes ; abdomen lanceolate, setose, nearly twice
the length of the thorax, with three widely interrupted white bands ;
legs rather long ; wings blackish grey ; veins black ; pra;brachial vein
forming a very obtuse and slightly rounded angle at its flexure, almost
straight from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein almost straight,
parted by hardly less than its length from the border, and by much
more than its length from the flexure of the pra^brachial ; alula;

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 181

whitish ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3i liues ; of the
wings 6 hnes.

116. Dexia PRECEDENS, n. s. F(Ein. Cinerea, capita albo lateribus
antieis piceis, palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis testaceis, thorace vittis
tribus nigris, abdomine basi lateribus fasciaque nigris, punctis latera-
libus albis, pedibus longiusculis, alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Female. Cinereous ; head white, piceous on each side in front ; fron-
talia deep black, slightly widening to the face, with bristles along each
side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; palpi and
legs black ; antennae testaceous, not reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
not thrice the length of the 2ud ; thorax with three black stripes, the
the lateral pair abbreviated hindward ; abdomen a little longer than
the thorax, black and with white points along each side, black at the
base and with a black band on the hind border of the 2nd segment ;
legs rather long ; wings cinereous ; veins black ; prgebrachial vein
forming a rounded and very obtuse angle at its flexure, almost straight
from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted
by less than its length from the border, and by ver}^ much more than
its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white ; halteres
piceous. Length of the body 2i lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gren. ToEOCCA, n. g.

Fosm. Corpus gracile, sublineare. Proboscis palpique brevissimi. An-
tennoe brevissimse, arista nuda. Thorax brevis. Abdomen longissi-
mum, thorace plus duplo longius Pedes longissimi. Alee angustae.

Female. Body slender, nearly linear. Head as broad as the thorax.
Pi-oboscis and palpi veiy short. Antennae very short, not nearly ex-
tending to the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about
twice the length of the 2nd; arista bare, stout towards the base,
full twice the length of the 3rd joint. Thorax short. Abdomen very
elongate-fusiform, more than twice the length of the thorax. Legs
very long. Wings narrow.

117- ToRocCA ABDOMiNALis, n. s. Foem. Viridis, capite pectoreque
albis, proboscide palpisque fulvis, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdo-
mine fulvo segmentorum marginibus posticis vittaque dorsali nigris,
alis nigricanti-cinereis, alulis albido-cinereis.

Female. Green, bristly ; head and pectus white ; frontalia deep black,
widening to the face, with a row of bristles along each side ; facialia
without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; proboscis and
palpi tawny ; antennae black : abdomen tawny, with a few spines ;
hind borders of the segments black ; 1st segment black at the base,
and with a broad black stripe : legs black ; wings blackish cinereous ;
veins black ; pncb)"achial vein forming an almost right angle, and
emitting a short stump at its flexm'c, nearly straight from thence to
its tip ; discal transverse vein very undulating, parted by about half its

9*

132 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

length from the border, and by much less than its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae whitish cinereous. Length of the
body 62 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Sarcophagides, Walk.
Geu. Sarcophaga, Meigen.
lis. Sarcophaga invaria. Walk. See Vol. III. p. 103.

119. Sarcophaga aliena, Walk. See Vol. I. p. 22.

120. Sarcophaga mendax, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, capite albo, palpis
antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittisque lineisque duabus nigris,
abdomine tessellato vittis tribus nigris, vittis lateralibus e strigis lan-
ceolatis, alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Male. Cinereous ; head white, clothed behind and beneath with cine-
reous hairs ; frontalia deep black, widening towards the face ; palpi
and antennae black ; thorax with five black stripes,the exterior paii'
incomplete, the middle cinereous intervals interlined; abdomen tessel-
lated, with three black stripes, the lateral pair forming lanceolate streaks
on the 3rd and 4th segments; legs black, very stout; wings grey;
veins black; prasbrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure,
near which it is curved inward, and is thence almost straight to its
tip ; discal transverse vein slightly curved near each end, parted by
much less than its length from the border, and from the flexure of the
praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
10 lines.

121. Sarcophaga inextricata, n. s. Fmn. Cinerea, capitis lateri-
bus anticis, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis tribus
lineisque duabus nigris, abdomine fasciis tribus subinterruptis albidis,
alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Female. Cinereous ; head with black hairs behind and beneath ; fron-
talia black, broad, slightly widening towards the face ; a deep black
space on each side of the face ; palpi black, rather long ; antennae
rather short, not neai-ly reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint slightly plu-
mose; thorax with three black stripes, the two middle cinereous
intervals interlined; abdomen with three broad slightly interrupted
whitish bands ; legs black, very stout ; wings grey ; veins black, slightly
blackish-bordered; praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its
flexure, near which it is curved inward, and is thence straight to its
tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly undulating, parted by much
less than its length from the border and from the flexure of the prte-
brachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8|
lines.

Subfam. Muscides, Walk.

Gren. Idia, Meigen.

122. Idia anstralis. Walk. See Vol. III. p. 103.

ME. WALKER OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAU. 133

123. Idia prolata, n. s. (Group Rhyncomya, Desvoidy). Foem. Vi-
ridis, sat angusta, capite testaceo frontalibus facie maculisque duabus
anticis nigris, antennis halteribusque testaceis, abdomine cyaneo pur-
pureo cupreoque vario fasciis duabus aureo-viridibus, pedibus nigris,
alis cinereis basi et apices versus fuscis.

Female. Green, rather nan'ow, with slight cinereous tomentura ; head
testaceous, white behind ; frontalia and face black and shining, the
former linear ; a black spot on each side of the peristoma ; epi-
stoma rather prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae testaceous, not near
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint about thrice the length of the 2nd ;
abdomen blue, tinged with purple and with cupreous, a little broader
than the thorax, with two golden green bands which are widely inter-
rupted above ; legs black ; wings grey, brown at the base and towards
the tips, with the exception of the hind border; veins black ; praibra-
chial vein forming a much rounded and very obtuse angle at its flex-
ure, which is near the border, nearly straight from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein slightly curved outward, parted by much less
than its length from the border, and by about its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial ; alula; and halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 31 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gren. MuscA, Linn.

124. MuscA PROSPERA, u. s. (Gcu. Silbomyia, Macq.). Fosm. Awato-
viridis, capite argeuteo, facie palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, oculis
nudis, pectore maculis duabus argenteis, abdomine spinoso, apice pur-
pureo maculis duabus argenteis, alis nigricantibus basi et apud costam
nigris, alulis albis. Var. /3. Thoracis disco cupreo, abdomine subtus
cyaneo-purpureo. Var. y. Abdominis disco cupreo, palpis fulvis.

Female. Deep golden green, thickly beset with very stout bristles ;
head silvery white ; vertex green on each side ; frontalia piceous, very
broad, with long stout bristles on each side ; facialia without bristles ;
face black, deeply keeled, the keel partly white ; epistoma slightly
prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi long, subclavate ; antenna; almost reach-
ing the epistoma, 3rd joint full four times the length of the 2ud ;
pectus with a silvery spot on each side ; abdomen elongate-oval, a
little longer than the thorax, with long stout spines hindward, pur-
ple at the tip, where there is a silvery spot on each side ; legs black,
very stout ; wings blackish, black at the base and along part of the
costa ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming a rounded right angle
at its flexure, near which it is curved inward, and is thence straight to
its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by more than half
its length from the border and by less than half its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Var. /3. Disk of the thorax
bright cupreous ; abdomen blue and purple beneath. Var. y. Like
rar. /3 ; palj)i tawny ; disk of the abdomen bright cupreous. Length
of the body 7 8 hues; of the wings 12-14 lines.

134 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

125. MuscA DELECTANS, n. s. (n. subg. Isomyia). Fcum. Cuprea,
capite cinereo lateribus anticis fulvis, palpis fulvis latiusculis, an-
tennis lufescentibus, scutello auiato, viridi-abdominis fasciis pcdibus-
que nigris, alis cinereis apud costam nigricautibus apud venas posticas
subluridis, alulis albido-testaceis, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Bright cupreous, rather long ; head cinereous, tawny and
somewhat produced on each side of the peristoma ; frontalia black,
slightly widening towards the face, with a few bristles along each side ;
faciaUa without bristles ; epistoma somewhat prominent; eyes bare ;
palpi tawny, rather broad ; antennae reddish, not near reaching the
epistoma, 3rd joint about one-third of the length of the 2nd ; scutel-
lum mostly golden green ; abdomen nearly oval, broader but hardly
longer than the thorax, with a black band on the hind border of each
segment ; legs black ; wings grey, blackish along the costa towards
the base, slightly lurid along the hinder veins ; veins black ; praebra-
ehial vein forming a slightly obtuse and rounded angle at its flexure,
much curved inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein
deeply undulating, parted by more than half its length from the bor-
der and by much more than half its length from the flexure of the
praebrachial ; alulae whitish testaceous ; halteres tawny. Length of
the body 7 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

126. MuscA iNGENS. n. s. (Gen. CaUiphora, Desv.). Fcem. Nigri-
canti-cyanea, valde setosa, capite albo, palpis antennis pedibusque
nigris, pectore cinereo, abdoraine spinoso fasciis tribus argenteis
late interruptis, ahs nigricantibus margins postico cinereo, alulis
albidis.

Female. Blackish blue, thickly beset with long stout bristles; head
white ; frontalia deep black, widening in front, with a few bristles
on each side ; facialia beset with bristles, except towards the frontalia;
palpi and antennae black, the latter reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
six times the length of the 2nd ; pectus and sides of the thorax cine-
reous ; abdomen a little longer and broader than the thorax, with
spines towards the tip, and with three broadly interrupted silvery
bands ; legs black ; wings blackish, cinereous along the hind border
and in the disks of the hinder areolets ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming a right and much rounded angle at its flexure, curved
inward beyond, and thence nearly straight to its tip ; discal transverse
vein slightly undulating, parted by less than half its length from the
border, and by full half its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae whitish. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

127. MusCA PROMITTENS, n. s. (Gen. Ochromyia, Macq.). Mas et
F(Bm. Fulva, capite albo, palpis testaceis, tibiis supra tarsisque apice
piceis, alis cinereis basi luridis. Fnem. Abdomine purpurascenti-
cyaneo basi fulvo.

Male and Female. Tawnv wirli !)lack hnstles ; head white ; frontalia

MB. WALKEE OK DTPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK. 135

piceous, linear, with a few bristles along each side ; facialia without
bristles ; epistoma rather prominent ; ej es bare ; palpi testaceous ;
antenna; almost reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint four times the length
of the 2nd ; abdomen of the female purplish blue, tawny towards the
the base, broader but not longer than the thorax ; tibiae above, and
tarsi towards the tips, piceous ; wings grey, lurid towards the base ;
veins black, tawny towards the base ; pra;brachial vein forming a right
and much rounded angle at its flexure, much curved inward from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, long, parted by
more than half its length from the border, and by less than its length
from the flexure of the prajbrachial ; alulae testaceous. Length of
the body 4-5 lines j of the wings 8-10 lines.

128. MuscA FAviLLACEA, n. s. (n. subg. Anisomyia). Fcem. Fulva,
longiuscula, capite antico palpisque testaceis, antennis cinereo-fulvis,
thorace vittis tribus cmereis, abdomine nigro basi testaceo fasciis tribus
argenteo-cinereis, alls cinereis. Var. j3. Thorace cinereo, abdomine
fulvo cinereo-tessellato segraentis nigro marginatis.

Female. Tawn)', rather long, with black bristles; head testaceous in
front, whitish and with whitish hairs beneath and hindward ; fron-
talia extremely broad, with a cinereous line, beset with six bristles
along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma prominent ; eyes
bare ; palpi testaceous ; antennte greyish tawny, reaching the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax with three
indistinct cinereous stripes ; abdomen black, elongate- oval, a little
longer and broader than the thorax, with a testaceous basal band, and
with three silvery grey bands which are testaceous beneath, ventral
segments wholly testaceous ; wings cinereous ; veins black, tawny
towai'ds the base; prsebrachial vein forming a rounded and obtuse
angle at its flexure, slightly curved inward from thence to its t\\t ;
discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by a little more than
half its length from the border, and from the flexure of the praebra-
chial ; alulae testaceous. Var. (3. Thorax cinereous ; abdomen tawny,
tessellated with cinereous, hind borders of the segments black. Length
of the body 5-6 lines ; of the wings 10-12 lines.

129. Musca obtrusa, Walk. See Vol. IIL p. 105.

130. Musca flaviceps, Macq. See Vol. L p. 23.

131. Musca selecta, n. s. (Gen. Luciha, Desv.). Fcem. Aureo-
viridis, longiuscula, capite testaceo, epistomate elevato, pal})is fulvis,
antennis pallide rufis, thorace vittis tribus cupreis, pedibus nigris, alls
nigricanti-cinereis margine postico cinereo, alulis albichs testaceo mar-
ginatis, halteribus fulvis .

Female. Bright golden green, rather long; head testaceous, cinereous
and with whitish hairs behind and beneath ; frontalia deep black, linear,
thicklv beset with bristles along each side ; epistoma prominent ; ])alpi

135 ME. "WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTEB AT MAKESSAH.

tawny ; autemise pale red, not near reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
less than thrice the length of the 2nd ; thorax with three slender
bright cupreous stripes ; abdomen wanting ; legs black ; wings black-
ish grey, grey along the hind border ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein
forming a very obtuse and much rounded angle at its flexure, slightly
curved inward between the flexure and the tip ; discal transverse vein
imdulating, parted by more than half its length from the border, and
by much less than its length from the flexure of the prfebrachial ; alulae
whitish, with testaceous borders; halteves tawny. Length of the
body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

132. MuscA SPERATA, n. s. (Gen. Lucilia, Desv.). Mas. Aureo-
viridis, capite uigro-cinereo, proboscide palpis antenuis pedibusque
nigris, thoracis disco cupi-eo, alis cinereis basi et apud costam sub-
luridis, alulis obscure cinereis.

Male. Golden green ; head cinereous black ; eyes bare ; proboscis,
palpi, and antennae black, the latter not reaching the epistoma ; disk
of the thorax bright cupreous ; abdomen shorter than the thorax ;
legs black ; wings grey, with a Imid tinge at the base and along part
of the costa ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming a rounded and
very obtuse angle at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to
Its tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly curved inward behind the
middle, pai'ted by much less than its length from the border, and by
hardly less than its length from the flexure of the prscbrachial ; alulae
dark grey. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

133. MuscA INSCRIBENS, n. s. (Gen. Chrysomyia, Desv.). Fccm.
Aureo-viridis, capite albo, palpis fulvis, antennis piceis, abdomine seg-
raentorum marginibus pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis basi nigrican-
tibus, alulis cinereo-albis.

Female. Deep bright green ; head white ; frontalia black, linear ; palpi
tawny ; antennae piceous, nearly reaching the epistoma ; abdomen
almost as long as the thorax, hind borders of the segments black ;
legs black ; wings grey, blackish at the base ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming an obtuse and rounded angle at its flexure, hardly curved
inward from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein nearly straight,
|)arted by little more than half its length from the border, and by
nuich less than its length from the flexure of the prtebrachial ; alulae
cinereous with white borders, the upper pair white. Length of the
body 4^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

134. MuscA ELECTA, u. s. (Gen. Lucilia, Desv.). Mas et Foem.
Viridis, capite albo, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis,
alulis albido-cinereis. Foem. Frontis lateribus nigris. Var. /3, Mas.
Aureo-viridis.

Male and Female. Bright green ; head white, tliat of the female black
and shining on each side of the broad dull black frontalia ; antennae
black, nearly reaching the epistoma ; abdomen a little broader and
shiHter than the thorax ; legs black; wings grey ; veins black; pne-

Mil. AVALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK. 137

brachial vein forming a very obtuse and much-rounded angle at its
flexure, almost straight from thence to the border ; discal transverse
vein slightly curved inward in the middle, parted by much less than
its length from the border, and by hardly less than its length fi-om the
flexure of the pra;brachial ; alulae whitish cinereous ; lower alulse of
the male dark cinereous. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of the wings
8 lines.
Male, Var. /3. Golden-green ; the four alulae dark cinereous.

135. MuscA FORTUNATA, u. s. (Gen. Chrysomyia, Desv.). Mas. Sub-
aurato viridis, capite albo, palpis fulvis, antennis piceis, abdomine seg-
mentorum marginibus posticis cyaneis, pedibus nigris, alis obscure
cinereis basi nigricantibus, alulis albitlis.

Male. Bright green, slightly gilded ; head white ; eyes not contiguous ;
frontalia black, narrow, linear ; palpi tawny ; antennae piceous, nearly
reaching the epistoma ; abdomen not longer than the thorax, hind
borders of the segments dark blue ; legs black ; wings dark grey,
blackish at the base ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming an obtuse
and slightly-rounded angle at its flexure, almost straight from thence
to its tip ; discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by little
more than half its length from the border, and by much more than half
its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae whitish. Length
of the body 3-3\ lines ; of the wings 6-7 lines.

136. MuscA iNTRAHENs, u. s. (Gcu. Lucilia, Desv.). Fcem. Cya-
nescenti-viridis, capite albo, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis
cinereis, alulis obscure cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Bright bluish green ; head white ; frontalia dull black ; palpi,
antennae, and legs black ; abdomen not longer than the thorax ; legs
black ; wings grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a rounded
and very obtuse angle at its flexure, straight from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein hardly bent inward, parted by more than half its
length from the border, and by about its length from the flexure of
the praebrachial ; aluht dark cinereous ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

This species very much resembles M. electa, but may be distinguished
by its narrower body and by some slight difi'erences in the veins of the
wings.

137. MuscA OPTATA, n. s. (Gen. Pyrellia, Desv.). Mas. Viridis, ca-
pite albido, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis, alulis
cinereis testaceo marginatis.

Male. Bright green ; head whitish in front ; palpi and antennaj black ;
abdomen a little broader and shorter than the thorax ; legs black ;
wings cinereous ; veins black ; pra;brachial vein forming a gentle curve
at the flexure, straight from thence to the tip ; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by much more than half its length from the border,

138 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

and by about its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; ahila;
cinereous, with testaceous borders. Length of the body 3-3^ Hues ;
of the wings 6-7 hues.

138. MuscA PROFERENS, n. s. (Gen. Pyrelha, Desv.). Mas. Nigri-
canti-viridis, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, ahs cinereis, aluhs ob-
scure cinereis, halteribus apice palhdis.

Male. Blackish-green, shining ; eyes contiguous ; palpi and antennae
black, the latter nearly reaching the epistoma ; abdomen a little broader
and shorter than the thorax ; legs black ; wings cinereous ; veins
black ; pra;brachial vein forming a gentle curve at its flexure, straight
from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by more
than half its length from the border, and hardly more than its length
from the flexure of the pra^brachial ; alulse dark cinereous ; halteres
with pale knobs. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

139. Musca refixa. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 26.

140. Musca gavisa, n. s. (n. subg. Neomyia). Fcem. Purpurea, pu-
bescens, capite nigro, facie subobliqua, palpis antennis pedibusque
nigris, abdomine lato crasso, alis fuscescenti-cinereis basi nigricanti-
bus, alulis obscurioribus. Var. /3. Viridescenti-cyanea, scutello
purpureo.

Female. Brilliant purple ; head black, shining, narrower than the tho-
rax ; frontalia dull, linear ; face slightly oblique ; palpi and antennae
black, the latter not reaching the epistoma ; thorax and abdomen with
thick black pubescence ; abdomen very thick, shorter and much broader
than the thorax ; legs black ; wings brownish grey, blackish at the
base ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a much-rounded and
very oblique curve at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to
its tip ; discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by much more
than half its length from the border, and by much less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae dark brownish grey. Var.
/3. Bright greenish blue ; scutellnm purple. Length of the body 5
lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

141. Musca domestica, Linn. See Vol. I. p. 128.

142. Musca conducsns, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, capite albo, palpis an-
tennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis duabus latis nigris, abdomine
testaceo linea dorsali nigra basi apiceque cinereo-nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Cinereous ; head white ; eyes bare ; palpi slender, subclavate ;
antennae not reaching the epistoma; thorax with two broad black
stripes ; abdomen dull testaceous, cinereous black at the base and
towards the tip, and with a black dorsal line ; wings cinereous ; veins
black ; praebrachial vein forming a rounded and very obtuse angle at
its flexure, slightly curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal trans-
verse vein curved inward, parted by full half its length from the bor-
der, and by a little more than its length from the flexure of the prae-

ME. WALKEB ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 139

brachial ; alulae cinereous. Length of the body 2i lines ; of the wings
4^ lines.

143. MuscA XANTHOMELA, n. s. Fffim. Nigra, capite albido, abdo-
mine ochraceo, alis subcinerascentibus, halteribus pallide testaceis.

Female. Black ; head whitish about the eyes, which are red and bare ;
antennae not reaching the epistoma ; abdomen ochraceous, a little
shorter than the thorax ; wings slightly greyish ; veins black, testa-
ceous towards the base ; prsebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at
the flexure, straight from thence to the border ; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more
than its length from the flexure of the pi'sebrachial ; haltcres pale tes-
taceous. Length of the body 2k hues ; of the wings 4 lines.

144. MuscA PR^DiCENS, u. s. (Gen, Graptomyza, Desv.). Fcem.
Nigra, capite albido-cinereo, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace
vittis quatuor albido-ciuereis, abdomine testaceo maculis nigris, ahs
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black ; head whitish cinereous j frontalia deep black, linear, with
bristles along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not pro-
minent ; proboscis and palpi black ; antenna; reaching the epistoma,
3rd joint about four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax with four
stripes, metathorax and pectus whitish cinereous ; abdomen testa-
ceous; four black spots on each segment excepting the 1st; legs
black ; wings cinereous ; veins black, testaceous towards the base ;
prsebrachial vein forming a curve at its flexure, which is very near the
border ; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by little more
than half its length from the border, and by more than its length from
the flexure of the prajbrachial ; alulae and halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

145. MuscA coLLECTA, n. s. Mas. Viridis, cinereo tomentosa, ca-
pite albo antice testaceo, palpis antennisque fulvis, abdomine testaceo
apice viridi linea dorsali nigra, pedibus nigris, tibiis obscure fulvis, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Green, with cinereous tomentum ; head white, testaceous and
rather prominent in front ; eyes bare, contiguous ; epistoma slightly
prominent ; proboscis black ; palpi tawny ; antennae tawny, not near
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint not more than twice the length of
the 2nd ; arista simple, more than twice the length of the 3rd joint ;
abdomen testaceous, green towards the tip, with a black dorsal line ;
legs black; tibiae dark tawny; wings grey; veins black, testaceous
towards the base ; praebrachial vein forming a very obtuse and much-
roxmded angle at its flexure, from whence it is hardly curved inward
to its tip ; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by much more
than half its length from the border, and by hardly less than its length
from the flexure of the prajbrachial ; alulae pale cinereous, with testa-
ceous borders ; haltcres testaceous. Length of the body 2| lines ; of
the vvinKs 5 lines.

140 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEKA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Subfam. Anthomtides, Walk.
Gren. Aricia, Macq.

146. Aricia significans, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 107.

147. Aricia contraria, n. s. Mas et Fam. Picea, capita argenteo,
palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis testaceis, scutello fulvo, abdomine
tiigro, alis cinereis basi et apud costam subluridis.

Male and Female. Piceous, head silvery about the eyes ; frontalia dull
black ; palpi and legs black ; autenna) testaceous, reaching the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint about four times the length of the 2nd; thorax with
four indistinct cinereous stripes ; scutelluiu tawny ; abdomen black,
shining, a little broader but not longer than the thorax ; wings grey,
rather broad, with a lurid tinge towards the base and along the costa;
veins black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein hardly
undulating, or slightly curved inward, parted by much more than its
length from the prsebrachial, and by much less than its length from
the border. Length of the body 3-4 lines ; of the wings 6-8 lines.

148. Aricia Integra, n. s. 3Ias. Testaceo-cinerea, capite albo,
palpis nigris, antennis testaceis basi nigris, thorace lineis quatuor nigris
postice obsoletis, pedibus fulvis, tarsis piceis, alis cinereis apud costam
subluridis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Testaceous-cinereous ; head white ; frontalia deep black, widen-
ing in front ; palpi black ; antennae testaceous, black at the base, nearly
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint about four times the length of the
2nd ; thorax with four black lines which are obsolete hindward ; ab-
domen nearly oval, not longer than the thorax ; legs tawny ; tarsi
piceous ; wings grey, with a slight lurid tinge towards the costa ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein curved inward towards the base, parted
by about its length from the prnebrachial transverse, and by much
less than its length from the border ; alulae and halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3i hues ; of the wings 7 lines.

149. Aricia nigricosta, n. s. Mas et Foem. Cinerea, capite ar-
genteo, palpis nigris, antennis piceis, thorace vittis quatuor nigris,
abdomine maculis quatuor nigris, pedibus fulvis, aUs cinereis apud
costam subluridis, costa nigra,

Male and Female. Cinereous ; head silvery white ; palpi black ; an-
tennae piceous, tawny at the base, reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
about four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax with four black stripes ;
abdomen nearly oval, not longer than the thorax, 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments with two black spots on each ; legs tawny ; tarsi black ; wings
cinereous, with a lurid tinge along the costa, which is black ; veins
black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein slightly bent
inward, parted by about its length from the prsebrachial transverse,
and by much less than its length from the border. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

ME. WALKER OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSATl. 141

Gen. Spilogaster Macq.

150. Spilogaster xanthoceras, n. s. Foem. Alba, capite argeu-
teo, palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis pallide testaceis basi nigris,
thoracis fascia lata scutelloque nigris, thorace vitta fasciisque duabus
nigris, alis cinereis apiid costam subluridis.

Female. Wliite; head silvery white; fi'ontalia broad, deep black ; pro-
boscis, palpi, and legs black ; antennae pale testaceous, reaching the
epistoma, black at the base, 3rd joint about four times the length of
the 2nd ; thorax with a broad black band ; scutellum black ; abdo-
men cinereous, elongate, with a slender black stripe and with two
black bands ; wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge along the costa ;
veins black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein bent inward
towards the base, parted by hardly more than its length from the prse-
brachial transverse, and by much less than its length from the border ;
alulae white. Length of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Anthomtia, Meigen.
161. Anthomyia procellaria. Walk. See Vol. III. p. 108.

Gen. LisPE, Meigen.

152. LisPE bimaculata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite atro antice au-
rato subtus albido, pectore pedibusque cinereis, abdomine vitta cinerea
maculis duabus subapicalibus albis, femoribus iutermediis basi dilatatis,
alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black; head deep black above, gilded in front, whitish on
each side beneath ; pectus and legs cinereous ; abdomen with a
slender cinereous stripe, and with a white spot on each side near the
tip ; knees pale ; middle femora dilated at the base ; wings cinereous ;
veins black, tawny at the base ; discal transverse vein parted by less
than its length from the border, and by about twice its length from
the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. C^NOSiA, Meigen.

153. CiENOSiA LUTEicoRNis, Walk, (scc Vol. III. p. 108). Fcem.
Cana, capite am'ato, frontalibus pedibusque fulvis, palpis albis, an-
tennis pallide luteis, abdomine subtestaceo apice cano maculis quatuor
nigris, alis cinerascentibus, halteribus testaceis.

This is probably the female of C luteicornis, though the wings have no
trace of an apical spot.

Female. Hoary ; head pale gilded, hoary behind and beneath ; frontalia
tawny, widening slightly in front ; palpi white ; antennae pale luteous,
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint linear, roimded at the tip, six times
the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose to full half its length ; abdo-
men dull testaceous, hoary towards the tip, where it is very bristly

142 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

above, 3rd and 4th segments with a black dorsal spot on each,
4th and 5th segments with a black spot on each side ; legs tawny ;
tarsi piceous ; wings greyish ; veins black, testaceous at the base ;
discal transverse vein parted by a little less than its length from the
border, and by much more than its length from the pra;brachial trans-
verse ; alula; pale cinereous ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

154. C.ENOSIA siGNATA, u. s. Fcem. Cinereo-fulva, capite antennis
pedibus halteribusque testaceis, thoracis vittis quatuor scutelli disco
abdominisque vitta uigris, alis ciuereis subluridis.

Female. Cinereous-tawny ; head testaceous, white about the eyes ;
antennae testaceous, not near reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint elon-
gate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose to the
tip ; thorax with four black stripes, the outer pair interrupted ; disk
of the scutellum bk.ck ; abdomen with a black stripe, which is inter-
rupted on the hind border of each segment ; legs testaceous ; wings
grey with a slight lurid tinge ; veins tawny, costal vein black, discal
transverse vein parted by little more than half its length from the bor-
der, and by about twice its length from the prajbrachial transverse ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2| lines ; of the wings 5
lines.

155. CtENOSiA RESPONDENS, n. s. F(Em. Cana, capite apud oculos
albo, palpis albidis, antennis halteribusque testaceis, thorace lineis
tribus nigris, abdomine subfusiformi e maculis nigris trivittato, pedibus
uigris, femoribus apice tibiisque fulvis, alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Female. Iloary ; head white about the eyes ; frontalia reddish ; palpi
whitish ; antennae testaceous, 3rd joint long, slender, nearly reach-
ing the epistoma ; thorax with three black lines ; abdomen nearly
fusiform, a little longer than the thorax, with three black spots on
each segment, legs black, femora towards the tips and tibise tawny ;
wings grey ; discal transverse vein parted by about twice its length
from the pra^brachial transverse, and by about its length from the
border ; alulae white ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2i
lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Helomyzides, Fallen.
Gen. Xaenijta, Wall'.

156. Xarnuta leucotelus. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 28.

Gen. CoRDTLURA, Fallen.

157. CoRDYLURA BisiGNATA, u. s. Mas. Nigra, vix nitens, an-
tennis breviusculis, arista pubescente, abdomine cylindrico maculis
duabus lateralibus albis, pedibus non spinosis, alis obscure cinereis,
alulis albis.

Male. Black, hardly shining ; head white behind, testaceous towards
the epistoma ; antenna; not near reaching the e])istoma, 3rd joint

MR WALKER, ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAH. 143

linear, rounded at the tip, full twice the length of the second ; arista
pubescent ; abdomen cylindrical, a little longer than the thorax, with
a white spot on each side in the middle ; legs unarmed, moderately
long ; wings dark grey ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by a little less than its length from the border, and by
full twice its length from the pra;brachial transverse ; alulae white.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 34 lines.

Gen. Helomtza, Fallen.

158. Helomyza observans, n. s. Mas. Fulva, antennarum arti-
culo 3" conico brevi, arista plumosa, abdomine guttis quatuor dorsa-
libus nonnuUisque ventralibus nigris, segmentis albido marginatis, alis
subcinereis.

Male. Tawny, with a few black bristles ; antennae short, 3rd joint
conical, less than twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; abdo-
men conical, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the seg-
ments whitish, fourth segment with a black dot, fifth segment with
three black dots, some black dots along each side beneath ; wings
greyish ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by full half its length from the border, and
by nearly twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse. Length
of the body 2i lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

159. Helomyza tripunctifera, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, antennarum
articulo 3° conico, arista plumosa, abdomine fasciis pallidis guttaque
apicali atra, alis cinereis antice subluridis.

Female. Tawny, with black bristles ; head whitish about the eyes ;
third joint of the antennae conical, hardly twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose to the tip ; abdomen with a pale band on the hind bor-
der of each segment, and with a black apical dot ; wings grey, with a
lurid tinge in front ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, up-
right, clouded with brown, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by more than twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

IGO. Helomyza copiosa, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite vitta testa-
cea, antennis fulvis brevissimis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace
maculis plurimis fuscis, scutello fulvo basi nigro, abdomine nigro vitta
et segmentorum marginibus posticis fulvis, tibiis fulvo cinctis, alis
cinereis nigricante maculatis.

Female. Cinereous ; head slightly ferruginous, with a dull testaceous
stripe on the front, whitish about the eyes ; epistoma not prominent ;
antennae tawuy, black towards the base, very short, not extending
beyond half the length of the face, 3rd joint conical, much longer
than the 2nd ; arista plumose ; thorax with three rows of various
brown spots ; scutellum ta^vny, black at the base ; pectus with brown
s])ots ; abdomen black, oval, not longer than the thorax, with a stri})e

144 ME. WALKER OK DIPTEE.A COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

and the hind borders of the segments tawny : legs black, short ;
tibiae tawny, black at the base and at the tips : wings grey, slightly
lurid in fi-ont, with numerous partly confluent blackish spots ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less
than its length from the border, and by about twice its length from
the prsebraehial transverse ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 2i
lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. ScioMYZA, Fallen.

161. SciOMYZA REPLENA, n. s. Fcem. Picea, capite ferrugineo lituris
albis, antennis pedibus thoracisque vittis quatuor rufescentibus, ab-
domine nigro fasciis rufescentibus, femoribus nigris, tibiis nigro bifas-
ciatis, alis nigricantibus albido trifasciatis margine postico cinereo.

Female. Piceous ; head with several black bristles, white about the
eyes, ferruginous above, with a white transverse line hindward, with a
partly black partly white mark on each side, and with an abbreviated
whitish streak in the middle ; antennae reddish, piceous towards the
tips, 3rd joint conical, less than twice the length of the 2nd ; arista
plumose ; thorax with four reddish stripes, the outer pair incomplete ;
abdomen black, with a reddish band on the fore border of each seg-
ment; legs reddish, femora black, tibiae with two black bands;
wings blackish, with three irregular abbreviated whitish bands, cine-
reous along the hind border ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and
bv nearly twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 2f lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

162. SciOMYZA? LEUCOMELANA. n. s. Fam. Picea, nitens, subtus
alba, capite piano, antennis rufis apice nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine
nigro, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis nigricantibus acutis.

Female. Piceous, shining ; head flat above, a little narrower than the
thorax ; epistoraa, sides of the peristoma, under side and disk of the
pectus white ; antennae red, reaching the epistoma, third joint elon-
gate-conical, black towards the tip ; arista plumose ; scutellum large ;
abdomen oval, black, hardly longer or broader than the thorax ; legs
short, testaceous ; wings blackish, paler along the hind border, rather
pointed at the tips ; costa very convex ; veins black, radial vein slightly
curved, cubital vein and praebrachial vein converging towards the tip ;
discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, jiarted by more than
its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the
praebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2
lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Amblada, n. g.

Fam. Corpus sat robustum. Caput transversum, thorace vix angus-
tius. Antennae capitis latitudine breviores ; articulns ,'i"* lanceolatus,

MR. WALKER OS DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 115

2" longior ; aristg^pubescens. Abdomen brevi-ovatum, tliorace multo
brevius. Perfes simplices. .4^« raediocres.
Female. Body moderately stout. Head transverse, almost as broad as
the thorax, somewhat flat above; proboscis and palpi very short.
Antennie shorter than the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint lanceolate,
longer than the 2nd ; arista pubescent. Abdomen short-oval, much
shorter than the thorax. Legs simple, moderately long. Wings of
moderate size ; veins of the usual structure.

163. Amblada atomaria, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite guttis qua-
tuor fuscis maculisque duabus atris, arista alba fihformi, thorace
lineis duabus punctisque plurimis fuscis, abdomine fulvo segmentorum
marginibus nigro punctatis, pedibus fulvis, tibiis albidis nigro bifas-
ciatis, alis lui'ido-cinereis.

Female. Cinereous ; head white about the eyes, with two brown dots
on each side of the vertex, and with a deep black spot on each side in
front ; antennae cinereous-brown ; arista white, filiform, seated on the
base of the 3rd joint, which it much exceeds in length ; thorax with
two slender brown lines and with very numerous brown points ; ab-
domen tawny, with black points on the hind borders of the segments ;
legs tawny ; tibia; dingy whitish, with two black bands on each ; wings
grey, with a lurid tinge ; veins tawny, black by the costa at the base ;
discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its leno-th
from the border, and by full twice its length from the prasbrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the
wings 5 lines.

Gen. Sepedon, Latr.

1<)4. Sepedon Javanensis, Desv. Essai Myod. 677- 2.
Inhabits also Java.

Subfam. Lauxanides, Walk.
Gen. LoNCHCEA, Fallen.

165. LoNCHCEA? puNCTiPENNis. FcEm. Nigra, nitens, capite an-
tico argenteo, antennarum articulo 3^ longe-conico, arista plumosa.
tarsis halteribusque piceis, alis cinereis basi nigris pimcto costali
nigro.

Female. Black, shining, with several stout bristles; head silvery in
front; face flat; antenna; short; third joint elongate-conical, arista
very plumose ; abdomen oval, convex, a little shorter and narrower
than the thorax; tarsi and halteres piceous ; wings grey, black at the
base, with a black costal point at the tip of the subcostal vein ; veins
yellowish, black at the base ; costal vein black ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, ])arted by less than its length from the border, and
by nearly twice its length from the i)r«brachial transverse. Length
of the body 2] lines ; of the wings 4 g lines.
LTNN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 10

146 MR. WALKER ON DTPTEKA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

166. LoNCHCEA? coNSENTANEA, n. s. FoBm. ^Nigia, nitens, arista
nuda, abdomine cyanescente-uigro, alis cinereis, halteiibus albis.

Female. Black, shining ; antennse black, nearly reaching the epistonia ;
3rd joint linear, about thrice the length of the 2nd ; arista simple ;
abdomen bluish black ; wings grey ; veins black, testaceous at the
base ; discal trausverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its
length from the border and by more than twice its length from the
praebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of the body 2 lines ;
of the wings 3^ lines.

167. LoNCHCEA ? ATRATULA, u. s. Fcem. Atra, pubescens, antennis
epistoma attingentibus, arista plumosa, abdomine subovato, alis nigri-
cantibus.

Female. Deep black, pubescent, not shining; antennre reaching the
epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about four times the
length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; abdomen somewhat oval, a little
broader but hardly longer than the thorax ; wings blackish ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its
length from the border, and by about twice its length from the prse-
brachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 3^
lines.

G-eii. Thressa, n. g.

Fffwi. Corpus breve, crassum. Caput thorace multo latius. Oculi
magni. Antenna epistoma fere attingentes ; articulus 3"^ linearis, 2°
plus duplo longior ; arista ])lumosa. Abdomen subovatum, thorace
non longius. Pedes longiusculi. Alee parvse.

Female. Body short, thick. Head much broader than the thorax ; front
wide. Eyes large. Antennae nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint
linear, rounded at the tip, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose. Thorax a little longer than broad ; scutellum rather
prominent. Abdomen nearly oval, not longer than the thorax. Legs
rather short. Wings small ; costal vein ending at the tip of the wing ;
radial vein very near the costa ; cubital vein ending at a little in front
of the tip ; transverse veins much retracted, very short.

168. Thressa signifera, n. s. Fam. Nigra, nitens, capite cj-a-
neo, antennis pedibusque fulvis, thorace strigis duabus lateralibus
albis, femoribus nigris, alis hyalinis apud costam uigris, halteribus
albis. Var. /3. Alis apud costam hyalinis macula apicali nigra.

Female. Black, shining ; head blue ; antenna; tawny ; thorax with a
white transverse streak on each side ; legs tawny ; femora black, with
tawny tips ; wings hyaline, black along the costa ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein parted by four times its length from the border, and
by six times its length from the praibrachial transverse ; halteres
white. Var. (i. Wings not black along the costa, with the exception
of a black apical spot. Length of the body IHine ; of the wings 2\
lines.

MR WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 147

Gren. OcHTHTBiriLA, Fallen.

Ifil). OcHTHiPHiLA DiscoGLAUCA, n. s. Fam. Fusca, capite tho-
racisque disco glucescentc-albidis, arista plumosa, thorace lineis dnabns
lateralibus albidis, abdomine lineis transversis vittaque albidis, tibiis
tarsisqiie rufescentibus, alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Brown ; head glaucous-whitish ; antenna; black, nearly reach-
ing the epistoma ; third joint conical, arista plumose ; thorax with a
very broad glaucous-whitish stripe, a whitish line on each side and
two on each side of the pectus ; abdomen oval, a little shorter than
the thorax, with a whitish baud on the hind border of each segment
and with a whitish stripe, the whitish hue a])pearing tawny in some
aspects ; tibia3 and tarsi reddish ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less than its lengtli
from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the prsebracliial
transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines; of the
wings 4 lines.

Gen. CELTPnus, Dalman.

170. Celyphus obtectus, Dalman. See Vol. I. p. 30.

17 1. Celyphus scutatus, IVied. See Vol. I. p. 131.

Subfam. Oetalides, Hal

Gen. Lamprogasteb, Macq.
1/2. Lamprogaster marginifera. Walk. See Vol. II. p. 111.
Gen. Pteeogenia Bigot, MSS.

Mas et Fceni. Platystomati affinis. Corpus breve, latum, crassum.
Caput thorace latins, antice planum, genis dilatatis. Antennce parvse ;
articulus 3"* longi-conicus ; arista plumosa. Thorax subconvexus ;
scutellum magnum. Abdomen thorace brevius et angustius. Pedes
brevesj validi ; tibiae arcuataj. ^te sat parvai ; alulae maximse. Mas.
Genae angulata;, valde dilatataj.

This genus is allied to Platystoma, and more especially to Trigonosoma.

Male and Female. Body short, broad, thick. Head broader than the
thorax, flat in front ; vertex broad ; sides of the face or gena; dilated ;
e[)istoma rather prominent. Eyes oblong. Antennae small, resting
in the cavity of the broad face ; 3rd joint elongate-conical, more than
twice the length of the 2nd ; aristii i)luniose. Thorax compact,
shghtly convex; scutellum large, conical. Abdomen short, conical,
shorter and narrower than the thorax. Legs short, stout ; tibiae curved,
especially the hind pair. Wings rather small ; alulae very large. Male.
Sides of the face more dilated than those of the female, and forming
an angle or short horn on each side.

1/3. Ptebogenia singulabis, Bigot, MSS. Mas et Fam. Nigra,
nitens, capite tlavescente-albo fasciis quatuor uigris, antennis pallidc

10*

148 MK. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

luteis basi nigris, abdominis segmeutis flavo marginatis, tarsis albis
apice nigris, alis subcinereis dimidio basali lutescente fasciis contiguis
fuscis, fascia strigisque exterioribus fuscis, halteribus fulvis.
Male and Female. Black, shining. Head yellowish-white, with four
black bands; 1st band on the vertex, broader than the others; 2ud
across the base of the antennae ; 3rd in front of the face ; 4th on the
epistoma ; antennae pale luteous, black at the base ; hind borders of
the abdominal segments yellow ; sides dark tawny towards the base ;
legs pubescent ; tarsi white, with black tips ; wings slightly cinereous ;
basal half somewhat luteous, with several partly confluent brown
bands, exterior part with one brown band and with several transverse
brown streaks ; veins black, pale luteous exteriorly ; discal transverse
vein slightly curved outward, parted by about one-third of its length
from the border, and by more than its length from the pra^brachial
transverse ; alulae white ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 7 lines.

Gren. Plattstoma, Latr.

174. Platystoma atomarium, n. s. Mas. Cinereum, nigro pul-
verosum, facie alba nigro biguttata, antennis pedibusque nigris, arista
plumosa, pectore albido, alis nigricantibus guttis plurimis limpidis.

Male. Cinereous ; head flat above, white about the eyes ; face white,
with a black dot on each side in front ; antennae black, nearly extend-
ing to the peristoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, more than
twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; thorax with numerous
hues of minute black points ; pectus whitish, with black points ; ab-
domen oval, powdered with black, not longer than the thorax ; legs
short, stout, black ; wings blackish, covered with limpid dots, except-
ing a narrow oblique band on the transverse veins ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than half its length
from the border, and by a little more than half its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 2\ lines ; of the wings
A\ lines.

175. Platystoma basale, n. s. Fam. Cinerea, capite lineis tribus
albidis, antennis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace vittis indistinctis
fuscis maculisque lateralibus nigris testaceo-marginatis, scutello nigro
vitta cinerea, abdominis segmentis albido-marginatis, femoribus anticis
tibiisque albido fasciatis, ahs subcinereis lituris transversis fascia ex-
teriore costam versus dilatata fasciaque subapicali nigricantibus, hal-
teribus albis.

Female. Cinereous ; head white about the eyes and beneath, and with
three whitish lines on the front ; epistoma not prominent ; proboscis
large ; antenna; black towards the base, not near reaching the epi-
stoma ; 3rd joint elongate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose ; thorax with indistinct brown stripes, and on each side

ME. WALKER ON DTPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR, 149

with black shining testaceous-bordered spots ; scutellum black, shining,
with a cinereous stripe ; abdomen cinereous-black, oval, tawny on
each side at the base, a little shorter and narrower than the thorax ;
hind borders of the segments whitish ; legs black ; tibiae and fore
femora with a whitish band on each ; wings slightly greyish, with
several irregular transverse blackish marks near the base, with a broad
exterior blackish band, which is dilated and contains a whitish streak
towards the costa, and with an irregular subapical blackish band;
veins black ; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted
by more than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of
the body 2^ lines; of the wings 4| lines.

Gen. Dacus, Fair.

176. Dacus divergens, n. s. Mas. Purpureus, longus, angustus;
fronte tumida, facie carinata fulvo maculata, palpis fulvis, antennis
piceis, arista alba subpubescente, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, ab-
domine fusiformi apicem versus cylindrico et cyaneo, pedibus piceo-
nigris, femoribus fulvis, tarsis posticis rufescentibus, alis cinereis apices
versus et apud venas transversas fuscis, halteribus albido-flavis.

Male. Bluish purple, long, slender ; head whitish about the eyes ; front
tumid, convex ; face keeled, with a large elongated tawny spot ; palpi
tawny; antennee piceous, reaching the epistoma, tawny at the base ;
3rd joint linear, conical at the tip, six times the length of the 2nd ;
arista white, minutely pubescent, very much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax slightly compressed, with three cinereous stripes ; pectus cine-
reous; abdomen fusiform, cylindrical, and mostly blue towards the
tip, very much longer than the thorax ; legs piceous black ; femora
tawny ; hind tarsi reddish except at the tips ; wings cinereous, brown
on the fore part towards the tips and about the transverse veins, the
brown part including a curved cinereous streak between the cubital
and prsebrachial veins ; veins black ; pra;brachial vein very slightly
undulating ; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by one-
fourth of its length from the border, and by much more than its length
from the oblique prsebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish yellow.
Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.
The genus Dacus includes many distinct forms, and will probably be
soon divided into numerous subgenera ; the characters of the preceding
species dififer much from those of the type, D. Olece. Some of the
following species may belong to Senopterina, Macq.

177. Dacus addens, n. s. Faun. Cyaneus, longus, angustus, capite
nigro, facie plana perobliqua, arista cinerea nuda, thorace vittis tribus
cinereis, abdomine seneo-viridi, tibiis tarsis halteribusque nigris, alis
cinereis apud costam et apud venam transversam discalem nigrican-
tibus.

150 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKEriSAE.

Female. Blue, long, narrow ; head black, depressed above, white about
the eyes ; face very oblique, forming before the front a protuberance
on which the antennae are seated, its fore part oblong quadrate, almost
flat, with whitish furrows for the antenna; ; palpi and antennae black,
the latter reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rather obtuse at the
tip, six times the length of the 2nd ; arista cinereous, bare, hardly
longer than the 3rd joint ; thorax with three indistinct cinereous
stripes ; abdomen aeneous-green, nearly linear, slightly compressed,
much longer than the thorax ; oviduct protuberant, slender ; legs
short, stout ; tibiae and tarsi black ; wings grey, blackish along the
costa and about the transverse veins ; veins and halteres black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by full one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the praebra-
chial transverse. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

17B. Dacus BiLiNEATUS, n, s. FoEm. Fulvus, longiusculus, nigro
bivittatus, capite antennisque rufescentibus, arista plumosa, palpis por-
I'cctis ; pedibus breviusculis nigro fasciatis, alis cinereis, costa vena-
que transversa discali fusco nebulosis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Tawny, rather long; head reddish in front; epistoma rather
prominent ; palpi porrect ; antennae reddish, nearly reaching the epi-
stoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about thrice the length
of the 2nd ; arista somewhat plumose ; thorax elongate-elliptical, with
two black stripes ; abdomen lanceolate, shining, with two broad black
stripes, longer than the thorax ; legs rather short, with diffuse black
bands ; wings grey, brownish along the costa and about the discal
transverse vein ; veins black, tawny at the base ; discal transverse
vein nearly straight and upright, jiarted by one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the prsebra-
chial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

179. Dacus tmitans, n. s. Fcem. Cyaneus, angustus, capite atro,
antennis pedibusque nigris, tarsis posticis basi albidis, alis cinereis,
costa vittaque nigris, halteribus piceis.

This species is closely allied to D. longivltta, and D. exigents and D. con-
trahens belong to the same group,

Female. Dark blue, narrow, with slight cinereous tomentum ; head deep
black above, white about the eyes ; peristoma very prominent ; pro-
boscis large ; antennae black, nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint
linear, conical at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista
bare, slender ; abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little longer than
the thorax ; oviduct protuberant, slender ; legs black, moderately
long ; first joint of the hind tarsi whitish above ; wings cinereous,
black along most of the costa to the tips, and black on the space be-
tween the cubital and praebrachial veins as far as the pracbrachial
transverse vein ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, j)arted I)y

ME. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 151

less than half its length from the border, and by very much more than
jts length from the praibrachial transverse ; halteres piceous. Length
of the body 34 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

180. Dacus exigens, n. s. Mas. Viridescente cyaneus, angustiis,
capitc rufescente piceo, antennis luteis, arista nuda, thorace vittis
tribus cinereis, pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis striga costali apiceque fuscis,
halteribus testaceis.

Male. Greenish blue, narrow ; head reddish, piceous above, white
about the eyes, black in front ; antenmc luteous, reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint slightly lanceolate, full four times the length of the 2ud ;
arista slender, simple ; thorax with three cinereous stripes ; abdomen
almost cylindrical, much longer than the thorax ; legs tawny ; tarsi
black towards the tips ; wings grey, brown at the tips and with a brown
streak on the middle of the costa ; veins black, tawny towards the
base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, clouded with brown,
parted by less than half its length from the border, and by much more
than its length from the prrebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 51 lines.

181. Dacus contrahens, n. s. Fam. Cyaneus, angustus, capite
supra atro apud oculos albo, antennis luteis, thorace vittis tribus cine-
reis, pedibus piceis, alis cinereis vitta costali interrupta nigricante,
vena transversa diseali nigricante nebulosa, halteribus albidis.

Female. Dark blue, narrow ; head deej) black above, white about the
eyes, piceous in front ; antennae luteous, reaching the epistoma ; 3rd
joint linear, conical at the tip, about six times the length of the 2nd;
arista slender, simple ; thorax with three cinereous stripes ; abdomen
compressed, a little longer than the thorax ; legs piceous ; wings grey,
with a blackish interrupted costal stripe, which is dilated at the tip of
the wing ; veins black ; discal transverse vein clouded with blackish,
parted by half its length from the border, and by a little more than
its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

182. Dacus inaptus, n. s. Mas et Fam. Viridis, capite atro, facie
fulva basi alba, antennis piceis, pedibus halteribusque nigris, alis an-
gustis cinereis.

Male and Female. Green, with slight cinereous tomentuni ; head deep
black, white about the eyes ; face tawny, white at the base ; antenna;
piceous, reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint lanceolate, full four times
the length of the 2nd ; arista bare, long, slender ; thorax long, slightly
compressed ; abdomen slightly comjiressed at the base, linear, nar-
rower and a little shorter than the thora.'v in the male, fusiform anil
much attenuated towards the tip in the female; legs black, moderately
long ; wings narrow, cinereous ; veins black, straight ; discal trans-
verse vein straight, upright, parted by less than half its length from
the border, and by almost twice its length from the priebrachial trans-

152 MB. WALKER O^ DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE,

verse ; halteres black. Length of the botly Sk-4i lines; of the wings
6—8 lines.

183. Dacus terminifer, n. s. Fvem. Niger, nitens, breviusculus,
capite rufescente, auteuuis fulvis, arista nuda, scutello pectorisque
maculis duabus flavis, pedibus breviusculis, tibiis anterioribus femori-
bus posticis basi tarsisque albidis, ahs vitreis, striga eostali puncto
apicali vittaque postica nigricantibus, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black, shining, rather short ; head reddish above ; antennae
tawny, reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, piceous towards the
tip, which is rounded, about six times the length of the 2nd ; arista
slender, bare ; scutellum dull yellow ; pectus with an oblique yellow
spot on each side ; abdomen hardly broader than long, a little broader
and shorter than the thorax ; legs rather short ; tarsi and anterior
tibiae whitish ; hind femora whitish towards the base ; wings vitreous,
with a short black stripe extending from the base to near the hind bor-
der ; costa v\'ith a blackish streak in the middle and with a blackish
apical point ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about
one-third of its length from the border, and by more than its length
from the prajbrachial transverse, which is oblique and unusually long ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

184. Dacus emittens, n. s. Mas et Fosm. Fulvus, facie brevi nigro
biguttata, antennis pallide luteis, arista nuda, thorace lineis quinque
rufescentibus, disco nonnunquam nigricante-cinereo, scutello callisque
humeralibus flavis, abdomine nigro-fasciato, alis vitreis fusco plus
minusve strigatis, halteribus albido-testaceis.

Male and Female. Tawny, convex, minutely pubescent; face short,
with a black dot on each side ; antennae pale luteous, reaching the
epistoma; 3rd joint linear, conical at the tip, full four times the length
of the 2nd ; arista slender, bare, much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax with five reddish lines ; scutellum and humeral calli yellow ;
metathorax with a blackish mark on each side ; abdomen short, oval,
broader than the thorax, concave beneath, from whence in the female
the lanceolate apical part jjroceeds ; a protuberance on each side at the
base, and a black middle band, behind which there is a slight longitu-
dinal black line ; wings vitreous, lurid and partly brown along the
costa, brown along the subanal vein, and brown about the tips, except-
ing most of the space between the discal transverse vein and the bor-
der ; veins tawnj', partly black, slightly deviating ; discal transverse
vein nearly straight, parted by about one-third of its length from the
border, and by more than its length from the obhque and rather long
praebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish testaceous. Var. (3. Abdo-
men with two black bands. Var. y, Male. Discal transverse vein not
clouded with brown. Var. 8, Male. Praebrachial transverse vein
clouded with brown. Var. e, Male. Disk of the thorax blackish
grey ; wings vitreous, excepting a slight brown line along the costa,

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK. 153

and another along the subanal vein. Var. C Male. Abdomen with
a black interrupted subapical baud. Length of the body 3-6 lines ; of
the wings 5-10 lines.
This species is closely allied to D. ferrur/ineus and to D. trivittatus, but
may be distinguished by the luteous hue along the costa.

185. Dacus diffusus, n. s. Fam. Testaceus, facie nigro fasciata,
palpis nigro uotatis, thoracis vittis duabus angustis abbreviatis et
metathoracis fasciis duabus angustis nigris, abdomine fusiformi, alis
subcinereis apud venas fuscescente subnebulosis.

Female. Testaceous, not shining; hefid paler about the eyes, with a
black band on the face near the epistoma ; palpi with a black mark
on each outer side ; antennae reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear,
rounded at the tip, more than four times the length of the 2nd ; arista
bare ; thorax with two narrow abbreviated black stripes ; metathorax
with two slender black bands ; abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little,
longer than the thorax ; legs moderately long ; wings slightly greyish,
irregularly clouded with very pale brown about the veins ; the latter
black, testaceous towards the base; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border, and
by much less than its length from the prsebrachial transverse, which
is undulating and very oblique. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

186. Dacus fulvitarsis, n. s. Fcem. Niger, longiusculus, capite apud
oculos albo, antennis piceis, abdomine lanceolato, femoribus basi fulvis,
metatarsis subdilatis, tarsis posterior'bus fulvis, alis cinereis nigricante
nebidosis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black, rather long and narrow ; head white about the eyes ;
face small ; antennae piceous, short ; 3rd joint nearly round, a little
longer than broad ; arista long, bare ; thorax elongate ; abdomen lan-
ceolate, longer than the thorax ; femora tawny at the base ; metatarsi
slightly dilated ; posterior tarsi tawnj-, with black tips ; wings grey,
partly clouded with blackish ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by about twice its length from the border,
and by about thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 2| lines ; of the wings A lines.

Geu. Callantra, u. g.

Fam. CorpMS convexum. Ca//Mnhoracevix angustius. Pa/^ji distincti,
porrecti. Antenna longae, petiolo aut articulo 1° communi, arista
nuda. Thorax brevis. Ahdom,en petiolatum, postice ovatum et valde
convexum, subtus concavum. Pedes mediocres. Alee sat angusta;.

Female. Body convex. Head almost as broad as the thorax ; face ver-
tical ; palpi distinct, porrect ; antennae long, seated on a common
])etiole or first joint, with which the succeeding part forms a right
angle ; 3rd joint very slightly increasing in breadth from the base to

154 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

the tip, full thrice the length of the 2ud joint, which is rather long;
arista bare, slender, a little longer than the 3rd joint. Thorax short.
Abdomen pctiolated, oval and very convex hindvvard, concave beneath,
very much longer than the thorax. Legs moderately long. Wings
rather narrow.

187. Callantra SMiEROiDES, n. s. Fceyn. Fulva, facie nigro-bigut-
tata, antennis testaceis, thoracis fascia, scutello, callis duobns hume-
ralibus, pectoris lituris duabus, abdominis fasciis duabus lituraque
siibapicali flavis, alis subcinereis apud costam fuscescentibus, halteribus
testaceis.

Female. Tawny ; bead testaceous about the eyes ; face with a black dot
on each side; antennae testaceous, extending beyond the epistoma ;
thorax with two yellow humeral calli, and with a yellow baud which is
continued on each side of the i)ectus, the latter having a yellow mark
on each side hindward ; scutellum yellow ; abdomen with the hind
borders of the 1st and 2nd segments yellow; a yellow capitate sub-
apical mark, which is dilated on each side ; wings slightly grey, brown-
ish along the costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; a lurid
tinge along the subanal vein ; discal transverse vein oblique, nearly
straight, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 4^ lines; of the wings 7h lines.

Gen. Aragara, n. g.

Foem. Corpus angustum. Caput supra planum, thorace latius ; facies
valde retracta. Antenncs brevissimae ; articulus 3"^ subrotundus ; arista
nuda. Thorax longus, subcompressus. Abdomen ovatum, thorace
brevius. Pedes antici raptorii, coxis longissimis, femoribus incrassatis.
Alee sat angustse.

Allied to Dacus.

Female. Body naiTow. Head flat above, broader than the thorax ; face
much retracted. Antennae very short ; 3rd joint nearly round, a little
longer th.in the 2nd ; arista bare, slender. Thorax long, slightly com-
pressed. Abdomen oval, shorter but hardly broader than the thorax.
Fore legs raptorious ; coxae very long ; femora incrassated ; tibiae
shorter than the femora to which they are applied. Posterior legs
moderately long and stout. Wings rather narrow.

188. Aragara crassipes, n. s. Fcem. Cinereo-nigra, capite cyaneo,
tarsis testaceis, alis cinereis, halteribus albis.

Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum ; head blue,
shining, luteous on eacli side in front ; antennae black ; thorax cine-
reous on each side; tarsi testaceous, with black tips; wings grey;
veins black ; prtebrachial vein and subanal vein very near each other
from the base to the discal transverse vein, which is straight and parted

MK. WALKER ON BIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKES3AU. 155

by four times its length from the border, and by more than four times
its length from the praebrachiiil transverse ; halteres white. Length
of the body 2i Uncs; of the wings 4 hues.

Gen. Enicopteea, Macq.

189. Enicoptera pictipennis, n. s. ilia*. Fulva, longa, nitens,
pubescens, capite luteo vitta lata, litui*a antica aixuata maculisque
duabus lateralibus nigris, palpis nigro notatis, antennisbasi nigro gut-
tatis apice nigricantibus, abdomine longi-fusiformi nigricante basi ful-
vo, alis longis luteis apud costam nigris postice einereis, vittis quatuor
deviis fuscis.
Male. Tawny, long, shining, pubescent, testaceous beneath ; head pale
luteous, with a broad black stripe, which is dilated on each side ; a
black U-shaped mark about the face, which is black ; a large black
sjiot on each side of the peristoma; jialpi partly black; antenuse
blackish at the tips, and with a black dot on each at the base ; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tijj, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose ; pectus with a mirmte blackish mark on each side in
front; abdomen blackish, except towards the base, elongate-fusiform,
much longer and narrower than the thorax; legs long, testaceous,
minutely pubescent ; wings long, luteous, cinereous along the inner
part of the hind border ; black along the exterior part of the costa
and with four iiTCgular brown stripes VA'hich are abbreviated towards
the base, the first also interrupted ; veins luteous, black in the dark
parts ; radial vein undulating ; cubital vein hardly undulating ; prre-
brachial vein curved and inclined forward towards its tip ; discal trans-
verse vein very oblique, slightly curved outwards, jjarted by less than
half its length from the border, and by more than its length from the
pra;brachial transverse. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings
16 lines.
190, Enicoptera tortuosa, n. s. Mas. Fulva, longa, nitens, pubes-
cens, facie argenteo bistrigata, thoracis vittis duabus fasciaque metatho-
race jiectorisque disco nigris, abdomine lineari vittis duabus ventralibus
nigris, alis longis vitreis subdilatatis, vitta costali fulva nigricante ne-
bulosa, apice furcata, vittis duabus obliquis flavo-fuscis.
Male. Tawny, long, shining, minutely pubescent ; head depressed
above, with a silvery streak on each side of the face ; antennas reach-
ing the epistoma ; .3rd joint linear, slightly and obliquely truncated at
the tip, full four times the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose 5
thorax with an irregular black stripe along each side, and w ith a black
baiul adjoining the scutellum ; mctathorax and disc of the pectus
black ; abdomen linear, nuich longer and narrower than the thorax,
with a black strijje beneath ; legs long, minutely pubescent ; wings
long, vitreous, somewhat dilated, tawny aud partly shaded with black-
ish along the costa ; this costal stripe dilated towards the base, and
emitting a fork towards the tip; two oblique brown and yellow stri[)es.

150 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

which part from the hind border, are united on the praebrachial trans-
verse vein, and there join the costal stripe, the exterior one very short ;
veins black ; radial vein excessively contorted towards its tip ; cubital
vein straight till near its tip, where it is inclined hindward, and is
slightly undulating ; praebrachial vein very undulating exteriorly ; sub-
anal vein straight ; discal transverse vein very oblique, nearly straight,
parted by full one-fourth of its length from the border, and by full
half its length from the praebrachial transverse, which is straight, up-
right, and unusually long. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings
16 lines,
Enicoptera flava, Macq. (Dipt. Exot. Supjil. 3, 63), the type of this
genus , inhabits Java, and is closely allied to E. tortuosa, and may be
a local variety of the latter species, but differs from the character and
figure. Macquart states that his description was taken from an ap-
parently immature specimen.

191. Enicoptera arcuosa, n. s. Mas. Fulva, longa, nitens, pubes-
cens, capite pallide luteo vitta lata biramosa fasciaque antica nigris,
thoracis lineolis duabus maculisque duabus anterioribus pectorisque
lituris duabus nigris, abdomine fusiformi, alis longis lutescentibus sat
angustis apices versus fuscis postice cinereis, vitta discali albida, fascia
exteriore alba autice furcata et arcuata.

Male. Tawny, long, shining, minutely pubescent ; head pale luteous,
with a broad black stripe which emits an oblique branch on each side
to the eye, and with a black band by the epistoma ; antennje nearly
reaching the epistoma ; 3rd jomt linear, rounded at the tip, thrice the
length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; thorax with two short black lines,
each with a black spot in front ; pectus with a black mark on each side ;
abdomen fusiform, longer but hardly narrower than the thorax ; legs
lont^, hai'dly pubescent ; wings long, rather narrow, somewhat luteous,
brown towards the tips, grey along the hiad border, with a short
whitish discal stripe which terminates in a white band, the latter ab-
breviated hindward and forked in front, the exterior fork much curved
and terminating behind the tip of the wing ; veins tawny, black towards
the tips; radial vein slightly undulating opposite the praebrachial
transverse vein ; the other veins straight ; discal transverse vein slightly
oblique, slightly curved outward, parted by fidl one-third of its length
from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the
wings 14 lines.

192. Enicoptera? plagifera, n. s. Faun. Testacea, longiuscula,
frontis puncto nigro, facie nigricante-cinerea, palpis nigro guttatis,
antennis luteis, thoracis lineis tribus strigisque duabus exterioribus,
metathorace pectorisque lituris nigris, abdomine fusiformi fasciis dua-
bus basalibus nigris ; alis vitreis longiusculis, strigis duabus basahbus
fasciis duabus plagaque subapicali fuscis.

Female. Testaceous, rather long, not shining, with a few black bristles ;

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 157

head a little narrower than the thorax, with a black point on the front ;
face blackish grey ; palpi with a black dot on each outer side ; an-
tennae pale luteous, not reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear,
rounded at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista
bare ; thorax with three black lines and with two short and more ex-
terior black streaks ; metathorax black, shining ; pectus with some
black marks on each side ; abdomen fusiform, hardly longer than the
thorax, with two black bands near the 4)ase ; legs moderately long ;
wings vitreous, rather long, with two narrow brown bands, the interior
band emitting two brown streaks to the base of the wing, the exterior
band curved, continued along the costa to the tij) of the radial vein,
the space beyond it mostly occupied by an elliptical brown patch ;
veins black, straight ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted
by more than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the oblique prtebrachial transverse. Length of the body
4^ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. Ortalis, Fallen.

The two following species belong to a new group of Ortalis, and will
probably form a distinct genus.

193. Ortalis decatomoides, n. s. Mas. Obscure rufa, thorace
brevi, abdomine nigro, fusiformi, basi rufo, pedibus fulvis, femoribus
posterioribus basi albidis, tibiis posticis nigris, alis subcinereis, macula
apicali fasciisque duabus nigricantibus.

Male. Dull red ; head rather large, a little broader than the thorax,
blackish on each side of the face ; antennae wanting ; thorax short ;
abdomen black, shining, fusiform, red at the base, a little narrower
but hardly longer than the thorax ; legs tawny ; posterior femora
whitish at the base ; hind tibiae black ; wings slightly greyish, rather
convex along the hind border, blackish at the tips, and with two
blackish bauds ; first band rather oblique ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein and cubital vein slightly curved and approximating towards the
tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, short, parted
by much more than its length from the border, and by full twice its
length from the praebrachial transverse, which is extremely short ;
Length of the body li line; of the wings 2^ lines.

194. Ortalis vacillans, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, arista pubescente, ab-
domine nigro postice lanceolato, alis limpidis, costa striga basali fas-
ciisque tribus nigricantibus.

Closely allied to D. decatomoides. Female. Tawny, shining ; head full
as broad as the thorax ; e])istoma slightly prominent ; antennae nearly
reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, conical towards the tip, about
four times the length of the 2nd ; arista pubescent ; abdomen black,
a little longer than the thorax, lanceolate hindward ; wings limpid,
blackish along the costa, with a blackish streak, and with three slen-

158 MB. AVALKEK ON DirTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK.

der blackisli bands; 1st baud short, oblique, abbreviated hindxvard
by the end of the basal streak ; 2nd curved, slightly abbreviated
hindward ; 3rd nearly straight, entire ; discal transverse vein upright,
nearly straight, parted by less than half its length from the border,
and by much more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Genw Tktpeta, Mei(/en.

\95. Trypeta basifascia. F(£m. Ferruginea, longiuscula, capite au-
tennisque luteis, arista plumosa, raetathorace nigro, pectoris disco
nigricante, abdomine nigro basi fulvo, pedibus halteribusque fulvis,
femoribus posterioribus nigricantibus, alis nigris albo notatis basi
vitreis.

Female. Ferruginous, shining, rather long ; head luteous, white about
the eyes, nairower than the thorax; face rather long; sides of the
])eristoma slightly dilated ; antennae luteous, very short, not extendiug
to half the length of the face ; 3rd joint conical, much longer than the
2nd ; arista plumose ; metathorax black ; disk of the pectus blackish ;
abdomen black, fusiform, tawny towards the base, a little longer than
the thorax ; legs and halteres tawny ; posterior femora blackish ;
wings black, mostly vitreous towards the base, with two white spots
on the costa, with two on the hind border, and with four or five trans-
verse white dots on the disk; veins black, tawny at the base; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the pra;bra-
chial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings / lines.

1.96. Trypeta nigrifascia, n. s. Mas. Fulva, capite antennisque
pallide luteis, ai'ista plumosa, thoracis lineis duabus et fascia metatho-
raceque nigris, abdomine elliptico, alis vitreis latiusculis, vitta costali
fulva vittaque postica fusca.

Male. Tawny, shining ; head pale luteous, whitish on the face and
about the eyes ; antenna; pale luteous, not near reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint elongate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ; arista
plumose ; thorax with au irregular black line on each side, and with a
black band in front of the scutellum ; metathorax black ; abdomen
elliptical, much shorter and a little narrower than the thorax ; wings
vitreous, rather broad, with a broad tawny stripe, which occupies the
whole base and extends beyond the tip along the costa, where it con-
tains some grey marks ; a brown stripe near the hind border, abruptly
angular exteriorly ; veins tawny ; discal transverse nearly straight and
upright, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by
more than its length from the pra;brachial transverse. Length of the
body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

197. Trypeta lativentris, n. s. Mas. Fusca, lata, depressa, ca-
pite, antennis, scutrllo abdomineoue rufeseentibus, arista subimbes-

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 159

cente, abdomiue vitta interrupta nigra, pedibus testaceis, femoribus
nigricantibus jjostice cinereis, lituris costalibus et marginalibus vitreis.
Male. Brown, ratber broad and flat ; bead reddisb, a Uttle narrower
than the thorax, testaceous on the face and about the eyes ; face quite
flat; antennae reddish, not near reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint
linear, rounded at the tip, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista minutely pubescent ; thorax with black bristles on each side ;
scutellum and abdomen dark reddish, the latter broader aud not longer
than the thorax, with a black stripe which is interrupted on the hind
border of each segment ; legs testaceous ; femora blackish, testaceous
towards the tips ; wings blackish, rather broad, cinereous along the
basal part of the hind border, with two small vitreous marks towards
the tip of the costa, and with three vitreous marks hindward, the
middle one much larger than the other two; veins black ; discal trans-
verse vein nearly straight and uju'ight, parted by a little less than half
its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the
praebrachial transverse ; alula3 and halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 85 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

198. Trypeta STELLiPENNis, u. s. Mas et Foem. Ferruginea, capite
antennisque pallide luteis, arista plumosa, metathorace nigricante,
abdomiue fusiformi, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis nigricantibus
latiusculis, guttis marginalibus punctisque discalibus albis.

Male and Female. Ferruginous, paler beneath ; head pale luteous, not
so broad as the thorax ; epistoma not prominent ; antennae pale luteous,
not near reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip,
full twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; metathorax blackish ;
abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little longer than the thorax ; ovi-
duct of the female cylindric-lanceolate ; legs and halteres testaceous ;
wings blackish, rather broad, white at the tips, with white marginal
dots and with white discal ])oints ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
upright, nearly straight, parted by a little more than one-fourth of its
length from the bordei', and by about its length from the praebrachial
transverse, which is rather long. Length of the body 2J-3-J- lines ; of
the wings 5-6 lines.

lf)9. Trypeta amplifennis, n. s. Foem. Cinerea, capite antennis
pedibus halteribusque fnlvis, arista nuda, abdomine nigro fusiformi
basi fulvo apicem versus lanceolate, alis nigris latissimis albo guttatis.

Female. Cinereous, dull ; head tawnj', whitish about the eyes ; face
flat ; antennae tawny, very short, not extending beyond half the length
of the face; 3rd joint conical, a little longer than the 2nd; arista
bare ; abdomen fusiform, black, shining, tav\ ny towards the base, lan-
ceolate towards the tip, a little narrower and much longer than the
thorax ; legs and halteres tawny ; wings black, very broad, with a
white apical spot, with some white marginal and discal dots, and with
two larger white transverse costal marks ; veins black, tawny at the

IGO MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about half its
length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
6 lines.

200. Trypeta APPROXIMANS, n. s. Foem. Nigra, nitens, capite ru-
feseente, facie cinerea, abdomine elliptico apicem versus lanceolato,
pedibus fulvis, femoribus nigris, alis nigricantibus albo maculatis.

Female. Black, shining ; head reddish ; face cinereous ; abdomen ellip-
tical, lanceolate towards the tip, much longer than the thorax ; legs
tawny ; femora black ; wings blackish, with two white triangular spots
on the costa, with three white dots on the disk, with three white
streaks on the hind border, and with two white subapical streaks;
veins black ; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted
by much less than its length from the border, and by a little less
than its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body
H line ; of the wings 2i lines.

Gen. SoPHiRA, Walk.

201. SoPHiRA BisTRiGA, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, capite luteo, arista plu-
mosa, thorace pectoreque nigro maculatis, metathorace vittis duabus
nigris, abdomine fusiformi maculis lateralibus nigris, oviductu lanceo-
lato, alis nigricantibus albo bifasciatis basi fulvis.

Female. Tawny, shining ; head luteous, hardly as broad as the thorax,
white about the eyes ; antennae tawny, not near reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint elongate-conical, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose ; thorax with four large black spots ; metathorax with
two black stripes ; pectus with two elongated black spots on each
side ; abdomen fusiform, with a long lanceolate flat oviduct, much
longer than the thorax ; each segment with two large lateral black
spots ; wings blackish, tawny towards the base, with two white bands,
the exterior band curved outward in front, and not extending to the
costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein
curved outward, parted by full one-fourth of its length from the border,
and by very much more than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse. Length of the body A\ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Palloptera, Fallen.

202. Palloptera detracta, n. s. Mas. Testacea, capite apud oculos
cinereo, arista subpubescente, abdomine guttis duabus lateralibus sub-
apicalibus nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Testaceous; head pale cinereous behind and about the eyes;
antennae short, tawny ; arista very minutely pubescent ; abdomen oval,
not longer than the thorax, with a black dot on each side of the sub-
apical segment; wings grey; veins black, testaceous at the base;

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 161

discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by hardly half its length
from the prsebrachial transverse. Length of the body 2i lines; of the
wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Diopsides, Walk.
Gen. Diopsis, Linn.

203. Diopsis subnotata, Westw. Orient. Ent. pi. 18. f. 2.
Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

204. Diopsis detrahens, n. s. Fam. Nigra, capite ex parte ferru-
gineo, oculorum petiolis breviusculis, abdomiue subtus lurido, coxis
femoribusque fulvis, his apice nigris, alis nigricantibus macula sub-
costal! alba.

Female. Black ; head partly ferruginous ; petioles of the eyes each
equal in length to the space between them ; abdomen lurid beneath ;
coxa; and femora tawny, the latter with black tips ; wings blackish,
with a white subcostal spot towards the tip ; veins black ; halteres
piceous. Length of the body 2\ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. Sepsides, Wall-.
Gen. Calobata, Fabr.

205. Calobata resoluta, n. s. Mas. Nigra, abdomine lineari longo,
segraentis albido marginatis, pedibus longissimis, femoribus posteri-
oribus testaceo trifasciatis, femoribus anticis basi coxisque anticis tes-
taceis, tarsis anticis albis, alis cinereis apices versus obscurioribus fascia
subapicali albida.

Male. Black, slightly shining ; pectus with an oblique cinereous band
on each side ; abdomen linear, pale beneath, much narrower than the
thorax, and nearly twice its length, hind borders of the segments
whitish ; legs black, very long ; posterior femora with three testaceous
bands ; fore femora at the base, and fore coxae, testaceous ; fore tarsi
white ; wings dark grey, blackish grey on each side of a whitish sub-
apical band ; veins black : discal transverse vein straight, upright,
parted by about half its length from the border, and by more than
four times its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres piceous.
Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

206. Calobata impingens, n. s. Mas et Foeni. Obscure cyanea,
antennis rufis, abdomine subtus ferrugineo segmentis albo marginatis,
pedibus fulvis, femoribus tibiisque anticis nigris, illis basi fulvis, femori-
bus posterioribus nigro trifasciatis, tibiis tarsisque posterioribus ob-
scure fulvis, tarsis anticis albis basi nigris, alis cinereis fusco bifas-
ciatis.

Male and Female. Dark blue ; head white about the eyes ; antennae
red ; abdomen lanceolate, ferruginous beneath, narrower and very

LINN. PROC. — zoology. 11

1G2 MR. WALKKR OX DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

much longer than the thorax, hind horders of the segments white ;
legs tawny, very long ; posterior coxae and fore tibiae black ; posterior
femora with tlu-ee black bands; fore femora black, tawny towards
the base ; posterior tibia; and posterior tarsi dark tawny ; fore tarsi
white, black at the base ; wings grey, with two brown bands, the second
apical ; veins black ; cubital vein and praebrachial vein converging to
the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
much less than its length from the border, and by more than thrice
its length from the pi-aebrachial transverse. Var. ^ : Bands of the
wings broader and more complete. Length of the body 4-5 lines ; of
the wings 7-^ lines.
This species is erroneously recorded as C. indica in Vol. III. p. 124.

207. Calobata BiFASCiATA, n. s. FcEm. Nigra, longissima, gracil-
lima, capite litura transversa albida, arista breviuscula basi robusta,
abdominis dimidio antico subclavato fasciis duabus cinereis, dimidio
postico lanceolato, femoribus posticis basi albidis apice rufescentibuSj
tarsis anticis albis apice nigris, alis cinereis nigricante bifasciatis.

Female. Black, very long and slender ; head with a whitish transverse
mark in front of the face, which is very short ; 3rd joint of the an-
tennae elongate-conical, more than twice the length of the 2nd ; arista
rather short, stout towards the base ; thorax attenuated in front ; ab-
domen more than twice the length of the thorax, broadest in the mid-
dle, subclavate to half its length, lanceolate from thence to the tip,
two cinereous bands on the basal half; legs long; hind femora whitish
at the base, reddish at the tips ; fore tarsi white, with black tips ;
wings grey, slightly blackish at the tips, and with two blackish bands,
the second broader and more complete than the first; veins black ; cubi-
tal vein and praebrachial vein slightly converging towards the tip of the
wing ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its
length from the border, and by more than thrice its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
8 lines.

Gen. Cardiacephala, Macq.

208. Cardiacephala varipes, n. s. Mas. Testaeea, gracillima, ca-
pite subelongato, antennis pallide rufis basi nigris, thorace antico
attenuato, abdomine linear! apicem versus tumido, femoribus inter-
meihis subincrassatis, tibiis intermediis nigris, tarsis intermediis albis
apice nigris, alis pallide fuscescentibus, basi fasciaque cinerascentibiis.

Male. Testaceous, very slender ; head somewhat elongated ; antennje
pale red, black at the base ; thorax long, attenuated in front ; abdo-
men linear, tumid towards the tip, narrower and much longer than the
thorax ; legs very long ; fore legs much shorter and more slender than
the others ; middle femora slightly incrassated, except towards the
tips ; middle tibiae black ; middle tarsi white, with black tips ; wings

MR. walk:ee on diptera collected at makessak. 163

pale brownish, greyish towards the base and with a greyish baud
beyond the discal transverse vein ; veins black, testaceous towards the
base ; cubital vein and prsebrachial vein slightly converging towards
the tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
less than its length from the border, and by about thrice its length
from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

Gren. Sepsis, Fallen.

209. Sepsis testacea, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Testacea aut fulva, an-
tennispallide rufis, abdomine subpubescente, alis cinerascentibus, costa
basali nigra. Var. /3. Abdomine piceo basi fulvo.

Male and Female. Testaceous or tawny, slightly setose ; antennae pale
red, 3rd joint conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ; abdomen
shghtly pubescent ; wings greyish, black along the costa towards the
base ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
a little more than its length from the border, and by more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse. Var. ^ : Abdomen piceous,
tawny towards the base. Length of the body 2-3 lines ; of the wings
3-4 lines.

210. Sepsis frontalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, capite antico, antennis,
pedibus anticis femoribusque posterioribus basi testaceis, alis vitreis.
Frem. Fulva, abdomine nigro.

Male. Black, shining ; head in front and antennae testaceous ; fore legs
testaceous ; posterior femora testaceous towards the base ; wings vitre-
ous ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by
twice its length from the bordex*, and from the praebrachial transverse.
Female. Tawny ; abdomen black. Length of the body 1 line ; of
the wings 2 lines.

211. Sepsis FASciPES, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, subuitens, antennis pallida
rufis, abdomine fusiformi postice attenuato, pedibus albis, tibiis inter-
mediis femoribusque nigris, tibiis posticis basi apiceque nigris, alis
cinereis macula apicali nigra.

Female. Black, slightly shining; antennae pale red, very short, 3rd
joint conical; abdomen fusiform, lanceolate and much attenuated
towards the tip, much longer than the thorax ; legs white ; femora
and middle tibiae black ; hind tibiae black at the base and at the tips ;
wings grey, with a black spot at the tip of the costa ; veins black ;
discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by its length from the
border, and by full twice its length from the praebrachial transverse.
Length of the body f line ; of the wings 3 lines.

212. Sepsis revocans, n. s. Fosm. Cupreo-nigra, antennis nigris,
pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis subcinerascentibus basi nigri-
cantibus.

Female. Cupreous-black, shining ; antennae black, very short ; legs

11*

164 MR. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

testaceous ; wings slightly greyish, blackish at the base of the costa ;
veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more
than twice its length from the border, and by less than twice its length
from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 1 1 hne ; of the wings 2 lines.

Subfam. Psilides, Walk.

Gren. MiCBOPEZA, Macq.

213. Micropeza fragilis, WalTc. See Vol. I. p. 37.

Gen. CffiNUKGiA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus gracile. Caput elongatnm, antice couicum. Antennm
porrectae ; articulus 3"' lanceolatus ; arista apicalis, sat robusta. Tho-
rax linearis. Abdomen fusiforme, thorace vix angustius, non longius.
Pedes longi ; femora lata, compressa ; tarsi antici articulo 1° dilatato
fusiformi. AIce breviusculae, sat angustse.

AUied to Nerius. Male. Body slender. Head elongate, conical in
front, as broad as the thorax. Antennae porrect ; 1st and 2nd joints
short ; 3rd lanceolate ; arista rather stout, apical, larger than all the
preceding joints. Thorax linear, Abdomen fusiform, hardly narrower
and not longer than the thorax. Legs long, femora broad, compressed ;
fore tarsi with the first joint dilated, fusiform. Wings rather short
and narrow.

214. CcENURGiA REMiPES, n. s. Mas. Fulva, eapite guttis tribus
nigris, antennis basi nigris, arista alba, thorace maculis duabus nigris,
pedibus nigris, coxis femoribusque luteis apice nigris, alis flavo-cinereis,
halteribus apice nigris.

Male. Tawny ; head with a black spot on the vertex, and with two
black dots on each side, one in front, the other behind ; antennae
black towards the base ; arista white ; thorax with a black spot on
each side in front ; legs black ; coxae and femora luteous, with black
tips ; wings grey, tinged with yellow ; veins black ; cubital vein and
praebrachial vein converging towards the tip of the wing; discal trans-
verse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by more than twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres with black knobs. Length of the body 3^ lines ;
of the wings 5| lines.

Gen. Nebius, Wied.

215. Nerius fuscipennis, Macq. See Vol. I. p. 38.

Gen. Sebaca, n. g.

Fosm. Corpus longiusculum. Caput transversum, thorace vix angustius.
Antennae breves, articulo 3° conico, arista plumosa. Thorax ellip-

MB. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 165

ticus. Abdomen ellipticum. Pedes raediocres. Ala longiusculae,
latiusculae.
Female. Body rather long. Head transverse, nearly as broad as the
thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Antennae short, not near reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint conical, much longer than the 2nd ; arista
plumose. Thorax and abdomen elliptical, about equal in length.
Legs moderately long and slender. Wings rather long and broad.

216. Seraca signifera, n. s. F(em. Fulva, thorace vittis quatuor
metathorace vittis duabus abdomine maculis lateralibus nigris, alis
obscm-e fuscis albo quinquesignatis apud costam nigricantibus basi
flavis.

Female. Tawny, shining ; head testaceous about the eyes ; thorax with
four black stripes, the outer pair incomplete ; metathorax with two
black stripes ; abdomen with a row of black spots along each side ;
wings dark brown, blackish along the costa, yellow at the base, with
five lanceolate white marks, two of these resting on the costa, the third
between them near the hind border, the fourth exterior, discal, slender,
oblique, the fifth on the hind border near the tip ; veins black, tawny
at the base ; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by about
one-fourth of its length from the border, and by much more than its
length from the prsebrachial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

217. Seraca signata, n. s. Fcem. Testacea, longiuscala, epistomate
guttis duabus nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine postice attenuato ma*-
culis duabus lateralibus subapicalibus, ahs cinerascentibus, costa ex-
terior e nigricante.

Female. Testaceous, shining, rather long ; head nearly as broad as the
thorax, with a black dot on each side of the epistoma ; antennae short,
.3rd joint elongate-conical, arista plumose; thorax elliptical; abdo-
men attenuated hindward, longer than the thorax, with a black spot
on each side of the 5th segment; wings greyish, blackish along the
apical half of the costa ; veins testaceous, black towards the tips ;
discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by about
one-fourth of its length from the border, and by hardly more than its
length from the prsebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3^ lines ;
of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. PsiLA, Meigen.

218. PsiLA BiPUNCTiFERA, u. s. Fcpm. Testacca, facie nigro bipunc-
tata, antennarum articulo 3° longiconico, arista pubescente, abdomine
guttis duabus apicalibus nigris, alis pallide cinereis flavo suff"usis.

Female. Testaceous ; head somewhat pilose beneath, with a black point
on each side of the face ; 3rd joint of the antennae elongate-conical,
about twice the length of the 2nd ; arista pubescent ; thorax elongate,
somewhat flat above; abdomen fusiform, a little longer than the thorax ;

166 ME. WALKEK ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKE3SAK.

5th segment with a black dot on each side ; wings pale cinereous,
tinged with yellow ; veins yellow ; discal transverse vein straight,
oblique, parted by hardly more than one-fourth of its length from the
border, and by more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

219. PsiLA MUNDA, n. s. Mas et Fam. Nigra, nitens, facie testacea
nigro notata, antennis testaceis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace
subcinerascente, scutello obscure testaceo, pedibus testaceis, alis cine-
reis apud costam nigricantibus, halteribus albidis.

Male and Female. Black, shining ; head testaceous, blackish above ;
disk of the face black, shining : antennae short, testaceous, black at
the base ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about twice the length
of the 2nd ; arista plumose : thorax linear, with slight cinereous
tomentum ; scutellum dull testaceous ; abdomen fusiform, a little
longer than the thorax ; legs testaceous ; wings grey, blackish along
the costa towards the tips ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by about half its length from the border, and by
nearly thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
whitish. Length of the body 2^-3 lines ; of the wings 4-5 lines.

Gen. Texa-BA, Walk.

220. Texara dioctrioides, n. s. Mas et Foem. Nigra, longa, gra-
cilis, capite nigro-cyaneo, thorace vittis quatuor cinereis, segmen-
torum abdominalium lateribus albo marginatis, pedibus fulvo fasciatis,
alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Black, long, slender ; head bluish-black, white about
the eyes in front ; antennae of the male piceous, of the female tawny,
3rd joint round, arista minutely pubescent; thorax with four cine-
reous stripes ; abdomen about twice the length of the thorax, cylin-
drical towards the base, subclavate in the male and elongate-fusiform
in the female hindward : hind borders of the segments white on each
side ; fore femora, hind tibiae and hind tarsi tawny at the base ; mid-
dle legs and hind femora tawny, the latter with a broad black band ;
fore tibiae white, black at the base ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from
the border, and by almost four times its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4-4i lines ; of
the wings 6-7 lines.

Gen. GoBBTA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus gracillimum. Caput thorace multo latius; frons sat an-
gusta; facies plana. Oculi magni. Antennce hrexisshme ; articulus
3"* conicus ; arista pubescens. Thorax sat parvus. Abdomen cylin-
dricum, gracillimum, apice clavatum, thorace duplo longius. Pedes
graciles ; anteriores breves ; postici longiuscuh. Alee perangustae.

MB. WALKEB, ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT AIAKESSAE. 167

Male. Body very slender. Head much broader than the thorax ; front
rather narrow ; face vertical, flat ; eyes large, prominent. Antennae
very short ; 3rd joint conical, longer than the 2nd ; arista pubescent.
Thorax rather small. Abdomen clavate, about twice the length of the
thorax, cylindrical and very slender till near its tip. Legs slender ;
anterior legs short ; hind legs rather long. Wings very narrow ; dis-
cal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than its length
from the border, and by more than four times its length from the
prsebrachial transverse.

221. GoBRYA BACCHOiDES, n. s. Mus. Cyanea, nitens, antennis pe-
dibusque pallide flavis, abdomine nigro fasciis duabus flavis, femoribus
posterioribus tibiisque posticis nigris, tarsis posticis basi nigris, alis
vix cinerascentibus, halteribus flavis apice nigris.

Male. Blue, shining ; proboscis, antennae, and legs pale yellow ; abdo-
men black, with two pale yellow bands, the hind one very slender ;
posterior femora and hind tibiaj black, the former pale yellow at both
ends ; middle tibiae and tarsi wanting ; hind tarsi black towards the
base ; wings hardly greyish, apical third part brown ; veins black ;
halteres pale yellow, with black knobs. Length of the body 2| lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

Subfarn. Oscinides, Holiday.
Gen. OsciNis, Fabr.

222. OsciNis FEMORATA, u. s. Mas. Atra, nitens, capite nigro-cya-
neo, femoribus anterioribus basi, tibiis anterioribus apice, tarsis hal-
teribusque flavis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis cinerascentibus.

Male. Deep black, shining ; head bluish-black ; abdomen conical, shorter
than the thorax ; legs black ; anterior femora at the base, anterior
tibias at the tips, and tarsi yellow ; hind femora incrassated ; wings
greyish ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted
by more than its length from the border, and by much more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres yellow. Length of
the body li line ; of the wings 2 lines.

Gen. PiOPiiiLA, Fallen.

223. PioPHiLA coNTECTA, H. s. F(£m. Nigra, nitens, oviductu lan-
ceolato, pedibus halteribusque fiilvis, pedibus anticis nigris, femoribus
basi fulvis, alis einereis.

Female, Black, shining ; oviduct prominent, lanceolate ; legs and hal-
teres tawny ; fore legs black ; coxa;, femora at the base and knees
tawny ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more
than its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body
2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

168 Mil. WALKER ON BIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

Gen. Opomtza, Fallen.

224. Opomyza nigrifinis, n. s. Fam. Cinerea, capite antennisqiie
pallida rutis, arista plumosa, thorace bilineato, pectore halteribusque
albis, abdoniine fulvo lanceolate apicem versus nigro, pedibus fulvis,
alis uigris albo guttatis.

Female. Cinereous ; head pale red, white beneath ; antennEe pale red,
very short, 3rd joint nearly round, arista plumose ; thorax with two
indistinct darker lines ; pectus and halteres white ; abdomen lanceo-
late, tawny, shining, black towai'ds the tip; legs tawny ; wings black,
rather narrow, with about ten white dots, of which two are larger than
the others, and form a broken and almost interrupted band near the
base ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
about half its length from the border ; no prffibrachial transverse vein.
Length of the body li-li lines ; of the wings 2^-3 lines.

Gen. Drosophila, Fallen.

225. Drosophila solennis, n. s. Mas. Testacea, facie carinata,
thorace vittis quatuor fulvis, abdomine fasciis abbreviatis nigricantibus,
alis cinereis.

Male. Testaceous ; face keeled ; antennae wanting ; thorax with four
tawny stripes ; abdomen elliptical, a little longer than the thorax,
with blackish abbreviated bands ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by hardly less than its length
from the border, and by about thrice its length from the prsebrachial
transverse. Length of the body 1^ line; of the wings 3 lines.

226. Drosophila rudis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, facie albida, abdomine
nigro nitente basi fulvo, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis cinereis
apud costam obscurioribus maculis quatuor nigricantibus.

Male. Tawny, testaceous beneath ; face whitish ; antennae wanting ;
abdomen elongate-oval, black, shining, tawny at the base, not longer
than the thorax ; legs and halteres testaceous ; wings grey, darker
along the costa, with four blackish spots, first spot subcostal, larger
than the second which is discal, third apical, band between the second
and third spots irregular, attenuated hindward ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by nearly its length from the
border, and by nearly twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3 j lines.

227. Drosophila illata, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, segmentorum abdomi-
nalium marginibus pedibusqne testaceis, alis cinereis.

Female. Tawny ; antennae very short, 3rd joint conical, arista thinly
plumose ; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of
the segments and legs testaceous ; wings grey ; veins black, tawny at
the base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about its
length from the border, and by nearly four times its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body I3 line; of the wings 2\
lines.

MB. WALKER ON DTPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK. 169

228. Drosophila LURiDA, n. s. Mas. Atra, capite piceo, arista plu-
mosa, abdomine lurido subpubescente, pedibus obscure fulvis, alis
lurido-ciaereis, punctis marginalibus nigris, vena transversa prajbra-
chiali nigro nebulosa.

Male. Deep black ; head piceous ; antennae short, 3rd joint elongate-
conical, arista thinly plumose ; pectus piceous ; abdomen oval, luriil
red, minutely pubescent, not longer than the thorax ; legs dull tawny ;
wings lurid grey, blackish at the base, with black points at the tips of
the longitudinal veins ; veins yellowish ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, with a black point at each end, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by about twice its length from the praebrachial
transverse, which is clouded with black. Length of the body 2 lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

229. Drosophila lateralis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, subtus testacea,
abdomine maculis lateralibus nigris, pedibus halteribusque testaceis,
alis cinereis.

Male. Tawny, testaceous beneath ; antennae short, 3rd joint conical,
arista plmnose ; abdomen not longer than the thorax, with black spots
along each side ; legs and halteres testaceous ; wings grey ; veins
black. Length of the body 1 ^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

Greu. DiscoMYZA, Meigen.

230. DiscoMYZA OBSCURATA, u. s. F(£m. Cinereo-nigra, capite ab-
domineque nigris nitentibus, antennis obscure rufis, arista plumosa,
pectoris lateribus albido conspersis, alis cinei-eis fascia inforrai macu-
laque apicali nigricantibus, halteribus albis.

Female. Cmereous black ; head black, shining ; antennae short, dark
red, 3rd joint conical, longer than the 2nd, arista thinly plu-
mose ; sides of the pectus with minute whitish speckles ; abdomen
elliptical, flat, black, shining, longer than the thorax ; legs black ;
wings grey, with an irregular blackish band which does not extend to
the hind border, and with a blackish apical spot ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by much less than its leno-th
from the border, and by very much more than its length from the
praebrachial transverse, which is clouded with black; halteres white.
Length of the body 2 lines j of the wings 3 lines.

Gen. NoMBA, n. g.

Mas et Fcem. Corpus latum, crassum. Frons lata. Antennce brevis-
simae ; articulus 3"^ subrotundus ; arista subpubescens. Thorax sub-
pubescens, quasi coriaceus ; scutellum parvum ; metathorax maximus,
abdomen alasque incumbentes obtegens. Pedes breves, robusti ; fe-
mora subincrassata ; tibiae arcuatae. ^?ffi parvae.

Male and Female. Body broad, thick, compact. Head almost as broisd
as the thorax ; front broad, narrower than the epistoma ; face vertical.

170 MR. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Anteunae very short ; third joint nearly round ; arista very minutely
pubescent. Thorax solid, apparently hornj', very minutely pubes-
cent ; scutellum small ; metathorax elliptical, enormously developed,
covering the whole abdomen, sheltering the wings when in repose.
Legs short, stout ; femora slightly incrassated ; tibiae curved. Wings
concealed beneath the metathorax.

231. NoMBA TECTA, n. s. Mtts et Foem. Nigra, obscura, antennis
pieeis, tarsis flavis apice nigris, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, dull ; antennae piceous ; tarsi yellow, with
black tips ; wings grey ; veins black. Length of the body H-lf line ;
of the wings 2^-3 lines.

Subfam. Htdromtzides, Haliday.
Gen. NoTiPHiLA, Fallen.

232. NoTiPHiLA LINEOSA, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fusca, obscura, ca-
pite apud oculos linea frontali et epistomate albidis, arista plumosa,
thorace lineis sex albidis, abdomine nigro segmentorum marginibus
fulvis, pedibus nigris, tibiis anticis genubus tarsis halteribusque fulvis,
alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Brown, dull ; head whitish about the eyes, and with
a whitish line on the front ; epistoma whitish ; antennae not near
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint elongate, arista thinly plumose ;
thorax with six whitish lines, the lateral pair incomplete ; abdomen
black, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the segments tawny ;
legs black, tarsi, knees, posterior tibiae at the tips, and fore tibiae tawny ;
winjjs grey; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright,
parted by more than its length from the border, and by full thrice its
length from the prjebrachial transverse ; halteres tawny. Length of
the body l|-2 lines ; of the wings 3J-4 lines.

The two following species belong to the group of which A''. Cinerea is the
type.

233. NoTiPHiLA QUADRiFASCiA, u. s. Fosm. Fusca, subtus cinerea,
capite autico amplo, facie convexa, antennis nigris, arista plumosa,
metathorace abdominisque maculis duabus basalibus fasciisque quatuor
albidis, genubus tai'sisque rufescentibus, alis cinereis puncto costali
nigro, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Brown, cinereous beneath ; head large and somewhat tumid
in front and beneath ; face cinereous, convex ; antennae black, very
small, 3rd joint conical, arista plumose ; metathorax whitish ; abdo-
men with a whitish spot on each side at the base, and with four
whitish bauds, of which the 3rd and 4th are interrupted ; legs cinereous
black, knees and tarsi reddish ; wings grey, with a black costal point
at the tip of the subcostal vein ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
oblique, nearly straight, parted by less than half its length from the

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 171

bonier, and by nearly thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4
lines.

234. NoTiPHiLA FLAViLiNEA, n. s. Mcis et Fcem. Piceo-nigra, ca-
pita apud oculos testaceo, antennis rufescentibus, arista plumosa, ab-
dominis segmentis flavo marginatis, alis cinereis apud costani sub-
luridis, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Piceous brown ; head rather paler, testaceous about
the eyes ; antennae reddish, very short, 3rd joint conical, arista plu-
mose ; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax ; hind borders of
the segments yellow ; wings gi'ey, with a slight lurid tinge along the
costa ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
less than its length from the border, and by a little more than twice
its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Ephydra. Fallen.

236. Ephydra BORBOROiDES, n. s. Foem. Nigra, lata, crassa, pubes-
cens, subsetosa, antennis piceis, arista pubescente , tibiis tarsisque flavo
fasciatis, alis nigricantibus latiusculis cinerascente sexguttatis.

Female. Black, broad, thick, somewhat pubescent and with a few
bristles ; antennae piceous, short, 3rd joint round, arista pubescent ;
abdomen broader than the thorax ; legs rather setose, tibiae and tarsi
with yellow bands ; wings blackish, rather broad, with about six grey-
ish dots on each ; veins black ; posterior longitudinal veins abbre-
viated ; discal transverse vein parted by more than twice its length
from the border, and by less than its length from the praebrachial
transverse. Length of the body U line; of the wings 3 lines.

236. Ephydra maculicornis, n. s. Mas. Cinereo-nigra, capite an-
tennisque rufis, his puncto nigro, arista nuda, abdomine nigro uitente,
tarsis testaceis, alis cinereis apud costam pubescentibus.

Male. Cinereous black ; head red in front and about the eyes ; antennae
red, 3rd joint round with a black point above ; arista short, simple ;
abdomen oval, black, shining, not longer than the thorax ; tarsi tes-
taceous; wings grey, minutely pubescent along the border; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by more than
twice its length from the border and from the praebrachial transverse ;
halteres piceous. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. OcHTHEEA, Latr.

237. OcHTHERA INNOTATA, n. s. Fcem. Cinereo-nigra, capite antico
flavescenti-albo, pectore pedibusque cinereis, abdomine cyanescenti-
nigro, alis cinereis, halteribus albidis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head yellowish white in front, silvery white
hindv^ ard ; pectus and legs cinereous ; abdomen bluish black ; wings

172 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL

grey ; veins black ; pobracliial vein forming an obtuse angle at its
junction with the discal transverse vein, the latter very oblique, parted
by little more than half its length from the border, and by nearly thrice
its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish. Length
of the body 2i lines ; of the wings 4^ hues.

Fam. PHOillDiE, Haliday.
G-en. Phoba, Latr.

238. Phora bifasciata, n. s. Fcem. Atra, subtus flavescenti-alba,
antennis fulvis, abdomine lanceolato, fasciis duabus apice pedibus
halteribusque flavesceuti-albis, pedibus postieis nigris basi flavescenti-
albis, tarsis intermediis nigricautibus, alis cinereis.

Female. Deep black, yellowish white beneath ; antennae tawny ; abdo-
men lanceolate, much longer than the thorax; sides elevated, a broad
basal yellowish white band, and a narrower one beyond the middle,
tip also yellowish white ; anterior legs and halteres yellowish white,
middle tarsi blackish, hind femora with the basal half yellowish white ;
wings cinereous, veins black, pale at the base ; costal vein ending at
a little beyond half the length of the wing ; radial cubital, praebrachial,
and pobrachial veins parallel and equally distinct. Length of the
body 2-2i lines ; of the wings 5-6 lines.

On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago. By
Aleeed E. Wallace, Esq. Communicated by Charles
Darwin, Esq., F.E.S. & L.S.

[Read Nov. 3rd, 1859.]

In Mr. Sclater's paper on the Geographical Distribution of Bii^ds,
read before the Linnean Society, and published in the ' Proceed-
ings ' for February 1858, he has pointed out that the western
islands of the Archipelago belong to the Indian, and the eastern
to the Australian region of Ornithology. My researclies in these
countries lead me to believe that the same division will hold good
in every branch of Zoology ; and the object of my present com-
munication is to mark out the precise limits of each region, and
to call attention to some inferences of great general importance as
regards the study of the laws of organic distribution.

The Australian and Indian regions of Zoology are very strongly
contrasted. In one the Marsupial order constitutes the great mass
of the mammalia, — in the other not a solitary marsupial animal
exists. Marsupials of at least two genera {discus and Belideus)
are found all over the Moluccas and in Celebes ; but none have

GEOGRAPHY OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 173

been detected in the adjacent islands of Java and Borneo. Of all
the varied forms of Quadrummia, Carnivom, Insectivora and Bumi-
nantia which abound in the western half of the Archipelago, the
only genera found in the Moluccas are Paradoxiirus and Cervus.
The Sciuridcs, so numerous in the western islands, are represented
in Celebes by only two or three species, while not one is found
further east. Birds furnish equally remarkable illustrations. The
Australian region is the richest in the world in Parrots ; the
Asiatic is (of ti-opical regions) the poorest. Three entire families
of the Psittacine order are peculiar to the former region, and two
of them, the Cockatoos and the Lories, extend up to its extreme
limits, without a solitary species passing into the Indian islands of
the Archipelago. The genus Palceornis is, on the other hand, con-
fined with equal strictness to the Indian region. In the Rasorial
order, the Phasianidce are Indian, the MegapodiidiS Australian ; but
in this case one species of each family just passes the limits into
the adjacent region. The genus Tropidorhynchus, highly charac-
teristic of the Australian region, and everywhere abundant as well
in the Moluccas and New Guinea as in Australia, is quite un-
known in Java and Borneo. On the other hand, the entire families
of Bucconidw, Trogonidce and Phyllornithidce, and the genera Peri-
crocotus, Picnonotus, Trichophorus, Iccos, in fact, almost all the
vast family of Thrushes and a host of other genera, cease abruptly
at the eastern side of Borneo, Java, and Bali. AH these groups
are common hh'ds in the great Indian islands ; they abound every-
where ; they are the characteristic features of the ornithology ; and
it is most striking to a naturalist, on passing the narrow straits of
Macassar and Lombock, suddenly to miss them entirely, together
with the Quadrvmana and Felidcr, the Insectivora and Bodentia,
whose varied species people the forests of Sumatra, Java, and
Boi'neo.

To define exactly the limits of the two regions where they are
(geographically) most intimately connected,! may mention that du-
ring a few days' stay in the island of Bali I found birds of the genera
Copsyclms, Megalaima, Tiga, Ploceus, and Sturnopastor, all charac-
teristic of the Indian region and abundant in Malacca, Java, and
Borneo ; while on crossing over to Lombock, during three months
collecting there, not one of them was ever seen ; neither have they
occurred in Celebes nor ia any of the more eastern islands I have
visited. Takiag this in connexion with the fact of Cacatua, Tropi-
dorliynchus, and Megapodius having their western limit in Lom-
bock, we may consider it established that the Strait of Lombock

174 MB. A. B. WALLACE OK THE ZOOLOGICAL

(only ] 5 miles wide) marks the limits and abruptly separates two
of the great Zoological regions of the globe. The Philippine
Islands are in some respects of doubtful location, resembling and
differing from both regions. They are deficient in the varied
Mammals of Borneo, but they contain no Marsupials. The Psittaci
are scarce, as in the Indian region ; the Lories are altogether ab-
sent, but there is one representative of the Cockatoos. Woodpeckers,
Trogons, and the genera Ixos, Copsychus, and JPloeeus are highly
characteristic of India, Tanysiptera and Megapodius, again, are
Australian forms, but these seem represented by only solitary
species. The islands possess also a few peculiar genera. "We
must on the whole place the Philippine Islands in the Indian region,
but with the remark that they are deficient in some of its most
striking features. They possess several isolated forms of the Au-
stralian region, but by no means sufficient to constitute a real
transition thereto.

Leaving the Philippines out of the question for the present, the
Avestern and eastern islands of the Archipelago, as here divided,
belong to regions more distinct and contrasted than any other of the
great zoological divisions of the globe. South America and Africa,
separated by the Atlantic, do not differ so widely as Asia and
Australia : Asia with its abundance and variety of large Mammals
and no Marsupials, and Australia with scarcely anything but
Marsupials ; Asia with its gorgeous Phasianidce, Australia with
its didl-coloured MegapodiidcB ; Asia the poorest tropical region
in Parrots, Australia the richest : and all these striking charac-
teristics are almost unimpaired at the very limits of their respective
districts ; so that in a few hours we may experience an amount of
zoological difference which only weeks or even months of travel
will give us in any other part of the world !

Moreover there is nothing in the aspect or physical character of
the islands to lead us to expect such a difference ; their physical
and geological differences do not coincide with the zoological
differences. There is a striking homogeneity in the two halves
of the Archipelago. The great volcanic chain runs through both
parts ; Borneo is the counterpart of New Gruinea ; the Philip-
pines closely resemble the equally fertile and equally volcanic
Moluccas ; while in eastern Java begins to be felt tlie more arid
climate of Timor and Australia. But these resemblances are
accompanied by an extreme zoological diversity, the Asiatic and
Australian regions finding in Borneo and New Gruinea respectively
their highest development.

GEOGEAPHT OY THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 175

But it may be said : " The separation between these two regions
is not so absolute. There is some transition. There are species
and genera common to the eastern and western islands." This is
true, yet (in my opinion) proves no transition in the proper sense
of the word ; and the nature and amount of the resemblance only
shows more strongly the absolute and original distinctness of the
two divisions. The exception here clearly proves the rule.

Let us investigate these cases of supposed transition. In the
western islands almost the only instance of a group peculiar to
Australia and the eastern islands is the Megapodius in North-
west Borneo. Not one of the Australian forms of Mammalia
passes the limits of the region. On the other hand, Quadrumana
occur in Celebes, Batchian, Lombock, and perhaps Timor ; Deer
have reached Celebes, Timor, Buru, Ceram, and Gilolo, but not
New Guinea ; Pigs have extended to New Guinea, probably the
true eastern limit of the genus Sus ; Squirrels are found in
Celebes, Lombock, and Sumbawa : among birds, Galhis occurs in
Celebes and Sumbawa, Woodpeckers reach Celebes, and Horn-
bills extend to the North-west of New Guinea. These cases of
identity or resemblance in the animals of the two regions we may
group into three classes ; 1st, identical species ; 2nd, closely
allied or representative species ; and 3rd, species of peciiliar and
isolated genera. The common Grey Monkey (^Macacus cynomolgus)
has reached Lombock, and perhaps Timor, but not Celebes. The
Deer of the Moluccas seems to be a variety of the Cervus riifus of
Java and Borneo. The Jungle Cock of Celebes and Lombock is a
Javanese species. Hirundo javanica, Zoster ops flavus, Halcyon
coUaris, Eurystomus gularis, Macropygia phasianella, Merops java-
nicus, Anthreptes lepida, Ptilo^iopus melanocepliala, and some other
birds appear the same in the adjacent islands of the eastern and
western divisions, and some of them range over the whole Archi-
pelago. But after reading Lyell on the various modes of disper-
sion of animals, and looking at the proximity of the islands, we
shall feel astonished, not at such an amount of interchange of
species (most of which are birds of great powers of flight), but
rather that in the course of ages a much greater and almost com-
plete fusion has not taken place. Were the Atlantic gradually to
narrow till only a strait of twenty miles separated Africa from
South America, can we help believing that many birds and insects
and some few mammals would soon be interchanged ? But such
. interchange would be a fortuitous mixture of faunas essentially
and absolutelv dissimilar, not a natural and regular transition from

176 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL

one to the other. In like manner the cases of identical species
in the eastern and western islands of tlie Archipelago are due to
the gradual and accidental commingling of originally absolutely-
distinct faunas.

In our second class (representative species) we must place the Wild
Pigs, which seem to be of distinct but closely allied species in each
island ; the Squii'rels also of Celebes are of peculiar species, as are
the "Woodpeckers and Hornbills, and two Celebes birds of the
Asiatic genera Fhcenicophceus and Acridotlieres. Now these and
a few more of like character are closely allied to other species in-
habiting Java, Borneo, or the Philippines. We have only there-
fore to suppose that the species of the western passed over to the
eastern islands at so remote a period as on one side or the other
to have become extinct, and to have been replaced by an allied
form, and we shall have produced exactly the state of things now
existing. Such extinction and such replacement we know has
been continually going on. Snch has been the regular course of
nature for countless ages in every part of the earth of which we
have geological records ; and unless we are prepared to show that
the Indo-Australian Archipelago was an altogether exceptional
region, such must have been the course of nature here also. If
these islands have existed in their present form only during one
of the later divisions of the Tertiary period, and if interchange of
species at very rare and distant intervals has occurred, then the
fact of some identical and other closely allied species is a necessary
result, even if the two regions in question had been originally
peopled by absolutely distinct creations of organic beings, and
there had never been any closer connexion between them than
now exists. The occurrence of a limited number of representative
species in the two divisions of the Archipelago does not therefore
prove any true transition from one to the other.

The examples of our third class — of peculiar genera having little
or no affinity with those of the adjacent islands — are almost entirely
confined to Celebes, and render that island a distinct ^er se, in the
highest degree interesting. Cyno]yitliecus, a genus of Baboons, the
extraordinary Babirusa and the singular riuninant Ansa depres-
sicornis have nothing in common with Asiatic mammals, but seem
more allied to those of Africa. A quadrumanous animal of the
same genus (perhaps identical) occurs in the little island of Bat-
chian, which forms the extreme eastern limit of the highest order
of mammalia. An allied species is also said to exist in the Philip-
pines. Now this occuiTence of quadrumana in the Australian

GEOGEAPHY OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 177

region proves notliing whatever as regards a trausitlon to the
western islands, which, among their numerous monkeys and apes,
have nothing at all resembling them. The species of Celebes and
Batchiau have the high superorbital ridge, the long nasal bone,
the dog-like figure, the minute erect tail, tlie predaceous habits and
the fearless disposition of the true Baboons, and find their allies
nowhere nearer than in tropical Africa. The Anoa seems also to
point towards the same region, so rich in varied forms of Antelopes.
In the class of birds, Celebes possesses a peculiar genus of Par-
rots (JPrioniturics), said to occur also in the Philippines; Meropogon,
intermediate between an Indian and an African form of Bee-eaters ;
and the anomalous Seissirostrum, which Prince Bonaparte places
next to a Madagascar bird, and forms a distinct subfamily for the
reception of the two. Celebes also contains a species of Coracias,
which is here quite out of its normal area, the genus being other-
wise confined to Africa and continental India, not occurring in
any other part of the Archipelago. The Celebes bird is placed, in
Bonaparte's ' Conspectus,' between two African species, to which
therefore I presume it is more nearly allied than to those of India.
Having just received Mr. Smith's Catalogue of the Hymenoptera
collected during my first residence in Celebes, I find in it some
facts of an equally singular nature. Of 103 species, only IG are
known to inhabit any of the western islands of the Archipelago,
while 18 are identical with species of continental India, China,
and the Philippine Islands, two are stated to be identical with
insects hitherto known only from tropical Africa, and another is
said to be most closely allied to one from tlie Cape.

These phenomena of distribution are, I believe, the most anoma-
lous yet known, and in fact altogether unique. I am aware of no
other spot upon the earth which contains a number of species, in
several distinct classes of animals, the nearest allies to which do
not exist in any of the countries which on every side surround it,
but which are to be found only in another primary division of the
globe, separated from them all by a vast expanse of ocean. In no
other case are the species of a genus or the genera of a family dis-
tributed in two distinct areas separated by countries in which they
do not exist ; so that it has come to be considered a law in geo-
grapliical distribution, " that both species and groups inhabit con-
tinuous areas."

Pacts such as those can only be explained by a bold acceptance
of vast changes in the surface of the earth. Tliey teach us that
this island of Celebes is more ancient than most of the islands

JAISIS, PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 12

178 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL

now siirrouucliiig it, and obtained some part of its fauna before
they came into existence. They point to the time wlien a great
continent occupied a portion at least of what is now the Indian
Ocean, of which tlie islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, &c. may be
fragments, while the Chagos Bank and the Keeling Atolls indicate
its former extension eastward to the vicinity of what is now the
Malayan Archipelago. The Celebes group remains the last eastern
fragment of this now submerged land, or of some of its adjacent
islands, indicating its peculiar origin by its zoological isolation,
and by still retaining a marked affinity with the African fauna.

The great Pacific continent, of which Australia and New Gruiuea
are no doubt fragments, probably existed at a much earlier period,
and extended as far westward as the Moluccas. The extension of
Asia as far to the south and east as the Straits of Macassar and
Lombock must have occiuTcd subsequent to the submergence of
both these great southern continents ; and the breaking up and
separation of the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Bdrneo has been
the last great geological change these regions have undergone.
That this has really taken place as here indicated, we think is
proved by the following considerations. Not more than twenty
(probably a smaller number) out of about one hundred land birds
of Celebes at present known are found in Java or Borneo, and
only one or two of twelve or fifteen Mammalia. Of the Mam-
malia and birds of Borneo, however, at least three-fourths, probably
five-sixths, inhabit also Java, Sumatra, or the peninsula of Malacca.
Now, looking at the direction of the Macassar Straits running nearly
north and south, and remembering we are in the district of the
monsoons, a steady south-east and north-west wind blowing alter-
nately for about six months each, we shall at once see that Celebes
is more favourably situated than any other island to receive stray
passengers from Borneo, whether drifted across the sea or wafted
through the air. The distance too is less than between any of the
other large islands ; there are no violent currents to neutralize
the action of the vrinds ; and numerous islets in mid-channel offer
stations which might rescue many of the wanderers, and admit,
after repose, of fresh migrations. Between Java and Borneo the
Avidth of sea is much greater, the intermediate islands are fewer,
and the direction of the monsoons ahnff and not ao'oss the Java
sea, accompanied by alternating ciu'rents in the same direction,
must render accidental communication between the two islands
exceedingly difficult; so that where the facilities for intercom-
munication are greatest, the number of species common to the two

GEOGRAPHY OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 179

countries is least, and vice versa. But again, the mass of tlio
species of Borneo, Java, &c., even when not identical are congeneric,
which, as before explained, indicates identity at an earlier epoch ;
whereas the gi*eat mass of the fauna of Celebes is widely diflerent
from that of the western islands, consisting mostly of genera, and
even of entire families, altogether foreign to them. This clearly
points to a former total diversity of forms and species, — existing
similarities being the result of intermixture, the extreme facilities
for which we have pointed out. In the ease of the great western
islands a foi'mer more complete identity is indicated, the present
differences having arisen from tlieir isolation during a considerable
period, allowing time fo# that partial extinction and introduction
of species which is the regular course of nature. If the very small
number of western species iu Celebes is all that the most favour-
able conditions for transmission could bring about, the complete
similarity of the faunas of the western islands could never (with
far less favourable conditions) have been produced by the same
means. And what other means can we conceive but the former
connexion of those islands with each other and with the continent
of Asia ?

In striking confirmation of this view we have physical evidence
of a very interesting nature. These countries are in fact still
connected, and that so completely that an elevation of only 300
feet would nearly double the extent of tropical Asia. Over
the whole of the Java Sea, the Straits of Malacca, the Gulf of
Siam, and the southern part of the China Sea, ships can anchor in
less than fifty fathoms. A vast submarine plain unites together
the apparently disjointed parts of the Indian zoological region, and
abruptly terminates, exactly at its limits, in an unfathomable ocean.
The deep sea of the Moluccas comes up to the very coasts of
Nortliern Borneo, to the Strait of Lombock in the south, and to
near the middle of the Strait of Macassar. IMay we not therefore
from these facts very fairly conclude that, according to the system
of alternate bands of elevation and depression that seems very
generally to prevail, the last great rising movement of the volcanic
range of Java and Sumatra was accompanied by the depression
that now separates them from Borneo and from the continent ?

It is worthy of remark that the various islands of the Moluccas,
though generally divided by a less extent of sea, have fewer species
in common ; but the separating seas are in almost every case of
immense depth, indicating that the separation took place at a much
earlier period. The same principle is well illustrated by the dis-

12*

ISO MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL

tributiou of tlie genus Pamdisea, two species of wliich (the com-
mon Birds of Paradise) are found only in New Guinea and the
islands of Aru, Mysol, AVaigiou, and Jobie, all of which are con-
nected witli NcAv Guinea by banks of soundings, while they do
not extend to Ceram or the Ke Islands, which are no further from
New Guinea, but are separated from it by deep sea. Again, the
chain of small volcanic islands to the west of Gilolo, though divided
by channels of only ten or fifteen miles wide, possess many distinct
representative species of insects, and even, in some cases, of birds
also. The Baboons of Batchian have not passed to Gilolo, a much
larger island, only separated from it by a channel ten miles wide,
and in one part almost blocked up with small islands.

Now looking at these phenomena of distribution, and especially
at those presented by the fauna of Celebes, it appears to me that
a much exaggerated effect, in producing the present distribution
of animals, has been imputed to the accidental transmission of
individuals across intervening seas ; for we have here as it were
a test or standard by wdiich we may measure the possible effect
due to these causes, and we find that, under conditions perhaps the
most favoui-able that exist on the globe, the percentage of species
derived from this source is extremely small. When my researches
in the Archipelago are completed, I hope to be able to determine
with some accuracy this numerical proportion in several cases ; but
in the mean time we will coiisider 20 per cent, as tlie probable
maximum for birds and mammals which in Celebes have been
derived from Borneo or Java.

Let us now apply this standard to the case of Great Britain and
the Continent, in which the width of dividing sea and the extent
of opposing coasts are nearly the same, but in which the species
are almost all identical, — or to Ireland, more than 90 per cent,
of whose species are British, — and we shall at once see that no
theory of transmission across the present Straits is admissible, and
shall be compelled to resort to the idea of a very recent separation
(long since admitted), to account for these zoological phenomena.

It is, however, to the oceanic islands that we consider the appli-
cation of this test of the most importance. Let any one try to
realize the comparative facilities for the transmission of organized
beings across the Strait of Macassar from Borneo to Celebes, and
from South Europe or North Africa to the island of Madeira, at
least four times the distance, and a mere point in the ocean, and
he would probably consider that in a given period a hundred cases
of trausmissioa would be more likely to occur in the former case

OEOGEAPHT 03? THE MALAY AECHTPELAGO. 181

than one in the latter. Tet of the comparatively rich insect-fauna
of Madeira, 40 per cent, are continental species ; and of the flower-
ing plants more than 60 per cent. The Canary Islands offer
nearly similar results. Nothing but a former connexion with the
Continent will explain such an amount of specific identity (the
weight of which will be very much increased if we take into account
the representative species) ; and the direction of the Atlas range
towards Teneriffe, and of the Sierra Nevada towards Madeira, are
material indications of sucli a connexion.

The Galapagos are no further from South America than Ma-
deira is from Europe, and, being of greater extent, are far more
liable to receive chance immigrants ; yet they have hardly a species
identical with any inhabiting the American continent. These
islands therefore may well have originated in mid-ocean ; or if
they ever were connected with the mainland, it was at so distant
a period that the natural extinction and renewal of species has left
not one in common. The character of their faxma, however, is more
what we shoidd expect to arise from the chance introduction of a
very few species at distant intervals ; it is very poor ; it contains
but few genera, and those scattered among unconnected families ;
its genera often contain several closely allied species, indicating
a single antitype.

The fauna and flora of Madeira and of the Canaries, on the other
hand, have none of this chance character. They are comparatively
rich in genera and species ; most of the principal groups and
families are more or less represented ; and, in fact, these islands do
not differ materially, as to the general character of their animal and
vegetable productions, from any isolated mountain in Europe or
North Africa of about equal extent.

On exactly tlie same principles, the very large number of species
of plants, insects, and birds, in Europe and North America, either
absolutely identical or represented by very closely allied species,
most assuredly indicates that some means of land communication
in temperate or sub-arctic latitudes existed at no very distant geo-
logical epoch ; and though many naturalists are inclined to regard
all such views as vague and unprofitable speculations, we are
convinced they will soon take their place among the legitimate
deductions of science.

Greology can detect but a portion of the changes the surface of
the earth has undergone. It can reveal the past history and mu-
tations of what is now dry land ; but the ocean tells nothing of her
bygone history. Zoology and Botany here come to the aid of

182 MR. A. B. WALLACE OK THE ZOOLOGICAL

their sister science, and by means of the humble weeds and de-
spised insects inhabiting its now distant shores, can discover some
of those past changes which the ocean itself refuses to reveal.
Thej can indicate, approximately at least, where and at what
period former continents must have existed, from what countries
islands must have been separated, and at how distant an epoch the
rupture took place. By the invaluable indications which JNIr.
Darwin has deduced from the structure of coral reefs, by the
surveys of the ocean-bed now in progress, and by a more extensive
and detailed knowledge of the geographical distribution of animals
and plants, the naturalist may soon hope to obtain some idea of
the continents which have now disappeared beneath the ocean,
and of the general distribution of land and sea at former geological
epochs.

Most writers on geographical distribution have completely over-
looked its connexion with well-established geological facts, and
have thereby created difficulties Avhere none exist. The peculiar
and apparently endemic faunae and florae of the oceanic islands
(such as the Galapagos and St. Helena) have been dwelt upon as
something anomalous and inexplicable. It has been imagined that
the more simple condition of such islands would be to have their
productions identical vdtli those of the nearest land, and that their
actual condition is an incomprehensible mystery. The very re-
verse of this is however the case. "We really require no specula-
tive hypothesis, no new theory, to explain these phenomena ; they
are the logical results of well-known laws of nature. The regidar
and vmceasing extinction of species, and their replacement by allied
forms, is now no hypothesis, but an established fact ; and it neces-
sarily produces such peculiar fauna; and florae in all but recently
formed or newly disrupted islands, subject of course to more or
less modification according to the facilities for the transmission of
fresh species from adjacent continents. Such phenomena therefore
are far from uncommon. Madagascar, Mauritius, the Moluccas,
New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Pacific Islands, Juan Fernan-
dez, the West India Islands, and many others, all present such
peculiarities in greater or less development. It is the instances
of identity of species in distant countries that presents the real
difficulty. AVhat was supposed to be the more normal state of
things is really exceptional, and requires some liypothesis for its
explanation. The plienomena of distribution in the Malay Archi-
pelago, to which I have here called attention, teach us that, how-
eyer narrow may be the strait separating an island from its con-

GEOGBAPHT OF THE MALAY AECIIIPELAGO. 183

tinent, it is still au impassable barrier against the passage of any
considerable number and variety of land animals ; and that in all
cases in wliicli sucli islands possess a tolerably rich and varied
fauna of species mostly identical, or closely allied with those of
the adjacent country, we are forced to the conclusion that a geo-
logically recent disruption has taken place. Great Britain, Ire-
land, Sicily, Sumatra, Java and Borneo, the Aru Islands, the
Canaries and Madeira, are cases to which the reasoning is fully
appKcable.

lu his introductory Essay on the Plora of New Zealand, Dr.
Hooker has most convincingly applied this principle to show the
former connexion of New Zealand and other southern islands with
the southern extremity of America; and I will take this opportunity
of calling the attention of zoologists to the very satisfactory man-
ner in. which this view clears away many difficulties in the distri-
bution of animals. The most obvious of these is the occurrence
of Marsupials in America only, beyond the Australian region.
They evidently entered by the same route as the plants of New
Zealand and Tasmania which occur in South temperate America,
but having greater powers of dispersion, a greater plasticity of
organization, have extended themselves over the whole continent
though with so few modifications of form and structure as to point
to a unity of origin at a comparatively recent period. It is among
insects, however, that the resemblances approach in number and
degree to those exhibited by plants. Among Butterflies the beau-
tifid Helicomdcs are strictly confined to South America, with the
exception of a single genus {Hamadrt/as) found in the Australian
region from New Zealand to New Guinea. In Coleoptera many
families and genera are characteristic of the two countries ; such
are PseudomorphidcB among the Geodephaga, La/mprimidce and
Syndesidce among the Lucani, Anoplognathidcv among the Lamel-
licornes, StigmoderidcB among the Buprestes, Natalis among the
Cleridse, besides a great number of representative genera. This
peculiar distribution has hitherto only excited astonishment, and
has confounded all ideas of unity in the distribution of organic
beings ; but we now see that they are in exact accordance with the
phenomena presented by the flora of the same regions, as developed
in the greatest detail by the researches of Dr. Hooker.

It is somewhat singular, however, that not one identical species
of insect should yet have been discovered, while no less than 89
species of flowering plants are found both in New Zealand and
South America. The relations of the animals and of the plants

181 ZOOLOGICAL GEOUHAPnT 0¥ THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO.

of these countries must necessarily depend on the same physical
changes wliich the Southern hemisphere has undergone ; and we
are therefore led to conclude that insects are much less persistent
in their specific forms tlian flowering plants, while among Mam-
malia and land birds (in which no genus even is common to the
countries in question) species must die and be replaced much more
I'apidly than in eitlier. And this is exactly in accordance with the
fact (well established by geology) that at a time when the shells
of the European seas Avere'almost all identical with species now
living, the European Mammalia were almost all different. The
diu'ation of life of species would seem to be in an inverse propor-
tion to their complexity of organization and vital activity.

In the brief sketch I have now given of this interesting subject,
such obvious and striking facts alone have been adduced as a tra-
veller's note-book can supply. The argument must therefore lose
much of its weight from the absence of detail and accumulated
examples. There is, however, such a very general accordance in
the phenomena of distribution as separately deduced from the
various classes or kingdoms of the organic world, that whenever
one class of animals or plants exhibits in a clearly marked manner
certain relations between two countries, the other classes will cer-
tainly show similar ones, though it may be in a greater or a less
degree. Birds and insects will teach us the same truths ; and even
animals and plants, though existing under such difterent conditions,
and multiplied and dispersed by such a generally distinct pro-
cess, will never give conflicting testimony, however much they
may difler as regards the amomit of relationshij) between distant
regions indicated by them, and consequently notwithstanding the
greater or less weight either may have in the determining of
questions of this nature.

This is my apology for offering to the Linnean Society the pre-
sent imperfect outline in anticipation of the more detailed proofs
and illustrations which I hope to bring forward on a future
occasion.

INDEX.

Acridotlieres 176

Alligatoi' 3

Amblada, Walk 141

atomaria, Walk 145

AmpsaKs, Walk 98

geuiata, Walk 99

Ancylus fluviatilis 39

Anoa • 177

Anoclon 38

Anomia 37, 58

Anopheles, iV/efyyew 91

vanus, Walk 91

Anoplognathida! 183

Ansa depressicornis 176

Anthomyia, Melgen 141

procellaria, Walk 141

Anthomyides, Walk 140

Antlirax, Fabr Ill

autecedens, Walk Ill

congi'ua. Walk 112

degeuera. Walk 113

demonstrans, Walk. . . .112

pradicans. Walk 112

prsetendens, Walk Ill

proferens. Walk 113

semiscita, Walk Ill

Tantalus, Fahr Ill

Antiu'eptes lepida 175

Aplysia 38, 40

Ai'agara, Walk 154

crassipes, Walk 154

Ai'ca 55

Argonauta 42, 60

Ai-icia, Macq 140

contraria, Walk 140

Integra, Walk 140

nigricosta. Walk 140

signiiicans. Walk 140

Asilidoe, Leach 104

Asilites, Walk 106

Asilus, lAnn 107

areolaris, Walk 108

■ determinatus. Walk. . . . 107

introduccus. Walk. . . . 108

teniiicomis, Walk 108

Aspergillum 36

LINK. PROC. — ZOOLOGY.

Page
Aye- Aye {CTieiromys madagascari-
ensis, L., Cuv.) H. Sandwith on

the habits of the 28

Babirvisa 176

Baccha, Fahr 121

chspar, Walk 121

Baryterocera, Walk 120

gibbula, Walk 120

BeUdeus 172

Borabylidse, Leach Ill

Bombyhtes, Walk Ill

Buccinum . 41, 69

Bucconida) 173

Bidla 66

Cacatua . . . , 173

Cadreraa, Walk 117

lonchopteroides, Walk. . . 117

Cseuosia, Melgen 141

luteicornis. Walk 141

respondeus, Walk, . . . 142

siguata, Walk 142

Caiman 3

CaUantra, Walk . 153

smioroidcs. Walk 154

Culobata, Fabr 161

bifesciata, Walk 162

impingens, Walk 161

rcsoluta. Walk 161

Calyptra;a 39

Cardiacephala, Macq 162

varipes, Walk 162

Cardium 48

Celyi^hus, Dalman 147

obtectiis, Dalman . . . .147

scutatus, Wied 147

Ceria, Fabr 118

lateralis, Walk 118

Cervus 173

Chama 54

Chrysops, Meigen 104

fasciatus, Wied 104

Cluysotus, Melgen 116

exactus. Walk 116

Cleodora 42

Clerida; 183

Clitcllaria, Meigen 95

13

186

INDEX.

Page
Clitellaria festinans, Walk. ... 95

gavisa, Walk 95

Coenvu-gia, Walk 164

rcmipes, Walk 164

Couus 60

Copsjchus 1V3, 174

Coracias 177

Cordylura, Fallen 142

bisignata, Walk 142

Crania 37

Crococlilia. Prof. T. H. Huxley on
the specific and generic Cliarac-

ters of 1

Crocodilidic 5

Crocodilus 6

Americanus (acutus, Cuv.) . 11

biporcatus 11

bombiii'ons 13

cataphractus 16

galeatus 15

Gravesii (iDlauii'ostris) . . 15

Jouruei 11-16

marginatus 15

Morelettii 28

rliombifer 14

Schlcgelu 16, 17

snchus 15

vulgaris 6

Ctenophora, Fair 93

incunctans, Walk 93

gaiidens, Walk 93

Cvdex, Linn 91

impatibilis, Walk 91

impellens, Walk 91

obturbans, Walk 91

Culicidoe, Haliday 90

Cuseus . . .' 172

Cyclas 38

Cynopithecus 76

Cyprtea 63

Cyrenoidea 37

Dacus, Fair 149

addens, Walk ]49

■ bilineatus, Walk 150

contralicns, IValk 151

diffusus, Walk 153

divergens, IValk 149

eniittens, Ifalk 152

cxigcns, Tfalk 151

fulvitarsis, Walk 153

• iniitans, Walk 150

innptus 151

tcrnunifer, Walk 152

Dasypogonites, Walk 104

Delphinida 41

Dentalium 36, 88

])exia, Mrir/en . 129

basifcra. Walk 129

inchidens, Walk 130

pnccedeus, Walk 131

Page

Dexides, Walk 129

Diapborus, Meigen ..... 117

resumens. Walk 117

Diopsides, Walk 161

Diopsis, Linn 161

dctrabens, Walk 161

subuotata, Westw 161

Dipterous insects collected at Ma-
kessar, in Celebes, by Mr. A. R.
Wallace, Catalogue oi,hj Francis

Walker 90

Discocephala, Macqiiart .... 104

paudens, Walk 104

Discomyza, Meigen 169

obsciu'ata. Walk 169

Dolicliopidse, Leacli 114

Dolicliopus, Lair 115

cinereus, Walk 115

prcedicans. Walk 115

pra?missus, Walk 116

provectus, Walk 116

proveniensj Walk 116

Donax 50

Doris 40

Drosophila, Fallen 168

illata. Walk 168

lateralis, Walk 169

liu-ida, Walk 169

rudis, Walk 168

solennis, Walk 168

Enicoptera, Macq 155

arcuosa, Walk 156

flava, 3Iacc[ 156

pictipennis, Walk 1 55

? plagifera, Walk 156

tortuosa, Walk 155

Epbydra, Fallen 171

borboroidcs, Walk. . , . 171

maeulicornis, Walk. . . . I7l

Eristalis, Latr 119

.Esopus, Walk 119

bomboides, Walk 119

erassus, Fair 119

Eimierus, Meigen 121

figurans, Walk 121

Eurvgaster, Macq 125

'- apta, Walk 126

conglomerata, Walk, . . . 126

contracta. Walk 128

deducens. Walk 127

progressa. Walk 128

proniincns, Walk 127

remittcns, Walk 125

ridibunda, Walk 125

Em-ystomus gularis 175

Fissurella 38

Callus 175

Garner, Eobcrt, ou the Shell-
bearing MoUusca, particularly

with regard to structiu'c aud foi'm 35

INDEX.

187

Page

Gavialitlrc 16

Gavialis 16, 20

gangeticus 20

Gobrya, iFalk 166

bacchoides, Walk 166

Gi'aptomyza, Wied 118

tibialis, Walk 118

Halcyon coUaris 175

Haliotis 87

Hamadiyas 183

Ilanley, Sylvaiius, on the Liunean
Manuscript of the ' Museum Ul-

ricse' 43

Heliconidso 183

Helix 83

aspcrsa 41

Helomyza, Fallen 143

• copiosa. Walk 143

observans. Walk 143

tripunctifera. Walk. . . . 143

Helomyzides, Fallen 142

Helopliilus, Meigen 119

conclusus. Walk 119

■ consors, Walk 119

Hcrmetia, Latr 94

remittens, Walk. . . ' . . 94

HLrmido javauica 175

Huxley, T. H., on the dermal Ar-
mom'of t7«ca;-e and CaimaiiyV/ith.
notes on the Specific and Generic
Characters of recent Crocodilia . 1

Hyahea 42

Hydromyzides, Salida// .... 170

Jacare 4

and Caiman, Prof. T. II.

Huxley on the dermal Armour of 1

Idia, Meigen 132

austrahs, Wallc 132

prolata, Walk 133

Ixos 173, 174

LaraprimidsD 183

Lamprogaster, Macq 147

marginifera, Walk. . . . 147

Lajohria, Fabr 105

complens. Walk 106

concludens. Walk. . . . 105

partita, Walk. . . • . . 105

requisita, Walk 105

Taphius, Walk 105

Vulcanus, Wled 105

Laphrites, Walk 105

Lauxanides, Walk 145

Leptida?, Westic 110

Leptis, Fabr 110

Leptis ferruginosa, Walk. . . .110

Leptogastcr, Meigen 109

■ munda, Walk 109

Limnobia, Meigen 92

imponens, Walk 92

Lispe, Meigen 141

Page

Lispe bimaculata. Walk 141

Lobster Common (Homarns vul-
garis) and Shore Crab (Carcinus
Mcenas), S. J. A. Salter on the

Moulting of the 30

LonchopteridaB, Curtis .... 117

Lonchsea, Fallen 145

? atratula 146

? consentanea 146

Lymnajus 41

Macacus 175

Macropygia phasianeUa .... 175

Magilus 40

Malay Archipelago, A. R. Wallace
on the Zoological Geography of 172

Marsupials 183

Masicera, Macq 123

dotata, Walk 123

horrcns. Walk 124

immersa. Walk 124

prognosticans, Walk. . . . 124

Mecistops 15

Bennettii 16

Megalainia 173

Megapodiidae 173, 174

Mcgapodius 173, 174

Megarhina, Desvoidi/ 90

immisericors, Walk. ... 90

Merodon, Fabr 120

inteiTcniens, Walk. . . . 120

Meropogou 177

Merops javauicus 175

Metopia, Meigen 128

inspectaus, Walk 128

instruens, Walk 129

Micropeza, Macq. ...... 164

Iragilis, Walk 164

Milesia, Latr 118

conspicienda, Walk. . . . 118

MoUusca, shell-bearmg, particu-
larly with regard to structiu-o
and form, Hob. Garner on the . 35

Mui-ex 75

Musca, Linn 133

collecta. Walk 139

conducens. Walk 138

delectans. Walk 134

domestica. Walk 138

electa. Walk 136

faviUacca, Walk 135

ilaviceps, JFalk 135

fortunata, Walk 137

gavisa. Walk 138

iugens, Walk 134

inscribens, Walk 136

intrahcns, Walk 137

obtrusa, Walk 135

optata, Walk 137

prtcdicens. Walk 139

profcrciii, Walk 138

188

INDEX.

Page
Musca prouiittens, Walk. , , , 134

pi'ospera, Walk 133

refixa, Walk 138

selecta, Walk 135

sperata, Walk 136

xanthomela, Walk 139

Muscidse, Zatr. 122

Muscicles, W^alk. 132

Museum UMc£e, Sylvamis Hanley
on the Linuean manuscript of the 43

Mya 46

Mydas basifasciata, Walk. . . . 104

Mydasites, WalJc 104

Mytilus 58

edulis 38

Natahs 183

Natica 41

Nautikis . . 60

Nemortea, Macq. 122

ampUficans, Walk 122

tenebi'osa, Walk 123

Nerita 85

Htoralis 40

Nerius, Wied 164

fuscipenuisj Macq 164

Nema, Walk 97

impendens. Walk 97

Nomba, 7r«Z7t- 169

ticta, Walk 170

Notipliila, Fallen 170

flaviluiea, Walk 171

Hneosa, Walk 170

quadi'iiascia, Walk. . . .170

Ochthera, Latr 171

iuuotata, Walk 171

Ochtliipliila, Fallen 147

discoglauca, JValk 147

Ommatius, Illlfjer 109

scituhis, Walk 109

strictu8, Walk 109

Opomyza, Fallen 168

uigrifinis, IValk 168

Ortahdes, Salhlay 147

Ovi&Ms, Fallen 157

decatomoidcs, Walk. . , ,157

vacillans, Walk 157

Oscinidcs, Haliday 167

Oscinis, i^'ffSr 167

femorata, Walk 167

Ostrea 56

Ovula 41

Oxycera, Meigen 96

manens, Walk 96

Palffiornis 173

Palloptera, Fallen 160

dctracta, Walk 160

Paradisea 180

Paradoxui'us 173

PateUa 38, 39, 87

Pecteu maximus 38

Page

Perierocotus 173

Perna 37

Phasianid£e 173,174

Phcenicopliijeus 176

Pholas 36, 46

Phora, Latr 17

bifasciata, Walk 172

Phoridre, Raliday 172

Phyllornithidce ........ 173

Picnonotus 173

Pinna 60

Piophila, Fallen 167

contecta, Walk 167

Platypezidse, Haliday 117

Platypeza, Melgen 117

glauceseens. Walk 117

Platystoma, Latr 148

atomai'ium, Walk 148

basale, Walk 148

Ploceus 173,174

Prioniturus 177

Pseudomorphidse 183

Psila, Meigen 165

bipimctifera, Walk. . . .165

munda, Walk 166

Psilides, Walk 164

Psilopus, Meigen 114

abruptus. Walk 115

aistimatus. Walk 114

filifer. Walk 114

spectabilis, Walk 114

Pterogenia, Bigot 147

singularis. Bigot .... 147

Pteropoda 42

Ptilocera, Wied 94

smaragdina. Walk 94

smaragdifera, JFalk. ... 96

Philonotus mclauocephala . . .175

Pm-piu'a 41

Ehyuchosucbus 16

Rosapha, Walk 100

habihs. Walk 100

Euba, Walk 100

inflata, Walk 101

Salter, S. J. A., on the moulting
of the common Lobster and

Shore-Crab 30

Sandwith, Hon. Dr. On the habits
of the Aye- Aye {Cheiromys
madagascariensis, Cuv.) ... 28

Sarcophaga, Meigen 132

ahena, Walk 132

inextricata, Walk 132

invaria, Walk 132

mendax. Walk 132

Sarcophagides, Walk 132

Sargus, Fahr 96

inactus. Walk 97

mactaus, Walk 97

redhibens, Walk 97

INDEX.

189

Page

Sargus remeans, Walk 96

I'cpensaus, Walk 96

Saruga, Walk 101

conifera, Walk 102

Sciomyza, Fallen 144

(?) Icucomclana, Walk, . . 144

replena, Wallc 144

Scissirostrum 177

Sciurida; 173

Sepcdoii, Lafr 145

Javanensis 145

Sepia 36, 39, 42

Sepsides, Walk 161

Sepsis, Fallen 163

fascipes, Walk: 163

frontalis, Walk 163

revocans. Walk 163

testacea, Walk 163

Seraca, Walk 164

sigiiata. Walk 165

signifera. Walk. . . „ .165

Serpiila 89

Sippliidse, Leach 118

Solemya 37

Solen 47

Solva, Walk 98

inamoena. Walk 98

Sophii-a, Walk 160

bistriga, Walk 160

Spilogaster, Macq 141

xanthoceras, Walk. . . . 141

Spondylus 54

Stigmoderidse 183

Stratiomidse, Salidai/ 94

Stratiomys, Geoff. 94

finalis, Walk 94

immiscens, Walk 94

Strombus 73

Stumopastor 173

Suragina, Walk 110

illucens. Walk 110

Sus 175

Syndesidffi 183

Syritta, St. Farrj 121

illucida, Walk 121

Syrphus, Fahr 122

consequens, Walk 122

Systropus, Wiecl 113

sphcgoides, Walk 113

Tabanida?, LeacJi 102

Tabanus, Lhm 102

factiosus, Walk 102

flexilis, Walk 104

immixtus, Walk 103

reducens, Walk 103

Tabanus spoliatus, Walk. . . . 103

succiu'vus, Walk 102

Tachiuides, Walk 122

Tanysiptera 174

Tellina 47

Texara, Walk 166

dioctrioidesj Walk 166

Thercva, Latr Ill

congrua, Walk Ill

Therevites, Walk Ill

Thressa, Walk 146

■ signifera. Walk 146

Tiga 173

Tinda, Walk 101

modifcra, Walk 101

Tipula, Linn 92

infindens 92

inordinans 93

Tipulidae, Haliday 92

Torocca, Walk 131

abdominalis. Walk. . . . 131

Tracaua, Walk 99

iterabilis, Walk 99

Trichopliorus 173

Trigonia 37

Trochus 40, 80

Trogonidae 173

Tropidorhynchus 173

Trupauea, Macquart 106

Ti'upanea ealoriiica. Walk. . . . 107

strenua, Walk 106

Trypeta, Meigen 158

amplipennis. Walk. . . . 159

approxiinans, Walk. . . . 160

basifascia, Walk 158

lativentris. Walk 158

nigi'ifascia, Walk 158

stellipennis, Walk 159

Turbo 81

Venus 51

Yolucella, Geoff. 120

decorata, Walk 120

Voluta 67

Vulsella 37

Walkci', Francis, Catalogue of Di-
pterous Insects collected by Mi*.
A. R. Wallace at Makessar in

Celebes . 90

Wallace, A. R., on the Zoological
Geography of the Malay Arclii-

pelago 172

Xarnuta, Walk ^ . 142

leucotelus, Walk. . . .' . 142

Zostcrops flavus 175

THE END.

Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

July 1. Price Zs.

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

or THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY.

Vol. IV. 1^0. 13.

CONTENTS.

Page

I. Zoological Papers.

1. On the Dermal Armoiu- of Jacare and Caitnan, with notes on

the Specific and Generic Charactoi's of recent Crocodilia. By
T.H. Huxley, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Prof, of Nat. History,
G-ov. School of Miaes 1

2. On the Habits of the " Aye- Aye " ( Cheiromys madagasca-

riensis, L., Cuv.). By the Hon. H. Sandwith, M.D., C.B.,
Colonial Secretary of the Mauritius. Communicated by
Prof. Owen, F.R.S., V.P.L.S '.28

3. On the Moultirig of the common Lobster {Homartis vulgaris)

and Shore Crab {Carcinus mcenas . By S. James A. Saltee,
M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S 30

4. On the Shell-beaiing Mollusca, particularly with regard to

Structure and Form. By Eobebt Gabnee, Esq., F.L.S. . 35

5. On the Linnean Manuscript of the ' Museum Ulricse.' By

Stlvanus Hanlet, Esq., F.L.S 43

II. Botanical Papers.

1. Letter from M. E. Botje&eatj, Botanist to Capt. Paliisee's

British North American Exploring Expedition. Addressed
to Sir W. J. HooKEE, F.R.S., F.L.S., and communicated by
him 1

2. Letter from J. W. Sullivan, Esq. Addressed to J. D.

HooKEE, Esq., M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S 11

3. Second Letter from M. E. Boue&eau, Botanist to Capt. Pal-

lisee's American Exploring Expedition. Addressed to
Sir W. J. HooKEE, F.R.S., F.L.S., and communicated by
him 13

4. Letter from Mr. Chabxes Baetee, Natural History Collector

to the Niger Expedition. Addressed to Su' W. J. Hookee,
P.R.S., F.L.S., and communicated by hun 17

5. Second Letter from Mr. Chaeles Baetee to Sir W. J.

Hookee, F.R.S., F.L.S., communicated by him .... 23

6. Note on the species of Croton described by Liimseus under

the names of Clutia Eluteria and Clutia Cascarilla, By

J OHN J. Bennett, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S 26

7. Notes on Homalium. By Geoege Bentham, Esq., V.P.L.S. 31

8. On East Indian Salices. By Prof. N. J. Andeesson. Com-

municated by Dr. J. D. Hookee, F.R.S., F.L.S 39

LONDON:
LONGMAN, BEOWN, GEEEN, LONGMANS & EOBEETS,

A.ND

WILLIAMS AND NOEGATE.
'^' A 1859.

11

if