S>UWe.

fAiUOitto

LM

THE JOURNAL

OF THE

(tafcjjtt

Microscopical Club.

EDITED BY

HENRY F. HAILES.

C<

SERIES.

VOLUME II.

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0

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woods
hole,

MASS.

Uontion:

[Published for the Club.]

WILLIAMS and NORGATB
14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London,
and 20, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

THE JOUKNAL

or THE

Qntkttt Ulurosnrpual €lnh.

On an undescribed Acarus of the genus Myobia.
By A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c.
Read April 25th, 1884.
^ PLATE I.

Some short time since the Revd. C. R. N. Burrows, of Brent-
wood, Essex, sent me, for examination, a specimen of an Acarus
which he had found parasitic upon a bat of the common small
species, Scotophilus pipistrellus, which he had obtained from a
cavern in Gloucestershire.

Mr. Burrows recognised the mite as belonging to the genus
Myobia, and suspected that it was unusual ; I at once saw that it
was, as far as I know, undescribed, and that it was sufficiently dis-
tinct and interesting to merit a notice. I have a great objection to
describing any species relying solely upon a single specimen; it
unfortunately is not possible to avoid doing so sometimes ; but this
necessity has, in my opinion, been the source of numerous and per-
plexing errors in zoological works. Moreover, in most creatures as
high up the scale of organization as the Acari, a single specimen
can only belong to one sex ; and the sexes differ in several respects
in Myobia. I therefore begged Mr. Burrows to try and obtain
further examples, and he was good enough to take great trouble in
the matter. An organized bat-hunt was commenced in the caves,
and the results were sent to Mr. Burrows. He forwarded to me a
living specimen of Scotophilia pipistrellus, but, although it was very
interesting, both for itself and its parasites, it was not the host of
any Myobia?. Mr. Burrows examined about six specimens of the
Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 9. b

A. D. MICnAEL ON AN UNDESCRIBED

same Bpecies, and one of the long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus, all
from the same locality, but with the like negative result. The
Chiroptera above-named were, however, accompanied by six speci-
mens of that much rarer member of the order, Ehinolophus hippo-
sideros (the lesser horse-shoe bat), and upon three of these the same
Myobia was found, although not abundantly. I have thus had the
Opportunity of examining seven or eight specimens, some of each
B< w but unfortunately not any immature stages.

The first notice we possess of the singular creature which, up to
the present time, constitutes the only known species of Myobia is
due to Schrank,* who called it Pediculus minis musculi, and classed
it a long way from the position which it has now assumed. The
name Myobia (from the Greek yuus, a mouse, and /3iow, Hive) was
given by Heyden,f and it is from this name, which has been
generally accepted, that that author's most puzzling work on the
Acarina will be chiefly remembered.

C. L. Koch, of RegensburghjJ found the creature, as indeed, he
found most others which have any title to be called Acarina ; but
that most industrious collector was not equally painstaking in
searching prior authorities, and, not recognising that he was
dealing with Schrank's species, he gave his supposed discovery
a new name, and introduced it to the world as Dermaleichus
lemnivs ; thereby putting it in a genus which it certainly did not
belong to, although he was a good deal nearer than Schrank had
been. From Koch's error arose another by an even better-known
zoologist, Gervais,|| who gives Schrank's Pediculus muris musculi us
a synonym of Koch's Sarcoptes musculinus, which is really a My copies,
instead of a svnonvm of that author's Dermaleichus lemnius, which
it actually is. This error was repeated by van der Hoven § and
others, until Claparede^ turned his attention to Myobia, and
pointed out what the real synonyms were. It is to this beautiful
work that we owe the chief part of what we know concerning

* *' Enumeratio insectorum Austria indigenorum." Augastre Vindeli-
corum, 1781, p. 501, t. i., Figs. 5-7.

t " Versuch einer systemstischen Eintheilung der Acariden." " Oken's
Isip,'' 1828, p. 613.

J " Dentechlanda Crustaceen, Miriapoden und Arachniden." Regensburg,
L834-9 (forming Hefts 1 to 40 of Heinrich Schafer's " German Insects "),
Sef1 ;;:;, PI. v.

| " llistoiic natiirclle des insects, Apteres." Walckcnaer, t. iii., p. 265.

$ " Bandbnch der Zoologie" i., p. 550.
• " Studien an Acariden." Zeir. Wigs. Zooh, Band IS (1868), p. 519.

ACARUS OF THE GENUS MYOB1A. 6

Myobia, which evidently struck Claparede as being one of the
strangest creatures that he had met with.

There certainly are two or three points about Myobia which are
very curious, and justify the Swiss naturalist's astonishment. The
first of these is that the genital openings in both sexes are on the
dorsal surface, both on slight elevations, that of the female not
being very far from the posterior margin, while in the male the
intromittant organ emerges in the median line of the back between
the second and third pairs of legs, an arrangement extremely un-
usual in nature, although it occurs in some few other Acarina.
The next point that strikes the observer is the exceptional form of
the tarsi and claws of the first pair of legs. Myobia lives upon
hairy mammals, and the front tarsi and claws are developed into
broad scoop-like organs, each with a curved hook projecting from
it, the whole forming a most efficient apparatus for holding on to
the hairs of the host.

The third matter which is rather exceptional is that the claws of
the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, although didactyle, are
unequal (on each leg). Of course, a tridactyle claw with the
central unguis different from the lateral ones is common enough,
but a didactyle claw with the two ungues unequal is somewhat
rare.

As before stated, the Myobia hitherto known was supposed by its
discoverer, and most subsequent naturalists, to be a parasite of the
mouse only, although it did not appear to be confined to any par-
ticular species of mouse, being found both on field-mice and house-
mice, perhaps most abundantly on old specimens of the latter.
During the last two or three years, however, a Myobia has been
found upon the mole, which does not appear to differ from that of
the mouse in any respect except its somewhat greater size ; and no
acarologist has as yet ventured to make two species of them, so
that Myobia musculi still remains the sole representative of the
genus.

The finding of a species of Myobia on the bat is not wholly devoid
of a certain quaint interest, when we remember that the early
zoologists looked on the bats as a link between birds and quadru-
peds, and that Linnams classed them amongst the Primates ;
while, on the other hand, the popular instinct in most languages has
usually associated them with mice, whence came such names as
" Rere-mouse " (from the Anglo-Saxon " rau-an," to raise or rear

4 A. I>. MICHAEL ON AN UNDESCRlBED

np), and " Flittcr-mouse " in English," Fleder-maue " in German,
" Chauve-souris " in French, &c. ; and that modern classification
places the bats between the mice and the moles, certainly with the
squirrels and a few other things between the mice and the bats, but
very close together.

This phase of the subject does not quite end here, for upon the
squirrel is found another parasite, which, although clearly different
from Myobia, is yet nearly allied, namely, Listrophorus, which is
also a mouse-parasite, and which, in spite of the marked resem-
blance which it bears to Myobia, is, at present, placed in a different
main division of the Acarina by the exigencies of modern classifica-
tion, the order being now usually divided into two primary groups,
the Tracheata and the Atracheata. The two genera unfortunately
are separated by this classification of Dr. Kramer's, which is
probably the best, because Myobia possesses well-marked and even
conspicuous trachea?, chiefly consisting of a main tracheal trunk on
each side of the body, considerably branched, and ending anteriorly
in two stigmata near the base of the rostrum ; while in Listrophorus
trachea? have not been discovered as yet.

^fyobia is evidently a true parasite, living permanently upon, and
at the expense of its host ; the whole life-history of the creature is
known, and its embryology and subsequent changes have been ably
investigated by Claparede, who did not usually leave much for other
people to do after him ; and the whole round of existence was found
to be passed upon the unfortunate mouse, or other vertebrate, which
the acarid has selected for its board and lodging. The mouth-
organs of Myobia are essentially those of a creature feeding upon
its host, being composed of two lancet-like maxilla? lying together
in a soft tube or lip, and forming a piercing and sucking organ, but
without capturing organs, such as are found in the Trombidiino?,
Cheyleti, Gamasida?, and other rapacious, predatory Acarina, whose
palpi or mandibles are converted into seizing organs.

It remains to consider the name which should be given to the
present species. The much greater numbers which have been taken
on tlir Rhinolopkus would seem to point to adopting that genus as
ii basis for the specific name ; but, on the other hand, one specimen
was found on tin- Scotophilus, and the experience is hardly yet suffi-
cient to justify a conclusion as to what bats are infested by it ; nor
inusl it l>e forgotten that, where bats are abundant, they usually
lijliernate in caverns, or other suitable places, in closely-packed

Journ. Q.M.C.

Ser.E.Vol.2.Pl. 1

4.

■

i St

My obi eliiropt-er-ali

ACARUS OF THE GENUN MYOBIA. 0

masses, hanging from the walls or roof of the place, or even from
each other, and that these masses have been found to consist of
several species, if found in the neighbourhood; so that, if the para-
sites can live on various bats, they would be likely to become pretty
widely distributed. For these reasons I have not thought it desir-
able to select a genus of bats for the foundation of the specific name,
and provided it be, as I imagine, unrecorded, I propose to call it
Myobia chiropteralis.

Myobia chiropteralis. Sp. nov., PI. I.

I do not think it necessary in this description to detail the
numerous points in which the species is similar to the well-known
M. musculi, and which are, in effect, generic characters ; but only
to point out the particulars in which the new species differ from that
previously known, so as to facilitate identification.

There is far less variation between the sexes in this creature than
in the Myobia of the mouse, the form of the males and females
being nearly similar.

The principal differences from M. musculi are that M. chiropteralis
is the longer and narrower in form, and that the hairs on its dorsal
surface are far more spatulate than those of the mouse-parasite, and
mostly terminate in very long points, so that they really cover up
the greater part of the notogaster. The great holding claw of the
first leg also differs, and there are other minor distinctions.

Myobia chiropteralis.

Female (Fig. 1).
Average length about ...

„ greatest breadth about

„ leugth of legs, 1st pair about...

,, ,, ,| _1HI ,, ,, ... ...

,, ,, j, orcl ,, ,, ... ...

n >> >> ^0. >> >>

„ ,, anal hairs „ ... ... '35 ,,

The form is longer and comparatively narrower than in M. musculi,
less wide over the third pair of legs, less rounded at the posterior
margin ; and there is a narrower, slightly-trifid projection for the
anus, which is absent, or but slightly indicated, in M. musculi.

The most striking characteristic of the species consists in the
hairs on the back, which, instead of being straight and spike-like,
as in the mouse-parasite, are broadly spatulate, and are drawn out to

'53

mm.

'20

M

06

It

09

If

10

)>

12

>>

b A. D. MICHAEL ON AN UNDESCRIBED

points, which, in some of the hairs, are of extreme length, and are
curved, or doubly-curved. These hairs, or scales, vary greatly,
hardly any two (except the corresponding hairs on the opposite
sides of the body) being alike. The arrangement (which is not
quite the same as in M. musculi) is as follows : —

There are five pairs down the centre of the back, of which the first
and fifth pairs are less spatulate than the others. On each side of
each of the first three of these pairs is a hair or scale, thus forming
three transverse rows of four, of which the lateral are not quite in a
line with the central pair; the lateral are the largest, the anterior of
them (Fig. 10) being far the broadest and the posterior (Fig. 11)
the longest on the dorsum. These hairs have longitudinal ridges
running along them ; there are seven or eight of these ridges on the
broadest hairs, and two or three on the narrowest. In addition to
these there is an irregular circle of spike-like or rod-like spines, some
more or less curved, set round the vulva, which is placed on a consider-
able elevation near the posterior end of the creature. The spatulate
hairs cover up the greater part of the dorsal surface, and they do not
appear to be attached in the ordinary mode of that class of hair or
scale, i.e., by a peduncle springing from the proximal edge, and con-
tinued in the plane of the scale, but are almost sessile, the peduncle
being very short and thick, and placed underneath, and at right-
angles to, the scale, the point of attachment being the centre of the
curve formed by the proximal end of the scale; thus the peduncle
shows, in optical transverse section, through the semi-transparent
scale.

The claw of the first leg (Fig. 6) varies considerably from the
same part in M . musculi, being much broader and more truncated
and scoop-like, and the hook-like or curled portion, which curves
under the hair of the host which the parasite is clinging to, being
smaller and narrower in proportion to the whole claw, if indeed this
vice-like apparatus can be called a claw at all. The expanded
lamina of the claw is semi-transparent, but has a curious branched
thickening running along its upper surface, a spine being inserted in
most of the places where a branch strikes the periphery of the claw.
There is a short truncated spine behind the claw, and a strange
chitinous piece behind that, like somewhat more than half a hollow
sphere, both like those in M. musculi, but not quite so large in pro-
portion, and not quite identical in form.

The claw of the second leg (Fig. 7) is didactyle, and is the

40

mm.

•14

ii

•7

»>

•9

it

12

>>

•15

tt

•42

ii

ACARUS OF THE GENUS MYOBIA. 7

smallest of all ; the claws are unequal, but there is a clear, chitinous,
curved, blunt-ended rod attached, larger than the ungues themselves.
The claws of the third leg (Figs. 8, 9), and of the fourth leg, are
slightly curved, unequal, didactyle, and considerably larger than
those of the second pair.

The hairs on the ventral surface are spike-like, as in M. musculi.

The Male (Fig. 2, under-side).

Average length about

„ greatest breadth about...

„ length of legs, 1st pair about...

ii ii ii ^na ,, ,, ... ...

ii ii >i o^d pi ti "•

ii ii n ^tn „ ,, ... ...

„ ,, „ anal hairs ,, ...

The male, it will be seen, is smaller than the female, but is of
much the same form, except that its legs and anal hairs are longer
in proportion ; it is therefore considerably narrower in shape than
the male of M. musculi, which is broader in proportion to its length
than the female,

The whole of the above observations relative to the hairs of
the female, except those round the vulva, and as to the tarsi and
claws, will apply equally well to the male.

The genital opening (Fig. 3) is placed on the anterior side of an
elevation far forward on the dorsal surface, being between the second
and third pairs of legs. It consists of a small aperture with slight
labia?, and is protected by a horse-shoe-shaped chitinous piece, not
unlike the sternite near the vulva of most Dermaldchi, but less
developed ; it is surrounded by several short spines. The penis
(Fig. 4) is an organ of remarkable size ; it is usually retracted
almost wholly into the abdomen, and then nearly touches the hind
margin, its point being directed forward ; it is a strong, hollowed
rod, of dark chitin, slightly curved, with the concavity upward, and
the rod is strongly bent upward near the tip, the actual tip being
again turned forward. At its posterior end it has attached to it a
somewhat elaborate framework of curved levers, the form of which
will be best understood by the drawing. It will be evident that
muscles pulling the posterior ends of these levers forward and down-
ward would produce the motion required for extrusion.

As far as could be judged from the present experience, the numbers
of males and females appeared about equal.

8

On the HexactinellidjE.
By B. W. Priest.

Read May 23rd, 1884.

PLATES II., III.

The order of Sponges to which I wish to draw your attention this
evening, and to which I briefly alluded in a former paper on the
Histology of Sponges generally, is one which comprises some of the
most interesting, as well as the most beautiful in structure of that
class of the Animal Kingdom.

As early as 1833 two or three forms were already known and
described, first by MM. Quoy and Gaimard, and subsequently by
Stutchbury and others.

But it was not until the results of the deep-sea explorations
which were instituted between the years 1860 and 1870, and
followed up to the present time, became known, that any idea of
the number of species of that order were arrived at.

Some of the species are now pretty well known, being repre-
sented in several of our museums by the so-called Venus' Flower
Basket, the Glass rope Sponge, the Birds' nest Sponge, and
others, all of which were well displayed at the late Fisheries Ex-
hibition, and most of the typical species are now to be seen at the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington.

In 1867 the late Dr. Gray proposed the term Coralliospongia
for the order. This answered at the time, as most of the sponges
then known and comprised under that arrangement were hard and
coral-like, the skeleton entirely formed of siliceous spicules anchy-
losed together by siliceous matter, forming a netted mass covered
with Barcode. When, however, other forms were found, it became
necessary to alter this classification. Dr. Oscar Schmidt proposed
to distinguish the whole series under the title of Hexactinellidce,
from the fact that all the species shared in common the possession
of hexradiate spicules.

In 1870 Mr. Saville Kent took the same view, placing Dr.
Gray's name, Coralliospongice, as a sub-order to Dr. Schmidt's pri-

B. W. PRIEST ON THE HEXACTINELLIDCE. J

mary one, and forming a new sub-order, the Callicispongice, the
former, Coralliospongice, comprising those sponges with a siliceo-
fibrous skeleton, the latter those whose skeleton is composed of an
interlacing spicular formation, never reticulate and continuous.

Later on, in 1875, Mr. Carter, whose classification will, I think,
still hold good, retained the order Hexactinellidce of Schmidt,
dividing it into three families : — First, the Vitreo-hexactinelhdce, or
those sponges whose spicules are held together by silicified fibre ;
secondly, the Sarco-hexactinellidce, or those whose skeleton spicules
are held together by amorphous sarcode ; and thirdly, the Sarco-
vitreo-hexactinellidce, or those whose spicules are held together in
one part by vitrified fibre, and in the other by amorphous sarcode,
and which at present contains only one species. These, again, are
divided into six groups, namely, Patulina, Tubulina, Scopirfifera,
Rosettifera, Birotulifera, and the single species, Euplectella cucumer
of Owen, in the third Family.

In all the Hexactinellidce known we find a minute flesh spicule in
the form of a rosette, which may be defined as an equi-armed,
sexradiate spicule, from the ends of whose arms proceed a certain
number of rays, which, although the same on each arm of the speci-
men, vary in form, number, and arrangement with the species, but
always project from the ends of the arms. These spicules often
afford, in conjunction with others, a means of specific distinction.
When I say that the spicules are formed on the hexradiate plan, I
mean that there is a primary axis, which may be long or short, and
at one point four secondary rays cross this central shaft at right
angles. Often one halt of the central shaft is absent or
shortened, or is represented by a rounded boss, and we
have then a spicule with a cross-shaped head, an often occurring
form in the defence and ornament of the surface layer of these
sponges. Sometimes the secondary rays may be partially or
wholly undeveloped, which occurs in young spicules and others
which are slightly abnormal, but in their place may be seen four
little elevations near the middle of the spicule, maintaining the per-
manence of the type.

In some cases a fifth ray is developed, as in the surface layer of
Holtenia Carpenteri. At the distal end of the central shaft a rosette
similar to the flesh spicule may be found, as in Euplectella and
Dendrospongia.

Those sponges which are found in the deep water ooze, as most

10 B. W. PRIEST ON THB BBXAOTIFELLIIXJE.

in this order are, anchor themselves by means of delicate glassy Ali-
ments, like fine white hair or spun glass, which in case of the
Hyalonema, or Glass rope Sponge, sends down through the soft
mud a coiled wisp of strong spicules, each spicule about as thick as
a moderate sized needle, which opens out into a brush, and fixes
the sponge in its place. The ends of these spicules are supplied
with an anchorate or grapnel form of termination.

In the case of Euplectella aspergiilum, the late Sir Wyville
Thompson tells us that this sponge is imbedded up to its fretted lid
in the grey mud of the seas of the Phillippines.

In a short paper, as the present one must be, I can only just
touch on one or two of the sponges contained in the first two
families of this order, hoping at some future time to bring others
before your notice.

First, then, taking an example of a sponge held together by
silicified fibre, we have Euplectella aspergiilum, Euplectella being
derived from two Greek words signifying " well- woven."

Most of you are familiar with the cornucopia-shaped sponge, that
at first sight can hardly be imagined to have been formed by any
member or aggregation of members so low in the Animal Kingdom,
but so it is, and the structure being so intricate, I shall take my de»
scription from Mr. Carter.

" It has its spicular basket-work, both of the body and lid,
throughout, cemented together by an envelope of vitreous, ladder-
like fibre, which ladder-like fibre in a horny state is also a pecu-
liarity of some of the Keratose sponges. The main lines of spicules
are longitudinal and transverse, so that cutting each other at right
angles and at nearly equal distances, they leave a number of
squarish areas in the intervals, occupied alternately by round holes
and matted basket-work. Through this arrangement the squares
with holes and basket-work respectively form diagonal lines, again
crossing each other, but now obliquely and somewhat spirally round
the body ; while a number of compressed ridges or frills, about a
quarter of an inch high, formed of the same kind of vitreous
spicular structure as the rest of the sponge, run along in more or
less continuous spiral lines, obliquely through the squares of matted
basket-work, leaving those with holes free between them, finally ter-
minating above in a line which encircles the lid-like end, where the
latter is joined to the body. The lower end, on the other hand,
which is also closed, but of a conical form, similar to the end of a

B. W. PRIEST ON THE HEXACTINELLIDJ5:. 11

conical sac, is enveloped in a bunch of white horse-hair-like, long,
anchoring spicules, respectively smooth and spiniferous, with hooks
at the free extremity of the latter.

" The flesh spicule, a rosette many-rayed ; rays of equal length,
sigmoid, clavate, and dentate outwards, claw-shaped, flexed and
grouped en fleur-de-lis, or with rays of equal length, straight
and pointed ; occasionally with straight rays, few, and terminated
by three or more spines at the free ends laterally." Those with the
claw-shaped rays, or, as the late Dr. Bowerbank called them, the
florocomo-sexradiate spicules, are found on the outer surface of the
sponge, immediately beneath the dermal membrane, cemented to
the apex of the distal portion of the central shaft of the spicules
forming the beautiful quadrangular network surrounding the sponge.
Specimens are difficult to obtain with these spicules in situ, as the
majority of the sponges have been well washed before they come into
our hands. When the first specimens of Euplectella were brought
to England there was some little contention regarding its place in
Natural History, some supposing, along with the fishermen who
dredged them, that they were formed by some species of Crustacean
as many were found with crabs in their interior ; but how came the
creatures there? Once in, they could not escape, and then again it was
not always the same species that was found in them. Some naturalists
thought that the sponge belonged to the Alcynoid family, forgetting
the presence of the polyps which characterize an Alcyonia. At last
it was decided that the Euplectella was a sponge, and that the crabs
must have obtained eutrance when both were in a young stage, and
had grown up together. The base of Euplectella has often much
sand and extraneous matter attached to the glassy filaments which
yield very rare Foraminifera and other minute organisms.

I will now just draw your attention to the skeleton framework of
Farrea and Aphrocallistes, both being comprised under the same
family as Euplectella.

The Farreas are sponges more or less tubular and branched ;
branches open, and slightly expanded at the free extremities ; walls
thin, of only one layer.

Aphrocallistes is also tubular and branched ; branches closed at
their free extremities ; wall thick and formed of polyhedrally reticu-
lated fibre.

In some of the members of both may be found a scopuline spi-
cule distinguishing the species.

12 B. W. PRIEST ON THE HEXACTINELLIDiE.

The framework of both species shows how the hexradiate type is
maintained throughout, although at first appearance it seems lost in
the process of growth.

You will see that the fibre of both is formed by an extension of
silicified sarcode, over a regular arrangement of sexradiate spicules,
indicating that, whilst in a young stage, what is now siliceous was
then horny, but that during the progress of growth of the sponge,
silica was deposited, which gradually extending over the fibre, enclosed
the original spicules. This conclusion was arrived at from the fact
that in some specimens of Farrea occa and Aphrocallistes Bocagei,
the anastomosing fibre was charged with minute sex-radiate and
scopuline spicules of the sarcode imbedded in a confused way, show-
ins:' that the silicitication of the fibre was more or less of a secon-
dary formation.

Fig. 10, PI. Ill, shows the lattice-work of Farrea occa, Fig. 12,
the same of Aphrocallistes beatrix, and Fig. 11, PI. Ill, a frag-
ment of Farrea occa, after Carter, enclosing a scopuline spicule
with pointed rays.

All the sponges of this family will stand boiling in nitric acid,
losing only the organic matter, the skeleton coming out a beautiful
structure as if made of the purest glass. Of course the rosettes and
minute spicules of the sarcode falling through the meshes and col-
lecting at the bottom of the vessel, can be washed with water care-
fully, and mounted so as to be examined with higher powers than
can always be used when they are in situ.

We must now pass on to the second Family of this Order, or
those sponges whose skeleton spicules are held together by amor-
phous sarcode.

Perhaps foremost will stand tlaeHyalonema, the now well-known
Glass rope Sponge, first brought over from Japan, and described
by the late Dr. Gray in 1835, subsequently dredged off the
coast of Portugal, and since then at various places by the "Porcu-
pine," " Challenger," and other expeditions. This sponge having
been now so often and well described, along with the deceptions
practised by the Japanese regarding its position, &c, I shall take
one of a comparatively new genus, named Rossella, after Sir John
Ross, who brought over a few spicules only. This genus contains
three species, viz., R. Antarctica (Carter), R. Fhillippensis (Gray),
and R. velata (Thompson). Taking Rossella Phillippensis, that
being the specimen I have on the table, it is, in form, generally glo-

B. W. PRIEST ON THE IIEXACTINELLID.E. 13

bular, or ovate, and occasionally cup-shaped, varying according to
age, presenting a somewhat flattened summit in which there is
an aperture, and a conical base which is closed, but rendered irre-
gular by mammiform prolongations of the body, out of each of which
issues a hair-like lock of long anchoring spicules, sessile, or fixed by
the anchoring spicules ; colour grey ; external surface uniformly
even, except where interrupted by the mammiform prolongations ;
cribbellate immediately below the lattice-work layer, surmounted by
one form of spicule only, which issues, as before stated, in hair-like
locks from the summits of the prolongations ; internal surface of
the cavity uniformly smooth, interrupted by depressions so increas-
ing in size downwards as to occupy the whole of the lower part.
Structural spicules of the body or wall of three forms ; — first, a nail-
like or conically headed spicule, the shaft vertically placed in the
wall, and the arms spreading out horizontally over the external sur-
face, so as to support the lattice-like layer of minute sex-radiate
spicules imbedded in the dermal sarcode ; secondly, a long linear
spicule, often presenting in the middle two or four tubercles corres-
ponding to the ends of the crucial branches of the sex-radiate central
canal, terminating in spines, and more or less inflated extremities,
but otherwise smooth ; and thirdly, sex-radiates of different sizes,
with arms of ecpial length, spined and pointed, chiefly composing the
lattice-like structure and including the right rosette-like forms of
spicule of the sarcode.

This species has also longer anchoring spicules than the other two,
with the four stout spines or hooks recurved and opposite, which
characterises the genus generally of Rossella.

Another difference in the structure of the species consists in its
being without the veil of singular and beautiful form which is found
in the other species, extending about a centimetre from the surface
of the sponge, and formed by the interlacing of the four secondary
rays of the large five-rayed spicules, which send their long shafts
from that point vertically into the sponge body.

Figs. 6, 7 and 8, PI. Ill, show forms of rosette occurring in
Rossella, and Figs. 5 and 7, the free end of the anchoring spicules
characterising the genus.

The third family, or that comprising the characters of the two
forms combined, and of which only one species is, as yet, known,
viz., Evplectella cucumer, I shall pass over, as the sponge has been
well described bv Professor Owen in the " Linnean Transactions " for

14 B. W. TRIE8T ON THE HEXACTINELLID^E.

1857, and the original sponge may now be seen and examined at
South Kensington.

Very little is known, as far as I can find, of the life-history of
this order of sponges, the most, perhaps, being where Sir Wyville
Thompson, after describing Iloltenia Carpentei-i, says, " When the
sponge is living, the interstices of the silicious network are filled up,
both outside and in, with a delicate fenestrated membrane formed of
a glairy substance like white of egg, which is constantly moving,
extending or contracting the fenestra?, and gliding over the surface
of the spicules. This " sarcode," which is the living flesh of the
sponge, contains distributed through it an infinite number of
minute spicules, presenting the most singular and elegant forms
characteristic of the species. A constant current of water carried
along by the action of cilia passes in by apertures in the outer wall,
courses through the passages in the loose texture of the intermediate
sponge-substance, carrying organic matter in solution and rjarticles
of nourishment into all its interstices, and finally passing out by the
large osculum at the top."

There is another sponge about which there has been much con-
troversy as to whether it should be placed among the Hexactinellidce
or the Tethyidce, viz., Dorvillia agariciformis of Kent, and Tethyea
muricata of Bowerbank. This sponge has some of the characters
of a Tethyea, but is certainly more closely allied to the order we
have been considering. It seems to be a link between the two,
showing how one species of sponge runs into another, as we may see
over and over again.

A large number of the Fossil Sponges found in the chalk and
greensand, and known under the name of Ventriculites, belong
to the Hexactinellidce, and most of them show an octohedral
knot structure in the outer skeleton ; but Mr. Carter tells me
that he only knows of two existing species that show the same
structure, viz., Myliusia Grayi, a specimen of which is in the
Museum, and Myliusia Zittilii, from the Phillippine Islands, of
which he kindly sent me a fragment."

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate II.

Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4. — Typical spicules of the Hexradiate order of Sponges.
o & 7. — Anchoring spicules of llosse'la.
6. — Anchoring spicule of Pherunema.

Journ. Q.K.C.

\

V

I

i&*r

\

^

A.HSev: ••

B. W. PRIEST ON THE HEXACTINELLlD^. 15

8. — Ditto of Labaria.

9. — Ditto of Euplectella.
10, 11 & 12. — Flesh spicules of Evplectella.
12a. — Floricomo spicule of Euplectella.
1 2b. — Claw-shaped end of Kay of ditto.
13 & 14. — Scopuliue spicules occurring in Aphrocallistes.

Plate III.

Fig. l.—Eossella Phillippinensis.

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. — Some of the spicules of the same.
10. — Lattice-like framework of Farrea occa.
11. — Fragment of Farrea occa, enclosing a scopuline spicule (after

Carter).
12. — Portion of skeleton framework of Aphrocallistes Beatris.
13. — Portion of the outer wall of a Yentriculite showing the
octohedral structure of the silicious network.

Note. — In all the flesh spicules figured, the third axis, comprising the
fifth and sixth rays, is omitted, in order to avoid complicating the drawing.

16

Description of some New Diatomace^e found in the
Stomachs of Japanese Oysters, by Fred. Kitton,
Hon. F.R.M.S., Hon. Memb. Q.M.C. ; with a List of
the Species observed by E. Grove, F.R.M.S. Also a
Description of some New or Undescribed Forms from
other Localities, by F. Kitton.

Read June 27th, 1884.

PLATE IV.

The stomachs of Oysters and other molluscs have frequently
been examined by Diatomists in the expectation of finding the
siliceous skeletons of the Diatomaceae mixed with the partially
digested food ingested by the mollusc, among others by Gaillon,
"who, in 1820 described his Vibrio ostrearius (== Naricida ostrearia,
Turpin = N. fusiformis, Grim., var. ostrearia, Turpin). M. De
Brebisson found a new species of Amphora (A. ostrearia) in Cal-
vados Oysters (Kiitzing, " Sp. Alg.," p. 94), and M. Bornet says
that the Oysters in the beds at the mouth of the Loire become
green by feeding on N. fusiformis, var. ostrearia (Grunow and
Kitton in '-'Month. Mic. Jour.," 1877, p. 179) ; see also the de-
tails of M. Puysegur's investigations " On the Green Colour of
Oysters," in " Revue Maritime et Coloniale," Feb., 1880, and
"Trans. Roy. Mic. Soc," Vol. iii, 1880, p. 931.

M. P. Petit obtained from some Chinese Oysters two new species
Cocconeis Ningpoensis and Triceratium rostratum and two new
varieties Aclinanthes subsessilis, var. enervis, and Coscinodiscus
lineatus, var. oculatus, which he figures and describes in his paper,
entitled, " Diatomees sur les Huitres de Ningpo et de Nimroud
Sound (Chine)." (" Mem. de la Soc. des Sci. Nat. et Math, de
Cherbourg," t. xxiii., pp. 201,209, PI. I, 1881.) In addition
to the above he detected 72 previously described species.

Last year one of our members, Mr. G. Sturt, availed himself
of the opportunity of purchasing some " tinned " Oysters from

>

F. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACE^. 17

Japan (of which some cases had been sent to the Fisheries Exhi-
bition at South Kensington) for the purpose of making a micro-
scopic analysis of the contents of their stomachs, and as his
modus operandi may be of service to others who are desirous
of examining the stomachs of Oysters and other mollusca, I
give his directions for their preparation : " After opening the tin
and pouring off the liquid contents, I empty out the Oysters and
pick out the stomachs (which look like dark little sacs, and as a
rule are free, or only partially surrounded by a little fatty matter,
which is easily taken off). I then heat in a flask to boiling point
five or six ounces of nitric acid, in which I drop one by one the
stomachs, waiting until each is dissolved before adding another.
After all have been dissolved I add an ounce of hydrochloric acid,
and continue the boiling for five minutes, dropping in at intervals a
little bichromate of potash. I now fill up the flask with hot water
and empty the whole into a large beaker, filling up with the hot water
(the fat rises to the surface, and on cooling congeals on the top,
and is easily skimmed off). I wash away the acid, using hot water,
and boil in soap and water according to Prof. H. L. Smith's direc-
tion.* If this docs not get rid of the organic matter, I boil in
sulphuric acid and chlorate of potash."

In addition to the numerous more or less well-known species
found in these stomachs, Mr. Sturt detected several valves of an
Aulacodiscus, which he exhibited at a meeting of the Club, held
Dec. 14, 1883, as A. angulatus, Grev. Having some doubt as to
the identity of the two forms, he forwarded to me for examination
several specimens of the form he had found, and, on placing them
under the microscope, I saw that they differed from any published
species with which I was acquainted, and a1 so from any of the
numerous specimens in my cabinet. Under a low power they
somewhat resembled A, angulatus and A. am o? mis, Grev., but a
greater amplification (-|) showed the resemblance to be very slight,
the difference being, in my opinion, of sufficient importance to con-
stitute a new species. I, therefore, have much pleasure in naming
it after the discoverer.

Aulacodiscus Sturtii, n. sp. F.K. Frustule cylindrical, valve
with a large central elevation (usually flat on the toj>), not
bullate below the processes, processes placed on the angles of

* The water used for washing must be filtered rain or distilled water, and
free from all trace of acid. — F. K.

Joukn. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 9. c

18 F. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACE^.

the central elevation, furrows distinct, pnncta moniliform,* radiant
between the margin and elevations, upon which they are more dis-
tant and less regularly radiant. Diameter, '0029" to 62". PI. IV.
Fig. 1. The number of processes varies from 3 to 5.

The most conspicuous feature of this species is the flat, elevated
centre, aptly compared by a correspondent to a miniature fort, the
projecting processes resembling the guns.

Podosira maxima, Kiitz., var. ? Valve hyaline, and the punc-
tate strias more distant than in the type species.

P. maxima, abnormal. This remarkable monstrosity cannot be
clearly understood excepting by reference to the drawing. The ir-
regular configuration, apparently upon the valve, is really below it,
and is probably a malformed internal valve. The specimen is a frus-
tule, of which the upper valve appears to be normal, and shows con-
spicuously the irregular " black spots " which Herr Grunow, in his
paper on the " Caspian Sea Diatoms" (" J. R. M. S.," Vol. ii. p.
689), says mostly mark the beginning of new rays of puncta, but
from some observations I have recently made on styrax mounted
specimens this does not appear to be the case, an examination under
a binocular and a power of 400 diameters, illuminating with a
paraboloid, showed the black spots to be trumpet-shaped tubuli
extending in a direction more or less perpendicular to the upper and
under surfaces of the valve, but apparently imperforate, as the
styrax has not penetrated them, sometimes they appeared to be
composed of elongated vacuoles like air-bubbles rising through a
viscous medium, and which had become suddenly arrested.

The trumpet- shaped tubuli are not unlike those seen in a section
of Waldheimia australis, or the pseudopodal apertures in Globi-
gerina, &c. PI. IV., Fig. 2, frustule. Fig. 3, diagrammatic section
of valve.

Amphipleura pellucida, var. rectus, F. K. Valve linear, margins
parallel up to the commencement of the furcate ends of the raphe,
when the valve becomes lanceolate. Length, -009 ; breadth,
•00075 ; strire punctate, 65 in -00K PI. IV., Fig. 4. Rare.

* Mr. E. M. Nelson has called my attention to the markings between the
headings, which give a granular or shagreen-like appearance to the surface
of the valve, similar to that on A., formosus, in the immature valves of
the latter species they appear as distinct punctae, hut as the valve increases
in thickness they become less apparent. He also informs me that the Aula-
codiscus Havtianvs shewn by him at the meeting held Feb. 8, LS84- (vide
Journ., Vol. i, S. 2, p. 371), was the above, Hartianua being a misprint.

F. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACE.E. 19

In this variety the " porte-crayon " terminations of the raphe, so
conspicuous in Navicula Lewisiana, and more or less so in all the
species and varieties of the Vanheurckian group, is more distinct
than in the other varieties of Amphipleura. ^

Navicula scopulorum, Breb. Forma major. Valve punctato
striate, about 65 in -001." Length, -008" to -009" ; breadth at centre,
•0006 to -00065. Raphe and nodules somewhat resembling Van-
heurckia rhomboides. Rare.

My friend, Mr. E. Grove, F.R.M.S., of Saltburn-by-the-Sea, has
very carefully, examined the Diatomaceous forms obtained from
these Oysters, and has kindly permitted me to append his list to
my description of the new species.

M. P. Petit's list, as previously stated, contains the names of 72
species. Ours contains more than 100, exclusive of the new forms.
Probably several of those named in the list may prove, on further
examination, to be new species or new varieties.

LIST OF MARINE SPECIES OF DIATOMACE^E OBSERVED BY
MR. GROVE IN PREPARATIONS FROM JAPAN OYSTERS.

■£•

Achnanthes Inngipes, A«

,, subsessilis, E.

Actinocyclus Ehrenbergii, Rlfs. Rare.
Actinoptychus undulatus, E.

Amphora marina, W. S. (proteus, Greg.). Scarce.
Arachnoidiscus ornatus, E.

„ Ehrenbergii, Bail.

Amphiprora ahita, E. var. ?.

„ elegans, W. S. Scarce. (Qj., A. vitrea.)
Asteromphalus Brookei, Bail. Rare.
Auliscus ccelatus, Bail. Scarce.
„ pruinosus, Bail. Rare.
,, Stockhardtii ? Fragments only.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.

„ reticulata, Rop.

Bribissonia Weissflogii, Gran. var. ? (Qj., Schizonema Grevilleii,W. S.

large form.)
Camjjylo discus dcemelianus, Grim.

„ echene'is, Ebr. Scarce.

„ undulatus, Grev. Rare.

„ grceffii, Gren. var., " Atl." xvi., 2. Rare.

„ biangulatus, Grev. Rare.

20 F. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACE^.

Cocconeis scittellum, E.

,, „ var. ornata, Grnn. (Qy., C. Morrissii, W, S.)

„ diijjliana, W. S. ?
„ intermedia, Gran. ?
,, distant, Greg. Scarce.
Cosci/todiscus o cuius -iridis, E.
„ centralis, E. var.

„ omphalanthus, E. ?

„ radi'du9, E.

„ heteroporus, E.

,, eccentricus, E.

„ svbtilis, E.

„ subconcavus, E. ?

„ subglobosus, Grnn.

,, armatus, Grev. ? Scarce, small form.

Cyclotella Dallasiana, W. S. Rare.
Denticula lauta, E. ? Scarce.
Epithemia rniiseulus, E.

Gomphonema (Rhoikospliema) mavinum, W. S.
Grammatophora marina, K.

„ hamuli f era, K.

Mastogloia exigua, Lew. Rare.
JSlelosira sulcata, E.
Navicula i?ite?'rupta, K. Rare.

,, didyma, E. Rare (small form).
,, Smithii, Breb.
,, prcetexta, E. Rare.
,, spectabilis, Greg. Rare.
,, carinifera, Grun., " Atl." i., Fig. 2.
,, Bailey ana t Grun.
,, (Scoliopleura) convexa, W. S.
,, directa, W. S.

,, liber, W. S. Also a var. with central stigmata.
,, yarrensis, Grun. Rare.
„ aspera, E. (Stauroneis pulchella, W. S.).
„ bleischii. Rare.
,, formosa, Greg. Rare.
,, peregrina, E. Small form.
,, scopulorum, Breb.
Nitzschia (Tryblionella) punctata.

var. (jranulata, Grnn.
,, gracilis, Hantzscb. vars. A small hyaline form.

(Qy., Tryb. debilis, W. A.).
„ constrict a, Greg. Scarce.

panduriformis, Greg. Rare.
jelineckii, Grun. Rare.

>» >>

F. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACE JS, 21

Nitzschia socialis, Greg.

,, annularis, W. S.

,, sigma, W. S. vara.
HantzscMa marina, Donk. Scaice.
Pleurosigma balticum, W. T.

„ formosum. W. T. var. Broad, with blunt ends.

,, elongatum, W. T. Small form.

Podosira maxima, K.

,, ,, minima, Grun.

Pyxidicula cruciata, E. ? Scarce.
Phabdonema crozierii, E.
Phaplwneis surirella, E.
Rhizosolenia hebetata, Bail. Scarce.
Stictodiscus calijornicus, Grev. Rare.
Surirella fastuosa, E.

„ striatula, Turp. var. Narrow, resembling S. gemma in outline.

,, gemma, E.
Sxjnedra affinis, K. var>.
Triceratium arctieum, E.

,, scxdptum, Shad. var. ? A central spine. (Qy., T. macidatum,

Kitt., V.H., 112, 9, 10, 11.*

A considerable number of Freshwater species were observed, which
were more numerous in some preparations than in others.

Caitipylodiscus noricus, E. Bare. Cymbella, two or three species, Epi-
themia turgida, Navicula rhomboides, E. JS\ amphigomphus (firma), E.
N. commutata, Grun. Surirella splendida and vars. S. spiralis, S. W.,
not uncommon ; S. nobilis, scarce ; Nitzsclda (Hantzschia) amphioxys,
Tabellaria, &c, &c.

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES FROM OTHER LOCALITIES.

Surirella carinata, n. sp., F. K. Valve panduriform, apices
broadly rounded, aire slightly produced, costre reaching to pseudo,
raphe margin striate. Length, '0055" ; breadth, "0036 ; width at
construction, -0026. Dredging — Lat., 20*1 S. ; long., 57*25 E. ;
depth, -1350 fms. — PI. IV., Fig. 5., a-b, longitudinal and trans-
verse sections (ideal).

The small quantity of material at my disposal yielded several
valves, and fragments of valves, these showed very little variation in
outline or markings. The centre of the valve has a longitudinal

* I have seen a form like the species figured in Schmidt's "Atlas," PI.
LXXYL, Fig. 11, which is a var. of T. sculptum. — F. K.

22 P. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACEiG.

elevation like a reversed V (\), the top of which constitutes the
pseudo raphe.

Sceptroneis ? claws, n. sp., F. K. Valve cuneate, superior apex
broad, rapidly diminishing to half its breadth, afterwards tapering
gradually to the rounded inferior apex. Proceeding from the
margins of the superior apex are nine longitudinal folds, gradually
diminishing in length as they approach the sides; the raphe becomes
forked a little below the three longest folds which it embraces.
Strise moniliform, about 28 in '001" ; length, *01 ; breadth of
superior apex, '0016, do. inferior, "0006. " Challenger" dredging.
— PI. IV., Fig. 6, b-a, superior apex.

I, at one time, thought this form might be an abnormal state of
some species of Synedra or Sceptroneis, but having found several
fragments all resembling the perfect specimen from which the
illustration was made, I have come to the conclusion that it is a new
species if not a new genus. In outline it very much resembles a
horse-shoe nail.

Navicula Lyra, abnormal. Valve with one end broadly rounded,
the other produced and mammiform ; raphe imperfect, obsolete on
the upper half of the valve, the smooth, lyrate spaces on each side
of the raphe in the normal form are here represented by a horse-shoe
shaped hyaline band, commencing a little above the central nodules,
and terminating near the mammiform apex. Strias moniliform,
radiant on the upper half and sometimes confluent, having the
appearance of radiating costee, not reaching the margin of the
rounded end. Length, -0042 ; breadth at centre, '0020 ; broad
apex, -0009 ; narrow apex, -0003. In a gathering from Pensacola,
Gulf of Mexico, sent to me by A. W. Griffin, Esq., of Bath.

This form very much resembles in outline two abormal forms of
Navicula ( Stauroneis) maculata, of which Herr Weissflog has kindly
sent me photographs. In both specimens the striaa on the upper
portion do not reach the margin of the broad end. In one specimen
an irregular smooth space surrounded the central nodule, and a slight
trace of raphe exists near the small apex ; length, -0048" ; breadth
at centre, "0023". In the second specimen a circular sub-central
smooth area is visible, the terminal nodules lying just within its
circumference. The lower half of the raphe is normal, but that of
the upper part is nearly at right angles with it. Length, -0043 ;
breadth, '0023.

I

/

F. KITTON ON SOME NEW DIATOMACE^E. 23

These forms occurred in a gathering from Marble Head, Mass.,

U.S.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. — Aulacodiscus Sturtii. X 600 dia.
2. — Podosira maxima, X 400 dia.
3. — ,, diagrammatic section of valve.
4. — A mp Ja pleura pettucida, X 400 dia.
4a. — „ apex, x 800 dia.

5. — Surirella crinata, X 400 dia.

a-h, ideal sections of do.
6. — Sceptroneis clavv.s, X 360 dia.*

a, superior apex of do., X GOO dia.
7. — Naticula Lyra, abnormal, X 600 dia.

This valve is apparently slightly abuormal, the pseudo raphe is not central,
and one angle of the broad apex is lower than the other. Fig. a represents a
fragment of another valve.

* Shows the moniliform character of the striae.

24

Note on Mermis Nigrescens.

By R. T. Lewis, F.R.M.S.

Bead June 27th, 1884.

Those members of the Quekett Club who are old enough in that
relationship to remember its earlier proceedings, will perhaps recol-
lect that at the Ordinary Meeting in August, 1867, a paper was
read " On Mermis Nigrescens," a hair worm which at that time
was attracting considerable attention. At that remote period of
our history the Quekett did not possess a Journal of its own, but
the paper in question was preserved from oblivion by the then
Editor of " Science Gossip " — our now respected President.

Referring to the paper as it appeared in that periodical for
October, 1867, it seems that on the 2nd of June in that year a
thunderstorm occurred, accompanied by heavy rainfall, and that
on the following morning immense numbers of these worms were
found upon trees and shrubs, as well as on the grass and on the
soil, throughout the counties of Sussex, Kent, Surrey, and Middle-
sex. The facts were mentioned at the time at the Entomological and
Linnean Societies, as well as the Quekett Microscopical Club ; and
specimens were exhibited here which had been forwarded by a
friend at Bognor. It was also stated that similar sudden appear-
ances of these worms in large numbers occurred in the years 1781,
1832, and 1845 — on each occasion in the month of June, and after
thunderstorms with heavy rainfall. During the 17 years which
have intervened my enquiries for further specimens of these
creatures have proved fruitless, but on the 5th of June, 1884, Ave
were visited with a severe thunderstorm, followed by heavy rainfall,
which continued without interruption for about 24 hours ; and on
the following day, whilst stooping to remove a weed from a flower-
bed, my attention was arrested by Mermis Nigrescens, suspended by
the tail from a carnation plant, and waving its slender body to and
fro in the air. Further search speedily resulted in the discovery of

R. T. LEWIS ON MERMIS NIGRESCENS. 25

numerous other specimens, some on rose bushes and plants, others
upon the ground, but all alive and active, and in a mature con-
dition ; I could, however, only find them on the western side of the
garden, the wind during the clay having blown from the east, and
the eastern side being much sheltered by trees. On the following-
morning not one could anywhere be found, and where they came
from, or went to, remain as much unanswered queries as in 1867,
though at that time, as on former occasions, a belief prevailed
amongst the rural population that they had fallen from the clouds
during the storm.

The finding of these specimens during the present month enabled
me to repeat and to verify the observations made in 1867, and this
under the more favourable conditions that these recentlv obtained
were living, whereas those formerly received from Bognor were
dead and dry when they came to hand. In general appearance the
two lots are precisely similar — from 3^ to 5 inches long by
about Jq inch in diameter, their colour varying with the quantity
of ova which they contained, the darkest specimens probably en-
closing not far short of 10,000.

The spirally striated character of the translucent integument is
very marked in the living specimens, and seems to furnish a clue to
their extraordinary muscular power and movements, for whilst
readily able to coil up into a helix of about T\ inch in diameter,
it was noted that when seized by one end the body became almost
rigid, and many specimens were taken which were erect and wTaving
to and fro in the air for at least | of their total length. One
specimen, whilst under the microscope, was observed to expel a
quantity of ova which, when placed under a ^ ineh objective, were at
once seen to possess the curious appendages formerly noticed, each
ovum being enclosed in a delicate hyaline capsule, having one or
more extremely fine brush-like processes at each end. Specimens
of the worms, both alive and mounted, are exhibited in the room,
and under another microscope the ova, with their appendages, are
also shown ; these are simply placed under a cover glass upon a
hollowed glass slide, in a little water, as any attempt to mount
them has hitherto only resulted in the rapture of the capsule and
escape of the worm. It is mainly with the hope of eliciting some
suggestions as to the probable use of these appendages that I
have ventured this short note upon an old subject.

Note. — Since the above was written and on the afternoon of

26 R. T. LEWIS ON MKRMIS NIGRESCENS.

July 6th a severe thunderstorm again occurred, rain falling heavily
for about two hours ; immediately on the cessation of the storm I
searched the garden for Mermis, and succeeded in finding six more
specimens.

My attention has also since been directed to the observations of
Dujardin on this subject, as quoted by our late President, Dr. T. S.
Cobbold, in his work on "Entozoa," p. 59, in which these pro-
cesses are regarded as funiculi. — R. T. L.

27

Q.M.C. EXCURSIONS.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to the Gardens
of the Royal Botanic Society of London by Messrs.
Badcock, Bartlett, Cocks, Dr. M. C. Cooke, Messrs.
Dunning. Funston, Glasspoole, Hardy, Mainland, Parsons,
and Rousselet.

19th April, 1884.

ALGjE.

Cladophora fracta.

Oscillaria Frolichii.
„ tenervima.

Scytonema Hoffmanni.

„ Julianum. W. and N.

DESMIDIACEJS.

Closteriwn lunula.

„ monilijerum.

Pediastrum Boryanum.
,, granulatum.

Scenedesmus quadricauda.
DIATOM ACE uE.

Amphipleura sigmoidea.

Cocconema lanceolatum.

Encyonema c&spitosum.

Navicular.

Pinnularia nobilis.

Pleurosigma littorale.

Synedra capitata.
INFUSORIA.

Acineta tuberosa and various forms of Podophrya.

Actinophrys.

Amblyopias viridis.

Amceba princeps.

Astasia limpida.

Cothurnia imberbis.

28

INFUSORIA.
Dileptus folium.

E[ i is tylis anasta ilea .

„ grand is.

Euglena longicauda.
Paramecium aurelia.
Phacus longicaudus.
Spongilla jluviatilis.
Stentor, sp.

„ cairuleus.
Mullen,
polymoiphus.
Stylonichia.
Vaginicola crystallina.
Vorticella microstoma.
„ nebulifera.

Zooth a m n iu m s imp lex,
ROTIFER A.

Brachionus amphtceros.
Dinocharis tetractis.
Distemma forficula.
Floscularia cornuta.
Limnias ceratophylli.
Mastigocerca carinata.
Metopidia.
Monocerca raltus.
(Ecistes crystallinus.
CEcistes umbella.
Phylodin a erythi op hthalma.
Pterodina patina.
Rattulus lunar is,
Stephanocerus Eichhornii.
POLYZOA.

Fredericella sultana.
Plumatella repens.
ENIOMOSTRACA.
Cyclops tenuicornis.
Canthocamptus.
Chydorvs.

And other common species.

29

PLANAUIA.
Sp.

ANNELIDA.

Nais digit at a.

Thirty-five members of the Club, with three friends and nine
members of other Societies, making a total of forty-seven, joined
the excursion, and were very delighted with the opportunity of
visiting these Gardens, afforded by the kindness of Mr. Sowerby,
who conducted the party through the conservatory and other
houses and the grounds. Mr. Sowerby's great attention was highly
appreciated by all present.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Chingford by
Mr. Cocks, Dr. M. C. Cooke, Messrs. Gi.asspoole, Main-
land, J. T. Powell, Dadswell, and Funston.

3rd May, 1884.

ALGsE.

Oscillaria tenuis.

Protococcus.

Spirogyra decemina.

Spirogyra quinina.

Volvox globator.
DESMIDIACE^E.

Closterium acerosum.
,, Ehrenbergii.

,, moniliferum.

Cosmarium botrytis.

Penium margaritaceum.

Strauraslrum polymorphum.
,, punctulatum.

MUSCI.

The protonema of a moss, easily mistaken for a species of
Stygeoclonium, very numerous in the ditch at the Cuckoo pits.

Aulacomnion palustre.

Dicranum.

Pogonatum piliferum.

Sphagnum.
FUNGI.

Byssosphceria aquila, Fr.

30

FUNGI.

Peziza aphala, B. & Br.
,, Curreyana, B.
CHARACE^E.

JSitella opaca, male plant with antheridia in beautiful condition.
D1ATOMACEJE.

Xitzschia.

Pinnularia nobilis.

„ viridis. •

INFUSORIA.

Actinophrys Eichhornii.
,, sol.

,, viridis.

AntJwphysa Mulleri (vegetans).

Arcella dentata.
,, vulgaris.

Bursaria vernalis.

Euglena longicauda.

Lacrymaria proteus.

Peridinium cinctum.

Stentor Mulleri (white in gelatinous tubes).
,, polymorphic.
ROTIFER A.

Anurcea curvicornis.

Brachionus.

Conochilus volvox.

Dinocharis tetractis.

Euchlanis sp.

Floscularia, sp.

Hydatina senta.

Melicerta ringens.

Metopidia sp.

Monocerca rattus.

(Ecistes umbella.

Philodina.

Tardigrada.
ENTOMOSTRACA.

Chydorus sphericus.

Cyclops.

Daphnia.

n 1

PLANARIA.

Planaria lactea.
MYRIAPODA.

Polyxenes lagurus.
ARACHNIDA.

Chelifer cancroides.
PHANEROGAMS.

Drosera rotundifolia.

Ruscus aculeatus.

And many other common species.

Twelve members of the Club, and three members of other
Societies attended. The weather was very unpromising, and
doubtless deterred many from joining the Excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Totteridge
by Dr. M. C. Cooke, Messrs. Dadswell, Funston, Hardy,
Mainland, and J. T. Powell.

17th May, 1884.
ALG^E.

Aphanothece stagnina.

Apiocystis.

Bulbochcete setigera.

Chcetophora pisiformis.

Gonium pectorale.

Mesocarpvs, sp. Without fruit, and therefore cannot be named.

Nostoc piscinale.

(Edogonium ciliatum.

„ Vaucherii.

Olpidium endogenum, in Mesocarpus.
Oscillaria limosa.

«

,, . tenuis.
Spirogyra flavescens.

,, nitida.

,, quinina.

Stauraspermum, sp. Without fruit, and therefore cannot be
named.

Stigeoclonium protensum.
Ulothrix tenerrima.
Zygnema stellinum.

32

A filamentous alga — cells about length of four diameters, with
two stellate bodies in each cell.

Volvox globator, with yellow resting-spores, but some, although
revolving, were without spores and full of a filamentous sub-
stance.

DESMIDIACEjE.
Closterium Ehrenbergii.

„ lunula.

Euastrum oblongum.
Pediastrum Boryanum.

„ Ehrenbergii.

„ granulatum.

Scenedesmus acutus.

,, quadricauda.

Straurastrwn giacile.
DIATOMACEJS.

Cocconema lanceolatum.

Pleurosigma angulation.

Surirella.

A stipitate diatom.

M icr aster ias.
CHARACEsE.

Nitella fiexilis — in fruit.
INFUSORIA.

Actinophrys sol.

An thophysa M i'dleri.

Arcella vulgaris.

Bursaria truncatella.

Chcetonotus larus.

Chaetotyphla armata.

Coleps hirtus.

Euglena viridis, and the red form of ditto.

Epistylis.

Stentor niger.
,, viridis.

Vaginicola crystallina.
Vorticella, many varieties.

Stylonichia.

33

ROTIFER A.

Euchlanis triguetra.

Floscularia cornuta.
„ . ornata.

Limnias ceratophjlli.

Melicerta ringens.

(Ecistes crystallinus.

Rattulus lunaris.

Stephanoceros Eiclihornii,

Triarthra longiseta.
ENTOMOSTRACA.

Camptocercus macrourus.

A Cyclops, not figured in Baird.

Diaptomus castor.
HYDRACHNIDA.

Arrenurus globator.
NEMATOIDEA.

Anguillula jluviatilis.
MISCELLANEA.

A globular gelatinous cyst, the size of a pea, containing
numerous ova and nearly hatched larvas, probably dipterous.
PHANEROGAMS.

Ranunculus lingua (Greater Spearwort).

Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag).

Sherardia arvensis (Field Madder).

The day was fine, but the excursion was not so well attended as
might have been expected. Possibly Totteridge may be thought
by some to be exhausted, but the foregoing list shows that there
are still many objects to be obtained in that neighbourhood ; in
addition to those enumerated some curious forms of Volvox and
some very beautiful Rotifers were found by the Secretary, who re-
grets that he had not time to identify them. Other interesting
objects were also found by him.

The number of members of the Q.M.C. who attended the Excur-
sion was twelve. Four members of the Hackney Society were
also present, as also one member from the S. London ; these with
one or two friends, made up a total of nineteen.

Journ. Q. M. C.j Series II., No. 9.

n

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Woking Bt
Messrs. Dadswell and Parsons.

Saturday, 7tli June, 1884.

ALG^E.

Volvox globator.
INFUSORIA.

Vaginicola.
Stentor Mulleri.
ROTIFERA.

Conocliilus volvox.

Floscularia.

Jllelicerta ringens.

Stepha?ioceros Eiclilwrnii.

Limnias ceratophylli.
ENTOMOSTRACA.

Daphnia pulex.

A Daphnia — probably reticulata, Laving the eye at the end of a
blunt rostrum.

Diaptomus castor, male and female.

Eurycercus latuellatus.

Polyphemus pecliculus.
CHARACEsE.

Nitella opaca, female plant with arcnegonia.
PHANEROGAMS.

Drosera rotundifolia.
„ intermedia.

Owing to the weather during the week having been very wet,
the Excursion, as regards numbers, was a failure, only four
members, three of whom are on the Excursions Sub-Committee,
attending, but they had a very enjoyable afternoon. Mr. Fredk.
Enock kindly met them at the station and pointed out the likely
spots for finding objects of interest.

Fredk. A. Parsons.

Hon. Sec, Excns. Sub- Com.

35

»

PROCEEDINGS.

April 25th, 1884. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club : — Mr. Jno. Higgins and Mr. J. W. P. Laurence.
The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society " From the Society.
"Proceedings of the Geologists' Association" ,, „

" Journal of the Postal Microscopical Society" ,, „

" Proceedings of Belgian Microscopical^)

Society" )

" Science Gossip " ... ... ... ... ,, Publisher.

" The Analyst " „ Editor.

" Science Monthly " ... ... ... ... ,, „

"The American Naturalist " ... ... ... In exchange.

" The American Monthly Microscopical^)

Journal" ) "

Dr. Cooke's " Fresh Water Algae," Part 8 ... Purchased.
" Annals of Natural History " ... ... „

Coles' " Studies in Microscopical Science" ... „

"Challenger Reports," Vol. 8 ... ... ... „

" Album of Woods," by Wilmusdafer .. ... „

"The Flora of Middlesex" From Mr. Crisp.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.
The President, on behalf of the Excursion Committee, wished to remind
the members that the excursion season had commenced, and that two ex-
cursions had already taken place. It was intended this season to introduce
a new feature by giving out papers to the members to be filled up and re-
turned to the Secretary, indicating the various objects found, and giving
figures of such as it had not been possible to identify. The papers filled
up at the first excursion were so satisfactory that it had been thought
desirable to lay them upon the table that evening, so that others who pur-
posed attending future excursions might see how it was done, and that
others might be able to judge of the practical utility of the plan. He
thought that the collection thus formed would be a most interesting record
of the out-door work of the Club. And he would just call attention to the
sketches which accompanied many of the papers as evidencing that there
was drawing power as well as singing power in the Club.

3(5

Mr. Badcock thought he might say that these two excursions illustrated
the necessity for looking in unlikely places, for they were very apt to be-
come accustomed to look only in what they considered to be likely places,
forgetting that others were very often those where something very rare
might be found. At Keston many were disappointed at not finding
any Batrachospermum at the well as usual, but others who went to
another pond found large masses of it in fine condition. In the bog he
found Surirella bifrons, and on looking at it under the microscope he dis-
covered that which had been a subject of some dispute, namely, the filmy
pseudopodia, very clearly defined. The same remark would equally apply
to their last excursion to the Botanic Gardens, where in the Victoria Regia
house, on the rootlets of one of the water plants, Epitstylus and Philodina
were found in greater abundance than he had ever seen them before.

Mr. Ingpen described a new form of Camera Lucida, by Dr. Schroeder.
At first sight it might not appear to be neAv, but there was a very special
and interesting difference between this and any other. Dr. Schroeder
admitted that he made out the principle of it whilst working out Mr.
Wenham's prism for high powers. By means of a drawing upon the board
he (Mr. Ingpen) showed that the usual displacement was got rid of, owing
to the image having two reflections, and that the whole of the field was
taken in, the light being moderately bright from the object, and the image
of the pencil being beautifully clear. Until he had tested the results Mr.
Wenham had been equally sceptical with others as to the value of any
Camera Lucida with superimposed images.

Mr. Michael called attention to an unrecorded species of the genus
3/yobia, which he found some time since amongst some specimens which
were sent to him by the Rev. C. R. M. Burrows, of Brentwood. It was
amongst a number of others taken parasitic upon the ordinary small Bat,
found in a cavern in Gloucestershire. A diagram of the specimen was
drawn upon the board, and its distinctive features, particularly the pecu-
liarity of the foot, were pointed out. It was proposed to call it
Chiropteralis.

Mr. E. T. Newton (occupying the chair in the absence of the President)
proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Michael, which was unanimously carried.

Mr. E. M. Nelson read a letter from Professor Hamilton Smith, with
regard to diatoms mounted in his new high refractive media. Professor
Smith had sent over three more slides — those formerly sent having gone
bad — and one of these, a specimen of Amphipleura pellucida, was ex-
hibited under a ^in. with student's microscope.

Mr. Nelson also drew attention to a prize of £100, recently offered by the
Linnean Society of Sydney, for the best paper on the Bacilli of typhoid
fever.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Nelson for his communica-
tion.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione^ and the
following objects were exhibited : —

37

Spirorlis nautiloides Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Philodina erythropthalma ... ... ... Mr. J. Badcock.

Epistylis anastatica ... ... ... ... ,,

Cristatella mucedo ... ... ... ... Mr. W. G. Cocks.

Section of stem of Carex paludosa ('Sedge) ... Mr. C. G. Dunning.

Marine mite. Halacarus, sp. ... ... ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Larva of Labanus (Gadfly) Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Stentor Mulleri ... ... ... ... ... Mr. T. J. McManis.

Myohia chiropteralis, Q and g n.s. ... ... Mr. A. D. Michael.

Larva of an eutozoon ... ... ... ... Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Gonium pectorale ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Le Pelley.

Fredericella sultana ... ... ... ... „

Section of scale from Sciadopitys verti-

cillata ...
Scale leaves of ditto

Fredericella sultana Mr. C. Konsselet.

Trans, sec. Tongue of Cat Mr. F. Steele.

Diatom, Triceratium A 'ormannianum ... ... Mr. G. Start.

Clava squamata ... Mr. A. Wildy.

Attendance — Members, 66 ; Visitors, 4.

Mr. J. W. Eeed.

»

May 9th. — Conversational Meeting.

A demonstration on polarized light was given by Mr. Charles Stewart,
F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c, who observed that, as it was some 20 years since he
had worked at the subject, he had hoped to have had an opportunity of
revising his knowledge, but a pressure of business had borne especially
hard upon him, and he really had not had an opportunity of doing what he
would have liked to do.

He purposed, as this was a demonstration, to first explain shortly the
various arrangements he had brought to illustrate the theory and use of
polarised light.

Having briefly explained the generally accepted theory of light, as con-
sisting of certain vibrations of the ether caused by the active molecules in
the source of light, as, for example, the flame of a lamp, and illustrated his
remarks by diagrams on the blackboard, he passed on to consider what
changes were found in light when modified by polarization.

The vibrations being restricted to some one particular direction, causing
lineal or plane polarization, the beam wrould display distinct sides, one in
the plane of its vibrations, and the other in a plane at right angles to the
first.

The simplest form of table polariscope for examining light was a series
of thin glass plates, the lowest one blackened at the back, a piece of
ground glass being placed between the lamp and the bundle of plates to
diffuse the light, and a piece of clear glass being placed between the bundle
of plates and the observer, and forming an inclined support on which the
films of selenite and mica could be conveniently placed and manipulated.

38

It would be found that, when light was received by the bundle of glass
plates at the proper angle, which angle varied with different bodies,
but was about 56° 35' for glass, a portion of the beam of light was re-
fracted and passed through the glass, being absorbed by the blackened
surface at the back. If the light that is reflected is examined by another
bundle of glass plates or a rhomb of Iceland Spar, known as a Nicol's Prism,
the beam no longer behaved as white light, but appeared to possess sides,
the light vibrating in a plane corresponding to the parallel surface of the
glass.

By means of a diagram, he showed how the waves of light would foroe
their way into the bundle of glass. It would be seen that by using a
bundle of thin plates or a Nicol's Prism it was possible to analyse the beam
of reflected light.

In one position the prism allowed the light to pass through, and a bright
field was seen, but if the prism was rotated until it was at right angles, no
light could pass, and a dark field was the result. This was illustrated by
first placing the fingers of one hand parallel with those of the other, and then
placing the fingers of one hand at right angles to those, of the other, in whioh
latter position they could not, of course, pass in the same plane.

He next directed attention to a disc of mica, mica being preferable for
these experiments because it was far more easily split into large and uni-
form films. This disc of mica had a direction in which there was a special
strain or tension. An ordinary ray of light, in passing through such a
crvstal, was divided into certain vibrations in the direction of this strain
and others at right angles to it.

"When this piece of mica was placed on the table polariscope, with the line
of tension at an angle of 45° to the plane of vibration of the polarized raj',
the mica would present various colours according to its thickness, because
the vibrations in the direction of the particular strain were passing through
the crystal with different velocities : the one the ordinary ray, and the other
the extraordinary ray, and these differed in their rate of transmission.

These rays entered the rhomb of Iceland Spar, and were again split up
into two by the same law as the original beam, so there were now four sets
of vibrations to deal with, two of which were vibrating at right angles to
the other two, the extraordinary ray of one set corresponding with the
ordinary ray of the other. [This was illustrated and explained by a diagram
on the blackboard.]

Now these four sets of rays, of which two sets were parallel but passing
with different velocities, reached the film of Canada balsam which cemented
the two halves of the rhomb together ; the vibrations in the plane of the
balsam film were reflected to the side and absorbed by the tube in which
the rhomb was placed, and the others were transmitted to the eye.

The result was that two sets of vibrations were wiped out, and two sets
remained to be dealt with, which were coincident with each other ; one of
these had got out a little in advance of the other. Meeting in opposite
phases, the vibrations of a certain length— say red — would clash with the
red of the other ; the ether particle would not move at all, but would come

39

to rest. In other words, there would be a polarized object presenting a
green colour.

To ascertain whether any object would polarize or not, it was necessary to
turn it round in all positions ; so the polariscope must be capable of rotation,
or the objpct must be capable of rotation on it. Sometimes it was more con*
venient to rotate the polarizer, sometimes the object. The analyser should
also have a rotating motion.

He then explained by means of a diagram in which the bands of colours
given by different thicknesses of films were shown in their proper position,
that the effect was precisely the same whether there was a minimum of
tension or a minimum of thickness in a given film, and traced the changes
of oolour given by the different thickness of films of mica.

In practice, it was often found more convenient, instead of trying to
split a film to a particular thickness, to use two or more films of mica or
selenite of a uniform thickness.

Taking a glass disc on which were fixed two small semicircles of miGa
of different colours, he placed over them another larger circular film with a
hole in the centre, and, placing the two plates on the table polariscope,
the effeot of the added film was seen at a glance.

Through the central aperture, the single films could be seen ; further out,
the result of the added film j and, beyond the smaller films, the colour of
the added film. The changes effected by rotating the films were shown
with the greatest clearness and simplicity.

Then as to the various thicknesses of films which were best to use in the
microscope, If it was desired to produce the more beautiful effects, it was
simply a matter of taste ; some preferred the most brilliant colour, with
dashes of black, giving more vivid features such as so many people admired.
A Spanish lady would prefer scarlet or orange with a black shawl, and she
would show her good taste.

There were others who would prefer softer, gentler tints of pink, and so
on, and it could not be said they were wrong.

Those who wanted vivid colours of the first type should view the object
without selenite; with selenite the black of the first case is replaced by the
colour of the selenite used.

What was actually learned by using the selenite film, with the least possible
trouble, was not only whether a body was in a state of tension or not, but
what was the direction of the teusion, whether pulled, strained, or squeezed.
This was done in a second, because if it were known what colour an object
presented with any given film of selenite whose direction of tension was
known, say blue, and the object previously blue appeared black when
examined without the selenite, it was perfectly clear that the tension
was at right angles to that of the film of selenite.

But how can the direction of the tension in the film of mica or selenite be
determined ? Many years ago he adopted the following plan: — He took
small squares of glass, placed them in an ordinary clay pipe, put them into a
clear fire until of a nearly red heat, and then cooled them at an open window.
A good many of them cracked, but he obtained a number in a state of

40

unequal tension, caused by the contraction of the surface, and the interior
trying to shrink into a smaller compass, but being prevented by the hard
jacket outside. Taking one of these as a standard, he was enabled to
determine easily the condition of the piece of mica. With the crossed
Nicol's Prisms, there would perhaps be found a black cross bisecting the
white square, in consequence of the glass being in a state of tension —
now suppose a piece of mica, blue of the second series, placed over the
glass gave the colours green and red, the direction of tension of the mica
would be the same as that of the green parts of the glass. Having
determined one film and marked it, it was very easy to determine others.

There was another fact that was useful, not so much for instruction as
for the beauty of some of its effects. Under ordinary circumstances the
colours simply passed from the red into green through the neutral zone. If
a piece of mica were used which had only the thickness which corresponded
with the quarter of the space between the first purple and the commence,
ment of pure white [as shown on a diagram], then it would be found that
by this so-called 5 film, when placed over any of the doubly refracting objects
with its principal section corresponding with, or at right angles to, the plane
of polarization, the light is so retarded that, instead of plane polarized
light, there would be produced circularly polarized light. The advantage
was this, that where with a simple selenite no colour was obtained, with the
i film the colours would change on turning from indigo blue, through yellow,
orange, red, and purple, to green, which of course greatly enhanced the
beauty of many objects when viewed with a £ film.

The question then arose, What thickness of film was most useful ? He
had not the slightest doubt it was what was known as the blue of the third
series. This was the most sensitive of all, simply because this blue was a
very narrow belt ; on one side close against it was a very bright red, and on
the other side a brilliant emerald green. A very thin film will at once change
this blue to brilliant green or brilliant red, either contrasting vividly wTith
the pale blue ground.

If the deep blue of the second series were used, it would not give half the
effect, because it was so broad.

In one of the table polariscopes he would place a couple of films touch-
ing each other; over that he would put a blue film of the same thickness
as that combined with the orange. In one position this makes the blue
black; in the other the blue becomes red, and the orange becomes green,
according to the position of the film. Take off the blue film and rotate the
analyser, the orange becomes blue and the blue orange. If, however, the ?
film be used, instead of each passing through a neutral point to its compli-
mentary colour, it would pass through all the series of colours.

Norremberg's Doubler was a simple arrangement for passing the rays
twice through the film, which was the same as if we had the power of
practically doubling the thickness of the film. This arrangement was par.
ticularly useful for testing the thickness of films.

The eye was very treacherous as regards colours, and could not always be
trusted, but by the above plan the accuracy of one's judgment can be tested.

41

In concluding his remarks, Mr. Stewart said that he had placed under
several microscopes some objects to illustrate the various points he had ex.
plaiued, and he shortly pointed out some of the most interesting features,
showing how useful polarised light was in searching out details of struc-
ture which could not be detected by ordinary light.

At the close of his remarks the members were invited to examine the
following objects with various arrangements of mica and selenite hlms
exhibited by Mr. Stewart and Mr. C. J. Fox, when further explanations
were given by those gentlemen : —

Sulphate of nickel and potash ... ... Mr. Chas. Stewart.

Striped Human Muscle ... ... ... „ ,,

Ovarian tube of Cidaris ... ... ... „ ,,

Epidermis from Human Foot, showing

» »>

sweat ducts, &c.

}

Various Mica and Selenite films and designs

}

for table polariscope
A series of Norremberg Mica Plates by") \r • P T F

convergent light ... ... ... J

A pair of Mica Wedges of 24 films, giving^)

the three orders of Newton's colours ; I

when crossed producing checks, and when I "

placed diagonally, a series of points J

A micro slide of two strips of Selenite "1

ground thin along their centres and !

crossed, showing a central square figure i " "

with four radial arms ... ... J

The following objects were exhibited in the Library : —

A new species of Rotifer ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Section of Grape Vine... ... ... ... Mr. A. L. Corbett.

Horned Aphis, Cerataphis latonie ... ... Mr. F. Enock.

Trophi of Wild Bee — Halicthus Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Nitella opaca Mr. H. G. Glasspoole.

Section of Dolerite ... ... ... ... Mr. A. V. Jennings.

Sulphate of Cadmium ... ... ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Diatoms, Triceratium arcticum ... ... Mr. W. H. Morland.

,, Amphi pleura pellucida in

Prof . Smith's new medium •••

)

Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Attendance — Members, 74 ; Visitors, 9.

42

May 23rd, 1884. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club : — Mr. John C. Havers, Mr. Ernest L. Lancaster, Mr. Alfred C.
Tipple, and Mr. Charles West.

The following donations, &c, to the Library were announced ; —
" Proceedings of the Royal Society" ... ... From the Society,

"American Monthly Microscopical Journal"... In Exchange.
" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science " Purchased.
" Annals of Natural History " ... ... ... „

Ray Society's last volume (Michael's " British^)

Oribatidse") ) "

Prantl's " Text Book of Botany " „

Rutley's " Studies of Rocks" ... ... ... „

Cole's " Studies in Microscopical Science" ... „

Klein's " Elements of Histology" ... ... „

Pascoe's " Notes on the Origin of Species "... ,,

Re-statement of the Cell Theory, by Pat. Geddes ,,

The thanks of the Club were voted to the donors.

The following extracts from a letter from Mr. Kruitchnuit, of New
Orleans, was read by the Secretary : — " The perusal of an article ' On
Sand,' by J. G. Waller, published in the ' Quekett Journal' for July, 1882,
gave me the idea that I had discovered a new source (at leapt to me) of
sand. Two years ago when I sojourned a few days at Hot Springs,
Arkansas, I discovered in one of the hot-water tanks some conferva. The
water was almost boiling hot. The formation in which the springs are
found is chiefly clay slate. A bushel of the quartz crystals adhering to the
filaments of the conferva would certainly be taken for sand, and fur sand
of the purest kind."

Mr. J. G. Waller said — Having given the slide sent with this letter a com-
plete examination, I fail to detect the usual character of quartz crystalline
formation. Viewed by ordinary light, the particles are dull and dirty,
looking, not clear and transparent, neither when examined by polarized
light is there the response indicated by quartz. One very minute particle
gives colour, but it does not seem to belong to the rest. The outlines of the
particles are rounded, but not by attrition ; it is the character of their for-
mation, which is generally ovate. Much consists of a conglomerate of
minute parts. Where some crystalline forms are seen, they resemble more
that of calcareous matter, such as spar, talc, &c. Some test is required
before we can affirm these particles to be silex at all ; and I am inclined to
think otherwise. At any rate, they are not of quartz, which is always more
or less translucent, and never has the dull appearance which is here
indicated.

Mr. Ingpen said that the question with regard to it was — Whether it was

43

qnartz ? Because if so, it became interesting to know how the quartz
became collected. A piece of nitella growing in perfectly pure water had
the power somehow of secreting mineral matters, so that they might find
within its structure not only the usual calcareous secretion, but also nodules
of what he supposed was carbonate of lime, which had been secreted by
the plant, and it seemed an interesting question whether quartz had been
secreted in some similar way.

Mr. Waller said the fracture gave the granules the appearance of small
particles of qnartz sand.

Dr. Matthews said it was a well-known fact that JEquisetum and the
grasses secreted silex, and that in the bamboo small nodules of secreted
silex were found. These were collected by the natives of the districts in
which it grows, under the belief that they possessed great medicinal pro-
perties.

Mr. T. C. White said he had a lot of conferva? some time ago which were
corked up in a bottle j after a while, the colour all went out of the confervae,
and they became surrounded by crystals similar to those of the slide. These
were not silicious, and as they dissolved in acid he assumed them to be
calcareons.

Mr. Ingpen, referring to the new mounting medium introduced by
Professor Smith, said that he did not think he had ever seen a slide of
Ampliipleura so well shown as the one which Mr, Nelson exhibited, which
was mounted by Professor Smith. No doubt the objective and the manner
of showing it had something to do with the matter, but there was also no
doubt that something was due to the medium. He could only say that
probably the exhibition had never been surpassed or equalled, and the fact
was to be recorded as an era in the history of resolution.

Mr B. W. Priest read a paper " On the Hexactinellidse," which he illus-
trated by numerous diagrams.

Mr J. G. "Waller thought that Mr. Priest was to be thanked for having
brought this subject before them, and for having compiled it in a very easy
and familiar manner.

A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Priest for his j:>aper was proposed by
the President, and carried unanimously.

The President said he had two or three small matters with regard to
the excursions, to bring before the notice of the Club, some of which
related to the past, and others to the future. He wished to say, First, that
the plan which had been adopted of placing in the hands of members blank
forms to be filled up with the particulars of specimens found, and to be
posted to the Secretary of the Excursions Committee during the week, had
been eminently successful, not only in identifying and preserving a record
of the objects, but also in stimulating those concerned to exert themselves
to know something of the objects which have been found. Secondly, at
each of the gossip nights the Secretary proposes to bring down the papers
relating to the previous excursions for the members to look over.

The President then read lists of the objects found at the excursions to
the Botanic Gardens and to Chingford, and expressed a hope that a larger

44

proportion of members than one-fourth would take the papers on the next
occasion, and would do their best to fill them up.

Announcements of excursions and meetings for the ensuing month
were made, and it was mentioned that owing to continued illness Mr.
Gilburt would be unable to fulfil his engagement to give a demonstration
on June 13th, but that the Secretaries were doing their best to provide
some substitute.

Members were reminded that at the next ordinary meeting they would
be called upon to nominate gentlemen to fill four vacancies upon the Com-
mittee, to be filled up by election at the annual meeting in July.

The proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione, and the follow-
ing objects wrere exhibited: —

Silk cotton (qy., Bombax) ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Section of Pampas grass, Gynerium Sp. ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Ova and larva of Tabanus ... ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Euplectella ... ... ... ... ... Mr. B. W. Priest.

Bursaria truncatella ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Rousselet;

Trans. Sec. stem of Bignonia clanbrasiliana ... Mr. W. D. Smith,

Attendance — Members, 61 ; Visitors, 2.

May 30th, 1884. — Special Exhibition Meeting.

By the kind permission of the College a special meeting was held for the
exhibition of objects of microscopical interest, which meeting was at-
tended by about 130 members, and 160 visitors. The following is a list
of the principal objects exhibited in the library, the museum of the
College being also thrown open for the occasion: —

Leptodora Jiyalina ... ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Serpentine from the Lizard ... ... ... Mr. J. W. Bailey.

Gabbro from Silesia

Carcinns mcenas (Shore crab). Zoe stage ..

Asterina gibbosa (Gibbous starlet). Young ..

Larva of Carcinns mcenas

Epiera diadema, just hatched ...

CEcistes (itmbella ?)

Crystals of silver

„ ,, santonine ...

Antenna of Emperor Moth

Tingis hystricellus

Tongue of Mason Wasp...

Crystals of Platino.cyanide of magnesia

Foraminifera (Miliolina oblonga) ... ... „ ,,

Diatoms, Coscinodiscus, sp. ... ... ... „ „

Fredericella sultana ... ... ... ... Mr. E. Dadswell.

Circulation in the gills of a Newt

Cyclosis in JSitella fragilis

j>

>>

Mr.

W.

R. Browne.

jj

>>

Mr.

E.

Bucknall.

j>

>>

Mr.

W.

G. Cocks.

Mr.

A.

L. Corbett.

M

>i

Mr.

H

, Crouch.

>>

>>

t)

»

>»

>t

45

]

Figure, tinted by coloured light, and seen')
through the eye of Dytiscus ... )

Cyclosis in L'hara

Young locust, (Edipoda cruciata

Hemileia vastatrix. Fungus of coffee plant

Section of Cacao Bean, showing crystals of
Theobromine and starch grains in situ

Lojihopiis crystallinus ...

Diatoms, Arachnoid! scvs, in situ

Eyes of Spider ...

Leg of Blowfly, showing muscles, nerves, &c.

Rectal valve and papillae

Reproductive organs of male bird's beak fly...

Micro harmonic curves and micro rulings,
4,000 lines to the inch ; larger figures on
glass for lantern, and various pendulo-
graphs...

Cyclosis in Nitella

Statoblasts of Cristatella mucedo

Tubifex rivulorum

Limnodrilus Udckemianus
,, Hoffmeisteri

Spongilla JluviatiUs

Carchesium, sp. ...

Photo-micrographs of Rock sections, crystals,
&c, taken by polarized light

Section of Butcher's Broom
,, ,, Mistletoe

Circulation and respiration in the tadpole

Young fry of the Stone Loach...

Scale of Turbot...

Tortoise-shell Beetle

Marine annelids

Schizonema Grevillei

Dermaleichus from Woodpecker

Leptodorahyalina

Archerina Boltoni

Acineta tuber osa

Podojjhrya, sp. ...

Melicerta tyro

Ova of Galathea squamifera

Aphides on Primrose

Fern spores

Lophopus crystallinus ...

Plumatella repens ... ...

Sections of coal

Cyclosis in Nitella

}

Mr.

A.

Dean.

Mr.

C.

A. Drake.

Mr.

F.

Enock.

Mr.

H.

Epps.

>>

>>

Rev

. B

!. Fase.

>>

j)

>}

>?

Mr.

F.

Fitch.

»j

>>

>>

n

Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Mr. W. Hainworth.

Mr. A. Hammond.

>)

Mr. J. D. Hardy.

James How and Co.
Mr. C. Le Pelley.

Mr. T. J. McManis.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Dr. Matthews.

>> j>
Mr. A. D. Michael.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. T. S. Morten.
Mr. J. H. Oliver.

>t »

Mr. F. A. Parsons.

Mr. T. Plowman, junr.

j> >>

Mr. F. Reeve.

Mr. C. Rousselet.

>> it

Mr. James Russell.

i>

»>

46

Helozoa ... ... ... ... ... ... Mr. James Russell.

Pediculus vestimenti ... ... ... ... Mr. W. Smart.

yy SCd'OBl/ ••• •»• ••• hi n

Volcanic ash from Charn wood Forest...
Phonolite from Cornwall
Leucite and Dolor ite from Eifel
Trachyte ,, ,, „ Rhine

Trans, sec. spinal cord of Calf

„ „ Human Kidney
Planorbis corneus
Cholestrin from alveolar abscess ... ... „ „

Foraminifera. Lagena... ... ... ... Mr. A. C. Tipple.

Ichneumon fly, Diapria ... ... ... Mr. J. J. Vezey.

Saprolegnia Gahbardensis ... ... ... Mr. J. G. Waller.

,, Varniensis ... ... ... ... „ ,,

Crystals, Platino-cyanide of Strontium ... Mr. J. Willson.

5>

>»

Mr. G.

Smith.

>»

>>

j>

»»

>'

>>

Mr. F.

Steele.

>>

>»

Mr. J.

G. Tasker.

June 13th, 1884. — Conversational Meeting.

The sixth and last of the second series of demonstrations " On Staining
Vegetable Tissues," which was to have been given by Mr. Gilburt, was
taken up by Mr. W. Dalton Smith.

After remarking that he had been somewhat hastily called upon to
supply the place of Mr. Gilburt, whose absence by reason of illness all
must regret, Mr. Smith proceeded substantially as follows : —

"Staining, as applied to Vegetable Tissues, is used for three chief pur-
poses —

1st. For rendering objects, which would otherwise be too transparent,
more distinct, e.g., cell-walls.

2nd. For differentiating one tissue from another, e.g., cells from vessels.

3rd. For differentiating the protoplasm from the formed material.

The various kinds of stains employed for. these different purposes may
be conveniently grouped in accordance with the end in view, thns : —

1st. For rendering cell-walls, &C, more distinct, the single stains, log-
wood, carmine, or one of the aniline dyes.

2nd. For differentiating various tissues, double stains, of which tho
more usually employed are carmine and aniline green, picro-carmine, and
magenta and aniline blue.

3rd. For staining the protoplasm only, Dr. Beale's carmine solution is
usually employed.

It is not my purpose to describe all these processes to-night, since
many of them have been fully treated of already; notably, single staining
in aniline dyes, and double staining in magenta and aniline blue, by Mr.
Gilburt, in a paper read before this Club May 25th, 1877; and double
staining in picro-carmine by Mr. Stiles, in the " Northern Microscopist "
for July, 1881. Dr. "Bealo, too, in " How to Work with the Microscope,"

47

gives directions for the preparation of the carmine stain that bears his
name.

I propose, therefore, to bring before your notice to-night two processes
only, viz., single staining in logwood, and double staining in carmine
and aniline green, and shall refer only to the staining of sections, the
methods being equally applicable to sections of stems, petioles, peduncles,
leaves, ovaries, &c. In every case I shall confine myself to facts, and
only describe methods that I have tried and proved to be successful.

Before I begin the practical part of this demonstration, let us assume
that we have a piece of the stem of a plant, from which we wish to mount
some sections. The various processes which will have to be employed
before the section is ready to be put away in the cabinet may be con-
veniently grouped as follows : —

1st. Cutting, which may be subdivided into three processes —

(a) The preliminary preparation of the stem, hardening or softening,
as the case may be.

(b) The process of imbedding in a suitable material, and

(c) The cutting process.

2nd. Staining, which may in like manner be sub-divided into two pro-
cesses —

(a) Bleaching, and

(b) Staining proper.

3rd. Mounting, which may include also labelling.

Whether we use logwood, carmine, or other stain, we must first pre-
pare the sections for receiving the stains by bleaching, except in the
few instances where they are already colourless. If, as in the present
instance, we wish to stain the formed material only, without having
regard to the cell-contents, either in order to render the outlines of the
cells, fibres, and vessels more distinct, or to differentiate them one from
the other, the only preparation I have found of any use is a solution of
chlorinated soda, which may be prepared as follows : —

Dissolve 2oz. of powdered washing soda (hydrated sodium carbonate)
in half-a-pint of distilled water. Then shake up thoroughly loz. of
chloride of lime in a like quantity of distilled water ; add to this the
solution of soda, and again shake thoroughly. A precipitate of carbonate
of lime will be formed, the chlorinated soda remaining in solution. Allow
the precipitate to settle, pour off the clear solution, filter it, and preserve
it in a well-stoppered bottle in the dark. It is essential that the soda
should be slightly in excess, as, if the chloride of lime is not completely
neutralized, the lime that is left will combine with the carbonic acid of
the air during the process of bleaching, forming a film of chalk, which
will settle on the sections and completely ruin them. It will be best,
after the preparation is completed, to test a small quantity of the fluid
by adding to it some more solution of soda, when, if no precipitate is
formed, we may conclude that the chloride of lime is completely neu-
tralized. Should a precipitate, however, be formed, we must add more
solution of soda to the bleaching fluid, re-filter, again test, and, if necessary,

48

repeat the process until we get a satisfactory result. The chloride of lime
should be as freshly prepared as possible, and therefore it will be best to
purchase it as we require it. It should be a perfectly dry powder — if at
all moist it will be useless for our purpose.

If the sections have been preserved in dilute spirit, they must be floated
on distilled water, and, when they have all sunk to the bottom, as much of
the water as possible must be drained off, and a considerable quantity of the
bleaching fluid poured over them. Examine the sections from time to time,
holding the vessel containing them against a white background ; a white
china tile, such as can be bought at any artists' colourman for a few pence,
answers admirably. Do not allow them to remain in the bleaching fluid
longer than is necessary, but, directly they are quite bleached, pour off the
fluid and fill the vessel up with clean water. Repeat the washing at least
five or six times, allowing the sections to remain in the water for at least
12 hours, and using distilled water for the last washing; then preserve
them in a mixture of equal parts of methylated spirit and water until they
are required for staining.

In order to stain the sections with logwood, the first thing, of course, is
to procure a suitable staining fluid, and for this purpose a preparation in-
vented by Dr. Mitchell, of Philadelphia, and described in " The Science
Monthly " for March last, gives by far the finest results of any stain I have
yet seen. The principles involved in its preparation are as follows : Log-
wood contains, besides the colouring matter, considerable quantities of
tannin, and vegetable infusions containing tannin are quickly influenced
by the action of light and air. This is the cause of the muddy sediment
deposited by most logwood stains, the colouring matter being also seriously
affected by the decomposition. Now, tannin is readily soluble in cold
water, whilst the colouring matter is but very slightly soluble in that
fluid ; hence, by washing the logwood, finely divided, with cold water, the
injurious tannin will be removed without the staining properties of the
logwood being materially affected.

Dr. Mitchell's directions, slightly modified, are as follows : First grind
up some logwood chips in a coffee-mill. Then place the ground chips in a
linen bag in a percolator, and pour cold distilled water over them until the
liquid coming through is very slightly coloured and has no astringent taste.
Then squeeze out as much of the water as possible, and spread the log-
wood on a plate to dry.

Take of the dried prepared chips, 1 oz.

Ground potash alum, 4^ drs.

Distilled water, 6 fl. oz.

Glycerine, 2 fl. oz.

Dissolve the alum in the water, then add the glycerine and mix
thoroughly. Macerate the logwood in this mixture for 48 hours, stirring at
intervals, filter the resulting stain, and preserve it in a stoppered bottle.

Not only does the stain, thus prepared, give a very beautiful colour to
the sections, cool to the eyes, and wonderfully sharp in outline ; but it is
also so selective that the various kinds of tissue are really differentiated, so

49

that for many sections a double stain is scarcely required. The process of
staining with it is as follows : —

First, place the sections in distilled water, then add 20 drops of the log-
wood stain to 1 fl. oz. of distilled water, filter, and then place the sections
in this for about half an hour.

Some sections, of course, will require a longer time than others. They
must be examined from time to time, and when sufficiently stained should
be washed thoroughly in distilled water. They are now to be placed in methy-
lated spirit for at least half an hour, when they will be ready for mounting.

If it is not desired to mount them at once, they can be preserved for
any length of time in the spirit.

Let us now consider the method of double staining in carmine and aniline
green. You have all probably seen the directions given in various books on
this subject, the whole process occupying something over 24 hours. Doubt-
less this plan has answered in some hands, but, although I have spoilt some
hundreds of sections in endeavouring to stain them according to the direc
tions given, I have never succeeded in getting even fairly good results.
When I was almost in despair, my friend, Mr. Martin Cole, kindly showed
me a very superior method of staining in borax carmine, and this method,
somewhat modified, I have adopted ever since, with the most satisfactory
results. One difficulty was ta get the aniline green stain to take a firm
hold of the wood and bast tissues, so as not to wash out duinng the soaking
in alcohol ; and, after various experiments, I found that the only way to
ensure this was to stain the sections with an aqueous solution of the colour,
and then to wash them in alcohol and so fix the stain, which, however, clung
to them so tenaciously that they would bear soaking in water for a con-
siderable time without any fear of its being washed out. I found also that
it was necessary to stain with the green before staining with the carmine,
since the latter was very speedily removed by water, and required washing
in alcohol to fix it. Acting on the knowledge thus acquired, I have now
entirely discarded the use of alcohol in all the staining fluids I employ, and
invariably make use of glycerine as a preservative in its stead. I should
also mention that I have given up the use of iodine green, aud always use a
solution of an aniline dye known as " acid green," since I find this gives far
better and more reliable results. It can be bought at Messrs. Skilbeck
Brothers, 205, Upper Thames Street, E.C., ?lb. of the best quality costing
3s. 3d.

The green stain is prepared as follows : —

Take of acid green, 2 grs.

Distilled water, 3 fl. oz.

Glycerine, 1 fl. oz.

Thoroughly mix the glycerine and water, dissolve the acid green in the
mixture, filter, and preserve in a stoppered bottle.

The borax carmine stain is prepared thus : —

(a.) Powdered borax, 10 grs.
Distilled water 1£ fl. oz.
Glycerine, | fl. oz
Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 9. e

50

Dissolve the borax in the water, then add the glycerine and mix
thoroughly.

(6.) Carmine, 5 grs.

Liquor ammoniae fortiss, 20 m.
Distilled water. 30 m.

Dissolve the carmine in the ammonia and water in a test tube, with the
aid of heat, and set aide to cool. Then add a to b, mix thoroughly, filter,
and preserve in a stoppered bottle.

I have found that the glycerine being mixed with the borax solution
effectually prevents the solution of carmine from changing to the dull lilac
colour it assumes when the glycerine is not so employed. The stain, when
completed, should be of a pure and brilliant ruby red.

The method of double staining in these two colours is as follows : —

1. Soak the sections in distilled water for a few minutes.

2. Place them in the acid green stain for from 8-5 minutes. They will
then be uniformly stained green.

3. Wash them thoroughly in two changes of distilled water.

4. Place them in the carmine stain for fire times as long as they were in
the green, i.e., for from 15-25 minutes, stirring them about in the stain with
a camel's-hair brush from time to time.

5. Wash them very thoroughly in two changes of methylated spirit,
allowing them to remain in it for at least 15 minutes.

6. Float them in oil of cloves, and as soon as they sink to the bottom of
their own accord they are ready for mounting in balsam, the whole process,
at the outside, taking no more than an hour for its completion.

The sections can be preserved for some time in the oil of cloves if they are
kept carefully in the dark, but it is best to mount them as soon after stain-
ing as possible.

It will be observed that by this method, although the bast and wood are
very perfectly differentiated from the cellular tissue, they are not differen-
tiated at all from each other. I would suggest that the differentiation of
the fibres from the vessels may prove a profitable direction in which to
experiment.

In order to cut really good sections, three things are absolutely
necessary : —

1st. The object must be properly prepared.

2nd. It must be properly imbedded ; and

3rd. It must be properly cut.

I am afraid people generally look upon the first as a rather superfluous
proceeding. Animal tissues, of course, require very careful preparation,
but vegetable stems or leaves are looked upon as quite ready to be cut just
as they are taken from the plant. Never was there a greater mistake ;
woody stems are generally much too hard to be cut without previous
softening, whilst leaves, petioles, peduncles, and tubers are generally far too
soft.

The plan I would suggest is this : —

1st. If the object is too large to be cut whole, divide it into pieces of a

51

suitable size for the well of the microtome, removing, at the same time, all
extraneous matter, and all parts of which it is not desired to make sections.

Stems, petioles, and peduncles should be cut into pieces about an inch
long.

Leaves of Dicotyledons should include the mid-rib if possible.

Boots and tubers should be first cut with a cork-borer into cylinders of
about | to f inch in diameter, taking care that the axis of the cylinder is at
right angles to the direction in which the sections are to be cut.

2nd, Hard objects, such as woody stems, are placed in distilled water
for two or three days, changing the water every day, to dissolve out gummy
matters.

3rd, They are placed in pure methylated spirit for three or four days,
changing the spirit every day, to dissolve out resinous substances. They
may then be placed in a mixture of equal parts methylated spirit and dis-
tilled water, until it is desired to cut them up.

If any of the objects are still too hard, they must be soaked in distilled
water for a day or two, immediately before cutting. If this does not suffice,
they must be placed in hot, or even boiling, water, for as long as may be
necessary, the vessel containing them being kept in a warm place.

4th. Soft tissues must be hardened in alcohol — dilute, strong, or even
absolute, as may be required.

It must be remembered that these are only general rules. The experi-
ence gained by practice will enable special cases to be treated in an appro-
priate manner.

By far the best substance in which to embed the object is carrot. It is
important that this should be quite fresh and crisp, so as to break short off,
without bending. If it is flabby it will not hold the object sufficiently firm ;
it may be preserved in good condition for a few day3 by being placed in
cold water, and kept in a cool place.

A piece should be cut with a suitable punch to accurately fit the well of
the microtome, and the ends cut off square. It is then to be divided longi-
tudinally down the centre, and the object imbedded in it, so that, when the
two halves are placed together, the object may be rigidly supported on all
sides, without being unduly squeezed. The whole secret of successful im-
bedding lies in this. If the object be not sufficiently firmly held, or if it be
pressed too hard, in either case good sections cannot be cut. They will
either be of unequal thickness, owing to the material giving under the pres-
sure of the knife, or will be broken by the squeezing it has received.

The plug of carrot containing the object is placed in the well of the micro-
tome, when it will be ready for cutting ; the microtome should be clamped
to the table, so that both hands are at liberty, and the object should be kept
flooded with a mixture of spirit and water.

The stroke should be made from, never towards, the operator ; the razor
should be hollow ground, and must have been rubbed down on a hone until,
when placed on a level surface, every point of both back and edge touch at
the same time ; this is absolutely essential if we wish to cut good sections.

As regards the thickness of the sections, they should generallv be of about

52

that of a row and a half of cells ; but this must, of course, vary with the
special point it is required to elucidate.

After the sections have been cut they may be preserved for any length
of time jin a mixture of spirit and water, until required for bleaching and
staining.

In mounting the preparations when stained, two things must be con-
sidered, viz., the medium to be used, and the method of using it.

The only medium I have found suitable for mounting sections, stained by
either of the methods I have described, is Canada balsam, hardened and dis-
solved in benzole. I have never yet been able to purchase any ready pre-
pared that I considered suitable, and have been compelled to make my own ;
the method which I employed, and found successful, is as follows: —

About half a pound of ordinary Canada balsam is placed in a soup-plate,
and warmed gently for some weeks, being stirred two or three times daily.
I prepared mine on the top of the hot-water cistern of a bath-room, and
found this answer very well. As soon as when cool — not cold, — it can be
drawn out into tough threads, and does not stick to the fingers, it is to be
placed in a bottle, and covered with bsnzole. In a few days it will be dis-
solved, and is then to be filtered through filtering paper moistened with
benzole, when it will be ready for use. I find I get a far better preparation
by dissolving the balsam whilst tough than by continuing the drying until
it becomes hard and brittle, as recommended by some. If properly pre-
pared, it should be of a pale colour, and of about the consistency of oil of
cloves.

The method of using it is as follows : —

A glass slip is breathed on, and a clean cover placed instantly on the slip,
to which it adheres. A drop of two of the balsam, prepared as I have de-
scribed, is then placed on the cover. The object, which must be mounted
direct from the oil of cloves, has as much as possible of the oil drained off,
and is then placed in the balsam and covered with a few drops more of the
same medium, and the whole is pat away out of the dust for 12 hours or
longer.

A fresh drop of balsam is now placed on the object, and the cover, with
the object and balsam on it, is turned over on to a clean slip. The latter is
then gently warmed, and the cover pressed down.

In a few hours the superfluous balsam can be scraped off, and the slide
cleaned with a rag dipped in methylated spirit. If the balsam has been pre-
pared as I have described, there need be no fear of the cover being displaced
during this prooess.

The slide can then be finished off with white zinc cement, or any other
that is preferred, and, when this is hard, can be labelled and put away in
the cabinet.

The following objects were exhibited in the Library : —

Ahyonclla fnngosa ... ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Trans, sec. Sciatic Nerve ... ... ... Mr. M. J. Cole.

Vert. sec. Mncous Membrane from Stomach)
of Dog )

» »

53

Diatomacese from Ormsby Broad

Tubi f ex rivulonnn

Capitella capitata

Coccus of the vine

Diatoms, Aulacodiscus Sturtii ...

Diatoms, Amphipleura 23&Uucida in

Smith's new medium ...
Floscularia omata
Sections of leaves of Pinus pinea

„ cotyledon of Pinus pinea

Fredericella sultana
Trans, sec. stem of Mistletoe ...
,, ,, leaf stalk of Camelia

Prof. |

J

Mr. H. G. Glasspoole.
Mr. A. Hammond.

>) )}

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.

Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Mr. R. Nevins.
Mr. J. W. Reed.

Mr. C. Rousselet.
Mr. W. D. Smith.
Mr. J. Woollett.

Attendances — Members, 51 ; Visitors, 3.

»>

June 27th, 188-4. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club:— Mr. Edward Bates, Mr. Walter L. Burrows, and Mr. Sydney
Cooper Tress.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Geologists' Association "... From the Society.
"Proceedings of the Hertfordshire Natural)
History Society " ... ... ... J

" The American Naturalist " ...
"The American Monthly Microscopical")
Journal " ... ... ... ... )

"Science Monthly"
"Science Gossip "

Cole's " Studies in Microscopical Science" ...
" Annals of Natural History"...
Two photographs of Excursionists at Chingford
The thanks of the Club were voted to the donors.

Mr. T. C. White said that in presenting the photographs he should like to
say that they must be considered as the work of only just a beginner. He
regretted that they did not include the whole of the 63 members who
went to the excursion, but they were most of them wandering, and he jnst
caught the few only who sat down together by the pool at Fairmead. The
photograph of the hotel was not so clear as it ought, and was desired, to be,
but it was taken about six o'clock in the evening, when the light was by no
means good, and although there was five seconds' exposure with open aper-
ture the result was a rather dark picture.

The President reminded the members that the time had come round again
for them to nominate gentlemen for election as officers and Council for the

In Exchange.

From the Editor.

„ Publisher.
Purchased.

From Mr. T. C. White.

54

ensuing year. The election would take place at their next meeting, being
the annual meeting of the Club. He asked the Secretary to read the list of
officers nominated by the Committee.

The Secretary then read the list of nominations as follows, viz. : —

As President, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S.; as Vice-Presidents, Dr. M. C.
Cooke, Dr. Matthews, Mr. Chas. Stewart, and Mr. Michael. Other officers
the same as last time, and as auditor on behalf of the Committee, Mr,
Hainworth.

The President then requested the members to nominate gentlemen to fill
the four vacancies caused by the retirement of Dr. Matthews, Mr. Priest,
Mr. Waller, and Mr. Hembry. Though only four would be elected, they
liked to have at least six nominated, so that the election by ballot was not a
mere matter of form.

The following nominations were then made : —
Mr. J. W. Reed, proposed by Mr. Parsons, and seconded by Mr. Newton.
Mr. J. Parsons „ ,, Mr. Waddington ,, „ Dr. Matthews.

Mr. T. C. White „ „ Mr. Dadswell „ „ Mr. Dobson.

Mr. B. W. Priest „ „ Mr. Hardy „ „ Mr. Emery.

Mr. E. T. Newton „ „ Mr. Lewis „ „Mr. A. Smith.

Mr. H. E. Freeman ,, „ Mr. Andrew „ ,, Mr. Buffham.

Mr. Waller ,, ,, Mr. Newton ,, „ Mr Michael.

The President having requested the members to appoint an auditor to act
on behalf of the Club, and Mr. Dobson having been duly nominated, Messrs.
Hainworth and Dobson were unanimously elected as auditors.

Mr. R. T. Lewis read " A further Note on Mermis nigj'esce/is," the subject
being illustrated by coloured diagrams, and by specimens of both the worm
and its ova exhibited under microscopes in the room. Living specimens
were also shown.

The President said that Mr. Lewis had commenced with an apology for
having brought up an old subject before them, but he thought that subjects
of this kind, upon which additional information was desired, were just the
kind they ought to have brought there.

Mr. Gr. C. Karop said that the whole subject Avas so involved in obscurity
that it was not easy to say what was the entire life-history of these
creatures. It would appear that the ova entered the larvae of insects and
there underwent development ; when fully grown the first thunder shower
seemed to induce them to quit their first hosts, probably for the purpose of
seeking some other habitat in which to fully mature.

Mr. Lewis thought that the fact that all these worms were found containing
large quantities of ova, which whilst under observation they continually ex-
pelled, indicated that they were in a mature condition. Those which he had
kept since June 6th had remained alive and active, until they had extruded
the whole of their ova ; a few days after this was accomplished they died
their purpose in nature being then, as he supposed, accomplished. On a
former occasion it had been suggested that the electrical conditions of the
atmosphere might have had something to do with their remarkable appear-
ances in such large numbers after thunderstorms.

55

Mr. Michael doubted whether the electrical conditions had much to do
with the matter, except that during the summer months large quantities of
rain rarely fell unless in connection with thunderstorms. He thought that
if the ground could be equally flooded without any thunder the worms would
no doubt come out in the same manner, their object, probably, being that they
might get washed out and carried down into the streams or watercourses ; it
was, in all probability, a process by which they were transferred from a
terrestrial to an aquatic host. Their occnrrence was so rare that their life,
history was not very perfectly understood. As regarded their being found
upon trees and shrubs, it should be remembered that they were able to move
in a very thin film of water, such as existed upon plants after a heavy
shower of rain.

Mr. Hardy asked in what manner they were found attached to plants or
shrubs ?

Mr. Stokes enquired if there was any evidence to show that they were
really aquatic worms ?

Mr. Karop said the contention was that being sexually immature they
were in course of transference from one host to another, in which their
final development might take place.

Mr. T. C. White said he had once, when dissecting an insect, been
surprised at seeing a worm of considerable length issue from its body.

Mr. Michael thought that this was probably one of the fi'arian worms.

Mr. Karop, referring to Huxley's " Anatomy of the Invertebrata," p.
644, read the following note: — "The insect parasites, Gorriius and Jlermis,
are sexless so long as they are parasitic, but when they have attained their
full growth they leave the bodies of their hosts, acquire sexual orgar.s,
copulate, and lay eggs; from these the embryos proceed which bore their way
into the bodies of insects."

Mr. Lewis, in reply, said that they attached themselves to plants by
coiling the tail round the stem of a leaf ; the body then hung down and
waved to and fro, much the same as a tree snake attached itself to a
branch. He had no evidence of their being aquatic, but as they dried up
and became hard and shrivelled when deprived of moisture he had put them
into water as a likely means of keeping them alive for observation. Those
exhibited in the room had lived under these conditions for more than three
weeks, but having meanwhile laid nearly all their eggs he expected that they
would now soon die.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Lewis for his communica-
tion.

Mr. F. Kitton's paper" On some New Diatoms found in Japanese Oysters "
was taken as read, it being of a somewhat technical character. It will ba
found printed in extenso on a previous page.

Mr. J. D. Hardy exhibited and described a useful contrivance for collect-
ing and examining aquatic specimens whilst out on excursions — it consisted
of two plates of glass with a narrow strip of thick indiarubber cemented
between them on three sides, the fourth side being left open, and thus
forming a very convenient flat bottle for the side coat pocket. The space

56

between the glasses being sufficient to allow of Anacharis 5 in. long to be
inserted without pressure, at the same time enabling the collector to bring
all parts of the weed into good focus. By the insertion of an indiarubber
flat cork the bottle is rendered water tight, and can be used as a slide on
the stage of the microscope so as to obviate the necessity of disturbing the
weed should any object of interest be observed when collecting. He also
showed a simple and effective method of straining the water poured into
or out of an ordinary wide-mouthed collecting bottle, by means of a small
cylinder of copper wire gauze which extended np above the neck of the
bottle.

Mr. Waddington said he could speak very favourably of the first de-
scribed form of collecting bottle, having nsed the same thing for the last
two yeax-s when collecting Zoophytes at the seaside. The only difficulty he
had found was in getting a cement which would stand the action of sea
water. He had, however, used with entire success a sea water varnish made
of marine glue dissolved in chloroform, which he found was entirely im-
pervious to sea water. It formed a thick paste, and was used cold. It
was an excellent varnish for the joints of square aquaria.

Mr. Hardy said he had used liquid marine glue, and a great many other
cements, but he found simple lard would do almost as well as anything else.
Some chemical action seemed to take place which hardened the lard.

Mr. Karop exhibited and described a very simple and ingenious gauge
made by H. Hensoldt for measuxang the thickness of cover glasses. It was
graduated to measure from 0 up to -J mm.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Kitton, Mr. Hardy, and Mr.
Karop for their communications.

The President directed the attention of the members to the book contain*,
ing the x-esults of the work done at the excursions, and referred to the list
of objects obtained on the last two occasions.

Announcements of excursions and meetings for the ensuing month were
then made, special attention being called to the whole day's excux-sion
toWhitstable on July 5th, ixx connectioxx with which a letter was read, aixd
members intending to join were l'equested to give in their names at once to
Mi\ Parsons. Members were also reminded that the next ordinary meeting,
on July 25tb, would be the annual meeting.

The proceedings then terminated with the usual conversazione, and the
following objects were exhibited: —

Fredericella sultana ... ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Mervnis nigrescens ... ... ... ... Mr. R. T. Lewis.

Ova of Mermis nigrescens ... ... ... ,,

Trichodeies scalaris ... ... ... ... Mr. T. S. Morten.

Trans, sect, of leaf of Cryptomence japoniea... Mr. J. W. Reed.
,, ,, „ Cryptomence elegans ... ,,

Asplanc/ma Brightwellii ... ... ... Mr. C. Rousselet.

Trans, sec. central canal of spinal cord of Calf Mr. F. Steele.
Attendance — .Members 48 j Visitors 2.

57

On a Hydrostatic Fine Adjustment.

By E. M. Nelson.

{Read August 28th, 1884.)

Ji

1

m

L—

%flj£jL ^^^^^^^K^^y^K^^^>^K^M Wff^

|^j^|pSE

r i c i.

'wm.^'"'

/"/ C

r , c 5

The growing increase in the use of wide-angled object-glasses
calls for some improvement in the fine adjustment of the micro-
scope.

It must be remembered that depth of focus is inversely propor-
tional to the numerical aperture, that the microscope is now used in
a far more scientific manner than the rough-and-ready way of former
days, and that critical pictures are now the only ones accepted by
the best workers. A vast improvement has taken place in the con-
struction of object-glasses, but the arrangements for fine adjust-
ment remain pretty much the same as they were five-and-twenty
years ago. The above diagrams illustrate a method of fine adjust-
ment which has occurred to me, which I think would, if adopted,
effect an improvement in this direction.

Fig. 1 shows in section the arrangement as adapted for a micro*

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 10. f

58 E. M. NELSON ON A HYDROSTATIC FINE ADJUSTMENT.

scope with a bar movement, Fig. 2 as adapted for the " Jackson
Lister " form, and Fig. 3 as adapted for the continental model, or
11 student's ' microscope. In Fig. 1 there are shown two iron
chambers (a, a) connected together by a transverse pipe and filled
with mercury ; one of these chambers is provided with a plunger
(b), the other chamber being similarly provided with a ram (c). The
fine adjustment screw is intended to act on the plunger, and the
ram on a stud carried by the nose-piece of the microscope, the stud
being pressed against the ram by means of a spring.

In Fig. 2, the plunger (b) and ram (c) are both fitted to one
chamber (a), so as to permit of its being used on the Jackson
Lister model, and the fine adjustment screw may, in this case,
be placed so as to act on the plunger on either side, or at the
back of the instrument.

In Fig. 3, the plunger and ram are fitted to opposite ends of the
chamber (a), in order to adapt the apparatus to the continental
model. The application of the apparatus to this form of micro-
scope would, in my opinion, be especially useful, and would mate-
rially increase its efficiency, for, as the fine adjustment is at present
constructed, it precludes the possibility of fine and accurate patho-
logical work being done with the instrument.

As shown in the Figs., the ram has a sectional area four times
greater than that of the plunger ; therefore the movements of the
fine adjustment screw would be reduced in the proportion of one to
four ; but it is obvious that, by varying the relative diameters of
the plunger and the ram, the ratio may be varied almost indefi-
nitely, as, for example, a plunger of 1^ inch and a ram of ^ inch
would give a ratio of one to thirty-six, so that one turn of a
screw having fifty threads to the inch would only impart a move-
ment of xgVg- of an inch to the object-glass.

59

Q.M.O. EXCURSIONS.

June 21st, 1884.
List of Objects Found ox the Excursion to Epping Forest.

CONFERVOID ALGjE.

ColeochcBte ... ... ... Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Rivularia pisum ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Spirogyra quinina ... ... ,, „

Spirulina oscillavioides ... „ ,,

Volvox globator, in various stages Messrs. Hardy and Mainland.
DESMIDIACEJE.

Closterium Acer o sum .
,, lunula

DIATOMACEsE.
Pinnularia nobilis
„ viridis

INFUSORIA.
Amblyopias viridis
Amphileptus fasciola ,
Anthophysa Miilleri
Arcella dentata
„ vulgaris
Astasia hamiatodes
Cho?tonotus larus
Chilodoti cucullus
Dileptus folium
Euglena longicauda

„ viridis
Euplotes vannus
Peridinium cinctum
Stylonichia lanceolata

ROTIFERA.
Anurcea, sp.
Brachionis amphiceros
Conochilus volvox

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Messrs. Hard v and Mainland.

y Mr. G. E. Mainland.

60

ROTIFER A (continued).
Dinocharis tetractis
Monocerca rattus
Pleurotrocha gibbet
Rotifer vulgaris
Scaridium longicaudum.. .

Mr. J. D. Hardy.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. J. D. Hardy.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.

The following list was also received from Mr. Wortliington G.
Smith, who was a guest of the President : —

FUNGI.

Agaricus rubescens.
Boletus aestivalis.

Reticularia umbrina. Enormous specimen on hornbeam.
Uredo orchidis. On Orchis metadata.
„ suaveolens. On thistles.

Sixteen members of the Club, with six members of other
Societies, started in the morning in accordance with the arrange-
ments previously announced, and were conducted by Messrs.
Hardy and Powell through Epping Forest along the route shown
on the map issued with the circular. Ten members and eight
visitors joined the Excursion in the afternoon. The day was very
fine, but, owing to the long period of dry weather which had pre-
vailed, the ponds were not very productive.

After the Excursion 45 of the members and 18 visitors dined
at the Hoyal Forest Hotel.

June 28th, 1884.

The Excursion to Hampton Court was barren in results. In
some years many interesting objects have been found, but this year
there appeared to be nothing of importance. No papers were
sent in, and the attendance was small, consisting of six members
only of the Q.M.C. and two members of the Hackney Society.

61

July 5th, 1884.
List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Whitstable.

ALG^E.

En teromo rp h a in test in a lis

Hypnea purpurascens. . .
INFUSORIA.

Noctiluca miliaris
SPONGIDsE.

Grantia ciliata
„ compressa

Halichondria, sp.
HYDROZOA.
ACTINOZOA.

Beroe, sp. ... j

HYDROID ZOOPHYTES (Sertularidjs).

y Mr. J. Woollett.

Campanularia, sp.
Laomedea dichotoma
Plwnularia setacea
Sertularia, sp.

Tubularia indivisa ...
POLYZOA.

Flustra folia cea

Serialaria lendigera ...
ECHINODERMA TA .

Ophiocoma rosula
CRUSTACEA.

Ammothea pycnogonidce

... Mr. J. Woollett.
... Mr. C. G. Dunning.

Messrs. Woollett and Dunning.
... Mr. J. Woollett.

(Corynid^e.)

... Mr. C. G. Dunning.

... Mr. J. Woollett.
... Mr. C. G. Dunning.

... Mr. J. Woollett.

>>

a

Ten members of the Club, and one member of the South
London M. and N. H. Society, attended the Excursion. The
weather was all that could be desired. The success of the day's
proceedings was chiefly due to the admirable arrangements so
kindly made by Mr. Saunders, of Whitstable, to enable the mem-
bers to collect, by dredging and otherwise, the many beautiful and
highly interesting marine objects to be found in the locality.

62

v Mr. G. E. Mainland.

July 19th, 1884.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion from Caterham

to Godstone.

CONFER VJE. N

Gonium tranquillum

Oscillatoria
DESMIDIACEsE.

Closterium acerosam

Pediastrum Boryanum ...
DIATOMACE^.

NavicuJa

Nitzschia sigmoidea

Pleurosigma

Surirella bifrons
INFUSORIA.

Amblyophis viridis

Astasia limpida

Euglena viridis

Urocentrum turbo
ROTIFER A.

Pterodina patina

Rotifer vulgaris
NAIDINA.

Nais proboscidea
MICRO-FUNGI.

Puccinea malvacearum ...
PHANEROGAMS.

Atropa belladonna ... Messrs. Mainland and W. W. Reeves.

Carex paniculata

Chlora perfoliata

Hieraceum murorum

Lathyrus sylvestris

Ranunculus arvensis

Silaus pratensis
MISCELLANEO US.

Gall of Fhytoptus aceris on maple Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Six members of the Club and five members of the Croydon Club
attended the Excursion.

/

Mr. W. W. Reeves.

J

63

August 23rd, 1884.
List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Walton.

DESMIDIA CEJE.

Various species ... Mr. J. Badcock.
DIATOMACEM.

Various species ... „ ,,

INFUSORIA.

Anthophysa Mulleri ... „ „

Cothurnia imberbis ... Mr. R. T. G. Nevins.

Epistylis grandis ... Mr. J. Badcock.

Stentors, various species Messrs. Parsons and Badcock.

Spongilla fluviatilis ... Messrs. Nevins, Parsons, and Badcock.

Vaginicola crystallina Mr. F. A. Parsons.

Zoothamniam, sp. ... „ ,,

ROTIFERA.

Lacinularia socialis ... Messrs. Nevins, Parsons, and Badcock.

Limnias ceratophylli . . .

Melicerta ringens

Stephanoceros Eichhornii Messrs. Nevins and Badcock.
POLYZOA.

Messrs. Parsons and Badcock.

Mr. R. T. G. Nevins.

Messrs. Nevins, Parsons, and Badcock.

}> )) >> )> yj

Messrs. Parsons and Badcock.

Alcyojiella, sp.

,, stagnorvm

>> >) >> j> yy

Messrs. Parsons and Badcock.
Mr. R. T. G. Nevins.

Mr. J. Badcock.

Mr. F. A. Parsons.

Cristatella macedo ..

Fredericella sultana ..

Plumatella sp.

„ repens ..

HYDROZOA.

Hydra vulgaris
MOLLUSC A.

Physa fontina lis
PHANEROGAMS.

Ceratophyllumdemersum Mr. R. T. G. Nevins.

Villarsia nymphaoides „ „

This excursion was attended by only four members of the Club.

Mr. Badcock made a trip to Walton on the following Saturday in

company with Mr. Parsons, and the list of objects found by him

is given above.

Fredk. A. Parsons,

Hon. Sec. Excursions Sub-Committee.

64

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Delivered at the Annual General Meeting, 25th July, 1884.

By M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S., &c.

Gentlemen, — On a similar occasion to the present, I took the
opportunity last year of suggesting a subject for reflection and
consideration, which seemed to me calculated to impart an interest
to your holiday hours. On the present anniversary, I purpose, for
a very short time, offering a few words of warning, which originate
in a sense of duty, as I vacate your chair. A week or two since,
whilst pondering a subject, I was skimming over one of those
small volumes provided for railway travellers, which are presumed
to furnish amusement rather than instruction, and encountered the
following short paragraph : —

" The besetting sin of popular authors is the intense. I mean
intensity of epithet — the strongest expression is generally the
briefest and barest. Take the old ballads of any people, and you
will find few adjectives. The singer says, 'He laughed; she
wept.' Perhaps the poet of a more civilized age might say, ' He
laughed in scorn ; she turned away, and shed tears of disappoint-
ment.' But nowadays the ambitious young writer must produce
something like this, ' A hard, fiendish laugh, scornful and pitiless,
forced its passage from his throat through the lips that curled in
mockery of her appeal ; she covered her despairing face, and a
gust and whirlwind of sorrowing agony burst forth in her irresis-
tible tears.' " *

Naturally enough, as I thought, this little quotation sent me
into a dream of intensities, and exaggerations, and sensationalism
which seems to pervade everything in these latter days, politics,
religion, science, art, business, and even common conversation.
Manifest exaggeration, such as led Mark Twain to write his essay
on " Decay in the Art of Lying," and to say, " Of course there are
people who think they never lie ; but it is not so — and this igno-

* " Echo Club Diversions," p. 61.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 65

ranee is one of the very things that shame our so-called civilization.
Everybody lies — every day, every hour, awake, asleep, in his
dreams, in his joy, in his mourning ; if he keeps his tongue still,
his hands, his feet, his eyes, his attitude, will convey deception —
and purposely. Even in sermons — but that is a platitude."

Half an hour's reflection will convince anyone that, in the main,
this is a correct estimate of what results from the " intensity of
epithet," the " exaggeration with a purpose," that appears to be a
marked proclivity of the age. There are times and occasions when
even this general tendency to exaggeration in some men, or bodies
of men, goes beyond the ordinary standard, and then we recognise
phenomena but little removed from insanity, psychological diver-
gences from the standard of a sound mind. Many of these obli-
quities originate from a small basis of fact, but the fact is soon
lost in the distortion, like the true proportions of a human face
gazed at in a concave mirror. We are not concerned with revi-
valism, spirit-rapping, table-turning, millenianism, quaking, shak-
ing, or jumping, or any form of religious fanaticism, as it is termed,
but which is really nothing more than exaggeration culminating
in sensationalism. Yet, after all, the process is the same, and the
results the same, whatever the subject of the hallucination may be.

Those who, like ourselves, have been able from experience to
compare these periodical outbursts during half a century must be
well satisfied that the mental phenomena are identical. It matters
not what the special subject, there is a decided and marked identity
in the restlessness, fanaticism, dogmatism, energy, excitement,
recklessness, and consequent suspension, or rather distortion,
of healthy mental action.

The oldest of these waves, or currents, of popular idiosyncrasy
were religious ; the most modern are scientific or artistic.

People have sometimes called them a " craze," and they have
not been far wrong. It was the " aesthetic craze " but a short
time since, and not long ago it was the " Darwinian craze."
Although this did not apply, in any sense, to Darwin, who kept
himself wholly clear of exaggeration and sensationalism, yet
hosts of those who called themselves his disciples rushed without
sense or reason into extremes which he repudiated, and made use
of his name as an apology for their fanaticism.

Who does not remember the activity and intolerance of the
followers of Pouchet, before their last hopes were shattered,

66 the president's address.

together with the monstrous extravagances into which some of
them were seduced, perhaps at first insensibly, for the sake of
argument, or in hopes of victory ?

The animal nature of the Myxogasters was a short-lived halluci-
nation which never attained any considerable strength, but the
same cannot be said of the dual-Lichen hypothesis, which is so
tenacious of life that it still retains a semblance of vitality. In all
these instances, and many more which may be cited, the same
elements are to be found — there is the same history, and will be
the same final collapse. It is noteworthy that most of these
11 hallucinations " — for it is difficult to give them any other equally
suitable name — start with an old prejudice, or a superstition, or a
u popular belief," something which gives plausibility to the
assumption. Then follows a search after analogies, and proba-
bilities, and the construction of an hypothesis. Subsequently
comes the era of experiments, often slovenly performed, but
studiously without any exposure of the methods. When these
latter become known, as in the case of Pouchet, their inefficiency
is readily demonstrated. These experiments, being conducted with
the view of proving a preconceived hypothesis, naturally enough
furnish the required proof. It would be very strange if it were
otherwise. We all know, with the microscope, how very easy it
is to believe that you see just what you wish to see. And, finally,
comes the agitation, the appeal to the " enlightened public,"
magazine articles, public lectures, newspaper paragraphs, and all
the orthodox paraphernalia of a political campaign. Partisans
are speedily made — for no theory was ever conceived that was too
absurd to secure converts — and one by one new advocates appear,
here and there a journal takes up the cause, provided its director
has a notion that it will succeed, or pay, and the bubble glitters
and sparkles awhile in the bright sunshine, until at length it shares
the fate of all its kindred, leaving nothing behind but a dirty spot,
and a bill for soap.

There would not be so much to regret in these manifestations, in
most cases dictated by personal vanity, if they did not impose un-
welcome labour on those who, whilst able to estimate such ebul-
litions at their true value, are nevertheless compelled to protest
against them as exaggerations and distortions of the truth, lest by
silence they are supposed to assent. Undoubtedly, in very many
cases, if not in most, the agents are sincere enough, but having

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 67

deceived themselves, adopted a prejudice, suffered their judgment
to become absolutely a slave to their hypothesis, they are rather to
be pitied, in that they have become mentally blind, than blamed
for leading others astray to fall into the same ditch.

How much of this unhealthy development is to be traced to the
restlessness of the age, the craving after excitement, and a grow-
ing habit of exaggeration, I am content to leave to individual
opinion. For my own part, I think such causes at least contribu-
tory to the class of phenomena alluded to.

Plain, straightforward investigation is safe enough and sure
enough, there is no temptation to exaggerate. Facts are
observed and recorded just as they occur; it matters little, if any-
thing, to the observer, so long as they are true, what they may be
supposed to prove or support, or overthrow, so long as he has no
preconceived theory to work out, or controvert. But on the other
hand, when a person sits down to his microscope, or his dissecting-
table, absorbed with the one idea that some dream has to be
realized, that all his facts are to be ranged in support of some
hypothesis, or failing to do this, that they are to be buried in
oblivion, then, unconsciously, he is no longer the patient
observer, no longer the searcher after truth, but the partisan,
restlessly, incessantly, fanatically, hunting up support for his own
hypothesis with one eye blinded. Whether he starts with this
idea or not, he soon falls into it, and, as I believe most strongly,
damages himself more than he does good to any cause, however
excellent that cause may be.

It is undoubtedly true that theories have been beneficial, and
will be again, in the search after truth. An hypothesis is not to
be condemned because it is an hypothesis, so long as it is rated as
an hypothesis. The danger lies in being led away and made
captive by an hypothesis, to be so absorbed by it, and work at it day
by day, until it becomes a kind of incipient insanity, or, if you
please, the mind is strained and distorted in a particular direction
until it can no longer be called a sound and well-balanced mind.
Any psychologist would find a ready phrase to characterise such a
condition,

Some of the reasons why I would beg of you — especially young
men in search of mental occupation — not to be seduced into
becoming theorists, in its modern application, shall be placed
before you : —

68 the president's address.

I. Because it lias a very strong tendency to warp your judg-
ment; your inclinations leaning ever in the direction of the theory
all that supports it receive exaggeration, and all that militates
against it is apologised for, or sophistically explained away.

II. Because it depreciates all your work within the circle of the
theory. Record never so many investigations, vouch for ever so
many facts, and your reward will be to see them received with
doubt, or suspicion, not because you are naturally untrustworthy,
but because you are a prejudiced witness. Need anyone be
reminded of the broad difference of result that is produced in men's
minds by the evidence of an independent witness, and the evidence
of a friend of the culprit ?

III. Because it converts one who should be sound in judgment,
unfettered by antecedents, unbiassed by what may follow, into a
mere partisan, deaf to all that may be urged on the contrary, not
because it is true or false, but simply because it affects his side of
the question. In season, and out of season, advocating the party
side, ever and anon seeking to make converts to his own views,
not being content to permit truth to work its own way, but, above
all, anxious that his interpretation of the truth, and that alone,
shall prevail, and all who dissent shall be branded as heretics.

IV. Because it leads to dishonesty. This is an almost inevit-
able associate of partisanship. A little gloss is put upon all
that favours one's own side, a little exaggeration, even when least
intended, gives a tone to the views we hold. Opposite opinions
are never quoted at all, or with corresponding exaggeration. The
partisan may attempt to be honest, may flatter himself that he
really is honest, and yet never does justice to his opponent, because
he lacks the feeling and sympathy of the opposition. Hence the
best of partisans are unconsciously, and the worst of them
habitually, dishonest.

V. Because it favours intolerance, bigotry, and all uncharit-
ableness. Being satisfied themselves that they are the only
depositaries of the truth, they utterly contemn those who fail to
appreciate their conclusions. Such unfortunates are looked upon
as inferior animals, only partially gifted with the faculty of reason,
and no opportunity is allowed to slip of bestowing upon them a
fraternal sneer.

VI. Because it is prejudicial to friendship. No one would con-
tend that personal friendships can survive an aggressive conflict of

the President's address. 69

opinion such as that fostered by the average theorist. One who
has taken up an hypothesis as an article of faith, and prosecutes it
with all the zeal of a political creed, would either make a proselyte,
or sacrifice a friend. As community of feeling, taste, and pursuits
all serve to cement friendship, so will their opposites speedily dis-
solve the bond.

VII., and lastly — to come back to the topic which has been
before us — because it leads to exaggeration, and especially lends
itself to it at a period when exaggeration is the fashion of the age.
It is no answer to say that a sound hypothesis does not need to
support itself by exaggeration ; it is sufficient to show, that, apart
from all inducements towards wilful exaggeration, there is a
natural tendency to suppression on the one hand, and undue
extenuation on the other. Where the fundamental facts are not
universally known, and, indeed, can only be known by experience
to a few, there is a continual temptation in the direction of
exaggeration, on the principle that the end will justify the means,
and that a polemic victory, will cover a multitude of sins. One
has only to turn to any of the records of recent controverted
hypotheses, and exercise the judgment of an " outsider'' to obtain
abundant evidence that exaggeration is resorted to, as a matter of
course, and unblushingly, as if it were a virtue. Something of
this may be due to the " fashion," and therefore impresses more
forcibly those who can compare it with the past, than it does
those younger men who have grown with the fashion. At any
rate, it is worthy of note that those who are not drawn into the
whirlpool of these extravagant hypotheses are chiefly men of ripe
years, who contemplate with surprise the large amount of noise
that proceeds from very shallow streams.

Perhaps I shall be met with the remark that all these seven
reasons are exaggerations, insomuch as they exaggerate the
dangers of adopting an hypothesis, pure and simple, whereas I
have in view only hypothetical propagandism, the dangers of which
it would be difficult to exaggerate.

These reasons are given as the result, not of mere speculation,
but as forced upon me by experience. Several times it has been
my ill-fortune to oppose hypotheses, and this I have always done
with regret. It is not in human nature to suffer in patience when
vanity is rebuked. Your " candid friend " is not the most agree-
able companion. He who would oppose those who have espoused

70 THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

an hypothesis must expect to be regarded as a " candid friend,"
often too candid for continued friendship.

Controversies vary with the character of the controversialists, but
the end of all, for both sides, is nothing but " vanity and vexation
of spirit." Nothing exposes some of the weak points in humanity
more effectually than controversy. The old adage " in vino
Veritas ,: finds its analogue here. The man who " speaks his
mind "by the inspiration of the bottle is at one with him who
" speaks his mind " in the warmth of a polemical contest. There-
fore beware of controversy, if you would not be betrayed into
exaggeration, or misrepresentation.

It is easy to furnish examples of the process of " intensifica-
tion '' through which simple facts are made to pass in their pas-
sage to sensationalism. Recently a correspondent to a weekly
paper, with some ambition to be considered a scientific journal,
thus expresses himself when writing on the potato disease : "lam
in a position to speak confidently upon this point, for the very good
reason that for many years past I have been in the habit of every
day cutting sections of one or more tubers, and I have never once
found a potato diseased by Peronospora in the centre, when its
exterior did not show traces of infection. Many years is an
indefinite period, but these observations have been continuously
carried on by me for the past thirty years — rarely have I missed a
day. As a rule more than one potato has been sliced by me, so that
10,950 tubers were examined, not one of which has shown the centre
diseased by Peronospora, while the exterior remained sound. I
admit these tubers had been subjected to a temperature of 212° F.
before I sliced them, yet it requires a higher temperature than
212° F. to obliterate all traces of the disease. Before I sliced
these 10,950 tubers each one had been washed, and in most of
them the epidermis had been removed," &c*

Now, what are the plain facts thus set forth so grandilo-
quently ? Simply these — that the writer was thirty years old,
and had potatoes cooked for dinner every day, and therefore had
experimented on 10,950 potatoes to ascertain whether they were
diseased or not. As to experimenting with scientific purpose, of
course he had done nothing of the kind. Now, this is a fair
example of exaggeration in scientific matters, and, it must be said,
of wilful misrepresentation for sensational purposes. What

* " Gardeners' Chronicle," March 15, 1884, p. 349.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

71

reliance can possibly be placed on the evidence adduced by such
an authority, and yet he has claimed to have demonstrated
scientific facts by experiment — solely on the faith of his own word
— on which evidence he seeks to establish a controverted
hypothesis.

In this example there is the basis of fact — or assumed fact —
seeing potatoes on the table after being peeled, and cooked, for 30
years. Then this fact is distorted and exaggerated by being made
to appear that which it was not, viz., a deliberate scientific experi-
ment, made daily for a set purpose. Finally, this " intensified'1
narrative, which we have characterized as exaggeration, is
deliberately published in a controversy, in a sensational manner, as
scientific evidence.

I think, when such things are done, it is not a moment too
early to warn you against sensationalism in science, to put you on
your guard against that "paltering in a double sense ': to which
some are tempted to backslide, in order to achieve a paltry
polemical victory, instead of being: content to establish the truth,
for the sake of truth, and that alone.

May I not suggest, without offence, that the tendencies towards
exaggeration are very manifest in many directions, whereas yet
they only exhibit promonitory symptoms?

Can we really say that there is no danger with the Bacilli? Is
it not possible to take too much for granted, and exaggerate the
relations of these minutest of organisms with zymotic disease ? Is
it not well to be particularly guarded in such cases lest zeal should
outrun discretion ? The danger is all the greater since the subject
would accommodate itself so readily to sensationalism.

Foreign as the subject may be to our own pursuits, it may,
nevertheless, be alluded to in illustration. Are we not in great
danger of exaggeration in the direction of popular education ?
Not the less so because it has a sentimental side, and may be
made to conform to sensationalism.

I think I am justified in saying that we should be cautious lest
we exaggerate too much our instrument and its powers. If we
fancy that the microscope is to do everything for us, without the
exercise of application and judgment, and sound discretion, we shall
exaggerate to our own final discomfort.

If we rely too confidently on what we suppose that we see, under
high powers, without concerning ourselves with verifying it in all

72 the President's address.

possible ways, then we may be clinging to fallacies by which we
deceive ourselves, and, in the end, blame the instrument for our
own exaggerations.

If we do not take into account the many ways in which we are
liable to err, through a disregard of recent discoveries, especially
in the direction of defective vision, we shall be in constant danger
of repeating and perpetuating exploded errors, and originating new
ones, which are in themselves neither more nor less than practical
exaggerations of our own ignorance.

In fine, in proportion as we magnify objects are we in danger
of magnifying false impressions, unless we give some little attention
to those very " brass and glass " questions which some of us affect
to despise.

Having satisfied yourself, from its manifestations, such as I have
indicated, that any given subject has passed from the calm region
of judicial enquiry, into the excited arena of public disquisition, is
being exalted into an article of orthodox faith, in which " whoever
believeth shall be saved, and whoever doubteth is damned," rely
upon it, that no other course is left to you but to exercise to the
fullest extent your privilege of independent judgment, and to
insist that it shall be stripped bare of all exaggerations, of all
external sophistry, that is gathered about it in order to conceal its
barrenness, and confound its true issues. Coolly, without prejudice,
to examine all the alleged facts thoroughly and exhaustively, com-
paring these with your own experiences, and the acknowledged data
which the experience of others has determined. All the cobwebs
of supposition, and probability, and assumption without authority,
must be swept away ; and upon authenticated legitimate fact, and
upon the hard facts alone, must your judgment be based. The
very circumstance of exaggeration entering into the advocacy of
any hypothesis is sufficient to invest it with suspicion. Dogmatic
assumption and persistent self-assertion is no less suggestive of an
unsound basis. More than all, the incessant appeal "to the
stump," to popular prejudice, and the " intelligent public " to
determine a question which depends upon the exercise of well-dis-
ciplined observation, and the calm judgment of experienced investi-
gators, is akin to an appeal on points of law, from the assembled
Judges in the High Court of Justice, to the old fishwomen of
Billingsgate. It is simply impossible to place reliance upon such
an appeal. The translation of scientific terminology into the vulgar

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 73

dialect loses in accuracy, in proportion as it is diluted, everything
opposing the hypothesis is studiously suppressed, or misrepresented,
it may not be intentionally, but inevitably ; exaggeration supplies
the deficiency, and the climax is "sensationalism versus science." It
is no longer the simple truth which is sought, or such an audience
would not be appealed to, but simply the paltry gratification of a
polemic victory. Once carry a disputed subject out of the circle in
which it could be intelligibly discussed, and investigated, into a
new circle, in which prejudice takes the place of knowledge, and it
is condemned at once, by all sensible men, as a failure in search of
compensation for disappointed vanity.

Fragmentary and imperfect as these observations may be,
written hurriedly under the pressure of numerous engagements,
they will, perhaps, serve as a caution to some of our younger mem-
bers, and at least convince them that an old microscopist of forty
years' experience believes it to be his duty to warn them of one of
the vices of the age, and to put them on their guard against exag-
geration.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 10. a

74

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.
July 25th, 1884.

Your Committee, in presenting the Nineteenth Annual Report,
are able to record the continued prosperity and activity of the Club
during the past year.

Our losses by death have been five, viz. — Mr. Chantrell, Mr.
Davey, Mr. Dixon, Mr. Hugh Powell, and Mr. Watson. Mr. Powell
was not often seen at the Club, but was one of its earlier members,
and was universally known as one of the pioneers of the modern
microscope in this country. There have been fourteen resigna-
tions, seventy-four struck off the list for non-payment of subscrip-
tions, and thirty-three new members have been elected ; although
the total number of members is, therefore, somewhat reduced,
the practical working strength of the Club remains about the
same.

Appended is a list of the more important communications made
at our meetings and printed in the Journal : —

1883.
Aug. 24. " On Circumnutation in Fungi," by the President.
Oct. 26. " On an Apparatus for Aerating Fish under observation

with the Microscope," by Mr. A. W. Stokes.
Dec. 28. " On the so-called * Lungs ' of the Spider," by Mr. A.

D. Michael.
Jan. 25. " On the Structure and Modes of Growth of Nostoc

Commune," by the President.
1884.
Feb. 22. " On the Floridese and some newly-found Antheridise,"

by Mr. BurYham.
Mar. 28. " On Parasitic Vegetable Organisms in Calcareous

Particles of the Gabbard and other Sands," by Mr.

J. G. Waller.
May 23. " On the Hexactinellida?," by Mr. B. W. Priest.
June 27. " On Mermis Nigrescens," by Mr. R. T. Lewis.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 75

Besides the above there have been numerous interesting descrip-
tions of objects, apparatus, and methods useful to the members
generally, as well as to those pursuing special studies. But, not-
withstanding all this shows that there is a large amount of activity
in the Club, it is to be hoped that more members will endeavour
to place the results of their investigations before the meetings in
the shape of papers.

Six demonstrations on Microscopical Technology were given
during the year on the Conversational Evenings, and, as before,
were eminently successful. Being the outcome of individual ex-
perience practically illustrated, and therefore useful to all classes
of microscopical students, they will in future be considered as fix-
tures, and as affording further evidence of the utility of the Club
to working microscopists.

The last of the series, " On Staining Vegetable Tissues," was to
have been given by Mr W. H. Gilburt, but he was unfortunately
unable to carry out his intentions on account of continued ill-
health. His place, however, was very kindly and ably taken, at
rather short notice, by Mr. W. D. Smith, and his demonstration
on the same subject was certainly not the least practical and suc-
cessful of the series.

Reports of these Demonstrations, of which the following is a
list, will be found in the Journal : —

1883.
Dec. 14. " On Cutting Sections of Hard Tissues," by Mr. T. C.

White, M.R.C.S., L.D.S.
1884.
Jan. 11. " On Microscopical Drawing," by Mr. J. D. Hardy,

F.R.M.S.
Feb. 8. " On The Sponge -skeleton as a means of Recognising

Genera and Species," by Mr. J. G. Waller.
Mar. 14. " How to Work with the Microscope," by Mr. E. M.

Nelson.
May 9. " On Polarised Light," by Mr. C. Stewart, M.R.C.S.,

F.L.S.
June 13. "On Staining Vegetable Tissues," by Mr.W. D. Smith.
The remainder (£40) of the munificent donation to the Club by
Mr. Frank Crisp, has been, with his approval, laid out in the pur*
chase of indispensable works of reference for the Library.

76

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.

The following is a list of the books acquired by the Club either

by donation, purchase, or exchange : —

Presented by
" Quatrefage's Metamorphoses of Man," &c... Dr. M. C. Cooke.
" Steenstrup's Alternation of Generations" ...
" Bibliotheca Zoologica"
" Bibliotheca Entomologica, " Vol. 1 ...
" Strasburger's Zellbildung und Zelltheilung "
" J. Badcock's Vignettes from Invisible Life "

»

>»

>>

" McNab's Outlines of Botany"
" Notcutt's Handbook of the Microscope and ~i
Microscopic Objects " ... ... J

"Trimen and Dyer's Flora of Middlesex
'•Transactions of the Linnean Society"

„ „ „ 2 vols.

" Journal of the Linnean Society," 12 vols. ...

" Prof. Lindberg on Mosses " ...

" Dr. Braithwaite's British Moss-Flora," Part 7

(i Proceedings of the Koyal Society"...

" Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society "

" Smithsonian Institution Report for 1881 "...

" Hardwicke's Science Gossip"

" Science Monthly "

"G. B. Buckton's British Aphides," Vol. 4 j

" A. D. Michael's British Oribatida3," Vol. 1 J

" American Naturalist ".. .

"American Monthly Microscopical Journal"...

11 Challenger Reports," Vols. 7-8

" Gosse's Devonshire Coast " ...

" Gosse's Tenby "...

" Gosse's Aquarium "

" Gosse's Year at the Shore" ...

" Siebold's Comparative Anatomy "

" Johnston's British Sponges "...

" Johnston's Catalogue of Worms''

" Hassall's Fresh Water Alga3 "

" Testacea Microscopica "

" Pennetier's L'Origine de la Vie "

" Vestiges of the Natural History of Crea.

tion," 6th Edition ...
' Stein's Infusoria," Part 3
" Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists'

Field Club," 6 vols. ...
"Transactions of the Northumberland and
Durham Natural Histoi'y Society," 6 vols
" Klein's Elements of Histology"

}
}

)>

»»

M

»»

>>

>t

Mr. W,

, H. Gilburt.

The Author.

The Publishers.

Mr. T.

C. White.

Mr. F.

Crisp.

»>

>>

'>

»

Mr W.

J. Scofield.

>j

>>

The Author.

The Society.

U.S. Government.
The Publishers.

)>

Subscription to Ray

Society.
In Exchange.

Purchased.

>>

>»

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 77

" Rutley's Study of Rocks " Purchased.

" Prantl's Elementary Text Eook of Botany "
" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science"
" Annals of Natural History "
"Dr. Cooke's British Fresh Water Algas,"

1

Parts 6-8

"Grevillea''

" Cole's Studies in Microscopical Science," &c.

" The Microscopical News "

Proceedings and Reports of various Societies and Sundry Pamphlets.

The following slides have been presented to the Cabinet: —

Dr. M. C. Cooke 3

Mr. H. E. Freeman ... ... ... ... ... 3

-LOlELl ••■ ••• ••• »•■ ••• ••• O

In accordance with a resolution passed last year, that the Annual
Dinners be officially recognised and placed under the direction of a
duly appointed Sub-Committee, the following gentlemen were
elected to carry out the arrangements for the Annual Winter
Dinner, held Dec. 8th :— Mr T. C. White, Mr. T. Curties, Mr.
James Willson, and Mr. J. W. Goodinge, Secretary.

The Dinner was given at the Holborn Restaurant, the President
occupying the chair, supported by leading members of the Club
and by Fellows of other learned and kindred Societies. Ninety-
three members and their friends attended. The musical arrange-
ments were under the direction of Messrs. A. C. Cole and James
Willson, and Messrs. Collard kindly lent one of their grand pianos
for the occasion. The usual toasts were proposed and responded
to, and altogether the dinner and arrangements gave general satis-
faction.

With the desire of making the ordinary excursions more useful
to the Club at large, forms have been drawn up, and are distributed
by the Secretary of the Excursion Committee to the members
taking part in them to be filled up with the names, descriptions
and localities of the various specimens taken. These forms are
then placed in a portfolio, and are open to the inspection of mem-
bers on the Conversational evenings. In this way it is hoped that
members unable to participate in the excursions themselves may
share in the results, and that the forms will be valuable for refers
ence in the future.

78 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.

The Excursionists' Annual Dinner was held on June 21st at the
Forest Hotel at Chingford, under the direction of the Excursion
Sub- Committee. The attraction of the locality, and the favourable
state of the weather, brought together a large gathering, and the
dinner itself was greatly enhanced by some very excellent vocal
and instrumental music, contributed by members of the Club,
under the able direction of Mr. James Willson.

A special exhibition meeting was held, by the kind permission
of the College authorities, on May 30th, and was attended by
about 130 members and 161 visitors. Although no very great
novelties were produced, the exhibits were of a generally excellent
and instructive character, and evidently afforded satisfaction to
the members and their friends.

The Journals for the past year have been issued with regu-
larity under the able editorship of Mr. Hailes, four numbers
having appeared since the last report, and it now only rests with
the members themselves to maintain the matter in them at at
least as high a standard as heretofore.

The permission to hold our meetings in the College has again
been renewed for the ensuing year with the same courtesy and
kindness that the Club has always met with from the Council of
University College.

Your Committee desire to express their thanks to the officers of
the Club for their services during the year, and also to those gen-
tlemen who kindly came forward to give the excellent series of
demonstrations which have proved so useful to the members of the
Club.

It is with feelings of the sincerest regret that your Committee
have to announce the resignation of the senior Honorary Secretary.
For eleven years Mr. J. E. Ingpen has fulfilled the arduous and re-
sponsible duties of that office with the utmost ability and unre-
mitting attention ; his great experience has always been at the
service of any and every member of the Club, and he has during
the whole time been most assiduous in promoting and sustaining
its efficiency in every respect.

Your Committee trust that the endeavour to render the Club
a means of instruction and utility to all its members, which has
been so successfully maintained hitherto, will still continue, and
that no effort will be spared to keep pace with all relating to its
special pursuit.

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80

PROCEEDINGS.
July 11th, 1884. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Pandorina in ovum, and various rotifers ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Fresh-water annelid,' Limnodrilus ... ... Mr. A. Hammond.

Circulation in young Stickleback ... ... ,, „

Newts ... ... ... Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Mr. G. E. Mainland.

>»

>» H »

Parasites of Wood-pigeon, &c ... Mr. T. S. Morten.

Bacterium, sp., from eye disease ... ... Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Various double- stained vegetable sections ... Mr. F. Oxley.
Attendance — Members, 37 ; Visitor, 1.

July 25th, 1884. — Annual Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of

the Club :— Mr. Conrad Beck, Mr. Richard H. Wellington, Mr. J. H. Ellis,

Mr. W. Marten Holmes, and Mr. John J. Kern.

The following additions to the Library were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society" From the Society.

"Paper on Diatom acese" ... ... ... „ Mr. Kitton.

" Report and Proceedings of the Croydon") , , o • .

Microscopical Club " ... ... ... )

" Science Gossip " „ the Publisher.

" The American Monthly Microscopical^) t F h

Journal" ... ... ... ... )

" The American Naturalist " ... ... ... „ „

" Cole's Studies in Microscopical Science" ... Purchased.

The thanks of the Club were voted to the respective donors.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made

and the business of the Anniversary Meeting was proceeded with.

Mr. W. Hainworth and Mr. W. W. Reeves having been duly appointed

Scrutineers, the ballot for the election of officers and four members of

Committee took place, at the conclusion of which the following were

declared to be duly elected : —

i Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S.,

PRESIDENT -j &c., &C.

Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., &c.
C Dr. J. Matthews, F.R.M.S.
Vice-Presidents < Mr# A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

v. Mr. C. Stewart, M.R.C.S.,F.L.S.,&c.

81

Hox. Treasurer Mr. F. W. Gay, F.E.M.S.

Hon. Secretary Mr. G. C. Karop, M.R.C.S., &c.

Hon. Secretary for Foreign")
Correspondence and Editors Mr. Henry F. Hailes.
of Journal... )

Hon. Reporter Mr. R. T. Lewis, F.R.M.S.

Hon. Librarian Mr. Alpheus Smith.

Hon. Curator Mr. C. Emery.

Mr E. T. Newton, F.G.S.

Four Members to Supply Va- \ Mr. B. W. Priest.
cancies on Committee ... 1 Mr. J. G. Waller.

(- Mr. T. C. White, M.R.C.S., &c.

The Secretary read the Annual Report of the Committee, also the
Treasurer's Annual Statement of Account and Balance Sheet, duly audited
and certified as correct.

Mr. Buffham moved the adoption of the Report, which he thought was one
upon which the unofficial members of the Club might well congratulate
themselves as being one which could hardly be more satisfactory. One
portion of the report particularly commended itself to their notice, and
that was the reference made to the purchase of so many valuable books for
the library. It had no doubt been the experience of many besides himself
that if they had any special subject which they wished to study they found
considerable difficulty in getting along without the right books for reference,
and he could only say that he hoped the Committee would in future avail
themselves of all the means within their power for purchasing the very best
works on various subjects which could be procured.

Mr. Goodwin had much pleasure in seconding the report. He had heard
it said that a Society never prospered until it found itself in debt,
probably because when it found itself in difficulties it exerted its greatest
energies, but, however that might be, he must admit that there was a feel-
ing of comfort in finding that the balance was on the right side. He had
noticed a new feature, x'ecently introduced into another Society, which
he thought they might do well to take into consideration, and that was as
to the admission of ladies as members. It might be that in that Society
the resolution was adopted as a tentative measure, in which case he hoped
its future would be watched with a view to profiting by the experience
gained. For his own part he should like te see a similar feature introduced
into their own Society.

The President said he was very glad, personally, to have received the
testimony of the mover of this resolution, as a non-official member of the
Club, as to the action of the Committee during the past year in their
endeavours to increase the efficiency of the library. They would see
by the report that a large sum — scarcely less than £100 — had been ex-
pended in the purchase of books of reference, many of which were of
a very valuable character to the student of microscopy, and the expendi-
ture of so large an amount had naturally caused them to feel some degree of
responsibility in the matter. He was, therefore, very glad to find that
their action had been so much approved by the members, and that they felt

82

with the Committee that what had been done had conferred a permanent
benefit upon the Club.'. With reference to the remarks of the seconder
of the motion, no doubt his reference to what had been done elsewhere
was made in all good faith — but it was not everyone who had been a
Queketter long enough to remember the very strong battle which they had
upon this very question years ago — about the second year of the Club's
existence,* when a similar proposal was made. On that occasion all
the energies of the members was called out against it in a way that
few who took part in the matter were likely to forget, with the result
that when the proposition was put to the special meeting, convened
to consider it, only one vote — that of the mover — was recorded in favour of
it. He thought it was well to remind the gentleman who had just sat down
that the same feeling was still in existence, and that he and others might
lay the nattering unction to their hearts that if they re-introduced the
subject they would have the selfsame tigers to meet who attacked and
overthrew the proposition on the last occasion. They, at least, had an idea
that though the establishment of their Club might have embodied some
failings and some faults, it had proved to be as good as could have been
desired, and, inasmuch as this was felt to be the case by those who
had seen it grow and thrive from its earliest commencement, their motto
was emphatically " Let well alone." They were perfectly satisfied with it as
it was, and, therefore, had no desire to try any experiments, let any
other chartered Society do what it might.

The motion was then put to the meeting, and carried unanimously.

The President then read his annual Address.

Mr. Chas. Stewart said he rose with very great pleasure to move a cordial
vote of thanks to the President for his Address. In past times they had had
Presidents who had filled the chair with great honour to themselves and to
the Club ; but of all those illustrious Presidents of the past, they had none
who had more efficiently carried out the duties of the office than the one
they were about to lose, for he had not only conducted their meetings with
an amount of ability and learning which could not fail to have been
remarked, but by courtesy and tact had endeared himself to all the mem-
bers of the Society.

Mr. W. J. Brown having seconded the motion, it was put to the meeting
by Mr. Stewart, and carried unanimously.

The President, in rising to thank the members for the very cordial way
in which this vote had been received and carried, said that it was to him a
noteworthy circumstance that the most important work of a pond-hunter,
and, indeed, the only work on " Fresh Water Algae," which had appeared
for 40 years, had been contemporaneous with his two years of office. The
first sheets were put in hand two years ago, and the last were finished only
during the past week, so that the work could be said to be that of the
President of the Qnekett Microscopical Club. Another thing which had
originated during his presidency was the establishment of a series of
demonstrations, which had not only been so useful and successful that
they hoped to be able to continue them, but they had redeemed the

* March 27th, 1862.

85

Club from the charge of becoming too theoretical and namby-pamby.
Then, again, when he was congratulated upon the work of the past year,
it led him to look round and see what was being done also by others, and
attention was at once directed to the Journal, which, from being nearly
a year behind (from causes which were both unavoidable and regrettable),
was now brought nearly up to date. True, it might be said, no less than
£232 had been expended upon it during the two years, but, nevertheless, it
was an expense well incurred, and afforded an answer to people who
taid they were hoarding up their money instead of using it for the benefit
of the Club. Then, as regarded their annual dinners, these had been brought
under the direct control of the Committee, and recognised as one of their
established institutions, whilst for their summer excursionists' dinner the
change had been made, he thought with good results, from visiting a
southern suburb to a district nearer home ; whilst, in connection with
the excursions themselves, the adoption of a plan for permanently pre-
serving records of what had been found was a new departure, from which
the best results only could be anticipated. He could only say that he desired
sincerely to thank all the members for the courtesy which had always been
extended to him, and the Vice-Presidents and officers for the cordial sup-
port and assistance which they had always rendered, and, not by any means
least, were his thanks due to their old friend, Mr. Ingpen, for his help
rendered under the most trying personal and family circumstances.

Dr. Matthews then moved " That the President be requested to allow his
Address to be printed and published, and to be circulated with the report in
the usual way."

Mr. Parsons having seconded the motion, it was put to the meeeting,
carried unanimously, and acquiesced in by the President.

Mr. G. E. Mainland moved " A vote of thanks to the Committee and
Officers of the Club for their services rendered during the past year,''
a resolution which he felt needed no words from him to commend it to their
consideration.

Mr. A. Dean seconded the motion, which was put to the meeting, and
carried unanimously.

Mr. T. C. White said he held in his hand a resolution which he had great
pleasure in laying before the meeting, and that was <f That the thanks of the
Club be offered to the Council and Authorities of University College for the
continued privilege of meeting within those walls," a privilege which they
had enjoyed for many years, and the very great advantage of which he need
not say a word to make apparent to anyone present.

Mr. Goodwin seconded the motion, and had additional pleasure in so
doing, since it was through a member of the Council that he was first in-
troduced to the Club. They must all feel that it was not a small thing to be
allowed to hold their meetings in that splendid room, and in such a building.

The President felt sure they would carry this vote of thanks in the
heartiest possible way. No one felt more than himself that it was a source
of very great gratification to find that they wTere still to be allowed to
meet where they had met together for so many years, and that their
thanks still increased as years went on,

84

The motion was then put to the meeting, and carried by acclamation.
A vote of thanks to the Auditors and Scrutineers was then proposed
by Mr. J. G. Waller, seconded by Mr. Hailes, and carried unanimously.

The President then announced that this terminated the business of the
Annual Meeting, and it became his privilege once more to retire into private
life.

Attention was directed to the fact of the pre sence amongst the visitors
to the Club that evening of Mr. H. B. Chamberlain, the Secretary of the
Denver Colorado Microscopical Society, to whom a cordial welcome was
given by the President and members.

The meeting closed with the usual conversazione, and the following
objects were exhibited : —

Larva of Vapourer moth Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Section of scalp of child ... Mr. F. A. Parsons.

Spongilla fiuviatilis ... ... ... ... Mr. J. Woollett.

Attendance — Members, 49 ; Visitors, 3.

August 8th, 1884. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited: —

Bythotrephes cederstromii ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Eggs of parasite of grey crow ... ... ... Mr. W. J. Curteis.

Hexapod larva of Argas pipistrellce ... ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Crystals in spermaceti, polarized ... ... Mr. H. G. Glasspoole.

Larva and pupa of Chironomus plumosus ... Mr. A. Hammond.

Coleopterous larva (aquatic) ... ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Attendance — Members, 26 ; Visitors, 0.

August 22nd, 1884. — Ordinary Meeting.

Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. T. S. Smithson was balloted for, and duly elected a member of the
Club.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society" From the Society.

11 Science Gossip " , ,, Publisher.

" The Microscopical News " „ „ Editor.

" Proceedings of the Canadian Institute " ... ,, ,, Institute.
" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science " Purchased.
"Cooke's Fresh Water Algae," part 9 ... „

" Annals of Natural History" ... ... ... ,,

" Cole's Studies in Microscopical Science "... „

" Grevillea " ... ... ... ... ... ,,

Mr. E. M. Nelson read a paper " On a Hydrostatic Fine Adjustment for the
Microscope," illustrated by sectional diagrams.

Mr. Karop inquired if this design was proposed as a really practical thing,
or merely as a suggestion ? To his mind it seemed to present some mecha-

85

nical difficulties in the way of construction, for it must be made perfectly-
true and tight, and would have to be made of steel, because mercury would
act upon brass or gun-metal. Then if it required a large mercury chamber
this would add to the weight rather inconveniently. As regarded medical
students' microscopes, he thought they were already better than the use
that was made of them.

Mr. Nelson did not think there was much mechanical difficulty in the
matter, as the apparatus could easily be made of pieces of iron tubing, and
could be drilled out so as to take steel rods fitting quite air-tight ; and he
thought that if the large rams could be made water-tight which carried 200
tons, this small one could be readily made mercury. tight under a pressure of
a few ounces.

Mr. Parsons inquired how it was proposed to make the piston tight in this
case ; the pistons of hydraulic rams were packed by means of cup-leathers.

Mr. Nelson thought it would not need any packing if it were drilled out
and fitted with perfect accuracy.

Mr. Karop thought that accuracy would mean made so tight as to hold
the surfaces together as if they were soldered.

Mr. Hailes did not think that this necessarily followed, because they had
almost the same thing in the pump of an air-gun, which was simply a steel
plunger, about 2in. X fin., fitted without any packing, and this was capable
of withstanding a very great pressure, so that he thought there would not
be much difficulty on that account.

Mr. Nelson said that the pressure required need not be excessive ; in
fact, he should think lib. pressure would be quite sufficient, and that if the
rod was polished in, it would be sufficiently tight for the purpose.

Dr. M. C. Cooke said that everyone who was in the habit of using the fine
adjustment was well aware of the jumps with which it worked, and of the
constant difficulty of getting at the exact distance required, and they would
no doubt all agree that something better was wanted for use with the
highest powers ; but with regard to the question whether this idea was
likely to answer best for all purposes, wras one which could only be answered
experimentally — the proof of the pudding would be in the eating.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Nelson for his communication was unanimously
carried.

Mr. Karop exhibited a green caterpillar, found upon a geranium leaf, and
covered with parasitic larvae, presumably of some species of Ichneumon.
The specimen was handed round for the inspection of members, and some
further description of the larvae was given by the aid of drawings on the
black-board. The study of this large and interesting group of insects, of
which comparatively little was known, was strongly recommended.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione.

The following object was the only one exhibited : —

Ptilote elegans, in fruit ... Mr. F. W. Andrew. '

Attendance — Members, 25; Visitor, 1,

86

September 12th, 1884. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Callithamnion granulatum, in fruit ... ... Mr. F. W.Andrew.

Cheyletus flabellifer Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Larva, pupa, and imago of Chironomus') m A TT

plumosus
Larva and pupa of Simulium ...
Daphnia Bosmina
Diatoms. Coscinodiscus excavatus
Lacinvlaria socialls
Fredericella sultana

Double-stained sections ; Vanda root, &c.
Docidium truncatum
Polyzoa, Discojporella fimbriata
Shells of young Limnasus stagnalis

s

»>

Mr. J. D. Hardy.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. E. T. G. Nevins.

>>
Mr. F. Oxley.
Mr. F. A. Parsons.
Mr. B. W. Priest.
Mr. A. W. Stokes.

From Dr. Cooke.
In Exchange.

n

Attendance— Members, 41 ; Visitors, 4.

September 26th, 1884. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club : — Mr. H. A. Crowhurst, and Mr. William Watson.
The following donations were announced : —

"Diseases of Field and Garden Crops," by W.")

G. Smith j

" The American Monthly Microscopical Journal "

" The American Naturalist "

" Proceedings of the Belgian Microscopal )

Society" j

" Science Monthly "

" Desmids of the United States "

" Cole's Studies in Natural History "

"Annals of Natural History "

A Series of 24 Stained Botanical Slides

A Series of 12 Slides of Diatoms, in Illustra-)

tion of Mr. Kitton's Paper of June 27th j

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.

The Chairman said he had very great pleasure in announcing that they

were favoured that evening by the presence of one of their transatlantic

brethren — Dr. J. H. Wythe, Professor at the Cooper Medical College of San

Francisco and author of " The Microscopist " — to whom, in the name of the

Club, he offered a most hearty welcome. Dr. Wythe had been giving much

attention lately to a new subject, which he called " Microscopic Graphiology,''

and upon which he had kindly consented to make some remarks.

Dr. Wythe, after briefly acknowledging the welcome accorded to him by
the President and members present, said that although he had been until
then personally a stranger to them, he was well acquainted with the

Purchased.

From Mr. Oxley.
„ Mr. Sturt.

87

Society through the medium of its Journal, in which he regularly read
their proceedings with great interest, and he was very pleased to have the
opportanity of being with them on that occasion. He was, however, hardly
ready to give them any very carefully prepared communication, as he was
present almost unexpectedly, for having called upon his friend, Mr. Baker
during the day, he had been asked by him to come and bring before them
what he thought was a new topic in connection with Microscopy, one upon
which he had read several papers at the San Francisco Microscopical
Society. He had called it " Microscopic Graphiology," and he believed it
would be found to supply one answer to the question " What good was
there in Microscopy?" The subject, as its name implied, was that of the
examination of handwriting under the microscope, with a view of ascer-
taining its minute peculiarities as a means of identification. It was, of
course, well known that the Microscope had long been used as a means of
examining the texture of paper, erasures, differences in inks, lines crossing
each other, and other features, by legal men in cases where questions arose
as to the genuine character of documents ; but he had gone much beyond
this in endeavouring to formulate some other methods of examination in a
way that could be understood by any intelligent observer. He believed that
he had succeeded in so formulating the ideas that in the course of a few
months they would be in print, so that anyone interested in the subject
would be able to read it for themselves. When, at any time, a question
arose in a court of law as to the genuineness or otherwise of hand-
writing, it was usual to call in ordinary experts to examine and pronounce
upon it, and these people appeared to do so by mere intuition. If questioned
as to their means of discrimination, they could not say why or how they
came to their conclusions, only that they felt sure — they were certain —
that the two specimens of writing were the same. His own attention was
particularly called to the subject by an article which appeared in the
"Bankers' Magazine," for July, 1878, the writer of which maintained that
there was in every handwriting, as seen under the microscope, a certain
rhythm or set of waves peculiar to, and distinctive of, each. These waves
were, as might be expected, very small, there being several hundreds of
them in a single inch, so that they were not to be seen by unassisted vision.
On carefully examining the subject, he found that there were three rhythms
in the handwriting of every man, each of which must be taken into con-
sideration in connection with the others. The first of these he called the
rhythm of form, by which it was meant that everyone had a certain method
of forming his letters peculiar to himself, and it was upon this that
ordinary experts chiefly relied. They used a hand lens or a doublet, but
there was no doubt that even for this purpose a microscope would be
of great use. In addition to the shape of the letters, another feature came
under this head ; for instance, a person in writing a letter would often make
several strokes in succession exactly at the same angle, and then there
would be a kind of break or change, and this would be repeated at regular
intervals, so that very often it was possible to identify handwriting by
this rhythm of form alone. The best description of this system which had
yet come unto his hands was one published by the Hon. Mr. Thistleton, in
which he gave an account of the methods of Mons. Chabot, the well known

88

London expert. The next kind of rhythm was the one specially referred
to, and to which he had given the title of the rhythm of progress. In the
examination of this he had found it best to use a binocular microscope,
■with Ziess's objective 3in. to 5in. and a very intense illumination by the
concentration of the light of a lamp upon the paper by means of a
powerful bull's-eye. The idea was that in the act of writing the co-
ordination of the muscles, being the result of a nervous wave, was
rhythmical, and produced an effect upon the paper of a wavy or moniliform
appearance, and it was claimed by the writer of the article referred to that
this varied characteristically in the handwriting of different persons. That
it did so he could affirm positively. The third kind he had called the
rhythm of pressure, some persons making a thick downstroke and a thin
upstroke, and others not making much variety. He proposed, therefore,
to formulate these three rythms— of form, progress, and pressure — and
he thought it would be readily seen that when they all combined in the
same manner in the specimens of handwriting under examination it
amounted to a moral certainty that they were written by the same hand.
He thought from this slight outline of the principles of his system the
members of the Club would be able to follow it up, and he hoped they
would be induced to study it. For his own part he wanted as much in-
vestigation as was possible, being much more concerned for truth than for
victory, and he was also desirous that people should know that science
was of some more use than merely for amusement.

The Chairman said that having heard this subject introduced by Dr.
Wythe, no doubt there would be a desire to ask him some further questions
upon it. To most of them it would probably be new, and would, therefore,
possess some additional interest on that account. He would, therefore,
invite observations upon it, for although they were promised the oppor-
tunity of some day reading the description in full, yet as they had that
evening the author amongst them in propria persona they could question
him, whereas the paper itself would be dumb.

Mr. J. J. Kern asked if it made any difference in the character of the
curves when the pen was held in different ways.

Dr. Wythe said that if the pen was held very slopingly there would be a
difference in the appearance of the stroke, and the lines would show a
ragged edge. They could easily tell how the pen was held by the marks it
made, but the rhythm would be the same notwithstanding.

Mr. Waller inquired if the texture of the paper would not make a con-
siderable difference.

Dr. Wythe said it had been suggested that the second rhythm was pro-
duced by irregular absorption due to the nature of the material written
upon. No doubt this did have some effect, but though the texture of the
paper would make some difference, it did so only to a comparatively slight
extent.

Mr. Karop said that from a physiological point of view one would
naturally suppose that such an effect as that described by Dr. Wythe would
take place. Writing was a muscular act, and, like all muscular actions, was
made up of a series of impulses, or waves.

Dr. Wythe said that the first crucial test, to which he was put by the

89

Court of Justice in America, was one which he believed they would think
certainly was so in an extreme sense. He had been examining a specimen
of handwriting as compared with another, and had stated that he was
satisfied as to its identity. The judge then inquired if he was willing to
have a crucial test made of the value of his method. Of course, under the
circumstances, he said that he was willing. The test was this : Three long
foolscap sheets of paper were ruled, and the gentleman whose handwriting
was the subject of inquiry filled in ten or twelve of the lines at irregular
intervals, and then a skilful lithographer, accustomed to closely imitate
writing, carefully filled in the other lines with what seemed to be exact
copies of the gentleman's signature. The paper having then been marked
at the edge as a key, this was cut off and retained by the judge, and he
was handed the rest and asked to pick out the gentleman's signatures from
the whole number. It was a cnicial test, and one which he thought a man
ought not very often to have put to him ; but after a careful study of
the paper he was able to pick out accurately eleven of the twelve.
Physiology, as remarked by Mr. Karop, verified the principle of the method
in a moment, for writing was a muscular act, and one of the most com-
plicated kind. There would naturally, therefore, be a difference at
different times, but although the rhythm would be exaggerated under the
influence of stimulation, or of disease, it would be found that its charac-
teristics remained the same.

Mr. Hind asked if the same method was found to apply to pencil marks.

Dr. Wythe said that the rhythms of form and pressure would remain, but
slightly altered ; that of progress it was almost impossible to trace in
pencil writing. It often happened that a small, sharp particle of graphite
would cut out the fibres of the paper entirely.

Dr. Matthews inquired if Dr. Wythe was cognisant of the great difference
which existed between a man's writing in the morning and in the evening
under certain physical conditions. He remembered a case where writer's-
palsy was coming on, and the man's signature was rejected by his bankers
when written in the morning, but when he wrote it in the evening they
accepted it. Would it be possible to identify two such specimens as being
the same handwriting ?

Dr. Wythe said he had examined a number of specimens of the writing
of persons afflicted with writer's-palsy, and he found that when the disease
had progressed to a certain extent the writing had almost no coherence at
all. In slighter cases he thought that the usual characteristics remained,
although they were exaggerated, just, in fact, as they would be under the
influence of a stimulant.

Dr. Matthews asked if Dr. Wythe had applied the micrometer with a view
to ascertain the value of the rhythm.

Dr. Wythe said he found that it varied in different persons from 200 to
400 in an inch. The subject as yet was only in its infancy, and he was just
telling them what he knew.

Mr. JBuffham asked if there would be much difference between the hand-
writing of a person when he wrote very rapidly and when he wrote care-
fully and deliberately.

Journ. Q. M. C., Series II., No. 10. h

90

Dr. "Wythe said that of course a rapid handwriting might vary apparently
in form of letters, bnt there would still be, to an ordinary observer, a general
similarity, but when the writing came to be examined microscopically, and
the other two rhythms taken into consideration, it was not possible to
entertain a doubt about it. Persons who tried, in these and other ways
to disguise their handwriting would have it detected easily by this plan.

The Chairman questioned whether in rapid writing there would not neces-
sarily be many less pulsations in a given space, seeing that they would be
spread over a much greater surface of paper.

Dr. Wythe said that it had been suggested that under the stimulus of
rapid action the impulses would themselves be more rapid, though he was
unable to say whether this would take place in equal ratio. The best con-
ditions were, when making an examination, to have the brain cool and
clear, and to be quite quiet and undisturbed. Get a number of specimens of
the known handwriting of the suspected person, and very soon it was
possible to become so familiar with its peculiar rhythm as to be able to
recognise it at once.

A Member asked if the same characters would be apparent in the case of
italics printed with a pen ?

Dr. Wythe said that of course in such a case the form would be entirely
changed. He could also quite understand that a person with full know-
ledge might be able to disguise his writing to a very large extent.

The Chairman felt sure that all present would agree that Dr. Wythe had
brought forward this subject in a very interesting way, that he had even
in this age of novelties introduced yet another, and one likely to be of real
use, which would rebut the charge that they played with the microscope
instead of working with it*

A vote of thanks to Dr. Wythe for his communication was then put to
the meeting, and carried by acclamation.

The Chairman read a communication from the Highbury Microscopical
Society asking the assistance of members of the Club on the occasion of
their Annual Soiree, fixed for October 9th.

Members were also invited to join in a mycological excursion to Epping
Forest on the 27th.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione. The follow-
ing objects were exhibited : —

Rotifer, Co lurus uncinatus Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Palate of Testacella Maugii Mr. G. Bailey.

Amoeba, sp Mr. W. G. Cocks.

Rotifer, sp. ... ... ••• ... ... >>

Flumularia, mounted in glycerine jelly, ) Mr> E ftadswell.
with extended tentacles ... )

Section of pitchstone from Arran Mr. A. V. Jennings.

Limnias ceratophylli ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Rousselet.

Phtirius pubis, fern, eggs and young ... Mr. A. W. Stokes.

Plumatella rejpens Mr. A. Wildy.

Attendance — Members, 60; Visitors, 3.

91

On the Structure of Orbitolites.

Inaugural Address op the President, Dr. W. B.
Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S. &c.

(Delivered October 24th, 1884J

It having been intimated to me that a new President was rather
expected to give an Address on first appearing amongst you, I have
thought I could perhaps best fulfil the object of giving what
encouragement I can to Microscopical workers, by a little history of
my own study of the Orbitolites. * I began the subject nearly 40
years ago, and finished it only last year ; and I propose to bring
before you some of the points of general interest which have pre-
sented themselves to me during this prolonged inquiry.

Fig. 4.

Shelly Disk of Orbitolites complanata, showing concentric rings of chamber-
lets, arranged round a central nucleus.

* A general description of this type, with illustrations, is given in " The
Microscope and its Revelations." The Author's complete Monograph of the
genus will be found in Vol. VII. of the Challenger Reports.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 11. I

92 W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLTTES.

In the first place, the group of organisms, which includes the genus
Orbitolites, had been long known as fossils, some species occur-
ring in great numbers. Indeed, nearly all the building stone in
Paris is an early Tertiary limestone composed almost entirely of
Miliolines; and in the same limestone were elsewhere found a number
of discs about the size of a fourpenny piece, which had attracted
some notice. They were mentioned by Lamarck, who considered
them as Polypi, and placed them between Lunulites and Millepores.
This is not very surprising, because their surfaces are for the most
part abraded and laid open ; but no suspicion seems to have arisen
that they were anything else than Polypi. In the later edition of
Lamarck, it was said that forms similar to these had been dis-
covered in a living state on the west coast of Australia; a small
species was also found living in the Mediterranean, but this was
of almost microscopic size. It was my good fortune to come into
possession of some specimens of these recent discs about 40 years
ago ; they were given to me by my friend Prof. Ed. Forbes, who
obtained them from Mr. Jukes, who had dredged them up off the
coast of Australia. I had at that time been examining Nwnmu-
lites, which were the first Foraminifera to which I gave continuous
attention, and of which I had received clay- embedded specimens
from Dr. Bowerbank. (I found that these gave generally much
better microscopic structure than Nummulites from any other
bed would afford ; for when massed together in Nummulitic
limestone, the percolation of water through the calcareous matrix
fills up the tubes and alters the texture to such a degree that it
is a matter of difficulty at times to recognise them ; whilst those
from the clay give the structure with a perfection scarcely ex-
ceeded by recent specimens. This I have since found to hold
good in many other cases.)

I was especially on the outlook for anything which would
elucidate the structure of some small discs obtained from a moun-
tain near Biarritz, which was described to me as almost entirely
made up of them. For a long time I could not find anything like
them ; but happening to ask Prof. Forbes if he could throw any
light on the matter, he at once put Mr. Jukes' specimens into my
hands.* This was the beginning of my study of the Foraminifera ;

* The Biarritz discs subsequently proved to possess a very different
internal structure, which I have described as characterizing D'Orbigny's
genus Orbitoides.

W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITES. 93

and from this incident the whole of my subsequent researches
upon that group might be dated.

I found Mr. Jukes' discs to correspond very closely with the
fossil discs ; but the best-preserved amongst them had the chamber-
lets covered over, the only openings being at the margin. I was
then able to obtain from various friends some of the small species
— the recent 0. marginalis ; and found that these also had a thin
film covering the chambers, with a single row of marginal pores.
After this, Mr. Cuming put his collection from the Phillipines at
my disposal ; and I also obtained some sand from the Red Sea,
which abounded in specimens of 0. marginalis, together with others
having two rows of marginal pores, of which Prof. Ehrenberg
had made a separate genus, placing both amongst his Bryozoa.
He not only figured them (from abraded specimens) as covered
with open cells like those of a Flustra, bat put polypes with ciliated
arms into these cells. Here, then, we may learn an important
lesson — never to figure anything which we have not seen. Prof.
Ehrenberg saw with his mind's eye only, and hence his blunder.
Unless a person says explicitly, " This is only my conception
of what this organism has been," he has no right to make such a
drawing.

Fig. 5.

Composite sarcodic body of Simple type of Orbitolite : — a, primordial seg-
ment ; b, circumambient segment, giving off peduncle, from which arise
the successive circles of sub-segments, connected by annular and
radial stolons.

94 W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITES.

After this I came into possession of some specimens which had
been preserved in spirit, and which showed what the animal body
occupying these discs really is. Here (Fig. 5) we have its com-
posite sarcodic body, belonging to that class to which Dujardin
gave the name of Rhizopoda. In the first place there is a primordial
segment, a, surrounded by one turn of a large segment, b, forming an
imperfect spiral ; this giving off a sort of root-stock, or stolon, from
which are budded off rows of sub-segments, that enclose the
primordial chambers. Each circle of sub-segments, connected by its
annular stolon, corresponds with the segment of an ordinary Fora-
minifer ; it is connected by radial stolons with the next annulus ; and
the radial stolons of the last-formed annulus issued as pseudopodia
from the marginal pores of the shelly disk. The simple disposition
of sub-segments in one plane, occupying the single layer of chamber-
lets in the minute 0. marginalis, undergoes a very curious modifi-
cation in the complex structure of the large 0. complanata, recent
and fossil. In this there are two rows of surface-planes, separated
by an intermediate plane, the chamberlets of which have a
columnar structure (Fig. 6). The successive rows communicate

Fig. 6.

Portion of Sarcodic body of Complex Orbitolite : — a a', b b', upper and lower
annular cords of two concentric zones ; c c, upper layer of superficial
sub-segments ; d d, the lower layer ; e e and e' e\ intermediate columnar
sub-segments of the two zones, giving off oblique stolon-processes.

by a number of oblique threads ; and it is through the
threads which issue from the marginal pores of the outermost ring,
that the body receives its nourishment. In the living condition

W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORB1TOLITES. 95

the sarcodic substance is almost liquid, and there is a continual
circulation or interchange taking place ; but there is no dif-
ferentiation of function that I can find. The Red Sea specimens
having two rows of marginal pores, furnish a curious intermediate
condition (Fig. 9) ; having a single annular stolon in each ring, but

Fig. 7.
Diagram illustrating the Pedigree of the Complex type of Orbitolite.

1. Simple undivided spire of Cornuspira.

2. Partially interrupted spire of Spiroloculina.

3. Spire of Peneroplis, divided by partitions into chambers.

4. Spire of Orbiculina, its chambers divided into rows of chamberlets.

5. Disk of " simple " Orbitolite, showing first-formed spire, surrounded by
concentric rings.

6. Disk of " duplex " Orbitolite, showing earlier passage from spiral to
cyclical plan of growth.

7. Central portion of disk of " complex " Orbitolite, in which the cham-
bered nucleus alone shows an abbreviated spire, the very first row of
chamberlets forming a complete ring.

96 W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITE8.

each ring being connected with the next by two rows of
radial stolons, instead of one. Now, seeing that the most highly
developed form often begins life in the simplest form, then passes
through the intermediate form, and then undergoes this separa-
tion of the superficial plane by an intermediate plane — the next
stage being that the annular canal is split (as it were) into two —
I came to the conclusion that there was no actual specific distinc-
tion between the simple and the complex types, but that they were
merely stages of development of the same organism, which in
tropical seas undergoes a higher development than in colder
regions.

Having investigated this subject very carefully, I made it, in
1856, the basis of a disquisition on the Range of Variation of

Fig. 8.
Disk of Simple Type of Orbitolite (0. marginalis).

1. Surface of disk, showing later growth of concentric rings of chamber-
lets around a first-formed spire.

2. Central portion enlarged.

3. Edge of disk, showing single row of marginal pores.

4. Vertical section, showing succession of chamberlets communicating
with each other radially by single passages in the annular partitions, and
laterally by the annular canals, whose sections are seen as dark spots.

W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITE8.

97

Species. Mr. Darwin had not at that time given his views to the
world ; but when he read the conclusions I had arrived at, he said
that he not only agreed with them, but was disposed to go a good
deal further. It was by this previous enquiry that I found myself
prepared, when the " Origin of Species " was published, to accept
all its main positions as scientifically tenable.

The next stage was made in the course of the Porcupine expedi-
tion in 1869, when, from 1,200 fathoms' depth off the west coast

Fig. 9.

1. Disk of Duplex Type of Orbitolite (0. duplex).

2. Edge of disk, showing double row of marginal pores.

3. Central portion of sarcode body : — a, primordial segment ; b, circum-
ambient segment, budding off a half-ring of sub-segments, from which
complete rings are afterwards formed.

4. Portion of the sarcodic body of one ring ; a aJ and b b1, the two halves
of the columnar sub-segments in connection with c c', the annular cord ;
from this are given off the pairs of stolon-processes d d', d d', which con-
nect it with the sub-segments of the next annulus.

98

W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITE8.

of Ireland, some extremely thin Orbitoline disks were obtained,
about the size of a fourpenny piece. Although they were nearly all
broken, it was very interesting to find them presenting unmistakable
evidence of a Milioline origin. I have thus been able to trace
the development of the Orbitoline type along a series of forms,
beginning with the simple undivided Cornuspira, a flat shell very
like a Peneroplis, but without any division into chambers; the

%6

Fig. 10.
Structure of Shelly Disk of Orbitolites complanata,

1. Edge of disk, showing multiple series of marginal pores.

2. Vertical section, showing two superficial planes of chamberlets, sepa-
rated by intermediate columnar structure.

3. Internal Structure : — a, superficial chamberlets ; b b, columnar
chamberlets of intermediate layer ; c, floors of superficial chamberlets,
showing the opening at each end into the annular gallery beneath; d,
annular galleries cut transversely; d' d", annular galleries laid open longi-
tudinally; e e,ff, oblique stolon passages intermediate layer.

W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITES. 99

next stage corresponds with the Milioline Spiroloculina, the spire
being constricted at intervals by imperfect partitions ; and this passes
into the Peneropline stage, in which the partitions are numerous
and complete (Fig. 7). The next stage is that of the Orbiculina,
found in tropical seas so abundantly that nearly every handful of
sand contains them ; in which the principal chambers are divided
into chamberlets, and the spiral plan of growth gives place to the
cyclical. This brings us to the Orbitolite itself ; and of my previous
strong impression that it was developed from the simpler Milio-
lines, I had a complete confirmation in the beautiful deep sea form
0. tenuissima.

When the Challenger expedition brought home its results, Sir
Wyville Thomson placed in my hands a jar of Orbitolites from the
reefs of Fiji ; and I undertook to work out this collection, thinking
that so large a gathering from one locality might enable me to
throw some more light on a good many questions of development. .
. . (The specimens exhibited upon the table form a complete series
in illustration of Orbitolite structure ; the largest of them showing
a remarkable exuberance, in the shape of a number of curious out-
growths.) I found that this collection, when sorted out, fell
naturally into very distinct groups. First there was a remarkable
series of specimens as simple in their plan of structure as the
Mediterranean 0. marginalis, but very much larger (Fig. 8) ; then
of the duplex Hed Sea form (Fig. 9) ; and then of the large 0.
complanata (Figs. 4, 10). The question of species then came up
again ; and with this large collection I saw at once that each of
these types had its own size, plan of growth, and general aspect, so
that it was very easy to distinguish between them ; and yet a most
complex form might show that it had passed through the grades
of the simple and the duplex (Fig. 11). Both these show a
survival, in their early growth, of the original spiral plan (Fig.
7,5,6) ; but in the most typical specimens of the large 0. compla-
nata, the plan is circular from the very commencement (Fig. 7,7).
Another point of interest was that the fossil forms stopped in an
incomplete stage ; for it was easy to see in vertical sections of fossil
forms, that the continuity of the superficial and the intermediate
chamberlets was maintained throughout (Fig. 11, e, e) ; while in the
large recent type they are disconnected by a shifting to half the
breadth of a ring (f,f\ f2 f3). In recent specimens from other
localities I have found the earlier condition shown in the fossil

100 W. B, CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITES,

# B w

">

TO

s

&11

In1

igp!

in. „-? mp

^

Fig. 11.

Diagrammatic representation of the
transition from the " simple " to the " com-
plex " plan of growth, as shown in vertical
section, from the primordial and circum-
ambient chambers (c p cf) of the centre,
to the margin, whose pores are shown at
mp. The chambers m, m1, m2, m3, rrfi, are
all formed upon the simple type (as in
Fig. 8, 4) ; and show at ac, ac, the cross
sections of the annular canals, which con-
nect all the chamberlets of one ring, and
at r, r, r, the radial passages connecting
the successive annuli. The chambers
d, dl, d2, are formed upon the duplex
type ; the annular cannls ac, ac, being
single, but the radial passages r being
double. The chambers e, e1, show two
annular canals ac, ac', between which is
interposed a columnar chamberlet, con-
tinuous with the two superficial chamber-
lets s s. In the chambers f,/1,/2,/*,
to the margin, which are all formed on
the fully-developed complex type, the
upper and under superficial chamberlets
s s, s' S', are completely cut off from the
intermediate columnar portion, and, by a
shifting of their position, each is made to
communicate with two annular canals.

W. R. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITEB. 101

forms to be still preserved. And thus we have in this group an
illustration of the principle, that if all genetic series were pre-
served, we should find no fixed boundary lines between species, but
that every form would be connected with other forms by grada-
tional transitions.

Another lesson now comes in. I have always been one of those
who could not accept the doctrine of " natural selection" as a
vera causa. It is based on the idea of aimless or casual variations,
of which some prove more suited than others to become established
permanently. I never could feel that this gave any scientific ac-
count of the " origin of species," because it offered no explanation
of the causes of the variations by which the " fittest " came into
existence. Now here is a case in which we have at the present time
the entire series surviving, and this under the same conditions and
in the same dredging ; and since, to the eye of anyone but a skilled
Foraminiferalist, a specimen of the smaller type would not be dis-
tinguishable from a young specimen of the larger, I cannot think
that the creatures that prey upon them would know them apart.

Fig. 12.
New disk of Orbitolite formed round fragment of previous disk.

There is here, therefore, no room for " natural selection." To
my mind everything is indicative of development upon a deter-
minate plan, from the spiral to the excentric, then to the less ex-
centric, and then to the concentric form ; with a uniformly in-
creasing complication of the internal structure.

102 W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORBITOLITES.

One more point is the very remarkable reparation which takes
place when these disks are injured. Sometimes they may be nibbled
by Fishes, Crustaceans, or Echinoderms ; or they get broken by the
dashing of the waves : and when this occurs, there is always a curious
tendency towards the restoration of the circular form by an exuda-
tion of protoplasm, which forms a complete ring round the broken
edge, and subsequently becomes surrounded by more regular annuli.
A mere marginal fragment is quite sufficient to be the centre of such
a new growth, reproducing a perfect disc (Fig. 12) ; this reparation
always taking place on the perfected type, just as Sir James Paget
has observed that repair always takes place in accordance with the
existing state of the animal. I cannot think it is possible to resist
the conviction that this reparation takes place on a plan, and is not
the result of mere casualty.

These Orbitolites seem to be the culmination of the Porcellaneous
series of Foraminifera, not leading up to anything else. It is
my belief that they form the top story of these simple sarcodic
forms.

The results of this inquiry, I think, will show you the value of
taking up a subject, and working it out thoroughly ; and I hope this
lesson will not be lost on many now present. Before entering
upon such a special inquiry, however, everyone should go through
a general course of instruction. It is now admitted that in every
profession requiring the exercise of mental power, general training
is of great importance to begin with ; and in the case of anyone
desiring to follow up some special object of microscopic study, I
would recommend such a general preliminary course. Having
made himself acquainted with the microscopic characters of any
group as a whole (using for the purpose, when suitable, the bino-
cular as well as the monocular), I would then recommend the
student to take up some special subject, the detailed pursuit of
which will be found to open out lines of thought and inquiry of far
more value to himself and to science than the sort of dilettante
work which is still so often indulged in. Thirty years ago, when
Schleiden brought out his great work on Botany, he supposed that
there were no good microscopes in England, because so little had
been done in this country for the elucidation of vegetable structure
and life-history ; but the fact was, we had here the best micro-
scopes of the day, the fault lying with the workers. I rejoice,

W. B. CARPENTER ON THE STRUCTURE OE ORBITOLITES. 103

however, to know that there is now rising up among us a great
body of earnest workers ; and that especially at Cambridge,
under Professor Michael Foster, and at Oxford, under Professor
Moseley, many young men are proving most successful searchers
in these fields of inquiry. One of the most beautiful results
attained hitherto, has been the demonstration of the continuity
of protoplasm through the walls of Vegetable cells. Several
observers are now taking up the study of Alga?, ; and I would sug-
gest to them the special study of a stage in the life-history of Vol-
vox, in which I have no doubt that this continuity will be dis-
tinctly traceable. I specially bring this before you, to show that
there are subjects within the reach of each one, which are of the
very greatest importance in Biological science. It used to be held
that there is a separate life in each vegetable cell distinct from that
of every other ; but Prof. Burdon Sanderson, in the course of his
experimental study of the Sensitive plant, was led to the conclusion
that there is some kind of physiological continuity ; and you may
now look upon these connecting protoplasmic threads as the equi-
valent of nerve-fibres, each of which contains an intensified proto-
plasmic thread passing through it from one end to the other. Sir
William Thomson, in his Presidential Address to the British
Association, speaking of Comets in their relations to Meteorites, re-
marked that such inquiries were the life-blood of Physical science ;
and in the same spirit I may also say that these microscopic
discoveries are the life-blood of Biology. I venture, therefore, to
hope that there are many members of this Club who will devote
their time and ability to inquiries of similar interest.

104

On Sexuality in the Zygnemace2E.
By F. Bates.

(Read, November 28th, 1884.)

Mr. A. W. Bennett, in an article recently contributed to the
Linnasan Society,* seeks to maintain that there are well-marked
and certain characters whereby the sexual nature of the filaments
in the Zygnemacece may be determined. The chief points on which
he relies to prove his case are — 1. The difference in size of the
cell; in the Zygnemece, the so-considered germ cells being the
largest ; whilst in the Mesocarpece the contrary is the case. 2.
That the portion of the conjugating canal contributed by the germ
cell is shorter and wider than that contributed by the sperm cell.
3. That the protoplasmic contents of the cells always travel in one
direction : — that is, that in scalariform conjugation the contents
of the cells of one thread invariably pass over into the cells of the
other thread with which it is conjugating ; and 4. That in
Mesocarpus the spore, which is formed in the conjugating canal,
never occupies its centre, except in such cases where the spore is
large enough to occupy the whole of that space. He also regards
this production of the spore in the conjugating canal as exhibiting
a more rudimentary differentiation of the sexual elements.

Many distinguished cryptogamists have, before Mr. Bennett, de-
voted much attention to this question of the sexuality of the threads
in these Algas (when such obvious facts as difference in the size of
the cells, position of the spores, &c, must have come under their
notice, but were doubtless set aside as being inconstant and there-
fore unreliable), and although none have positively asserted that
sexuality may not exist, with scarcely an exception it has been
concluded that no safe, constant, and reliable, sexual characters,
which will enable one to say which is a male and which is a female
thread, or cell, are discernible.

Mr. Bennett states that his observations have extended over

* On " Keproduction of the Zygnemacese : a contribution towards the
solution of the question, 'Is it of a sexual character ?'" "Journal of the
Linnjean Society," April, 1884, Vol. xx, No. 130, pp. 430-9.

F. BATES ON SEXUALITY IN THE ZYGNEMACE.E. 105

several years. To prove this he concludes his article by saying, u If
the mode of 'lateral' conjugation described by De Bary, Wood,
and others as taking place between adjacent cells of the same
filament in Zygnema and Spirogyra be founded on correct observa-
tion, all idea of sexuality of the filaments must be abandoned in
these cases." Now, to my mind, and according to my experience,
this concluding remark effectually disposes both of Mr. Bennett's
conclusions, and his experiences extending over several years, for I
will venture to affirm that if anyone will seriously commence the
collecting of these plants on the 2nd day of April, he will be the
most unfortunate of Spirogyra hunters if he does not meet with at
least two species, in which lateial conjugation is going on abun-
dantly, before the ensuing May-day. By the light of my own
experience I will now examine Mr. Bennett's points seriatim.
Firstly, as to differences in the sizes of the cells. If anyone will
take up a descriptive work on the Zygnemaceo?, he will find such
entries as : — Sp. cells "05 to "065 mm. by 2^ to 10 times longer ;
sp. *032 to *05 mm. by 2 to 4 times longer ; sp. -024 to "03 mm.
by 3 to 8 times longer ; '012 to '015 mm. by 8 to 16 times longer.
And in Mesocarpus sp. "012 to *018 mm. by 5 to 10 times longer ;
sp. -007 to -015 mm. by 7 to 12 times longer; and so on. Here
is variation enough in all conscience 1 Moreover, it has to be
admitted that conjugation must have commenced before even a guess
can be made as to which is a male and which a female thread or
cell. Now, when we consider the many curious changes which take
place in the form, &c, of cells at the time of conjugation, we must
needs be careful how we draw conclusions from them on which to
base a theory of sexuality. Again, one may find mixed in the
same gathering, of one and the same species, threads having the
spore cells cylindrical and longer than the spores, or swollen and
more or less wider than the spores ; or so abbreviated that the
spores are crowded together and placed sideways, being longer
than their cells ; these are of very common occurrence in Spirogyra
longata, porticalis, and condensata. Considering all these things,
then, how can we place any value or reliance on conclusions based
on an infinitesimal increase in the diameter of one cell over
another ? I may further state that I have carefully examined the
conjugated cells of Spirogyra porticalis (the species chiefly operated
upon by Mr. Bennett) and, where the cells have preserved their
cylindrical form, I have not found any appreciable difference of

106 F. BATES ON SEXUALITY IN THE ZYGNEMACE.E.

diameter ; as a rule the two conjugated threads are equal, or
may vary to a slight extent on either side. As to the second
point, that the portion of the conjugating canal contributed by the
so-considered germ cell is shorter and wider than that contributed
by the sperm cell ; the suture marking their point of union will
consequently show nearest the spore-containing cell. This con-
clusion has evidently been arrived at from observations made at
the early stage of conjugation, and before the commencement of
the passage of the contents of the one cell into the other. At
this stage it is true that the tubular protuberance put forth by the
so-considered sperm cell does, when it comes into contact with the
opposing protuberance, force slightly inward the opposing face ;
but this I take to be but transitory, for afterwards there is doubt-
less resorption of the opposing membranes with fusion of the
tubular walls, so that a perfectly open channel of communication
is formed. When this is effected, and not till then, in my ex-
perience, does any passage of the contents of the one cell to the
other begin to take place. Then also it will be seen that the
shortening and widening of the so-considered germ-tube was only
due to the temporary pressure exercised upon it by the sperm-tube ;
for, when all is completed, the suture resulting from the fusion of
the two portions will be found, as a rule, in the middle ; although,
as might reasonably be expected, it is sometimes met with nearer
the one cell, and at others nearer to the other.*

On point 3. That the protoplasmic contents of the cells in con-
jugating always travel in one direction. It is doubtless the rule
that in scalariform conjugation, the one thread parts with, and the
other receives the contents of the cells ; but this fact is so over-
borne by others as to be deprived of all its significance as a test
for sexuality. Spirogyra orbicularis, longata, insignis, Weberi, and
tenuissima, I have found in both scalariform and lateral conjuga-
tion ; whilst it is also a fact that both forms of conjugation may be
going on together in different parts of the same threads. To my
mind this settles the question ; for it must not be forgotten
that Mr. Bennett abandons all idea of sexuality in threads con-
jugating laterally ; and yet, really, this form of conjugating is
nearly as common as the scalariform. It is strange that Mr.

*The appearance produced -when looking down through the conjugating
tube (when fractured at the suture) is due, iu my opinion, to its unequal
diameter ; it is rarely perfectly cylindrical : similar to what is seen in the
" bordered <pits " in the woody tissues of the Pines.

F. BATES ON SEXUALITY IN THE ZYGNEAIACE.E. 107

Bennett has not been able to meet with it during his observations.
Lastly, on point 4. as to that form of conjugation in which the
Zygospore is formed in the conjugating canal. Mr. Bennett states
that the spore never occupies the middle of this canal, except in cases
where, from its large size, it fills the whole of that space ; otherwise
it is always formed at one side, and at that side nearest the so-con-
sidered female cell, which he also states to be constantly shorter than
the supposed male cell. I am prepared to admit (and to give him
credit for this observation) that the spore is mostly situated at one
side of the conjugating canal ; but it is so frequently otherwise — or
situated at the centre — as to destroy any value the observation might
seem to have, in helping to determine the sexuality of the cells. As
to the spore when lateral being always adjacent to a short female
cell, this is still less to be depended upon. I find it subject to great
variability. It is not easy to ascertain the exact position of the spore,
and to accurately measure the mother-cells in these delicate plants ;
the conjugated threads being so involved that it is only here and
there one can get a view of the two cells, and the spore, accurately
in focus at the same time. Out of a number of such that presented
themselves in a position to be accurately viewed and measured, I
selected seven in which the spore was lateral, and seven in which it
was central, and measured all the cells. I found that in the former
case the cells were, in a majority of cases, longest in those con-
sidered by Mr. Bennett to be males, these varying in length from
•091 to -13 mm. ; whilst the so-considered female cells varied in
length from *078 to -104 mm. But I also met with so-considered
female cells which were longer than their attached male cells in the
proportion of from 5 to 6 given spaces to 4, or an average dif-
ference of *04 mm., the female cells being longest by those figures.
In those cases where the spore was central, I found a great, or even
greater, difference in the comparative length of the two attached
cells. In one case a cell was exactly double the length of the other
cell to which it was yoked. So here again we are met with such
an utter want of uniformity as to baffle all attempts to determine
the sexuality of the cells. A figure is given by the author of a
spore of a Spirogyra germinating in a direction totally opposed to
all previous experience. I do not deny that he may have seen a
spore germinating after the fashion figured, but it must most cer-
tainly be regarded as most exceptional and abnormal.

Mr. Bennett further has made the remarkable discoverv that the
Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 11. k

108 F. BATES ON SEXUALITY IN THE ZYGNEMACE^.

form of conjugation, as it exists typically in the genus Mesocarpus,
exhibits a more rudimentary differentiation of the sexual elements
than exists in the Zygnemece. This seems to me most astounding,
for he cannot be ignorant of the fact that De Bary, Pringsheim,
Wittrock, and others who have closely and patiently observed
all the phenomena of conjugation in these forms, have been led to
separate Mesocarpus and the allied genera from the Zygnemece, and
to elevate them into a distinct sub-family — the Mesocarpece, owing
to the more advanced type of sexual development they exhibit.

109

Notes on a Slide, showing Ten Sections of the Oral disc
and Tentacles of Cerianthus Solitarius.

By Arthur Pennington.

{Read November 28th, 1884.)

Upon the slide accompanying these notes is a series of longitu-
dinal sections of the oral disc of C. solitarius, carried down so as to
show the septa and a portion of the body-wall. The sections are
cut at right angles to the diameter of the animal, a mode of catting
which possesses the advantage of showing more than would a longi-
tudinal section cut in any other manner.

Eecent observers have separated the Cerianthidce from the other
anemones and made them into a distinct family or tribe, in conse-
quence, mainly, of the fact that the septa or mesenteries, which are
such important features in the organisation of the Zoantharice, are
not paired or arranged in cycles as in the Actinia?, nor confined to
the limited number of eight as in the Edwardsice.

There are only three defined species of the genus Cerianthus, one
of which, C. Lloydii, is found in England. The specimen of C.
Solitarius, from which the sections on this side were cut, I obtained
from the Naples Zoological Station.

The specimen was stained with hasniatoxylin, and mounted, after
the sections were cut, in Canada balsam. Before cutting the sec-
tions the animal was imbedded in paraffin.

The sections on the slide exhibit clearly the division of the body
structure of the anemones into the three layers, ectoderm, meso-
derm, and endoderm. The deeply coloured central layer is the
mesoderm. The layer exterior to this, and evidently of more com-
plicated structure, is the ectoderm, and the internal layer is the
endoderm. The septa will be seen to possess only two of these
layers, namely, the central mesoderm lined on each side with endo-
dermal cells ; the tentacles possess all the layers.

The ectoderm may be clearly made out to contain three distinct
layers, namely, epithelial, nervous, and muscular. The epithelial
cells form the broadest layer ; next the nervous layer may be seen
as a fine band of lighter cells, and deeper still lies the muscular layer,

110 a. pennington's notes on a slide.

which, in the oral disc, is not well developed, but which in the body-
wall forms a broad, well defined, powerful muscular system.

The epithelial cells contain three series of elements— ciliated,
stinging, and glandular. In the tentacles the stinging cells, or
cnidcB, may be easily seen, as they are both large and numerous.
They are oval in shape, and each contains a spirally coiled ecthor-
aeum. The gland cells are very numerous in the body- wall, where
they are often filled with granular or colouring matter.

The nervous layer consists of an interlacing network of fibrillse,
with here and there ganglion cells.

The muscular layer is the most important layer in the Cerian-
thidce. In the tentacles the elements are isolated, but in the oral
disc it forms a distinct stratum, which, in the body-wall, becomes, as
stated above, broad and well defined. The longitudinal fibres com-
posing the stratum in the body- wall may be distinctly seen in the
slide. These longitudinal muscular fibres are supported by a thin
membrane, which springs from the mesoderm.

The Cerianthi are able to secrete, or rather to form, an external
sheath or protective case of mucus mud, nematocysts, spicules, &c,
into which, when alarmed, they can retire. The powerful arrange-
ment of longitudinal muscles in the ectoderm of the body-wall is
necessary for this purpose.

The mesoderm may be distinctly seen below the muscular layer,
and it will be seen to form, as it were, the basis or skeleton of the
body, as it runs through body-wall, oral disc, tentacles, septa, and
oesophagus.

The endoderm contains two series of elements — muscular and
epithelial.

Amongst the anemones generally the muscular layer of the endo-
derm is well developed ; the extraordinary breadth of ectodermal
longitudinal muscles, as seen in the slide, being peculiar to the
Cerianthidce.

The muscular layer of the endoderm will be seen in the slide,
lying immediately below the mesoderm.

The endodermal epithelial layer may be clearly made out, lining
the whole of the interior of the body. The separate cells, if isolated,
would be found furnished with a tuft of delicate cilia.

In the accompanying slide the layers above described can all be
seen, and, in addition to the sections of the oral disc, a number
of sections of the tentacles will be found, some cut transversely and
others longitudinally.

Ill

On the Larva of an Ascidian found at the Land's End.

By A. D. Michael.

(Read November 28th, 1884.)
PLATE V.

Gentlemen, — I am going to ask you to bear with me to-night, as
you have often done before, while I occupy a few minutes of your
time with some remarks which do not contain any new or original
matter whatever ; but when I find some object in microscopical
biology which I think interesting, it usually strikes me that others
who have similar tastes may be of the same opinion ; and, there-
fore, if I succeed in securing what seem to me to be fairly good
preparations of it, and if similar slides are not often before the
Club, I like to show them to you. I think that merely placing
them on the stage of a microscope on the table is, after all, a poor
mode of exhibition, as the points of interest are most likely to be
missed, unless a few words be said calling attention to them.

Last autumn, whilst searching for marine life in my favourite
hunting-ground at the Land's End, I came across several groups of
compound- Ascidians which appeared to me worthy of notice, from
the fact that there were eggs and larvae in all stages of development,
as well as adults. I mounted some of these for microscopical
examination, and three preparations are under the microscopes to-
night, viz. : —

No. 1. An egg with the larva fully developed and ready to hatch.
Stained with hsematoxalin.

No. 2. A mature larva stained with hsematoxalin.

No. 3. A mature larva slightly stained with picro-carmine.

The specimens belong to the genus Leptoclinwn, and the species
is, I think, either gelatinosum or maculosum. The Tunicata of this
genus form thin films coating stones, lammariae, &c, the individuals
being imbedded in a jelly-like mass as in Botryllus, but they have
not the beautiful stellate arrangement round a common anus, with
which we are all familiar in that genus, but are irregularly scattered,

112 A. D. MICHAEL ON THE LAEVA OF

We are not without ample information on the subject I am
speaking of. The anatomy and life history of the larvaa of compound-
Ascidians has been well worked out by a number of eminent
biologists, and the literature on the subject is copious. I will only
mention two works, viz., Milne-Edwards' " Observations sur les
Ascidies-composees des cotes de la Manche " (1844) ; and Eeichert's
memoir, " Zur Anatomie des Schwanzes der Ascidien-Larven
Botryllus violaceus ") in " Abhandl. d. K. Akad. der Wiss. Berlin,"
1875. The first-named is a classical work forming the ground-work
of much of our present knowledge of the subject, and illustrated by
numerous figures, one of which is so like the specimen of the fully
developed egg with its larva ready to escape, which is now on the
club-microscope, that anyone might suppose that Milne-Edwards
had made his drawing from the specimen now before you. The
second is an exhaustive treatise on a more special subject, and is
illustrated by magnificent plates, which leave nothing to be desired.

The larval Ascidian is a somewhat tadpole-shaped, free-swimming
creature, having a nearly globular body, somewhat truncated in front,
and having three conspicuous suckers, mostly cupnliform, at its
anterior edge ; behind these there is usually a circle of outgrowths,
possibly tentacular. Further back again is the ojDening of the
branchial sac, and at one side is a large and conspicuous eye-spot.
Behind the body comes a long tail, many times the length of the
body, and very singular in formation. It is enveloped externally in
a colourless and structureless cuticular test, which surrounds, the
more or less circular central portion, and is produced so as to
form two broad flat bands set on edge, one on the upper and the
other on the under-side of the tail, which run all along it like the
fins of a sole, but are much broader in proportion. This test also
extends behind the muscular portion of the tail and there expands
a little, and is marked with diverging rays, so that it has a certain
resemblance in form to the tail of the sole. Within the test is a
layer composed of clearly-marked longitudinal rows of large
nucleated cells. There are usually eight rows of these cells in
Botryllus, but in the species I am now showing to you there seem to
me to be only six. The central portion of the tail is a cellular,
rod-like body.

The larva swims with a rapid, somewhat wriggling motion, by
means of quick lateral strokes and undulations of the tail, but its
free-swimming life is short, usually only a few hours. It then

AN ASCIDIAN FOUND AT THE LAND'S END. 113

attaches itself by its anterior suckers to some solid object, and be-
comes permanently fixed. The muscular portion of the tail and of
the anterior projections becomes absorbed into the general body-
substance, as a tadpole's tail does ; the structureless test of the tail
becomes detached, either whole or in pieces ; and the body develops
into a mature Ascidian.

I may remind you that the special interest of the Ascidian-larva
lies in the tail, as many biologists of the greatest eminence have
considered that the central axial rod of which I have spoken is
neither more nor less than the lowest representative of the chorda
dorsalis of Vertebrates. It has been stated to resemble the
notochord in giving insertion by its sheath to muscles, which are
said to hold a position with regard to the nervous system similar to
those of the Vertebrata. The nervous system has been stated to
be developed in a dorsal cavity, as in Vertebrates, and to be
divided by the axial rod from the viceral canal below. The
radiating structure of the terminal portion of the caudal test has
been compared to the rays in the tails of young fishes, and the
perforated branchial sac to the perforated and dilated pharynx
of Amphioxus. These views have been strongly held by
Kowalewsky * and KupfTer, f and for these reasons among
others, they, and many able naturalists and anatomists
have held that the Ascidians are more closely allied to
the Vertebrata than any of the remaining forms of invertebrate
animals. These views have been denied, either in whole or in part,
by men of such attainments as Mecznikow, Giard, | Von Baer §
and others, and the points must probably be considered unsettled,
and I do not wish to express any opinion upon them ; but certainly
the fact that many of the highest authorities have considered
the Ascidian-larvee as the allies of the lower Vertebrates lends
great additional interest to those minute creatures, and the peculiari-
ties of structure which have been thought worthy of prolonged and

* " Die Entwickelungsgeschichte der einfachen Ascidien/' " Mem, de
l'Acad. Imp. des sci. de St. Petersbourg." 1866.

f " Die Staramverwandschaft zwischen Ascidien und Wirbelthiere."
" Schultze's Archiv fur Mic. Anat." 1870.

\ " Etude critique des travaux d'einbryogenie relatifs a la parente des
Vertebres et des Tuniciers." " Lacaze-Duthier's Archives de Zoologie."
1872.

§ " Entwickelt sich die Larve der einfacben Ascidien in der ersten Zeit
nacb dem Typus der Wirbelthiere ? " " Mem. de l'Akad. Imp. des sci, de
St. Petersbourg." 1873.

114 ON THE LARVA OF AN ASCIDIAN FOUND AT THE LAND'S END.

earnest investigation by many of the best observers on record will,
I hope, be sufficient excuse for my calling your attention to the
subject to-night.

EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAM.

Rough diagrammatic representation of the larva of Lejrtoclinum.

Figures 1 and 2 are drawn from actual preparations, but figures 2 to 4
inclusive are more or less adapted from, or suggested by, Reichart's
figures of the larva of Botryllus violaceous.

Pig 1. — Egg containing a fully developed larva ready to escape.

Fig 2. — Larva. The fin-like membranous expansions of the test of the

tail, being directed towards the eye or downward, are not

seen.
Fig 3. — Transverse section of the tail.

Fig 4. — Longitudinal section of a portion of the tail cut in a plane at

right-angles to the fin-like expansions.

A.— Body.

B.— Tail.

a. External tunic and vitelline membrane of the egg.

b. External structureless test of the body.
b'. „ „ ,, of the tail.

C.C.C. Anterior cupuliform suckers.

d. Circlet of cellular outgrowths.

e. Eye-spot.

/. Opening of the branchial chamber.

g. Cells of the body -wall.

h. Large nucleated cells of the contractile and muscular portion of
the tail, forming a sheath round the central axis.

i. Central axis of the tail. (Supposed chorda dorsalis).

h. Terminal fin-like portion of the test of the tail showing the ray-
like striae.

I. Upper fin-like longitudinal expansion of the test of the tail.

m. Lower ditto.

n. Gelatinous substance of the fin-like expansion.

dourn. Q.M.C

Ser.JL.Vol. 2.P1.V.

7

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JDia.qi'SLnam a-t-i <* inepj^esentaAion. of" the lsurva, of

LEPTOCLINUM.

115

PROCEEDINGS.

October 10th, 1884. — Conversational Meeting.

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. H. A. Crowhurst.
Mr. T. dirties.
Mr. W. I. Curties.
Mr. F. Enock.
Mr. H. E. Freeman.
Mr. G. Hind.

»

The following objects were exhibited : —
Brachionis urceolaris
Heliopelta metii ...
Silk glands of Epeira diadema...
Anguinaria spathulata ...
Camptoptera papaveris ...
Living mite Bdella sp. ...

Head of Wasp

Daphnia ...

Larva of May Fly ... ... ...

Spine of Echinus Heterocentrotus mammillatus Mr. W. M. Holmes

Anther and pollen, Scabiosa columbaria

A large specimen of Eschara foliacea from")

the Coast of Cornwall ... )

Section of Jutland Slate, showing diatoms ...
Navicida Lyra with a | O. G, and diatome- )

scope ... ... )

Living PJiysa-fontinalis...

Diatoms n. s. Rhoicosigma antillarum..t

,, grouped
T. S. Leaf of Pinus Sylvestris doable

stninGci id •■■ ••• ••• •••

\

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. A. D. Michael.

Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Mr. F. A. Parsons.
Mr. G. Sturt.
Mr. W. Watson.

Mr. G. Williams.

Attendance — Members, 52 ; Visitors, 4.

October 24th, 1884. — Ordinary Meeting.

Dr. M. C. Cooke, A.M., A.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.
The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club :— Mr. W. A. Allen, Mr. Wilson Wiley, Mr. Thomas Petty, Mr.
Fredk. Litchfield, Mr. Charles Fowler.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Science Monthly "

" The American Naturalist " ...

11 Proceedings, &c, of the Koyal Dublin )

Society" )

" Annals of Natural History " ...

In Exchange.

From the Society.
Purchased.

" Cooke's Fresh Water Algae "...

»

116

"Science Gossip" From the Publisher.

"Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society" „ „ Society.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Clark, stating that he had forwarded
therewith, some specimens of Spongilla for distribution amongst the
members.

Mr. Hailes called attention to some slides of the tongue of Helix aspersa
mounted in gum styrax, one of which he had placed under a microscope on
one of the side tables. There had been a good deal " floating in the air "
of late with respect to gum styrax as a mounting medium, but there
appeared to be some obscurity as to where this material could be obtained,
in the condition best adapted to microscopic mounting. In a note com-
municated to the " Societe Beige de Microscopie," and published in their
journal, Dr. Yan Heurck pointed out some of the difficulties attending the
procuration and the purification of the crude gum, and stated, that he had
imported some which he had sent to a French firm of chemists for prepara-
tion. On pointing this out to Mr. Curteis, he, with his usual kindness, wrote
at once to the Paris house and obtained some samples, which he (Mr. Hailes)
had experimented with, in order to ascertain what would be the best
solvent for it, and also to test its applicability to other objects. He found
that the gum, which was of a dark colour and almost solid, dissolved readily
in sulphuric sether, in benzol, and in chloroform ; but the eether did not dis-
solve all the oil, which is used in considerable quantity in the preparation
of the crude gum. Benzol dissolved all the oil, but made a somewhat
muddy solution. Chloroform, he found, gave the most satisfactory results.
The solution was a little cloudy, but the cloudiness disappeared under the
influence of a slight heat in the process of mounting. As to its applica-
bility to other objects than diatoms, members would be able to form their
own opinion at the close of the meeting, and if any desired to experiment
for themselves, no doubt Mr. Curteis would be able to let them have a
sample of the gum.

Dr. M. C. Cooke said that he had very great pleasure in introducing to
the Club their newly-elected President, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S., to
whom, in their name, he offered a most hearty welcome.

Dr. Carpenter having taken the chair, amidst great applause on the part
of the members, said that his first duty, on that occasion, was to thank them
very cordially for the honour done to him in electing him as their President.
It was not the first time that they had made the request that he would
occupy the position, but on former occasions it had happened that there
were circumstances which precluded him from doing so. On the last occa-
sion, however, he had no excuse to make, except that as he was getting
rather old he might not always be able to come out to attend the meetings.
He would, however, do the best he could in that respect, and would try to
attend as often as possible. He then proceeded to deliver an inaugural
address, " On the Structure of the Orbitolites."

Mr. A. D. Michael said that though not strictly in order in moving a vote
of thanks at that time, he felt he should be neglecting a duty if he did not,

117

in the name of the Club, thank Dr. Carpenter for the address which he had
just given them. They had all found the subject of the greatest interest;
indeed, he thought that no more interesting subject could have been brought
before a Club like theirs, and when a man like Dr. Carpenter came down
there and in his lucid manner taught them lessons of such practical value,
he thought all present would agree with him that their thanks were due to
the Doctor, not only for his address, but for his presence amongst them on
that occasion as their President.

The vote of thanks was put and carried by acclamation.
Announcements of meetings for the ensuing month were then made, and
the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione, the following
objects being exhibited : —

Kotifer. Asplanchna priodonta

Shell of Orbitolite

Plumose antenna of Volucella bombylans

Egg of Parasite of Squirrel, with embryo ...

Acineta Ehreiibergii

Palate of Helix Aspersa mounted in gum styrax

Stentor Miilleri ...

Cladosporium herb arum ...

Pleurosigma fasciola

A. Neuropterous larva from Walton

Section of Jaw of Kitten, showing displace-
ment of temporary, and development of
permanent teeth

Attendance — Members, 83 ; Visitors, 4.

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. W. J. Brown.
Mr. F. Enock.
Mr. H. E. Freeman.
Mr. W. Goodwin.
Mr. H. F. Hailes.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. T. S. Morten.
Mr. E. M. Nelson.
Mr. F. A. Parsons.

Mr. W. Watson.

November 14th, 1884. — Conversational Meeting.
The following objects were exhibited in the Library : —

Hydrozoa, Syncoryne piisila

Spicules of sponge, Hyalonema mirabilis

„ ,, gorgonia

Paramecium aurelia

Cynips, sp.

Parasite of Black Wallaby, N. S. Wales

Larva of Simulium

Crystals of Zeolite
Terebraria Kerguelensis...
Hydra Viridis
Carehesium polypinum ...
Foraminifera, Carpenteria monticularis
Diatom, Auliscus speciosus

T.S. Finger of monkey

Head of house-fly

Mr. F. W. Andrews.
Mr. F. Coles.
Mr. A. L. Corbett.
Mr. C. G. Dunning.
Mr. F. Enock.
Mr. H. E. Freeman.
Mr. A. Hammond.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. T. S. Morten.
Mr. K, T. G. Nevins.
Mr. B. W. Priest.
Mr. G. Sturt.
Mr. W. Watson.
Mr. J. Woollett.

In the mathematical theatre Mr. Lewis Wright exhibited some slides by

118

means of an improved construction of lantern microscope, which had been
constructed for him by Messrs Newton and Co., of Fleet Street.

Mr. Wright said that he had devoted considerable time and attention to
the perfecting of the gas microscope, his part of the task being so to
arrange matters that adequate illumination could be passed through both
the objects and the lenses, and in such a way as not to impair the definition
of the latter. He had found considerable difficulty in obtaining suitable
object glasses, especially those of the higher powers, as many of those
which were perfectly satisfactory when used with the ordinary microscope
would not stand the amplification to which they were submitted in the
lantern.

The object glasses used on the present occasion were a half-inch of Powell
and Lealand's, lent by Mr. Frank Crisp ; a half-inch of Gundlach's, lent by
Mr. Curties ; and an eight-tenth of Messrs. Newton's.

The most important consideration was, however, the arrangement for the
management of the lime light, and this, which could only be carried out by
those thoroughly conversant with the peculiar conditions attending the use
of that mode of illumination, had been most effectually and satisfactorily
done by Mr. Herbert Newton, from his (Mr, Wright's) designs.

Mr. Wright then showed various objects upon the screen, including a
beautiful section of the eye of a fly, magnified 1,400 diameters, and the
cornea of the same, 2,500 diameters ; sections of human skin, wood, and
echinus spines, the tongue of the blow-fly, from six to fourteen feet long, the
circulation in a living frog's foot, &c, &c, the sharpness and clearness of
definition, as well as the penetration, being in all cases remarkably good.
He also exhibited a number of polariscope slides, rock sections, salicine,
&c, with great beauty.

Dr. Carpenter, who was present, expressed his satisfaction with the pro-
gress Mr. Wright had made in this direction, and pointed out the immense
advantages in the use, for educational purposes, of such an apparatus.
Attendance — Members, 63 ; visitors, 9.

November 28th, 1884. — Ordinary Meeting.

Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club :— Mr. Fredk. Bates, Mr. F. 0. Snell, Mr. P. G. Sanford, and Mr C.
Crisp.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society " From the Society.

" 13th Annual Report of the South London

Natural History Society and Field Club
" Transactions of the Essex Field Club "
" Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich
Natural History Society " ...

:}

»>

>> >»

>» >> >>

119

fr From the Society

a

a

»

a

Purchased.

a

" Transactions of the Brighton and Sussex

Natural History Society "
" Transactions of the Hampstead Natural )
History Society " ... ... ... J

"American Monthly Microscopical Journal"... In Exchange.
" Proceedings of the Koyal Society of New -i

South Wales" j

" Proceedings of the Canadian Institute "
" Science Gossip"
" Science Monthly "

" The American Naturalist " ...

"Annals of Natural History*'...

" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science"

" Challenger Reports " (new volume) ... ... ,,

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. T. B. Rossiter, of Canterbury, with
reference to a number of specimens of Steplianoceros which he had that
day forwarded for distribution amongst the members.

The President said that there were four tubes sent containing a large
number of specimens, which would no doubt be appreciated by the members.
The Secretary said there was one other donation to which special atten-
tion should be called, and that was a collection of 300 slides contained in
twelve boxes, and presented by Mr. E. M. Nelson. They consisted of a set
of Van Heurck's type slides of diatomaceae, which for purposes of com-
parison would be of great value.

The President proposed that a special vote of thanks should be given to
both these gentlemen for their donations ; and he thought that a very
special vote of thanks should be given to the gentleman who had presented
this very valuable series of slides. These were type specimens, and would
assist the members in naming and identifying slides.

Special votes of thanks were then put to the meeting and carried unani-
mously.

Mr. A. D. Michael described and figured on the black board a specimen of
an Ascidian found at the Land's End.

The President said he had never chanced to come across it in the tadpole
state, but he was perfectly familiar with the form mentioned. He took a
very early interest in this class, because he had the opportunity of study-
ing them just after the publication of Milne Edwards' book had directed
attention to them, and that book seemed to be the starting point. He was
about that time staying at Tenby, and found there nearly every species
described by Milne Edwards. He was sorry to say, however, that on visit-
ing Tenby about two years ago he found the whole of this fauna was gone,
the place having been so entirely altered during the interval. The new
interest which the ascidians had at the present time arose from the fact that
there was just now a very strong leaning towards the belief that they were
the root stock of the vertebrate animals, especially as modern embryology
was found to entirely confirm this view. Those who had studied* Mr.

120

Balfour's work would no doubt have noticed that there was nothing what-
ever about the ascidians in the first volume, but in the second volume they
were placed at the beginning of the embryology of the vertebrates. He
fully saDctioned the idea that they led up to the vertebrates, and not the
mollusca as was formerly supposed.

Mr. Bates' paper " On the supposed sexual nature of the threads of the
Zygnemaceee," being a criticism upon a paper by Mr. A. W. Bennett, M.A.,
B.Sc, F.R.M.S., &c.

Dr. M. C. Cooke said it was a source of great satisfaction to him to find
that they had acquired a member who would write papers, and who was at
the same time an indefatigable worker in fresh water algae. He thoroughly
endorsed the opinions expressed.

The President said that this was no doubt a very remarkable group, and
having early paid some attention to it at the instance of Mr. Thwaites, of
Bristol, they were the first to make out that this conjugation was a sort of
anticipation of the sexual process in plants. In the Diatomaceaa they found
a perfect equality ; and in the Zygnemacese, taking the simplest forms, there
was no distinction of form, but as they went higher they came to cases in
which there was a difference, but it seemed to be a gradual differentiation.
This, at least, was his own old opinion. He would venture, however, to
suggest that there should be some modification of the language employed by
the author of this paper with reference to Mr. Bennett, who had been per-
sonally known to him for many years, and who was a very excellent man.
He was glad to find that the feeling of the meeting was with him in ex-
pressing himself on this matter ; there could be no reason why one scientific
man should in this manner impute motives to another. No good ever came
of it, and he was quite sure that their Journal would be better without it.

Mr. Pennington's note " On a slide presented to the Club, being a series
of sections (10 on one slide) of the oral Disc of Cerianthus solitarius" was
read by the Secretary.

The President said that these were very beautiful illustrations of the
superiority of the new method of section cutting over the old. The
specimens were beautifully mounted.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Pennington was unanimously passed.

Mr. E. M. Nelson announced that he had recently been successful in
detecting a flagellum on the cholera bacillus. He also suggested that it
would obviate much inconvenience where immersion condensers were used
if a standard thickness of glass slips was adopted. At present there were so
many thicknesses in use that it was sometimes very troublesome to adjust
the focus properly with high powers, as if too thin the drop would not
adhere, and if too thick it got squeezed out. He should propose that a
thickness of ^jyin. be adopted as the best for a standard, and if every person
would buy slides of that gauge only, the thing might easily be done. He
also exhibited a new microscope, which he regarded as a marvel of
cheapness, the instrument, with two eye-pieces and two objectives, being
offered at £3 12s.

Mr. Michael said he thought he should find a standard gauge for glass
slips a great nuisance, especially for such objects as required the use of

121

high powers. Certainly for his particular class of work he should naturally
object to abolish thin slips.

The President said they were much obliged to Mr. Nelson for bringing
these subjects forward. As regarded the microscopic glass, he quite agreed
that it might be well to have a standard thin glass, but for ordinary work
he always used glass of about twice the thickness mentioned. He never
measured the slips, as he found his own fingers to be very good guides in
that respect ; but now that the oil immersion lenses were coming more into
use, he thought it might be well to try to get some uniform slip for use
with them.

The President announced that Mr. Charlesworth had brought to the meet-
ing (through a mistake as to the night of meeting of the Geologists' Associa-
tion) a very interesting series of bones of the gorilla, which were displayed
on the table at the end of the room. Also that as the date of their next
ordinary meeting fell on Bank Holiday, December 26th, it had been deter-
mined to omit the meeting. Notice of this alteration would be given on
the Demonstration Cards about to be issued.

The proceedings then terminated with the usual conversazione, and the
following objects were exhibited : —

Lophojjus crystallinus Mr. F. W. Andrew.

First leg of the Honey Bee showing comb j *^ F euoci-
f or cleaning antennas ... ... ... /

Minute Hymenopteron from Ceylon to illus-^

trate Mr. Green's paper read April 27th> C Mr. T. Curties.

18o3 .. ... ... ... ••• J

Section of Oolite with Foraminifera Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Lecythea Rosa, and Aregma mucronatum ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Larval compound ascidian, Leptoclinum -> -^ ^ ^ Michael
showing condition in the egg ... 5

„ „ in the three anterior j

suckers, &c. ... 3

„ in structure of caudal , Dr> Matthews>
appendage ... 5

Lima hians and nest made up of melabesia }

7 . -, n , r , ni J Mr. S. H. Needham.

calcaria and fragments or shell ... J

Portion of nest of same, showing the lining |

of byssus spun by the mollusc .. * " " "

Attendance — Members, 68 ; Visitors, 3.

December 12th, 188-4. — Conversational Meeting.

The first demonstration of the third series, " On Bacteria and the methods
of staining them," was given this evening by Mr. E. Thurston, L.R.C.P.,
Curator of the Anatomical Museum, King's College.

The following is a resume of his lecture : —

In the microscopical investigation of micro-organisms it is necessary for
most purposes, that they should be stained with anilin dyes, in order that
they may be rendered distinctly apparent. Nevertheless I strongly advo-

122

cate the examination of the organisms, whenever it is possible, in their
natural state, so that their appearances and characteristics may be observed
when they have not been subjected to the action of heat or chemical
reagents. It will be found, in many instances, that species, which are
undistinguishable one from the other microscopically, can be easily recog-
nised by their appearance (colour, consistence, &c.) and mode of growth in
cnltivating media, and, for this reason, microscopical examination should
always be combined with artificial cultivation. The cultivation medium which
is generally employed is clear sterilised meat jelly, which is made by adding
to a meat infusion neutralised with sodium carbonate, and sodium phosphate,
5 per cent, of gelatine, or 1-2 per cent, of agar, (Japanese isinglass).
The advantage of employing the latter is that the jelly remains solid when
heated to 40°, whereas jelly made with ordinary gelatine liquifies at 20-25°.
A very good cultivation soil is afforded by the outer surface of a cooked
potato. If a potato is cleansed by washing it with a solution of corrosive
sublimate (1-2,000), boiled, and cut in two with a heated knife, and exposed
on a plate beneath a bell jar, the air in which is kept moist by blotting-
paper steeped in water, within 1-2 days minute colonies of various coloured
organisms, together with moulds penicillium, aspergillus, &c, will appear on
the surface of the potato, and increase in size day by day. Each of these
coloured colonies consists of a pure cultivation of a chromogenous bacte?'ium
or torula, of which many varieties — white, yellow, orange, buff, red, &c. —
exist. Many of these are microscopically undistinguishable from each
other as regards their shape and size, but they are easily recognised
microscopically by their colour and mode of growth.

The investigation of bacteria is required under various conditions, accord-
ing as they occur: — 1. In fluids, e.g., milk, water, blood, &c. ; or on solid
media, e.g., bread, meat, potatoes, meat jelly, &c. 2. In the organs and
tissues of the animal body. In the former case a minute portion of the
fluid, or of a colony of the bacteria, is placed on the centre of each of two
cover glasses, which are superimposed one over the other, and rubbed
together between the fingers, so as to distribute the organisms evenly over
their surfaces, and then separated and left to dry. They are then passed
several times through the flame of a spirit lamp, so as to fix the bacteria to
the surface of the glass. Cover glasses so prepared can be kept for an
indefinite time for future investigation, and if an interesting organism is
met with it is a good plan to preserve some in this manner. It is very easy
to obtain a thin, evenly-diffused specimen of bacteria on the cover glass
when they are present in fluids, but more difficult when they occur in the
form of solid colonies. To obviate this difficulty a minute portion of
mucilage or glycerine may be placed on the cover glasses, which will help
the diffusion of the bacteria when the glasses are rubbed together between
the fingers. It will often be found that the bacteria form very fantastic
patterns on the cover glass, which are artificially produced, and must not be
considered as typical modes of growth.

To stain bacteria mounted on cover glasses they should be floated, with
the bacterial surface downwards, or a saturated watery solution of methyl

123

bine, methyl violet, gentian violet, fuchsin, vesuvin or bismarck brown*
The time which is required for the completion of the staining process will
vary according to the nature of the dyes. Koughly speaking, 10-15
minutes suffices in every case except that of vesuvin or bismarck brown, on
which the cover glasses should be left for at least an hour. When the stain-
ing process is completed the glasses should be washed with distilled water,
and, if the stain is too deep, in a 5-I per cent, solution of acetic acid, then
allowed to dry, and mounted in Canada balsam. The best form of balsam
is balsam in Xylol, in which the dye does not fade.

If time is an object, the drying of the cover glasses may be effected by
pressing them between folds of blotting paper and then brushing then' sur-
faces with a camel's hair brush.

It will be found that, in solutions of anilin dyes which have been made
up some time, various fungi, torula and bacteria, are prone to develop, and
their presence, especially on the surface of stained sections, might give rise
to an erroneous observation. Their development may be prevented by the
addition to the solutions of some antiseptic, e.g., crystals of camphor. In
every case the solution should be filtered before it is used.

For photo-micrographic purposes bacteria are best stained writh vesuvin
or bismarck brown.

In the investigation of bacteria in the tissues and organs of the animal
body, sections must be made after the specimen has been hardened by one of
the numerous hardening processes. A great number of staining reagents
have been recommended, of which I shall describe only three, which I find
most useful for general purposes.

1. Bismarck brown. — The sections are allowed to remain in a saturated
watery solution of the dye for about one hour, washed in distilled water,
and then in a g-1 per cent, solution of acetic acid, dehydrated in absolute
alcohol, clarified in oil of cloves or pure anilin, and mounted in Canada
balsam.

2. Alkaline blue. — The formula for the making of this solution is as
follows : — To 100 parts of a solution of caustic potash (1-10,000) in distilled
water, add 30 parts of a saturated alcoholic solution of methylen blue.
The sections should remain in this fluid for about an hour, are then washed
in distilled water, and afterwards in a ^-1 per cent, solution of acetic acid,
dehydrated in alcohol, clarified in oil of cedar, and mounted in Canada
balsam. If they are clarified in oil of cloves it will frequently happen that
much of the dye rans out of them, whereas the colour is retained when they
are left in the oil of cedar, even for a long time.

3. Gravis Method. — In this staining process three solutions are used and
are as follows : —

Solution A. — Saturated alcoholic solution of gentian violet, 11 parts.
Saturated watery solution of anilin, 100 parts.

[The anilin solution is made by shaking up pure anilin with distilled
water, until no more is dissolved, and filtering.]

* The best dyes, as far as I know, are those which are supplied by Griibler, of Leipzig,
for whom Mr. Baker, 244, fcligh Holborn, is the London agent.

124

Solution B. — Iodine, 1 part. Potassium Iodide, 3 parts. Distilled water,
300 parts.

Solution C. — Saturated watery solution of vesuvin or bismarck brown.
The sections are immersed in absolute alcohol for a few minutes, and then
placed in Solution A for 1-3 minutes ; washed for a few moments in absolute
alcohol, and transferred to Solution B, in which they remain for 1-3
minutes. They are then again washed in alcohol, and placed in Solution C
for several minutes ; washed in distilled water, dehydrated in alcohol,
clarified in several changes of oil of cloves, and mounted in Canada balsam.
This method is by far the best for staining bacteria with which I am
acquainted, and if the various steps are properly carried out the bacteria
should be stained of a dark violet colour, and stand out in striking contrast
with the tissue elements, which are stained light brown.

If tubercle bacilli are to be stained by this method, the sections should
be left in Solution A for 24 hours instead of a few minutes, and the other
steps cai-ried out in the manner which I have just described. The result is
far superior to that which was obtained by the method of staining the sec-
tions in a fuchsin-anilin solution, treating them with nitric acid, and con-
trast staining them with methyl blue.

Let me in conclusion remind you that bacteria are not of interest solely
to the pathologist, but that, entirely apart from pathology, much remains
yet to be learned of their life history, and development, and the precise
nature of the fermentative processes to which they give rise. Why do
micrococci generally grow in a solid mass in meat jelly, while many bacilli
liquify the same medium ? What is the nature of the pigment in the chromo-
genous bacteria ? What changes occur in the blood under the influence of
the bacillus anthracis? Such are a few of the many questions which still
remain to be solved by patient and untiring chemical investigation.

The various processes illustrative of the lecture were carried out by Mr.
Thurston, assisted by Mr. J. W. Groves, and, on the conclusion of the demon,
stration, a hearty vote of thanks was aocorded to these gentlemen, on the
motion of Mr. A. D. Michael.

The following objects were exhibited in the Library : —

Fairy shrimp Chirocephalus diajjhanus ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Web of house spider Aviaurobius similis ... Mr. F. Enock.
LojjIlojms crystalinus ... ... ... ... Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Gamasus coleojptratorum ... ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Disparipes Bombi ... ... ... ... „ „ „

Asteromphalus Humboldtii ... ... ... Mr. H. Morland.

Condijlostoma stagnate ... ... ... ... Mr. R. T. G. Nevins.

Cuticle of Fuschia ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Le Pelley.

Bacillus of splenic fever ... ... ... Mr. E. Thurston.

Type slide of 100 species of diatoms... ... Mr W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 68; Visitors, 11.

125

Notes on a New Hydroid Polyp.

By F. A. Parsons, F.R.M.S.

(Bead January 2Zrd, 1885.)

PLATE VI.

Before describing the curious little polyp to which I wish to
draw your attention this evening, I will give a short account of
'its discovery.

At the excursion to the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society
of London, on the 19th of April last, I took a gathering from a
tank in the house for Medicinal and Economic plants. On an
iron pipe in this tank there was growing some fresh-water sponge,
I obtained a piece of this which I placed in the bottle containing
my collection.

I am in the habit of keeping the gatherings made during ex-
cursions as long as circumstances will permit, and this practice I
venture to recommend members generally to follow, as it frequently
happens that' many interesting objects make their appearance, after
a time, that would be lost if the gatherings were thrown away soon
after they were made. The discovery of this polyp is a case in
point.

The sponge I have alluded to went the way of all sponges, and
nothing but its skeleton remained. This cohered, partly from the
way in which the spicules were matted together, and partly by
reason of a film of rust which had adhered to the side of the
sponge and by which it had been cemented to the pipe.

Some weeks after the excursion I happened to look at the con-
tents of the bottle, and 'on the rusty side of the sponge skeleton
I saw what at first appeared to me to be a polyzoon, but so different
from anything I had ever seen that I was at once induced to ex-
amine it more closely with a pocket-lens, when the seemino-
resemblance vanished. I should perhaps explain that the fancied
similitude arose from the fact that there were a number of these
polyps in close proximity to each other. I took an early oppor-

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 12. l

126 F. A. PARSONS ON A NEW HYDROID POLYF.

tunity of making a microscopical examination, but was unable to
get beyond the fact that it was a hydroid polyp which I had never
before seen. I described it to several persons whom I thought
might be able to give me some clue to its identification, but I was
unable to obtain any information about it.

Owing to the flimsy structure of the sponge skeleton, which
had began to disintegrate, I hesitated about bringing it here, but
finally determined to make an attempt to exhibit it in this room,
and I brought it down to the meeting in July last. Being anxious
to show it under a quarter-inch objective I endeavoured to
transfer it to a very shallow trough, but the sponge skeleton had
become so fragile that the whole thing collapsed in the attempt,
completely obscuring all the specimens, which I thought were
annihilated, but, however, they subsequently reappeared stronger
than ever. It was my intention to exhibit a rather fine specimen,
at the November meeting, in the hope that our President might
be able to throw some light upon the matter, but, when I looked
for this particular specimen, which I had carefully isolated in a
small tube, I was unable to find it ; neither could I find any of the
others. They had all, I suppose, died from want of food.

I paid another visit to the tank at the end of November, and
was much gratified on reaching home to find that I had obtained
a fresh supply of these singular little creatures.

In the following week a letter from Professor E. Ray Lankester
appeared in the Times stating that Mr. Bourne had discovered,
in the Victoria regia tank, at the Royal Botanic Gardens, a
hydroid polyp, which was supposed to be the polyp stage of the
Medusa Limnocodium Soiverbii.

Without having the slightest idea that this polyp was the same
that I had found in the Economic house, I determined to make
another pilgrimage to the Gardens and endeavour to find
the polyp referred to by Professor Lankester. I went to the
Victoria regia house, and searched there in vain for anything like
a polyp, but took away with me some rootlets of the Pontederia.
The first piece I examined of this under the microscope revealed
my old acquaintance of the Economic house, and it immediately
flashed across my mind that this was probably the same polyp
which had rewarded the search of Mr. Bourne.

It was suggested to me by a friend, that I should exhibit it at
the December meeting of the Royal Microscopical Society, and

F. A. PARSONS ON A NEW HYDROID POLYP. 127

as there was no meeting of this Club last month, except the Gossip
night which I was unable to attend, I acted upon the suggestion,
and I am very glad that I did so, as it brought me a letter from
Mr. Bourne, in which he says : — " I am told by Mr. Charles
Stewart that you exhibited to the Microscopical Society a Hydroid
polyp, which Mr. Stewart informs me is the same as the one I
have lately described from the tank at Regent's Park. Mr.
Stewart further informed me that you had been for some time
acquainted with this form, and had found it in other localities
than in the Lily tank at the Botanic Gardens — if this is the case
it cannot be Limnocodium. I should feel greatly obliged if you
would let me have a line from you about it. I naturally considered
it in the highest degree probable that the thing was connected
with Limnocodium, but if it is not, and if it never developes
further than the condition in which we now see it, I regard it as
an even more interesting form, and should, of course, consider it
as your discovery."

In reply to this letter I gave Mr. Bourne some information
about the polyp, and ventured to suggest that before coming to
the conclusion that it had no relationship to Limnocodium, it would
be well that the latter should be looked for in the tank in the
house for Medicinal and Economic plants, where it might have
easily escaped observation.

I remarked just now that the polyps made their appearance on
the side of the sponge which had been in contact with the pipe.
This fact leads me to the inference that the polyps were developed
from germs contained in the water which I brought away with me,
for I do not see how they could have got there while the sponge
was alive ; moreover they were in different stages of development,
the earliest stage seen by me being a little mound of fuscous
coloured sarcode. Other specimens more advanced were similar,
but longer, the length varying, no doubt, in proportion to the
age of the individuals. When the polyp has attained its full
length, or perhaps a little earlier, its free end presents a warty
appearance due to a number of receptacles containing the urticating
thread cells. These thread-cells are very minute, the shape of
them being that of a very short cylinder with hemispherical ends.
The spines on the filament are not sufficiently distinct to be counted
under a quarter-inch objective — at least I was unable to count them
when I had them under examination with that power — but I was

128

F. A. PARSONS ON A NEW HYDROID POLYP.

just able to detect the threads coiled up in the little papilla-like
receptacles on the head of the polyp.

Besides the simple form I found three other forms ; these were
evidently further developments, but how brought about I have not
been able to determine, for I have not discovered any interme-
diate stages, though 1 hope I may yet be able to find them. If I
may be allowed to speculate — though it is unsafe to do so — I should
think it probable that the second polyp is developed from the base
of the first, thus causing the erect position to be changed to a
recumbent one. The tripartite and quadripartite forms are prob-
ably developed in the same manner as the bipartite form.*

The method of attachment of the polyps I have not been able
to make out; they do not appear to have anything like the ad-
herent disc or foot of the hydra, though there is probably some
approach to that organ ; neither have I been able to discover that
it has any powers of locomotion, though after the collapse of the
sponge skeleton I found a polyp attached to some rootlets.
The only motion I have observed is a sluggish one, the
animal occasionally bending its body sideways as if searching
for food, remaining motionless for a considerable period, and pre-
senting altogether a harmless appearance. This appearance is, how-
ever, utterly deceptive, for its powers of paralysing its prey
equal, if they do not surpass, those of the hydra, though it
has not its activity, otherwise it would be impossible, in the
absence of tentacles, for it to obtain food ; any small animalcule
coming in contact with the head must be instantly paralysed,
else, on finding itself hurt it would dart away out of reach.
As regards its method of feeding I was for some time in doubt ;
I could not detect any mouth, and as I found little worms lying
dead about the heads of the polyps, 1 was at first inclined to think
that they lived by some process of absorption. I have, however,
since had ocular demonstration of their powers of deglutition. I
saw a polyp swallow a rotifer which was quite as large in diameter
as itself. How the rotifer was caught I did not see, as it was done
at a moment when my eye was away from the microscope. From

* Since writing these remarks I have found an intermediate stage, where
one member of a trifid form was developing a fourth polyp, in the form of
a bud, near the base of that particular member. This bud consisted simply
of what I would term a perfect head, projecting beyond and clear of the
body of the parent. The body of the new polyp would doubtless be
developed in due course.

F. A. PARSONS ON A NEW HYDIIOID POLYP. 129

the position of the rotifer I should think that it had probably
collided head first with the polyp and had been instantly paralysed.
The head of the polyp was bent over nearly at a right angle to its
body, but was jDresently moved round to its normal position,
the rotifer being taken with it ; by this time the head of the latter
had disappeared, and the rotifer was motionless, the gizzard only
working slowly. The polyp continued to swallow its unfortunate
prey, but the operation was so slow that I could not detect the
motion, and it was only by mentally comparing the relative positions
from time to time that I could tell what was going on. Eventually
the rotifer disappeared from view, but its position in its downward
course within the polyp could readily be discerned by the corpulence
of the latter at the spot to which the rotifer had arrived.

I afterwards witnessed a still more extraordinary display of the
polyp's capacity fur swallowing comparatively large objects. In
this instance one member of a twin arrangement was discovered
in the act of swallowing a little chydorus sphcericus, which was quite
double the diameter of the glutton to which it was the victim.
When I first observed it the chydorus was already about two-
thirds of its diameter within the body of the polyp, whose mouth
was fearfully distended, and I doubted whether it would succeed
in the task it had undertaken ; however, presently it accomplished
the feat, but by converting itself into a bloated deformity.

Although I have had this creature under observation for a \o\\o-
time, I have seen no indications of any reproductive process other
than that already described ; but I think it is probable that if search
were to be made shortly before the jieriod at which the limnocodiam
usually appears, evidence might be obtained which would show
whether or no this polyp has the relation to limnocodium which it
has been supposed to have. I would mention here, as having some
possible bearing on this point, that a change does appear to take
place in the structure of the animal ; in the earlier stages the body
seems to consist of granular sarcode, in general appearance similar
to that of the common hydra, but in later stages there is a decided
cellular appearance, the cells being comparatively large and the
polyp more nearly transparent.

The polyps seem extremely hardy, for though taken from a tank
kept at a temperature of 90° or more, they lived and flourished
with me in a room at the ordinary indoor temperature; all they
seemed to require being plenty of food. Whether keeping them at so

130 F. A. PARSONS ON A NEW HYDROID POLYP.

low a temperature would interfere with the development of medusas
I cannot say, but should think it probable.

There is one point which I omitted when speaking of its powers
of offence. I am inclined to believe that it has defensive powers
also. This idea occurred to me from seeing a rotifer blunder
head first against the trunk of one of these polyps. The rotifer
backed off instantly with its rotary organs retracted, and had every
appearance of being seriously hurt ; in fact, I thought it had re-
ceived a death blow. I watched it for some time, but it ultimately
recovered and swam off as though nothing had happened.

In concluding these remarks I must apologise for the very
rough form in which they are presented, and for the absence of
more solid information than I have been able to give. I have
kept no notes, and my remarks are given entirely from memory ;
some of the sketches are also made from recollection of the objects.
I may therefore not have been quite so precise on some points as
could be desired ; my excuse is that I have not had the leisure
necessary for working out the matter in a more satisfactory
manner ; but I thought the members might like to know something
concerning the polyp, the first discovery of which is due to the
Club Excursions. I shall continue my observations, and if I dis-
cover anything fresh of sufficient interest I may on a future occa-
sion trespass on your patience.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI.

Figures 1 to 9 may be considered as diagrams only, having been drawn
entirely from memory. With the exception of Fig. 5 they approximately
represent the appearauce under the inch objective and B eye-piece.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, represent the early stages in the development of the polyp.

Fig. 5 is an enlarged sketch of a nematocyst or thread-cell, as seen under
the quarter-inch objective and B eye-piece.

Figs. 6, 7, and 8 show various other forms referred to in the paper.

Fig. 9 is a trifid form with a fourth polyp budding out at a.

Fig. 10 shows a form similar to that shown at Fig. 3, and

Figs. 12, 13, and 14 three different stages, bipartite, tripartite, and
quadripartite in close proximity ; also variation in form from Figs. 5, 7, 8,
and 11.

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131

Newly- Observed Phenomena in the Conjugation of the

Diatom Rhabdonema ar malum.

By T. H. Buffham.

{Read February 27th, 1885.)

PLATES VII. & VIII.

Before entering upon a description of the phenomena noticed
in the process of conjugation of this diatom, it will be instructive
to understand the peculiar structure of the frustule and habits of
the plant, for they undoubtedly govern the mode and circumstances
of that process which it is the purpose of the present paper to
describe.

Rhabdonema arcualum grows in filaments which are attached to
marine algse. The filaments are of constant thickness, have
parallel sides, but differ from each other in breadth, being 3
to 9 times the thickness, so that the appearance is that of a
number of ribands. These filaments are found to contain from
2 to 60 frustules, but the frustule s themselves are not of equal
breadth (using this term now as extending along the direction of
the filament). Moreover, the breadths of the frustules are usually
different in the same filament. On taking the " front view " (as it
is called) of a frustule {i.e., in this instance the flatter side) the two
valves — one at each extremity — are seen to be separated by a con-
siderable distance from each other, the intervening space being filled
up by a number of annuli of the same length as the valves, and
equally siliceous. These will bear boiling in nitric acid without,
in many cases, separating. A few will, however, be found together
with free valves. A " side view " of a valve is shown on Plate VII.,
Fig. I,x600. In Fig. 2 is drawn the same aspect (also x 600)
of an annulus. An extremely thin plate of silex is projected from
each extremity, but only from one side. It resembles, in fact, the
elliptical lid of a cardboard box with all the top removed excepting
a crescent at each end. To revert, then, to the frustule it will be
perceived that there are as many narrow chambers as annuli, all
freely communicating with the central large space, only that in

132 T. H. BtJFFHAM ON NEWLY-DISCOVERED PHENOMENA IN

this composite frustule the granular contents are somewhat re-
stricted when moving in the chambers.

The mode of self-division is similar to that of diatoms with
simple frustules excepting that the " connecting membrane " (or
" hoop ") may be formed at other parts of the widened frustule
than the middle. Nor must we overlook the gelatinous cushions
or " isthmi " which connect the four corners of adjoining frustules.

To come now to the process of conjugation. Prof. W. Smith,
in his invaluable " Synopsis of British Diatomacege ' (Intro. Vol.
ii., p. 13.) says : " From a single frustule two sporangia are
produced in the process of conjugation : this takes place in
Achnanthes and Rhabdonema." How far I am compelled to con-
sider this description inadequate will presently appear.

In March, 1883, I collected at Folkestone, Bhab, arcuatum
growing on Cladophora, Polysiphonia, and Ceramium in rich pro-
fusion. After carefully washing in sea-water I placed them in
glycerine to await examination. This was done after mounting in
the same medium, but chiefly in Deane's gelatine. As objection
might be taken to results obtained from preserved and no longer
living specimens I may here remark that the only effects of
glycerine, as far as I can see, are to make the endochrome more
transparent and slightly greener, and but very little to alter the
disposition of the granules. And Deane's gelatine, after glycerine,
very well preserves the same appearance. At all events it will
not be argued that these media will differentiate substances that
are identical in structure and condition. Relying to a large extent
on this principle I am not wholly dependent on it.

It would be of no interest to relate here the various attempts
made to reconcile one's earlier observations with the statements of
Prof. Smith, and I therefore proceed at once to give the results of
the examination of many thousands of filaments, continued at in-
tervals since collecting the specimens, with here and there an
instance of conjugation, accumulating, however, in the aggregate,
to a considerable number, and exhibiting almost every possible
stage. In this examination I have been assisted by my friend Mr.
W. H. Gilburt, to whom I am indebted for several important
suggestions.

I. There are filaments which differ from the ordinary kind in
consisting chiefly of frustules whose breadth (reckoned along the
axis of the filament) is usually about equal to the length, and the
terminal half-dozen or so are connected only by one angle to each

THE CONJUGATION OF THE DIATOM EHABDONEMA ARCUATUM. 133

other, and thus form a zigzag chain (like Grammatophora) which
is frequently somewhat twisted. (See Fig. 3, x 200.)
The frustules themselves are noticeable for —

1. Their small size. They are the smallest observed, — the
length of valves or annuli being usually but '00156 inch, though
occasionally reaching *002.

2. Their delicate appearance. This is partly owing to the
divisions between the annuli being less marked than in ordinary
frustules, but also through the pale colour of the endochrome.

3. The absence of one isthmus and the small size of the other.

4. But chiefly the paucity and arrangement of the endochrome.
In all vegetating frustules there is much variety in this respect, no
regular figure being generally found. In these, however, there is
always a central pale circle or disc, this being the nucleus, and the
remaining endochrome forms wavy curved lines, radiating in a
roughly-stellate manner, with a few small granules. (See Fig.
4,x600.)

These are undoubtedly the male frustules, as will presently be
seen.

II. There are other filaments nearly as small, generally about
•00188 inch, but a few as wide as '00225. These may be dis-
tinguished from ordinary filaments by the large number of annuli
in a frustule. Near the middle of a frustule is a " hoop," but much
wider than the " hoops " of a self-dividing ordinary filament. The
endochrome is usually of a darker green, and the granules denser.
The nucleus is frequently obscured by the aggregating granules,
but when detected is found to be altered, and there is no distinct
central mass as in the smallest frustules described in I.

These we shall find are the female frustules.

III. We have, then, two clearly-distinguishable kinds of frustules
which are concerned in the act of conjugation, but the mode is so
curious, .and as I believe it has hitherto been unrecorded, I would
specially draw attention to it.

Most frequently the conjugation takes place with a female
frustule at or near the free end of a filament. At the earliest
stage a number of male frustules have attached themselves by an
isthmus to each of the half-frustules divided by the wide hoop or
band. They do so at any part of the annuli indifferently, either on
their flatter sides or ends. The number varies : it is never less
than two, and sometimes as many as eight crowd round it. Of 21
I have counted, the average on each half-frustule was four. In

134 T. H. BUFFHAM ON NEWLY-DISCOVERED PHENOMENA IN

one case there were five, besides a zigzag chain of ten — one only
of this chain being attached to the female. It would be impos-
sible to understand the various positions where many are crowded
on excepting by the use of the binocular. The appearance with
a -i-inch objective and paraboloid x 120 is extremely curious as
the whole can be seen nearly in focus at once. In Fig 5 ( X 200)
is seen the earliest stage of conjugation, only that for clearness the
male frustules on the under side are not drawn.

An interesting point now suggests itself. One cannot yet foresee
whether one or two sporangia will be developed. Prof. Smith only
knew of the latter result, but the instances are about equal.
What, then, is the determining cause ? As far as I have seen
there is no case where conjugation occurs excepting when the
female frustule is greatly widened and presents the broad band
mentioned above. This may be a stage in self-division, yet there
is no trace of new valves, and the band is noticeably wider than in
those vegetating frustules which goon self- dividing. Prof. Smith
says (loc. cit., p. xiv) : " Self-division occurring during the pro-
gress of conjugation the endochrome becomes segregated in the
very act of intermingling, and a single frustule whose contents
have been already differentiated gives rise to two sporangia as in
Achnanthes and Rhabdonema" It will already have seemed
probable that this description does not include the true process of
conjugation, but I gladly note that it suggests the explanation we
want. It is a fact that in about half the cases only that half of
the frustule which is nearer the base of the filament produces a
sporangium, as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The terminal half —
although having males attached — falls away. We can only infer
that its vitality was not enough, probably from the nucleus not
having divided, to carry on to its completion the production of a
sporangium. If, however, the nucleus has divided — or in whatever
way the necessary vitality of the upper half has been obtained —
there will result two sporangia, as in Plate VIII., Figs. 1 and 2.

.Returning from this digression to the course of development of
a single sporangium following the earliest stage shown in Fig. 5
we have already noted that the terminal half of the female frustule
falls away. The isthmi attaching the male frustules enlarge, the
endochrome contracts, and the central pale nucleus is lost. The
endochrome of the female moves towards the band, and the now
open end of the latter secretes a gelatinous portion which closes

THE CONJUGATION OF THE DIATOM EHABDONEMA ARCUATUM. 135

it, and one of the isthmi connecting the female with the frustule
below it gives way, leaving it cohering by one angle.

Later still the males lose all their green colour, and the contents
are still further contracted, so that only amorphous minute specks
are left that look like the denser remnants of the original granules,
and the frustules break in two, — either near the middle, or lose one
valve: having fulfilled their office their vitality is quite lost. The
stimulus they have exerted upon the contents of the female cell
has passed through the thin (possibly unsilicified) spot near the end
of the valve, and has undoubtedly been conveyed by the isthmi
which connect them with the annuli of the female, and, I think,
must have made its way through the sutures of these annuli. The
endochrome of the males appears mainly to pass into solution to
effect the stimulus : there is obviously no transfer of the granules
as such. The female has developed — projecting from the band — a
globose gelatinous sporangium, in which there is a distinct small
portion that contains most of the endochrome. (Fig. 6, X 250.)

Succeeding this the whole of the endochrome passes into this
space, and then appears completely separated from the cavity of the
frustule, and is gradually elongated, and has formed round it a
sheath or membrane.

Finally, the elongated mass secretes silex, and a new frustule is
formed. The gelatinous investment has grown with the require-
ments of the contained body. The new frustule consists of two
valves and what seems a kind of hoop, — there are no annuli, — and
it contains larger, denser, and more deeply-coloured granules.
Some of the male frustules still hang attached although it is evi-
dent, by the still further diminution of their opaque contents, that
it is only by the persistence of their isthmi. (See. Fig. 7, x 300.)

With regard to the double sporangia a substantially similar course
of development is followed. In some cases, however, one sporan-
gium appears to be more advanced than the other. In Plate VIII.,
Fig. I,x200, the lower one was either started earlier, or has de-
veloped more rapidly. In this specimen the female frustule was
not terminal — a frustule being beyond it. In Fig. 2 — showing two
mature sporangial frustules ( x 300) — it was terminal. It is now-
rare to find the female frustule of the upper sporangium. Very
frequently it gets rubbed off, even by the time the stage in Fig. 1
(preceding) has been reached, and only fragments of the band are
left, but this is probably of no consequence, the developing poten-

136 T. II. BUFFHAM ON NEWLY-DISCOVERED PHENOMENA IN

tialitj being then in the endochrome contained in the sporangium.
The curious and invariable loss of one of the isthmi at the base of
the lower female frnstule, noticed already, may be intended to give
freer play to the sporangia, which undergo a great deal of fric-
tion from the surrounding filaments; indeed, they occasionally show
a somewhat battered appearance.

There is considerable elasticity in these isthmi. I have seen a
long filament doubled up while mounting in Deane's gelatine, and
then gradually unbend itself, and this after eighteen months' preser-
vation in glycerine. The male frustules are, in a very few instances
absent, but the scars of their attachments can always be detected
with a high power.

I regret I cannot contribute anything towards a settlement of
the question as to whether the sporangial or "zygospore-frustule '
contains a number of gonidia which Dr. Carpenter (" Microscope,"
6th ed., p. 837) thinks may originate the new generation. Some
observations of Prof. Smith seem to point to this, and there is a
short note by Mr. G. C. Karop — now our Secretary — in our own
Journal (Vol. vi., p. 191), in which the writer describes what may
have been immature forms possibly developed from such gonidia.
I have seen double sporangia where one of the new frustules had
evidently been discharged, but this would prove nothing either way.
The length of several mature zygospore-frustules I found to be
constant at -0059 inch, and the widest filament I found to be but
•0051. If the zygospore-frustule at once increased by ordinary
self- division, it seems strange that no filaments were found of a
width equal to the length of the initial frustule.

To sum up, then, the salient features of conjugation in ffiiabdo-
nema arcuatum we find :

1. The male frustules are the smallest in size, have the most
definite arrangement of endochrome, and are the most readily de-
tached.

2. The female frustules have slightly longer valves, more nume-
rous annuli, and have always a wide band near the middle.

3. Conjugation is always polyandrous, and is effected by the male
frustules attaching themselves indifferently to any part of the annuli
of the female frustule.

4. The result of such conjugation is the production of one spo-
rangial or zygospore-frustule if only the basal half of a female frus-
tule persist ; but, if both halves persist, each will produce a spo-
rangium— the two sporangia being in close opposition.

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THE CONJUGATION OF THE DIATOM RHABDONEMA ARCUATUM. 137

5. The sporangial or zygospore-frustule consists of two valves,
without annuli, which have a length ahout thrice that of the valves
of the female.

With regard to the inducing causes of conjugation it would
appear that in the present species self-division, which gradually
reduces the size of the bounding valves, has gone on so long that
a new generation becomes necessary to maintain the size. It can
scarcely be induced by any extraneous influence, for the examples
of conjugation occur amidst a profusion of vigorously-growing
filaments. I have failed to discover any visible cause of the selec-
tive adhesion of the conjugating individuals. If there were any
viscous coating on the female frustules the accidental appulse of a
male frustule might fix it sufficiently to destroy its slight cohesion
to its fellows by its one isthmus. I have generally seen the male
filaments in the close neighbourhood of a conjugated specimen, and
it may be that fortuitously touching the female the attachment is
thus induced.

In conclusion, permit me to remind you that the Diatomacece
have been classed as the highest division of the Conjugates in which
no sexual difference has been perceptible. In Rhabdonema, with
its composite frustule, we have seen that the conjugating process
is also (so to speak) composite as well as distinctly sexual. We
seem to have here a step towards — hardly a connecting link with
— the sexual process in those Algce which produce antherozoids.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Plate VII.
Fig. 1. — Free valve of Rhabdonema arcuatum, x 600.

2. — Side view of an annul us with its projecting plates, x 600.
3. — Free end of a male filament, the last 6 frustules being semi-de-
tached, x 200.
, 4.— Male frustule, X 600.

5. — Female frustule with 6 male frustules attached : the earliest stage

of conjugation, X 200.
6. — Young single sporangium, X 250.
7. — Mature ditto ditto with new frustule, x 300.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 1. — Double sporangium shewing different degrees of development,
X 200.
2. — Mature ditto ditto with 2 new frustules, X 300.

138

Some Remarkable Moulds.

By Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., &c.

(Read March 27th, 1885.)

PLATES IX. & X.

It may be of some interest to the botanical members if I take
this opportunity of placing before them figures and descriptions of
some remarkable moulds which have come within my recent ex-
perience. It need not be premised that one great difficulty in the
determination of these minute and fragile fungi lies in ascertaining
the mode of attachment of the spores, whether singly or in chains,
whether solitary or in clusters. This applies with strongest force
to specimens sent from a distance, or when examined some months
after death and dessication. Whenever the spores can be induced
to germinate on rice paste, or other suitable matrix, and a cultiva-
tion of the mould artificially is successful, this great difficulty
vanishes, but it is by no means an easy task to conduct such an
artificial cultivation to a successful termination.

Basidiella sph^erocarpa, Cooke, in " Grevillea" vi.; 118.

This is the first mould to which I would refer you. It was found
growing in black woolly patches on dead and decayed roots of Glori-
osa svperba, from Madras. The roots were packed in a closely-
stoppered bottle, in a damp state, and putrefied in that condition.
When opened the mould was found on some of the still wet and
rotten portions. The structure of this mould was so peculiar, that I
felt obliged to.constitute anew, if only a temporary, genus for its re-
ception. The larger patches were composed of numerous small tufts
or fascicles, of club-shaped brown hyphae, not more than one-tenth
of a millemetre in length, the clubs themselves being about -03 m.
(or 30 micromillemetres) in thickness above, attenuated to about 5
micromill. at the base, where they were attached to the creeping
brown mycelium. Each tuft consisted of five or six, sometimes

M. C. COOKE ON SOME REMARKABLE MOULDS. 139

more and sometimes less, of these club-shaped stems, which showed
no septa, but were covered at their apices with slender short spi-
cules, each of which was surmounted by a solitary globose, dark-
brown spore, some 4 micromill. in diameter, with a minutely
roughened external coat, or epispore.

The structure and habit of this mould differs wholly from any
of the genera noted by Saccardo in his " Conspectus." From Zy~
godesmns in the clavate hypha?, and the capitate manner in which
the spores are produced, and, indeed, from all other genera in the
capitate spores, except only Stachybotrys, Periconia, FucJcelina,
Camptoum, and Acrotheca. Of these five genera only three have
globose spores, namely, the first three just mentioned. Stachybo-
trys has branched slender hypba?. In Periconia the hypha? are
slender, and solitary. FucJcelina is to me a genus unknown, be-
yond the description, but does not appear to be the same. There
was therefore no other alternative but to give it a new station and
name.

Sterigmatocystis Ferruginea, Cooke, u Grevillea" viii., 95.

About the year 1878 I received from my friend, Mr. F. Moore,
the pupa of an Erie silk moth, from Cachar, which, had covering
the greater part of its exterior, a bright rust-coloured mould, to
which I have applied the above name. The woolly effused patches
of the mould had just such an appearance as the common Asper-
gillus glaucus might be expected to have if it were dyed of a bright
rust-colour. The long, slender, septate threads, or stems, were
about one-hundredth of a millemetre in thickness, terminated by a
globose head of rusty-brown spores, the stem itself being trans-
parent and almost colourless. The base of the threads was effused
in a matted intricate mycelium, penetrating through the joints into
the pupa. The most interesting part of the structure, however, was
the capitulum, or head of spores. By a little careful manipulation
it soon became evident that the supporting hypha was expanded at
its apex into a globose knob, nearly three times the diameter of the
thread. This was surrounded on all sides by a compact stratum of
wedge-shaped bodies, four times as long as broad, and each of these
bearing on its summit three or four elliptical cells, which cells were
individually crowned by three or four short papilla?. To each one
of these papilla? belonged a globose, rough spore, nearly one-hun-
dredth of a millemetre in diameter, or about the thickness of the

140 M. C. COOKE ON SOME REMARKABLE MOULDS.

primary thread or stem. Evidently it was impossible to demon-
strate with certainty whether the spores were produced solitary at
the tips of the papillae, or whether in chains. No evidence could
be found that the spores were ever concatenate. The mould would
not be cultivated, and hence uncertainty must attach to it until
found again, and examined under more favourable conditions.

The first doubt which naturally presents itself is — whether this
species belongs to either Aspergillus or Sterigmatocystis, since it is
uncertain whether the spores were ever concatenate, and that is an
essential feature in these two genera. It can only be permitted to
remain with a note of interrogation. The rough spores would only
be a secondary consideration. This mould is of interest as being
probably one confined to animal substances for its matrix, but even
that cannot be affirmed with confidence. Hitherto it has only been
seen on the dead pupae of Lepidoptera.

Aspergillus nigricans (Auct.), Cooke, " Grevillea" vi., 127.

The third mould to which I would refer has also a special in-
terest of its own, from having been found on the human subject.
It was given to me by one of our ex-presidents, Mr. Arthur Dur-
ham, now some years ago, and was found inhabiting the meatus
auditorius of the human ear. I am uncertain whether it is the
same as one mentioned in the " Chicago Medical Journal," xxxiii.,
p. 913, but it does not seem to be the same as the A. nigrescens of
Kobin. The hyaline, uncoloured supporting hyphae were from one
to two millemetres in length, and about one-hundredth of a mille-
metre in thickness, seemingly continuous throughout their length,
for no septum could be detected. The apex was swollen, in a glo-
bose manner, to about three times the diameter of the support,
surrounded on all sides with closely-packed, radiating, cylindrical
cells, about six times as long as broad, and with a diameter equal
to that of the spores. To each of these radiating cells was attached
at its outward extremity, a chain of globose, smooth, sootj'-coloured
spores, which seemed black when massed, and 5 micromillemetres
in diameter. The entire globose heads, including spores, measured
about one-tenth of a millemetre.

It is only the specific identity of this mould which is in question,
but I did not feel disposed, with the doubts in my own mind, to
describe it as a new species. Nevertheless it cannot fail to be in-
teresting as a human parasite.

M. C. COOKE ON SOME REMARKABLE MOULDS. 141

POLYACTIS DEPR.EDANS, Cooke, MSS*

Some six or seven years ago I noticed, Allien in Norfolk, that
several young trees of Acer jjseado-platanus, growing in a damp
plantation, presented an unusual appearance, from the flabbiness
and decoloration of the leaves, which induced me to collect some
for examination, the results of which I will now endeavour to de-
scribe. The green leaves had become flaccid and rotten whilst still
attached to the tree ; the whole surface blotched with greyish spots,
which were in many cases confluent over a great portion of the
leaf. The under surface, under a pocket lens, was spotted with
minute white points, like the head of a small pin. These points
were most numerous on, and almost confined to, the veins of the
leaf. Under the microscope, these minute points were found to be
the globose capituli, or heads, of a small parasitic mould, scattered
over the under-surface of the leaf, with its delicate mycelium pene-
trating into the substance. The heads were loosely scattered, and
not collected in tufts, almost wholly confined to the venation. The
hyphae, or threads, short, slender, flexuous, and septate, swollen at
the apex, where one, or three to four larger cells formed the basis,
of the globular head; around these large cells were clustered a
number of smaller, elliptical cells, which again were surmounted
by somewhat triangular, obtuse-cornered cells, and these divided at
the apex in a furcate manner, each fork divided off as a globose
hyaline spore. Each capitulum was, in its entirety, about one-
tenth of a millemetre in diameter, and the spores 12 micromille-
inetres.

Some of these leaves were placed under glass and kept moist for
weeks, when a very peculiar phenomenon was presented, the for-
mation of small black round sclerotia on the spots occupied pre-
viously by the mould. This took place several times, and was re-
ported as a curious circumstance to my friend the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley. It would not be surprising for a Polyactis to be de-
veloped from a Sclerotium, because this already was known to have
taken place, but for a Sclerotium to be developed from a Polyactis
seemed to be a reversal of the order of nature. Pressure of other

* Maculis griseis, determinatis vel confluent ibns. Hyphis assurgentibus
septatis, flexuosis, simplicibus, ad apicem cellnlis ellipticis, basidiiforruibus
coronatis, capitnlo globoso sub-compacto, conidiis globosis hyalinis, '012
mm. Toto albo.

On under surface of leaves of Acer pseudo-x>latanus, which it destroys*

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 12. m

142 M. C COOKE ON SOME REMARKABLE MOULDS.

matters prevented my pursuing the cultivation any further, and I
never attempted to learn what was the ultimate destination of the
sclerotia.

There are some points in which the capituli of this mould differ
in their composition from those usual in Polyactis, but this is
merely a systematic question which the systematizers must settle
for themselves. The parasite is undoubtedly an injurious one,
extending speedily to every leaf on young trees, and as such is
worthy of its name.

Polyactis truncata, Cooke, in Bommers " Champignons de

Bruxelles^ p. 137.

Advantage may be taken of this opportunity to give details of a
white mould on the fronds of ferns, which was communicated to
me from Belgium by Madame Bommer. Although placed in the
same genus, it differs in many particulars from the one to which I
have just alluded. The tufts were small, and consisted of but a few
fertile threads. The hyphae slender, flexuous and septate, sur-
mounted by a rather irregular subglobose head. When the spores
were removed the upper portion of the thread which formed the
capitulum was found to be repeatedly branched, in a somewhat
furcate manner, each branch being very short ; the ultimate ramuli
being fastigiate, or digitate. Each minute branchlet bore at its
extremity an elongated elliptical, but abruptly truncate spore ('02
mm. long x *007 mm. broad). When the spores became free each
end was truncate. When the specimens were examined I was
under the impression that the truncate, sometimes concave, ends
of the spores might be caused by the falling in, or collapse, of the
thinner extremities of the epispore, but of this 1 could not be
assured.

Although there is a determination in some quarters to suppress
the genus Polyactis altogether, for the sake of a change, I have
still retained these names. It is one of my many failings, which
some friends seldom fail in reminding me of, that I am persistently
heterodox, inasmuch as I will not shift and veer in all directions,
as the weathercock has done with us every day during this bluster-
ing month of March. Such mycological veering of the mycolo-
gical weathercock being determined by the explosion of some wind-
bag in some corner of Continental Europe. These incidental words
lead me still further to protest that alterations in genera, whether

Journ. Q.M.C

'

*/

M.C.C.dtl.'W.Rkit*. sc.

West ..Newma-Ti &

REMARKABLE MOULDS. I.

Journ. Q.M.C.

Ser.II.Vol. 2.PL X.

'MRh€v*. s:

"West ITcvrtrictn, & C? imp.

REMARKABLE MOULDS. II.

M. C. COOKE ON SOME REMARKABLE MOULDS. 143

in the orthography, or in its constituent elements, are not an ad-
vancement of science, but a hindrance ; and all needless multipli-
cation of synonyms instead of a blessing is nothing less than a
curse.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. — Basidiella splicer ocarpa. — a, Compound heads, slightly magnified.
b, One cluster, magnified about 300 diam. c, d, Clavate threads
denuded of spores x 400 diam. e, Spores X 800 diam.

FlG. 2. — Sterigmatocystis ferruginea. — a, Fertile heads slightly magnified.
b, Head and upper portion of stem X 200 diam. c, Portion of
section of head X 600 diam. d, e, Supporting cells X 800 diam.
/, Spores X 600 diam.

Fig. 3. — Aspergillus nigricans. — a, Fertile heads slightly magnified. b,
Three heads x about 200 diam. c, Section of head X 500. d,
Portion of section showing supporting cells X 800. c, A sup-
porting cell with chain of spores, isolated.

PLATE X.

Fig. 4. — Polyactis deprcedans. — a, Scattered heads on nerve of leaf,
slightly magnified, b, Fertile head, magnified 400 diam. c, d,
Supporting cells and spores X 500 diam.

Fig. 5. — Polyactis truncata. — a, Fertile heads slightly magnified, b,
Head with spores in situ magnified about 250 diam. c, Rami-
fications of the head, with most of the spores removed, d,
Portion with spores attached X 500. e, Free spores X 400. /,
Free spores X 500. g, Two spores further magnified.

144

PROCEEDINGS.

January 9th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The second of the third series of demonstrations was given this evening
by Mr. B. T. Lowne, P.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c, " On the Structure of the Eyes
of Arthropoda."

After explaining the manner in which optical images are formed, Mr.
Lowne described the structure of the compound eye in insects, and gave a
resume of the mosaic theory of compound vision, as expounded in the classical
work of Johannes Midler. The lecturer pointed out the optical difficulties
resulting from this theory, as it is received by Grenacher and others, and
then proceeded to explain his own views.

He regarded the whole of the great rods and the structures between them
and the cornea as dioptric in function.

This view was founded on microscopical observations and physical con-
siderations. The chief new points he insisted upon were the existence of a
true bacillary layer, rods comparable with those of the vertebrate eye beneath
the great rods. These, with the optic nerve were, according to his obser-
vations, frequently separated from the optical portion of the eye by a con-
tinuous non-perforated membrane. The great rods consisted of tubes,
which the lecturer considered as very thick lenses of short focal length. He
stated that during life these tubes were filled with an oil-like fluid, which
escaped, leaving the empty, shrivelled tubes when the eye was injured ;
hence the very various appearances described by different authors. Accord-
ing to Mr. Lowne's view, the great rod magnifies and erects the sub-corneal
image, and has its posterior focus on a true retina comparable with that of
a vertebrate. In the course of the discussion which followed, the lecturer
stated that the nervous structures of the insect's eye are apparently de-
veloped, like the retina of a vertebrate, from the nervous ganglia as an out-
growth, whilst the optical structures, including the great rods, arise as a
modification of the sub-corneal epithelium ; and he explained the manner in
which the focal length of the lenses formed by the great rods could be cal-
culated, and the close correspondence of the actual and calculated distance
of the retina from the sub-corneal image.

For further details Mr. Lowne referred his hearers to the " Trans. Linn.
Soc," Vol. ii., pt. 11., New Series

The following objects were exhibited in the library : —

Circulation in the egg of trout Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Crenulated antenna of a moth, Pyq&ra bucephala, ),___. ,

' JJ l hMivF. Enock.

retaining natural form and colour ... ... *

Parasite of seal, //. strongly formes Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Acants, sp Mr. W. Goodwin.

Zoophytes, from Cape Good Hope Mr. J. D. Hardy.

V

145

Sections of a leech Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Diatoms, Navicula mormonorum ... ... ... Mr, H. Morland.

Head of tape-worm, Tcenia medio-canaliculata ... Mr. W. Watson.
Attendance — Members, 63 ; Visitors, 5.

January 23rd, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.

Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, President, in the

Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club, Mr. John H. Garner and Mr. Edward C. Bousfield.
The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society " From the Society.

" Science Gossip "... .., ... ... ... ,, „ Publisher.

"Science Monthly" „ „ Editor.

" Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical i

Society" f » » Societ^

'American Monthly Microscopical Journal"... In Exchange.
" American Naturalist " ... ... ... ... ,, „

" Pamphlet on Law and Species," by E. Poulson From the Author.
" Transactions of the Northumberland and ~i

Durham Natural History Society "... J " " Society-

Nine numbers " Linnean Society's Journal " ... Mr. Scholefield.
Forty-three Type Slides of Oribatides ... Mr. A. D. Michael.

The thanks of the Club were voted to the donors, and a special vote of
thanks to Mr. Michael for his valuable contribution to the cabinet was
unanimously passed.

Dr. G. C. Wallich exhibited and described his condenser, remarking, how-
ever, that everything depended upon getting a proper light, and that the
gas lamps in the room were not the best for the purpose.

The President thought it would be better to reserve a critical examina-
tion of the apparatus until the end of the meeting, when the large lamp on
the table before him would be available for the purpose. He was sure that
every worker with the microscope must feel the value of anything which
would give an increase in focal depth, as hitherto they had only been able
to get it by reducing the aperture of their objectives ; but there was one
very curious thing about the Binocular Microscope, that it did increase very
greatly the focal depth. He had tried this under every condition, and had
always found it to be so. It was to be explained to a certain extent by the
binocular prism halving the aperature of the objective. That, however, did
not explain it altogether ; because having asked a friend to look through the
binocular with one eye only, the prism being in its place, and to focus the
objective for what he considered to be a medial distance, on then asking him
to open the other eye, the difference in the depth of focus had been at once
observed ; indeed, it was considered that the increase amounted to at least
five times. He had talked the matter over with his friend, Sir Charles

146

Wheatstone, but they could never come to any satisfactory conclusion. Dr.
Wallich had made a condenser to produce a certain arrangement of the
illuminating raysj and if it proved that by the use of this they could
employ lenses of larger aperture and still get the same depth of focus, it
would be of very great value.

Mr. F. Parsons read a paper " On a Hydroid Polyp found in the tank at
the Royal Botanic Society's Gardens, at the Excursion of the Club in April,
1884," the subject being illustrated by drawings and by enlargements from
the same on the black board.

The President said the drawings would give a better idea of the or"
ganism than what was on the board ; there did not seem to be any appear-
ance of tentacles.

Mr. Hardy enquired if Mr. Bourne had seen the drawings ? If not, how
did he know the polyps were the same ?

Mr. Michael asked for what length of time any individual polyp had been
watched ? because it was quite a usual thing to find that the first form had
only the rudiments of tentacles, which came afterwards by a process of
growth, and unless the specimens were kept under observation it was not
possible to know that they might not have tentacles at some later period of
their lives.

Mr. Parsons said he had only looked at one polyp during one evening and
had not isolated it for continued observation, but although he had looked at
a great many he had never seen such a thing as a tentacle. Still it was
quite possible that they might subsequently develop.

Mr. Michael said it was of course quite possible that they might not do
so, but it would, he thought, be a little premature to say they never would.
It was often very easy to get these organisms to grow to a certain extent,
and then from want of favourable conditions nothing further could be got.
He should be inclined to say that as far as their information went at present
they did not know what might be the ultimate form, and therefore it would
be premature to say it never would have tentacles.

Mr. Parsons said he should be very glad to be able to ascertain the facts
and would keep a look out with that idea. It was, however, a very difficult
matter to carry out.

A Member enquired if Mr. Parsons had found that each arm of the bifid
or trifid form was distinct from the others, or was there any connection be-
tween them ?

Mr. Parsons could not say, but he rather imagined that there would be a
constriction formed, and after that they would separate. He conld not say
if there was a canal between them.

The President proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Parsons for his com-
munication. It was known to all that this matter was one of very great
interest to naturalists, because the discovery of a fresh water medusa
caused at the time a very great sensation, and it was always felt that a
hydroid polyp ought to be found. It was no more than a surmise on the
parts of Mr. Bourne and Professor Lancaster at present, and therefore Mr.
Parsons had the credit of having seen it first. It was a curious thing that
it should be found in another tank beside that at the Victoria Regia house,

147

and he thought it might be a question worth asking whether the germs
might have come from a common water supply.

Mr. Parsons said the plants in this tank were sometimes changed.

Mr. Michael said that no new plant had been put Into the Victoria Regia
tank for some years, but whether plants had been transferred from it was
of course another matter.

The President said he had a short communication to make, which he
thought would be of interest, relating to the discovery by his friend Pro-
fessor Moseley of eyes embedded in the actual shell of a Mollusk. He had
himself during some investigations made 40 years ago found some peculiar
canals in the shells of Chitons ; he had only the dry shells to work upon, and
thought at the time that some organs might pass into them, but had no idea
as to their remarkable character. Mr. Moseley having had the opportunity
of examining a specimen of Chiton preserved in spirit, had made this
remarkable discovery. The animal was very like the common Limpet in its
anatomy ; but instead of having a simple conical or oblong univalve shell, it
had a multivalve shell. The small Chitons found on our coasts had much the
same kind of shell as the common woodlouse, its overlapping valves being
jointed so that the animal could roll itself up. It was found that in certain
Chitons the shells had two sets of perforations, one large and the other
small. The large orifices contained very perfect simple eves, of a rather
prolonged form; each having a calcareous cornea, behind which there was
a crystalline lens with an iris, and then a vitreous humor and a retina.
The mouths of the small passages were filled with small plugs of tissue,
probably constituting organs of touch ; and it was found that the nerves
of these eyes and the nerves of the small tactile organs came off from
the same plexus. These organs did not occur in all Chitons, but only in
those of tropical seas ; no English species had them. Their number was
most extraordinary, 3,000 having been counted on a single anterior valve,
while there were at least 8,500 eyes on the remainder. This multiplication
of eyes was certainly a most remarkable phenomenon, and was not a
little puzzling to understand. The Limpet, which, as we commonly see it,
remained firmly fixed to the rock on which it lived, was known to move
about when the tide was up, and to go in search of food, and then to come
back again to its place. This had been frequently observed j but how it was
that these creatures found their way back to the same holes again, had
never been satisfactorily explained. Perhaps Dr. Buckland's observations
on certain Snails which make hollows in limestone rocks, might apply also to
Limpets. He thought they secreted an acid ; and to detect this he made
one walk over a blue ribbon stained with litmus, and he found that in doing
so it left a red stain. His idea about it was that the track of acid mucus
which was left behind them formed the means by which they guided
themselves back again. But if Limpets and eyeless Chitons are thus guided,
it is difficult to find a use for the multiple eyes of the species that possess
them. The President thought it was a matter of some little historical
interest that 40 years ago he had detected these passages in the shell, of
which the use was only now found. He would illustrate the matter by
placing under the microscope in the room some of the shell-sections which

148

he made 40 years ago, and also some of Frofessor Moseley's preparations
showing the nerve trunks passing along to the eyes, which looked almost
like pears upon their foot-stalks. It had long been an idea amongst
naturalists that the Chiton, on account of its peculiarities, had some relation
to the Articulata ; and in this discovery there occurred another curious
point of analogy. The plates in illustration of Professor Moseley's paper
would be printed in the next number of the " Quarterly Journal of Micro-
scopical Science."

Mr. E. M. Nelson said he wished to bring a small " brass and glass "
matter before the notice of the meeting, and that was a stop for an Abbe
Achromatic Condenser. It gave 1*25 numerical aperture, or 1*3 with a
Powell Condenser. He was exhibiting it that evening, and the results
were most satisfactory. The highest resolving power, he found, was ob-
tained just before the field began to get dark.

Another matter he wished to notice, was the fact that the cholera bacillus
was found to be a beaded structure, the same as observed in the case of
the tubercle bacillus. Mr. Watson Cheyne had found this to be so, and he
(Mr. Nelson) had also carefully examined it with the dark ground illumina-
tion and found it to be most remarkably distinct.

The President said that finding that Nachet's small Portable Microscope
had not been exhibited at the Club, he had brought it down to the meeting,
and would exhibit his specimens under it. He then exhibited and described
the instrument, showing the method of setting it up and of changing the
compound body for the simple arm for dissecting purposes, and also the
method adopted for quickly changing the objectives.

Announcements of meetings, &c.,for the ensuing month were then made,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione, and the follow-
ing objects were exhibited, in addition to those shown by the President : —

Condylostoma patens Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Spine of Skate Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Pollen, Lilium longifolium ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Section of Shell of Haliotis Mr. C. Le Pelley.

Diatoms from Campeachy Bay ... Mr. W. Watson.

A new Condenser Dr. Wallich.

Attendance — Members, 60 ; Visitors, 5.

February 13th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The third demonstration of the series was given by Dr. M. C. Cooke,
M.A., A.L.S., &c, the subject being, " Collecting, Examining, and Preserv-
ing Fresh Water Algse."

Dr. Cooke premised that he should group his observations and illustra-
tions under seven heads, in order to facilitate their impression upon the
memory.

I. Definition. — " Fresh Water Algae " was a purely artificial arrangement
made solely for the convenience of those who desired to study the inland to
the exclusion of Marine Alga?. This group was held to include such as were
found in fresh and brackish water, as well as those inhabiting the face of

149

moist rocks, damp soil, or the bark of trees. He then proceeded to give the
best general description available of what were the principal attributes of
Algae, as distinguished from Fungi and other of the cellular Cryptogams, at
the same time intimating that no brief definition would be absolutely per-
fect and without exception.

II. Distribution. — The places in which to find Fresh Water Algae were
stated to be those in which a constant state of moisture was pi*esent, such as
the dripping face of rocks, damp walls ; flower-pots, benches, and walls in
conservatories and hot-houses ; water-tanks and cisterns ; small streams of
waste warm water from factories and steam engines ; ground often inun-
dated, or subject to the overflow of tides; little pools and ponds ; stagnant
or slowly-flowing ditches and streamlets ; dead submerged plants, branches,
timber and stones ; and amongst moss and sphagnum in bogs. It was little
better than waste of time to seek for Algae in swift streams or torrents,
save on the rocks in their vicinity which were subject to the spray, or
steady dripping.

III. Collection. — But little preparation and but few implements were
required for their collection. Those on the face of rocks or walls could be
best removed by a flexible palette-knife, such as used by artists. An iron
spoon was very useful in skimming floating Algae from small pools amongst
sphagnum, particularly such as Desmids. The ordinary collecting bottle
and stick would be often useful for dipping amongst the vegetation in ponds,
and a small net of muslin, stretched over a metal ring of some six inches
diameter, and mounted on a collecting-rod, would assist in collecting the
floating scum and filamentous Algae on the surface of ponds. Hooks and
drags were of little use, as the majority of the filamentous Algae are only
attached in the early part of their history, becoming detached and floating
previous to fructification, when only they could be satisfactorily determined.
In addition to collecting tubes, in which each gathering should be kept by
itself, he recommended small squares of thin gutta percha tissue, to be
obtained at any indiarubber or gutta percha shop, and cut to about six inches
square, as exceedingly useful both for collection and transmission by post.
When folded the contents would remain moist and fresh for several days,
Failing this, even squares of firm writing paper would answer admirably,
but the specimens should be taken out and transferred to water on reaching
home.

IV. Examination. — Small white artists' saucers were recommended to
receive each " gathering " at the close of the day. Algae collected from
soil or rocks should be cleared as much as possible from fragments of sand.
Filamentous Algae could be transferred successively to clean waters to re-
move all extraneous matter. A bunch of Sphagnum shaken in a bottle of
water, and then removed, would often leave behind a good collection of
minute floating species. Large species may be picked out from a saucer,
with a clean camel-hair pencil, by using a pocket lens. Only clear water
requisite to examine provisionally the gatherings under a microscope. Re-
commended to use first a 2-inch or 1-inch objective, and then A-inch. The
demonstrator always had two small working microscopes beside him, with
these powers, and had only to pass from the one instrument to the other,

150

without the inconvenience of nose-pieces and readjustment. A fixed camera
was a great advantage, so that a drawing or rough sketch could be made at
once. Sketches strongly recommeuded, and taking measurements accu-
rately either by means of an eyepiece micrometer, or a camera lucida sketch
of known proportions.

V. Determination. — In order to determine the names of collected Algae
no royal l'oad could be indicated. The only method, safe and sure, was by
a scientific process, and not empirically. The fructification by all means
essential. The genus must be determined, through the fructification, com-
bined with the vegetative characters, and after that there would be com-
paratively little difficulty, with the aid of a manual. The great difficulty
usually was occasioned by the imperfect condition of the specimens. Re-
agents often useful in very hyaline objects before the outline can be dis-
tinctly made out. The aniline dyes readily available for this purpose.

VI. Preservation. — Two kinds of preparation in vogue, the preservation
of portions for the microscope, and the preservation of entire plants for the
herbarium. Thin filaments of mica, most to be commended for preserving
the more minute species for the herbarium. Large filamentous algee to be
washed clean and floated out on squares of paper and dried, in the manner
adopted for marine algse. The majority of species are gelatinous enough
to adhere of themselves to the paper when dry. For microscopic prepara-
tions the chief difficulty is the fluid medium. Too dense a medium will at
once cause the endochrome to collapse, and the cell-walls to be distorted.
Most persons are content with the water in which the specimens were grow-
ing, with just a tinge of creosote. He had seen specimens mounted in this
manner, after twelve years in the cabinet, as fresh-looking as though col-
lected the day previously. Calcium chloride has also been recommended,
and in many cases, where no green colour has to be kept, may be used with
advantage. Glycerine, by its density, distorts most forms of Alga3. In all
cases mounted Algse must not be exposed to the light of day, or the colour
will vanish.

VII. Cultivation. — These organisms are most interesting for cultivation.
Small aquaria may be extemporized of glass tumblers, placed at different
elevations. Connected to each other by thinly twisted cotton threads as
syphons, a constant change of water can be kept up from the highest to the
lowest tumbler, and the whole life-history of species watched at home.
Growing slides of various forms have been devised, each with some special
advantage. Terrestrial species will for a long time retain their freshness
on damp sand or wet flannel, under small bell glasses or inverted tumblers.
No objects in the whole round of animated nature are so capable of being
placed in natural conditions, and submitting to artificial cultivation.

The implements and instruments necessary were exhibited, and alluded
to in conjunction with their application in the above sections.
The following objects were exhibited in the Library : —

Difflugia pyriformis Mr. F. W. Andrew.

T. S. Whisker of Cat Mr. E. C. Bousfield.

Isinglass, polarized... ^r« A. L. Corbett.

Podophyra, sp Mr. C. J. Dunning.

151

Head of Andrena, showing parts of the mouth

in their natural form and colour
Algje. Drapernaldia plumosa
Chironomtis prasin us
Argidus foliaceus
Diatoms. Surirella dementis
Parasite of Crane ...
Foraminifera...

■}

Mr. F. Enock.

Mr. H. E. Freeman.
Mr. H. Hammond.
Mr. T. J. McManis.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. A. C. Tipple.
Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 27 ; Visitors, 16.

>»

>>

>>

»>

In exchange.

>

February 27th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club:— Revel. W. W. Fowler, Mr. J. W. Stevenson, Mr. A.H. Ward, Mr.
J. C. Warwick, Mr. B. H. Woodward, Mr. P. W. Wall, Mr. E. K. Jaques,and
Mr. C. Upton.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

"Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society" From the Society.
"Proceedings of the Geologists' Association"
" Proceedings of the Hertfordshire Natural )
History Society" ... ... ... ■>

" The American Monthly Microscopical •>
Journal " ... ... ... ... j

" Proceedings of the Belgian Microscopical \

Society''
" The American Naturalist "
Vol. XI. " Challenger Reports "

One Slide of Surirella dementis

Six Slides of Foraminifera

60 Slides of Diatomaceas

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to the donors.

The Secretary having called special attention to the very beautiful series

of slides of Foraminifera presented by Mr. Tipple, and also to those of

Diatomacese — prepared from the material of Professor Smith, and therefore

illustrative of his work on the subject — presented by Mr. Sturt, special

votes of thanks were passed, on the motion of the President.

Mr. Buffhamreada paper " On the Conjugation of Rhabdonema arcuatum,"
the subject being illustrated by numerous coloured diagrams, and also by
pasteboard models of the compound frustules.

Mr. W. H. Gilburt said he had been extremely pleased to be allowed to
go through this subject with his friend Mr. Buff ham, and he quite agreed
with him as to his earlier remarks, especially as to the distinctive
filaments — which he had called the male filaments or frustules
— he had seen not only single ones attached, but also a chain of
them. He could, however, scarcely agree that the fertilizing matter was

Purchased.

From Mr H. Morland.

„ Mr. Tipple.

„ Mr. G. Sturt.

152

conveyed to the female filaments in the manner suggested ; he thought that
the case was more likely to be a parallel one to that of plants, where the
pollen of the male flowers was produced in great quantity because it was
most likely that some of it would get lost, and therefore a large supply was
provided. He thought it was quite likely that a similar arrangement held
good in the case before them, only that as the fertilizing element was
thrown out into the water many frustules were provided in order that some
of them at least might get some of it. In all the male frustules it would
be found that after fertilization a division into two parts took place, the
upper half falling away — and it would also appear that after contact there
was an opening through which the fertilizing medium might escape. He
had little doubt that the fertilizing medium being quite free came into con-
tact with the non-silicious band and passed through it.

The President said he had never made diatoms a special study himself,
but Mr. Thwaites was an early friend and pupil of his, and it was very much
in consequence of his earnest recommendation that he should take up the
study of the unicellular plants, that the observations were commenced
which led to the discovery of conjugation — and during the interval of 45
years very little beyond this seemed to have been done. He had always
said that if one-tenth part of the time had been given to the life history of
these forms which had been spent in trying to make out the strige on their
valves, very much better results would no doubt have followed. He did
not recollect anything at all approaching to the description which Mr.
Buffham had given of these males attaching themselves to the female forms.
The nearest thing seemed to be what was seen in the case of the conjugatas,
where in one group the endochromes of both discharge themselves into the
intermediate space ; or, on the other hand, in those cases where the
endochrome of one filament passed over into the cells of the other filament.
He thought, however, that there had been something lately recorded in the
" Journal of the Eoyal Microscopical Society " which tended to show that
this was not quite correct, and this had rather sent them adrift again upon
the question. If the observations which had been described that evening
should prove to be the first indication of sexuality it would be of the
greatest importance. What was now wanted was some information as to
the existence of a distinct opening being formed, so that it could be affirmed
that there was an actual passage. Mr. Buffham inferred that there was,
because of the effects which took place ; but he should very much like to
know that it had been proved by observation. He hoped that Mr. Buffham
would devote further attention to this point, which he regarded as one of
the very highest interest ; if proved it would form one of the pregnant facts
of biology ; and such being the case, it was worth any amount of attention
which it was possible to bestow upon it. He could only express the very
highest sense of the value of such an observation.

Mr. Buffham said with regard to the point on which Dr. Carpenter had
some doubt, he could only ask, how was it possible to account for the facts
except by taking his view of the attached frustules ? And why should
they lose their vitality in the way he had described ? Absolutely without
exception they had never observed the formation of sporangia unless they

153

conld find either the male frustules, or the scars left by them. With
regard, also, to Mr. Gilburt's remark, he did not wish to deny that if the
male frustules had not been present they would not have gone on dividing.

Mr. Gilburt said it would of course be of great interest to see the passage
if possible, though he did not think that the mode of fertilization would be
disproved even if the passage was non-existent, because it should be re-
membered that in its earlier growth the band did not contain silex.

Mr. Buffham said this was so, and the idea therefore was that the process
might be carried on through the sutures.

Mr. Michael enquired how the exact form of the partition, as shown in
the model, was ascertained. The shape was very remarkable, and he
shonld like to know whether it could be seen, or if not, how it was found to
be so shaped ?

Mr. Buffham said he had a slide under a microscope in the room which
contained a number of the frustules, some of which were attached, others
lying loose ; by careful focussing on the loose ones, it was quite possible to
see this shape. He might add that Professor Smith was quite in accord-
ance with him as to the observation.

Mr. E. M. Nelson exhibited and described a rotating nose-piece, and also
a condenser. With regard to the former, he said he had frequently thought
that an object glass performed differently as an object was presented to it in
different azimuths. It had, however, occurred to him that this might be
due to the objective itself rather than to the altered position of the object
as regarded the light. Wishing, therefore, to test this, he had devised a
rotating nose-piece, by means of which, without shifting the object, the
objective could be turned upon its axis and used in different sectors. On
trying the effect of this with a glass which was believed to be of first-
rate quality, he found that whilst in one position it would resolve amphi-
pleura perfectly, it altogether failed to do so at another angle, showing
clearly that there was a difference in different azimuths. He thought this
might account for the fact that there seemed to be so much difference of
opinion as to the performance of certain objectives when used upon different
microscopes, and he suggested the desirability of being provided with a
simple contrivance such as he exhibited, in order to test objectives in all
azimuths, especially when about to purchase an expensive one — say at =£40.
He also exhibited a simple form of stage condenser, designed for small
cheap microscopes. It consisted of a meniscus lens, and a bi-convex lens,
put into a tube which was made to slide in another tube by means of a
spiral slit, so that it worked up and down quite smoothly in the same way
as a common pencil-case. The great increase in the amount of light was
remarkable.

The President said there could be no question about the great improve-
ment in the light. The form of lenses was that of Herschell's doublet,
which he might say he had used himself for that purpose nearly 50 years
ago, long before achromatic condensers were thought of. He had had it
applied to his Chevallier microscope as a condenser, having felt the want of
more light — its efficiency for the purpose was so great that he should re-
commend it to everyone.

154

Mr. C. Beck, in reply to the President, said that their objectives were
always tested by focussing upon a podura scale, and altering the position of
the scale so as to examine it in all directions. It was very easy to get an
objective which would show the scale very well in one position, but not in
others also.

Mr. Nelson said that perfect accuracy could not be obtained in that way,
because as the light did not proceed from a point, the cone of light was not
really a cone, as they would find if they tried the image of the flame of a
lamp end-ways or flat-way ; if in the former case the definition was good
they would find that there would be in the latter case a loss of intensity
which would spoil the definition.

Mr. Beck said that they endeavoured to get it true for central light by
having a cone of light accurately centred.

Mr. Michael said it was clear to him that Mr. Nelson was right in saying
that turning the podure scala was not by any means the same thing as
turning the objective ; to make it so it would be necessary to turn the light
also, otherwise the test-object would be viewed under different conditions
in different positions. Though they might have central light to the objec-
tive all the time, it might not be also central light to the object.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Nelson for his communica-
tion.

Mr. C. Beck exhibited and described a new serial section cutting machine,
designed to meet the want of some reliable instrument which would cut
any number of consecutive sections of a specimen and preserve them in
exactly the same order in which they were cut. The importance of being
able to do this was very great in many kinds of investigation, and the in-
strument exhibited was designed to do all the work of the Cambridge
machine, but at considerably less cost, It was not yet perfect, but still it
did its work so well as to merit attention. Sections could be cut of various
thicknesses, and accessories for freezing were supplied with it.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then
made, and the proceedings terminated in the usual manner by a Con-
versazione, at which the following objects were exhibited : —

Ichneumon fly ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

V. S. cochlea of a kitten Mr. E. C. Bousfield.

Diatoms, Mhabdonema arcuatum (in conjugation) Mr. T. H. Buffham.

Scale of Lady-fish from Bombay ... ... ... Mr. H. Epps.

Section of Coniferous Wood (fossil) ... ... Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Epidermis of mistletoe ... ... ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Diaptomus Westwoodii ... ... ... ... Mr. R. T. G. Nevina.

CIvelifer museorum ... ... ... ... ... Mr. A. C. Tipple.

Attendance — Members, 64 ; Visitors, 6.

155

March 13th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The fourth of the series of demonstrations was given by Dr. T. Spencer
Cobbold, F.K.S., F.L.S.. &c, late President of the Quekett Microscopical
Club, " On Lung Parasites." The following is the substance of his re-
marks : —

I have chosen the subject of lung parasites for our demonstration this
evening because it possesses both practical and scientific bearings.

Beyond the generally recognised fact that the so-called bronchial filarias
are destructive to our flocks and herds, and that strongyloid worms belong-
ing to the genus Syngamus prove fatal to our fowls and game-birds, there
are few persons who possess any adequate conception of the variety and
multitude of entozoa that give rise to lung disease.

I do not speak of microbes, bacteria, and other microphytic organisms,
though, like other observers, I constantly encounter them in a casual way.
Neither with these, nor with the more highly organised gregarines and
psorosperms, have 1 anything to do at present.

All the great groups of the higher forms of entozoa, including the
Helminths proper, have, with one exception, their lung-infesting repre-
sentatives, so to speak.

If time permitted, I could show you flukes that produce blood-spitting
(haemoptysis) in man, and there are other fluke-species that are constantly
present and productive of mischief amongst animals. These lung-parasites
represent the order Trematoda. Similarly, I could also present various
bladder-worms (Hydatids, Coenuri, Cysticerci, &c.) that have been removed
from the lungs of man and animals. These, as tapeworm larvae, represent
the order Cestoda.

Again, another singular group of parasites, the Pentastomes, are in
certain of the lower vertebrata constant occupants of the lungs and air
passages, not unfrequently proving fatal to their bearers. These repre-
sent the order Acanthotheca.

In the production of lung disease, however, it is the filaria-like round-
worms, the Strongyles especially, that are far and away the most numerous
and important. It is to these, therefore, as representing the order
Nematoda, that I now more particularly invite your attention. It would
take a long time to enumerate all the species of pulmonary nematodes.
Suffice it to say, that they abound in cattle and sheep, in antelopes, camels,
and deer, in horses and other solipeds, and notably in the cetacea. They
are frequent in the smaller carnivora, especially in cats ; rarely producing
lung affections in the dog, except in cases where the left side of the heart
and pulmonary vessels are involved.

From amongst all the species I select one parasite only for special con-
sideration, namely, Olulanus tricuspis. Every now and then we hear of
epidemics affecting our house-cats. Some of these outbreaks are due to
parasites, some to other causes. At least four distinct kinds of parasitic
epizobty are known to me as affecting cats. One of these outbreaks
which occurred in Sweden some years back was described in the public
journals as due to Trichinosis. A large number of cats perished,

L56

Here I may remark, that when young micro scopists stumble upon little
worms coiled up in cysts and occupying the tissues of any animal, they are
very apt to jump to the conclusion that they have discovered instances of
the trichina disease. At least a score of such fancied discoveries, affecting
widely differing classes of animals, have been published as genuine examples
of Trichinosis. Perhaps the most stupid and foolish announcement that
was ever made on this subject is that which concerned the alleged " Out-
break of Trichinosis on board the training-ship ' Cornwall.' " This ridiculous
"out-put" by the Local Government Board — this genuine mare's-nest, as
we may call it — occupied the attention of the wise-acres of both Houses of
Parliament ; nevertheless, about three months before the Board published
their " Report," I stated in the Times newspaper, and also publicly in St.
George's Hall, that the so-called Trichinae (detected in the exhumed body of
the lad who died) were neither more nor less than rhabditiform nematoids,
probably accidentally introduced. This conclusion proved to be substan-
tially correct.

My first acquaintance with the larvse of Olulanus tricuspis dates some 35
years back; that is to say, long before the publication of Leuckart's descrip-
tion of the adult worm.

Whilst at work in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edin-
burgh, as curator, a young cat in my room suddenly rushed about and
finally fell dead, asphyxiated. Whilst it was yet warm I dissected its
body, and never from that day to this have I seen so remarkable a display
of lung-parasites. Tens of thousands of embryonic nematoids lay coiled in
cysts occupying every part of both lungs. The parasites were moving
freely within the cysts, and the tissues were so fully infested that those
air-cells which were not actually invaded were so compressed as to pro-
duce general obstruction (hepatisation). Drawings were made at the time,
but I retain no specimens from that particular case.

However, from another instance of the same disease I am enabled,
through the kindness of Mr. J. W. Groves, F.R.M.S., to show you some
beautiful stained sections of a lung infested by these little entozoa. If
you compare Mr. Grove's sections with the illustration suspended on the
wall, you will perceive that the appearances presented by the worms and
their cysts are effectively demonstrated.

In 187G, Dr. Stirling, of Edinburgh, submitted to me, for identification,
a portion of cat's lung containing worms. Speaking of the entozoon, he
wrote : " In the alveolar tissue I found a small nematoid worm coiled up
within a cyst. It is much smaller in size than a Trichina, and there are
usually two and a half turns of it within the cyst." Now, the slides on the
table have been prepared by Mr. Groves from the identical specimen sent
to me by Dr. Stirling.

What is known respecting the life-history of the worm is chiefly due to
the investigations of Leuckart, the published observations of Dr. Stirling
being limited to the appearances presented by the encysted embryos.
Briefly stated the facts are as follows : — In the adult state, Olulanus
tricuspis dwells in and upon the mucous membrane of the stomach of the
cat. It is a very small worm, the adult female only attaining the l-25th of

157

an inch in its long diameter — say a millimetre. Its presence in the feline
stomach is by no means harmless, inasmuch as it gives rise to increased
vascularity, and even also to ecchymosi3 of the mncous membrane.

Unlike Trichina, the Ohdanvs carries only a few young in its interior;
three being the average number of embryos pi'esent. However, in relation
to the size of the parent worm, these embryos, as Leuckart phrases it, are
truly colossal. They are nearly one-third of the length of the parent,
being ^ of an inch long by 1 ^6 €" in breadth.

The small number of embryos does not, however, imply a feeble amount of
germ-distribution. The swarming of the young within the tissues of the
cat-host is sometimes prodigious in extent. Of the embryos that are
hatched and discharged, a large proportion, perhaps the greater number,
proceed at once to migrate on their own account, and in a direct manner
within the tissues of the cat without waiting to be expelled along with
the fasces in the ordinary way. I regard this phenomenon as an instance of
illegitimate wandering from the right path, a spurious phase of migration,
or, as Von. Siebold so aptly expressed himself concerning similar wander-
ings long ago, instances of " straying." In this way the young Olulani
stray into the liver, into the diaphragm, into the pleura?, and into the sub-
stance of the lungs. Within one or other of these organs they come to a state
of rest and proceed at once to encyst themselves. If the swarming is
extensive and complete their habit of thus straying from the right path
necessarily involves both themselves and their victim in one common ruin.
As regards those offspring that are carried passively along the legitimate
path, their passage per vias naturales ensures for at least a certain number
of them a more prolonged existence. Doubtless, as obtains with many
Anguillules, the embryos, though dried up within the hardened cat-faaces,
revive when, with the excrement nibbled by mice, they are transferred to
the stomachs of these rodents. An experiment by Leuckart proved that
ingested embryos of Olulanns are not destroyed by their entry into the
stomach and intestines of the mouse. In short, not a shadow of doubt
exists that the embryos thus passively transferred in the ordinary course of
nature, undertake a final and legitimate wandering into the voluntary
muscles of the little rodent. After the manner of trichinae they bore their
way through the tissues, and having selected the muscles as their final
resting place, they proceed to encyst themselves in the same way that some
of their fellow-embryos had done before them within the lungs of the feline
host. Lastly, in order to arrive at sexual maturity as their parents did
before them, they must, as encysted muscle-worms, be passively transferx-ed
to the stomach of another cat, where, probably after a few days, or, it may
be, only a few hours, they are able to acquire the adult condition.

Such is the life-record of Olulanus tricuspis. The trichinosis of swine
and other warm-blooded animals is the precise pathological homologue of
the flesh-worm disease of mice. To this disorder I initiated and long ago
applied the term Olulanosis.

Pathologically speaking, our little nematode is thus capable of producing
three distinct morbid states. In adult life it is productive of verminous
Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 12. n

158

catarrh of the stomach of the cat. In the straying embryonic stage it pro-
duces local traumatic irritation, leading eventually to the formation of a
miliary nematode tuberculosis of the lungs and liver of the cat. In the
true migratory stage, after a change of host, it leads to the production of
olulanosis or olulaniasis.

Surely these phenomena are worthy of attention. Apart from their
obvious practical bearing they are sufficiently instructive to the intelligent
observer. We have seen how readily these parasites may be mistaken for
Trichinae under circumstances where no legitimate suspicion of trichinosis
ought to have been entertained. Witness the Swedish epizooty affecting
cats. In this connection I may mention that a very curious coincidence came
under my notice some ten years back. I will endeavour to recall the facts.

An eminent surgeon, acting as professional adviser to one of our Railway
Companies, requested me to accompany him on a visit to a family of seven
or more persons in humble life, all of whom either were at the time, or who
had been shortly before, suffering from an obscure disease. The symptoms
unquestionably resembled those observed in cases of Trichinosis. If I
remember rightly two domestic animals were taken ill about the same period,
a donkey and a cat. These had died, and were buried ; the cat compara-
tively recently. We hoped to settle the Trichina question then and there ;
and having explained to one of the lads the necessity of removing a tiny
portion of flesh in order to complete the diagnosis, he willingly submitted
to the operation. This act of vivisection occurred without the aid of
chloroform, and as it was not performed on a dog, but on a heroic specimen
of our own race, I suppose the question of cruelty would not even present
itself to the mind of the most ardent opponent of all species of cruelty to
animals. Be that as it may, a very tiny fragment of the gastrocnemius
muscle was detached and handed to me for microscopic investigation. I found
no trichina?, yet still neither of us were convinced that the family disorder
was not due to Trichina. Resolved, if possible, to get further light
cast upon this mysterious outbreak, Mr. Gay, F.R.C.S., the surgeon in
question, ordered the cat to be exhumed. It was examined by others than
myself for Trichinosis without success, but the lungs were found to be
swarming with nematoids. Thus, in view of identification my efforts were
again honoured, and I pronounced the animal to have died from olulanosis —
a disease which none of the medical gentlemen who made the feline post-
mortem had hitherto heard of. Whatever interpi'etation be put upon the
human outbreak, the coincidence of the occurrence in man of an affection
symptomatic of trichinosis, found in association with a trichinoid affection
in an animal which proved to be olulaniasis, was both curious and instruc-
tive. It should, at least, serve as a warning to young observers, and
induce them to be very cautious in pronouncing upon the nature of any disease
in which they happen to detect the presence of immature nematoid worms
coiled up in cysts.

I may add that a portion of the olulanised lung of the cat in question is
preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The prepara-
tion is marked in the catalogue, No. 1814a, and described as " Lung of Cat
pneumonic from the presence of parasites." Presented by J. Gay, Esq.

V

159

Time will not permit me to give yon an account of the history of the
•development of the strongyles of cattle and sheep, but I may remind you
that already, in 1880, I had the pleasure to explain to the Clab what was
then known in this respect, and gave a detailed notice of some original
experiments. On the occasion in question the value of the discussion was
greatly enhanced by the observations which fell from Mr. Beulah.

The differential diagnosis of the various species of Strong ylus is, taken
by itself, a matter of great interest, zoologically speaking.* As a refine-
ment in this department of observation, I may mention that it is perfectly
possible for an expert in this branch of helminthology to detect the differ-
ences subsisting between the various embryos alike of strongyles and other
allied nematoids.

In conclusion, let me add that it must be obvious to the meanest
capacity that if we would stamp out divers parasitic plagues that affect
both man and beast we must endeavour to ascertain whence each species
comes and whither it goes.

Alas ! the labour of such researches is practically endless. What a task
the problem presents for generations of microscopists yet unborn ! Of the
hundreds of known species of helminths only a few have been exhaustively
studied, so to say.

The number of the species thoroughly studied may be counted on the
ends of our fingers. We have Trichina spiralis, Fasoiola hepatica, so
beautifully worked out by Thomas, and a few Tamia, Echinorlujnchi, and
one Pentastuma, concerning whose several life histories tolerably complete
records exist.

In this regard, the collection of species and their zoological determination
is one thing. Anatomical observation, aided by sections, staining, and
mounting, is another step gained. But then there remains the question of
experiments on living animals, involving both expense and much personal
sacrifice of time. Both of these difficulties might eventually be bridged over,
were we not met with obstacles arising from the determined hostility of
certain well meaning people who disapprove of this, the most essential part
of the biological method of research. We can make no solid advances in
helminthology unaided by experimental research, which method, after all,
however freely employed, would serve to allay far more suffering than it
could produce.

Unfortunately, the influence of some of these obstructors of science is
very considerable; so great, indeed, that one might almost speak of it as
being equalled only by the profundity of ignorance which characterises its
foremost abettors. A few simple lessons gathered from a contemplation of
the behaviour of parasites would do some of these obstructors and senti-
mentalists a great deal of good ; and I venture to think that our dear and
grand old Shakespeare would, as regards the vexed question, have ranged

* At this point Dr. Cobbold gave a brief account of the diagnostic marks presented
by the tails of strongyles. Drawings representing on a large scale the hoods of the
male worms were referred to; especial attention being called to those of Strongylus
micrulus and Str. filaria of the ca!f and sheep respectively, The ray-patterrs of the
hoods of S. paradoxus and S. dentatus of the pig, of S.filicollis and S. contortus of lambs,
of Str. clathratus of the elephant and S. commutatus of the hare were also described and
contrasted.— Ed.

160

himself on the scientific side. Speaking figuratively, the role of the human
parasite was well understood by him, and I sometimes think he must have
been acquainted with the genuine article. At all events he classified those
beings as evil "that do fastest propagate," but then did he not also say :
" There is some soul of good in things evil, would men observingly distil it
out." It is this very process of intellectual distillation recommended by
Shakespeare that we have together sought to utilise this evening, and I trust
that our humble efforts in this direction may not be entirely unprodnctive
of good results.

The following objects were exhibited in the library : —

Pond life...

Freshwater Polyzoon (? n.s.) ...

Section of Brain of Calf

Anchors and plates of Synapta, in situ

Sections of stem of Vine

Aphis, Trama troglodytes

T.S. Stem of Limnanthemum ...

Diatoms, Sceptroneis gemmata

Living serpula ...

Diatoms, Pergodiscus armatus

Sting and poison bag of Wasp

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. E. C. Bonsfield.

Mr F. Coles.
Mr. A. L. Corbett.
Mr. H. G. Glasspoole.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Mori and.
Mr. A. W. Stokes.
Mr. G. Sturt.
Mr. J. Wilson.

Attendance — Members, 71 ; Visitors, 12.

March 27th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club :— Dr. W. Hodges, Mr. Henry W. Parritt, Mr. Peter W. Squire, Mr.
J. T. N. Thomas, and Mr. Chas. J. Wainwright.

The following; donations to the Club were announced : —

"Proceedings of the Manitoba Historic and)
Scientific Society " ... ... ... ... '

From the Society.

»>

" Historic Names of Places in the Canadian North- 1

W cSu • • • ••• ••• *•• •••

" Mound Builders," by Bryce M. Wright From the Author

" Proceedings of the Belgian Microscopical Society " In Exchange.

" Journal of the New York Microscopical Society'' „ ,,
"Transactions of the Eastbourne Natural History {

OUl^lCtJ' ... ... ... ... ...

" The American Monthly Microscopical Society" „
" The American Naturalist "
" Proceedings of the Royal Society "
" Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymen- 7
optera," Pay Society's Publication ... *

" Annals of Natural History ''

J!

i>

From the Society..

By Subscription.
Purchased.

1G1

The thanks of the Club were voted to the donors.

The Secretary exhibited a new Iris Diaphragm, by Mr. Hunter, made to go
close up under the object.

The Secretary read a letter from Colonel O'Hara, enclosing a series of
photographs of diatoms from Galway Bay, and asking for assistance in
identification.

A large number of dipping tubes of a superior kind were placed upon the
table for distribution amongst the members by Mr. Le Pelley, to whom the
thanks of the meeting were unanimously given.

Dr. M. C. Cooke read a paper " On some remarkable Moulds," illustrating
the subject by drawings, which were handed round for inspection.

Mr. Karop enquired if the fungus mentioned as having been found by Mr.
Durham in the human ear was associated with any disease, or whether it
was one of those aggregations which were sometimes found on the ears of
out-patients attending hospitals ?

Dr. Cooke said he thought Mr. Durham stated that there was a disease of
the ear for which he was consulted, and that he removed the mould in the
course of his treatment.

Dr. Matthews, in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Cooke for his paper,
said that there were certain subjects which seemed to be above criticism, be-
cause in the mouths of experts they were statements of facts which were
simply beyond dispute. In the instance before them it was well known that
Dr. Cooke had made the subject so much his own, and his observations were
so correct, that they were beyond the limits of ordinary criticism.

A vote of thanks to Dr. Cooke was then put to the meeting and carried
unanimously.

Mr. Karop said, that whilst this question was before the meeting, he would
mention a rather remarkable place in which he had once found some of these
fungi. He was examining some bottles of sections of human spinal cord
preserved in strong methylated spirit, and in one bottle of the series he found
the upper part of the spirit was covered by a mycelium of some kind, which
was quite black. He had mentioned it to Dr. Cooke, but he did not at the
moment remember anything which grew in spirit.

Dr. Cooke acknowledged the vote of thanks, and said that the very short
time at his disposal for the preparation of a subject did not leave him much
choice as to what it should be, and in looking over what was ready to hand
he thought that the notes which he had read contained something which was
novel or new, and if not controversial they had at least some points of
interest. If there had been time in which to think over a subject, the one he
had brought forward would, perhaps, be amongst the last which would have
occurred to him as being suitable ; but under the circumstances it seemed
to him the best thing to be done. Amongst the five species named there
were some curious facts which showed the polymorphous character of these
moulds — the first being found in a stoppered bottle, the second in a dead
insect, the third in the ear of a living human being, the fourth on a living
tree, and the fifth found growing on the leaves of ferns, without apparently
doing any injury to them. He did not remember ever to have found them

162

growing iu spirits, but in their low forms they would grow in a solution con-
taining a large quantity of spirit.

Mr. J. D. Hardy described, by the aid of a diagram drawn on the board,
the peculiar method of feeding observed in the case of Daphnia Pulex.
The food was carried in the current caused by the legs, to the hinder part of
the interior of the shell, and the particles contained therein carried into a
funnel, to which is attached a very distinctly-formed organ which stops all
inorganic matter or particles too large for mastication ; such particles as
they accumulate in the funnel being cleared away by the hook of the hind
leg. Such as were passed were masticated by the jaws and passed on to the
end of the tongue, which was a long flexible tubular organ, which could be
opened at will along its length. It had (when closed) a very small opening.
Whatever particles accumulated at the end of the tongue were cleared away
by the hook on the first pair of legs. Whatever was sucked in by the tongue
was carried along it at once to the alimentary canal.

Mr. Goodwin said he was very pleased to find that Mr. Hardy had taken
up this subject. He had himself noticed that there was an in-taking of
food at the posterior portion of the animal, but he found a great difficulty in
tracing its progress so as to see it entering the alimentary canal. In the
endeavour to do this he stained some starch granules with iodine, and
attempted to feed the Daphnia with them, but it would have nothing to do
with them ; one day, however, he chanced to see a Daphnia draw in the egg
of a rotifer, and he was able to trace the progress of this entirely.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Hardy for his communica-
tion.

Notices of meetings and excursions for the ensuing month were then
given, aud the proceedings terminated with the usual Conversazione, and the
following objects were exhibited : —

Sea slug, Limapontia nigra ' ... ... ... Mr. F.W.Andrew.

Parasites from a Bat ... ... Mr. F. Coles.

Diatoms frum Burrin, Ireland, in situ ... Mr. A. L. Corbett.

Alcyonium digitatum ... ... ... ... Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Section of lower jaw of Shrew Mouse Mr. J. J. Hunter.

New form of graduating Iris diaphragm ... ,, ,,

Larva of Corethra culicifo?rmis ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Diatoms, Scejrtroneis caduceus ... ... ... Mr. H. Morland.

Bracliionus i?aXa-synch(Bte ... ... ... Mr. R. T. C. Nevins.

Lophojjus crystalinus ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Le Pel ley.

Entozoa Oxyurisvermicularis . . ... ... Mr. W. Watson.

Ovary of Poppy, fertilised, and unfertilised ... Mr. J. Willson.
Attendance — Members, 51 ; Visitors, 5.

163

On a Supposed New Infusorian of the Flaoellata

ElJSTOMATA.

By George J. Burch.
{Read April 24th, 1885.)

Plate XI.

In March, 1884, I found in a ditch, by Port Meadow, Oxford,
an animalcule, -which I have been unable to identify with any
described in Saville Kent's book. It was growing on duckweed,
and also on the cases of gnat larvas, of which there were many at-
tached to the weed.

Each colony consisted of a compound stem, no portion of which
was contractile, bearing from 10 to 50 heads upon branchlets
somewhat thinner than the main stem. These heads appeared, in
most positions, of an irregular pear shape, the broad end projecting
on one side into a blunt proboscis, from which arose a single stout
flagellum. About the centre of the creature was a very strongly
refracting oval spot, with a somewhat corrugated surface, which I
imagined to be the gizzard. Between this and the mouth, which
lies in a cup-shaped depression close under the proboscis, was a
passage, the walls of which I could distinctly see, even when there
was no food in it.

The creature was remarkably active, the movement of the flagella
being so vigorous as to keep the whole group in constant agitation.

The flagellum of each individual waved with a steady circular
vibration, most often with one node, but sometimes with two, until
some particle of food, generally a micrococcus, came within reach.

Then, before the flagellum touched it, a sudden vigorous stroke
was made, which appeared to bring the curve of the flagellum be-
hind it, and so throw the food into the mouth. At the same
moment, with a rapidity very difficult to follow, the head made a
dart forward exactly as a dog snaps at a fly (this movement may
result simply from the increased activity of the flagellum, though I
incline to believe that the creature has the power of bending the
head in various directions on the stem, like Vorticella). Imme-

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 13. o

164- G. J. BURCH ON A SUPPOSED NEW INFUSORIAN.

diately afterwards, before I could see how it was managed, the
food was safely lodged in the creature's throat.

This was repeated again and again, the particles being gradu-
ally forced down towards the central vesicle, at a little distance
apart. The conclusion was irresistible, that in some way the
creature is conscious of the proximity of something eatable, and
catches it by a voluntary effort. The mere action of feeding,
enabled me at a glance, to distinguish it from the other Flagellates
which I found in the same water. On several occasions particles
too large to swallow were caught ; when this happened the
flagellum was instantly stretched straight across the head and
pressed firmly down ; and if in this way the food could not be
forced into the mouth, after three or four seconds it was allowed to
escape.

Not imagining that it might be something new, I made no
measurements, but only took a rough sketch with the camera lucida,
from which I find that the heads were about half the length of
those of Carchesium polypinum.

Specimens were very plentiful for some weeks. The heads do
not apparently break loose from the stems on slight provocation
like other Flagellates, for I had one group out of the tank on two
successive days, and it was unaltered. With the double spot lens
the creatures appear of the usual whitish hue, but with direct sun-
light, under a low angled quarter, the heads are of a pale green at
the edges and purplish in the centre.

I made some careful observations with the itli, and came to the
conclusion that the cup-shaped depression in the head is bordered
with three equidistant prominences, at the base of the largest of
which, or from the apex of it— I could not determine which — is the
flagellum, and close under the flagellum the opening of the gullet.
Unfortunately, when I had time to go to the Bodleian Library to
try to identify the creature, and found it was not in Saville Kent's
book, I could no longer get any specimens. I have searched for
them this spring, but a bridge is being built near the ditch, and I
fear they have been destroyed.

If it should be decided that this is a new species, I would
suggest the name " raptor,"" but if there is no genus in which it
can be placed, I would call it li Ilarpakter socialist from " ap^a^ou,"
/ snatch, which would at once identify it among the Flagellata
eustomata, from its method of seizing its prey.

Jo urn. Q.M. C

Ser.H.Vol. 2.P1.XL

A. _ Gidlet

B _ G-izzourd, or stomach*

G.J.BurcK del.

"W."Kh.ein. sc.

165

On some Fossil Marine Diatoms Found in the Moravian
"Tegel," from Augarten, near Brunn.

By Prof. P. T. Cleve, Hon. F.R.M.S.

(Read June 26th, 1885.)

PLATES XII and XIII.

In the marine deposits of Moravia, known as Tegel (marl or clay),
belonging to the miocene and pliocene divisions of the tertiary
formation, fossil diatoms have been recently found by Herr E.
Thum, of Leipzig, who has kindly sent to me a collection of
mounted specimens for description. He informs me that they
were detected in the " Tegel," from Augarten, near Brunn.
Whether it belongs to the miocene or pliocene formation I am
unable to determine.

The following is a list of the species sent by Herr Thum : —

Cocconeide^e.

Cocconeis pellucida, Hantzsch in Rab. Beitrlige, p. 21, PI. 6,
Fig. 11 (1863). Grunow, Novara Alga?, p. 12. (Not C. pellucida
of Verb., 1863.) I have seen three upper valves. Length,
•084--143 mm. ; breadth, '063--084 ; striae, 12 in the -01 mm.
This species is found in the warmer seas, as the Mediterranean,
Bed Sea, Indian Ocean, &c, and also in the Nankoori deposit.

MASTOGLOIACE.E.

Orthoneis splendida (Greg.), Gran. Cocconeis splendida, Greg.
D. of CI., p. 21, PI. 1, f. 29 (1857). C. punctatissimaj Grev.
Mic. Journ., v., p. 8, PI. iii, f. 1 (1857). Mastogloia cribrosa,
Grun. Verb., p. 577 (1860). Orthoneis splendida, Grun. Novara
Algae, p. 15 (1867). Van Heurck Syn., PI. 28, f. 1-2 (1880). I
have seen four examples from this deposit. Length, -088- '168
mm. ; breadth, '07-'13 ; puncta, 5 in "01 mm. Living specimens are
smaller, and measure in length *05 to "11 mm., breadth -03-#09 mm.
Striae in living specimens vary from 5 \ (Greg.) to 8 (Grev.) in -01
mm.

166 t. t. cleve on some fossil marine diatoms.

Naviculace^:.

Navicula aspera, var. intermedia, Grim, in A. Schm. Atl., PI. 48,
f. 14, 15 (1876). Franz. Josef's Land Diatomeen, p. 56, PI.
A., f. 20 (1884). One of the Tegel specimens measures *2 mm. in
length and -034 mm. in breadth, and has 7 striae in -01 mm. ;
the stria? are nearer to the median line on one side than the other.
This form is found living in the Arctic seas.

N. nitescens (Greg.), Diat. of CI., pp. 15 and 69, PI. 1, f. 16
(1857). A. Schm. Atl., PI. 7, f. 38 (1875). (JV. Smithii var.)
One specimen, closely agreeing with, the figure in the Atlas,
measures -12 mm. in length, and -002 mm. in breadth, and has 6
striae in -01 mm. This species is also found recent in most seas.

JV. prcetexta, Ehr. Pinnularia prcetexta, Elir. I\Ib. 1840.
Several specimens, all agreeing very closely with the figures in
A. Schm. Atl., PI. 3, f. 31-33. Length, -1--24 mm. ; breadth,
•06--12 mm. ; stria?, 7-7*5 in -01 mm.

Found recent in most marine gatherings.

JV. Lyra, var. elliptica. A. Schm. Atl., PI. 2, f. 29, and PI. 3,
f. 11 (1875). Van Heurck. Syn., PI. 10, f. 2. One specimen
(len. '115, br. -075 mm.; stria?, 6 in -01 mm.) closely resembles
the figure in the latter work. Common in recent marine
gatherings.

JV. inhalata. A. Schm. Atl., PI. 2, f. 30 (1875). One specimen
(length -14, breadth -08 mm.) has 9 stria? in -01 mm. The speci-
men from Samoa, as figured in the Atlas, has 13 stria? in -01 mm. ;
in other respects the Tegel specimen agrees well with it.

N. gemmata, Grev., Edin. N. Phil. Jour., x., p. 30, PI. 4, f. 7
(1859). JV. spectabiUs, Grun., Verb., p. 533, PI. 3, f. 11 (1860).
N. Giunowii, Kab. Flor. Eur. Alg.,p. 203 (1864). JV. gemmata,
var. biseriata, Grun., Novara Alga?, p. 100, PI. 1 A., f. 16
(1867). JV. gemmata, var. spectabiUs, A. Schm. Atl., PI. 8, f. 38
(1875). N. grunowii, A. Schm. Atl., PI. 70, f. 73 (1881).
Three specimens •14--20 in length and ■05-,052 mm. in breadth ;
stria? 3 in -01 mm. One of the specimens is slightly constricted in
the middle, and very much resembles JV. pristioplwra, Janisch in
A. Schm. Atl., PI. 70, F. 72. N. gemmata is found living in
warm seas, as the Mediterranean, Ived Sea, the West Indies,
California, &c, and in a fossil state in Californian guano and the
Nankoori deposit.

JV. bomboides, A. Schm. Atl. See Diat. PI. 1, f. 2 (1874). A.

P. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS. 167

Schm. Atl., PI. 13, f. 36-38 (1875). I have seen only one speci-
men ; it is *13 mm. in length and '42 in breadth. It has only a
slight central constriction, as in figure 38 of the Atlas. The stria?
are 4*5 in -01 mm.

JV. gemmatula, Grnn. A. Schm. Atl., PI. 13, f. 20-21
(1875). A somewhat corroded valve (PL 12, f. 1); measures *18
mm. in length and *048 in breadth, and has 4*5 stria? in -01 mm.
It resembles the last-named form, but is larger, It also re-
sembles JV.mcesta, A. Schm. Atl., PL 69, f. 18-19, which, however,
has closer stria? (7 in #01 mm.). Nearly related to our specimen
is JV. Lesinensis, Grun., m.s., measuring *144 mm. in length and
•05 in breadth, with 5 stria? in *01 mm., but the depressions
parallel to the median line are narrower.

JV. Beyrichiana. A. Schm. Atl., PL 69, f. 16-17 (1881).
One specimen, which measures '18 mm. in length and '05 in
breadth, and has 33 rows of distant puncta in *01 mm. This
species has been found in zEgena (? fossil).

JV. Crabo (Ehr.), Kiitz. Diploneis Crabo, Ehr. Mb. (1844).
JV. Crabo, Kiitz., Sp. AL, p. 83 (1819). JV. Pandura, Bieb. Diat,
Cherb., PL 18, f. 4 (1854). I have seen four valves from the
" Tegel," all of which have lost their finely-sculptured layer. All
of them agree very well with Figures 4 and 8 (pi. 69) in the
Atlas ; Figure 8 seems to be more nearly related to JV. multicostata,
if this is reallv distinct from JV. Crabo.

SuiURELLE^E.

Surirella opulenta. Grun. Verb., p. 461, PL 11, f. 10 (1862).

S. fastuosa, var. opulenta. A. Schm. Atl., PL 20, f. 1. One
large specimen.

S. Baldjikii. Norman, T.M.S., ix., p. 6, PL 2, f. 2. A.
Schm. Atl., PL 20, f. 7. One specimen. This species is still
living in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Campylodiscus hibernicus, Ehr. A. Schm. Atl., PL 55, F. 10-
11. I have seen one perfect specimen from the "Tegel." Mr.
Thum informs me that this well-known freshwater species really
occurs in this deposit. This seems highly improbable, as all the
other species found in it are purely marine.

C. Clypeus, Ehr. Ehr. Mb., p. 205 (1840). Cocconeis
Clypeus, Ehr. (1838). I have seen one small specimen closely
agreeing with figure 3, PL 55, in Schm., Atl.

168 T. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS.

C. obsoletus, Ch., n.sp. Valve orbicular or oval, diameter *17
mm., central area large, surrounded by a circle of short puncta.
Limbus, with a few irregular and obliterated canaliculi. Margin
with short cellules. Of all the described forms of Campylodisci with
which I am acquainted, this shows the nearest affinity to G.
tabulates, A. Schm. Atl., PI. 52, f. 4, but the canaliculi in
that species extend from the margin to the circle of puncta sur-
rounding the central margin. PL 12, f. 2, ^ , b. c, margin in
different foci ^.

Synedre^e.
Synedra fulgens (Kiitz). W. Sm. Gomplienema, Kiitz (1833).
S.fu1gens,W. Sm., 1853. Van. Heurck Syn., PI. 43, f. 1-4.
I have only seen a fragment of a valve "02 mm. broad, with un-
usually coarse strise, 6 in *01 mm.

ENTOPYLE2E.

Gephyrea media, Arnott, M.J.S. viii.,p. 20 (1860). Achianthes
angvstata, Johnst. (nee. Grev.), M.J.S. viii., p. 14, PI. 1, f. 13
(1860.) Costa3 6*5 in -01 mm. The species found in the " Tegel "
are identical with those from the Moron deposit. It occurs living
in California, Japan, &c.

Striatellejs.

Rhabdonema adriaticum, Kiitz. One specimen.

Grammatophora maxima, Grim. Verb., p. 416, PI. 5, f. 5
(1862). A large and robust form, -18-*3 mm. in length and *018
in breadth. No striation could be detected.

Isthmie.e.
Isthmia nervosa, Kiitz. No difference between this specimen
and the recent form could be detected.

BlDDULPHIE^E.

Biddulplua pulclxella , Gray. (1821). The Tegel specimens are
identical with the recent forms.

B. Tuomeyi (Bail.), Roper. Zygoceros Tuomcyi, Bailey (1843).

B. Tuomeyi, Roper (1859). Van Heurck Syn., PI. 98, f. 2-3.
This is a very variable species ; some specimens so nearly resemble
B. elegantula, Grev., T.M.S. xiii., PI. 6, f. 13, that they might be
taken for that species, whilst others can scarcely be distinguished
from B. regina, W. Sm. Syn., Vol. ii., p. 50, PI. 76, f. 323. Van
Heurck Syn., PI. 98 f. 1.

P. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS. 169

Syringidium, sp. I have seen one imperfectly developed frustule
which seems to belong to S. Americanum, Bail. (Van Heurck
Syn., PI. 106, f. 2.) PI. 12, f. 3, if*.

Triceratium Favus, Ehr. Type form.

T. Favus, var. maxima, Grun. Van Heurck Syn., PI. 107, f.
5. Distance between the angles '15-'25 mm. Cellules (1-P4 in
•01 mm.) very regularly arranged in lines parallel with the
margins ; surface of valve covered with coarse granules (10 in '10
mm.), radiating from the centre to the margins. Although the
form of the valve and the arrangement of the cellules are the same
as in the typical T. Favus, the presence of the radiating granules
seems to be sufficient to constitute it a distinct species.

T. arcticum, Brightwell, 1853. A. Schm. Atl. PI. 79, f.
12-13. Large triangular ("15 mm. between the angles) cellules
in lines radiating from the centre angles ; obtuse, with rows of
smaller cellules, 8 in '01 mm. In addition to the coarser eellula-
tion the surface is covered with very small cellules, as shown in
figures 5, 6, 7, PL 79, of the Atlas.

T.Moronense, Grev. (T.M.S. xiii., p. 9, PI. 4, f. 18, 1865).
Of this species I have seen two specimens. Distance between the
angles '08--15 mm. So far as 1 know this species has only been
found in the fossil deposits of Moron and Nankoori.

T. latum, Grev. (T.M.S., xiii, p. 103, PI. 9, f. 20, 1865). A.
Schm. Atl., PI. 77, f. 38-39. One specimen. Distance be-
tween the angles *075 mm. In all respects identical with A.
Schmidt's figures ; this species has been found living at Singapore
and Celebes.

T. turgidum, Ch. n.sp. Valve in s.v. triangular, with very
broad angles ; outline orbicular, very convex ; centre with
scattered puncta, which become closer as they approach the
margin. In s.v. the centre is very turgid, and the angles produced.
Distance between the angles *07 mm. PI. 12, f. 4, a b, 12f.

T. Stokesianum, Grev. (T.M.S., xiv., p. 8, PI. 2, f. 23, 1866).
The form found in the Tegel, and which I refer to the above
named species, differs from Greville's figure, the veins not form-
ing transverse bars ; they are also shorter and more irregular. In
a small specimen they are very short, but I do not think these
differences are of any specific value. I have examined four speci-
mens. Distance between the angles '1-'16. The centre of the
valve has a few puncta (?) differing from the ordinary cellulation ;

170 P. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS.

they are probably short spines or apiculi. A small specimen
shows considerable affinity to T. Jensenianum Gran. (A. Schm.
Atl., Pi. 77, f. 15-16), but differs from that form by the short
veins being more numerous. P1.12, f. 5, a b, 2®-

T. parallelum, Ehr , Grev. Triangular form=T. obtusion, Ehr. ?
Cleve, West Ind. Diat., p. 1G (1878). T. parallelum var. trigone,
A. Schm., PI. 76, f. 14-17, (1882). Quadrangular form=
Amphitetras parallela, Ehr., Mb. (1840). Triceratium parallelum,
Grev. T.M.S., xiii., p. 104, PI. 9, f. 22 (1865). Hexagonal form,
Grev. I.e., f. 23. Both the triangular and quadrangular forms occur
in the " Tegel." The species is found living in the warmer seas, as
the Mediterranean, Red Sea, West Indies, Gallopagos Islands,
and as fossil in iEgina Moron and San Jeremie, F.K).

T. tesselatum, Grev. (T.M.S. ix, p. 71, PI. 8, f. 14). This species
belongs to a group of Triceratia ; extremely difficult to exactly
determine, so many slightly differing forms having been described
as distinct species and also imperfectly figured. As my determina-
tion may not be perfectly correct, I give a figure of the only
specimen I have seen from the Tegel deposit. Distance between
the angles, -08 mm. PI. 12, f. 7.

T. irregulare var. hebetata, Grun. Van Heurck Syn., PI.
Ill, f. 10. One specimen closely agreeing with the above figure.
The angles and margin show a structural difference when the focus
of the objective is altered. This is probably caused by the existence
of two differently sculptured layers. In one focus the angles have
large cellules, in the other very small ones. I have some doubts
as to this form being the true T. irregulare.

T. trisulcum, Bail, (in Pritch. Inf., p. 854, PI. 8, f. 24, 1861).
A. Schm. Atl., PI. 78, f. 5-8. Of this form I have seen several
specimens. Distance between the angles 'lO-'lS mm.

Var. minor, Cleve. Small. Distance beJMeen the angles, #1 mm.
The apices of the angles are more acute than in the larger form.
PI. 12, f. 6, ***

T. nobile (Grev.), CI. Amphitetras nobilis, Grev. T.M.S. xiii,
p. 105, PI. 9, f. 27 (1865). One large specimen. Distance be-
tween the angles "115 mm., rows of cellules, 4 in *01 mm. A
6mall quadrangular specimen agrees well with Amphitetras pro-
ducta, Grev., T.M.S. ii., p. 94, Pi. 9, f. 11 (1862) ; not T.
production, Grev. (1861), nor T. balearicum, CI. Grun. and green
Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., T. xviii, p. 25, PI. 6, f. 73,

I\ T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS. 171

T. antediluvianum (Ehr.), Van Heurck. Amphitetras ante-
diluviana, Ehr. (1839). 1 have seen only one specimen from the
Tegel deposit, and this is not the type form ; the lobes are less
obtuse. It more nearly resembles the last described form, from
which it differs principally by its coarser cellulation (3 cellules in
the *01 mm.) and less produced lobes. Distance between the
angles *07 mm.

Eupodiscus Argus, Ehr. Tripodiscus Argus, Ehb. (1810). E.
Argus, W. Sm., Syn. vol. I, 1859. Van Heurck Syn., PI. 117, f.
3-6. Several specimens examined, but no difference could be de-
tected between them and recent forms.

Aulacodiscus Oregonensis, Bail. 18G2. A. Oreganus, Ralfs.
1861. A. Schm. Atl., PI. 31, f. 4-5.

A. amoenus, Grev., T.M.S. xii., p. 10, PL 1, f. 3 (1S64). A.
Schm. Atl., PI. 41, f. 13. One specimen agreeing very well
with A. Schmidt's figure.

A. Grunowii, 01., n.sp. Valve largo, -1--3 mm. in diameter, with
distant rows of granules radiating from the centre, where they arc
scattered. Between these are very small puueta ; below the granu-
lated surface is a reticulated layer; number of rays 6-10. PI. 12,
f. 8, ^f.

This beautiful species approaches very closely in general ap-
pearance to A. Grevilleanus, Norman (T.M.S. xii., p. 10, PI. 1,
f. 1, 1864), but the markings on that species show many
important differences ; nevertheless, our species has a close
affinity with it. A. Grevilleanus was found in the Moron deposit.

Cerataulus turgidus, Ehr. (1843). Van Heurck Syn., PI.
104, f. 1-2. Two small specimens, -05--06 mm. in diameter.

C. Johnsonianus (Grev.), CI. Biddulphia Johnsoniana, Grew
T.M.S. xiv., p. 6, PI. 2, f. 14-15 (1866). A very robust species,
•18 mm. in diameter. The puncta of the valve form irregular
wavy lines, about *11 in 0.1 mm. (Moron deposit, Greville.)

Auliscus conjluens, Grun. A. Schm., Probetafel, f. 1 (1874).
Atlas, PI. 32, f. 6-8. Several specimens, diameter *1 mm.

A. ccelatus, Bail. (1853). The specimens from the Tegel agree
with Figure 12, PI. 32, in A. Schm. Atl. (from Moron).

A. Normanianus, Grev. T.M.S. xii., PI. 11, f. 11 (1864). A.
Schm. Atl., PI. 32, f. 3, and PI. 67, f. 5. One valve agreeing
in every respect with the Moron specimen.

A. pulvinatus, 01., n.sp. Valve nearly oibicular ; processes

172 r. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS.

two, large, centre punctate depressed, surrounded by two elevated
rings, separated by a furrow. Structure : minute puncta, ar-
ranged in irregular radiating lines. Margin with a few short
apiculi. Diameter *08 mm. PI. 13, f. 9, ^~

AcTINOPTYCIIEuE .

Actinoptychus undulatut, Ebr. Large specimens '08-. 18 mm.
in diameter. Between the three marginal nodules and the central
area are distinct raphes.

A. splendens (Shadb.), Ralfs. Van Heurck Syn., PI. 119. Be-
sides the typical form I have observed the following varieties : —

var. Californica, Grim. Van Heurck Syn., PI. 120, f. 1.

var. Nicobarica, Grun., I.e., f. 4.

A. glabratus, Grun, I.e., PI. 120, f. 6.

var. incisa, Grun., I.e., f. 8.

A, vulgaris, var. Virginica, Grun., I.e., PI. 121, f. 7. PI. 13, f.
11. Another variety occurs in the Tegel, having a coarser reticular
and more distant rows of puncta. PI. 13, f. 10.

A. SimbirsJcianus, A. Schm. Atl., PI. 29, f. 11 (1875). One
specimen, resembling the figure in the Atlas.

A. Boliviensis, Janiscb. A. Schm., Atl. PI. 1, f. 23 (1875).
One large specimen. I regard as varieties of this species —

A. GriXndleri. A. Schm. Atl., PI. 1, f. 22 (1875).

A. Pfitzeri, I.e., PI. 29, f. 1 (1875).

The differences between the three forms consist in the number
of the marginal nodules, the form of the blank spaces, and the
depression of the surface, but all these characters are variable. In
PI. 13, f. 12, I give a figure of A. Pfitzeri, from the Tegel.
A. Grundleri has two nodules, and is larger, but does not other-
wise differ.

A: Moronensis (Grev.), CI. Omphalopelta Moronensis, Grev.
T.M.S. xiv., p. 122, PI. 2, f. 14 (1866). This species does not
seem to be rare in the Tegel, and varies in size from -08-*26 mm.
in diameter. Small specimens agree with Greville's figure, but
the large valves are more flattened and are slightly hexagonal.

Asterolampra Marylandica, Ehr. (1844). Diameter of valve
•11 mm., rows of puncta 8 in *01 mm.

Thaumatodisci Cleve.
In this family I propose to include some very remarkable forms
of Diatomacea3, the valves of which have prominent central pro-
cesses. I place in this family the genera Tkaumatonema, Greville,

T. T. OLEVB ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS. 1 7 ^ J

T.M.S., 1871. Strangulomena, Greville, T.M.S. (1873), and a new
and undescribed genus from the Tegel, Pyrgodiscus, Kitton, MS.

The genus Thaumatonema bears a long process, proceeding from
the centre of the circular valve, which afterwards becomes widely
forked. The apices of the forks articulate with those of the ad-
joining frustule. Valve (discoid) turgid, with a flattened centre.

Pyrgodiscus (from Tlvpyos, a tower), has a conspicuous square,
tower-like elevation, bearing large spines on its sides and angles.
Valve orbicular, with a large square central elevation, armed with
long and stout spines ; margin with small processes placed on
elevations. Surface with irregular line of radiating puncta. The
processes are connected with the central elevation by smooth
radiating lines.

Pyrgodiscus armatus, n.g. Kitton. End of the central
elevation flattened, with rows of small puncta, which do not reach
the centre, margins with four stout spines, below which and alter-
nating with them are four similar spines. Diameter of disc 'OS-'l
mm. (height of "tower" 2-r4 F.K.) The structure of the
valve seems to bear some resemblance to that of Polymyxus (?)
pulchellus, Grun. (in Van Heurck Sy., PI. 123, f. 5) and Tliauma-
tonema costatum, Grew (T.M.S. 13, PI. 8, f. 3). PI. 13, f. 13 a.b.c.

Herr Thum has not yet succeeded in rinding an entire frustule ;
it is therefore uncertain whether the two valves are alike. I am
much inclined to believe that they are not. My reason for this is
that he has sent me a specimen, which seems to me to be either
the opposite valve of a frustule or an abnormity. It is certainly
nearly allied to P. armatus. The following is a description of
it : Valve more irregular in structure ; it has 5 spines and a slight
indication of a sixth, but which do not project from a central eleva-
tion. PI. 13, f. 13, d. 4«°.

Arachxoidisca Cl., N. Fam.

Arachnoidiscus omatus, Ehb. (1849). A. Schm. Atl., PI. 73,
f. 4-6. Several corroded specimens.

Stictodiscus Californicus, Grey., var. areolata, Grun. A.
Schm. Atl , PI. 74, f. 1. (1882). I have seen five specimens
agreeing well with the figure in the Atlas, taken from a somewhat
corroded valve from the Moron deposit. Diameter -08-*l5 mm.
On uninjured specimens, the lines of marginal puncta split up into
2-3 rows of small puncta.

174 T. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS.

ACTINOCYCL^E.

Actinocyclus Ehrenbergii, Ralfs. (1861). Van Heurck Syn.,
PI. 123, f. 7.

A. (alienus, var. ? Grun.) undatus, Cleve., Disc. •07-*l mm. in
diameter ; pseudo nodule indistinct ; valve with radiating and
branching lines of puncta (or small cellular) 5-6 in *01 mm. ;
surface concentric, elevations and depressions. It is with some
hesitation I refer this form to A. alienus ; the radiating lines of
puncta do not form such distinctly oblique and decussating trans-
verse rows as shown in Grunow's figures in Van Heurck's Syn., PI.
125, f. 10 and 12 ; near the margin they have this arrangement,
but on the other part of the valve they resemble A. stibtilis., fig. 7
(PI. 124), PI. 13, f. 14 ±§*.

MELOSIREiE.

Paralia sulcata (Elib.), Cleve (1864), GallioncUa sulcata.
Ehb., (1838). Orthosira marina Sm. S.B.D. n., p. 59 (1856),
Paralia marina, Heib. (1863).

Melosirat clavigera, Grun. Van Heurck Syn., PI. 91, f. 1-2,
(1881). M. Sol. (Ehr.) Kiitz. Gallionella Sol, Ehb. (1844). M.
Sol., Kiitz. (1849). Van Heurck Syn., PI. 91, f. 9.

M. Omnia CI. n.sp. Valve orbicular with a circle of puncta
(6-7 in *01 mm.) between the margin and the centre (but nearer
the former), the margin finely striate (21 in •01 mm.), the re-
mainder of the valve smooth. Diameter, '085 mm. PI. 13, 1. 15.

480
1 '

M. Borreri, Grev. Brit. Flora.

Podosira antediluviana, CI. Valve very convex and robust, with
minute puncta scattered at the centre, but forming minute irregularly
radiating lines on the other parts of the valve. PI. 13, f. 16, —-.

Pyxidicula cruciata, Ehr. (1841), Mg., PI. 33, f. 7. One speci-
men. Dia. '056. Cellules 3-4 in *01 mm.

Endictya oceanica, Ehr. (1845). A. Schm. Atl., PI. 65, f. 10.
Diameter '09-* 15 mm. Cellules 2 in *01 mm.

E. minor. A. Schm. Atl., PI. 65. f. 4 (1881), E. oceanica in CI.
and Moll, Diat. No. 110. Diameter -09 mm. Cellules 3 in
•01 mm. Craspcdodiscus Coscinodiscus, Ehr. (1844.) A. Schm#
Atl., PI. 66, f. 3-4. One specimen '11 mm. in diameter. Cellules
in the limbus 2 in '01 mm. ; in the concave part 4 in *01 mm,

Coscinodiscus griseus, Grev. T.M.S., in., p. 230, PI. 9, f. 7

P. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS. 175

(1863.) I Lave seen one valve ; it lias a small central space with-
out granules. Row of granules 9 in "01 mm., margin with short
granulated striae 'lG-'Ol mm. Diameter -055 mm. The arrange-
ment of the lines of puncta agrees very [well with Greville's
figure, but differs from that in Van Heurck (Syn., PI. 132, f. 1),
which has also very much coarser marginal stride. The " Tegel "
specimen also differs very much from figures 13 and 14 (PI. 58 in
Schmidt's Atlas), which have coarser granules, and the margins are
not striate.

C. elegans, Grey. T.M.S. xiv, p. 3, PL 1, f. G (1860). A. Schm.
AtL, PL 58, f. 7. Several specimens from -05 to -08 mm. in
diameter. Rows of puncta 3 to 4 in -01 mm., marginal striae 12
in '01 mm. I regard as a variety C. biradiatus, Grev. (T.M.S.
ix, p. 42, PL 4,f. 7 (1861)., and A. Schm. AtL, PL 58, f. 2). This
form also occurs in the Tegel.

C. Thumii, Cle., n.sp. Valve *075 mm. in diameter; lines of
granules radiant, unequal in length, not reaching the centre ;
crowded near the margin, where they are 6 in '01 mm. PL 13,
f. 17, 4-f-°.

C. nitidus, Greg. (1857). A. Schm. AtL PL 58, f. 18. Valve
•088 mm. in diameter. The puncta exhibit a tendency to form
radiating lines.

C. radiatus, Ebb. (1839), Gran. Diat. Fr. Jos. Land, p.
19. Cellules about 2*5 in -01 mm., in the margin about 4 in -01
mm. Diameter *12 mm. Some varieties approach near to C.
crassus, C. heteroporus.

C. Argus, C. marginatus, and C. Oculus Iridis, but they
are not typical specimens of these species.

C. robustus, Grev. (T.M.S. xiv., p. 3, PL 1, f. 8, 1866).
Specimens from the Tegel are -09-'01 mm. in diameter, and have
2 cellules in '01 mm. Some of the Tegel specimens very much
resemble A. Schm., figure 3, PL 62, in AtL Others having smaller
cellules (3--01 mm.) approach closely to C. marginatus, C. bi-
marginatus, and C. radiatus.

C. Asteromphalus Ebb. (1844 ). Some splendid specimens
occur in the Tegel of the varieties eximia, Grun. (A. Schm. AtL,
PL 63, f. 12), and var. liybrida, Grun., Fra. Jos. Land Diat. 79,
PL c, f. 9. C. centralis (AtL, PL 63, f. 1.)

Xanthiopyxis oblonga, Ehb. (Mg. ; PL 33, 17, f. 17). This
curious form is probably an auxospore of some Diatom, perhaps a

176 P. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS.

ffemiauliiSj and is nearly related to Stephanofiyxis limbata, Ehr.
(Van Heurck Syn., PI. 83, ter. f. 13-14.) PI. 13, f. 18.

Some 80 species of Diatoms have been found in the Tegel of
Briinn, and with the two exceptions Campylodiscus hibernicus and
C. Clypeus (the former occurring in fresh and the latter in brackish
water) ; all are decidedly marine. Only a comparatively few
appear to be extinct, and of those a remarkable number have been
detected in the " Moron deposit," which is said to be found near
Seville, in Spain.

Of the recent species many forms are now living in the far-dis-
tant seas of Japan, California, West Indies, &c, proving that
the Tegel was a deposit in a sea of a tropical or sub-tropical
character.

It is of great interest to compare these fossil forms with recent
specimens, and to note how little their characteristics have been
altered by the conditions to which they have been exposed during
the long period that has elapsed since the later tertiary and the
present time.

Specimens of the Tegel Diatoms, mounted as " Typen Platten "
can be obtained of Herr Thum, 2, Teichstrasse, Leipzig.

Additional Forms Found by F. Kitton in a Sample of the
Tegel, Cleaned by Herb, Thum.

Campylodiscus Echeneis, not unfrequent.

Nitzschia circumsuta, several valves.

Surirella elegans? several valves, only differs from the fresh-
water form in the canaliculi being more robust.

Stauroneis jihamicenteron, fragment of a valve.

Nitzschia scalaris, fragment of a valve.

Navicula major, two valves.

Trinacria excavata, one valve.

Aidacodiscus angidatus, one valve agreeing exactly with a speci-
men in my collection, identified by Dr. Greville.

Aidacodiscus, n.sp. When the lower surface is in focus it is some-
what like a coarse A . margaritaceus, but when the objective is focussed
on the upper surface the markings very much resemble those in Aida-
codiscus (Eupodiscus) Argus. The furrows are much more dis-
tinct than those on A. margaritaceus ; number of processes, 6 ;
diameter of valve '0040.

A. Grunowii docs not appear to be very rare in the Tegel, as

:.i.c.

Ser.H.Vol. 2. PL XII

^o oc c-c _
^lo o o <=» c .
X°oocc -
Do oc^>cc -
^o oocc L

■40°

-

QQQyuaoj

2 "b.

>JC

>&

V

280 5 V

8 .Xfr

P. T. Cleve del.

W. Rkein sc.

DIATOMS FROM THE BRUNN "TEGEL.

Jo-urn. Q. M. C.

Ser.ILVoL2.Pl.XIII.

P. T. Cle-ve A&L

W. Kheri

DIATOMS PROM THE BRUNN ' TEGEL."

P. T. CLEVE ON SOME FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMS. 177

fragments frequently occur ; my specimen is imperfect (about two-
thirds of a valve.) This form has also some resemblance to A.
superb us, Kitton.

Cosmiodiscus, Barbadensis, Grev., (?) var. I have seen two or
three valves of what I take to be Greville's species. This form is
very common in a Tegel from Struhar, Hungary.

Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii. One specimen.

AsteroJampra Marylandica. One specimen.

Navicula aspera, var. intermedia. If the fact of the lines of
striae on one side of the median line being shorter than on the
other is of any generic value, the above-named diatom belongs to
the genus Alloioneis ; but I have found forms with the pseudo
stauros and the lines of striae equal (Ar. aspera type); without the
stauros and the lines of stria? also equal; with the stria? unequal
(Alloioneis) ; with stria* nearly touching the median line, and an
inconspicuous blank space round the central nodule. All these
forms have the characteristic stria? of the type form, and gradually
merge into each other.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate XII.

Fig. 1. Navicula gemmatula, var ? 4£°.

" 2, Campylodiscus obsoletus, CI., n.sp., a, 2f°, b. c. 10T0°.

3. Syringidium, sp., 4^°.

4. Triceratium turgidum, CI., n.sp., 2^°.

5. ,, Stokesianum, a. b., 2^°.

6. ,, trisulcum, var. minor, CI., 4y°.

7. „ tesselatum, 4^°.

8. Aulacodiscus Gruuowii, CI., n.sp., 2f°.

a
((

Plate XIII.

Fig. 9. Anliscus pnlvinatus, CI., n.sp., 4-p8.
" 10. Actinoptychus vulgaris, var.1 °f° .
"11. „ „ var. Virginica, 10f °.

"12. „ Boliviensis, var. Pfitzeri, 4«°.

" 13. Pyrgodiscus armatus N.G. et. sp. Kitton, a. S.V. 4^°, b.
part of do. 10f°, c. F.V. 4f°, d. opposite valve of do.?
or abnormal form ?
" 14. Aotinocyclus (alienus ?) undatus, CI., 4f°.
" 15. Melosira Omma CI., n.sp., 4f°.
" 16. Podosira antediluviana CI., n.sp., 4-2-°.
" 17. Coscinodiscus Thumii CI., n.sp.
" 18. Xanthiopyxis oblonga, 4f °, a. F.Y. b. S.V.

178

On the Mysterious Appearance op a Diatom.

By F. Kitton, Hon. F.R.M.S.

{Read July 2ith, 1885.)

In my list of Norfolk Diatoms I note two species occurring in
the water supply of the city of Norwich. These were Asterionella gra-
cillima, Heib, and Diatoma elongata. Previous to the covering in of
the reservoirs these forms were nearly always present in the deposit
left in a precipitating glass, or on a piece of filtering paper after
allowing the water to ran slowly through it for several hours.
Since the reservoirs have been covered I have not been able to find
these or any other forms in the water, but I have noticed that
occasionally during the spring and summer months rust-coloured
stains appeared on the carafes if the water was allowed to remain
unchanged for a few days. This I thought might be attributed to
the presence of lime and iron, particularly as they apparently dis-
appeared with effervescence when acid was introduced. A few
weeks ago I scraped off a little of the film and examined it with a
^-inch objective, when I found it was composed entirely of frustules
of Achnanthes (Achnanthidium, Breb.) linearis ; this somewhat sur-
prised me, as I have never found it on the filter papers. I there-
fore (on June 25) filtered 8 ozs. of the water into a glass-stoppered
bottle, using a filter paper 1 inch in diameter and a very small
•^lass funnel. When the bottle was filled I removed the paper and
boiled it in sulphuric acid, which I afterwards decarbonized with chlo-
rate of potash ; the residuum, after the usual washing and concentra-
tion, I examined, but could find no indication of diatomaceous re-
mains. I now turned my attention to the bottle of filtered water. In
the course of a few days the stains began to appear, and on July 7th
were much increased in size and depth of colour. I poured off the
water and removed the film with a camel's-hair pencil ; after clean-
ing with nitric acid I found that this also consisted of the above-
named Diatom unmixed with any other form. As this is a very
minute species ('000 1" in length and less than '0002" in breadth),
I thought it just possible that some of the frustules might have

F. KITT0N ON THE MYSTERIOUS APPEARANCE OP A DIATOM. 179

passed through the paper and have continued to increase in the
filtered water. In order to test this I filtered some emery powder,
which had remained in suspension six or seven hours, the particles
of which were less than the -00005 in size ; these I found did not
pass through the filter.

I do not conclude from this that it is a case of spontaneous
generation, but rather as indicating the existence of microspores
sufficiently minute to pass through the paper. I have some bottles
of distilled water, prepared two months ago, none of which exhibit
any indications of the existence of Diatoms or other organisms.*

* The development of ruycelia takes place very rapidly in the distilled
water containing cleaned preparations unless it is mixed with at least an
equal quantity of spirit. This, I believe, is due to the cork, the bottom of
which moulds, and the spores fall into the water and produce mycelia.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II , No. 13.

180

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Delivered at the Annual General Meeting, 24th July, 1885.

By Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, &c.

You will excuse me, gentlemen, I am sure, if I limit my re-
marks to a very few points. One of the manifestations of the
nervous prostration or depression under which I have suffered is a
great failure of voice. The genial weather and dry air of the last
two days have rather invigorated me, I am happy to say, or I
should not have been down here this evening.

In the first place let me congratulate you on having secured the
services, as President, of Mr. Michael. Mr. Michael is pre-
eminently one of that class which I think it is the especial
function of this Club to foster, the class of those who take up the
microscope and microscojucal research, as a means of pleasurable
occupation, but who pursue it not as mere dilettanti, but in the
spirit in which I recommended it to you in my opening address.
The value to one's self, and the interest, I think, of microscopic study,
are greatly raised by a systematic pursuit of some limited depart-
ment, after having qualified the mind by a general logical study to
appreciate the importance of a larger acquirement of biological in-
formation, obtained, it may be, by books, but as much as possible
by actual observation. But the taking up of a particular group of
natural history — which, as I then explained to you, one is some-
times directed to by mere accident — the taking up a special group
and working that group as thoroughly as the individual's means of
research permit, that is the way in which science is benefited, and
I can assure you that it is the way in which the pleasure and
advantage of microscopical research to the individual are most felt
— much more than by the mere dilettante pursuit of this, and that,
and the other study, which lead to nothing.

Mr. Michael is, I believe, engaged during a large part of his
time in business — professional work — which has nothing whatever
to do with any department of biology, but he has devoted himself

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 181

for many years to the study of one particular group, the Oribatidce^
and yet from observations I have heard from him, here and else-
where, it is quite clear that he has obtained a very large amount
of general biological information, which gives him an interest in
knowing what is going on in other departments ; but it is the
special study of the Oribatidce which has gained for Mr. Michael
great credit amongst naturalists, and which has added very con-
siderably to our knowledge of an extremely curious and interesting
group.

Now with regard to the communications which have been made
during the present year, I would just mention two in especial ; one
the communication made to us by Mr. Buff ham, on the con-
jugation of Rhabdonema. Those who were present on the night on
which that communication was made will remember that I then
made some remarks upon it, which I need not now repeat. I
would only say at the present time that the peculiar phenomenon
which Mr. Buffham believes to have taken place — he has not
actually observed it, remember — is the most singular thing that
we know, if it does occur as he believes, and I do hope that he, or
some one else, will follow up those observations, and will be able
to produce further evidence that the interpretation he has put
upon them is the correct one. Everyone who is familiar with any
department of natural history study will know that you may see a
thing with the ordinary eyes, but, as it were, you have to see it with
the mental eye also, and that you may be perfectly correct in describ-
ing what you see if you merely describe it or draw it, and yet you
may be quite wrong in the interpretation you put upon it. Now I
may refer to myself as a " dreadful example." When I brought
out my Memoir on the " Structure of Shells," now about 40 years
ago, nobody doubted at all that I was correct in the interpretation
which I put upon what I saw. The plates of that memoir, pub-
lished in the British Association's Proceedings for 1841 — of which,
if there is not a copy in the library, I shall be happy to give a
copy — for lately these old Proceedings have been given away, as it
were, by the Council of the British Association, and I secured a
few copies of the two volumes containing those memoirs. There
are 20 plates in the first, and 20, I think, in the second, published
in 1817. There is not a single thing in those plates which I can-
not show ; they were drawn by the best microscopical draughts-
man of the time — Mr. Leonard ; but the interpretation I put upon

182 the president's address.

them now is very different. What I and everybody else believed
were cells in those days, we do not believe are cells at all now ;
and what I believed were vessels, prove in many instances to be
parasitic growths in the substance of the shell. That shows the
difference of interpretation in the things you actually see, and it
shows you how important it is to distinguish between the two —
the things you see with the bodily eye, so to speak, and the things
you see with the mind's eye. In those days everybody was finding
cells everywhere. It was just the beginning of the cell doctrine,
and when the cellular structure of the epidermis of the higher
animals was discovered, of course the verv natural inference was
that the things corresponding with the epidermis — the epidermic
skeleton — would be proved to be cellular also ; and the evidence
seemed quite satisfactory, and yet now that evidence is found
to bear a very different interpretation. You know the old saying,
that a wise man changes his mind as often as he sees occasion for
it. I have never stuck to an error when I really felt there was
sufficient ground for changing my opinion, and, therefore, in the
later editions of my book on the microscope, I have given what I
believe to be the true interpretation of these appearances. So it is
quite possible that the appearances described by Mr. BufThaui may
be susceptible of some other interpretation. I very cordially hope
that these observations may be followed up through successive
seasons until it shall be shown that there is only one interpreta-
tion, whatever that may be, put upon them.

Now, I have a few remarks to make upon another communica-
tion, which we had from Mr. Lowne on the structure of the eyes
of insects. It was not my good fortune to be present at more than
just the conclusion of that communication, but I knew Mr. Lowne's
views on the subject ; and I have since read the last paper which
he communicated to the Linnasan Society. It was with very great
regret that, just about Easter, I read in the columns of " Nature "
a strong condemnation of this paper, and of the want of proper
knowledge on the part of the Council of the Linnasan Society,
which had induced them to publish it ; and this, from one of the
ablest of the younger school of naturalists, Professor Eay
Lankester, of whom I wish to speak with every respect as to his
great ability, his large contributions — most important contributions
— to various departments of biological research ; whose father was
an old fellow-student of mine in this very building, and was to the

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 183

time of his death a valued friend. But I should take that letter
of Professor Ray Lankester as just an example of what scientific
criticism ought not to be ; and I do not hesitate to say this to you,
because I have said exactly the same thing in private to Professor
Ray Lankester himself. I happened to be staying, at the time
when I read it in " Nature," with my friend, Professor Allman,
formerly of Edinburgh, who now resides at Parkstone, and with
whose extremely valuable contributions to various departments of
study — of the lower animals especially — many of you are doubtless
familiar. Professor Allman is a man of very wide attainments,
both in botany and zoology ; who commands the respect of every-
one who knows him ; who has been a most able teacher in Edin-
burgh, where he held a Professorship of Zoology for many years,
and who still is cultivating this science. He is working out the
hydroid polypes of the chalk formation, and everything that Pro-
fessor Allman has done has been done extremely well, and done in
the very best spirit as a man. He entirely agreed with me in
my great regret at the tone and the manner of Professor Ray Lan-
kester's criticism. Now, I believe Mr. Lowne is right scientifically.
I have gone into the subject a little since. I have not seen Mr.
Lowne's preparations, but I have conversed with those who have,
and I have seen the most important recent German memoir upon
this subject. The point under discussion is, what is really the
retina of the eye ? what is really the position of it ? Mr. Lowne
says there is a distinct membranous layer that cuts off the nerve
filaments from passing to what others consider the true retina.
Now, I put aside altogether the question whether Mr. Lowne is
right or wrong, but Mr. Lowne has been a very good worker, we
all know. He was the first who introduced or applied the more
modern methods of microscopical research to the investigation of
the eyes of arthropods. I very well remember the valuable paper
which he contributed to the Royal Society a good many years ago.
We all felt that it was a very great advance upon previous know-
ledge, and a great advance in the method of investigation ; and,
therefore, I think that anything that Mr. Lowne brings forward as
the result of his later investigation upon this subject is to be
received and treated with respect. We may differ from him, we
may think that he has made a mistake, that he has misinterpreted
what he sees, or that his preparations do not accurately show what
can be shown ; but I do think that it is not for anyone to say dicta-

184 the president's address.

torially that Mr. Lowne is absolutely and clearly wrong ; and I
wish to put it upon record that I have a very strong objection —
derived from the habit of a life and a considerable experience in
criticism — I have a very strong objection to the assumption by
anyone of the tone, " I am Sir Oracle, and when I ope my mouth
let no dog bark." As I have said before, I do not wish in any way
— in the least degree — to detract from the valuable work which
Professor Ray Lankester has done, or from the very great respect
in which I hold any opinion of his in this matter, or any other
matter of the kind ; but I do not think that any worker who is
really honestly endeavouring to add to our knowledge of a very
difficult subject should be, if I may so speak, " snubbed" in the
way Mr. Lowne has been snubbed.

I do not think, gentlemen, that I have anything special to add
with regard to the proceedings of this year. I believe they have
been quite up to the average of good work, and I have every
reason to believe that, under my successor, that average is likely
to be increased, and raised rather than lowered.

I may just mention one or two directions in which scientific
inquiry, I think, may very well be prosecuted by those who have
the opportunity for it. One is a subject in which I take myself a
very great interest — the question whether the bacteria (a proper
knowledge of which is becoming of increased importance in every-
day life) whether the bacteria have permanent specific forms, and
not only specific forms, but distinctive potencies, which some
naturalists, very careful observers, are disposed to attribute to
them, or whether they are capable of being modified by culture or
by natural influences so as to change their potency — to diminish or
increase it, or altogether alter their characters. Now, I have
always been one, as many of you may be aware, who has taken the
view of the very wide range of species, especially among the lower
types of animal and vegetable life. I was led to this very early,
and I expressed it five-and-forty years ago ; and everything I have
seen and known since has increased my conviction that we must
always make great allowances for external influences, and the
greater allowance in proportion, so to speak, as the vital force is
less — that is to say, as there is less power in the germ itself to
withstand the influences of external conditions. Since we have
come to connect this kind of bacteria growth with the production
of diseases, a great number of things have come to be explained,

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 185

or at least to be made probable, which were previously considered
mere curiosities, as it were. I allude to those very curious bastard
forms of disease which are observable from time to time, the forms
connecting different diseases with each other — diphtheria and scar-
latina for instance, or scarlatina and measles. The manifestation
of particular disease germs may be extraordinarily affected by the
condition of the body in which they fructify. The small-pox
of 200 years ago was a very different disease from the miti-
gated small-pox propagated by inoculation, before vaccination
came into use — the old malignant type of small-pox, in which
patients died within a few clays after taking the disease, frequently
before any eruption appeared at all, but with large patches of
sub-cutaneous effusion — purpuric effusion — under the skin, that
was known as the black-pox, which was described 250 years ago
as having ravaged continental Europe with a severity even greater
than the plague. That black-pox was prevalent in this country,
as we learn from medical writings, and not only medical but
historical, or the writings of the ordinary chroniclers of the times —
that black-pox was prevalent, carrying off whole families some-
times, and the accounts given show that it was one of the most
horribly loathsome of all diseases. Now, in the treatises on small-
pox written by the best observers during the present century,
that malignant small-pox is mentioned merely as a form which may
show itself once now and then, but of which nobody has ever seen
an epidemic in this present century, and my belief is that the effect
of inoculation with small-pox was to eliminate this, because inocu-
lation was only practised when a favourable epidemic of small-
pox— that is an epidemic in which these malignant cases did not
occur — was prevalent, and the cases selected for taking the virus
from were mild cases, and that in that way everybody being
inoculated with the small-pox, except in out-of-the-way country
places, the malignant form, as it were, died out. It was, in fact, as
in a somewhat similar way, getting rid of that malignant form, as
Pasteur's inoculation of sheep gets rid of the malignant chabon.
It is on record that the mortality of small-pox towards the end of
the last century, when protected by inoculation, was often not more
than one in 100. I have lately seen a paper, which was com-
municated to the Society of Arts a few weeks ago, on inoculation
as practised among some of the hill-tribes of India not more than
20 years ago, and there the result seems to have been the same.

186 the president's address.

It had been traditionally practised there a great many years, cen-
turies perhaps, and it had brought down the mortality from small-
pox to a very small figure indeed ; that had been superseded by
vaccination, and under the very able administration of the medical
officer of this district, the native prejudice against vaccination
had been removed, and the mortality from small-pox brought
down to next to nothing. But see what occurred during the siege
of Paris in 1870. There had been a very severe outbreak of small-
pox in Paris in the early part of the year, before the war broke out.
In the civil population of Paris — not the military — vaccination
had been very much neglected — re-vaccination especially ; there
was no authoritative performance of it excepting in the military ; and
in the French Army — the regulars — it had been on the whole very
satisfactorily performed or kept up ; and positively in June of that
year, when there were more than 1,000 cases — deaths — from small-
pox in that one month, in the civil population of Paris, there was an
entire absence — such a complete absence of small-pox in the large
garrison of Paris that the small-pox ward of the military hospital
was closed. Then came the war; then came the replacement of
the old soldiers of the garrison of Paris, who were wanted else-
where, by levies hastily got together. There was a great deficiency
of vaccine matter — many of these had never been vaccinated, and
many more not been re-vaccinated ; then came the shutting up of
Paris as the German Army drew near, the crowding of the military
hospitals, a very insufficient supply of food, and that not of a good
quality — a kind of feeding that was liable to induce land scurvy,
and what was the consequence? In November, 1870, there were,
I think, about 120 cases of the malignant form of small-pox in the
large small-pox hospital, which it had been necessary to institute —
the old hospital of the Bicetre. The reporter of this, Dr. Couran,
who is now, I believe, at the head of the medical service of the
Army, says that there has been no such epidemic of this malignant
type of small-pox during the last century in Europe. Now
observe, if you did not know that these patients had been subjected
to small-pox infection, and if sometimes the case did not go on to
develop the eruption — if they had all died before the eruption
appeared, as they very commonly did die after the 5th or 6th day
after the infection, we should not have known these two diseases
to have been the same, so completely and entirely different were
they in their types, and yet it was clearly small-pox infection

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 187

modified in its mode of manifestation by the constitutional con-
dition of the patients. Now, my own belief is that there is a very
large amount of this modification, and that there is a very large
range of forms of disease that may be produced by the same infec-
tion ; that the bacteria, when cultivated, as it were, in the human
body, may undergo a very considerable amount of modification in
their potentialities, and that they may under some circumstances
give rise to one form, and under other circumstances to another
form of disease. I Worked out this view about a year and a half
ago in a paper which I published in the " Nineteenth Century,"
which I daresay is accessible in some library to any of you
who care to learn my views upon it. I may say that
since I have published that paper I have had a very large amount
of evidence sent to me kindly by various practitioners in the country,
as to the variety of manifestations of what was clearly the same
contagion, and these facts all fall in with my general natural history
notions, you observe, formed from the experience of a life ; for I
may say that whenever I have come across a man who has attended
to one particular groove — plants or animals — I have inquired about
range, and have always learned it was a great deal wider than books
would lead you to suppose — that you may have specific descrip-
tions, but that these specific descriptions are liable to very con-
siderable modification — I should say the types are liable to very
considerable modification. Now this is a very important considera-
tion, and 1 may say that there Professor Ray Lankester has per-
formed good service in the careful study that he made some years
ago of the form of these bacilli. That study is contained in the
i( Microscopical Journal " — not the " Journal of the Microscopical
Society," but the u Quarterly Microscopical Journal " — and I believe
that the varieties that he described in that — the variation of form —
have been quite confirmed by many who have made a special study
of bacilli. To my mind the variation of form and the variation of
potentiality constitute one of the most interesting subjects of bio-
logical inquiry at the present time; and there is just one other very
curious point in which microscopical evidence is wanting to complete
a most interesting scientific research. Many of you know, I have
no doubt, that the process of what is called nitrification, or the pro-
duction of nitric acid, has long been one of the problems of che-
mistry. Of course wre all know that nitric acid can be produced by
passing a succession of electric sparks through a mixture of nitro-

188 the president's address.

gen and oxygen — common air, even — but still more, nitrogen and
oxygen mixed in the proportion which produces nitric acid. Every
thunderstorm probably produces a certain small amount of nitric
acid in the air, but it is in the soil, you know, that nitric acid seems
to be produced, and Mr. Waddington, the son of my old friend Mr.
Waddington, of the old Microscopical Society, has published, a few
months ago, a most interesting paper, which has made a great im-
pression upon some of our most able chemists, leading to the con^
elusion that this nitrification is a result of the action of some pn>
tophyte. He has not been able to discover it microscopically, but
the experimental evidence is so strong that I think there is very
little doubt entertained by some of those to whom I have spoken on
the subject as chemists — extremely good judges — that some minute
organism is the real agent in producing this most important conver-
sion.

Now, gentlemen, I feel that I have exhausted the little strength
that I had, and I therefore must wish you farewell. I do so with
great regret at my own shortcomings, but with every hope for the
future welfare and prosperity of the Club.

189

Q.M.C. EXCURSIONS.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Esher, By
Messrs. J. Funston and R. T. G. Nevins.

DESMIDIACEJE.

Closterium.

Micrasteria rotata.
DIATOM ACEsE.

Nitzschia.

Pinnularia.

Pleurosigma SpenceriL
CRYPTOGAMIA.

Mar chantia polymorph*,
PHANEROGAMIA.

Drosera rotundifolia.

Sept. 6th, 1884.

Hypericum elodes.

Peplis portula.

Scutellaria minor.
INFUSORIA.

Actinophrys Eichhornii.

Peridinium^ sp.

Stent or Miilleri.

Trachelius ovum.

Vaginicola crystallina.
COCCIDM.
A white Coccus on an Agaric.

The Jay was very wet, and only three members went on this
excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Hale End, By
Messrs. W, G. Cocks, J. D. Hardy, R. T. G. Nevins, C. Rous-
selet, J. Spencer, and A. Wildy.

ALGjE.

Protococcus viridis.
Uroglena vol vox.
Volvox globator.

,, ,, in an abnormal

mucoid condition.
DESMIBIACEM.

Closterium lunula^ monilife-

rum, and others.
Desmidium Swartzii.
Micrasteria rotata.

Sept. 20th, 1884.

DIATOMACEM.

Navicula.

Pinnularia oblonga.
INFUSORIA.

Ama?ba, a very large species.
Anthophysa Miilleri.
Arcella dentata.

,, vulgaris.
Bursaria vernalis.

„ truncatella.

Carchesium polypinum.

190

INFUSORIA.

Coleps hirtus.

Diffiugia proteiformis.

Dinobryon petiolatum.

Enchelys nodulosa.

,, „ in process of

subdivision.

JSuglena (viridis ?) with bi-
furcate tail.*

Epistylis anastatica, attached
in tufts to Dytiscus margi-
n alis.

Hem idin ium n a su turn.

Loxophyllum mileagris (or
Chilodon cucullus).

Peridininm tabulatum.

Phacus longicanda.

Rhipidodendron Huxleyi.

Spirostomum ambiguum.

Stentor niger.

Stylonichia mytilus.
HYDROZOA.

Hydra viridis.

ROTIFERA.

Anuraa culeata.

Brachionus Bakeri, & others.

Ceplialo siphon limnias.

Floscularia cornuta.
,, ornata.

Lymnias ceratophylli.

Noteus quadricomis.

Notommata clavidata.

Polyarthra trigla.

Rotifer vulgaris.

Sal pin a.

Scaridium longicaudum.

Squamella bractea ?

Stephanoceros Eichliomii.

Triarthra longiseta.
COLEOPTERA.

Dytiscus marginalis.

Gyrinus natator.
DIPT ERA.

Corethra plumicornis. Larva.
HEMIPTERA.

Nepa cinerea.

Twelve members of the Club, and four members of the Hackney
Society, attended this excursion, which was a very successful one.
Two remarkable objects were found, one an enormous amoeboid,
and the other a rare rotifer, Notommata clavulata.

List of Objects Found ox the Excursion to Richmond Park,
By Messrs. J. D. Hardy, 0. Rousselet, and A. Wildy.

October 4th, 1884.

CONFERVOID ALG^.

Lyngbya muralis.
Rivularia angulosa.
Spirogyra quin in a .
DESMIDIACEsE.

Closterium, sp. very minute.

Closterium lunula.
Cosmarium margaritiferum.
Didymocladon furcigerus .
Pediastriim, sp.

g rami Latum.

ptertusum.
Scenedesmus quadricauda.

>)

>>

* The Eur/lena with " bifurcate tail " which was found by Mr. Hardy, is
probably Chlorogonium euchlorum, Ehr., the distinctive characters of which
are — " a red eye-spot, a tail, and two anterior filaments "

191

INFUSORIA.

Anthophysa vegetans.

Arcella vulgaris.

Carchesium polypinum.

Cothurnia.

DiJJiugia proteiformis.

Dileptus folium.

JEpistylis grandis.

Euglypha alveolata.

Monads, collared.

Ophrydium versatile.

Vaginicola crystallina

Vorticella, with short thick
stem, much branched.
HYDROZOA.

Hydra fusca.

ROTIFER A.

Cephalosiphon limn ias.
Dinocharis tetractis.
Floscularia regcdis.
Limnias ceratophylli.
Melicerta ringens.
Scaridium longicaudum.
Stephanoceros Eichhornii.
ENTOMOSTRACA.
Alona ovuta.
Cypris reptans.
Daphnia male, very large

body, 2 mm. long.
Sida crystcdlina.

Mr. Rousselet reports finding the new and beautiful Floscularia
ngalis, which was described and figured in the Journal of the Royal
Microscopical Society.

Eight members of the Club, and one member of the South London
Society, attended the Excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Hackney Marshes
By Messrs. J. Funston, J. D. Hardy, G. E. Mainland, and

C. ROUSSELET.

October 18th, 1884.

CONFERVOID ALGsE.

Oscillator ia.

Spirulina oscdlatorioides.
DESMIDIA CE^E.

Closterium acerosum.
„ lunula.

Cosmarium tetraophthalmum.

Scenedesmus quadricauda.
DIATOMACE.E.

Navicula, several species.

Stauroneis, sp.

INFUSORIA.

Arcella vulgaris.
Carchesium poly pin um.
Chilodon cucullus.
Dileptus folium.
Euglena acus.
Euplotes vannus.
Paramecium aurelia.
Stentor Miilleri.

polymorp)hus.

viridis.
Stylonichia.

v

>>

192

The foul state of the River Lea, and the Lea and Stort Naviga-
gation from sewage deposit, prevented many objects usually found
therein from being obtained.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to the Gardens op
the Royal Botanic Society of London. By Dr. M. C.
Cooke, Messrs. E. Dadswell, C. G. Dunning, H. E.
Freeman, H. G. Glasspoole, G. E. Mainland, R. T. G.
Nevins, F. Oxley, H. W. Parritt, C. Rousselet, and G.
E. Western.

18th April, 1885.

FUNGI.

Ceuthospora lauri, Fr.
Diaporthe resecans, N.
Phoma leucostigma, D. C.
,, ligustrina* S.
„ stiticum, B.
„ vulgaris, S.
Rabenhorstia rudis, Fr.
DESMIDI^CE^.
Closterium acerosum.
,, lunula.

sp.
Docidium, sp.
Pediastrum Boryanum .
,, granulatum.

sp.
Raphidium falcatum (Ankis-

trodesmus falcatus)
Scenedesmus obliquus.

,, quadricaudata.

,, sp.

DIATOMACEsE.
Cocconema lanceolatum.

Cocconema sp.
Encyonema cwspitosum.

„ sp.

Epithemia, sp.
Fragillaria, sp.
Gomphonema geminatum.

„ sp.

Melosira nummuloides.

sp.
Navicula, sp.
Pinnularia, sp.
Pleurosigma Spenceri.

„ sp.

Synedra radians.

„ sp.
ALGM.

Botryococcus Braunii.
Cladophora glomerata.
Nostoc commune.
Oscillaria, sp.
Protococcus riridis.
Spirogyra, two sp.
Teiraspora lubrica.

* Determined for the first time as British.

193

PROTOZOA,

Acineta mystacina.

>)

sp.

Acineta stage of Opercularia

articulata ?
Actino splice ri urn Eichhornii.
Actinophrys sol.

„ three sp.

Another rhizopod much
smaller than A. sol, hav-
ing numerous moniliform
rays.
Actinophrys stage of Vorti-

cella microstoma ?
Amcebaprinceps.

„ sp.
Arcella vulgaris.
Coleps liirtus.
Cothurnia unberbis.
Dileptus folium.
Epistylis anastatica.
„ Jlav leans.
„ grand is.

„ nutans.

Euplotes charon.
,, patella.
Opercularia (epistylis) nu-
tans.
PROTOZOA.

Phacus (Eaglena) longi-

cauda.
Phacus sp.
Spliaropkyra sol.
Stentor co?ruleus.
M idler i.
polymorphus.
sp.

>>

5)

>)

55

Trachelitis ovum.
Tracheolerca olor.
Trichodiscus sol.
Vaginicola crystallina.

„ sp.
Vorticella campanula,
nebulifera.
spectabilis.
„ sp.
Zooth a. m n iu m arbuscula.
sp.
PORIFERA.

Spongilla, sp.
CCELENTERATA.
Hydra viridia.
Limnocodium (craspedacus-
tes) Sowerbii.
ROTIFERA.

Anura?a curvicornis.
L'rachionus amphiceros.
arceolaris.

j?

>>

sp.

Callidina elegans.
Chaitonotus larus.
Enteroplea hydatina.
Eosphora digitata.
Euchlanis triquetra.

„ sp.
Floscularia cornnta.

,, ornata.

Lepadella, sp ?
Limnias ceratophylli.
Afastigocerca carinata.
Monocerca rattus.
Notommata hyptopus.
CEcistes crystallinus.
umbella.

))

* A curious species having the tentacles in bundles of five or six, pro-
ceeding from a common point and extending to different lengths in close
opposition, having the appearance of single knotted tentacles.

194

ROTIFER A.

ENTOMOSTRACA.

Fldlodina erythropthalma.

Canthocamptus minutus .

„ sp.

„ sp.

Pterodina patina.

Chydorus sph&ricus.

Rotifer vulgaris.

Cyclops quadricomis.

Synchaite, sp.

„ tenuicornis.

Triarthra longiseta.

„ sp.

TARDIGRADA.

Cypris fusca.

Ma crob io tu s Hufela ndii.

„ sp.

ANNELIDA.

Daphnia pulex.

Angitillula, sp.

MOLLUSCOIDA.

Nais, sp.

Fredericella sidtana.

The day was very fine. About sixty-two persons attended
the Excursion, of whom 14 were members of other Societies, or
friends.

Fredk. A. Parsons,
Hon. Sec. Excursions Sub.-Com.

195

PROCEEDINGS.

April 10th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The fifth and last of the series of demonstrations was given by Dr. W. B.
Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, &c, the subject being the structure of the
skeleton of the Echinodermata.

He was assisted by Mr. Lewis Wright, who exhibited on a screen, by the
aid of the new patent gas microscope, some beautiful photographs and
microscopic preparations of echinoderms, spine sections, spicules, &c,
illustrating the lecture.

The following objects were exhibited in the library : —

Section of Cocoanut shell... ... ... Mr. F. Coles.

Bacillus anthracis, with spores... ... Mr. W. J. Curties.

Eggs of Vapourer moth ... ... ... Mr. F. Enock.

Diatoms, Biddulphia granulata ... ... Mr. H. Morlaud.

Cholera Bacillus ... ... ... ... Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Polyxenus lagurus... ... ... ... Mr. C. Rousselet.

Type slide of 50 Diatoms ... ... ... Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 55 j Visitors, 7.

April 24th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.

A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Vice-President, in the

Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. A. E. Russell was balloted for and duly elected a member of the
Club.

The Secretary read a letter which had been received by Mr. Hailes, the
Hon. Sec. for Foreign Correspondence, intimating that in recognition of
the courtesies extended to their Secretary during his recent visit to
England he (Mr. Hailes) had been elected an Honorary Member of the
Denver Microscopical Society.

The following donations were announced : —

" Proceedings of the New York Microscopical )

Society" i From the Society.

"Proceedings of the Canadian Institute of 1

Toronto" J " "

" The American Naturalist " ... ... ... In exchange.

"Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society" .,
Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 13.

*ov

196

"Quarterly Joiirnal of Microscopical Science'' ... Purchased.

H Annals of Natural History " ... ... ... if

" Seven Slides in illustration of Mr. Cheshire's 1 -n tm- -n 1

} From Mr. Enock.
paper on the Anatomy of the Bee ... J

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to the donors, and
on the motion of the Chairman a special vote of thanks was passed to Mr.
Enock for his valuable addition to the Cabinet.

A paper by the Eev. G. J. Burch, " On a New Flagellate Infusorian,"
Was read by the Secretary.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Burch for his communi-
cation.

Mr. F. E. Cheshire gave a resume of his paper " On the Economy of the
Hive Bee." Commencing with a description of the formation and varieties
of the cell, the life history of the bee was traced from the egg to the
mature condition, in the cases of workers, drones, and queens, details being
given as to the different periods and other circumstances peculiar to each.
The subject was treated in a very interesting and popular manner, and was
illustrated by a number of beautifully-executed diagrams, showing the
anatomy of these insects.

The Chairman, in inviting remarks upon the subject, said it was certainly
a matter of extreme interest to hear a subject discussed in so popular a
manner, by a gentleman so well qualified to undertake it from his thorough
acquaintance with the economy and the anatomy of the bee, down to its
very minutest details. With regard to the casting of the skin of the
alimentary canal, this was a matter not in any special way confined to the
bee, but belonged also to other larval forms, in which the casts were some-
times effected with such perfection that details could often be made out
through them which could not be seen in other ways. He did not know
that it was necessary to press the lining of the alimentary canal into
service in order to explain how the cast skin filled the cell, because as it
was cast during the growing period it would be extremely elastic, as com-
pared with the skin of the adult insect, and would therefore always cover a
much larger space than it occupied before separation. He was sure that
the members would feel greatly indebted to Mr. Cheshire, especially as they
could so thoroughly rely upon the information received.

Mr. Hammond called attention to the fact that the eyes of the drone were
larger and more prominent than those of the bee, occupying so large a
space, indeed, as to meet at the top of the head. This was also observed
to be the case with the male blow-fly, and he inquired if it was common to
the males of other insects, and if so, for what probable reason ?

Mr. Cheshire said that theory would account for it by the fact that the
queen seldom mated with a drone from her own hive, and as the drones had
to follow the queen by sight on the wing they would need acute eyes — for
similar reasons, no doubt, the queen had small wings as compared with the
drone.

The Chairman said it was not only in the case of flies, but also in the
bymenoptera that this kind of variation was to be observed, both as regarded

197

the eyes and the antennae — for if the antennae were set wider apart tha
eyes must of course be wider also ; or, on the other hand, if the approxima-
tion of the eyes was altered the position of the antennae must be varied
accordingly.

Mr. Nelson inquired what was represented by a red spot shown on the
top of the head of the bee in the diagram ?

Mr. Cheshire said it was one of three simple eyes, or ocelli.
Dr. Matthews asked if Mr. Cheshire could give them any reason for the
high temperature which had been observed to exist in bee hives ?

Mr. Cheshire said this was rather a question for the chemist than the

naturalist, but it appeared to be due to the constant oxydation of sugar ;

the honey collected consisted mainly of cane sugar, which was gradually

converted into grape sugar, in the process of which a large amount of

oxydation went on. The behaviour of the bees was peculiar under different

conditions of temperature — at 40° they were quiet, but if it fell below that

they kept moving, and at 0° their movements were much more active, and

they kept moving their wings as if in this way to keep up the temperature.

Mr. E. M. Nelson read a paper " On the Pygidium of the Flea/' in the

course of which he stated that he had taken up this object from a " brass

and glass " point of view, because he found it was referred to in the

" Micrographic Dictionary " eight or nine times as a test object, whereas he

found that the so-called hairs were spines, which formed nothing that

could be called any sort of test for a high power objective. If, however,

they would take some of the hairs which were found on the proboscis of a

blow-fly, tbey would find that one of the finest things they could see was the

ultimate end of one of these hairs. In answer to the question, what was

the Pygidium ? ho was inclined to regard it as an auditory apparatus.

There were some round holes which he thought were probably the ends of

eustachian tubes, and the filaments or hairs would no doubt be of use in

catching and communicating sonorous vibrations.

Mr. Michael said he had seen Mr. Nelson's method of exhibiting these
objects, and could therefore vouch for the accuracy of his descriptions.
With regard to the suggestion that the Pygidium might be an auditory
apparatus, though it might seem to be a somewhat unusual position for
such an organ, yet the position of the flea's head ^hen feeding was such
that any organ situated there for the purpose of hearing would be dis-
advantageous^ placed for the purpose.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to Mr. Cheshire and
Mr. Nelson for their communications.

Announcements of meetings for the ensuing month were then made, and
the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione, when the follow-
ing objects were exhibited : —

Water mite, Atax apsilophora ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Lophojjus crystallinaj ... ... ... Mr. C. Gr. Dunning.

Aquatic worm ... ... ... ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Larva of Chironomus jprasinus ... ... Mr. A. Hammond.

Fly, with parasite attached ... ... Col. O'llara.

198

Limnocodium Sowerbii ...

Diatoms, Mastogloia angulata

Limnocodium Sowerbii ...

Fredericella

JUedusa

Diatoms, Epit hernia sp. ...

Coscinodiscus sol.

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. C. Le Pelley.

ji

Mr. C. Upton.
Mr. G. C. Wallich.

Attendance — Members, 58 ; Visitors, 5.

May 8th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited in the library : —

Zoophyte, Phalansterium digitatum ... ... Mr.

Legs of various Bees Mr.

Sprouting Apple Pip Mr.

Month of Balanus ... ... ... ... ... Mr.

Palate of Trochus ... ... ... Mr.

iEcidium and Ui'omyces on Ranunculus ficaria ... Mr,

Diatoms, Navicula Trevelyana ... ... ... Mr.

Diatoms, Navicula Lyra ... Mr.

Corethra plumicornis... ... ... ... ... Mr.

Diatoms, Porpeia ornata ... ... ... ... Mr.

Spicules of Gorgonia, and Holothuria ... ... Mr.

Spinnerets of Garden Spider ... ... ... Mr.

Attendance — Members, 48 ; Visitors, 8.

F. W. Andrew.
F. Enock.
H. Epps.

F. Fitch.

W. M. Holmes.

G. E. Mainland.
H. Morland.

E. M. Nelson.
E. T. G. Nevins.
G. Sturt.
W. Watson.
J. Willson.

May 22nd, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.

Dr. John Matthews, F.R.M.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club :— Mr. Henry Buckland, Mr. John W. Clinch, Mr. P. W. Pocock,
Mr. W. Rhein, and Mr. Thomas Williams.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society " ... From the Society.

" Proceedings of the New York Microscopical Society " ,,

" Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh" ,,

" Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society " ... „ „

Six Slides of Parasites „ Mr. Freeman.

The thanks of the Club were unanimously voted to the donors, especially
to Mr. Freeman for his valuable addition to the Cabinet.

Mr. E. M. Nelson described some experiments which he had been making
with the binocular microscope. He had long thought that the binocular
did not give images so good as the monocular, and he had endeavoured to
find out how this came about, and to remedy it if possible. He obtained a

>»

»

199

Wenham prism of good quality, and had it properly fitted ; then, finding that
the left tube was rather longer than the right, he had the eyepieces
differently focussed to suit, having them so marked as to be able to tell the
one from the other. Having done this, he found that matters were im-
proved, but that there was still something more which required a remedy.
To test it he took one of the fine bristles from the maxillary palpi of a blow-
fly, but he found that no kind of illumination would make it appear sharp if
it were placed on the stage in a vertical position, but if it were placed
horizontally across the prism it was perfectly shown. Another experiment
was in respect of the stereoscopic effects obtained when the object was in
different positions, and the object selected for this purpose was the central
pseudo-trachea of the proboscis of the blow-fly. On examining this he
found that when it was placed in a vertical position, there was no difference
between the stereoscopic effect with and without the prism, except as re-
garded the marginal portions of the field, where the eyes were to a certain
extent deceived, but when the object was placed horizontally a strongly
stereoscopic effect was produced. On the central membrane of the
trachea there were a number of small spines, which formed excellent test
objects, and if these were placed vertically they appeared foggy, and nothing
could be clearly made out about them ; but when seen in the horizontal
position their appearance was so changed that it was hardly possible to
recognise them as the same objects. In his specimen there was a slight
dip or depression in one part of the membrane, which could not be perceived
under any illumination with the monocular, but under the binocular, in
a horizontal position, it was perfectly well seen, though the same instru-
ment failed entirely to show it when the major axis of the lips was in a ver-
tical position. He wished to draw the attention of the members of the
Club to these matters, in the hope that someone might be able to find out
the cause of the difference and to suggest a remedy.

Professor Charles Stewart said that Mr. Nelson's attention appeared to
have been chiefly directed to the effects produced upon lines. He should,
therefore, like to ask if he had tested the effects also by points or discs, so
as to ascertain if a circle had any tendency to become elliptical in a
horizontal direction ? because, though such an effect might be due to some
quality of the instrument, it might also be explained by supposing it to be
due to astigmatic vision.

Mr. Nelson said he had not examined points in the same way, but he had
experimented with diatoms and found the difference in the stereoscopic
effects to be surprisingly marked, especially in the case of Heliope.lta.

Mr. Karop thought the effect was probably astigmatic, though it possibly
might be due to some optical cause, and enquired if Mr. Nelson had made
his experiments with more than one prism, as perhaps there might be some
defect in this particular prism.

The Chairman said that, as regarded the difference in the length of focus
of the left hand tube, he might mention that Messrs. Powell and Lealand
always marked their eyepieces R and L, each being compensated for the
length of the tube they were intended for. However perfect. a prism might

200

be, it would have some variations in density, the effects of which would be
greatly aggravated by striae 5 he believed it was absolutely impossible to
get one uniformly dense throughout. As to the appearance of the hair,
he thought this was very likely a question of the angle of the lens. Dr.
Carpenter had recommended for the purpose a low-angled ^in.

Mr. Hardy understood Mr. Nelson to say that some of these appearances
were equally seen with the monocular • if so, had he tried rotating the
object glass so as to ascertain if the fault was in any way due to that ?

Mr. Nelson said he did not mean to imply that there was anything like
this distortion with the monocular, but only that with the binocular the
blur was seen in the vertical position of the object. He had tried various
objectives, as a |in. of 80°, a £in. of 40°, a lin. of 30°, and a fin. of 35°.
He had also tried those of various makers, so that he did not think there
was anything in them to cause the error; he had also tried a different
prism and several different instruments on the pseudo-trachea. He had
noticed an imperfect diffusion of the light as it passed through the prism,
and he did not suppose it was possible to put any piece of glass in the
course of the rays without affecting them in a greater or less degree.

The Chairman said that in practice a number of prisms were worked to-
gether, so as to obtain a better and flatter surface, but he maintained that it
was not possible by any process of grinding to produce surfaces which were
absolutely flat.

Mr. Hailes said there was one source of error which had not been noticed,
and that was that in using the Wenham binocular they looked through the
prism with one eye, but not with the other ; he should like to hear if Mr,
Nelson had tried these experiments with the Stephenson binocular, where
there were two prisms, and each eye saw the object under the same
conditions.

Mr. Nelson said he had tried the Stephenson binocular and found that
there was no image at all worth comparing with that shown by the
Wenham instrument, whilst the loss of light was very considerable. For
convenience of working it might be a useful form ; but he had never seen
an object shown by it in a manner he considered worth looking at.

Mr. Parsons gave some account of an organism which he had found at the
Royal Botanic Society's Gardens in Regent's Park — he thought it was some
kind of Acincta, and made a rough drawing of it upon the board in order
that the members might be able to assist him in identifying it.

The President having requested the members present to help Mr. Parsons
to a diagnosis of the creature, a vote of thanks was passed to him for his
communication.

Members were reminded that at the next ordinary meeting they would be
asked to nominate and elect an auditor of the accounts, and also to nominate
some of their number for election as members of Committee at the forth-
coming annual meeting.

Announcements of meetings, excursions, and of the excursionists' annual
dinner were then made, and the proceedings terminated with the usual con-
versazione, and the following objects were exhibited : —

201

X

Argulus foliaceua ...

Rhyncholophus phalangoides ...

Stellate hairs, Deutzia ...

Aquatic larva

Arachnoi discus ornata in situ. ...

Cholera bacillns ...

Diatoms, Cocconeis sp. ...

T.S. stem of Lime tree ...

Attendance — Members, 44 j

... Mr. C. Dunning.

... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

... Mr. W. M. Holmes.

... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

... Mr. H. Morland.

... Mr. E. M. Nelson.

... Mr. C. Upton.

... Mr. J. Willson.
Visitors, 3.

June 12th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —
Asplancha Ebbesbornii ...
Nitella tenuissima
Cjclosis in Anacharis ...
Utricularia minor, with captured prey
Diatoms, Tricerathim orbicidatum
Sponge, Farrea Occa, from Japan, showing

the veil of spicules
Chelifer ...

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. E. Dadswell.
Mr. G. Hind.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.

Mr. B. W. Priest.
Mr. C. Rousselet.

Attendance — Members, 38 ; Visitors, 4.

June 26th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. Jno. Matthews, F.R.M.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

From the Society.

»

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following donations to the Club were announced : —
"Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical

Society" ... )

" Proceedings of the Natural History Society')

of Glasgow "... ... ... ... ...)

"Proceedings of the East of Scotland Natural-")

ists' Union " ... ... ... ... ...j

" Journal of the New York Microscopical )

Society" ... ... ... ... ...)

" Proceedings of the Chester Society of Natural")

Science" ... ... ... )

" Report of Hackney Microscopical and Natural")

History Society " ... ... ... ...J

" The American Naturalist '* ...
" The American Monthly Microscopical Journal "
" Annals of Natural History " ...
" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science "
The thanks of the Society were voted to the donors

>>

»

»»

>»

In exchange.
Purchased.

202

The Secretary reminded the members present that, in accordance with
the rales of the Society, nominations for Officers and Members of Committee
for the ensuing year must be made that evening, and that a list of persons
so nominated would be printed on the balloting lists and submitted for
election at the Annual Meeting on July 24th. It would also be necessary
to propose and to elect twro Auditors of accounts, in order that they might
present their cash statement at the annual meeting. The President and
Officers, together with one Auditor, were nominated by the Council, but it
was competent for any member to substitute other names at the time of
election, if it was desired to do so.

The following nominations on behalf of the Council were then made : —
As President— Mr. A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.E.M.S.
As Vice-Presidents— Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Dr. M. C. Cooke, Dr.

Jno. Matthews, Professor Chas. Stewart.
As Hon. Treasurer — Mr. F. W. Gay.
As Hon. Secretary — Mr. G. C. Karop.
As Hon. Foreign Secretary — Mr. H. F. Hailes.
As Hon. Reporter — Mr. R. T. Lewis.
As Hon. Librarian — Mr. Alpheus Smith.
As Hon. Curator — Mr. C. Emery.
And as Auditor on behalf of the Council — Mr. W. Hainworth, jun.
The Chairman said it was now the duty of the members to propose the
name of some gentleman to act on their behalf as Auditor in conjunction
with Mr. Hainworth.

Mr. Dobson was thereupon proposed by Mr. Parsons and seconded by
Mr. Buffham.

These nominations having been submitted to the meeting, Messrs. Hain-
worth and Dobson were duly elected the Auditors of the Society's accounts.
The Chairman said their next business was to nominate four or more
gentlemen to fill vacancies on the Committee, caused by the retirement by
rotation of Messrs. Groves, Hardy, Jacques, and Nelson, who were, however,
eligible for re-election if the members thought fit.

The following nominations were then made : —
Mr. E. M. Nelson, proposed by Mr. Waller, seconded by Mr. Hardy.
Mr. Hembrey, „ Mr. Priest, „ Mr. Dadswell.

Mr. Freeman, „ Mr. Buffham, ,, Mr. Hailes.

Mr. George Western, „ Mr. Parsons, „ Mr. Priest.

Mr. Groves, ,, Mr. Lewis, ,, Mr.Alpheus Smith.

Mr. W. W. Reeves, „ Mr. Hembrey, ,, Mr. Gregory.

The Secretary said that they had received, through Mr. Kitton, a paper
" On the History of some New Diatoms," by Professor Cleve, of Upsala.
It was a most valuable contribution, but was, he thought, both too long and
too technical to be read at the meeting on that occasion. It would there-
fore be taken as read, and would be printed in extenso in the Journal, so
that all would have the opportunity of reading it at their leisure.

The thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to Professor Cleve
for his communication.

203

Mr. E.T. Lewis exhibited and described a new Gange which had recently
been invented for the purpose of readily ascertaining the thickness of wires
or plates, and which was capable of indicating the results with accuracy to
the yo^o of an inch. He thought perhaps some apology might be needed
for troubling them with a matter which was not strictly of microscopical
interest, and had not the excuse of being made of either brass or glass ; but
although, so far as he was aware, its inventor had not intended to apply it
to any microscopical purpose, it had been found of use in the measurement
of glass slides, cells, and covers, and as such he had been asked to bring
it to the meeting. It was really made for the use of electricians and
engineers, to replace, with considerable advantage, the old form of wire
gauge, which merely consisted of a steel plate having a series of slots cut
in the edges, each of which was numbered according to an agreed scale.
The article to be gauged was tried in these, and the number of the one into
which it most nearly fitted was said to be its " gauge." Eecently, the
question of gauges had been considered by Chambers of Commerce, and as
it appeared that those in common use were often at variance, a new
" Standard Wire Gauge " had been agreed upon, and with the sanction and
authority of the Board of Trade now superseded the old Birmingham Wire
Gauge. The differences between the two were not sufficient to alter the
number of the gauge, though when subjected to accurate measurement it
would be found that these differences ranged from 1 to 5 thousandths of
an inch. For purposes of scientific or international measurement it was
frequently desirable to express thickness in fractions or decimals of the
inch or millimetre, and the ordinary form of gauge was quite useless for
this purpose ; there was too much difference between the sizes, and any
attempt to measure by means of a ruled standard micrometer would render
only imperfect results, even where hundredths of an inch were attempted.
The new gauge before them (known as Trotter's Patent) was, however,
capable of showing at a glance, and by one operation, not only the Standard
Gauge, but the proportional part of an inch to 3 places of decimals, and that
of the millimetre to two places of decimals. The instrument was of
polished steel, in size 2|in. long and ^in. wide, and made in two pieces
which were accurately fitted to slide one in the other by means of a dove-
tailed groove, the edges of the outer section being milled for convenience
of holding whilst the inner slide was being moved. On the lower edge of
each section was a scale divided and marked by figures from 6 to 40. The
upper edge of the outer section was divided for the space of 1 inch into
lOths and 50ths, and the adjoining space for the length of 1 centimetre was
divided into millimetres and halves. The modus operandi was explained
by means of a diagram, it being simply necessary to open the slide, and
having pressed the substance between its jaws, to read off the required
measurement from the scales. The Standard Gauge was ascertained by
finding which of the two identical numbers on the lower scales were coin-
cident ; in the diagram these were the 16's, so that the thickness was deter-
mined to be number 16 s.w.g. Turning to the upper 1 inch scale, it was seen
that the arrow head of the zero mark was slightly beyond the third division

204

of the -Jy inch graduations, and that the fourth mark of the vernier was coin-
cident with a mark on the scale above, the reading being, therefore, '0Q4;
inch; and proceeding in the same way with the adjoining scale, the reading
was found to be 1'62 mm. It was pointed out in further illustration of the
ingenuity of the invention that on the reverse side of the instrument there
was another scale by means of which the sectional area of a round wire was
shown in thousandths of a square inch, and this value would enable the
electrician to readily determine the weight per 100ft., the resistance, and
the quantity of current which the wire would safely carry.

The communication was illustrated by a diagram, and by the exhibition
of the patent gauge, together with a standard micrometer rule, divided to
64ths and lOOths in. ; and also one of the ordinary wire gauges by way of
comparison.

The Chairman said the contrast between the two gauges was certainly
very great, and he could not sufficiently admire the mechanism of the little
apparatus before them.

Mr. Hardy had often thought that the fine adjustment of the microscope
might generally be used for measuring the thickness of cover glasses. If the
screws were always made 50 threads to the inch, then, by focussing at the
top and bottom of a cover glass, it would be easy to ascertain by a certain
movement exactly the thickness. He had done this roughly himself, but he
believed his fine adjustment was at the rate of 60 turns to the inch.

Mr. Hailes said that Smith and Beck always graduated the milled head
of their fine adjustment for the very purpose of measuring depth, and had
supplied directions in their book to instruct the purchasers how to use it.

The Chairman said that Powell and Lealand also always graduated the
heads of their fine adjustments for the purpose of measuring depth.

Mr. Karop said there were many other things made for the purpose of
measuring thickness, and although no doubt this gauge might be very useful
for some things, he thought thin glass would be very apt to get broken.
Zeiss made an instrument especially for the purpose of measuring thin
cover glasses. Then there was the old lever of contact; and some time ago
a little thing was shown there by Mr. Hensoldt for a similar purpose. The
gauge exhibited was no doubt more useful to the engineer.

Mr. Hailes said that the gauge shown by Mr. Hensoldt was the ordinary
gauge used for measuring pianoforte wire.

The Chairman said that some years ago he showed what he called a caliper
eyepiece, which was a modification of the indicator by Qnekett, but each
finger-point was curved and was moved by a tangent screw. All that was
needed, therefore, was to take up the cover glass with the stage forceps,
and to fit its edge into this optical gauge under the microscope.

He also wished to draw attention to a matter which had been under
consideration by the Committee, and which they wished to bring before tho
members of the Club. Members were no doubt aware that it had often
happened lately, when the date of a meeting came round they were without
a paper, and to meet the inconvenience of this state of things the Committee
proposed, if possible, either by notice or agreement, to arrange for some

205

given sabjeot to be brought forward for discussion, so that members might
be able to come prepared to discuss it. He thought there was great value
in discnssions of this kind, and could say for himself that he never went
home from one without feeling that he had learnt something. And if notice
were given beforehand, gentlemen wonld be able to turn their thoughts to
the subject, and would come better prepared to join in the proceedings. He
asked the members present to take the matter into their consideration, and
if it met with approval the Committee would take some steps to put it into
shape. It was not right, in his opinion, that any member of the Club who
had special knowledge which might be of use to his fellow-members, should
keep that knowledge to himself.

The Secretary said that whenever he received notice of any communica-
tion in time, he always advertised it in a number of papers. It was some-
times complained that no notices were to be seen, but he wished to point out
that unless the notice of the subjects reached him sufficiently early it was
of course impossible to get them inserted in time for those papers which
only appeared at weekly intervals.

Announcements of meetings and excursions for the month wei'e then
made, particular attention being called to the Annual Meeting of July 24th,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione, the following
objects being exhibited : —

Hydrobia ulva, with embryos ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Skin of Star-fish, Uraster rubens, showing )

t vc i , I Mr. Chas. G. Dunninsr.

madreponform tubercle ... ... •> »*— uig.

Operculum of egg of plant bug from Chili ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Crystals of Santonin ... ... Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Planaria ... ... ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Rousselet.

Diatoms, Coscinodiscus excavatus ... ... Mr. C. Upton.

T. S. Aerial root of Dendrobium ... ... Mr. J. Willson.

Attendance — Members, 52 ; Visitors, 7.

July 10th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Section of Thistle, triple stained Mr. F. TV. Andrew.

Chironomus varieganus ... ... ... ... Mr. F. Enock.

Stratiomyd larva ... ... ... ... ... Mr. A. Hammond.

Pterothecu aculeifera ... ... ... ... Mr. H. Morland.

Attendance — Members, 29 ; Visitors, 3.

206

July 24th, 1885. — Annual Meeting.

Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, &c, President, in

the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club :— Mr. A. G. Sadgrove, Mr. J. A. D. Parker, and Mr. J. L. M.
Porter.

The following additions to the Library were announced : —

" The Proceedings of the Geological Association " ... In Exchange.

1 The Proceedings of the Koyal Society" ,, „

»>

" The Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science " »

(Postal Microscopical Journal) )

" The American Monthly Microscopical Journal" ... ,, ,,

' American Naturalist " ... ... ... ... ... „ ,,

" Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Microscopie"... ... „ „

" Geological and Natural History of Canada (Report ) p ± a

of Progress 1882-3-4" 1

" Van Heurck's Diatomacie de Belgique" ... ... Purchased.

A short communication from Mr. Kitton " On the Mysterious Appear-
ance of a Diatom," was read by Mr. Hailes.

The President said as there were no remarks made on the paper he would
propose a vote of thanks to Mr. Kitton, with the expression of a hope that
he would follow up these observations, because the point that he had raised
was a very interesting one : whether there are microbes so minute as to pass
through a filtering paper that stops particles of emery so small as the
50,000th of an inch. He might mention that, when he was engaged in sound-
ing, bringing up specimens of water from the bottom of the Mediterranean,
on which a very fine mud is constantly being deposited, the particles were so
fine as to be quite unrecognisable in the ordinary water of the Mediterranean.
When this settled down after being diffused by winds and currents, the water
brought up from the bottom wps quite white, and he found that the best
ordinary filtering paper was quite incapable of stopping these particles —
they passed through it. He had a particular reason for wishing to clear the
water, and it was necessary to pass it through the same filter several times,
so that the pores of the paper becoming clogged by that very fine sediment,
the water came out pretty clear. The very best filtering paper did allow
very fine particles to pass through, as every chemist knows, and it was to be
hoped that Mr. Kitton would endeavour to ascertain by repeated experiments
whether the appearance of these diatoms was due to the passage of micro-
spores, which we did not know as a general product of diatoms, through
the fine substance of the filter.

Announcements of meetings, &c. for the ensuing month were then made
and the ordinary meeting terminated.

The meeting was then made special in order to proceed with the business

207

of the Annual General Meeting, Mr. Mainland and Mr Buffham being
nominated by the President as scrutineers of the ballot.

The Secretary read the 20th Annual Eeport, and the Treasurer his
statement of accounts.

Mr. Charters White proposed that the reports just read be adopted. This
was seconded by Mr. Waller, and carried unanimously.

The President said while the scrutiny of the ballot was going on, he
would wish to express his very great regret at his unavoidable failure to
perform the duties of a President on several occasions. When it was first
proposed to him to undertake this duty, he rather demurred, on the ground
of the uncertainty of his health for the last two or three years. He was,
however, assured that the Club would be very glad to have him among
them when he was able to come, and at the same time would not grumble
if he felt that his own health was a primary consideration with him, and he
abstained from coming when he thought it might be a risk to do so. They
might remember that on the very first evening he appeared among them he
was suffering from a very severe cold, but that was nothing more than a cold
and hoarseness, and he took upon himself the risk, but for some three months
past nearly, he had unfortunately been the subject of a very depressing
complaint, beginning with neuralgia of the head, which left behind it a very
considerable depression of nervous power, so that he was obliged to pass a
good deal of every day on the sofa, and to take to a course of novel reading
instead of anything more instructive. He found that any continuous sus-
tained attention, either in writing or reading, was a very severe trial to him,
and that any little over-exertion was sure to be followed by a severe
depression. Mr. Karop was kind enough to come and talk over the business
of the Society with him a few evenings before. He had seen one or two
other friends during the day, and went to bed after Mr. Karop's kind visit
very tired, and it was against the wishes of the home-rulers that he had come
down that night, but he did feel that it was due to the Club to make a
little effort, even though he might be a little more depressed the following
day in consequence. He thanked them for their kind reception of him when
he had been present, and their indulgence when he had been necessarily
absent. He hoped, in fact he felt sure, that the business of the Club had
not suffered by his absence, for every member of the Committee, especially
the Vice-Presidents and officers, knew the business a great deal better
than he did, and he had been in their hands when he had been present.
The Club had such an efficient staff that he felt sure the absence
of the President could not be in any way seriously felt, and that he had
been rather ornamental than useful when he had been present. He would just
say, with regard to the contributions of objects for the cabinets, he had
hoped to have been able to prepare a set of the typical forms of Orbitolites,
with sections and preparations of the animal, but had felt utterly unable to
take up the microscope for use during the last three months, and therefore
must defer the final arrangements of them until after the vacation, when he
hoped to be more set up and prepared for that little effort. He would have
a few words to say presently in the way of a short address. This much

208

was merely personal, to explain the reasons for his shortcoming, and to
thank the members most cordially for their kind indulgence.

With regard to the Treasurer's report, it would be observed that the balance
at the end of the year (£77 7s. lOd.) was a little less than the balance
at the beginning (£100 18s. 10d.), but that was partly due to loss
incurred by the failure of Mr. D. Bogue, and partly to the increased amount
spent on printing the Journal; but as the Journal was so well filled with
valuable information, he was quite sure that they would not regret that it had
been so expended. On the other hand, there was an increase in the number
of members. The losses had been very much more than sustained by the
junction of new members, and therefore he thought they might say that the
finances of the Society were in a very sound and satisfactory condition.

The President then announced that the following gentlemen had been
elected as officers and members of Committee for the ensuing year : —

PRESIDENT— Mr. A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.
Vice-Presidents— Dr. \V. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, &c. ; Dr. M.

C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., &c. ; Dr. John Matthews, F.K.M.S. ;

Prof. Chas. Stewart, M.R.C.S., F.L.S.
Hon. Treasurer— Mr. F. W. Gay, F.R.M.S.
Hon. Secretary— Mr. G. C. Karop, M.R.C.S., &c.
Hon. Secretary for Foreign Correspondence and Editor of

Journal— Mr. Henry F. Hailes.
Hon. Reporter— Mr. R. T. Lewis, F.R.M.S.
Hon. Librarian — Mr. Alpheus Smith.
Hon. Curator — Mr. Chas. Emery.
Four Members to Fill Vacancies on the Committee— Mr. F. W.

Hembry, F.R.M.S. ; Mr. W. W. Reeves, F.R.M.S. ; Mr. E.

M. Nelson ; Mr. J. W. Groves, F.R.M.S.

The President then delivered his annual address.

On the close of the address the President left the room, and the chair was
occupied by Dr. M. C. Cooke, who said that when he was not expected,
perhaps, to have been called upon to occupy the position he did, a resolution
was put into his hand which he thought he could not do better than move
from the chair. He was sure he should have the cordial support of the
Club in this resolution ; it was in effect a vote of thanks to the President
who had just left the room, both for his services during the past year and for
his remarks that evening. He did not know that he could do better than
propose it at once. There were two or three observations which he had
intended to have made, — hoping that the President would have been with
them a few minutes longer, — and to have noticed some of the views he (the
President) particularised. One as to whether bacteria and bacilli were
altered in culture as being an important subject for investigation. All
those who had spent thirty or forty years in biological study would come to
the conclusion that there was a far greater variation in biological objects
than was allowed to take place by young beginners, who are too apt to
imagine that every variation must constitute a new species. All artificial
cultivation should, he thought, always be watched very carefully, as it

209

tended to develop variation, and results are likely to follow different to the
results that are produced in a natural manner, and, therefore, we could not
argue safely back again that such results were results actually produced in
nature. A reference was made earlier still by Dr. Carpenter to the illustra-
tions that he had produced for some of his own books, and those plates, for
which he made drawings some forty years ago, he said were accurate still,
and were now of value, but that the inferences that he drew from those
plates were all displaced and altered. He (Dr. Cooke) had constantly urged
upon young beginners, and old ones too, to draw, draw, draw ! To make
plates, engravings, drawings. Never mind if they did not say a word about
them. Words all change, but let us have faithful representations of objects.
During his later years he had applied himself to the production of plates
rather than to the writing of books about them. He urged his hearers not
to mind whether they gave names to their objects, but to draw them faith-
fully, accurately, and truly, and they would last all time, whilst their
descriptions were old, antiquated, and effete in 10 or 20 years. With these
observations, he begged to propose from the chair a vote of thanks for the
President's services and for the address he had given that evening.

This was carried unanimously.

Mr. Mclntire said he had been requested to propose a vote of thanks
to the Committee and Officers of the Club. He knew the services of
the officers of the Club in past years — how efficiently they had been
rendered ; and there was one point which had always distinguished them,
but particularly this year, and that was their unselfishness. The ability goes
without saying, but the unselfishness had been particularly marked. He
begged to propose a vote of thanks to them for their services. This was
seconded by Mr. F. W. Andrew, put from the chair, and unanimously
carried.

Mr. Buffham proposed a vote of thanks to the Council of University
College. This was seconded by Mr. Charters White, and carried unani-
mously.

Mr. Nevins then proposed a vote of thanks to the auditors and scrutineers.
This was seconded by Mr. Kousselet, and unanimously carried ; and the
proceedings terminated with the usual conversazione.

Attendance — Members, 44 ; Visitors, 7.

210

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.

July 24th, 1885.

Your Committee have the satisfaction to present a favourable
Report on this, the twentieth anniversary of the Club.

The quality of its communications, the interest of the meetings,
and the efficiency and utility of the Club generally, have been fully
maintained during the past year.

The total number of members is quite up to the average; 36 have
been elected, 16 have resigned. Our losses by death are : Mr. W.
Ladd, F.R.M.S., Rev. W. Read, M.A., Mr. 0. S. Bishop, Mr. T.
Spencer, and Dr. G. D. Brown.

The following is a list of the papers read at the meetings, and
printed in the Journal : —

" On a Hydrostatic Fine-adjustment," by Mr. E. M. Nelson.

" On the Relations and Evolution of the various types of the
Genus Orbitolites," by the President.

lt On the suppposed Sexual Threads in the Zygnemacea3," by
Mr. F. Bates.

" On a Hydroid Polyp found in the tanks of the Royal Botanical
Society's Gardens," by Mr. F. A. Parsons.

" On the Conjugation of Rhabdonema Arcuatum," Kiitz ; by Mr.
T. H. Buffham.

" On some Remarkable Moulds," by Dr. M. C. Cooke.

" On a New Flagellate Infusorian," by Rev. G. J. Burch.

" On the Economy of the Hive-Bee," by Mr. F. Cheshire.

" On a new Measuring Gauge," by Mr. R. T. Lewis.

il On some Fossil Marine Diatoms," by Prof. Cleve (Upsala.)

Short descriptions of new instruments, appliances, and methods
of procedure, will be found in the Proceedings.

Besides these, five demonstrations on microscopical subjects, or
in which the microscope is a necessary means of research, were
given in the class-room during the winter months. Although the

2L1

term u demonstration," in the strict sense of the word, cannot,
perhaps, be applied to all the series, they were certainly appreciated
by the large number of members attending them, and introduced
matters of great interest which could not very well be brought before
the ordinary meetings. They were as follows : —

1884.
Dec. 12. u On Bacteria and the methods of staining them," E.

Thurston, L.R.C.P.
1885.
Jan. 9. " On the Structure of the Eyes in Arthropoda," B. T.

Lowne, F.R.C.S.
Feb. 13. " On Collecting and Mounting Fresh Water Algse," Dr.

M. C. Cooke, M.A.
Mar. 13. " On Lung Parasites," Dr. T. S. Cobbold, F.R.S.
Apr. 10. "On the Skeleton of the Echinodermata," Dr. W. B.

Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S.

Summarised reports are given in the Journals, and the Com-
mittee take this opportunity of expressing their thanks to those
gentlemen who communicated the means or result of their investi-
gations on these occasions. They feel that thanks are particularly
due to Dr. Carpenter, who spared neither time nor trouble in render-
ing his subject clear and interesting to his audience.

The remainder of Mr. Crisp's donation has, in accordance with
his desire, been expended in purchasing indispensable works of
reference for the Library, a list of which appears below.

The collection of works now in the possession of the Club already
exceeds the space at the disposal of the Librarian, and as no more
room can be accorded by the Council of University College, your
Committee will shortly have to consider the propriety of making
other arrangements.

Annexed is a list of the books presented or purchased for ad-
dition to the Library since the publication of the last report : —

Presented by

" Worthington Smith's Diseases of Field and ) pr_ j^ q. Cooke-
Garden Crops'' )

" Dr. Braithwaite's British Moss Flora." Part 8. The Author.

" Transactions of the Linnean Society " Mr. F. Crisp.

" Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society "... The Society.

" Proceedings of the Royal Society " „ „

" Hardwicke's Science Gossip " The Publishers.

Joden. Q. M. C.j Series II., No. 13. n

}

By Subscription

Ray Society.
In Exchange.

ji

»

Purchased.

1

212

*' Cameron's Phytophagous Hynienoptera "
Vol.2

"American Naturalist"

" American Monthly Microscopical Journal "

" Journal of the Postal Microscopical Society "

" Challenger Reports." Vols. 9-11.

" Wolle's Desmids of the United States "

" Dippel on th Microscope"

'* Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science"

'' Annals and Magazine of Natural History "

" Dr. Cooke's British Fresh Water Algae." Com-
pletion ...

"Grevillea"

Transactions and Proceedings of various Socie-)
ties and sundry Pamphlets ... ... )

" Dalzell's Powers of the Creator." 3 Vols.

" Dalzell's Rare and Remarkable Animals
of Scotland." 2 Vols

" Ehrenberg's Infusoria "

" Ehrenberg's Micro-Geology "

"Berkeley's Cryptogamic Botany"

" Pascoe's Zoological Classification " ...

" Hine's Catalogue of Fossil Sponges"...

" Hassell's Food and its Adulterations"

" Sternberg's Photo-Micrographs "

" Magnin and Sternberg's Bacteria"

" Agassiz Bibliotheca Zoologica." 4 Vols.

The following slides have been presented to the Cabinet :-

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. F. Oxley

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The valuable series of Oribatidce presented by Mr. Michael, and
<the Van Heurck Diatoms by Mr. E. M. Nelson, are worthy of
special notice.

'The Excursions during the past season were fairly successful,
and Avell attended ; a large number of interesting objects are re-
corded, described, and in some cases figured in the Excursions'
Portfolio ; many have been exhibited at the meetings, and one has

213

formed the subject of a paper, an example which might be more
largely followed.

The Annual Dinner of the Club was held at the Holborn Res-
taurant, on Dec. 12th. Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., in the
chair, and was attended by about 100 members and guests. The
success of these entertainments is entirely due to the efforts of the
Sub-Committee, officially appointed two years ago, and their services
are certainly appreciated by all who benefit by them. The musical
arrangements were, as usual, most admirably conducted by Messrs.
Cole and Willson.

The Excursionists' Annual Dinner was held at Leatherhead, on
June 19th, instead of June 27th, as announced. On this account
probably, the number was rather smaller than usual, but the dinner
itself, under the presidency of Prof. Charles Stewart, left nothing
to be desired, and the vocal music contributed by the Messrs.
Rogers and friends added considerably to the pleasure of the
gathering.

The four numbers of the Journal issued since the last report are
sufficient evidence of the care and ability bestowed upon them by
our esteemed editor, Mr. Hailes. The necessary expense incurred
in producing them forms a large item in our accounts, and it is
trusted that members will continue to supply material which shall
justify the outlay and the reputation of the Club. For the future
the Journal will be published by Messrs. Williams and Norgate, of
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The great privilege of holding our meetings at University Col-
lege has again been renewed by the Council, and the thanks of the
Club are due to them for this and other favours.

Your Committee have also to thank the Officers of the Club for
their various services, and in conclusion they confidently look for-
ward to a continuance of the career of prosperity and usefulness
which has been so characteristic of the Quekett Microscopical
Club during its twenty years' existence.

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215

PRESIDENT'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

Delivered September 25th, 1885.

By A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

It is, I believe, the time-honoured custom in this Club for the
President to deliver some kind of introductory address on the
occasion of his taking the chair for the first time ; and, even were
it not a custom, his own inclinations would naturally prompt him to
make some reference to the new circumstances in which he found
himself placed. It is with feelings of a very pleasant kind that I
enter on the duties of the office to which you have called me,
because it is an assurance of the friendship and goodwill which my
fellow-members of the Club have always shown towards me, and
also, in a far higher degree, because I regard it as indicating that,
in your judgment, I am more likely to be of service to the Club, as
its President, than any other gentleman who is for the moment
available ; had this not been your opinion you would not have
allowed feelings of friendship to have led you to select me. It is
naturally a source of great gratification to me that I should have
your friendship and your favourable opinion, still I am well aware
that there are many members in the Club of older standing and
greater attainments than myself; nevertheless, I feel assured that
you have done your duty, and it now remains for me to do mine.

It is, I think, needless for me to say that I will, as President, do
my best for the Society, because I trust you will believe, without
any assurance from me, that I shall in the future, as I did in the
past, endeavour to do the best I can for the interests of the
Society, whatever position I may occupy in it. I confess to feeling
some diffidence in taking the chair in succession to such a President
as Dr. Carpenter, who, during his long and laborious life, had
acquired a very wide range of experience, and had attained to an
extent and variety of knowledge such as I cannot myself hope to
emulate. It is only to few that opportunities are given of acquir-
ing so wide a range of information, and fewer still that possess the
ability to retain in their minds what has thus been gathered, and
to speak promptly and efficiently upon almost any biological subject

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 14. s

216

PRESIDENT S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

which may come before them. In choosing me to follow such a
President yon must be aware that yon have selected one who is, to
a great extent, a specialist, and whose general biological knowledge
is far less than that of many in this room ; it may be, however,
that this will not prove to be wholly a disadvantage, since it can
scarcely be a healthy thing for a society to rely too much upon its
President, and to allow his ready ability to take the place of
personal efforts amongst the members. My duty will be rather to
endeavour to encourage and to develop what others may be ready
to do, than to occupy the Society's time myself, to see that every
man who can be induced to do anything has an opportunity of
doing it, and that he is not discouraged from the effort ; and to
hold an even course if differences should ever appear. These con-
siderations naturally lead me to think of the future of the Club,
and what I should wish it to be. It mav, and no doubt will be
said, that this is not a dry scientific Society, but a Club in which
the social element largely exists. I am quite aware that such is
the case, and that it is under the influence of this social element
that an amount of success has been attained such as does not
always fall to the lot of a purely scientific Society ; but I believe
that its social success has depended upon its scientific element,
and that it is a collection of men of similar tastes, views, and
objects in the application of a magnificent tool to a great variety of
subjects. I remember, not long ago, the starting in London of
another Club, which went by the name of " The Dilettante
Circle ; " its members were artists and musicians, and it commenced
its existence under very favourable circumstances, its entertain-
ments were most enjoyable, but its object was enjoyment only, its
members assembled for the mere pleasure of the evening, and, from
the first hour of its existence, it was overshadowed by the wings
of the demon of ennui. Little by little men grew tired, and little
by little they drew off, until the Society gradually died out. This
element of ennui would be certain to pervade meetings where
pleasure was the sole aim and object. The dilettante spirit, if
too much developed, is the bane of a Club like ours ; it is perhaps
rather too widely spread, although a little of it is no doubt not
only permissible, but even desirable ; and, therefore, whilst I insist
that the microscope should not be regarded merely as a means
of enjoying the beauty which it reveals, I am very far from
agreeing with those who talk with some little contempt of a mere
beauty " as a thing not worthy of consideration. My earliest

PRESIDENT'S INAUGURAL ADDRES8. 217

recollections are of how, as a child, I revelled in the beauty of the
insects and the flowers, just as, later in life, I have gloried in the
shifting beauties of the mists driving across the mountain-tops, or
sat for hours watching the sunlight dancing on the great water-
falls of the Alps or the Pyrenees ; but, beautiful as all these things
may be, if the enjoyment of them be not joined to anything else
there will come a time when it will pall, and when the mind
will lose its appreciation of what the eye contemplates, just as
we find that artists often cease to admire the beauties which
they cannot paint. Thus also, great as may be the amusement
obtained by the collector of merely beautiful objects, yet when he
devotes himself more seriously to the subject, and goes a little more
closely into it, taking a more special view, and trying to tread in
the paths of original investigation, then he will find that his
pleasure will be both greater and of a far higher quality than before.
If it be possible, in the position which you have called upon me to
occupy, for me to assist any member of the Club in mounting from
the pursuit of amusement to the more important study of a subject,
from that which gives pleasure in a small degree to that which
affords it in a higher sense, it will at all times be my desire to do
so to the fullest extent of my power. There are many ways in
which those who take an interest in microscopical subjects go to
work. It is recommended by some that they should go out
collecting generally, bringing home a great variety of objects, and
then setting themselves to the task of endeavouring to identify
them. By so doing no doubt they impress upon the mind general
ideas of the way in which such objects are divided into classes, and
form some notions of their outward appearance; but it is after all
laborious and rather ungrateful work, occupying a great deal of
time and attention, and if it be repeated many times it leaves little
opportunity for other things, and causes the collector often to
pass by objects of greater interest and importance. I am personally
more inclined towards the view that it is better for a man to take
up something special which he can grasp more closely ; and if he
wish to get a different class of objects identified, then to obtain
assistance in so doing. I cannot help seeing that we have in this
Club avast amount of manipulative power, a great number of first-
class instruments, and of competent observers ; but I am not quite
sure that we make the best of them. There are vast fields around
us which, if not absolutely unworked, are only partly worked, and
I believe that most of our members would find far more valuable

218 president's inaugural address.

results to arise from turning their attention in these directions
than from simply working in old lines. Amongst the many
subjects which are not yet worked out as they might be, I may
mention the almost new study of Petrology,which, although still in
the hands of a very few observers, is rapidly becoming a subject of
high interest and importance ; the spectroscope also offers a wide
and promising field ; and the value of the microscope, as applied to
commercial considerations, is hardly yet recognised. These are
branches affording great promise, and there are very few persons
who give attention to them. It may be said that ours is not a
Club in which such researches are expected, and that its use is
rather for the purpose of training and raising up microscopists,
and then drafting them off to other bodies where work of this
kind is more exhaustively carried out. There is some truth in this,
and it is to the credit of the Club that it can be truly said, and that
we can point to so many in other societies whose work in micro-
scopy was commenced in the QuekettClub. It is true that there
is a natural tendency among our older members to become engrossed
in other and more learned societies, but it is also true that we have
still amongst us a great many earnest workers, and that the best
men still find it to be to their pleasure and their interest to remain
amongst us, for it is by steady progress that men are able truly to
advance, whether they occupy the place of simple students or that
of teachers or investigators. It is, however, desirable to the
greatest possible extent, that, in order to counterbalance the
inevitable loss of older members, those of younger standing should
be encouraged to come forward and to communicate to the meetings
the results of their observations. I have noticed that there seems
to be a great amount of hesitation on their part in this respect, and
no doubt it is an awkward thing to come forward and to read one's
first paper. It is said that Frenchmen are killed by ridicule ; but
however true that may be, I believe that practically Englishmen
are more afraid of it. Let me urge our younger members to put
such feelings on one side, and to give their fellows the benefit of
their experiences without fear of being laughed at. For my own part
I can only say that, during my period of office, my most earnest
desire will be that I may have the assistance of the younger
members at the meetings, and if I can induce them to do some-
thing more than collect slides, it will not be necessary for me again
to announce, as I am forced to do to-night, that at this meeting of
the Club there is not any paper.

219

Notes on Palmod^ctylon subramosum, and on a New British

Species of Vaucheria.

By M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S.

(Read October 25th, 1885.)

Plate XIV.

On page 25 of my recent work on British Fresh Water Algas I
have stated that " one or other of the many forms of Hydrurus
penicellatus has been called Palmodactylon subramosum, Nag."

This form has recently been found in Britain, and a fragment
sent to me for verification by Mr Thomas Hebden, of Hainworth,
near Keighley. It was found during the month of July, but in
small quantity, and mixed with other species. The collector says :
" I have been repeatedly to the same place but so far have not been
able to procure another specimen."

This form was described by Niigeli in his " Unicellular Alga3 "
(p. 70), under the name of Palmodactylon subramosum, and was
repeated under the same name in Rabenhorst's " Flora Europtea
Algarum " (p. 44), and Kirchner adopts it in his " Algen von
Schlesien" (p. 107). Nevertheless, we see no reason to modify our
original view, that it is only one of the many forms of Hydrurus.
Unfortunately the specimens found were so meagre as to be insuffi-
cient to furnish any conclusive evidence.

On page 116 of the above work I have given a synopsis of the
known species of Vaucheria found in Europe, according to the
arrangement adopted by Professor Nordstedt. When that list was
made eight species were known to occur in Great Britain out of a
total of 19, all belonging to the first group of 11 species, leaving
group B, with six, and two uncertain species, unrepresented.

Since then Professor Nordstedt has spent some time in this
country, rambling in many directions in search of Fresh Water
AlgEe, and he has succeeded in finding on the mud of the Thames,
at Kew, above the bridge, at low water, another Vaucheria, his
own species of Vaucheria spho?rospora which belongs to the B
group, section Piloboloidea?, numbered 15 in the above-named
synopsis. This, therefore, is an interesting addition to our Flora,

220 M. C. COOKE ON PALMODACTYLON SUBRAMOSUM, ETC.

the accuracy of the determination being vouched for by the learned
Professor himself.

The following is the description of this species, which is figured
in outline in " Botaniska Notiser " for 1878 : —

Vaucheria spluerospora, Nordst. Bot. Not., 1878, p. 177, t. 2.

Loosely caBspitose, antheridea at the apex of longer, or rarely of
the shorter branches, slightly tumid, very often a little incurved,
acuminate, furnished about the apex with two (rarely 4) nearly
opposite divergent conical processes, connected with the side or the
base (at first with the apex) of the oogonium, by means of a short
cell destitute of chlorophyll. Oogonium globose, or obovate-
globose ; oospore globose, chlorophyllose, membrane not thick, not
entirely filling the oogonium.

Size. Threads •026-,06 mm. diam. Oogonia *104-,136 mm.
diam. Oospore •088-,120 mm. diam.

On the mud at low water of the Thames at Kew. Commonly
marine.

PLATE XIV.

A. — Figs. 1-6, antheridia of Vaucheria splicer ospor a ; Fig, 7 oogonia
with antheridia (after Nordstedt).

B. — Pahnodactylon subramosum (from photograph x 60).

•

. Vol. 2. PI. XIV

M.C.C. del.

W. Rhein sc

221

On an Unusual Form of Tube made by Melicerta ringens.

By T. Spencer Smithson.
{Read October 25th 1885.)

While trying the well-known experiment of supplying Melicerta
ringens with powdered carmine in order to show the formation of
the pellets with which it constructs its tube, I had the good fortune
to be able to watch the building of the whole of one tube by a
young melicerta, which showed considerable deviation from the
ordinary type of architecture ; and I venture to bring the case
before the Quekett Microscopical Club as it appears to me to
possess several points of interest.

In the first place the young melicerta began by building half a
course in the usual way with apparently solid pellets, but instead
of continuing to do so, it suddenly commenced to heap up, in a most
erratic manner, pellets of the ordinary shape, but composed of trans-
parent, gelatinous matter with a few particles of carmine imbedded
in it, giving the tube a somewhat mottled appearance.

The walls of the tube, owing to the loose way in which they were
made, were about double the thickness of those constructed in the
usual manner.

Since my first discovery I have found another young melicerta,
in the same trough as the first, beginning to build in the same
extraordinary manner, and this fact leads me to think that want of
material is the primary cause of this curious mode of building. I
merely offer this as a crude suggestion, and shall be very glad if any
member of the Club can give me a better explanation of this, as it
appears to me, interesting case of alteration of instinct by confine-
ment.

I regret that I have been unable to send one of the tubes for
examination, but this would be impossible without great risk of
injuring the animals, both being attached to the side of a small
zoophyte-trough.

222

Historic Microscopy.

By E. M. Nelson.

(Read Nov. 27th} 1885.)
During mv absence from town this summer I came across some

'O

quaint old descriptions of microscopes, which interested me so
much that 1 determined to make some notes of them, in the hope
that they might interest you also. My object in bringing this
paper before you is not to enter any debatable ground as to
whether A or B introduced a new principle or improvement with
regard to the microscope, but merely to trace the growth of human
intellect as expressed in the optical and mechanical parts of the
microscope, from the early simple type to the modern complex one.

The earliest magnifying glass or simple microscope known is the
rock-crvstal biconvex lens in the British Museum. This was found
at Nineveh, and is probably not less than 2,500 years old.

After a lapse of 22 centuries, we come to .the compound micro-
scope of Zacharias Jansen, in 1590. It consisted of two biconvex
lenses in a tube. The instrument was exceedingly rude, having no
stage, focussing, or illuminating apparatus.

In 70 years we come to a great improvement by Hooke, who, in
1664, added a field glass to the eye-piece. This is practically the
compound microscope which is still in use, viz., eye-piece, formed
of fin eye glass and a field glass, and an objective. The instru-
ment was fitted with a very rough focussing apparatus, and an
illuminating lens formed of a globe filled with water, a method
still used by watch-makers and engravers. This microscope had no
stage.

In 1668 Eustachio Divini invented a compound non-aplanatic
object glass.

S. Campani, a contemporary of Divini and of Huyghens, used an
eye-piece which we now call Hnyghenian, but which the French
call after Campani. I believe, however, that there is no doubt
about its being the invention of Huyghens.

E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPY. 223

The compound microscope was now abandoned in favour of the
simple lens, it being found that the image from a non-aplanatic
lens would not bear magnifying, the aberrations produced by the
lens being also magnified.

Leeuwenhoek, in 1667, worked single lenses of high power, and
put a screw focussing adjustment to the instrument, which caused
the object to approach or recede from the lens.

Sir Isaac Newton suggested reflecting microscopes in 1679, but
there is no acconnt of one having been made at that time.

Stephen Gray used drops of water in 1696 ; his apparatus, like
that of Leeuwenhoek's, had a screw focussing arrangement.

P. Bonnani, in 1698, produced a microscope with a coarse adjust-
ment and fine adjustment, a stage, and a condenser. It was very
rough, and the adjustments were hardly as fine as some of the pre-
ceding models ; but the principles are to be found in the micro-
scopes of the present day.

J. Wilson introduced a simple microscope, with a screw focus, in
1702. These were of two forms ; one not unlike the seed micro-
scope now in use, and the other something like Leeuwenhoek's.

These microscopes were very popular, but as they offer no new
link in the chain of development, we will pass over them without
any further description.

We now come to the first compound microscope made for sale,
viz., that by J. Marshall, circa 1735. The stand was a wooden
box, with a drawer for apparatus in it. There was an upright
support fixed to this by a ball and socket joint. This support
carried the body and the stage. The stage could slide backwards
and forwards in a vertical direction. There were numbered divisions
marked on the upright support, which numbers corresponded with
numbers on the object glasses. By this means a coarse adjustment
was effected. If, for example, an objective was fixed to the body,
then the arm which carried the body was clamped to the upright
pillar at the marked division. The direct acting screw then made
the fine adjustment. There was a substage condenser formed of a
biconvex lens.

The most important microscope of the time was, however, that
invented by Dr. Smith, of Cambridge, in 1738. He evidently saw
that the aberrations of the uncorrected object glass rendered com-
pound microscopes of little use. Leeuwenhoek's success with
single lenses, and the popularity of Wilson's adaptation of them,

224 E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPE.

could be easily accounted for by the fact that although the single
lenses had less power, they gave much sharper images, because the
aberrations of the uncorrected lenses were not magnified.

Knowing this, he set to work to lift the compound microscope
out of the mire ; and so thoroughly did he do it, that 60 years
afterwards I find it referred to in the following terms : — " In the
opinion of the ablest judges, it is incomparably superior to them
all."

In 1837, that is, 100 years after its invention, Sir D. Brewster
says : — " It performs wonderfully well, though both the specula
have their polish considerably injured. It shows the lines on some
of the test objects with very considerable sharpness." What a
report for a philosophical instrument 100 years old ! Can anyone
bring me a microscope twenty years old that will show the lines on
some of the test objects of to-day " with very considerable sharp-
ness ? " What philosophical instrument can you point to that has
stood the scorching heat of 100 years of improvements without
being demolished ? Dr. Smith, seeing the impossibility of doing
anything with uncorrected lenses, devised a reflecting microscope,
the arrangement of the mirrors being somewhat similar to that in
a Cassegrain telescope. The rays of light, condensed on the object
by a substage condenser, passed on to a concave speculum,
which took the place of the object glass of the compound micro-
scope ; they were reflected back to a convex speculum, which
brought them to a focus where they were examined by a biconvex
eye-glass. There was a stop placed in the tube near the hole
in the convex speculum to prevent any direct rays entering the eye.
In speaking of the condenser, he says, " that this lens should be
just so broad as to subtend the opposite angle to that which the
concave speculum subtends at the object." This is, perhaps, one
of the most extraordinary statements in the annals of historic
microscopy. This principle, viz., that of placing the object in
the conjugate foci of the objective and condenser, and of making
the angle of the illuminating cone equal to the angular aperture
of the objective, 1 have enunciated here for some years past, and
have repeatedly exhibited objects under that illumination both
here and elsewhere, little thinking that Dr. Smith had laid down
the same principles 150 years ago. It would, indeed, be a grand
thing if glasses nowadays were well enough corrected to permit of
their being illuminated by solid cones of light equal in angle to

E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPY. 225

the objectives. After stating this fundamental principle he gets
a little hazy, for he goes on to say, " that the annular frame of the
lens must be very narrow, and connected to the microscope by two
or three slender wires or blades, so as to intercept as little sky-
light from the object as possible/' Of course, any light passing
through the object at a greater obliquity than the aperture of the
concave metal would have no effect at all.

Although Sir D. Brewster passes such encomiums on this
microscope, and enters minutely into its construction, he leaves
these important principles untouched, not mentioning the illumi-
nating part of the instrument at all.

As far as I am able to make out, Dr. Smith's microscope had a
power of 300 diam., and an aperture of about 60°.

Lieberkiihn used single lenses, and illuminated opaque objects by
concave mirrors, 1738.

The concave mirror, which was still used, was an advance, but
the single lens was retrograde ; the sliding focussing arrangement
was very crude. If these instruments were intended for use with
diffused daylight, the bi-convex condenser was a mistake, but it would
have been of advantage if a lamp were held in its principal focus.
About this time Culpeper made a compound microscope, vertically
placed on a box stand with a sliding-tube coarse adjustment, the
position of the body being indicated for the various powers after
J. Marshall's plan. Culpeper had no fine adjustment, but he
was the first to put a concave mirror for the illumination of
transparent objects. During the next 40 years the instrument goes
through great changes in the hands of Cuff, Adams (father and
son), Benjamin Martin, and Jones.

In 1743 Cuff's microscope had a box-stand like Marshall's and
Culpeper's, a sliding coarse adjustment, with focus of objectives
marked as before, and a direct acting screw fine adjustment. A
diaphragm was here mentioned for the first time. The microscope,
however, did not incline.

In 1746, Martin- Adams made a non-inclining microscope with
a rack and pinion focussing adjustment to the stage. The
various powers were fitted to a strip of brass sliding in the
nose-piece, with a notch and spring to centre them. It also
had a sliding tube focussing condenser fitted to the underneath
part of the stage, box-stand, plane and concave mirrors.

In 1747 Cuff added a micrometer to his instrument, also im-

226 E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPY.

proved the Wilson microscope. Adams now improved his micro-
scope by making the body move at the junction between the arm
and the square bar, so that it could pass over any part of the object,
instead of moving the object under the body. This so-called im-
provement was eminently in a retrograde direction, as it threw the
optic axis of the body out of centre with that of the condenser,
but Boss adopted it, as we shall see presently.

Adams put the condenser on a separate sub-stage, and altered
the sliding strip of powers to a wheel of powers ; in other words,
a rotating nose-piece.

The last one of this series is the Martin-Jones. The following
were its main features : — Inclining ; rack-work focussing stage ;
sub-stage ; tripod stand replacing the usual box ; rotating nose-
piece ; draw-tube to body ; rack and pinion movement to body
in a vertical direction over the object ; tangential movement
to stage under the body, so the usual rectangular movements to
the object were given half by the body and half by the stage.
There was a super-stage bull's-eye condenser and Lieberkiihn.

Martin after this brought out a microscopic pocket telescope. The
four-lens eye-piece of a small pocket telescope was made into a micro-
scope. The way this was carried out is so neat that it is worthy of
notice. By twisting one of the tubes over the other, an aperture
was revealed in the side of the telescope. The mirror, which stowed
away in the cap of the telescope, fitted into the tube and light fell
on it through the hole in the side. Objects were placed in small
circular holes formed round metal discs, which also packed away in
the cap. This formed what we should now call a rotating object-
holder.

In 1777 De la Barre introduced changing eye-pieces, and in 1787,
under the second Adams, non-aplanatic microscopes may be said to
have reached their zenith.

The next thing which engaged men's minds was to get better
results than the compound chromatic microscope would give. In
this country Wollaston worked at simple microscopes, and Amici,
on the Continent, at reflectors.

In 1812 Wollaston brought out a periscopic doublet, and after-
wards Sir David Brewster an oil-immersion lens, an endomersion
objective, and lenses of gems. Then came Sir David Brewster's
great discovery, viz., the grooved sphere, which is the Oocluington
lens. Sir J. Herschel invented his doublet of a bi-convex and

E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPY. 227

meniscus in 1821. Andrew Pritchard made a triplet, Blackie one
composed of a garnet, a quartz, and a flint glass, Sir D. Brewster
one of two fluids and a solid.

Then comes the celebrated Wollaston doublet, in 1829, which
was like a small Huyghenian eye-piece, with the plane sides
of the lenses towards the object. This he fitted to a very neat
stand with a plano-convex condenser placed beneath the stage, so
that the object was in its focus. It had also a mirror, and rack-
work focussing. This instrument may be called the culminating
point of the simple microscope. We must now go back to the
compound microscope. Amici, who had been trying to achroma-
tize refractors, gave it up, and tried to improve reflectors. His
method was a modification of Newton's. Goring, Pritchard
and the Tulleys improved on it, and reflecting microscopes
reached their most perfect form in the Goring-Pritchard " engi-
scope," with metals made by Cuthbert. " Engiscope " is a new
word Dr. Goring tried to introduce for microscope ; it means
to see near things. Before leaving these antiques, let me mention
that in Pritchard's engiscope we first find Tyrrell's stage-move-
ments, which form is still retained by Messrs. Powell and Lealand.
The body of these instruments was fixed, and the stage focussed
instead. The stand was an ordinary telescope clip stand, with a
compass-joint, only it had a cruciform foot instead of the usual
tripod, a levelling-screw being placed in one of its legs.

We now come to the last part of our subject, namely, the in-
vention of the achromatic objective for compound microscopes. It
was, as you may well conjecture, by no means the work of one
man, but the result of the combined action of many minds. I
shall not mention all the names which go to make up that great
list of workers to whom we are indebted for the beautiful instru-
ments we now have. As this paper is an abstract of types rather
than men, if I do not mention any notable worker in this field, it
is not because I undervalue his labours.

In 1816, Frauenhofer, of Munich, made a single achromatic
lens, but its performance was considered inferior to the chromatic
lenses of that day.

In 1823, M. Selligues, in France, made a lens of four achro-
matic combinations, which were for combined or separate use. It
does not appear that it was a very successful glass, but it was the
first to demonstrate the great advantage of combining achromatics

228 E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPY.

in one combination or object glass. The focus of each of the com-
pound parts varied from 1-| to l£ inch, but the convex sides of the
lenses were turned towards the object, so that the spherical aberra-
tion of the combination was at its maximum.

In 1825, M. Chevalier made lenses of less focal length, and
turned the plane side to the object, which was a great advance on
the previous method. His highest power was a combination of
two T%.

In the same year, 1825, Mr. Tulley, with the assistance of Mr.
Joseph Jackson Lister, made a triplet of something less than one
inch in focus and 18° in aperture. Afterwards he made another
of still shorter focus, which, when combined with the first, in-
creased the aperture to 38°. This combination is said to have
stood a power of 300 diams. very well. Andrew Ross, speaking
of these triplets, said, " that they never have been exceeded by any
similar combination for accurate correction throughout the field."

Prof. Amici, in 1827, brought a horizontal microscope to this
country with a triple achromatic objective.

In 1830, J. J. Lister read a paper before the Royal Society on
" Some Properties in Achromatic Object-glasses Applicable to the
Improvement of the Microscope." From the lines laid down in
this paper, Ross, Powell, and James Smith made objectives which
surpassed any made elsewhere.

In conclusion, let me point out how the extraordinary instru-
ments I have already described got transformed into those of the
present day.

Andrew Pritchard's compound refracting microscope consisted
of a telescope tripod clip stand with compass joint for inclination,
a Tyrrell's stage, a condensing lens on substage, and a mirror.
The focussing adjustments of this instrument were peculiar. The
arm carrying the compound body was fixed to a tube which fitted
in the tube forming the tail-piece, and came out of the end of the tail-
piece. The coarse adjustment was effected by pushing this tube in
and out. At the end of this tube was a milled head, which, when
turned round, worked a direct acting screw fine adjustment, in a
manner similar to the ordinary Hartnack, only it was at the end of
the tail-piece instead of in the usual place.

In 1826, Mr. James Smith made for Mr. Joseph Lister a micro-
scope on the following plan : — Folding tripod stand with single
pillar, compass joint. The compound body slides in a tube

E. M. NELSON ON HISTORIC MICROSCOPY. 229

fastened to the arm, with rack and pinion focussing, like the tail-
piece of a telescope, eye-piece screwed into draw tube. There were
draw tube steadying rods fixed to the tripod feet like a telescope,
a mechanical stage, an elementary substage, and a mirror.

The last microscope I am going to describe is one of the
earliest of Andrew Ross in 1831. Stand was non -inclining,
vertical rod on tripod foot, rack and pinion, triangular bar,
coarse adjustment, direct acting screw, fine adjustment, with
milled head at the bottom of the pillar underneath the tripod
foot. The mirror was fixed to one leg of the foot. A mechanical
stage with rectangular movements, also mechanical movements
to body to move it over the object. There was no tail-piece, but a
condensing lens was placed in a tube fitting to the underneath part
of the stage.

I have now brought the history of the microscope to a date so
near the present time that the further advances in the construction
of the instrument will be well known to you all.

230

On A Method, of Equalising the Thickness op Slips when
using an Oil Immersion Condenser.

By E. M. Nelson.

(Bead Nov. 27th 1885.)

It is necessary that an oil immersion condenser should have a
fairly long focus, otherwise it would be of no use if the slip
happened to be rather thick.

If the slip is thin it will be found impossible to keep the oil
contact when the condenser is in focus, unless you increase the
thickness of the slip by uniting a thick cover glass to the back by
oil. It will be found very difficult to do this without oiling the
stage when the microscope is inclined. The oil between the
condenser and the cover glass is sure to unite with that between
the cover glass and slip, and then the cover glass falls, upsetting
the whole arrangement. I have found the following plan to answer
admirably : A piece of glass one inch square, upon one side of
which, close to one edge, a strip ^in. broad is fastened by shell-lac,
is oiled to the back of the slip ; the ledge hooking over the edge
of the slip prevents it slipping down.

231

Final Notes on the So-Called Desiccation of Rotifers.

By Henry Davis.

(Read November 27th, 1885.)

A writer in the " Monthly Microscopical Journal " for June,
1873, criticising, in a friendly spirit, a paper on Rotifers I had
recently read, intimated that its chief merit consisted in its
certainty of closing all contention, and in putting the " inevitable
dried Rotifer " at rest for ever. But he was mistaken ; the dry
Rotifer discussion, like the creatures themselves, may lie dormant
for a time, but being " scotched, not killed," it revives again on the
smallest provocation. In fact you may well consider it has been
revived too often, and be little inclined to listen to a repetition,
however brief, of a much more than thrice told tale ; but when I
state that my short paper is called "final notes," &c, you will,
perhaps, see that there is at least one thing attractive about it, and
may, therefore, forgive a last effort to simplify and solve a very old
and difficult problem.

These notes form a sequel to a paper read before the Royal
Microscopical Society, in April, 1873.* Before that date the
matter stood thus : — nearly two centuries had elapsed since it had
been discovered that certain minute aquatic creatures — now called
Rotifera — could be kept in a dry shrivelled condition for a consider-
able time, and then become active on being supplied with water.
But it was much later that special experiments were made to test
the endurance of these Rotifers under extended drought and
extreme temperatures. Very conflicting were the various accounts
of the results, and in consequence two opposing parties were
formed, one believing that the creatures could be boiled and baked
to any extent, and air-pumped until they were dry through and
through, or " desiccated," all without affecting their vitality. In
fact, repeated thorough drying only tended to prolong their lives, as
it was said they could be kept dry for an "unlimited time," and then

* " A New Callidina, with the Eesult of Experiments on the Desiccation
ofKotifers."

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 14. t

232 H. DAVIS ON THE SO-CALLED DESICCATION OF ROTIFERS.

be revived. Then there was the incredulous party, who denied some
things stated by their opponents, and vainly tried to explain others.

In 1872 the balance of evidence so far favoured what may be
called the dry-and-immortal theory, that the standard text books —
in England at least — summed up entirely in its favour. Dr.
Carpenter, in his " Microscope and its Revelations," said, when
speaking of Rotifers and Tardigrades, " they can be reduced to a
most complete state of dryness, kept in this condition for any length
oj time, and revive on being moistened. . . . Individuals have been
kept in a vacuum with sulphuric acid and chloride of calcium (thus
suffering the most complete desiccation the chemist can effect) and
yet have not lost their capability of revivification." Pritchard
taught exactly the same lesson.

About this time, however, G. H. Lewes, in his " Studies of
Animal Life," made out a fair case for the other side. He did not
indeed advance anything absolutely new, but his clear common-
sense arguments toldcrushingly against the common fallacy, and led
him very near to a full explanation of all the undoubted facts. His
belief — like that of Spallanzani before him — was that sand and
dirt formed a perfect protection against the absorptive and drying
effects of a vacuum and of heat, and had found that Rotifers, when
naturally dried on a glass-slip without dirt, never revived, therefore
dirt was somehow the preservative.

I, for one, not being satisfied with the dirt theory, went carefully
over all the experiments I could read of, having a good stock of
material, mainly P. roseola?. I found that they certainly could be
revived after being heated to 200° (Fah.), and that some survived
a week's confinement in the vacuum of an excellent air-pump with
sulphuric acid.

Rotifers treated as described were then picked out with a pencil
and crushed between two glasses under the microscope, when some
of these Rotifers (which had undergone " the most complete
desiccation the chemist could effect") distinctly emitted their con-
tained fluids, and the certainty was apparent that the desiccating
power of the air-pump had been over-rated. It occurred to me that
Rotifers generally being slimy, their gelatinous secretion might, on
their drying, coat these Philodines all over, and form a strong
shell, proof against the air-pump and the ineffective chemist. Some
grapes were then thinly coated with good glue, and as these were
found to bear the air-pump with acid without fracture or internal
drying, it was but a fair inference that the Rotifers, if similarly

H. DAVIS ON THE SO-CALLED DESICCATION OF ROTIFERS. 233

coated, were similarly able to bear its action without injury. But
of course there was no certainty — only a strong probability — that
they were so coated:

It is not quite so clear how a dry gelatinous shell would be pro-
tective against heat, although it would be far better than the
suggested porous dirt or sand ; still, as experiments show that
any temperature much above 200° both dries and kills the Rotifers,
such a shell may be considered protective so far. Other creatures
(even man himself in modellers' ovens for example) have been known
to bear extremely high temperatures without much inconvenience.

There is no room for complaint as to the reception of my theory.
The fifth and subsequent editions of Dr. Carpenter's book accepted
it, Drs. Drysdale and Dallinger immediately adopted and adapted
it to their Bacteria germs, and a micro-biologist of note found a
good sounding name for the process, — " encapsulation."

But there was always a difficulty in proving that the living
externally-dried Rotifers were encapsuled. I devised a sort of stage
trap-tank, with a shelf inside, to induce them when active to dry
apart from the dirt, &c. ; this with partial success, as single dry
specimens were sometimes found apparently gummed to the glass.

Dr. Hudson, writing in 1873, said : — " Mr. Davis's solution of
a much-vexed question is as probable as it is new, and although it
may possibly require confirmation from future observers, I have
little doubt that such confirmation it will receive." Well, after
twelve years, the confirmation has come at last. The Rev. Edward J.
Holloway, of Clehonger, has found enormous numbers of P. roseolce
in the rain gutters of his church, and the very happy thought
occurred to him of placing some strips of paper in these gutters in
the rainy season, with a view to obtaining some clear gatherings of
the Rotifers when they had dried. He was entirely successful. Dry
groups in hundreds were taken. They have a varnish-like coating
all over, and are distinctly glued together — mostly in one plane —
and to the paper.

Examples are on the table under the microscope, some dry living
groups on paper, and some in water taken this afternoon from the
same paper. Writing of these, Dr. Hudson says : — "Mr. Hollo-
way's beautiful groups prove your case beyond a shadow of a doubt.
I have a whole pavement of Philodines glued together ; moreover,
transparent prolongations of the gelatinous secretion may be seen
stretching from one to another."

234

Corrigenda to Prof. Cleve's Paper " On Some Fossil Marine

Diatoms," &c.

In the above-named paper, which Professor Cleve placed in my
hands to edit, I find that the following errors have unfortunately
escaped my notice when revising the proofs, viz : —

At page 166, " Navicula nitescens" &c, should read " Navicula

nitescens (Greg. N. Smithii var. nitescens" &c.
Dele " (N. Smithii var.)" in line 2.
„ „ last line, for " Atl." read " Nord."

„ 167, line 2, for " 42 " read " 72."
„ „ „ 17, for " ^Egena " read « ^Egina."

„ „ „ 18, 19, 24, for " Crabo " read " Crabro."

„ 168, for " Gomphenema" read " Gomphonema ; " for
" Gephyrea " read " Gephyria " ; second line
from bottom, for " 76 " read " 46."
169, line 15, for " from the centre angles ; " read " from
the centre ; angles obtuse."
„ 32, for " s." read " f."
„ 4, for " more " read " less."

6, for " trigone" read "trigonal

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„ 15, dele";"

„ 13 from bottom, for " 24 " read " 27."
„ 3 from bottom, for " not T. production" &c,
read " (not T. productum, Grev., 1861) and
T. Balearicum, CI. and Grun., kongh. Sv. Vet.,"
&c.

„ 16, for " reticular " read « reticulation."
„ 10 from bottom, for " pi. 2 " read " 12."
,, 4 from bottom, for " Thaumatodisci " read

" ThAUMATODISCJS."

„ 14, for " g " read " s."

„ 18, insert "it" after "4."

„ 9 from bottom, for " Arachnoidisca " read

" ARACHNOIDISCE."

CORRIGENDA. 235

At page 174, line 1, insert " e " between " l " and " m."

„ „ „ 6, insert " with " after " surface," dele " , "

after " concentric."
„ 27, insert rt n. sp " after " CI."
„ „ „ 6 from bottom, for " 4 " read " 14."

,, „ „ 4 from bottom, " Craspedodiscus" should com-

mence a fresh paragraph.
,, 175 „ 27, C. Argus should run on with C. hetero-
porus; pi. xiii., for " 12d." read (i 13d."
In my list of additional species I had inserted Asterolampra
Marylandica. This is also in Prof. Cleve's list. In two or
three instances " Ch " occurs for " CI."

F. KlTTON.

230

PROCEEDINGS.

August 14th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

T. Section of stem Apotiogeton distachum ... Mr. F. "W. Andrew.

Marine polyzoa ... Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Campy lo discus biangulatus ... ... ... Mr. H. Morland.

Varieties of Diorite from Warwickshire 7 ^r q. gm^]1

coal fields ... ■*

Attendance — Members, 21 ; Visitors, 1.

August 28th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.
Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. D. W. Greenhow was balloted for and duly elected a member of the
Club.

The following additions to the Library were announced : —
"Annual Keport of Commissioners of the")
Westminster Free Public Library"... )
"The American Monthly Microscopical)

Journal" ) "

" Proceedings of the Canadian Society " ... „ ,,
" Proceedings of the Bristol Society " ... ,, „

" Proceedings of the New York Society" ... „ ,,
" The Amei-ican Naturalist " ... „ „

The Chairman said that they were that evening in the unfortunate posi-
tion of not being provided with any paper, and as he was not aware of this
until a few minutes before the meeting, it was, of course, out of the ques-
tion to produce anything ; in fact, it would be hardly respectful to the
Society to occupy their time with anything on which no thought had been
bestowed. But whilst some other member might collect his ideas, he
would himself meanwhile just mention one or two botanical facts which
migbt be of interest to some of those present. One of these facts was con-
cerning a short paper which appeared in the " Gardener's Chronicle," and
which would be of interest to those who studied fungi, as relating to the
common wheat mildew. The statement of fact was that Mr. Worthington
Smith in examining the grain of oats, with a view to determine the course
of development of the common black smut (Ustihgo), found that in the
intermediate stratum of the tissue there were growing some fixed spores of

237

the wheat mildew. This was the first time that these spores had been found
growing in the kernel of wheat, and it seemed to show that the disease
might be sown with the wheat, and thus be perpetuated through successive
generations. It had been found before upon the straw, but not within the
seed itself. Drawings were given with the paper, and it was not easy to
estimate the value which this discovery might possess with reference to the
subject of the eradication of the pest.

The other matter to which he would refer was a little incident which had
occurred lately at the gardens at Kew, and which had a bearing in the same
direction. In the Rockery at Kew there was a small patch about 2£ feet
square of a common Alpine flower, Gentiana acaulis, growing together
with other plants of a similar kind. The whole of this patch of Gentians
was in an apparently sickly and dying condition, and being the nearest
doctor he was called in to examine and prescribe for the patients. He found
the plants were infested with a fungus known as Puccinia Gentiana, which
was a fungus quite new to Britain, and thoroughly injurious to plants of
this genus, to which it became attached in their native habitat. The ques-
tion naturally arose why should this pest travel over from Germany or
France and settle down upon this particular patch of Gentians in Kew
Gardens ? An inquiry as to their antecedents showed that they were im-
ported plants, having been brought over from Germany during the pre-
vious year, and this led to the conclusion that they were imported with the
disease in them, concealed within their tissues, and that it had subsequently
developed in the way described. The whole of the plants were at once
taken up and burnt, and it was to be hoped that these heroic measures
would prevent the development of- any more of the fungi. This led him to
remark as to the value in this branch of natural history of constant and
continuous work, and of the results which were certain to reward the worker
who would only persevere in a given pursuit. Some time ago he wanted
to get a complete catalogue of a particular genus for publication in
" Grevillea," and for this purpose he resolved to look about in gardens and
other places wherever he went to see if he could not find some other
specimens to add to the list. He did this on every opportunity which pre-
sented itself in the course of six weeks, and at the end of that time he had
raised the number of known species from 30 to 140. This showed what a
little perseverance might accomplish, and he was sure the same thing
Avould hold good in every other branch of study. If a person would
confine himself to one particular point, he would soon be surprised to find
how much could be made of it.

Mr. Buff ham wished he could say something further upon the subject
started by the Chairman, but confessed himself to be ignorant about it. He
would, however, make a few remarks upon another matter, with reference
to the paper which he read before the Club some time ago on the red sea-
weeds and their mode of fructification. He was in hopes that the reading of
that paper might have been the means of finding him a coadjutor in the
Quekett Club, but although it had not done so, he should be glad to take
that opportunity of conveying to the members a few more ideas on the sub-

238

ject, for he wanted them to know that the rewards from this research were
numerous, not only because this branch of microscopy furnished them with
objects which were both numerous and very beautiful, but because there
was also a high probability that really valuable work might be done. He
might add that since the date of his paper he had been pursuing the sub-
ject further, and it had been his good fortune to come across a good
many species which had not hitherto been recorded in Britain, and also
some which had not been recorded at all. Usually it was found that these
plants bore three kinds of fruit, the first being non-sexual (tetraspores), the
second male (antheridia), and the third female (cystocarp). Usually only
one of these kinds was found on the same plant, but sometimes it was other-
wise. Now, on looking at it, the question was one of very great interest as
to what could be the cause of a plant bearing sexual fruit in this way, and
he thought it would be worth any one's while to pursue this inquiry. He
had noticed that sometimes the worn ends of plants producing non-sexual
fruit had grown out again and produced sexual fruit, and it occurred to him
that perhaps it was the first products of the plants that were tetraspores, and
that the process was something analogous to the process of nipping off the
terminal shoots by gardeners to increase the productiveness of the other
shoots. Here was, he thought, a line of inquiry which might very well be
followed out with great prospect of reward. They need not confine them-
selves to a consideration of the red species, for the others would afford
ample opportunities for study. The classification of these seaweeds had of
late years undergone considerable revision since the publication of the
valuable work in their library — Harvey's " Phycologia Britannica."
Formerly these plants were classed according to their affinities so far as
the means then at disposal enabled them to be determined, so that the
common seaweed Laminar ia, according to the old method, was placed in
the highest class because it was seen to have a stem, and a root, and a leaf,
but now, notwithstanding its apparent perfection of form, it was placed in
the lowest class because it was found to produce only zoospores. Other
instances of the same kind were cited as showing that there was in this
direction a large field open to useful research, and that if any one would
take up the subject there was abundant work for him to do.

The Chairman said that Mr. Buffham had pointed out some matters
which he could say were well worth their attention. First, as to the
beauty of the objects in this class, he entirely agreed with the remark as to
that of the Floridice, not only in themselves as matters of colour and form,
but if they would cut some thin sections of the stems they would find that
they rivalled the famous sections of Echinus spines, about which so much
used to be said. Then as to monstrosities, it was very much the habit of
people to look at a thing and then to pass it by as " only a monstrosity,"
forgetting that these variations taught more of the morphology of a plant
than could be learnt in any other way. Next, as to the alterations which
were being made in the positions of species from one class to another.
This had been the case in every branch, the reason being that whereas the
old authors classified objects by their external affinities, the application of

239

the microscope had led to the discovery of bonds of union far closer than
those which were previously known or suspected. The question as to why
some plants produced only male organs and others only female was next
taken in review, and he regarded the processes mentioned as rather
analogous to budding than to what might be properly called seed, budding
being produced before fruiting. These questions required further know,
ledge before they could be satisfactorily answered. At one time it was
thought that in the case of Spirogyra one thread was male and another
female, and some very pretty ideas were based upon this, only it happened
that nature contradicted it, and the fair inference was that, not the whole
thread was a separate plant, but that each cell was so. Some time ago
curious experiments were made in animal life as to what conditions were
necessary for the production of males or females, and some hard-headed
farmers tried to turn this to practical account, with a fair amount of
success. Then, again, in bees and aphides they had an example of an
a-sexual condition, and it did not need any further remark to show that a
study of many of these facts might lead to conclusions of great practical
value and interest. He felt sure that they would return their thanks to
Mr. Buff ham for bringing up a subject which could not fail to be of interest
to every practical man.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to Mr. Buffham for
his remarks.

Announcements of meetings and excursions for the ensuing month were
then made, and the proceedings terminated with the usual Conversazione.
The following objects were exhibited : —

Bark of plane tree ... ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrews.

Aquatic lepidopterous larva, Hydrocampa )

lemnaUs \ Mr* R* T' G* Nevins-

Moss, Milium liornum ... ... ... ... Mr. W. Watson.

An old French compound microscope with )
three simple lenses f Mr. C. Rousselet,

Attendance — Members, 3i ; Visitor, 1.

September 11th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Tingis cardui (Thistle-bug) Pupa Mr. F. Enock.

Larva of Chironomus prasinus

Sertularia, with polypes extended

Den obtnsa

Alcyonella fungosa

Spongilla igloorformis ...

Alcyonella fungosa ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Kousselet.

Attendance — Members, 29 ; Visitors, 0.

Mr. A. Hammond.
Mr. J. D. Hardy.
Mr. R. T. G. Kevins.

»» »> »

Mr. B. W. Priest.

240

September 25th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.

A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the

Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. A. T. Spriggs was balloted for, and duly elected a member of the
Club.
The following additions to the Library were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society" ... ... From the Society.

"Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society " ,, ,,

" Proceedings of the New York Microscopical )
Society " ... ... ... ... •>

" The American Monthly Microscopical") j excv.an2.e
Journal" ... ... j

" The American Naturalist"

»

" Annual Report of the South London MicroO From tlie Society.
scopical Society" ... ... ... )

" Proceedings of the Belgian Microscropical) j excT,anffe
Society" ... ... )

Supplement to Piaget's " Les Pediculines " ... Purchased.

Poulson's "Botanical Micro-chemistry " ... „

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.

The President delivered his inaugural address to the Club, this being the
first occasion on which he had occupied the chair since his election.

Professor Charles Stewart said that he was not aware when he came to the
meeting that he should be called upon to say anything, but as there appeared
to be no paper to come before them, he would just occupy a few minutes in
recounting some recent observations. At the present time most persons
were returning from their holiday trips, and he had himself just come back
from the North Coast of Cornwall, where the rocks were of a very rugged
character, and often exceedingly precipitous, and the sea in stormy weather
rolled its great waves in direct from the Atlantic. On arriving he went
down to the quay to take a look round, and, meeting some fishermen, in-
quired what they caught, and found that though there were not many crabs,
they took a great many crawfish. A basket of these was hauled up for his
inspection, and he found he could purchase them for 8d. or lOd. each instead
of two or three shillings as charged in London. As soon as they were
hauled up the great spiny fellows stood up and began making a noise
resembling the very loud croak of a laige frog. No doubt it would have
sounded much louder if it could have been heard under water. These
crawfish and a few others have the power of producing audible sounds, and
the way in which it was done was rather interesting. By means of a draw-
ing on the black-board Professor Stewart showed that in the mid line below
the eye segment is that wrhich bears the first pair of antennas, this segment
is provided with two smooth surfaces. On either side of the segment are
found the larger second antennas, the proximal pieces of which are fused
together and with the carapace ; these second pieces are provided on their

241

inner and upper borders with file-like surfaces which produce the sound by
rubbing against the smooth parts above referred to.

Towards evening, whilst walking on the headland, he found that there were
a great many of the large green grasshoppers (Acrida viridissima) in the
tamarisk trees all around, and that they were making the air quite
lively with their peculiarly loud, shrill, and continuous noise. [A drawing
of the insect having been made upon the black-board, Professor Stewart
proceeded to explain that at the base of the wing on one side there was a
kind of ridge which had a serrated edge somewhat like a file.] This dentate
ridge was the "fiddle-bow " which was the chief factor in the production of
the noise. On the opposite portion of the other wing there was also to be
found a very clearly-defined circular space covered by a delicate membrane,
and it was by the rubbing of the bow across the hard ridges near this that the
sound was produced. Of course it would be of no use for the creature to be
able to make a noise unless that noise could be appreciated by its fellows, and
so it might be fairly assumed that if any animal had a special apparatus for
making a noise it would also be provided with a special apparatus for hear-
ing it. Such an organ was found to exist just below the knee of the fore-
leg. Now, though at first sight it might seem to be peculiar, yet it would
be seen that after all this was not by any means a bad place for an auditory
apparatus under the circumstances, because, as this insect, unlike the other
grasshoppers, made a continuous sound, it would be very inconvenient if
the organ of hearing was situated near to that which produced so much
noise. Clearly, then, this position was well removed from the source of
sound. On further examination it was found that in the po'sition indi-
cated there were two slit-like holes, each leading to a cavity, within
which was found a kind of tympanic membrane connected by a nerve
which could be traced as coming from the first thoracic ganglia. [The
special and peculiar form of the nerve terminations was also drawn upon
the board.] In the case of the common brown grasshopper the conditions
were somewhat different, for, instead of a long-sustained noise, the creature
uttered a series of short, sharp chirps, with a very clear interval between
them, and therefore they might expect that the mechanism of its audition
would be adapted to the circumstances. The sound was produced by rubbing
the inner aspect of the femur of the hind leg upon the edge of the elytron,
and there was found upon the first segment of the abdomen a small semi-
lunar slit, which led into a little chamber. Inside this was a horny ridge,
which occupied nearly half its diameter, and a very thin membrane was
stretched across this, so that it very much resembled the top of a tam-
bourine. It had been thought that this was an organ for increasing the
resonance of the sound, though he inclined to the belief that it was not a
sound-producer, and he agreed with those who thought that it was rather an
organ of hearing. But, whatever it might be, it was certain that the noise
made was intermittent, and that the organ was perfectly in the position for
hearing to advantage. Examination showed that from the last thoracic
ganglion a nerve ran directly to this part, a fact which went far to show
that the arrangement might be an auditory apparatus.

242

The President felt sure that all present would join in returning their hearty
thanks to Mr. Stewart for his very lucid remarks on the sound-producing
and sound-receiving organs of these grasshoppers. It was rather interest-
ing to know that the circumstance of a sound-receiving apparatus being
situated in the front leg was not confined to insects, but might be traced in
the Argasidas. Professor Hullal, of Berne, had found it in the Persian Argas
(Argas persicus).

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to Professor Stewart
for his communication.

Mr. Morland said that, like Mr. Stewart, he had also just returned from
his holiday, only he went in an opposite direction — to Jutland. Whilst
there he made inquiries about the famous diatomaceous stone which had
frequently been described, but which appeared to be very little known in
this country. However, he thought this would no longer be the case, as he
had brought over such a quantity that he had to pay considerable excess on
his luggage. He had some of the material with him for distribution to
those interested in it. In preparing it for examination he had cleansed some
by dissolving it in hydrochloric acid and then boiling it with soda. He
then treated the residue with sulphuric acid, and finally bleached it with
chlorate of potash. He thought the material really came from a great depth :
that which he had collected had evidently been thrown up by the waves.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously returned to Mr. Mor-
land for his communication.

The President called attention to a number of beautifully executed draw-
ings of food-stuffs, &c, which Mr. Connor had brought for the inspection of
the members.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made
and the proceedings terminated with the usual Conversazione.

The following objects were exhibited : —
Eurycercus lamellatus ... ... ,..

Head of Plumed Gnat (Chironomus), show-
ing all the parts in natural colour...
Parasite of Swan (OmithoMus cygni)...
Diatoms from Mors Island, Jutland ...
" Cementstein" from Mors Island

Attendance — Members, 47 ; Visitors, 2.

I

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. F. Enock.

Mr. H. E. Freeman.
Mr. H. Morland.

jj

>>

October 9th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —
Section of Eggshell of Emu ...
Actinosphenia splendens
Scotch Heather ...
Zoothamtiium arhuscnla...
Navicula Durrandii, Kitton, n.s.
Oakapple fly, Andrecus terminalis

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. E. Carr.
Mr. A. L. Corbett.
Mr. C. G. Dunning.
Mr. A. Durrand.
Mr. F. Enock,

243

Reproductive organs male earwig ... ... Mr. F. Pitch.

Section of leaf, Coffea arabica ... ... ... Mr. H. G. Glasspoole.

Lepidopterous larva, s.p. ... ... ... Mr. W. Goodwin.

Fossil polyzoa from the chalk ... ... ... Mr. W. M. Holmes.

Isthmia enervis, and Arachnoidiscus, in situ ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Hantzsckia marina ... .., ... ... Mr. H. Morland.

Sponges, Echinoderms, &c. ... ... ... Mr. B. W. Priest.

Do! erite from Tasmania... ... ... ... Mr. G. Smith.

Synedra undulata ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Upton.

Parasites from Dog Mr. J. Willson.

Attendance— Members, 50; Visitors, 3.

>»

October 23rd, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.

A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club:— Mr. Charles Collins and Mr. Charles Clayton.

The following additions to the Library were announced: —
" The American Naturalist " ... ... ... In exchange.

" Journal of the Royal Microscopical^)

Society" ... ... )

Braithwaite's " British Moss Flora," Part IX... From the Author.

The Secretary read a letter received from the Secretary of the Croydon
Microscopical Society, inviting the co-operation of members of the Club at
the 16th Annual Soiree of the Society to be held at the Public Hall, Croydon,
on November 18th.

The President said he had brought to the meeting for exhibition a slide
which he thought might be of some interest from its comparative rarity,
being the larval form of Antedon rosaceus, known as Pentacrinus Europceus.
There appeared to be some difficulty in finding it, and he was
rather astonished to hear that the Secretary of the Penzance Natural
History Society, who was formerly a member of this Club, had not
been successful in doing so. Mr. Thompson, to whose researches they
were indebted for most of their knowledge on the subject, and also
Sir Wyville Thompson, stated that they had found it upon seaweed,
but he had not been successful himself in finding it there, except in
occasional instances, his mode of obtaining it being from the crab-pots
which were used by the fishermen off the coast of Cornwall. These pots
were tolerably large wicker frames, which, when intended for use in a wild
sea, were made larger and stronger than usual, so that those in use at the
place he had mentioned were about three feet in diameter, and were loaded
with about a hundredweight of granite. They were baited with fish, and
were then tied together in strings of from 8 to 15, according to the size of
the boat which was to carry them. They were then taken out for a mile or

244

more from the shore and simply flung into the sea with about 80 yards of
rope between each pot, and three or four buoys with a long rope to them at
each end of the string. The buoys disappeared in the water, but the men
got the position by a rough and ready method of sight-lines from objects on
shore, and at the turn of the tide the pots were found again without much
difficulty ; and if the collector went out in a crab-boat for the purpose of ob-
taining Commatulce, it would perhaps happen that seven out of eight pots
which were hauled up would be without a specimen upon them, whilst
others might be covered with them, and thus at the proper time of year the
larva? would be found in abundance. It needed a good sailor, however, to
go out to collect them in the boats in this way, as he had done. But by-
and-bye there would come a time when these pots had to be brought ashore
to be mended, and then occurred one of the best opportunities for the col-
lector, although the specimens thus obtained were not always found in the
best condition. He got the men to let him know when a lot of deep-sea pots
were going to be brought home, and one of the results of his examination of
them was the slide which he had brought down that evening. The President
then proceeded to show, by means of drawings on the black board, the
general strncture and progressive development of this organism, pointing
out that it began its life as a free swimming larva, ciliated, and in many
respects resembling the Annelids ; that the mouth developed from the front
end and the stalk from the hinder portion, which was formed of five basal
plates, the front being similarly furnished with five oral plates, and a circle
of radial plates being then developed between the other two, all these
plates, even at this early stage, had the typical Echinoderm structure.
Brachial plates started from the radial plates and the tentacles or claspers
curved down from the central dorsal plate. After becoming fully developed,
the head broke away from the stalk, and became the beautiful free swim-
ming Commatula, which was however more usually found hanging firmly
on to the pots by means of its claspers. It might quite properly be
thought of as a star fish upside down. At one time it was usual to regard
the Pentacrinus form as the perfect creature.

Dr. M. C. Cooke said that he had brought to the meeting for distribution
some of the small winged seeds of Paulownia imperialis ; the packet con-
tained sufficient for all the members present who liked to take them at the
close of the meeting.

He also read short communications " On a new species of British
Vaucheria" and "On Palmodacttjlon Subramosum? a photo-micrograph of
the latter (X 60) being handed round for inspection.

The President invited remarks upon these subjects, observing that it was
clear from what they had heard that, although things might have been
looked for as carefully as the Algse had been searched, there was still
opportunity for a first-class collector to make new discoveries amongst
them.

A short communication from Mr. T. Spenser Smithson, " On an unusual
form of tube made by Melicerta ringens," was then read by the Secretary.

The President thought that there was some uncertainty in this case as to

245

■whether the variation resulted from the fact that the trough did not con-
tain suitable matter for building, but only some kind of flocculent matter
likely to swell, or whether it was a variety as to the building of the tube
It was a matter of frequent observation that, in spite of the extreme
regularity of the tube under ordinary circumstances, it did vary considerably
in confinement, because the creature was then obliged to use such material
as it could get.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the authors of the various com-
munications.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made,
and the meeting concluded with the usual Conversazione.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Melicertatyro ... ... ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Nettle bug, Capsvs capillaris (pupa) ... ... Mr. F. Enock.

Moth (Tinea), from Cacao bean ... ... Mr. H. Epps.

Melicerta cephalosiphon ... Mr. E. K. Jaques.

jf ivTLytsilo ••• •*. ■•■ •»# jy

Crinoid larva of Antedon rosaceus (Penta-1 ,r . t-. ,r. , ,
_ v } Mr. A. D. Michael.

crinus kuropceus) ... )

Cocconeis, n.s Mr. E. M. Nelson. .

Pisciola geometrina .. Mr. C. Rousselet.

Section of carboniferous limestone containing")

Foraminifera from Stafford ... ... j

Crystallized silver Mr. W. Watson.

Head of White Ant Mr. J. Willson.

Attendance — Members, 46 ; Visitors, 5.

November 13th, 1885.— Conversational Meeting.

The President having called the attention of the members, said that since the
last meeting the Club had suffered a great loss in the death of Dr. Wm. B.
Carpenter — a death rendered more sad by the circumstances under which it
had occurred. No name was more intimately connected with the progress
of microscopical science in this country than that of Dr. Carpenter, whose
well-known work on the microscope had passed through so many editions,
and was still the leading English treatise upon the subject, and was probably
in the library of almost every man in the room. Dr. Carpenter's name was
not known in connection with microscopy only, but equally in the depart-
ments ot physiology, and comparative biology. Throughout his life he had
been a steady and industrious worker, and few men had left behind them
more substantial proofs of the wide and constant nature of their scientific
labours than he had.

The Quekett Club would feel his loss all the more acutely on account of
the very late period at which he had been their President ; indeed, but for
his failing health he would have filled the chair up to the time of his death,

Mr. G. Smith.

246

and, although he had retired from office, he was engaged at that very period
in negotiations for the benefit of the Club.

The President then put from the chair the following resolution, which had
previously been passed by the Committee : — " That the members of the
Quekett Microscopical Club desire to record their deep sorrow for the death
of their late accomplished President, Dr. Wm. B. Carpenter, and to express
their sympathy with his family in the loss they have sustained, and their con-
viction that although Dr. Carpenter has passed away, his world-wide reputa-
tion as one of the most eminent in microscopy and physiology will long
survive him."

This resolution was unanimously passed by the members.
The following objects were exhibited : —

Lucernia auricula Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Spiracle and trachea of silkworm Mr. C. Collins, jun.

Coral from Singapore Mr. A. Durrand.

Head of Culex pipiens, showing antennaa in , »j- ™ ^noc^

their natural form and colour ... $

Section of Cementstein, from Mors, Jutland. Mr. H. Morland.
Diatoms, with dark ground and binocular , ™ -g -^ kelson.

Stentor polymorphus Mr. C. Rousselet.

Parasite of Vulture Mr. A. Tipple.

Pleurosigma angulation ... Mr. C. Upton.

Type slide of Holothuridce Mr. W. Watson.

T. V. section of Bignonia Mr. J. Willson.

Attendance — Members, 53 ; Visitors, 4.

November 27th, 1885. — Ordinary Meeting.
A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club:— -Mr. F. Harris, Mr. F. G. Lloyd, and Mr. G. T. Stevenson.

The following donations to the Club were announced: —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South , In exckange#

Wales" >

" American Monthly Microscopical Journal " ... „ „
" Proceedings of the Geologists' Association " ... ,, „
" The American Naturalist " ... ... ... ... „ „

1 Proceedings of the Belgian Microscopical Society " „ „

Transactions and Report of the Eastbourne
Natural History Society ''

" Pritchard's Microscopic Objects " From Mr. Crisp.

Two Slides— 1, Section of Jutland Cement Stone;. Mr> Morjail(j,

2, Coscinodiscus, from ditto ... ... >

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.

247

The Secretary said that a member of the Club had placed in his hand
the card of Mr. Webb, of Albany, AVestern Australia, who, he said, could be
strongly recommended as a collector of natural history specimens in that
Colonj\ He mentioned the matter knowing how valuable it sometimes was
to know of a person who could be relied upon in the event of his services
being required.

Mr. Nelson exhibited and described a new aplanatic lens, recently made
by Zeiss, of Jena.

The President said he had the opportunity of seeing those lenses a short
time ago, and was greatly pleased with their performance. The field was
extremely large and flat, and the focus was much longer than that of lenses
of ordinary construction.

Mr. Nelson then read a short note "On a New Method of Equalising the
Thickness of Slips of Glass for use with Immersion Condensers," and also a
paper " On Microscopical Antiquities," illustrated by numerous diagrams
of the various types of the early forms of microscope.

Mr. J. D. Hardy said he had brought down the old instrument referred to
by Mr. Nelson, at his request, but he had not used it so as to ascertain its
capabilities. It was a beautiful piece of brass wotk.

Mr. Karop said it seemed a most extraordinary thing, on looking at the
illustrations before them, to observe with what facility makers seemed to
devise mechanical figments to be added to the microscope with no possible
advantage to the worker. The French and Germans adhered to the simple
forms much more than the English did, and it was only necessary to look at
one of those instruments of the Varley type to see that it was filled up as
far as possible with racks, and pinions, and screws, and caps, until it seemed
as if the object was to prevent its use as a microscope as far as possible. It
was really quite curious to see the diabolical ingenuity of mechanism in-
troduced into some of the most modern specimens.

The President said that he was sure they would feel that their best thanks
were due to Mr. Nelson for his" very interesting and welcome paper, which
had afforded them a great deal of information, and had certainly involved
a great deal of research. The paper would have been of value to them for
its antiquarian interest alone, but apart from that it had almost a greater
interest, because it showed them the various stages in the growth of the
instrument with which they worked, and it taught them how the wants of the
workers had become gradually felt, and what steps had been formulated by
men of intelligence gradually to meet those wants. The consideration of
these wants, and the way in which they had been met, might have a yet
further value as a possible guide to what might probably be the course to be
taken in the future — for by showing them in what way men got over the
very serious difficulties which involved the growth of the microscope, they
might to some degree be guided as to the course to be pursued in the case of
instruments which had not reached the perfection to which the microscope
had been brought in the present day.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Nelson for his communica.
tions.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 14. w

248

Mr. Henry Davis read a paper "On some Further Notes on the Dessication
of Rotifers." Specimens of dried mud containing Philodina roseola were
offered to those members who cared to apply for them.

The thanks of the meeting were, upon the motion of the President,
unanimously voted to Mr. Davis for his very interesting paper.

The President announced that in consequence of the 4th Friday in
December falling this year on Christmas Day, their ordinary meeting for
that month would be omitted — so that their next ordinary meeting would
not take place until January.

The proceedings then terminated with the usual Conversazione.
The following objects were exhibited : —

Spirorbisnautiloid.es ... ... ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Section of Cementstein... ... ... ... Mr. W. J. Brown.

Head of Silkworm ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Collins.

Rotifers, Philodina roseola dried and re-animated Mr. H. Davis.
Selected Foraminifera, from Singapore ... Mr. A. Durrand.

Plumed gnat, Tanypus zonatus Mr. F. Enock.

Ovipositor and sheath of Phalangium Opilio Mr. F. Fitch.

Aquatic worm

Head of Cysticercus, from Hare

A Cuthbert-Amici Microscope, dated 1827

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. W.Watson.
Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Attendance — Members, 55 ; Visitors, 8.

December 11th, 1885. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —
Fairy shrimps. Chirocephalus diaphanus
Chelifer muscorum
Cows Chervel, Charophyllum ...
Head of tree spider, Philodromus, showing )

eight eyes, nat. colour

J

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. C. Collins, jun.
Mr. A. L. Corbett.

Mr. F. Enock.

Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Abnormal concretion on the surface of an t

egg shell ... ... ... ... ^

Type slide of selected diatoms, from Mors)

Island, Jutland ... ... ... •*

Tegenaria atrica (male) ...

Krachnoidiscus ornatus, with ± objective and > -*r ^ ™ ^ ,

dark ground... ... ... ... J

Pikrite, from Gumbelberg Nassau Mr. G. Smith.

Spines of Echinus Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 48 ; Visitors, 8.

249

V

Note on a New Form of Live Box or Zoophyte Trough.

By C. G\ Dunning.

(Read January 22nd, 1886.)
Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

r~

All who have occasion to work with, the ordinary forms of
zoophyte trough are aware of the difficulty and the risk of
breakage there is in cleaning them, more especially with the
shallower forms.

The apparatus shown above is designed with the view of
overcoming this difficulty.

Fig. 13 is a plan view of the trough with the cover removed,
Fig. 14 a similar view of the cover, and Fig. 15 a longitudinal
section of the trough through the centre of figure 13.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 15. x

250 C. G. DUNNING ON A NEW FORM OF LIVE BOX.

The lower plate, or trough proper, is made of metal, or
some other suitable material, 3 inches long, 1| inches wide, and
about t!q- inch thick, with an oval or oblong perforation in the
centre, and the under-side is recessed as indicated by the dotted
lines. In this recess is fixed by means of Canada balsam, or
shellac, a piece of stout covering glass, forming the bottom
of the cell ; the recess being sufficiently deep to prevent the
thin glass bottom from coming into actual contact with the
stage of the microscope, or with the table when it is not in use.
Two pins are provided near the bottom edge of the cell.

The cover (Fig. 14) is formed of a piece of thin brass
rather shorter than the trough, but about the same width ;
it has an opening formed in it to correspond with that in the
trough, and under this opening is cemented a piece of cover
glass. The cover plate is notched out at the two bottom
corners, and at the two top corners are formed a couple of pro-
jecting ears.

In order to use this apparatus it must be laid flat upon the
table, and filled quite full of water. The object to be examined
is then placed in the cell, and maybe properly arranged therein ;
the cover is then lowered gently down, the two notches at the
bottom edges being first placed against the pins ; in this way
the superfluous water will be driven out, and the whole
apparatus may be wiped dry. The capillary attraction,
assisted by the weight of the cover, will be found sufficient to
prevent any leakage ; and the pins at the bottom prevent the
cover from sliding down when the microscope is inclined.

Although there is, of course, no supply of air, I have had
Vorticella, zoophytes, &c, under observation for more than two
hours at a time, without any change or renewal of the water ;
but even if it should be deemed necessary to introduce a fresh
supply, it can easily be done by carefully lifting the cover by
the two ears at the top, and making the addition by the aid of
a pipette.

The apparatus is intended more especially for use as a
shallow cell, with moderately high powers, but its depth may
be readily increased by means of an intermediate trough, either
of metal or ebonite, which may be inserted between the trough
and the cover, and will be found to be quite free from leakage.

The area of the cell as above described is rather large, as

C. G. DUNNING ON A NEW FORM OF LIVE BOX. 251

being more convenient for zoophytes, &c, but should it be
thought desirable to restrict the movements of a lively object,
such as an Ephemera larva, it is only necessary to select a glass
ring a little thinner than the depth of the cell, place it in the
centre, and fill the whole cell "with water. The object may then
be placed within the ring, and the cover applied as before
stated.

X

252

On Spongilla fragilis found in the Thames.
By B. W. Priest.

(Bead January 22nd, 1886.)
Plate XV.

In November, 1882, I had the honour of reading a paper to
yon on the Statoblasts of the Fresh-water Sponges, at the same
time, as you will recollect, enumerating the different species
then known, but I was not aware of the numerous Fresh-water
Sponges which were being found and classified, in the United
States, by Messrs. Potts, Mills, and Thomas. Through the kind-
ness of Mr. Crisp, I was brought into communication with Mr.
Thomas, of Chicago, who was most generous in supplying me
with several of the species met with in America.

Among those sent was one which forms the subject of the
present communication, viz., Spongilla fragilis, so named by
Professor Leidy, but previously and first made known by Mr. J.
K. Lord, who found it in Lake Osogoos, and other lakes and
rivers, tributaries to the Columbia River, on the Eastern slopes
of the Cascade Mountains, about 6,000 feet above the level of
the sea. Out of compliment to the discoverer, the late Dr.
Bowerbank named it Spongilla Lordii, the type specimen of
which is, I believe, in the Natural History Museum, South
Kensington. I can find no record of its being found again
until Professor Leidy met with it. Dr. Bowerbank had pre-
dicted that it might be found one day in the United States, as
he had observed fragments of similar spicules in the infusorial
earth collected and sent to him from that quarter.

The Sponge itself is sessile, coating and encrusting stones
and pieces of wood and weeds ; structure fragile — hence the
name given by Professor Leidy — crumbling so much that where
there is a dashing of water, as on the banks of the river, most
of the skeleton, according to Mr. Mills, of Buffalo, is washed
away, leaving in many cases the statoblasts in a bare continu-

W. B. PRIEST ON SPOXGILLA FRAGILIS. 253

ous layer. Oscula simple, dispersed, pores inconspicuous.
Colour light brown to green. Skeleton spicule, acerate, some-
times curved, fusiform, gradually sharp-pointed, smooth and
sometimes inflated in the centre. Statoblasts somewhat bottle-
shaped, congregated on the basal membrane beneath the sponge,
with the aperture upwards, chitinous coat hemispheroidal,
aperture prolonged by a short tubular extension, the chitinous
coat being of a dark amber colour, covered by a thin granular
crust, with small curved or fusiform cylindrical, entirely spined
spicules, the basal membrane abundantly sjriniferous and of the
same form as those covering the statoblasts, those on the stato-
blasts being arranged more or less tangentially.

Now for the subject of this communication. Up to the
present time only two species of fresh-water Sponges have been
recognised in England, viz., Meyenia fiuviatilis and Spongilla
lacustris, the former having the crust of its statoblasts charged
with birotulate spicules, one end resting on the chitinous coat
and the other protruding more or less on the surface, the other
species having curved, minute, stout, fusiform, spined spicules
arranged tangentially on the statoblasts. Of course we have
several so-called varieties of the same, which to my mind are
only caused by the variations of surrounding circumstances,
such as the slow or rapid flow of the water, with the different
amount of light and shade, accompanied by changes of tempera-
ture, all of which conditions must influence the development
and colour of the Sponges to a great degree.

On the fourth of September of last year I went to Shepper-
ton, walking over to Walton-on-Thames, and in one of the back
waters, called, I am told, Walton Sale, growing on the sub-
merged roots and branches of the willow trees overhanging the
stream, I collected a quantity of very good typical specimens of
both species. On examining what I had collected the next
morning, I discovered about an inch of a branch, on which some
Sponge had developed an incrustation, and on examining it
under the microscope, it proved to be Spongilla fragilis, one layer
of statoblasts partly overlying the other, and partially covered
with Meyenia fiuviatilis. It answered exactly to the description
I have just now given of that species, also described by Mr.
Mills, in having only a very small portion of the Sponge struc-
ture remaining, leaving the statoblasts in a more or less con-

254 W. B. PRIEST ON SPONGILliA FRAGILIS.

tinuous layer, the species being infested with innumerable
enemies, which devour the sarcode and other living portions
of the sponge.

Now the question is, whether Spongilla fragilis is to be
accounted a British Species, or has it simply got into the Thames
by accident ? I do not profess that the sponge is entirely new
to England, as it was found, for the first time in 1884, by Mr.
Stewart Ridley, of the British Museum, in the River Wye. Per-
haps, as we, as a nation, are becoming very much Americanised,
the Wye and the Thames have caught the infection. At any
rate, it has now been found in two of our rivers, and I am in-
clined to the belief that other species will be found if sought
for, from the fact that a number of fresh-water deposits contain-
ing sponge spicules have been met with, belonging to species as
yet undescribed, and noticed even as far back as Ehrenberg's
time.

No record of Spongilla fragilis being found in the Thames
until now, I thought this communication would be appreciated
by those members of the Club who are interested, like myself,
in sponge lore.

Perhaps I may mention that since writing this communica-
tion I have received some more Fresh-water sponges from Mr.
Thomas, of Chicago, and he calls my attention to one packet
containing Spongilla fragilis, in which the statoblasts are
more or less in a compound or grouped state. On examining
the Thames specimen I found several statoblasts in that condi-
tion.

Explanation of Plate XV.

Fig. 1. Statoblasts of Spongilla fragilis as they appear in situ.
Fig. 2. A Statoblast isolated from the mass showing the flask-like
shape.

Fig. 3. Spicule of statoblast and basal membrane.

Fig. 4. Skeleton spicule.

Fig. 5. The grouped or compound form of statoblasts.

Joui

<c:

V6L.2.P] YN

^

1l^

255

V

Some Remarks on the Interpretation of Microscopic Images

with High Powers.

By E. M. Nelson.

(Read January 22nd, 1SS6.J

The answers to biological questions, or the keys to Natural
History puzzles, as they may be appropriately called, are,
thanks to the improvements in the microscope, becoming more
minute every day. The inch and half -inch objectives have
unlocked many of Nature's hard enigmas, but as the ground is
being worked over by higher powers there is less left within
their range.

It is with guns such as the wide-angled oil y1^ that we must
pound away at Nature's citadels if we wish to capture her
strongholds. The interpretation of a microscopic image under
an inch or half-inch presents but little difficulty, but in the use
of lenses such as the wide-angled oil T^-, two questions have to
be answered before you can satisfy yourself that your interpre-
tation of the image is correct. These are : (1) Is the object pre-
cisely in the focus of the objective ? (2) Is the lens in perfect
adjustment ?

It is well known that slight variations in either focus or
adjustment, or both, will produce a marked effect on the
resultant picture. There cannot be, therefore, two more
important questions for the microscopist of to-day than : What
is focus ? What is adjustment ?

The difficulty in solving these questions will depend largely
on the kind of object under examination.

Bacteria, stained and mounted in balsam, form a class of
objects which, perhaps, offers fewer obstacles than any other to
the solution of these questions, hence they are suitable for test
objects. Even with these easy objects some discussion has
taken place with regard to the interpretation of the image.
There are those who say, that a certain bacillum consists of a
number of elongated spores within a cylindrical hyaline sheath ;

256 E. M. NELSON ON THE INTERPRETATION Otf

others that it resembles a string of sausages with constrictions
in it. This difference in the interpretation of the images of
the same object is mainly to be accounted for by variations in
focus and adjustment. If such differences are present in these
comparatively easy objects, we may expect to find them greatly
increased when vieA\ ing objects that present greater difficulties
in the determination of focus and adjustment.

Sucli are diatoms, owing probably to the transparency of the
silex of which they are composed. To find the truth of this
one has only to turn to the extensive literature on what may be
termed " the resolution of the markings on the diatomacea?,"
and he will find such expressions as striae, checks, areola?,
puncta?, white dots, black dots, hemispherules, pearls, beads,
etc., used to denote the same thing. Now let us take the
Pleurosigma formosum, and, setting aside the stria? and
diamond-shaped markings as quite exploded things of the
past, apply ourselves to the consideration of the more recent
interpretations. There are two kinds of markings which we
shall have to discuss thoroughly. I name these the white dot,
and the black dot. The white dot is usually accepted as the
critical image of this, and other diatoms.

To show that this is so, let me refer you to the photograph
of Navicula rJiomboides by Dr. Woodward, copied in the
"Monthly Microscopical Journal' for May, 1876; also to his
photograph of Pleurosigma angulatum, copied in Dr. Van
Heurck's " Synopsis." Both these show the pearls, beads,
hemispherules, or what I have called the white dots. I
endeavoured to show that these appearances were erroneous, at
the demonstration I gave here on March 14th, 1884, but could
not, for want of time, go into the matter at sufficient length ;
I hope you will pardon me therefore, for again referring to it.
When examining a P. formosum, in balsam, with the black dot
resolution, I noticed that one or two of the dots were very pale.
It appeared as if those identical dots, or hemispherules had been
removed, leaving the plain silex underneath. On changing the
resolution for that of the white dot I found all the dots equally
perfect. I could not tell where the damaged beads were
situated. There is not a shadow of doubt in my mind as to
which of the two is the truer picture. The black dot which
differentiates between one or two of the markings and the rest

Microscopic images with high powers. 257

must of necessity be a truer picture than that which shows
them all as being precisely similar. I was very much struck
on first noticing this differentiation. I carefully noted the
valve, and the part of the valve, where it occurred. I have
spent, now, upwards of five years working at this same spot, to
see if I could get any elucidation as to the cause of these
appearances. My work was not without reward, for by
increasing the angle of my axial illuminating cone, I found that
the black round dot appearance gave place to a reddish square
hole in the silex. The dot that was missing showed that that
hole had been filled up or coated over with silex. Afterwards
I saw a spicule of silex sticking into one of the perforations.
Latterly I have discovered a very minute bar of silex stretch-
ing across one of the perforations, dividing it into two nearly
equal portions. This constitutes probably the smallest, as well
as the most difficult, point of detail I have ever seen with the
microscope. The apertures count 24,000 per inch in one direc-
tion, and 29,100 in the other direction. To find the size of a
single aperture is a more difficult matter. If you measure
it by the wire micrometer the thickness of the wire renders
it difficult to see the edge of the hole. By this means, how-
ever, I got a measurement of -553 015- incn- I estimate that the
diameter of the hole is about equal to the thickness of the inter-
vening silex. This would give ^-g^o inch as the diameter.

The thickness of the bar has been estimated at ~ of the
diameter of the hole. Taking the largest measurement of this,
viz., ^53o~o inch, would give -^tVo^o inch as the thickness of the
bar. I have lately very carefully re-examined this object with
the view of estimating its size, and I feel confident that this
measurement, if it errs at all, is, if anything, too large.

I have previously given it as my opinion that the P.
formosum was composed of a square grating, but since my
discovery of the bar I have modified those views. I now know
that I was taking too deep a focus, and I am of opinion that the
perforations are circular, or nearly so, on the exterior surface of
the valve, and that they cone off to a square grating on the
under surface ; in other words they are funnel-shaped, with the
small end of the funnel circular and towards the exterior of
the valve, the large and square-shaped end towards the interior.

Some will say that all this is a work of supererogation, the

258 E. M. NELSON ON THE INTERPRETATION OF

proper method being the examination of diatoms such as
Triceratitim, etc., in section. To this I reply that diatoms are
of two kinds, those possessing a single structure and those
which have two. The Pleurosigma, Navicula, Schizonema, etc.,
belong to the first class. They are boxes formed by a very
delicate silicious perforated membrane. I look on the median
line as a girder to strengthen the delicate membrane. All
these kinds of diatoms you will notice are small.

When we come to larger diatoms, such as Triceratium,
Isthmia, Coscinodiscus, Actinoptychus, etc., we find a two-fold
structure. I regard the delicate perforated membrane as the
structure which is of primary importance to the living organism
inside, and the main areolations as of secondary importance, as
being girders for the support and protection of that delicate
perforated membrane.

With regard to the sections, they only confirm what had been
found out before with a half -inch objective and the stereo-
scopic binocular, viz., the nature of the girder work. I very
carefully examined those of the Triceratium exhibited by
Messrs. Powell and Lealand at the Royal Microscopical Society,
under one of their oil -^ N.A. 1*43. The perforations in the
delicate membrane were wholly invisible. These perforations
when viewed on the ordinary valve, not in section, can be seen
as markings, with a common half -inch objective (mind, I do
not say you can see them as perforations with a half-inch)
— in section they were invisible under one of the finest objec-
tives ever made. It is committing a grave error to seek for a
solution of the nature of the delicate membrane by examining
those diatoms which have a double structure, because in those
diatoms the perforations in the delicate membrane are very
minute.

The very fact of a diatom having a very strong girder frame-
work points to the probability of the perforated membrane
being very delicate. It is a wiser plan to examine those
diatoms which have a bold single structure, such as the P.
forraosum and the Tryhlionella punctata.

To return to the bar, a curious feature of this minute object
is that it is exceedingly sensitive to focus ; the smallest appre-
ciable alteration in focus and it is gone. Until I saw this
object I was ignorant of the extreme delicacy of focus of the

MICROSCOPIC IMAGES WITH HIGH POWERS. 259

oil T'¥ 1ST. A. 143. The so-called transverse stria? on the A.
Pellucida would remain not only in view, but sharp, under an
alteration of focus sufficient to obliterate the bar.

Some may think that these minute points are unworthy of
attention, but they are important, as they are the means by
which correct adjustment and focus may be found out. When
you have objects such as these in view you cannot be focussing
and adjusting on a spectral image. Knowing this, I have been
able to see that the white dots, hemispherules, beads, or pearls
are not the images of the perforations at all, but are caused by
the refractions of the cross pieces of silex between four adjacent
perforations.

These fine details can only be seen by a direct axial cone of
large angle. They are completely obliterated under oblique
light. I will now, if you will allow me, sum up the lessons
taught by this resolution. They are five in number.

1. There are no such things as markings on the Diatomacece.
The so-called markings on the Diatomacece are the structure of
the Diatomacea?. One might, with equal propriety, call ribs
markings on a skeleton.

2. The complete destruction of the hemispherule, bead, and
pearl theory.

3. The contradiction of the statement " that you cannot know
anything about the structure of the Diatomacece, because all the
diffraction spectra are not taken up.

4. The great superiority of illumination by an axial cone to
that by an oblique pencil.

5. The solution it affords to the questions — What is focus ?
What is adjustment ?

260

Observations upon a Species of Gamasus supposed to be

unrecorded.

By A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.Z.S, F.R.M.S., &c.
(Read March 26th, 1SS6.J

Plate XVI.

I have already mentioned at this Society that for some years
past I have been investigating the life-histories of certain
parasites of the mole ; and that this inqniry led me last Christ-
mas to examine the nests of the moles, in which I discovered
several species of Acarina not connected with my original
subject, and which I believe to be unrecorded. Amongst these
was the fine Gamasus which forms the subject of the present
paper. Although I have not been able to find any record of the
creature, yet in one stage at least it has certainly been found
before, because I have in my cabinet a preparation given me
some years since by Mr. Freeman, of this Society, which is
marked as coming from the mole, and which is an immature
stage of this species. A careful examination of such records as
I was acquainted with showed me that this species was so
similar to the Gamasus magnus of Kramer,* that I was at first
inclined to think that they were either identical, or so similar
as to render it undesirable to devote a paper to its description ;
for although in groups which have been well worked out, as the
Lepidoptera, it would be quite worth recording a single new
British species ; yet amongst the less-known families of Acarina
I do not usually think it worth devoting a paper to a single new
species, unless it has something connected with it that renders
it exceptionally deserving of notice. When, however, I came
to examine into the structure of this creature, I found that, in
spite of the resemblance, it was not Kramer's species, and in
the course of the investigation so many points of its anatomy
and habits seemed to me interesting and worthy of a record,

* " Zur Naturgeschichte einiger Gattungen aus der Familie der Gama-
siden," ' Arclriv. fiir Naturg.,' xlii, Jahrg. (1876), 1 Bd., p. 91.

A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMASU8. 261

that I was led to reconsider my intention of abandoning this
paper.

The species is a large and handsome one ; indeed, the largest
and most powerful Gamasus that I am acquainted with, and its
dorsal plates are divided into small parts, by fine sutures or
markings, looking like the scales of a fish, which is also the
case with Kramer's species. The form and structure of the
second pair of legs in the male is also very remarkable, but here
again it resembles Kramer's species. There are, however,
numerous more or less important differences from that species ;
those which have merely a value as distinguishing species I
shall leave for the description at the end of this paper, and
shall only mention here those which seem to have a wider
interest or to be otherwise remarkable.

What struck me first was the form of the so-called oral tube.
In Gamasids in the median line of the anterior edge of the body,
and lying below the dorsal plate and above the ventral there is
a short, wide, chitinous tube (the oral tube), PI. xvi, Fig. 12.
This tube can be nearly retracted within the body, or almost
entirely exerted. It is formed below by the maxillary lip,
with its parts corresponding to the galea? of insects, &c, and
with the maxillary palpi attached ; and above it is formed of
what may be considered as equivalent to a labrum or epistome.
Through the hollow of the tube (lumen) the protractile man-
dibles (chelae) are protruded ; or darted would give a better idea
of the motion, and the lingula, &c, are within the tube. The epis-
tome is variously shaped in different species, and is often of
very quaint pattern. The mandibles also vary greatly, although
always chelate in the true Gamasids. This variety of the man-
dible is chiefly in the male sex, and modern writers upon the
group have distinguished species chiefly by the form of these
two parts, and in most of their writings these are the only parts
figured. It has been fully recognised that the mandibles of the
males and females commonly differ, and only those of the
male are usually drawn, as there is not much variety in those of
the female, but I am not aware that any one has ever remarked
any sexual difference in the form of the oral tube, and the
epistomal portion of it is iisually figured for the identification
of species without mentioning which sex it belongs to. In the
present species, however, I found to my surprise that the

262 A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMASUS.

epistonie is quite different in the two sexes, that of the male
(Fig. 4) being a triangular or somewhat lancet-shaped blade,
nearly as broad as long ; while that of the female (Fig. 12) is a
long, strong, narrow spine, with two small teeth near the base,
and then widening ; this is more the form of the epistome in
Kramer's species. This seems to me to have a somewhat im-
portant bearing on this system of classification, as where one
species varies in the two sexes, it is probable that there are
others that do the same ; therefore, where figures of the oral
tube, or epistome, are given, it would probably be desirable to
say which sex they belong to, or whether both sexes are alike.

The next part requiring notice is the mandible of the male. It
has been mentioned that these organs vary much in form, there
being often chitinous. appendages to the chela which assume the
most singular shapes. In Kramer's G. magnus the upper (fixed)
limb is about half as long again as the lower (movable) limb,
and forms an irregular cone with a blunt, rounded point. Just
at the first glance the mandible of the present species looks as
though it were an exaggeration of the same thing, as one limb
is longer than the other ; but it is soon seen that what exists
here is exactly the contrary of the arrangement in Kramer's
species. The fixed limb here is quite short, and has one terminal
bifid tooth, and one large single tooth. The movable limb is
immensely prolonged, being more than five times as long as the
fixed limb. It forms a great spear-like organ, along the distal
half of which in the upper median line runs a thin, sharp blade.
The point is extremely sharp, so that the whole structure is a
formidable weapon. This brings me to an interesting feature in
the use of this mandible. I ventured to assert some time since
that some species of Gamasus which I had been breeding for the
purpose of a previous inquiry* were strictly predatory crea-
tures. My reason for this was that I failed to get them to eat
vegetable food, but that they fed eagerly upon cheese-mites, and
throve excellently on that diet through several generations.
Some of the Italian Acarologists, however, doubted this, and main-
tained their previous opinion, that all the Gamasidce fed upon decay-
ing vegetable matter. The present species certainly is predatory in

* " Observations on the life-histories of Gamasinae, with a view to assist
in more exact classification," ' Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.,' Vol. xv. (1881),
p. 297.

A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMASUS. 263

the most marked and obvious manner. I found it in the moles'
nests, and brought home and preserved nests and all in their
natural condition. I had plenty of specimens of the Gamasids,
and they were amply supplied with the vegetable material in
which they lived, but I did not ever find them feeding upon
any vegetable matter; whereas, both when I first obtained
them, and afterwards during the time I kept them, I was con-
tinually finding the Gamasids with small wire-worms and other
larvae of beetles, &c, and small worms, and even mole-fleas
in their mandibles. The larvae were often so large that they
dragged the Gamasus about while he was devouring them ; but
the Gamasus always held on, and sucked his victim quite dry.
Sometimes he would kill it by darting his lance-like mandibles
through and through it. All these processes were easily watched
under the microscope, and when I wanted to keep a Gamasus
alive in a separate cell for observation I fed it on soft-bodied
larvae, which answered admirably. For its size, this Gamasus is
one of the most ferocious creatures I ever had to deal with.

The above-named use is not the only mode in which the
mandibles are employed. I was quite unprepared for another
purpose to which I found that they were applied. The great
difference between the mandibles in the two sexes, and
their singular development in the male, naturally lead the
observer to suspect that in this sex they might subserve some
sexual purpose ; but on reflection it seemed, perhaps, more
probable that they were merely correlated. I observed in the
specimens that I had killed for preparations that the two
mandibles were always extruded to the same extent ; now, the
ordinary, strongly-chelate mandibles of Gamasids are more
usually extruded alternately, and then specimens which have
been killed are found with the two mandibles unequally
advanced. I, therefore, suspected that in this species the
mandibles might be protruded at the same instant. I carefully
observed the living creature, and found that this was always
so. It, however, had not any particular significance for me
until after I had made other observations. It so happened
that I found a considerable number of males and females in
coitu. I noticed that the mandibles of the male were bent
downward toward the female in a manner which seemed to
me singular. On separating one of the males from its com-

264 A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMASUS.

panion, I found a flask-shaped, rather egg-like object, semi-
transparent and rather opalescent, adhering to both mandibles,
and placed between the mandibles near the bases of the
chela3. I at first thought it was some accident, so I sepa-
rated two or three more, and in each instance found exactly
the same thing. It then struck me that, although it seemed
highly improbable, yet it was just possible that it might
be a poison-sack ; the position at the base of the movable
chela being suspiciously like that in the spider, although it
was not likely that the sack would be outside, unless it were
temporarily distended and afterwards retracted. It also seemed
improbable that the male would be killing the female ; but as
the converse readily takes place with spiders, it was not im-
possible. To decide this question, I firstly separated a male
Gamasus from a beetle larvae which it was killing, but there
was not any object between the mandibles. I repeated this
several times, but always with the same result. Finally, I
examined numerous mandibles under different circumstances,
but did not ever find the object between the mandibles, except
in the cases where the coitus had been disturbed, and then I
invariably found it ; the object being attached to both man-
dibles, so that it could not be withdrawn into either, and should
show at ordinary times, whereas the mandibles were usually
quite clean and detached, without any trace of a tie between
them. I now accidentally separated a pair in which I suspect
that the coitus had only just commenced, and here I did not
find anything on the mandibles ; but I found a precisely similar
flask-shaped object emerging from the genital aperture of the
male ; the glutinous matter around it dried, and it remained
attached there. I now dissected a male, and found in the
hinder part of the body, but communicating with the genital
opening, two large sacs filled with these flask-shaped objects.
The flasks themselves always showed a granular mass inside,
and when this was extracted by any means it broke up into
what had the appearance of the motionless semen common
amongst the males of the Acarina. My conclusion from all
this was that, in the present species at all events, the male
semen is enclosed in masses, in large capsules or spermatophores,
which are stored in what answers to Neeclham's sac in the
Cephalopoda, and are extruded singly, and applied to the genital
organ of the female by the singular mandibles of the male,

X

A. D. MICHAEL ON A STECIES OF GAMASUS. 265

which are also possibly used in lifting the large chitinous flap
which covers the female organs.

During the last-mentioned observations I had an opportunity
of seeing how the great apophysis on the enlarged second leg
of the male was used to retain the female. I found that it was
hooked round the leg of the female, giving a very firm grasp.

I may also call attention to a remarkable axe-blade-shaped
chitinous projection on the second joint of the first leg of the
male. This leg is a tactile organ, but I am not able to give any
explanation of the use of this piece.

Finally, I may mention that this is one of those species
where the dorsal shield is divided into two in the adult. I fear
that Dr. Kramer thought that, in my paper above referred to, I
denied. that the adults ever had the dorsal plate so divided, and
asserted that it was a sign of immature condition. I fear that
the language of my paper must have contained some ambiguity
which might mislead a foreigner, even when as well acquainted
with English as Dr. Kramer is ; but certainly I never intended
to state anything of the kind. I was well aware that in some
kinds the adults showed the dividing line ; but what I wished
to say was that, in the particular species I was then investigat-
ing, the plates were divided in the immature creature, but did
not show any division in the adult ; and that as some species
had the plate divided in the nymph and larva, but not in the
adult, and as the division of the plate could often be seen on
the cast skin or on a dissection when it could not be seen on
the living creature, I thought that the division of the plate was
not a character upon which it was desirable to found a classi-
fication. As I have not written any paper on the Gamasidce
since that as to which the mistake occurred, I have not had an
opportunity of correcting it before.

Gamasus terribilis, n.s.

Male.
Average length about 1*72 m.m.
,, breadth „ 1*07 ,,

,, length of 1st pair of legs about 1*40 m.m.
„ „ 2nd „ „ 1"09 „

,, ,, ord ,, ,, vo ,,

„ „ 4th „ „ 1'35 ..

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 15. Y

266 A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMASUS.

Colour — Yellow-brown, of medium depth, legs darker.

Texture — Smooth, but not polished.

Body — Form almost oblong, except the anterior margin of
the dorsal shield, which projects strongly in the centre, above
the oral tube, and has a very rounded outline in the projecting
portion. Dorsal shield separated from the ventral, and divided
in the centre by a transverse line, and slightly indented at that
place, showing the membranous margin. Oral tube, with upper
part (epistome) simply triangular (Fig. 4) with smooth edges.
Mandibles (Fig. 3) with the shaft (first joints) short ; the fixed
limbs of the chelae (second joints) short and tridentate, i.e.,
with one bifid tooth at the end and one large single tooth ; the
movable limb (third joint) very long, five times as long as the
fixed limb ; almost straight, spear-like, sharp-pointed, with one
large tooth near the base, and a thin, sharp blade, deepest
posteriorly, running along the median line of the distal half,
and ending quite suddenly. There is a semi-circle of stiff
bristles just behind the articulation of this limb of the chela.
Some of the hairs on the palpi are pectinated (not strongly).
There are four fine, white hairs on the projecting portion of the
anterior edge of the dorsal plate, and numerous similar hairs
round the periphery, and on the dorsal plate.

On the ventral surface the sternal plate is undivided, and the
ventral and anal plates are fused, but separate from the sternal
and dorsal plates. There is a chitinous arch over the genital
opening.

Legs of moderate length ; the first pair (Fig. 6) thin and
straight ; joints of nearly equal thickness throughout. The
second joint (Fig. 11) has a great axe-blade-shaped chitinous
projection in the median line above. This leg terminates in a
membranous pad in which the shaft of the claws is sunk ; the
caruncle is very large and broad ; there are numerous fine hairs
on all the joints. The second leg (Fig. 7) is very greatly
thickened, but gradually diminished to a point. The first two
joints are very large, then there is a sudden constriction, then
the third joint is extremely thick, with a great rounded elbow ;
from this point the leg diminishes, ending in a strange, slightly
recurved, pointed portion, which bears a certain resemblance to
the form of the human foot ; from the under side of what
would be the heel proceeds the long-shaped caruncle and strong

i.e.

Ser.U.VoL .2 .PI. XVI

A.D.Micha.el adnott.deL

W. Rhem sc

GAMASUS TERRIBILIS d* & ^

V

A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMASUS. 267

double-claw. There is a great apophysis with a bifid terminal
tooth and one single tooth on the inner side of third joint, with
a spike beyond it ; a smaller apophysis on the same side of the
fourth joint, with a spike behind it ; a still smaller apophysis on
the fifth joint ; and a narrow blade on the terminal part of the
tarsus. There are also a few rather strong hairs on the various
joints. The third and fourth tarsi end in sharp points, other-
wise these legs are not remarkable. There is a pair of spines
under each fifth and sixth, and three under the eighth joint,
one above the second, and three above the fourth joint, and
several fine hairs on all joints.

Female.
Average length about 1*72
,, breadth ,, "80

,, length of 1st pair of legs 130
„ 2nd „ 1-00

„ 3rd „ -91

„ 4th „ 1-40

Colour and texture as in the male. Form almost similar to
the male, but legs broad in proportion, and the anterior margin
more sloping, less shouldered.

Body. — Epistome with one long, narrow central lamina, with
two paired teeth at the base (Fig. 14). Mandibles with both
limbs of the chelae of about equal length, crossing at their ends,
with about six teeth on each chela, provided with a semi-circle
of bristles as in the male. On the ventral surface (Fig. 17) the
sternal plate is divided into an anterior and a posterior (genital)
plate.

Legs. — First pair without the axe-shaped projection ; second,
legs thickened, but not nearly so much so as those of the male ;
without apophyses, and the tarsi without the blades or the
terminal foot-like hooks.

In other respects the female resembles the male.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
Gamasus terkibilis.

Fig. 1. Adult male X 30.

„ 2. Adult female X 30.

,, 3. Mandible of adult male X 150.

„ 4. Epistome (top of oral tube) of adult male X 100.

268 A. D. MICHAEL ON A SPECIES OF GAMAStfS.

Fig. 5. Galea of adult male x 150.
„ G. First left leg of adult male X 50 ; a, coxa ; b, trochanter ; c,

1st femoral piece ; d, second femoral piece ; e, genual ; /.

tibia ; g, first tarsal piece ; h, second tarsal piece ; i, caruncle,
„ 7. Second left leg of adult male X 50. (Same lettering.)
„ 8. Genital opening of adult male.
,, 9. Spermatophores.
„ 10. The two mandibles of the adult male with a spermatophore

attached X 50.
„ 11. Second joint (trochanter) of first left leg of adult male x 150.
,, 12. Oral tube of adult female X 50.
,, 13. Chela of mandible of adult female X 100.
„ 14. Epistome of adult female X 100.

15. Labial portion of the oral tube of adult female X 100; mx,
maxillas ; la, lacinia ; g, galea ; It, lingula ; p, first joint of
palpus.

16. Articulated sternal process (the Bauchtaster of Kramer),
probably a tactile organ, found in both sexes. The drawing
is made from the female.

17. Arrangement of the plates, &c, on the ventral aspect of the
adult female ; a, anterior sternal plate ; b, posterior sternal,
or genital plate ; c, fused abdominal and anal plates ; d 1,
d 2, d 3, d 4, coxae of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs
of legs.

„ 18. Chela of mandible of hexapod larva, X 230.

>3

)>

269

Short Note on the Fixer Structure of certain Diatoms.
By E. M. Nelson and G-. C. Karop.

(Read March 26th, 1886. J

Plate XVII.

On examining certain Diatoms with the finest oil-immersion
objectives, and under conditions of illumination snch as are
absolutely essential if the full aperture, and, therefore, resolving
power, of these glasses is to be utilized, some details of struc-
ture are brought into view which are otherwise quite invisible,
and, as far as we know, have not hitherto been correctly
described or properly figured. Acting on this belief we have
ventured to bring before your notice some short observations,
accompanied by careful drawings, recently made on a few well-
known forms.

1. Coseinodiscns ash rom/phalos. This diatom, although con-
sisting of a single siliceous membrane, has a double structure,
viz., coarse and fine areolations, the latter within the former.
The coarse areolations are for the most part circular in outline,
and the intervening silex is thick. Inside these areolations is
a most delicate perforated membrane, the outermost row of per-
forations being much larger than the rest. This membrane is
so thin and fragile that it is often broken out, and when this is
the case the coarse areolations appear to have a crenated edge
(PL XVII., Fig. 1).

2. Isthmia nervosa. This is similar in construction to the
above, having a single membrane with a two-fold structure, a
fine perforated membrane inside coarse areolations. The coarse
areolations in this diatom are very large, and the silex corres-
pondingly thick. At the same time the inner membrane is
excessively' thin and delicate as in asteromphalos. The perfora-

270 K. M. NELSON AND G. C. KAItOP ON

tions are large and irregular in shape around the margin, but
smaller and circular in the centre. A broken areolation is
figured to show the fracture passing through the perforations
(PI. XVII., Fig. 2).

3. Triceratium favus. This diatom is very similar to the pre-
ceding. The coarse areolations are hexagonal in form and very
deep. At the bottom of these is a delicate perforated membrane,
the perforations being circular and arranged for the most part
in rows. Fig. 3 shows a fracture passing through the minute
perforations, the resolution of which may be considered one of
the most crucial tests for the microscope of the present day.

4. Eupocliscus argus. This diatom differs from the above,
inasmuch as it possesses two separate membranes, one contain-
ing the coarse and the other the fine areolations. The outer is
a strong, coarsely-marked structure, the areolations being for
the most part circular or oval in outline. The intervening
silex is granulated on the exterior, and has a brownish colour
by transmitted light. With reflected light, however, it appears
white and sparkling, not unlike loaf-sugar. The interior
membrane is yevy transparent and covered with minute perfora-
tions (only lately discovered, and which have been called
tertiary markings). But in addition to these are what have
long been known as the secondary markings, viz., white bright
spots, which are arranged in rowrs radiating from the centre.
These secondary markings must not be regarded as perforations,
as we have not found an instance of a fracture passing through
them.

Fig. 4 shows the secondary and tertiary markings on the
interior membrane, as seen through the coarse areolations of
the exterior membrane. The best way of examining the
secondary markings is to use a f or T\ objective, with a
lieberkuhn, the specimen mounted dry, with the concave side
uppermost. The tertiary are more difficult to see, and will
require a higher power.

Fig. 5 shows the fracture passing through the perforations in
a valve of Pleurosigma angulatum. This diatom has but one
membrane, and only one kind of perforations. To show this
properly a lens must be very well corrected, and have its
glasses very perfectly centered.

.

Se:

tftfc $ft

VLS

IsthrrvLCL- kvervos

Co

Fig. 4

F

g

ILuypodxeciiLS Arqvus
x <roo

o o o o o o

OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOo

~ ooooooooooo

perforations irv

P. j4 Kl-Of XxXxxJUUJTIX. .
x 2330

G C K. del

W.T?V\«iin sc

THE FINER STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIATOMS. 271

Explanation or Plate XVII.

Fig. 1. Coscinodiseus aster omphalos. Rom. imm. T\ ; N.A., 1*43 X. Per-
forated membrane within coarse areolations.

Fig. 2. Isthmia nervosa. Rom. imm. -x\; N.A., 1"43 X- Perforated
membrane within coarse areolations. At lower part of Fig. a fracture is
shown passing through the perforations. ,

Fig. 3. Triceratium favns. Rom. imm., &c, &c. Fracture passing
through perforations.

Fig. 4. Eupodiscns argus. Rom. imm., &c, &c. Secondary and tertiary
markings on interior membrane seen through coarse areolations of outer
membrane.

Fig. 5. P. angulatiim. Rom. imm., &c, &c. Fracture passing through
perforations.

V

272

Q.M.C. EXCURSIONS, 1885.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Totteridge, by

Messrs. Dadswell and Nevins.

April 25tli.

* ALQJE.

Volvox globator, containing
Notommata parasita.
CHARAGEJE.

Nitella flexilis.
PROTOZOA.

Garchesium polypinum.

Dinobryon sertularia.

Trachelitis ovum.

Bulbochcete polyandra (?) .
,, setigera.

Characium omithocephalum.

Coleochcete scut at a.

Conferva bombycina.

Glceocystis ampla.

Mesocarpus recurvus.

(Edogonium longatum.
Petri (?).

Olpidium ampullaceum.

Pediastrum Ehrenbergii.

Raphidium falcatum.

Scenedesmus quadricauda.

Sirogonium sticticum.

Spirogyra flavescens.

VERMES. Rotifera.

Notommata parasita, in vol-
vox.
Stephanoceros Eichhornii.
ENTOMOSTRACA.
Daphnia, very large.
Eiaptomus castor.
IN8EGTA. Dipterous larva.
Corethra plumicornis.
Spirogyra long at a var. com-
munis.
Spirogyra nitida.

,, tenuissima.
Zygnema cruciatum.
Desmidiace^.

Arthrodesmus incus.
Closterium acerosum.
,, Liebleinii.

Cosmarium curtum.

,, margaritaceum.

Hyalotheca dissiliens.
Staurastrum polymorplium.
Xanth idium fascicu latum.

Ten members of the Clnb, one visitor, and a member of the
Hackney Society attended the Excursion.

* The following Algre collected by Mr. Parsons were determined by Dr,

M. C, Cooke.

273

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Keston, by
Messes. Dunning, Mainland, J. T. Powell, W. W. Reeves,
and Wildy.

May 9th.

ALGJS.

Chcetophora elegans.
Drapemaldia glomerata.
Nostoc commune.
Pandorina mortim.
RapJiidium falcatum (r=An-

kistrodesmus falcatus) .
Spirogyra longata, var. com-
munis.
Staurospermum viride (=

Stauroca rpus gracil is) .
Stigeoclonium protensum .
Volvox globator.
Zygogonium ericetorum.
Desmidiace^.

Glosterium acerosum .
,, lunula.

,, setaceum.

Cosm a rium crenatum.

margaritiferum.
tetraophth a I -
mum.
Docidium baculum.
Euastrum oblongum.
Hyalotheca dissiliens.
Micrasterias denticulata.

,, rotata.

Penium Brebissonii.

DlATOMACEiE.

Diatoma vulgare.
Himantidium pecUnale.

11

ii

Pinnularia nobilis.

Surirella bifrons.
PHANEROGAMIA.

Arabis Thaliana.

Cardamine hirsuta.

Draba verna.

Mcenchia erect a.

Myosotis collina.
„ versicolor.

Vacciit in m Myrtillus.
PROTOZOA.

Actinoph rys E ich It < > rnii.
,, sol.

Amceba dijjluens.

1 'hcetonotus larus.

Difflugia proteiformis.

Eileptus folium.

Dinobryon sertularia.

Stylonichia mytilus.

Trachelitis ovum.

Urocenftim turbo.

JJvella virescens.
VERMES. Rotifera.

Anurea aculeata.

Dinocharis tetractis.

Euelilanis triquetra.

Microdon.

Monocerca rattus.

Noteus qnadricornis.

Rotifer vulgaris.

Salpina redunca.

Nineteen members of the Clnb, four members of other
Societies, and five visitors attended the Excursion.

274

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Whitstable by
Messes. Hembry and Sibert Saunders.

May 23rd.

Serpula triquetra.

POBIFERA.

Cliona, sp.
Grantia, sp.
CCELENTERATA.

ZOA.

Campanularia, sp.

,, neglect a.

Halechim halecinum.
Laomedia geniculate,.
Sertularia pumila.
Tubularia indivisa.
VERMES.

Spio seticornis.
CRUSTACEA.
Hydro- Caprella.

MOLLUSCOIDA. Polyzoa.

A Icyonidium gela tinosum.
„ parasiticum.

Bicellaria ciliata.
Membranipora, sp.
Pedicellina Belgica.

TUNICATA.

Molgula tubulosa.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Staines, by
Messrs. Rousselet and Western.

June 13th.

ALGM.

Bulbochcete , sp.
Coleochcete scutata.
Cylindrospermum macrosper-

mum.
Oscillaria, sp.

Rivularia

sp.

Spirogyra quinina (?).

Volvox globator.
Desmidiace^e.

Closterium acerosum.
„ lunula.

„ setaceum.

Cosmarium margaritiferum .
PHANEROGAMTA.

Utricularia, sp.
PROTOZOA.

Actinophrys, sol.

Epistilis plicatilis.

Ophrydium versatile.

Urceolaria mitra, parasitic
on plan aria.

Vorticella chlorostigma.
CCELENTERATA.

Hydra viridis.
,, vulgaris.
VERMES. Rotifera.

Asplanchna Briglitwellii.

Euchlanis triquetra.

Noteus quadricomis.

(Ecistes crystal I iuus.

Pterodina patina.

Scaridium longicaudum.
Planari^e.

Two curious species.
INSECTA. Dipterous

LARVA.

Corethra plumicornis.

Ten members of the Club, three members of the South London
Society, and two visitors attended the Excursion.

275

No lists were received of the Excursion to Watford on July 11th,
and only four members of the Club attended the Excursion.
Nothing of interest was found.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Walton, by

Messrs. Nevins and Parsons.

PROTOZOA.

Anthophysa Mulleri,

Cothurnia imberbis.

Stentor cceruleus.
„ polymoi-phus.

Vaginicola crystallina.

Zoothamnium arbuscula.
PORIFERA.

Spongilla fluriatilis.
„ lacnstris.
VERMES. Rotifera.

Floscularia ornata.

Lacinula via socialis.

July 25th.

Limnias ceratophrilum.

Melicerta ringens.

Stephanoceros Eichhornii.
Annelida.

JElosoma, sp.

Stylaria [=JSTais)pro boscidia.
MOLLUSCOIDA.

Alcyonella fungosa.

Fredericella sultana.

Plumatella, sp.
MOLLUSC A.

Valvata jxscincdis.

Eleven members of the Club, three members of the South London
Society, and six members of the Richmond Athena?um and Field
Club attended the Excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Caterham and
Godstone, by Messrs. Hardy, Nevins, Parsons, J. T.
Powell, and Rousselet.

August 29th.

ALGM.

Pediastrum Boryanum.

Scenede sinus obliquus.
PHAXEROGAMIA.
Aira coispitosa.
Atropa belladonna.
Calamintha clinopodium.
Campanula trachelium.
Carduus acaxdis.
Car ex hirta.
Car Una vulgaris.
Epipaetis latifolia,

Erythrosa centaurium.
Gentiana amaretta.
Inula conyza.

,, pulicaria.
Juncus acutijiorus.
Mentha arvensis.

hirsuta.

pubescens.
Pimpinella saxifraga.
Scutellaria galericulata.
Sparganium neglectum.
Typha latifolium.

5>

5>

276

PROTOZOA.

Amceba, large specimens.

Vorticella nebulosa.
VERMES. Rotifera.

Anurea aculeata.

Polyarthra platyptera.

Synchceta baltica.

Triarthra longiseta.

ENTOMOSTRACA.

Daphnia mucronata.
,, pulex.

Diaptomus castor.
INSECTA.

Zygcena filipendula.
MOLLUSCOIDA.

Alcyonella fungosa.

Seven members of the Club and ten members of the Croydon
and other Societies attended the Excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Richmond, by Mr.

rousselet.

ALGjE.

Pediastrum, sp.

Desmidiace^e.

Closterium, sp.
CHARACE^J.

Char a frag His (?).
PROTOZOA.

Ama?ba villosa.

Anthophysa Mulleri.

Cothurnia imberbis.

Dendromonas virgaria

Stentor polymorphus.

Vorticella campanula.

September 12th.

Hydra fusca.
VERMES. Rotifera.
Floscularia cornuta.
Limnias ceratophylli.
Melicerta ringens.
Rotifer vulgaris.
Stephanoceros Eichhomii.

PLANARIiE.

Planariaj sp.
Annelida.

Piscicola geometrica (? ).
ENTOMOSTRACA.

Sida crystallina.

CCELENTERATA.

Six members of the Club attended the Excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Hale End, by

Mr Hardy.

ALGjE.

Cladophora, sp.
Oscillaria, sp.
Volvox globator, contain-
ing parasitic rotifers.

September 26th.

Trichelius ovum.
VERMES. Rotifera.
Limnias ceratophylli.
Mastigocerca carinata.
Syncho3ta baltica.

277

PROTOZOA. INSECTA. Dipterous

Difflugia, sp. larva.

Dinobryon sertularia. Corethra plumicornis,

Paramecium bursaria (?).

Ten members of the Club and four members of the Hackney-
Society attended the Excursion.

List of Objects Found on the Excursion to Mitcham Common,

by Mr. Rousselet.

October 10th.

PRO TOZOA . Hydra vulgaris.

Actinophrys Eichhornii. ENTOMOSTRACA.
CCELENTERATA. Daphnia, various sp.

Hydra viridis. Diaptomus castor.

The day was wet, and only five members of the Club attended
the Excursion.

Fredk. A. Parsons,
Hon. Sec. Excursions Sub.-Com.

278

New Books.

An Introduction to Practical Bacteriology, based upon the
methods of Koch. By Edgar M. Crookshank, M.B.,
E.H.M.S. (London, H. K. Lewis.)

It is only a few years since the discovery was made that
certain diseases were marked by the presence of specific forms
of Bacillus, and already the study of these organisms has grown
into a science — " Bacteriology " — the introduction to which
science is sufficiently far advanced to furnish matter for a
volume of some 250 pages. This volume is only an introduction
in the sense that we are as yet but just beginning to know
something of the subject. The book is really a complete and
exhaustive treatise on all that is at present known of the
history and classification, and of the modes of cultivating and
studying the Bacteria. It is illustrated with numerous wood-
cuts, and also with thirty beautifully-executed plates, drawn
by the author and his wife, most of the plates being coloured,
and showing the appearance of the different species as seen by
the unaided vision, and also under the microscope.

The first part of the book is devoted to descriptions of the
apparatus employed for sterilizing the instruments and nutrient
materials, the isolation and cultivation of the various species,
the examination of the living organisms, and the various
methods of staining and permanently preserving them. It also
explains the method of experimenting upon living animals, and
testing the result of such experiments.

The second part of the book comprises the history and classi-
fication of all the known genera and species of Bacteria, and an
appendix contains a description of some of the yeast fungi and
moulds.

The experiments of Dr. Cantani, of Naples, and Dr. Salama,
of Pisa, will probably give a fresh impetus to the study of the
science of Bacteriology ; and those who are disposed to take up

279

the subject will find the road well cleared for them by Mr.
Edgar Crookshank.

The Botifera, or Wheel Animalcules. By C. T. Hudson, LL.D.,
Cantab., assisted by P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. (London, Long-
mans and Co.)

This, the finest and most comprehensive book that has
appeared since the publication of Ehrenberg's " Infusions
Thierchen," 48 years ago, will supply a want that has long
been felt.

It is needless to say that the work is well done, for the
ability of Dr. Hudson and of Mr. Philip Henry Gosse, as
artists and observers, is too well known to admit of question.

The two parts now before us contain eleven large double
plates and three single ones, drawn and coloured from life by
the authors.

The work is to be completed in six parts, and will form two
handsome imperial 8vo. volumes, embracing the life history of
the whole of the Rotifera ; and, when complete, the book will
be one of the most useful natural history monographs that has
appeared for some time.

It is with great regret that we have to announce the death
of Dr. John Matthews, which took place on the 22nd April,
from acute pneumonia.

Dr. Matthews was elected a member of the Quekett
Microscopical Club in 1866, and was a regular and constant
attendant at the meetings of the Club. In 1869 he was
elected on the Committee, where his business ability and
quiet good sense rendered him a valuable acquisition. He
was chosen Vice-President for the years 1872 and 1873,
and President for 1874 and 1875.

By his amiability and readiness to assist those less in-
formed than himself, he gained the affectionate esteem of all
who knew him, and by whom he will long be missed.

280

PROCEEDINGS.

January 8th, 188G. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Meteoric dust from Bute, Scotland Mr. E. Carr.

Section of Eozoon canadense ... ... ... Mr. C. Collins.

Foraminifera, abnormal forms of Peneroplis Mr. A. Durrand.

Head of wasp, nat. form and colour, with )

j . [ Mr. F. Enock.

explanatory drawings ... ... ... )

Diatoms, Eupodiseus argtis, from Florida ... Mr. H. Mori and.

Platino-type prints of Photomicrographs ... Mr. J. M. Offord.

Hy d r acini i da Mr. C. Rousselet.

Diatoms, n.s., Navicnla Durrandii, ScoUo-"}

pleura contorta, and Navicula Zanzibarica)

Diatoms, Actinopiychus splendens ... ... Mr. C. Upton.

Diatoms, Tvpe slide of Diatoms from Santa)

,, . [ Mr. W. Watson.

Monica ... ... ... ... ... )

Attendance — Members, 33; Visitors, 2.

January 22nd, 1886. — Ordinary Meeting.
A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the Chair.

■

The minutes of the preceding meeting (.Nov. 27th, 1885) were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club:— Mr. C. W. Covington and Mr. A. W. Lyons.

The Secretary read a letter received from Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter in
acknowledgment of the vote of condolence passed at the last meeting in
reference to the lamented death of Dr. W. B. Carpenter.
The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Journal of the Iloyal Microscopical Society " From the Society.
" Proceedings of the Botanical Society of ~)

Edinburgh" j " "

M The American Monthly Microscopical"

'}

T „ In exchange.

•j< m i ii.ii ... ... .. ... j

''Proceedings of the Royal Society" From the Society.

" The American Naturalist " In exchange.

281

" The Microscopist," by Dr. Wythe ... ... From the Author.

Two Photomicrographs ... ... ... ... „ Mr. Offord.

Two slides, Sand, and Meteoric Dust ... ... „ Mr. Carr.

Two slides in illustration of his paper ... ,, Mr. Priest.

The Secretary said that the members would, no doubt, remember that
some time ago they had a visit from Dr. Wythe, of San Francisco, who
made an interesting communication on the subject of the Microscopical
characters of Handwriting. The doctor appeared to have been pleased
with his reception, and had, in remembrance of it, sent a copy of the 4th
edition of his work, " The Microscopist " as a present to the library. This
book was of interest as being the first work on General Microscopy published
in America. He also called attention to the slides of sand presented by
Mr. Carr, as showing very clearly the perforations in calcareous particles of
sand, which had been referred to by Mr. Waller in his paper of March, 1884.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to the several donors.

Mr. Dunning exhibited and described a new form of Zoophyte trough,
made in two or more sections, which were held together, when in use, by
simple cohesion, so that they could be taken apart in a few minutes for the
purposes of cleaning, &c, without risk of breakage. Specimens were
handed round for the inspection of the members.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Dunning for his communi-
cation.

Mr. B. W. Priest read a paper on Spongilla fragilis, illustrating the
subject by diagrams.

Mr. J. G. Waller thought the paper was a particularly interesting one.
It had always seemed to him, that they ought to possess more varieties
of fresh-water sponges than the two which had hitherto figured as their
only examples. It was, at least, very singular, that the Thames Spongillce
should not have been better known to such authorities as Dr. Bowerbank
and Mr. Carter, both of whom converted into a new species the specimen
found by Mr. Parfitt in the river Exe. This showed him the necessity for
making a protest against the formation of new species, except upon the most
complete evidence that they were such : because in the Spongilla) of the
Thames he had found every variety of spicule from that with no spines
at all to that completely spinous. He thought it very singular, that Dr.
Bowerbank, who lived in London, should not have studied the specimens
from the Thames in various parts ; had he done so he would not have fallen
into the error now noticed. Dr. Bowerbank's specimen came from Eother-
hithe, and was taken from the interior of a dock where the water was
nearly always smooth and stagnant ; the fact being that it was always
found, that specimens with smooth spicules came out of still water. The
spinous condition had been found in other parts of England, but in all cases
in running water. To show how fond some people were of making new
species he might mention, that some time ago he described a specimen dis-
covered at the manor of Ditchleys, near South Weald in Essex, some
of which he sent to Mr. Carter and to Mr. Priest. Mr. Thomas found a

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 15. z

282

specimen of the same variety in America, and at once it was called a new
species, and a name was given to it, or, at least, Mr. Thomas suggested a
name by which it should be called, Calumetica, derived from the name of the
river it came from. Then Mr. Carter wrote to say, that the sponge he had
was the same as this one from America. He (Mr. Waller) thought if they
must give a name to it at all — as he himself had declined to do — it should
certainly be from Ditchleys. He thought these things ought to be stated, for
in his opinion they did no good to science, but had quite an opposite effect. In
the sponge, however, which Mr. Priest had described that evening they had
a distinct variet)r, and he believed it to be an English species, and one which
had also been found in the Ouse. It was quite his opinion, that if they had
more persons studying this group of organisms they should soon have many
more additions to the list.

Mr. E. T. Newton thought they were very much indebted to Mr. Priest
for the paper which he had read, and he was very glad to hear that Mr.
Waller could justify the specimen as a new species. He was particularly
struck by Mr. Waller's remarks on the remarkable variations which had
been found to occur in the case of this sponge, and it seemed to be more
and more borne upon them that many of those things they had been calling
new species were not strictly so, and that the divisions between them were
being broken down as they discovered that the differences arose from gradual
changes in the outward conditions. With regard to the remarkable fact
that whenever this sponge was found in smooth water it had smooth spicules,
which in running water were spined, he would venture to ask was this due
to the fact that in running water they had a more vigorous growth because
of the greater need for protection against the force of the surrounding
stream, or was it that in this case there was in the flowing river a greater
quantity of material to be gathered out of which spicules could be made ?
He thought it would be well for all of them to bear these things in mind,
and certainly they ought to be very careful as to burdening science and one
another with new names for old species.

Mr. Waller said that the first variety of the entirely spined kind was
found under rather peculiar circumstances. It was in very bad weather at
Surbiton, and from some cause he was detained for a long time on the
barge at which the boats landed their passengers. To employ his time he
fished between the barge and the mooring-board, a position where the water
was in a great state of agitation, and from this place he obtained his
specimens. Mr. Carter had suggested that the spiny condition might have
something to do with the rapid motion of the water.

The President was sure the members of the Club would return a hearty
vote of thanks to Mr. Priest for his paper, and also to those gentlemen who had
spoken upon the subject. Mr. Priest's paper also raised the question as to
whether species found here under certain conditions could be properly
regarded as native or introduced ? This was a very difficult question to
decide, more especially when, as in the present case, they were found in a
tidal river, such as the Thames, which was also somewhat slow as well as

283

tidal ; and it would, therefore, not do to lay too much stress upon the
native character of what was found in such a river, which was open to the
traffic of all the world. This would, of course, largely depend upon what
portion of the river the specimens came from, but if from the lower part he
thought such a situation to be a very likely one for the introduction of
foreign forms.

Mr. Waller said that the spot where Mr. Priest had found his specimens,
was a part of the river beyond the reach of the tidal water.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to Mr. Priest for his
communication.

Mr. E. M. Nelson read his paper " On the Rev. Jas. Campbell's Form of
Fine Adjustment."

Mr. E. M. Nelson also read a paper " On the Interpretation of Microscopic
Images with High Powers," illustrating the subject by diagrams.

Mr Crisp said he quite agreed with Mr. Nelson as to the importance of
arriving at a proper understanding of this subject, but he thought that his
summary was a little more extensive than his premises justified. It was
interesting to see the results of Mr. Nelson's latest observations as to the
true nature of the markings on diatoms, and he was quite prepared to hear
that he had come to a clear conclusion on the matter. But whilst fully
recognising the great value of investigations of this kind, and not agreeing
with many of those cautious scientific men who often asked the question,
" What was the use of knowing all about it ? " he still thought that, in the
present state of their knowledge on the subject, Mr. Nelson was not quite
entitled to say that there were no such things as markings.

Dr. Matthews thought it should be borne in mind in examining objects
of this kind that they were looking at something that was not fiat, and in
consequence of viewing them obliquely, rows of dots or perforations would
be apt to fall into series of lines. It was, therefore, quite possible that a
great deal of error in interpretation might arise from overlooking the fact
that they were not dealing with a flat surface. The markings were also not
of the same size in different parts of the same valve ; this might also tend to
give rise to some amount of confusion.

Mr. Nelson said it might be interesting to state that the diagram which
he exhibited was drawn to scale, but it was just the reverse way to the
Ordnance Maps — they were on a scale of 1 in. to the mile, whereas his
diagrams were to a scale of 8 feet to y^ inch.

The President said that Mr. Nelson's exposition of this subject was of the
highest possible interest, and he thought the details which had been given, as
to the minute portion of silex projecting over the round spot, formed dis-
tinctly a ground to work upon in carrying out these difficult inquiries. At
the same time he did not think he could quite agree with Mr. Nelson as to
the generalities of his conclusions. He had, in fact, rather a horror of
generalizing, for in the course of his own more particular line of investigation
he had found that it was a general thing for an external dermal covering to
be formed of three layers, and that the middle one was the supporting layer,

284

but if he began to generalize that the markings were on one particular
layer, he was sure to meet with another specimen which would upset his
generalizations. It required great caution before they could come to a con-
clusion that anything was a universal structure, because general observation
showed them that the variety in such things was infinite. It might be
quite true that in this instance the visibility of the supporting grating was
what gave the appearance of markings, but if it were so he should be by no
means prepared to admit that this proved there were no markings either on
the external or, if there should be one, on the internal coverings of this
grating. It was a matter which required great caution in dealing with, but
undoubtedly Mr. Nelson's paper would be of material assistance in enabling
any one to arrive at a conclusion.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to Mr. Nelson for his
papers.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual Conversazione, and the
following objects were exhibited : —

Ichneumon and its pierced aphis

Phora rujvpes (Window-fly)

Hydrachnida

Mantle of Terebratula caput-serpentis

Section of Carboniferous Limestone

the Polyzoa Bed at Clifton ...
Section, Ovary of Orchid
Spicule of Chirodota from Chalk

from

I

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. F. Enock.
Mr. C. Kousselet.
Mr. J. Slade.

Mr. G. Smith.

Mr. A. C. Tipple.
Mr. C. Upton.

Attendance — Members, 56 ; Visitors, 7.

February 12th, 1886. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Hydrozoa, Campanularia flexuosa
Head of Beetle, Silis Madagascariensis

Plant Bug, Mymus miriformis

Horizontal section, tongue of Wasp ...

Labrum of Wasp

Hippocampus embryo ...

Cocoon of House-builder Moth

Sponges from River Lea

Menthol

Diatoms, Cocconeis costata var. pacifica
Nav. cuspid a ta-

il

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. C. Collins.
Mr. F. Enock.
Mr. F. Fitch.

>> >i
Mr. H. G. Glasspoole.
Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr E. M. Nelson.

285

Fructification of Fern, Davallia canariensis ... Mr. J. A. D. Parker.

Sponge, JEct yon sparsns... ... ... ... Mr. B. W. Priest.

Spicules of fresh- water sponge, Spongilla pur-'

Smith.

;;;}m,..g.

beckensis, in flint

Attendance —Members, 46 ; Visitors, 5.

'1

February 26th, 1886. — Ordinary Meeting.
A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read, and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members
of the Club :— Mr. X. J. Swanson, Mr R. T. Holt, Mr W. J. Butcher, and
Mr. R. White.

The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society " ... From the Society.

Dr. Hudson's " Rotifera," Part I Purchased.

Wilson's " Bryologica Britannica " ,,

Buckler's " Larvae of British Butterflies and \

Moths," Ray Society f "

" American Monthly Microscopical Journal " In exchange.

" The American Naturalist " ...

" Proceedings of the Hertfordshire Natural"

History Club"

" Annual Report of the Sidcup Literary and ) ^ , „ . A

Scientific Society" } F™m the Society.

" Proceedings of the South London Entomo-") y excnanee
logical and Natural History Society " )

" Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society" „ „

" Proceedings of the New York Microscopi-
cal Society "

The thanks of the Club were voted to the donors.

The President called special attention to the last volume issued by the
Ray Society " On the Larvae of British Butterflies and Moths," which
was considered to be by far the most reliable work on the subject ever
published. The illustrations gave the larvae not only in the adult stage,
but also in the early and intermediate stages, in which, it was well known,
they often differed very considerably in appearance from the full-grown
creature. The drawings had been made with very great care, from life, by
the late Mr. Buckler.

Mr Karop said he had brought with him a slide for the Cabinet, and
should like to say a few words concerning it. The specimen was a fungus
which grows upon the common orange, and was, he believed, very injuri-

286

ous to the crops of this fruit in Italy and Spain, but he did not like to
speak much of its structure and ordinary life history in the absence of Dr.
Cooke, who would have rectified his probable errors in this direction. It
belonged to the Pyrenomycetes, a family of the order Ascomycetes, in
which the receptacle opens by a pore. Its name was Capnodium citri, B.
and Des., and in its perfect state may be often seen on the rind of oranges,
looking rather like a piece of black shoddy cloth fastened to it, and usually
at one of the poles of the fruit. A portion of this, slightly separated and
examined in glycerine jelly or balsam, showed a densely matted substra-
tum, from which arose the curious, often compound, flatk-shaped recep-
tacles, which when ripe burst at the apex and discharged a large number
of very minute oval spores. Among the receptacles are some curious
clubbed and twisted structures, which are probably barren asci or para-
physes. He presumed the fungus was injurious mainly in its mycelial
condition, when it permeated the pulp of the fruit and converted it into
a black rotten mass, as those oranges on which he had seen it in its spore-
bearing state were perfectly sound inside. On this point, however, he
was not competent to give an opinion, and it was in regard to another
supposed effect of this fungus which induced him to bring it to the notice
of the Club. Some two years ago a physician in the South of France,
while examining some expectoration from a severe case of whooping-
cough, of which there was an epidemic in his locality, found in it some
minute spores, and as the orange fungus was also very prevalent at the
time, he, after further observation, came to the conclusion that its spores
and those in the expectoration were identical. He then obtained some
quantity of the spores of the fungus and insufflated them into his own
larynx and trachea, with this result,^ hat after a short period of incubation
his temperature went up, and a spasmodic cough came on, which ran the
same course and had every appearance of being true whooping cough.
He (Mr. Karop) was not aware that these observations had been substan-
tiated or that the matter had ever been followed up since, and simply gave
these statements for what they were worth.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Karop for his communica-
tion.

Mr E. M. Nelson exhibited a model of a diatom — Navicula Durandil —
as an illustration of the structure which he described at the preceding
meeting. This diatom was one which he had only recently seen ; it was
very coarse, and might be considered as a plate perforated with a number
of holes. The model was made of a piece of board with holes in it show-
ing the ideal of the back and front view — it was like a perforated mem-
brane with a strengthening girder which was called the median line. The
other diatoms might also be described as strong girder work arranged to
support a thin perforated membrane.

The President, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Nelson for his com-
munication and for the trouble he had taken in making a model, remarked
upon the advantages of this method of illustration in conveying a clear

287

idea of what was meant, and recommended it to the attention of other
members.

The President said it had been discovered that April 23rd was printed
upon their list as the date of the ordinary meeting for that month, and
that being Good Friday it would not of course be possible to hold it then.
He therefore announced that in consequence of this coincidence the ordinary
meeting would be omitted in April. He also wished to announce that
the Committee had been considering a proposition brought before them
for making an alteration in the bye-laws, with reference to the time for
holding their annual meeting, and in accordance with the resolution which
they had passed he gave notice that their next ordinary meeting would be
made special in order to take the matter into consideration. It had been
thought that July was an inconvenient time at which to hold their anni-
versary, occurring, as it did, at a period when so many of their members
being absent for their holidays, there was generally but a thin attendance.
It had therefore been considered desirable, on this account, to alter the
period from summer to winter, with a view of obtaining the attendance of
a larger number of members.

The President described at some length a slide he had brought for exhi-
bition in illustration of the life history of a parasite of the mole, specimens
of which had been found in the nests of these animals. A description was
also given of another slide of Anguillulce which he had found to be the
chief cause of an apparent disease seriously affecting the cucumber crop in
Cornwall during last summer.

Mr C. Stewart proposed the best thanks of the Club to the President for
his interesting remarks concerning a class of creatures in which it was well
known that it took a special interest. He also hoped that as the cause of
the destruction of so many excellent cucumbers had been discovered, that
some practical attention would be directed towards the best means of
stopping its ravages

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to the President for
his communication.

The Secretary informed the members that amongst the other objects
exhibited in the room Mr. Xelson wras showing a microscope fitted with
Mr. Campbell's fine adjustment described at the last meeting.

Announcements of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made,
and the proceedings terminated with the usual Conversazione, and the
following objects were exhibited : —

Section, Bud of Lily Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Skin of Synapta digitata Mr. C. Collins.

Crystals, Malate of Ammonium Mr. H. A. Crowhurst.

Ichneumon fly, Utetes testaceus Mr. F. Enock.

Dysdera, erythnna Q Mr. Gr. E. Mainland.

Acari, Glyciphagus dispar, (n.s.,) $ and Qin

COXZtv «*• ■•■ #•* iii i»i

'}

Mr. A. D. Michael.

288

Eggs of Aj„iU„la from the sound tissue-) ^ ^ ^^

or root of cucumber )

Bacillus a?ithracis A oil imm. of Zeiss', Camp-') __ _.,,,».,
.,,,.,. x J- Mr. E. M. Nelson,

bells fine adjustment )

Attendance — Members, 50 ; Visitors, 6.

March 12th, 1886. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Alga, Vaucheria Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Anther and pollen of Lavatera trimestus ... Mr. C. Collins.

Antenna of Moth, Smerinthus populi, natural") ^ _

- , ' r F Mr. F. Enock.

form and colour j

Palpi and falces of gossamer spider, Walckencera Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Chelifer, Obisium, Dermestes, &c Mr. J. D. Hardy.

Spider, Theridion quadripunctatum $ ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Diatoms, Plagiogramma nanhoorense ... Mr. H. Morland.

„ Eupodiscus argus, showing secon-"^

dary markings, and drawing showing I Mr. E. M. Nelson.

tertiary markings J

Volcanic ash from Borrowdale Mr. G. Smith.

Diatoms, Surirella, n.s., Mr. G. Sturt.

Glass rope sponge, from Hayti Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 44 ; Visitors, 5.

March 26th, 1886. — Ordinary Meeting.
A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. H. Sercombe was balloted for, and duly elected a member of the
Club.
The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" Proceedings of the Royal Society " From the Society.

" Proceedings of the Botanical Society of")

Edinburgh" )

" Proceedings of the Belgium Microscopical")

Society" j

"Proceedings of the New York Micro--)

scopical Society " } ^ exchange.

289

" The American Monthly Microscopical )

T , „ c In exchange.

Journal )

' r From Mr. Enock.

" Proceedings of the Geologists' Association " „ „
" Proceedings of the Canadian Institute " ... „ ,,
"Proceedings and Memoirs of the Man--\
Chester Literary and Philosophical > » »

Society" )

Cabinet Portrait of the late Dr. W. B.

Carpenter

Two Photo-micrographs of Diatoms „ Mr. J. M. Offord.

Two Slides and some Photo-micrographs ... „ Mr. Srnithson.
The thanks of the meeting were voted to the donors.
The President called the attention of the members to the fact that the
fourth Friday in April would this year be Good Friday, in consequence of
which there would be no ordinary meeting in that month.

A letter from Mr. Srnithson, with reference to the slides and photo-
graphs which he had presented, was read to the meeting.

The President said that the members had no doubt seen in the news-
papers an announcement of the death of Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, in
reference to which the Committee had that evening passed the following
resolution: — " That the members of the Quekett Microscopical Club having
heard with deep regret of the death of Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, a past
President of their Society, and one who was pre-eminent in his own branch
of science, desire to express their sincere sympathy with his family." He
asked the meeting to approve of the same for transmission to the relatives
of the deceased.
The proposal was unanimously adopted by show of hands.
The President said that, in pursuance of notice given at the preceding
meeting, the meeting would now be made special for the purpose of con-
sidering the desirability of making an alteration in the rules with respect
to the date for holding their annual meeting. It was suggested at the last
meeting of the Committee that it would be desirable to alter the date to a
winter month, and the Committee, whilst passing no resolut'on on the
matter, thought it of sufficient importance to call for a special meeting for
its consideration. Notice was therefore given at the last meeting, and as
the excursion cards were going out a circular was printed and sent to
every member informing them of what was about to be proposed. He
should much prefer that a proposal of this kind should be brought forward
by the gentleman who had proposed it in Committee, and, therefore, he
would only point out one or two things which occurred to him, and which
he hoped they would consider as the voice of a private member of the
Club. If, on consideration, they thought it would be better to alter the
date of the meeting thejT must bear in mind that the subscriptions came
due in July, and that if the date of the annual meeting were altered then
the rule as to the date of payment of subscriptions must be

290

altered alsD, ia order that they should hereafter fall due at the date
of the annual meeting. They would, therefore, have to consider if
any difficulty would be likely to arise on this account, sufficiently serious
to prevent the p )ssibility of making the alteration. One way of meeting
such a difficulty would be by paying 10s. as usual in July, and
then another 5s. in December, thus covering the period of 18 months. As
regarded his own individual view of the proposition, it was that a winter
month would be more convenient to the majority of the members, because
it was difficult to get a good meeting in the summer when so many
members were away for holidays, and no doubt there were many amongst
those who would like to have the opportunity of proposing members forelec_
tion on the Committee, and of otherwise taking part in the business of the
annual meeting. He should not, however, have brought the matter
forward himself, but as this had been done independently by another
member, he thought he might sav a few words about it. He would now
call upon the Secretary to read a letter from the Treasurer on the
matrer, since most of the trouble arising from the change would in the
first instance fall upon him, and then he would call upon the proposer of
the morion to lay it before the meeting.

The Secretary then read a letter from the Treasurer, stating that he
perfectly agreed as to the desirability of making the proposed alteration,
though it would no doubt add to his work at first.

Mr. E. M. Nelson said he had much pleasure in proposing that an alter-
ation be made in the rules, to euable them to shift the date of the annual
meeting from a summer to a winter month ; he did this mainly on the
ground that by so doing they would be acting for the convenience of a
large number of members, who were at present unable to attend at the end
of July. It so happened that, from the fact of his having always been out
of town at the time, he had never yet been able to attend an annual
meeting, and having remarked this fact to another member, he found that
from the same cause this member also had never been present at an annual
meeting. Finding that there were others similarly situated, he thought
something ought to be done, and, therefore, he brought the matter before
the Committee in order to see if they would be willing to sanction the
change, and lie found on mentioning it, that the members present seemed
to agree that the change was desirable. One point the President had not
mentioned, and that was that it seemed scarcely fair to drag a President
up from the country in the middle of the summer for the purpose of
presiding at the annual meeting. He thought there need be no trouble
about the payment of subscriptions ; it would be a very simple matter for
members to pay 5s. in July for the rest of the current year, and then 10s.
at the annual meeting in the winter for the whole of the year following.

Mr. Morland said as a non-official member of the Club, he should be
glad to second this proposal ; he had attended some annual meetings and
remarked on the smallness of the attendance.

V

291

Dr. M. C. Cooke said that although he did not propose to move any
amendment to the motion which had just been brought before them, his
intention was to meet it with a direct negative. He was glad at least to
find that the proposal had not been a subject emanating from the
Committee, and as the President had given them his own views respecting
it, he on his part should not hesitate to state plainly what he thought also.
He was by this time rather an old member of the Club, and, unlike the
gentlemen who had been alluded to, he had never been absent from one of its
annual meetings. The only argument he had heard in favour of the proposal
was that it might be more convenient to some of the members, but he thought
it was quite likely that if they found six people who were pleased at the
idea of a change, they might find half a dozen who would not be pleased
to have an alteration of this kind introduced. This was, he believed, the
third time the proposal had been brought forward either in the Committee
or at an ordinary meeting — and it -had also been sometimes raised at
annual meetings, but always up to the present time it had been met by a
strong feeling on the part of the members that it was bettei not to
interfere with an established feature of the Club, unless for very strong
and sufficient reasons. He thought that before they decided to make any
speculative alterations in a course of things which had existed since the
Club was first formed, they ought to be quite sure that they were
sufficiently warranted by circumstances in so doing. Xo reason had at
present been given for making this change, except that it might suit the
personal convenience of a few of the members.

Mr. T. C. White said that the subject was one which no doubt they all
had their own ideas about, and, speaking for himself only, his opinion
was that July was a most unfortunate time of year at which to hold the
annual meeting. He had been ashamed sometimes to see how few mem-
bers there were present to hear the address of the President, prepared
with great care for the occasion ; besides which it did not seem right that
a number of members should from this cause be unable to take any part
in the election of their officers. He had listened attentively to the remarks
of Dr. Cooke, who, as one of the original members of the Club, was
entitled to be heard with great respect for his opinions, but he had not
been able to see that there was any very strong argument used. He should
at least like to hear the reasons against the change when they found on
the other hand that the present date had proved a failure so far as numbers
in attendance were concerned. For his own part he had always thought
it was the wrong time of year at which to hold the annual meeting.

Mr. E. T. Newton said that in one respect he agreed with Dr. Cooke,
and that was that it was most undesirable to make any change in the rules
of the Club unless a very good reason could be shown for the alteration.
Dr. Cooke himself had not given them any strong reason against it, and it
seemed clear that two or three of the chief officers of the Club were anxious
to have the change made. He thought that there had teen reasons shown

292

in favour of the adoption of the proposal before the meeting, and he should
himself certainly vote in favour of it.

Mr. Goodwin said that so far as he could understand from the remarks
of previous speakers the chief reason for wanting the change was the fact
that many of the members had either gone or were just going into the
country at the time whsn the annual meeting was held. It struck him
that there might be many other reasons besides this. They had a great
many country members who, it might be supposed, would like to attend
the annual meeting, and who would not be vefy well able to do so if it
were held in the winter. Persons from the country often made a practice
of visiting London in May or about that time of year, and, if his memory
rightly served him, he thought he was correct in saying that May was a
month in which they generally had a very good attendance at their meet-
ings. He thought, therefore, that it would be more convenient both to
town members and to country members if the annual meeting were in future
held in May.

Mr. Epps thought it might guide them in forming an opinion if they
knew at what time the meetings of other similar societies were usually
held.

The President said that the generality of them held their meetings in
January or February. The Linnean held theirs in May, but that was
because their anniversary was always held on the birthday of Linnaeus.

Mr. Funston thought January was a most inconvenient month to select
for the purpose. The weather was nearly always bad, preventing all but
very robust persons from going out in the evening, and domestic and
social arrangements would be very likely to interfere with attendance at
that time of year. He thought that May would be much more convenient
than an earlier month.

Mr. Parsons said he was just about to make the same remark, that the
winter seemed a bad time to choose if the object was to secure a better
attendance. In addition to the unfavourable nature of the weather, there
were a great many other attractions at that time which would be likely
to affect them adversely. Like Dr. Cooke, he felt very much averse to
changes in the rules, and did not like to support making a change like
this for the reasons named. He thought perhaps one reason why they had
a small attendance at the annual meetings might be that members found
them rather too dull to entice them to come.

Mr. Hardy said there seemed to be a difference of opinion as to the best
time at which to hold the meeting. He would, therefore, propose that a
show of hands should be taken, one in favour of January and one for
May.

The President pointed out that the first question they had to decide
was, whether or not it was desirable to make any change ; when they had
settled that, the fixing of a convenient date could be managed as a matter
of detail.

293

Dr. Cooke thought the best thing to be done was to put the question to
the meeting — should there bs a change or not ?

Dr. Matthews had one little suggestion to make before the resolution
was put, and that was that an important matter like this should not be
too hastily considered. It would be a great pity to do anything without
due deliberation, and, therefore, he would move that the special meeting
should be adjourned, so as to give the members an opportunity of think-
ing the matter well over before they were called upon to decide, as
there seemed to be so many things to be said both for and against the
proposal.

Mr. Nelson a*ked if there was time enough to do this before the
arrangements for the meeting had to be made ?

Mr. Hind doubted whether they would get any better opportunity than
the present.

The President reminded the meeting that there would be no ordinary
meeting after that one until May, in consequence of Good Friday falling
upon their usual date in April.

Mr. W. J. Brown said he had great pleasure in seconding the proposal
of Dr. Matthews for an adjournment of the question for further considera-
tion. As an old member of the Club of 16 years standing, he thought
that before anything was done in a matter of this kind the subject should
be thoroughly ventilated. He should like amongst other things to have
reference made to the numbers attending the meetings at different times
of the year, so that before they decided anything they might have the
facts before them.

The President said that unless they sent out a special notice to every
member it would not be possible to make this proposed adjournment.

Mr. Morland said that having been called together for the purpose,
why should they not decide upon the matter at once — everyone had notice
about it beforehand already ?

Mr. Buffham said without suggesting a special meeting, could not the
present meeting be adjourned for a fortnight ?

The President said they must in either case send out notices, and this
was rather an expensive matter when they considered the question of
printing and postages. In the case of the present meeting there had been
no extra cost for postage, because the notices went out with the excursion
cards. The rules required them to give a month's notice of a special
general meeting, and though it might be competent for them to do so, he
thought that to adjourn the present meeting to a gossip meeting without
special notice would only give room for complaint.

Dr. Matthews said that being so, he would, with the consent of his
seconder, be glad to withdraw his amendment.

Mr. W. J. Brown cordially assented to its withdrawal, but he should
not support the question unless it appeared that some great possible
good was likely to be derived from it.

294

Mr. Morland said he could not say he liked the idea of adjournment ;
he would rather be beaten at once than have the matter stand over longer.

The President was about to put the original motion, when

Mr. Goodwin moved " That the annual meeting be held on the fourth
Friday in May.''

Mr. Epps had much pleasure in seconding the motion.

Mr. Waller thought then' proper course was, first of all, to take the
opinion of the meeting as to whether any change should be made.

The President said that as they had a definite amendment before them,
he thought the best course would be to take a vote upon it in the first
instance. He therefore formally put to the meeting the proposal, " That
in future the annual meeting of the Club be held on the fourth Friday in
May." On counting the show of hands, he declared the amendment to be
lost.

Mr. Hardy said he would propose next, " That the date of the annual
meeting be altered to the fourth Friday in March "

The President thought the best thing to be done was to put to the meet-
ing Mr. Nelson's original motion, " That the date of the annual meeting
be changed to a winter month." On a show of hands being taken, it was
announced that the motion was carried by 36 votes to 8.

Mr. Nelson then proposed, " That the date cf the winter month to be
decided on be considered in committee, and be brought by them before
another meeting of the members."

A Member asked if the Committee were prepared to suggest any month
as being more convenient than another ?

Mr. T. C. White thought it was a matter which would require some con-
sideration ; they would want to know what was the average number
attending the different meetings at that time of year.

Dr. M. C. Cooke thought the only legal way of proceeding was to give
notice in proper form, and to consider the matter at the next annual meet-
ing in July.

The President said that after the passing of the resolution to alter the
date there would, of course, be no annual meeting in July ; the meeting
had just resolved that there should be none. What they had to do next
was to decide at what other time the meeting should be held instead, and
they could either fix a date at once or adjourn the further consideration,
as they thought best.

Dr. Cooke inquired if proper notice was given of an intention to bring
this matter forward at the previous ordinary meeting?
The President — Certainly.

Mr. Hardy thought it would be well to take the sense of the meeting at
once as to the most desirable date for the future holding of the annual
meetings.

Mr. Spencer thought it would not do to fix the fourth Friday in March,
because that might occasionally fall on Good Friday.

295

Mr. Reeves thought it would be very much better to settle the matter at
once if they could do so.

Mr. Vesey then moved, " That in future the annual meetings of the Club
be held on the fourth Friday in February."

Mr. Spencer having seconded the motion,

The President put it to the meeting, and declared it to be carried by 37
votes to 2. Rules 7 and 8 were therefore ordered to be altered accord-
ingly.

Mr. E. T. Newton thought that as the changes made would necessitate
an alteration in Rule 7, so as to make their financial year end in future at
the period of the annual meeting, it would be necessary to make some
arrangement for carrying out the alteration as regarded their future sub-
scriptions, which would at present become due in July next.

The President said that the necessary alteration in Rule 7 would have the
effect of shifting the date for payment of subscriptions six months, so as
to make them come due in future at the annual meeting.

Mr. Epps asked how they proposed to do this, seeing that there would
be no annual meeting during the current year?

The Secretary having, at the request of the President, read Rule 7,

The President said that the additional six months which would inter-
vene before their annual meeting, could be provided for either by paying
10s. at Midsummer and 5s. more at Christmas, or 5s. at Midsummer and
10s. for the whole year following in January ; or members could, if they
pleased, pay the 15s. at one time. He then put the proposal to the meet-
ing, " That Rule 7 should be altered so as to provide that subscriptions
come due in -future at the altered date of the annual meeting."

Carried unanimously.

Mr. Hind said that as matters stood at present the officers and Council
were only elected to serve until next July, and asked if it would not be
desirable to pass another resolution, so as to enable them to continue in
office until the date of the next annual meeting?

The President thought this would be necessary under the circumstances,
and was of opinion that it could be done by an ordinary resolution.

It was then moved by Mr. Hind, and seconded by Mr. Snelgrove, "That
the present officers of the Club be requested to continue their services for
a further period up to the date of the next annual meeting, and that they
are hereby elected for such period."

The President having put it to the meeting, declared it to be carried
unanimously.

The business of the ordinary meeting was then resumed.

Mr. Hailes called attention to one of Sugg's jnew inverted gas-burners,
"The Cromartie," which with a consumption of 1*9 cubic feet of gas per
hour gives a light equal to 1T03 candle?, and from its brillancy and steadi-
ness was, he thought, particularly adapted for use with the microscope.

Mr. E. M. Nelson exhibited and described a new oil immersion achro-
matic condenser.

296

The chair having been taken pro tern, by Dr. Matthews, the President
gave a description of species of a Gamasus found in a mole's nest, and
supposed to be unrecorded. He illustrated his remarks by drawings on
the board, and by slides exhibited under microscopes in the room.

A vote of thanks to the President for his communication was proposed
by Dr. Matthews, and carried unanimously.

A short note " On the Finer Structure of certain Diatoms," by Mr. E.
M. Nelson and Mr. G. C. Karop, was, in consequence of the lateness of the
hour, taken as read.

The President again announced that owing to the occurrence of Good
Friday on the fourth Friday in April, the ordinary meeting in that month
would be omitted.

The excursions, &c, for April and May were then announced, and the
meeting terminated with the usual Conversazione, and the following
objects were exhibited : —

Stentor polymorphous Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Diatoms, Arachnoidiscus oratus Mr. C. Collins.

Tick Argas persicus Mr. F. Enock.

Lung of spider Mr. F. Fitch.

Dipterous fly, Hemerdromia raptoria $ Mr. H. E. Freeman.
Spider, Linyphia montana $ & Q ... Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Acarus, Gamasus terribilis Mr. A. D. Michael.

Diatoms, Arachnoidiscus Ehrenberqii. var.l ,, TT ,r ,
Montereyana j Mr- H' Molland-

Diatoms, Eupodiscus argus Mr. E. T. G. Nevins.

Attendance — Members, 66 ; Visitors, 4.

297

On Diatom Structure.

By Henry Morland.

(Bead May 28th, 1886.J

It will be remembered that at the ordinary meeting of this Club,
held on February 26th last, Mr. Nelson exhibited a model, show-
ing the structure of the valve of Navicula Durrandii, Kitton, and
also added a few remarks on the structure of diatom valves in
general. Although the members of this Club were so invited,
there was no discussion, and the matter dropped. In invit-
ing discussion, our President mentioned my name, but at the
moment I did not feel equal to the occasion, more especially as I
had never paid any particular attention to the structure of N.
Durrandii, besides which, as far as my judgment went, I was
perfectly in accord with Mr. Nelson's theory, viz., that the " dots "
seen on this particular diatom were nothing more nor less than so
many minute perforations. I have since examined the diatom
more carefully, and if Mr. Nelson's model exhibited the channels,
from perforation to perforation on the inner surface of the valve,
as running crossways to the length, then he and I are as one so
far as relates to the model itself ; but I cannot agree with his
views regarding the median line, or " raphe," which, so far as I
understood him to say, he looks upon as merely a thickening for
strengthening the valve generally. With regard to this point, I
may state that certain diatomists consider that true " raphes " are
simply clefts with thickened borders, and in the " texte " of Dr.
Van Heurck's " Synopsis of the Belgian Diatoms," page 37,
there is a figure of a section of Navicula Dactylus, prepared by
M. W. Prinz, which shows this cleft very distinctly. I must not,
however, confine myself to quoting authorities, but, if possible,
give my reasons for acknowledging such authorities. In the pre-
sent instance, I have sometimes noticed, when examining this
" raphe," that it has two borders, in consequence of the cleft being
slightly oblique, one of which, under a high power, will be seen to
be on the " upper " surface, whilst the other is on the " inner,"

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 16. a a

298 ft. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE.

but if the ends of these borders be examined it will be found that
they join each other, provided the fine adjustment be carefully
worked whilst they are under examination. But in addition to
what I have just stated, I can add that I have a slide of Pleuro-
sigma Balticum in which one of the valves, in consequence of a
side fracture near one of the ends, is split right up the centre of
the median line from one of the end nodules to the centre one.
Now, it must be evident that if the median line, or " raphe," were
a simple thickening of the valvular structure, it would be the last
place where a fracture could occur along its length. . Beyond all
this, I have a valve of a Navicula which I happened to
slightly fracture whilst washing it free from adherent dirt in a
drop of water before placing it into position in a " selected "
mount. It got fractured near one of the end nodules, and this
fracture ran right along the whole length of the valve, through
the centre nodule to the one at the other end. At the moment
when I touched it with my mounted bristle it opened out just like
a pair of scissors, but on removing the bristle, as the other end
still remained intact, the two halves sprang back again into their
original positions, and under a low power the valve still looks
perfect. I have mounted this valve by the side of an unbroken
one, in which the centre nodule is seen to be perfect between the
two central ends of the two halves of the " raphe," whilst in the
broken valve the two halves of the "raphe" are seen to join each
other right across the centre nodule. It is not at all an un-
common thing to come across valves of Navicidce halved along the
" raphe " when looking over ordinary u spread " diatom slides.

Last summer, being in Jutland, I obtained a quantity of the
well-known Jutland " Cementstein," from both the islands of
Mors, and Fur. As I had already had this material in my hands
for some time past, it was, so far as cleaning it for diatoms in the
ordinary way was concerned, of little or no use to me ; but
noticing under a Coddington lens that, as a general rule, the larger
Coscinodisci lay parallel to the stratification, I determined to pre-
pare sections in which I could cut these Coscinodisci in any direc-
tion I chose. 1 accordingly sent some pieces of this material to
a lapidary for slicing — first marking with ink the direction in
which the material was to be cut up. I may here remark that this
" Cementstein " is simply perfection so far as regards texture and
hardness. With care, sections can be prepared of exceeding

H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE. 299

thinness. I think I can safely affirm that some of my sections
are in parts not more than ^J^ of an inch thick, and even less ;
in fact, I should consider a section T^ incn tnick bv no means
thin. But to obtain these very satisfactory results it is as well
to prepare a number of sections and then select the best. It can
be readily understood that when we have to deal with such exceed-
ingly thin sections the slightest amount of grinding at the finish,
one way or the other, will mean either a comparatively thick
section or none at all.

To resume, on receiving my slices of " Cementstein " I smoothed
one side on a piece of thick glass with a little " Wellington knife
powder " and water. The powder, although fine, is too coarse to
finish off with, but being brittle it breaks up finer and finer as the
grinding proceeds, and eventually becomes quite fine enough for
our requirements, provided no fresh powder be added towards the
finish. I generally prepare some half-dozen slices at a time ;
when one has all the needful apparatus ready it is as well to make
full use of it. The slices being thin, say ^ of an inch, by pressing
the tip of one of the fingers on the centre of them they can be
finished off pretty level, as they spring and get ground down rather
more in the centre than they otherwise would, and thus is counter-
acted the rubbing away at the sides and corners which usually takes
place when sections are rubbed down by hand. When the slices
are duly finished off on one side, I then attach them with balsam,
prepared side downwards, to the slips on which they are finally
mounted. And here a few words of caution are necessary, viz.,
" the balsam must be hard," for if it were not so the section, as it
approached the final grinding, would, in spite of every care, begin
to break up for want of a steady support, in consequence of the
balsam being soft and yielding. It is also necessary to avoid
bubbles under the section, as bubbles mean breaking away of the
section in those parts for want of proper support, but better, by
far, a bubble than soft balsam. I fix the slices with balsam
slightly hardened, and then harden off gradually by putting
the slips in a very cool oven for a week or ten days ; by so doing
I get the balsam hard throughout, and without bubbles. The
second side of the slice of " Cementstein ,: can now be rubbed
down similarly to the first side, with " Wellington knife powder"
and water on glass. As the section approaches completion, care
and very light pressure must be employed, and the " Coddington ':

300 H. MORLAND ON "DIATOM STRUCTURE.

used every minute or so. I generally grind till, in spite of all my
care, the section begins to break away at the edges. I now wash
the slip with section attached in clean water, wipe same and dry
off with a very gentle heat, not sufficient to soften the balsam.
Having got a cover glass ready, I place a very small quantity of
thickish balsam on the section, put on the cover, and press down
hard. If the right quantity of balsam has been added, there is
only sufficient to fill up under the cover, and, if done at once, the
cover can be adjusted to one side or the other, as may be found
necessary ; but this cannot be done later on, as by that time the
small amount of softer balsam under the cover will have attacked
and slightly softened the hard balsam under the section, and
moving the cover to one side or the other will have a tendency to
break up the section. I now place the slide in a cool oven for a
few days, and when labelled it is finished, unless I add a ring of
Bell's cement, which will enable the section to be examined under
an oil immersion lens without fear of the oil attacking and soften-
ing the balsam.

Thus far I have only described how very thin sections of
" Cementstein " can be prepared ; I will now proceed to describe
how the diatom sections can be separated and isolated. After
preparing one side of the slice of " Cementstein," I attach it to a
piece of glass some lj"xl", instead of to an ordinary 3" xl"
slips and rub it down to the necessary thinness. I then immerse
it, still attached to the glass, in benzole. After a little time, say
half-an-hour, it can be brushed off with a camel-hair pencil on to
a glass slip and cleaned of all balsam by being brushed with the
camel-hair pencil charged with benzole. I then transfer the slice
to some methylated spirit to get rid of the residue of benzole, and
after a short time to a little clean water in a watch-glass. I now
pour off the water and add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, which
at once separates the diatoms contained in the section of
" Cementstein." I fill up the watch-glass with distilled or filtered
rain-water, allow to settle, draw off the liquid as close as I can
venture by means of a fine pipette, and fill up with water again ;
this I repeat several times, until I feel satisfied that I have got rid
of the hydrochloric acid. I next give the diatoms a boiling in
sulphuric acid in the watch-glass, which I place on a small piece
of wire gauze and apply the spirit lamp underneath. After washing
away the acid I have the clean diatom sections ready for selecting

H. M0RLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE. 301

and mounting ; I may say that it is not a case of " embarras de
richesses," far otherwise, and it is a question after all if it is worth
while to go through so much to obtain so little, more especially as
the diatoms show up very well in the sections of " Cementstein,"
in addition to which sections of extreme tenuity can be found in
the "Cementstein," more particularly at the edges of the section,
which it would be impossible to lift on account of their really
being in pieces with the fragments still kept in position.

Messieurs W. Prinz and Van Ermengem in their work on the
structure of diatoms contained in this " Cementstein," adopt
another method of isolating the diatoms ; they do not attempt to
select them, but merely immerse the finished section on the slip
in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, which attacks and dis-
solves out the lime, still leaving the sliced diatoms attached by
the balsam to the slip. After washing gently in fresh water and
drying, they then mount in a watery solution of biniodide of
mercury and iodide of potash, which does not dissolve the thin
stratum of balsam by which the diatoms are fixed. This medium
has a high refractive index, 1*68, but this plan of mounting ne-
cessitates the diatoms being on the slip instead of on the cover.

Having shown how diatoms in " Cementstein '' can be sliced
and isolated, perhaps some of our members may be able to extend
the process to other diatoms ; I have tried to do so myself, but as
I did not succeed to my satisfaction I need not trouble you with an
account of what I did and what I did not. If diatoms can be
cemented in bulk into a material having the texture and
characteristics of " Cementstein " the problem is easy.

However, I do not think there is really any occasion whatever to
trouble about preparing sections of diatoms, as their structure can
be very well studied from broken valves, often found in much larger
quantities than desirable in the cleaned material. When selecting
diatoms I constantly come across broken valves or parts of valves
suitable for mounting for the study of their structure, and, pro-
vided that not more than one piece be required to be set " on
edge," I can generally place such piece in such position, adding
other pieces lying flat. I cannot now enter into particulars of
how I manage this, but could do so at length on some future
occasion.

Supposing I have found a portion of a diatom valve, and have
set it so that the edge is in contact with the covering glass ; it

302 H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE.

may be objected that such a piece does not present the advantages
of a section ; perhaps not entirely, but still a great deal can be
learnt from such an examination, for, if diatom valves are riddled
through and through with perforations as, in general, I maintain
they are, it follows that sections would necessarily fall to pieces if
they were cut exceedingly thin, and if they were left somewhat
thick then the very object of a thin section would be lost, as it is
the rows of perforations immediately under the uppermost row
under examination which cause all the ambiguity and interference
of images. The following sketch will fully explain my meaning: —

A v w w >w w w w—

Booooooo

C o o o o o o

D _^_^— .^— ^— ^— ^_ ^_

Here are four rows of perforations, the upper one, " A," being
under examination. If the objective be of wide aperture it is
possible that this row alone will be observed, there being in such
case, practically speaking, no depth of focus whatever ; but should
the objective have less aperture, it is the row "B" which will
cause most of the confusion and interference of images, and the
further one recedes from the upper row, u A," the less the inter-
ference becomes. If my views be correct, why, then, be at the
trouble of attempting to cut a section of a diatom unless it can be
cut so thin that the row " B " would have no existence whatever ?
But this I have no hesitation in saying would be impossible unless
the section were ground down on the slip on which it was to be
finally mounted.

Although diatom sections and broken valves afford a great deal
of information relative to their structure, yet it must also be
allowed that much can be learnt from the examination of the
perfect valves themselves, if properly mounted, as well as from de-
fective valves. I think I may say that no one valve will afford
every information ; it is necessary to examine a number in all
sorts of stages and conditions, and to make your own deductions
therefrom.

Proceeding now to the question of the structure of diatom
valves, I purchased not long since a copy of Messrs. W. Prinz and
Van Ermengem's work on the structure of diatoms contained in the
Jutland " Cementstein." I have nothing to add to their observa-

H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE. 803

tions further than to say that, so far as I have been able to judge,
my observations are fully in accord with theirs. They maintain
that the markings on the diatom valves are " perforations," but
that the structure differs in different forms ; for instance, that of
Coscinodiscus ocutus-iridis may be likened to an india-rubber door-
mat with hexagonal holes, laid upon and joined to a thin sheet of
rubber, with a small circular hole in this sheet opposite the centre
of each hexagonal cell in the door-mat ; a valve cut obliquely
shows this very distinctly, and that the round marks at the bottom
of the cells are holes is clearly proved by an examination of the
edges. I have a section of Coscinodiscus which shows these holes
very distinctly under a i inch objective ; they are comparatively
large, about TIi^7 inch in diameter. With respect to Trinacria
Regina, one of the most common forms in the " Cementstein," the
structure is much more simple, being nothing more than simple
perforations ; the edges of the cut valves in all directions show
this very plainly. But besides this there are little specks of iron
pyrites here and there in this " Cementstein ; " if in very small
quantity, and coating any part of the diatom valves, it will always
be found between the dots, never on them unless in larger quantity,
in which case it is found all over the surface ; in no case are the
dots covered with iron pyrites and the intervening spaces left free.
Very thin sections of Pijxidicula cruciata, on which the markings
are comparatively large, will sometimes show the framework of the
valve in separate pieces, but still held in position by the balsam.

The word " framework " reminds me that that is how we ought
to regard the siliceous valves of the Diatomacea?. In my view the
whole purpose of these valves is simply to support the living
substance of the diatom. If the solid " dot " theory were correct,
it would follow that the outer and inner portions of the living
diatom are completely shut off from one another with no com-
munication whatever between them ; if, on the other hand, the
valves be perforated, there would then be a continuity between the
two parts, besides which there would also be economy of material
used in building up this framework or skeleton. For my part I
cannot see the object of dots, but the case is very different if we
find these markings are really perforations. -

According to Dr. Van Heurck's " Texte " to his " Synopsis of
the Belgian Diatoms," in that part treating on the structure of
diatom valves, it would seem he implies (not actually stating it)

304 H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE.

that the normal structure of diatom valves consists of an inner
layer, more or less perforated, strengthened by an outer frame of
tubes more or less hexagonal, and that this upper framework of
tubes may be found in various stages, either very fully developed
(with even an exterior layer somewhat similar to the interior) or
slightly wanting, or reduced to spines only, or even entirely
wanting. If I judge Dr. Van Heurck rightly, he takes a highly
developed structure as his type.

On the other hand, I would prefer taking a very simple structure
as my type, and working upwards, and this I would do because I
come across structures which cannot be explained upon the theory
of working downwards.

In my view the simplest structure would be well represented by
taking a piece of perforated sheet zinc ; this I consider to be the
structure of the Pleurosigmce, with a sigmoid cleft down the centre,
strengthened with a nodule at each end, and a larger one in the
centre, this cleft having thickened sides and being called the "raphe."

A little higher structure is that of the Stictodisci and some of the
Triceratice, where the perforations have thickened borders, some-
times further strengthened with minute veins, like those of a leaf,
running from hole to hole as can be seen in the valves of
Stictodiscus Jeremianus. I have a slide of what I believe to be
Triceratium venulosum, in which I have mounted a frustule on
edge ; by careful focussing perforations can be seen running
through the substance of the valves. I have also what may be
called a skeleton valve of some species of Auliscus, selected from a
deposit which I had to subject to very severe treatment with caustic
potash in order to disintegrate it ; it appears as if the thinner
portions of the valve had been dissolved by the potash, but that the
thick veins or ribs, having more substance in them, had been able
to resist the action of the potash to a certain extent.

I will next take the case of what I consider to be a highly de-
veloped structure, viz., that of AuJacodiscus margaritaceus. This
was one of the forms of which I did manage to cut some sections,
but not to my satisfaction ; however, I mounted a section with the
cut edge in full view, and examined it under my microscope. I
could see that the section had thin lines running across, and at first
I thought it was a case of simple structure where the valve was
strengthened by means of extra depth or thickness. However,
more careful examination of perfect valves and fragments of

H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE. 305

valves soon showed me that the structure was of the most complete
kind, according to Dr. Van Heurck's views. Most young micro-
scopists looking at a valve with the outer surface uppermost under
a lowish power, say a -fa inch objective, would regard the markings
as solid dots, but I could soon convince him to the»contrary by show-
ing him a valve under this low power, wherein the balsam has
failed to duly penetrate several of the cells, the valve showing
bubbles of air most distinctly in the body of the structure, each
bubble being contained in a separate cellule. So much for the solid
dot theory ; however, this is only one step towards getting a proper
knowledge of what we are examining. I have another slide on
which are two broken valves, one with the " inner," the other with
the " outer '; side uppermost. I have mounted these valves thus,
as I find that when using high powers it is better to have the sur-
face which is being examined uppermost, and not with any structure
above it, which interferes considerably with proper definition.
On examining the " inner '" surface, I find that it has a small per-
foration with thickened edge in the centre of each larger cell in the
structure above (or rather underneath as examined), but on examin-
ing the " outer" surface on the other valve the "dots" appear
circular, but not so definitely as to enable me to decide exactly
upon their nature ; however, I have yet another slide of this
diatom, with fragments only of the valve mounted in various positions
and one of these fragments is broken in such a manner that I can
examine the inner surface, interior structure, or outer surface
separately, which enables me to give the following description of
the structure of this valve : — The inner surface consists of a layer
with small perforations, some y^-go" mcn across, with thickened
borders (in fact, I find thickened borders and rounded edges very
common to perforations) ; above this is a framework of tubes (one
to each perforation below), with more or less straight-sided borders.
Some of these tubes have 4, 5, or 6 sides, and they are by no means
regular in shape. As the outward surface is approached the angles
get filled up, and the irregularly shaped cells end in circular open-
ings rather smaller than the cells themselves.

The next diatom I shall describe is Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii,
and here the structure is totally unlike those of which I have
already been speaking. This valve is composed, firstly, of an outer
layer, with large, slightly angular perforations, radiating from the
centre to the circumference. That these markings are perforations

306 H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE.

is evident on examination ' of broken valves. This thin layer is
strengthened, unlike certain of the Coscinodisci, Triceratice, and
Aulacodisci, on the interior instead of the exterior surface, by
means of radial plates set edgewise from a central ring to the
circumference, and these j)lates themselves are strengthened on the
inner edge by its being formed somewhat like an ordinary railway
rail. The ends of the plates widen considerably, and join each
other with graceful curves, uniting also with the inner ring and outer
circumference. The interior plates are still further strengthened
by being joined to the outer layer by little brackets, placed either
between the perforations or on the inner side of the circumference.
There are also shorter radial plates of simple construction springing
about half way between the central ring and the circumference, and,
joining the outer border. I have endeavoured to explain this
structure as clearly as I can, but I feel I have not done it justice.
All I can say is, that the more clearly I began to understand the
structure of this diatom, the more was I lost in admiration.

Amongst my diatomaceous material I have some from Tampa
Bay, Florida, which contains a number of Evpodiscus Argus,
having the outer substance of the valve very much corroded. Look-
ing at ordinary valves of this diatom, it is very difficult to make
out what its real structure is, the outer portion being dense, with
irregularly-shaped openings all over it ; but in the Tampa Bay
forms this outer substance is entirely wanting in the central part,
gradually becoming perfect towards the circumference. An ex-
amination .shows that the inner substance, or plate, has minute
markings radiating from the centre ; above this is an hexagonal
structure (somewhat resembling that of Triceratium favus), but
which is wanting in the centre. In ordinary forms it would seem
as if there were a redundancy of silex, which granulated on
and around the hexagonal framework, which covers the outer
surface of the valve. Not long since I promised a correspondent
a slide of this form from the Tampa Bay material, and one day I
selected a quantity for mounting on a future occasion. When, how-
ever, I came to mount them, I found that a number of them had
got smashed (the very best ones, of course; "it is always so") ;
certainly there were some left, but they were not so good as I could
have wished. I did not care to search for more, knowing that the
really good valves required some looking for, so I had reluctantly
to make up my mind to send my correspondent a slide of the

H. MORLAND ON DIATOM STRUCTURE. 307

valves remaining of those I Lad already picked out. It is a rule
of mine when mounting tl selected " diatoms, if I find them in
any way dirty, to wash them by passing them in and out of a drop
of water on a glass slip. I was doing this with these diatoms
and as they were drying, concave side downwards (and consequently,
holding down tight on the glass slip, like suckers, as it were), 1
touched them slightly with my mounted bristle, and found that,
with very little trouble on my part, I could remove nearly the
whole of the upper and outer structure of the valve, which appeared
to me as if it were rotten ; I took advantage of this circumstance,
and in a ver\ short time prepared a number of valves meeting my
requirements. In due course my correspondent received a slide of
these " tampered with " diatoms from Tampa Bay, with which he
was very well pleased. I may say that this material also contains
Enpodiscus radiatus, Bailey, which appears to be similarly affected
in the outer substance of the valve, but I have not yet either
mounted it or given it a proper examination under the microscope,

I should just like to ask one question, viz. : How many hoops
does a frustule of Pleurosigma have ? In washing such a frustule
(which has broken up at once on being drawn or pushed out of the
water) I have observed quite a number of hoops peeling off one
after another. I think that many persons must have noticed an
extraordinary number of hoops on some of their slides of Pleuro-
sigma3, in fact, more hoops than valves.

In conclusion I will venture to remark that it is not always the
best workers that have the longest purses, and as the examination
of the structure of diatoms requires a somewhat high power, it is
possible that some such workers may feel a little discouraged and
unwilling to undertake the study of this branch of microscopy.
To these fellow- workers I have a word of comfort, and that is that
the cost of a suitable objective is not quite so high as they may
probably think ; my highest objective is only a Zeiss's Gr water-
immersion, which cost me £5 10s., and is really a very nice lens,
giving a power of over 1,000 diameters with a " D " eyepiece of
Swift's. There is still a further comfort for some of our poorer
members ; I understand that a new optical glass has lately been pro-
duced which will throw all lenses hitherto manufactured completely
into the shade. This may possibly cause a number of -^ inch oil
immersion lenses of 1*43 N.A. to be disposed of at an alarming
sacrifice. I should like then to pick up one for a five-pound note.

308

On the Microscopical Structure of the Diatom Valve.

By Julien Deby, F.R.M.S.
(Read May 28th, 1886.)

I have lately been carefully studying the minute structure of the
Diatom valve, with a view, if possible, of reconciling the various
conflicting opinions entertained on this difficult subject by some of
the best living microscopists, and although my researches are still
incomplete, I have reached the conclusion that many fallacies are
being propagated regarding the Diatom cell-wall, especially in
connection with the existence or non-existence of orifices or per-
forations of the Valve.

My belief is that the outer shell of the frustule of the living
form is the perfect homologue of the ordinary cell-wall of other
plants, and that it is impervious, i.e., free from visible openings,
while the so-called " secondary valves," the " Regenerationshiille "
of A. Smidt, are homologous with the scalariform and similar
thickenings observed in many vegetable cells and vessels formed
by these. Although I must reserve for a future occasion a com-
plete and elaborate account of my observations, I will lay before
the Club a few of my methods of investigation, and some of my
principal results.

I.

I have had recourse, in the first place, to the method of thin
sections of Messrs. Prinz and Van Ermengem. The difference
between their conclusions and my own I attribute to the fact of
my having almost invariably employed recent diatoms for my in-
vestigations, whereas these gentlemen made use of fossil shells,
the external films of which had disappeared either by abrasion or
by slow chemical action. Messrs. Prinz and Van Ermengem
truly represented what they saw, namely, a sieve-like membrane,
showing real orifices, but this in the living frustule does not,
according to my views, exist.

I have used as imbedding media, chloride of zinc or chloride
of magnesia, mixed with their respective oxides, an idea which
was given to me by Mr. Hartmann, formerly of Swansea. As soon

J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE. 309

as the mixtures have become hard, thin sections of them can be
made in the same way as with ordinary rock. If sufficient care is
taken it is not difficult to obtain sections of a less diameter than
the areola of a Triceratium or of a Coscinodiscus. These sections
have been corroborative of my general conclusions as detailed
further on.

II.

I have repeated, on several occasions, the experiment first tried
by the late Prof. J. W. Bailey, of West point, as early as 1851,
namely, of dissolving the diatoms, under the microscope, in
hydrofluoric acid. My results have been identical with those
obtained by this very excellent observer. Prof. Bailey's paper
not being easily accessible, as it was published in the " American
Journal of Science and Arts," 2nd Series, Vol. xi, I have thought
that a reproduction of it here might not prove out of place on
account of the interesting demonstrations it gives of various
points in diatom structure. Some of these, however, relating to
the nodules and rachis, are at the present day acknowledged by all
naturalists, and as such are somewhat irrelevant with the subject
under discussion.

" On the real nature of the so-called i orifices ' in Diatomaceous
shells. — It is well known to naturalists that several of the most
distinguished writers on the Diatomaccas have asserted the
existence of ' apertures,' ' orifices,' or mouths in the ventral sur-
faces of many shells belonging to this family, and have even
founded classes and genera upon the supposed presence of these
openings. Some years ago I expressed in this Journal my dis-
belief in the existence of the apertures in the following words : —

" ' There are three rounded spaces on each of the ventral faces
(of Navicular), which, I think, have been mistaken for openings
but which appear to me to be thicker portions of the carapace.'

" This opinion was founded upon a careful observation of various
fragments as seen in clean fossil specimens, and I still think that
by the inspection of such fragments full evidence of the truth of
my opinion may be obtained. I now offer proof of another kind
which removes all doubt, and shows that these markings are
neither apertures nor depressions, but are in reality the thickest
parts of the shell. If the shells are placed in dilute hydrofluoric
acid and watched by aid of a microscope as they gradually dissolve,
the thinnest parts, of course, dissolve first, and apertures, if any

310 J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OP THE DIATOM VALVE.

exist, should become enlarged. Now, the very parts which have
been called orifices by some and depressions by others, are the last
of all to disappear as the shell is dissolved. This mode of obser-
vation, besides establishing the fact that these are really the
thickest parts of the shells, reveals many interesting particulars of
structure in the various genera of Diatomaceas. Thus in the large
species of Pinnularia it may be seen with even a low power, that
the two parallel bands (separated by a canal) which reach from the
central knob to the terminal ones, and which appear smooth before
the application of the acid, become distinctly striated after their
surface is dissolved off, as does also the central spot itself, showing
that stride which existed in the young shell are covered up and
nearly obliterated by subsequent deposits.

" In Stauroneis the Cross-band and the two longitudinal bands
are the last to dissolve, and these last bands, as in most of the
family, appear separated by what is either a canal or a very thin
portion of the shell.

" In Grammatophora the undulating lines are internal plates
which are the last to dissolve. In Heliopelta, Actinoptychus, &c,
the polygonal central spot is the last to disappear. In Isthmia,
the sj)ots on the surface, ivliich at first appear like granular pro-
jections, are in reality thin portions of the shell, and under the action
of the acid they soon become real holes* The acid also proves that
the larger spots at the transverse bands are really a series of large
arcuate holes in the siliceous shell, and the piers of this series of
arches remain some time after all the rest of the shell has
vanished. Many other interesting facts are revealed by the action
of this acid on these shells, and no one can use it without learning
much with regard to their true structure.

" A few directions with regard to the mode of manipulation in
these experiments will probably be useful. As the fumes of the
hydrofluoric acid, if they reached the lenses, would greatly injure
them, I would advise experimenters (even if they have a micro-
chemical stage) to protect the front face of their objectives by
temporarily cementing to them a thin plate of mica by means of
Canada balsam. This can be attached or removed in a few
moments, and completely protects the lens without materially
affecting its optical power. As mica resists the action of hydro-
fuoric acid much better than glass does, I prepare the cell in which

* The italics are my own. — J. D.

V

J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE. 311

the solution is to take place by cementing a bit of mica to a glass
slide, and then cover all its surface except a central cell with wax.

" In this cell the shells are put with a little water, and after
adding a drop or two of the acid by means of a dropping rod of
silver or platinum, the cell is covered with another plate of mica,
and the action watched under the microscope.

" If hydrofluoric acid is applied to recent Diatomacea?, the silica
soon dissolves leaving distinct, internal, flexible cell-membranes
retaining the general form of the shells. These may sometimes,
but not generally, be detected even in the fossil specimens.

" When present they materially interfere with the examination
of the true nature of the markings of the siliceous shell, and
should be destroyed by nitric acid and heat before the hydro-
fluoric acid is employed, unless it is desired to study the cell-
membrane itself. There is a curious difference in the action of
hydrofluoric acid of the same strength upon specimens of Fossil
Diatomacea3 from different localities. Some dissolve with even
too great rapidity in an acid which is slow and tedious in its action
on other specimens. The Bermuda and Richmond Tripoli, and
some specimens of fluviatile origin, resist the action much longer
than is usual with most specimens, whether they are recent marine,
or either recent or fossil fluviatile ones. This difference is prob-
ably due to different degrees of hydration."

III.

My direct observations have been made on a series of special type-
slides, all of which are open to inspection to an}r persons interested
in the subject. These slides were mostly prepared for me by Mr.
E. Thum, of Leipzig, with unparalleled care, patience, and
dexterity, and I am highly indebted to him for my very best
material and for many very remarkable diatoms, mounted in various
media, and showing structure better than any I possessed before.

All critical cases I have examined under dry objectives, water-
immersion glasses, and the homogenous lenses in my possession,
namely : one-twenty-fifth and one-sixteenth horn, imm., by Powell
and Lealand ; one-tenth and one-fourth horn, imm., by Spencer,
of Geneva, N.Y. ; and one-eighth horn, imm., by Zeiss ; all glasses
of most recent make and of very great excellence.

Every diatom, or fragment of a diatom, has been examined by
me both by transmitted and by reflected light, by direct and

312 J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE.

oblique light ; mounted dry or in media of refractive indices
varying from that of ordinary Canada balsam to the celebrated 2*4
of Prof. H. L. Smith.

It is only by thus varying all the conditions of microscopic
vision and reasoning upon the various images produced, that any
hope can be entertained of forming a definite opinion, such as I
have formed, as to the real ultimate constitution of the Diatom
valve, one of the most difficult problems which the microscopist
can be called upon to solve.

IV.

The careful examination of good photographs has in many cases
been of great help to me in the interpretations of minute details.

V.

The presence of bubbles of air within the valves of a frustule, or
covered over by a single isolated valve standing on its free edge,
while fluids such as benzine are gradually poured upon it, and
which I have frequently noticed, preclude the existence of orifices
clear through the valve by which the gas would freely escape. I
have also never noticed bubbles of air within the areola of any
recent diatoms, while I have many slides of fossil diatoms with
corroded surfaces, where this phenomenon can be shown frequently
without any difficulty.

VI.

I have in my collection a series of well-mounted slides, which
have proved to my satisfaction the following facts most of which
are corroborative of previous observations by others :

(a.) That the shell of most diatoms consists of a double plate.

(b.) That between these two plates there exist a greater or
lesser number of cavities surrounded by solid walls of silica. These
cavities are circular or hexagonal in outline.

(c.) That in all recent living and perfect valves the cavities are
closed at the top by the upper plate, and at the bottom by the
lower plate, and that these plates show no signs of orifices, but
only of thinnings over the cavities, except in abnormal cases where
the organic cuticle has been partially or totally destroyed by
accidental causes.

(cZ.) That the external membrane is in most cases so slightly
silicious that even slight contact with acids promptly destroys it
and opens up the cavities at the back of it. That in other cases

J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE. 313

this membrane, which is generally thinner in the middle portion of
the areola?, does really occasionally become highly silicified, and
may support particles or granules of highly refractive silica placed
over the so-called " eye spots," in which case the cavities must be
hermetically sealed on both sides to all but osmotic influences.

(e.) That the lower closing membrane of the areolae frequently
carries various designs, the nature of which, on account of their
minuteness, has not yet been well established, but which must
depend upon structure, as no diffraction images produced by any
organisation lying at a lower level can be the cause of them, as no
such lower organisation exists below this bottom or closing internal
diaphragms.

(/.) That the thin upper membrane of the areola? forms the
extensions of the edges of the so-called " nail-headed " bars which
form the limiting walls of the areola? as figured by Otto Miiller, by
Dr. Flogel, and by Messrs. Prinz and Van Ermengem.*

(g.) That the cavities in the valve are bounded by walls of solid
silica. That these walls often extend beyond, above, or below the
closing membranes of the areola?, and that they frequently run
into points or spines of various shapes and lengths, which project
beyond the valve between the areola?.

(h.) That the median slit or fissure, which is observed to run
through the rachis, or thickened median line of most of the
Navicular, is also closed top and bottom by a very thin organic
slightly silicified membrane in recent normal valves. I believe, how-
ever, that minute apertures may exist in these narrow closing
membranes in the neighbourhood of the central and of the terminal
nodules, but this is a subject requiring further elucidation.

(j.) That the so-called " secondary ' or internal valves —
" Regenerationshiille " — of some Diatoms do not exist in the
very young valves, a fact which gives us the reason why the
frustules, which are formed of an old and of a younger valve,
generally split up into an odd number of secondary valves, either
three, or five. It is my belief that the young secondary valves
are always perforate at first, but that as they grow older siicces-

* In most fossil diatoms and in nearly all specimens boiled in acids, the
external film closing the areola has disappeared, and the valve has in con-
sequence become really perforate on the upper surface. In some cases the
lower plate has also ended by presenting orifices, so that the sections
examined by the above-named microscopists really showed what they have
figured in the plates accompanying their various papers.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 16. b b

314 J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE.

sive depositions of silica generally take place, which end by
obliterating the orifices, and in some cases fill these quite up by
dense and projecting masses of silica of a higher refractive index
than the substance proper of the surrounding shell, so as to appear
as red or pink coloured granules on a greenish ground under the
best immersion lenses.

(£.) That the connective zones or bands of some genera, such
as Isihmia, are really and truly perforate.

(/.) That the so-called " areola*," " beads," " pores," " orifices,"
" granular projections," "depressions," "hexagons," " moniliform
dots," "puncta," etc., of authors are all one and the same thing
under varying microscopical interpretations, idiosyncrasies, or pre-
conceived ideas.

VII.

If I may be allowed the free expression of my opinion on the
vexed question of the real structure of the Diatom valve, I would
say that I attribute to diffractive images the existence of the
appearances seen by many observers in the Diatom valve, and that
I further believe the perpetuation of erroneous views on the subject
resides in the nearly insurmountable difficulty which exists of
rightly interpreting, or, in other words, of reducing to their true
meaning, optical phenomena of a most bewildering and complex
character.

Prof. Abbe's statement should never be lost sight of by the
Diatomo-microscopist when he tells us (and proves it) that what
we actually see through our instruments in looking at very minute
objects is not what the eye should see, but a something generally
very different indeed from it.

VIII.

HISTORICAL.

As over two hundred different papers have been published on
the structure of the Diatom valve, I hope I may be excused if I
confine myself in these pages to a few words regarding what has
been written on the subject of my present communication, and if I
limit what I have to say to the history of the valve of Triceratium,
which, of all others, I consider the easiest of demonstration and of
verification, and which may, I think, be taken as typical of all
Diatom structure in general.

Omitting mention of work done more than fifteen years back, we

X

J. DEBY ON THE 8TEUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE. 315

have, in 1872, Dr. J. J. "Woodward * expressing his views, sub-
stantiated by photographs, on the structure of Triceratium , but his
written description proves that he had but a very indistinct idea
of the real nature of what he had under his eye, and, in fact, that
he confounded the inner with the outer surface of the valve.

Dr. Woodward had not then seen Otto Miiller's nearly exhaus-
tive treatise f on the valve of Triceratium, published one year
anteriorly, in which the German author gives his opinion that the
areolae are closed at the bottom (or internally to the valve) by a
dotted membrane ; that the sectional view of the partitions
separating, the hexagonal alveolae are " nail-headed," as subse-
quently also figured by Prinz and Van Ermengem, and better
still by Flogel, and that the upper diaphragm winch closes ex-
ternally the areolae is pierced by a central circular orifice. All
these details are exhibited in the plate accompanying 0. Miiller's
instructive memoir.

At about the same time we find Prof. Adolf. Weiss reading a
paper before the Academy of Sciences of Vienna, \ in which he ex-
hibited the complex structure of the valve of Triceratium, which
he considers as really " multicellular," each hexagon forming for
him a distinct organic cell, and where he tries to explain certain of
the microscopical appearances as due to variations in hydration of
the cellular substance. These views and others expressed by him
cannot seriously be entertained at the present day, and I shall dis-
miss them here without any discussion.

At this period, Mr. J. W. Stephenson, § by a most admirable
comparison of the valves of Coscinodiscus mounted dry and in the
highly refractive bisulphide of carbon, arrived at the conclusion
that the " eye spots " were perforations of the " inner " plate, and
that these "eye spots " could be neither concave nor convex films
of silica, in which last conclusion he is no doubt right.

In 1874 Mr. J. W. Morehouse describes the valve of Tri-
ceratium as formed of two films, and expresses his belief in their
continuity, and that fine markings exist on both the upper and
lower diaphragms of the areolae. This last opinion must have re-
sulted from an excess of penetration of the objectives used, which
showed both films at a time.

* " The Lens," Chicago, 1872, Vol. i, p. 100.

t " Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol.," 1871, Vol. xv, p. 618.

X " Sitzb. d. Akad. d. Wiss." Vol. lxiii, Pt. I.

§ " Month. Micr. Jourl.," Vol. x, 1873, p. 1.

316 J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE.

\

VTe next come to the researches of Messrs. Prinz and Van
Ermengem,* who studied in particular the fossil Diatoms from
the Cement Stone of Jutland and the London Clay. These
observers being experienced microscopists, but unfortunately not
special students of the Diatom acea?, omitted to compare the fossil
with the recent analogous forms, and were thus led to generalize
upon insufficient data when they stated that the Diatom valve is a
sieve-like organism. These really conscientious observers would,
I feel confident, have come to other conclusions had they had an
opportunity of examining some of the typical slides of recent
Diatoms in my possession.

The most elaborate of recent researches on the Diatom valve
are those published and copiously illustrated by Dr. J. H. L.
Flogel,f in which the results coincide in almost every point with
those previously arrived at by Otto M tiller.

During the same year Mr. J. D. Cox J undertook a careful
study of the Diatom valve and its fragments. I cannot, however,
fully endorse all his conclusions, but give them here in his own
words : —

" We have thus been led to the conclusion that the Triceratium
is formed of two laminae connected by a hexagonal network, of
which the areolae are about as deep as the diameter of the
hexagons ;§ that the inner of these laminae is finely dotted with
lines of punctae radiant from the centre of the triangle ; and that
the outer lamina is very thin over the centre of each hex agon, to which
it is firmly connected by the walls of the areola?, which are thickened
so as to give a hemispherical interior form to the upper end of each."

Further on || Mr. Cox adds : —

" I have received from Mr. Thomas Christian, of Richmond,
Va., a slide containing a valve of Triceratium Favus, which, whilst
he was endeavouring to pick it up, split into two films, the inner
with its markings of dots in radial lines wholly separating from
the outer, which had deep hexagonal cells closed with the exterior
film, with markings or ' eye spots.' The inner film has also the
outline of the hexagons upon it, being the mark of the attachment

* " Amer. Soc. Belz. Micr.," 1884 and 1885.
t " Jourl. Roy. Micr. Soc," 1884, Vol. iv, p. 665.
I " Amer. Jourl. of Micr.," 1884, Vol. iv., p. 837 ; Vol. v,p. 54.
§ This assertion I cannot accept in a general way, as the depth is most
variable in different species of the same genus. — J. D.
|| « Amer. Jl. of Micr.," p. 108.

J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE. 317

to the hexagonal cells. Mr. Christian's specimen of Triceratium
is the first example of the entire separation of the laminae which I
have met with in that species." His later papers confirm his pre-
vious opinions.

My friend, Dr. H. Van Heurck, of Antwerp, in his synopsis of
Belgian Diatoms * supports the views of Mr. Cox.

Judging from the beautiful plates of the genus Triceratium in
the last numbers published of A. Smidt's Atlas, I believe this
acute observer and admirable draftsman must hold similar opinions
as Mr. Cox and Van Heurck.

Last year Dr. G. C. Wallichf refers to the views of Dr.
Flogel and of Mr. Cox, and tries to oppose, upon physical grounds,
and not without force, the opinions of the latter author when he
states that the alveola are in all cases hermetically sealed cavities.

From all I have said above, it may be inferred that I reject the
" porous theory " of the Diatom valve if the orifices are to be
understood as perforating the whole substance of the valve so as to
allow of contact between the living matter of a Diatom and the
exterior through properly so-called, and visible, apertures. I con-
sider the " eye spots " to consist in the living valve of an organic
cuticle which is seldom highly silicified. This cuticle is very
readily destroyed, in which case the orifices in the thickness of the
valve become open at one end at the place where the " eye spot '
existed, while in all cases where great corrosion has not taken
place these cavities or areolae in the valve are closed at the
bottom by a stretched and continuous siliceous film of considerable
thickness as compared with the upper one, and which precludes
the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments and all direct admission of
external solid substances into the cavity of the frustule.

I regret I cannot concur in all that has been lately said on the
subject of the orifices in the Diatom valve by some of the sharpest
and certainly most skilful, if not the most philosophical, of micro-
scopical manipulators, both at the Quekett Club and at the Royal
Microscopical Society's meetings.

To all microscopists interested in the final solution of this long-
debated question, I tender an invitation | to come and satisfy

* " Synop. des Diat. de Belgique," Text., p. 35.

f u Engl. Mech.," xl, 1885, p. 496 ; and '« Jourl. R. Micr. Soc," 1885,
Vol. v, p. 286.

X Microscopists will generally, when I am not, as occasionally happens,
absent upon professional business, find me at home from 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m.,
and from 7 to 10 p.m. on Saturdays.

3L8 J. DEBY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIATOM VALVE.

themselves by the examination of both recent and fossil slides in
my possession, and plates and photographs accompanying various
papers on the subject. I have full confidence that they will, after
such an examination, form a definite opinion, coinciding with my
own. It is very difficult and rather perilous to exhibit such
delicate subjects at a public meeting under a -^ or -^ inch objec-
tives, and for these reasons I should much prefer a private exhibit in
mv own studio.

319

Note on a Salt-Water Monad.

By E. M. Nelson.

(Read June 25th, 1886.J

Last year I placed some jelly-fish in a 12oz. bottle of fresh sea-
water. In about a week all the jelly-fish were dead with the exception
of one, which kept alive for three or four months . The bottle was not
touched, and on examination this year I found a brownish growth
on the sides and bottom of the bottle, and a slight growth of a green
alga. Microscopical examination revealed the presence of an
enormous quantity of amaabaj, and small uni-flagellate monads.
The monads swam rapidly with a wavy, rotary motion. After a
little while the motion became jerky, a monad bounding forward
short distances, frequently stopping for an instant to change its
direction. The distance of its forward movement gradually
shortened, till at length it did not leave the field of a high power
(1,000 diam.). During all this time the flagellum could be easily
seen. The linear motion now became changed to a rotary motion,
the flagellum was much shortened and was difficult to observe.
The organism, moreover, gradually assumed a spherical form. When
the rotary motion had well set in it was very rapid, and nothing
more could be seen of the flagellum. During the rotary motion the
organism did not travel about, but kept to one place. The rotary
motion gradually slowed down until it stopped. The monad was a
reddish-brown colour and contained a spot like a cell nucleus, rod-
shaped bodies like bacteria, and minute dots like micrococci. A
moment after the rotary motion of the monad had stopped a move-
ment among a few of the micrococcal forms began. This movement
was soon communicated to the rest, and also to the rod-shaped
bodies. The organism gradually lost its colour and consistence,
soon becoming nothing more than a transparent globe filled with
moving bacteria. In some instances it burst, when a portion of the
bacteria escaped and swam off. On one occasion, when one burst, I
saw the flagellum — which appeared to be of full length — thrown

320 E. M. NELSON ON A SALT-WATER MONAD.

out ; but it as quickly disappeared. I had no means of measuring an
object at band, but the organism in its spherical form was about the
size of a salivary corpuscle. I regard the motion of the particles
inside these monads as due to free-swimming bacteria and not to
Brownian movement ; for when a salivary corpuscle bursts the
movement ceases, and the particles do not swim away as in the
case of this monad. There are, moreover, no rod-shaped bodies
in the salivary corpuscle.

321

On a Fossil Marine Diatomaceous Deposit from Oamaru,

Otago, New Zealand.

By E. Grove and G. Sturt, F.F.R.M.S.

PART I.

Plates XVIII, XIX.

(Taken as Read July 23rd, 1SS6.J

This very interesting deposit was first brought to our notice by
H. Morland, Esq., a member of this Club. We are indebted to
him not only for the first supply of the material, but also for the
assistance he has rendered in furnishing many beautiful picked slides
of the rarer forms. For a further supply of the deposit we have to
acknowledge the kind aid of Sir Julius von Haast, K.C.M.G. The
deposit consists mainly of diatomaceous remains, with a small pro-
portion of Radiolaria, and Sponge spicula. Further information is
necessary before the geological age and position of the deposit can
be ascertained, but from the information at present before us, we
understand that it was found in the Cave Valley, Oamaru, situated
immediately beneath a series of Limestone strata known as the
Otatara Limestone series belonging to the Lower Tertiary (Oligo-
cene) age. There is a remarkable similarity between this deposit
and the well-known one from the Cambridge Estate, Barbadoes.
Several of the forms occurring here have, we believe, hitherto only
been met with in that deposit. The family BiddulphiEe, as in the
Barbadoes, is strongly represented by the genus Triceratium,
which, for the sake of convenience, we still retain. Of this genus
alone we have noticed over 30 species or distinct varieties. There
also seems to be a connection between the Simbirsk deposit and
this, as some of the Simbirsk forms occur with only a slight varia-
tion. Several of the species, notably those of Mastogloia and
Amphora, still exist in the Indian Ocean.

For the drawings from which the plates are engraved we are
indebted to the valuable aid of A. M. Warner, Esq., of Saltburn-
by-Sea, and H. F. Hailes, Esq., our editor, to both of whom we

£22 E. GROVE AND G. STURT OX

tender our hearty thanks. We have also to acknowledge the kind
aid and assistance rendered by Dr. Stolterfoth, of Chester, and by
Mr. F. Kitton, in the examination and identification of species ;
and of Mr. Rattray, of Dundee, in the preparation of magnificent
picked slides.

In the course of a careful examination of many slides we have
observed the following genera and species. In addition to these,
some extremely doubtful forms occur, which for the present are
omitted, as they require considerable further investigation : —

Cymbelle^e.

Amphora labuensis, Cleve (" Vega Exp.," p. 493, PI. 35, Fig.
10), — Scarce.

A. cingulata, Cleve (" W. I. D.," p. 9, PI. 3, Fig. 15). —One
specimen observed closely resembling the figure in A. Schni. Atl.,
PI. 26, Fig. 17, but with a less clearly developed "cingulum."

A. crassa, Greg. (" G. D. C," p. 52, PI. 6, Fig. 94).— One
specimen observed.

A. sp. ? sp. ? — Some doubtful fragments detected.

CoCCONEIDE^E.

Cocconeis barbadensis, Grev. (" T. M. S.," 1864, p. 14, PI. 11,
Fig. 10). — Occurs sparingly, and is smaller and more lanceolate
than Greville's figure. The median line is undulate, and the form
is probably an Orthoneis. Longest diam., about '003".

C. pseudo-marginata^&x. intermedia, Grun. ("Nov. Exp.," p.
13, PI. 1, Fig. 6). — Not uncommon.

Campyloneis {Grevillei var. ?) argus, Grun. (" V. H. Syn. Belg.
Diat.," PI. 28, Fig. 16).— Not uncommon.

Mastogloia reticulata, Grun. (Honduras Diatoms, in "M. M. J.,"
1877, p. 175, PI. 195, Fig. 4). — Closely resembles Grunow's form,
but is much longer (up to *007"). Three specimens observed.

NAVICULACE.E.

Navicula apis, Ehr. (Donk., " Brit. Diat.," p. 48, PI. 7, Fig. 3).
— A small form, exactly resembling Donkin's figure. Two or three
larger specimens have occurred up to '004" in length ; rather less
constricted, and approaching N. didyma, Ehr.

N. Smithii,- var. nitescens, Greg. (" G. D. C," p. 15, PI. 9, Fig.
16). — Scarce.

N. gemmata, Grev. (" Ed. New Phil. Journ.," Vol. x, p. 30, PI.
4. Fig. 7 ; vars. A. Schm., "Atl.," PI. 8, Figs. 38.42).— Eare.

X

A FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMACEOU8 DEPOSIT. 323

JN.prcetexta, Ehr. (Greg., " D. C," p. 9, PI. 9, Fig. 11).—
Small and scarce. Some specimens closely resemble N. Californica,
Grev. (" Ed. New Phil. Jour.," Vol x, p. 29, PI. 4, Fig. 5).

N. sparsipunctata, Gr. & St., n. sp. — Valve broad, oval ; ends
subacute. A line of closely- set puncta on each side of the raphe,
leaving a narrow clear space, slightly enlarged around the central
nodule. Margin furnished with a line of oblong puncta, within
which is a narrow clear band. The rest of the surface dotted over
with puncta, forming sparse, irregular, radiating lines. Not very
scarce. Length, -006"; breadth, -004". (PI. XVIII, Fig. 1.)

N. interlineata, Gr. & St., n. sp. — Valve broad, oval ; ends sub-
acute and slightly produced ; surface covered with dotted, sub-
radiant stria?, about 17 in •001", interrupted by a narrow clear space
on each side at about one-third of the distance between the central
line and the margin, extending 'symmetrically with the margin
nearly to the ends of the valve. Scarce. Length, -005" ; breadth,
•003«. (PI. XVIII, Fig. 2.)

N. (Alloioneis ?) Grundlerii, Cleve & Grun. (CI., " Diat. of
W. I. Archipelago," p. 7, PI. 11, Fig. 10).— Length, -004";
breadth, '0017". Stria? radiant, dotted, 30 in *001". The median
line not so eccentric as in Cleve's figure, and the stria? more radiant,
but in all other respects agreeing closely. One specimen observed.

Entopyle^e.

Gephyria incvrvata Arnott (" Pritch.," p. 809, PI. 4, Fig. 50).

— Scarce.

Fragilarie^e.

Glyphodesmis marginata, Gr. and St., n. sp. — Valve lanceolate

with rounded ends, and distinct centre and end projections. There

is a clear longitudinal central space, and the margin is bordered

with two rows of small cellules. Length, -0026" ; breadth,

•00057". (PL XVIII, Fig. 3.)

Synedre^e.

Synedra crystallina (Ag.), Kiitz ("S. B. D.}" p. 74, PI. 12, Fig.

101). — Scarce.

Eutilariej^.

Eutilaria radiata, Gr. and St., n. sp. — Valve with parallel sides

for a short distance at centre, then tapering more or less rapidly to

the subacute ends. Centre and ends clear, remainder of valve

covered with sparse radiating lines composed of dots, about 35 in

•00 1". Central process large, spiral. Marginal seta?. Length

324 E. GROVE AND G. STURT ON

from -0022" to -0067" ; breadth about -0017". Not rare. (PI.
XVIII, Figs. 4 and 5.)

R. lanceolata, Gr. and St., n. s.p. — Valve narrow, lanceolate,
tapering finely to the subacute ends. Centre and ends clear, re-
mainder covered with somewhat irregular transverse dotted lines,
about 30 in -001". Central process small but distinct. Marginal
set*. Length, -0065" ; breadth, -0007". Very rare. (PI. XVIII
Fig. 6.)

PSEUDO-RUTILARIA. Nov. SUBGENUS.

We have formed this subgenus for the reception of the species
described below, which, while resembling Rutilaria in other
characteristics, is without the central clasping process, so impor-
tant a feature of that genus. Perhaps R. recens Cleve (" On some
New Diatoms," Stockholm, 1881, p. 19, PI. 4, Fig. 7) may be
placed here.

Ps -rutilaria monile, Gr. and St., n. sp. — A very novel and
interesting Diatom. Valve composed of circular or nearly circular
cells, the central being the largest, and furnished with a few
scattered spines. On each side are a number of similar cells (in
our specimens from 8 to 11), which gradually diminish in size to
the end. Length about -005". The margins of the cells project
on each side in small cusps, each of which bears one or two seta?.
The surface of the valve is faintly dotted. In the frustular view
the valves are seen to be in connection at the centre and ends, and
the processes appear to grasp each other as in Hemianlus, the inter-
mediate space being occupied by the setae. (PI. XVIII, Figs. 7
and 8.)

Note. — In all the specimens observed we have found that the
number of cells on the one side of the centre exceeds that on the
other side by one.

Striatelle^e.

Grammatophora oceamca, Ebr. — One fragment observed. Strias
50 in -001".

Isthmus.

Isthmia enervis, Elir. (" V. H. Synop.," PI. 96, Figs. 1, 2).—
Fragments not unfrequent — corresponding with the recent form.

Biddulphi.e.
Biddulphia Tuomeyii, Bail (Roper, " T. M. S.," Vol. vii, PI. 1,
Figs. 1 and 2 ; " V. H. Synop.," PI. 98, Figs. 2, 3).— Frequent.

V

A FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMACEOUS DEPOSIT. 325

B. elegantula, Grev. (" T. M. S.," Vol. xiii, p. 50, PI. 6, Figs.
12). — Scarce, but identical with Greville's species.

B. punctata, Grev. (" T. M. S.," Vol. xii, p. 83, PI. 11, Fig.
10). — Resembles closely Greville's form, but more oval. Rare,

B. Oamarvensis, Gr. and St., n. sp. — Valve elliptical- oval, with
a central elevation ; the whole valve covered with fine-radiating
lines of granules and numerous interspersed minute puncta. On
each side of the centre opposite to one another are two large spines;
processes inflated, at the base, truncate. Distance between the
processes, -0053" ; breadth, -0023". (PI. XVIII, Fig. 10.)
Rare.

B. elaborata, Gr. and St., n. sp. — Valve broadly oval, convex.
At the centre, which is inflated, is a circle of small close-set
papillae surrounded by a clear space, from which radiating lines of
round cellules run to the margin. The cellules near the centre
are smaller, but become larger towards the margin. Between each
row of these large cellules is a line of small dots. Two long stout
stalks terminating in a cup-like striated expansion project from the
valve, starting from circular clear spaces on each side. Length,
•0083"; breadth, -0054"; length of stalk, -0025". (PL XVIII,
Fig. 9.)

We have some hesitation in classing this very remarkable form
as a Biddulphia. It is allied to Greville's B. gigantea (" T. M. S.,"
Vol. xii, p. 13, PI. 2, Fig. 9) from Barbadoes. The two forms
might well form a new genus.

B. virgata, Gr. and St., n. sp. — Valve small, oval, convex, with
two well-defined transverse clear spaces, becoming inflated towards
the ends. Processes formed by two stalks, projecting from clear
spaces at the extremities of the valve. The stalks terminate in a
large spherical expansion, the surface of which is delicately punc-
tate. Surface of valve furnished at the centre with a transverse
band of scattered granules ; before each process is a similar band
of granules, but more crowded. Length, 0033" ; breadth,
•0024". (PI. XVIII, Fig. 11.)

In the specimen we figure, the expansions are broken off.

Cerataulus subangulatus, Gr. and St., n. sp. — Valve subtri-
angular with rounded angles ; inflated, with three submarginal pro-
cesses resembling those of C. turgidus, and 2-4 strong spines,
sometimes curved, or with forked ends between each process.
Surface composed of rough radiating granules, over a closely

326 E. GROVE AND G. STURT ON

reticulated structure. Not rare. Breadth over widest part, "0053".
(PI. XIX, Fig. 12.)

C. Johnsonianus (Grew), CI. (Biddulphia Johnsoniana, Grew,
" T. M. S.," Vol. xiv, p. 6, PI. 2, Figs. 14, 15).— Small, rare, about
•003" in diameter.

Triceratium capitatum, Ralfs. (Grew in " T. M. S.," Vol. ix,
p. 43, PI. 4, Fig. 10). — Frequent and more robust than Greville's
form. Distance between the angles, about •0027".

T. parallelum (Ehr.), Grev. {forma trigona, A. Schm. " Atl.," PI.
75, Fig. 13, and PI. 76, Fig. 14-17. Quadrangular form = Amphite-
tras parallela (Ehr.), Grev., «T. M. S.," Vol. xiii, p. 104, PI. 9,
Fig. 22). — Triangular form frequent, attaining a length between the
angles of '0077". The quadrangular form is also not uncommon, and
we have also observed the pentagonal variety. Not unfrequently a
triangular form occurs with very convex sides, in outline closely re-
sembling T. Harrisonianwn, Grev. in " T. M. S.," Vol. ix, p. 76, PI.
9, Fig. 9, but smaller, and without the characteristic veining. It can
be distinguished as " var. gibbosa." The figure in the " Atlas," PI.
81, Fig. 8, is very similar.

T. Harrisonianum, Norm, and Grev. (Joe. cit supr.).— Our form
closely resembles the figure in the " Atlas," PI. 75, Fig. 16, and
should, we think, be classed with Stictodiscus.

T. favus, Ehr. — The type form occurs rarely, but the quad-
rangular form T. favus var. quadruta, Grun. (Schm. " Atl.," PI.
84, Fig. 4,) is frequent, attaining a distance between the angles
of -008".

T. favus var. maxima, Grun. (" V. H. Synop.," PI. 107, Fig. 5= T.
grande, Bright, " Q. J. M. S.," Vol. i, p. 249, PI. 4, Fig. 8).— The
triangular form is not uncommon in the heavier density, and nearly
approaches T. Grunovii, Jan., " Atlas," PI. 85, Fig. 5. Distance
between the angles, '012"; cellules, 3 to 3^ in '001". Surface
entirely covered with lines of granules 25 in '001", which radiate
from a central point. In some forms the cellules are smaller, not
two-thirds of the usual size.

T. arcticum, Bright (" Q. J. M. S.," Vol. i, p. 250.— Quadrangular
form (T. arcticum var. californica, Grun. Schm,, "Atl.," PI. 81,
Fig. 4) not rare. The triangular form ("Atl.," PI. 79, Fig. 6)
also occurs, attaining a length between the angles of -013".

T. castellatum, West (" T. M. S.," Vol. viii,p. 147, PI. 7, Fig. 3).
— Frequent. Some forms closely resemble T.umbilicatuni, Ralfs.

X

A FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMACEOCS DErOSIT. 327

(" Pritch.," p. 854. Bchm. " Atl.," PI. 94, Fig. 11). It would
seem that these two cannot be specifically distinguished.

T. rotundatum, Grev. (" T. M. S.," Vol. ix, p. 75, PI. 9, Fig.
6). — Rare, but identical with Greville's figure.

T. venosum, Bright (" Q. J. M. S.," Vol. iv, p. 274, PI. 17,
Fig. 5). — Occurs sparingly.

T. coscinoides, Gr. and St., n. sp. — In outline this form, which is
very common, resembles T. cinnamomeum, Grev. (" Q. J. M. S.,"
Vol. iii, N. S., p. 232, PI. 9, Fig. 12 — Cestodiscus cinnamomeus ,
Grim. " V. H. Synop.," PI. 126, Fig. 1), but in other respects is
quite different. The surface is covered with small hexagonal
cellules, which are larger at the centre but gradually decrease in size
towards the margin. Greville's form is a true Cestodiscus, with
puncta and distinct marginal spines, entirely wanting in our form.
Distance between the angles, -0022" to -004" ; cellules about
12-13 in -OOr. (PI. XIX, Fig. 13).

This form seems only to be a three-angled Coscinodiscus. Gru-
now, in the " Franz. Jos. Land Diat.," p. 31, mentions a similar
form from the Mors deposit, for which he proposes a subgenus
" Pseudo-triceratium " ; to this our form would belong.

T.partitum, Grev. (" T. M. B.," Vol. xii, p. 14, PL 2, Fig. 8).—
Differs from Greville's form in its larger size and greater convexity
of the sides, which in his description are stated to be " slightly
concave " ; but in other respects resembles it so closely that it
would hardly be advisable without further investigation to create a
fresh species. Distance between the angles, *005".

T. divisum, Grun. ( " V. H. Synop.," PL 113, Fig. 8).— Rare.
Distance between the angles, •0021". A well-defined species,
differing from T. partitum, Grev., in the septa being continuous,
without the faint interruption in the middle, and in the absence of
the second septa, cutting off the angle itself.

T. Kinkerianum, Witt ( " Simbirsk," p. 33, PL 8, Fig. 10).— Not
unfrequent. A variety of Witt's species, closely resembling the
figure in the " Atlas " (PL 95, Fig. 17), but larger and more robust,
with prominent angles, covered with fine puncta. Distance between
the angles, '0054". As this, on further investigation, may require
to be separated from Witt's species, we give a figure at PL XIX,
Fig. 14.

T. venulosum, Grev. ("T. M. S.," Vol. xii, p. 90, PL 13, Fig. 21).
— Very much larger than Greville's species, and might be distin-

328 E. GROVE AND G. STURT ON

guishcd as " var. major " ; in other respects similar. From five
to seven vein-like lines in pairs are given off from the margin, and
the pseudo-nodules are distinct. The valves exhibit, most strik-
ingly, the peculiar areolar appearance. Distance between the
angles, •0067,/. Frequent. (PI. XIX, Figs. 15, 1G.)

T. lobatum, Grev. (<< Q. J. M. S.," Vol. hi, N.S., p. 233, PI. 9,
Fig. 13). — Rare, but identical with Greville's form.

T. denticulatum, Grev. (" Q. J. M. S.," Vol. iii, N.S.,p. 233, PI.
9, Fig. 14). — Pare, closely resembling the type.

T. inelegans, Grev. var. ("T. M. S.," Vol.xiv, p. 8, PI. 2, Fig.
21). — This variety closely resembles the var. micropore/, Gran, (in
" V. H. Synop.," PI. 110, Fig. 3), but the granules are fewer
and more scattered. Distance between the angles, *0022". Pare.

T. unguiculatum, Grev. (" T. M. S.," Vol. xii, p. 85, PI. 11,
Fig. 9). — Frequent. The processes are very slender, and bent out-
wards, giving, in some positions of the valve, the appearance of
the claws delineated in Greville's figure.

T. nitescens, Grev. (" T. M. S.," Vol. xiii, p. 8, PI. 2, Fig. 19).
— Very rare, but identical with Greville's species.

T. Weisii, Grun. (Witt " Simbirsk," p. 34, PI. 7, Fig. 9, and
PI. 12, Fig. 3). — A small form, very scarce in the lightest density.

T. americanum, Ralfs. (" Pritch.," p. 855 ; Schm. " Atl.," PI.
76, Fig. 27). (N.B. In the " Atlas " T. americanum and T. conde-
corum have been transposed, Fig. 27 being T. americanum, Fig.
28 T. condecorwn.) — A variety of this form occurs sparingly, and
has great affinity with T. parallelum. Some valves have very
concave sides. A quadrangular form, " var. quadrata," also
occurs with concave sides, and an umbilicus of small puncta
arranged in a circle. Distance between the angles, -0036". This
variety in its aj)pearance closely approaches Stictodiscus ; for the
present we leave it here.

T. cwlatum, Janisch (Schm. "Atl.," PI. 81, Fig. 19).— The
original example we have not seen ; so it is with hesitation that
we identify this form, which is somewhat rare, with Janisch's
species. The valve is nearly flat, with straight sides and radiating
granules, which are scattered at the centre, but at the margin are
arranged in close-set parallel lines. Distance between the angles,
•0083".

T. DohreZanum, Grev., var. nova Zealandica, n. var., Gr. and
St. — This form, not uncommon in the deposit, is more ornate than

X

A FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMACEOUS DEPOSIT. 329

Greville's type form in " T. M. S.," Vol. xiii, p. 6, PL 2, Figs. 23
and 24. From three to nine vein-like lines project from each side, the
granules are more numerous and closer set, and the processes are
not so elongated. The connecting membrane is similar. Distance
between the angles, • 009-1" ; a smaller form also occurs. (PI.
XIX, Figs. 17, 18.) This may, perhaps, on further consideration
require separation from Greville's species.

T. cancellatum, Grev. (" T. M. S.," Vol. xiii, p. 9, PI. 2, Fig.
17). — This form, which occurs not unfrequently, corresponds to
Greville's description, but not to his figure. The sides of the
valve are nearly straight ; the six alternate radiating elevations
and depressions are distinct in some forms, while in others they
are scarcely, if at all, perceptible. The commencement of two
vein-like lines, projecting inwards from the sides, are usually
quite distinct. As we are in doubt whether our determination is
correct, we give a figure at PI. XIX, Fig. 19.

T. spinosum. Bail, var. ornata, n. var. Gr. and St. (T. spinosum,
Bail, A. Schm. " Atl.," PI. 87, Figs. 2, 3).— This form has a great
resemblance to Amphitetras ornata, Shabbolt, " T. M. S.," Vol ii, p.
16, PI. I, Fig. 10, the quadrangular form of, and identical with, T.
pentacrinus, Wallich " Q. J. M. S.," Vol. vi, p. 250, PI. 12, Figs.
10-14. (As Greville has a T. ornatum, in order to prevent confusion
AVallich's specific name, though later in date, had better be
adopted.) In other respects, however, this form is nearer to T.
spinosum. We have only observed the triangular form, which has
straight or slightly concave sides and horn-like processes at each
angle ; the centre is slightly inflated, and the surface of the valve
is covered with markings resembling those of T. pentacrinus ; but
with the addition of four or more spines, which are usually broken
off. Distance between the angles -0032 . (PI. XIX, Fig. 20.)

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Plate XVIII.

Fig. 1. Navicida sparsi punctata, Gr. and St., n. sp., ^— .
„ 2. „ interlineata, Gr. and St., n. sp., ^.

„ 3. Gh/phodesmis marginata, Gr. and St., n. sp., ~~.
„ 4. Rutilaria radiata, Gr. and St., n. sp., ^.

5; 5 }} outline of small form showing variation in

the shape, ^.
„ G. „ lanceolata, Gr. and St., n. sp., i^.

Journ. Q. M. C, Series II., No. 16. c c

330 ON A FOSSIL MARINE DIATOMACEOUS DEPOSIT.

Fig. 7. Pseudo-rictilaria monile, Gr. and St., n. sp., valve, so°.

8. „ „ frnstular view, £n°.

9. Biddulphia elaborata, Gr. and St.,n. sp.,-^9.

10. ,, Oamaruensis, Gr. and St., n. sp., -5-li.

11. ,, virgata, Gr. and St., n. sp., 1^.

Plate XIX.

12. Cerataxdus sulangulatus, Gr. and St., n. sp., £|£.

13. Triceratuim coscinoides, Gr. and St., u. sp., ^9.

14. }) KinJcerianum, -2-^.

15. „ venulosum var. major, Gr. and St., valve, 3°°.

16. „ „ „ frustule, Mp.

17. „ Dobreeanum var. »o«a Zealandica, Gr. and St.,

valve, 21©.

18. „ „ frustule, 2-J-°.

19. „ cancellation, 2-2-5.

20. „ spinosum var. omata, Gr. and St., ^p.

Journ. QM. C.

.oi 2. pi.xvirr.

Fig

Wept. Newman &. Co. TitL .

Journ. Q. M. C.

Ser.II.Vol 2. PI. XIX.

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331

PROCEEDINGS.

April 9th, 1886. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Larva of caddis fly ... ... Mr, F. W. Andrew.

Antenna of a moth, Fyycera lucephala, nat. ^

form and 'colour ... ) Mr. F. Enock.

Pycnogonidece, from Naples ... Mr. F. Fitch.

Cast skin of pupa and image of Tanypus, sp. Mr. J. D. Hardy.

AgJaopihenia pluma ... ... ... ... Mr. A. D. Michael.

Section of " Cementstein " Mr. H. Morland.

Tubidipora, from Australia ... ... ... Mr. B. W. Priest.

UyOrocampo ... ... ... ... ... Mr. C. Rousselet.

Section, Nummulitic Limestone from Eisen-7

i u xj „„..„ J NT- G. Smith,

bach, Hungary ... ... '

Diatoms from Simbirsk deposit Mr. G. Sturt.

Pollen of Mallow Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 5U ; Visitors, 4.

May 14th, 1886, — Conversational Meeting.

An exhibition was given, in the Mathematical Theatre, by Messrs F. H.
Evaus and George Smith, with the oxy-hydrogen lantern, of a large selection
of microscopic objects, photographed direct from nature, and prepared as
lantern slides by the Woodbury type process. The series embraced a wide
variety of subjects for the purpose of showing the suitability of the process
to this kind of illustration.

The following address by Mr. Evans was read : — I had the pleasure last
Wednesday evening, of exhibiting before the Royai Microscopical Society the
photo-micrographical lantern slides presently to be shown to you ; and
I was much gratified at finding the spontaneously expressed opinion of
those who spoke after the exhibition, was, that the chief merit of the slides
consisted in their educational value, from their great truthfulness to nature,
both in detail and general aspect.

The point I want you to notice especially this evening is this : drawings,
however exact as to detail generally, fail in giving an air of naturalness to
the representation, and suffer .from a lack of depth, roundness, relief, I
might almost say perspective, and are consequently flat in result. One

332

feels instinctively that it is the work of the draughtsman, and not of Nature.
Of course, to overcome these difficulties, and give a natural representation
by photography of objects that have various focal planes, is exceptionally
difficult, for opticians have not yet given us object glasses that will show
even moderately deep objects in a fairly sharp-all-over focus; and any
lantern slide showing an object sharp in one plane, and blurred out of focus
in the rest, is. of course, utterly valueless. Now that the optical lantern is
coming so much more into use as an educational accessory, as so many can
at one time and so effectively be taught by its aid, I cannot but think that a
series of photo-micrographs, adequately exhibiting the wonders of Nature
in her minute conditions, must be of great value educationally. Drawings
and diagrams, however accurate, have not that hold upon the imagination
and memory, especially in the young and untrained mind, that a forcible
and truthful photo-micrograph direct from Nature would have, provided
always that such photographs are the very best that the process can
be made to yield, and what that best is has not been demonstrated yet.
The objects that pleased most on Wednesday at the " Royal " were those
in the neglected fields of illumination by spot lens or reflected light. When
some years ago I began this fascinating work, I was somewhat discouraged
by finding all the authorities on the subject agree in saying that no good
work had been, or could be expected to be, dono in these directions, from the
great and inherent difficulties to be overcome. As, however, the objects I
most wanted photographs of were in these classes, I determined to try and
disprove this opinion of the experts ; with what success I shall leave you
to decide ; perfection is by no means claimed for these slides, but they
are shown as evidence of what can be done in the valuable field of
photo-micrography. Allowance must be made for the amount of mag-
nification, which varies from 480 diameters in the lowest to 29,100
in the highest. With regard to some of the slides, I do not think they
could be improved upon, but in this matter I am like the Scotsman
who was perfectly willing to be convinced, but added : " Show me the mon
that can convince me ! " I really am very desirous of seeing better slides.
They have all been taken with the usual microscope accessories, in all
cases using the A eyepiece ; the O.G.'s were- of the finest quality, but not
specially corrected for this purpose, and no account has ever been taken of
the difference between the visual and actinic foci. What success I have
achieved has been mainly due to exceeding great care in the quality and
quantity of the illumination, using the ordinary oil lamp and bullseye
condenser ; and to a constant resolve to be satisfied with nothing that did
not do full justice to the object as seen at its ideal best under the micro-
scope ; also to be content with nothing that seemed capable m the least
degree of improvement. The photographic image has in no way been
" retouched " on the negative ; the only treatment the negative has under-
gone in some few instances has been the legitimate one of removing1
dirt marks, etc., arising from imperfection in the micro mount, these
being necessarily photographed with the object; and an absolutely clean
micro mount, it will be admitted, is not a common thing.

333

These efforts to reach as close as possible to a natural representation
of the objects would quite have failed, as regards lantern slides, had I
not been seconded by the great skill and patience of Mr. George Smith
of the Sciopticon Co. ; for, after all, however good a negative may be, it is
not the goal, but only the means to the end, — the perfect positive. I found
that, particularly in the opaque and spot lens objects, no purely photo-
graphic positive process could do full justice to the delicate detail in the
negative, without sacrificing beauty and truth of result in the general repre-
sentation ; but in the perfection to which Mr. Smith has brought lantern
slides by the Woodbury type process, these difficulties have disappeared, and
the finest details are adequately represented, while the general beauty of
the result is enhanced by the rich colour and pure transparency of the pig-
ment employed by him. Mr. Smith has a half-dozen or so of landscapes
and other studies, which may be shown you after the micro slides have been
put through, and thus give you an idea of the excellence of the ordinary
lantern slide. A great feature special to the Woodbury process is, that
any number can be printed identical in excellence with each other ; this
again, is quite impossible by any purely photographic process. The follow-
ing is a complete list of the slides shown : —

u

23.

Echinus

Spines-

—Sections,

group

...

• • • • • t

9

19

21.

Echinus

Spines-

-Section ...

34

25.

J5

5>

,,

21

21

26.

>>

•»

,,

22

27.

>>

))

,,

26

26

28.

n

)>

j, ...

18

12

29.

»»

J5

j,

18

27

30.

Coralline ;

Acarmarchis

23

■plumosa

• • •

... ...

14

The diameters given are those of the magnification on the lantern slide.

No. Diam. No. Diam.

1. Foraminifera, grouped

2. Foraminifera from Porto
Seguro

3. Foraminifera from Porto
Seguro

4. Foraminifera from Porto
Seguro

5. Ditto from Connemara

6. Ditto, Lagence

7. Ditto, Operculum ...

8. Ditto, Section of Nummulite

9. Ditto, Quinqueloculina

10. Ditto, Dentalina

11. Ditto, Siliceous Casts

12. Opliiocoma JZosula ...

13. Kay of ditto

14. Dental Apparatus of ditto...

15. Dental plates of ditto

16. Opliiocoma neglecta

17. TJrasta rubens

18. Polycistina, grouped
1 J. it )j
20.
21.
22.

31 31. Coralline ; Acarmarchis

27 fiabellata

30 32. Bicellaria grandis ...
16 33. „ ciliata

12 31. Head of Butterfly

19 35. ,, Tipula

10 36. Antenna Vapourer Moth ...
25 37. Synapta, Anchors and

8 Plates

38. Pinna Shell — Section
35 39. Eider Down

28 40. Scales of Fern

„ Ceratospyris ateuchus 62 41. Fairy Fly

grouped 17 12. Cecidomyia ...

42 43. Oaklapple Fly

12
14

20
10
11
10

33
66
13
38
43
32
10

334

No. Diam. No.

44. Exnvia or Cast Skin of Cer
cop-sis on leaf

45. Scale of Perch

46. Sponge Spicules
47.

>»

>>

48. Winged Parasite of Indian

Bat ...

49. Section of Chalcedony

50. ,, ,, Lapageria rosea

51. Diatoms on Coralline

Most of the above objects were
taken as illuminated by Spot
Lens or by Reflected Light
(opaque objects), except Nos.
38, 39, 40, and 45, these being
taken by Polarized Light.

The following, to end of
list, were taken by Trans-
mitted Light.

52. Flea (human) Male.

53. ,, „ Female.

54. „ of Cat

55. „ „ Wild Rabbit.

56. Parasite of Ox.

57. ,, ,, Elephant.

58. Ovipositor of Saw-Fly.

59. Foot of House-Fly.

60. Proboscis Blow-Fly (portion
of)

61. Palpi of Spider

65. Trachea of Silkworm

17 66. Pro-log of Moth-larva
14 67. Cirrhi of Barnacle ...
81 68. Spiracle of Dytiscus
40 69. Eye of ditto

70. Pygidium of Flea ...

18 71. Leiosoma Palmacinctum ...
14 72. Glyciphagus phimiger

18 73. Maple aphis...

17 74. Nycteribia — small ...

75. ,, of Indian Bat...

76. Abdominal fringe of Nycte-
ribia...

77. Parasite of Vampire Bat ...

78. Mange Insect of Horse ...

79. Foot of Parasite of Queen
Bee, Br aula caca...

80. Section of Sugar Cane

81. ,, „ Ovary of Poppy

82. „ „ „ of Tiger
Lily ... ... ... ...

83. Diatoms.

84. Arachnoidiscus ornatus on
Coralline (opaque object)...

85. Triceratium favus ...

Diam.
.. 34

.. 24
.. 14

86. „ quadratum

87. ,, septangulatum

88. Licmophora flabelleta
124 88. Anliscus cartatus

25 90. Oephyria

21 91. Pinnularia ...

32

1C0
248
60
147
63
13
14

104

28

100

164

19

13

17
485
357
192
154
216
338
389

62. Jaws of ditto

63. Spinnerets of ditto... ... 135 92. Aulacodiscus margaritaceus 192

64. Claws from small House- 93. Coscinodiscus radiosa ... 343

Spider ... ... ... 240 94. Heliopelta metii ... ... 208

At the close of the series Mr. Smith showed a variety of rustic scenes,
architectural subjects, machinery, &c, in order to show the suitability of
the process for other classes of subjects.

The President said that after the hearty approval expressed during the
exhibition, it was hardly necessary to move a formal vote of thanks to the
exhibitors. He congratulated Mr. Evans on the excellent results he had
shown. The slides were a marked advance in that class of photographs,
especially those illuminated on a dark ground, and by reflected light.
He could not agree with Mr. Evans in thinking that these slides were, in
every case, superior to diagrams, because it was not only possible, but
necessary sometimes, to render details, for purposes of explanation, more

335

distinctly than could be seen in a photograph or in the natural object, which
could be done without departing from truthful representation. In fact
there was a tendency in diagrams to bring out details, while in a photo-
graph details were rendered less distinctly. He was struck, while
looking at these specimens, with another fact often ignored by artists,
— the irregularity of natural objects. How seldom natural objects pre-
sented a perfectly uniform figure, yet artists in making a drawing
would represent every part exactly symmetrical. The photographs
showed that natural objects were generally more or less unsyinmetrical.
He considered that objects with well-defined outlines, and which were
nearly in one plane, such as sections of echinus spines, were best suited for
lantern photographs. It was impossible to give the true effect of some
objects, such as the fine hairs fringing the wings of Polynema. Anyone
seeing the broadened image of these hairs on the screen would suppose such
hairs were very stout, almost rods, while in reality they were of the most
delicate and graceful character. In the case of diatoms, with the micro-
scope it was easy, by focussing up and down, to differentiate between the
upper and lower snrfaces of the valve, but in the lantern slide the two
surfaces came into focus together, which interfered somewhat with the
clearness of the elxect. On the whole he congratulated the exhibitors on
their excellent work, and concluded by moving a hearty vote of thanks to
them for the exhibition they had given, and be would include Mr. Freeman,
who had read the address, and given the names, &c, of the slides as they
were shown.

The vote of thanks was carried with applause.

In answer to cmestions, Mr. Smith gave a shore explanation of the Wood-
burytype process.

The following objects were exhibited in the library : —

Ovipositer of dragon fly Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Flea of wild rabbit $ Q Mr. C. Collins.

Section of coal Mr. A. L. Corbett.

Coccus of orange, showing Ichneumon in situ Mr. F. JUnock.

Section of lichen, Lecanara ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Photo-micrographs, diatoms ... ... ... Dr. R. L. Maddox.

Spider, Thomisus audax $ Mr. G. E. Mainland.

Type slide of diatoms from Oamaru, New "> Mr> H< Morland.
Zealand... ... ... ... ... )

Diatoms, Cestodiscus pulchellus ... ... Mr. E. M. Nelson.

Young perch, seven dajs old Mr. ft. T. G. Nevins.

Diatom, Actinoptychiis Wittianus, n. s. ... Mr. G. Sturt.

Mr. J. M. Offord also exhibited some photographs of diatoms, and Mr.
Edgar Crookshank brought a large series of photographs of Bacteria.
Attendance — Members, 57 ; Visitors, 13.

'ox

'}

336

May 28th, 1886. — Ordinary Meeting.
A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting- were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were halloted for and duly elected members of
the Club: — The Right Rev. Bishop of Peterborough and Mr. Wm. Hughes.
The following donations to the Club were announced : —

" The American Naturalist " ... ... ... In exchange.

" The Journal of the New York Microscopical")

Society" ... ... )

"The American Monthly Microscopical^)
Journal"' ... ... ... ... j

" Proceedings of the Belgian Microscopical'

Society"

"Annals of Natural History " ... ... ... Purchased.

" British Petrography " ,., „

Dr. Hudson's " Rotifera,'" Part 4 „

Sixslides From Mr. C. Collins.

The thanks of the Club were voted to the donors.

The President thought that the subject present in the minds of most of the
members above all others would be that of the great loss they had sustained
since last they met. When he took his seat in that chair for the first time as
their President, he did not anticipate that it would fall to his lot to have to
refer to the deaths of no less than three of their past Presidents, as having
occurred during his short tenure of office, and to ask for votes of condolence
to be passed in connection with them. Dr. Carpenter and Dr. Cobbold had
passed away from them, and now, as they were aware, they had to deplore the
removal of Dr. Matthews, whose loss would go home to most of them more
deeply still. Dr. Matthews was so old a member of the Club, and so constant
an attendant at their meetings, at which his universal kindness and readiness
to assist every one who desired to draw upon his store of information, that
he ventured to think they would regard him with something more than the
feelings of an acquaintance, but rather with those of personal attachment
and regard. Those who came into contact with him felt that his kindness
was not due to mere urbanity of manner, but that it was the result of a
genuine desire to help others with whom he was brought into connection ;
and although it would not, perhaps, be quite correct to put him forward as an
example of a first-rate man of science, yet the store of knowledge which he
had to draw upon was by no means small. In his own profession he occupied
a good position, being very skilful in it, and thoroughly well informed in all
that related to it, and this knowledge he kept up to the very last, taking the
keenest interest in eveiy advance that was made. He was an excellent
chemist, a skilful and thoughtful mechanician, and many of his devices were
justly appreciated by those who became acquainted with them. The micro-
lnegascope and the machine for cutting hard sections could, perhaps, hardly

337

be expected to come into general use, though exhibiting a large amount of
intelligent ingenuity, but his parallel .object-holder for the turntable had
been well received, and had obtained a very -wide use, whilst many of his
other inventions -were worthy of much praise. All would remember his
introduction to "Davies on Mounting," and there was no one who would not
recall with p^asure the memory of papers in which Dr. Matthews had
shown himself to be far above the average of ordinary writers. He was an
excellent classical scho'ar, and if any one was in difficulty as to a classical
quotation he was always ready to supply the need, but beyond all that there
was a kindness and benevolence about the man which endeared him to all
with whom he came in contact. He died very rapidly of acute pneumonia.
It must have been noticed by all that during the last few years his health
had been failing, and that he had never been the same man since the severe
rheumatic attack which prostrated him about three years ago, though he
still retained considerable vigour, and could walk his twenty miles when
occasion required. He had been attending a child who was suffering from
pneumonia, and about whose case he was very anxious. On Friday, after a
very hard clay's work, he went to see this child in a bitterly cold ea.-t wind
then blowing. He took a chill, and on returning home told his wife that he
x felt he was going to be seriously ill, and at once took to his bed. He (the

President) did not hear of the doctor's illness until the following Monday,
when he went up to see him, and found him in bed and very ill, but still
with good hope of recovery. He went again on the Tuesday. On Wed-
nesday he heard that matters had taken an unfavourable turn, and on
Thursday when he went again to the house he found there was no longer
any room for hope. There would for a long time to come be a vacant chair
amongst them where Dr. Matthews used to sit. The funeral took place on
April 29th, at the Islington Cemetery, Finchley, and although, owing to the
suddenness of the event, and the time of its occurrence, it was not possible to
make arrangements for the official attendance of a deputation from the Club,
it may give satisfaction to know that three members of the Committee were
present to pay a last tribute of respect to the memory of one whose loss we
all so much deplore. The Committee had that evening passed a resolution
of condolence, which he submitted to the meeting for its adoption, in order
that it might be transmitted to the famil}r. The following resolution was
then moved from the chair : —

"The membeis of the Quekett Microscopical Club desire to record the
deep regret with which they heard of the death of their valued fellow-
member and past President, Dr. John Matthews, whose universal kindness,
and the readiness with which he placed his scientific knowledge at the service
of others less well informed than himself, have endeared him to every one
who attended meetings of the Club, and will cause his memory to be pre-
served with grateful and affectionate regard."

Mr. J. E. Ingpen said he should be very sorry if such a resolution as the
one they had heard read was put to the meeting for its adoption, without
having been seconded by someone who had a deep and heartfelt interest in
so doing. Many of the words which he might otherwise have uttered had

338

been already said, and it needed no references from him to recall to their
minds their dear friend Dr. Matthews, for no one was better known, he had
been so much amongst them, and was so conspicuous in his endeavours to
advance the cause that brought them together, for with him knowledge
seemed to be regarded almost as a sacred trust, as something which he held
for the purpose of communicating to others. For his own part he could say-
that he knew him so well that the loss was a personal one. His friendship
had gone on so long, having sprung up in that room, where, perhaps, a
hundred others had their origin also, and it had continued to be just the
same throughout, and was happy and pleasant to the end. Dr. Matthews
possessed acquirements of no ordinary kind ; they were, indeed, far higher
than most persons would have been likely to suspect, for they seemed almost
to be obscured by an extreme modesty which prevented him from bringing
forward many things which had occurred to him. For a considerable period
he had himself been very closely connected with Dr. Matthews, and especially
so during the period when he was President of the Club, and he could say that
none of their Presidents had shown a deeper, more constant or more intense
interest in everything which had to do with its welfare. There was one word
which always in his mind connected itself with Dr. Matthews, and that was
the word " Honour '—that he should do honour to any position he was called
upon to fill. He was ever ready to do honour to good work done by any
one else, and to any cause with which he became connected. This, in fact,
seemed always to be his main-spring of action. During the many years he
had known him he had ever proved himself to be the noblest of friends, and
he felt sure that his memory would be always held in honour by them all.
He had great pleasure in seconding the proposal before the meeting.

The resolution was then submitted to the meeting and unanimously
approved.

Mr. Deby exhibited and described a convenient form of field microscope
of German manufacture, which he thought would most likely be of use to
those who desired something better than the ordinary Coddington lens. It
gave a good flat and achromatic field, and was made in various sizes ; the
eyepiece screwed on one end of the tube, and there was a little condenser at
the other. The specimens he had brought with him were fitted for the
narrow slips which were used abroad, but they could be made to take
the ordinary English slides. As regarded price, he thought they were
moderate considering their quality, the one magnifying 100 diameters costing
6s., one 150, 8s., and the highest, magnifying 250 diameters, 10s. They were
manufactured by Boecker, of Wetzlar, in Germany, from whom no doubt
they could be obtained.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Deby for bringing this very
useful and practical invention under the notice of the Club.

Mr. Morland read a paper" On Diatom Structure."

Mr. E. M. Nelson was sure that all must have thought it a great treat to
have heard such a paper as that which had been read by Mr. Morland. It
showed evidence of a great amount of work, and he might say that he could
follow it in every detail, and could corroborate the opinions advanced, though

339

he felt himself at a great disadvantage through not being himself a mounter.
He quite agreed as to the utter uselessness of sections of diatoms as contributing
at all to a knowledge of their structure. The proper thing was to take some
ordinary broken portions, and to make what they could out of them. The
best lens for the purpose of these investigations was one in which the correc-
tion was such as to show a slight rose colour. This would show the thicker
membranes coloured red or rose colour. He had been looking at a specimen
that day on the surface of which were a number of exceedingly minute
spines ; these all looked rose colour. He quite agreed with the remarks as to
the exceeding beauty of specimens of Araehnoidiscus. It was, he thought,
one of the most lovely objects that could be found ; the beautiful dove-tail-
ing; in of the various parts of the pattern was a structure the perfection of
which was marvellous.

Mr. Deby said he did not know that there was to be a discussion upon
this subject, but he had prepared a short note " On the Structure of Diatom
Valves," which he proceeded to read.

Prof. Stewart said that perhaps the remark which Mr. Deby had just
made would apply to himself, and it might be that others had led him into
error upon this subject. It was a good many years since Mr. Stephenson
made some preparations of diatoms, in phosphorus dissolved in bi-snlphide
of carbon, and the appearance which they presented was something like that
which he drew upon the black board. If it really had that form he should
have thought it would have produced the same effect as a bi-coavex lens, and
that it should alter materially in its focus according to the medium in which
it was placed. But what they really found was that, whether they examined
it in a medium of high or low refractive index, the effect was that of a
number of little lenses, and so far as he Avas aware only a series of holes
could act in this way. Certainly they did act as if they were a series of
convex lenses, each one producing an image. He had never tried the
experiment with hydro-fluoric acid, but from what he had seen and heard
he was under the impression that they were actual holes.

Mr. Deby said that these spaces were never filled by air or by dirt, and if
they were holes he should expect them to be so frequently ; but as a matter
of fact there never was an}-. There was a flat top not curved on either
side or thickened at the corners, and there was a hole in the bottom mem-
brane, as he drew it on the board III. Could Prof. Stewart say what would
be the diffraction effect of such an arrangement?

Prof. Stewart imagined that an image would be formed by it.

Mr. E. M. Nelson thought this was hardly the point at issue. The question
was not one of diffraction effects, but of making images. With Pleurosigma
images could be made, as he had himself shown in that room.

Mr. Deby said it seemed to be a matter of facts, and therefore he would
bring down some of his slides, and would show them at the next meeting.

Prof. Stewart said perhaps Mr. Deby wrould do them the favour to bring
also some of those which showed the shape he had drawn upon theboard.

Mr. Deby said he should be very pleased to do so.

Prof. Stewart said as a matter of probability he should not have thought

340

it likely that there should have been an abrupt junction between a closing
membrane and the sides of the spaces below as Mr. Deby had drawn. He
thought on a priori grounds there wouid have been a thickening at the
angles.

Mr. Deby thought this argument was rather of a theoretical than a prac-
tical character, but he thought if they took a section of one of the joints of
Spirogyra they would find that the closing membranes formed right angles
with the sides of the filiform space.

Mr. Morland had found it to be invariably the case that there was a
thickening at the angles as drawn by Prof. Stewart.

Mr. J. E. Ingpen said that at that late hour he would not trouble the
meeting with more than a short communication upon the subject of mount-
ing in media of high refractive index, the basis of which was sulphide of
arsenic. It would no doubt be recollected that some time ago some very
beautiful specimens of this kind of mounting were sent over to this country
by Prof. Hamilton Smith. Mr. William Meates set himself at that time to
find out what the medium was which Prof. Smith had employed, and after
some amount of experimenting he came* to the conclusion that it must be
some preparation of sulphide of arsenic. Prof. Smith at first would not
publish the formula, but when at length he was induced to do so, it turned
out to be a mixture of sulphide of arsenic in bromide of arsenic. Mr.
Meates then went on to experiment as to how far the effects could be varied,
and he obtained a medium of very high index indeed, but be found that it
had a very high melting point, and that this was greater in proportion to the
quantity of arsenic. The results obtained were so good that Mr. Meates was
encouraged to continue his experiments, especially as the medium was found
to be very useful for mounting other things than diatoms. Blood globules
were seen to advantage in it, but he had not yet been so successful as he hoped
to be with podura scales. He had brought for exhibition a specimen of sul-
phide of arsenic ; also a mount of the Cherryfield Rhomboides in phos-
phorus and bi-sulphide of carbon, the colour of which under the microscope
appeared to be nearly a brick red, the colour in pure phosphorus being
more green. Specimens mounted in sulphide of arsenic, styrax, &c, were also
exhibited.

Mr. Deby said that he found that Prof. Hamilton Smith's medium was not
be trusted for permanent mounting. He had a number of slides prepared
with it, and about 90 per cent, of these bad become spoilt. It was a most
valuable preparation for purposes of examination, but it would not stand
the test of time.

Votes of thanks to Mr. Morland, Mr. Deby, and Mr. Ingpen were then
passed, and the meeting terminated with the usual Conversazione.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Living Barnacles, B alarms balanoides ... ... Mr. F. W. Andrew.

Larva of Tettigonia (spring frog hopper) ... Mr. C. Collins.

Head of Colletes Daviesana (Ground Bee) /

.,,,,,. \ Mr. F, Enock,

with explanatory drawing ... ... ;

341

Diatoms mounted in sulphide of arsenic by i

Mr. W. C. Meates
Living Spider, JEpiera umbraticaQ

Diatoms, Surirella ovata and S. linearis

„ Actinoptyehus splendens
Larva, pupa, and image of Tanypus ...
Phylloxera vastatrix

I

Mr J. Ingpen.

Mr. G.E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. E. M. Nelson.
Mr.K. T. G. Nevins.
Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 58 ; Visitors, 5.

June 11th, 1886. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —
Leptodora hyalina

Fairy fly, Anagrus incarnatus, with drawing
Model of a diatom, Surirella bifrons ...
Larva of newt, showing circulation ...
Fish louse, Argnhis foliaceous
Spider, Salticus tardigradus $
Type slide, diatoms from Richmond, Virginia
Eggs and larva; of water beetle, Gyrinii.s natata
Asplanchna Bright icelli
Volvox global or, with resting spores ...
Section of chalk showing Foraminifera, (fcc.,1

from New Zealand ... ... J

Diatoms, Aulacodiscus Grunoicii, n. s., from"!
the Briinn Tegel ... ... ... J

Pollen, 10 varieties on one slide

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. F. Enoch.
Mr J. D. Hardy.
Mr. G. Hind.
Mr. C. K. Jaques.
Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. H. Morland.
Mr. R. T. G. Nevins.
Mr. C. Rousselet.

Mr. G. Smith.

Mr.G. Sturt.
Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 38; Visitors, 1.

June 25th, 1886. — Ordinary Meeting.
A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members of
the Club : — Mr. Frank G. Bernan, Mr. Edward Briant, Dr. E. M. Crookshank,
and Mr. Samuel Richardson.

The following additions to the Library were announced : —

"Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society" ... In exchange.
" The American Monthly Microscopical Journal "... „ „

" Proceedings of the Royal Society " ... „ ,,

-' The American Naturalist " ... ... ,,

342

" Proceedings of the Geologists' Association " ... In exchange.
" Proceedings of the New York Microscopical)

Society" ... ... )

" Report of the Proceedings of the Smithsonian")

Institution" ... ... ... ... ... )

"Grevillea" Purchased.

" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science " ... „

" Annals of Natural History " ... ... ,,

" British Petrography " — part 5 „

Mr. Moiland exhibited and described a new form of cell slide for dry
mounting, which he had obtained from Messrs. J. W. Queen and Co., of
Philadelphia. The cells were made of stamped brass, soldered to a metallic
slide ; a cap fitted over the cell so as to be readily removed for the examina-
tion of the uncovered object when required. He had sent for an assortment
of these slides, but as all those received were alike, he assumed that only
one size was made. The cells could be obtained separately from the slides ;
the price was moderate, being equivalent to about 6s. per 100.

Mr. Karop thought it was rather inconvenient, in the case of objects to be
dry mounted, to have the cells all of one depth. It also occurred to him
that where metal slides were used the labels were very apt to come off.

Mr. E. M. Nelson's paper, " On Some Salt Water Monads and Bacteria,"
was read by the Secretary.

Mr. Karop thought that Mr. Nelson was rather rash in saying the things
he had described were Bacteria. It appeared to him, from the description
given, that what they had before them was a case of nuclear division, as
pointed out by Dr. Dallinger.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Morland and Mr. Nelson for
their communications.

Mr. Buff ham communicated to the Club the results of some of his recent
observations " On Some New Forms of Fructification in the Marine Algae,"
illustrating the subject by diagrams drawn upon the black board. Mr.
Buffham concluded his remarks by saying that most microscopists of the
ordinary type took up the pursuit as a sweetener of life, and after a general
examination of the objects about them, such persons often found considerable
difficulty in finding a subject which was suited to their tastes and their
means. He thought that in the Algae they would find a subject which would
fulfil all requisite conditions, the objects were easily accessible, they Avere
very beautiful in themselves, and they afforded a wide field for original
observation, so that he could promise that if an) one would take up the
subject he would be well repaid in many ways for the trouble taken in
the course of its pursuit.

Mr. Karop was much obliged to Mr. Buffham for the interesting communi-
cation given to them at such short notice. The study would no doubt prove
very interesting to those who would take it up, but he thought the difficulty
with most people would be not so much how to get specimens as how to
keep them. Many of these things looked very nice at first, but after a while
they began to go bad, and the result was of course very disappoint-

343

ing. If, therefore, Mr. Buffham could give them a few hints as to preserva-
tion he was sure that all would be glad to hear them.

Mr. Buftham said the matter was simple enough, though he could quite
believe what their Secretary had said with regard to the character of many
of the slides which had been made from these objects. There was really no
great difficulty about their preservation, and when one was at the shore it
would soon be found out what was the best medium for the purpose. Most
things would keep very well if well washed in sea water, and then put into the
best glycerine, but too many should not be put into the same bottle, other-
wise there would be perhaps too much water mixed with the glycerine.
Other kinds which would not bear the glycerine should, after washing, be
put into a saturated solution of common salt, and to prevent mycelium from
forming, the cork should be well benzoled, so as to kill any spores which
might be hanging about. Polysiphonia and allied species did best in a
solution of salt. As regarded mounting, most kinds were preserved very
well in Deane's gelatine, almost all his own specimens were mounted in this
medium, and there was very little fault to find with it. He did not think
the form of the specimens was quite so well preserved in thi.v way as in fluid,
but when a person mounted these things he did not want to have to look to
them frequently afterwards, and to all who wished to avoid this trouble, he
would say, " Don't put your specimens up in fluid, but mount them in the
gelatine medium." He had some specimens mounted in it, which were four
or five years old, and they seemed qnite as good as when first prepared.

The President said that the latter portion of Mr. Buffham's remarks souuded
as if he were relating the experience which he had himself acquired, for
he had found that in collecting sea weeds the best thing was to wash them
quite clean in salt water, unless they could do what was still better — obtain
them from clear water where they grew naturally clean. Then the collector
should carry with him a little bottle of glycerine into which to put such as
he wished to preserve; except in cases of special genera, this would be found
to answer very well. Some years ago he recommended this plan to Mr
Grilburt, who iound it to be very good. For mounting he had also found.
Dean's glycerine medium to be the best ; it did very well for the red sea weeds,
and also for many other things. He had tried experiments in staining before
mounting, and found that with a little care this could be done successfully
and with advantage, and specimens stained the same colour as they were
naturally were not so likely to fade afterwards as others which were mounted
in their natural condition ; they appeared to have a tendency to pick up the
stain, and to retain it in those portions which w^ere coloured in nature.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to Mr. Buffham for
his communication.

Notices of meetings, &c, for the ensuing month were then made, and the
meeting terminated with the usual Conversazione.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Spores of Fungus, Asterosjporium Hoffmanni... Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Parasite of Bee, Siylops Spenceri (nat. col.)... Mr. F. Enock.
Spider, Drassus cwpreus g Mr. G. E. Mainland.

344

Rotifera, Rhinops, Brachionus, Triarthra ... Mr. C. Rousselet.
T. section, tooth of Icthyosaurus ... ... Mr. G. Smith.

Diatoms, Atdocodiseus Grunoicii ... ... Mr. W. Watson.

Attendance — Members, 48 ; Visitors, 3.

July 9th, 1886. — Conversational Meeting.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Third leg of bee, Macropis labiata Q ... Mr. F. Enock.

Hair tufts from larva of Vanessa urtica ... Mr. H. E. Freeman.

Indian spider, Saliicus sp. 2 ... ... Mr. G. E. Mainlaud.

Diatoms, Stephanopyxis corona ... ... Mr. H. Mori and.

Lacinularia social is, Plumatella rapens, and i m • "R T f "NT '

Philodina erythophtkalma ...

Diatoms, Triceratium Morlandii. from New ] ,, « a. .

} Mr. G. Sturt.

Zealand ... ... J

Attendance — Members, 22 ; Visitors, 1.

July 23rd, 1886.— Ordinary Meeting.
E. T. Newton, Esq., F.G.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary called the attention of the members present to Rale 4,
which provided that upon occasions like the present, when the President
and ^Vice-Presidents were absent, the members should themselves proceed
to app oint a Chairman.

It was thereupon proposed by Mr. Dadswell, and seconded by Mr.
Parsons, that Mr. E. T. Newton be requested to take the chair on that
occasion. The proposal having been put to the meeting by the Secretary,
was unanimously carried.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were balloted for and duly elected members
of the Club:— Mr. G. A. Bickerton, Mr. R. Paul, and Mr. David G.
Simpson.

The following additions to the Library were announced : —

"Report of the Manchester Microscopical Society "... In exchange.
" The Botanical Gazette"... ... ... ... ... ,, ,,

" Proceedings of the New York Natural History Society" „ ,,
" Proceedings of the Canadian Institute " ... ... ,, ,,

" Proceedings of the Belgian Microscopical Society "... „ ,,
The Secretary announced that subscriptions to the Club w'ere now due,

and that any member desiring to do so might pay to the Treasurer 5s.

as a subscription to the end of the present year, and then 10s. in January

345

for the twelvemonth ensuing ; or they could, if desired, pay 15s. at once
to carry them up to the end of 1887.

Mr. Gerald Sturt gave a brief resume of his paper " On Some New
Diatoms from Oamaru, New Zealand,'' the paper itself being of too
technical a character to be interesting to the meeting if read in extenso.
The material from which the diatoms had been obtained was some earth
imported from New Zealand under the name of kaolin. This was, however,
erroneously applied, kaolin being really disintegrated felspar. The earth
in question came from Oamaru, its geological age had not yet been de-
termined, but this question was under consideration, and further details
were expected. The deposit bore a very remarkable similarity to the
Cambridge Barbadoes earth, which produced so many famous forms, but
the exact locality of which could not now be identified. It also resembled
some earth from Simbirsk, in Russia, and another deposit at Briinn, the
resemblance being so close that the forms found in one could not be dis-
tinguished from those taken from the others. It was also remarkable that
several of the forms were still found living in the Indian Ocean. The
deposit was an exceedingly rich one, and had already been found to contain
40 species entirely new to science.

The Chairman said they were very much obliged to Mr. Sturt for his
very interesting paper, interesting not only to the members of the Club as
microscopists, but also to geologists. He only regretted that so valuable a
communication should have been made before so small an audience.

Mr. Karop said it was, of course, rather premature to discuss the paper
without having the whole of it before them, but it was very interesting to
find evidences of a sort of evolution of diatoms going on ; if this could be
traced in the case of NaviculcB, it would, undoubtedly, be most interesting.

A member inquired if he rightly understood Mr. Sturt to say that there
were particular forms which had only been found in these deposits ?

Mr. Sturt said this was so ; they had been found by Greville in the
original Cambridge Barbadoes earth, but had not been found since, except
in the deposits mentioned.

Mr. Karop asked if the Polycistince were as remarkable in this earth as
in that from Barbadoes ?

Mr. Sturt said that the Polyeisiince were rather conspicuous by their
absence, being very few comparatively. There was a large quantity of very
curious sponge spicules, but Radiolaria were very scarce indeed.

The Chairman thought there were some points in connection with the
subject which were of very considerable interest, especially the facts that
the forms "were in so many cases the same as those in the Barbadoes earth,
and' that other forms were the same as those now found living in the
Indian Ocean. This was an observed fact, that forms which were found
both in the living and fossil states were always such as were widely dis*
tributed, so that the circumstance that these were found in Barbadoes,
Russia, and New Zealand, and also living in the Indian Ocean, was exactly
what experience would lead them to expect. It would be extremely in-
teresting to know, however, what was the geological age of the deposits

Journ. Q, M. C, Series II., No. 16. d d

346

themselves. Ho was very glad to hear from Mr. Sturt that this was to be
considered only as a first instalment, and that further communications
upon tho same subject would follow in duo coarse. He had great pleasure
in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Sturt for this paper.

Mr. Sturt said that as the paper was tho joint production of Mr. Grove,
of Saltburn, and himself, any vote of thanks ought to include Mr. Grove.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Sturt and Mr. Grovo was then unanimously
passed.

Announcements of meetings for the ensuing month were then made, and
the meeting terminated with the usual Conversazione.

The following objects were exhibited : —

Batrachospermiim

Ichneumon fly, Tritfiogramma evanescens

Micro-photograph of the late Dr. Carpenter .

Spider's nest

Larva of Syrphus ... . . . ■

Various Diptera ...

Attendance — Members, 33; Visitor, 1.

Mr. F. W. Andrew.
Mr. F. Enock.
Mr. G. Hind.

Mr. G. E. Mainland.
Mr. E. T. G. Nevins.

INDEX.

PAGE

Abbe condenser, E. M. Nelson

on a new stop for, ... ... 148

Algse, T. H. Buffham's remarks
on some new forms of fruc-
tification in marine, ... 342

Algae, Dr. M. C. Cooke's demon-
stration on collecting and
preserving ... ... ... 148

Alteration of date of annual

meetings, ... ... ... 289

Antedon rosaceus, A. D.
Michael's remarks on a
larval form of, ... ... 243

Arthropoda, B. T. Lowne on the

eyes of, ... ... ... 144

Ascidian, A. D. Michael on the

larva of an, ... ... Ill

Ascidian larva, Dr. W. B. Car-
penter's remarks on Mr.
Michael's paper on an, ... 119

Auditory apparatus of the craw-
fish and the grasshopper,
Prof. C. Stewart on, ... 240

Bacteria and the methods of
staining them, E. Thurston
on, 121

Bacteriology, notice of Crook-
shank's, ... ... ... 278

Bates (F.), on the sexuality of

the Zygnemacece, ... ... 104

Beck (C), on a new serial

section cutting machine ... 154

Buffham (T. H.), on the conjuga-
tion of Rhabdonema arcua-
tum, ... ... ... 131

„ On congugation, &c, dis-
cussion ... ... ... 151

,, On the fructification of

some sea weeds, ... 237

,, Remarks on some new
forms of fructification in

Marine Algse 342

Burch (G. J.), on a supposed new

Infusorian, ... ... ... 163

Camera lucida, J. E. Ingpen's

remarks on Dr. Schroeder's, 36

PAGE

Capnodium citri, G. C. Karop's

remarks on, ... ... 286

Carpenter (Dr. W. B.). on the

structure of Orbitolites, 91
„ Remarks on Mr. Michael's
paper on a larval Asci-
dian, ... ... ... 119

„ On Prof. Moseley's dis-
covery of eyes in shell

of Chiton 147

„ President's Address,

1885, 180

,, Notice of the death of, 245
Cell for dry mounting, H. Mor-

land on a, ... ... ... 342

Cerianthus, Arthur Pennington

on a slide of oral disc of, ... 109
Cheshire (F. R.), on the economy

of the Hive Bee, discussion 196
Cleve (Prof.), on some fossil

diatoms from Augarten, 165
Cobbold (T. S.), on lung para-
sites, ... ... ... 155

Cobbold (Dr. T. S.), notice of the

death of, by A. D. Michael, 289
Collecting bottle or live box,
J. D. Hardy on a new form

of, 55

Committee, Report of, July, 1 884, 74

„ 1885, 210
Cooke (Dr. M. C), President's

Address, July, 1884,... 64
On the admission of

ladies to the Club, ... 82
On some remarkable
moulds, ... ... 138

On collecting and pre-
serving fresh water
Algae ... ... ... 148

On Palmodactylon and a

new Vaucheria, ... 219
On the appearance of
Pucciniagentianella at
Kew,... ... ... 237

Corrigenda to Prof. Cleve's,

paper on Augarten diatoms, 234

63148

11

INDEX.

PAGE
Crookshank's Bacteriology, No-

tice of, ... ... ... 278

Date of annual meetings, altera-
tion of, ... ... ... 289

Davis (Henry), on the dessica-

tion of Rotifers, ... ... 231

Death of Dr. Carpenter, notice

of the, by A. D. Michael, 245
„ of Dr.T. S. Cobbokl, notice

of the, by A. D.Michael, 289
„ of Dr. Matthews, notice of

the, by A. D. Michael, 336
Deby (J.), on diatom structure, 308
„ On a German field micro-
scope ... ... ... 338

Demonstration, Prof. C. Stewart

on polarized light, ... 37
W. Dal ton Smith on
staining vegetable tis-
sues, ... ... ... 46

E. Thurston on Bacteria
and the methods of
staining them, ... 121

Dr. M. C. Cooke on col-
lecting and preserving
fresh water Algse ... 148
„ T. S. Cobbold on lung

parasites ... ... 155

,, Lowne on eyes of ar-

thropoda 144

Dessication of Rotifers, H.

Davis on the, ... ... 231

Diatoms from Japanese oysters,

jj

»»

»

F. Kitton on,

16

jj

5»

>>

Prof. Cleve on Augar-
ten ... ... ... 165

F. Kitton on the mys-
terious appearance of 1 78
Nelson, and Karop on
the finer structure of, 269
Diatom structure, H. Morland

on, 297

„ „ J. Deby on,... 308

Discussion on Kruitchnuit's
letter, re sands from hot
springs, Arkansas, ... 42
,, Lewis' note on Mermis

viyrescens, ... ... 54

„ Nelson's hydrostatic fine

adjustment, ... ... 84

,, Bates' paper on the sexu-
ality of Zyynem a cece ... 120
,, E. M. Nelson's paper on

Historic Microscopy ... 247
„ Morland's paper on Diatom

structure ... ... 338

Dunning (C. G.), on a new form

of live box 249

33

3»

PAGE

Equalising slips for oil immer-
sion condensers, Nelson

on, 230

Evans and Smith, Exhibition of
photographic lantern slides,

by Messrs 331

Excursions, list of objects ob-
tained April, May,
June, 1884, ... 27

June, July, and Aug.,

1884, 59

Sept., Oct., 1884, and
April, 1885, ... 189
„ „ during the year 1885, 272
Exhibition of lantern micro-
scope by Lewis Wright, 118
Photographic lantern
slides, by Messrs. Evans
and Smith ... ... 331

Fine adjustment, E. M.Nelson,

on a hydrostatic, ... ... 57

Fine adjustment, E. M. Nelson

discussion on, ... ... 84

Gamasus, A. D. Michael on a

new species of, ... ... 260

Gas burner, H. F. Hailes'
remarks on Sugg's new,

" The Cromartie," 295

Graphiology, Dr. J. H. Wythe on

3>

microscopic,

86

Grove (E.) and G. Sturt, on
diatomaceous deposit from

Oamaru, N.Z., 321

Hailes (H. F.), on gum styrax, 116
„ On Sugg's new gas burner,

the " Cromartie," ... 295

Hardy (J. D.), a new collecting

bottle and live box, ... 55
„ On the mode of feeding

of Daplinia pulex ... 1G2
Hexactinellidce. B. W. Priest on

the, ... ... ... ... 8

Historic Microscopy, by E. M.

Nelson, . ... 222

Historic Microscopy, discussion

on Nelson's paper on, ... 247
Hudson and Gosse's Rotifera,

notice of, ... ... ... 278

Hydroid polyp, F. A. Parsons

on anew, ... ... ... 125

Infusorian, G. J. Burch on a

supposed new, ... ... 163

Ingpen (J. E.), remarks on Dr.

Schroeder's camera lucida, 36
„ On mounting in highly

refractive media ... 340

Japanese oysters, F. Kitton on

diatoms from, ... ... 16

INDEX,

111

PAGE

Karop (G. C), remarks on Cap-

nodium citri, ... ... 286

Kitton (F.), on Diatoms from

Japanese oysters, ... 16
,, On the mysterious ap-
pearance of a diatom 178
Kruitchnuit, letter re sand from

the hot springs, Arkansas... 42
Ladies, discussion on the admis-
sion of, to the club, ... 81
Lantern microscope, exhibition

of, by Lewis Wright, ... 118
Larva of an Ascidian, A. D.

Michael on the Ill

Lewis (R. T.), note on Mermis

nigrescens ... ... ... 24

List of objects obtained at Ex-
cursions : Whitstable, Ep-
ping Forest, Caterbam, and
Walton, June, July, and

August, 1884, 59

„ Esher, Hale End, Rich-
mond Park, Hackney and
Botanic gardens, Sept.,
Oct., 1884 and April,
1885, ... ... ... 189

„ During the year 1885, ... 272
Live box, C. G. Dunning on a

new form of, ... ... 249

Lowne (B. T.), on the eyes of

Arthropoda, ... ... 144

Lung parasites, Dr. T. S. Cob-

bold's demonstration on, ... 155
Matthews (Dr. J.), notice of the

death of, by A. D. Michael, 336
Matthews (Dr. J.), obituary

notice of, ... ... ... 297

Melicerta ringens, T. S. Smith-
son on the tube of , ... 221
Mermis nigrescens, note on, by

R. T.Lewis, 24

Michael (A. D.), on an unde-
scribed species of Myo-
bia, ... ... ... 1

On the larva of an As-
cidian, ... Ill

President's Inaugural

Address, 215

Eemarks on larva of
Antedon rosaceus, ... 243
„ On a new species of

Gamasus, ... ... 260

Microscopic images, E. M.
Nelson on the interpreta-
tion of, ... ... ... 255

Microscopic images, discussion

on, E. M. Nelson's paper on, 283
Monad, E. M. Nelson on a salt-
water, ... 319

j)

j»

»

PAGE

Morland (H.), remarks on clean-
ing Jutland "cement-
stein," 242

„ On diatom structure, ... 297
,, On a new cell for dry

mounting ... ... 342

Moseley's (Prof.) Discovery of
eyes in the shell of Chiton,
Dr. Carpenter on, ... ... 147

Myohia, on an undescribed

species of, by A. D. Michael 1
Nelson (E. M.), equalising slips
for oil immersion con-
densers, ... ... 230

„ On a new stop for Abbe

condenser, ... .... 148

,, On the binocular micro-
scope ... ... ... 199

„ On the pygidium of the

flea, 197

,, On a rotating nose-piece

and condenser, ... 153

,, Historic microscopy, ... 222
„ On a Hydrostatic fine ad-
justment, ... ... 57

„ On the interpretation of

microscopic images ... 255
,, On a salt-water Monad 319
,, and Karop, on the finer

structure of diatoms.... 269

Oamaru, New Zealand, E. Grove
and G. Sturt, on a diatom -
aceous deposit from, ... 321
Orbitolites, on the structure of,

by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, ... 91
Obituary notice, Dr. Matthews, 279
Objects obtained at Excursions
to Whitstable, Epping
Forest, Caterham, and
Walton, June, July,
and August, 1884, ... 59
„ Esher, Hale End, &c,
Sept., Oct., 1884, Ap.,

1885, 189

,, ,, at the Excursions in

1885, ... ... ... 272

Parsons (F. A.), on a new Hy-

droid polyp, ... 125
„ ,, Discussion ... 146
Palmodactylon subramosum,
and New British Vau-
cheria, Dr. M. C. Cooke on, 219
Pennington (Arthur), notes on a
slide of oral disc of Cerian-
thus.... ... ... ... 109

Polarized light, Prof. C. Ste-
wart's demonstration on, ... 37
Polyp, F. A. Parsons on a new

Hydroid, ... ... .. 125

>>

IV

INDEX.

PAGE

President's Address, July, 1884,
Dr. M. C. Cooke (valedic-
tory), 64

President's Address (inaugural),

Dr. W. B. Carpenter, ... 91
President's Address (valedic-
tory). Dr. W. B. Carpenter, 180
President's Address (inaugural),

A. D. Michael 215

Priest (B. W.), on the Hexacti-

nellidce, ... ... ... 8

,, On SpongiJla frag His,... 252
„ „ ,, discussion, 281

Proceedings, April, May, June,

1884, 35

„ July, August, and

September, 1884, 80
„ Oct., Nov., Dec,

1884, 115

,, Jan., Feb., March,

1885, 144

„ April, May, June,

and July, 1885, 195
„ Aug., Sept., Oct.,

Nov. and Dec,

1885, 236

„ Jan., Feb., March,

1886, 280

,, April, May, June,

July, 1886, ... 331
Remarkable moulds, Dr. M. C.

Cooke on some, 138

Report of Committee, July, 1884, 74

1885, ... 210
Mhabdonema arcuatum, T. H.

Buff ham on the conjugation

of, ^ ... 131

Rotifera, Hudson's and Gosse's,

notice of, 278

PAGE

Section-cutting machine, C.

Beck on a new serial ... 154

Smith (W. Dal ton), demonstration
on staining vegetable tissues, 46

Smithson (T. G.), on the tube of

Melicerta ringens, ... ... 221

Special Exhibition Meeting, May

30th, 1884, 44

Sjpongilla fragilis, B. W. Priest

on, ... 252

Staining vegetable tissues, de-
monstration by W. Dalton
Smith 46

Stewart (Prof. C), demonstra-
tion on polarized light, ... 37

Stewart (Prof. C), on the sound-
producing and auditory
apparatuses of the craw-
fish and grasshopper, . . . 240

Sturt (G.), on a diatomaceous
deposit from Oamaru, N.Z.,
by E. Grove and 321

Styrax, Hailes' remarks on gum, 116

Sugg's " Cromartie " gas burner,

H. F. Hailes' remarks on,... 295

Thurston (E.), demonstration on
Bacteria, and the methods
of staining them, ... ... 121

Wallich's (Dr. G. C.) new con-
denser ... ... ... 145

Wythe (Dr. J. H.), on micro-
scopic graph iology, ... 86

Wright (Lewis), exhibition of

lantern microscope, ... 118

Zggnemacece, Bates on the

sexuality of the, ... ... 104

ZggnemacecB, discussion of Mi-
Bates' paper on the sexua-
lity of the 120

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE,
(Elected July, 1884.)

X

W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &C, &c.

%xa-1@xtextmxU.

M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S.

J. Matthews, M.D., F.E.M.S.
A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.E.M.S.

C. Stewart, M.R.C.S., F.L.S.

J. W. Groves, F.R.M.S.
J. D. Hardy, F.E.M.S.
E. Jaques, B.A., F.R.M.S.
E. M. Nelson.
E. Dads well.
Rev. H. J. Fase.

€oixxxxxxttn,

H. R. Gregory.

H. J Waddington.

T. C. White, M.R.C.S., L.D.S.

B. W. Priest.

J. G. Waller.

E. T. Newton, F.G.S.

F. W. Gay, F.R.M.S., 113, High Holborn, W.C.
G. C. Earop, M.R.C.S., 198, Holland Road, Kensington, W.

Hum. %tc* for $qxmqxx (koxxtsgoxibixxtt zxti Qtitot of QoxxxmL

H. F. Hailes, 5, Richmond Villas, Middle Lane, Crouch End, N.

'gGXX* §£1)QXUX.
R. T. Lewis, F.R.M.S.

Haw. Qxbxzxmxx.
Alpheus Smith,
39, Choumert Road, Rye Lane,
Peckham, S.E.

Dwt. Curator*

Charles Emery,
9, New Road, Crouch End, N.

11

PAST PRESIDENTS.

EDWIN LANKESTER, M.D., F.R.S. - -
ERNEST HART ------

ARTHUR E. DURHAM, F.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c.

PETER LE NEVE FOSTER, M.A. - -

LIONEL S. BEALE, M.B., F.R.S., &c. - -

J)

>>

ROBERT BRAITHWAITE, M.D., F.L.S., &c.
JOHN MATTHEWS, M.D., F.R.M.S.
HENRY LEE, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S.

n

V

?)

55

55

55

THOS. H. HUXLEY, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. - -
T. SPENCER COBBOLD, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c
T. CHARTERS WHITE, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c.

M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S.

V

}>

1)

55

Elected.

July, 1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.

Ill

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

Jan. 24, 1868. Arthur Mead Edwards, M.D., 120, Belleville

avenue, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Mar. 19, 1869. The Rev. E. C. Bolles, Salem, Mass., U.S.A.

July 26, 1872. S. 0. Lindberg, M.D., Professor of Botany, Uni-
versity of Helsingfors, Finland.

July 26, 1872. Prof. Hamilton L. Smith, President of Hobart

College, Geneva, New York, U.S.A.

July 23, 1875. Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.S., F.R.M.S., &c.

(Past President), 61, Grosvenor street, W.

Sept. 22, 1876. Frederick Kitton, Hon. F.R.M.S., &c., 3, Bed-
ford street, Un thanks road, Norwich.

July 25, 1879. W. B. CARPENTER, C.B., M.D., F.R.S.,

&c, &c.j (President), 56, Regent's park road,
N.W.

July 25, 1879. Dr. E. Abbe, University, Jena, Saxe Weimer,

Germany.

July 23, 1880. F. H. Wenham, C.E., 3, Gothic Villas, Warbeck

road, Shepherd's Bush, W.

Nov. 24, 1882. Dr. Yeit B. Wittrock, Professor at the Royal

Academy of Sciences, and Director of the
Museum of Natural History, Stockholm,
Sweden.

IV

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

Sept. 24, 1869. Ackland, William, L.S.A., F.R.M.S., 416,

Strand, W.O.

Oct. 26. 1883. Addiscott, C. J., Sydney Villa, St. Bildas road,

Manor Park, Stoke Newington, N.

Nov. 27, 1868. Adkins, William, 431, Oxford street, W.

June 24, 1881. Alabone, E. W., M.D., 175, Highbury New park,

N.

Mar. 23, 1866. Allbon, William, F.R.M.S., 37, Gloucester place,

Portman square, W.

July 26, 1872. Alstone, John, 3, Great Tower street, E.C.

Dec. 17, 1869. Ames, G. A. F.R.M.S., Union Club, Trafalgar

square, W.C.

Dec. 22, 1865. Andrew, F. W., 3, Neville terrace, Onslow gar-
dens, S.W.

May 28, 1875. Arrowsmith, Wastell, 99, Adelaide road, Haver-
stock hill, N.W.

June 22, 1883. Ash, George C, 141, Maida Vale, W.

July 25, 1879. Ashbridge, Arthur, 76, Leadenhall street, E.C.

Sept. 27, 1878. Ashby, H. T., 8, Bartholomew road, Kentish

town, N.W.

i>

June 26, 1874. Badcock, John, F.R.M.S., 270, Victoria park

road, South Hackney, E.
Dec. 28, 1883. Bailey, Rev. G., 1, South vale, Upper Norwood,

S.E.
Dec. 27, 1867. Bailey, J. W., 75, Broke road, Dalston, E.
April 24, 1868. Baker, Charles, F.R.M.S., 244, High Holborn,

W.C.
Feb. 25, 1876. Ballard, Dr. W. R., jun., 26, Manchester square,

W.

Date of Election.

v

June 22, 1883. Balleine, Arthur Edwin, 5, Heathcote street,

Mecklenburg square, W.C.
Jan. 24, 1879. Barham, G. T., Danehurst, Hampstead, N.W.
Dec. 27, 1872. Barnard, Herbert, 33, Portland place, W.
April 22, 1870. Barnes, C. B., 4, Egremont villas, White horse

lane, South Norwood, S.E., and 27, Clement's

lane, E.C.
July 27, 1883. Barnes, Henry, Patschull house, Dartmouth

Park avenue, N.
May 25, 1883. Barratt, Thomas, Bell Moor House, Upper Heath,

Hampstead, N.W".
Sept. 27, 1872. Bartlett, Edward, L.D.S., M.R.C.S.E., 38, Con-
naught square, W.
Dec. 28, 1877. Batehelor, J. A., Avenue road, Bexley, Kent.
June 27, 1883. Bates, E., Assoc.I.C.E., 45, Fentiman's road,

Clapham road, S.E.
Nov. 26, 1875. Beaulah, John, Raventhorpe, Brigg.
July 25, 1884. Beck, C, 31, Comhill, E.C.
May 26, 1871. Bedwell, F. A., M.A., Cantab., F.R.M.S., West

parade, Hull, Yorkshire.
Mar. 28, 1884. Beetham, A., 14, South square, Gray's Inn,

W.C.
May 22, 1868. Berney, John, F.R.M S., 61, North end, Croydon.
Oct. 23, 1868. Bevington, W. A., F.R.M.S., "Avondale,"

Coloraine road, Blackheath, S.E.
Mar. 28, 1879. Bird, F. E., 33, St. Saviour's road, Brixton hill,

S.W.
July 28, 1871. Bishop, William, 549, Caledonian road, N.
May 27, 1881. Bishop, 0. S., F.R.M.S., Oak villa, Muswell

hill, N.
Feb. 23, 1866. Blake, T., 58, Brook green, Hammersmith, W.
July 27, 1877. Blenkinsop, B., Shord hill, Kenley, Surrey.
May 26, 1876. Blundell, J., 38, Mount street, W.
Jan. 25, 1878. Bogue, David, F.R.M.S., 3, St. Martin's place,

Trafalgar square, W.C.
Dec. 27, 1881. Bolton, J. G. E., M.R.C.S., Savanne, Mauritius.
Jan. 22, 1875. Bolton, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 57, Newhall street,

Birmingham.
Nov. 23, 1883. Bostock, E., "The Radfords," Stone, Stafford-
shire.

VI

Date of Election.

Feb. 24, 1882. Bound, H. J., 19, Torrington square, W.C.
Oct. 27, 1865. Braithwaite, Robert, M.D., M.E.C.S.E., F.L.S.,

F.R.M.S. (Past President), The Ferns, 303,

Clajtliam road, S.W.
June 28, 1878. Brewster, W., 25, Myddelton square, E.C.
May 26, 1876. Brigstock, J. W., 4, Comberton road, Upper

Clapton, E.
Oct. 27, 1883. Brown, Fredk. Wm,, 35, Walterton road- St.

Peter's park, Harrow road, W.
May 27, 1870. Brown, G. D., M.R.C.S., Henley villa, Uxbridge

road, Ealing, W.
Sept. 26, 1879. Brown, William, B.Sc, 3, Elm cottages, Middle

lane, Hornsey, N.
May 22, 1868. Brown, W. J., 4, Heath villas, Maple road,

Anerley, S.E.
May 26, 1871. Browne, George, 45, Victoria road, Kentish town,

N.W.
May 28, 1875. Browne, J. W., Frascati, Masons hill, Bromley,

Kent.
Feb. 27, 1872. Browne, Rev. T. H., F.B.M.S., F.G.S., M.E.S.,

High Wycombe, Bucks.
Jan. 23, 1880. Browne, W. R., 317, Essex road, Islington, N.
Dec. 22, 1882. Bucknall, Edward, 16, Junction road, Highgate,

N.
Jan. 26, 1877. BurTham,T.H.,2,Connaught road, Walthamstow.
June 22, 1883. Burbidge, William Henry, Stanley House, Alleyn

park, Dulwich, S.E.
June 27, 1884. Burrows, W. J., 16, Endymion road, Brixton

hill, S.W.
Aug. 22, 1879. Burton, William, 27, Wigmore street, W.
May 23, 1879. Button, Arthur, Albert Cottages, Queen's road,

Buckhurst hill.
June 14, 1865. Bywater, W.M., F.R.M.S., 5, Hanover square, W.

Nov. 22, 1878. Cafe, J. W., 46, Clifton hill, St. John's wood,

N.W.
June 25, 1880. Cambridge, John, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.
Sept. 22, 1876. Canton, Frederick, L.C.R.P., M.R.C.S., &c, 17,

Great Marlborough street, Regent street, W.
May 23, 1879. Carpenter, H. S., F.R.M.S., Beckington house,

Weigh ton road, Anerley, S.E.

Vll
Date of Election.

July 23, 1880. Carr, Ebenezer, 26, Bromarroad, Denmark park,

S.E.

Nov. 24, 1882. Carr, Thomas, M.R.C.S., Guy's Hospital, S.E.

May, 26, 1882. Chapman, W. Ingram, 5, Hollywood villas, Mel-
rose road, Southfields, S.W.

Dec. 27, 1878. Chatto, Andrew, 214, Piccadilly, W.

Nov. 27, 1874. Chippindale, George, Grape villa, Rothschild

road, Chiswick High road, W.

Dec. 27, 1881. Claremont, Claude Clarke, M.R.C.S., Millbrooke

house, Hampstead road, N.W.

Feb. 23, 1883. Clark, Joseph, Street, Somerset.

July 25, 1879. Cobbold,T. S., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. {Past Pre-
sident), 74, Portsdown road, Maida vale, W.

May 22, 1868. Cocks, W. G., 36, Gayhurst road, Dalston, E.

Nov. 25, 1881. Coffin, Walter H., F.L.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,

&c, 94, Cornwall gardens, South Kensing-
ton, S.W.

Sept. 22, 1876. Cole, A. C, F.R.M.S., St. Domingo house,

Oxford gardens, Notting hill, W.

Nov. 23, 1883. Cole, M., St. Domingo house, Oxford gardens,

Notting hill, W.

April 24, 1874. Cole, William, M.E.S., Hon. Secretary Essex

Naturalists'1 Field Club, Laurel cottage,
King's place, Buckhurst hill, Essex.

Jan. 25, 1867. Coles, Ferdinand, F.L.S. , 53, Brooke road, Stoke

Newington common, N.

Mar. 24, 1876. Colsell, G. D., 1, Dermody road, East Down,

Lewisham, S.E.

June 14, 1865. Cooke, M.C., M.A., LL.D., A.L.S. {Past Presi-
dent), 146, Junction road, Upper Holloway, N.

Feb. 22, 1867. Cooper, F. W., L.R.C.S.Edin., Leytonstone, E.

June 27, 1873. Corbett, A. L., 103, Fentiinan's road, Clapham

road, S.W.

May 28, 1869. Cottam, Arthur, F.R.A.S., H.M.Office of

Woods, Whitehall place, S.W.
July 26, 1872. Cowan, T. W., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Comptons Lea,

Horsham, Sussex.
Aug. 28, 1868. Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., V.P. and Treas. Lin-

nean Society ; Hon. Sec. Royal Microscopical
Society, 5, Lansdowne road, Notting hill,W.

Vlll

Date of Election.

Dec. 23, 1870. Crisp, J. S., F.R.M.S., Ashville, Lewin road,

Streatham, S.W.
July 26, 1878. Crockford, Wm, 2, St. Peter's road, Mile end, E.
Feb. 23, 1877. Crofton, Edward, M.A. Oxon, F.R.M.S., 45,

West Cromwell road, South Kensington, S.W.
Sept. 28, 1866. Crouch, Henry, F.R.M.S., 66, Barbican, E.C.
June 22, 1877. Cunliffe, P.G., F.R.M.S., The Elms, Handforth,

Manchester.
June 25, 1880. Curties, C. L., 244, High Holborn, W.C.
May 25, 1866. Curties, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 244, High Holborn,

W.C.
June 25, 1880. Curties, W. I., 244, High Holborn, W.C.
Sept. 26, 1879. Curtis, Charles, 29, Baker street, Portman sq., W.
Aug. 22, 1879. Cuttell, F. G., 52, New Compton street, Soho, W.
April 22, 1881. Cutting, W. M., 1, Curtain road, E.C.

Jan. 22, 1875. Dadswell, Edward, 42, Barrington road, Stock-
well, S.W.

Mar. 24, 1882. Dale, Bernard, 14, Elm grove, Lee, Kent.

Nov. 23, 1877. Dallas, W. S., F.L.S., &c, the Geological

Society, Burlington house, Piccadilly, W.

Feb. 23, 1883. Dallinger, Rev. W. H., F.R.S., F.R.M.S.

(President R.M.S.), Wesley college, Sheffield.

May 23, 1879. Dallmeyer, T. R., 19, Bloomsbury street, W.C.

Mar. 22, 1878. Darby, the Ven. Archdeacon, St. Bridget's

Rectory, Chester.

Mar. 22, 1878. Drake, Edward, 16, Rochester terrace, Camden

road, N.W.

Oct. 22, 1869. Davis, Henry, 19, Warwick street, Leamington.

Aug. 23, 1883. Davis, H., 108, Sandringham road, Dalston, E.

May 23, 1879. Dawson, William, 24, Abbeygate street, Bury St.

Edmunds, Suffolk.

May 28, 1875. Dean, Arthur (Hon. Sec. East Loncl. Mic. Soc),

57, Southborough road, South Hackney, E.

Feb. 23, 1877. Death, James, jun., 38, Gladstone street, St.

„ George's road, Southwark, S.E.

Feb. 28, 1879. Debenham, E. H., 9, Mincing lane, E.C.

Jan. 24, 1879. Deby, Julien, C.E., F.R.M.S., 17, Boulevard du

Regent, Brussels (care of Mr. Thos. West-
wood).

X

IX

Date of Election.

Nov. 24, 1876. Despointes, Francis, 16, St. George's square,

Regent's park road, N.W.
Nov. 24, 1865. Dobson, H. H., F.R.M.S., Holuiesdale, Grange

park, Ealing, W.
Nov. 27, 1868. Douglas, Rev. R. C, Manaton rectory, Moreton-

hampstead, Exeter.
Oct. 25, 1878. Dowler, Captain F. E., 28, Albermarle street, W.
Jan. 23, 1880. Dowsett, G. H., 11, Gloucester place, Greenwich,

S.E.
May 25, 1883. Drake, C. A., The Distillery, Three Mill lane,

Bromley-by-Bow.
July 25, 1879. Driver, Alfred, 30, Leigham court road west,

Streatham, S.W.
Aug. 26, 1872. Dudgeon, R. E., M.D., 53, Montagu square, W.
Oct. 25, 1872. Dunning, C. G., 55, Camden park road, N.W.
Sept. 22, 1865. Durham, A. E., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S.,

&c. {Past President), 82, Brook street,

Grosvenor square, W.
July 27, 1883. Durrand, Alexander, 5, Philbrick terrace, Nun-
head lane, Peckbam Rye, S.E.

Sept. 25, 1868. Eddy, J. R., F.R.M.S., F.G.S., The Grange,

Carleton, Skipton, Yorkshire.
June 28, 1867. Edmonds, R., 178, Burrage road,Plumstead, S.E.
July 25, 1884. Ellis, J. H., The Lindens, Geraldine road,

Wandsworth, S.W.
May 26, 1876. Emery, Charles (Hon. Curator), 9, New road,

Crouch end, N.
May 26, 1871. Enock, Frederick, Ferndale, Bath road, Woking

Station.
Feb. 28, 1879. Epps, Hahnemann, 95, Upper Tulse hill, Brixton,

S.W.
Feb. 21, 1884. Epps, J., jun,, The Homestead, Ross Road, South

Norwood Hill, S.E.
Dec. 27, 1878. Erlebach, H. A., Mill hill school, Mill hill, N.W.

July 25, 1873. Fase, Rev. H. J., 5, Bessborough gardens, S.W.
June 25, 1875. Faulkner, Henry, jun., Fernwood, Roehampton

park, S.W.
Jan. 28, 1876. Faulkner, John, 20, Mornington crescent, N.W.
Aug. 25, 1882. Field, W. H., 5, Palace road, Crouch end, N.

X

Date of Election.

Feb. 27, 1880. Fieldwick, Alfred, jun., 284, Dalston lane,

Hackney, E.
July 22, 1881. Firth, W. A., Whiterock, Belfast.
July 26, 1867. Fitch, Frederick, F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., Hadleigh

house, Highbury New park, N. ,
Feb. 24, 1882. Fitch, J. N., 17, Eversholt street, Camden

Town, N.W.
Oct. 26, 1883. Fleetwood, G., 388, Camden road, N.
Nov. 28, 1879. Foster, William, jun., Cleveland road, Woodford,

Essex
Mar. 24, 1871. Foulerton, John, M.D., 44, Pemb ridge villas,

Bayswater, W.
Dec. 28, 1866. Fox, C. J., F.R.M.S., 26, South Molton street,

Oxford street, W.
Nov. 26, 1875. Freckelton, Rev. T. W., F.R.M.S., 28a, Lons-
dale square, Islington, N.
June 23, 1871. Freeman, H. E., 60, Plimsoll road, Finsbury

park, N.
May 22, 1868. Fryer, G. H., 107, Belsize road, N.W.
July 23, 1880. Funston, James, 93, Finsbury pavement, E.C.

June 23, 1882. Garden, Alexander, M.D., Brigade Surgeon,

Laharempore, India, care of R. S. Garden,

200, Piccadilly, W.
Mar. 25, 1870. Garden, R. S., 42, Carlton hill, St. John's wood,

N.W.
Feb. 26, 1875. Gardner, Edmund, 454, Strand, W.C.
July 27, 1877. Gardner, J. H., A.K.C., 44, Berners street, W.
April 23, 1880. Gates, G. W. H., 21, Lombard street, E.C.
July 7, 1865. Gay, F. W., F.R.M.S. {Eon. Treasurer), 113,

High Holborn, W.C.
June 25, 1880. George, C. F., M.R.C.S., Kirton-in-Lindsey,

Lincolnshire.
July 26, 1867. George, Edward, F.R.M.S., 12, Derby villas,

Forest hill, S.E.
April 27, 1877. Gilbertson, Henry, Mangrove house, Hertford.
June 24, 1881. Gilburt, Henry, 63, Rectory road, Stoke New-

ington, N.
Oct. 27, 1876. Gilburt, W. H., F.R.M.S., 48, Wetherell road,

South Hackney, E.

V

XI

Date of Election.

June 27, 1873. Glasspole, H. G., 15, Mall road, Hammersmith,

W.
Nov. 28, 1879. Goodinge, A. C, 119, High Holborn, W.C.
April 26, 1872. Goodinge, J. W., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., 119,

High Holborn, W.C.
Nov. 23, 1877. Goodwin, William, 24, Miranda road, Upper

Holloway, N.
July 27, 1883. Goold, Ernest H., C.E., F.Z.S., M.R.I., 4,

Dane's Inn, Strand, W.C.
Mar. 27, 1866. Gray, S. 0., Bank of England, E.C.
Feb. 24, 1882. Greening, Linnaeus, Birch house, Warrington.
Oct. 23, 1868. Greenish, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 20, New street,

Dorset square, N.W.
Oct. 23, 1868. Gregory, H. R., 7, Quality court, Chancery lane.
April 27, 1883. Gregory, William, 98, Brockley road, St. John's,

S.E.
July 24. 1868. Groves, J. W., F.R.M.S., 90, Holland road,

Kensington, W., and Physiological Labora-
tory, King's College, W.C.
May 28, 1880. Groves, William, 28, Manor park, Lee, S.E.
July 24, 1868. Grubbe, E. W., C.E., 73, Redcliffe gardens, S.W.
Jan. 27, 1871. Guimaraens, A. de Souza, F.R.M.S., 48, Heron

road, Heme hill, S.E.

Sept. 28, 1877. Hagger, John, Repton school, Burton-on-Trent.

Feb. 25, 1881. Haigh, William, Tempsford villa, Uxbridge

road, Ealing, W.

June 14, 1865. Hailes, H. F. {Hon. Secretary for Foreign

Correspondence and Editor), 5, Richmond
villas, Middle lane, Crouch end, N.

Aug. 26, 1870. Hailstone, R, H., 91, Adelaide road, N.W.

Feb. 23, 1867. Hainworth, William, 3, Pembury road, Clapton,

E.

July 28, 1876. Halford, Edward, 18, Leinster square, Bays-
water, W.

Dec. 28, 1866. Hallett, R. J., 123, Seymour street, Euston

square, N.W.

Feb. 22, 1869. Hammond, A., F.L.S., 5, Swiss terrace, Elmers

end road, Beckenham, S.E.

Jane 25, 1880. Hancock, H. S. H., 50, Springdale road, Stoke

Newington, N.

xn
Date of Election,

Jan. 24, 1879. Harding, Burcham, 128, Adelaide road, N.W.

Feb. 24, 1882. Harding, J. H., 4, Finsbury square, E.C.

July 23, 1880. Hardingham, A. S., 59, St. George's square,

S.W.
July 25, 1879. Hardingham, G. G., F.R.M.S., 33, St. George's

square, S.W.
Jan. 23, 1874. Hardy, J. D., F.R.M.S., 73, Clarence road,

Clapton, E., and 4, Lombard street, E.C.
Sept. 28, 1866. Harkness, W., F.R.M.S., Laboratory, Somerset

house, W.C.
June 23, 1871. Harris, Edward, F.R.M.S., Rydal villa, Longton

grove, Upper Sydenham, S.E.
April 23, 1875. Harrison, James, 150, Akerman road, North

Brixton, S.W.
May 23, 1884. Havers, J. C, Wood Lea, Bedford hill, Balham,

S.W.
Mar. 28, 1879. Hawkins, C. E., H.M. Geological Survey, Jer-

myn street, S.W.
June 28, 1867. Hawksley, T. P., 97, Adelaide road, N.W.
June 22, 1883. Hazlewood, Jas. Edmund, F.R.M.S., 3, Lennox

place, Brighton.
Aug. 23, 1872. Hembry, F. W., F.R.M.S. {Hon. Sec, S. Lond.

Mic. and Nat. Hist. Soc), Home Lea,

Hatherley road, Sidcup, Kent.
June 26, 1868. Henry, A. H., 73, RedclifTe gardens, S.W.
Sept. 23, 1881. Hensoldt, Heinrich, 7, Machell road, Nunhead,

S.E.
April 25, 1884. Higgins, J., London University, Burlington

gardens, W.
Dec. 22, 1882. Hilditch, James Bracebridge, Asgill house, Rich-
mond, Surrey.
June 22, 1877. Hill, R. W., 41, Lothbury, E.C.
Sept. 24, 1869. Hilton, T. D., M.D., Upper Deal, Kent.
Sept. 28, 1866. Hind, F. H. P., Bartholomew house, Bartholo-
mew lane, E.C.
May 22, 1874. Hind, George, 244, High Holborn, W.C.
Aug. 26, 1870. Hirst, John, F.R.M.S., Ladcastle, Dobcross,

Manchester.
Feb. 26, 1875. Holford, Christopher, Bounty Office, Dean's

yard, Westminster, S.W.

Xlll

Date of Election.

Jan. 23, 1880. Holland, C. F., Brooke road, Upper Clapton, E.

July 25, 1884. Holmes, W. M., 63, Lupus street, S.W.

April 26, 1867. Hooton, Charles, Sunningdale house, Bickerton

road, Upper Holloway, N.
Nov. 26, 1880. Hopkins, Robert, Shearn villa, Walthamstow,

Essex.
Oct. 26, 1866. Horncastle, Henry, Cobham, near Woking

station.
June 25, 1869. Houghton, W., Hoe street, Walthamstow, E.
May 22, 1874. Hovenden, C. W., F.R.M.S., 65, Rue de Fau-
bourg Poissoniere, Paris.
April 26, 1867. Hovenden, Frederick, F.R.M.S., Glenlea, Thur-

low park road, Dulwich, S.E.
Oct. 27, 1876. Howard, D., 60, Belsize park, N.W.
Oct. 25, 1878. Howling, W. E., Crowley's Brewery, Alton,

Hants.
Jan. 23, 1880. Hunt, Frederick, York lodge, Stamford hill, N.
Dec. 22, 1876. Hunter, J. J., 20, Cranbournp. street, W.C.
July 25, 1873. Hurst, J. T., 1, Raymond villas, Geraldine road,

Wandsworth, S.W.
June 28, 1878. Huxley, Prof. T. H., F.R.S.,&c. (Past President),

Science Schools, South Kensington, S.W.

May 24, 1867. Ingpen, J. E., F.R.M.S., 7, The Hill, Putney,

S.W.

Dec. 17, 1875. Jackson, C. L., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Hill

Fold, Sharpies, Bolton.

July 24, 1868. Jackson, F. R., Culver cottage, Slindon, Arundel,

Sussex.

June 25, 1880. Jacques, Walter, 2, Fenchurch buildings, E.C.

Aug. 25, 1882. Jakeman, Christopher, 72, South street, Green-
wich.

June 14, 1865. Jaques, Edward, B.A., H.M. Office of Woods,

Whitehall place, S.W.

Feb. 28, 1873. Jenkins, J. W., 3, Harcourt road, Wallington.

Feb. 21, 1884. Jennings, A. V., 8, Broadhurst gardens, South

Hampstead, N.W.

July 24, 1868. Jennings, Rev. Nathaniel, M.A., F.R.A.S., 8,

Broadhurst gardens, South Hampstead, N.W.

XIV

Date of Election.

Feb. 24, 1871. Johnson, M. Hawkins, F.R.M.S., F.G.S., 379,

Euston road, N.W.
Mar. 24, 1871. Johnstone, James, Stanhope lodge, Bideford.
Feb. 28, 1873. Jones, G. J., Gainsborough house, Lymington.
June 25, 1875. Jones, J. B., F.R.M.S., St. George's Chambers,

10, St. George's crescent, Liverpool.
Nov. 25, 1870. Jones, Lieut.- Col. Lewis, Westgate-on- Sea, Isle

of Thanet.
May 23, 1873. Jones, Captain L. F., United Service Club, Pall

Mall, S. W.
June 23, 1876. Jones, T. E.,46, Park street, Stoke Newington, N.
Jan. 27, 1882. Jones, Rev. T. R., M.A., Codicote Vicarage,

Welwyn, Herts.

May 23, 1873. Karop, G. C, M.R.C.S., &c. {Hon. Secretary),

198, Holland road, Kensington, W.

Feb. 21, 1884. Kell, F. W., 20, Croftdown road, Highgate

Rise, N.

July 25, 1884. Kern, J. J., Fern Glen, Selhurst park, South

Norwood, S.E.

Aug. 23, 1867. Kiddle, Edward, 1, Cleveland villas, Rosemount

road, Richmond hill, S.W.

Mar. 19, 1869. Kilsby, T. W.,4, Brompton villas, Edmonton.

April 22, 1881. King, H. W., The Cedars, Upper park road,

New Southgate, N.

Dec. 23, 1870. King, Robert, F.R.M.S., Fern house, Upper

Clapton, E.

May 24, 1878. King, W. T., M.D., M.R.C.S., 74, Victoria

park road, South Hackney, E.

Nov. 26, 1880. Kingsett, C. T., F.C.S., F.I.C.

Feb. 28, 1873. Kitsell, F. J., 24, St. Stephen's avenue, Gold-
hawk road, Shepherd's Bnsh, W.

Mar. 23, 1877. Kluht, H. J., 44, Norfolk terrace, Bayswater, W.

Oct. 24, 1873. Knight, J. M., 50, Bow road, E.

Nov. 25, 1870. Ladd, William, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., Trewinian,

Burnt Ash hill, Lee, Kent.
Jan. 24, 1879. Lancaster, A. H., 7, Campden hill gardens,

Kensington, W.
May 23, 1884. Lancaster, E. Le Gonier, 16, Wharton road,

West Kensington park, W.

XV

Bate of Election.

Mar. 22, 1867. Lancaster, Thomas, Bownhaui house, Stroud,

Gloucestershire.
Jan. 28, 1881. Lankester, H. H., Ewendwr road, West Kensing-

ington, W.
May 28, 1875. Larkin, John, 24, Charterhouse square, E.C.
Nov. 26, 1880. Larkin, R. J., 98, Clarence road, Lower Clapton,

E.
June 25, 1869. Layton, C. E., 12, Upper Hornsey rise, N.
April 25, 1884. Lawrence, T. W. P., 47, Upper Bedford place,

W.C.
Aug. 28, 1868. Leaf, C. J., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. {President of

the Old Change Microscopical Society), Old

Change, E.C.
Mar. 19, 1869. Lee, Henry, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. {Past

President), Ethelbert house, Margate.
Feb. 25, 1881. Leicester, Alfred, Lynwood, Harbord street,

Waterloo, near Liverpool.
Oct. 25, 1867. Leifchild, J. R., M.A., 6, St. Lawrence road,

Notting hill, W.
Sept. 22, 1865. Leighton, W. H., 2, Merton place, Chiswick, W.
April 27, 1866. Lewis, R. T., F.R.M.S. {Hon. Reporter), 1,

Masbro' road, Brook green, W.
June 26, 1868. Lindley, W. H., jun., 29, Blittersdorffs platz,

Frankfort-on-Maine.
May 26, 1871. Locke, John, 16, Georgiana street, Camden town,

N.W.
April 23, 1869. Long, Henry, 90, High street, Croydon.
Nov. 24, 1866. Lovibond, J. W., F.R.M.S., St. Anne street,

Salisbury.
Sept. 22, 1866. Lovick, T., 53, Queen's crescent, Haverstock hill,

N.W.
April 27, 1866. Loy, W. T., F.R.M.S., Five Oaks, Billings-
hurst, Sussex.

Feb. 21, 1884. McCrie, G., 94, North Frederick street,

Glasgow.
Nov. 23, 1866. Mclntire, S. J., F.R.M.S., 14, Hetley road,

Uxbridge road, Shepherd's bush, W.
Jan. 23, 1880. Mackenzie, James, Warden villa, Uxbridge road,

Ealing, W.

XVI
Date of Election.

April 27, 1883. McManis, Thos. John, 28, Northcote street,

Walthamstow, E.
Jan. 24, 1884. Macrae, A. C, M.D., 119, Westbourne terrace,

Hyde Park, W.
June 28, 1878. Magor, J. B., L.D.S., 24, Chapel street, Penzance.
July 26, 1874. Magor, Thomas, M.D., Eagle cottage, Hornsey,

N.
May 25, 1883. Mainland, G. E., 115, Forest road, Dalston, E.
May 25, 1883. Mais, H. T., Coathorpe, M.I.C.E., Engineer in

Chief, Adelaide, South Australia (care of T.

dirties, 244, High Holborn, W.C.).
Sept. 27, 1872. Manning, H. E. the Cardinal Archbishop, Arch-
bishop's house, Westminster, S.W.
July 27, 1883. Mansfield, Edward Joseph, 176, Evering road,

Upper Clapton, E.
Jan. 23, 1880. Martin, Francis, R.N., Shrub cottage, Fairfield

road, Old Charlton, Kent.
April 26, 1867. Matthews, G. K., St. John's lodge, Beckenham,

Kent.
Oct. 26, 1866. Matthews, John, M.D., F.R.M.S. ( V. P. and Past

President) , 30, Colebrook row, Islington, N.
May 26, 1871. May, J. W., F.R.M.S., Arundel house, Percy

cross, Fulham, S.W.
Feb. 25, 1876. May, W. R., 52, Malvern road, Dalston, E.
Mar. 22, 1867. Meacher, J. W., 10, Hillmarten road, Camden

road, N.
Feb. 28, 1879. Menzies, James, 13, Leighton grove, N.W.
May 22, 1874. Messenger, G. A., Lloyds, E.C.
July 27, 1877. Michael, A. D., F.L.S., F.R.M.S. (Vice-
President), Cadogan Mansions, Sloane

square, Chelsea, S.W.
May28, 1880. Miles, Andrew, 23, Hanover park, Peckham,

S.E.
July 7, 1865. Millett, F. W., F.R.M.S., Marazion, Cornwall.
Oct. 22, 1880. Milner, W. E., 47, Park road, Haverstock hill,

N.W.
Sept. 22,1882. Moore, George, 7, Draper's gardens, Throgmor-

ton street, E.C.
Jan. 23, 1874. Moreland, Richard, jun., M.I.C.E., F.R.M.S., 4,

The Quadrant, Highbury, N.

V

XV11
Date of Election.

July 26, 1878. Morland, Henry, Cranford, near Hounslow.

Oct. 27, 1866. Morrieson, Colonel R., F.R.M.S., Oriental Club,

Hanover square, W.
Dec. 27, 1876. Morris, J. G., M.R.C.S., 135, St. Owen street,

Hereford.
Jan. 24, 1879. Murray, James, Osborne bouse, 50, Percy road,

Shepherd's busb, W.

Feb. 22, 1878. Needham, S. H., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., 33, Somer-

field road, Finsbury park, N.
Mar. 24, 1876. Nelson, E. M., Cleve bouse, West End lane,

West Hampstead, N.W.
Mar. 24, 1871. Nelson, James, 238, Kennington road, S.E.
Nov. 25, 1881. Nevius, R. T. G., 80, Tufnell park road, N.
Jan. 26, 1872. Newton, E. T., F.G.S., Geological Museum,

Jermyn street, S.W.
Feb. 27, 1880. Niven, George, Bank of Australia, 67, Cornbill,

E.C.
May 22, 1874. Nixon, P. C, Oporto, Portugal.
Aug. 26, 1881. Northey, M. D., 4, Lower Brighton terrace, Sur-

biton.

Jan. 24, 1879. Offord, J. M., 6, Boundary road, St. John's Wood,

N.W.
Dec. 22, 1876. Ogilvy, C. P., F.L.S., Sizewell house, Leiston,

near Saxmundbam, Suffolk.
May 24, 1878. O'Hara, Lt.-Col. Richard, F.R.M.S. (late Royal

Artillery), West Lodge, Galway.
Dec. 28, 1883. Oliver, J., 123, Stamford street, S.E.
June 23, 1882. Ollard, John Alex., F.R.M.S., Ye Hermitage,

Forty hill, Enfield.
July 28, 1882. Ondaatje, Dr. W. C, F.R.M.S., Galle, Ceylon.
Dec. 27, 1867. Oxley, Frederick, F.R.M.S., 8, Crosby square,

Bishopsgate street, E.C.

July 25, 1879. Palmer, G. H., 95, Cornwall gardens, S.W.
Oct. 27, 1871. Parsons, F. A., 90, Leadenball street, E.C.
Dec. 28, 1877. Partridge, Thos., M.D., Stroud, Gloucestersbire.
April 23, 1875. Peal, C. N., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock lane,

Ealing, W.

xvin

Date of Election.

Feb. 23, 1883. Pearce, Fredk. Ernest, 14, Bloomsbury street,

W.C.
May 24, 1867. Pearson, John, 212, Edgcware road, W.
July 22, 1881. Perigal, Henry, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., 9, North

crescent, Bedford square, W.C.
Oct. 27, 1865. Pickard, J. F., 195, Great Portland street, W.
May 23, 1879. Richer, W. J., F.R.C.S., &c, Boston, Lincoln-

shire.
June 24, 1881. Pilley, J. J., 8, Ellesmere road north, Bow, E.,

and the Old College, Dulwich.
Jan. 22, 1869. Pillischer, Moritz, F.R.M.S., 88, New Bond

street, W.
Sept. 27, 1878. Plomer, G. D., F.R.M.S., 48, Springfield road,

St. John's Wood, N.W.
Nov. 23, 1883. Plowman, T., junr., St. Mellim, Bush Hill park,

Enfield.
Sept. 28, 1877. Pocklington, Henry, F.R.M.S., 20, Park road,

Leeds.
Nov. 23, 1866. Potter, George, F.R.M.S., 42, Grove road, Hol-

loway, N.
Jan. 25, 1878. Potts, R. A., 26, South Audley street, W.
June 24, 1881. Potts, William, Hillside avenue, Beckenham,

Kent.
June 22, 1866. Powe, I., 71, George street, Richmond, Surrey.
Aug. 25, 1882. Powell, George, 86, Avondale square, S.E.
April 25, 1879. Powell, H. P., Mill Piatt, Isleworth.
May 26, 1876. Powell, J. T., 32, Dunlace road, Lower Clapton,

E.
July 7, 1865. Powell, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 18, Doughty street,

Mecklenburg square, W.C.
June 27, 1873. Priest, B. W., 22, Parliament street, S.W.
May 23, 1879. Pritchard, J. D., Crymlyn Burrows, near Swansea.
July 26, 1867. Pritchett, Francis, Clifford house, South Nor-
wood park, S.E.
Feb. 25, 1881. Probyn, Clifford, 55, Grosvenor street, W.

April 23, 1868. Quekett, A. J. S., 51, Warwick road, Maida

hill, W.
April 23, 1868. Quekett, A. E., 51, Warwick road, Maida

hill, W.

XIX
Date of Election.

April 23, 1868. Quekett, Rev. Win, The Rectory, Warrington.
Feb. 23, 1866. Quick, G. E., 74, Long lane, Bermondsey, S.E.

Oct. 26, 1866. Rabbits, W. T., Irongates, Dacres road, Forest

hill, S.E.
June 25, 1875. Radford, W. S., M.D., F.R.M.S., Sidmouth.
Oct. 26, 1866. Ramsden, Hildebrand, M.A. Cant., F.L.S.

F.R.M.S., 26, Upper Bedford place, Russell

square, W.C.
Aug. 28, 1868. Ranee, T. G., Elmside, Bickley, Kent.
June 24, 1881. Ransom, F., Fairfield, Hitchin.
July 23, 1880. Read, Rev. William, M. A., F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S.,

&c, Worthing, Sussex.
Dec. 27. 1878. Reed, J. M., Sidmouth house, South park, Ilford,

E.
June 22, 1877. Reed, J. W., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., 17, Colebrooke

row, Islington, N.
June 27, 1873. Reeve, Frederick, 113, Clapbam road, S.W.
July 7, 1865. Reeves, W. W., F.R.M.S., 36, Ashburnham

grove, Greenwich, S.E.
May 22, 1874. Reid, W. W., Corra Lynn, Selhurst park, South

Norwood, S.E.
Oct. 28, 1881. Reynolds, W. P., 74, King William street, E.C.
May 23, 1879. Rideout, William, F.R.M.S. {Hon. Sec. Bolton

Microscopical C/ub), Hulliwell, Bolton.
May 22, 1868. Rogers, John, F.R.M.S., 4, Tennyson street,

Nottingham.
Oct. 26, 1866. Rogers, Thomas, F.L.S. , F.R.M.S., Selmeston

house, Thurlow park road, West Dulwich.
May 22, 1868. Roper, Freeman, C.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,F.R.M.S.,

Palgrave house, Eastbourne, Sussex.
June 23, 1876. Roper, H. J., F.R.M.S., 7, Carlton grove,

Peckham, S.E.
Oct. 27, 1876. Roper, Robert, 29, Hampton road, Upton, Essex.
Jan. 24, 1884. Rosseter, T. B., F.R.M.S., Fleur de Lis Hotel,

Canterbury.
Jan. 26, 1883. Rousselet, Charles, 42, Welbeck street, W.
July 24, 1868. Rowe, James, jun., M.R.C.V.S., 65, High street,

Marylebone, W.
Oct. 27, 1865. Russell, James, 10, High street, Shoreditch, E.

XX

Date of Election.

May 22, 1868. Russell, T. D., Coningsby villas, Rosendale road,

West Dulwich, S.E.
Feb. 22, 1867. R utter, H. L., 24, Crownhurst road, Angel road,

Brixton, S.W.

Nov. 22, 1878. Sabel, E. E., 6, Grove road, Clapbam park,

S.W.
May 28, 1873. Salkeld, Lt.-Col. J. C, F.R.M.S., 29, St. James's

street, S.W.
Dec. 17, 1869. Salmon, John, 24, Seymour street, Euston

square, N.W.
Dec. 28, 1877. Sands, Charles, 5, Woburn place, Russell square,

w.c.

June 27, 1879. Sawyer, G. D., F.R.M.S., 55, Buckingham place,

Brighton.
Feb. 27, 1880. Schulze, Adolf, 1, St. James's street, Hillhead,

Glasgow, N.B.
Feb. 26, 1875. Scofield, W. J., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., 19, Grosvenor,

Bath.
Aug. 24, 1883. Searle, A. H., 31, Hilldrop crescent, Camden

road, N.W.
Mar. 24, 1882. Selby, H., 100, Netherwood road, W.
July 27, 1868. Sewell, Richard, Ashmare house, Keston, Kent.
May 25, 1883. Sharer, W. R., 60, Thornhill square, Barnsbury,

N.
July 23, 1880. Shaw, H. V., Fir Croft, Keymer, Hurstpierpoint,

Sussex.
Oct. 22, 1869. Shaw, W. F. Mosshall grove, Finchley, N.
May 26, 1876. Shepheard, Thomas, F.R.M.S., Kingsley lodge,

Chester.
May 26, 1871. Sigsworth, J. C, F.R.M.S., 43, South Eaton

place, S.W.
June 27, 1873. Simmonds, J. E., Royal Exotic Nursery, King's

road, Chelsea, S.W.
Aug. 23, 1867. Simmons, J. J., L.D.S., 18, Burton crescent,

Euston road, N.W.
Oct. 28, 1881. Simons, W. V., Nilgiri house, Baldwin crescent,

Camberwell, S.E.'
May 26, 1876. Simpson, Edward, 24, Grummant road, Peck-
ham road, S.E.

XXI

Date of Election.

Feb. 23, 1883. Simpson, Isaac, 1, Junction road, Upper Hollo-
way, N.
Mar. 27, 1868. Simson, Thomas, St. Peter's alley, Cornhill, E.C.
Dec. 28, 1866. Slacle, J., Albion road, Bexley heath, Kent.
Oct. 23, 1868. Smart, William, 27, Aldgate, E.
May 25, 1866. Smith Alpheus (Hon. Librarian), 39, Choumert

road, Rye lane, Peckham, S.E.
April 23,1880. Smith, A. S., Silvermere, Cobham, Surrey.
July 25, 1879. Smith, C. V., 5, Parade, Caermarthen.
Mar. 25, 1870. Smith, F. L., 3, Grecian cottages, Crown hill,

Norwood, S.E.
June 27, 1873. Smith, G. J., F.R.M.S., 73, Farringdon street,

E.C.
Dec. 23, 1870. Smith, J. A., Eastwell, Westgate road, Becken-

ham, Kent.
Oct. 26, 1877. Smith, Samuel, Maldon house, 17, Sydenham

park, S.E.
Mar. 24, 1882. Smith, W. Dalton, 2, ,Craigs court, Charing

Cross, S.W.
Aug. 23, 1872. Smith, W. S., 30, Loraine road, Holloway, N.
April 24, 1868. Snellgrove, W., 58, Cranfield road, Wickham

park, S.E.
Sep. 22, 1865. Southwell, C, 44, Princes street, Soho, W.
May 26, 1876. Southwell, C. W., 35, Douglas road, Cannon-
bury, N.
May 22, 187 4. Spencer, James, F.R.M.S., 50, South street,

- Greenwich, S.E.
June 26, 1868. Spencer, John, Brooks' Bank, 81, Lombard

street, E.C.
Dec. 28, 1883. Spetch, R. J., 1, Mitre Court, Wood street, E.C.
Nov. 22, 1872. Spencer, Thomas, F.C.S., F.R.M.S., 32, Euston

square, N.W.
Mar. 24, 1866. Starling, Benjamin, 9, Gray's inn square, W.C.
Feb. 21, 1884. Steele, F., M.R.C.S., 22, Bloomsbury street,

W.C.
Aug. 24, 1866. Steward, J. H., F.R.M.S., 406, Strand, W.C.
June 22,1877. Stewart Charles, M.R.C.S., F.L.S. (Sec.

B.M.S.), &c. (Vice-President), 42, Sinclair

road, Kensington, W.
May 23, 1879. Stocken, James, 21, Endsleigh gardens, N.W.

xxu

Date of Election.

June 24, 1881. Stokes, A. W., F.C.S., Laboratory, Vestry ball,

Paddington, W.
July 25, 1879. Stone, E. M., Cumnor, Lawrie park, Sydenbam,

S.E.
May 23, 1879. Stubbins, Jolm, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Inglebank,

Far Headingley, Leeds.
Sept. 23, 1881. Sturt, Gerald, 27, Gordon square, W.C.
July 7, 1865. Suffolk, W. T., F.R.M.S., Stettin lodge, St.

Faitb's road, Lower Norwood, S.E.
June 27, 1873. Suter, E. D., Parkfield, St. Andrew's park,

Hastings.
June 24, 1870. Swain, Ernest, 17, Tadmor street, Shepherd's

Rush, W.
Nov. 22, 1867. Swainston, J. T., 3, St. Mark's square, Regent's

park, N.W.
Nov. 24, 1866. Swansborough, E., 20, John street, Bedford

row, W.C.
Dec. 17, 1875. Swift, M. J., 81, Tottenham court road, W.C.
Jan. 23, 1880. Symons, W. H., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., 2, Queen's

terrace, St. John's wood, N.W.

July 27, 1877. Tanqueray, A. C, Reid's Brewery, Theobald's

road, E.C.

Nov. 28, 1879. Tasker, J. G., 18, Junction road, Upper Hollo-
way, N.

Aug. 22, 1879. Tate, J. W., 6, Clarendon terrace, Brentford

road, Turnham green, W.

May 22, 1868. Tatem, J. G., Russell street, Reading.

Feb. 25, 1881. Taylor, Thomas, M.R.C.S., L.A.C., Bocking,

near Braintree, Essex.

Aug. 23, 1878. Teasdale, Washington, F.R.M.S., Rosehurst,

Headingley, Leeds.

Dec. 22, 1865. Terry, John, 4, Coventry park, Streatham, S.W.

Aug. 23, 1872. Terry, Thomas, 5, Austin friars, E.C.

May 23, 1879. Thompson, I. C, F.R.M.S., Woodstock, Waver-

ley road, Liverpool.

May 28, 1875. Thomson, J. R., 15, Highbury place, Isling-
ton, N.

Feb. 24,1871. Thornthwaite, W. H., 416, Strand, W.C.

Oct. 27, 1882. Thurston, Edgar, L.R.C.P., L.S.A., A.K.C., 53,

Henry street, Regent's park, N.W.

XX111
Date of Election.

May 23, 1884. Tipple, A. C, Alexander road, Upper Hollo-
way, N.

June 23, 1871. Topping, Amos, 28, Charlotte street, Caledonian

road, N.

Jane 23, 1882. Trinder, Stephen, 90, Morton road, Islington, N.

June 27, 1884. Tress, S. C, West lodge, Clapham park, S.W.

July 24, 1868. Talk, John A., M.D., F.R.M.S., Cowley house,

Chertsey.

July 26, 1867. Turnbull, J., Laurel house, North hill, High-
gate, N.

Aug. 24, 1877. Turner, E. B., 1, Clifton villas, Amberley road,

Lea bridge road, N.E.

June 25, 1869. Turner, R. D., Roughway, near Tonbridge.

June 25, 1875. Turner, Sydney, A.R.I.B.A.

Feb. 25, 1881. Tyler, Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 317,

Holloway road, N.

May 25, 1877. Veasey, R. G., Ashchurch lodge, Ashchurch road,

Shepherd's bush, W.

Feb. 28, 1879. Venables, W., 95, Elgin road, St. Peter's park,

Harrow road, W.

Feb. 27, 1880. Vereker, The Hon. J. G. P., 1, Portman

square, W.

May 23, 1879. Vezey, J. J., F.R.M.S., 12, Sandbourne road,

Brockley rise, S.E.

Mar. 24, 1882. Vicars, John, 7, Hartington road, Liverpool.

June 25, 1880. Waddington, H. J., 39, Gower street, W.C.
Feb. 27, 1874. Walker, J. C, Highfield avenue road, Crouch

end, N.
July 25, 1873. Walker, J. S., Warwick road, Upper Clapton, E.
May 22, 1868. Waller, J. G., 68, Bolsover street, Portland

road, W.
Nov. 22, 1867. Ward, F. H., M.R.C.S., F.R.M.S., Springfield

house, near Tooting, S.W.
Feb. 25, 1881. Ward, J. D., Northwood lodge, Cowes, Isle of

Wight.
June 28, 1878. Ward, R. J., Silver street, Lincoln.
Oct. 27, 1865. Watkins, C. A., Rosemont, Greenhill road,

Hampstead, N.W.
Sept. 28, 1877. Watson, T. P., F.R.M.S., 313, High Holborn,

W.C.

XXIV

Date of Election.

May 23, 1879. Watts, The Rev. G. E., M.A., F.R.M.S., Kens-
worth vicarage, Dunstable, Herts.
Dec. 28, 1866. Way, T. E., Argyll road, Ealing, W.
Oct. 26, 1877. Weatherley, Capt. H. C. S., 64, Cheapside, E.C.
July 24, 1874. Webb, C. E., Wildwood lodge, North end,

Hampstead, N.W.
April 25, 1879. Webster, H. W., M.D., St. George's Infirmary,

Fulham road, S.W.
May 24, 1867. Weeks, A. W. G., 36, Gunter grove, West

Brompton, S.W.
July 25, 1884. Wellington, R. H., 38, Fellow's road, South

Hampstead, N.W.
May 23, 1884. West, C, 9, Park row, Blackheath park.
May 26, 1882. Western, George E., 27, Strawberry hill road,

Twickenham.
Feb. 25, 1876. Wheeler, George, 9, Cloudesley square, Barns-
bury, N.
May 23, 1879. Wheldon, John, F.R.M.S., 58, Great Queen

street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.
Sept. 23, 1881. Whelpton, E. S., B.A., Cantab., Boyland Oak,

Streatham hill, S.W.
May 22, 1868. White, T. Charters, M.R.C.S., L.D.S., F.L.S.,

F.R.M.S. (Past President), 32, Belgrave

road, S.W.
Aug. 22, 1879. Whittell, H. T., M.D., F.R.M.S., Board of

Health, Adelaide, South Australia.
June 25, 1880. Wickes, W. D., 32, Burlington gardens,

Acton, W.
Mar. 25, 1881. Wildy, Arthur, 48, Albion road, South Hamp-
stead, N.W.
A.pril 23, 1880. Williams, Arthur, 48, Osnaburg street, Regent's

park, N.W.
July 28, 1882. Williams, Benjamin, 3, Comberton road, Upper

Clapton, E.
Mar. 24, 1871. Williams, George, F.R.M.S., 135, Coningham

road, Shepherd's bush, W.
Nov. 23, 1877. Williams, G. S., 20, Oxford road, Kilburn, N.W.
June 27, 1879. Willson, James, 2, Oval road, Regent's park,

N.W.
Feb. 22, 1867. Wilson, Frank, 110, Long acre, W.C.

X

XXV

Date of Election.

April 23, 1880. Winney, H. J., 1, Shorters court, Throgmorton

street, E.C.
Aug. 27, 1869. Woods, W. Fell, 1, Park hill, Forest hill, S.E.
Jan. 28, 1876. Woollett, John, 58, Cloudesley road, Islington, N.
Oct. 25, 1867. Worthington, Richard, Champion park, Denmark

hill, S.E.
June 27, 1873. Wrey, G. E. B., Addington house, Addington

road, Reading.
Aug. 22, 1879. Wright, B. M., 54, Guilford street, Russell

square, W.C.

May 25, 1877. Yates, Francis, Rockwood, Surbiton hill.
Jan. 25, 1878. Yates, Robert, 64, Park street, South wark, S.E.
June, 22, 1883. Young, William Martin, 16, Maclise road, West

Kensington park, W.

NOTICE.

Members are requested to give early information to one of the Hon.
Secretaries of any change of residence, so as to prevent miscarriage of
Journals and Circulars.

XXVI

RULES.

I. — That the Quekett Microscopical Club hold its meetings at
University College, Gower Street, on the fourth Friday Evening
in every month, at Eight o'clock precisely, or at such other time or
place as the Committee may appoint.

II. — That the business of the Club be conducted by a Com-
mittee, consisting of a President, four Vice-Presidents, an Honorary
Treasurer, one or more Honorary Secretaries, an Honorary
Secretary for Foreign Correspondence, an Honorary Reporter, an
Honorary Librarian, an Honorary Curator, and twelve other
Members, — six to form a quorum. That the Presidents, Vice-
Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter, Librarian, Curator,
and the four senior Members of the Committee (by election) retire
annually, but be eligible for re-election. That the Committee may
appoint a stipendiary Assistant- Secretary, who shall be subject to
its direction.

III. — That at the ordinary Meeting in June nominations be
made of Candidates to fill the offices of President, Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter, Librarian, Curator, and vacancies
on the Committee. That the President, Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter, Librarian, and Curator be
nominated by the Committee. That the nominations for Members
of Committee be made by the Members on resolutions duly
moved and seconded, no Member being entitled to propose more
than one Candidate. That a list of all nominations made as
above be printed upon the ballot paper ; the nominations for
vacancies upon the Committee being arranged in such order as
shall be determined by lot, as drawn by the President and Secre-
tary. That at the Annual General Meeting in July all the above
Officers be elected by ballot from the Candidates named in the lists,
but any Member is at liberty to substitute on his ballot-paper any
other name or names in lieu of those nominated for the offices
of President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer. Secretaries, Reporter,
Librarian, and Curator.

XXV11

IV. — That in the absence of the President and Vice-Presidents
the Members present at any ordinary Meeting of the Club elect a
Chairman for that evening.

V. — That every Candidate for Membership be proposed by two
or more Members, who shall sign a certificate (see Appendix) in
recommendation of him — one of the proposers from personal
knowledge. The certificate shall be read from the chair, and the
Candidate therein recommended balloted for at the following
Meeting. Three black balls to exclude.

VI. — That the Club include not more than twenty Honorary
Members, elected by the Members by ballot upon the recommenda-
tion of the Committee.

VII. — That the Annual Subscription be Ten Shillings, payable
in advance on the 1st of July, but that any Member elected in
May or June be exempt from subscription until the following July.
That any Member desirous of compounding for his future sub-
scription may do so at any time by payment of the sum of Ten
Pounds ; all such sums to be duly invested in such manner as
the Committee shall think fit. That no person be entitled to the
full privileges of the Club until his subscription shall have been
paid ; and that any Member omitting to pay his subscription six
months after the same shall have become due (two applications in
writing having been made by the Treasurer) shall cease to be a
Member of the Club.

VIII. — That the accounts of the Club be audited by two Mem-
bers, to be appointed at the ordinary Meeting in June.

IX. — That the Annual General Meeting be held on the fourth
Friday in July, at which the Report of the Committee on the
affairs of the Club, and the Balance Sheet, duly signed by the
Auditors, shall be read. Printed lists of Members nominated
for election as President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries,
Reporter, Librarian, Curator, and Members of the Committee
having been distributed, and the Chairman having appointed two
or more Members to act as Scrutineers, the Meeting shall then
proceed to ballot. If from any cause these elections, or any of
them, do not take place at this Meeting, they shall be made at the
next ordinary Meeting of the Club.

xxviii

X. — That at the ordinary Meetings the following business be
transacted : — The minutes of the last Meeting shall be read and
confirmed ; donations to the Club since the last Meeting announced
and exhibited ; ballots for new Members taken ; papers read and
discussed ; and certificates for new Members read ; after which
the Meeting shall resolve itself into a Conversazione.

*»

XL — That any Member may introduce a Visitor at any ordinary
Meeting, who shall enter his name with that of the Member by
whom he is introduced in a book to be kept for the purpose.

XII. — That no alteration be made in these Rules, except at an
Annual General Meeting, or a Special General Meeting called for
that purpose ; and that notice in writing of any proposed alteration
be given to the Committee, and read at the ordinary Meeting at
least a month previous to the Annual or Special Meeting at which
the subject of such alteration is to be considered.

APPENDIX.

Form of Proposal for Membership.

Quekett Microscopical Club.

Mr.

of

being desirous of becoming a Member of this Club, we beg to

recommend him for election.

(On my personal knowledge.)

This Certificate was read 18

The Ballot will take place 18

XXIX

MEETINGS.

OF THE

QUEKETT MICROSCOPICAL CLUB, 1884-5.

AT

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET,

ON THE

Second and Fourth Fridays of every Month.

1884. — Friday, August

September

October

November

December
1885. — Friday, January

February

March

April

May

June

July

The Ordinary Meetings are held on t
each month. Proceedings begin at Eight o'c

.. 8 ...

22

.. 12 ...

26

.. 10 ...

24

.. 14 ...

28

.. 12 ...

26

• • %J • • •

23

.. 13 ...

27

.. 13 ...

27

.. 10 ...

24

o . . .

22

.. 12 ...

26

.. 10 ...

24

ie fourth

Friday in

ock p.m.

The Meetings on the second Friday in each month are for
Conversation and Exhibition of Objects, from 7 to 9.30 p.m.

The Annual General Meeting will be held on July 24th,
1885, at Eight o'clock, for Election of Officers and other business.

XXX

EXCURSIONS, 1884.

April 5. BROMLEY, for KESTON. To meet at Holborn

Viaduct Station.

April 19. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. To meet at

Entrance, on South side of the Gardens, not later
than 3 p.m.

May 3. CHINGFORD, for EPPING FOREST. To meet

at Liverpool Street Station.

May 17. WOODSIDE PARK, for TOTTERIDGE, return-
ing by Mill Hill. To meet at Moorgate Street
Station.

June 7. WOKING. To meet at Waterloo, Main Line

Station.

June 21. EXCURSIONISTS' ANNUAL DINNER.

Arrangements will be duly announced.

June 28. HAMPTON COURT. To meet at Waterloo,

Suburban Station.

July 5. DAY EXCURSION, WHITSTABLE. To meet

at Holborn Viaduct Station, 10 a.m., or next later
Train. {Notice should be given to the Secretary of
the Excursions Sub-Committee, to obtain reduction
of fares.)

July 19. CATERHAM, for Godstone. To meet at Cannon

Street Station.

Aug. 23. SHEPPERTON, for WALTON. To meet at

Waterloo, Loop Line Station.

Sept. 6. ESHER. To meet at Waterloo, Suburban Station.

Sept. 20. HALE END. To meet at Liverpool Street Station.

Oct. 4. RICHMOND. To meet at Waterloo, Loop Line

Station.

Oct. 18. HOMERTON, for HACKNEY MARSHES. To

meet at Homerton Station.

The time for departure from Town, unless otherwise specified,
will be the First Train after TWO o'clock.

John Badcock, C. G. Dunning, "\ ^

w n n ' tt^u ( Excursions

W. G. Cocks, J. D. Hardy, > 0 , ~

_ ( Sub- Committee.

Edw. Dadswell, J. 1. Powell, )

Fred. A. Parsons, Hon. Sec. Excursions Sub-Committee,

90, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.
(Elected July, 1885.)

IQmtimxU

A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c, &c.
M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S.
J. Matthews, M.D., F.R.M.S.
C. Stewart, M.R.C.S., F.L.S.

E. Dadswell. J. G. Waller.

Rev. H. J. Fase. E. T. Newton, F.G.S.

H. R. Gregoey. J. W. Groves, F.R.M.S.

H. J. W aldington. P. W. Hembry, F.R.M.S.
T. C. White, M.R.C.S., L.D.S.
B. W. Priest.

E. M. Xelson.

W. W. Reeves, F.R.M.S.

F. W. Gay, F.R.M.S., 113, High Holborn, W.C.
G. C. Karop, M.R.C.S., 198, Holland Road, Kensington, W.

°§oxx> $tc. fox $0mp €axxMxjo\xQttxtt rartr (Bhitox of ^mmtaJ,

Henry F. Hailes, 15, West field Road, Ilornsey, N.

°§qxx. 'gtgoxhx.

R. T. Lewis, F.R.M.S.

°§8xx, Qxbxmixxx. %m. (&xxx'riox*

Alpheus Smith, Charles Emery,

39, Choumert Road, Rye Lane, 9, New Road, Crouch End, N.

Peckham, S.E. |

11

PAST PRESIDENTS.

Elected.

EDWIN LANKESTER, M.D., F.R.S. - - July, 18G5.

ERNEST HART ---.--„ 1866.

ARTHUR E. DURHAM, F.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c. „ 18G7.

5) 5> JJ >> }) lOOO.

PETER LE NEVE FOSTER, M.A. - - „ 1869.

LIONEL S. BEALE, M.B., F.R.S., &c. - - „ 1870.

187 1

ROBERT BRAITHWAITE, M.D., F.L.S., &c. „ 1872.

1 070

JOHN MATTHEWS, M.D., F.R.M.S. - - „ 1874.

HENRY LEE, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S. „ 1876.

55 ?» V V 11 *°* * •

THOS. H. HUXLEY, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. - - „ 1878.

T. SPENCER COBBOLD, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. 1879.

T. CHARTERS WHITE, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c. „ 1880.

55 55 V J5 >) lOOli

M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S. „ - - „ 1882.

5j jj 5) » " " m 1883.

W. B. CARPENTER, C.B., F.R.S., &c, &c. - „ 1884.

Ill

HONORARY MEMBERS,

Date of Election.

Jan. 24, 1868. Arthur Mead Edwards, M.D., 120, Belleville

avenue, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Mar. 19, 1869. The Rev. E. C. Bolles, Salem, Mass., U.S.A.

July 26, 1872. S. 0. Lindberg,M.D., Professor of Botany, Uni-
versity of Helsingfors, Finland.

July 26, 1872. Prof. Hamilton L. Smith, President of Hobart

College, Geneva, New York, U.S.A.

July 23, 1875. Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.S., F.R.M.S., &c.

(Past President), 61, Grosvenor street, W.

Sept. 22, 1876. Frederick Kitton, Hon. F.R.M.S., &c, 3, Bed-
ford street, Unthanks road, Norwich.

July 25, 1879. W.. B. Carpenter, C.B., M.D., F.R.S., &c, &c,

(Past President), 56, Regent's park road,

N.W.

July 25, 1879. Dr. E. Abbe, University, Jena, Saxe Weimar,

Germany.

July 23, 1880. F. H. Wenham, C.E., 3, Gothic Villas, Warbeck

road, Shepherd's Bush, W.

Nov. 24, 1882. Dr. Veit B. Wittrock, Professor at the Royal

Academy of Sciences, and Director of the
Museum of Natural History, Stockholm,
Sweden.

IV

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

Sept. 24, 18G9. Ackland, William, L.S.A., F.R.M.S., 416,

Strand, W.C.

Oct. 26, 1883. Addiscott, C. J., Sydney Villa, St. Bildas road,

Manor park, Stoke Newington, N.

Nov. 27, 1868. Adkins, William, 431, Oxford street, W.

Mar. 23, 1866. Allbon, William, F.R.M.S., 37, Gloucester place,

Portman square, W.

Oct. 24, 1884. Allen, W. A., 156, Choumert road, Rye lane,

Peckham, S.E.

July 26, 1872. Alstone, John, 3, Great Tower street, E.C.

Dec. 17, 1869. Ames, G. A., F.R.M.S., Union Club, Trafalgar

square, W.O.

Dec. 22, 1865. Andrew, F. W., 3, Neville terrace, Onslow gar-
dens, S.W.

May 28, 1875. Arrowsmith, Wastell, 99, Adelaide road, Haver-
stock hill, N.W.

June 22, 1883. Ash, George C, 141, Maida vale, W.

July 25, 1879. Ashbridge, Arthur, 76, Leadenhall street, E.C.

Sept. 27, 1878. Ashby, H. T., 8, Bartholomew road, Kentish

town, N.W.

June 26, 1874. Badcock, John, F.R.M.S., 270, Victoria park

road, South Hackney, E.
Dec. 28, 1883. Bailey, Rev, G., 1, South vale, Upper Norwood,

S.E.
Dec. 27, 1867. Bailey, J. W., 75, Broke road, Dalston, E.
April 24, 1868. Baker, Charles, F.R.M.S., 244, High Holborn,

W.C.
Feb. 25, 1876. Ballard, Dr. W. R., jun., 26, Manchester square,

W.

V
Date of Election.

x

June 22, 1883. Balleine, Arthur Edwin, 5, Heathcote street,

Mecklenburg square, "W.C.
Jan. 24, 1879. Barham, G. T., Danehurst, Hampstead, N.W.
Dec. 27, 1872. Barnard, Herbert, 33, Portland place, W.
April 22, 1870. Barnes, C. B., 4, Egremont villas, White horse

lane, South Norwood, S.E., and 27, Clement's

lane, E.C.
July 27, 1883. Barnes, Henry, Patschull house, Dartmouth

Park avenue, N.
May 25, 1883. Barratt, Thomas, Bell Moor House, Upper Heath,

Hampstead, N.W.
Sept. 27, 1872. Bartlett, Edward, L.D.S., M.R.O.S.E., 38, Con-
naught square, W.
Dec. 28, 1877. Batchelor, J. A., Avenue 'road, Bexley, Kent.
June 27, 1883. Bates, E., Assoc.I.C.E., 45, Fentiman's road,

Clapham road, S.E.
Nov. 28, 1884. Bates, F., 22, West street, Leicester.
Nov. 26, 1875. Beaulah, John, Raventhorpe, Brigg.
July 25, 1884. Beck, C, 31, Cornhill, E.C.
May 26, 1871. Bedwell, F. A., M.A.Cantab, F.R.M.S., West

parade, Hull, Yorkshire.
Mar. 28, 1884. Beetham, A., 14, South square, Gray's Inn, W.C.
May 22, 1868. Berney, John, F.R.M.S., 61, North end,

Croydon.
Oct. 23, 1868. Bevington, W. A., F.R.M.S , " Avondale,"

Coloraine road, Blackheath, S.E.
Mar. 28, 1879. Bird, F. E., 33, St. Saviour's road, Brixton hill,

S.W.
July 28, 1871. Bishop, William, 549, Caledonian road, N.
Feb. 23, 1866. Blake, T., 58, Brook green, Hammersmith, W.
July 27, 1877. Blenkinsop, B. Shord hill, Kenley, Surrey.
May 26, 1876. Blundell, J., 38, Mount street, W.
Dec. 27, 1881. Bolton, J. G. E., M.R.C.S., Savanne, Mauritius.
Jan. 22, 1875. Bolton, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 57, Newhall street,

Birmingham.
Nov. 23, 1883. Bostock, E., " The Radfords," Stone, Stafford-
shire .
Feb. 24, 1882. Bound, H. J., 19, Torrington square, W.C.
Jan. 23, 1885. Bousfield, E. C, L.R.C.P.Lond., M.R.C.S.,

363, Old Kent road, S.E.

VI

Date of Election.

Oct. 27, 1865. Braithwaite, Robert, M.D.,M.R.C.S.E., F.L.S.,

F.B.M.S. (Past President), The Ferns, 303,

Clapham road, 8.W.
June 28, 1878. Brewster, W., 25, Myddelton square, E.C.
May 26, 1876. Brigstock, J. W., " Ferntower," Manor road,

Stoke Newington, N.
Oct. 27, 1883. Brown, Fredk. Win., 35, Walterton road, St.

Peter's park, Harrow road, W.
Sept. 26, 1879. Brown, William, B.Sc, 3, Elm cottages, Middle

lane, Crouch end, N.
May 22, 1868. Brown, W. J., 4, Heath villas, Maple road,

Anerley, S.E.
May 26, 1871. Browne, George, 45, Victoria road, Kentish town,

N.W.
May 28, 1875. Browne, J. W., Frascati, Masons hill, Bromley,

Kent.
Feb. 27, 1872. Browne, Rev. T. H., F.R.M.S., F.G.S., M.E.S.,

High Wycombe, Bucks.
Jan. 23, 1880. Browne, W. R., 317, Essex road, Islington, N.
May 22, 1885. Buckland, H.; Ivy Holt, Station road, Sidcup,

Kent.
Dec. 22, 1882. Bucknall, Edward, 16, Junction road, Highgate,

N.
Jan. 26, 1877. Buffham, T. H., 2, Connaught road, Waltham-

stow.
June 22, 1883. Burbidge, William Henry, Stanley House,

Alleyn park, Dulwich, S.E.
June 27, 1884. Burrows, W. J., 16, Endymion road, Brixton

hill, S.W.
Aug. 22, 1879. Burton, William, 27, Wigmore street, W.
June 14, 1865. Bywater, W.M., F.R.M.S.,5,Hanover square,W.

Nov. 22, 1878. Cafe, J. W., 46, Clifton hill, St. John's wood,

N.W.
June 25, 1880, Cambridge, John, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.
May 23, 1879. Carpenter, H. S., F.K. M.S., Beckington house,

Weighton road, Anerley, S.E.
July 23, 1880. Carr, Ebenezer, 26, Bromar road, Denmark

park, S.E.
Nov. 24, 1882. Carr, Thomas, M.R.C.S., Guy's Hospital, S.E.

Vll
Date of Election.

May 26, 1882. Chapman, W. Ingram, 5, Hollywood villas,

Melrose road, Southfields, S.W.

Dec. 27, 1878. Chatto, Andrew, 214, Piccadilly, W.

Nov. 27, 1874. Cbippindale, George, Grape villa, Rothschild

road, Chiswick High road, W.

Dec. 27, 1881. Claremont, Claude Clarke, M.R.C.S., Mill-

brooke house, Hampstead road, N.W.

Feb. 23, 1883. Clark, Joseph, Street, Somerset.

May 22, 1885. Clinch, J. W., Lake Brewery, Douglas, Isle of

Man.

July 25, 1879. Cobbold,T. S., M.D.,F.R.S., F.L.S., (Past Pre-
sident), 74, Portsdown road, Maida vale, W".

May 22, 1868. Cocks, W. G., 36, Gayburst road, Dalston, E.

Nov. 25, 1881. Coffin, Walter H., F.L.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,

&c, 94, Cornwall gardens, South Kensing-
ton, S.W.

Sept. 22, 1876. Cole, A. C, F.R.M.S., St. Domingo house,

Oxford gardens, Notting hill, W.

Nov. 23, 1883. Cole, M., St. Domingo house, Oxford gardens,

Notting hill, W.

April 24, 1874. Cole, William, M.E.S., Hon. Secretary Essex

Naturalists' Field Club, Laurel cottage,
King's place, Buckburst hill, Essex.

Jan, 25, 1867. Coles, Ferdinand, F.L.S., 53, Brooke road,

Stoke Newington common, N.

Mar. 24, 1876. Colsell, G. D., 1, Dermody road, East Down,

Lewisham, S.E.

June 14, 1865. Cooke, M.C., M.A., LL.D., A.L.S. (Past Pre-
sident),146, J unction road, Upper Holloway,N.

Feb. 22, 1867. Cooper, F. W., L.R.C.S.Edin., Leytonstone, E,

June 27, 1873. Corbett, A. L., 103, Fentiman's road, Clapbam

road, S.W.

May 28, 1869. Cottam, Arthur, F.R.A.S., H.M.Office of

Woods, Whitehall place, S.W.

July 26, 1872. Cowan, T. W., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Comptons

Lea, Horsham, Sussex.

Nov. 28, 1884. Crisp, C, 81, Fifth avenue, Kensal green, W.

Aug. 28, 1868. Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B. A., V.P. and Treas.Lin-

nean Society ; Hon. Sec. Royal Microscopical
Society, 5, Lansdowne road, Notting hill, W.

Yin

Date of Election.

Dec. 23, 1870. Crisp, J. S., F.R.M.S., Ashville, Lewin road,

Streathana, S.W.
July 26, 1878. Crockford, Wm, 2, St. Peter's road, Mile end, E.
Feb. 23, 1877. Crofton, Edward, M.A. Oxon., F.R.M.S., 45,

West Cromwell road, South Kensington,

s.w.

Sept. 28, 1866. Crouch, Henry, F.R.M.S., 66, Barbican, E.C.
Sept. 26, 188-4. Crowhurst, H. A., 313, High Holborn, W.C.
June 22, 1877. Cunliffe, P.G., F.R.M.S., The Elms, Handforth,

Manchester.
June 25, 1880. Curties, C. L., 244, High Holborn, W.C.
May 25, 1866. Curties, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 244, High Holborn,

W.C.
June 25, 1880. Curties, W. I., 244, High Holborn, W.C.
Sept. 26, 1879. Curtis, Charles, 29, Baker street, Portman sq.,W.
Aug. 22, 1879. Cuttell, F. G., 52, New Compton street, Soho, W.
April 22, 1881. Cutting, W. M., 1, Curtain road, E.C.

Jan. 22, 1875. Dadswell, Edward, 42, Barrington road, Stock-
well, S.W.

Mar. 24, 1882. Dale, Bernard, 14, Elm grove, Lee, Kent.

Nov. 23, 1877. Dallas, W. S., F.L.S., &c, the Geological

Society, Burlington house, Piccadilly, W.

Feb. 23, 1883. Dallinger, Rev. W. H., F.R.S., F.R.M.S.,

{President Pi. M.S.), Wesley College, Shef-
field.

May 23, 1879. Dallmeyer, T. R., 19, Bloomsbury street, W.C.

Mar. 22, 1878. Darby, the Ven. Archdeacon, St. Bridget's

Rectory, Chester.

Mar. 22, 1878. Darke, Edward, 16, Rochester terrace, Camden

road, N.W.

Oct. 22, 1869. Davis, Henry, 19, Warwick street, Leamington.

Aug. 23, 1883. Davis, H., 108, Sandringham road, Dalston, E.

May 23, 1879. Dawson, William, 24, Abbeygate street, Bury

St. Edmunds, Suffolk.

May 28, 1875. Dean, Arthur, {Hon. Sec. East Lond. Mic. Soc),

57, Southborough road, South Hackney, E.

Feb. 23, 1877. Death, James, jun., 38, Gladstone street, St.

George's road, Southwark, S.E.

Feb. 28, 1879. Debenham, E. H., 9, Mincing lane, E.C.

IX
Date of Election.

Jan.~24~ 1879. Deby, Julien, C.E., F.R.M.S., 17, Boulevard du

Regent, Brussels (care of Mr. Tlios. West-
wood).

Nov. 24, 1876. Despointes, Francis, 16, St. George's square,

Regent's pa/k road, N.W.

Nov. 24, 1865. Dobson, H. H., F.R.M.S., Holmesdale, Grange

park, Ealing, W.

Nov. 27, 1868. Douglas, Rev. R. C, Manaton Rectory, More-

ton-liampstead, Exeter.

Oct. 25, 1878. Dowler, Captain F. E., 28, Albermarle street, W.

Jan. 23, 1880. Dowsett, G. H., 11, Gloucester place, Green-
wich, S.E.

May 25, 1883. Drake, C. A., The Distillery, Three Mill lane,

Bromley-by-Bow.

July 25, 1879. Driver, Alfred, 30, Leigham court road west,

Streatkam, S.W.

Aug. 26, 1872. Dudgeon, R.E., M.D., 53, Montagu square, W.

Oct. 25, 1872. Dunning, C. G., 55, Camden park road, N.W.

Sept. 22, 1865. Durham, A. E., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S.,

&c, (Past President), 82, Brook street,
Grosvenor square, W.

July 27, 1883. Durrand, Alexander, 5, Philbrick terrace, Nun-
head lane, Peckbam Rye, S.E.

Sept. 25, 1868. Eddy, J. R., F.R.M.S., F.G.S., The Grange,

Carleton, Skipton, Yorkshire.
June 28, 1867. Edmonds, R., Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, S.E.
July 25, 1884. Ellis, J. H., The Lindens, Geraldine road,

Wandsworth, S.W.
May 26, 1876. Emery, Charles (Hon. Curator), 9, New road,

Crouch end, N.
May 26, 1881. Enock, Frederick, Ferndale, Bath road, Woking

Station.
Feb. 28, 1879. Epps, Hahnemann, 95, Upper Tulse hill, Brixton,

S.W.
Feb. 21, 1884. Epps, J., jun., " The Homestead," Ross road,

South Norwood hill, S.E.
Dec. 27, 1878. Erlebach, H. A., Mill hill school, Mill hill, N.W.

July 25, 1873. Fase, Rev. H. J., 8, Dents road, Wandsworth

common, S.W.

X

Date of Election.

June 25, 1875. Faulkner, Henry, jun., Fernwood, Roehampton

park, S.W.

Jan. 28, 1876. Faulkner, John, 20, Mornington crescent, N.W.

Aug. 25, 1882. Field, W. H., 5, Palace road, Crouch end, N.

Feb. 27, 1880. Fieldwick, Alfred, jun., 284, Dalston lane,

Hackney, E.

July 22, 1881. Firth, W. A., Whiterock, Belfast.

July 26, 1867. Fitch, Frederick, F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., Iladleigh

house, Highbury New park, N.

Feb. 24, 1882. Fitch, J. N., 17, Eversholt street, Camden

Town, N.W.

Oct. 26, 1883. Fleetwood, G., 388, Camden road, N.

Nov. 28, 1879. Forster, William, jun., Cleveland road, Wood-
ford, Essex.

Mar. 24, 1871. Foulerton, John, M.D., 44, Pembridge villas,

Bayswater, W.

Oct. 24, 1884. Fowler, C, Ebenezer House, Thirlock road,

Gospel Oak.

Feb. 27, 1885. Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S., The School

House, Lincoln.

Dec. 28, 1866. Fox, C. J., F.R.M.S., 26, South Molton street,

Oxford street, W.

Nov. 26, 1875. Freckelton, Rev. T. W., F.R.M.S., 28a, Lons-
dale square, Islington, N.

June 23, 1871. Freeman, H. E., 60, Plimsoll road, Finsbury

park, N.
May 22, 1868. Fryer, G. H., 107, Belsize road, N.W.
July 23, 1880. Funston, James, 93, Finsbury pavement, E.C.

June 23, 1882. Garden, Alexander, M.D., Brigade Surgeon,

Laharempore, India, care of R. S. Garden,

200, Piccadilly, W.
Mar. 25, 1870. Garden, R. S., 42, Carlton hill, St, John's wood,

N.W.
Feb. 26, 1875. Gardner, Edmund, 454, Strand, W.C.
Jan. 23, 1885. Garner, J. H., 75, Sparkenhoe street, Leicester.
April 23,1880. Gates, G. W. H., 21, Lombard street, E.C.
July 7, 1865. Gay, F. W., F.R.M.S. (Hon. Treasurer), 113,

High Holborn, W.C.
June 25, 1880. George, C. F., M.R.C.S., Kirton-in-Lindsey,

Lincolnshire.

XI

Date of Election.

July 26,~1867. George, Edward, F.R.M.S., 12, Derby villas,

Forest hill, S.E.
April 27, 1877. Gilberston, Henry, Mangrove house, Hertford.
June 24, 1881. Gilburt, Henry, 63, Rectory road, Stoke New-

ington, N.
Oct. 27, 1876. Gilburt, W. H., F.R.M.S., 48, Wetherell road,

South Hackney, E.
June 27, 1873. Glasspoole, H. G., 15, Mall road, Hammersmith,

W.
Nov. 28, 1879. Goodinge, A. C, 119, High Holborn, W.C.
April 26, 1872. Goodinge, J. W., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., 119,

High Holborn, W.C.
Nov. 23, 1877. Goodwin, William, 24, Miranda road, Upper

Holloway, N.
July 27, 1883. Goold, Ernest H., C.E., F.Z.S., M.R.I., 4,

Dane's Inn, Strand, W.C.
Mar. 27, 1866. Gray, S. 0., Bank of England, E.C.
Feb. 24, 1882. Greening, Linnagus, Birch house, Warrington.
Oct. 23, 1868. Greenish, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 20, New street,

Dorset square, N.W.
Oct. 23, 1868. Gregory, H. R., 7, Quality court, Chancery lane.
April 27, 1883. Gregory, William, 98, Brockley road, St. John's,

S.E.
July 24, 1868. Groves, J. W., F.R.M.S., 90, Holland road,

Kensington, W., and Physiological Labora-
tory, King's College, W.C.
July 24, 1868. Grubbe, E. W., C.E., 73, RedclifTe gardens, S.W.
Jan. 27, 1871. Guimaraens, A. de Souza, F.R.M.S., 48, Heron

road, Heme hill, S.E.

Sept. 28, 1877. Hagger, John, Repton school, Burton-on-Trent.

Feb. 25, 1881. Haigh, William, Tempsford villa, Uxbridge,

road, Ealing, W.

June 14, 1865. Hailes, H. F. {Hon. Secretary for Foreign

Correspondence and Editor}, 15, Westfield
road, Hornsey, N.

Aug. 26, 1870. Hailstone, R. H., 91, Adelaide road, N.W.

Feb. 23, 1867. Hainworth, William, 15, Darenth road, Stamford

hill, N.

July 28, 1876. Halford, Edward, 18, Leinster square, Bays-
water, W.

Xll
Date of Election.

Dec. 28, 1866. Hallett, R. J., 123, Seymour street, Euston

square, N.W.
Feb. 22, 1869. Hammond, A., F.L.S., 5, Swiss terrace, Elmers

end road, Beckenliam, S.E.
June 25, 1880. Hancock, H. S. H., 50, Springdale road, Stoke

Newington, N.
Jan. 24, 1879. Harding, Burcham, 128, Adelaide road, N.W.
Feb. 24, 1882. Harding, J. H., 4, Finsbury square, E.C.
July 23, 1880. Hardingham, A. S., 59, St. George's square,

S.W.
July 25, 1879. Hardingham, G. G., F.R.M.S., 33, St. George's

square, S.W.
Jan. 23, 1874. Hardy, J. D., F.R.M.S., 73, Clarence road,

Clapton, E., and 4, Lombard street, E.C.
Sept. 28, 1866. Harkness, W., F.R.M.S., Laboratory, Somerset

house, W.C.
April 23, 1875. Harrison, James, 150, Akerman road, North

Brixton, S.W.
May 23, 1884. Havers, J. C, Wood Lea, Bedford hill, Balham,

S.W.
Mar. 28, 1879. Hawkins, C. E., H.M. Geological Survey, Jer-

myn street, S.W.
June 28, 1867. Hawksley, T. P., 97, Adelaide road, N.W.
June 22, 1883. Hazlewood, Jas. Edmund, F.R.M.S., 3, Lennox

place, Brighton.
Aug. 23, 1872. Hembry, F. W., F.R.M.S., (Hon. Sec, S. Lond.

Mic. and Nat. Hist. Soc), Home Lea,

Hatherley road, Sidcup, Kent.
June 26, 1868. Henry, A. H., 73, Redcliffe gardens, S.W.
April 25, 1884. Higgins, J., London University, Burlington

gardens, W.
June 22, 1877. Hill, R. W., 41, Lothbury, E.C.
Sept. 24, 1869. Hilton, T. D., M.D., Upper Deal, Kent.
Sept. 28, 1866. Hind, F. H. P., 11, Copthall court, Throg-

morton street, E.C.
May 22, 1874. Hind, George, 244, High Holborn, W.C.
Aug. 26, 1870. Hirst, John, F.R.M.S., Ladcastle, Dobcross,

Manchester.
Mar. 27, 1885. Hodges, W., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Northfield,

Kirkburton, Huddcrsfield, Yorks.

xiii

Date of Election.

Feb. 26, 1875. Holford, Christopher, Bounty Office, Dean's

yard, Westminster, S.W.
Jan. 23, 1880. Holland, C. F., 184, Brooke road, Upper

Clapton, E.
July 25, 1884. Holmes, W. M., 63, Lupus street, S.W.
April 26, 1867. Hooton, Charles, Sunningdale house, Bickerton

road, Upper Holloway, N.
Nov. 26, 1880. Hopkins, Robert, Skearn villa, Walthamstow,

Essex.
Oct. 26, 1866. Horncastle, Henry, Cobham, near Woking

station.
June 25, 1869. Houghton, W., Hoe street, Walthamstow, E.
May 22, 1874. Hovenden, C. W, F.R.M.S., 95, City road, E.C.
April 26, 1867. Hovenden, Frederick, F.R.M.S., Glenlea, Thur-

low park road, Dulwich, S.E.
Oct. 27, 1876. Howard, D., 60, Belsize park, N.W.
Oct. 25, 1878. Howling, W. E., Crowley's Brewery, "Alton,

Hants.
Jan. 23, 1880. Hunt, Frederick, York lodge, Stamford hill, N.
Dec. 22, 1876. Hunter, J. J., 20, Cranbourne street, W.C.
July 25, 1873. Hurst, J. T., 1, Raymond villas, Geraldine road,

Wandsworth, S.W.
June 28, 1878. Huxley, Prof. T. H., F.R.S., &c. {Past President),

Science Schools, South Kensington, S.W.

May 24, 1867. Ingpen, J. E., F.R.M.S., 7, The Hill, Putney.

S.W.

Dec. 17, 1875. Jackson, C. L., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Hill

Fold, Sharpies, Bolton.

July 24, 1868. Jackson, F. R,, Culver cottage, Slindon, Arundel,

Sussex.

June 25, 1880. Jacques, Walter, 2, Fenchurch buildings, E.C.

Aug. 25, 1882. Jakeman, Christopher, 72, South street, Green-
wich.

Feb. 27, 1885. Jaqites, E. R., 36, Old Gravel lane, St. George's,

E.

June 14, 1865. Jaques, Edward, B.A., H.M. Office of Woods,

Whitehall place, S.W.

Feb. 28, 1873. Jenkins, J. W., 3, Harcourt road, Wallington,

XIV
Bate of Election.

Feb. 21, 1884. Jennings, A. V., 8, Broadhurst gardens, South

Hampstcad, N. W.
July 24, 1868. Jennings, Rev. Nathaniel, M.A., F.R.A.S., 8,

Broadhurst gardens, South Harnpstead, N.W.
Feb. 24, 1871. Johnson, M. Hawkins, F.R.M.S., F.G.S., 379,

Euston road, N.W.
Mar. 24, 1871. Johnstone, James, Stanhope lodge, Bideford.
Feb. 28, 1873. Jones, G. J., Duke street, Settle, Yorks.
June 25, 1875. Jones, J. B., F.R.M.S., St. George's Chambers,

10, St. George's crescent, Liverpool.
Nov. 25, 1870. Jones, Lieut.-Col. Lewis, Westgate-on-Sea, Isle

of Thanet.
June 23, 1876. Jones, T. E., 46, Park street, Stoke Newington, N.
Jan. 27, 1882. Jones, Rev. T. R., M.A., Codicote Vicarage,

Welwyn, Herts.

May 23, 1873. Karop, G. C, M.R.C.S., &c. {Hon. Secretary),

198, Holland road, Kensington, W.

Feb. 21, 1884. Kell, F. W., 20, Croftdown road, Highgate

Rise, N.

July 25, 1884. Kern, J. J., Fern Glen, Selhurst park, South

Norwood, S.E.

Aug. 23, 1867. Kiddle, Edward, I, Cleveland Villas, Rosemount

road, Richmond hill, S.W.

Mar. 19, 1869. Kilsby, T. W., 4, Brompton villas, Edmonton.

April 22, 1881. King, H. W., The Cedars, Upper Park road,

New Southgate, N.

Dec. 23, 1870. King, Robert, F.R.M.S., Fern House, Upper

Clapton, E.

May 24, 1878. King, W. T., M.D., M.R.C.S., 74, Victoria

park road, South Hackney, E.

Nov. 26, 1880. Kingsett, C. T., F.C.S., F.l.C.

Feb. 28, 1873. Kitsell, F. J., 24, St. Stephen's avenue, Gold-
hawk road, Shepherd's Bush, W.

Mar. 23, 1877. Kluht, H. J., 44, Norfolk terrace, Bayswater, W.

Oct. 24, 1873. Knight, J. M., 50, Bow road, E.

Jan. 24, 1879. Lancaster, A. H., 7, Campden hill gardens,

Kensington, W.
May 23, 1884. Lancaster, E. Le Gonier, 16, Wharton road,

West Kensington park, W.

X

XV
Bate of Election.

Mar. 22, 1867. Lancaster, Thomas, Bownham house, Stroud,

Gloucestershire.
May 28, 1875. Larkin, John, 24, Charterhouse square, E.C.
Nov. 26, 1880. Larkin, R. J., 98, Clarence road, Lower Clapton,

E.
June 25, 1869. Layton, C. E., 12, Upper Hornsey rise, N.
April 25, 1884. Lawrence, T. W. P., 47, Upper Bedford place,

W.C.
Aug. 28, 1868. Leaf, C. J., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. (President of

the Old Change Microscopical Society), Old

Change, E.C.
Mar. 19, 1869. Lee, Henry, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. (Past

President), Benton House, 343, Brixton

road, S.W.
Feb. 25, 1881. Leicester, Alfred, Lynwood, Harbord street,

"Waterloo, near Liverpool.
Oct. 25, 1867. Leifchild, J. R., M.A., 6, St. Lawrence road,

Netting hill, W.
Sept. 22, 1865. Leighton, W. H., 2, Merton place, Chiswick, W.
April 27, 1866. Lewis, R. T., F.R.M.S. (Hon. Reporter), 1,

Masbro' road, Brook green, W.
June 26, 1868. Lindley, W. H., jun., 29, Blittersdorffs platz,

Frankfort-on-Maine.
Oct. 24, 1884. Litchfield, F., 25, Addison gardens, W.
May 26, 1871. Locke, John, 16, Georgiana street, Camden town,

N.W.
April 23, 1869. Long, Henry, 90, High street, Croydon.
Nov. 24, 1866. Lovibond, J. W., F.R.M.S., St. Anne street,

Salisbury.
Sept. 22, 1866. Lovick, T., 53, Queen's crescent, Haverstock hill,

N.W.
April 27, 1866. Loy, W. T., F.R.M.S., Five Oaks, Billings-
hurst, Sussex.

Feb. 21, 1884. McCrie, G., 94, North Frederick street,

Glasgow.
Nov. 23, 1866. Mclntire, S. J., F.R.M.S., 14, Hetley road,

Uxb ridge road, Shepherd's Bush, W.
Jan. 23, 1880. Mackenzie, James, Warden villa, Uxbridge road,

Ealing, W.

XVI

Date of Election .

April 27, 1883. McManis, Thos. John, 95, Almack road, Clapton

E.
Jan. 24, 1884. Macrae, A. C, M.D., 119, Westbourne terrace,

Hyde Park, W.
June 28, 1878. Magor, J. B., L.D.S., 24, Chapel street, Penzance.
July 26, 1874. Magor, Thomas, M.D., Eagle Cottage, Hornsey,

N.
May 25, 1883. Mainland, G. E., Glenthorp, Woodside lane,

North Finchley, N.
May 25, 1883. Mais, H. T., Coathorpe, M.I.C.E., Engineer in

Chief, Adelaide, South Australia (care of T.

Curties, 244, High Holborn, W.C.)
Sept. 27, 1872. Manning, H. E., the Cardinal Archbishop, Arch-
bishop's house, Westminster, S.W.
July 27, 1883. Mansfield, Edward Joseph, 176, Everiiig road,

Upper Clapton, E.
Jan. 23, 1880. Martin, Francis, K.N., Shrub cottage, Fairfield

road, Old Charlton, Kent.
April 26, 1867. Matthews, G. K., St. John's lodge, Beckenham

Kent.
Oct. 26, 1866. Matthews, John, M.D., F.B.M.S., {V.P. & Past

President)) 30, Colebrook row, Islington, N.
May 26, 1871. May, J. W., F.E.M.S., Arundel House, Percy

cross, Fulham, S.W.
Feb. 25, 1876. May, W. K., 52, Malvern road, Dalston, E.
Mar. 22, 1867. Meacher, J. W., 10, Hillmaiten road, Camden

road, N.
Feb. 28, 1879. Menzies, James, 13, Leighton grove, N.W.
May 22, 1874. Messenger, G. A., Lloyds, E.C.
July 27, 1877. Michael, A. D., F.L.S., F.R.M.S. (President),

Cadogan Mansions, Sloane square, Chelsea,

S.W.
May 28, 1880. Miles, Andrew, 19, Commercial road, Camber-
well, S.E.
July 7, 1865. Millett, F. W., F.R.M.S., Marazion, Cornwall.
Oct. 22, 1880. Milner, W. E., 47, Park road, Haverstock hill,

N.W.
Sept. 22, 1882. Moore, George, 7, Draper's gardens, Throgmor-

ton street, E.C.
Jan. 23, 1874. Moreland, Eichard, jun., M.I.C.E., F^Tv.M.S., 4,

The Quadrant, Highbury, N.

XVII
Date of Election.

July 26, 1878. Morland, Henry, Cranford, near Hounslow.

Oct. 27, 1866. Morrieson, Colonel R., F.R.M.S., Oriental Club,

Hanover square, W.
Jan. 24, 1879. Murray, James, Osborne house, 50, Percy road,

Shepherd's bush, W.

Feb. 22, 1878. Needham, S. H., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., 33, Somer-

fleld road, Finsbury Park, N.
Mar. 24, 1876. Nelson, E. M., Cleve house, West End lane, West

Hampstead, N.W.
Mar. 24, 1871. Nelson James, 328, Kennington road, S.E.
Nov. 25, 1881. Nevins, R. T. G., 80, Tufnell park road, N.
Jan. 26, 1872. Newton, E. T., F.G.S., Geological Museum,

Jermyn street, S.W.
Feb. 27,1880. Niven, George, Bank of Australia, 1, Bishopsgate

street within, E.C.
May 22, 1874. Nixon, P. C, Oporto, Portugal.
Aug. 26, 1881. Northey, M. D., 4, Lower Brighton terrace, Sur-

biton.

Jan. 24, 1879. Offord, J. M., 6, Boundary road, St. John's Wood,

N.W.
Dec. 22, 1876. Ogilvy, C. P., F.L.S., Sizewell house, Leiston,

near Saxmundham, Suffolk.
May 24, 1878. O'Hara, Lt.-Col. Richard, F.R.M.S., (late Royal

Artillery), West Lodge, Galway.
Dec. 28, 1883. Oliver, J., 123, Stamford street, S.E.
June 23, 1882. Ollard, John Alex., F.R.M.S., Barnesfield, Stone,

Greenhithe, Kent.
July 28, 1882. Ondaajte, Dr. W. C., F.R.M.S., Galle, Ceylon.
Dec. 27, 1867. Oxley, Frederick, F.R.M.S., 8, Crosby square,

Bishopsgate street, E.C.

July 25, 1879. Palmer, G. H., 95, Cornwall Gardens, S.W.
July 24, 1885. Parker, J. A. D., Sunny hill, Camden park?

Chislehurst.
Mar. 27, 1885. Parritt, H. W., 97, Camden street, N.W.
Oct. 27, 1871. Parsons, F. A., 90, Leadenhall street, E.C.
Dec. 28, 1877. Partridge, Thos., M.D., Stroud, Gloucestershire.
April 23, 1875. Peal, C. N., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock lane,

Ealing, W.

XV111
Date of Election.

Fob. 23, 1883. Pearcc, Fredk. Ernest, 14, Bloomsbury street,

w.c.

May 24, 1867. Pearson John, 3. Westbourne Grove, W.

July 22, 1881. Perigal, Henry, F.R.A.S., F.E.M.S., 9, North

crescent, Bedford square, W.C.

Oct. 24, 1884. Petty, T., Deddington, Oxon.

Oct. 27, 1865. Pickard, J. F., 195, Great Portland street, W.

May 23, 1879. Pilcher, W. J., F.R.C.S., &c, Boston, Lincoln-
shire.

June 24, 1881. Pilley, J. J., 8, Ellesmere road, north, Bow, E.,

and the Old College, Dulwich.

Jan. 22, 1869. Pillischer, Moritz, F.R.M.S., 88, New Bond

street, W.

Sept. 27, 1878. Plomer, G. D., F.R.M.S., 48, Springfield road,

St. John's Wood, N.W.

Nov. 23, 1883. Plowman, T., junr., St. Mellim, Bush Hill park,

Enfield.

Sept. 28,1877. Pocklington, Henry, F.R.M.S., 20, Park road,

Leeds.

May 22, 1885. Pocock, P. W., Remington villa, Egham, Surrey.

July 24, 1885. Porter, J. L. M., 8, Wood vale, Forest hill, S.E.

Nov. 23, 1866. Potter George, F.R.M.S., 42, Grove road, Hol-

loway, N.

Jan. 25, 1878. Potts, R. A., 26, South Audley street, W.

June 24, 1881. Potts, William, Hillside avenue, Beckenham, Kent.

June 22, 1866. Powe, I., 76, St. George's street, Richmond, Surrey.

Aug. 25, 1882. Powell, George, 86, Avondale square. S.E.

April 25, 1879. Powell, H. P., Mill Piatt, Isleworth.

May 26, 1876. Powell, J. T., 32, Dunlace road, Lower Clapton,

E.

July 7, 1865. Powell, Thomas, F.R.M.S., 18, Doughty street,

Mecklenburg square, W.C.

June 27, 1873. Priest, B. W., 22, Parliament street, S.W.

May 23, 1879. Pritchard, J. D., Crymlyn Burrows, near Swansea.

July 26, 1867. Pritchett, Francis, Clifford House, South Nor-
wood Park, S.E.

Feb. 25, 1881. Probyn, Clifford, 55, Grosvenor street, W.

April 23, 1868. Quekett, A. J. S., 51, Warwick road, Maidahill,W.
April 23, 1868. Quekett, A. E., 51, Warwick road, Maida hill, W.

XIX

Date of Election.

April 23, 1868. Quekett, Rev. Win., The Rectory, Warrington.
Feb. 23, 1866. Quick, G. E., 74, Long lane, Bermondsey, S.E.

Oct. 26, 1866. Rabbits, W. T., Irongates, Dacres road, Forest

hill, S.E.
June 25, 1875. Radford, W. 8., M.D., F.R.M.S., Sidmouth.
Oct. 26, 1866. Ramsden, Hildebrand, M.A. Cant., F.L.S.,

F.R.M.S., 26, Upper Bedford place, Russell

square, W.C.
Aug. 28, 1868. Ranee, T. G., Elmside, Bickley, Kent.
June 24, 1881. Ransom, F., Fairfield, Hitchin.
Dec. 27, 1878. Reed, J. M., Sidmouth house, South park, Ilford ,

E.
June 22, 1877. Reed, J. W., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., 17, Colebrooke

row, Islington, N.
June 27, 1873. Reeve, Frederick, 113, Clapham road, S.W.
July 7,1865. Reeves, W. W., F.R.M.S., 32, Geneva road,

Brixton, S.W.
Oct. 28, 1881. Reynolds, W. P., 74, King William street, E.C.
May 22, 1885. Rhein, W., 22, Milman street, Bedford Row, W.C.
May 23, 1879. Rideout, William, F.R.M.S., {Hon. Sec. Bolton

Microscopical Club), Seymour road, Astley

road, Bolton.
May 22, 1868. Rogers, John, F.R.M.S., 4, Tennyson street,

Nottingham.
Oct. 26, 1866. Rogers, Thomas. F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Selmeston

house, Thurlow park road, West Dulwich.
May 22, 1868. Roper, Freeman, C.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S.,

Palgrave house, Eastbourne, Sussex.
June 23, 1876. Roper, H. J., F.R.M.3., 7, Carlton grove,

Peckham, S.E.
Oct. 27, 1876. Roper, Robert, 29, Hampton road, Upton, Essex-
Jan. 24, 1884. Rosseter, T. B., F.R.M.S., Fleur de Lis Hotel,

Canterbury.
Jan. 26, 1883. Rousselet, Charles, 42, Welbeck street, W.
July 24, 1868. Rowe, James, jun., M.R.C.V.S., 65, High street,

Marylebone, W.
Oct. 27, 1865. Russell, James, 10, High street, Shoreditch, E.
May 22, 1868. Russell, T. D., Coningsby villas, Rosendale road,

West Dulwich, S.E.

XX

Date of Election.

Feb. 22, 1867. Rutter, H. L., 24, Crownhurst road, Angel road,

Brixton, S.W.

Nov. 22, 1878. Sabel, E. E., 6, Grove road, Clapham park,

S.W.
July 24, 1885. Sadgrove, A. G., Tower Chambers, Moorgate

street, E.C.
May 23, 1873. Salkeld, Lt.-Col. J. C, F.R.M.S., 29, St. James's

street, S.W.
Dec. 17, 1869. Salmon, John, 24, Seymour street, Euston square,

N.W.
Dec. 28, 1877. Sands, Charles, 5, Woburn place, Russell square.,

W.C.
Nov. 28, 1884. Sanford, P. G., Laboratory, London Hospital, E.
June 27, 1879. Sawyer, G. D., F.R.M.S., 55, Buckingham place,

Brighton.
Feb. 27, 1880. Schulze, Adolf, 1, St. James's street, Hillhead,

Glasgow, N.B.
Feb. 26, 1875. Scofield, W. J., M.R.C.S., F.L.S.,19, Grosvenor,

Bath.
Mar. 24, 1882. Selby, H., 100, Netherwood road, W.
July 27, 1868. Sewell, Richard, Ashmare house, Keston, Kent.
May 25, 1883. Sharer, W. R., 60, Thornhill square, Barnsbury,

N.
July 23, 1880. Shaw, H. V., Fir Croft, Keymer, Hurstpierpoint,

Sussex.
Oct. 22, 1869. Shaw, W. F., Mosshall grove, Finchley, N.
May 26, 1876. Shepheard, Thomas, F.R.M.S., Kingsley lodge,

Chester.
May 26, 1871. Sigsworth, J. C, F.R.M.S., 43, South Eaton

place, S.W.
June 27, 1873. Simmonds, J. E., Royal Exotic Nursery, King's

road, Chelsea, S.W.
Aug. 23, 1867. Simmons, J. J., L.D.S., 18, Burton crescent,

Euston road, N.W.
Oct. 28, 1881. Simons, W. V., Nilgiri house, Baldwin crescent,

Camberwell, S.E.
May 26, 1876. Simpson, Edward, 24, Grummant road, Peckham

road, S.E.
Feb. 23, 1883. Simpson, Isaac, 1, Junction road, Upper Hollo-
way, N.

XXI

Date of Election.

x

Nov. 23, 1877. Simpson, T., Fernymere, Castlebar, Ealing, W.
Mar. 27, 1868. Simson, Thomas, St. Peter's alley, Cornhill,

E.C.
Dec. 28, 1S66. Slade, J., Albion road, Bexley heath, Kent.
Oct. 23, 1868. Smart, William, 27, Aldgate, E.
May 25, 1866. Smith, Alpheus (Hon. Librarian) , 39, Choumert

road, Rye lane, Peckham, S.E.
April 23, 1880. Smith, A. S., Silvermere, Cobham, Surrey.
Mar. 25, 1870. Smith, F. L., 3, Grecian cottages, Crown hill,

Norwood, S.E.
June 27, 1873. Smith, G. J., F.R.M.S., 73, Farringdon street,

E.C.
Oct. 26, 1877. Smith, Samuel, Maldon House, 17, Sydenham

park, S.E.
Mar. 24, 1882. Smith, W '. Dalton, 2, Craigs court, Charing

Cross, S.W.
Aug. 23, 1872. Smith, W. S., 30, Loraine road, Holloway, N.
Aug. 22, 1884. Smithson, T. S., Facit, Rochdale.
Nov. 28, 1884. Snell, F. A., The Chestnuts, Chislehurst.
April 24, 1868. Snellgrove, W., 58, Cranfield road, Wickham

park, S.E.
Sept. 22, 1865. Southwell, C, 44, Princes street, Soho, W.
May 26, 1876. Southwell, C. W., 35, Douglas road, Canon-
bury, N.
May 22, 1874. Spencer, James, F.R.M.S., 121, Lewisham road,

Lewisham.
June 26, 1868. Spencer, John, Brooks' Bank, 81, Lombard,

street, E.C.
Dec. 28, 1883. Spetch,R. J., 1, Mitre Court, Wood street, E.C.
Mar. 27, 1885. Squire, P. W., F.L.S., F.C.S., 40, Avenue road,

Regent's Park, N.W.
Feb. 21, 1884. Steele, F., M.R.C.S., 22, Bloomsbury street,

W.C.
Feb. 27,1885. Stephenson, J. W., F.RA.S., F.R.M.S., 186,

Clapham road, S.W.
Aug. 24, 1866. Steward, J. H., F.R.M.S., 406, Strand, W.C.
June 22, 1877. Stewart, Charles, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., (Sec.

R.M.S.), &c. (Vice-President,), 42, Sinclair

road, Kensington, W.
May 23, 1879. Stocken, James, 21, Endsleigh gardens, N.W.

XXII
Date of Election.

June 24, 1881. Stokes, A. W., F.C.S., Laboratory, Vestry hall,

Paddington, W.
July 25, 1879. Stone, E. M., Curunor, Lawrie park, Sydenham,

S.E.
May 23, 1879. Stubbins, John, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Inglebank,

Far Headingley, Leeds.
Sept. 23, 1881. Sturt, Gerald, 27, Gordon square, W.C.
July 7, 1865. Suffolk, W. T., F.R.M.S., Stettin lodge, St.

Faith's road, Lower Norwood, S.E.
June 27, 1873. Suter, E. D., Parkfield, Alexandra park,

Hastings.
June 24, 1870. Swain, Ernest, 17, Tadnior street, Shepherd's

Bush, W.
Nov. 22, 1867. Swainston, J. T., 3, St. Mark's square, Regent's

park, N.W.
Nov. 24, 1866. Swansborough, E., 20, John street, Bedford row,

W.C.
Dec. 17, 1875. Swift, M. J., 81, Tottenham court road, W.C.
Jan. 23, 1880. Symons, W. H., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., 130, Fellowes

road, South Hampstead, N.W.

July 27, 1877. Tanqueray, A. C, Reid's Brewery, Theobald's

road, E.C.
Nov. 28, 1879. Tasker, J. G., 18, Junction road, Upper Hollo-

way, N.
May 22, 1868. Tatem, J. G., Russell street, Reading.
Feb. 25, 1881. Taylor, Thomas, M.R.C.S., L.A.C., Rocking,

near Braintree, Essex.
Aug. 23, 1878. Teasdale, Washington, F.R.M.S., Rosehurst,

Headingley, Leeds.
Dec. 22, 1865. Terry, John, 4, Coventry park, Streatham, S.W.
Aug. 23, 1872. Terry, Thomas, 5, Austin friars, E.C.
Mar. 27, 1885. Thomas, J. T. N., " Rossie," Crosbie road south,

Waterloo, Liverpool.
May 23, 1879. Thompson, I. C, F.R.M.S., Woodstock, Waver-

ley road, Liverpool.
May 28, 1875. Thomson, J. R., 15, Highbury place, Islington,

N.
Feb. 24, 1871. Thornthwaite, W. H., Willow Bridge road,

Canonbury, N.

XX111
Date of Election.

Oct. 27, 1882. Thurston, Edgar, L.R.C.P., L.S.A., A.K.C.,

King's College, Stroud.

May 23, 1884. Tipple, A. C, 35, Alexander road, Upper Hollo-
way, N.

June 23, 1871. Topping, Amos, 28, Charlotte street, Caledonian

road, N.

June 23, 1882. Trinder, Stephen, 90, Morton road, Islington, N.

June 27, 1884, Tress, S. C, West lodge, Clapham park, S.W.

July 24, 1868. Tulk, John A., M.D., F.R.M.S., Cowley house,

Chertsey.

July 26, 1867. Turnbull, J., Laurel house, North hill, High.

gate, N.

Aug. 24, 1877. Turner, E. B., Francis road, Leyton, Essex.

June 25, 1875. Turner, Sydney, A.R.I.B.A.

Feb. 25, 1881. Tyler, Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 317,

Holloway road, N.

Feb. 27, 1885. Upton, C, 25, Mayola road, Clapton, E.

May 25, 1877. Veasey, R. G., Ashchurch lodge, Ashchurch

road, Shepherd's bush, W.
Feb. 28, 1879. Venables, W., 95, Elgin road, St. Peter's park,

Harrow road, W.
Feb. 27, 1880. Vereker, The Hon. J. G. P., 1, Portman

square, W.
May 23, 1879. Yezey, J. J., F.R.M.S., 12, Sandbourne road,

Brockley rise, S.E.
Mar. 24, 1882. Vicars, John, 7, Harrington road, Liverpool.

June 25, 1880. Waddington, H. J., 39, Gower street, W.C.
Mar. 27, 1885. Wainwright, C. J., Elmhurst, East Finchley, N.
Feb. 27, 1874. Walker, J. C, Highfield avenue road, Crouch

end, N.
July 25, 1873. Walker, J. S., Warwick road, Upper Clapton, E.
Feb. 27, 1885. Wall, P. W., M.I.C.E., F.G.S., 9, Duke street,

Portland place, W.
May 22, 1868. Waller, J. G., 68, Bolsover street, Portland road,

W.
Feb. 27, 1885. Ward, A. H., 3, Mansfield street, Portland

place, W.

XXI V
Date of Election.

Nov. 22, 18G7. Ward, F. H,, M.R.C.S., F.R.M.S., Springfield

bouse, near Tooting, S.W.
Feb. 25, 1881. Ward, J. D., Northwood lodge, Cowes, Isle of

Wight.
June 28, 1878. Ward, R. J., Silver street, Lincoln.
Oct. 27, 1865. Watkins, C. A., Eosemont, Greenbill road,

Hampstead, N.W.
Sept. 28, 1877. Watson, T. P., F.R.M.S., 313, Higb Holborn,

w.c.

Sept. 26, 1884. Watson, W., 313, High Holborn, W.C.

May 23, 1879. Watts, Tbe Rev. G. E., M.A., F.R.M.S., Kens-
worth vicarage, Dunstable, Herts.

Dec. 28, 1866. Way, T. E., Argyll road, Ealing, W.

Oct. 26, 1877. Weatherley, Capt. H. C. 6., 64, Cheapside, E.C.

July 24, 1874. Webb, C. E., Wildwood lodge, North end/

Hampstead, N.W.

April 25, 1879. Webster, H. W., M.D., St. George's Infirmary,

Fulliam road, S.W.

May 24, 1867. Weeks, A. W. G., 36, Gunter grove, West

Brompton, S.W.

July 25, 1884. Wellington, R. H., 38, Fellow's road, South

Hampstead, N.W.

May 23, 1884. West, C, 7, Park row, Blackheath, S.E.

May 26, 1882. Western, George E., 27, Strawberry hill road,

Twickenham.

Feb. 25, 1876. Wheeler, George, 9, Cloudesley square, Barns-
bury, N.

May 23, 1879. Wheldon, John, F.R.M.S., 58, Great Queen

street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.

Sept, 23, 1881. Whelpton, E. S., B.A. Cantab., Boyland Oak,

S treatb am hill, S.W.

May 22, 1868. White, T. Charters, M.R.C.S., L.D.S., F.L.S.,

F.R.M.S. (Past President), 32, Belgrave
road, S.W.

Aug. 22, 1879. Whittell, H. T., M.D., F.R.M.S., Board of

Health , Adelaide, South Australia.

June 25, 1880. Wickes, W. D., 32, Burlington gardens,

Acton, W.

Mar. 25, 1881. Wildy, Arthur, 48, Albion road, South Hamp-
stead, N.W.

XXV

Date of Election.

April 23,1880. Williams, Arthur, 48, Osnaburg street, Eegent's

park, N.W.
July 28, 1882. Williams, Benjamin, 3, Comberton road, Upper

Clapton, E.
Mar. 24, 1871. Williams, George, F.R.M.S., 135, Coningham

road, Shepherd's bush, W.
Nov. 23, 1877. Williams, G. S., 20, Oxford road, Kilburn, N.W.
May 22, 1885. Williams, T., 31, High street, Kensington, W.
June 27, 1879. Willson, James, 2, Oval road, Regent's park,

N.W.
Feb. 22, 1867. Wilson Frank, 110, Long acre, W.C.
Oct. 24, 1884. Wilson, W., 8, Mildmay Park, N.
April 23, 1880. Winney, H. J., 1, Snorter's court, Throgmorton

street, E.C.
Aug. 2 7,1869. Woods, W. Fell, 1, Park hill, Forest hill, S.E.
Feb. 27, 1885. Woodward, B. H., F.R.M.S., 80, Petherton

road, Highbury New Park, N.
Jan. 28, 1876. Woollett, John, 58, Cloudesley road, Islington, N.
Oct. 25, 1867. Worthington, Richard, Champion park, Denmark

hill, S.E.
June 27, 1873. Wrey, G. E. B., Addington house, Addington

road, Reading.
Aug. 22, 1879, Wright, B. M., 54, Guilford street, Russell

square, W.C.

May 25, 1877. Yates, Francis, Rockwood, Surbiton hill.
Jan. 25, 1878. Yates, Robert, 64, Park street, Southwark, S.E.
June 22, 1883. Young, William Martin, 16, Maclise road, West

Kensington park, W.

NOTICE.

Members are requested to give early information to one of the Hon.
Secretaries of any change of residence, so as to prevent miscarriage of
Journals and Circulars.

XXVI

RULES.

It — That the Quekett Microscopical Club hold its meetings at
University College, Gower Street, on the fourth Friday Evening
in every month, at Eight o'clock precisely, or at such other time or
place as the Committee may appoint.

II. — That the business of the Club be conducted by a Com-
mittee, consisting of a President, four Vice-Presidents, an Honorary
Treasurer, one or more Honorary Secretaries, an Honorary
Secretary for Foreign Correspondence, an Honorary Reporter, an
Honorary Librarian, an Honorary Curator, and twelve other
Members, — six to form a quorum. That the Presidents, Vice-
Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter, Librarian, Curator,
and the four senior Members of the Committee (by election) retire
annually, but be eligible for re-election. That the Committee may
appoint a stipendiary Assistant- Secretary, who shall be subject to
its direction.

III. — That at the ordinary Meeting in June nominations be
made of Candidates to fill the offices of President, Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter, Librarian, Curator, and vacancies
on the Committee. That the President, Vice-Presidents*
Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter, Librarian, and Curator be
nominated by the Committee. That the nominations for Members
of Committee be made by the Members on resolutions duly
moved and seconded, no Member being entitled to propose more
than one Candidate. That a list of all nominations made as
above be printed upon the ballot paper ; the nominations for
vacancies upon the Committee being arranged in such order as
shall be determined by lot, as drawn by the President and Secre-
tary. That at the Annual General Meeting in July all the above
Officers be elected by ballot from the Candidates named in the lists,
but any Member is at liberty to substitute on his ballot paper any
other name or names in lieu of those nominated for the offices
of President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries, Reporter,
Librarian, and Curator.

XXV11

IV. — That in the absence of the President and Vice-Presidents
the Members present at any ordinary Meeting of the Club elect a
Chairman for that evening.

V. — That every Candidate for Membership be proposed by two
or more Members, who shall sign a certificate (see Appendix) in
recommendation of him — one of the proposers from personal
knowledge. The certificate shall be read from the chair, and the
Candidate therein recommended balloted for at the following
Meeting. Three black balls to exclude.

VI. — That the Club include not more than twenty Honorary
Members, elected by the Members by ballot upon the recommenda-
tion of the Committee.

VII. — That the Annual Subscription be Ten Shillings, payable
in advance on the 1st of July, but that any Member elected in
May or June be exempt from subscription until the following July.
That any Member desirous of compounding for his future sub-
scription may do so at any time by payment of the sum of Ten
Pounds ; all such sums to be duly invested in such manner as
the Committee shall think fit. That no person be entitled to the
full privileges of the Club until his subscription shall have been
paid ; and that any Member omitting to pay his subscription six
months after the same shall have become due (two applications in
writing having been made by the Treasurer) shall cease to be a
Member of the Club.

VIII. --That the accounts of the Club be audited by two Mem-
bers, to be appointed at the ordinary Meeting in June.

IX. — That the Annual General Meeting be held on the fourth
Friday in July, at which the Report of the Committee on the
affairs of the Club, and the Balance Sheet, duly signed by the
Auditors, shall be read. Printed lists of Members nominated
for election as President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries,
Reporter, Librarian, Curator, and Members of the Committee
having been distributed, and the Chairman having appointed two
or more members to act as Scrutineers, the Meeting shall then
proceed to ballot. If from any cause these elections, or any of
them, do not take place at this meeting, they shall be made at the
next ordinary Meeting of the Club.

XXV111

X. — Tli.it at the ordinary meetings the following business be
transacted : — The minutes of the last Meeting shall be read and
confirmed ; donations to the Club, since the last Meeting, announced
and exhibited ; ballots for new Members taken ; papers read and
discussed ; and certificates for new Members read ; after which
the Meeting shall resolve itself into a Conversazione.

XI. — That any Member may introduce a Visitor at any ordinary
Meeting, who shall enter his name with that of the Member by
whom he is introduced in a book to be kept for the purpose.

XII. — That no alteration be made in these Rules, except at an
Annual General Meeting, or a Special General Meeting called for
that purpose ; and that notice in writing of any proposed alteration
be given to the Committee, and read at the ordinary Meeting at
least a month previous to the Annual or Special Meeting at which
the subject of such alteration is to be considered.

APPENDIX.

Form of Proposal for Membership.

Quekett Microscopical Club.

Mr.

of

being desirous of becoming a Member of this Club, we beg to

recommend him for election.

(On my personal knowledge.)

This Certificate was read 18

The Ballot will take place i 18

XXIX

MEETINGS

OF THE

QUEKETT MICROSCOPICAL CLUB, 1885-6.

AT

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET,

ON THE

Second and Fourth Fridays of every

Month.

1885. — Friday, August

14 ... 28

September

• • • • •

11 ... 25

October

» • « • • •

<) ... — 0

November

• • • • •

13 ... 27

December

• • • • •

11 ... *

1886. — Friday, January

• • • • •

o ... 2'2

February

• • • • •

12 ... 26

March

• • • • •

12 ... 26

April

» • • • • •

J ... Zo

May

» • • • •

14 ... 28

June

• • • • •

11 ... 25

July

• • • • •

J ... — 0

* Christmas day — no

meeting.

The Ordinary Meetings are held on the fourth Friday in
each month. Proceedings begin at Eight o'clock p.m.

The Meetings on the second Friday in each month are for
Conversation and Exhibition of Objects, from 7 to 9.30 p.m.

The Annual General Meeting will be held on July 23rd,
1886, at Eight o'clock, for Election of Officers and other business.

XXX

EXCURSIONS, 1885.

April 18. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. To meet at the

entrance at 3 p.m.

AriuL 25. WOODSIDE PARK, for TOTTERIDGE, return-
ing by Mill Hill. To meet at Broad Street
Station.

May 9. BROMLEY, for KESTON. To meet at Holborn

Viaduct Station.

May 23. DAY EXCURSION, WHITSTABLE. To meet

at Holborn Viaduct Station, 10 a.m., or next
later Train. (Notice should be given to the Secre-
tary of the Excursions Sub-Committee to obtain
reduction of Fares.}

June 13. STAINES. To meet at Waterloo, Loop Line

Station.

June 27. EXCURSIONISTS' ANNUAL DINNER. Ar-
rangements will be duly announced.

July 11. WATFORD, for RICKMANSWORTH. To join

the Hertfordshire Natural History Society. To
meet at Broad Street Station.

July 25. SHEPPERTON, for WALTON. To join the

Richmond Atliena?um Field Club. To meet at
Waterloo, Loop Line Station.

Aug. 29. CATERHAM, for GODSTONE. To join the

Croydon Club. To meet at Cannon Street
Station.

Sept. 12. RICHMOND. To meet at Waterloo, Loop Line

Station.

Sept. 26. HALE END. To meet at Liverpool Street Station.

Oct, 10. MITCHAM JUNCTION, for MITCHAM COM-
MON. To join the Croydon Club. To meet at
London Bridge Station. South London Line.

The time for departure from Town, unless otherwise specified,
will be the First Train after TWO o'clock.

W. G. Cocks, F. W. Hembry,

Edw. Dadswell, J. T. Powell,

C. J. Dunning, Chas. Rousselet,
J. D. Hardy, 4

Fredk. A. Parsons, Hon. Sec. Excursions Sub-Committee,

25, Great Percy Street, W.C.

Excursions
Sub-Committee.

N

-u

MBLWHOI LIBRARY

u

HLJLflXl b