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NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 988
SYNONYMS.
The following Roses bracketed together have been regarded as
synonymous, according to the rule adopted by the National Rose
Society ; and the name standing first in each case, being believed to
be the original name, is considered for the purpose of the preceding
Digest as the ruling name of the Rose.
Devoniensis.
Climbing Devoniensis.
Adam.
President.
( Charles Lefebvre. qb nenesse de Caylus.
= Bravy.
Marguerite Brassac, Penelope Mayo.
Paul Jamain. Prince C. de Rohan.
(La Rosiére.
Marie Rady.
| Comtesse de Choiseul
eee Boncenne.
Baron de Bonstettin.
Madame de Sertot.
Alba Rosea.
Josephine Malton.
{ Maréchal Vaillant.
Avocat Duvivier. : '
Maurice Bernardin.
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Sir Garnet Wolseley.
Exposition de Brie.
Fortune’s Yellow.
peau ore Verdier.
Beauty of Glazenwood.
Marie Finger.
{ Amadis. Thoresbyana.
Crimson Boursault, Bennett’s Seedling.
Inst of Abbreviations used for the Names of Roses in the
foregoing Statistical Returns.
A B.de B... Beauty of Baltimore.
B. de N... Boule de Nanteuil.
Adam. B. de P. .. Bijou des Prairies.
Assess { President. B. @Or. .. Bouquet d’Or.
AAC .. Anna Alexieff, BE ae erae tee Beaute de l'Europe.
Ab.C . Abel Carrieére. Bf. ...... Bauksizeflora.
1c aes Alfred Colomb. Bidisesae sc Barthélemy Joubert.
hae Alfred Dumesnil. BK. we ee. Banksian White.
A.de M... Anne-Marie de Montravel, B.L.. sss Belle Lyonnaise.
J NaiO bane Adelaide d'Orléans. Bl. V’Or, ., Boule d’Or.
eDe a.) Antoine Ducher. B. le R. .. Gloire de Bourg la Reine.
AG. . Abel Grand. IB TEP ser ore Blanche Moreau.
AN Cya Alice Gray. B.M. .... Baronne Maynard.
TAY Sravcterevetes Angele Jacquier. BIN.. sees Boule de Neige.
A.K.W. .. A. K. Williams. B.N.R..... Baroness N. de Rothschild.
eaten Annie Laxton. B. of W... Beauty of Waltham.
it ee Alba. IBOlsae ee oe Boildieu.
Se st. Aline Sisley. Bou § Monsieur Boncenne.
Amadis. — Baron de Bonstettin.
ATS. <6 Grimson Boarenalt, B. of C. .. Brightness of Cheshunt.
FACTS AD Se etero Anna de Diesbach, Bos... 4... Mrs. Bosanquet.
BAG OBerevacce . Anna Olivier. Bou....... Bougere.
A.P....... Albert Page. iBERE .. Baronne Prevost.
Ta nee Alpina. BQ: . Bourbon Queen.
PAC steley eiehers Auguste Rigotard. BuRieictee ss Baroness Rothschild.
ALS releve(s:s's Alphonse Soupert. Br. ....-. Brennus.
Au. C . Austrian Copper.
AGN . Aimée Vibert.
A.W. .... Annie Wood. C
IAS . Lutea, or Austrian Yellow.
Az. ...... Amazone. G4..20n eo Camoens.
CsBe nets Camille Bernardin.
CiBdetax. Crimson Bedder.
B O.C....... Captain Christy.
C.C.C..... Climbing Capt. Christy.
Bisseosnes orilliant: ClChys Crimson China.
a2 oererersie ¢ Blairii, No. 2. C. Co. .... Countess Camondo.
B.B....... Beauty of Beeston. C.C.P. .... Common Cabbage Provence
284
ORCHID A cn 5s
eee eee
Oo
RRR
by
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Climbing Chas. Lefebvre.
Charles Darwin.
. Comtesse de Chabrillant.
. Comte de Raimbaud.
. Comtesse de Serenye.
. Coupe d’ Hebe.
Charles Dickens.
. Coquette des Blanches.
Celine Forestier.
.- Cheshunt Hybrid.
Common China.
. Chénédolle.
... Climbing Hip. Jamain.
.. Clemence Joigneaux.
. Climbing Jules Margottin.
Caroline Kuster.
Charles Lefebvre.
Marguerite Brassac.
Paul Jamain.
Charles Lawson.
. Cannes la Coquette.
Clara Cochet.
.. Claire Carnot.
. Charles Lamb.
Catherine Mermet.
... Charles Margottin.
Comtesse de Nadaillac.
Centifolia Rosea.
... Crown Prince.
Countess of Oxford.
.. Countess of Pembroke.
Countess of Leven.
. Cristata-Provence.
... Climbing Pride of Waltham.
Countess of Rosebery.
.. Catherine Soupert.
.. Cramoisi Supérieur.
.. Constantin Petriakoff.
.. Crested Moss.
... Climbing Victor Verdier.
D
Devoniensis.
Climbing Devoniensis.
Damascena,.
Duc Constantine.
. Duchesse de Vallombrosa.
. Duchesse de Morny.
Duchesse de Caylus.
Penelope Mayo.
Dupuy Jamain.
Due de Montpensier.
. Duke of Edinboro’.
Duchess of Bedford.
. Duke of Wellington.
.. Duke of Connaught.
.. Duke of Teck.
Duke of Albany.
..- Rev. H. H. D’Ombrain.
David Pradel.
Dundee Rambler.
. Doctor Andry.
Dr. Hogg.
Doctor Sewell.
. Duc de Rohan.
Distinction.
. Duchess of Connaught.
E
Eclair.
. Edouard Andre,
Eugene Appert.
Gi Mirereneteret
eee eeee
KF
ne
SF ws
—s~
Elise Boelle.
Ethel Brownlow.
Earl of Dufferin.
Emilie Dupuy.
.. Edouard Morren.
. Etoile de Lyon.
Edouard Gautier.
Etendard de Jeanne d’Are.
Eugene Furst.
Egeria.
Ella Gordon.
. Emilie Hausberg.
Eugenie Verdier.
| Marie Finger.
Etienne Levet.
. Emily Laxton.
Elegans.
. Elie Morel.
Emilie Plantier.
. Earlof Pembroke.
. AY. Leas:
F
Fellenberg.
Colonel Felix Breton.
Fisher Holmes.
Francisca Kruger.
Francois Levet.
Francois Michelon.
. Felicité-Perpétue.
. Fulgens.
Fortune's Yellow.
Beauty of Glazenwood.
G
Gracilis.
. Glory of Cheshunt.
Grace Darling.
. Gloire de Margottin.
Gloire de Dijon.
. Garden Favourite.
General Jacqueminot.
. Mme. Gabriel Luizet.
Gloire Lyonnaise.
Grand Mogul.
.. Glory of Waltham.
. Grandeur of Cheshunt,
Gloire des Rosomanes.
. Multiflora Grandiflora.
H
ET ererete . Homer.
EIQ Aciersterete Harrisonii.
H.E.G..... Hon. Edith Gifford.
Isis IR Go or Hebe’s Lip.
H.J....... Hippolyte Jamain.
ne El besecer . Henri Ledechaux.
H.M...... Her Majesty.
ERSoe . Heinrich Schultheiss.
ELV eiareteiaye Horace Vernet.
H.W. .... Harrison Weir.
H.W.E.... Henry W. Eaton.
,« mendicas
. Inermis.
... Innocente Pirola.
. Isabella Sprunt.
-_
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NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 985
J M. de S.A., Marguerite de St. Amand,
M. de TT... Mme. de Tartas.
etereas eien UUs M.de R... Marguerite de Roman.
IB. ...... John Bright. M.D...... Marie Ducher.
J.O....... Jean Cherpin. M.VA., . Mme. d’Arblay.
J.D....... Jean Ducher. Me. I.P. .. Mme. Isaac Pereire,
J.F....... Jules Finger. Me. C.W... Mme. Charles Wood.
J.H....... John Hopper. Me. V.V... Mme. Victor Verdier,
5 ee Jwie Gaulain. Me. L..... Mme. Lacharme.
J.L....... Jean Liabaud. Me. F..... Mme. Falcot.
a Migs treats Jules Margottin, M.E.V. .. Mme. Eugeéne Verdier.
J.P. ...... Jean Pernet. Me. Cn. .. Mme. Cusin.
J.S......- Jean Soupert. Me. Lm... Mme. Lambard.
JSG s.. John Stuart Mill. Me. B..... Mme. Bérard.
Ju. C. .... Jules Chretien (Schwartz, 1878). Me. Bo.... Mrs. Bosanquet.
M.E.L..... Mme. Etienne Levet.
M.F.P..... Mme. F., Pittet.
L M.Fo. .... Mons. Furtado.
M.F.J..... Mme. Ferd. Jamain.
L Eamaraiia M.G.B. .. Mme. Georges Bruant.
TR ae ne a M.Ho. .... Mme. Hoste.
Lau. ne Laurette. M.Hy..... Mme. Hardy. ‘
ich ek. Ee eanca: M.H.J..... Mme. Hippolyte Jamain
LB Tord Bacou M.H Fone Miss Hassard.
Wee. atordi@ivde ; MINK Grercrerste Mme. Knorr.
TiGot.,.. Lathe Gules M.Lt. .... Mme. Levet.
rok paaae M.L. .... Merveille de Lyon. —
heel Lecocg Dumesnil Ml. B..... Mademoiselle Bonnaire,
pee ha 3 Laat awh Maréchal Vaillant.
L.Do. .... Louis Doré. IMIS Vier { a. Sasivion
Le H. .... Le Havre. : MM Merce Monee 2
vee. 4 - ee ee M.Mr..... Mme. Margottin.
LM. .... Lord Macaulay. ae ane seal Uma
L.M.F..... Lady Mary Fitzwilliam. MN! Maréchal Niel
L.0O....... Leopoldine d’Orléans. Mo. N..... Wiocaharaiives (Alba)
Lp. B..... Leopold Bauffremont. iio. Ge. i a
IR... ... Le Rhone. M.P Bs Mae Mme Plantier
L.Rr. .... Longworth Rambler. Mp iter Mann ae :
LS....... Lady Sheffield. ae Marte Bade
IML eeadcon Luciole. IME sralers ee oe
{ Comtesse de Choiseul.
Mrs. J.L... Mrs. John Laing.
Mrs. H.T.. Mrs. Harry Turner.
Mrs. G.D.. Mrs. George Dickson,
M Mrs. B.... Mrs. Baker.
Mrs. L.... Mrs. Laxton.
L.V.H..... Louis van Houtte.
INE ageee » Multiflora. Mrs. J..... Mrs. Jowitt.
M.A.D. .. Alice Dureau. M.S....... Marie Sisley.
M.A.C. .. Mme. Alfred Carriere. M.S.J..... Mme. de St. Joseph.
Mac. .... Macartney Simplex Bracteata. M.T. .... Mme. Trifle.
Mac. M.L.. Macartney Marie Leonida. Mta. .... Macrantha.
Ma. C..... Ma Capucine. M.T.L. .. Therese Levet.
M.A.R. .. Mme. Alfred de Rougemont. M.Y. .... Marie Verdier.
Mag. .... Magna Charta. M.V.H. .. Marie van Houtte.
( Mme. Bravy. . MEWiece.) ime: Welch:
M.By Alba Rosea. | M.Wz..... Mme. Willermoz.
: eo t: | Josephine Malton. Mx.S..... Max Singer.
\ Mme. de Sertot. My. P. .. Mary Pochin.
Mb. M.... Mabel Morrison. My. Boiss Mary Bennett.
M.B. .... Marie Baumann.
Maurice Bernardin.
| M.Bn Ferdinand de Lesseps. N
| ~~ -* | Sir Garnet Wolseley. :
| Exposition de Brie. INE soioveveiels Niphetos.
M.B.K.... Mrs. Bellender Ker. Na. ...00- Narcisse.
M.B.L. .. Mme. Barthélemy Levet.
M.C....... Marie Cointet. O
M.C.C..... Mme. Charles Crapelet.
M.Cm.. Mme. Camille +
see : F Ores sacces, Ophiric:
M.C.V. .. Mme. Charles Verdier. =
WGK ao. Mime Charies. O.M. .,.. Old or Common Moss,
M.C.G. .. Mme. C. Guinoisseau,
M.deW... Mme. de Watteville. P
M. de M... Marquise de Mortemart.
M.Dr. .... Mme. Ducher. cevotor steers Polyantha (synonym of Multiflora),
M. de C. .. Marquise de Castellane. IRSA, heme Prince Arthur,
M. de 8S. ., Marquise de Sanina, Pan. .... Comtesse de Panisse,
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
P.B....... Princess Beatrice.
Pc Prince Camille de Rohan:
Saga at La Rosiére.
P.Ct. .... Pierre Carot.
P. de L. .. Perle de Lyon.
P.d’Or. .. Perle d’Or.
P.J....... Perle des Jardins.
P.L.V..... Princess Louise Victoria.
PLN. .... Paul Neyron.
TEM Paap ane Mme. Prosper Laugier.
PM. . Princess Mary of Cambridge.
Ps. =. Princesse Marie.
P.N. .... Pierre Notting.
P. of W... Pride of Waltham
ee one el eras
i eee Paul Ricaut.
Ps. of W.. Princess of Wales.
Ps. V..... Princess Vera.
PS.W. .. Pauls Single White.
PS.R..... Paul's Single Red.
Paul. ...... Pulveralenta Alba.
P.V....... Paul Verdier.
PY. . Persian Yellow.
RAS ESS Queen of the Belgians.
ti ae Queen of Queens.
R
ee Rugosa.
R.AD. . Rugosa Alba.
gS cae Ruga.
B.B. . Rosa Brunonis (syn. of Moschata).
Ut ee Repens Capreolata.
R. d'Or. .. Réve d'Or.
R.H. . Reynolds Hole.
RJ. ...... Rosieriste Jacobs.
[2 ae Rosa Mundi.
R.M.H. .. Reine Marie Henriette.
ea sesee Rampant.
RMP. .. Reine Maria Pia.
R.0....... Reine Olga de Wurtemberg.
R.P..... - Comiesse Riza du Pare.
ae eee p Rubens.
by
P iz
ig
MANDANNNNDNADNANDN
. Souvenir d'un Ami.
. Souvenir d’Elise Vardon.
. Souvenir de Spa.
. Sophie Fropot.
. Souvenir de G. Drevet.
>." "" Sir Joseph Paxton.
. Souvenir de Leon Gambetia.
S
Safrano.
Sweet Briar.
Seotch, white.
Scotch, yellow.
Sinica.
Souvenir de la Malmaison.
. Souvenir de Mme. Pernet.
Sombreuil.
a
S. of W. .. Star of Waltham. =
SHEN =F Souvenir de Paul Neyron.
Sp. ...... Splendens.
SHES soc ce Stanwell Perpetual.
Sei caeaes Suzanne-Marie Rodocanachi.
S.S. ...... Sempervirens Scandens.
Serene Sunset.
S.T.L. .... Souvenir de T. Levet.
S.V....... Senateur Vaisse.
S.V.H..... Souvenir de Victor Hugo.
S.W.W. .. Souvenir de W. Wood.
Se ee Sultan of Zanzibar.
a
T ( Thoresbyana.
Tic ala | Benneit’s Seedling.
gee HE The Bride.
Jie Ce The Garland.
T.M. .... Thomas Mills.
Le . The Puritan.
d kal | Se Triomphe de Rennes.
U
Bs ceees Ulrich Brunner.
V
Wiseweeee = Vivid.
VAS sso Violette Bouyer.
V.Bx. . Ville de Bruxelles.
V.F....... Viscountess Folkestone.
V.H. .... Victor Hugo.
V.V. .... Victor Verdier.
Vives ce Vicomie Vigier.
W
W.ALR. .. William Allen Richardson.
W.B. .... Whiie Bath.
W.Bs. .... White Baroness.
W.C.1.... Waltham Climber, No. 1.
C2. Me = No. 2.
W.0C.3. 2. = = No. 3.
W.FB.... W. F. Bennett.
WP >: -y White Provence.
W.W. .... William Warden.
X
#0 Gp Xavier Olibo.
b
Weit oe ec Yellow Banksian.
Vis Peas ae York and Lancaster.
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 287
NOTES ON DIGEST OF STATISTICS.
By the Rev. W. Wis, Sec. R.H.S.
The preceding tables of Statistical Returns made at the
Conference will be of the greatest possible interest and value to
theroughgoing Rosarians, both amateurs and_ professionals. _
They will positively revel in comparing one particular grower’s
selection with that of another grower as eminent; they will
delight in making special combinations and permutations, and
will inwardly digest the result; they will give all due weight to
aspect, climate, and soil. ‘’o such experts I must apologise for
any little mistakes which may have crept into what, if it has
been a labour of love, has been by no means an easy labour—
the digesting, tabulating, and abbreviating the mass of statistics
so kindly sent in.
Nomenclature.—Beyond the mere clerical work, the chief
difficulty has arisen from varying nomenclature, and that not
only with regard to synonyms, but also in regard to the very
varied spelling of names. Great confusion is evidently caused
by that most reprehensible practice of raisers of new sorts, in
eiving to their offspring names almost identical with others
already existing. For example, Mme. Kugéne Verdier (H.P.)
and Mlle. Eugénie Verdier, and then repeating Mme. Eugéne
Verdier again asa Tea! The result of this kind of naming is
that ‘“‘ Madame ’’ and ‘‘ Mademoiselle ’’ become completely mixed.
Sometimes one is entered when the other is evidently meant,
and more often we get a Hybrid form of name, in either
‘‘ Madame Kugene V.’’ or ‘‘ Mademoiselle Eugénie V.,” both
Hybrid names appearing also as Teas! Other examples will at
once suggest themselves, e.g., Hippolyte Jamain and Mme.
Hippolyte Jamain (H.P.), and Mme. Hippolyte Jamain (Tea) ;
Jules Margottin and Mme. Jules Margottin and Mme.
Margottin ; Mme. Ducher and Marie Ducher and Jean Ducher ;
Mme. Scipion Cochet (H.P.) and Mme. Scipion Cochet (Tea) ;
Princess of Wales (H.P.) and Princess of Wales (Tea) ; Prosper
Laugier and Mme. Prosper Laugier; Julius Finger and Jules
Finger; Jules Chretien, an old worthless pink H.P., and Jules
Chrétien H.P. (Schwartz, 1878), a handsome dark one;
N
288 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Souvenir de Victor Hugo (H.P.) and Souvenir de Victor Hugo
(Tea); Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild and Baronne Nathaniel
de Rothschild, both H.P.s; and so on ad infimitum. Or is our
language so poor in names that we need have two so similar as
Lady Sheffield and Lady Suffield? Raisers might surely
exercise a little ingenuity in choosing really distinctive names
for their new introductions. Nor can I think the constant
harping on one string, however distinguished, tends to clearness ;
c.g., Paul Verdier, Eugénie Verdier, Victor Verdier, Mme.
Eugéne Verdier (H.P.), Mme. Victor Verdier, Emilie Verdier,
Marie Verdier, Souvenir de Victor Verdier, Mme. Kugéne Verdier
(Tea), and probably several others. Similar lists might be made
of Jamains, Margottins, Levets, Lyons, Lyonnaise, &e. Nor
are our neighbours across the Channel alone in this, for amongst
English names we have Beauty of Waltham, Glory of Waltham,
Pride of Waltham, Queen of Waltham, Star of Waltham, Wal-
tham Climbers, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; Glory of Cheshunt, Grandeur of
Cheshunt, Brightness of Cheshunt, Cheshunt Scarlet, Cheshunt
Hybrid. What wonder if the average gardener gets altogether
‘mixed ’’ with such a repetition of the dominant name! Surely
one can have too much of such great rose names as Verdier,
Cheshunt, Waltham, Lyons, &c.? And might we not use-
fully drop at least half of the multitude of Madames and
Mademoiselles, and most of the Souvenirs ; indeed, all of them,
except when needed for the sake of clearness? Might we not,
for instance, without any disrespect or undue familiarity, talk of
Alfred de Rougemont, Alphonse Lavallée, Bellender Ker,
Charles Crapelet, Clemence Joigneaux, Gabriel Luizet, Norman
Néruda, Eugénie Verdier, Marie Cointet, Marie Rady, Thérése
Levet, Angéle Jacquier, Caroline Kuster, Gabrielle Drevet,
Admiral Courbet, Riza du Pare, &c., ke. ? Some of the very long
names might well drop half—which half, by the way, would do for
the next new rose—e.g., Archduchess Maria Immaculata might
very well be content to be simply styled ‘“‘Archduchess.”” “ Imma-
culata ’’ would then make an admirable name for the next new
white rose, and we should have ‘‘ Maria’’ over and to spare.
Prince Camille hardly needs “‘ de Rohan ” added, any more than
Souvenir d’Elise requires ‘‘ Vardon’’; Princess Mary could well
do without ‘‘of Cambridge’’; Madame KE. de Bonniéres de
Wierre could surely spare ‘‘ EH. de Bonniéres’’ far some other
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 989
flower and really not feel the loss; and the promised new Rose
of 1890 might be content to submit to the inevitable, and be from
the outset what she is bound to be in the end, ‘‘ Dowager
Duchess,” leaving ‘‘ Duchess of Marlborough ”’ for some future
novelty. I seriously think this question of simplicity and
distinctness of nomenclature is a matter Rosarians would do well
to lose no time in grappling with.
Order of Hntry.—In the preceding Statistical Returns no
weight must be laid on the order in which the individual Roses
stand in the different selections, as it was often impossible to tell
whether the lists were intended to be read up and down the
paper or across it, and in not a few cases the writers purposely
disowned all intention of any order of merit.
Abbreviations.—I must apologise for a great deal of incon-
sistency which cannot fail to be remarked in the method adopted
in abbreviating the different names of the roses. It is easy to be
wise after the event, and had I the work to do over again I would
certainly avoid such inconsistency. The task grew gradually
as I worked at the Returns, and was not definitely planned
beforehand, and at times it has had to be laid aside for weeks
together to allow other work to be continued. It must further
be remembered that the great object aimed at was brevity, and
that the abbreviations are simply used for the purposes of the
Statistics, and have no other authority or raison d’étre whatso-
ever. W. WILKs.
SUMMARISED RESULTS OF SOME OF THE
STATES FICS.
By Rev. W. Wiuks, Sec. R.H.S.
Best Twelve H.P.s for Show.—Although thoroughgoing
ol
Rosarians will, as I remarked in a previous note, revel in the
Returns, to a great many humbler Rose-lovers and Rose-growers
they will prove somewhat hard reading, and, for such as are
content to extract the honey at second hand, I have drawn
up the following lists, resulting generally from the Statistical
Returns :—
A
to
290 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
List I.
Tue Best Twetve H.P.s ror SHow Brooms. (79 Voters.)
Votes | Votes
1. A. K. Williams . s . 71 | 33. Abel Carriére ae
2. La France . : : . 69 | 33. Dr. Andry :
3. Marie Baumann . ; . 65: |-33. Gai of Rosebery =a
4. Alfred Colomb. : . 61 | 33. General Jacqueminot . it
5. Charles Lefebvre . - 1 60 | 33. Mons. Noman , :
5. Ulrich Brunner . : 33. Mme. Victor Verdier
7. Gabriel Luizet . ; . 59 | 33. Senateur Vaisse
8. Merveille de Lyon : . 48 40. Duchesse de Morny
9. Baroness Rothschild . . 39 40. Marguerite de St. ‘Amand
10. Etienne Levet . : . 37 | 40. Pride of Waltham. 3
11. Louis van Houtte - . 36°; 40. Prince Arthur
12. Duke of Edinburgh . . 27 | 40. Victor Hugo.
13. Marquise de Castellane. . 22 | 40. Victor Verdier
14, Captain Christy . : . 21 | 46. Annie Wood.
15. Lady Mary Fitzwilliam 1 99 | 46. Clara Cochet
15. Mrs. John Laing . en = 46. Comte de Raimbaud .
17. Horace Vernet. 3 . 19 46. Duchesse de Vallombrosa
18. Francois Michelon : . 18 46. John Hopper
19. Dupuy Jamain . : . 15 46. Magna Charta [
20. Eugénie Verdier . oc 46. Reynolds Hole !
20. Her Majesty. ‘ : + 12 46. Violette Bouyer
20. Marie Rady . : = oy 46. Xavier Olibo
23. Heinrich Schultheiss . . 10 | 55. Elie Morel
24. Countess of Oxford . l g 55. Mme. Hippolyte Jamain
24. Duchess of Bedford . /} 55. Eugéne Furst :
26. Prince Camillede Rohan . 7. 55. Mme. Eugéne Verdier .
27. Beauty of Waltham , g | 99- Edouard Morren .
27. Le Havre . ) 55. Mons. Boncenne .
29. Camille Bernardin ) 55. Glory of Cheshunt 1
29. Earl of Dufferin {aes 55. Duke of Teck
29. E. Y. Teas ( 55. Dr. Sewell :
29. Maurice Bernardin ) 55. Star of Waltham .
55. Countess Camondo
| 55. Princess Mary of Cambridge
| 55. Baronne Maynard.
55. John Stuart Mill .
From this list it will at once be noticed that in selecting
the best 12 Roses, 79 growers have named no less than
68 varieties; whilst at the same time the 11 best are very
clearly notified, and Duke of Edinburgh makes a very fair
fight for the remaining place in the best dozen. Newer sorts
are manifestly ata disadvantage in such statistics as these, some
srowers possibly not having yet made trial of them ; and from
this point of view it is probable that, if the selection were repeated
in a year or two’s time, Mrs. J. Laing, Earl of Dufferin, and
perhaps Victor Hugo and Clara Cochet, would stand relatively
higher than they do at present.
The Next Best Twelve H.P.s.—Of these I have only given the
—
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 991
names of those obtaining four or more votes, there being no
less than 67 other varieties mentioned. Here it is obvious
that the higher ones in List I. will figure amongst the lower in
List II., as they have already received almost as many votes as
possible.
Tae Next Best Twetve H.P.s
List II.
FoR SHOW.
(76 Voters.)
Votes Votes
1. Dr. Andry l 34 31. Senateur Vaisse )
1, Eugénie Verdier ser 31. Countess of Rosebery 12
3. Marquise de Castellane . 27 | 31. Lady Mary Fitzwilliam }
4, Francois Michelon . 25 | 34. Le Havre ,
5. Duke of Edinburgh . 24 | 34. General Jacqueminot 10
6. Camille Bernardin 1. 93 34. Ulrich Brunner )
6. Dupuy Jamain yo 37. Marie Baumann
8. Horace Vernet 1 99 | 37. Mons. Noman
y 22
8. Countess of Oxford
10. Louis van Houtte
10. Duke of Wellington
10. Marie Verdier
10. Marie Rady .
10. Baroness Rothschild
15. Captain Christy
15. Duchess of Bedford
17. Maurice Bernardin
17. Merveille de Lyon
17. Etienne Levet
20. Prince Arthur
21. Mme. Victor Verdier
21. Xavier Olibo
21. Reynolds Hole
24. Duchesse de ‘allornbre: osa
24. Charles Lefebvre .
96.4: Ve Leas.
26. Beauty of Waltham
26. Gabriel Luizet
29. Pride of Waltham
20
14
37. Heinrich Schultheiss
37. Marguerite de St. Amand
37. Abel Carriére
42. Fisher Holmes
42. Victor Verdier
42. Alfred Colomb
45. Charles Darwin
45. Prince Camille
45. Mrs. J. Laing
45. Duke of Teck
49. Violette Bouyer
49, Alphonse Soupert
49. Her Majesty
. La France
. Magna Charta
56. Earl of Pembroke
56. Victor Hugo
56. Rosieriste Jacobs .
56. Mrs. Baker
2 F
52. Mme. Eugéne Venice P
52. Comte de Rama
Sy
ere Oren Oreo > en 0 rr Se > r*
“I
Or
—— ——— —_—— —_—_— re Nee ee” ——_— egg po”
at
@®
13
29. Star of Waltham . 56. Duchesse de Morny
56. Sultan of Zanzibar
Ere ELE:
Hi.P.s scorntnc TWENTY OR MORE VOTES WHEN Lists I. ann II.
ARE COMBINED.
This list practically gives the opinion of the voters as to the
best 24 H.P.s for Show purposes :—
‘N —_, ——_ -—_
e
Charles Lefebvre 60+15=75 | Baroness Rothschild . 39+20=59
La France . 69+ 5=74 | Louis van Houtte 36 + 20=56
Marie Baumann. 65+ 9=74 | Etienne Levet 37+18 =55
A. K. Willams 71+°2=73 | Duke of Edinburgh 27+24=51
Ulrich Brunner . 60+10=70 | MarquisedeCastellane 22+ 27=49
Alfred Colomb 61+ 8=69 | Francois Michelon 18+ 25=43
Gabriel Luizet 55+14=69 | Eugénie Verdier 12+31=43
Merveille de Lyon 48+18=66 | Horace Vernet 19+22=41
999, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
List Il1.—continued.
Captain Christy . 21+19=40 Mrs. J. Laing 20+ 7=27
Dupuy Jamain 15+23=38 Maurice Bernardin 5+18=23
Dr. Andry . : . 4+31=35 Duke of Wellington 0+20=20
Lady Mary Fitzwilliam 20+12=32 Marie Verdier 0+ 20=20
Marie Rady : 12+ 20=32 | Prince Arthur . 3$+17=20
Countess of Oxford 9+22=31 | Mme. Victor Verdier. 4+16=20
Camille Bernardin 5+23=28 Beauty of Waltham 6+14=20
Duchess of Bedford 9+19=28 |
Twelve Most Useful H.P.s as Cut Flowers for Decoration.—
In this list I have omitted all receiving less than six votes, as
their name was verily legion.
lise Ty.
TweELVE Most UsEerun H.P.s. (64 Voters.)
Votes | Votes
1. La France. ; ; .~Ol |) 622. Alfred. Colom. o_. ; a be
2. General Jacqueminot . . 36 | 23. Jules Margottin . : ald
3. Duke of Edinburgh . - 30 | 24. Duke of Wellington . . 10
4. Baroness Rothschild . . 26 | 24. Duchess of Bedford j
5. Fisher Holmes : ) 26. Dr. Andry
5. Gabriel Luizet 23 | 26. Prince Arthur
5. Ulrich Brunner ) 26. Senateur Vaisse 9
8. Prince Camille ) 91, | 26. Duke of Connaught
8. Boule de Neige ne 30. Gloire Lyonnaise . ; ees:
10. Captain Christy 1 99 31. Earl of Pembroke ;
10. Dupuy Jamain + 31. Countess of Oxford
12. Eugénie Verdier . ; . 18 | 31. Maurice Bernardin |
13. A. K. Williams ) 31. Magna Charta ar
13. Heinrich Schultheiss - 16 | 31. Duke of Teck
13. Charles Lefebvre . 31. Beauty of Waltham |
16. Merveille de Lyon . y5 | 31. Mme. Victor Verdier
16. Marie Baumann . JS ~°? | 88. Abel Carriére
18. Marquise de Castellane . 14 388. Camille Bernardin 6
19. John Hopper : : ) 38. Mrs. Geo. Dickson
19. Violette Bouyer : 13 |
19. Louis van Houtte : } |
Here it will be noticed how facile princeps among useful
Roses stands La France, the only wonder being that it did not
receive the full number of 64 possible votes. In my own opinion,
for cut Roses for house decoration La France is a perfect Saul,
not only amongst H.P.s, but amongst all Roses—a head and
shoulders above all its brethren—and only approached by such
as the Common Pink China Monthly Rose, Mrs. Bosanquet,
Gloire de Dijon, and, if it had but a little scent, Souvenir de la
Malmaison. And I cannot but think, if a little more stress
had been put upon the word “ useful,’ that Captain Christy,
Charles Lefebvre, Marie Baumann, Marquise de Castellane, Alfred
Colomb, Duke of Wellington, and certainly Karl of Pembroke,
would have taken higher place than they do.
—
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 293
IT have made no list of “ Next Best H.P.s for Cut Blooms,’’
as there are comparatively few votcs, and it would have had but
slight influence (and that, perhaps, not quite a fair influence) in
determining the position of the leading flowers, when combined
with List IV.
With the “Garden Roses’”’ I have not dealt at all, as the
ideas of the voters as to what is meant by a ‘Garden Rose ’”’
seems to have been so very various that hardly any individual
varieties have received any great preponderance of votes. I
fancy Mr. Girdlestone’s paper, on p. 194, will be of more use to
the general reader than any lst I could have compiled from
the statistics.
The Best Twelve Teas for Show.—Here, as with the H.P.s,
some varieties that are comparatively new or httle known, e.q.,
Madame Hoste, Ethel Brownlow, &c., are probably deserving of
a somewhat higher rank than they here obtain; but this, time
and trial can alone decide.
List V.
Tue Best TwEetve TEAS FoR SHow Brooms. (78 Voters.)
Votes Votes
1. Catherine Mermet : . 71 | 382. SouvenirdePaulNeyron ,
2. Comtesse de Nadaillac . . 66 | 32. Sunset. A : gon :
3. Maréchal Niel . : . 62 | 34. Mme. Hoste
4, Marie van Houtte ; . 61 | 34. Cheshunt Hybrid .
5. Souvenir d’Elise . ‘ . 57 | 34. Boule d’Or
6. Innocente Pirola . ; . 49 | 84. Souvenir de Gab. Drevet
7. Niphetos. ; . 48 | 34. Riza du Pare :
8. Souvenir d’un Ami : . 44 | 34. Lady Mary Fitzwilliam. =
9. Jean Ducher. : : . 43 | 34. Viscountess Folkestone. ae
10. Hon. Edith Gifford , . 89 | 384. Amazone .
ii. The Bride -. : : . 37 | 34. Mme. Margottin
12. Anna Olivier . 9p | 3d. Mme. Falcot
13. Mme. Lambard . J °° | 84. Princess Beatrice .
14. Mme. de Watteville . . 33 | 34. Homer. ;
15. Mme. Bravy . : ; . 26 | 46. Ethel Brownlow
16. Rubens. ‘ ; : . 23 | 46. Mme. Welch
17. Caroline Kuster . : . 22 | 46. Comtesse Panisse
18. Devoniensis . : d . 21 | 46. Gloire Lyonnaise .
19. Francisca Kruger. : 119" | 46.) Perle: de Lyon
20. Mme. Cusin . ‘ F . 18 | 46. Mme. Berard i
21. Perle des Jardins . : 1 13 46. Souvenirde laMalmaison 1
21. Princess of Wales. : j 46. Jean Pernet .
23. Belle Lyonnaise . : - 9 | 46. Souvenir deThéréseLevet
24. Mme. Willermoz . . 8 | 46. Triomphe de Rennes
25. Mme. Hippolyte Jamain 46. Princess Royal
25. Etoile de Lyon . 6 | 46. Mme. Charles
25. Gloire de Dijon j 46. Luciole.
28. Adam .
28. Bouquet d’ Or | 5
28. Grace Darling
28. Jules Finger. : :
994 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Next Best Twelve Teas.—Of these I have only given
those obtaining five or more votes, there being 53 others named.
Again it is obvious that the higher ones in List V. will figure
among the lower in the present list, as they have already
received almost as many votes as possible.
firs ayalr
Next Best Twenve Treas ror SHow. (64 Voters.)
Votes | Votes
1. Rubens ; : . 34 | 22. Mme. Margottin . ; police
2. Princess of Wales. : ) 23. Marie Van Houtte 12
2. Mme. Bravy. 98 | 23. Mme Welch . }
2. Mme. Lambard ‘ “~ | 26. Niphetos lw
2. Souvenir de Paul Neyron ) | 25. Boule d@’Or . j
6. Caroline Kuster . ; . 27 | 27. Jules Finger
7. Francisca Kruger . : | 27. Adam : : 10
7. Souvenir d’un Ami ) | 27. Souvenir de Thérése Levet
7. Devoniensis . : . | 25 | 30. Amazone
7. Mme. Willermoz . ; | | 30. Belle Lyonnaise 9
7. Etoile de Lyon | 30. Sunset . : . :
12. Jean Ducher 1 93 33. Souvenir de Gab. Drevet . &
12. Mme. Cusin . : > JO" | Ba. Bouquet a Or .
14. Mme. de Watteville . . 22 | 34. Catherine Mermet |
15. Anna Olivier : 2 . 21 | 34. Mme. Berard . ae ie
16. Perle des Jardins : . 20 | 34. Gloire de Dijon «. ;
17. Mme. Hippolyte Jamain . 18 | 84. Souvenir d’Elise .
18. Hon. Edith Gifford . . 16 | 39. Angele Jacquier
19. Innocente Pirola . : . 15 | 39. Mme. Falcot ; 2 ~.
20. Princess Beatrice. ap ae 39. Comtesse de Nadaillac . ig
20. The Bride . ; : ) | 39. Riza du Pare
List VII.
TEAS SECURING TWENTY OR MORE VOTES WHEN Lists V. AND
VI. ARE COMBINED.
This list practically gives the best 24 Teas, in the opinion of
the voters, for Show purposes.
1. Catherine Mermet . 71+ 7=78 ) 15. Mme. Bravy . . 264 28=54
2. Marie van Houtte . 614+12=73 16. The Bride : . 874+ 14=51
3. Comtesse de Na- 17. Caroline Kuster . 224+27=49
daillae : . 664+ 5=71 | 18. Devoniensis . . 21425 =46
4. Souvenir d’un Ami 44+25=69 | 19. Francisca Kruger . 19+25=44
5. Jean Ducher . . 43-£23=66' | 20. Mme: Cusim - . 18+23=41
6. Maréchal Niel . 62+ 3=65 | 20. Princess of Wales . 13+28=41
7. Souvenir d’Elise . 57+ 7=64 | 22. Perle des Jardins . 13+20=33
7. Innocente Pirola . 49+15=64 | 22. Mme. Willermoz . 8+25=33
9. Mme. Lambard . 354+28=63 | 24. Etoile de Lyon . 6425=31
10. Niphetos : . 48+11=59 | 24. Souvenir de Paul
11. Rubens . : . 234+ 34=57 Neyron . . 34+28=31
12. Anna Olivier . . 854+ 21=56 | 26. Mme. Lambard . 0+28=28
13. Hon. Edith Gifford 39+16=55 | 27. Mme. Hippolyte
13. Mme. de Watteville 43 +22=55 Jamain. . 64+18=24
The next few columns in the Statistical Returns have
NATIONAL ROSE
CONFERENCE.
295
received so few answers that those who may happen to be
interested in the subjects which they concern will not find it any
ereat labour to summarise them for themselves.
The Twelve Hardiest Teas.—Those receiving less than five
votes have been omitted, as they included the name of almost
every known Tea.
THe TwrELVE Harpiest Tras. -(53 Voters.)
Mme. Lambard
Marie van Houtte
Anna Olivier
Souvenir d’un Ami
Gloire de Dijon .
Rubens ;
Francisca Kruger
Hon. Edith Gifford
Jean Ducher
Caroline Kuster .
Homer :
Catherine Mermet
Mme. Willermoz.
Mme. Bravy
Mme. Berard
List VIII.
Votes
~ 45
- 39
mon
2a
26
. 24
Seas Se
23
. 14
Belle Lyonnaise .
Bouquet d’Or
Mme. Cusin.
Mme. de Watteville
Etoile de Lyon
Innocente Pirola.
Jules Finger
Devoniensis
Safrano
Mme. Falcot
Grace Darling
Niphetos . ‘ :
Comtesse de Nadaillac
Perle des Jardins
Mme. Margottin .
Souvenir de P. Neyron
Votes
} 5
Any Exceptionally Delicate Teas.—In this list it must be
remembered, in contradistinction to all others, that the greatest
honour is to be at the bottom, and vice versd.
List IX.
DELICATE TRAS.
Comtesse de Nadaillac
*Niphetos
* Devoniensis
Souvenir d’Elise
Princess of Wales
Angeéle Jacquier
Boule d’Or
Mme. Cusin 2
Innocente Pirola
Catherine Mermet
Maréchal Niel . ;
Mme. de Watteville .
*The Bride :
Hon. Edith Gifford
*Mme. Eugéne Verdier
Jean Ducher
*Lamarque
Rubens
Amazone .
Mme. Guinoisseau
Perle des Jardins
Souvenir de P. Neyron
Votes |
SHS eer = ,
-
12
ial
|
9 |
6
(27 Voters.)
*Adrien Christophle
Isabella Sprunt
*Belle Lyonnaise
Mme. Bravy
Luciole
» | *Ma Capucine
Narcisse
Jean Pernet
- *Mons. Furtado .
Mme. Willermoz
Mme. Falcot
Socrate :
Princess Beatrice
Moiret 7 : ‘
Belle Fleur d’Anjou .
Souvenir de G. Drevet
Mme. Welch
W. F. Bennett .
Souvenir d’un Ami
*Primrose Dame
Votes
Nl
296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The preceding list would have been of more general use to the
inexperienced if the question asked had referred to ‘‘ hardiness to
withstand frost.” As it is, it appears to be evident that some, in
making this Return, have regarded ‘‘ weakly growmg”’ as
synonymous with “ exceptionally delicate””—e.g., Mme. Cusin is
undeniably a somewhat poor grower, but it is very hardy against
cold, whereas those marked with an asterisk [*] are among the
easiest victims to King Frost.
I trust, therefore, that those who have been kind enough to
vote on this question of delicacy will not be offended by my
expressing a hope that the general public, for whom alone I am
venturing to make these notes, will not give undue weight to
the verdict of this or the following list, but will try for them-
selves ; and in particular that they will let nothing deter them
from planting that perhaps most lovely of all lovely Teas,
Comtesse de Nadaillac, which in my own garden, for instance,
proves as hardy as any, though not quite so vigorous a grower as
some. It may further be taken for granted that any not named
in either List VIII. or IX. are neither especially hardy nor par-
ticularly delicate. However, to reap the true value of Lists
VIII. and IX. it remains to combine them, or rather to subtract
TX. from VIII., and noite the result.
Last X.
THe Harprest Tras, BeErinG List VIII. minus List IX.
1. Mme. Lambard . 45-0=45 | 16. Belle Lyonnaise . 13-1=12
2. Marie van Houtte . 39—0=39 | 16. Etoile de Lyon . 12—0=12
3. Anna Olivier . . 30—0=32 19. Mme. de Watteville. 13—3=10
4. Souvenir d’un Ami . 31—1=36 | 20. Mme. Cusin . .13-5= 8
5. Gloire de Dijon 26—0=26 20. Jules Finger . - 8=0=8
6. Francisca Kruger . 23—0=23 20. Safrano . : . 8-0= 8
7. Rubens . : . 24—2=22 23. Innocente Pirola . 10—4= 6
8. Hon. Edith Gifford . 23—2=21 | 23. Mme. Falcot 7—1= 6
8. Jean Ducher 23—2=21 | 23. Grace Darling . 6-—0= 6
10. Caroline Kuster 20-—0=20 | 26. Mme. Margoitin 5-O= 5
10. Homer . : . 20-—0=20 27. PerledesJardins . 6—2= 4
12. Mme. Willermoz .16—1=15 | 28. SouvenirdeP.Neyron 5—2= 3
12. Mme. Bravy . . 16—1=15 | 29. Devoniensis . 8— 9=-1
14. Mme. Berard . . 14—0=14 | 30. Niphetos : 6-—11=—5
15. Bouquet d’Or . . 13—0=13 | 31. Comtesse deNadaillac6 —12=—6
16. Catherine Mermet . 16—4=12
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 297
Briar Seedlings or Briar Cuttings for Stocks.—Judging from
the opinions expressed in the Returns, it appears that, other con-
ditions being equal or unknown, there is absolutely nothing to
choose between Seedlings and Cuttings, for Rose Stocks; yet
each has its particular merits under certain conditions. Given
a good deep rich well-drained soil, or a dry sandy or chalky
soil, the Seedling seems to be preferred. It roots deeper down
into the soil, and can therefore better withstand the summer
drought. The Cutting, on the other hand, appears to be the
best for shallow or heavy soils, or for damp ill-drained positions.
It roots somewhat nearer to the surface, and makes a fibrous
web ready to absorb the surface feeding given; it is also more
readily affected by the warmth and hght of the sun. The Cut-
ting has another merit in the eyes of many in that it is easier to
bud on it, than on the Seeding. It is said by some that the
Cuttting also gives earlier and somewhat larger blooms, to which
others reply, ‘‘ But the Seedling lasts the longer.’’ In deep warm
well-drained soils therefore, or in over-dry ones, our “ Returns”’
counsel us to choose the Seedling, and in heavy or damp soils to
choose the Cutting, but in other cases Seedling or Cutting are
eood alike.
Manetti or Briar as a Stock.—Manetti does not find much
favour; some, however, consider it better for hght soils and for
strong growers, and some think that for such it is immaterial
which stock is used. The Briar, however, is insisted on as an
almost absolute necessity for Teas and weakly growing H.P.s.
Manetti is said to give earlier blooms, and therefore if used
partially, together with Briar for the main crop, it affords a
longer succession of bloom. The consensus of opinion is de-
cidedly against Manetti for heavy lands.
Value of “ Own Root” Roses.—The general agreement on the
inferiority of Roses raised from Cuttings, and therefore growing
solely on their own roots, as compared with plants budded on the
Briar Seedling or Briar Cutting, 1s very remarkable. It appears
to be pretty generally agreed that ‘‘ Own Root” plants take much
longer to obtain, and when obtained give inferior blooms. Some
few, however, prefer ““Own Roots” for very strong growers like
La France, Ulrich Brunner, and the Duke of Edinburgh family.
Some of the Returns remark that budded plants become ‘“ Own
298 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Roots’’ after two or three years from planting, and this is, in a
sense, no doubt true, especially when the stock used is the
Manetti; but when the union between bud and stock has once
been good, although the Rose will make roots of its own above
the union, and be so far an ‘‘ Own Root,”’ yet it will at the same
time continue to draw nourishment for very many years through
the stock roots also. The present Returns therefore advise us
to continue to bud Roses, as not only being a quicker and easier
method of propagation, but as also giving us better flowers.
In thus summarising and interpreting, to the best of my
ability, the results of the Returns sent in, I have endeavoured as
far as possible to refrain from the expression of any single per-
sonal opinion, either of my own or of others; but I think it will be
of interest to many to have before them the following note on
Stocks, which was enclosed in the return of Messrs. Cocker, of
Aberdeen.
I have ventured only to add up Messrs. Cocker’s list of
experiments with forty-six varieties, with the following results :—
Best. Middle. Worst.
Briar Cutting . ; : . 28 13 5
Seedling Briar . ; ‘ ot? 19 15
Manetti . 5 : F ee, 12 25
Similar experiments, carried out on a sufficiently large scale,
in other places would give us very valuable results.
W. WILKES.
ein i
t
;
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 999
NODE YONUSE OCIS.
By Messrs. CockEr.
We believe that all three stocks—viz., Manetti, Briar Cutting,
and Seedling Briar—are necessary, and that each variety of Rose
should have the stock which it prefers. We append below a list
of Hybrid Perpetuals budded in 1884 and allowed to stand on the
same ground until the spring of 1888, when they were removed
to a fresh piece of ground. The stocks were planted in beds of
three rows each—one row being Manetti, one Cutting Briar,
and the other Seedling Briar. Each sort was budded over
the whole three rows in quantities varying from 80 to 50 of a
sort, according to the excellence of the variety. On taking notes
on June 22 of the present year (1889), we find the following to
be the result. The healthiest and most promising plants are
marked 1; the next best, 2; and the worst, 3.
BM] aa apm) &
Name of Variety. s =e 35 | Name of Variety. ie | Fa 5 = .
a jonah S58] 38
Alfred Colomb 1 | 2 | 8 || Francois Michelon So ah sho
A. K. Williams 1 | 3 | 2 || Her Majesty BS labo ed
Alphonse Soupert 3 | 1 | 2 || Horace Vernet .| 3 | equial
Annie Wood 2 {1 | 8 || Heinrich Schultheiss.| 3 | 1 | 2
Baroness Rothschild 8 | 2! 1 | J..S. Mill 2, | v8
Chas. Lefebvre a | 3 || La France . i | De eg
Comte Raimbaud 3 | 2 | 1 || Louis Peyronny . me ae ee
Comtesse d’Oxford 3 | 2 | 1 || LaDuchessede Morny| 3 | 1 | 2
FE de Serenye . | eq. | all jover| Mme. Gabriel Luizet.| 3 | 1 | 2
Countess of Rosebery .| 2 | 1 | 3 | », Chas. Wood 5 ead eee ab a2.
Dr. Andry . ; Oe Pee |i » . Jamain 2 |e ees
Duc de Wellington See 2 | » V. Verdier So Ea
D. de Vallombrosa a) 2,4 » iL. Perriere Dest 3 tee
Duc de Rohan . 3 | 1 | 2 || Marie Baumann a} (Roo
Duke of Albany . 3 {1 | 2 », Verdier 2 | tos
» 5 Mdinburgh 2) Lis » Rady 2 Wes
Duchess of Bedford 1 | 2 | 3 |; Merveille de Lyon ai 2 ww
Duke of Teck 3 | 2 | 1 || Mons. E. Y. Teas 2 ey dies
Elie Morel . 3 | 1 | 2 || Mrs. Jowitt : L. | Bas
Emilie Hausbere 3 | 2 | 1 || Pride of Waltham 2/|31]1
Etienne Levet 1 | 3 | 2 || Senateur Vaisse So 1. Deve it
Ficlair . ; .| 3 | 1 | 2 |) U. Brunner Lie 3422
Ferdinand de Lesseps.| 3 | 2 | 1 || V. Bouyer . 2 Wake omics
It will be seen from above that, as a general stock, the Cut-
ting Briar is far ahead of any of the others, at any rate for the
North of England.
300 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
NOTE ON SPECIES OF ROSES SHOWN AT THE
CONFERENCE.
A good collection of species in flower came from Mr.
T. W. Girdlestone, including R. rugosa, rubrifolia, Beggeriana,
Damask, indica and varieties, Hardyi, macrantha, pisocarpa,
Woodsi, multiflora, and varieties of lucida.
From the Royal Gardens, Kew, a great number were sent, as
follows :—R. nivea, involuta Wilsoni, micrantha, hemispherica,
spinosissima, simplicifolia (berberidifola), Fortuneana, nutkana,
Beggeriana, sempervirens, capreolata polyantha, moschata, sty-
losa, levigata, cinnamomea, carolina, sericea, lucida, nitida, laxa,
pisocarpa, rugosa, microphylla, hibernica, acicularis, Webbiana,
alpina, myriacantha, macrophylla, provincialis, centifolia, dama-
scena, gallica, tomentosa, villosa, Noisettiana, canina, indica (a
ereen monstrosity), anemoneeflora, rubiginosa, and sepium.
Messrs. Paul & Sons also showed the following in pots :—
R. carolina, lucida, blanda, foliosa, gymnocarpa, Ece, setigera,
arkansana, simplicifolia, pimpinellifolia, platyacantha, Pissardu,
nitida, nutkana, pisocarpa, macrophylla, microphylla, levigata,
indica, villosa, and Nuttalliana.
The Rev. J. H. Pemberton had specimens of R. arvensis,
rubiginosa, and canina.
From the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, Mr. I. R. Lynch sent
nineteen specimens, mostly in flower, viz.: R. alpina, Beg-
geriana, blanda, canina var. (dumalis), gallica, indica, pumila,
involuta Wilsoni, lucida, macrantha, macrophylla, Manetti,
polyantha, repens, rubiginosa, rubrifolia, rugosa, and rugosa
variety.
The Rey. Moyle Rogers showed a specimen of R. pseudo-
rusticana, a Rose hitherto not known to exist in this country
and Mr. T. A. Briggs sent specimens of R. stylosa var. systyla
R. micrantha Briggsii, and R. stylosa leucochroa.
Sir George Macleay contributed R. damascena, rugosa,
rugosa alba, arvensis, canina, lutea (single and double), poly-
antha, lucida, and repens.
The Rey. H. Ewbank sent specimens of R. simplicifolia
leevigata, rubrifolia, and lucida.
ee ee ee ae
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 301
NOTE ON BOOKS AND DRAWINGS SHOWN AT THE
ROSE CONFERENCE.
The following books were sent by Dr. Masters, F.R.S.
Under the title of each book we mention the plates or figures of
Roses to be found in each.
WiriiiaM Turner, Libellus, 15388. Facsimile reprint.
(Kd. B. D. Jackson.)
In this the only two Roses mentioned are :
Cynorhodos.—Cynorhodos quantum mihi cernere datum ut
frutex cuius folia primo vere suaviter olent quem vulgus opinoe
vocat swetebrere aut eglentyne.
Cynosbatos.—Cynosbatos latinis, a wild hep tre or a brere
tree.
JOHN GERARDE, of London, Master in Chirurgerie,
The Herball, 1597.
Rosa alba, R. rubra, R. provincialis sive damascena, R. p.
minor, R. sine spinis, R. Hollandica sive Batava (the great
Holland Rose, commonly called the Great Province Rose), R.
moschata simplici flore, R. m. multiplex, R. holosericea, R. lutea,
R. cinnamomea pleno-flore, R. silvestris odora, R. canina inodora,
R. pimpinella.
M. Johnson’s edition, 1686. There are in addition to the
above: Rosa moschata speciis (sic) major, R. lutea multiplex,
R. cinnamomea flore simplici, R. silvestris odora flore duplici.
Crisrinus Passmus, Hortus foridus, 1614.
Rosa alba pleno-flore, R. rubra, R. preenestina, R. moschata
pleno-flore.
Parkinson, Paradisi in Sole, &c., 1692.
(1) Rosa anglica alba ; (2) R. incarnata ; (8) R. anglica rubra;
(4) R. damascena, fig. 1, p. 415 ; (5) R. provincialis sive Hollandica
damascena, fig. 2, p. 415; (6) R. p. rubra; (7) R. p. alba; (8)
R. versicolor, the party-coloured Rose of York and Lancaster ;
(9) Rosea (sc) chrystallina ; (10) Rosa rubra humilis sive pumilio
fig. 4 ; (11) R. franco-furtensis, fig. 8, p. 415; (12) R. hungarica ;
(13) R. holosericea simplex et multiplex; (14) R. sine spinis
simplex et multiplex ; (15) R. cinnamomea simplex et multiplex ;
(16) R. lutea simplex; (17) R. 1. multiplex sive flore pleno; (18
302 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
R. moschata simplex et multiplex; (19) R. m. multiplex altera
alias damascena alba vel verisimilior cinnamomea flore pleno
albo; (20) R. hispanica moschata simplex; (21) R. pomifera
major ; (22) R. silvestris odora sive eglenteria simplex ; (23) R. s.
odora sive eglanieria flore duplici ; (24) R. sempervirens.
From THE COLLECTION OF Rost. Fursper, Gardener at Ken-
sington, 1730. (Coloured Plates by Casteel.)
May.—(1) Cmnamon Rose, (22) Yellow Austrian Rose, (27)
Red Austrian Rose.
June.—({9) Maiden’s Blush Rose, (12) Blush Belgick Rose,
(13) The Francfort Rose, (18) Moss Province Rose, (20) White
Rose, (21) Dutch Hundred-leaved Rose, (23) Rosa mundi.
August.—(19) Striped Monthly Rose.
Sepiember.—(20) White Monthly Rose.
October—(26) Double White Musk Rose.
A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, &c., by a Soctety of GARDENERS
(Ed. Pain Miner ?), 1730. .
Moss Province Rose, Double Velvet Rose, Austrian Rose,
Double Yellow Rose, Red Provence Rose (Artist, Van Huysum).
Hate’s Compleat Body of Husbandry, plate 45-46, 1756.
The Double Red Rose ; the Double Musk Rose ; the Hundred-
leaved Rose; the Prznestine Rose.
Minter, Pamip, Gardeners’ Dictionary, Sth edition, 1768.
Rosa canina, R. spimosissima, R. villosa, R. eglaniteria, R.
scotica, R. inermis, R. hispanica, R. scandens, R. sempervirens,
R. virginiana, R. lutea, R. punicea, R. moschata, R. cenitifolia,
R. damascena, R. alba, R. belgica, R. provincialis, R. incarnaia,
R. gallica, R. cnmnamomea, R. muscosa.
In addition to the above, which Miller considered as species,
he enumerates the following garden varieties :—
“The Monthly Rose, the Striped Monthly Rose, the York
and Lancaster Rose, Mrs. Hari’s Rose. These are all supposed
to be varieties of the Damask Rose.
“The Red Belgick Rose is supposed to be a variety of the
Blush Belgick.
“The single Velvet Rose, the double Velvet Rose, the Royal
Velvet Rose. These three are all varieties; the last I raised
from seed of the pale Provence Rose.
.
NATIONAL ROSE CONFERENCE. 303
“The Childing Rose, the Marbled Rose, the double Virgin
Rose. These three have great affinity with each other.
“The Cabbage Provence is only a variety of the Common
Provence.
“The Blush or Pale Provence is a variety of the Red
Provence.
“The White Monthly and the White Damask are varieties
of the Damask.
‘“The Frankfort Rose may be a distinct species, but is of
little value ; the flowers rarely open fair, and have no odour.
“The double Sweet Brier, the evergreen Sweet Brier, the
double blush Sweet Brier, are varieties of the common sort.
“The Austrian Rose, with red and yellow flowers, is only an
accidental variety.
‘*The double Yellow Rose is a variety of the single yellow.
‘The Rosa Mundi is a variety of the Red Rose.
“The small white and semi-double white are varieties of
the common white.’’
From Mr. Laxton came a beautiful copy of Miss Lawrance’s
celebrated Illustrations of Ivoses, 1799, which excited much »
attention.
Messrs. W. Paul & Son showed the ninth edition of their
Rose Garden, in two sizes; Roses in Pots, sixth edition; Roses
and Rose Culture, sixth edition; The Rose Annual, first
and second series. Mr. Cranston also showed his work on the
Rose.
DRAWINGS, &c¢.
From the Royal Gardens, Kew, came copies of Sweert’s
drawings, 1620, representing the Roses of that period.
Professor Oliver, F'.R.S., contributed a drawing, by Ehret,
of Rosa pimpinellifolia.
Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., a similar beautiful water-
colour, by Ehret, of the spineless Rose, Rosa alpina.
From Messrs. Byrne, photographers, Richmond, Surrey,
came a series of magnificent photographs of Roses, correctly
named, representing the fiowers at nine-tenths of life-size.
M. Barbey sent a photograph of Rosa levigata to show its
beauty as a hardy Climbing Rose.
304 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE ORIGIN OF THE FLORIST’S CARNATION.
By Mr. Suirtey Hisserp, F.R.H.S.
(Read July 23.]
Ir is necessary to make a beginning, but it is not necessary to
make an end. Let us begin then with a plant known as Dianthus
caryophyllus, and proceed to reason upon it without seeing it.
We shall have to encounter the fascinating subject of evolution,
which in part certainly rests on assumptions, and to be in the
fashion we will assume that this wild plant, Dianthus caryo-
phyllus is the parent of our garden and florist’s carnations. A
little evidence may be useful, and may tend at last to lead from
assumption to proof; and if we do not establish our case by abso-
lute proof, we may succeed in establishing a strong probability
that our carnation, so various in style of growth, and the size,
form and colour of the flower, is of pure descent, as truly aristo-
cratic in lineage ag it is In appearance and reputation. Our
ereat poet has said—
“‘ Be thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow,
Thou shalt not escape calumny ”
and our carnation of unblemished blood is defamed by the deli-—
eate-minded Perdita, who, from a suspicion of their derivation,
refused to grow the flower in her garden. Nor was the error of
Perdita—an error so injurious to herself that it excluded from
her garden a whole family of the sweetest and loveliest of flowers—
a singular instance of unjust aspersion, for the botanists have
been wanting in discrimination, the carnation, sweet-william,
and pink, having been regarded by some of them as forming a
family of mixed descent from several species of dianthus. The
question proposed, therefore, to determine the origin of the
florist’s carnation is one of great interest, and the investigation
may prove both interesting and useful.
In a direct appeal to nature, we observe that the wild forms
of dianthus include only three or four that might with any justice
be regarded as parents of florist’s flowers. The sweet-william
may be the garden form of Dianthus barbatus; the pink may be
an improved edition of Dianthus plumarius; and the carnation
differs from Dianthus caryophyllus in no essential particulars,
THE ORIGIN OF THE FLORIST’S CARNATION. 8305
but is larger, fuller, richer, immensely various in outward charac-
ters, but within, as we may say, that is, in structural characters,
it is doubtless altogether free from taint of other blood. It has
been often assumed that the carnation and the pink are related
by consanguinity, and that Perdita’s objection holds good ; that
is, if any such objection is worthy of anything more than senti-
mental consideration.
Dianthus caryophyllus in its wild state is registered as occur-
ring at Rochester, Deal, Norwich, and other places in England,
but it is a rarity. Watson suggests that it was originally planted
where we now find it, and thereby he seems to authorise a further
suggestion, that the so-called wilding may be but a degenerated
offspring of an escape from gardens. Bentham ignores its
existence ; and Watson adds under D. plumarius, that it has by
mistake been reported as D. caryophyllus, and therefore perhaps
has never been found at all. But the species is good for all that,
being plentiful as such in the south of Europe, a fact that explains
the derivation from Spain and Italy of garden carnations in
ancient times.
This wild carnation is constant in its characters; the flower
has five petals, which are wedge-shaped, a calyx of one piece
forming a kind of vase or tube for the display of the petals ; this
tube forms a five-divided calyx or ‘‘ pod,”’ at the base of which are
four large, conspicuous rhomboidal scales. The change from five to
four in the numbers of the floral organs appears anomalous, but
if we regard the four scales as the equivalent of two pairs of
leaves—for the leaves are in pairs always—there is an end of the
arithmetical difficulty. There are other distinguishing characters.
Dianthus ccesius and D. plumarius, which are probably forms of
one species, come very near to D. caryophyllus in the arrange-
ment of petals, sepals, and scales, but the complexion of the
entire plant is greatly different, the scales are roundish ovate,
the leaves are toothed, and the flowers appear and pass away
usually before a single carnation has shown colour.
It should here be observed that we havein gardens a number
of useful flowers known as mule pinks, a term that confesses to
their mixed parentage. These are variously compounded of D.
plumarius, D. cesius, and D. deltoides, and combine in various
degrees their characters. But no variation of essential character
ig ever noticeable in a carnation, and this being the case imports
0 2
806 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
an element of wonder into the history, for carnations, in outward
expression, differ so much that we might, if judging them by
these outward characters, be easily persuaded of a complicated
hybridism and ambiguous origin.
Early in the history of the flower it was famous for multiph-
city of petals and variety of colouring. Turner, in his ‘ Herbal,”
published 1550, says these flowers ‘‘ are made pleasaunt and swete
with the labours and witt of man and not by nature.’ We
are bound to regard his words as representing his knowledge.
We may therefore conclude that long ere Turner’s time the
florists had operated on the flower for its improvement, which
perhaps may assist us in the appreciation of its antiquity. Let
it not be supposed, however, that the British florists took the
wild carnation from the walls of Rochester Castle and made it
what it is; for we have no evidence tending that way. But we
have evidence of the introduction of the carnation, as a garden
flower ready made, and it is highly probable that it was an
ancient flower in the time of Elizabeth, to whom Turner
dedicated his book; for Shakespeare could not use it as he does
had it been a rarity or a new importation in hisday. Beckmann,
in his ‘‘ History of Inventions,” suggests that “ the modern taste
for flowers came from Persia to Constantinople, and was imported
thence to Europe, for the first time, in the sixteenth century.’ This,
on the testimony of Turner and Shakespeare alike, is a grave
error, and seriously invalidates what little Beckmann has té
say on the history of garden flowers. In 1550, when Turner
published, the ‘garden gelouers’’ were evidently well known
and in high favour; while in 1601, when Shakespeare wrote the
Winter’s Tale, the carnation must have been one of the most
popular flowers, because the “ streaked gillyvors ’’ are spoken of
familiarly, and were to be recognized by mixed audiences no less
than by the choice personages engaged in the stage dialogue.* A
dramatist of this day might in a dialogue introduce the moss
rose or the lily of the valley, but he would not mention the
Amorphophallus titanum unless he had an ambition to be flayed,
grilled, and peppered in the daily papers. Turner fixed the date
at about 350 years since. For the sake of a figure we will
assume that in his time it had been cultivated 350 years at least,
* T adopt the spelling as it appears in Turner’s “ Herbal *’; and in the
first folio Shakespeare, published 1632.
THE ORIGIN OF THE FLORIST’S CARNATION. 807
and this will make it 700 years old as a garden flower at the
present time. We may imagine its introduction coeval with the
erowning of Richard of the Lion Heart, and thereby obtain a
hint of the possible introduction of the flower by the Crusaders.
If conjectures are to be allowed on this solemn occasion, I will
beg you to note that the carnation was greatly valued by the
ancients, say, to be precise, by those of Italy and Spain, for the
flavouring of stimulating beverages. The Greeks and Romans
probably did not grow flowers, as we do, for the sake of tneir
beauty solely, but when a flower found favour by its usefulness it
became a subject of careful attention. Thus we seem to find a
clue to the reference by Pliny in his twenty-fifth book to the
Cantabrica, or carnation, which was discovered in Spain in the
days of Augustus, B.c. 50, and of which he says it was one of a
hundred herbs that were employed to flavour a kind of sweet
mead which Holland translates as ‘‘ a certain wassell or Bragat.”’
Pliny, therefore, carries back the history at least 2,000 years, for
Augustus became consul in the year B.c. 33. Shall we say then
that in all probability the Romans brought the carnation into
this country to flavour their liquor, and the Saxons who suc-
ceeded them appreciated the boon and made ‘‘soppes in wine ”
of the fragrant flower, securing for it thereby the cultivation it
required, not only to continue its services in conviviality, but for
the position it has since acquired in the world of sentiment as
the sweetest of garden flowers and a special favourite of the
florists.
When Gerard published in 1597, carnations were plentiful
and various in gardens, and he records obtaining a yellow variety
from Poland through the agency ofafriend. Parkinson, publishing
in 1629, speaks of them in number so great that “to give several
descriptions to them all were endless.’”’ Those he figures are far
remoyed from our modest Dianthus caryophyllus in size and
general appearance, but the essential characters are in them;
for they were the same, however different, as the flowers we now
cultivate, and they afford valuable aid in measuring the influence
of man upon them. It is not of great importance that John Rea
in his “* Complete Florilege,’’ published 1676, gives the names
of a collection of 360 sorts of ‘‘ Dutch July Flowers,’ adding
that they were then ‘‘ raised in great numbers in Holland and
brought over to London.” But it is of importance to note that
JOUR NAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the sorts named by Parkinson in 1629 had passed out of eultiva-
tion in 1676, for Rea says “now not any of them are to be
found in any of our gardens.” I have lately taken a list of 320
varieties of carnations that were conspicuous in prize-lists in
exhibitions in 1822, and placed the list before my friends Mr.
Samuel Barlow of Castleton, Mr. Dodwell of Oxford, and Mr.
Douglas of Ilford, and they agree in saying they do not know of
a single one of the 320 varieties as bemg now im cultivation. Thus.
fashion or whim may have something to account for; or it may
be that actual improvement has put the newer kinds im place of
those in the list; or it may be that the varieties die out after a
certain number of years and the flower can only be kept to
exhibition standard by the raising of seedlmgs and making new
selections to repair the ravages of time consequent upon the fact
that the plant is not periectly hardy in this country.
The life of fioriculture is to be found in the capabilities of
fiowers to vary from their origmal types. The carnation has.
produced flowers with stripes, spots, and coloured edges, and
with different colours on the upperand under surfaces. Although.
mere variation is common, and the number of varieties obiamed
may almost be determined in advance by counting the seeds, yet
actual improvement is accomplished slowly, and the system of
judging followed appears io ensure that every year the very best
in technical properties shall be placed conspicuously in the front.
I will ask you to compare Franklin's Tartar, a beautiful bizarre
carnation that forms the subject of plate 39 of the Botanical
Magazine, with any of the finest bizarres of the present day.
The comparison will show that the fiower of 1788 was not quite
so good as the best of to-day, but the difference appears not
great for the work of a hundred years. The picotees are some-
times referred to as evidence of rapid production, buiit has really
taken centuries to form them. Parkinson had spotted flowers,
and these were the parents of the piquetted group in which the
spots formed a kind of fringe on the outer margin of each petal,
the spots being in reality contracted rays or lines radiating from
the centre. A clear description of a piquetied flower of 1757 is
given in Hills’s “‘ Eden” as consisting in “a simple colour laid
on in spots.” In the time of Hanbury, 1770, the classification
of carnations comprised Flakes, Bizarres, Piquettes, Cloves, and
Painted Ladies ; these last having a different colour on the upper
and under side of the petals.
THE ORIGIN OF THE FLORIST’S CARNATION. 809
The piquetted carnation, with its fringe of short lines, was in
high perfection in the time of Thomas Hogg, say 1839, and the
wire-edged flower was then unknown, or at least was a rarity,
but was in process of formation. We have in this a perfect
analogy with the edged auricula, which I have shown was
obtained by pushing outwards the stripes that radiated from the
centre until, as we may say, the colour accumulated at the
margin in a close, dense, sharply-defined ring. The wire-edge
picotee is a parallel instance, for precisely the same process has
taken place, and may be said to represent fully 800 years of
the florist’s work. It will be seen that in the wild carnation
and in many other species of dianthus the colours radiate in
bands, lines, and dots from the centre; and there is a tendency
always for some kind of emphasis at the edges, whether in serra-
tures, or less colour, or more colour; Nature showing a distinct
intention of defining the form not only with the scissors but
with the paint-brush.
Seeing how slow has been the progress of the flower, there
can be no extravagance in assuming that it was brought here by
the Romans to qualify the beverages of the country, and became
the pet of the florists in later ages through the habit of varying
it had acquired, and its consequent suitability for their mode of
operations. In all the centuries of its slow transformation it
has contributed to human happiness, and that is something ; if
we compare the favourite flowers of to-day with the wilding that
we regard as their parent, we shall see reason to congratulate
the florists on having done something by their centuries of
delightful work, for at the end of the comparison we may say
that they have made something out of nothing. As a flower for
criticism while the prize flowers are before us we may dismiss
Dianthus caryophyllus as little better than nothing at all.
We began by asking for the parentage of the carnation. I
beg of you to note that in the history of the flower as now
hastily and imperfectly sketched, no such changes have appeared
as would warrant the assumption or suspicion of a mixed
parentage. We do not anywhere see an ancestor's long nose
suddenly obtruding in the portrait gallery, or hear of gout
brought into the family through some particular marriage. In
the progress of the flower the lines are always forward, they
never cross, and we do not recognise what the raisers of seedlings
310 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
eall a reversion, or a distinct and striking break-away from
patterns and types sanctioned by the usage of centuries. I
know of only one extravagance in the variation of the carnation,
and that is the wheat-ear form, in which the scales of the calyx
are multiplied so as to give to the aborted flower-stem the appear-
ance of a culm of wheat or of the grass known as Cynosurus
eristatus. This is really not a variation from the type so much
as a multiplication of essential parts, because the scales are to
be regarded as undeveloped leaves. But we dare not quarrel
with it, for in what, after all, does the “doubling” of the
flower consist, but in a multiplication of essential parts? The
figure of the wheat-ear carnation in Botanical Magazine, plate
1622, will keep this unique form in remembrance, not to prove
hybridation or any flaw in the family pedigree, but to strengthen
the conclusion we arrive at from a hasty historical review of the
flower, that it is of pure descent from one definite specific form,
and we will for present purposes call it Dianthus caryophyllus.
John Rea concludes his essay with a bit of rhyme which I copy
as a tail-piece to this small gathering of fragments. He says:
For various colours Tulips most excel,
And some Anemones do please as weil,
Ranunculus in richest searlets shine,
And Beares ears may with these in beauty join,
But yet if ask and have were in my power,
Next to the Rose give me the July-flower.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES.
By Mr. T. Francis Rivers.
(Read August 13, 1889.]
THe order Rosacezx, of which family the peach is a very impor-
tant member, comprises a vast number of-plants belonging
principally to the temperate zones, of immense value to the
human race, comprising, as it does, the fruits, apples, pears,
plums, cherries, peaches, strawberries, &c. The peach, although
not a fruit of economic industry in this country, derives great
value from its singular beauty, size, and delieacy of flavour. The
PEACHES AND NECTARINES. 811
history of the peach is obscure; of its origin, I may undertake
to say, that nothing is known and nothing can be known ; but it
seems to have been taken for granted, by the general consent of
many years, that Persia is its native home, and this opinion is also
confirmed by the botanical name given to it, Amygdalus Persica.
From this country it appears to have spread eastwards, through
Central Asia, to China, the north of India; and westwards to the
countries bordering the Mediterranean, naturally obtaining an
early and permanent home in Syria, and thence passing into
Southern Gaul, under the care of the Phoenician mariners. It
appears to have been introduced into Gaul long before the Empire
of Rome rose into power and importance. The extraordinary
extent which its cultivation has obtained in China points to an
early introduction by the caravan routes of far distant ages, as
it is not indigenous; the Long White Mountain, as examined by
James White and recent explorers, contains no members of the
peach family, although the flora of this mountain seems to be
identical with that of the same European and Asiatic latitudes.
The peach being apparently indigenous in Persia, it is evident
that its arrival in China was due to artificial means: the dried
fruits of the peach being used as food by the caravans, there is no
difficulty in accounting for its imported presence in this country,
the caravan trade between the Chinese and the great oriental
empires having existed for ages. Indeed, were it not for the
savage destruction of human life during later and probably less
civilised times, it is probable that the ancient routes would be
marked by trees growing from the seeds scattered by caravans
at their resting places; the fruit being dried in the sun, it would
require soaking without cooking for consumption, and the germ-
inating power of the seed would not be destroyed. The absence of
trees on these routes, however, points out the exceeding difficulty
of the establishment and reproduction of any fruits useful to man,
unless assisted by intelligent care and cultivation. Central Asia
has been known to have suffered excessive and cruel changes,
by which men, animals, and plants have been stamped out.
There is a remark made by Mr. Howarth in the “ Mammoth
and the Flood,’’ which indicates the very high latitudes of
Siberia as the possible home of the peach at a remote period of
the world’s history. He quotes Erman, who says: “ In spite of
the climate, the flora of Irkutsk is richer than that of Berlin,
312 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
exhibiting plants of warmer countries, intermixed with those of
Arctic Regions. The wild peach of Nerchiusk is a true apricot,
Prunus Armeniaca, and contains a very agreeable kernel in a
fleshless envelope.’’ Never having seen this fruit, I cannot
undertake to say whether it is an apricot or not; the identity
would be, of course, ascertained by the stone, that of the apricot
differing widely from that of the peach. The fact, however, of
the presence of an apricot in such high latitudes is very curious,
for it seems impossible to account for the existence in one
country or district of one particular fruit only, and that the
peach, the almond, and the apricot, so nearly related, are so
wide apart in their reputed native habitats. I notice, however,
so singular an unanimity amongst all the authors of the history
of the peach, in avoiding giving any definite information, that we
may conclude that not much is known. The existence of this
Northern wild peach or apricot of Nerchiusk is, however, very
interesting, as it points to the possible origin and dispersion south-
wards from the North Polar regions of the plants, economic and
otherwise, now existing, a fact which I believe has been indicated
and established by Professor Thiselton Dyer. I should think it
not unlikely that the peach was not a popular fruit when grown
in orchards without especial cultivation; it has a tendency to
excessive production, and when allowed to bear without being
thinned the fruit is woolly and insipid. The Rosanne peach,
which is grown amongst vines as standards in the south
of France, is not a very tempting fruit; I have seen speci-
mens of this sort on the barrows in the London streets,
which are surprising examples of the hardihood of importers.
Orchard cultivation in the south of France appears to have
led the cultivators of the North to adopt methods for the im-
provement of the fruit by wall culture ; for Duhamel Monceau,
writing in 1740, observes that the difficult and expensive culti-
vation of the peach around Paris is amply compensated by the
delicious fruits obtained; and he adds that Italians must be
content with pavies, or clingstones ; and even in Provence it is
difficult to obtain good and delicate fruit, the climate being too
hot. It is certain that the peach does not flourish in excessive ~
heat ; like all deciduous trees, it requires a season of rest after
fruiting; the keen winters of Persia are admirably adapted to
its special wants; in the damp climate of England the plant is
PEACHES AND NECTARINES. 818
never entirely at rest; and a wet and close fortnight in December
will set the sap moving, much to the ultimate injury of the tree.
I have recently been informed by a friend who has resided for
some time near Auckland in the northern island of New Zealand,
that large peach trees, after producing heavy crops, will die
suddenly, the death no doubt being due to the influence of the
climate. Duhamel gives a list of forty-three sorts of peaches, of
which many exist to the present day, and may be bought in the
Paris nurseries under the names which he employs, a good proof
of the strong element of conservatism in French domestic life.
The Madeleine de Courson, Malta, Pourpree hative, Grosse Mig-
nonne, Chevreuse hative, Belle Chevreuse, Galande, Admirable,
Fétou de Venus, are familiar names in Paris fruit-gardens, and
are still popular and good. During the last thirty years, how-
ever, several new varieties have appeared in England. It is
within the recollection of many that July peaches on walls were
confined to the Harly Nutmeg red and white, the Double de.
Troyes, and the Early Anne, grown as curiosities only, in a warm
season these peaches might ripen in July; but earliness is their
only recommendation, and they are not worth the trouble of cul-
tivation. These worthless peaches are now replaced by early
and good sorts, the earliest at present known being the Alexander,
a peach which I received from Messrs. Capps & Son, of Fort
Pulaski, Illinois, U.S.A., some time in the year 1874. I could
not at first credit the fact that a peach would ripen in an
unheated orchard-house during the first week in July. How-
ever, in 1876, this actually took place, and I had the satisfaction
of gathering ripe fruit both from the Alexander and the Amsden
June, which I received at the same time, the Amsden June
proving bitter in flavour and a clingstone, I did not think
it necessary to cultivate both varieties. On the Continent,
however, where the advent of these early peaches has been
hailed with delight, the Amsden June is said to be the more
popular of the two; I am inclined to think that the two sorts
have been changed; they are identical in the size of the flowers,
and it is just possible the Amsden June of the Continental
growers is the Alexander. After these two early peaches, the
cool orchard-house will produce a succession of July peaches, the
Karly Beatrice, Karly Louise, Karly Rivers, and Hale’s Early ;
these are a considerable addition to the season of peaches, and
314 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
have been the cause of great saving in the expense of heating, |
which is a very serious item in the cost of peach-forcing. As a
matter of fact, the Alexander, without fire-heat, ripens at
a time when it is absolutely necessary to force peaches in
order to obtain them, that is, in the beginning of July. In the
catalogue of the Royal Horticultural Society for 1842 there are
of recognised varieties ripening in August, the Acton Scot, the
Karly Anne, the White Magdalen, the Mignonne Petite, the
Red and White Nutmeg, and the Pourpree hative. With the
exception of the last, none of these sorts are grown; but in their
places we have the Early Grosse Mignonne, Dr. Hogg, Early
Victoria, Rivers’ Early York, Early Albert, Early Silver, all
large and good peaches. Of the September and October peaches,
the difference is not so marked, as the recognised sorts are not
surpassed, and, when well grown, they are all that an amateur
of peaches can wish for in size, beauty, and flavour. The
smooth-skinned brother of the peach—the Nectarine—has also
undergone great changes, the Elruge and Violette hative of a
few years since being reinforced by many varieties from seed,
resulting in extending the period of ripening.
The Stanwick nectarine, a variety sent some years since from
Syria by Mr. Barker, has been the principal factor in a change
which has caused a complete revolution in nectarines, a richer
and very distinct flavour being communicated by this stranger
from Syria. The Lord Napier is at present the earliest good
nectarine known, and has inherited largely the characteristic
flavour of one of its parents, the Stanwick, although its
mme diate progenitor was a peach. My father was one of the
earliest possessors of the ‘‘ Stanwick ”’ nectarine, and began ex-
periments by fertilising the “‘ Elruge.”’ From this he obtained the
‘‘ Victoria,” and, following his example, I have carried on his ex-
periments with many other peaches and nectarines. In all cases
where fertilisation was complete, the result was apparent in the
dark green and sickle-shaped leaves; the Lord Napier bears
distinct evidence of its parentage in the size and peculiar richness _
of the fruit, and its vigorous folage.
There are two distinct types of nectarines, the orange fleshed
and the green fleshed, the former being, I think, the more
popular from the peculiar richness of flavour incidental to all
orange-fleshed nectarines, which, I may say here, is much in-
PEACHES AND NECTARINES. 815
creased if the fruit is allowed to shrivel slightly at the “ caudal
extremity.”’ Jn this particular they differ widely in flavour from
the orange-fleshed peaches, which, in my opinion, are generally
inferior in flavour.
The season of nectarines now lasts from the beginning of
August to the end of September, the Victoria being the latest
good nectarine ; the Peterborough, although later, being very
deficient in flavour.
Duhamel describes and figures a peach almond, but he omits
to give a figure of the shell of the kernel, which, he states, is not
corrugated like the shell of the kernel of the peach. He also
remarks that the same tree bears two kinds of fruit, one a true
almond, and one with flesh like a peach, which is bitter and
uneatable, the kernels of both being almonds. The fruit is
said to be a hybrid between the almond and peach. I mention
this because I have never been able to obtain a cross between the
peach and the almond, although I have made repeated attempts
under favourable conditions. It has been said, on apparently
good evidence, that peaches and nectarines are produced on the
zame branch. ‘There is no reason for doubting this statement,
nor do I think the fact, if it does occur, would be very extra-
ordinary, considering how nearly related the peach and nectarine
are; yet it has never come under my own observation, although
my experience of peaches during the last thirty years has been
very considerable, and through this long series of years my trees
have borne continuous crops of fruit, and I have had hundreds of
varieties to observe and test.
The flowers of peaches and nectarines are divided into two
distinct classes, some having large and brilliant petals, and
others small and insignificant in size. The Grosse Mignonne
peach and the Pitmaston Orange nectarine are remarkable for
their large and showy flowers, and these are characteristic
generally of the descendants from these types, but it is by no
means invariable, many of the seedlings raised from the Grosse
Mignonne possessing small flowers, the fruit being identical with
the parent.
The choice of sorts of peaches and nectarines for an orchard
house differs very considerably from the choice of sorts for wall
culture. An orchard house should afford a continuous supply
from July to October. The following varieties of peaches will
give a very satisfactory supply :—
316 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PEACHES.
July. September.
iets Grosse Mignonne
Waterloo —
Early Beatrice eae
y . Alexandra Noblesse
Early Louise Nobl
‘ Noblesse
Hale’s Early Siayall cena
’ English Galande
ee Stirling Castle
Large Early Mignonne Barrington
Rivers’ Early York Princess of Wales
Condor Walburton Admirable
Early Grosse Mignonne Gladstone
Dr. Hogg Sea Eagle
NECTARINES.
July. Stanwick Elruge
Advance Newton
Auqust. Milton Goldoni
Lord Napier Rivers’ Orange
Tmproved Downton Humboldt
White (Rivers) Pine Apple
Spenser Victoria
T have given a long list of fruits, and many will think that it
is not necessary to employ so many varieties. The orchard house
amateur will discover, after a few years’ experience, that fruit
trees have their individualities and dispositions. The fruit will
not always ripen in the order assigned to it; variation of season
and variation of culture will affect the trees, and although I
have placed the sorts as nearly as possible in the order n which
they ripen, yet when a tree becomes acclimatised to the orchard
house it will sometimes change its nature very completely. Itis
one of the pleasures of the skilful manager of a house to watch
these variations, and to adapt his culture to the express wants
of his trees, which he will not be long m discovering.
There is also considerable difference in the habit of growth
of the different sorts of peaches and nectarines. Some kinds, as
the Alexander and Hale’s Early will produce long shoots with
fruit buds at long distances from each other. It is as well to
PEACHES AND NECTARINES. 317
avoid sorts with this peculiarity if possible, as the orchard house
must necessarily be restricted as to room. The Stanwick Elruge
and the Early Beatrice peach are types of trees with fruit buds
thickly studded on the shoots, and generally with triple buds,
that is, a centre leaf bud and two side fruit buds, a highly
important property, and absolutely necessary for fruitful prun-
ing.
I have also noticed that sorts such as the Noblesse and Royal
George, which have serrated leaves and no glands, are more
liable to be afflicted with mildew than the varieties which have
glands on the leaves. The Alexandra Noblesse is an instance of
this peculiarity ; almost identical with its parent with regard to
the fruit, it differs very considerably in the structure of the
leaves, which are crenate and have round glands, and is never,
as far as I know, affected by mildew; this a very obvious advan-
tage. Ido not think it is necessary to give a list of peaches and
nectarines for walls, as the number of sorts to be grown must be
more limited. A trained peach tree soon covering 20 feet of
the space to be occupied, the varieties for this purpose are well
known.
The natural tendency of the peach tree is to make a low
standard, and the dwarf standard is perhaps the easiest form for
an orchard house. The skilful and intelligent cultivator will
derive an excessive pleasure if he can train his trees into perfect
pyramids not higher than 8 to 10 feet, and symmetrical from
base to the top. Attention, care, and the choice of sorts are
requisite for this perfection of training, but the result well repays
the labour. I regret very much that I cannot transport some of
my pyramid trees with ripe fruit attached to them to one of the
shows of the Royal Horticultural Society, but the distance is too
great and the fruit too heavy to arrive in good order and condi-
tion; they need to be seen to be appreciated. The peach
requires a calcareous soil, and without lime it is hopeless to
expect success in cultivation, but even with a favourable soil the
climate of England generally does not give much encouragement
to the production of regular and certain crops, such as are
enjoyed by the peach-growers of Montreuil, near Paris, who
appear to have been settled there for centuries. There are
certain districts in England, in Oxfordshire and Yorkshire,
where the apricot has well-defined limits of growth; but the
818 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
peach does not yet appear to be localised in this country, the
cultivation must, therefore, be highly artificial. I daresay most
amateurs will agree with me that it is difficult to comprehend
the mysteries of peach-training on walls as described by numer-
ous authors; the success obtained seems to be always dubious
and uncertain, arising, of course, from vicissitudes of the climate.
My own knowledge of the peach is derived exclusively from
culture under glass, and there ought to be no uncertainty with
this protection. I cannot help, however, thinking that the ordi-
nary system of wall training is altogether wrong; it is quite
contrary to the physical well-being of a tree to place half of the
stem in the shade and expose the other half to the sun. A very
slight examination of the subject will be sufficient to convince
any observer of the error which has been perpetrated by closely
nailing a tree to a wall. A familiar instance is the condition of
the cucumber lying on the ground; the part of the fruit which is
in the shade is yellow and unhealthy, and the part exposed to
the sun green and healthy. This is precisely the condition
of the peach tree fastened toa wall. Another source of mischief
and disease to the tree is the practice of using shreds for nailing.
Every part of the bark covered by shreds and shrouded from
the sun is rendered unhealthy and weak; and, consequently,
the entire system is affected, producing quite as much as the
climate the diseases peculiar to the peach—blister, curled
leaves, aphis green, brown, and black, red spider, &c.; the
tree not only being injured by the ligatures, by which its
growth is restricted, but suffering from the refraction of heat
from the wall, to which one side only of its surface is exposed in
summer, and also from the continuous cold of the winter. Some
years since, when at Montreuil, I noticed that the trees were not
' fastened to the wall but trained at some inches distant, and that
the walls were whitewashed and surmounted in every case by a
coping. I think this system should always be foliowed im Eng-
-Jand where glass culture is not used. For my own part I believe,
to ensure success, that trees should be grown under glass, and
that if the tree can be planted so that both sides are exposed to
the sun, the results would be better than those gained by the
ordinary trellis training, in which one side only is exposed ;
although, of course, this is not such a vicious system as that
carried on by wall training without trellises. As there are many
er
PEACHES AND NECTARINES. 319
indications that peach culture will be carried on to a considerable
extent in this country for profit, it is well to say to those who are
not experienced that all walls should be protected by glass if
profit is to be expected, and that the trees should be planted so
that both sides should have the benefit of ight and air. For
those who desire a constant supply of fruit during the summer
months no system is equal to pot culture, and I should advise the
use of perforated pots, the perforation being near the top of the
pot and not at the bottom. Rootlets will arise to the surface “ to
feed.”” The employment of perforated pots enables the cultivator
to check the excessive growth of the tree, as the roots emitted
through the perforations can be removed annually, the pot of
course being sunk in the soil or in a prepared border; under
this system the trees do not require so much water as when
grown in pots standing on the surface soil and not plunged. Pot
cultivation is not universally popular, as there are difficulties
which do not appear to have been surmounted by all those who
have attempted the system; but for my own part, having known
it for the last thirty years, and having never known a failure, I
must speak well of it, the advantages being that a constant
supply of fruit can be kept up without having an inconvenient
supply at any one time, which will happen with either wall or
trellis culture. As some have succeeded, it is, however, probable
that failure does not le in the system, but in the application.
Whether trees should be planted out, grown in pots standing
on the surface, or in perforated pots plunged in the soil, and
annually root pruned, there will, without doubt, be considerable
difference of opinion, but there can be no question that to
ensure a certain and profitable crop the trees should be grown
in aspan-roofed house running north and south, so that the sun
shines on both sides, that if must be thoroughly ventilated,
and devoted exclusively to the cultivation of the peach and
nectarine.
320 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. e
ON CONIFERS.
By Mr. W. Coneman, F.R.H.S.
[Read October 8.]
In response to a compliment paid to me by the Council, I am
here to-day to offer a few remarks upon Conifers. But before I
proceed, I must thank Messrs. Veitch, Messrs. Paul, and Mr.
W. Paul, not only for the compliment they have paid to me, but
also for the generous way in which they have rallied round the
Royal Horticultural Society in sending such beautiful repre-
sentative collections for the decoration of the hall to-day. These
specimens, so kindly brought to us at expense and risk, have
afforded to me and others, I have no doubt, a great deal of
pleasure ; and whilst regretting that I have not been able to dwell
upon their examination, I must repeat our thanks for the use of
somany choice specimens. In the presence of so many botanists,
these remarks, it is hardly necessary for me to say, will be of a
practical nature, especially as our subject is suitability to our
soils and climate, utility in our trade and commerce, and orna-
ment to our lawns, hillsides, and valleys. The popular study
of Conifers being so modern, unlike the florist or the fruitist,
I cannot go back a century or so for a wild flower, or a wild
plum, make drawings, and build up, bit by bit, until the perfect
flower and the perfect fruit, as seen to-day, are placed before
you. One mighty step, however, I can take. I can step back
to Solomon’s house of cedar, and to the time of those ancients
who used the stone and the Aleppo pines in ship-building, and
shut in Constantinople with gates made of cypress wood, which
stood sound for eleven hundred years. I can point to these and
say, there exists no doubt that these beautiful exogens, which
entered so largely into the formation of the coal we are now
burning, were as perfect then as they are to-day. I can poimt
to the great Sequoias, 2,000 years old, which are still growing ;
and again, nearer home, to the noble Scotch Firs, whose hoary
heads covered hundreds of square miles north of the Tweed,
long before the Picts and Scots cast their longing glances south-
ward. In another respect florists, fruitists, and arboriculturists
stand on even ground, for all have toiled unselfishly for the health
and happiness of their fellow-men. All, too, have passed through
|
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ON CONIFERS. 821
the fever, which has raged in the palace and the gardener’s
cottage, which has tempted rich and poor into outdoor employ-
ment, and last but not least, which has forced men like Douglas,
Jeffrey, Lobb, and others, to face danger and death for our
benefit and pleasure. In this respect, all lovers of the beautiful
and the elevating are atone. The Pinks and Carnations nestling
in our gardens, the Orchids hanging in houses in which delicate
ladies can live and breathe, and the Conifers now so plentifully
scattered over Britain, form a maze of health-giving wealth, for
which all must be thankful.
Although a few species of Conifers, indigenous to temperate
Kurope, and the well-known Cedar of Lebanon, introduced in
1683, were moderately planted by our forefathers, and some
noble Pineta were commenced early in the present century, the
rage, the rush, the scathing fever did not set in until about fifty
years ago. The first of these collections, formed by Messrs.
Loddiges at Hackney, has given way to bricks and mortar, but
those established by the Duke of Bedford, the Duke of Devon-
shire, Lady Rolle, and many others still remain. Many of the
New World Conifers, as well as the Cedars, and our hoary
friend, the Scotch Fir, are very fine indeed, and it is to these we
are indebted for the general love of planting, which is softening
our climate, and giving so much pleasure to the masses. In
my own time, I will not mention dates, I was engaged in a
Pinetum upon the coal measures, the best of all soils for
Japanese Conifers, when a very dear friend said, ‘‘ Give your
attention to this branch, for soon all the landowners in the
kingdom will be planting.’’ His words were soon verified, for a
few years later, I was selected by the late Mr. James Veitch to
assist the late Karl Somers in carrying out work which he had
commenced in 1840. The soil at Eastnor, including calcareous
loam, broken rock, and igneous detritus from the Malvern Hills,
is admirably adapted for the growth of Conifers generally ; whilst
the broken ground offers varying sites and aspects, ranging from
200 to 600 feet above sea-level. Under these circumstances,
ereat facilities for gaining practical experience were placed
before me.
I had hoped to have been able to illustrate my remarks by
numerous specimens of the fruit or cones so expressive of the
tribe; but unfortunately, as in our fruit gardens and orchards,
P 2
322 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the past bad season has been against me. Last year we had
magnificent cones in abundance, this year we have very few. I
shall proceed to say a few words on the failures of the past
which should be avoided in future.
Formation of a Pinetum.—Although, as I have stated, the
formation of collections of Conifers, specially for ornamental
purposes, was not commenced until the beginning of the present
century, the comparatively limited materials at command, and
some fatal errors in the preparation of the trees, heavily handi-
capped the early planters. First and foremost stood the baneful
practice of placing all the most expensive species and varieties
in pots. Being in those days rather costly, not a few remained
in this unnatural bondage, until the roots were so completely
eoiled or corkscrewed that they could not be spread out im a
radiating position. Indeed, so chary were old gardeners of the
slightest disturbance, that they transferred the balls intact to the
Knightiana 5 parviflora
. Lawsoniana > =e pInes.
* L., varieties of »» ponderosa
<5 macrocarpa » pyrenaica
s sempervirens » Sabiniana
‘A torulosa 9 sylvestris
“4 Corneyana » tuberculata
Juniperus communis Prumnopitys elegans
% oblonga pendula Retinosporas, all the
a chinensis (mas) Salisburia adiantifolia
Bs drupacea Sciadopitys verticillata
is excelsa Sequoia gigantea, or Wellingtonia
s phoenicea ‘5 sempervirens
‘ recurva Taxodium distnichum
“ Sabina Yews, all the
% squamata Thuja aurea
<3 stricta » elegantissima
. suecica » gigantea
x thurifera » | duebbi
es virginiana », Orientalis
Libocedrus decurrens Thujopsis dolabrata
Pinus austriaca
5, Cembra
AA borealis
Examples of some of these will be found upon the tables.
Others which I have not named, of more recent introduction, no
doubt will prove equally hardy; but, careful in this matter, I do
not pledge myself to varieties which have not passed through a
scathing winter.
Conifers, their Uses and Value.—Independently of their uses
as ornamental trees, for producing shelter, softening and puri-
fying the atmosphere, the economic value of Conifers is immense ;
so great, indeed, that the present rate of consumption will soon
clear the immense forests in many parts of the world. Norway
and American Spruce, Scotch, Pitch, and Weymouth Pine,
supply the bulk of the resinous timber used in this country.
The Corsican Pine, Red Pine, Larch, Taxodium, and Crypto-
meria produce enormous quantities of timber, consumed in their
respective countries. Whilst upwards of 70,000,000 feet of
American Black Spruce cut down represents a clearance of
14,000 acres of forest annually, Norway sends to England over
50,000,000 cubic feet of timber every year, her gross produce
more than ten years ago being over 84,000,000 feet. The
ON CONIFERS, 333
Redwood of California, recently introduced to this country
from forests covering some 500,000 acres, is going at a rate
that will result in scarcity in a very few years; and the
same may be said of the Agathis of Hooker, Dammara australis
or Kauri Pine of New Zealand. The timber of the Douglas
Fir is especially valuable in British Columbia, Abies excelsa,
the common Spruce, supplies the white deal of commerce.
The best American Pitch Pine is supplied by Pinus australis ;
the Yellow Pine by P. ponderosa, a timber heavy enough
to sink in water; the White by Abies nigra, and the White
Fir of Oregon by Abies grandis. The best Canadian Red
Pine is produced by Pinus resinosa, and, coming nearer home,
the Russian Pine, Memel Fir, and Baltic Yellow Deal, so ex-
tensively used in Hurope, are obtained from our old friend the
Scotch Fir or Pinus sylvestris. Cupressus sempervirens pro-
duces one of the most durable timbers known. The Bermuda
and Virginian Junipers supply material for our black-lead
pencils, and the Deodar Cedar is the most valuable timber in
North-West India. Every country indeed, be it temperate or
tropical, produces timber most suitable to the requirements of
the natives, and so important are these resinous woods that
commerce would be simply paralysed were any of them to
fail.
Evergreen Hedges.— Invaluable as the Conifers are for growing
as single specimens in the park, the pleasure ground, and the
cemetery, many of them are equally notable for forming ever-
green hedges. The Yew has been used in a clipped form since
the time of Evelyn, and no trees perhaps make better hedges;
but as compared with some others it is a slow grower, con-
sequently where quick growth is an object, any of the following
may besubstituted. Many yearsago I caused some little surprise
by recommending Thuja Lobbi for this purpose, and one large
nurseryman, fearful of committing himself, quoted my remarks
in his advertisement. Thuja Lobbi soon came to the front, and
many beautiful hedges may now be seen in this country. Cu-
pressus Lawsoniana, in my opinion, stands next, and, being a
Conifer which stools freely, it may be clipped, pruned, and cut
down to within a foot or two of the ground with impunity.
Cupressus nutkaensis, or Thujopsis borealis, stands next on my
list, being equally rapid in its growth, equally amenable to
834 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
clipping and cutting down, and capable of forming a wall-like
hedge, a dozen feet in height, in a very short time. Juniperus
chinensis (mas) is equally good, but, being a more compact
grower, it does not spread so rapidly. When in flower, this
beautiful Juniper is unsurpassed by the very best of the numerous
family, J. virgimiana. Cedrus deodara and Thuja occidentalis
also submit to the knife and shears, and so does Cupressus
macrocarpa, where it can be planted in safety. For forming
smaller hedges, Thujopsis dolabrata, Biota compacta aurea,
Cupressus erecta viridis, Retinospora obtusa, and R. pisifera
are well adapted. The best time to prune Conifers is imme-
diately after the growth has ceased or very early in the spring.
If pruned in summer, not only are they deprived of their greatest
charm, but, being liable to bleeding, hard cutting at this time
may Jill them.
A few choice Conifers of- moderate growth for small
gardens :—
Abies Englemanni glauca | Retinosporas, all the
». Hookeriana or Pattoniana Thujopsis dolabrata
» tsuga | Juniperus rigida
Pinus contorta s excelsa
5» Bungeana | ns chinensis (mas)
» Cembra og drupacea
.» parviflora a suecica
Sciadopitys verticillata | _ hibernica
Cryptomeria elegans = thurifera
Cupressus erecta viridis 7 virginiana glauca
J nutkaensis argentea Taxus adpressa
Biota filipendula » baccata fastigiata
orientalis aurea = elegantissima
3) 33
” compacta aurea Cephalotaxus pedunculata
= an 3 elegan- Prumnopitys elegans
| tissima
The best Conifers for belts or screens are :—
Abies excelsa Pinus sylvestris
ao), PRISE » austriaca
» Nordmanniana Thuja Lobbi
» canadensis Juniperus virginiana
» Dougiasil is chinensis
Pirus Laricio Taxus baccata
5 LFinaster Cupressus Lawsoniarna
» strobus js nutkaensis
Diseases.—Conifers, like other trees, are liable to be affected,
and not unfrequently killed, by disease, as has been so seriously
exemplified in the common Larch. The fungoid growth which
eommences at the roots, and spreads upwards through the layers
ON CONIFERS. 835
of wood, is known as the larch rot, and yet another, also fungoid,
kills the bark, but leaves the roots intact. Many millions of
trees have been destroyed by these two forms of fungus, and
more, no doubt, will follow, that is so long ag planters persist
in replanting with a second crop of young trees the same ground
from which the old decaying stools have not been removed. Prun-
ings again left lyingaboutto rot upon the surface of the ground fre-
quently produce a fungus which fastens on the living roots of other
species, and so insidious is it that Pines, Firs, Cedars, Cypresses,
and Junipers fall a prey to its ravages, often dying off suddenly
before danger is suspected. The names of these fungi are Poly-
phorus destructor, P. abietinus, and P.versicolor. When Conifers
are planted in plantations or shrubberies, or in soil containing
leaf mould, pieces of dead wood, or the like, they should be closely
watched ; and if, after going on well for a time, they suddenly
begin to falter, the roots should be closely examined. My Picea
Webbiana was saved by washing the roots and dressing with
lime, but this was an extreme measure, which could not be
carried out where numbers are concerned. Neither, perhaps, is
it necessary, as recently I have seen a fine avenue of Picea
nobilis saved by repeated top-dressings of quicklime. Sulphur,
too, may be used with excellent effect, and choice specimens I
would syringe freely with sulphur water, or the roots and tops
might receive liberal supplies of a mixture of sulphide of potas-
sium, half an oz. to the gallon of water. Another form of disease
is the result of planting Conifers in soil containing deleterious
matter in a soluble form. Trees planted on the oolite, and
sometimes on gravel, notably Abies Douglasii, turn yellow, lose
their leaves, and die. This matter, taken up by the roots, I
believe, is deposited in the vessels, which it clogs, and completely
closes when the sap ceases to flow, or forms the peculiar form of
clubbing, as seen in the specimen on the table. If taken in time,
Conifers may be saved by the removal of bad soil and draining, but
they rarely make good specimens; at least, this is my experience.
Conifers are injured by animals, including hares, rabbits, and
squirrels, the first eating the bark, the latter the cones and points
of the shoots; also, they are injured by wounds or cuts when in
full growth. An Abies canadensis wounded by a felled tree
rolling against it, and tearing off a piece of bark, soon bled to
death, and an Araucaria, injured by a piece of wire, first of all
made a semblance of forming cones, and eventually died.
Q
336 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Insects —Diseases may be prevented by draining, using suit-
able soils, and care ; but insects put in an appearance in the best
regulated Pineta. When insects attack our lawn specimens, the
injury is serious enough ; but when they destroy or injure valuable
timber trees, the loss is very great. The most troublesome ma-
rauder is the Pine Beetle, Hylurgus piniperda, which deposits its
eggs in the bark and buds of young trees; the larve eat out the in-
terior of the buds and growing shoots, and in this way check, if they
do not destroy, the trees. Pinus insignis, and some others, are
much disfigured by the larve of this beetle eating their way out
of the young shoots, which droop and die. The trees at Eastnor
some years ago were badly attacked, and being large, hand-pick-
ing, the only remedy, was a troublesome undertaking. Whether
it be due to perseverance in hand-picking or other causes, this
beetle has not been troublesome now for several seasons.
The Typographic Beetle, so called from the lines made in the
young wood by its larve resembling letters, attacks the Silver
Firs, but it is not so troublesome as the preceding. Who has
not noticed his Junipers literally woven together by the larve
of the juniper moth, which left alone destroys the leaves, and
permanently mars the beauty of the trees? The Irish and
Swedish Junipers, also J. communis, seem special favourites,
chiefly in hot dry summers. When detected the branches
should be separated by hand, when syringing with lime water,
or dusting well into the centres with quicklime, will destroy
without injuring the trees.
CoMMENTARY.
Speaking of Conifers generally, I may say the Spruces, which
may be distinguished by their pendant cones, are supposed to
have the widest range of all the Conifers in the northern hemi-
sphere, consequently they are considered hardier than the
Silver Firs, which occupy a zone of variable width south of the
Spruces. The Spruces produce the most valuable timber, and
make very handsome specimens, many of them standing with
impunity where the Silver Firs, known by their upright cones,
get cut by late frosts in the spring. The latter, however, are so
beautiful that no one would think of omitting them from
their collections. In addition to the old friends from the New
World, we now have some magnificent species from Japan.
ON CONIFERS. 337
Although I cannot attempt separate lists of names, I must draw
attention to the five or six species cultivated as Hemlock Firs.
They are Abies Albertiana, A. canadensis, A. Hookeriana, A.
Pattoniana, and the giant of the family, A. Douglasii. Our
friends the Larches, the Cedars, and the Pines cannot be mis-
taken: the first makes a handsome lawn specimen; the second is
the king of Conifers ; and the Pines, divided into three sections,
Bine with two leaves in a sheath, Terne with three, and Quine
with five, include more species than any other genus in the
order, and are distributed over a greater geographical area. The
two-leaved Pines, with one exception, are not found within the
Tropics, but are most frequently met with in the northern
temperate regions of both hemispheres. All the European
species, P. Cembra excepted, belong to this section, from which
we obtain so much valuable timber. P. austriaca, P. Laricio,
P. mitis, P. Pinea, P. resinosa, and P. sylvestris belong to this
section. The three-leaved Pines include some two dozen
species, mostly long in the leaf, and very handsome; but,
with the exception of P. insignis, P. Jeffreyi, P. macrocarpa,
P. ponderosa, P. Sabiniana, and P. tuberculata, they are par-
tially or entirely tender in this country. P. rigida produces
the Pitch Pine of commerce; P. Benthamiana, P. Sinclairiana,
P. Parryana, and P. Beardsleyi, so handsome and useful in our
Pineta, are considered to be synonyms of P. ponderosa, hence
my omission of these names from my lists of the true Pines.
The five-leaved Pines contain some remarkable species, but
many of them unfortunately are tender. They are widely distri-
buted, examples being found in Mexico, California, the Himalayas,
Japan, and Central Europe. P. Montezume and P. leiophylla, of
which I produce specimens, are not generally hardy. P.Cembra.,
the Swiss, and P. parviflora, the Japan Stone Pines, are slow-
erowing gems. P. Lambertiana (the Sugar Pine), P. excelsa,
and P. Strobus are handsome giants, yielding fairly valuable
soft white timber, and are indispensable in the Pinetum. P.
Lambertiana has the largest and P. parviflora the smallest cones
of any Pines with which I am acquainted.
Passing the well-known Araucaria, now proved moncecious,
we come to the Taxodie, or deciduous Cypress group, a tribe of
half-a-dozen small families, some of them very important in this
country. The Wellingtonia, the Sequoia sempervirens—at one
Q 2
838 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
time supposed to be the male form of the preceding—the
deciduous Cypress, and the Cryptomeria are the leading members.
Sciadopitys and Athrotaxis form the bric-d-brac of little use to
the British planter.
_ The Cypress tribe includes our well-known evergreen species,
the Retinosporas, Biotas, Thujas, Libocedrus, and the Junipers,
the latter so numerous that these have been divided into three
sections, viz., the Common, the Savin, and the Cypress-like
Junipers. C. Goveniana, C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, C:
Lawsoniana, and C. nutkaensis, better known as Thujopsis
borealis, rank amongst the best; they are natives of climates
warmer than our own; therefore, with the exception of the three
or four American species, they are liable to suffer im severe
winters. C. Lawsoniana and C. nutkaensis from North America,
like the Retinosporas from Japan, sport into endless varieties. All
of them, I need not inform those who have looked round this
hall to-day, are most lovely, and invaluable in the Pinetum, the
flower garden, the rockwork, the town garden, the window-box,
and the conservatory. The beautiful C. funebris and C. toru-
losa stand with me, and in other places in the west. The
Retinosporas are nearly all of them referable to the normal kinds,
R. obtusa and R. pisifera, sent home by J. G. Veitch and For-
tune; and, much as I admire them, I shall be one of the first to
hail with delight a conference to simplify and regulate the
nomenclature. Clever botanists may ask, ‘‘ What’s in a name?”
A great deal, I reply, when poor gardeners are called upon to
pronounce the synonyms contained in Veitch’s Manual. Beyond
recommending them strongly, 1 cannot attempt the mvidious
task of naming any of the species or varieties; those who want a
good book and a winter’s instructive amusement must purchase
Veitch’s Manual. Our indispensable trees, Thuja Lobbi (now
T. gigantea) and T. gigantea (now Libocerdus decurrens) may be
left to take care of themselves, and so may the perfectly hardy
Thujopsis dolabrata and its dwarf garden varieties, which should
be planted extensively.
The Junipers (so nobly represented here to-day, thanks to
Messrs. Paul) are indispensable to the British planter, and coming
from all parts of the northern hemisphere, from the Arctie
regions to the Tropics, the three sections offer numerous useful
species.
ON PEARS. . 839
The slow-growing Yew, indigenous to England, and of which
we are so proud (as Mr. W. Paul has proved), is worthy of another
lecture, which that gentleman can, and will, I hope, give on a
future day. ‘The timber is slightly resimous and very durable.
All the varieties are worth planting; T. baccata, T..b. fructu
luteo, T. b. elegantissima, T’. fastigiata, and IT’. Dovastoni being
specially valuable.
The Cephalotaxus also are invaluable for ornament, but the
Torreyas, although T. myristica stands well with me, do not
make much headway in this country. Prumnopitys elegans is
a hardy gem. The Podocarps, like the Torreyas, are highly
interesting to botanists, but too tender to become prominent in
England.
ON PEARS.
By Mr. W. Witpsmita, F.R.H.S.
[Read October 22nd. |
I am quite unable to say ““No”’ to any request tendered me that
seems likely to aid in any degree the furtherance of what I am
sure all here have at heart—namely, that of extended fruit
cultivation—and, therefore, on the receipt of a note from our
Secretary, Mr. Wilks, that I would on this date give a paper on
“ Pears,’”’ I complied without hesitancy, and this is the explanation
of the position] aminthis afternoon. I half thought at one time
that I would christen my paper, “ Pears for the Millon,’ but on
second thought, and with visions before my eyes of the cold, wet,
and sunless season of last year, and the caterpillar plague of this,
and consequent partial failure of the Pear crop, I thought it wise
to stick to the one word Pears, and thus have licence to ramble
at will, so long as I occasionally brought in the word Pears.
Please do not be frightened ; lam by nature too methodical to
be able to accomplish my task in any such random fashion, and
I therefore shall treat my subject under the following heads or
divisions. Of course, presuming that everybody here knows
that Tam simply a practical gardener; “ a scientific gardener,”
that occasionally a would-be fiatierer applies to me almosié
frichiens me, because I know, to my cost, thai I am, and can
only be, practical, and from this standpomt alone my paper is
written. The divisions are: Soils, and their preparation ; Stocks;
Planting, and season to plani; Pruning, root and branch;
Manures, how and when to apply them; Aspecis, and forms of
tramme; the best varieties ; when to gather the frmt, and how
best to store it.
Souls and their Preparation.—I have sometimes thouchit that,
given the most suitable soils for any and every deseripiion of fruit
trees, treacherous and unceriam asourseasons are, we might almost
disregard climatic conditions. What I mean is, that our worst
weather is never so bad but that we should be sure to get good
returns, had the roois of fruit trees all the elements required for
the mamienanee of the vigorous growth of the trees and the
swelling of their fruit. Of course, colour of fruit and the highest
quality might be—mnay, would be—lackime m a sumless season,
but this would, comparatively speaking, bea small matter. Such
bemg my opmion, you will readily understand that I attach the
uimost importance to ihe preparation of soil for Pears, and if the
soil with which I have to do does noi come up to the idea! of what
l consider the best for the irees, ihe decided noiions I have mmbibed
as to whai the roois should have serve as an meentive to have the
right elements ai any cost of labour. And now, before I can
proceed further with soils, comes the diffieuliy of siocks—Quinee
or Pear. There is no question but thai one kind of soll would
do for both, but there is a question as to the better domg of each,
provided the soil be of the description m which each does besi-
Heavy soil, that by some would be ealled clay land, if well
dramed, is that m which trees erafied on the Qumee siock do
best, and trees grafied on the natural stock are mvanably most
salasfactory im soils of a lighter description. Such bemg the faci,
the soil should be prepared accordingly. I daresay that some of
my audience, knowmg my predilection for the Quince stock, and
also knowmg that the soil with which I have to deal is of a
light sandy nature, may feel inclined to charge me with meon-
sistency, bui I hope io show that I am noi. I said just now
“that there was no question bui that one kind of soil would do
for both,” and I am able to verify thai statement by resulis.
Some years ago my late revered employer, Lord Eversley, be-
ON PEARS. 841
came enamoured of the cordon system of growing fruit trees, so
much so that I verily believe, had I seconded his wishes in
that direction, there would now be in the Heckfield Gardens
but few Pear trees except in the form of cordons. This
mania I was able to satisfy to some extent, by destroy-
ing a quantity of old horizontally trained trees, and after
remaking and entirely renewing the soil of the borders, half
of the space was planted with cordon Pears grafted on the
Quince, and the other with trees on the natural stock. The
first year all did alike well, the only difference being that the
trees on the natural stock had shghtly the advantage in growth.
The second year the change was surprising. The growth of trees
on the Pear stock grew like wildings; the Quince made a spurt at
erowing, then stopped, and by midsummer the leaves became of
a sickly hue. I was puzzled. | thought the soil could not be dry,
or exhausted, because all had been heavily mulched with manure,
and the rainfall ample. I, however, made a close examination,
when to my astonishment—nay, bewilderment—the roots had as
it were taken the manurial mulching by force, for it was nothing
but roots, and all were as dry as if there had been no rain for
months. Jat once set to work and put fresh soil over the old
mulching, watered freely, and then had the border well trodden
down. Of course there was no new wood growth that year, but
such fruit buds as are seldom seen.
During the winter the border throughout was artificially
watered—soaked—and farmyard manure about six inches in
thickness was applied as a mulching. By the time that the trees
had opened flower, my mind was quite made up as to the merits
of the two stocks. The Quince, of course, won in a canter ; the
trees were full of flower. Their neighbours blossomed a little and
finished off their fruit well, but the favourites, theiis much better
and more of it. By way of illustration I have selected half-a-
dozen average examples of fruit that we have growing under exactly
similar conditions, the one on the Quince, the other on the Pear
stock, which will show better than any words of mine can
describe the merits of each. And now comes the rub: if the
Quince stock is best for nearly all varieties of Pears, what are
those cultivators to do that have not an adhesive soil in which
trees on this stock delight? This was my predicament, for 1 had
the lightest of light loams to deal with. But it did not frighten
342, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
me. There was no clay to be had, and in lieu thereof in all future
plantings the soil, after deep trenching, was extra firmly com-
pressed, the only added ingredient being a few half-inch bones.
For trees on the Pear stock the soil cannot well be too light,
nor too deep, and I was going to say, nor too poor, but I won’t
put it as strong as that, because they must have some nourish-
ment to feed on. Their natural tendency is to strike deep
down, and if too much inducement is afforded them by manur-
ing the soil at great depth, vigour of tree will be had at the
expense of shy fruiting. I prefer the rather to feed them from
the surface; but of this more anon. I end the question of soils
and their preparation by saying, If possible procure good heavy
foam for the one ; if not, compress the light soil firmly, and feed
liberally from the surface ; well drain, trench deeply, and add a
small percentage of well-decayed manure and crushed bones to
light hungry soils for trees on the Pear stock.
Planting, and Season to Plant.—To planta tree means much
more than a large minority of gardeners seem to imagine. I
have, and no doubt you have, seen many good trees irretrievably
injured by thoughtless, careless planting. I sometimes think
the advice that the Scotch nobleman who was fond of trees
gave to his son in the words, “ Be aye sticking in a tree, Jock !’’
applies right well to the manner of planting that one is some-
times obliged to witness, for truly it is ‘‘ sticking in ’’—there is
no planting about it. The old tree is done for, trench out the
stump, put a new tree in its place, and—eh, presto! the work
is done. This is not an overdrawn picture. I have witnessed
it, and at some cost of self-control held my tongue. Happily
better days have dawned on us, and we are fast nearing the
point of impossibility for planting to be done in any such slip-
shod fashion. My contention is that it is just as creditable to
produce a good bunch of Currants, or a dish of Raspberries,
Apples, or Pears, as it is to growa fine bunch of Grapes; yet, on
planting a vine we don’t mind spending an hour in laying out
just so every particle of root, and are mighty particular to see
that the soil is well shaken and pounded about every root; but a
Pear tree—ugh! “ stick it in.’”’ This, of course, does not apply to
the present company. Seriously though, to plant properly re-
quires thought. The soil may not have been long in position,
and may subside, or may not haye been sufficiently compressed,
ee — Oe
————EE—————S eee eer rere a a
ON PEARS. 343
or it may be too wet and clammy and cannot well be worked
about the roots; too dry is hardly possible at any season when
planting may be done; but the point of all others is to avoid
planting too deeply. I prefer to err, if at all, on the side of
shallow planting, because any check resulting from this is easily
remedied by the application of a little soil round the base of the
stem, and a thicker mulching of manure; but, if the stem be
buried, say deeper than it has been in the nursery bed, decrepity
begins before the end of the first growing season, and the only
remedy is to lift and replant ; thus a season is quite lost. The
best time to plant is, of course, in autumn. I think, however,
that in our zeal to get such extraneous work over, we are some-
times in too much of a hurry. The trees, after a prolonged
drought such as we have had southwards this year, would
assuredly be the better if left undisturbed till the autumnal
rains had had their energising effect on the roots, and these—
the roots—on the plumping up of the wood and buds. This
additional vitality—that imparted by the rains—is an important
actor to the kindly and quicker root action in the new soil.
The first half of November, if the weather be dry, is, I think,
sufficiently early to plant.
Pruning, root and branch.—I am unable to dissociate the
one from the other, for if the trees require root-pruning, it is to
regulate the growth, or improve the fruitfulness, of the branches ;
and if little or no pruning of the branches be necessary, then the
roots should be let alone, at any rate so far as curtailment of
them is concerned. And here again comes in the question of
Stocks. My experience is that as regards the Quince root-pruning
is never required. The trees in a well-prepared border, that from
the first day of planting is always kept heavily mulched with
manure, root deeply ; and by way of ensuring regular fruitfulness,
and more especially of keeping the roots near the surface, that
air, sunshine, and manure may have the fullest effect, all
trees on the Quince we lift bodily at the end of two years from
time of planting, and, after shortening back all thong-lke and
fibreless roots, they are carefully replanted, and root-pruning as
regards these trees is ended for ever. One could wish that such
was the case with trees on the natural stock, but it is not. Old
orchard trees that get little or no manure, and -that are allowed
to carry every fruit that the most genial season admits of setting,
344 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
as a matter of course need no root-pruning ; but it does notfollow
that the practice, if applied to other trees, is wrong. I think rather
that it isa count against those who say that root-pruning is
unnatural, for what is the sample of fruit from such trees ?
Possibly there may be a solitary tidy-looking fruit out of every
score, but the remainder only fit for the hucksters’ barrows.
Garden trees proper that are grafted on the natural stock can
only be kept in a fruitful condition by occasional curtailment of
root-growth. Repression of wood-growth by summer pinching
does something towards rendering the operation of root-pruning
less frequent. There are a few large bush trees, grafted on the
Pear stock, in the gardens under my charge, growing on borders
that are regularly cropped with salads and shallow-rooting vege-
tables, and these trees invariably fruit well, without any curtail-
ment of roots other than such as is unavoidable in preparing the
eround for the vegetable crop. I do not, however, commend the
practice of planting trees in such positions. I think that each
tree is worthy of having its due space of the ground, and only
when it has that share have we a right to expect full returns in
the shape of fruit. I said that the trees invariably fruit well;
that does not mean that the fruit is always fine; it is generally
passable, and as fineas we have a right to expect from trees that
are annually denuded of their best surface rootlets, the loss of
which furnishes the clue to regular fruitfulness. With the
wholesale removal of branches in winter, a process that is mis-
called pruning, I have not an iota of sympathy, unless it be pity
for the ignorance of the performers, that they have not thought
as to what the after results are—canker and gumming, to wit;
and the nearest approach I would care to advise in that direction
is the removal of a few long spurs, witu the intent of inducing the
pushing of new buds ‘‘ closer home” as we call it, that trees
on walls may, when in flower, have the full benefit that wall-
copings afford in the direction of protection from spring frosts ;
and in a lesser degree the same idea holds good in respect of
keeping the spurs on bush and pyramidal-shaped trees close
home, and under the protection of the main branches. I thought
that I could best explain my meaning as to the removal of these
spurs by a portion of the branch of a tree pruned for the purpose,
as also I can of what [mean by summer pruning, or, as I prefer
to call it, repression of growth, in order to induce fruit-
ON PEARS. 345
fulness. If such repression of growth by pinching back the
shoots to the second or third leaf of the new growth be done
twice, or at most thrice, during the summer, very little winter
pruning is ever needed, and fruit buds by this operation are,
as it were, manufactured by force. That winter pruning, to a
larger extent than is here stated, may sometimes be necessary I
do not deny ; to do so I should belie my own practice, inasmuch
as it is n0 uncommon occurrence for me to allow any tree that
seems waning in vigour to grow at random the whole of the
season, and give extra supplies of manurial waterings the while.
Winter pruning is, of course, then a necessity, but it is done with
all the mercy possible, the young shoots being in some instances
laid in over the old, disregardful of appearances. In this manner
not a few trees have been coaxed into renewed vigour and fruit-
fulness.
Manures ; how and when to apply them.—Pears are like
most other fruit trees—they are by no means fastidious as to the
kind ; still, there is a best they relish most, and that is farmyard
manure. J have never been fortunate enough to fill the com-
bined post of bailiff and gardener, and consequently not had the
opportunity of testing to the full the merits of this kind of
manure, but the little that sometimes I have been able to borrow
has afforded proof positive that it is deserving of the honour of
first place. An excellent substitute is that of ordinary stable
manure. ‘This comes to use in the straw state, and all that we
need for fruit-tree mulching purposes is stacked for some weeks
before it is used; ashes from brushwood, hedge clippings, and
refuse leaf-heap burnings being mixed with it, and when it is
about what may be described as half-decayed, it is then ready for
application. Artificial manures are excellent in their way, but
if their properties are to last for any length of time they must be
mixed with soil, and that is not always convenient. The next
best way is to scatter them over the soil and immediately cover
with a thick layer of long litter, then water to saturation. The
two descriptions of animal manures may be safely applied to a
depth of from six to nine inches, and as far round the base of
the trees as it is thought the roots extend. The time to apply
the manures is all the year round, not that the trees do not relish
an extra supply at certain seasons. Pears do, and more espe-
cially at the time of the first swelling of the fruit, 7.c. immediately
346 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the fruit has set. At any cost of labour an effort should be made,
at that stage of growth, either to give a thorough watering with
liquid manure, or, lacking that, sufficient clear water over the
newly applied mulching as will reach every root of the trees.
The effeet on the swelling fruit is magical. The same process
should be repeated twice afterwards, namely, when it is half-
grown, and again when the final swelling commences. The
manurial mulching of trees on walls should be renewed twice a
year ; my own practice is to do the work any time between now
and December, and the mode of operation is to lightly rake off
the old mulching, give a slight dressing of fresh loam, crushed
bones, and wood ashes, and over this the mulching; this is the
winter dressing not only of Pears, but of all our fruit trees on
walls. I ought, perhaps, to add that the mulching extends to a
distance of four feet from the walls. The second application is
not so generally necessary, except for Pears, and these we never
fail to re-mulch some time during the months of March or April.
I have been thus particular to describe what I consider the best
mode of manuring. It does not follow, however, that all trees
need it-—one’s own judgment must decide that poimt—nor does it
follow that there are not other excellent modes of applying stimu-
lants. We have a number of trees that are neither mulched nor
have manure directly applied to them, but being planted at the
back of a Rose border that biennially is trenched deeply and
manured freely a large proportion of roots dispute the right of
the Roses to a monopoly of the manure, and, so long as they cen-
tinue to produce fine fruit in quantity, it is hardly worth while to
take notice of the trespass.
Aspects, and Forms of Training.—There are varieties of
Pears that do well in any aspect, east, west, north, or south ;
but south, south-west, and west are undoubtedly the aspects
best suited to Pears in general. I do not now refer to aspects of
walls, but to the garden as a whole. In a garden with a slope
to any of the quarters of the compass here mentioned Pears may
be planted in any part of it with the best results. But, with my
present notions in regard to the importance of every tree having
its own plot of ground to itself, I should, of course, advise the
setting apart of the warmest and most sheltered quarters in the
garden, having a south or west aspect, for Pear cultivation ; and
the distance from tree to tree must necessarily be decided by the
ON PEARS. 347
form the trees are to be trained. Personally, I give preference
to the pyramidal form of training, and the distance apart for
trees on the Quince stock should be six feet, and be planted in
angular lines, which will allow of easily getting about among the
trees, and of the admission of full sunlight to every tree. Should
the soil be considered better suited for the growth of trees on
the natural stock, plant in the same way, but the distance apart
should be increased to ten feet. Low horizontally trained
cordons, that one sometimes sees outlining the boundary of
kitechen-garden walks, are pretty, but I fear this is their greatest
merit. Cordons for profit are such as are shown in this picture,
which is a faithful representation of trees trained over a walk in
the gardens under my superintendence.
The cordon mode of training for Pears is worthy of general
adoption for a variety of reasons, the one of all others being that
it is the best way of prolonging the Pear season. I shall best
explain my meaning by quoting a circumstance in which I was
personally concerned. From a large horizontally trained tree,
Williams’s Bon Chrétien, growing on a west wall, a couple of
bushels or more of good fruit was annually gathered, a quantity far
in excess of what was required for home consumption, and con-
sequently, in the endeavours made to make them last for the
longest period, a large percentage was lost. The proposition
was made to me to destroy this tree and plant cordons, and, like
an obedient servant, I complied. The space that that tree occu-
pied is to-day furnished, not with one tree, but with thirty, in
nearly as many varieties, from which we obtain more fruit and
a season of ripe fruit extending for two months or more, instead
of three weeks as formerly. The most profitable form of training
on walls is as single cordons two feet apart, and the only other
form worthy of adoption is the horizontal, twelve feet apart. Wall
space for Pears in parts of the low-lying eastern counties, the
midland and northern counties of England, and Scotland, is im-
perative if good fruit be desired ; but residents to the south, south-
west, and west of England attach far too much importance to
that necessity. Take, for example, any of the early varieties that
ripen in July, August, and the early part of September, and grow
them on walls with a south or west aspect. Grow the same varie-
ties on bushes, pyramids, or cordons in the open garden, and
compare notes as to quality. The wall fruit will be found to” be
848 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
mealy or gritty, perhaps both, and lack the piquancy of the same
varieties of fruit grown in the open garden, not to mention the
longer preservation of the open garden fruits. I do not over-
look the necessity of having abundant wall space for the best
later ripening varieties, but it is to gain this that I strongly
advise the relegation of early and second-rate mid-season
kinds to the open garden. The varieties most worthy of the
best aspects on walls are Beurré Superfin, Beurré Hardy, Louise,
Bonne of Jersey, Seckle, Doyenné du Comice, Marie Louise,
Pitmaston Duchesse, Thompson’s, Winter Nelis, Glou Morceau,
Huyshe’s Victoria, General Todtleben, and Easter Beurré.
The Best Varieties.—I think that the difficulty next to a bad
climate for Pear cultivation is the bogey of varieties. I was recently
informed by a friend, who ought to know, thata certain Continental
nurseryman grows four hundred varieties. I don’t envy the
man in charge of them, nor the customers that buy the trees
‘‘true to name’’; I only hope the latter may not be disap-
pointed. To make a selection from sixty varieties is bewildering
to many, yet I question whether this number is not exceeded by
all fruit-tree nurserymen of note in England. And it is to these
we should appeal to make a combined effort to reduce numbers by
refusing to catalogue any but varieties that are known to be good.
Granted that in varying soils, positions, and districts the quality
of Pears vary greatly, and sufficient margin as to numbers of
varieties is necessary to cope with these freaks. As to what the
lowest number should be I won’t venture to suggest, lest I find
myself in a minority of one.
But now as to the best varieties. In a short paper that I
read at the Apple and Pear Conference at Chiswick, a year ago,
I named twenty-five varieties that I considered best for dessert.
I do not see my way to erase any kinds mentioned in that list,
and I therefore reproduce it here. Their names are Souvenir du
Congrés, Williams’s Bon Chrétien, Beurré d’Amanlis, Fondante
d’Automne, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Madame Treyve, Beurré
Hardy, Beurré Superfin, Seckle, Marie Louise, Doyenné du
Comice, Thompson’s, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Glou Morceau,
Winter Nelis, Comte de Lamy, Beurré Bachelier, Josephine de
Malines, Winter Crasanne, Huyshe’s Victoria, Olivier de Serres,
Easter Beurré, Ne Plus Meuris, Knight’s Monarch, and Berga-
motte d’Esperen. To this. list I now add the names of three
ON PEARS. 349
varieties that I consider the best for cooking ; they are Catillac,
Black Worcester, and Verulam.
When to Gather the Fruit, and how best to store it.—I am
inclined to think that there is no gardening operation which
requires longer practice to attain proficiency than that of being
able to know when a Pear is ready to gather, as on the time
of gathering hinges in a large degree the quality of the fruit,
because, if harvested too soon, the fruit shrivels and never ripens
well, and if left on the trees long—particularly early varieties—
it becomes insipid. Hence the importance of every young
eardener learning by close observation the right time to harvest
Pears. It is said that there is no rule without exception, and I
suppose it is true as regards the gathering of Pears, though the
exceptions I know are few, and novices at Pear-gathering need
not therefore be afraid that they will get far wrong if, when
called upon to gather Pears, they adopt the following methods
to decide whether or no certain kinds are really fit to harvest :
Slightly raise the fruit—do not pull or use any force—and if by
this gentle heaving the fruit parts readily from the branch,
then they may with safety be gathered. Another test is to cut
open a fruit, examine the pips, and, if these are dark brown or
black, and firm to pressure, it is safe to gather. As a matter of
course, a dry day must be chosen for the work, and the fruits be
handled with the same care as if they were soft Peaches. As to
how best to store the fruit, I can only relate my own practice,
which has proved to be—I will not put it stronger than
moderately successful. Our fruit-room is built behind a high
wall, the aspect of it being due east. The walls are hollow
throughout--I perhaps ought to have said have an air cavity
between the outside and inside walls—consequently in damp
weather the room remains comparatively dry, in cold weather
warm, and in hot weather cool. It is ventilated, in chimney
fashion, through the roof, and air can be given or not at
pleasure. It is fitted throughout with shelves, or tables formed
with strips of wood, three inches wide, and between each strip is a
half-inch space, so that there is ample space for the escape of
any moisture that may be given off by the fruit; and air has free
access--I have sometimes thought too free for long keeping—
hence the thin layer of clean wheaten straw, on which the fruit
i3 Jaid, in single layers should space admit of it, and on no
-
850 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
account should I think of having more than a double layer, and
this to be single as space became vacant. I have seen larger and
erander fruit-rooms, but none, all points considered, better
adapted to fruit preservation than the room just described.
My task is done. Iam conscious of its many literary blunders,
but I know you will be charitable to these, when I assure you
that I have done my best, and that the whole is a faithful record
of work done, much of it with an immensity of pleasure, and
some in the face of great difficulties, lightened, however, by
the approval of the most appreciative employer that ever
breathed.
EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 12, 1889.
W. T. TuHiseLton DyEr, Esq., C.M.G., F.B.S., in the Chair.
[{LECTIONS.
Fellows, 83.—W. Ainshe, H. P. Atkins, Mrs. 8. Cecil Bignold,
Albert Brassey, Hon. Mrs. Albert Brassey, Henry Butt, William
Charles, Sidney R. Chesterton, Rev. A. EK. Clementi-Smith, Rev.
P. Clementi-Smith, Mrs. C. R. Cock, John Cockburn, Mrs.
Collis, Henry Crocker, M.D., Norman Davis, Heer §. A. de
Graaff, John Fraser, John Braithwaite Gill, Mrs. Robert Grant,
Mrs. Homfray, Mrs. W. Hudson, George Paice, John Philpot,
Henry D. Pochin, John W. Price, George C. Raphael, Jonathan
Rashleigh, Thomas Sheldon, Alnod EK. Studd, Alfred Vince, Miss
Harriet Wilson, Mis. Henry Woodrow, Major-General Young,
Rieke
The following papers were read :—(1) “ Notes on Saxifrages,”’
by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., F.L.5. (2) “The Cultivation of
Saxifrages,’’ by Mr. George Paul, F.R.H.S. (38) “Cultural and
Descriptive Notes on Saxifrages,”’ by Mr. G. Reuthe.
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
W. Marsuwatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-five members
present.
Awards Recommended :-—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. W. Paul & Son, The Nurseries, Waltham Cross,
for a dozen boxes of Camellia blooms, containing some of the
best varieties in cultivation, especially noteworthy being the
R
XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
American varieties C. H. Hovey and C. M. Hovey ; also Elezans,
fine carmine, Conspicua, scarlet, Augustime superba, rose-pink,
Ceniifolia alba, pure white, Candidissima, one of the finest of the
whiies, Il Comandaiore Betii, fine salmon. one of the best of
the Iialan Camellias, &c.
To Mr. T. S$. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, for a
large and beauiiful sroup of Daffodils im pots; also cut flowers,
with Anemones, Cyclamen coum, &c. The Daffodils consisted
chiefiy of the well-known soris, such as Horsfieldi, Maximus,
Spurs, Ard Rish (or the Imsh Kime), Leedsi, and Golden
Spur—all im very good condition.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea,
fora group of remarsably well-grown Nepenthes (Pitcher planis),
chiefiy hybrids, interesting and beautiful, the mosi noiiceable
being N. Chelsoni, Masiersiana, Dicksoniana, and Veiichi.
To Messrs. Paul & Son, ihe “« Old” Nurseries, Cheshuni, for
a larse and mosi mteresiing group of hardy spring flowers, com-
prising about twelve varieties of the early-fiowering Sanxifrages
in fiower, and other typical varieties; also the beautiful Chiono-
doxa sardensis, Ranunculus anemonoides, the preity hitile An-
drosace Laggeri, Galanthus plicaius, well-flowered planis of the
Fairy and Polyantha Roses, some as standards, which were
exiremely preity and much admired; and with them were the
followimg new Roses: The Bride, The Puritan, Colonel Félix
Bretton, and Lady Alice.
To T. B. Bryant, Esq., Juniper Hill, Dorking (gardener, Mr.
C. Beckett), for an extremely fime specimen of Dendrobium
nobile var. Wallichi. The plant was about four feet across,
literally clothed with flowers, and m ithe most robust health.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, King Sireei, Covent Garden, for a
group of Daffodils (m pots), principally of the trumpet section,
and pans of Crocuses, of such good soris as biflorus, Weldeni
alba, Imperaii, aureus, Sieberi (lilac), Olivieri (orange),&c. The
Committee expressed a desire io see C. Sieber versicolor again.
To the St. George’s Nursery Company, Hanwell, for a well-
fiowered group of Cyclamens.
First-class Certificate.
To Cypripedium Rothschildianum (unanimous), from Lord
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. XKRV
Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gardener, Mr. E. Hill); a magnifi-
cent species, of the type represented by C. Stonei. The indi-
vidual blooms are large, the labellum boat-shaped, and of a rich
maroon colour, the dorsal and lower sepals broad and regularly
marked with bands of maroon on a greenish-white ground.
To Cymbidium eburneo-Lowianum X (unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons; a handsome hybrid between the species
the titles of which are incorporated in the name given. The
flowers are a pale buff colour, the lip creamy-white, with a zone
of purplish-crimson, and a white margin.
To Amaryllis John Ruskin (unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons ; a grand variety, with large flowers of fine form ;
colour rich crimson.
To Iris Rosenbachiana (nine for, five against), from Mrs.
Whitbourn, Great Gearies, Ilford (gardener, Mr. J. Douglas), and
Messrs. Barr & Son; a dwarf-growing species, bearing compara-
tively large flowers of a pale biue colour, marked with violet and
golden yellow.
To Primrose Blue Gem (twelve for, eleven against), from
Mr. R. Dean, Ranelagh Road, Ealing; a variety of the acaulis
type, with large flowers of a deep bluish shade, having an orange
centre.
To Primula sinensis Imperial White (fifteen for, three against),
from Mr. R. Owen, The Nursery, Maidenhead ; a distinct variety,
bearing large semi-double white flowers.
To Clivia Lady Wolverton (unanimous), from Lord Wolver-
ton, Iwerne Minster, Blandford (gardener, Mr. P. Davidson) ; a
very fine variety, with enormous trusses of large flowers, bright
orange-red, with a yellowish centre.
Award of Merit.
To Primula petiolaris (thirteen for, six against), from Professor
M. Foster, Shelford, Cambridge; a distinct alpine species of
small growth, and bearing comparatively large flowers of a bright
rosy-lilac hue.
To Amaryllis Acquisition (ten for, four against), from Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons. Flowers of good shape, bright scarlet, with a
band of white along the centre of each segment.
To Cyclamen Prince of Wales strain (fifteen for, two against),
from the St. George’s Nursery Company. The flowers of large
size, and the colour rich rosy-crimson.
XXXVl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Cultural Commendation.
To Odontoglossum luteopurpurenm crispatum, from Messrs.
Heath & Son, The Nurseries, Cheltenham ; a finely bloomed plant,
having three racemes with an aggregate of fifty flowers.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. B. S. Wiliams, The Nurseries, Upper Holloway, sent an
interesting group of plants, comprising the white form of Lycaste
Skinneri, Lelia albida bella, Cypripedium Measuresianum X and
C. hirsutissimum, Odontoglossum baphicanthum (yellow spotted
with chocolate), and Celogyne cristata alba; Azalea Princess of
Wales, a double-flowered variety, with large full flowers of good
substance, white shaded rose; also a pan of the free-flowerimg
Primula fioribunda.
Cut flowers were sent of a double-flowered variety of Spar-
mannia africana, of which the Committee desired to see plants.
Messrs. Heath & Son sent Masdevallia Heathi X, a hybrid
between M. Veitchi and M. ignea rubescens.
The Duke of Marlborough, Blenheim Park, Woodstock
(gardener, Mr. T. Whellans), sent Cypripedium Elhottianum,
which is probably only a form of C. Rothschildianum.
Sir G. Macleay, Pendell Court, Bletchingley (gardener, Mr.
F. Ross), sent flowers of the pretty Hardenbergia Compioniana,
Mautisia Clematis, Canarma Campanula, the Brazilian Calliandra
Tweediana—a beautiful stove plant—and a healthy stem of
Aralia Veitchi, which had been grown planted out in a green-
house temperature.
Mr. Gordon, The Nursery, Twickenham, sent cut flowers of
Japanese, Camellias—curious and showy—and three planis in
flower of Japanese Azaleas.
Mr. J. Douglas sent the beautiful Hyacinthus azureus—quite
a gem.
The Duke of Northumberland, Albury Park, Guildford (gar-
dener, Mr. W. C. Leach), sent some boxes of excellently grown
Violets, the varieties consisting of De Parme, Neapolitan, Marie
Louise, and Swanley White.
Mr. H. B. May, Dyson’s Lane Nursery, Upper Edmonton,
sent plants of Hose-in-Hose Polyanthus—rose, red, and crimson—
useful for decoration.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons sent Dendrobium Schneiderianum,
%
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXVI
the result of a cross between D. aureum and D. Findlayanum ;
the sepals and petals are tipped and shaded with rose-magenta.
From the Society’s Gardens, Chiswick, were sent some
plants in flower of the pretty Saxifraga Burseriana.
Mr. R. Owen sent Genista Oweniana, producing freely spikes
of bright yellow flowers. Mr. Owen was requested to send three
blooms, and also a plant of an Ivy-leaved Pelargonium, exhibited
with a single bloom only.
A single flower of a mauve-coloured Japanese Chrysanthe-
mum, named Mrs. J. N. Gerrard, was shown.
I’. Gledstanes, Hsq., Manor House, Gunnersbury (gardener,
Mr. R. Manning), sent some examples of Primula sinensis
Mannine’s Seedling—of the Chiswick Red type.
Mr. F. Foreman, Eskbank Nursery, Midlothian, sent
Skimmia macrophylla, which was referred to Dr. Masters for
examination.
Mr. A. J. Mando, 139 Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, sent a
coloured drawing of the new American Chrysanthemum, Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy.
FRUIT COMMITTEE.
R. D. Buackmore, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Cultural Conymendation.
To Mr. P. Blair, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland,
Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, for fine well-grown Calville Blanche
apples, from trees grown in 11-inch pots, under glass—almost
equal to those from the South of France, where it is cultivated
largely, the fruit being sold in Paris at a high price.
This apple, which is too tender for open-air cultivation in
this country, is well worth the extra trouble of pot culture. As
a dessert fruit, its rich tender flesh is unequalled.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. W. Divers, Wierton House Gardens, Maidstone, sent
14 varieties of apples, fairly well kept—Ribston Pippin, Winter
Hawthornden, Stone Pippin, and Pile’s Russet being the most
meritorious.
XXXV1l1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
Sir J. D. Hooker in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Injuries to Trees by Hoar Frost.—Additional and corrobora-
tive information was received from Mr. Plowright, of Lynn, of
the remarkable occurrence, described at the last meeting, of
boughs of various trees being broken off by the extraordinary
deposit of crystals of rime upon them. As no snow had fallen
during the period, it was impossible to attribute the results to
such acause. There had been excessive fog previous to January 7,
1889 ; the rime forming upon the telephone wires was so great
that they were broken down. ‘The ice was deposited unilaterally
like flat sheets of glass, 15 to 2 inches in width on the south side.
On the 8th wasa thaw. The result of the frost was that a birch
had a branch amounting to one-third of the tree broken off; the
smaller branches particularly suffered. The elms were most
injured, branches of all sizes being broken off, even large arms,
one measuring 5 feet 6 inches in circumference, and 1 foot
10 inches in diameter. To such an extent was the roadway
covered with débris that the market carts were greatly impeded.
Oaks, willows, and poplars also suffered; but ashes and Scotch
firs escaped. Several photographs and broken branches were
sent as illustrations of the way in which the damage was effected,
for Mr. Plowright noticed that fracture without falling was a
distinct feature of rime-injuries to trees, excepting to willows
and poplars, the vast majority of whose branches fell to the
eround. It was a remarkable sight, for example, to observe the
broken but still pendent branches of the oaks upon the Hillington
Road, hanging on them for some weeks afterwards, and all on
the south side.
Mr. W. G. Smith recorded and figured in the Gardening
World for March 20, 1886 (p. 457), a very similar occurrence
at Dunstable, due on that occasion to frost, fog, and wind com-
bined. The ice formed sheets as thin as paper, about 2 inches
wide, and attached to the leeward sides of the boughs, but at
intervals only to the wood, thus forming a series of arches. He
attributed this fact to the warmer temperature of the living shoots,
which melted the ice throughout the greater part. These blades
of ice were about 2 feet long. Any little extra wind caused a
stir among the branches like the sound of breaking glass. Tor
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. XXxX1X
several days previously the frost had been very severe, the hills
at the same time being continuously hidden by wet fog, which
was driven gently along by a biting wind from the north-east.
Barley Smut.—A communication was received from Mr.
Plowright with specimens of Ustilago segetum, showing, in
accordance with M. Jensen’s opinion, two forms or species—one,
the commoner, U. nuda, so called because the spores are almost
naked ; the other, U. tecta, because the spores are enclosed in a
membranous capsule. They form, moreover, much more com-
pact masses, and resist the disintegrating influences of the
weather for a much longer period than do the spores of U. nuda.
M. Jensen has also arrived at the conclusion, on biological
grounds, that the smuts of wheat, of barley, and of oats are
distinct species, and incapable of infecting other than their
proper host plant. Brefeld concluded that the spores of U.
segetum formed yeast colonies in sterilised farmyard manure,
and concluded that cereals became infected by farmyard manure.
Mr. Plowright was unable to confirm this view.
Galanthus Elwesi diseased.—Professor Marshall Ward re-
ported upon the specimens forwarded by Mr. Barr to the last
meeting. It appears that the fungus infesting the plants was a
different species from the “Lily disease,’’ and proved to be a
form of Sclerotinia (Peziza), of which the parasitic state was
the so-called ‘ Botrytis’ stage. Professor Ward has succeeded
in infecting the common snowdrop.
Inly ‘“ Botrytis,’ Cultwre of—Professor Ward exhibited
specimens of his culture of this fungus. They were obtained
from single spores, one in each of thirty flasks. The spore had
produced a large quantity of mycelium until the nutrient fluid was
nearly exhausted, when an immense quantity of black sclerotia
was formed.
Abies bracteata Cone.—Dr. Masters exhibited a cone of this
tree from a tree grown under the care of Mr. Coleman, of
Eastnor Castle Gardens. It is remarkable for the long linear
bracts accompanying the scales. Questions were raised as to the
use of them, and how they could assist in the dispersion of the
seeds. The cone when ripe is said to fall to pieces.
Skimmia japonica.—Dr. Masters has reinvestigated this
plant, and finds that it is not known in Japan, but is really of
Chinese origin. Mr. Fortune first brought it from the latter
xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
country. The true §. japonica is the plant known in gardens
under various names, oblata, fragrantissima, &c.
Crocus with ‘ Ephemeral Roots.’’—Dr. F. W. Oliver exhibited
some crocus corms with tuberous roots. In this case the small
corms, developed at the top of the old one, are provided with
thick, fleshy, spindle or conical shaped roots, in direct prolonga-
tion of the axis of the young corm. ‘They act as reservoirs of
nutriment, in addition to the young corm itself. As they serve
a temporary purpose only, Mr. G. Maw gave them the above
name. Dr. Masters observed that they are quite different from
the so-called ‘‘ droppers’? common in tulips, &e., which consist
of a bent leaf-scale with an attached bulbil.
GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 26, 1889.
D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. (Treasurer R.H.S.), in the
Chair.
ELECTIONS.
Fellows, 24.—Frank A. Bevan, Mrs. Frank A. Bevan, Mrs.
Bindlass, Chas. §. Broad, Albert Butcher, Thos. Butler, Alfred
Richard Creyke, Mrs. Alfred Richard Creyke, Miss Gertrude
Creyke, James Henry Crofts, B. R. Davis, Samuel James, Miss
Johnson, Augustus Miles, Alfred Field Powell, Hon. Caroline
Mary Powys, C. R. Scrase-Dickins, Mrs. Silver, Ernest Hartland
South, Henry John Tallentire, Thomas Thompson, George Tidd,
Charles Toope, Henry Edward Vickers.
The following papers were read :—(1) ‘‘ Historical Notes on
Dutch Hyacinths,” by Heer A. E. Baarnart. (2) ‘‘ The Culti-
vation of Hyacinths in Holland,” by Heer T. H. Kersten. (8)
‘The Hyacinth from an English Point of View,’ by Mr. James
Douglas, F.R.H.S.
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and ten members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. G. Phippen, The Nursery, Reading, for an extensive
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. xli
eroup of Hyacinths, Tulips, Lilies-of-the-Valley, and other
spring-flowering plants, interspersed with Palms and Ferns.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chel-
sea, for collections of Hyacinths and Amaryllis. Amongst the
former the following were the most noticeable varieties: James
Watt, flowers of a distinct purple hue; Snowball, fine white ;
La Grandesse, large bells, one of the finest of the whites ; King
of the Blues; Salmon King, a distinct variety ; Yellow Hammer,
a& new variety, spikes massive, colour pale yellow, and Gari-
baldi, bright red. The Amaryllis included Faust, a handsome
variety, bearing large finely-formed flowers of a brilliant crimson
colour, with a white bar down the centre of each segment ; Ceres,
flowers crimson, marked with broad bands of white ; and Teren-
tian, to which a First Class Certificate was awarded.
To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, The Nurseries, Forest Hill, for a
showy group of plants, composed of Dendrobium Wardianum ;
several varieties of Cattleya Triane—Delicata aurea being
very fine—and several named varieties of Clivia, viz.: Louise
Cremer, Mrs. Laing, Sulphurea, Madame Van Houtte, and
B. §. Williams—the latter excellent; also three seedlings of
considerable merit.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, King Street, Covent Garden, for an
attractive display of Daffodils and other hardy flowers. Amongst
the former were pans of such gems as Narcissus minimus and
minor, and flowers of the distinct Johnstoni; and amongst the
latter the pretty Scilla bifolia alba, Puschkinia lbanotica com-
pacta, the pale-coloured Chionodoxa cretensis albiflora, and
Hepatica triloba alba, well grown.
First Class Certificate.
To Chvia John Laing (votes, seven for), from Messrs. J.
Laing & Sons; a magnificent variety, bearing a strong spike of
brilliant orange-scarlet flowers of large and fine form.
To Amaryllis Terentian (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, a superb variety; the flowers of average size,
perfect in form, and of a rich crimson colour.
To Saxifraga Malyi (votes, seven for, three against), from
Messrs. Paul & Son, ‘‘ Old’ Nurseries, Cheshunt; a distinct and
handsome species of vigorous growth—flowers pale yellow.
wn PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
To Prmrose Mikado (voies, five for, four against), from Mr.
R. Dean, Ranelagh Road, Ealmg, bearing fiowers of a nich
eximson colour, with white margin.
To Shoriia galacifolia (votes, unanimous), from H. J. Elwes,
Esq., Preston House, Cirencester ; miroduced from the Allechany
Mounitais, and, so far asis known, the first imme the species has
fiowered in Europe—a beautiful alpime allied to the Pyrola, of
dense srowih, small white campanulaie flowers.
Award of Merit.
To Hyacmih Yellow Hammer (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Vaetich & Sons; massive spikes, the flowers of fime
form, colour bnzhi yellow.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Paul & Son sent a charming group of Hardy Planis,
consisting of the followmg mieresimg species of Roses: The
irue York and Lancaster, Rivers’ Musk, Miznoneiie, and Vimdi-
flora; several varieties of Mouian Pzonies, and a good plani of
the white Lilac Mane Lemome, a very fine variety ; and Azalea
Princess Clementime, a pure white variety of much value; also
the followmg Saxifrages: 5S. Malyi, 8S. coriophylla, a demse-
eTrowing species, bearing pure white flowers; S. opposiiifolia,
bearing a profusion of nch purple flowers, and the early-flowernme
form of Anemone pulsaiilla.
W. Clay, Esg., Elm Villa, Kimgsion-on-Thames (gardener,
Mr. W. Hibburt), seni a collection of Cyclamen persicum m
flower.
Earl Brownlow, Ashndge, Great Berkhampsiead (gardener,
Mr. R. B. Lowe), seni a fimely flowered spray of Fortune’s Yellow
Rose—a singularly beautiful waneiy, the flowers of a warm
apricot colour. This may be remembered as flowermg profusely
many years ago on the roof of the old Rose House at Chiswick.
Sir George Macleay, Pendell Couri, Bleichingley, sent ent speci-
mens of Brunstfelsia (Franciscea) calycina and B. grandifiora, from
specimens planted out im an intermediate house, and three kinds
of Brownea—viz., B. coccimea, an atiracitve species, brillant
scarlet, free-flowermg; B. hybnda, somewhat larger; and B.
srandiceps, the fimest of all these imieresiing shrubs. These
were cuit from small specimens planted out m an ee
house. %
%
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. xh
Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham, sent some well-developed
Hyacinths, growing in cocoanut fibre refuse and shell shingle.
Messrs. J. Carter & Co., 287-8 High Holborn, sent Cineraria
Emperor Frederick, a very distinct variety; also cut flowers of
Cinerarias.
ORCHID COMMITTEE.
Sir Trevor LAWRENCE in the Chair, and thirteen members
present.
A large number of Orchids were staged by various exhibitors
on the occasion of the first sitting of the Orchid Section of the
Floral Committee. The President of the Society exhibited a
eroup of very fine Orchids, prominent being a large and well-
flowered specimen of Cattleya Triane Eboracensis, some purple-
spotted varieties of Odontoglossum Pescatorei, O. Ruckerianum,
O. Andersonianum, Spathoglottis aurea (Kimballiana), Cym-
bidium Devonianum, and Oncidium superbiens. Mrs. Whitbourn
of Great Gearies, sent a magnificent specimen of Cymbidium
eburneum, with about twenty-five fine flowers expanded; the
Rev. EK. Handley, of Bath, a superb form of Oncidium ma-
eranthum, with a like number of flowers; A. H. Smee, Ksq.,of The
Grange, Hackbridge, a small group of good Orchids; and the
large collection of plants in flower staged by Mr. John Laing,
of Forest Hull, was plentifully sprinkled with Dendrobes,
including D. crassinode album, Odontoglossums, &c. Messrs.
Jas. Veitch & Son sent their home-raised hybrid Dendrobium
micans X, obtained from D. Wardianum and D. lituiflorum.
Among cut specimens a noble spike of the handsome
Odontoglossun Stevensui (certificated previously), bearing eighteen
flowers, measuring four inches by four and a half, came from
Baron Schroder’s garden; and J.C. Pickersgill, Esq., of Blendon
Hall, Bexley, forwarded a noble spike of white Odontoglossum
crispum, and some very large flowers of Lycaste Skinneri.
Awards :—
First Class Certificate.
To Oncidium superbiens, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
M.P. (gardener, Mr. Bickerstaffe).
To Dendrobium micans X, from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son,
Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea.
xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Award of Merit.
To Dendrobium melanodiscus X (Ainsworthii and Findlay-
anum), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P.
To Cattleya Triane var.,from Mr. Bruce Findlay, Botanic
Gardens, Manchester.
To Cattleya Schroder alba, from A. H. Smee, Esq. (gardener,
Mr. Cummins).
Botanical Certificate.
To Masdevallia Chestertonii, from A. H. Smee, Esq.
To Masdevalha triangularis, from Si Trevor Lawrence,
Bart, M.P.
Cultural Commendation.
To Odontoglossum Stevensi, from Baron Schroder (gardener,
Mr. H. Ballantine).
~To Cymbidium eburneum, from Mrs. Whitbourn (gardener,
Mr. J. Douglas).
To Odontoglossum crispum, fine white, and Lycaste Skinnerii,
with large flowers, from J. C. Pickersgill, Esq., Bexley.
To Oncidium macranthum, a fine variety, and remarkably
well grown, from the Rev. E. Handley, Bath.
Vote of Thanks.
To Sir Chas. W. Strickland, Bart., for well-grown Cattleya
citrina.
To A. H. Smee, Esq., for Cyrtopodium Saintlegerianum.
To Mr. G. T. White, for two very large varieties of Odonto-
glossum triumphans.
Plants sent to Name.
Zygopetalum sp. imported, from T. G. H. Eley, Esq.,
Hatcham. Mr. O’Brien said. this was identical with a form of
Zygopetalum Clayii X raised in this country, and was doubt-
less a natural hybrid of the same parentage.
Cymbidium sp. from Mr. Swan, gardener to G. C. Raphael,
Esq., Englefield Green. Referred to Scientific Committee.
Cyrtopodium sp. from Mr. Jas. Hudd, Gordon House,
Blackheath Park. Referred to Scientific Committee.
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. xlv
FRUIT COMMITTEE.
Sir C. W. SrricKLAND, Bart., in the Chair, and eighteen
members present.
Award Recommended :—
Cultural Commendation.
To W. F. Hume Dick, Esq., Thames Ditton House, Thames
Ditton (Mr. W. Palmer, gardener), for a dish of well-grown
Black Hambro’ Grapes.
Other Exhibit.
Messrs. W. & J. Brown, Stamford, sent Apple Shillaker’s
Seedling, which was not considered equal to other kinds in
cultivation.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
Dr. M. T. Masters in the Chair, and ten members present.
Cocoa-nut attacked by Coccus.—Mr. Mclachlan exhibited
leaves and a young cocoa-nut received from Jamaica severely at-
tacked by two species of coccus, Fiorinia pellucida, Signoret, in
abundance, and Mytilaspis buxi, Sign. (M. Pandani, Colwstock),
more sparingly. This diseased condition was prevalent in the
West Indies. Mr. Morris remarked that cocoa-nuts in Jamaica
first appeared to be attacked in 1881, after the cyclone in 1880.
He had seen a plantation of 25,000 trees badly infested. The
planters attributed their unhealthy condition in 1881 to the
snapping of the roots in the cyclone of the previous year, whereby,
the vitality of the trees being affected by the injury to the roots,
they became an easy prey to the cocci. The insect attacks the
outside fronds in the first instance, giving the trees the ap-
pearance of having been scorched. The older trees were de-
scribed as bearing ‘ blasted fruit.”” The usual remedies of
sulphur spray or kerosene emulsion being impracticable, it was
suggested that smoke might be partially effective. Whatever be
the remedy adopted, Mr. McLachlan observed that it should
always be applied just at the time when the larve are being
hatched.
Effects on Plants of London Fog.—Mr. Dyer suggested that
statistics should be collected on the nature and effects of London
fog upon plants in and around the metropolis during the winter.
xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
He said that they had not much ground for complaint at Kew
until the winter of 1887-88. The fog proved injurious in two
ways. First, in forming an oily deposit of dirt, which was left
on all the glass houses. This was so thick and of so intractable
a character that every pane had to be washed by hand. The
houses looked as if they had slate roofs instead of being glazed.
The same result occurred in the winter of 1888-89. Secondly,
with regard to the injury to plants, it seemed out of all pro-
portion to the nature of the fog, especially so on orchids. Thus,
€.g., When a fog comes on, the inflorescence of species of Phalen-
opsis breaks up, and the flowers, disarticulating, fall off. Many
plants suffer more or less, and especially such as have a more
tender foiage. Mr. Dyer remarked that the young foliage of a
Carpenteria growing on a south wall did not suffer, while another
plant under glass, with possibly tenderer foliage, was severely
injured. The fogs extended even as far as Dorking, for Sir
Trevor Lawrence lost a large number of flowers in a few hours.
Mr. Veitch remarked that he found injurious effects to follow
the two kinds of fogs, those caused by London smoke, and the
ordinary country white fogs. In the dull weather accompanying
the latter, flowers would not expand properly, as, e.g., was par-
ticularly the case with early varieties of Lelia anceps. The
yellow fogs of London had been getting steadily worse for the last
twenty years. Camellias frequently lost their buds, especially
certain kinds, as double whites. A peculiar feature observed by
Mr. Veitch was that the fog seemed to gum up the buds at a
certain stage of development. LEither before or after that
particular period of growth the buds were unafiecied by the fog.
He mentions that 1,000 flowers of Catileyas were lost im three
weeks.
Galanthus Elwesi diseased.—A letter was received from Mr.
Barr, who had forwarded the diseased bulbs on which Professor
M. Ward reported at the last meeting. He attrbuted the
presence of the parasitic fungus as indirectly due to cultivation
and to too rich a soil, from the following facts. In the garden
whence the diseased plants had come Mr. Barr found that they
had all disappeared except from places overgrown with grass and
in a wild natural condition. There they were healthy and
strong. His impression is that snowdrops cannot stand too
much cultivation. Whether it be the manure or the soft spongy
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. xlvil
nature of prepared soil he could not say, but with him they die
out in such a medium, whereas an escape on the hard margin of
a bed grows and flowers well. It is the same with many other
bulbs. In the centre of the bed they will perish, while the
plants on the edge, which has been trodden down, will thrive.
Tn an orchard where G. Elwesi was growing they were best in a
position near to the roots of trees and in the most shaded parts.
Mr. Barr suspects that fungus diseases are therefore correlated
with uncongenial conditions, and that the cure rests in more
attention to Nature’s laws.
Mr. Wilson observed that in his experience snowdrops grew
well in a rich soil. This was also Mr. McLachlan’s, except that
they became double. While it was suggested that manure might
be the source of the spores of the fungi, Mr. Dyer remarked that
no variation in the soil could have had anything to do with the
production of the fungus. It was observed that, like the cocoa-
nuts described above, some lowering of vitality appeared to
render herbaceous plants more receptive of fungi, and the causes
might be various, including high cultivation, which stimulated
the vegetative system.
Rime, Phenomena of.—A communication was received from
Rev. L. Blomefield, to whom the Secretary had forwarded Mr.
Plowright’s account of injuries to trees by rime, and the photo-
sraphs of broken trees, with inquiries if he had ever experienced
a similar occurrence. In reply, he said that he had only once
seen such excessive rime at Swaffham Vicarage, ‘‘ when all the
twigs of the trees, even the slenderest, were so enveloped in long
spicule, standing out perpendicularly to the length of an inch or
two at least, as to resemble bottle-brushes. The effects were
injurious in some cases, but not to the extent of large boughs
of trees being broken. ..... . Fog, combined with a very low
temperature and a perfectly still air, I suppose to be essential
conditions.’ Mr. Plowright forwarded a large bough with
several branches broken through and hanging upon it, illustrating
the remarkable effects of rime near Lynn.
Plants exhibited.—Shortia galacifolia, by Mr. H. J. Elwes, a
native of the Alleghanies, flowering for the first time in Europe;
it appears to be allied to Pyrola. Anoiganthus breviflorus,
Baker, a new Amaryllid from Natal with yellow flowers.
Crocus vernus var. leucorhyneus. Narcissus minimus, brought
xlvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
from the Asturias by Mr. Maw, flowering a fortnight or more
earlier than those in ordinary cultivation. Kyllingia mono-
cephala, Symplocarpus feetidus, &c. The preceding were brought
by Mr. Lynch from the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, to whom a
vote of thanks was given.
GENERAL MEETING.
Aprit 9, 1889.
Rev. W. Wriuxs, M.A. (Secretary R.H.S.), in the Chair.
ELECTIONS.
Fellows, 30.— Mrs. Aitkin, William Laurence Baker, S. Lee
Bapty, Arthur Baxter, Mrs. L. W. F. Behrens, T. B. Bolitho,
~MP., Herbert Edward Curtis, John Robert Featherby, Miss C.
S. Flint, Mrs. Garth, Mrs. Grout, Thomas Hall, George
Hammond, John Hingston, Miss Hutton, Sumner Jones, Dr.
C. Mordaunt Matthew, Albert Molineux, Harold G. Morris,
T. B. Morton, Henry R. Rainger, Mrs. Francis Ricardo, Samuel
Ryder, junr., Christer P. Sandberg, C.E., Henry Sibray, James
Benjamin Slade, Hon. Mrs. Alex. Stewart, John G. Treseder,
William Charles Wigley, Bernard G. Wilson.
The following papers were read :—(1) ‘‘ The Narcissus,” by
Mr. F. W. Burbidge, M.A., F.L.S., M.R.LA. (2) “Seedling
Daffodils,’ by the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, M.A., F.R.H.S. (3)
‘Observations on Portuguese Narcissi,’’ by Mr. Alfred W. Tait,
F.L.S.
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
W. MarsHaty, Esq., in the Chair, and sixteen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal. .
To Baron Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gardener, Mr. H.
Ballantine), for a magnificent group of Orchids—the most note-
worthy examples being Dendrobium Jamesianum ; D. nobile
nobilius, the most richly coloured of the several forms of this
fine old species; D. nobile elegans, very beautiful; D. nobile
album, a pale form of great beauty; D. euosmum leucopterum,
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. xlix
a charming hybrid, to which a First Class Certificate was
awarded; D. splendidissimum grandiflorum, a superb form ;
Cattleya speciosissima Schroderiana, a beautiful variety ; Lelia
harpophylla, bearing several spikes of its brilliantly coloured
flowers; and the following Odontoglossums: O. Wilckeanum
pallens, bearing a magnificent raceme of flowers; O. elegans,
O. Coradinei, O. triumphans, O. Wilckeanum, and O. aspersum
superbum.
Silver Gilt Banksian.
To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., The Nurseries, St. Albans, for
a magnificent group of Orchids, especially noticeable being
Dendrobium Dalhousianum, very fine, D. Devonianum, D. trans-
parens, Odontoglossum Halli leucoglossum, Cymbidium Lowi-
anum, and Oncidium bifolium.
Silver Banksian.
To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., Burford Lodge,
Dorking (gardener, Mr. W. Bickerstaffe), for an interesting group
of Orchids, amongst which Cypripedium Curtisu, a handsome
species with beautifully marked foliage; Aeranthus Leonis; Lycaste
Schilleriana, rare and distinct ; Cymbidium Dayanum, bearing
several well-developed spikes; Odontoglossum Harryanum ; and
Catasetum barbatum proboscideum, a singular form.
To F. G. Tautz, Esq., Studley House, Goldhawk Road, W.
(gardener, Mr. J. C. Cowley), for a group of Orchids : Cymbidium
eburneum, very fine; the Studley House form of Cypripedium
villosum, flowers of a golden hue; Miltonia vexillaria purpurea, a
high-coloured form which was awarded a certificate; and Cattleya
speciosissima Bella Donna, a distinct variety, highly coloured.
To Mr. T. 8S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, for
an extensive group of cut Daffodils, comprising Sir Watkin ;
Colleen Bawn, a beautiful form of Moschatus ; The Emperor and
Empress, especially good; Princess Mary of Cambridge, Queen
Bess, and Horsfieldii. Anemones were likewise admirably shown.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of
Daffodils: Henry Irving, of large size and richly coloured;
Duchess of Brabant, distinct and handsome; and Rugilobus
variiformis, a beautiful variety belonging to the bicolor section.
Anemones were also well shown and in great variety.
The Royal Gardens, Kew, sent a beautiful and interesting
s
l PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
group of plants, comprising several Primulas well grown and
flowered, such as P. Clusiana; P. margimata coerulea, a handsome
variety, bearing flowers of a bright blue shade ; and the rare P.
petiolaris. Some good Orchids were likewise shown, including the
white-flowered Diacrium (Epidendrum) bicornutum, of great
beauty ; Resirepia elegans and Pleurothallis insignis. Amongst
miscellaneous subjects were Rudgea macrophylla; Columnia
Kalbreyeri, with large yellow flowers ; Hyoscyamus orientalis, a
handsome species with purplish flowers ; and Godwinia gigas,
having a well-developed spathe.
Award of Merit.
To Rose (H.P.) Gloire de Margoitiin, from Messrs. H. Lane
& Son, The Nurseries, Great Berkhampsiead, as a forcing Rose
(votes, unanimous), bearing medium-sized, well-formed rich erim-
son flowers.
Culiural Commendation.
To Carnation Souvenir de la Malmaison, a well-flowered
plant, from H. M. Houldsworth, Esq., Wilton, Salisbury.
Other Exhibits.
Sir George Macleay, Pendell Court, Bletchingley, sent cut
specimens of Mutisia Clematis, very attractive with its large
pendulous searlet flowers. It is a cool greenhouse climber, and
blooms freely for a considerable period ofthe year. Kennedya
rubicunda was likewise noticeable with its rich crimson flowers.
Mr. R. Dean, Ealing, sent several very pretty Hardy Prim-
roses; also cut flowers of Polyanthus Evagil, of which the
Committee requested to see plants.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent Amaryllis Sirocco, a
noble crimson flower.
Mrs. Shilson, Tremough, Penrhyn, Cornwall (gardener, Mr.
R. Gill), sent cut blooms of Himalayan Rhododendrons, very
fine, from plants growing in the open air.
Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co., Paris, sent some planis in
fiower of the French strain of Cimerarias.
Mr. H. B. May, The Nursery, Upper Edmonton, sent Pieris
Rex, a promising variety, which the Committee requested to see
again.
Mr. W. Gordon, The Nursery, Twickenham, sent several Tree
Pzonies in flower.
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. ji
ORCHID COMMITTEE.
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P. (President R.H.S.),
in the Chair, and eight members present.
The meeting was marked by a very fine gathering of Orchids,
not only as regards rarity and beauty, but also in quantity, the
greater portion of the staging running up the middle of the Hall
being taken up by them.
Foremost must be placed the large group staged by Mr. H.
Ballantine, from Baron Schroder’s collection at The Dell, Egham,
to which was awarded a Gold Medal, and which was remarkable for
a fine representative collection of varieties of Dendrobium nobile,
ranging from the almost pure white with maroon eye D. nobile
(Schroder’s var.) to the rich crimson D. nobile nobilius; the D.
nobile Cooksonii, with petals blotched with purple like the lip,
to the fine old D. nobile elegans. Dendrobium Ainsworthii, too,
was represented by fine specimens; also the new D. euosmum
leucopterum, D. Jamesianum, the flowers snow-white with orange
lip, D. barbatulum, and other Dendrobes. Odontoglossums in
this fine group were O. Hinnus, O. elegans, and several very fine
forms of Wilckeanum. Among Cattleyas was a noble specimen
of the rosy-crimson C. Lawrenceana, with twenty-two flowers ;
and Lelias were represented by a many-spiked specimen of
the scarlet L. cinnabarina, and the extremely rare L. Jonghe-
ana, with rose-coloured flowers five inches across, the ridges on
the centre of the lip being bright orange.
A Silver Gilt Banksian Medal was awarded to Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, for a fine group of well-grown
specimens, comprising Odontoglossum Halli, O. H. leucoglos-
sum, an elegant specimen of Dendrobium transparens, literally
covered with pale lilac flowers; another of the closely allied D.
marmoratum, and an equally fine specimen of D. Deyonianum,
not often seen of such great size. A large specimen of Cattleya
Skinneri, one of the rich crimson-lipped C. Triane superba, a
good C. Lawrenceana, a fine specimen of the rare golden Onci-
dium bifolium majus, and the pure white Trichopilia suavis alba,
were also in Messrs. F. Sander & Co.’s collection.
To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P.,and also to F. G. Tautz,
EKsq., Studley House, Goldhawk Road, were awarded Silver Medals
for groups of rare Orchids, that from the President of the
§2
li PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Society being rich in rare plants of special botanical interest, as
well as showy species exceptionally well flowered. The white
and fragrant Aeranthus Leonis had two sprays of ten flowers ; the
rare Cymbidium eburneum Dayanum, with purple spots on the
lips of its waxlke white flowers, had eleven large blossoms; Cypri-
pedium Curtisu was perhaps never so well shown; and Lycaste
Schilleriana, Catasetum barbatum proboscideum, and Restrepia
elegans, most singular and beautiful species. A new white
Epidendrum was also exhibited by Mr. Bickerstaffe from the Bur-
ford Lodge collection with the others enumerated.
In Mr. Tautz’s group the most rare and beautiful plant was
Miltonia vexillaria purpurea, with large flat purplish rose
flowers—the best of the coloured M. vexillarias. A magnificent
specimen of Cymbidium eburneum also bore twenty-four large
white tlowers; Miltonia vexillaria leucoglossa had a fine spray of
nearly white flowers ; and the true Cypripedium villosum aureum,
which has the dorsal sepal almost wholly yellow, was exhibited.
From the Royal Gardens, Kew, and staged with the wonderful
collection of Aroids and other plants from those gardens, was a
large mass of the white Diacrium (Epidendrum) bicornutum
with ten fine sprays—a marvel and a triumph of good culture
of this difficult plant. The elegant Pleurothallis insignis was
also in the Kew group, and an interesting lot of terrestrial
Orchids—comprising Orchis Morio picta, O. pallens, O. longi-
bracteata, and O. arachnites.
Messrs. James Veitch & Son sent a hybrid Dendrobe between
D. Wardianum and D. aureum, and evidently intermediate in
character, but not strong enough to judge. Mr. Blair sent from
Trentham Gardens, Stoke-on-Trent, a fine hybrid Odontoglossum
named QO. Sutherlandii, with yellowish flowers spotted with
reddish brown; George Firth, Esq., of Manningham Thorps,
near Bradford, a cut spray of the pure white variety of Phalen-
opsis Schilleriana, which, in addition to its having white flowers,
has also the strong rose scent of the coloured variety, of which
also a fine spray was sent, and another of P. amabilis. Messrs.
Hugh Low & Co. sent a plant of the rich crimson spotted Cypri-
pedium bellatulum.
Awards Recommended :—
Awards for Groups of Orchids.
Gold Medal to Baron Schroder (gardener, Mr. H. Ballantine) ;
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. ii
Silver Gilt Banksian Medal to Messrs. F. Sander & Co.; Silver
Medal to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P. (gardener, Mr.
Bickerstaffe) ; Silver Medal to F. G. Tautz, Esq. (gardener,
Mr. Cowley).
First Class Certificate.
To Dendrobium euosmum leucopterum X (Baron Schroder).
To Miltonia vexillaria purpurea (I. G. Tautz, Ksq.).
Botanical Certificate.
To Lycaste Schilleriana (Sir Trevor Lawrence) ; Catasetum
barbatum proboscideum (Sir Trevor Lawrence); Restrepia elegans
(Sir Trevor Lawrence).
Award of Merit.
To Oncidium bifolium majus (1°. Sander & Co.).
FRUIT COMMITTEE.
Rh. D. Buacxmore, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.
To Cucumber Covent Garden Favourite, from Mr. W.
Unwin, The Piazzas, Covent Garden Market (votes, unanimous);
a uniform, handsome-shaped fruit, stated to be a variety much
appreciated for market purposes.
Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. J. T. Harris, Great Lodge, Tonbridge, for Strawberry
Harris’s Al Early Forcing. Fourteen plants bearing fruit were
shown. The fruit is large, cockscombed, somewhat flat, and of a
pale-red colour.
The Committee expressed a desire to have the variety sent to
Chiswick for trial.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. R. Dean, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, sent examples of
Potato Dean’s Early Sunrise, a very early variety.
Mr. W. Divers, Wierton House Gardens, Maidstone, sent
heads of an ‘‘ Improved Purple Sprouting Broccoli,” which was
referred to Chiswick for trial.
liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
Dr. M. T. Masters in the Chair, and nine members present.
Hybrid Ferns.—My. Morris exhibited three sets of seedling
varieties of Scolopendrium vulgare, presented to Kew by Mr.
E. J. Lowe, F.R.S., of Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow. Mr. Lowe
has been investigating the effect of cross-fertilisation of different
varieties of British ferns in the prothallium stage. The results
have been most interesting and suggestive. If spores from
different varieties are sown together the archegonia on the same
prothallium are often fertilised by antherozoids derived from
other sources, and thus are produced numerous hybrid forms.
For instance, the prothallium with the archegonia may be
derived from a spore of the rugose variety, while the antherozoids
may be obtained from a prothallium of the digitate variety, or
from one derived from a marginate variety. In the former case
there would be produced a rugose-digitate variety, and in the
other a rugose-marginate variety. If after fertilisation the pro-
thallium is divided—as was done in nearly 500 instances by Mr.
Lowe—the plants derived from it and carefully cultivated have
been found to vary considerably, and to partake more or less of
the various characteristics of the spore-bearing plants. In the
specimens placed before the Committee the conclusions sought to
be attained by Mr. Lowe’s experiments were apparently fully
borne out.
Mr. Dyer alluded to Mr. Lowe's specimens exhibited before
the British Association as being very extraordinary in character.
He observed that the prothallia of ferns usually bear antheridia
first and then archegonia, being thus analogous to protandrous
flowers. If left to itself it rarely produces more than one seed-
ling, the whole of the energy at the disposal of the prothallium
being concentrated in one individual ; but by cutting a prothallium
in two, as Mr. Lowe has done, at least one, if not more, arche-
gonia could be borne by each half, which then retained its own
individuality, each haying possibly been crossed, and thus pro-
ducing a different form from the other. He also referred to the
fact that it was only during the lifetime of Sir Joseph Banks that
the existence of the prothallium of ferns was made known.
Oxralis sp.—Mr. Morris also exhibited some bulbs covered
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lv
with remarkable scales of a rich brown colour, apparently of a
new species of Oxalis collected in South Africa by Mr. Farini in
1885. The outer scales are an inch in length, entire, and of a
linear pointed character. The inner scales are thread-like and
wavy. IJnsitwthey are packed closely together, forming a matted
cushion round the bulbs. Unfortunately, none of the latter
reached this country in a living state. Irom the material avail-
able there can be little doubt the plant is a species of Oxalis, but
different from anything represented under cultivation. It was
suggested that the spiral character of the inner scales may by
their hygroscopic character assist the bulbs to rise near the sur-
face after rains, and to descend during dry weather.
Sclerotinia on Snowdrops.—Professor Marshall Ward ex-
hibited one of his very successful cultures of this disease raised
from the fungus which attacks snowdrops. He has worked out
a very complete life history, which will be hereafter published.
With reference to Mr. Barr’s experience of the dying out of snow-
drops in a rich soil, Mr. Wilson remarked that he inquired of Mr.
Melville, of Dunrobin Gardens, Golspie, N.B., who raises large
numbers. His reply is that they do very well with him, his land
being a deep, free, black loam resting on an old sea-bottom of
gravel and sand. He adds that he thinks snowdrops and other
bulbs are very impatient of an adhesive, clayey, or wet and cold,
as well as ill-drained soil, good drainage being imperative. The
question was raised as to the meaning of the common expression
‘‘ predisposition to disease’’ in plants. Myr. Dyer remarked upon
the ambiguous and misleading character of this term, and
emphasised the necessity of ascertaining in each case the real
cause of an attack by a fungus. ‘Thus, if a hypha entered by the
stoma, a varying degree in the size of this organ might make all
the difference as to the immunity of a plant from a parasitic
attack, which, therefore, would have had nothing to do with the
constitution of the plant, and so might not be in the least degree
enfeebled. Sir C. Strickland remarked that certain varieties of
potatoes had at first been-hable to the disease, but resisted it
afterwards. Hence in their case also it might have been due to
some such mechanical cause as a thickened cuticle, and not
necessarily to an altered constitutional character,
Blue Primroses.—Mr. Wilson exhibited a box containing three
flowers of ‘‘ Scott Wilson’’ primrose and one flower each of its
lyi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
descendants. Most of them have a more or less blue colour;
some having less of the blue-plum colour, and are apparently
nearer to a true blue than has been hitherto obtained.
Daffodils and Rot.—Rev. C. Wolley Dod forwarded some
daffodils suffermg from rot, with the following remarks :—
** Owing, I believe, to the cold spring and summer of last year,
rot has been unusually destructive, and I have lost nearly one-
third of my crop. I have divided the daffodils sent into two
lots. Those in No. 1 are affected with a rot too well known to
daffodil-growers. I attribute it to the presence of too much wet
in the soil at the ripening stage of growth, assisted by coldness
of soil. You will see that few or no new rots are made. The
way in which whole clumps die off has led me sometimes to think
the disease may be contagious. The bulbs in No. 2 are differently
affected, and I think from a different cause. Last year I lost far
more daffodils from this affection than I have done this year. I
attribute it simply to the mechanical effect of severe late frosts
coming when the soil is wet, as the seat of the damage is on the
surface line. The violent constriction in the heavy soil caused
by the frost cuts the leaves nearly in two, and no further growth
is made. These ‘No. 2’ daffodils seem all to have made a
healthy start.” The general opinion of the Committee seemed
to coincide with Mr. Dod’s, that both results were probably due
to some defective conditions of the soil. Im the first case, in
which no roots were produced, most probably this was an
insufficient drainage; and in the second the decay was due to
the land being heavy and wet, and then probably roughly forked
over, so that clods were partially resting upon the growing bulbs,
which could not satisfactorily raise the foliage. It will be
observed that Mr. Melville strongly advocates good drainage,
whether it be naturally or artificially made, for all bulbous
plants.
Warts on Vine Leaves._-Mr. J. Wright sent leaves thus
affected from a Black Hamburg vine, a Royal Muscadine in
the same house being unaffected. Last year the atmosphere of
the house was kept rather moist, and this year mnch drier; but
neither condition appeared to have any effect upon the state of
the leaves. The cause was suggested by Professor Marshall
Ward and others to be deficient ventilation, the effect of this
being to increase the humidity of the air to too great an extent ;
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lvii
this in turn produces turgidity of the cells, with a consequent
hypertrophied condition, resulting in the so-called ‘“ warts.”
Underground Temperature.—Mr. Henslow exhibited tables of
curves, showing the variations in the maximum, minimum, air,
and underground temperatures at a depth of 12 inches for the
preceding three months, taken by him at Ealing. The features
brought out by comparison were: (1) The much slighter oscilla-
tions in the subterranean temperatures than in the other three ;
(2) That while the subterranean varies with a maxima and
minima when their fluctuations are great, they often remain
unaffected when the latter are shght; or (8) the curves may cor-
respond with one or other only of them respectively. Taking
the means for the three months, they are as follows :—
| Mean Mean Mean Mean
| Maximum Minimum Air | Subterranean
| ° fe} ie} fe}
January . : ‘ | 42, 30 34 37
February. . . | 42 30 385 | 387
March . Se | 45 82 40 39
|
Hence the mean subterranean temperature was in each case 1°
higher than the mean between the maximum and minimum of
each month. Comparing the subterranean with the minima on
January 6 the lowest minimum was 19°, but the subterranean
temperature never fell below 32°. On February 13 the lowest
minimum was 18°, the subterranean temperature being 38°, the
lowest for the month. On March 18 the lowest minimum was
also 18°, the subterranean being again 83°. Comparing sub-
terranean with maxima, on January 19 and 27 the highest
maximum occurred, viz., 51°, the subterranean reaching 40° on
both dates, while on the 81st it was 41°. In February there
were two high maxima, viz., on the 1st 54°, the subterranean
being 45°; and on the 18th 56°, the subterranean being 44° on
the 20th. In March a series of six maxima ranged from 50° on
the 14th to 59° on the 28th and 30th; the subterranean had five
corresponding maxima, reaching 46° on the 30th.
Injurious Effect of London Fog.—My. Dyer laid before the
Committee a short scheme to indicate the line suggested for
inquiries into this matter :—-1. The natural history of fog con-
lvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sidered (a) in its meteorological conditions, and (d) as to its
chemical and physical components ; 2. The empirical effects of
fog (a) as diminishing the amount of light, and (6) in its injurious
effects arising from the action of its poisonous and obstructive
components; 8. The microscopical study of lesions to tissues
produced by fog; and 4. Experimental data likely to throw light
on the subject. Various experts will be invited to take part in
the investigation, and a circular will be issued to cultivators,
asking for their experience. Professor Church furnished the
remarkable fact that he had noticed how Convyolvulus major
growing in the Portland Road was bleached by rain-drops. This
was due to the presence of sulphurous acid in addition to the
usual sulphuric (in the form of sulphates) in London rain. He
found also that when London fog was filtered the air was acid,
but the soot was alkaline, in consequence of the presence of
ammonia. Dr. Russell has even detected arsenious acid in rain-
water collected in the City.
GENERAL MEETING.
APRIL 23, 1889.
Mr. James Dovuatuas, F.R.H.S., in the Chair.
ELECTIONS.
Fellows, 6.—Miss E. Bloom, Richard Henry Fremln, C. §.
Gordon, Miss E. Phillipps Russell, George Hyde Wollaston,
M.A., F.G.S., Professor Edward Perceval Wright, M.D., F.L.S.
The following paper was read: ‘‘ The Auricula,”’ by the Rev.
F. D. Horner, M.A., Burton-in-Lonsdale.
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
W. MarsHatu, Esq., in the Chair, and fourteen members.
Awards Recommended :--
Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. J. Walker, Whitton, Middlesex, for a fine group of
Daffodils, of good quality, and containing a number of handsome
varieties, the most noticeable being Narcissus Dr. Hogg, french-
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lix
white trumpet; N. Leedsi Gem, white and palest yellow; N. L.
Flora Macdonald, N. Colleen Bawn, N. Barri, N. Beatrice Murray,
and Corbularia conspicua.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, King Street, Covent Garden, for an
equally good group of Daffodils, conspicuous being N. John
Nelson, N. Flora Wilson, N. Lady Grosvenor, N. Duchess of West-
minster, N. Walter Kendal, the latter of the incomparabilis type
—-a magnificent flower; and N. Gloria Mundi.
To Mr. W. Rumsey, The Nursery, Waltham Cross, for a well-
erown group of Roses in pots, the most noticeable varieties being
Madame Lacharme, Madame Eugene Verdier, Marquise de Cas-
tellane, Perle d’Or, Miss Hassard, and Alphonse Soupert.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Ryder & Son, The Nurseries, Sale, Manchester,
for acharming and effectively arranged group of Primula Sieboldi
(in variety), the plants—shown in pans-—presenting a mass of
flowers. Several forms were selected for awards of merit.
To Mr. A. Waterer, Knap Hill Nurseries, Woking, for ten very
fine boxes of Hardy Primroses—the colours of the flowers being
rich, varied, and beautiful.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea,
for a good group of Ornamental Shrubs, witli several planis of the
sweetly-scented Staphylea colchica. The Japanese Maples con-
stituted a pretty and effective feature.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. T. 8. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, for a
group of Hardy Plants in flower, consisting mainly of Primroses
(in variety), with Cypripedium calceolus, Habranthus pratensis
fulgens, &c.
To Messrs. Paul & Son, ‘‘Old’’ Nurseries, Cheshunt, for a mis-
cellaneous group of Flowering Plants, containing Amaryllis in
variety, very beautiful, Tulipa Leichtlini and Aubrietia Leichtlini
(both the latter plants being certificated), Hardy Primroses, &c.
To Mr. J. Walker, The Nursery, Thame, for excellent ex-
amples of Maréchal Niel and Niphetos Roses (cut blooms).
First Class Certificate.
To Epiphyllum Makoyanum (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons; closely resembling E. Gaertneri; flowers rich
scarlet, flushed with orange.
lx =‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
To Rhododendron Her Majesty (votes, unanimous), a hybrid -
between R. Fosterianum and R. arboreum, from Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons ; a noble fiower, about 44 inches across, of a soft crimson
shade.
To Tulipa Leichitlini (votes, 6 for, 4 against), from Messrs.
Paul & Son; of the character of T. stellata, bearmg small pale
yellow fiowers.
Award of Merii.
To Aubrietia Leichtlini (votes, 5 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
Paul & Son; plant dwarf, and covered with bright rose-coloured
fiowers.
To Amaryllis Sea Nymph (votes, 5 for, 3 against), from
Messrs. Paul & Son; colour white and scarlet; a finely formed
flower.
To Coleus Eureka (votes, 6 for, 4 against), from Mr. §. Hill,
The Nursery, Forest Gate ; leaves richly coloured.
To Primula Sieboldi var. Queen of Whites (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Ryder & Son ; a beautiful flower, pure whiie.
To Primula Sieboldi var. Miss Nellie Barnard (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. Ryder & Son; brilliant rose.
To Primula Sieboldi var. Mrs. Ryder (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Ryder & Son; white, shaded with delicate pmk.
To Primula Sieboldi var. General Gordon (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Ryder & Son; rose-shaded white.
To Primula viscosa splendens (votes, 7 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Ryder & Son; a beautiful shade of rose-pink.
To Primrose G. F. Wilson (votes, unanimous), from G. F.
Wilson, Esq., F.R.S., Heather Bank, Weybridge Heath ; flowers
very deep violet-blue, yellow eye.
To Primrose Quakeress (votes, 5 for, 4 against), from
G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S. ; flowers of an almost blue tint, small
yellow eye, margined with rich erimson.
To Climbing Polyantha Rose Claire Jacquier (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Paul's Nurseries, Waltham
Cross ; white or yellow-coloured fowers—very elegant.
To Mignonetie Garaway’s Double White (votes, 6 for),
from Messrs. Garaway & Co., The Nurseries, Clifton, Bristol; a
Vigorous-growing variety, of fine habit, the flower spike of good
length. .
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lxi
Other Exhibits.
From the Royal Gardens, Kew, were sent many species of
Primulas, including such pretty gems as P. viscosa confinis, P.
Kitaibeliana, P. pseudo-Fosteril, and P. Peyritschii. Other plants
of interest were Lathrea clandestina, which had been cultivated
in the Gardens on the roots of a willow, bearing purple flowers
about 145 inches in length, L. squamaria (the British species)
being sent for comparison; the old Cineraria cruenta was
noteworthy as the plant from which our garden Cinerarias have
been developed ; Rhododendron Kewensis, bearing several trusses
of pale flesh-pink flowers ; Mertensia virginica, Saxifraga flagel-
laris, and Mackaya bella.
Mr. R. Dean, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, sent a hybrid Primula,
a cross between P. ciliata purpurea and Alpine Auricula Beatrice.
The Committee expressed a desire to see the plant again.
ORCHID COMMITTEE.
Dr. Maxwett T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair, and nine
members present,
The exhibits of Orchids at this meeting, if few, were of excel-
lent merit. From the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
M.P., came two neat plants—covered with white flowers, with
rosy-crimson labellums—of Tetramicra (Leptotes) bicolor and its
variety T. bicolor serrulata ; also the pretty hybrid Dendrobe D.
melanodiscus raised at Burford Lodge by intercrossing D. Ains-
worthii and D. Findlayanum; from thesame gardens came the
curious European Orchid Ophrys Bertoloni, which hada solitary
flower, in general appearance resembling our Bee Orchis, but
much larger—sepals and petals rosy-lilac, the lip the richest
velvety maroon.
R. B. White, Esq., of Arddarroch, N.B., sent a handsome
pearly-white form of Cattleya Mendelii, which was named C.
Mendelii Arddarroch variety. It is near to the plant known in
gardens as C. Bluntii.
H. M. Polleti, Esq., Fernside, Bickley, staged a very distinct
form of purple-spotted Odontoglossum Pescatorei, with flowers
of perfect shape, and named O. Pescatorei Thomsonianum.
From the gardens of Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Wylam-on-
Tyne, was sent a good specimen of a new Cypripedium obtained
lxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
by him by crossing C. caudatum with the pollen of C. conchi-
ferum, and it was named C. nitidissimum, and bore a three-
flowered spike of showy flowers, the upper and lower sepals being
pale yellowish-green, veined with darker green, the pouch cream-
white inside, beautifully spotted with rose, the outside being
veined with green and tinged with red; it had the characteristic
tail-like form of the petals seen in C. caudatum, but shorter,
although a better idea of the flower may be got by imagining a
considerably enlarged C. conchiferum X. In other respects it
approaches C. grande X.
Cut spikes of a very fine form of Odontoglossum cirrhosum
came from Arthur Wilson, Esq., Framley Croft, Hull (gardener,
Mr. J. P. Leadbetter); and Mr. Cowley again brought from
the collection of F. G. Tautz, Esq., Cattleya Lawrenceana
concolor, a variety wholly of a pale lilac.
Mr. A. Methven, gardener to T. Lange, Ksq., Heathfield Lodge,
Gateshead-on-Tyne, brought a fine specimen of their fixed sport
from D. nobile, known in their gardens as ‘‘ Heathfield variety,”
and from which came the plants which Professor Reichenbach
named for Norman G. Cookson, EKsq., D. nobile Cooksonianum,
and which was afterwards certificated as such at the Royal
Horticultural,Society. The Heathfield name not having been
published, the Committee decided that it must bear the published
and certificated name, D. n. Cooksonianum.
Botanical Certificate.
To Ophrys Bertoloni, from Mr. Bickerstaffe, gardener to Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P.
Vote of Thanks.
To F. G. Tautz, Esq., for Cattleya Lawrenceana concolor.
To T. Lange, Esq., for Dendrobium nobile Cooksonianum
and Cattleya Mendelii.
To Arthur Wilson, Esq., for Odontoglossum cirrhosum.
All awards by unanimous vote.
The interesting group from the Royal Gardens, Kew, also had
in it good examples of Orchis undulatifolia, O. longicornu, O.
papilonacea, &c.
Awards Recommended :—
First Class Certificate.
To Odontoglossum Pescatorei Thomsonianum, from H. M.
Pollett, Esq.
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lxill
To Cypripedium nitidissimum X, Norman G. Cookson, Esq.
To Cattleya Mendelii Arddarroch variety, R. B. White, Esq.
FRUIT COMMITTEE.
T. Francis Rivers, Esq., in the Chair, and twelve members
present.
Award Recommended : —
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea,
for a collection of Apples in excellent condition—the most note-
worthy varieties being Seaton House, Lord Derby, Betty Geeson,
King of Tomkins County, Alfriston, Stone’s, Bismarck, Wash-
ington, and Cox’s Pomona.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. R. Gilbert, Burghley Gardens, Stamford, sent two
varieties of Rhubarb, viz., Salt’s Crimson and Hawke’s Cham-
pagne, which the Committee desired to see growing at Chiswick.
Sir C. W. Strickland, Bart., Hildenley, Malton, sent a sample
of Jam made from Winesour Seedling Plum.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
W. T. Tuisetton Dyzr, Esq., C.M.G., in the Chair, and eight
members present.
Scales of Oxalis.—Adverting to the specimens shown at the
last meeting, Mr. D. Morris mentioned that he had since for-
warded some of the scales of the species of Oxalis to Professor
Hildebrand, of Freiburg, in Baden, the monographer of the
genus Oxalis. Professor Hildebrand’s opinion was as follows :—
‘‘The larger scales you have sent me have the appearance and
anatomical structure of those of Oxalis Bowiei. The curled
filaments have the same structure, but I cannot imagine to what
part of the bulb they were attached. Perhaps they are a means
of dispersion for the bulbs. Besides the scales I found two bits
of stems that are very like those of Oxalis variabilis. So it
seems likely to me that the bulbs belong to some species of
Oxalis, but I never saw in any cultivated or dried specimens
any scales like the curled ones.’”’ Mr. Morris exhibited a com-
plete bulb, showing the exact position occupied by the curled
lxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
filaments, which was immediately beneath the larger outer scales
and closely investing the bulb.
Camellia Soil.—A Fellow of the Society sent a sample of
soil from a bed in which the Camellias were not doing well.
The soil was a mass of fungous spawn, derived, probably, from
imperfectly rotted manure or rotten leaves or twigs.
Galls on Eucalyptus.—From Baron Sir Ferdinand yon
Mueller came further specimens of the extraordinary horned
galls, such as were formerly figured in the Gardeners’ Chronicle.
Mr. McLachlan referred to a paper of Mr. Schrader in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales,
and stated that the galls in question were probably the work of
an insect allied to Coccus, and belonging to the Brachyscelide.
The four horns appeared to be outgrowths from the margin of
the receptacular tube, the overgrowth being the result of the
irritation caused by the insect in depositing her eggs.
Baron von Mueller also sent an extraordinary specimen of
Banksia, 6n which Dr. Masters undertook to report at the next
meeting.
Mr. Dyer alluded to the peculiar polymorphic condition of
the leaves in Acacia armata in cultivation at Kew. Dr. Masters
stated that such outgrowths were not umcommon in Acacias.
He had described and figured some specimens received at
various times from Baron yon Mueller.
The Season.—Mr. Dyer presented a note from Mr. Scott, the
Director of the Meteorological Office, relating to the “ useful ”’
temperature as reckoned in “day degrees,” and to the amount
of sunshine since January 1 of the present year, as compared
with recent years :—
Results from the Weekly Weather Report. Totals since January 1.
Accumulated Temperatnre in
Day Degrees
| Sunshine:
Total Hours
| Above 42° Below 42°
Up to April 7, 1884 394° 119° 218
= » 6, 1885 238° 368° 254
5, 1886 141° 557° 207
- ied oes ey 208° 468° 300
ai 9, 1888 88° 556° 195
8, 1889 180° 435° 210
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lxv
This shows that the present season has been much better
than the last, except as regards the amount of sunshine, in
which there is not much improvement.
The figures are not rigidly comparable, because the weeks of
different years do not end on the same day.
The Effects of Fog on Plants.—A further discussion took
place on this subject, and it was agreed to postpone the issue of
the proposed circular till the autumn.
GENERAL MEETING.
May 14, 1889.
W. T. Taiseiton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., in the Chair.
ELECTIONS.
Fellows, 25.—J. W. Addington, Dr. E. Bonavia, J. W.
Clark, T. Grange, J. Halse, Miss A. Hardcastle, W. G. Hazell,
A. J. Hemmerde,.HK. J. Howell, W..H. Hutchinson, Mrs.
Hutchinson, W. Kaye, Mrs. Keller, W. G. Lindup, Mrs.
Shirley R. Miles, Mrs. Miller, Mrs. Morrison, Rev. C. A.
Rosser, Leveson Scarth, R. B. Sharpe, Mrs. Vincent, R. E.
West, Wm. Whitley, Mrs. Whitley, and James Wilcox.
The following paper was read:—‘‘ The Classification and
Culture of Irises,” by Professor Michael Foster, M.D., Sec. B.S.
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
W. MarsHatu, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Paul’s Nurseries, Waltham Cross,
for a magnificent group of Roses in pots, and cut blooms, note-
worthy being Her Majesty, Madame Gabriel Luizet, John Laing,
Queen of Queens, St. George, Violette Bouyer, and Crimson
Queen, a new H.P. of rich colour, and very fragrant.
To C. J. Partington, Esq., Heaton House, Cheshunt (Mr.
B. Searing, gardener), for a splendid group of Masdevallias,
T
Ixyi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
excellently grown and well flowered. In the centre of the
group was a magnificent specimen of Phalenopsis grandifiora,
bearing fifty flowers.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. H. Lane & Son, Great Berkhampstead, for an
excellent group of Roses, the best varieties being Souvenir d’un
Ami, Magna Charta, Etie Morel, Perfection de Mont Plaisir,
Ulrich Brunner, and Madame Barney.
To Mr. C. Turner, Royal Nursery, Slough, for a group of
well-flowered Indian Azaleas, medium-sized plants.
To Mr. J. Walker, Whitton, for a fine collection of the
various kinds of Tulips, including a remarkably good selection of
the curious Parrot varieties.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a rich collection
of Narcissi, principally of the poeticus varieties—ornatus and
recuryus verus being especially fine; also a good collection of
early Inises and Tulipa fulgens, retroflexa, and cornuta.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for an elegant group
of Japanese ornamental-foliaged Maples.
First Class Certificate.
To Tuberous Begonia Duchess of Teck (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Laing & Son, The Nurseries, Forest Hill.
Very fine double flower, of a striking primrose colour.
To Tuberous Begonia Stanstead Gem (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Laing & Son. A good double flower, of rich
crimson colour.
To Crinum Kirki (votes, unanimous), from Sir G. Macleay,
Pendell Court, Bletchingley (gardener, Mr. F. Ross). A hand-
some species bearing white flowers, with a central line of bright
rose down each of the segments.
To cut spikes of Cunonia capensis (votes, 7 for, 6 against),
from the Duke of Northumberland, Sion House, Brentford
(gardener, Mr. G. Wythes). Specimens from a tree in the con-
servatory at Sion about 80 feet high. The flowers are white
and sweetly scented.
To Pink Her Majesty (votes, 10 for), from Mr. F. Hooper,
The Nursery, Bath. A pure white, sweet-scented flower.
To Dracena Doucetti (votes, 8 for, 2 against), from Messrs.
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. lxvil
J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. Plant of graceful habit, narrow
green leaves, margined and variegated with creamy-white.
To Rose (H.P.) Silver Queen (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross; bearing good-sized full
blooms of a delicate salmon-pink.
Award of Merit.
To Pansy Golden Crown (votes, unanimous), from Mr. R.
Dean, Ealing. ; A.M., Award of Merit; L.C., Botanical Certificate.
Acineta maculata (Lawrence), May 14. B.C.
Aciphylla squarrosa (Veitch), May 30. B.C.
Amaryllis Acquisition (Veitch), Mar.12. A.M.
John Ruskin (Veitch), Mar. 12. F.C.
3 Sea Nymph (Paul & Son), April 23. A.M.
* Terentian (Veitch), Mar. mg ih
Angrecum Chailluanum (Tautz), Aug. F.C.
Anthurium leodense (Lawrence), Oct. 8. “RC.
Athyrium f.f. regale, Barnes’ variety (Birkenhead), May 30. A.M.
Aubrietia Leichtlinii (Paul & Son), April 23. A.M.
Begonia A. Blane (Cannell), Aug. 13. A.M.
Duchess of Teck (Laing), May 14. F.C.
Frank Beadle (Cannell), Sept. 24. A.M.
Lady H. Cavendish (Cannell), May 30. A.M.
Mrs. Chamberlain (Laing), June 11. A.M.
8 ,, Litchie (Cannell), Aug. 13. A.M.
_ 5 A. Moens (Cannell), Sept. 24. A.M.
: »» Cayzer (Cannell), Aug. 13. A.M.
- Rosebud (Cannell), May 30. F.C.
ae Sir W. C. Brookes (Cannell), May 30. A.M.
= Stanstead Gem (Laing), May 14. F.C.
Bignonia Cherere (Macleay), July 23. F.C.
Bouvardia Hogarth fl. pl. (May), Aug. 27. A.M.
Mrs. Robert Green (May), July 23. F.C.
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. . exlvil
Brassia caudata (White), May 14. B.C.
Caladium Raymond Lemoinier (Laing), May 30. A.M.
Campanula Medium calycanthema (double and single—for strain) (Veitch),
July 9. A.M.
Capsicum Coral Red (Mortimer), July 9. A.M.
Carex variegata (Veitch), Oct. 22. F.C.
Carludovica palmifolia (Williams), Aug. 27. I°.C.
Carnation Mrs. IF’. Watts (Ware), July 9. A.M.
= Winter Cheer (Veitch), Dec. 10. A.M.
Catasetum barbatum proboscidium (Lawrence), April9. B.C.
Cattleya Brymeriana (Sander), May 30. F.C.
Gaskelliana, Cooke’s variety (Cooke), June 25. A.M.
Hardiana, Wrigley’s variety (Wrigley), Oct. 8. A.M.
; Mendelii, Arddarroch variety (White), April 23. F.C.
vs ms Duchess of Marlborough (Whellans), July 9. F.C.
cP 3 Rothschildianum (Schroder), May 50. F.C.
= Miss Harris x (Harris), Sept.17. F.C.
3 Triane variety (Findlay), Mar. 26. A.M.
Warscewiczii Hardyana (Wrigley), Oct. 8. A.M.
Ceropegia Sandersoni (Macleay), Oct. 8. B.C.
Chrysanthemum Admiral Sir T. Symonds (Molyneux), Nov. 5. A.M,
29
* Alice Stevens (Stevens), Nov. 5. A.M.
si Annie Clibran (Clibran), Nov. 5. A.M.
<5 Annie Stevens (Stevens), Sept. 17. A.M.
- Aurora (Cannell), Nov. 5. A.M.
" Bombardier (Cannell), Nov. 5. A.M.
i Dorie (Cannell), Oct. 8. A.M.
> Effie (Molyneux), Nov. 5. A.M.
Etoile de Lyon (Cannell, and Molyneux), Noy. 5. F.C.
Kynsford White (Cannell), Oct. 22. A.M.
= Golden Shah (Ware), Aug. 13. A.M.
an James Weston (Molyneux), Noy. 5. A.M.
x L’Automne (Chibran), Nov. 5. A.M.
Bi Lily Owen (Owen), Nov. 5. A.M.
ee Lune Fleuri (Cannell, and Owen), Nov. 5. A.M.
Maud Pitcher (Stevens), Aug. 27. A.M.
Miss M. A. Haggas (Cannell, and Molyneux), Nov. 5.
F.C.
ne Mme. E. A. Carriére (Cannell), Nov. 5. A.M.
- Mons. Bernard (Cannell, and Molyneux), Nov.5. A.M.
- », Charles Lebocqz (Cannell), Oct. 22. A.M.
e », Pankoucke (Cannell), Oct. 22. A.M.
- Mrs. Alpheus Hardy (Ware, and Pitcher & Manda), Nov. 5.
F.C.
> », Falconer Jameson (Jameson, and Molyneux), Novy. 5.
A.M.
4 », Judge Benedict (Owen), Nov. 5. F.C.
sj Nelson (Stevens), Oct. 22. A.M.
‘3 Rose Owen (Owen), Nov. 5. A.M.
i Souvenir de Londres(Cannell, and Molyneux), Nov. 5),
A.M.
53 Stanstead Surprise (Laing), Oct. 22. A.M.
oF Stanstead White (Jameson), Nov. 5. A.M.
- Thomas Stephenson (Clibran, and Cannell), Noy. 5.
A.M.
o Violet Tomlin (Cannell, Molyneux, Stevens), Nov. 5.
FC.
7 W. Neville (Cannell), Oct, 22. A.M,
exlvyilll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Clivia John Laing (Laing), Mar. 26. F.C.
» Lady Wolverton (Davidson), Mar. 12. I.C.
Celia bella (Cooke), Dec. 10. A.M.
Coleus Cleopatra (Hewett), Sept. 17. A.M.
» Hureka (Rothschild), April 23. A.M.
Cornus sibirica Spathi (Veitch), July 23," EC.
Crinum Kirkii (Macleay), May 14. F.C.
Cunonia capensis (Northumberland), May 14. F.C.
Cyclamen Prince of Wales (for strain) (St. George’s Nursery Co.), Mar. 12.
A.M.
Cymbidium eburneo-Lowianum (Veitch), Mar. 12. F.C.
Cypripedium Galatea majus (Schroder), Dec. 10. A.M.
Ps Niobe x (Veitch), Dec. 10. F.C.
is nitidissimum (Cookson), April 23. F.C.
. orphanum (Schroder), Aug. 13. F.C.
5 picturatum (Lawrence), Oct. 8. F.C.
a Rothschildianum (Rothschild), Mar. 12. F.C.
T. B. Haywood x (Veitch), Dec. 10. A.M.
Cy rtanthus sanguineus (Veitch), Sept. 24. F.C.
Cyrtomium falcatum Fensomi (Fensom), July 23. F.C.
Dahlia Alice Emily (Keynes, Williams & Co.), Aug. 27. A.M.
» Centenary (West), Sept. 17. A.M.
» W.C. Harvey (Ware), Aug. 13. A.M.
». Conquest (Harris), Sept. 17. A.M.
», Crimson Globe (Keynes, Williams & Co.), Aug. 27. A.M.
» F.L. Temple (Ware), Aug. 27. A.M.
», Gulielma (Cheal), Sept.17.. A.M.
» Hester Dorothea (Girdlestone), Sept. 17. A.M.
», James Scobie (Cheal), Aug. 13. A.M.
» John Hickling (Keynes, Williams & Co.), Aug. 27. A.M.
», Marchioness of Bute (West), Aug. 27. A.M.
»» Marmion (Turner), Sept. 17. A.M.
» Panthea (Keynes, Wiliams & Co.), Aug. 27. A.M.
Reliance (Keynes, Williams & Co.), Aug. 27. A.M.
Delphinium Arditi (Kelway). June 11. A.M.
Be Banquo (Kelway), June 25. A.M.
Md Britannia (Kelway), June 25, A.M.
a Faust (Kelway), June 11. A.M.
fe Orbit (Kelway), June 11. A.M.
a Regalia (Kelway), June 11. A.M.
Pr Sir T. Lawrence (Kelway), June 25. A.M.
The Shah (Kelway), June 25. A.M.
Dendrobien euosmum leucopterum x (Schroder), A relG,. tC;
sh melanodiscus x (Lawrence), Mar. 26. A.M.
. micans x (Veitch), Mar. 26. F.C.
revolutum (Lawrence), July 23. B.C. |
Dianthus Snowflake (for strain) (R. Dean), Sept. 17. A.M.
Disperis Fanninie (Smee), Sept. 17. B.C.
Dracena Doucetti (Veitch), May 14. F.C.
Kpidendrum sceptru-n (Lawrence), Oct. 22. B.C.
Kpiphyllum Makoyanum (Veitch), April 28. F.C.
I'uchsia Dorothy Fry (Fry), June 11. A.M.
Gladiolus Alsace (Veitch), Aug. 13. A.M.
Re André Chenier (Veitch), Aug. 13. A.M. |
- Duchess of Fife (Kelway), Aug. 27. A.M.
3 Hippolyta (Whall), Aug. 13. A.M.
- nanceianus x President Carnot (Lemoine), Aug. 13. F.C.
- Vulso (Kelway), Aug. 27. A.M.
EXTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS. exlix
Hollyhock Delicata (Webb & Brand), Aug. 27. A.M.
Hyacinth Yellow Hammer (Veitch), March 26. A.M.
Iris Kempferi White Banner (Macleay), July 9. F.C.
., Rosenbachiana (Barr, Whitbourn), March 12. F.C,
Leclia autumnalis alba (Veitch), Oct. 8. F.C.
Dellensis x (Schroder), May 30. F.C.
Digbyana x Mossi (Veitch), May 14. F.C.
elegans, Cooke’s var. (Cooke), Aug. 27. F.C.
7 F Duchess (Whellans), Aug. 27. F.C.
prestans alba (Bull), Oct. 8. F.C.
”
”
”
Lelia—Cattleya Palles x (Veitch), Dec. 10. F.C.
Lilium Martagon album (Barr), June 25. F.C.
pardalinum var. luteum (Veitch), July 9. F.C.
, Wallichianum superbum (Low), June 25. F.C,
Lycaste plana var. Cumminsi (Smee), Oct. 8. A.M.
, Schilleriana (Lawrence), April 9. F.C.
Masdevallia Ellisiana (Veitch), June 25. F.C.
es vespertilio (Smee), Sept. 17. B.C.
Maxillaria fuseata (Lawrence), July 23.. B.C.
Mignonette Garaway’s Double White (Garaway), April 23. A.M.
Miltonia vexillaria Leopoldi (Schroder), Sept. 17. F.C.
purpurea (Tautz), April 9. F.C.
Mimulus grandis (Dean), May 14. A.M.
Negelia (Gesnera) pyramidale (Cannell), Aug. 13. A.M.
Nepenthes Curtisii superba (Veitch), Aug. 13. F.C.
Odontoglossum grande, Tautz’s var. (Tautz), Oct. 22. A.M.
Pescatorei var. (Jackson), Feb. 12. A.M.
r? Thomsonianum (Pollett), April 23. F.C.
Oncidium crispum var. grandiflora (Charlesworth), July 9. F.C.
bifolium (Sander), April 9. A.M.
hematochilum (Sander), May 30. B.C.
a superbiens (Lawrence), Mar.26. F.C.
Ophrys Bertolinii (Lawrence), April 23. B.C,
P:xeonia Moutan Agenoria (Kelway), May 30. A.M.
Leonard Kelway (Kelway), May 30. A.M.
lobata (?) (Ware), May 30. F.C.
Princess Christian (Kelway), June 11. A.M.
‘5 [rene (Kelway), June 11. A.M.
Pansy (bedding) Golden Crown (Dean), May 14. A.M.
Papaver nudicaule sulphureum (Ware), Aug. 27. A.M.
Pelargonium Duke of Fife (Hawkins & Bennett), Aug. 13. A.M.
Indian Yellow (Foster), May 30. A.M.
Souvenir de Mirande (Cannell), May 30. A.M.
P hysosiphon Loddigesii (Tautz), July 9. B.C.
Pink Her Majesty (Hooper), May 14. F.C.
Ponthieva maculata (Lawrence), May 14. B.C.
Primrose Blue Gem (Dean), Mar.12. F.C.
G. I’. Wilson (Wilson), April 23. A.M.
Quakeress (Wilson), April 23. A.M.
i The Mikado (Dean), Mar. 26. F.C.
Primula sinensis Imperial White (Owen), Mar. 12. F.C.
Miss Inez (Knight), Jan.15. A.M.
”
”
”
”
”
”
”
”
i . Princess Mary (Cannell), Jan. 15. A.M.
x » Swanley Mauve (Cannell), Jan.15. F.C.
petiolaris (Foster), Mar.12. A.M.
Sieboldi var. General Gordon (Ryder), April 23. A.M.
Miss Nellie Barnard (Ryder), April 23. A.M.
Mrs. Ryder (Ryder), April 23. A.M.
” ” ”
” ” 7
cl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Primula Sieboldi var. Queen of the Whites (Ryder), April 23. A.M.
* viscosa splendens (Ryder), April 23. A.M.
Pteris leptophylla princeps (May), Oct. 22. F.C.
» serrulata densa (May), Aug. 27. F.C.
_ $3 plumosa (Coleman), July 23. F.C.
, tremula Smithiana (Smith), Aug. 13. F.C.
Pyrethrum Albert Victor (Kelway), May 30. A.M.
= Pericles (Kelway), June 11. A.M.
Retinospora filifera aurea (Veitch), July 9. F.C.
Rhodanthe maculata alba (Veitch), July 9. F.C.
maculata fl. pl. (Veitch), July 9. F.C.
Rhododendron Aspasia (Veitch), Oct.8. A.M.
> Duchess of Fife (Veitch), Aug. 13. A.M.
zs Her Majesty (Veitch), April 23. F.C.
- Ophelia (Veitch), Aug. 27. A.M.
Virgil (Veitch), Sept. 27. A.M.
tose Claire Jacquier (W. Paul & Son), April 23. A.M.
,, Gloire de Margottin (Lane), April 9. A.M.
», Silver Queen (W. Paul & Son), May 14. F.C.
» Souvenir de 8. A. Prince (Prince), June 11. F.C.
Saccolabium cerinum (Moore), May 14. B.C.
Sarracenia decora (Williams), Aug. 27. F.C.
Satyrium carneum var. roseum (Ware), Aug. 27. F.C.
Saxifraga Malyi (Paul & Son), Mar. 26. F.C.
Shortia galacifolia (Elwes), Mar. 26. F.C.
Sobralia xantholeuca var. alba (Veitch), July 23. F.C.
Spirea gigantea (Paul & Son), July 23. F.C.
Struthiopteris pennsylvanica recurva (Birkenhead), May 30. F.C.
Sweet Peas (for strain) (Eckford), July 23. A.M.
.. Wilhams (for strain) (Walker), July9. A.M.
Taxus adpressa variegata (Fisher, Son, & Sibray), Aug. 27. I.C.
Tritonia securigera (O’Brien), Aug. 13. B.C.
Tulipa Leichtlini (Paul & Son), April 23. F.C.
Vanda Amesiana (Hill), Jan. 15. F.C.
». Kimballiana (Lawrence, Low), Aug. 13. IC.
Verbascum olympicum (Loder), June 11. F.C.
Veronica Fairfieldi (Thomson), May 30. F.C.
Watsonia rosea (Ware), Aug. 27. F.C.
e iridifolia O’Brieni (O’Brien), Sept. 17. F.C.
Dalai Br
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