——_er,

“TOUR NAL
Ral Horculual Solely |

FJ. CHITTENDEN, F.L.S.

~The whole of the contents of this volume are copyright. For permission to
reproduce any of the articles application should be made ito the Council.

CONTENTS. hs

The Cultivation of Fruit in British Columbia. By Mr. H.- Hincks,

F.R.H.S. a a er sae 1
French Gardening. By Mr. C. D. eitekey: ER. H. S.. oe Ze 5
Effects of Growth. By the Rev. Professor Bdereo Henslow, M.A.,
F.L.S., V.M.H.. “F aS vay “sa 9
The pinata: oe the Tulip, aa the Tulipomania, By Mr. W. S.
Murray, F.R.H.S.... ane ns aig
-. Cucurbitaceous Fruits in Egypt. By Mr. T. W. eae F. R. H. S. Sea? Oe
The Lily of the Valley. By Miss H. C. Philbrick, F.R.H.S. ae Ee
‘Chinese Paeonies. By Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. ... Ses Bees awe BOO
Meteorological Observations at Wisley, 1908... By Mr R. H. Curtis,
3 F.R.Met.Soc. vas na Ss p35 on Sis ae OT
On some Hybrid “Tuberous Sake nunes By. aay. J. Aikman Paton,
| WEA BSes 6 i. ae AMS a ig eee eae.
On ‘Solanum. sthiaeoadm= By the Egitor see = aS Sa sprees.
Anemone. variata. By Mr. A. Worsley, F.R.H.S. ae = tt et
Commonplace Notes... zt 5 a5 Pa ae = cee z= 6O
Book Reviews .... . “< e vai 3: = i 63
Brussels Sprouts at Wisley, 1908- 09. ae see Fas se = .. 88
Parsley at Wisley, 1908-09 . a ats swe at == 1 OO
Examination of Employees in ) Parke: 1909 = ae fae og ree:
Notes and Abstracts ... me a0 se 7 “a = oe
Meetings :—General, p. i; Scientific Goreinittes, p. xxxii; Fruit and
Vegetable Committee, p. xliii; Floral Committee, p. x\viii; Orchid
Committee, p. Ixii.
Notices to Fellows Ses eas aaa ae ao oe as iad Ixxvi

Advertisements. Index to Advertisements, Adut. pages, 34 and 38.

R. H.S. Office for Advertisements and all Communications,
VINCENT SQUARE, S.W.

Baers for tbe Bopat Horticuffural Bdoge HERBARTS

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HOLLAND HOUSE SHOW, 1909.

Designs furnished and estimates submitted for the construction of Rock
Gardens in all parts of the country.

,

CARTERS JAPANESE GARDEN,

”

Came hoc 6

Seedsmen by Appointment to His Majesty the King,

237, 238, and 97 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON,

Telephone—332 Holborn. ENGLAND.
Only CITY Branch:

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(Opposite Mansion House Station.) Telephone—944 Bank.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. XXXY. 1909.

Part I,

THE CULTIVATION OF FRUIT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
By -Mr:- H. Eincns; -’.R.H.S.

Durine the last few years much attention has been attracted to British
Columbia as a country to which to turn with a reasonable prospect of
making a living, on account of its fruit-growing capabilities. In no small
degree has its fruit attracted the attention of the many who have not an
‘opening ’’ at home, but in no less a degree has it attracted the notice of
the few who look for good fruit to eat and have a difficulty in getting it.

Many have seen the fruit at the Royal Horticultural Society’s shows,
but comparatively few have ever tasted it; and the taste of an apple, as
in the very earliest days, is still a temptation, heightened when its equal
does not often find its way into the shops of fruit-dealers.

British Columbia, not, I venture to think, without deserving it, is
becoming a place to look to for fine fruit, and for a pleasant life in the
growing of it—-a life full of hard work certainly, but one in which, if
not a fortune, at least a comparatively safe income may be earned ; a life
healthier than in an office and congenial to those who like to work with
their hands.

It is often said that people should have gone there to grow fruit five
or Six years ago, but, from what I have seen, the object lessons which can
be learned from looking at mistakes made in the varieties planted, and
the way in which they were cultivated, almost entirely compensate for
the time lost. The indifferent varieties planted in the early days of fruit-
growing, will, as time goes on, have to give way to the fine varieties of
the future. The poorer varieties are bought now only because no quantity
of the finer ones can yet be obtained.

The following are points which are worthy of the attention of any one
thinking of starting fruit-growing :—

1. See all the land you can before buying anything.
2. Be sure that it is fruit-growing land which you do buy.
VOL. XXXV. B

2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3. Beware of land subject to floods—looking and enquiring for the
highest point ever reached by river or lake.

4. In buying, keep the price low, and remember what the land
will cost by the time it is cleaned and ploughed. The higher price is no
criterion of quality, but rather of fashion in land, where living is more
expensive.

5. See outlying districts, rather than buy land which has been
picked over by many before you came.

6. Remember that land fit to plant must be such as may be
ploughed in any direction. Do not plant in an excess of potash, and
when planted keep your ranche properly cultivated.

7, Plant only the best varieties of apples.

Dry months occur all over British Columbia, and it will be found that
July and August are times when a lack of moisture will check the growth
of the trees in their early stages, and in some orchards bad results from
insufficient moisture are even now apparent. ‘To avoid this some system
on the lines given below will have to be adopted :—

1. Irrigation.
2. Dry cultivation.
3. Relying on “ seepage.”

Irrigation is a troublesome system in an orchard, for while land is
being irrigated it needs constant attention, and even then more or less
bad “‘ wash-outs”’ will take place.

In the opinion of many it detracts from the flavour of the fruit
grown, and it stands to reason that by this system much plant food
must be washed out of the ground. Irrigation must tend to bring the
roots of the trees along the line followed by the water, rather than equally
distributing them around the stem, and thus less plant food is available,
by limiting the area from which the tree derives its nutriment.

Waiter in British Columbia always costs money in some way or other,
and dependence on irrigation must be counted as an extra expense ; it is
either put on to the price of the land, when bought, or it is collected
yearly as a rent, or you find your own water supply when you “stake ”’
out your land and convey it to your orchard. It also costs money in the
labour necessary while irrigation is being carried out.

Dry farming necessitates the constant stirring of the earth, or
keeping the surface of the soil dustlike in fineness, and this condition
can only be arrived at by constant cultivation, which therefore means
constant labour. “The summer heat tends, in a climate where dry
farming obtains, to the premature ripening of the fruit, and greater risks
have to be incurred when an orchard is first planted.

In these regions the hot summer climate is as a rule followed by a
severe winter, and so there is a limitation of the varieties which can be
successfully grown, and this means the elimination of the finest varieties
of dessert fruit.

Natural moisture, or “ seepage,’’ can only be found in sufficient quantity
to be serviceable at the foot of very high hills, thus limiting the area of
cultivation and affording only small fruit-land areas near rivers and lakes.

THE CULTIVATION OF FRUIT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 3

But this is surely the most natural way to grow fruit, as here there is no
washing of soil, no loss of plant food, no extra labour. Its only drawback
is the comparatively small area on which sufficient seepage can be found
—namely, where the immediately surrounding hills are high enough
to feed the lower lands with moisture from melting snow, and where
the land is not too rocky, or liable to flood, to make fruit-growing
practicable.

Reviewing the districts, each one has its peculiarities, from drought
on some of the western islands to the damp and lichens of the coast,
through the hot reaches round Pentiction and Keremos, through the
erstwhile land of scrub round Okanagan Lake, to the timbered lands of
West Kootenay, and on to Kast Kootenay’s parched valleys. Some parts
are well settled and others contain only isolated ranches. In the more
settled places land has risen in value until it is almost beyond the reach
of the average settler, whereas in the more easterly parts it can be bought
for a quarter the price—land standing in timber, it is true, but land
which has supported fine forest trees, and which will support fine fruit
trees if the climate is not too severe. The chosen site of nature’s forest
is better suited to the growth of fruit trees than land unable at one
time to support more than sage-bush and greasewood, forced out of
a dryness too great for timber into an orchard grown by artificial
irrigation.

Heavy clearing characterizes the land near the coast, light clearing in
and about the Okanagan and Kettle River Districts, and medium clearing
in the Kootenays. The cost of clearing an acre of land ready for the
plough ranges from 50 dollars to 500 dollars, according to the district.

In travelling about British Columbia I was struck by the fact that
in most cases ten acres (a one man’s orchard) was all the land a man
had. His future firewood was not considered. During the first years,
tons of wood in timbered districts were burned to get at the soil, and
I feel sure that a few years hence the complaint of the lack of cheap fuel
will be.great. The man is wise who in starting on timbered lands saves
all the wood he can for fuel, and I would go still further and say that he
should, if possible, acquire cheap adjoining land unsuited for fruit from
which he can get his future fuel. I would also advise him to go to
the lesser known parts to start his orchard, for if good land is chosen,
with means of transport for fruit, there is no fear but that in due time
neighbours will come. I have in mind parts of the West Kootenay
District where good land may be bought at a reasonable figure, and a
steep piece of hill-side bought to yield fuel. In the process of clearing
timbered lands and burning large quantities of wood to get at the soil
an excess of potash is formed, and clover crops grown and ploughed
in are a necessity to bring back the nitrogen. In many cases the dense
timber has excluded the sun for generations, and time which is given
for the sun to sweeten the soil after clearing on these lands is time
not wasted, but well spent. Often the neglect of such things as clover
and sunshine results in disappointment in the early stages of an orchard.

Again, the stumps of trees are too often left in the ground in the race
to get a piece of land planted, and these are always in the way, difficult
to pull oué and impossible to blow out after an orchard has been planted,

B2

4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

except by sacrificing the fruit trees, and if left in the ground they interfere
with the yearly cultivation of the ranche.

So far the idea—one might almost say the rule—has been to plant many
varieties and a few of each. But, looking at the business-side of it, ship-
ments must, if they are to be made successful, be made by carloads, not
by boxes, and in choosing varieties plant, say, three or four varieties for
selling on ten acres, so that their picking will not come at the same time,
and so that you may sell quantities of the same fruit off your own orchard
rather than be compelled to hunt for somebody with the same variety
(whose apples may be better or worse than your own) in order to make
up a consignment.

In the choice of varieties of course the best dessert is the highest
priced apple, but some of the best varieties are shy bearers, or poor pollen-
producers, and remember in making your selection that most of the
Government's excellent pamphlets are taken from experiments carried
out in other provinces, or in the States, and in neither case is the climate
the same nor are the soil and conditions similar to those which are found
in British Columbia. For in a large province like this the different
districts themselves vary enormously in these respects.

Peaches, strawberries, apples, and a variety of other fruits are grown
in British Columbia, but it depends entirely on transport, markets, and
the locality as to which will be the best business proposition.

In very few cases can one rely on the nearest town for the sale of all
the fruit grown around it; but the Prairie on the east and Australia on
the west are places where fruit is wanted and where it will sell.

Each year more settlers come out to Canada, and a large proportion
of these go to places where fruit cannot be grown, increasing the numbers
of miners, farmers, &¢., who have to buy their fruit. At present we read
that not half of the fruit consumed is raised in the province, yet some of
this fruit, such as oranges and lemons, must be imported, and although
there seems every probability that the demand, which is at present good,
will continue for fruits which will travel long distances, yet local markets
only can be relied upon for the ‘‘soft’’ fruits, and such demands are not
large.

I would say in conclusion that there are many things which if run in
conjunction with an orchard will help to tide over the five years of wait-
ing until the bearing stage is reached, without growing such fruits as
strawberries. Honey, eggs, and milk are all profitable, and, given energy
and good business instincts, British Columbia has openings for many.
Perhaps the most difficult decision which you are asked to make is in the
selection of the land on which to make not only an orchard but with it
your home.

FRENCH GARDENING, 5

FRENCH GARDENING.
By Mr. C. D. Mackay, F.B.H.S.

[Lecture delivered January 5, 1909.}

For many years I have advocated the growing of early salads in the
way used by the French gardener or maraicher, but until recently only
one or two such gardens had been started. Within the past year
intensive cultivation has excited an enormous amount of interest
among the leisured classes and among those who have gardens and
gardeners of their own, and to these I more particularly wish to speak.
Now that they have been awakened to the simplicity of growing early
salads in their own gardens, they wonder why they have not attempted
to supply themselves instead of being dependent on the foreigner as
in the past. They had seen the gardens round Paris and marvelled at
them, but they were under the impression that in our climate such
methods as are there employed were doomed to failure, whereas there is
virtually but very little difference, in fact only about two degrees in
temperature, between Paris and London, and although they do not
have the black fogs we do, they certainly have damp white ones.

The cry in the past has always been that our climate is not the
slightest good for growing vegetables in the manner adopted in France,
and that in France they have no frost, fog or snow, and no other difficulty
to contend with, in rearing the plants. Of course this is not the case.
The French gardeners who have had experience in this country say that
the climate here is good, and that the lettuces did not ‘fog off’’ as they
do in Paris.

Perhaps gardeners in this country have also been to blame, in that
they have religiously adhered to their old-fashioned ideas. They knew
only by hearsay of the wonderful way in which the French grew their
early salads, and although their employers may have seen the methods
employed and the results obtained, yet the gardeners had no opportunity,
and possibly no desire, to see for themselves, and they foolishly con-
demned a system which they did not understand.

One essential must always be borne in mind: when gardeners attempt
the system they must have the right varieties of seeds to grow, and it
must not be thought that our usual varieties of lettuces, carrots, &c.,
are just as good as the proper varieties.

Ours really is a most favoured country, especially in the South and
West, for this kind of intensive cultivation, and there should be no
necessity for the huge quantities of lettuces, carrots, radishes, &c., to come
from any foreign country as they do now. Actually lettuces are now
(January) coming in from Paris and are realizing good prices, and why ?
Simply because our growers are so lethargic and non-progressive that
they will not believe it possible to work the system successfully here ;
neither is it, unless they adopt the same methods as the French people ;

6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

these methods I will endeavour to explain a little later on. One thing,
however, I am grieved about, viz., that a few people, who would practically
not make a success of anything, have been lured by the golden prospects
held out to them in certain sections of the Press, into embarking in an
attempt to secure, from an outlay of £100 to £200, the comparatively
enormous income of £400 or £500 a year. This, too, simply because they
may have read a newspaper article, or my book on French gardening.
For instance, I have been in communication with engineers, clergymen,
and many other professional men who have had long years of training for
their particular professions and who cannot make a successful living,
but they think that with possibly #200, the amount mentioned in my
book as possible, they are immediately going to make a good living
without having the slightest idea of the method of work. I asked an
eminent surgeon the other day if he thought that by reading a book upon.
surgery I should be able to operate successfully on any one. He said he
would not care about my doing so on him at any rate, and I retorted
that neither could a man by simply reading a book become a skilled
gardener.

I am also sorry to see that the public are being asked to subscribe to
large ventures of this description. Personally I do not think that French
gardening on a large scale is to be advocated. The methods are suited
to small gardens of one to two acres only, and such gardens require the
unremitting and assiduous care of the proprietor himself. The name
which has been coined for the system, “intensive,” is a very apt one, for
it is not, and can never be, an extensive one.

About fifteen years ago it occurred to me that there was no reason
why we could not grow lettuces here, just as they did in France, and in
conversation with an eminent French seedsman I learnt that it was the
variety of lettuce which enabled the French to achieve such seeming
wonders. I promptly got some of the seed, giving it to some of my
English friends, but it was a failure. Going somewhat further into the
subject I found that the seed was not everything, but that the way the
plants were cultivated was also an important factor, and the cultivation is
somewhat as follows. ‘The French maraicher, and now the English
gardener, begins to collect his manure from July onwards, storing it in
great heaps. This he keeps until he requires it in December and during
that month he collects an equal quantity of fresh manure.

This is then mixed in equal quantities and spread nine inches deep on
the ground, and on the top of this the frames are placed. About six
inches of soil is added to the top of the manure, and on this are sown
radishes and carrots in January. Lettuces are planted in the frames at
the beginning of January, and are cut towards the end of February.
Lettuces are not required in this country very early.

The particular cabbage lettuce grown is one that has never been
used in this country, except in the few French gardens now existing. It
is quite distinct from any lettuce which we are in the habit of growing.
If this lettuce is planted in the spring time, it will immediately run to
seed, but if sown in October under cloches, the plants soon come up,
and after a few days they are pricked out, twenty-five under a cloche,
and left until they are wanted to finally replant in the beds in January.

FRENCH GARDENING. i

It is astonishing that there are 2,160,000 cloches used in the immediate
neighbourhood of Paris, and that there are also 1,000,000 lights devoted to
the same purpose. The vegetable produce from these lights fetches the
enormous sum of £500,000.

The straw mats which are used for this kind of gardening, or any
other if necessary, do not absorb the wet like an ordinary Archangel
mat, but allow the water to run off, and they quickly dry and are easily
rolled up.

Cos lettuce, which is, if anything, more easily grown than the cabbage
variety, is a splendid crop for paying when got into the market hefore
our English outdoor ones are ready. ‘They have to be raised at the same
time as the cabbage lettuce, and pricked out in cloches, 25 to the cloche,
but instead of being put under lights as the cabbage lettuce is, they
must be planted out in small beds under cloches. Under each cloche
one cos and three cabbage lettuce are planted, and over the whole of the
eround carrots, such as have been sown in the frames, are sown.

On the outside of the cloches small-sized plants of another variety of
cos lettuce, grown especially for the purpose, are planted to be coming
on, and as soon as those under the cloches are cut, those outside are ready
to have the cloches moved on to them to get a second crop.

Of course it would be absurd for everyone to start a French garden,
either small or large, but it will be a long time before enough gardens are
in working order to supply our wants. I most strongly urge those who
wish to go in for French gardening to have a French expert. It is the
cheapest in the end, as he can make his wages with extra crops at times
when an English gardener would not dream of trying to get them.

Iam no advocate of market gardeners rushing to invest large sums
of money before they have gained the requisite knowledge, but they can
start in a small way, and whatever money they expend will not be lost,
as both the cloches and the frames are admirably adapted for other
methods of cultivation, and I had this class of men in view when I
mentioned an outlay of £200 as being all that was required for starting a
French garden.

It is a pity that those interested in this or any other particular kind
of gardening do not go and see the methods of our French, Dutch and
German friends for themselves. None is so perfect that he cannot learn
something, and if we go with unprejudiced minds we shall pick up ideas
which may lead to the improvement of their own system.

Now the Dutch are if anything slower than we are in taking up new
ideas, but they have started growing early vegetables and salads round
the Hague, and they do it extremely well.

In our own country we have an enormous population, and a
population who can afford to go to Paris for these delicious early
vegetables. It is only necessary to educate people up to the fact that
they can obtain them in England, and, moreover, that they can have
them fresh either at lunch or dinner cut the same morning, instead of
being sweated in boxes coming from France, taking three or four
days over the journey, then possibly lying in a shop window for two
more days until sold.

In advocating the growing of early vegetables in England please do

8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not misunderstand me. This is no golden road to riches. In growing
these vegetables, hard work year by year is the only means of gaining
success. It is true we may “French garden” here, but it is also true
that it entails very hard work.

“Golden soil’ is very alluring, and the gross profits of a concern
run on the lines indicated merits the name, but only the indefatigable
toil of a French maraicher devoted to it will make it a success.

It may interest you to know how many of these lettuces, &c., are sent
every day from February to April to London. The usual consignment
every day is four to five thousand crates of lettuces, 500 crates of small
early carrots, 100 crates of asparagus, 100 crates of long French turnips,
and 50 crates of celeriac.

Do not these figures give you some idea of the importance of this
method of gardening ?

People say that this gardening will soon be overdone. I do not think
this will be the case. At the present time the prices of lettuces and
carrots in the very early spring are prohibitive to all but those who
are fairly well off; but if by production one can cheapen them so that
they come within the reach of everybody, the present quantity of 5,000
crates of lettuces a day will speedily jump to 20,000.

These particular lettuces are sold by the French gardener to a middle-
man at 6d. a dozen all through the season, the growers themselves do
not ship anything to England. If the French gardener gets 6d. a dozen
he is quite happy, and it pays him well, and I have seen no French
gardens which do not look as prosperous as they can possibly can be.

As you all know, here there will be no difficulty in getting 1s.
to 1s. 6d. a dozen, even if they are what you consider to be low in
price.

Many will remember the time when tomatos were grown only to a
very small extent, when they fetched a high price. When the Canary
Islands and other early places began to send in their tomatos, it was
thought that it would kill the English trade altogether, but has it?
I should say that at the present day there are two to three cwt. of
tomatos grown where one pound used to be grown years ago. They are
one of the most paying crops, no matter whether grown inside or out of
doors.

When Guernsey began growing tomatos, did they suppose for
one moment that thousands of baskets would be sent away every week ?
Why should not this success be reflected in a partial way for these
lettuces and other produce ?

I advocate growing strawberries under glass, not in green houses in
the ordinary way, but in frames such as are used for this particular style
of gardening.

As you know, strawberries when they first come in from the open
ground are sold for anything from 9d. to 1s. 6d. per lb., and if they had
been brought on earlier by being covered with lights they would have
sold for double that price, and at this price they are a very paying crop
indeed.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH AS SEEN IN MOVEMENTS OF PLANT-ORGANS, 9

THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH AS SEEN IN CERTAIN
MOVEMENTS OF PLANT-ORGANS.

By Rev. Prorgessor G. Henstow, M.A., V.M.H., &e.

[Lecture delivered April 6, 1909.)

IntTRoDUcTION.—One of the most prominent effects of growth is the result-
ing movements of plant-organs. Though the most obvious characteristic
of plants in general is that they are fixtures in the soil; yet, probably all
the higher plants, at least, have their growing parts more or less in
motion fora time. In some cases of microscopic aquatic organisms, the
whole being is in motion in the water, as, e.g., diatoms, Oscillatorias, and
the zoospores of Alge. It is not known for certain how the first two *
effect their movements, but they are in some way dependent on the
properties of protoplasm; the third are provided with protoplasmic cilia,
and these are obviously the instruments of motion.

There are also numerous movements of protoplasm within cells,
especially when the process of cell-division takes place. The well known
“streaming ”’ and “ rotation ’’ are continually going on and well seen in
Chara; but these will not concern us now.

Other movements of organs are also the result of forces within the
cells, and not the direct consequence of external agencies ; some of these
will be referred to; but it is especially the movements resulting from
stimuli of the surrounding physical conditions of life which I propose
to deal with.

As soon as plants begin to grow, their organs are subjected to, and
respond to, various external stimuli; and the problem is to detect which
is, or are—as there may be more than one—acting upon any organ at
any one time. The chief influences are (1) light and (2) shade;
1.e., really, varying degrees of light till perfect darkness may occur.
(3) Varying degrees of heat and cold. (4) Moisture in the air or soil.
(5) Gravitation, always acting in a direction perpendicular to the earth’s
surface. (6) Contact with a resisting surface. (7) To the preceding may
be added the internal influence of cellular growth, which produces external
movements of growing shoots.

Organs may be developed under these influences without movement ;
but if their positions be altered, they will move or turn towards the source
of the influence.

Both the tendency to respond to any of these influences may become
a fixed and hereditary character, and take place when the original exciting
influence is absent; and the structure itself caused by response may be,
and usually is, hereditary as well; so that it may be formed completely
or partially previous to the commencement of the action of the stimulus
which had originally given rise to it.

* See Cryptogamic Botany, by Bennett and Murray, pp. 422 and 442.

10 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The terms I propose using to express the “ turning ’’ towards the stimu-
lus are as follows: (1) Phototropism (to diffused light), and Heliotropism
(to the sun); (2) Skototropism (to shade or darkness) ; (8) Thermotropism
(to heat) ; (4) Hydrotropism (to moisture) ; (5) Helkotropism (to attraction
of Gravitation) ; (6) Haptotropism (to touch) ; (7) Orthotropism (becom-
ing erect or pendulous) ; (8) Circumnutation (bowing around).

IT avoid the usual term Geotropism, used for the influence of Gravita-
tion, because a “ turning earthwards’’ may be due to shade as well;
while Apogeotropism, I would regard as a synonym for one application of
Orthotropism ; for organs can place themselves in a vertical position
from more than one cause.

PHOTOTROPISM, HELIOTROPISM AND SKOTOTROPISM, OR THE HFFECTS
oF LIGHT AND SHADE.

In flowering plants, as soon as a seed begins to germinate, the root-
end (radicle) and shoot-end (plumule) of the embryo first begin to grow
in opposite directions, under the influence of external stimuli. The first
question is, Why do they grow orthotropically, ze. in a vertically
straight line, and why does the former bend downwards and the latter up-
wards, if the growing seedling be placed horizontally? As gravitation
is a constant force acting vertically downwards, we might naturally infer
that this was the cause acting on the root, and so the “ turning downwards,”’
under the influence of gravitation was called “Geotropism’’ and the
turning upwards of the shoot was named “ Apogeotropism.” These words
are descriptive only, not explanatory.

If we turn to the simplest or unicellular organisms, such as the spherical
spores of Cryptogams, which have no polarity or any distinction of parts,
we find that the two most important stimuli are light and shade. Thus
the first cell-division, as in the spores of Fucus, Hqwisetum* and
Ascophyllum, t is approximately at right angles to the incident light,
the daughter-cell ‘facing tbe less illuminated half develops into the
root, while the other becomes the shoot-end. Sachs describes and
figures the shoot and gemmule of Marchantia, and the structures are
reversed’ when the usual dorsi-ventral arrangement has been made to be
ventri-dorsal. { Similar effects are produced on the prothallia of ferns ;
so that the position of the sexual arrangements are always on the shaded
side. If the prothallium be grown immersed in water it curves itself so
as to be at right angles to the light and then produces those organs on
the shady side.

Chlorophyll granules illustrate both phototropism and skototropism
very well; for in diffused light they spread themselves over the super-
ficial cell in such simple plants as duckweed ; such would be phototropism ;
but if the direct light of the sun be very intense they place themselves over
the vertical walls to avoid it. This movement is therefore skototropism
or apheliotropism, whichever term be preferred.

In the case of germinating embryos of plants which do not grow en
the ground, as the mistletoe and epiphytes, the roots adhere to the bark of

* See Origin of Plant Structures, p. 197, note.
t+ Res. Gen. de Bot., I., p. 58, fig. 5.
t Sachs’ Phys. of Plants, p. 524-6.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH AS SEEN IN MOVEMENTS OF PLANT-ORGANS. 11

trees and do not grow downwards, but turn towards the darker side. In
the mistletoe the hypocotyledonary axis terminates in a pestle-like
expansion in adaptation to the bough to which the seed adheres by
mucilage. This peculiar organ is prepared by heredity in advance, in
readiness for adhesion, just like the pads of Ampelopsis Veitchu.

In epiphytes, as orchids and aroids, some roots cling to the stems
horizontally, while others descend freely and vertically to the ground; so
that while shade determines the former to grow towards, and haptotropism,*
to cling to the stem as they elongate, gravitation affects the latter.

The climbing roots of ivy also emerge from the less illuminated side
of the stem. This latter, too, is acted upon by shade, for when the stem
reaches the top of a wall the terminal shoot bends downwards in order to
grow flat upon it. As it is quite immaterial whether the ivy be growing
on the north or south side of the wall, the movement can only be due to a
preference for less illumination. Of course this is now a hereditary
adaptation to the production of climbing roots. Similarly do the shoots
of Ampelopsis turn to the shady side, as they require their adhesive pads
to adhere to the wall.

Ordinary leaves place themselves at right angles to incident light.
This might be called diaphototropism.r The consequence is that they
are dorsi-ventral in structure; but some have acquired the now
hereditary habit of reversing the sides, as Alstroemeria. The internal
structure is correspondingly reversed. It is produced by a twisting of the
short petiole, possibly to acquire strength, just as the ovary of Orchis,
which has no central placenta, acts as a strengthening pillar.

If a naturally growing blade be partially fixed in a reversed position
when growing it makes a most determined effort to right itself.

Now the orthotropic growth of ordinary stems and the axial roots of
germinating seedlings, was presumedly and primarily (like spores) due to
phototropism and skototropism respectively.

This is well seen in growing seeds, as of mustard, suspended in water,
and covered above by a screen, but exposed to bright illumination from
below only. In this case the hypocotyls all turn downwards.

HEREDITARY INFLUENCES.—DBesides the influence of shade, as the
root grows downwards gravitation acts upon it and its effects have become
fixed and hereditary. Similarly growth in opposition to it, primarily due
to phototropism, has become fixed ; so that shoots fresh cut and laid in
total darkness will turn up their tips.

That one of the elements of geotropism, z.e. “ turning earthwards ”’ is
skototropism is seen in young roots, say of mustard when grown in water,
which offers no resistance. If the glass vessel be surrounded with black
paper, one strip only being left uncovered for the entrance of light, all the
roots bend to the opposite side. Roots of cabbage grow downwards
though illuminated only from below.

Mr. W. G. Smith described, some years ago, how the stolons of
Saxifraga sarmentosa in a pot by a window grew inwards, but as
they produced new rosettes, they turned towards the window, their stolons
growing inwards till they produced secondary rosettes and so on. He

* A term proposed by Prof. Leo Errera, for action of tendrils, ete.
{ Dia-, in the sense of “‘ across.”

12 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

notes that other stolons on the ground, as strawberry runners, have a strong
tendency to “congregate in more than usually shaded places.’”* Now
it must be emphasized that many habits of plants due to growth
originally caused by responses to external stimuli may become so per-
manently fixed in the life of the species that they occur when the original
stimulus is not present.

This permanency of acquired habits is thus well described by Professor
Vines. In speaking of the periodicity in the circulation of water in
plants, he says: “It has doubtless been induced in plants by the daily
variations of external conditions, perhaps more especially of illumination,
which are involved in the alternation of day and night; but it has become
so much a part of the nature of plants, that it is exhibited, even when the
conditions which originally induced it are not present, and it is transmitted
from generation to generation.’”’+ Darwin corroborates such tendencies
to become hereditary.

There is reason to think that an acquisition of any special habit may
become fixed and hereditary. Perhaps one of the most conspicuous is
the orthotropism of the terminal part of a stem in total darkness when it
has been placed horizontal, already referred to.

It is customary to attribute this orthotropism to gravitation ; but we
must remember that erect stems grow in direct opposition to it; and, to.
do this, the stem develops varying amounts of mechanical tissues, always
somewhat in excess, to resist the ever existing downward “pull” of
gravitation, and other strains due to wind, &c.

A remarkable instance of change of direction is seen when the tap-
root or the terminal shoot of the stem is removed. In the former case,
the secondary previously horizontal roots grow downwards, and the
boughs near the top grow upwards. These changes must be partially
at least attributable to some sudden impulse due to the checks given to
the flow of sap in both cases, coupled with gravitation and light.

A permanent result of the former is seen in all Monocotyledons and
aquatic Dicotyledons, as in neither is the tap-root preserved, but numerous
adventitious roots arise from the stem and grow downwards, supporting
it as well as absorbing nourishment. Analogous instances may be seen
in the two varieties of trees called “fastigiate’’ and ‘ weeping.” In the
former all the branches grow orthotropically, and in the latterin a pendulous
manner. How these habits arise is not known. It appears they may
(as in Irish yew), or more probably may not, be hereditary, as in the ash.
Seedlings sometimes show at first a slight tendency “to weep,” but
subsequently lose it.

Sachs gives an excellent illustration to show these inherited tendencies
to orthotropism. A Yucca gloriosa growing in a pot, with its vertical
rhizome, is inverted. In this condition buds on the rhizome, as well as
roots are developed from it, the former grow vertically upwards and the
latter downwards, though both are, of course, in total darkness, as they
are buried in the soil. $

* Gardeners’ Chronicle.

t Physiology of Plants, p. 96.

t Movements of Plants, pp. 407, 491.

§ Sachs’ Physiology of Plants, p. 529, fig. 344.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH AS SEEN IN MOVEMENTS OF PLANT-ORGANS, 18

In the preceding few cases, the organs grow in accordance with the
external stimuli; but if the relative positions of plants with respect to
light, gravitation, &c., be altered, then the organ moves or bends out of
its original direction to try to put itself in harmony with it.

These external stimuli, therefore, first, induce growth, and then, when
the direction is changed, the plant-organs respond and move themselves
so as to be in adaptation withit. Thus, if cabbage or other seed be grown
in a pot, upon which the light falls from one side, the seedlings, as they
come up, at once grow towards it. If the pot be reversed in position, the
hypocotyls begin to bend, about one-third of their length from the
cotyledons, the curvature extending downwards till the middle of the
concave side is about half-way. There is no circumnutation, but a
bending solely in a vertical plane. This phototropism may be repeated
again and again if the pot be repeatedly turned half-round.

How are we to account for the fixed and hereditary habit of ivy and
Ampelopsis turning their shoots in the direction of the less illuminated
side ?

Comparing the climbing position of the stem with the upper free- -
growing flowering branches of ivy, the latter have just the reverse
habit, for they grow outwards, away from the trunk and branches of the
tree to which the lower part of the stem clings. Similarlyin the Virginia
creeper, the tendrils were originally adapted to grasping twigs and climbing
by that means, as do vines, to which the Ampelopsis is closely allied.

There seems to be but one answer, viz., it is an acquired and now
hereditary habit. A species of Trichosanthes of the cucumber family,
cultivated in a frame, accidentally found its tendrils pressing against the
brick wall. Contrary to its normal habit, it at once began to make
adhesive pads ; and so we may imagine that the ancestor of the Virginia
creeper first acquired this habit in a similar way, the tendrils being now
fixed to the wall by adhesive pads; so that its illumination is one-sided.
This unequal illumination we must assume caused a response to arise
which now induces the shoots to grow or turn towards the darker side.

Of course, the origin of all epiphytal plants which cling to the boughs
or trunks of trees by means of aérial roots will receive the same interpreta-
tion. Thus a tropical epiphytal orchid begins by the seeds being blown
up to and resting on the boughs. It could not long remain there wnless
its roots could cling to the bough. We must assume, therefore, that they
turned towards the bough, as the radicle of the mistletoe does, that is the
less illuminated side, and adhered by clasping and cementing epidermal
cells.

HyYpDROTROPISM and HELKOTROPISM.*

Both moisture and gravitation play a great part in determining the
direction of root growth. The latter is a feeble force and easily counter-
acted by the former, as Sachs has so well shown+; but when roots are
permeating a uniformly moist soil, as they arise endogenously at right

* I suggest this word, as Geotropism may be partly due to darkness and moisture
besides gravitation. The Greek verb helko, to “ attract,’’ is used of the magnet, as
well as of the “‘ drawing ” down of a balance by weight, 2.¢., gravitation.

{ Phys., p. 715, fig. 404.

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

angles to the parent root, they simply continue to elongate more or less
in the same direction. If, however, they be in a comparatively drier
place and a moister one be at some distance, they will grow in the
direction of the latter quite irrespective of gravitation. So that Hydro-
tropism easily overcomes Helkotropism.

A good illustration of what may be most probably due to gravitation
alone is seen in the descending aérial roots of the Indian fig or banyan ;
inasmuch as the dense shade would be above and light below ; so that as
the roots pass through the air this would be throughout equally dry or
moist as the case may be, leaving gravitation alone to exert its influence.

THERMOTROPISM.

Another stimulus of attraction causing movements, is heat. When
one side of a plant receives a higher degree of temperature than the
other, stems and leaves will often turn to the warmer side. Kerner
observes that in the high Alps, the air being rarefied, the exposed ground
- receives great heat from the sun; but the temperature of the air above it
may be lower; so that many plants creep along the ground, such as
species of willow, “ Juniperus pyramidata var. humilis, called the ‘ creep-
ing Sabina.’ J. nana or alpina, i.e. a dwarf form of J. communis, sends
out from the collar of the root long branches trailing on wes ground, as.
is generally the case with Alpine plants.” *

Kerner gives the excess of the mean temperature of the soil over that
of the air of different altitudes on the Central Tyrolese Alps as follows:
at 1,000.m., 1°5°C. ; at 1,300 m., 1:7°C. ; at 1,600 m., 2°4°C. ; at 1,900 mi,
3:0°C. ; and at 2,200 m., 3°6°C.

In warmer climates similar phenomena are to be seen. I frequently
noticed in Malta that very many plants are prostrate when growing by
road sides, where the limestone rock is often exposed and gets heated.
The Maltese ‘ clover,’ Hedysarum coronaria, grows to a height of 3 feet
in the fields, but stray plants are perfectly prostrate by the roads. The
same thing occurs with both Malva sylvestris and M. parviflora.

Similarly with leaves, a small species of dandelion often grows
between the loose stones of walls in Malta. When extracted, the leaves,
which were flat against the hot vertical wall, curled back against the root,
and refused to be straightened out when required to be dried.

In early spring in England, bluebells may be seen having their first
formed leaves lying flat on the ground, and daisies and plantains always
have them so in a close-cut lawn.

The following observations on temperatures will perhaps show how
thermotropism may account for the prostrate position independently or
conjointly with light, a feature of common occurrence in this country.

The temperature at the surface of the damp soil by the side of a blue-
bell growing in the shade of trees, at 9.45 a.m., April 15, 1891, a sunless
morning, was 47° F. The temperature of the air three inches above the
ground at the same time and place was 44°5°. At 4 p.m. of the same day,
on the surface of the soil the temperature was 60°; while that of the air

* See Origin of Plant Structures, pp. 101, 102.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH AS SEEN IN MOVEMENTS OF PLANT-ORGANS, 15

was 52°. Similiar differences, only varying slightly, occurred on a mown
lawn.

These observations appear to suggest the cause of the long creeping
stems in sand by the sea as of Carex arenaria, Agropyrum (Triticum)
junceum, &¢.,in that the hot, upper layer of the sand may be the stimulus
to develop shoots which then grow horizontally below the surface; this
suggestion is supported by the fact (recorded by Babington) that Hordeum
murinum var. arenaria, Bab., has ‘‘the lower part of the stem buried,
lengthened and rooting, thus appearing to creep in the sand of the sea-
shore.”

Experiments have shown that the shoots of cress seedlings curved
away from the source of heat whereas maize seedlings curved towards
it. The roots of hyacinths are thermotropic, but the leaves apothermo-
tropic (Vines). I found seedlings of wild cabbage were indifferent
to heat, when the pot containing them was in total darkness, the
temperature by the side next a fire being 100° F., and the opposite
side, 80°. The pot was 3 inches in diameter.

HAPTOTROPISM AND APHAPTOTROPISM.

So many cases of organs bending after being touched are described by
Darwin in his works on The Movements of Plants and Insectworous Plants,
&¢., that the reader is referred to them. With regard to root-tips, ‘“ Sachs
discovered that the radicle a little above the apex is sensitive and bends
like a tendril towards the touching object. But, when one side of the
apex is pressed by any object, the growing part bends away from the
object. . . . We are therefore led to suspect that the apex was sensitive
to contact . . . Some few stems bend towards a touching object, but no
case, we believe, is known of an organ bending away from one.’”’* The
advantage of this power to a root penetrating the soil is obvious.

ORTHOTROPISM.

Besides phototropism, another kind of orthotropic motion is produced
by growth in the development of leaf-buds. If the opening bud of lime
or beech be observed in spring, the young leaves, as they appear, curve
downwards, and as they gradually enlarge and become full-grown, rise up
again and assume the horizontal position. In the walnut the petiole of
the pinnate leaf curves strongly downwards, and only rises when the
leaflets are fully developed. In the ash the petiole curls upwards. In
every case they are in a vertical line, hence I call it orthotropism.y

The “object” of these movements is to place the delicate immature
blades in an erect or vertical position so as to avoid the chill produced by
radiation, which is always greater from a horizontal surface. Leaves
perform very similar movements in the tropics, but in this case it is to
protect them from desiccation under the powerful heat of the sun. The
movement, therefore, is apheliotropism.

* Movements of Plants, pp. 131, 132.
+ “ Vernation and the Methods of Development of Foliage, as Protective against
Radiation.’’—Jour. Lin. Soc., vol. xxi. p. 624.

16 © JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In intensely cold winters the leaves of evergreens, such as holly, may
be seen to hang vertically downwards as long as the cold lasts.

An analogous orthotropism is seen in the sleep or hypnotic condition
of plants fully described by Darwin, in his Movements of Plants.

CIRCUMNUTATION.

As soon as the root and stem have grown long enough, having been
vertical at first, they both begin to move approximately in circles or
ellipses. This is presumably due to the apical growth of the stem not
being strictly simultaneous at all points of the circumference. If the tip
of the-stem of some cryptogams—say, Hquisetwm *—which is simpler
than that of an Angiosperm, be examined, it will be found to possess a
conspicuous terminal cell. From this, new cells are cut off in a spiral
order, the centre of each cell being at 120° from the preceding, as
measured on radii from the centre of the apical cell. |

Though it has not been clearly demonstrated that the apices of
Angiospermous stems start with a single cell, as this apex is so soon
composed of a mass of merismatic tissue, still, judging by the “ bowing
around,” or “circumnutation’’ as it is called, in a continuously spiral
manner (allowing for irregularities), one is inclined to assume that a
batch of cells at one point precedes in its formation that of another,
about 120° from the former, just as is the case with single cells in the
apex of the stem of Hqwisetwm or horse-tail.

Darwin has given us many diagrams of traces, both of roots and
stems, circumnutating, so the reader can consult them in his work on The
Movements of Plants.

Circumnutation of a stem, therefore, may be assumed to result from
the process of growth in a definite manner. Perhaps the most con-
Spicuous case is seen in the movements of climbing or twining stems.
Darwin attributed this to the elongated shoot bending or nodding around,
in search, as it were, of a support. As soon as the stem touches another
all motion is arrested below the point of contact, while the upper part
continues to nutate, and so it winds itself round the support. Sachs calls
attention to an omission, that the apex in consequence of the continued
elongation of the stem, really moves in a spiral or corkscrew-like manner.
This may perhaps facilitate the twining process.tT

Tendrils also circumnutate until the tip has coiled round some object
(by haptotropism) ; having acquired a sensitiveness to touch, the previously
straight tendril then coils itself into spirals, as many times in one
direction as in the opposite. This is effected by means of crank-like
straight lengths rotating. I have described this in detail elsewhere.t

The circumnutation of more or less completely formed organs, such
as leaves and tendrils, seems to require some other interpretation than
apical growth ; and at present there does not appear to be any satisfactory
explanation of this phenomenon.

* See Fig. 111 in Sach’s Text Book of Botany, p. 143.

+ Darwin, however, appears to recognize this fact, for he says: ‘“‘ The belief that
twiners have a natural tendency to grow spirally, probably arose from their assuming
a spiral form when wound round a support, and from the extremity, even whilst

remaining free, sometimes assuming this form.’’—- Climbing Plants, p. 17.
t Jour. R. Hort. Soc., vol. xxxiv. p. 417.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH AS SEEN IN MOVEMENTS OF PLANT-ORGANS. 17

Of course there are many more cases of special character, but the
reader is referred to Darwin’s two books, Climbing Plants and the Move-
ments of Plants, which supply an abundance of information.

In conclusion, I would summarize what appear to be important pro-
cedures in Nature.

1. The external stimulus is the cawse (by means of the responsive
power of the organism) of a definite or special structure in adaptation to
it ; e.g. light and shade causing polarity.

2. If the direction of the stimulus be changed, the organ may move
so as to put itself in adjustment with it; e.g. Phototropism, Hydro-
tropism, &c.

3. The tendency only, to produce the structure may be hereditary ; e.g.
in the formation of adhesive pads in Ampelopsis hederacea.

4. The structure itself may be hereditary and be more or less completely
formed before the influence can act; e.g. in the formation of adhesive
pads in A. Vevtchw. Such is the inheritance of acquired characters.

5. The direction of the growth of the organ can be hereditary apart
from the presence of the original stimulus which caused it; eg. the
erection of shoots laid horizontally (originally due to light) in total
darkness.

VOL. XXXV.

18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE
TULIPOMANTA.

By Mr. W. S. Murray, F.R.H.S.

[Read March 9, 1909.1

DunrinG the preparation of this paper on the introduction of the Garden
Tulip into Europe and the subsequent craze or gamble in the seventeenth
century, I have had the privilege of consulting the magnificent library
belonging to Mr. Krelage, and at the outset I take the opportunity of
thanking him for his kindness and courtesy in allowing me free access
to it.

The first mention of the introduction of the Garden Tulip into
England is made by Richard Hakluyt, who, in 1582, in his “ Remem-
brances of Things to be Endeavoured at Constantinople,” says: “ And now
within these four years there have been brought into England from
Vienna in Austria divers kinds of flowers called Tulipas, and these and ~
others procured thither a little before from Constantinople by an excellent
man called M. Carolus Clusius.”’

Hakluyt was, however, wrong in attributing the honour of introducing
the Tulip from the Levant to Clusius.

When Augerius Ghislenius Busbequius, the Ambassador of the
Emperor Ferdinand I. to the Sultan, was travelling to Constantinople in
the year 1554, he saw this flower for the first time in a garden between
Adrianople and Constantinople. The most remarkable passage in his
letters on his journey reads as follows: ‘As we passed, we saw everywhere
abundance of flowers, such as the Narcissus, Hyacinths, and those called
by the Turks Tulipan, not without great astonishment on account of the
time of the year, as it was then the middle of winter, a season unfriendly
to flowers. Greece abounds with Narcissus and Hyacinths, which have a
remarkably fragrant smell ; it is indeed so strong as to hurt those that are
not accustomed to it. The Tulipan, however, have little or no smell, but
are admired for their beauty and variety of colour. The Turks pay great
attention to the cultivation of flowers, nor do they hesitate, though by no
means extravagant, to expend several aspers for one that is beautiful. I
received several presents of these flowers, which cost me not a little.” *
The assertion that the Turks call the flower Tulipan is founded upon
a misunderstanding, as the only Turkish name for Tulip is “ Lale.”
The interpreter to Busbequius may have described the flower as being
similar to the Turkish headgear, the fez, which is the shape of a cup.
“ Dubbend ”’ is a Persian word for Nettle-Cloth, such as the Turks use as
a fez, and from which Europeans derive the word turban.

Some few years later, in 1559, Conrad Gesner saw the first Garden
Tulips that were grown outside Turkey growing in a garden at Ausburg,

* Busbequu Ep. Basiliae, 1740, p. 36.

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE TULIPOMANIA, 19

and described them in 1561.* He says: “In this year of our Lord 1559,
at the beginning of April, in the garden of the ingenious and learned
Councillor John Henry Herwart, I saw there a plant which had sprung
from seed which had been procured from Byzantia, or as some say from
Cappadocia. It was growing with one large reddish flower, like a red lily,
having eight petals of which four are outside, and just as many within,
with a pleasant smell, soothing and delicate, which soon leaves it.”’
Levier points out that, according to the description, the smell, and its
early blooming, it is known as a spring Tulip, which to-day is described
as Tulipa suaveolens, and not as Tulipa Gesneriana, and it may be
assumed that these Tulips grown at Ausburg were grown from seed
brought home, or sent home, by Busbequius.

Clusius in his works does not refer to the Ausburg Tulips, for in
comparing the different dates the earliest is 1593, when Clusius came to
Vienna, and there met Busbequius, from whom he obtained Tulip seeds,
as he mentioned in his “ History of Rare Plants,’’? and as he makes no
earlier reference we may take it that these seeds yielded the first Tulips
that Clusius owned. Later, Clusius tells us he made experiments as to
the comestibility of the bulbs, and in the year 1592 he instructed the
apothecary, J. Muler, of Frankfort, to preserve some in sugar, as was
done with the bulbs of the Orchids, and he found them far superior in
taste and sweetness to the latier. In 1593 Clusius was appointed
Professor of Botany at Leiden, but the Tulip found its way into Holland
before Clusius and probably quite independently of him. In the “ His-
torisch Verhaal,’’ of April 1625, Vol. ix. 9th vers’, Nicolas Wassenaer
writes: “The first Tulip seen in Amsterdam was in the garden of the
apothecary Walich Zieuwertz, to the great astonishment of all the florists ;
but they increased considerably after the celebrated botanist Dr. Clusius
came to Leiden, who, besides Tulips, brought with him many other rare
plants, such as the Hyacinth of Peru, which was sold for 40 florins,
also the first Crown Imperial; and that Dr. Clusius now charged such an
extortionate price for his Tulips, so much indeed that no one could
procure them not even for money. Plans were made by which the best
and most of his plants were stolen by night, whereupon he lost courage
and the desire to continue their cultivation ; but those who had stolen the
Tulips wasted no time in increasing them by sowing the seeds, and by
this means the seventeen provinces were well stocked.”

As early as 1590 Joh. Hogeland grew the Tulip in Leiden,t and he
possibly procured them from one George Rye, a merchant of Mechlin,
who made a study of plants and who cultivated Tulips that he had
received from an Eastern merchant at Antwerp.$

Clusius divided his Tulips into three classes in accordance with their
time of flowering—Praecoces, the early flowering, Serotinae, the late, and
Dubiae, those flowering between the two. He does not lose sight of the
fact that such a division could not be of importance, inasmuch as he says
explicitly (l.c. p. 147) that he has grown from the same seed Tulip
Praecox and some single plants of the other two species. Parkinson,
however, was stricter in his mode of division, and says in his “ Paradisus,”

* De Hortis Germaniae, é&c., p. 213. ft p. 142.
ft Clusius, l.c. 147. § Clusius, l.c. 150.

c2

20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1629, “ The chief division of Tulipas is into two sorts—Praecoces, early
flowering Tulipas, and Serotinae, late flowering Tulipas. For that sort
which is called Mediae or Dubiae do near participate with the Serotinae’’;
further, he denies the possibility of producing a Praecox flower from the
seed of a Media Tulip, although, as he says, “I know Clusius, an in-
dustrious, learned and painful searcher and publisher of these rarities, saith
otherwise.’ Miller in his “ Gardener’s Dictionary,’ 1733, says, “ Tulips
are usually divided into three classes, but there is no occasion for making
any more distinctions than two, viz. early and late blowers,’’ and he
enumerates five rules of beauty for the Florist’s Tulip, according, as he
says, “to the characteristics of the best florists of the age.”’

1. It shall have a tall strong stem.

2. The flower shall consist of six leaves, three within and three
without; the former ought to be larger than the latter.

3. Their bottom should be proportioned to their top, and their
upper part should be rounded off, and not terminate in a
point.

4, Their leaves should neither turn inward nor bend outward, but
rather stand erect, and the flower should be of a middling size,
neither over large nor too small.

. The stripes should be small and regular, arising quite from the
bottom of the fiower, for if there are any remains of the former
self-coloured bottom, the flower is in danger of losing its
stripes again. ‘The chives (stamens) should not be yellow, but
a brown colour. When a flower has all these properties it is
esteemed a good one.

|

Laubach tells us of two Turkish manuscripts procured by Von Diez,
and now in the Archives of Berlin. The first of the two books, entitled
“The Habit of Flowers,’ was written by the Sheik Mohammed Lalezari,
who flourished in the reign of Sultan Achmed III., 1703-1730, and wrote
also for the Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, 1718-1730. This appears from
the first page of the book, which says: “This is the booklet which was
made by order of the late Ibrahim Pasha.’”’ Lalezari, a name which
probably means Tupilanist, tells us that he stood in great esteem
by the Sultan, who gave him the pet name of Schukjuf Perweran
(Connoisseur of Flowers), and in his treatise deals exhaustively in two
chapters with the Tulip. The first of these deals with twenty species and
explains their points of beauty, whilst the second chapter contains
directions concerning the cultivation of the Tulip bulb and seeds. Refer-
ence is made to numbers of Tulips and Narcissi with such names as ‘ Mihir
Sulemani’ (Beloved Sulemans), ‘Ferah Efza’ (Gladness increasing), and
so on.

The second manuscript bears the title “ Acceptable and Beautiful.”’
It presents a systematically arranged catalogue of various sorts of one
flower, but is not explicit as to the name of that flower, the origin of the
seed, and the description of the bloom. Von Diez gives a translation as
follows: ‘“ As the colour of the violet, curved as the form of the new
Moon, her colour is well apportioned, clean, well proportioned, almond
shape, needle like, ornamented with pleasant rays, her inner leaves as a

Gubden eerften.
E En veranderde Botrer-man ban

—

563. Mfen gheplanc.
@e Schipio, van $2. Afen geplant.
en Parragon van Delft of Molf-wijck,
ban 354. Mfen qheplanc.
@en Bruyne Purper , van 320. Afen
gheplant.
Gen Vileroy, van 410, Mfen geplant.
@e Monaffier, van s10. Afen geplant.
€en vroeghe Blijenburgher, ban 443.
fen gbeplant.
€en Gouda, van 187. Sfen gheplant.
Gen lulius Cefer, van 82. Sfen geplanc,
@e Tulpa Kos, van 477. Mfen geplanz,
€eil Botrerman, van goo. Hfen geplant,
Gen Schapeeyn, van 245. Bfen geplant.
€en Bellaart, van 399. ¥fen gheplant.
Cen Parragon yan Delft of Mols-wyck,
van 294, Afen gheplanc.
@en Ameraal Liefkens, ban 59. Mfen
gheplanr. ~
€en Vileroy, van 658. %fen gheplant,
@e Monaffier, van 542. Xfen geplanr.
€en vroeghe Blijen-burgher, ban 171.
fen gheplanc.
€enGonda, van 244, Hfen gheplanr.
€en Tulpa Kos, ban 485. Hfen geplanc.

CNR

RRS eR

%

os) Gen Butcerman (feBoon) van 246. fen

Ss ghepiancr.

fet €en wit Purper Jeroen, van 148. Wfen
2 gheplant, ———

651 Gen Parragon van Delft of Mols-wijck ,

ban 123, Afen gheplant.
en Aanvers Veftus, ban 52. Bfen ge-

net

CA, plant. _—
% Gen Sjery Karelijn, bande befte 3003¢/
ose ban 619. %fen gheplant.
3.5 en Ameraal yan der Eyk , ban 446.

%fen gbeplant.
Gen Grebber, van 97. Afen geplant. -
€en Gouda, van 154. ¥fen geplante, --
€en Tulpa Kos, van 117. Hfen geplant.
€en Parragon Schilder, van 106, Mfen

gheplant,
& 4 @enLaroy, vat 306. fen geplant. --

A Gen Sjery na by, ban i29. Mfen geplant.
€enFama, van 158. Afengeplant. --
CenFama, vat ij0. fen geplant, --
@en Of -Zer ban Sjery Kacelija, vam

2%, Hen gheplant.
€en Somer-Schoon, Ban 368. Bfen ge- -

———~

ee plan, = ——-— ==
22 €en Amerzel vander Eyk, van 214. Mfen
Gz) gheplant.

J Gen ParragonKafteleyn, ban 100, Bfen
7 gitepianz. et ee
ofS €cen Gouda, van 3125. ¥fengeplant. —

S en Ameracl Karelijn, ban 181. Bfen
eS gheplanr,. ———- 1 - ———_
x €en ghevlamde lacot, van 100. Mfen

3 gbeplent. ——— -

ko} en Wit-Purper van Bufcher, ban 134.
= Hfen ahepiant,

€en Wit-Purper yan Bufcher, ban 315.

Mfen ghepianr. ==

Gen Wit-Purper yan Bufcher, ban 48:.
%fen gheplant.
@en Parragon Liefjes, van 343. Bfen
ghepianr,
€en Parragon Licfjes , van 3co. Bien
ghepiant,
Gen Parragon Licfies, batt 20c. Bfer
gbevilant. -
€@en Troyaen, van 470. Bfen geplant.
@en Troyaen, ban 252. Bfen geplant,
@en Troyscn, van i6;5. Hfen geplanz.
@en lanGerricz. san 263. Bfengzplant.

429

Lijite ban eentahe Culpaen /

Werkocht acnde inicelk-biedende / op Den 5. Febuarif 15; 7. Op de
Hael bande Mieuwe Schuiters Boelen / int Sswelen vande €. Heeren Wees-dBHeelteren/
ende Boochden / gheroomert ban Gaucer Dartelanels. Winckel /in fyn Zeven Cakelepn

bande Oude Schurcers Boelen cot Alekmaer.

€en fwymende Jan Gerritfz, ban 925,

Wfen geplant. 2I0,
Et) €en fwymende Ian Gerritfz. ban 80,
>} Mfen i le st
lad | @en Brayne Blacuwe Purper yan Kouper,
rites ban 790. Mfen geplant. 220.
x €en Lantmeter, van277.Bfengeplant. 365,
Ss) 4 €en Lantmerer, van 71, H%fen geplant. 1794,
fo €en Parragon de Man, ban 148, Bfen
>) geplanr. - 260,
€en Bruyne Lack vander Meer, ban365.
| Afen gheplant. ——- —— 415,
| en Amerae! yander Eyck, ban 92. Bfen
| gheplant. —_— —y JFI0,
249", Gen Fama, van 104. 8fengeplant. — 440,
: Sh €en Brabanfon Bol, van 24. Bfen ge-
Se plant. —_ —_—_— ———-:—s—=*?2”;
tty | GenGrebber, ban 523. Bfengbeplant. 1485.
rod 5 €en Brabanfon, van 542. Afen geplant. oro.
4222) Een Brabanfon, van 346. Bfengeplant. 835.
+4 en Schapeficyn, ban 95, Mfengeplant. 235.
ee €en Gouda, van 160. Bfengenlant. — 1165,
> i @en Gouda, van 82.%fen gepiant, —- 76;.

1ST Vin
a,
f

“

€en Gouda, van 63-Bfengeplant. —- 635,

Beie nacvolghende Perceelen 31jn bp de

C2 Beg verkocht/ ende te Ieveren als de
| Gollen acht daghen upt der Aerden
ae fgn ghewecft.
, Hden cerfien rooc, Efex Groote
5 Gepluymezeerde. —_ — 280,
Poch occ. Afen Legrandes, —— 7380.
Boch 1200. Bfen Vyolette Gevlamde :
Rottganfen. Bor.
1c0oo, Bfern Aecnvyerfen , bande
qhemeene fooz2t. -——- —— 930.
Poth 1000, ¥fen Aenverfen, m———~ 905.
Bach 1ooo. Sfen Lanoijs. foo,
oe Bfen Zay-Blommen yande
fteleyn, bande befte foozt, 1000.
Poch 500. Afen Lak van Rijn. ———— = x60.
Boch rooo, Kfen Sayj-Biommen, bande
gemeene foo2t . 496
Poch 1000. Afen Nieu-Burgers — 430,
Poch sco, Mfen Nieu-Burgers — 235.
Bach coc. Kfen lan Symonfz. —- 340,
Boch soo. Afen lan Symonfz, —_ 70.
Pach 1020. Mfen Mackx9 —~- — = 300,
Poach icoo. Hfen Mackx -—— -=— joo,
Fach rocco. Hfen Reckrors Blo.
Pach 1000. Kfen Vyolette ghevlamde
Rorganfen. -—— 725.
Bech soo. Mfen Vyolerce gheylamde
Rorganfea. = ——— 375.
Boch 1000, Hfen Late Blyen-Burgers. 570.
eel tooo, #fen Ducke-winckel. -—- 210
Pooch rooo, BMfen Petters, ——- 720.
orf 10. Afen Wr-roep. 70%.
Bech roco, fen Wr-roep, 725
Boch tooo, *fen Perrers, 705
Bach tooo, Bfen Tornay Kafteleyn, —- of
Bach 1coo, Bfert Tornay Rikers. ——- 345.
Boch soo. Bfen gevilamde Branfons de
Nos vl. ——— —_ tio,
Zech tcoo. Mien Senekoers, ———— Los.
Doth tcovo, Bfen Aanyers. ———= 900,
Bothy tooo, Mien Ouderaarders, ——= 53°.
Par} 10co, Bfen Oudenaarders, —— fio,

Gee Gobenghemelde GSioemen of Tul-
peas / fn berkec§r ten p2offijte bande
Hinderen van Weuter DarthoimeAss. boo2-
fehzeben / Bedaechs be Somme ban 63533.

Fro tz Boazen GBondehiigh beresche / ven Admuraci ban Cnchhupien / met cen clepne
Biletyen vanbe Lise / tfamen wooz 5200. Guizens,

mee Brabanfong/ tfamen 0007 3800, SulBeng.

en Pot goes / amen eo; 12467. Sulbens,
omma

tut ghebeel gocco, Sulbeng,

D>
:
3

Gres

‘a

ea

SZOB MESS

VYEZ OGY FBEDBWES SSS:

LEB

WS

COWES ZOO WERE B: >

Fre. 1.

[Copuright: James Murrau & Sons.

Record of a Tulip sale by auction held at the “‘ Nieuw Schutters Doelen,”’ Alkmaar,
February 5, 1637, by order of the Governors of the Orphanage, under whose care were
the children of Wouter Bartelmiesz, innkeeper of the ‘“‘ Oude Schutters Dollen,’’ Alkmaar.
The sale being held while the bulbs were still in the ground, the weight of each bulb

when planted was given.

These few bulbs realized 0,000 florins, or £7,500.

[To face p. 20,

[Copuright: James Murray «& Sons.
Fie. 2.—-Tuniea Drier (Tue Turer Tutte)

No. 1, Scarlet with yellow border; No. 2, Claret-wine colour.
(To face p. 21

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE TULIPOMANIA. 21

well, as they should be, her outer leaves a little open, as they should be ;
the white ornamented leaves are absolutely perfect, she is the chosen of
the chosen.”’ Now although nothing is said as to which flower is
described, Von Diez, quite rightly, thinks that only Tulips can be meant.
The flower described would be termed nowadays a ‘ Bybloemen,’ and, as the
author enumerates no fewer than 1,323 varieties, although the full
description is given of 74 only, one can form an estimate of the many
varieties of the Tulip under cultivation in those days. Von Diez further
draws attention to the twenty rules of beauty detailed by Lalezari, which
corresponded with those of Kurope with one exception. The perfect
Turkish Tulip, according to Lalezari, had pointed petals on the 4 to 6
scale; the Western taste of that time, however, demanded a possible
rounded form of petal. It seems that the Tulips originally exported from
the Turks all had pointed petals. All the varieties illustrated by Clusius
are of this form, and of the illustrations in the works of Parkinson,
Langlois and Passeus, but very few are to be found with rounded petals, in
striking contrast to the demand made by fashion in the second half of the
seventeenth century. Von Diez deduces that these Turkish rules were
adhered to at the time of the importation of Tulips into Kurope, and have
been accepted by Europeans. But his contention is not supported by the
writings in the eighteenth century manuscripts of Lalezari, and inasmuch
as the Tulip was cultivated in Europe at the end of the seventeenth
century, it is possible that a retrospective action towards the Turks was
effected ; in other words, that the Turks copied from the Europeans the
ways and means of identifying the points of beauty, and the classification
of the plants, but it is extremely unlikely that a Turk should have copied
anything from a disbeliever, and moreover Lalezari refers to former
connoisseurs of flowers who prohibited the watering of Tulips until the
growth was well above the ground, and describing the Narcissus he says
some of the old teachers had laid it down that it was necessary to lift the
yellow Narcissus every third year. This confirms that he had researched
in older Turkish writings of which we do not know, and that he draws
his conclusions from old Turkish grounds, and from these he obtained
the names, and recognized points of beauty.

It is possible that the nomenclature and rules of beauty developed
in an analogous way. Certainly before the importation of the Turkish
flowers into Europe they were unknown, and at the time of Busbequius
the Tulip was held in high esteem by the Turks. These rules of beauty
apply only to the florist’s or Amateur’s Tulips known as ‘ Breeders’ (self
colours), ‘ Bizarres’ (those with a yellow ground lined or marked with
purple and scarlet of different shades), ‘Bybloemens’ (having a white
ground lined or marked with violet or purple of different shades), and
‘Roses’ (those marked or striped with rose, scarlet, crimson, or cherry
colour on a white ground), and they have been dealt with in two excellent
papers which have been published in the Journal of our Society, one
by Rev. F. D. Horner,* and one by Mr. A. D. Hall. +

Seeds sown from either of these four classes of Tulips produce
invariably self colours, which after an indefinite period “break” or

* Vol. xv., 1893. t Vol. xxvii., 1902.

22 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

change into the colours of one of the three groups, Bizarre, Bybloemen,
or Rose. This character of the Tulip has no floral parallel, and at
present no s¢ientific explanation has been offered. Tulips are now
seldom grown from seeds, as the process although interesting is tedious,
taking usually ten years before definite results are obtained, and we are
continually getting new and good varieties from the bulbs themselves,
which produce spontaneously blooms of more or less the same character
but entirely different, either rectified or self-coloured. Two well known
varieties from the early flowering class, single ‘La Reine’ and double
‘Murillo’ illustrate this. From ‘la Reine’ we have a yellow, ‘ Herman
Schlegel’ or ‘Primrose Queen’; a pink, ‘Rose La Reine’; a deep rose,
‘Reine des Reines’; a white, ‘White Hawk’; and further from ‘ White
Hawk,’ ‘Red Hawk’; ‘Flamingo,’ pink; ‘Ibis,’ deep rose ; and ‘ Callipso,’
cream. From ‘ Murillo,’ which is itself a pale pink, has arisen a yellow
‘Tea Rose’ or ‘Primrose Beauty’; ‘Harlequin,’ striped; a pure white,
‘Purity’ or ‘Schoonoord’; ‘Paeony White’; ‘Meister van der Hoef,’
pure yellow; and a dark rose and a mauve, which are as yet unnamed.
On our farm last season was noticed in a bed of ‘Tournesol’ a pure
yellow of that variety.

One of the most remarkable variations arising in the Tulip is a form
of atavism which occurs in all kinds of garden Tulips, but especially in
Parrot Tulips. Occasionally a specimen will lose its character and revert
to a form of Tulip with narrow flowers ; these have no commercial value
and are at once destroyed, but from a scientific point of view they are of
the greatest interest. This Tulip is known in Holland as ‘ Tulipa dief,’
or Thief Tulip (fig. 2), probably because it replaces one of some value ; the
two forms are a deep rose, and a red with yellow border. These have been
planted and are found to be constant. The conspicuous characteristic lies
in their pointed petals. The first leaf of the largest offset develops in a
curved form, that is, the tip of the leaf is elongated into a runner which
drives horizontally into the soil and to which is attached an offset. The
character of the bulb itself is entirely changed to that of an angular form,
similar to the bulb of an unbloomed Parrot Tulip, but lighter in colour.
I think this similarity between the bulb of the Parrot Tulip and that of
the ‘Tulipa dief,’ rather than the Parrot Tulip being subject to atavism,
explains their frequent appearance among the Parrot Tulips. Parrot
Tulips have either a red or a yellow ground, the latter therefore belonging
to the ‘Bizarre’ group. That Parrot Tulips are a sport from the late
Amateur Tulips has been proved recently at Haarlem, where a fine late
Tulip produced unexpectedly a Parrot Tulip of the same colour.*

The late Amateur Tulips more especially ‘Roses’ and ‘ Bybloemen’
were among those most sought for and purchased for such large sums at
the height of the Tulipomania. The many anecdotes relating to this
remarkable mania are well known, and have been copied and _ possibly
enlarged upon by one writer from another, and need not be mentioned
here. How or when the mania commenced we do not know, for to find
the time with certainty it is necessary to discern where fair trading ends
and speculation commences. Munting, in his ‘‘ Beschrijven der Kruyden,”’
places the dates as 1634-1687, but M. Van Damme has written to me

* Florilegiwm Harlemense, Tab. 53.

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE TULIPOMANIA. 23

stating that he has recently discovered in the Archives of Haarlem papers
relating to disputes over Tulips as early as 1611, but as I have not yet
seen them I cannot say what bearing they have upon this point. Munting
says that the mania originated in France, where the nobility, especially in
Paris, gave hundreds and sometimes thousands of florins for a single
Tulip bloom; the more beautiful the colour, the higher the price paid.
But we have already seen that Tulips were greatly prized when Clusius
was at Leiden, for those he grew were coveted and stolen. It would seem

oaee

Si gram = 1062 azen, 38 gram = 971 ozen
35.3 gram ot 527 azen. 19 gram o 395 azen. 14.5 gram o 302 azen.
10.6 gram o: 220 azen 7.2 gram = 150 azen 28 gram o 58 azen.
24 gram ow 43 azer 1.6 gram o 33 azen. 15 gram = 34 azen. 1 gram = 20 aren

[Copuright: James Murray d& Sons.
Fie. 3.—DIAGRAMS SHOWING RELATIVE SIZES OF BULBS WEIGHING 20 AZEN TO
1062 AZEN.

(The vertical line in the middle of the top row represents 1 inch.)

more probable that the demand increased with the number of amateur
collectors, who would pay high prices for a fashionable or rare specimen,
just as to day large amounts are paid for certain postage stamps; but the
period of the actual gamble in the bulbs, which was entered into by
weavers, Carpenters, carmen, and even servant girls, may not have
commenced till 1634. }

Wassenaer (1623-1625) commented upon the principal varieties of the
year ; the ‘Semper Augustus’ is described as the most valuable and

24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beautiful. In 1623 he wrote: “The ‘Semper Augustus’ has been the
most prominent variety of the year; the colour is white and red, tinted
blue underneath. No Tulip has been held in higher esteem, and one has
been sold for thousands of florins, and yet the seller was himself sold (so
he said), for when the bulb was lifted he noticed two lumps on it which
the year following would become two offsets, and so he was cheated of
two thousand florins.’’ He says further: “ The offsets that the bulbs give
are the interest, while the capital remains intact.’’ He also considered
that bulbs were a safe investment, for one might carry one’s capital about
in the pocket, and if molested by footpads would not have it stolen as with
gold or diamonds.

One bulb which cost sixty florins has in a short time paid 20 per cent.
by offsets, reckoning them at only 6d. each. Wassenaer tells us that in
1624 the ‘ Augustus’ still kept its former reputation, and that there were
only twelve in existence. Averaging large and small they could be bought
at 1200 florins each. In 1625, 8000 florins were offered for two of
these bulbs, but the owner could not be induced to part with them, for,
considering that he was the only one possessing the rare bulbs, no one
else could procure them, he put his own value, which was very high, on
them.

It was not to be wondered at that such an easy and profitable business
soon found favour, as all that was necessary was to possess a few Breeder
Tulips which could be grown in almost the smallest garden. The
growing of tulips from seed had the fascinating possibility that some
tulip of exceptional merit and value might be produced. A proof of this
is given by Gaergoedt in an answer to Waermondt’s question, “ How
the flowers got so many names.”’ He says: “If a change in a Tulip is
effected one goes to a florist and tells him, and it soon gets talked about.
Everyone is anxious to see it. If it is a new flower each one gives his
opinion ; one compares it to this, another to that, flower. If it looks like
an ‘Admiral’ you call it a ‘ General,’ or any name you fancy, and stand
a bottle of wine to your friends that they may remember to talk about it.”

The whole business was based on confidence, and was quite impossible
to control, as one could not see when buying the bulb the flower it

Fic. 4.—Ftora’s Foou’s Cap;
or,

Representations of the wonderful year 1637, when one fool hatched another; the
people were rich without property, and wise without understanding.

This print, which appears in the second edition of the conversations of Waer-
mondt and Gaergoedt, published in 1734, depicts a tent in the shape of a fool’s cap,
in which are several florists weighing Tulips with goldsmiths’ scales. Outside hangs
a sign, as at an inn, showing two fools fighting, and inscribed ‘In the two Bulb
Fools.” In the background is the goddess Flora on an ass being beaten and scolded
by disappointed florists. Above the heads of those on the extreme right is a rake or
claw, meaning that Flora had raised their hopes of wealth to the highest, but they
are now in abject poverty.

On the left is one well dressed and smiling. This is one of the few successful
speculators, and he is turning a deaf ear to one of his victims. On the extreme
left is Satan with a rod and line at the end of which is a fool’s cap; on the line are
a great many sale notes of Tulips, and in his right hand is an hour glass, meaning
* The time is up.”’

In the foreground are some florists whose reason has left them, throwing their
Tulips on the rubbish heap.

GECKS=KAP

ot

vant wonderlicke Iaer van 1037 doen d gene Geck dand

FLORAES

1
as

ro uvibroey

x

de Luy Rijck fonder

c

Atbeeldinee

verllant waeren.

Wis fonder

en

eoel,

5

James Murray & Sons.

[Copyright:

Fic. 4.—Ftora’s Foou’s Cap.

[To face p, 24.

RotTGans.

Rose striped on white ground.

Copyright : James Murray & Sons.)

lig. 5.:

Bruin PURPER.

Purple brown on white
ground.

Sold at Alkmaar, Feb-
ruary 5, 1637. 320 azen,
2025 florins; Waermondt
& Gaergoedt, 60 azen, 1300
florins; 50 azen, 1100
florins.

ADMIRAL LIEFKENS.

Crimson striped on white
ground.

Sold at Alkmaar, Feb-
ruary 5, 1637. 59 azen,
1015 florins; Waermondt
& Gaergoedt, 400 azen, 4400
florins.

Copyright: James Murray & Sons.]

A daivarl: ee

wt Cae
“aS —

ADMIRAL VAN DER EYCcK.

Scarlet striped on white
eround.

Sold at Alkmaar, Feb-
ruary 5, 1637. 440 azen,
1620 florins; 214 azen,
1045 florins; 92 azen, 710
florins.

"9g *d oP f OZ |
‘NODVAA §,100q AHTL—'?) ‘Pl,
‘suogy p fivaunyy sous + jybrwtidoy)

Ser ne nage mer nyogen ree ny
erp megan pry feo yy
-@-G

Ny

tL . ss - : , ’ mayen ng 1d
ES wen or ernie te - be g ; e" , | Spd Ne
[ \ . “ ye oe donde OATS _ tem _ -

apyrrns whiny

=,

a

uaRyfiue edoy PPA

Vay usroy gy 4°] dj yk J?)
seyr
F ) ky 4
Ln tne ee UAV MY OT

| Cir, Ay

“ Err csndemsaicitrssi orca

~ — seageroe emam emer— epme—ennmm

Bey beryergened & >

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE TULIPOMANIA. 25

would produce, and in the event of the same turning out different from
that expected, it could not be asserted with certainty that fraud had
been committed. That such fraudulent practices occurred we have
ample evidence in “Het t’ Zamenspraeken, between Waermondt en
Gaergoedt.’’ Gaergoedt says, “It is right that last year I bought a bulb
or two that are not what I bought them for, but what is that compared to
the numbers bought?’”’ but Waermondt says that his cousin had spoken
to people who had bought pounds (in weight) of bulbs purporting to be
of such varieties as ‘Crowns,’ but which were nothing better than early
double coloured, and even single colours that one may see in any garden.

The “ t’ Zamenspraeken,’’ or three conversations between Waermondt
and Gaergoedt, was published first in 1637 at Haarlem by Adrian Roman,
and purports to be the conversations of two weavers, and from these
conversations we learn the way business was transacted during the craze.
Bulbs that sold at so much each, or by the dozen, were now sold by weight
of so many azen (fig. 5), a small weight less than a grain, in the same
way as gold or diamonds. In growing numbers tradesmen and artificers
adopted the calling of cultivators and dealers of Tulips, selling their
tools and their business, and borrowing money on their houses. The
constantly increasing profits from their speculations were to be ample
compensation for everything, and now began in earnest the Tulip mania.
At the commencement bulbs were sold at the time of delivery from the
end of June, when they were taken out of the ground, to September, when
it was time to plant them again; later the business extended over the
whole year, delivery in summer being agreed upon. As now the prices
varied according to the demand; speculators contrived to get the Tulip
trade into their hands; the bulbs became therefore a secondary con-
sideration as bulbs, and became the object of a regular exchange and
gamble.

Collegiums or clubs were formed and held at the inns, which became
Tulip exchanges, and we learn that there were two methods of
conducting business. The one as selling “met de Borden or Schijven,”’
the other ‘‘in het Ootjen.” The first is described by Gaergoedt, who says
to Waermondt: “If you wish I will sell you a ‘ Cargasoentje,’ and
because you are a good man and my special friend, you may have it for
fifty florins less than I would take from anyone else, and if you do not

Fic. 7.—-THEe Foou’s Wacon.

The original of this rare print, painted probably by Hendrik Pot, who, according
to Burger Musées de la Holland, was from 1633-1639 lieutenant in the Guards at
Haarlem, shows us a chaise-like car, in the middle of which a sail is fastened, and
this, moved along by the wind, carries Flora, who in her arm holds a horn of plenty
in which are Tulip blooms, and in her left hand three blooms—‘ Semper Augustus,’
‘General Bol,’ and ‘Admiral van Horn.’ In the body of the car are three florists
decked out with Tulip blooms, and who are named ‘“ Good-for-nothing,” ‘‘ Eager
Rich,” and “ Tippler.” In the front of the car are two women, one named ‘“ Save
All”’ (Miser) and the other “Idle Hope,”’ and from whom the bird Hope has escaped.

A crowd runs after the car, calling out ‘“‘ We will all sail with you,” and in their
eagerness discard and trample on their weaving-looms, &c. In the foreground are
various Tulip blooms, and on the extreme right is a similar sailing car wrecked. At
the corner of the picture are small insets showing Pottebackers Garden and Club
rooms at Haarlem and Hoorn.

26 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make 100 rijksdaelers profit, I will make up the difference.” Waermondt
replies: ‘‘ What a splendid proposal! but suppose I bought the bulb, how
shall I get rid of it? Will the people come to me or must I go to them
and offer it for sale?’’ Gaergoedt: “I will tell you. You must go to
an inn; I will show you several, as I know but few where there are no
collegiums (clubs). When there you must ask if there are any florists.
When you are admitted into their club room, because you are a stranger
some will quack like a duck, others will say, ‘I spy a stranger,’ but do
not take any notice. Your name will be written on a slate (or black-
board),’’.and then he goes on to describe the method of selling “met de
Borden.”’ It was not permitted for one to offer goods for sale, but one
might ask what his neighbour had to sell, thus indicating that he himself
had something to sell. He could say for instance: “I have more yellows
than I can use, but I want some white.’”’ Having found a possible
purchaser, each, as Gaergoedt tells us, “ obtains a small slate or Borden,
and each chooses an arbitrator ; the seller then goes to the arbitrators,
and demands, for example, 200 florins for his goods; the buyer goes to
the arbitrators, hears what has been demanded, pretends to be in a rage,
and bids as much too low as the seller has asked too much. ‘The arbi-
trators then fix the value, and write it on the slates of both parties,
calling out the amount aloud. If both agree to the amount, the writing
must remain upon the slate and the deal is finished. On the contrary,
if both rub the writing out, the sale is off; if either agrees and allows the
writing to remain, the other must pay the charges as fixed by the club;
in some places two stuijvers, in others three, five, or six stuijvers. But
if a sale is made the buyer pays half a stuijver on each florin, to the
amount of three florins on each transaction of 120 florins or higher.
This deposit was known as wine money, the seller allowing half of it
back again to the purchaser upon settlement.

The procedure of sales “ in het Ootjen ” is also explained by Gaergoedt.
Waermondt inquires, “Is there no other way of dealing beside ‘met de
Borden’?’’ Gaergoedt replies, ‘“‘ Yes.””’ When the Schijven or Borden
have been round, a drawing is made upon the blackboard (fig. 8).

In the upper semicircle is written the thousands of florins, in the
middle semicircle the hundreds of florins, and in the circle is “het
Ootjen,” in which the amount the highest bidder receives is written.
Under the Ootjen, the tens of florins and stuijvers are written. Now
one asks, “ Who will put something in the Ootjen?”’ If there is one
willing, as there always appears to be, he places something in the Ootjen
—say it is a “Gouda” weighing 30 azen. The auctioneer announces
that the one who bids the highest shall receive a double stuijver, or three,
four, five, or even six stuijvers, according to the custom of the place,
and as the company have arranged. The bidding commences at, say, fifty
florins, and continues till there is silence, or no further bids than, say,
1508 florins. Then the one at the slate or blackboard says, “‘ Nobody bids,
for the first time,” again, ‘“ Nobody bids, before I finish.’”” With that he
makes three strokes (probably through the amounts written, viz., the
thousands of florins, hundreds of florins, and tens of florins) and draws a
circle round, and then says, ‘‘ No one else, once,”’ ‘‘ For the second time,”’
“Third,” “Fourth and last time,’ and with this he draws a stroke

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE TULIPOMANIA. 27

through the whole, and if the seller agrees, the bulb is sold, and the wine
money is paid as “met de Borden,” the purchaser receiving the money
promised to tbe highest bidder, which amounts were known as
‘‘ Drietjens.’” The wine money, besides paying for light and fuel, supplied
the members of the club with tobacco, beer, &c., for Gaergoedt replies
to an inquiry from Waermondt about the wine money, and says: “ Yes.
The wine money amounts sometimes to much more. I have often been
to inns and eaten baked and fried fish and meat. Yes; chickens and
rabbits, and even fine pastry, and drunk wine and beer from morning to

TuLip GOUDA. 30. AZEN.

6. STuluvers

F.8
HIGHEST BIO, 1508 FLORINS

Fic. 8..—DIaAGRAM ON BLACKBOARD SHOWING FINAL BID OF 1508 FLORINS FOR THE
Tuuie ‘Goupa,’ WEIGHING 30 AZEN, SOLD “IN HET OOTJEN.’

three or four o’clock at night, and then arrived home with more money
than when I left, and if I had speculated about twelve thousand florins
the Drietjens would have been as plentiful as the raindrops from the
thatched roof when it has rained.”

It is not surprising that such an easy and luxuriant life attracted all
kinds of.ne’er-do-wells, who had no intention of ever paying for the bulbs
purchased, but came solely for the ‘“ Drietjens,’’ a state of affairs assisted
by the fact that bulbs were often sold while in the ground, and were
not paid for until delivery some time after, a system which led later to
such disastrous complications. The crisis came unexpectedly, principally
because connoisseurs had tired of their hobby, and had placed large

28 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

numbers of Tulips on the market, with the result that bulbs depreciated
immediately.

Then came the panic and everyone wanted to sell and no one wanted
to buy. Waermondt tells us, that on February 8, 1687, a few florists
met at an inn, and endeavoured to push the trade again by holding a
mock auction, but without result.

On February 24, 1637, delegates were appointed from the towns of
Haarlem, Hoorn, Alkmaar, &c., who met at Amsterdam and drew up the
following agreement: ‘That all sales of Tulips made to the end of
November 1636 should be binding. Transactions after that date could be
cancelled at the option of the buyer, upon payment of 10 per cent. of the
amount purchased to the seller, providing notice is given before March
1637.” But this was not accepted. Gaergoedt gives us an idea of the
times when, pointing to Waermondt, he says, ‘“‘ When my buyer pays me
I will pay you, but he is nowhere to be found.”

pd po—eg BY»
1637. January 18 bought from Pieter Willemss van Rosven one ‘ Terlon,’
318— weighing 275 azen when planted, for the sum of Three hundred &
eighteen Florins, the Bulb planted in Cornelis Verwer’s Garden.
Wine Money 12 Stuijvers. F. 318.
Wouter Tulleken.
[Copyright: James Murray & Sons.

Fic. 9.—FAacsIMILE AND TRANSLATION OF THE RECORD oF THE SALE OF A BULB.

The Law Courts became crowded and, as no one knew what to do, the
Magistrates of the towns were asked to intervene.

A petition was handed to the Governors of Holland and West
Friesland, at The Hague, pressing for the cancelling of all the trans-
actions entered into during the past winter. In their reply the Court
declared ‘there was not enough information in the papers furnished to
enable the Court to come to a legal decision, but they advised the
Magistrates to endeavour to induce the parties to come to terms in a
friendly manner, and to keep the Court informed how matters were
progressing.”

A decree dated April 1687, issued by the Court of Holland, by which
authority was to be given to the sellers to sell all Tulips sold for future
delivery, after giving the buyer due notice, or hold them at their own
risk, and that the buyer would be answerable for any differences in the
amounts realized. Further, it was to be taken for granted that all Tulip
contracts were to be suspended, and not acted upon until this matter had

VIJCE ROIJ VAN ORANGEN
‘\8(Vicreroy D’ORANGE).

Violet striped on white.

Sold at Alkmaar, Feb-
ruary 5, 1637. 410 azen,
3000 florins; 658 azen,
4200 florins; Waermondt
& Gaergoedt, 1000 azen,
6700 florins.

—

“he
Mine Ye
eee ee

ro

BRABANSON.

Crimson striped on
white ground.

Sold at Alkmaar,
February 5, 1637.
542 azen, 1010
florins; 346 azen,
835 florins; 524
azen, 975 florins.

[ Copyright: James Murray & Sons

Fie. 10.
[ To face p. 28.

GENERAL KIFFING.

Crimson striped on white
ground.

ANVERS.

Violet striped on white
eround.

Sold at Alkmaar, Feb-
ruary 5, 1637. 52 azen,
510 florins.

|Copuright James Murray & Sons.

iirG. 1s

(To face p. 29.

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TULIP, AND THE TULIPOMANIA. 29

been settled by a legal decision. But as the edict promising legal adjust-
ment never arrived, the contending parties were left to settle the matter
between them as best they could.

Many discontinued trading and came to terms with their creditors
paying 5 per cent. or 10 per cent. to get out of their bargain to take the
Tulips. Munting tells us that his father had, in 1636, sold to one in Alkmaar
a few bulbs for seven thousand florins, on the following conditions :—That
the sale should remain binding if there should be no fall in prices within
six months, otherwise the buyer could refuse the Tulips upon payment of
10 per cent., but “ as the fall occurred within the six months, my father
received seven hundred florins for nothing, but he was obliged to keep his
bulbs. He would have preferred to deliver the bulbs, and receive the
seven thousand florins.”’

The caution displayed by the buyer seems to show that he was fully
alive to the possibilities of a crisis.

Munting also gives extracts of several of the transactions, from some
ledgers kept during the craze, some of which are mentioned in “’t Zamen-
spraeken ’’ of Waermondt and Gaergoedt.

The example given below shows payment in kind. For one ‘ Viceroy’
Tulip the following goods were given :

Florins
2 loads of wheat . : : . ; : : value 448
4 , ofrye - : 2 F ‘ : : Sie 558
4fatoxen . : 2 4 : ; ; : 2a 480
8 fat pigs . E : : : é : : eS 240
12 fat sheep . : : ; : ; : cum 120
2 hogsheads of wine. , : : ; : pti 70
4 barrels of 8 florin beer 3 ; ; : : ae 32
2 barrels of butter : P . : : : ee 192
1000 lb. of cheese : : é : ; ; : = 120
A complete bed. : : ; ; : ; aA TE 100
A suit of clothes . p : ; : ; : secant 80
A silver beaker. : ; : : : é ABS 60
Total 5 : ; ; : s oo 2000

The following is another example of a bookkeeper’s entry : ‘‘ Sold to N. N.
a ‘Semper Augustus,’ weighing 123 azen, for the sum of 4600 florins.
Above this sum a new and well made carriage and two dapple grey horses
and all accessories, to be delivered within four weeks, the money to be
paid immediately.” Munting also gives a list of bulbs sold by weight in
public auction, among which are :

Florins

59 azen Admiral Liefkens : E : . : ; 105
214 ,, Vander Eyck . : : ‘ . : ’ - 1620
523 ,, Grebba ‘ : 2 . : : : 2 ee tARb
106 ,, Schilder : : : : E : : : =) F615
200 ,, Semper Augustus : , : : : : . 5500
410 ,, Viceroy ; ; 4 : : é . . 3000
1000 ,, Gouda : : . : : : : : . 3600

Referring to the ‘ Viceroy’ sold in kind, we find at that time the value of
a sheep was ten florins, or 16s. 8d. One can estimate what an enormous
amount these sums represented.

30 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In 1733 and 1784 there was a minor revival of the mania, when
enormous sums were paid for Double Hyacinths, which occasioned the
reprinting of the ‘’t Zamenspraeken’ of Gaergoedt, and Waermondt as
a warning; and in the ‘Florists’ Magazine’ of 1836 (vol. 4, p. 215)
I find the following: “The well known taste of the Dutch for Tulips
is not diminished. The new Tulip called the ‘Citadel of Antwerp’
has been purchased for 16,000 frances (£650 sterling) by an amateur
at Amsterdam.”’

At the present day new varieties sometimes change hands for large
sums, but a repetition of the mania is not likely to occur.

CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS IN EGYPT. dl

CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS IN EGYPT.
By Mr. T. W. Brown, F.R.H.S.

Most of the crops in Egypt are grown under irrigation, which necessitates
the adoption of methods of cultivation different from those followed in
countries where rain is the immediate source of the moisture in the soil.
Again, in districts where the ancient system of flooding the land once
each year is followed, the agriculture is necessarily different from that
practised on land now under perennial irrigation and watered at all
seasons. If we also remember that the water-wheels, ploughs, and other
implements employed are of the most ancient patterns, it will be seen
that the peculiarities of Egyptian agriculture are varied and picturesque.

Many Egyptian varieties of cultivated plants are of special interest.
In this respect the somewhat numerous varieties of Egyptian cotton will
at once occur to the mind, but the Cucurbitaceous plants are quite as
interesting and perhaps not so well known as the cotton. Although they
are not indigenous to the country, the introduction of several of the most
useful members of the family must have taken place at very remote
periods. S

‘‘We remember the fish which we did eat in Egypt freely, the
cucumbers and the melons,” was the plaint of the Israelites after leaving
the land of their captivity. Whatever fruit may be meant by the word
‘melons’ in this passage, it is interesting to note that similar regrets are
very often expressed in regard to the sweet melons and water melons of
the present day by people leaving Egypt.

The kind of sweet melon most commonly grown, and known in Arabic
as ‘Shammam,’ is a variety of the same species as the Queen Anne’s
Pocket Melon—Cucumis Dudaim. The latter plant is also occasionally
met with, but, as in other countries, it is of ornamental value only. It is
called ‘Abou Shammam,’ which means “ the father of Shammams.”’

The ordinary ‘Shammam’—C. Dudaim aegyptiaca—is a most
delicious melon. There are three varieties of it, viz. the ‘ Geyeidy,’
‘Weraki,’ and ‘ Besusi.’ The first is by far the most common. It is
oblong in shape, about 30 cm. long, of an average weight of 24 kilos.,

lightly furrowed, dark green, but becoming yellow between the
furrows when ripe. The flesh is greenish white, melting and sweet.
The ‘ Weraki’ is a larger variety, but is less sweet than the ‘ Geyeidy.’
The best variety is the ‘ Besusi.’ The fruit is short, but it has a deeper
and sweeter flesh than the others. This variety requires a comparatively
heavy soil, and is grown chiefly on the island of Abou el Gheit, and Besus
to the north of Cairo, whence its name. Owing to the delicacy of the
skin, the greatest care has to be taken to protect the fruit from the direct
rays of the sun. For this reason the cultivators usually sink the immature
fruits in the soil, and dispose the branches so as to form a thick shade
above.

32 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Sickenberger in the “ Contributions a la Fiore d’Egypte’’ mentions
a fruit which is intermediate between the ‘Shammam’ and the ‘ Abou
Shammam,’ but I have not seen it.

A very long club-shaped melon is sometimes cultivated on the banks
of the Nile. This resembles the ‘Shammam ’ in colour and perfume, but
is tasteless, and otherwise of poor quality. At Cairo it is called ‘ quattah
saidy.’

The melons belonging to Cucumis Melo are known in Egypt as
‘qaoon.’ They are represented by several varieties, all, however, being
either netted or winter melons. The Cantaloupes are scarcely known
outside ‘the gardens of a few Europeans. The best known of the netted
melons is the ‘qaoon Santaouy.’ This is a small, globular, and strongly-
scented fruit. It is somewhat deeply furrowed, and has a light yellow
skin with a close network of raised lines. The flesh is thin, light orange
coloured, and very juicy. It is a late variety of melon, and does not
appear in the market until the latter half of July, whereas the ‘ Shammam ’
is ready in the middle of May.

The ‘ Santaouy’ is‘grown chiefly in the Delta, but a netted melon is
cultivated in Upper Egypt also, under the name of ‘ qaoon saidy.’ It is
said to attain a large size, but the specimens which I have seen were not
remarkable in this respect. It is a globular melon, somewhat deeply
ribbed, and with a dark brown skin mixed with yellow and green. It has
a thick sweet flesh of good quality.

Of the smooth-skinned melons, the most important is that known as
the ‘ qaoon beledi,’ which, like the ‘qaoon saidy,’ is cultivated chiefly in
Upper Egypt. It is globular in form, and has a light yellow skin without
furrows. The flesh is white, thick and very sweet, the average weight of
the fruit being about 34 kilos. At Cairo this is called ‘qaoon Doumeyry’
and sometimes ‘qaoon Sohagi,’ but neither this nor the ‘qaoon saidy’
comes to Cairo in large quantities. Other varieties are imported in large
quantities from Smyrna, after the middle of August, when the Egyptian ©
melons (Shammam) are finished. Mention must be made of an oblong
melon called ‘qaoon mahanaouy.’ The only place where I have known
this to be cultivated is Sohag, in Upper Egypt. A native grower of that
place informed me that it sometimes attains a length of 50 cm. It is,
however, tasteless and of little value.

Apart from these long melons, the most remarkable Cucurbitaceous
fruit in Egypt is that known as ‘agour’ —C. Melo Chate, L. (Naud).
As De Candolle points out, the name of the cucumber in modern
Greek is ‘angouria,’ “from an ancient Aryan root which is sometimes
applied to the water-melon, and which recurs for the cucumber in the
Bohemian ‘agurka’ and the German ‘gurke,’ &.”’ The ‘agour’ of
the Egyptians, however, bears no resemblance to a cucumber. It is oval
in shape, but gradually tapering to a point at both ends. The length
of an average-sized fruit is about 40cm. It has a reddish-brown skin,
covered with a close network of raised lines. The flesh is thin, orange-
coloured, juicy, but not sweet. The ‘agour’ matures very quickly and
appears in Cairo market in April. Coming at a time when no other
melon fruits are available, it forms an important and popular food among
the natives. It is usually eaten raw with sugar.

CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS IN EGYPT. os

In Egypt melons are grown largely on the light loam found on the
- islands and the banks of the Nile when the river is low. The following
is the system of cultivation practised. ‘Trenches running in a transverse
direction to the prevailing wind are dug in the silt bordering the water.
The trenches are made 20 cm. wide, 30 cm. deep, and 90 cm. apart. A
layer of decayed pigeon manure is placed in the bottom of the trenches,
which are then refilled with soil. Farmyard manure is used where pigeon
dung is not available, but does not give such good results. The seed is
soaked ia water and germinated before sowing. It is then sown in holes
about 40 cm. apart, and a row of maize-stalks fixed in the soil by the side
of each trench, in such a manner that the maize leans over the young
plants and protects them from the wind, while leaving them exposed to
the sun. Where there is a danger of the plants being covered with
drifting sand, low barriers are constructed around the plots. Four cr
five seeds are sown in each hole, but when the seedlings have attained
three or four leaves they are thinned so as to leave one plant only.
During the growth of the crop the soil is hoed to keep it moist and loose.
When the fruit begins to appear, the maize-stalks are removed and a
second trench is often dug parallel with and close to that in which the
plants are growing. This is filled with manure and soil in the same way
as the first, and forms an additional supply of food for the plants. The
best fruit on each plant is allowed to remain, the others being removed
when small. These small fruits are in the case of the ‘Shammam’ known
as ‘sirt,’ and in the case of the ‘agour’ they are called ‘hersh.’ They
are eaten in the same way as cucumbers, but are in much greater demand
and bring better prices than the latter. The ‘Shammam’ is grown
almost always as a river crop. As the roots descend 60 cm. to 70 cm. into
the soil, the water-level is sufficiently near the surface to enable the
plants to grow without irrigation. The ‘qaoon Santaouy’ on the other
hand, is cultivated chiefly on the high sandy lands on the edge of the
desert, in which situations it is of course necessary to water the plants. The
preparation of the ground, however, is the same. The ‘agour’ requires a
more compact soil than the melons, and is therefore grown chiefly on basin
lands which have been flooded during the previous autumn. In this case
the seed is sown on the edge of a shallow furrow, and the manure applied
when the seedlings have four or five leaves. Water melons are cultivated
in the same way as sweet melons. They can, however, be grown on
much poorer ground than the ‘Shammam’ and in situations where the
sand is too loose for the ‘ Santaouy.’

The water melon is a very important crop, and is sown in large areas
both on the river banks and inland. The number of varieties of red-
fleshed water melons is large, but many of them are not well defined,
intermediate forms making classification difficult. An attempt to do
something in this respect was made last year by the Horticultural Society,
by collecting and comparing fruits from various parts of the country.
It was, however, found that it would be necessary to cultivate all the
varieties together on the same soil for one or more years, in order to
arrive at definite conclusions. The most distinct varieties are (1) the
‘beledi,’ a rather large, light green or grey fruit of medium quality, (2)
the ‘saidi,’ which is dark green and has a firm, sweet flesh, and (3) the

VOL. XXXV. D

4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘ Yaffaoui,’ which is a plain light-green fruit with a red flesh of excellent

flavour. Almost all the varieties have oblong forms in addition to the.
ordinary shapes. Thesé elongated forms are distinguished by the name

of ‘nims’ (ichneumon) and are spoken of as ‘beledi nims,’ ‘ saidi nims,’

&c. Of yellow-fleshed water melons, two distinct varieties are cultivated,

viz. the ‘hegazy’ and the ‘Stambouly.’ The latter is somewhat rare.

Both are thin-skinned fruits of excellent flavour. The ‘abou-hazam’ is a

variety in which the flesh is rose-coloured in the centre and yellow next

the skin. A white-fleshed water melon exists in Upper Egypt, but I have

not seen this.

The cucumbers constitute another crop of importance in Egypt. Of
the ordinary cucumber (Cucwmis sativus) only one variety is grown. It
is a strong-growing plant, with fruits about 25 cm. long at maturity.
They are, however, always gathered when small, and in this state the
flesh is crisp and of excellent flavour. In Arabic this cucumber is known
as ‘khiyar.’ The snake cucumber (C. flexwosus, L.), although not of the
same importance as the common cucumber, is, however, grown on a large
scale. In habit of growth and general appearance it resembles a melon
plant. It produces cylindrical twisted fruits about 50 cm. long. They
are light blotched with dark green, and covered with soft woolly hairs.
This is the ‘ fakus’ of the Arabs. It is not gathered until it has attained
a large size, when it is consumed as a salad chiefly by the natives. The
hairy cucumber (C. pubescens, Willd.) is another plant which resembles
the melon, but the leaves are covered with short prickly hairs. It is
known as ‘ quattah firany’ in Arabic. The fruits are cylindrical, generally
straight, and about 25 em. long when full grown. The skin is white,
light green, or dark and light green mottled. It is covered with soft
hairs and often striated with depressed lines. The fruits are gathered
when small and eaten as a salad, or stuffed with meat and rice and after-
wards cooked. °

Of the genus Cucurbita the most important plants in Egypt are the
vegetable marrows. ‘These are in the market at almost all times of the
year. The varieties most commonly grown are (1) a green bush marrow
known as ‘cosa Skandarani’ and (2) a running variety with white fruit
known as ‘cosa beda.’ As in the case of cucumbers, the fruits of
vegetable marrows are always gathered when quite small. Apart from
the vegetable marrows, the only plant belonging to Cucurbita Pepo culti-
vated by the fellaheen is a large globular pumpkin called ‘ qara magreby.’
The fruit attains a diameter of about 35 cm., and a weight of 10 kilos.
The flesh is white, and when cooked with rice and meat forms an agree-
able dish.

This plant, however, is not so common as the Naples Gourd or ‘ qara
Stambouly’ (C. moschata), which is grown in all situations, with or
without irrigation. The flesh is somewhat dry, of a pale orange colour, ©
rather sweet when ripe, and slightly scented. As the fruit keeps in good
condition for six months or more it is in use at all seasons. In addition
to the ordinary variety, which has an elongated fruit constricted in the
centre, a form with globular fruits is sometimes met with.

The mammoth pumpkins—C. maxima—are grown to a very small
extent in Egypt. That most frequently seen is somewhat oval in shape,

CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS IN EGYPT. 35

with an average circumference of 1°25 m., and an average weight of
17-20 kilos. In the Cairo market it is known as ‘ qara Soudani,’ but this
is evidently a misnomer. The retail price varies between 4s. and 6s.
each.

The plants which now remain to be mentioned are the luffa, or sponge
gourd, and the calabash. Although luffas are not exported to a great
extent from Egypt, large quantities are used in the country for washing
cooking-utensils, &c. They are grown everywhere—on fences, trees, out-
houses, &c., but there is a ready sale for all produced. The ripe unpre-
pared fruits bring from 10s. to 16s. per hundred. Three varieties, all
belonging to Lujffa aegyptiaca, are grown. These differ chiefly in the
length and thickness of the fruit. The ‘rumi tawil,’ which is the kind
most valued, produces fruits 45-50 em. long.

The fruits of the calabash—Lagenaria vulgaris—assume many
different forms. Some are used as receptacles for water, while others are
used as floats for fishing-nets and as household ornaments. The only
variety which is of any value asa food plant is that known as ‘ qara atraj.’
This has a straight cylindrical fruit, one metre or more long, with a light
green skin and greenish pulp. Gathered in a green state, they are eaten
cooked, or they may be allowed to ripen and be made into jam.

The cultivation and marketing of the Cucurbitaceous crops give
employment to large numbers of people. Donkeys laden with cucumbers
and vegetable marrows may be seen coming into Cairo any morning
during nine months of the year. Sweet and water melons are chiefly
collected in boats and brought ‘to Cairo by river. These cargos are
mostly discharged at Giza, whence they are taken by camels, donkeys, and
conveyances of every kind to the market, shops, &c. The unloading of
the boats in the early morning forms one of the busiest and most
picturesque scenes in Egypt. Large numbers of water-melons and
‘agours ’ are also brought direct from the fields to Cairo by camels.

The returns from an acre of melons or water melons vary between £20
and £40. As the expenses do not exceed £10, good profits are made by
the cultivators. In view of this fact and of the large quantities of fruit
grown, it is somewhat surprising that Egypt imports melons and water
melons to the value of £66,000. In spite of the enormous consumption,
however, there is no doubt that Egypt could quite easily supply her own
wants. The principal reason why she does not do so at present is that
the number of people who understand the cultivation is limited. The
fellah is very conservative, and unless he has been taught to grow melons
by his father or other relation, he is not likely to commence later in life.

Experiments carried out on a large scale have also shown that an
extensive and highly lucrative export trade may be established in long
cucumbers and melons with Europe in late autumn. For the develop-
ment of this part of the industry, however, it will be necessary to look to
European enterprise.

36 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE LILY OF THE VALLEY.
By Miss H. C. Puimsrics, F.R.H.S.

“ Awake, O north wind; and come, thou south; blow upon my garden thai its
spices may flow forth.”

Convallaria majalis—ithe Lily of the Valley. What a host of
memories its very name conjures up! And we are carried away captive,
for none can remember the time when he did not know and love this
flower of fragrance; iis beauty and its purity are all its own. Mosi
of us are probably much more familiar with the Lily of the Valley
as a garden flower than as a wild plant, but it is a true naiive
nevertheless, and may in many places be found in abundance. You
will bear in mind that it really is a plant of the woods, so that it
is only there, or in sheltered coppices, that there is any reasonable
hope of finding it. We may here, however, advantageously point
out that in foliage and general effect the broad-leaved garlic is very
similar to the Lily of the Valley (save in perfume), and both are found
in the same situation at the same period of the year and that more than
one of our friends have been previously disappointed by confounding the
two. Yet I think we shall all agrée that the pure white clustering
starry blossoms of the garlic are very beautiful in themselves, and have
a full claim to be admired for what they are—mnot scouted for what they
fail to be.

Londoners will hear with interest that in the time of the great botanist
Ray, the Lily of the Valley grew abundantly on Hampstead Heath.

In 1590, in St. Leonard’s Forest near Horsham in Sussex, where the
Lily of the Valley used to be seen in profusion, the local legend iells us
that the patron saini of the district, St. Leonard, waged a morial combat
for many hours with a great and terrible dragon. Though in the end
victorious, the saintly dragon-slayer by no means escaped scatheless, and
these large masses of snowy blossoms scattered over the forest sprang
from his blood shed during the dread encounter. Anyone who in this
sceptical age has doubis can go and see the flowers for himself. In the
east of England, the Lily of the Valley has made a dwelling place in both
Essex and the sister county Suffolk, notably nm Woodham Mortimer, ‘ihe
High Woods near Colchester, and in Bentley Woods near Ipswich. Ii is
also common in many other English counties, very local or almost
wanting in others, while in Ireland and Scotland it would appear to be
scarcely indigenous, though it is indigenous in most paris of Europe from
Italy to Lapland. In the woods of Eileriedle, in the neighbourhood of
Hanover, the ground is covered with them; these woods are visited every
Whit Monday, we are told, by numerous parties from Hanover, who
gather these delightful May flowers.

Tt is sometimes called the May lily—many of the old names of
planis, as the pasque flower, Leni lily, Si John’s wort, and numerous

THE LILY OF THE VALLEY. 37

others, having reference to the date of flowering. It is in France the
“Muguet de Mai”; in Germany the “Maiblume.” Its specific name,
majalis or maialis, signifies “that which belongs to May,’’ hence the
old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury,
for Maia, the daughter of Atlas, was the mother of Mercury or
Hermes. It is also called Convall Lily and Lily Constancy by the old
herbalists, and in some parts of the country its local name is ‘“‘ Ladder to
Heaven.” Its spotless purity of colour and lowly humility were probably
the cause of the bestowal of the last name—a name that has no doubt
descended from medieval times. The old monkish herbalists often based
their nomenclature on associations of a religious character, and united
their plant names with the legends of the saints or the services of the
Church’s calendar.
“To the curious eye
A little monitor presents her page
Of choice instruction ; with her snowy bells,
The Lily of the Vale. She not affects
The public walk, nor gaze of noonday sun ;
She to no state or dignity aspires
But, silent and alone, puts on her suit,
And sheds her lasting perfume, but for which
We had not known there was a thing so sweet
Hid in the gloomy shade.’’—Hvnrpis.
Again—
“ And their breath was mixed with fresh odours sent
From the turf like the voice of an instrument.”

As an ornamental plant few of our native species have a greater claim
to a place in the garden, and may I say in our hearts, for few others can
boast of so rich a fragrance or so delicate a beauty ; added to these charms
it is most easy of cultivation, requiring only to be placed in a shaded
corner. The generic name Convailaria is from the Latin word for valley,
and is bestowed in obvious reference to the sheltered woodland dells in
which the Convall Lily finds a congenial home. The root of the Lily of
the Valley is fibrous and perennial, extending a little below the surface of
the ground, and reaching to a considerable distance. The leaves grow in
pairs, their stalks sheathing one within the other. One of these leaves
is often larger than the other, as all know, and also that they are very
simple in form and deeply ribbed; when forced the leaves are of a
much paler green and finer texture, and they take a deeper and more
sombre green out of doors as the season advances. The flower stalk
springs from the root and is about equal in length to the leaves. It bears
a loose raceme of drooping bell-shaped flowers of pure white; hence in
Beaumont and Fletcher’s sonnet on the spring we find them referred to
as “lilies whiter than the snow.” In its wild state the blossoms are
rarely succeeded by the fruit, but it produces it readily under cultivation.
The fruit is rather a large berry, something in size between a fine black
currant and a small cherry, and of a brilliant orange red. Our friends in
the Antipodes are sighing for the lily fair, and have, I have recently been
told, tried more than once to get the plants from England; but they will
not, as our friends north of the Tweed have it, “carry, and ere they

38 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

arrive they are dead. The only resource left is to send out the seed, and
this I am doing.

It is hardly necessary to say much upon the mode of cultivating this
universal favourite: it delights in moisture and partial shade, and in a
good light soil it loves to penetrate its fibrous roots. It is found in
mountain copses sheltered by shrubs, and in the forest under trees. It is
well to have a plantation of Lilies of the Valley upon a southern aspect
if you want the flowers early, and in succession, for by this means they
may be gathered a fortnight or three weeks earlier than otherwise—I am
of course dealing with the days before retarded lilies were known—give
rotten manure as surface dressings and plenty of moisture during active
growth. The chief point to guard against in outdoor cultivation is frost,
this being destructive to the blooms which appear with the leaves. A
few spruce or other evergreen branches placed sparsely over the beds
afford efficient protection, and a beneficial shelter encouraging growth.
Preference should be given to a soft loamy soil well enriched with rotten
manure, though sometimes fine lilies may be grown in rather heavy loam.
In preparing soft loam it will be best to give a liberal admixture of leaf
soil and sharp sand. Whatever the soil may happen to be it should be
moderately firm before planting. The best time for planting is in the ©
early autumn, as soon after the foliage has decayed, selecting the crowns
singly and dividing them for beds likely to remain undisturbed for several
years. The crowns may be planted two, or even three inches apart, as
they do not become crowded so soon as to require thinning out. Ii is
a good plan to cover the surface after planting with one or two inches of
rotten manure, thorough maturity being secured only by constant applica-
tions of water, weak manure-water being the most efficacious. Treated
thus with annual dressings of manure the beds will continue in good
“heart’’ for years, and bear fine blossoms in abundance. When the
plants become crowded with shoots they should be thinned ont, or, better
still, lifted and replanted, for weakly or blind crowns tend to retard
vigorous growth. The Lily of the Valley is now largely forced into
flower early, the roots being often imported from the Continent, where
they are grown and prepared for the purpose. It may be naturalized, too,
in any place sufficiently shaded and moist, and it soon spreads into broad
masses. There is a variety with foliage striped with gold and another
with double fiowers, but the latter is not pretty. The finest form is called
“Fortins,’’ which is much more robust than the common kind, having
larger flowers; but in spite of this I think the smaller and familiar Lily
of the Valley we found in the woods in our childhood is the one which
lies the closest to our affections.

The Lily of the Valley possesses a most beautiful curve, added to its
many other charms, which makes it so perfect as a decorative flower, and
when associated with blue forget-me-not—Myosotis palustris, found
growing by river banks, streams, and ditches in June, July, and August—
the combination is delightful—the harmony is perfect. I would suggest
that the lilies be arranged at the top of a glass vase, the forget-me-not at
the base. Such vases are easy to get, and clear glass (not coloured) lends
itself best, I think, to this arrangement, coming nearer to nature, and so
nearer to the beautiful and the true.

CHINESE PAONIES. 39

GHINESE PONIES.
By Rev. W. Wruxs, M.A.

THE Peony found so very commonly in gardens is Paeonia officinalis. It
has three well known double varieties—one a deep blood-crimson, another
dark rose fading paler, and one called white which opens a pale rose-pink
and gradually fades to a dingy, transparent white; it is often known as
‘ Adelaide.’ Of these the first-mentioned is by far the best. All three
are comparatively common and have a distinctly unpleasant smell,
reminding one a little of crushed ‘ ladybirds.’

Why, then, are the Chinese Pxonies so much less often met with? Is
it that people do not know of them—do not know bow many varieties
there are, and of what lovely colours and glorious form and pleasant scent ?
for most of them surpass the modern rose in fragrance. Or is it more
probable that people in this twentieth century are in such an impatient
hurry that they will not give the Chinese Peony the time it needs to
establish itself and grow into the marvellously beautiful plant it will be-
come in four to five years from planting? Their cultivation is of the very
easiest. They should be planted, only just below the surface, in the last
week in October or the first in November, in ground that has been double-
trenched, as they love to send down their thick, fleshy, tuberous roots deep
into the soil. Plenty of good rotten dung should be dug in in the trenching,
as, like roses, the soil can hardly be too rich for them. They want abundance
of room and light and air and moisture (but not undrained wetness),
but if sheltered from the prevailing wind the less will the blossoms suffer.
If grown, as they deserve to be, in beds, they should have a top dressing of
old rotten dung put on at the end of February, and if in at all a dry
position they should have plenty of water, with a little chemical manure
from the end of May till blooming time is over. To have fine flowers the
very weak shoots should be removed at an early stage of their growth ;
and later on the side-blossom buds should be removed from the strong
shoots that have been left, as soon as they are negotiable. A well-grown
plant will require three or four short stakes on the outside of the clump,
with encircling tar twine, to prevent the heavy blooms bringing the whole
plant to the ground.

Among the very best varieties are—

‘Canari,’ white with a faint tinge of yellow.

‘Charles Binder,’ and ‘Ceres,’ very similar with pink guard petals
and yellow and white centre.

‘Duchesse de Nemours,’ the best white with ivory centre. It is often
sold under the name of ‘ Whitleyi.’

‘ Alba Superba,’ the largest of all, loosely double and worthy of all the
superlatives imaginable. (Fig. 12.)

‘Triomphe de |’Exposition de Lille,’ silver-pink with yellow stamens,
loosely double.

40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘ Solfaterre,’ good early white tinged with yellow.

‘Madame Callot,’ pale flesh, very large and very double.

‘Philomele,’ bright pink guard petals with a yellow centre.

‘Reine des Francais,’ pale pink guard petals with white and pink centre
very beautiful.

‘ Belle Chatelaine,’ a very fine pale pink.

‘Miss Salway,’ ivory yellow.

‘Festiva Maxima,’ paper white with crimson splashes,

‘Monsieur Rousselon,’ loose blush white with prominent yellow
stamens.

‘Princess Beatrice,’ bright pink guard petals with ivory and pink
centre, somewhat like ‘ Reine des Francais.’

‘Princess Nicholas Ribere’ or ‘ Ribesco’ (it goes under both names),
silver pink guard petals, ivory yellow and pink centre. |

‘ Alba Maxima,’ another good white. :

‘Princess Patricia,’ blush guard petals with ivory centre.

‘Lady Leonora Bramwell.’ For those who like a pink that seems as if
it had a tinge of blue in it this is a very fine plant; very free-
blooming, strongly rose-scented.

‘Marquise de Lorne,’ silver pink with yellow stamens.

‘Marie Jaquin,’ exactly like a white water lily, very beautiful.

‘Vanderbilt,’ pink guard petals, yellow centre.

‘Frances’ and ‘ Alexandrina,’ two good pinks.

But perhaps this list is too long. If so take—

‘Alba Superba’ ‘ Duchesse de Nemours’ and ‘ Festiva Maxima,’ three
very fine but quite distinct whites.

‘Reine des Francais’ and ‘ Philoméle,’ both indispensable.

‘Belle Chatelaine,’ ‘ Frances,’ and ‘ Marquise de Lorne,’ three distinct
shades of pink.

Add to them ‘Princess Nicholas Ribere’ (or ‘ Ribesco’) and ‘ Marie
Jaquin,’ and you have ten of the best. Buta really great difficulty is to
get them true to name. For instance, a worthless pink has done duty before
now for the glorious white ‘Duchesse de Nemours’ which is sometimes
labelled ‘ Double Whitleyi.’ ‘Reine des Francais’ and ‘ Philomele’ are also
sent out under misleading English names, and now that intercourse with
the Continent is so easy and so frequent the practice of rechristening
foreign-raised plants by English importers cannot be too strongly con-
demned. The figures are from photographs taken in the garden at
Coombe House, where these wonderful plants are grown to the utmcst
perfection, and where they have stood undisturbed for eleven years,
giving an equally magnificent display annually since the third year from
planting.

Wer

ASS

Fig. 12.—CHINESE Prony ‘ALBA SUPERBA.’
[To face p. 40.

LONDONETCH.CO

Fic. 13.—CHINESE Pa&onrIES AT CoomBr Hovusk, Croypon.
[Vo face p. 41.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT WISLEY IN 1908. 41

REPORT ON THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
MADE AT THE SOCIETY’S GARDEN AT WISLEY IN 1908.

By Mr. R. H. Curtis, F.R. Met. Soc.

THE meteorological record at the Society’s Garden at Wisley has been
maintained without break throughout the year, and that the observers,
Messrs. Frazer and Wallis, have taken a keen interest in their work is shown
by the careful way in which the record has been kept. The instruments
were examined and compared with standard instruments in July, and
the station was then found to be in excellent order.

The weather of 1908 was in no respect very exceptional. The -
temperature was on the whole about the average, there were some warm
spells in June and July when several times 80° was exceeded, and again
at the close of September and beginning of October when the minimum
remained above 60°. Bright sunshine was more abundant than usual
over the southern half of England, and rather less than the average
elsewhere. Rainfall was about the average in Scotland and Ireland,
about 5 per cent. less than average in Wales, 10 per cent. less in North
England, and 14 per cent. less over the southern half of England. Gales
were not numerous, thunderstorms also were less frequent than usual,
but there were some severe snowstorms, the melting of the snow causing
floods in some districts.

The observations for each month are as follows:

January.—The weather of the first half of the month was in some-
what marked contrast to that of the latter half, the former being on the
whole fair and cold, whilst during the last two weeks it was generally
dull, and for the season rather mild, but with an unusual amount of fog.
The average temperature for the month was in most places somewhat below
the normal, and during the first week some low minima were recorded, the
screened thermometer at the Garden falling to 15°°7, which was the lowest
point reached until the last day but one of the year. Over the greater
part of England the fall of rain was considerably below the average, and
in some districts it did not amount to an inch for the entire month. At
Wisley the total was just over an inch and an half, but of this amount
an inch and a quarter fell on one day (7th), the remainder being distri-
buted over nine other days. In some parts of the kingdom, however,
there were very heavy falls, and upwards of an inch fell in twenty-four
hours at several places. The winds experienced were pretty evenly dis-
tributed round the compass except for the quadrant from east to south,
from which they seldom blew. Bright sunshine was generally well above
the average, and at some stations in the south of England it amounted
to 40 per cent. of the possible amount; at the gardens daily amounts of
six hours and upwards were registered on five occasions.

42 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Observations made at Wisley

Mean temperature of the air in shade aoe eee fie OOS

Highest 53 ss zr ee Fas ... 53° 5 on the 27th

Lowest = A 3 SS Sn sen LD oes ee

Lowest Bp on the grass cae 2 soe 9°32... “4th andisen
AD 16. | At SES Lo REE,
deep. deep. deep.

Mean temperature of the soilat 9a.m. ... oat ae. eM 39°°3 41°°9

Highest - Ps - ee ee eget | 41°°8 44°-3

Lowest a # mt re Lea ore 37°°0 40°°7

Mean relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. (complete saturation being

représented by 100) _ _..... wn at ye = avon, emer
Rain fell on 10 days to the total depth ars ad : 5% 1°55 in.
(Equivalent to about 7} gallons of MEE to the eas Sand )
Heaviest fallonany day ... : 5 ... 1:26in. on the 7th

The prevailing winds were from bokecan naib wad weak

The average velocity of the wind was 73 miles an hour.

There were 58 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 23 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were 13 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

February.—The weather of February was marked by a persistence
of westerly winds, which during the latter half of the month frequently
attained considerable strength, and were accompanied by a good deal of
wet weather. It was, however, warmer than February usually is, but
whilst there were no very severe frosts neither were there any very warm
days, so that there was but a moderate range of temperature. The coldest
period occurred at the close of the second week, when the screened
thermometer in the gardens fell to 22°, but at the close of the month
a keen cold wind with squalls of rain, and in many places of hail and
snow, occasioned a spell of weather which, although not so cold, was
perhaps more generally disagreeable. The rainfall was below the average
over the southern half of the kingdom, but rather above it in the north.
At Wisley the fall, which was spread over fifteen days, only amounted
to 0°85 inch, and in many districts it was less than an inch. The distri-
bution of bright sunshine was peculiar, since the largest amounts were
recorded over the north-eastern districts and the smallest in the west.
At Wisley the total duration was eighty hours, and at many places in
the west, which usually have the largest amounts, less than 50 hours were
registered, whilst in Northumberland and on the east coast of Scotland
the total ranged from 100 to 111 hours.

Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the airin shade ... eat ae oe 41°5
Highest FS ie a ie ae a ay 53°°8 on the 17th
Lowest - A 7 a a Lae af BOO ke, Soe
Lowest Me on the grass... eat a, ih ag PA aig: a fe
At 1 ft. At 2 ft. At 4ft.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilatQ9a.m.... Ag hea 1 41°3 42°-2
Highest = i re nee oe Aad 43°-2 43°1
Lowest zi 43 » eve ams | iit | 5 bed 41°-2
Mean relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100)... : Se sie ae as va 88%
- Rain fell on 15 days to the total depth of he at 0°85 in.

(Equivalent to about 4 gallons of water to the square oard Vi
Heaviest fallon any day ... si Pe ap a ... 0°21 in. on the 16th.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT WISLEY IN 1908. 43

The prevailing winds were from south-west and west.

The average velocity of the wind was 83 miles an hour.

There were 80 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 28 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were 4 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

a NING

Fic. 14.—DirFERENcE oF MEAN TEMPERATURE AND OF RAINFALL FOR EACH Monee
FROM THE AVERAGE.

March was a month of continuously unsettled weather, accompanied
by winds from nearly every point of the compass, although those from

44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

westerly points predominated. The temperature was very generally below
the normal, whilst the rainfall was everywhere in excess, and hail and
snow were not infrequent. The amount of bright sunshine was with few
exceptions less than the average, and the weather of the month may be
summed up as cold, wet, and windy, and generally unfavourable for all
farm and garden work. Occasionally sharp frosts were experienced, and
on the night of the 15th the screened thermometer at Wisley fell to
23°°3, and the thermometer exposed upon the grass to 16°°8, whilst
another grass thermometer exposed in a lower part of the garden fell a
degree and a half lower. But throughout the month there was an absence
of “really warm days, the highest temperature reached being only 56°-3
on the 24th, when a westerly wind blew and the sun shone brightly
throughout the greater part of the day. It was to this absence of spring-
like warmth rather than to the occasional occurrence of somewhat low
temperatures that the low average temperature and the general back-
wardness of vegetation were due, the month being one of the coldest
Marchs on record.
Observations made at Wisley:

Mean temperature of the air in shade ies aa =e ads 49°-2
Highest - = a op e: ae aaa 56°-3 onthe 24th ~
Lowest = = = a2 ae SG -: 2373. ah
Lowest ~ on the grass ae of! te z-f 16°38... | Jain
Atlfe <At2fi. At4ft.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soil at 9am. ... we sa 40° 41°-9 42°°4
Highest ee f s net. ee On A ee
Lowest a Ps = ee ST fate © 40°°3 41°-9
Mean relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100) i x — — eee oe sonnet
Rain fell on 20 days to the total depth of Aa _ te 3°06 in.
(Equivalent to nearly 143 gallons of water to the ene Pend )
Heaviest fallonany day ... a 3 ... 0-54in. on the 5th

The prevailing winds were from erie rat ea eed

The average velocity of the wind was 73 miles an hour.

There were 111 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 30 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were but 3 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

April.—The weather of April was in some respects very remarkable,
the persistent cold winds from northerly quarters keeping the temperature
so low that the month ranks as the coldest April experienced for nearly
forty years. The coldest snap was on the 8th and 9th, when the un-
screened thermometer at the gardens fell to 17°; but from the 13th to
the 15th, and again from the 18th to the 25th, although the cold was
less severe, the thermometer on the grass fell several degrees below the
freezing point nearly every night. In some parts of the kingdom, however,
the low readings at Wisley were greatly surpassed, a temperature of 4°
having been obtained on the ground at Balmoral, 9° at Huddersfield, and
less than 15° at many places. During the last ten days of the month
there were frequent snowstorms, the worst occurring on the 25th with a
severe gale, the snow falling to such a depth that railway traffic became
disorganized, road traffic was completely stopped in many districts, and
much damage was done to trees and shrubs. The rainfall over the
greater part of England and Ireland was above the average, but in

ah

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT WISLEY IN 1908. 45

Scotland it was rather below it. Bright sunshine varied from about 100
hours on the eastern coast to rather less than 200 hours in the south-
west; at Wisley 145 hours were registered, or 35 per cent. of the greatest
amount possible.

Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the airin shade _... ait by va 44°-0
Highest > A as eas ae ak: ae 62°°7 on the 29th
Lowest i fe A say ay at ae Daf iar er 9th
Lowest “3 onthe grass... ae Ze ang ae MPO = 9th
At l ft. At 2 ft. At 4 ft,
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat 9a.m._... ee a 4a8 45°°0 44°°5
Highest - - -E pa Ke seen , 40°24 47°°3 45°-0
Lowest 3 . : | 40°1 43°-4 = 43-6
Mean relative humidity of the air ae 9 a.m. Shams saturation being
represented by 100) _.... ‘ ee de 8 nat 78%
Rain feil on 14 days to the total denih of ae SDF cas 2-48 in.
(Equivalent to nearly 112 gallons of water to the square gard: )
Heaviest fallon any day _... ; ae ... 0°65 in. on the 25th

The prevailing winds were from meneh a apie ae

The average velocity of the wind was 73 miles an hour.

There were 145 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 35 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were 4 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

May.—A feature of the weather of this month of interest to gardeners
was the absence of low night temperatures, the mean of the minimum
temperatures being generally a good deal above the average, whilst in
many places the lowest point reached by the thermometer was above the
lowest which had been observed in May for a good many years past.
This was largely due to the cloudiness of the sky, by which the radiation
of heat from the ground was greatly checked whilst the temperature of
the soil steadily increased, the readings of the thermometer at Wisley
one foot below the surface being 16° higher at the end of May than at
the beginning of April. The winds also were from southerly and westerly
points; and although the amounts of sunshine registered were generally
rather under the average the deficit was not large, and in many places
between 40 per cent. and 50 per cent. of the possible total was recorded.
Thunderstorms with heavy falls of rain or hail were not infrequent, but
generally speaking the precipitation was below the average for the
month.

Observations made at Wisley:

Mean temperature of the air in shade he ins ee as: 55°°9
Highest ei es = ee 5 fas ace 75°°7 on the 2nd
Lowest EA a re ee ts Fe Ad Don Ouet aae eau
Lowest ie on the grass de. bss bate ote 502°), |... © - Lith
. Abt. “Ab? te “At-4 ft.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat9 a.m. ... tke Pe DAE 53°°5 50°:0
Highest 43 ; ee nas seat} 9 a0) 57°°3 53°2
Lowest Ps 5 bs : 590°1 48°:0 45°°3
Mean .relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. DP iemelce saturation being
represented by 100) _.... f : ae ae aoe me shit Tt
Rain fell on 14 days to the total desu aE ue are at 1-74 in.

(Equivalent to about 81 gallons of water to the square eo eand )
Heaviest fall on any day ... ee sie ed y. ... 0°29 in. on the 13th

46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The prevailing winds were from between south and west.

The average velocity of the wind was 7 miles an hour.

There were 192 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 40 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were but 3 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

June.—The weather of June was generally fine, with a good deal of
sunshine and less rain than the average. A cool northerly wind which
was experienced about the 5th and 6th brought the temperature down
somewhat, and there was some changeable weather towards the middle
of the month, but this was followed by warm summer-like weather which
lasted till the close. The amount of rain which fell was in most places
less than the average, the amount recorded at Wisley being only 1°72
inches, of which 0°71 inch fell in one day, and it was only on six days
that there was any rain to measure. The amount of bright sunshine was
generally above the average, and exceeded 280 hours at several places in
the south of England. A violent squall, which, however, was of very
limited area, was experienced in the Thames valley in the course of the
night of the 1st, and did a considerable amount of damage to small trees
in Bushey Park and elsewhere ; and another of somewhat similar character
visited North Herts on the afternoon of the 4th, in thundery weather,
and travelled in a §.S.E. direction for about six miles, scattering
hayricks, overturning loaded carts, and levelling trees and other obstacles .
in its path. The temperature of the soil one foot below the surface
increased during the month 44°.

Observations made at Wisley:

Mean temperature of the air in shade ... ae sae ba 59°°4
Highest 5 4 a ae fae ces oh 80°°6 on the 4th
Lowest $5 35 5 ae Aes im FW hag Lea 7th
Lowest - on the grass He nf Uae aoe ae 29°-1 | 22nd
At 1 ft. At 2 ft. At 4 ft.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat 9a.m. ... ane 110076 60°°1 56°°3
Highest i Me ie ‘ise ats phage of Sea | 62°°1 58°°0
Lowest Pe 7 fe or set, OOF4 58°°2 53°°8
Mean relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100)... < vais nee sie sae sis 71%
Rain fell on 6 days to the total depth bf Pip ipa 1°72 in.
(Equivalent to nearly 8} gallons of water to the square ewan )
Heaviest fall on any day ... of bi ae 0-71 in. on the Ist

The prevailing winds were from note net and nares

The average velocity of the wind was 5 miles an hour.

There were 266 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 55 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were no entirely sunless days.

July.—The fine weather with which June closed continued during the
opening days of July and produced some high readings of the thermo-
meter over all the central parts of England and even in many parts of
Scotland. After the first few days, however, a change took place to un-
settled weather, a good many small depressions passing across the
country bringing with them rain, which in some districts was very heavy
and lowered the temperature considerably. The wet weather ceased
about the 18th, and from that day to the close of the month no rain fell
at Wisley. The fall of rain was, however, patchy, some districts having
much less than the average, whilst others, as for example the north-west

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT WISLEY IN 1908. 47

of England, had considerably more. Winds blew chiefly from westerly
points and at times rather strongly, and there were several thunderstorms.
Bright sunshine was plentiful over southern England, but at some places
in the north it was very deficient, not amounting to 20 per cent. of the
possible amount. At Wisley 41 per cent. of the possible amount was

SFP P iPS ezysZ

Fic. 15.—Meran TeMPERATURE OF THE AIR; Maximum AND Minimum TEMPERATURES
OF THE AIR; AND Minimum TEMPERATURE ON THE GRASS, FOR EACH MontTH.

recorded, there having been no day on which some record was not
obtained.
Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the airin shade .... be es ae 62°°2
Highest * se = eee a7 oF ie 82°-6 on the 3rd
Lowest “ = ye re ae AE at 472-0 i 30th

Lowest e on the grass ee re ois z, bs 387-7 + 3rd

48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At 1 ft. At 2 ft. At 4 ft.

deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat9Q am. ... aut saan Moers 62°°5 59°°3
Highest - a a RS 4X Jeo GO hs 64°°2 60°°6
Lowest % = < baw et ase 60° 1 58° 1
Mean relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100) __.... : aye me te as ae 15%
Rain fell on 11 days to the total denth at oa : ae ae 1°85 in.
(Equivalent to about 83 gallons of water to the square eare: )
Heaviest fallon any day ... : sae ... 0°59 in. on the 16th

The prevailing winds were from patie W sat and enh

The average velocity of the wind was 5 miles an hour.

There were 202 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 41 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were no entirely sunless days.

August.—The winds throughout a great part of this month were from
west, north-west or north, and consequently cool, so that there was an
entire absence of very hot days, although the weather was generally fine
and dry. The nights were warm, except for ashort interval in the middle
of the month, when the grass thermometer fell to 35° at Wisley, and to
below the freezing point at several places further north. After the third
week the character of the weather entirely changed and a succession of
disturbances passing across the kingdom brought with them unsettled,
showery weather, and in some parts heavy rain. On the whole the
month was a sunny one, Wisley having very nearly 50 per cent. of the
possible amount, and many places on the south coast having upwards of
60 per cent. The frequency of rain varied a good deal in different
localities, but whilst the fall was deficient over the northern half of the
kingdom and in Ireland, it exceeded the average over the southern
counties.

Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the airinshade _... sis oie = 59°-9
Highest _ 3 pee de ei hi 81°-2 on the 3rd
Lowest a i 59 are ‘ad ie oP AL°-Os = oF ath
Lowest bs on the grass... See hy oats wae 30-70! Yjnne, aan
AG 1 ft. Ab Die GAG AGE.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat 9 a.m. ... oa Sasaeadcats 62°°5 60°°7
Highest be 3 55 as ste a) BOSE 64°°7 61°°6
Lowest iS Es Fe aah 5 DAE 60°:-0 59°°5
Mean relative humidity of the air a 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100)... : eat ae Pes bee a 74%
Rain fell on 14 days to the total dent oe a - as 3°18 in.
(Equivalent to about 15 gallons of water to the square reuyard)
Heaviest fallon any day ... ate ... 1:04 in. on the 23rd

The prevailing winds were from perween oat: ost and north.

The average velocity of the wind was 6 miles an hour.

There were 215 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 48 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were but 2 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

September.—Generally speaking, the weather was unsettled and
changeable all through the month, the temperature varying considerably,
but being on the whole lower than the average until the close of the
month, when a spell of warm summer-like weather set in. At the
beginning of the month, with a coo] northerly wind, the thermometer very
generally failed to reach 55°, whilst at its close it rose to 77° at Wisley,

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT WISLEY IN 1908, 49

that being the highest reading recorded there for the month, and to
upwards of 80° in some parts of the kingdom. In some places there were
sharp ground-frosts also at the opening of the month, chiefly in the
north and over central England, but at Wisley 32° was reached only on
the night of the 12th. In Berkshire a heavy storm of rain, hail and snow
was experienced on the 11th, and at Canterbury a deluge of hail and rain
accompanied a thunderstorm on the same day. The rainfall was consider-
ably more than the average in the north but was much below it in the
south of England ; the total fall at the Garden was 1°29 inches, whilst on
the Essex coast it did not exceed an inch. Bright sunshine was deficient

a4

“
8

8

Lagfy od SPY J? FYPIC
DH

Feb Mar Ap May Jin July Aug. Sep Oct Nov Dec:
Fic. 16.

Upper diagram shows the annual distribution of winds round the compass.
The prevalence of calms is indicated on the same scale by the diameter of
the circle.

Lower diagram shows the mean velocity of the wind for each month of the
year.

over the north but slightly in excess of the average on the south coast,
and at Wisley it amounted to 41 per cent. of the possible amount.
Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the air in shade +. es a ae 56°-0

Highest 3 = 2 a 3 -e ae ae 77°°2 on the 30th

Lowest 3 - e ee He ie eH BU. a4 ery Poke

Lowest 2 on the grass af ake Ee te faa Soe et bt e ESiee
At 1 ft. At 2 ft. At 4 ft.
deep. deep. deep.

Mean temperature of the soilat9 am. ... Sa 2 <5G°S 57°°6 57°°4

Highest - - - Sag se 5 aE pa: 59°°3 59°°3

Lowest i. a 2 ome os oS. Seca e 56°°3 56°°6

Mean relative humidity of the air at 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100) a swe oot ah nee te ie kph os LG
VOL. XXXV. E

50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rain fell on 13 days to the total depth of aie a, aah 1:29 in.
(Equivalent to about 6 gallons of water to the square et )

Heaviest fallon anyday .... ee ... 0°44 in. on the 3rd

The prevailing winds were from Peraees scaibh wea west.

The average velocity of the wind was 5 miles an hour.

There were 153 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 41 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were only 2 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

October.—The remarkably warm weather with which September came
to a close continued on into October, and the month was one of unusual
mildness. During the first four days the thermometer rose to quite an
exceptional height, the maximum readings being the highest recorded in
October for nearly half a century. At the Garden 77° was the maximum,
but at some stations in England 80° was exceeded; and a reading of 78°
was recorded so far north as Banffshire. The third week, although not
cold for the time of the year, was the coolest period of the month, and
ground frosts occurred two or three times, but as the month drew toa
close the thermometer rose again, and on the 29th a shade reading within
2° of 70° was obtained at Wisley. On the whole the month was the
warmest October experienced for many years. The temperature of the
soil kept high, as might have been expected from what has been already
said, and the mean at one foot below the surface was only 2° below the
mean for September. The fall of rain was generally below the average,
and at many places a large part of the total fall fell in one day; at Wisley
nearly half of the monthly amount fell on the 18th, and at many places
in the south and south-west of England large falls of more than two
inches were recorded at about the same date; at Weymouth four inches
fell in about five hours. The winds were mostly from southerly points,
and the amounts of “bright’’ sunshine registered were generally above
the normal, the percentage of the possible sunshine amounting to nearly
50 per cent. at many places.

Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the air in shade ... - ae an 53°38
Highest r a 5 oe a =e os 77°°0 onthe 2nd
Lowest - * - a ae te cts olo4:) 8. (eons
Lowest ee on the grass ee ae ce ee 7 2693 ote
Atlit.. At?ft. . At’ ft.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat9 am. ... sie ie De 55°°9 56°°3
Highest * ne . ae a of, moose 59°°4 58°:0
Lowest as os * oa Far aG 4) 50°°3 52°-9
Mean relative humidity of the air = 9 a.m. (complete saturation being
represented by 100) oes = hee re of Ave we 94%
Rain fell on 9 days to the total jon of 5 : aes 2°53 in.
(Equivalent to nearly 12 gallons of water to the square mig a )
Heaviest fallon anyday ... ae ... 1:22 in. on the 18th

The prevailing winds were from natin een nore atid south-east.

The average velocity of the wind was 33 miles an hour. -

There were 113 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 35 per cent. of the ‘greatest
possible amount.- There were 6 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

November.—The most noticeable feature of November was the mild-
ness of the weather throughout the month, and although as a rule the
temperature was not remarkably high, yet readings of 60° and upwards

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT WISLEY IN 1908. 51

were recorded at many widely separated places, generally at the com-
mencement of the month. At the close of the first week there was a
short spell of colder weather, the thermometer falling to below 20° at
Wisley, and sharp night frosts being experienced generally from the
8th to the 11th. On the grass the temperature fell still lower, 16°°5 being
the lowest point reached at Wisley, whilst at Greenwich it dropped to
9° and in Mid-Wales to 7°. Taking the month as a whole it was the
warmest November experienced for several years. Winds from the south-
westerly quadrant predominated, but over the southern part of the kingdom
it frequently blew from northerly and easterly points. The amounts of
sunshine recorded were as a rule above the average, and varied from about
40 per cent. of the possible amount in the Channel Islands to only 8 per
cent. in the Shetlands ; at the Garden it amounted to 29 per cent. Rain-
fall was below the average except in the northern parts of the kingdom,
and the number of days on which rain fell was generally small. Over
the greater part of the Midlands the fall amounted to less than an inch,
and to less than two inches over the eastern half of the kingdom from the
Channel to the Moray Firth.
Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the air in shade ae au es ig) 262

Highest a me ae Je sie nts 60°°9 on the lst

Lowest - - Fi tae Atty oR fave WQS SSF, LOth

Lowest s on the grass Soh ate aS oe pea EGo-a> >. 10th
AGIft. Atte. Ag aft.

; deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat9a.m. ... te wee 46°°5 48°°6 50°°7
Highest 3 53 is ua Se act OLY 52°°8 53°°2
Lowest - Fe Be ce 4026 41°6 49°-1
Mean relative Bamaaits of the air a 9 a.m. (complete saturation being

represented by 100)... : Aa Be, ie = a 90%
Rain fell on 11 days to the total ah of Ge ie re 0°67 in.
(Equivalent to about 3 gallons of water to the square yard. )
Heaviest fall on any day .... : ... 0°28 in. on the 21st

The prevailing winds were from hotween eouih and as

The average velocity of the wind was 53 miles an hour.

There were 76 hours of bright danhine: equal to 29 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were 8 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

December.—The weather of December was in no way remarkable until
the last week of the month. The temperature was rather above the
average, and night frosts were rare and nowhere severe, The winds blew
almost constantly from the south-westerly quadrant, and were not only
mild but also of moderate strength, and although rain fell frequently
there were no very heavy falls. At Christmas time, however, a change
set in; the wind shifted to the north-east, and a current of cold polar air
swept across England, bringing with it severe wintry weather, and in many
parts deep snow. A screen temperature of 1° was registered at Liphook,
and at Wisley a reading of 7°°5, whilst on the ground the grass minimum
thermometer fell to zero at Wisley, and to 8° below zero at Epsom. At
many places the snow buried the thermometer and rendered its record
useless. In Scotland the cold was less severe, and in Ireland it was
scarcely felt, as was also the case in western Cornwall. The cold spell

was, however, of brief duration, and on the 80th a milder air set in. The
E 2

52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fall of rain was rather in excess of the average in most districts, although
at many places on the eastern littoral it still came to less than an inch,
The amount of bright sunshine was small even for December, the largest
records being only about 20 per cent. of the possible amount, and at
Wisley only 14 per cent.

Observations made at Wisley :

Mean temperature of the air in shade a S25 ait Ba3 39°'9
Highest e . o3, Aa mis Boke 54°°3 on the 13th
Lowest is % * = eRe oer ee coe 12D" 72> Oe
Lowest = on the grass Ne Sa Bi ae aad 07:0». 5; “30th
Atlft. At2ft. At4 ft.
deep. deep. deep.
Mean temperature of the soilat9am. ... ee ans ao 38 45°°3 47°5
Highest 4) - a ate wae ioe Ao 48°-2 49°1
Lowest af 4 - : 35°°9 40°2 44°°8
Mean relative humidity of the air an 9 a.m. eomplew saturation being
represented by 100) _.... : aie se hs se a 94%
Rain fell on 17 days to the total depth ats. ee bs 2°23 in.
(Equivalent to about 103 gallons of water to the square aad )
Heaviest fallonany day .. ° . 35 0:36 in. on the 14th and 29th

The prevailing winds were poutherly. and Sefer:

The average velocity of the wind was 6 miles an hour.

There were only 33 hours of bright sunshine, equal to 14 per cent. of the greatest
possible amount. There were 18 days on which no sunshine was recorded.

NOTES ON SOME HYBRID TUBEROUS SOLANUMS. 53

NOTES ON SOME HYBRID TUBEROUS SOLANUMS.
By Rev. J. Arkman Parton, M.A., B.Sc.

In the summer of 1907, among other crosses, I effected two on S. Maglia,
the white-flowered Chilian wild potato. Twenty-five berries were formed
and grew (pollen of several different varieties, wild and cultivated, being
used), but of these only two were found to contain sufficiently matured
seed—one seed in each berry. The pollen parents were (1) S. “etwberosum”’
(so-called),* and (2) a Chilian cultivated variety (Francesa Col.). The
two resulting seedlings showed a marked difference from the beginning,
the former being much more vigorous,

(1) S. Maglia x 8S. “etuberosum’’: sown March 28, 1908; first
flower July 1, first berry July 6 (thirty-one berries altogether) ; taken up
December 7 ; tubers white [a].

This seedling, a very strong one, resembles S. “etwberosum’’ in
having a green stem and soft foliage, but the leaflets are much larger, like
those of the cultivated sorts, from which, indeed, they cannot be dis-
tinguished. (The foliage of the parents is quite distinct, and in each case
distinct from that of the cultivated forms.) The plant has the branching
habit of S. Magla fully developed, almost every node for a good way
up the stem producing a branch. The leaves seem immune from
attack by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. The corolla is large,
measuring about two inches from tip to tip—very much larger than that
of either parent—mid-violet in colour, with white tips. (S. Maglia has
pure white flowers, S. “ etwberoswm”’ pale lavender (No. 207, 1),+ with violet
tinge on back rays.) The trusses are very large and abundant. ‘The
stamens are large and finely formed, straight (those of S. Maglia are
usually curved inwards) like those of S. “etwberoswm,’” but much larger, and
full of fertile pollen. The style very slightly projects beyond the stamens.
Thirty-one berries have formed on the plant, all due to artificial pollin-
ation. The berries are unlike those of either parent, being large, round,
of a beautiful green colour (No. 248, 4, shading to No. 271, 2 and 1),7 with-
out spots, quite like the common potato berries. (S. Maglia has laterally
compressed round berries; S. ‘“ etwberosum”’ has ellipsoidal white-spotted
berries, and in both they are much smaller than those of the hybrid. The
tubers are in colowr quite white (those of S. Maglia are violet (No. 191),7T
those of S. “etwberosum”’ brownish-yellow-white), but of the same
shape (although this varies greatly) as those of S. Maglia. They occur
at the ends of short runners, as in some cultivated forms.

I have effected a number of crosses with the pollen of this hybrid on
cultivated varieties, e.g. ‘ Jeanie Deans,’ ‘ Duchess of Cornwall,’ ‘ Eldorado,’
‘Ninetyfold,’ ‘Peacemaker,’ &c., showing that it is quite fertile. The
seeds produced as a result of these crosses have been sown.

* Its “ selfed” seedlings seem to show that this is a hybrid. (See note p. 56.)
+ These numbers refer to the colour numbers in the Répertotre des Couleurs.

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

(2) S. Maglia x a Chilian cultivated variety (Francesa Col.) : sown
March 28; first flower opened August 3; taken up November 11 [3].

This seedling entirely resembles S. Maglia in general appearance, and
would at first sight be taken for that plant. It has dark branching stems
and sparse, firm foliage, which is subject to disease about equally with
S. Maglia. The flowers are scanty, the trusses small. The corolla is
large, of mid-violet colour, with white tips (very like that of No. (1) seedling
in size and colour)—one truss had pure-white flowers—the stamens strong,
and straight, similar to those of No. (1), but not having so much or so
fertile pollen ; the style is longer, projecting beyond the stamens like that
of S. Maglia. This plant had no berries, although every flower was
pollinated. The tubers are in colour violet (No. 191, 1 and 2), like those
of S. Maglia, of good shape, rounded oblong, smaller at the “rose”’
end than at the base, with white eyes. They were all found near the top
of the soil in the pot, and are entirely free from disease, although the
leaves were affected. |

It is difficult to get seed from S$. Maglia. Again this summer,
although on one of my plants fifty-five berries set and swelled (due to many
different crosses) only five of them have contained mature seed—one seed
in each. .

In 1907 I also effected a cross of S. “ etuberoswm”’ x ‘Duchess of
Cornwall,’ and append brief notes of the fourteen seedlings resulting. The
two dates at each are those of flowering (first flower open) and of taking
up. ‘They were all sown on March 19, 1908 :—

1. July 15, September 15: White flower, would not “self”; fifty
tubers, same as those of S. “‘etwbheroswm,’’ three slightly diseased ;
193 oz.

2. July 16, October 31: Flower almost white, dark lavender rays at
back, downy; sepals greenish, downy; tips green; three tubers, small,
round, violet-black.

3. July 18, November 10: Flower pale mauve; back of petals rich
mauve, rays hirsute; sepals brownish, hairy, tips brown; eleven tubers,
red (No. 170, 8; or 105, 4); deep eyes.

4. July 19, September 28 : Flower lavender ; back of petals mid-violet ;
large anthers; little pollen; sixteen tubers, round, white, five slightly
diseased ; deep eyes; coarse. Very strong plant.

5. July 380, September 28: Flower uniform mauve; small truss ;
nine tubers (besides five largest diseased), round, oblong, white; fine ;
second growth started, one bud half-inch long. (Too long in ground.)

6. August 1, September 28: Flower white, tinged creamy-pink ; six
tubers, oblong, white, small at end of runners; foliage diseased,
September 18.

7. August 8, November 28: Flower not noted; very strong plant ;
102 tubers, white, good size, many of good form, round; large lenticels.

8. August 4, not noted: Flower pale carmine-mauve ; eleven tubers,
fine, kidney form, white, flesh yellowish, two diseased.

9. August 5, September 23: Flower nearly as S. “ etwherosum,” very
pale mauve at centre, rest nearly white; pollen abundant; one small
coloured tuber forming ; foliage destroyed by disease September 15.

10. Not noted, September 28: Sixteen tubers, white, round, fine, an

NOTES ON SOME HYBRID TUBEROUS SOLANUMS. 55

improved “ etwberoswm’’ ; second largest tuber diseased, several pushing
November 24. (Too long in ground.)

11. Not noted, September 14: Eighteen tubers, white, round, early, no
disease ; yellow flesh, very fine; two pushing November 24.

12. Not noted, September 15: Poor plant; roots all gone; five
tubers.

13. Not noted, September 23: Hight tubers, white with violet tint ;
good.

14, No note made.

Another cross of S. “ etwberosuwm’’ x Chilian variety gave twenty-
two seedlings, some noteworthy. :

I may mention the remarkable fact that a seedling plant of S.
“etuberosum’’ “selfed’’ produced 481 tubers (probably 500, as some
were lost), weighing over 3 lb., white, with no trace of disease. The
flower of this plantis white tinged with violet, the back of the petals being
pale violet with white edges; the plant very strong, foliage also showing:
no disease. [Across of this with [a] has given two good berries.] These
selfed seedlings were planted out too late for the tubers to attain their
proper size, but I have never known a cultivated seedling to produce so
many tubers, although I have raised upwards of 13,000.

56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOTE ON “SOLANUM ETUBEROSUM.”

By Tae Epiror.

In 1835 Dr. John Lindley, F.R.S., F.R.H.S., figured and described in the
‘“‘ Botanical Register,’ t. 1712, under the name of Solanwm étuberosum, a
species of Solanwm which had been introduced from Chile by the Royal
Horticultural Society some years before. He describes the plant as a
hardy perennial and states that “it bears rich clusters of deep purple
blossoms, with a golden yellow centre, from July to October, and is very
easily multiplied by dividing its stout rooting underground stems.”

“ Although extremely similar to the Potatoe (sic) in appearance, yet
its larger and more compact flowers and its want of power of producing
tubers renders it a proper plant for the flower garden.”

‘‘ There can be no doubt that this is a species essentially distinct from
the Potatoe, and yet it is impossible to point out any character by which
it is to be positively distineuished, except the want of tubers and the.
smoothness of the calyx and flower stalks; these latter have a shining
and nearly downless surface, instead of the rough dull appearance which
we meet in those parts in the common Potatoe.”

Dr. Lindley also emphasizes the absence of tubers and the smoothness
of the calyx in a note to his technical diagnosis: “Facies omnino S.
twberosi, sed tubera nulla profert ; flores majores sunt, brevius pedunculati,
calyxque glaber est et lucidus, nec pilis hispidus. Species certo certius
distinctissima, etsi notis levibus cognoscenda.”’

Mr. Paton considers that the plant which he has called S. etuberoswm
in his “ Notes ” (p. 53) is possibly a hybrid, since when it is self-fertilized
its seedlings show marked variability.

Mr. A. Sutton, F.L.8., V.M.H., has included in his important studies
of various wild forms and species of tuber-bearing Solanums* a plant
under the same name, which is apparently identical with the one Mr.
Paton has employed. He also finds that, when self-fertilized, the seed-
lings of this plant vary to the same extraordinary degree, as is seen in the
seedlings of the potato of commerce. This trait in the character of the
plant, in-which it differs from all the other wild forms cultivated by
Mr. Sutton, has led him to believe that this “ may probably be the parent
form of the cultivated potato of to-day.”

Mr. Sutton says, “The examples of Solanum etuberosum which I
possess came originally from the Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, in March
1887, through Mr. Lindsay, and again from the same stock in 1897 from
Dr. Bayley Balfour. They produced at first small tubers about the size
of walnuts, and the calyces are hispid; in other respects the plants are
similar to the type specimen described by Lindley.” +

The original source of the plant in the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens

* See Journ. R.H.S. vol. xxxiii. pp. xxviii. and xxxvi. and vol. xxxiv. p. xxviii. ;

also Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xxxviii. p. 446.
t Journ, Linn. Soc. xxxviii. p. 449,

NOTE ON “SOLANUM ETUBEROSUM.” 57

is not known, but it is thought to have been introduced from a wild
source. Some years ago we had tubers from Edinburgh, through the
courtesy of Mr. Lindsay, F.R.H.S.; and, as in many other gardens, we
found the plant to be quite hardy, but, as Mr. Sutton observes, to produce
tubers abundantly (and under garden cultivation much larger than
walnuts) and to have a hispid calyx: characters—which are well shown
in the excellent plate * which adorns Mr. Sutton’s paper.

Thus, in the two characters upon which Dr. Lindley relied to separate
his species from S. twberoswm the present plant is like S. tuberosum.
It would therefore appear that this plant is not specifically identical with
the one Dr. Lindley described, though with which, if with either, of the
described species it should be included appears doubtful. Lindley’s plant
is probably lost to cultivation, but the type specimen is in the Lindley
herbarium at Cambridge.

Mr. W. G. Baker considers Lindley’s plant “ likely to be a variety
of twherosuwm’”’ and notes there is a wild specimen, labelled with the same
name in Mr. Reed’s Chilian herbarium, which differs from the “ type by its
more hairy leaves and calyx and more pointed calyx teeth.”

The Edinburgh plant, except in the characters mentioned above, agrees
well with the description of Dr. Lindley’s plant and in addition differs
from S. tuberosum by the fruit, which is globose, having small whitish
warts upon its surface. [Whether this is always the case is doubtful,
since Mr. Sutton t figures a smaller berry without warts.] In addition
Mr. Sutton observes that the pollen of S. etwberoswm is always elliptical
(a character which Mr. Paton does not confirm), and as this character is
common to the undoubtedly wild forms of tuberous Solanums he con-
cludes that in this plant we have to deal with a true wild species. The
varieties of the cultivated potato produce pollen which varies in shape.

Perhaps the greatest interest attaching to the plant lies in the fact
that both Mr. Sutton and Mr. Paton have found it, though growing
among cultivated potatos attacked by the dreaded Phytophthora infestans,
to remain persistently free from the disease induced by that fungus; an
observation that we are able to confirm. Since Professor Biffen has
shown that, at least in wheat, disease resistance may be an hereditary
character, it is to be hoped that by using this form as one of the parents
(or grandparents) we may obtain a potato at last which will resist the
attacks of the fungus which causes more loss every year to potato growers
than any other.

* Lc. t. 46. + ‘“ Tuber-bearing Solanums,” Journ. Linn. Soc. 1884, p. 489.
ft Lc. pl. 46.

58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANEMONE VARIATA [A. FULGENS x STELLATA\.
By Mr. A. Worstey, F.R.H.S.

Many years ago many varieties of Anemone intermediate between
Anemone fulgens and A. stellata were noticed in the gardens of. the
French Riviera. In this district A. fulgens was then only to be found in’
gardens; it is admittedly a good species and reproduces itself fairly true
from seed. On the other hand, A. stellata was to be found growing wild,
especially about Cap Martin; yet this wild anemone is so inconstant
in its characters, and so variable in its seed-progeny, that we are compelled
to class it rather as a group of varietal forms than as a species in the
generally accepted meaning of this word.

A few years ago Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co., of Paris, put into
commerce an alleged hybrid between these species, which, as I understand,
they had themselves obtained from a private garden. This is the plant
of which I am now treating. Quite recently the same hybrid appears to
have arisen spontaneously in the garden of Messrs. van Tubergen, Jun., of
Haarlem. In the latter instance the seed parent was a fine form of the
species known in gardens as A. fulgens annulata grandiflora, and grew in
a collection, amongst which were forms of A. stellata. As a result of
sowing the seed of the former there arose an intermediate race differing
in no other respect from the hybrid of Messrs. Vilmorin, excepting that it
possesses a wider range of colour. This is not at all to be wondered at
when we reflect that A. fulgens annulata is a bicolored form of A. fulgens.

Now although there is no direct evidence that any particular persons
pollinated one species with the other, yet we have the evidence that an
intermediate race springs up between these species when they are grown
in juxtaposition, and that the origination of this intermediate race has
been observed on three different occasions by credible witnesses. I will
now show that the alleged hybrid hold a position equipoised between its
alleged parents ; beyond this no further evidence can be adduced until an
analysis can be made of the subsequent generations springing from the
self-fertilized hybrid plants—providing the same are not sterile.

On comparing the alleged parents we note only three characters
in which they differ zmter se, and in only one of these is this divergence
very wide. They are as follows :—

A. Foliage in male, slightly taller

a = » fomale, —_,, shorter
B. Sepals ,, male, number 10 to 12
b
C
C

Hybrid takes after male.
)
. 5 females 12 or more |
|
)

- 3 » female.

. Colour in male, white to purple or rosy

; intermediate.
& , female, intense scarlet ";

ANEMONE VARIATA, 59

The formula would therefore be Ab = in the individuals I have

observed. But I would note that the only divergent character upon which
we should place great importance is in the colour of the sepals. In this
one respect there is no doubt that A. vaviata holds an intermediate position ;
but the doubt may certainly arise whether two forms of the genus which
only differ markedly from each other in the one respect of colour should
not be included in one species. On the other hand, as garden plants,
A. fulgens and A. stellata are sufficiently distinct, the former being
noticeable for the regularity of its intensely coloured sepals, and the latter
for the comparative irregularity of its palish sepals and for its richness in
albinos and albinoids.

The alleged hybrid is generally of an intense purple, and varies
between a crimson-purple and a brilliant old-rose colour. Up to the
present time I have not seen any other shades of colour.

60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COMMONPLACE NOTES.

By THE SECRETARY, SUPERINTENDENT, AND EDITOR.

STATISTICS OF INTEREST To British HORTICULTURISTS.

Tue following statistics, abstracted from the Government Trade and
Navigation Returns for 1908, are in continuation of those appearing in
volume xxxiv, pages 97-98, of the R.H.S. Journal :— :

TABLE I.—SHOWING THE IMPORTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
DURING 1906-38.
=

Quantities Values
= 1906 | 1907 #) 1908 1906 1907 1908
FRUIT: b £ £ £

Apples, raw S -(ewts.) 2,808,732 | 3,526,232 | 3,376,579 1,753,577 2,231,327 | 2,079,703
Apricots and Peaches a 7,646 38,814 30,620 17,967 78,583 60,141
Bananas,raw . . (bunches) 6,425,704 6,232,158 | 6,385,449 1,903,639 1,771,095 | 1,769,249
Cherries,raw . - . (ewts.) 191,106 165,412 | 160,479 245,906 199,489 235,523
Ourranis,raw . 3 ae 106,718 | 109,130 | 102,110 139,773 142,245 121,852
Gooseberries, raw = = bes 39,374 45,603 | 44.518 22,921 25,994 25,529
Grapes, raw : ect 690,371 798,377 | 673,673 667,969 769,307 728,026
Lemons ‘ : ee 849,935 |. 882,193 | 1,045,009 440,406 | 421,599 471,713
Nuts: Almonds. 126,296 | 161,947 | _ 148,839 529,164 | 660,604 560,301

= other nuts, used as fruit. 727,260 | 702,598 752,179 683,418 749,538 768,560
Oranges - - : Paes 5,230,991 | 6,120,185 | 5,663,841 2,183,411 2,454,569 | 2,269,651
Pears, raw . - . a. 576,573 | 500,132 | 523,029 572,274 478,611 515,914
Plums, raw . : : are 891,113 | 325,761 | 402,881 758,720 | 345,720 428,966
Strawberries, raw A So eee 52.164 | 44178 | 33,391 64,777 54,186 45,791
Unenumerated, raw . ae 504,345 | 538,465 | 436,947 388,598 339,462 291,325

FRUIT, DRIED:

Currants . é : ee 1,458,159 | 1,188,481 | 1,298,996 1,648,410 1,392,271 1,447,862
Raisins : “ - = ss 584,956 708,053 | 763,013 1,106,889 1,209,576 1,207,902

VEGETABLES, RAW: |
Onions . - - « (bushels) 8,310,534 | 8,645,048 | 7,896,108 953,615 1,036,231 | 993,669

From Germany .(cwis.) 137,396 785,647 643,459 23,508 145,786 122,260
( ; France og got 1,659,868 | 2,997,389 | 3,146,650 536,449 853,075 724,873

Potatos! » Ay 9 __,:1,170,372 | 1,947,937 | 1,206,607 | 501,695 742,610 | 564,172
3» Other ) Sas = = nest =e .

( pees aa 852,151 | 2,519,092 | 2,041,607 | 270,375 | 630,074 | 558,911

Total. . . . . . 3,819,787 | 9,949,366 | 7,038,323 | 1,332,027 | 2,371,545 | 1,970,216

Unenumerated © . . . 171106 | 193,821 | 191,469 404,998 | 365,230 | 371,209

Tomatos - (cewis.) “si 135,499 | 1,160,283 953,475 | 1,020,805 955,985
ee ee

;
FLOWERS, FRESH < . value £ a _— — 233,884 233,641 229,802

It will be seen from the above that, excepting Bananas, Lemons,
Nuts, Pears, and Plums, the imports of fruits in 1908, were con-
siderably less than during the preceding year; and if compared with
1906, again a lessening occurs with five exceptions including Apples,
Oranges, and Gooseberries. This reduction has, in almost every case, a
corresponding lower gross value, though for Grapes, an import short of
1906 by 16,698 cwt. has an assessed value of £60,057 in excess of 1906 in
a gross value of £728,026—a somewhat striking fluctuation. The imports
of Apples have remained fairly stationary since 1904, though in 1903
4,569,546 cwt. were received.

COMMONPLACE NOTES.

61

TABLE I.—SHOWING THE EXPORTS OF FRUIT 4e., 1906-1908

Provisions, anenomersted (ewts.) |

Quantities Values
1906 | 1907 1908 is06 1907
| ee
20,6C7 | 27,612 20,457 11,787 14,544
291,206 | 243431 197,597 136,475
40,901 | 21,829 22.123 43.379 31,323
29,650 | 42,101 | 14667 46205 69,977
495,603 | 429,742| 424025 1,037,572 | 1,081,544
707,723 | 794,762 | 670,773 120588 63,433
— = = 658,539 590,000 |

—_——_—_—_

TABLE Iil—SHOWING THE IMPORTS OF WOOD AND TIMBER

Woop ssp TIWEEE:

Hewn : Pir, Oak, Teak, &c.
(other than Pit props or
Pit wood). =

Hewn: Pit props or Pit wood:

Total of Wood and Timber. .

MANUFACTURES OF WOOD 4ND Tor
BER :
Furniture and Cabimet ware . :
work . e 2 - = z
Other sort= (ineludime wood ware
and wood turmery) : = e

Total of Manufactures of W ood and
Timber (including furniture) .

DURING 1906-1908.

TABLE IV.—SHOWING

Quantities Values

1906 1907 1908 1906 1907 1908

= £ £
795,062 $85,011 $41,833 oe 3,939,936 3,304,729
2451669 2.627.209 3,041,440 | 2,713,005 3.049484 3,579,355
32467351 | 3,512,220 3,993,325 | 6411243 6999429 6,994,084
6,692,260 5,995,593 5499447 19,534,953 17,146,923 14,515,433
139,041 171,721 147,028 632,363 736,422 682,105
84043 | 104112) TI948l 722835 seazsa 1,012,957
19%176 199,953 189,662 | 1205.306 1327,101 1,711,490
— a _ 277,410 27,093,054 24,306,059
— = = GI12502 , 565,429 447,904
= = == 272,949 | 924596 209,632
= = = 1,131,277 | 1,130,691 | 1,313,343
= = — 2016,723 | 1920716 1970879

WoobD anND TDWSEE :
Se

and staves =

a oF Woop axyp Tiv-

Wawa ed heed wie 3

posal eee ee =

Other sorts : : eal

Total of Manatactares of Wood |
and Timber 4 = s =

” Coads) |

THE EXPORTS OF WOOD AND TIMBER
DURBING 1906-1908.
Quantities Valaes
1906 | 1907 1903 1906 1907 1908
z £ z
15,127 17,719 | 16,935 91575 | LILssl 97,592
| |
= a 760,334 | 301,603 | 661,649
=| z= ¥ oz 594,996

545,362 | 606,323 |

7.932 |

1,256,545

62 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

With 150,000 more bunches of Bananas received, the Return shows a
reduced gross value of £2,000 compared with 1907, a pronounced reduc-
tion in prices. This fruit, and Lemons, show the highest increase in
imports, and as both are foreign fruits, the general stability of the
other outdoor fruits given in the Return would perhaps indicate that the
home orchards are keeping pace with the increasing consumption—a
consideration of satisfaction to fruit growers. The importations of
Tomatos show a stationary figure for the past eight years, but those
of Potatos reached a high level. The value of Fresh Flower imports is
lower than the four preceding years by £4,000. This is satisfactory, as the
four earlier years had been abnormally high in imports.

The exports call for little comment, as the figures show scarcely any
or, perhaps, no variation beyond the average. The consumption of
Oranges fell short of the previous year (1907), comparing imports and
exports, by 864,000 cwt.

IMPORTS AND Exports OF Woop AND TIMBER.

The amount of unmanufactured timber imported is necessarily very
high, though its value in 1908 fell short of the preceding year by nearly
£300,000. Again, the value of imported manufactures of wood and
timber increased by £50,000, while the value of the exports of this class
of goods fell by £151,000. This would make British wood manufactures
appear to be in a depressed condition, but comparing 1904 with 1908 we
have valued exports of £170,258 and £1,256,545 respectively—a most
wonderful comparison. Similarly the exports in 1903 were £179,902, and
in 1902, £187,755, so that the advanced export of to-day is really highly
satisfactory.

BOOK REVIEWS. 63

BOOK REVIEWS.

“The Practice of Forestry.”” By Percival Trentham Maw. §8vo.,
503 pp. (Walter & Walter, Heatherside, Brockenhurst, Hants, 1909.)
17s. 6d. net.

During the last few years a number of books have been written on
subjects connected with forestry—the outcome no doubt of the afforesta-
tion question.

The present work is a valuable addition to those already published,
though the high price will no doubt considerably restrict its circulation
amongst those for whom it is specially intended. The subjects are very
broadly treated and more froma scientific than practical point of view, and
include almost all that is necessary for the student of forestry. There is
one sentence that we would like to emphasize and that is Mr. Maw’s
remark that “ As regards forestry education, I should like to express my
opinion that British foresters can only learn their forestry in this country.”
No more truthful words were ever expressed, and it is to be hoped that in
conjunction with the afforesting of waste lands by the Crown this important
fact will be steadily borne in mind.

The book is divided into eighteen chapters, some of the most important
being “The Financial Aspect of Afforestation,” ‘“‘ Average Yields from
Forest Lands,” “ Natural Regeneration ’’ and “ As to the Choice of Trees
to Plant.” The latter is a sadly neglected point in British forestry, and
mainly to this neglect is due the unproductive nature of many of our wood-
lands. The ‘‘ Sylvicultural Notes on Timber Trees ”’ contain little that is
new, and it is wrong to suppose that the Western Plane (Platanus occt-
dentalis) is at all common in this country.

Regarding the “ Forest Tables,’’ that on quarter-girth measurement is
only an extension of Hopper’s, while basal areas are little required.

Altogether the work is a valuable one and reflects credit on the
compiler.

“The Boy’s Own Nature Book.” By W. P. Westell, F.L.8., M.B.0.U.
8vo., 374 pp. (Religious Tract Society, London, 1908.) 3s. 6d.

It is rather difficult to decide for what class of readers this book of
Mr. Westell’s is intended. From its title one would certainly imagine
that it was for boys, but if so, what interest could Chapter IL., consisting
of 28 pages, be to them? It certainly contains many moral lessons
and appears to be intended for their teachers and not for them. Why
then insert it? One finds many half-tone figures taken from photo-
graphs which could not interest anyone but quite a child, such as a lamb,
a mare and her foal, a Jersey cow, evidently taken in a show-yard, a full-
faced view, which does not show the points of the animal. Some of the
notes in “ Nature’s Year’’ are very trivial, and not worth mentioning. In
commenting upon the many strange local names given to some birds, he
says, “ The common partridge probably possesses the most curious name

64: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of any British species of feathered folk in that of ‘bird.’”’ It is evident
that he has not mixed much with shooting men; in old times the name
was no doubt given by them to the partridge, which was then the bird
par excellence in their estimation, and to this day a sportsman will use the
word “ bird’’ when speaking of a partridge.

On page 252, in alluding to the grubs of “ Ichneumon Bice ” the
following curious expression is used: “Ina word the little mite eats its
own environment.’’ The writer should have said the little grub, so as
not to run any risk of being misunderstood ; the word “ environment ”’
is hardly suitable for a boy’s book, and it is generally used with a
totally different significance. The author in writing about ichneumon
flies is apparently dealing with a matter of which he knows nothing.
They are insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera, and like the
other members of the order have four wings, and as a rule their bodies
are long and slender, and are very unlike the figures given. These
figures represent two-winged flies belonging to the order Diptera and
presumably to the family Tachinidae, a subdivision of the family
Muscidae to which the common bluebottle flies and house flies belong.
These flies, as well as the ichneumon flies, lay their eggs in the
caterpillars of various insects, and the grubs when hatched devour their
hosts in much the same way as the ichneumon grubs do. The figures
illustrating this subject are very poor indeed. -

The author is puzzled because the name of bittercress is given to
the Lady’s smock, or Cuckoo-flower (Cardamine pratensis), as the leaves
have not a bitter flavour. But the term bittercress in various botanical
works is applied to all the species belonging to this genus; one of the
species is C. amara.

On page 283, the common oak galls known as “ marble galls” are said
to be “oak apples,’ which are a very different kind of gall, very much
larger, of quite a different consistency, containing a large number of grubs,
and not quite spherical as the marble galls are. The author’s views as
to the formation of oak galls are not those accepted at the present day ;
the cause of the formation of the galls is not the piercing of the tissues of
the plant by the gall-fly when laying her eggs, but the action of the grub
when it is hatched feeding on the tissues, which appears to cause a more
abundant supply of the sap of the plant to that part, resulting in the
abnormal growths known as galls. Should the grub die, the growth of
the gall ceases, showing that it is the action of the grub which causes
the growth.

The description of the cause of double apples is altogether incorrect.
We do not find in the case of double apples that each has a separate
stem as they would have “if the growth of two fruits in close proximity
to one another became fused together, thus forming a double fruit.”
The explanation of the monstrosity is that two flowers were formed
on the same pedicel so that they were in such close proximity that.
there was a fusion of the two young fruits. :

In a pocket in the cover at the end of the book are two folded plates,
one of the British butterflies, the other of their caterpillars and those
of some moths. These insects are briefly described in two appendices.
The figures of the butterflies are fairly good, but some of those of the

BOOK REVIEWS. 65

caterpillars are regular caricatures. No indication is given of the real
size of the butterflies, which is a great omission. Unmounted folded
plates soon become useless in the hands of an ordinary boy. ‘The
book is well printed and profusely illustrated, but many of the plates,
in spite of the praise bestowed on them, are very poor, and of very
trivial subjects. We cannot altogether congratulate the Religious Tract
Society on the publication of this volume, or the author on its com-
pilation.

“That Rock Garden of Ours.” By Professor F. HE. Hulme. 8vo.,
328 pp. (Fisher Unwin, London, 1909.) 10s. 6d. net.

Professor Hulme very wisely does not waste much space in the intro-
ductory words of this welcome volume, but quickly plunges into the book
itself, which is written in a most practical and interesting style, quite
different from many works dealing with horticulture. The whole book is
filled from cover to cover with the author’s life experience of plants and
their habits, and the many qualities or virtues that plants were sup-
posed by our ancestors to possess. A mass of information is given on the
conditions most suitable for rock plants. Some curious facts illustrating
the distribution of plants are given, as, for instance: A house was pulled
down in Whitehali; it had no garden attached, the only open space being
a paved stable-yard, which was covered with brick rubbish, mortar, and
the like; yet on this unpromising material there sprang up rosebay
and thirty-four other flowering plants, besides numerous grasses and
bracken. From a ball of clay taken from a partridge’s foot Darwin grew
eighty-two plants belonging to six different species. Grass seed was
sent to Japan to sow on railway embankments, and with the grass
seed were various wild plants; many of these, as the daisy, buttercup,
and dandelion, have settled happily in their alien surroundings.
However, to return to the rock plants, we are glad to see the author
recommending very strongly many plants considered too common for
the rockery in these days, particularly ferns and other plants which
are found growing naturally on rocks and cliffs, and surely deserve
a’ place on all rockeries. The book is excellently printed, with eight
coloured plates and forty-two other illustrations.

“The Laying-out and Upkeep of Golf Courses and Putting Greens.”
By Martin H. F. Sutton. Obl. 8vo., 46 pp. (Simpkin, Marshall, London,
1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

This is one of the most practical publications that we have on the
making and care of golf courses. The advice on the drainage, preparation
of soils, enriching soils, quantity and selection of the proper seeds to sow
on different soils, is exactly the information that many of us want. We
were a little surprised to find Mr. Sutton expressing an unfavourable
opinion of Poa annua for the formation of turf, our experience being
that few if any grasses will stand more wear and tear on a poor soil, but
we are in complete accord with him in speaking well of all the grasses he
names. Festuca ovina tenuifolia, Poa pratensis, and Festuca duriuscula
are all good wearing grasses. The information on the upkeep and improve-
ment of greens and the manures to use is valuable. There is no doubt

VOL. XXXV. F

66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that this subject has not been as carefully thought out in many places
as it should have been, and manures have been used that have had the
effect of covering the greens with clover. Mr. Sutton says “the applica-
tion of farm-yard manure as a top-dressing cannot be tolerated for a
moment. It is both offensive and unsightly.”’ Another reason may be
added: it is liable to cause a quantity of noxious weeds to spring up, and
result in no end of trouble to eradicate them. A great deal of other
valuable advice is given of the most practical character, that will be most
serviceable to golf players, and to those who have lawns.

“Studies in Fossil Botany.” By D. H. Scott, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S.
Hid. 2. Voli. Pteridophyta. 8vo., 363 pp. (Black, London, 1908.) 6s. net.

This work is one which no advanced student of botany or geology can
afford to neglect. The first edition of Dr. Scott’s “Studies in Fossil Botany”
published in 1904, was based on a course of lectures given at University
College, London, in 1896. The matter contained in these lectures was
brought up to date in 1904, and the book then published at once took
first place among works dealing with Fossil Botany. The style, at once
simple and lucid, without being merely “popular ’”’ in the less reputable
sense of that term, made the book one which could be read and enjoyed,
as few books can be which deal so thoroughly with any branch of know-
ledge. But, as the author stated in 1904, “happily Fossil Botany is an
eminently progressive branch of science and thus the mere lapse of time
has necessitated the introduction of much new matter and of many new
points of view.’ This is still more true at the present time. The pro-
gress of the science has necessitated remodelling and almost completely
rewriting the book.

- The discoveries of Oliver, Kidston and others, including the author
himself, have brought to our notice the great Paleozoic group of fern-like
seed-bearing plants the Pteridosperms. Fossils, formerly thought to
belong to the ferns proper, have been (metaphorically) “ pieced together ”’
with wonderful skill and industry to form seed-bearing types of the new
group. But the ferns proper have not been neglected. The ancient
synthetic group, the Botryopterideae, have been more fully investigated
and must, of necessity, be considered in any scheme dealing with the
phylogeny of Pteridophytes. In America Dr. Wieland has published the
results of many years’ labour on American fossil Cycads and his discovery
of the hermaphrodite strobilus of COycadoidea imgens has stimulated
research and speculation concerning the origin of the Angiosperms. Such
discoveries as these could best be described and collated by the author of
“ Studies in Fossil Botany,” and Dr. Scott has decided to bring out the
new edition in two volumes.

The first volume, dealing with Pteridophyta, contains less that is new
than will be given in Part II.; hence its earlier publication. The chief
additions to Part I. include work by Mr. Hickling on Paleostachya and
M. Halle’s researches on Mesozoic Equisetales. Dr. Scott’s own work on
Sphenophyllum fertile and Prof. Nathorst’s discovery of the Pseudo-
borniales are described. The probable connection between the Spheno-
phyllales and the Equisetales is clearly and critically discussed as well as
the connection between the Psilotaceae and the Sphenophyllaceae. In the

BOOK REVIEWS. 67

Lycopodiales stress is laid on the development of the “seed habit’’ in
plants (Lepidocarpon and Miadesmia) which are remote from the main
line of the descent of seed-bearing families. Necessarily, the chapters
on Paleozoic ferns have been much altered, descriptions of many “ fern
fronds’’ and “fern impressions’’ being transferred to Part II., since
many of these fossil ‘“ ferns ’’ have now been shown to be Pteridosperms.

The ferns proper receive full and accurate treatment ; doubtful cases
are discussed and the new work on the Botryopterideae is thoroughly well
described and critically considered. The book is admirably illustrated by
photographs reproduced from original papers and by clear drawings by
Mrs. D. H. Scott and Mr. G. T. Gwilliam. It is a work which will make
the reader impatient for Part II., and we trust that in view of the im-
portance of recent work on Fossil Spermaphyta the publication of the
second volume will not be long delayed.

“ Trees and Shrubs of the British Isles, Native and Acclimatised.” By
C. 8. Cooper, F.R.H.S., and W. Percival Westell, F.L.S. Part I. 4to.,
xii + 12 pp. (Dent, London, 1909). 1s. net.

Though there is little new in this book, yet the minutely accurate and
beautifully executed illustrations—indeed the whole get up of the work
—should recommend it to everyone who is interested in the trees and
shrubs that have been found suitable for cultivation in thiscountry. The
work is to be completed in sixteen parts, and if the succeeding
numbers be equal to the first the whole will form a useful book,
while the low price will bring it within the reach of all. We are
promised chapters on almost every subject bearing on trees and shrubs
—soils, planting, insect and fungoid pests, the age of trees, commercial
products, plea for an Arbor Day, seed, re-afforestation. Than the
coloured picture of the strawberry tree (Arbutus Unedo) which
accompanies the first part of the book nothing more accurate or
~ beautiful could be desired.

“Our Forests and Woodlands.’ By John Nisbet. New and revised
edition. 8vo., 848 pp. (Dent, London, 1909.) 3s. 6d. net.

If only for the chapter on “ Ancient and Modern Forestry” this book is
well worth perusal, and Mr. Nisbet is certainly to be congratulated on the
result of his research in that way, for a fuller account of the rise and
progress of forestry in this country has not before appeared. We would
strongly recommend everyone who has an interest in forestry to read
the chapter. Regarding the rest of the book, there is nothing new, the
descriptions of our commonly cultivated trees and the uses to which the
timbers. are applied being old news re-garnished and freshly dished up.
The work is pleasantly written, sparsely illustrated, and being cheap will
come within the reach of all.

“The Moths of the British Isles.’’ By R. South, F.E.S. Second series.
8vo., 876 pp. (Warne, London, 1908.) 7s. 6d. net.

Messrs. Warne have recently published the second series of “The
Moths of the British Isles comprising the families Noctwidae to Hepialidae,”’
F2

68 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which under the new classification of these insects also includes the
Geometridae, Zygaenidae (or Burnet flies), Cossidae (Goat moth),
Sestidae (Clear wings), so that the three volumes by Mr. South—the
Butterflies and the first and second series of Moths—contain figures and
descriptions of all the British Lepidoptera except those commonly known
as Micro-Lepidoptera (the Tortrices and Tineae). The author in his
preface says, speaking of these: “The small fry, as they have been called,
exceedingly interesting though they may be to a limited number of
students, have therefore been left for separate treatment atsome more con-
venient season.’ All collectors of British Lepidoptera will earnestly hope
that Mr. South will soon find this “ more convenient season,”’ for though the
students of the Micro-Lepidoptera may not be so numerous as those who
study the more attractive groups, their numbers would soon increase if
they had a volume similar to those already published to help them. This
volume, like its predecessors, is admirably got up. The coloured plates
are excellent; No. 41 is perhaps the least satisfactory, the colours of
the moths (the large and small emerald) do not show up well against the
tinted background. The black-and-white figures are very clear, but are
rather hard and diagrammatic ; the hardness may be accounted for to some
extent by the smoothness of the paper on which they are printed; they,
however, serve their purpose very well. The letterpress gives terse but very
clear descriptions of each species both in the perfect and caterpillar states,
with some details of their life history and the localities where they may be
found. In the preface we read: “ Both classification and nomenclature
are always under revision,and we are probably a long way from hearing the
last word concerning either; these are, however, matters that cannot be
ignored eyen in a popular work, consequently I have ventured to adopt
sundry changes in arrangement, and names although not departing from
the old style in any very large way, still approach pretty closely to the new.
It would have been of great assistance, however, in this matter if a table
had been given showing the classification adopted in this work, which
should be in the hands of everyone who collects or is interested in British
Lepidoptera. There is no other book which can be said to cover the

same ground in such a thoroughly satisfactory manner.
2

“ Beautiful Flowers and How to Grow Them.” By Horace J. Wright
and W. P. Wright. Complete in 17 parts (Jack, London, 1908). 1s.
each part.

We have before us the first nine parts of this work, which is admirably
printed and artistically got up. When we state that there are 100 coloured
plates by such talented artists as Beatrice Parsons, Eleanor Fortescue
Brickdale, Anna Lea-Merritt, Hugh L. Norris, Lilian Stannard, Margaret
Waterfield, A. Fairfax Muckley, and Francis E. James, it is at once
evident how well they are done. The first part is given up entirely to
roses, the second part principally to bulbs, which run well into the third
part, and the fourth and fifth parts entirely to herbaceous plants. The
sixth part is chiefly devoted to rock plants, of which a capital descriptive
list is given, and good cultural hints. Parts 7 and 8 are nearly all
taken up with stove and greenhouse plants, the kinds and varieties
finding most favour being dealt with in a very practical manner.

‘ BOOK REVIEWS. 69

Part 9 is largely devoted to window and room plants, and finishes Vol. I.,
filling 200 pages. Vol. II. commences in this part, and begins with a
chapter on Carnations followed by one on Dahlias.

“The Flowers and Gardens of Japan.’ Painted by Ella du Cane.
Described by Florence du Cane. Sm. 4to., 294 pp. (Black, London,
1908.) 20s. net.

In the very first sentence of her preface to “ The Flowers and Gardens
of Japan’’ Miss Florence du Cane makes a statement with which it is
impossible to agree. She says “An apology is due to the reader for
adding this volume to the long list of books already written on Japan.”’
For such an altogether delightful book no apology whatever is needed, but
rather the thanks of all flower-lovers are due to the Misses du Cane for
giving them a charming book on a fascinating subject. This is nota great
book, nor a deep book, nor does it pretend to be a text-book. Readers
wishing to study seriously the mysteries of Japanese landscape gardening
with all its symbolism and its rigid laws and ceremonies are referred to
Mr. Condor’s wonderful ‘ Landscape Gardening in Japan.” As Condor
caters for the student, so the Misses du Cane cater for the dilettante, and
give us the flowers and gardens of Japan as seen through European
eyes. The illustrations are typically from the HKuropean standpoint.
The predominant idea in a Japanese garden is form and line and pro-
portion. Colour is rather a secondary consideration. Nota word need
be said against the form and line and proportion in Miss du Cane’s
paintings, but it is evident in practically very one of the fifty drawings
reproduced that colour, in a charming setting, but always colour was
the main factor which impelled her to paint. This is of course as
it should be in a book whose object it is to charm rather than to instruct,
to show us the gardens of Japan as we should see them rather than as
the Japanese see them.

As examples of “three-colour’’ reproduction from water-colour
drawings these illustrations are very fine indeed. Miss du Cane
gives a feeling of atmosphere in an extraordinarily clever way. Some
of her drawings drag you right out into the open air. The texture
and modelling of her rocks and stones are very subtle, and the accuracy,
with breadth of treatment, of her flower masses most fresh and satisfying ;
yet happily, in reproducing and reducing her paintings for book illustra-
tion, these fine qualities have been preserved wonderfully well.

Charming as are the paintings illustrating ‘‘The Flowers and
Gardens of Japan,” the letterpress is equally interesting and delightful.
A great amount of Japanese garden lore, together with many excellent
pieces of descriptive writing, are given. The first chapter deals with
Landscape Gardening. Although we may learn much from the Japanese
in this art, how futile it seems to attempt a true Japanese garden in
England! It is probable that no Englishman would ever make the real
thing. liven after a life’s study of the subtle technicalities of the art he
would lack the Japanese mind, and to his unlearned fellow-countrymen
his work would remain a curiosity with some beautiful points and many
meaningless accessories. Let us learn from the Japanese, not imitate them
parrot-wise. It would be better almost to stick to a good honest circle

?

70 JOURNAL OF FHE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of scarlet, blue and yellow, of geranium, lobelia and calceolaria, than
produce some of the hybrid atrocities which have recently been per-
petrated in this country under the name of Japanese Gardens. Chapter
II. deals with Stones, Ornaments and Fences, and Chapter III. with
Landscape Gardens ; and then follow chapters devoted to Nursery Gardens,
Dwarf Trees and Hachi-Niwa, the wonderful miniature landscape gardens
representing whole scenes within the space of a shallow dish. The night
fairs in Kyoto must be fascinating. Miss du Cane says of them: “On
April 1 the best night-market is held. The stalls will be covered with
tempting little flowering trees, their buds almost bursting and full of
promise of lovely blossoms to come; sturdy little peach trees, their
branches thickly covered with soft velvet buds just tinged with pink;
drooping cherries wreathed with red-brown buds; slender Pyrus trained
into wonderful twisted shapes; little groves of maple trees, their scarlet
or bronze leaves just unfurling; or miniature forests of larch, shading
mossy ravines with rivers of white sand; ancient pine trees spreading
their branches over rocky precipices rising from a bed of pebbles;
sweet-scented Daphnes, golden-flowered Forsythias, and early Azaleas in
porcelain dishes, which are round or oval, shallow or deep, and of every
shade, from white through soft greys and blues to a deep green.’’
These treasures are to be bought at from a few sen to two or three
yen! Then follow an interesting chapter on Temple Gardens, and a
delightful one on Summer Flowers. In May Miss du Cane visited
Matsushima, the land of the pine clad islands, and later Nikko, to see
the Azaleas, a gorgeous feast of colour. Her description of Liliwm
auratum in its wild state is worth noting from a cultural point of view.
She says: “By the middle of July the big buds of Laliwm auratum will
be fighting their way through the rank growth along the roadside, and
in a few days the air will be filled with their scent. Often I was attracted
by their fragrance, perhaps all the more remarkable in a land which
alas! is not famed for sweet smells, and then far above one’s head,
hanging defiantly out of reach, could be seen a single splendid bloom of
this king among lilies. They seem to love the shelter and dampness of the
wood, where the falling leaves each autumn make a fresh covering for
their bulbs. Once I tried to see how deep in the earth the bulbs were
buried, but I did not succeed in getting down low enough, and could only
tell, from the mark on the stem of the lily which had been pulled, that
about 8 or 10 inches seemed to be the usual depth of the bulb.” How
often gardeners in England fail to get Lilium auratum to grow, through
not planting it deep enough! Other chapters deal with Peach, Plum and
Cherry blossom, Wistaria and Paeony, the Iris, the Chrysanthemum,
Maple, Pine and Bamboo, &c.

“The Flowers and Gardens of Japan” is a book to read as well as to
look at, and, as has already been said, no apology for its production is
necessary.

‘The Florist’s Bibliography.” By C. Harman Payne. 8vo., 80 pp. |
(Wesley, London, 1908.) 3s. 6d. net.

This book has been prepared by a lover of books, and is a useful guide
to those forming a library dealing with florists, flowers, and the flower
garden.

BOOK REVIEWS. 71

There is a curious frontispieee which has been copied from an old
French work on the auricula published in 1738, evidently taken at a time
when auriculas were not in flower, as those represented are caricatures.
Mr. Payne is a book collector, a lover of old gardening books, and the
preparation of this book has been a labour of love to him. There is one
important omission, as the author mentions in the preface, the rose.
He says there is “no need to go over the ground again that has been
traversed by Sefior Vergara, although a supplement to his ‘ Bibliografia
de la Rosa’ might now be reasonably considered desirable.’’ The author
has quoted from first editions as far as practicable. The book is useful
also in letting us know what we want as well as what we have. There
are nine works mentioned dealing with the auricula, but the latest is fifty
years old. The auricula is a more popular flower, and much better grown
now than it used to be; as its culture is better understood there is room
therefore for a trustworthy treatise on the auricula. Indeed the author of
the treatise alluded to has passed away, but he was not a cultivator. The
date is 1857. Bulbs and bulb culture have been well dealt with in quite
recent years; the latest book is by Mr. John Weathers ( “ Beautiful
Bulbous Plants, 1905’). There are many old and modern books on the
Hyacinth and also on the Lily; and, showing the importance of the
Tulip, there are twenty-four books dealing with it, the oldest dated 1654,
the newest 1907. The Carnation, Picotee and Pink are credited with
forty-eight works beginning with “ Le Jardinage des (illets,”’ Paris, 1647,
by “ L. B.,” and the latest, also published in Paris, “ Essais sur histoire de
quelques fleurs d’ornement: L’(illets”’ (Le Texnier, 1908). Of course
the carnation had been written about in the sixteenth century, although
not in the form of a special treatise ; the importance of the Chrysanthemum
as a garden favourite is amply demonstrated by the fact that no fewer
than 103 books are enumerated and thirty-three society publications. Of
course there would be no book on the chrysanthemum earlier than the
nineteenth century: the earliest quoted by Mr. Payne was published in
Vienna in 1833 by J. B. Rupprecht ; the earliest in England in 1848 by
Mr. Tyas. The late Mr. J. Dale, of the Temple Gardens, wrote an
excellent treatise which was published in 1856. Modern books are plenti-
ful on this subject. Thirty-six books are enumerated dealing with the
dahlia, and several society publications. The dahlia seems to have
occupied public attention in France earlier than in Britain. Jacquin
Fréres published an essay on the cultivation, classification, and nomen-
clature of the dahlia as early as 1828, and between that date and 1841
inclusive there were twelve books published in France dealing with it.

No one but a lover of books would have taken the trouble involved in
searching out and classifying such a large number of books in English,
French, and German, treating on every subject connected with the flower
garden, and especially with what are termed florist’s flowers. The book
should find a place in every garden library.

“Tittle Gardens, and Hew to Make the Most of Them.” By
H. H. Thomas. 8vo., 152 pp. (Cassell, London, 1908.) 1s. net; cloth
1s. 6d. net.

A capital little book for the amateur, full of the information he needs,
clearly dealing with the making of a garden and all it entails. In the

72 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

next edition we would suggest to the author to add ‘“ English or Broad-
leaved ’’ to Paradise stock on p. 143, as this is infinitely superior to the
French Paradise stock: the latter should. never be used in this country
when planting bush or pyramid trained trees. We also think it must
have been a printer’s error to place “ Beauty of Bath’’ amongst cooking
apples, as this is of no value for cocking, but is one of the best early
dessert varieties. With these exceptions we have nothing but praise for
the little work.

“Garden Rockery : How to Make, Plant, and Manage It.’ By Francis
George Heath. 8vo., 173 pp. (Routledge, London, 1908.) 1s.

To anyone about to construct a rockery this will be a very useful book,
as it points out what to do and what to avoid. With many the tendency
is to attempt too much, to use too much stone, making the rockery very
artificial instead of natural. Again, the way in which stones are placed in
the rockery is of vast importance, and here the instructions of the author
will be most serviceable, showing by illustration how they should be
fixed. There is an excellent list of plants suitable for the rockery, and
the whole is well printed and illustrated.

“Alpines and Bog Plants.’’ By Reginald Farrer. 8vo., 288 pp..
(Arnold, London, 1908.) 7s. 6d. net.

This may be described as a companion book to ‘“ My Rock Garden,”
being written and printed in the same style. The present volume is sure
to be appreciated, as it treats a very popular phase of present-day
gardening, and we venture to think a phase that will become still more
popular, as many garden-owners are now taking less interest in their
glass erections, and developing Alpine, bog, and water gardening to an
extent probably never equalled before. From the first chapter on “ Shrubs
and their Placing’ and the second chapter on “Shrubs, mostly Ever-
green,’ one may learn valuable lessons, as the author has studied the
plants in their native habitat, and tells us under exactly what conditions
they seem to thrive best. We are glad Mr. Farrer points out the hardi-
ness of so many beautiful shrubs, as many who really love their garden
have still little idea of the wealth of hardy shrubs; the beautiful Nandina
domestica with its handsome foliage, for instance, so rarely seen, and
quite as hardy as the common laurel, but infinitely more beautiful. The
same applies to climbing plants; many still plant Wistaria sinensis, and
we agree with the author that at her best she is but a poor pallid widow
compared with the bridal opulence of Wistaria multiyjuga. This is only
one example of what Mr. Farrer points out as desirable improvements in
our gardens; there are many others quite as good. The other chapters
on Alpine plants, large and small Bog plants, Iris, Lilies, the Water
Garden, &c., are all admirably written, and in such a clear manner that no
one can fail to follow the author and his ideas all through the book. The
illustrations are excellent.

“The Book of the Pansy, Viola, and Violet.”” By Howard H. Crane.
8vo. 106 pp. (Lane, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

In this book we have an excellent history of the pansy and viola, with
exceedingly good chapters on their uses and cultivation, the insect and

BOOK REVIEWS. 73

fungoid pests that attack them, &c. Only a comparatively short chapter
is given to the cultivation of the violet, with another one on the best
varieties to grow. Where the violet is attacked by that persistent fungus
that causes yellowish brown spots on the foliage, we cannot do better
than quote the author’s advice on p. 54: “ Whenever this is seen the
affected stem should immediately be removed and destroyed. Do not
throw these diseased pieces on the rubbish-heap, but burn them.”
Although this advice is given for the disease on pansies and violas, it -is
equally good for the violet. We regret the author recommends the use
of Violas as a groundwork for roses: our experience is most decidedly
against it, as the rich food usually given to roses caused rampant
growth in the violas, often a foot or more high, making the roses leggy in
growth, and we also find a much greater percentage of deaths amongst the
roses carpeted with violas than amongst those free from any carpet plant.
The viola is so beautiful from early in the year till quite late in the
season, that it is indispensable in most gardens, and we thoroughly
endorse all that Mr. Crane says in its favour. We can confidently
recommend the book to all lovers of these charming fiowers, as it is
full of sound practical information, that may be followed out easily by
anyone.

“The Illustrated Strawberry Culiurist.” By Andrew S. Fuller.
8yo., 59 pp. (Kegan Paul, London, 1908.) 1s. 6d.

This book was written for American readers, and scarcely one of the
varieties of strawberries named are known in this country; still there is
so much interesting matter and a good deal of useful information in the
book, that it is well worth the British grower’s perusal.

“Gardens, Past and Present.” By K. L. Davidson. 8vo., 232 pp.
(Laurie, London.) 6s. net.

We have seldom read a book more pleasantly written or better printed
than this. Many gardening books are dry and uninteresting except to
the enthusiast, but even the least enthusiastic gardener will read these
pages with pleasure and profit. Mr. Davidson tells us how in the far past
ages, after the Roman Invasion, Julius Agricola fostered the cultivation
of the land so much that, under him and his successors, Britain became
one of the granaries of the world. He traces the history of the formation
of physic gardens, and how the cultivation of vegetables was increased
and became general through the settling of Flemish cloth-workers in this
country. The chapter on “Trees Native and Naturalised’’ is very
interesting. Naturally Kew takes the premier place as a Botanic Garden,
and the author writes in an enthusiastic strain of its beauties and its
practical assistance to the community, while the gardens at Edinburgh,
Dublin, and other places receive their fair share of praise.

In the second part of the book present gardens are equally admirably
dealt with, and most will agree with the author that the question of style
should be governed by environment only, and not by any passing fashion
of the day. To do away with formality in some of our old gardens
would be to ruin them absolutely, yet occasionally we see this occurring.

74 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“Bulbs and their Cultivation.” By T. W. Sanders, F.L.S. 8vo.,
212 pp. (Collingridge, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

Like all the books written by this author, this work is full of sound
practical advice and information, put together in such clear and pleasing
style that it gives not only profit but also pleasure to read it. The book
is divided into three parts.

The first part treats of hardy bulbs of all kinds, soils, manures, bulbs
in beds, borders, and on rockeries, the naturalizing of bulbs, lifting and
storing, outdoor lilies, bulbs in window boxes, &c., and a useful tabular.
list of bulbs.

The second part is devoted to indoor bulbs, and embraces the cultiva-
tion of almost every kind of bulb for the stove, warm or cool greenhouse,
frames in water, and in fibre, forcing, &c. The soil, treatment, feeding,
and other matters of both great and small importance are well dealt
with, and no one can go far wrong in following the instructions.

The third part is taken up with the propagation of bulbs and tubers,
their English names, pests and diseases, selections of the best varieties,
and a most useful glossary of terms. We commend this book to all.

‘The Book of Fern Culture.” By Alfred Hemsley, F.R.H.S. 8vo.,
112 pp. (Lane, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d. net.

As might be expected from such a well-known plant-grower as Mr.
Hemsley, this book is an excellent addition to the multitude of books now
published on horticultural subjects. It is a pleasure to see the author
advocating a sensible and economic system of growing ferns, 7.e. treating
them more like ordinary plants instead of keeping them in an atmosphere
heavily charged with moisture. Every phase of fern culture, from the
raising of the plants from spores to plants of the largest size, is dealt with ;
composts for different kinds and the very important subject of watering
are admirably gone into.

‘Stephens’ Book of the Farm.” Diy. Il. By J. Macdonald. §8vo.,
280 pp. + many fine plates. (Blackwood, London, 1908.) 10s. 6d.

Div. I. of this work was reviewed in the last volume of this Journal,
and the opinion then expressed applies to this book.

The subjects dealt with include Rent and Wages; Soils and Soil
Improvement; Rotations; Manures and Methods of Application.

We consider this work the best of its kind available at the moment,
although severe competitors are now appearing.

“ Handbook of Geography, Descriptive and Mathematical.” By Dr.
Emil Reich. 8vo., 2 vols., 568 pp. + 171 pp., 10 coloured maps, and many
figs. (Duckworth, London, 1908.) 12s. 6d. net.

This work consists of two volumes, the first entitled “ A Descriptive
Geography of the World’’ and the second devoted to Astronomical or
Mathematical Geography. The author tells us that “the first part, or
Descriptive Geography, treats of the various countries of the five continents,
and the chief aim was to enable the reader to form a fair image of each
bigger landscape, or, in other words, to view each country, or big sections

BOOK REVIEWS. "65

thereof, from a standpoint so high in air as to admit of taking in at a
glance entire provinces.’’ We cannot say that he has succeeded in his
effort, for he does not appear to have worked on any definite plan. Many
of his pages contain innumerable short sentences and disjointed expres-
sions in note form, making the reading very monotonous and even painful.
The opening chapter on the British Isles covers thirteen pages, and deals
entirely with physical features, no mention being made of our large towns
and industrial centres. In some other chapters the method is reversed,
for we find descriptions of towns but much less physical geography.
India is treated in this way, and this forms one of the most interesting
chapters, but the great range of the Himalayas is practically ignored.
The description of the United States of America covers forty-two pages,
and contains much useful information, but the vast Dominion of Canada
is dismissed in six pages. The admirable set of maps would have better
served their purpose had they been accompanied by some explanation in
the text.

The feeling of disappointment with which one closes the first volume
is speedily dissipated on opening the second, and one soon finds that here
the author has succeeded in producing a book which should prove of the
greatest use to both teachers and students.

“Ruskin Nature Reader.’’ Senior Book. Small 8vo., 286 pp., 20
illustrations. (Dent, London, 1908.) 1s. 6d. net. |

This is described as “a collection of literary extracts to accompany a
course of Nature Study; selected and edited by G. R. Bennett, B.Sc.
(London).’’ Of the many so-called Nature Readers which have been pro-
duced in the last few years this is one of the most readable. An effort has
been made to show “ how Nature has appealed to men, and how men have
expressed the influence which the observation of Nature has had upon
their thoughts and their actions.’ How successfully this effort has been
achieved is evident from even a cursory glance through the selected
passages. We say a cursory glance, but we doubt whether any sensible
scholar opening these pages will be satisfied till he has perused them all,
and at the close he cannot but feel that he has been abroad with Dame
Nature indeed.

The Editor has drawn largely on the friend of our youth, Gilbert
White’s “ Natural History of Selborne,’”’ and has given us six charming
extracts dealing with bird-life. The language is, of course, somewhat
quaint, having an old-world ring aboutit, a certain charm of its own ; but we
would suggest that it might be worth while to conform to modern usages
and modify such expressions as “an hundred pieces’’ (p. 18), “an
hawk appears’’ (p. 36), “an hot stifled inn-yard (p. 41), &. We also
note a slight typographical error on p. 35. Gilbert White certainly did
not write “ the motion of the mandibles are too quick for the eye.”” The
choice of selections has been admirable, and we can heartily join with the
Hiditor in his wish that, having been given a glimpse of the emotions and
expressions of such men as John Ruskin, Professor Tyndall, Richard
Jeffries, Louis Stevenson and Sir Martin Conway, boys and girls may
be helped “ to observe for themselves the things around them, and also to
read and enjoy the beautiful thoughts of others concerning them.’ The

76 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

illustrations are good, but we should like to see a note made of the
page to which each applies.

“Nature Study.”” By Professor Ainsworth Davis. Crown 8vo., 274 pp.,
over 100 photographic illustrations. (Dent, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d.

This is a Reader for the higher classes of schools, and attempts ‘to
give in simple, non-technical language a connected sketch of the natural
history of plants and animals.’”’ The book is divided into two parts, the
first dealing with Botany and the second with Zoology. The botanical
section is treated on the ecological plan, and the author has succeeded in
producing a very readable introduction to plant study. The scholar is
encouraged to carry out simple experiments, make careful observations,
and draw conclusions as to how the details of form and structure have a
definite meaning in relation to mode of life. There are two excellent
chapters on the Struggle for Existence among Plants. A general survey
is taken of our more common plants, and details of special interest pointed
out. The second part of the book deals mainly with the classification of
animals, and, although useful in its way, can scarcely be said to follow out
the admirable plan of the botanical section. The author attempts to
cover practically the whole of the animal kingdom, with the result that
whole groups of animals have to be dismissed in a paragraph, and one has
but little chance of making those observations which are supposed to be an
essential feature of the new method of teaching.

On p. 70 we are told that ‘Begonia plants can be grown from
a leaf, which develops roots and buds when placed in damp soil.” This
statement goes scarcely far enough, and might mislead a young reader.
Reference might have been made to the method of insertion, and to the
incisions usually made across the principal veins. The latter part of
paragraph 425 (p. 151) seems scarcely grammatical, where it says:
“The lamprey group (Cyclostomata) is an eel-shaped relative of the fishes,
which has not yet developed a lower jaw, and uses its round mouth as a
sucker.” The illustrations are some of the best that we have seen
employed for the embellishment of a school-reader, and we have no
hesitation in saying that on the whole this is an excellent help to nature
study in the schools.

‘“ Eiversley Gardens and Others.”’ By Rose G. Kingsley. 8vo., 280 pp.
(Allen, London, 1907.) 6s. net.

A well-printed and well-written book dealing with the making of a
garden, soils, planting, pruning, spring gardens, bulbs, summer gardens,
the rose garden, cut flowers, &c. The illustrations are very good, and
a great deal of most useful information is given on the best methods of
treating plants individually and collectively, showing a keen observing
power on the part of the authoress. It is a handsome book, and will be
highly appreciated by garden-lovers.

“ Holly, Yew, and Box, with Chapters on other Evergreens.”’ By W.
Dallimore. 8yo., 284 pp., 175 illustrations. (Lane, London, 1908.)
7s. 6d. net.

We must congratulate Mr. Dallimore on this carefully written and
admirably printed book. Such a practical work could only be compiled

BOOK REVIEWS. 77

by one thoroughly conversant with the many varieties of the plants he
deals with. Mr. Dallimore’s position as foreman of the Arboretum at
the Royal Gardens, Kew, has given him unique opportunities for
studying the peculiarities of all the varieties under his charge. Very
valuable information is given on the habits of varieties of holly, yew, and
box, and cultural descriptions are treated in a masterly manner. It is
scarcely necessary to state that the work is well up to date, as proved by
the inclusion of varieties new to this country from China, collected by
Mr. E. H. Wilson for Messrs. J. Veitch. Many old and rare varieties
are described, making the work one of special interest to tree and
shrub lovers. A small portion at the end of the book is devoted to
the evergreen oak, the laurel, and other evergreens, all as much worthy of
the reader’s attention as the other parts of the work. We predict this
will be considered the standard book on the holly, yew, and box. The
index is excellent.

“The Care of Natural Monuments with special reference to Great
Britain and Germany.’ By H. Conwentz, Prussian State Commissioner
for the Care of Natural Monuments. With ten illustrations. 8vo., pp.
xii. and 185. (Cambridge University Press, 1909.) 2s. 6d. net.

We are not sure that the term “natural monument,’ the German
Naturdenkmal, is either self-explanatory or otherwise satisfactory,
though we cannot suggest anything better. Professor Conwentz makes
out a good case for his neologism. Not only can he urge that standard
works are styled monuments of literature, and that lake-dwellings, which
were certainly never “ established in commemoration ”’ of any body or event,
are termed prehistoric monuments ; but that Humboldt long ago spoke of
big trees as monwments de la nature.

This modest but usefully comprehensive little volume, which originated
in a lecture delivered by the author at the Leicester (1907) meeting of the
British Association, practically begins with a classification of the natural
monuments in danger. It then deals with the means of preservation and
the extent to which these are realized in the various countries of the
world, concluding with suggestions for the future.

Professor Conwentz groups the monuments of which he treats under
seven heads ; views, water (especially falls), rocks, such as the Cheddar
gorge, the Marlborough Sarsen stones, or erratic boulders, fens, woods,
plants, and animals. The three aims to which preservative efforts should
be directed are, he says, an inventory and map, actual preservation 7 loco,
and the publication of accounts of these monuments. As to the means
adopted in various countries to realize these ideals, we have government
surveys and maps, voluntary associations for similar purposes, such as our
Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation, and
the work of individuals, such as Hewett Watson. Secondly we have
national reservations; a state office, such as that in Prussia of which Herr
Conwentz is the head; areas protected by public corporations, such as the
London County Council, which controls not only public parks, but also
open spaces such as Riddlesdown, and the Corporation of London, with
Epping Forest and Burnham Beeches; and voluntary bodies such as our
excellent National Trust. There is actual legislation such as our Wild

78 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Birds’ Protection Acts, the laws protecting rare plants in Switzerland, and
the international agreement of 1900 as to big game in Africa. There are
the numerous private societies for influencing public opinion, such as the
Audubon Societies in America, our Selborne Society, the Swiss ‘“‘ Associa-
tion pour la protection des plantes’’ and the Belgian “Société pour la
protection des sites’’; and there are the now numerous county photo-
graphic surveys, which, by the by, our author seems to have overlooked.
Professor Conwentz rightly dwells or the great amount already done in
this matter by private effort, especially in the United Kingdom, as for
example the many handsome presents made to the nation through the
National Trust. We are therefore not surprised to find him, although
himself the head of a state department, deprecating government action in
this matter in Britain. If we do not altogether agree with this conclusion,
we none the less feel deeply indebted to the enthusiasm, the industry and
the ability of the learned professor for this useful compendium, written, as
it is, in faultless English, and concluding complimentarily with Shake-
speare’s question, ‘ Who is here so vile that will not love his country.’

“ Experimental Morphology.’’ By Dr. C. B. Davenport. 8vo., 509 pp.
(Macmillan, London, 1908.) 15s. net.

The study of the different forms assumed by plants and animals early ©
attracted great attention ; later, the manner of development of these forms
was studied; and now attention is being more and more directed towards
inquiries into the reasons why organisms develop as they do and what the
forces are which direct the path development shall follow. This study
of experimental morphology is comparatively new and very much remains
yet to be done. The primary aim of the book under review is to give an
account of what is known at present concerning the subject in such
a manner “as to indicate the directions for further research.” Each
chapter contains an account of the action of different external conditions
upon protoplasm itself or upon that peculiar phenomenon exhibited by
protoplasm called growth, and concludes with a list of the principal papers
already published dealing with the particular branch of the subject of
which it treats. The book abounds with detaiJs of experiments upon such
subjects as the effect of chemical agents upon protoplasm and upon
growth, and the effects of water, density, contact, gravity, electricity and
so on, considered in relation to the living stuff itself and in relation to
growth. A large proportion of the experiments relate to animals, but all the
principal effects upon plants are touched upon.

This edition appears to be an issue of the original two volumes in one
but otherwise unchanged. None of the research of the last twelve years
is therefore included. It is to be hoped, for the sake of workers now in
the field, that a new edition will soon be called for, when the author may
increase the indebtedness of fellow-workers to him by bringing his book
down to date.

“ British Mosses.”” By the Right Hon. Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B. 2nd
ed, 8vo., 72 pp. (Witherby, London, 1908.) 1s. 6d. net.

To those who desire to gain an insight into the structure of mosses
and the work they do in the world, this little book can be heartily

BOOK REVIEWS. 79

recommended, and none who reads it can fail to have his interest awakened
by the lucid account of the mosses, ‘ the first mercy of the earth,’’ which
it contains. The book is abundantly illustrated and the figures in this
second edition are a great improvement upon those of its predecessor.

‘‘ An Introduction to Geology.”’ By Prof. W. B. Scott. 2nd. ed. 8vo.,
816 pp. (Macmillan, New York, 1907.) 11s. net.

The second edition of this well-known text-book has been thoroughly
revised and brought up to date, several of the illustrations, for instance,
showing phenomena due to the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906. The
plan of the book is to describe first the principal rock-forming minerals ;
secondly to consider the various forces that have been at work in moulding
the crust of the earth, dealing with volcanic agencies and the work of
earthquakes, and with those surface changes which will more closely appeal
to the garden designer, due to the action of water in its different forms ;
thirdly, the structure of the rocks themselves is dealt with; then the
form of the earth, its mountains and river basins, and so on; finally, an
account of the sequence of events in geological time with descriptions of
the fossils found in the different strata. The book is written in an
interesting style, and profusely and admirably illustrated. The illustra-
tions of geological phenomena are taken from many parts of the earth,
though as a book written in America for American students, the majority
illustrate parts of the United States. A full index is appended.

“Life Histories of Familiar Plants.” By J.J. Ward. 8vo., 204 pp.
(Cassell, London, 1908.) 6s.

This is one of the now numerous books upon our native flowering
plants, written with the object of interesting the unscientific observer in
the common plants of field and forest. It deals in a popular way with
the structure of the plants treated upon, and especially with their relation
to their environment both animate and inanimate. In endeavouring to
find an explanation of the form, arrangement and markings of different
parts of plants, the author makes many ingenious suggestions, not all of
them very convincing. It is a pity, too, to write as though the plants
were sentient beings and are even able to convey messages to others of
the species; as when, for instance, the first Oxalis found by folding its
leaves at night it lost less heat (the suggestion the author makes as the
result of the habit), “it forthwith conveyed the hint to the race.”’ This is
only one instance of many that occur.

The author ascribes sensitiveness to the root-cap—a structure com-
posed of dead cells! (page 68). He says, too, that the cowslip is a plant
of the low meadows, but surely it is also a plant of the hills; the slopes
of the Pegsden Hills, for instance, are covered with cowslips, and so is
many a railway embankment. His explanation of the difference in habit
of flowering between the cowslip and the primrose seems of very doubtful
value.

So long as the reader of books of this kind will exercise his critical
faculties and will make observations as to the truth of statements for him-
self no great harm is done, but where children are concerned there is often
a danger of imbibing theories as facts and finding it difficult later to correct

80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them, so fixed do they become on the young mind. One could wish some-
times that authors would realize the impressiveness for many minds that
still clings round the printed word, and would therefore, in their popular
writings, be chary of advancing theories without carefully testing them
from many points of view.

The illustrations, numbering 120, form a feature of the book and are
good photographs well reproduced in half-tone. Most cf them are worthy
of praise, though figure 84 does not show the blotches on the Orchis leaves,
which itis said to depict. Figure 93 appears to represent Sedwm spectabile,
not §. Telephiwm, as the name is given in the text.

ss The Methods and Scope of Genetics.’”” By W. Bateson, M.A.,
F.R.S. 8vo., 49 pp. (University Press, Cambridge, 1908.) 1s. 6d. net.

It was a happy idea of Professor Bateson to publish, for the benefit of
the general public, the lecture which he delivered before the members of
the University of Cambridge on the occasion of his inauguration as
Professor of Biology in October last.

The purpose of the lecture is to describe, in a popular manner, the
present outlook over the field of experimental research in the physiology
of heredity and variation, a study which, owing to Mendel’s wonderful
discovery, has now developed into the definite and distinct science known
as Genetics. As the author says, Mendelian discovery is leading us into
a new world, the very existence of which was unsuspected before. He
begins by pointing out the simple fact that each individual plant and
animal has a double nature owing to its origin from two cells, one
maternal and the other paternal. It is curious that the full consequences
of this double nature seem to have struck nobody before Mendel. As
Professor Bateson says: “In order to understand the significance of
Mendelism, we must get thoroughly familiar with the fact that a man,
a butterfly, and an apple-tree are not each one thing, but are each two
things, double throughout every part of their composition. Consequently
the contribution of the maternal and paternal gametes, or ‘ marrying’ cells,
may, in respect of any of the ingredients, be either the same or different.
If they are the same the regulating organism is pure-bred for that
ingredient ; if different it is cross-bred.”’

Recent genetic research has led us to the further important conception
that the individual is composed of what we call “ presences’ and
“absences ’’ of all the possible ingredients. This fruitful conception is
the basis of all progress in genetic analysis. As to the nature of these
ingredients or factors we at present know nothing, but it is interesting to
note that Professor Bateson thinks that with the assistance of the physio-
logical chemist, it cannot be very long before we know what some of
these factors are.

Professor Bateson next deals with the phenomenon of segregation,
and shows that where an individual is cross-bred for a certain ingredient,
the germ-cells formed by such an individual alternately either contain or
do not contain representatives of that ingredient. In Professor Bateson’s
own words: “If both the parent-gametes brought a certain quality in,
then all the daughter-gametes have it. If it came in from one side and not
from the other, then on, an average, in half the resulting gametes it will

BOOK REVIEWS. 81

be present and from half it will be absent. This last phenomenon,
which is called segregation, constitutes the essence of Mendel’s dis-
covery.”

Professor Bateson modestly shows, in passing, how a little experiment
of his with Sweet Peas clearly demonstrated the true nature of reversion
and variation. Two well-grown dwarf races of Sweet Peas which breed
true, the prostrate ‘Cupid’ and the half-dwarf ‘Bush,’ crossed together
produced the ordinary ‘Tall’ Sweet Pea of full height. “The reversion
occurs because the two factors that made the height of the old Sweet Pea
again come together after being parted; and the variations by which each
of the dwarfs came into existence must have taken place by the dropping
out of one of these elements or of the other.’’ Here it may be said that
if the study of genetics had done nothing more than this, it would have
fully justified its existence, after the many years of vague and futile
discussions about reversion and variation since the time of Darwin. It is
refreshing to find that a simple experiment with Sweet Peas in Mr.
Bateson’s garden at Grantchester should help to give us the solution of
two profound problems which have exercised the greatest minds in all
ages.

In justice to Professor Bateson it seems only fair to point out
that though in his writings he modestly ascribes all his results to the
work of Mendel, those of us who have had the good fortune to work with
him know full well that there is much more than this behind it all. —
Mendel’s work with culinary peas has undoubtedly been the basis of all
recent genetic research, but had it not been for Professor Bateson’s
guiding hand, would the problems of reversion and variation have ever
been solved? I think not.

Other interesting advances are noted in Professor Bateson’s lecture,
such as the presence of preventive factors, of superposed factors, of mutual
repulsions and interactions between different factors, to say nothing of
some stimulating suggestions on the probable Mendelian inheritance of
sex in insects, birds and man. Last, but not least in importance, Professor
Bateson alludes to the value of genetic inquiry to the study of evolution
and to practical human affairs, and throws out some broad hints to those
who are concerned with the problems of the origin of species and the
betterment of the human race.

In short this admirable and indispensable little book, written by a
master-hand, is essentially a popular work in the truest sense of the word,
and must appeal to all sorts and conditions of readers, in spite of its some-
what technical title. It is a book which makes for progress, and a careful
study of it is an absolute necessity to those who wish to be up-to-date in
the new science.

“Through Southern Mexico: being an Account of the Travels of a
Naturalist.” By Dr. Hans Gadow. 8vo., 527 pp., 165 illustrations and
maps. (Witherby, London, 1908). 18s. net.

This is an interesting record of the author’s travels and exploration
during some eight months in 1902 and 1904. There are plenty of travel
incidents and adventures, which give a very clear and vivid idea of a
country which is not often visited by English travellers. The special

VOL. XXXV. G

82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

value of the book lies perhaps in the many details about the life and
customs of frogs, tree-frogs, snakes, lizards, and the like, of which a great
number were collected. There is, in particular, a very full history of the
classical axolotl.

There is also a chapter on the ancient civilization in Mexico and its
origin, which contains full details of the astronomy and calendars of the
Aztecs or Toltecs. ‘The customs and characteristics of the modern
Indian inhabitants are often mentioned incidentally.

For botanical readers there is a full account of the cultivation of
Agave americana, and of its use as pulque; such fruits as the Mexican
banana,: pineapple, alligator pear, mammee apple and the like, are fully
described. The forests of Mexico are still by no means so thoroughly
known as one would expect, and there are graphic sketches in TERY
parts of the volume which are of interest.

The rain forest is fringed on its outskirts by an impenetrable wall
of luxuriant herbage, shrubs and creepers, the towt ensemble recalling a
lavishly arranged bank of flowers at a flower show. After hacking and
slashing a path through the tangled growth, ‘we are in a gloomy,
stuffy forest consisting of tall straight trees, which branch out at a great
height above us, there interlacing and forming a dense canopy of green
through which passes little or no sunlight.” “From below the leaves,
branches, and even bright coloured birds look black.”

“If by a lucky chance, we obtain a bird’s-eye view from some eminence
we behold a different world. A dense green carpet overstrewn with
thousands of mauve, pink, yellow, or white flowers of some kind ot
Bignonia, visited by countless butterflies which are preyed upon by lizards
and tree-frogs, these being in their turn sought after by tree-snakes. Of
bird life, gorgeous and beautiful in colour, there is plenty. Vividly
coloured are also many of the other creatures—frogs, snakes, lizards,
and butterflies. Colour has to be laid on vividly, quiet coloration being
out of place. This colour-contrast was started by the blossoms, red,
yellow, or white ; self colours not variegated predominate and stand out
very effectively against the green.”

The very clear description of the Mexican forest does not, however,
apply to all tropical forests, which may be exceedingly different even in
one and the same district.

The author has also some very interesting notes as to the distribution
of plants in the Nevado in which he appreciates the great importance
of the cloud zone. There are also many other interesting observations on
ants, birds, the Mexican slug, and other animals.

“Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes.” By Richard
Spruce, Ph.D. Edited by Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M., F.R.S. 8vo.,
2 vols., 518+542 pp. 71 illustrations, 7 maps. (Macmillan, London.
1908.) 21s. net.

These notes form a rather miscellaneous collection made from note-
books, journals and private letters during Spruce’s long residence in South
America from 1849-1864. But they also include several valuable Papers
which were prepared by him for publication and which are to be found
in the second volume. 3

BOOK REVIEWS. 83

Many of his adventures and experiences are most interesting, for he
travelled in many dangerous and out-of-the-way places, and describes,
with almost photographic accuracy, the ferocious insects, the flora, the
particularly exasperating Indians and other inhabitants.

The scattered references to Orchids, Palms, Ferns, Bromeliads,
Melastomaceae and other interesting flowers and trees are often valuable.
He was an enthusiastic collector in a botanist’s paradise and tcok every
advantage of his opportunities. We must allude also to the full account
of the rubber trees, and of the methods of preparation and collection, as
well as to his painful and dangerous search for Cinchona seedlings and
the successful transport of these specimens from their original home to
the seaport from which they eventually reached British India, where their
descendants are now flourishing. There are valuable accounts also of the
narcotics and stimulants in common use amongst the Indians.

His sketch of the vegetation of the Amazon valley is exceedingly clear
and compares favourably even with the recent descriptions of Dr. Ula.
Indeed one is often apt to furget that these notes are forty years old, and one
cannot help wishing that he had worked out several problems of which
he evidently knew a great deal more than can be deduced from his rough
notes.

The fioating-islands of the Amazons, composed of grasses which are
sometimes forty-five feet long, seem to resemble similar vegetations from
the Nile and the Ganges. He has much of great interest to say also on
the different forests in the Amazon’s valley, which are very clearly
distinguished and described.

There are all sorts of questions connected with anthropology, zoology,
geology and meteorology, which are discussed in this work. There is, e.g.,
a very full history of the Warrior-women or Amazons, of Valverde’s still
secret treasure-store, and of the picture writing of the Indians which is
found etched on rocks at many points in the valley.

But the most interesting part of the volume refers to those ferocious
ants which occupy, or perhaps we should say which dominate, the forests
of Hylaea. Spruce does not exactly say that they form the ant-gardens
by carrying seeds and earth to the forks of the branches, but he alludes
to them and very likely did not care to set down what he thought. The
Paper on ant-agency, which was written in 1869 and is now published for
the first time, is, however, of the greatest scientific importance, and it
should be carefully studied by every naturalist.

There is a certain Melastomaceous genus, Tococa, of which there are
twenty-four or twenty-five species in the Amazons. One or two of these
are entirely submerged in the annual inundations, and these have no ant-
homes, but all the others, none of which are ever completely covered by
the water, possess peculiar sac-like swellings between the vein-forkings.
These are inhabited by ferocious ants which form an efficient bodyguard
to the plant. So far as these observations go, they simply add to the
already long list of ant-guarded plants. But Spruce in his original Paper
states that he examined half-grown plants, and saw that the sacs begin
to form long before any ants touch them and proceeds to draw tha
important conclusion that these swellings or sacs are inherited and are
the result of long continued generations of ant-visitors.

G2

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is a case very similar to the well-known acarodomatia or mite-homes
common in the vein-forkings of the leaves of many British trees. With
regard to these it has also been stated that they appear in a rudimentary
state before the mites reach them. Readers of this Journal will also
recall Professor Henslow’s well-known theory that flower nectaries owe
their origin to the probing and tearing of insects seeking pollen or honey.

Unfortunately for Spruce, and also for science, it was then supposed
that acquired characters could never be inherited, especially if they were
of the nature of mutilations.

In consequence, this valuable Paper has been held back for forty years,
and it is very likely that Spruce was so discouraged by its reception that
he did not work out other interesting points. Dr. Wallace, so far as one
can see, believes Spruce’s observations to be correct, though without
committing himself to the unpopular and heterodox view that acquired
characters can be inherited.

The Paper may be taken as a valuable step in advance, for there are
many instances, not only that of Tococa, of ant-agency.

But it is difficult not to feel disheartened and discouraged when one
finds that orthodoxy in scientific matters still has such power to discredit
and delay the obvious deductions of an experienced naturalist.

The publication of this valuable Paper in its original form should
make this book necessary for the library of all interested in Darwinism.

“ Elementary Botany.”” By E. Drabble, D.Sce., F.L.8. 8vo., 234 pp.
76 figures. (Edward Arnold, London, 1908.) 2s. 6d.

This small text-book of elementary botany has been written for those
preparing for examinations requiring but an elementary knowledge of the
science, a broad general idea of the fundamental principles in the life of
flowering plants, without entering into the minute histological details
which entail the use of a microscope. The first 180 pages are devoted to
these principles and a simple description of the modifications of the
organs of plants, and the student is encouraged to conduct experiments
with simple apparatus, taking nothing for granted, but demonstrating for
himself the truth of all assertions laid down. About thirty pages are
given to a general outline of classification, a summary being given of
the broader characteristics of the more important genera in those natural
orders which are usually included in an elementary syllabus. The
numerous figures are of a somewhat simple character, but sufficiently
serve their purpose for illustrating the text. This will prove a very
useful little book to put into the hands of a beginner in the study of
Botany.

“Roses and Rose Growing.” By Rose G. Kingsley. 8vo., 163 pp.
(Whittaker, London, 1908.) 6s. net.

Notwithstanding the number of books dealing with Roses and Rose
culture which have appeared in recent years, the present volume fills
quite a distinct place of its own. For it is written by an amateur
of considerable experience, in the interest of that numerous class of
Rose growers who, like the writer herself, tend their Roses themselves,
and to whom the exhibition tent offers no attractions whatever. Then

BOOK REVIEWS. 85

again, the directions and descriptions are so clearly and graphically given,
and with such enthusiasm, that they cannot fail to interest those who have
as yet given but little attention to the subjects of which they treat. The
early chapters are devoted to such cultural questions as planting, pruning,
propagating, &c., while the greater part of the work deals in an interesting
manner with the various classes into which cultivated Roses are divided,
and the purposes for which they are best adapted—with lists appended
of the principal varieties in each. At the end is a short chapter by the
Rey. F. Page-Roberts, President of the National Rose Society, himself an
experienced exhibitor, on how to grow Roses for exhibition. In no other
part of the volume, however, is the question of Rose-growing treated in
any but from a garden point of view. No notice of this Rose book would
be complete without special mention of the illustrations, and more
particularly the coloured portraits of Roses, which are among the most
faithful and pleasing that have yet appeared.

“The Nature of Enzyme Action.” By W. M. Bayliss, D.Sc. F.R.S.
8vo., 90 pp. (Longmans, London, 1908.) 3s. net.

A highly technical monograph on a section of Biochemistry. It is
based upon lectures given at various times in University College, London.
The general properties more or less common to enzymes are discussed in
such a manner that only the earnest and somewhat advanced student can
sufficiently appreciate.

A long list of literature which has more or less direct bearing on the
subject, and which is to some extent referred to in the text, is given at
the end. There is also a good index.

“ Soils and Fertilizers.” By H.Snyder. 3rded. 850 pp. (Macmillan,
New York and London, 1908.) 5s. net.

A very useful book by a well-known and painstaking author.
Beginning with the physical properties of soils, it proceeds to deal with
their formation, classification and chemical composition. Soil nitrogen
takes up some forty pages. Organic manures and the various fertilizers
are dealt with in a style which most readers will duly appreciate. Food
requirements and rotation of crops receive careful attention. Tillage
operations are enlarged upon in a manner which shows a master’s hand,
and the reader will probably wish this section was more detailed. The
work contains a chapter on Laboratory practice.

“The Soil: an Introduction to the Scientific Study of the growth of
crops.” By.A.D.Hall,M.A. 2nded. 311 pp. (Murray, London, 1908.)
ds. net.

A second edition of a well-known book, and one recommended by the
R.H.S. for students. There are several additions and alterations in this
edition. The author states he has greatly modified the views he expressed
in the first edition on the nature of clay and on the part played by zeolitic
silicates in the retention of ammonium and other salts by the soil. He
draws attention to the great additions made to our knowledge of the work
of bacteria in the soil and the information has accordingly been brought
much more up-to-date in this respect.

86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The author writes as a scientist and as a teacher, and he is both these
of the first water, but he falls into one very serious error. He writes:
“There is every probability that the individual farmer will be as often
misled as guided by the results of his own experiments. The design and
conduct of field experiments must be left to the expert.’’ He will find
few to agree with him.

“The Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agriculture and Rural
Economy.’ By many Authors; edited by Professor R. Patrick Wright.
8vo., vols I. and II. each 240 pp. and many plates and figures. (The
Gresham Publishing Company, London, 1908.) 8s. net each vol.

This work, which is to be completed in 12 vols., aims at being an
exhaustive treatise on all that appertains to Agriculture, including
Horticulture. The contributors are for the most part the best recognized
authorities on the subjects dealt with, It would be a bold critic who could
venture to question the soundness of the majority of the articles, although
before the publication of the entire work is completed we doubt not some
of the statements will have been proved to be exploded errors.

Vol. I. contains a very valuable anatomical model of the cow.

The subjects dealt with are so diverse that without an index it is
difficult to find what one requires. Even then the matter is much broken’
up, probably necessarily so for alphabetical arrangement. The value of
the work will very greatly depend upon the index.

‘Gardens of England.” Painted by Beatrice Parsons, and described
by E. T. Cook. 8vo., 199 pp. (Black, London, 1908.) 7s. 6d.

A charmingly written and beautifully printed and illustrated book
which we think would be of more value if an index were appended.
About twenty garden scenes are well illustrated in colours, and as in
many places similar effects could easily be produced, this work will
commend itself to owners of large gardens who may be contemplating
alterations or improvements, or making new gardens. The descriptive
matter relating to the illustrations contains a mass of information on
how and when to plant the various plants figured, and many excellent
suggestions are given on desirable plants to grow.

‘English Houses and Gardens in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.’’ Reproduced from contemporory engravings by Kip, Badeslade,
Harris, and others. Obl. 4to., 36 pp. 61 plates. (Batsford, London, 1908.)
15s. net.

This is not only a most interesting book, but its quaint plates are very
instructive in showing the strictly formal style of gardening in vogue
during the period mentioned in the title. There are sixty-one plates
showing many well-known noblemen’s and gentlemen’s seats: few if any
of them would be recognized at the present day. A more natural and
beautiful type of gardening has replaced the original stiff plans, but in
some of the places mentioned and illustrated that we have visited, there
are still the magnificent avenues planted in those days, giving an
appearance which excites the envy and admiration of all who do not
possess such a noble feature on their own estates. Almost all the build-

BOOK REVIEWS. 87

ings and gardens depicted in the plates were made between the years
1550 and 1720; symmetry of design being the prevailing feature of the
house, buildings and gardens, and one cannot fail to admire the
exceeding care to have everything exactly balanced. Clipped hedges,
parterres with box edging, and bowling greens, are much in evidence in
some of the engravings, and terraces are seen in almost all, proving that
expense was not spared. The book is of a convenient size, well-printed,
pleasingly bound. The pages are not all numbered, but the plates are, and
are easily found.

“Mushrooms. How to grow them.” By William Falconer. 8vo.,
169 pp. (Kegan Paul, London, 1907.) 5s.

Although this work was written in America for American readers
principally, there is much that is of interest and value to European readers,
in fact, many extracts are from books and papers published in Britain
on mushroom culture. While endorsing nearly all the information and
advice so ably put before us, we must disagree with the author when he
says ‘‘that the manure from carrot-fed horses is good, and anyone having
plenty of it can also have plenty of mushrooms.’ He freely admits that
it is not so good as manure from horses not root fed; and our experience,
and that of many others who have grown mushrooms, is that no satis-
factory crop of mushrooms can be grown from manure where the horses
are daily supplied with roots or where they are physicked to keep them in
condition. With the above exception we cordially agree with all the
practical author has written, and can recommend the book to all interested
in mushroom cultivation. The work is well printed, nicely illustrated,
and well bound.

“Children and Gardens.’”’ By Gertrude Jekyll. 8vo. 110 pp.
(Country Life, London, 1908.) 6s. net.

A charmingly written book with beautiful illustrations, and with the
innumerable books on gardening there is still room for this. Nothing is
better for children than gardening, and the authoress tells how the love
of gardening may be fostered amongst children from her own experience.
Many children have been given pieces of barren or rough ground to make
a garden, and the work has become so irksome that in a short time they
have detested it, and cared very little about a garden ever after, but given
a nice little garden already made, the conditions are totally different.
All this and much more is fully treated upon by the author, and is well
worth reading by all who have children and a garden. The only thing
we object to in the book is the praise accorded to cats in the garden; they
are nearly as bad as the proverbial bull in a china shop, doing almost as
much damage.

88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS AT WISLEY, 1908-09.

Tuirty-Two stocks of Brussels Sprouts were received for trial, all of
which, except those received late, were sown on March 21. When large
enough the plants were put out at 3 feet apart each way, on land that
had been deeply dug and moderately manured. All germinated well, and
made excellent growth, but the very hot weather in October caused nearly
all the “buttons’’ to become open and loose. Mild weather generally
continued to the end of December 1908, when severe weather suddenly
set in, the thermometer falling to zero, practically destroying the whole
crop. }
List oF VARIETIES.*

1. Covent Garden Favourite. 17. Scrymger’s Giant.
2. De la Halle. 18. Half-dwarf Paris Market.
3. French Dwarf Improved. 19. Dwarf Gem.

4, French Solid Sprout. 20. Exhibition.

5. Improved Erfurt. 21. Standard.

6. Little Gem. 22. Exhibition.

7. Paris Market. 23. Darlington.

8. Perfection. 24. Selected.

9. President Carnot. 25. Model.
10. Serymger’s Giant. 26. Little Gem.

11. Semi-dwarf Dutch. 27. Skrobeck Favourite.
12. Standard. 28. One and All.

13. Tall Improved. 29. St. Martha.

14. The Wroxton. 30. Danish Prize.
15. Cambridgeshire Champion. 31. Eiffel Tower.

16. Paris Market. 32. Superlative.

15. Cambridgeshire Champion (J. Veitch).—Stock not fixed, and
requires further selection.

1. Covent Garden Favourite (Barr).—Growth moderate, irregular in
habit ; medium-sized foliage; sprouts large and firm. Stock requires a
little more selection.

30. Danish Prize (Burpee).—A very tall grower with large foliage ;
sprouts small, open, and grown out.

23. Darlington (Kent & Brydon).—Growth dwarf, compact ; moderate
foliage ; sprouts large, firm, and stood well. One of the best.

2. De la Halle (Barr)——Growth moderate; even habit; medium
foliage ; sprouts large, firm, loosely placed. A very late variety.

* All trials in the Wisley Garden are carried out under number only until judging
is completed. The number prefixed to the name of the variety in the Report corre-
sponds with that by which alone the variety was known until judgment had been

given. Fellows visiting the Garden and noticing any plant under a number can easily
ascertain its name later by reference to the Report in the JouRNAL.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS AT WISLEY, 1908-09. 89

19. Dwarf Gem (Sutton).—Growth dwarf, habit compact; foliage
small; sprouts small and firm. This variety occupies less space than
other varieties.

31. Eiffel Tower (Gray).—A very tall, robust grower, and requires
further selection.

20, 22. Exhibition (Sutton, Sharpe).—Moderate grower, good habit ;
foliage rather large ; sprouts large and fairly firm.

3. French Dwarf Improved (Barr).—Growth very dwarf ; even, compact
habit ; foliage medium and in a thick cluster on the head; sprouts small
and thickly placed. A good variety.

4, French Solid Sprout (Barr).—Growth tall and irregular; foliage
large ; sprouts small and thinly placed, quickly become loose.

18. Half-Dwarf Paris Market (Vilmorin).—Growth dwarf; moderate
foliage; sprouts small, very firm; kept in good condition longer than
other varieties.

5. Improved Erfurt (Barr).—Growth dwarf, habit compact; small
foliage; sprouts small and poor; rotted quickly.

6, 26. Little Gem (Barr, Sydenham).—Growth dwarf, good habit ;
moderate foliage; sprouts very small, but firm and standing fairly
well.

25. Model (Bunyard).—A very tall grower, and not a success at
Wisley.

28. One and All (Heinemann).—Requires further selection.

7, 16. Paris Market (J. Veitch, Barr)—Medium growth; foliage very
dark and distinct ; habit regular and compact; sprouts small, clean, and
firm. .

8. Perfection (Barr).—Growth dwarf, but sprouts too poor for
description.

9. President Carnot (Barr).—Growth moderate, fairly compact ;
foliage of medium size ; sprouts large and firm.

10, 17. Serymger’s Giant (Barr, J. Veitch).—Growth rather large;
habit regular; sprouts large, but loose, and suffered severely from frost.

24. Selected (Dobbie).—Growth tall and robust; moderate foliage
regular ; sprouts large, but grew out quickly.

11. Semi-dwarf Dutch (Barr).—Growth dwarf; foliage and habit very
compact; sprouts so very small as not to be worth describing.

27. Skrobeck Favourite (Jchnson).—Growth moderate ; good compact
habit and foliage ; sprouts small, and grew out quickly.

12, 21. Standard (Barr, Sharpe).—Growth tall; good regular habit ;
foliage moderate ; sprouts loose and open.

29. St. Martha (Staward).—Stock mixed. _

32. Superlative (Wallace).—Stock not fixed; red foliage.

13. Tall Imported (Barr).—Tall, straggling grower, and requires more
selection.

14. The Wroxton (Barr).—Growth dwarf, compact, sturdy; foliage
moderate ; sprouts of medium size, firm. A good late variety.

90 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PARSLEY AT WISLEY, 1908-09.

THIRTY-SEVEN stocks of Parsley were received for trial, all of which were
sown on April 2, on soil that had been deeply dug and well manured,
the rows being 18 inches apart, and the plants thinned out later to one
foot apart in the rows. All the stocks germinated well, and the growth
made was excellent. All the stocks stood the trying winter very well,
Nos. 3, 4, 5, 11, and 32 standing particularly well. The Fruit and
Vegetable Committee examined the collection on two occasions.

List oF VARIETIES.*

1. Beauty of the Parterre. 20. Exhibition.

2. Champion Moss-curled. 21. Fern-leaved.

8. Covent Garden. | 22. Fern-leaved.

4, Crested Bouquet. 23. Hamburgh or Turnip-rooted.
5. Dwarf Perfection. 24. Myatt’s Extra-fine Garnishing.
6. Emerald Green. 25. Perennial.

7. Extra Double-curled. 26. Perfection Moss-curled.

8. Fern-leaved. 27. Exhibition.

9. Giant Curled. _ _ 28. Perfection.

10. Large Curled. | 29. Moss-Curled.

11. Myatt’s Garnishing. 30. Mossy-curled.

12, Perpetual. 31. Brookland’s Exhibition.

13. Plain or Sheep’s Parsley. 82. Exquisite curled.

14. Triple Curled. 33. Dwarf Perfection.
15. Myatt’s Garnishing. 34. Extra Curled.

16. Imperial Curled. 35. Champion Moss-curled.

17. Garnishing. 36. Fern-leaved.

18. Dwarf Perfection. 87. Extra Curled.

19. Champion Moss-curled.

F.C.C. = First-class Certificate.
A.M. = Award of Merit.

1. Beauty of the Parterre, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Carter)—Growth
tall, strong, and vigorous; leaves large, branched, and well curled.

81. Brookland’s Exhibition (Deal).—Very similar to No. 1, but the
leaves not so branching. |

2, 19, 35. Champion Moss-curled (Dobbie, Carter, Vilmorin).—Growth
tall, strong, vigorous; leaves large, branched, beautifully curled; very
dark green colour.

8. Covent Garden, F.C.C. August 30, 1870 (Carter).—Growth flattish
and very spreading, vigorous ; fronds large, branched, well curled; pale
green in colour.

4. Crested Bouquet (Carter).—Growth rather tall and spreading ;
leaves much branched, densely curled ; light green in colour.

* See footnote p. 88.

PARSLEY AT WISLEY, 1908-09. 91

5, 18, 33. Dwarf Perfection, A.M. July 31, 1908 (Sutton, Carter,
Massey).—Growth dwarf, vigorous, spreading; leaves branched and
tightly curled. A beautiful variety for garnishing.

6. Emerald Green, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Carter)—A densely curled
form of No. 3.

20, 27. Exhibition (Bunyard, Dobbie).—Growth rather tall, compact;
leaves of medium size, well curled; dark green colour.

32. Exquisite Curled (Kent & Brydon).—Growth tall, vigorous,

‘spreading ; leaves branched and semi-fern-leaved.

34, 37. Extra Curled (Staward, Harris)—-Growth dwarf and compact,
strong ; leaves of medium size and well curled.

7. Extra Double-curled, A.M, August 25, 1908 (Carter).—A good
form of No. 3.

8, 21, 22, 36. Fern-leaved (Barr, Carter, Dobbie, Vilmorin).—Growth
tall, vigorous, branching, fern-like ; light green colour.

17. Garnishing, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Sutton).—Growth tall and
vigorous ; leaves much divided, almost like Fennel; light green, very
distinct.

9. Giant Curled (Carter).—Growith tall and vigorous ; large spreading
leaves, moderately curled.

23. Hamburgh or Turnip-rooted (Barr).—This is best known as
“Sheep’s Parsley,’ and is largely grown in Australia for sheep, as it is
very productive, but of little value for garden purposes.

16. Imperial Curled (Sutton).—A vigorous form of No. 15.

10. Large Curled Branching (Carter).—Very similar to No. 15.

29. Moss-curled, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Nutting)—Growth rather
tall and branching, vigorous; leaves large and well curled; light green
colour.

30. Mossy Curled (Sydenham).—Growth medium, branching, vigorous,
nicely curled; darkish green.

11, 15. Myait’s Garnishing (J. Veitch, Carter)—Growth rather iall,
vigorous, branching; leaves large and moderately curled; rather light
green.

24. Myatt’s Extra-fine Garnishing, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Barr).—A
very fine and beautifully curled form of No. 15.

25. Perennial (Barr)—A very good well-curled variety, but requires
more selection.

28. Perfection, A.M. August 25, 1908 (Johnson).—Growth rather
dwarf, branching, vigorous, and yet compact; close fern-leaved; pale
green, handsome.

26. Perfection Moss-curled (Barr).—Growth tall and straggling, coarse,
and not well curled.

12. Perpetual (Carter)—Growth dwarf, compact ; leaves well curled.
Requires a little more selection.

13. Plain or Sheep’s Parsley (Carter).—_See ‘ Hamburgh.’

14. Triple Curled (J. Veitch).—Growth moderate, branching, vigorous ;
leaves fairly well curled ; pale green.

92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXAMINATION OF EMPLOYEES IN PUBLIC PARKS.
JANUARY 11th, 1909.

THE Royal Horticultural Society’s fourth Examination of the Employees
in Public Parks was held on January 11, 1909.

As previously, the Examination was partly viva voce and partly written,
occupying three hours and twenty minutes. It was held at the Society’s
Hall in Vincent Square, Westminster.

One hundred and nineteen candidates entered, and of these twenty-
five secured places in the first class, forty in the second, and thirty-seven in
the third, leaving seventeen candidates who failed to obtain the minimum
marks required. No one candidate stands out prominently before the
others, and the highest marks obtained fall considerably below those of
1908. It is encouraging, however, to notice that in Class I about
fifty per cent. of the candidates were in the lower Classes last year, and
other candidates of former years, if not yet in Class I, have attained a
higher position than formerly. So much for the value of perseverance.

The answers to the questions indicated a very fair acquaintance with
the practical work of draining, trenching, manuring, soil preparation for
planting, and the general cultivation of the soil. It is on questions
involving thoughtful study, observation and resource that many candidates
show much weakness. To attain a certain versatility of ability to deal
with all aspects of the work of a public garden is a matter requiring
thought and observation. The lack of these was evident in answers to
Questions 5 and 13. The former merely required the expression of a few
sraceful curves—but many of the answers revealed the crudest lines and
most inartistic ideas ; and the few attempts made to answer Question 13
may be supposed to indicate a lack of knowledge of the financial side of
a public garden. A marvellous deficiency in arithmetic was exposed,
only four correct answers being given to ‘13 (8)’ which any boy in
Standard LV at school might easily have answered. With reference to the
classification and naming of trees and shrubs, the majority of the
candidates were familiar with the common name of many, but were unable
to give their generic or specific names. Their native countries also were
but weakly known, and as to those which are distinctly ‘ British’ a general
haziness of mind existed, the majority of candidates including N. American,
Japanese, and New Zealand trees and shrubs as British. The scientific
names and the natural habitat of the trees and shrubs of our public
gardens would repay a closer study, for nothing interests the public more
than to find these points well and correctly set out.

An immense improvement is noticed in the understanding of the
cultivation of flowering shrubs, indicated by the answers to Question 12,
as compared with two years ago, when a similar question was given.

Reviewing the results generally :—There is still much room fox
improvement, the higher standard hoped for in last year’s report having

EXAMINATION OF EMPLOYEES IN PUBLIC PARKS. 93

to be still held in anticipation. A completer knowledge of garden
practice and the reasons for it ; the values of phosphatic and nitrogenous
manures, their comparative cost, and the quantities required ; the art of
curves and the power to express them neatly on paper; arithmetical
calculations for land measures and simple cash computations—such
things as these, added to a more intensive knowledge of gardening
specialized for public parks, are necessary to raise the employees to the
standard of really first-class craftsmen whose skill is to find expression in
the gardens which they serve.

The higher places gained by most of the old candidates in the lists
should be an encouragement to the less successful to persevere diligently
with their work and try again next year.

It should perhaps be put on record that there is absolutely no difference
of merit whatsoever in being placed in Division A or in Division B.
A first Class in one is as good as a first Class in the other. The two
Divisions are only kept up for the convenience of certain public authorities.

C. R. FIELDER,

OwEN THOMAS,

JoHN W. ODELL,

W. Crump, Examiners.
EpwarD WHITE,

W. WixKs,

DIVISION A.

Class I.

Gibson, E., Clissold Park Lodge.

Western, Jos., Island Gardens, Poplar.

Pogmore, C., 7 Anerley Vale, Upper Norwood.

Parish, Henry Geo., 39 Canterbury Grove, West Norwood.

GC bo

Class IT.

Brice, John Gordon, 14 Constantine Road, Hampstead.
Drage, Edward, Harford Street, Mile End.

Marshall, Charles, Avery Hill, Eltham.

Hodge, William Albert, White Lodge, Victoria Park.
Faulkner, Frank, 54 Hargrave Park, Upper Holloway.
Philpott, Ernest Victor, 594 Emu Road, Battersea.

SS Ladi LL

Class: FLT.

Hurley, James, 141 Trundley’s Road, Deptford.

Collop, Thomas, 29 Saltwood Grove, Walworth.

Scrase, Edward, 68 Idmiston Road, Stratford.
Chapman, John, 41 Finland Road, Brockley.
Lambourne, C., 72 Clive Road, Dulwich, S.E.

Gray, William John, 24 New Church Road, Camberwell.

SIS GaN See RO

94

19.
21.

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DIVISION B.
Class I.

Mayhew, Charles Watts, 11 Claribel Road, N. Brixton.
Butcher, Percy George, 2 Luxford Street, Rotherhithe.
Troke, Andrew J., 7 Crewys Road, Child’s Hill.
Free, M., 5 Mortlake Terrace, Kew.
Dixon, Frederick Charles, 2 Hawthorn Grove, New Eltham.
Waldon, W., 172 Belgrave Road, Walthamstow.
Hartless, Alfred Jas., 40 Bismarck Road, Highgate Hill.
Harding, Cyril, 10 Fairoak Road, Cathays, Cardiff.
Poate, H. J., 22 Terront Road, West Green, Tottenham.
( Kett, Robert, 87 Ashleigh Road, Mortlake.
(Oliver, G. H., 5 Mortlake Terrace, Kew.
(Lambert, Thomas, 4 Christie Road, South Hackney.
(Jennings, H. C., 66 Sharlestone Road, West Norwood.
(Richardson, John, 21 Alexandra Road, Richmond.
(Butler, H., 6 Brettenham Road, Walthamstow.

( Richards, William Jno. J., 125 Rotherhithe New Road, Rotherhithe.

- Middlemiss, Thos. Jas., 51 Clement’s Road, Bermondsey.

( Wiley, Henry Alfred, 67 Granleigh Road, Leytonstone, E.
(Lewis, J. W., 10 Dairsie Road, Eltham.

(Newton, Walter E., 8307 Southwark Park Road, Bermondsey.
Avery, J. W., 15 Pevensey Road, Tooting.

Class II.

Webb, Herbert Wm., 49 Vespan Road, Shepherd’s Bush.
Beale, Jas. H., 2 Watcombe Cottages, Kew.

(Scott, John, 86 Alexandra Road, Richmond.

( White, James C., 11 Cornflower Terrace, East Dulwich.

| Coffey, Daniel James, 6 Halons Road, Eltham.

| Oldham, C. H., 35 Gloucester Road, Kew.

(Fisher, Walter, 3 Shafton Road, South Hackney.

- Ottaway, G., 128 Dartmouth Park Hill, N.

| Weston, Robert Jas., 11 Finland Road, Brockley.
Barrance, Francis, 3 Glen Cottage, Eltham.

(Ringe, James, 54 Winders Road, Battersea.

| Barrett, Frederick Wm., 10 Oaksford Avenue, Sydenham.
Chamberlain, Arthur G., 22 Fairoak Road, Cathays, Cardiff.
Walkden, Chas. Henry, 14 Heather Road, Grove Park.
(Chipperfield, Alfred, 1 Moreton Terrace, Rotherhithe.
Money, E. G., 6 Oxford Road, Upper Norwood.

Prow, Chas. Wim., 8 Clandon Street, St. Johns.
(McKinley, D. F., 8342 Kew Road, Kew.

| Anderson, James, 22 Carnac Street, West Norwood.
(Headington, W. G., 40 Bullen Street, Battersea.
(Salway, Walter Morris, 60 Lulot Road, Highgate.
Thompson, A. W., Golder’s Hill, Hampstead.

EXAMINATION OF EMPLOYEES IN PUBLIC PARKS. 95

23 ( Morris, Albert E., 68 Coventry Street, Bethnal Green.
" (Keles; Frank, 18 Regent Street, Blackheath Hill.

25. White, Henry Geo.,8 Albion Gardens, Hammersmith.

26. Martin, Edward, Crescent Road, New Barnet.

| Hall, William Geo., 102 Sewardstone Road, Bethnal Green.

Bland, William, 7 Holmesdale Road, Highgate.

Syms, Henry Wm., Copper Mill Gate House, Walthamstow.

Cosham, Chas. I., 138 Brailsford Road, Tulse Hill.

Lee, Wm. Robert, 35 Davisville Road, Shepherd’s Bush.
a, John William, 2 Coombe Road, Upper Sydenham.
83. Wicks, Edwin Frank, 47 Paulet Road, Camberwell.

34. Wilson, Edward James, Waterlow Park, Highgate.

Class III.

Hurrell, Jim, 16 Jubilee Cottages, Eltham.

Sirett, Frederick W. G., 18F Peabody Buildings, Herne Hill.
Love, Fredk. Chas., 11 Fergusson Road, East Barnet.
Featherstone, Ernest, 62 Strahan Road, Bow.

: MacConachie, Jos. 8., 24 Scawen Road, Deptford.

cali ale ee

a

Power, W., 152 Old Ford Road, Victoria Park.
Salvage, Bertram H., 308 Kew Road, Kew.
Willams, Fredk., 11 Royal Street, Lambeth.
. 4 Holder, Philip E., 49 Durham Road, West Green.
Rereece Samuel, 110 Dartmouth Park Hill, Highgate.
11, {Duncan, Geo., 31 Rowland Grove, Upper Sydenham.
(Ashmore, Sydney, 30 Balham Road, Lower Edmonton.
Knowles, Frank H., 8 Albion Gardens, Hammersmith.
se { Smith, Robert, 42 Dumont Road, Stoke Newington.
15. White, Wm. Jas., 56 Branksome Road, Brixton.
(order, Geo., 103 Cheddington Road, Upper Edmonton.
16. pea) Thos., 17 Ruskin Street, Battersea.
Butler, Edwin Arthur, 57 Sewardstone Road, Bethnal Green.
Bennett, Frank, 116 Beresford Road, Harringay.
19. Musk, W., 11 Lavers Road, Stoke Newington.
Easter, Geo., 14 Highbury Terrace, Highbury.
Monkelow, F., 4 Power Street, Battersea.
Jones, Edward, 120a Wycliffe Road, Lavender Hill.
Cole, Chas., 89 Candahar Road, Battersea.
Peck, Chas. R. Y., 2 Bengeworth Road, Camberwell.
26. Copeland, J. H., 223 Underhill Road, East Dulwich.
27. Morley, Alfred, 41 Birstall Road, South Tottenham.
s (J epps, John, 128 Dartmouth Park Hill, Upper Holloway.
(Maythorn, R. F., 8 Christie Road, South Hackney.
30. Herne, Henry, 171 Railton Road, Herne Hill.
31. Vale, Joseph, 62 Dumont Road, Stoke Newington.

(o)

iS)

22.

@

NOTES ON RECENT RESEARCH

AND

SHORT ABSTRACTS FROM CURRENT PERIODICAL
LITERATUR, BRITISH AND FOREIGN,

AFFECTING

HORTICULTURE & HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE,

JupGiInG by the number of appreciative letters received, the endeavour
commenced in volume xxvi. to enlarge the usefulness of the Society’s
Journal, by giving an abstract of current Horticultural periodical
literature, has met with success. It has certainly entailed vastly more
labour than was anticipated, and should therefore make the Fellows’
thanks to those who have helped in the work all the more hearty.

There are still, we feel, some departments of Horticulture and
Horticultural Science very imperfectly represented in these abstracts,
and the Editor would be grateful if any who have time at command, and
who are willing to help in any special direction in this work, would
communicate with him. He desires to express his most grateful thanks
to all who co-operate in the work, and he ventures to express the hope
that they will all strictly adhere to the general order and scheme of
working, as the observance of an identical order can alone enable the
Kiditor to continue to cope with the work. The order agreed on is as
follows :—

1. To place first the name of the plant, disease, pest, &c., being
noticed ; and in this, the prominent governing or index word should always
have precedence.

2. To place next the name, when given, of the author of the original
article.

8. Then, the abbreviated form of the name of the journal, &c., in which
the original article appears, taking care to use the abbreviation which will
be found on pp. 264, 265.

4. After this, a reference to the number, date, and page of the journal
in question.

5. If an illustration be given, to note the fact next, as “ fig.,”’ “ tab.,’
or “ plate.”

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 97

6. After these preliminary necessities for making reference to the
original possible for the reader, the abstract or digest should follow,
ending up with the initials of the contributor affixed at the close of each
Abstract or Note.

NAMES OF THOSE WHO HAVE KINDLY CONSENTED TO HELP
IN THIS WoRK.

Baker, F. J., A.R.C.S., F.R.H.S.
Boulger, Professor G. 8., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Bowles, H. A., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Chapman, H., F.R.H.S.
Chittenden, F. J., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Cook, E. T., F.R.H.S.
Coake,. MW. Gy M.A., L.D., A.G.8., F:R-H.S., V.M.H.
Cotton, A. D., F.L.S.
Darlington, H. R., F.R.H.S.
Druery, C. T.; V-M.H,, F.L.5., F-R.H.S.
Dykes, W. R., M.A., F'.R.H.S.
Farmer, Professor J. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.H.S.
Goldring, W., F.R.H.S.
Groom, Professor Percy, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Hartog, Professor Marcus, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Henslow, Rev. Professor Geo., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Hodgson, M. L., F.R.H.S.
Hooper, Cecil H., M.R.A.C., F.R.H.S.
Houston, D., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Kent,-A. H., A.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Long, C. H., F.R.H.S.
Massee, Geo., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Newstead, R., A.L.8., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Petts, Alger, F'.R.H.S.
Rendle, A. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S., F.R.H.S.
Reuthe, G., F.R.H.S.
Saunders, Geo. S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Scott-Elliot, G. F., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., F.R.G.S.
Smith, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.H.S.
Veitch, Harry J., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.H.S.

" Voss, W. A., F.C.S., F.R.H.S.
Webster, A. D., F.R.H.S.
Welby, F. A., F.R.H.S.
Williams, 8S. E., F.R.H.S.
Wilson, Gurney, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

VOL. XXXV. H

98

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS

from which Abstracts are made, with the abbreviations used

for their titles.

Journals, &e.

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales
Agricult. Journal, Cape of Good Hope
Annales Agronomiques ,

Annales dela Soc. d’Hort. et d’ Haak. Naturelle del? Fiera

Annales de la Soc. Nantaise des Amis de ]’Hort.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles

Annales du Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg

Annals of Botany :

Beiheft zum Botanischen Centralblatt

Boletim da Real Sociedade Nacional de Horticultura
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana

Botanical Gazette

Botanical Magazine

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France

Bulletin de la Soc. Hort. de Loiret .

Bulletin de la Soc. Mycologique de France

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Brisbane

Bulletin Department of Agricult. Melbourne .

Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica

Bulletin of Bot. Dep. Trinidad :
Bulletino della R. Societa Toscana d’ Orticultura :
Canadian Reports, Guelph and Ontario Stations
Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie .

Chronique Orchidéenne .

Comptes Rendus :

Department of Agriculture, Victoria :
Department of Agriculture Reports, New Zealand :
Dictionnaire Iconographique des Orchidées

Die Gartenwelt : -

Engler’s Botanische J ahrbiicher

Gardeners’ Chronicle

Gardeners’ Magazine

Gartenfiora

Journal de la Société Nationale d’ Horticulture de France
Journal Dep. Agricult. Victoria 5
Journal Imperial Department Agriculture, West Indies .
Journal of Botany . : E : -

Journal of Chemical Society .

Journal of Economic Biology .

Journal of Economic Entomology .

Journal of Horticulture .

Journal of the Board of Agriculture

Journal of the Linnean Society ‘ Z
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society 5 :
Journal §.E. Agricultural College, ee - ‘
Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamte . :

Le Jardin E

Lebensgeschichte der Blutenpflanzen Mitteleuropas
Naturwiss. Zeitschrift Land und Forst :
Notizblatt des Konigl. Bot. Gart. und Museums zu Berlin.
Orchid Review - : : : : ;
Orchis

Proceedings of ‘the American Pomological Society .

Abbreviated title.

Agr. Gaz. N.S.W.

Agr. Jour. Cape G.H.

Ann. Ag.

Ann. Soc. Hé.

Ann. Soc. Nant. des Amis
Hort.

Ann. Se. Nat.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.

Ann. Bot.

Beih. Bot. Cent.

Bol. R. Soe. Nac. Hort.

Bol. Soe. Brot.

Bot. Gaz.

Bot. Mag.

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.

Bull. Soc. Hort. Loiret.

Bull. Soc. Mye. Fr.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Bris.

Bull. Dep. Agr. Melb.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Jam.

Bull. Bot. Dep. Trin.

Bull. R. Soe. Tose. Ort.

Can. Rep. G. & O. Stat.

Cent. f. Bact.

Chron. Orch.

Comp. Rend.

Dep. Agr. Vict.

Dep. Agr. N.Z.

Dict. Icon. Orch.

Die Gart.

Eng. Bot. Jah.

Gard. Chron.

Gard. Mag.

Gartenfiora.

Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.

Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict.

Jour. Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I.

Jour. Bot.

Jour. Chem. Soe.

Jour. Econ. Biol.

Jour. Econ. Entom.

Jour. Hort.

Jour. Bd. Agr.

Jour. Linn. Soe.

Jour. R.A.S.

Jour. §.E. Agr. Coll.

Kais. Ges.

Le Jard.

Lebens. d. Blutenpfi.

Nat. Zeit. Land-Forst.

Not. Kénig. Bot. Berlin.

Orch. Rey.

Orchis.

Am. Pom. Soc.

-

JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS,

Journals, &e.

Queensland Agricultural Journal

Reports of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Revue de |’Horticulture Belge

Revue générale de Botanique .

Revue Horticole

The Garden

Transactions Bot. Soe. Edinburgh .
Transactions of the British Mycological Soe. .
Transactions of the Massachusetts Hort. Soc.
U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Bulletins .
U.S.A. Experimental Station Reports

U.S.A. Horticultural Societies’ publications
U.S.A. State Boards of Agriculture and Horticulture
Woburn Experiment Farm Report .

* The divisions in which the U.S.A. Government publish Bulletins will be added when necessary.

Abbreviated title.

Qu. Agr. Journ.

Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard.

Rev. Hort. Belge.

Rey. gén. Bot.

Rev. Hort.

Garden.

Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.
Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc.

Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc.

U.S.A. Dep. Agr.*
U.S.A. Exp. Stn.t
U.S.A. Hort. Soc.f
U.S.A. St. Bd.t
Woburn.

+ The name of the Station or State will in each case be added in full or in its abbreviated form.

99

100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS.

Aloe dichotoma. By Leonhard Lindinger (Beth. Bot. Centraibl.
xxiv., Erste Abth., Heft 2, pp. 211-253; with 4 plates).—A particularly
fine specimen of this species having succumbed to disease in the Hamburg
botanical garden, the author was enabled to make a thorough microscopic
examination of its anatomical structure.

The branching is not truly dichotomous, for remains of a terminal
flower axis can be found in the forks. The number of branches is not
more than two or at most three. Axillary buds are not produced
regularly.

The plant shows distinct adaptation to resist extraordinarily dry con-
ditions of atmosphere, but in the author’s opinion (contrary to that expressed
by Schenck) it obtains water from the soil by means of its roots. As the
upper layers of the soil are often dried up and strongly heated by the
sun’s rays, the upper part of the root is provided with a well-marked cork
layer.

Many, if not all, giant succulents and xerophytes are subsoil water-
plants. They have the power of growing vigorously when conditions are
favourable, and require for this as much water as, if not more than, other
plants. Aloe arborescens puts out new growing roots when the earth
becomes dry, and these grow rapidly when the plant is watered.

As regards the growth in thickness of the stem, the author considers
that itis not a continuous process, but is active during favourable conditions
only, so that it can be compared to the ordinary increase in thickness of
dicotylodons. Aloe succotrina produces every year one ring of vascular
bundles and a clearly limited zone is also formed every year in Yucca
filamentosa, which last is not injured by the German winter.

The author considers that the monocotyledons are descended from
tree-like forms with secondary growth in thickness. This ancient character
is retained in the arborescent Liliiflore. The aerial stems of other
monocotyledons may be different, and the result of a phytogenetically
younger method of growth.—G. Ff’ S.-E.

Alpine Garden at Bourg St. Pierre. Anon. (Gard. Chron.,
No. 1184, p. 216, fig. 93, September 19, 1908).—An interesting account is
given of the Jardin Botanique de la Linnea at St. Pierre, a small village
on the St. Bernard Pass between the Hospice and Martigny. The garden
is situated about 5,550 feet above the sea level. It is managed by an
international committee, the director being the well-known botanist
M. Correyon. A very large collection of Alpine plants will be found in
cultivation—not only those which are natives of Switzerland, but others
from all parts of Europe, Siberia, and the Arctic regions.—G. S. S.

Alpinia bracteata (Bot. Mag., tab. 8237).—Nat. ord. Scitamineae ;
tribe Zingiberaceae; Eastern Himalaya. Perennial herb with a stem

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 101

3-7 feet high; leaves to 2 feet in length, ovate oblong; racemes erect,
5-8 inches long ; flowers cream-white, but labellum yellow and crimson.
G. H.

Anchusa or Bugiloss. By M. Geeckhout (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 513, p. 200; July 5, 1908; coloured plate).—-The genus Anchusa
includes some thirty species, found in Europe, N. and §. Africa, and
W. Asia. The most interesting are :—

A. Barrelieri (syn. Buglossum Barrelierit, Myosotis obtusa)—native
of Southern Europe; blue flowers with yellow throat. A. capensis—
biennial; not hardy; blue flowers with white tube. A. italica
(A. azuwrea)—and the Dropmore variety (grandiflora). A. myosotidiflora
(A. macrophylia)—Siberian species, with fine blue flowers and yellow
throat. A. officinalis—indigenous; pinkish-blue flowers. A variety A. off.
incarnata has bright pink flowers. A. sempervirens—indigenous ; small
blue flowers. A. tinctoria—S. France; blue or purplish flowers; root
yielding a red colour used in perfumery.

All these species are easily raised from seed, which is to be preferred to
cuttings or division.—F’, A. W.

Angadenia nitida (Bot. Mag., tab. 8233).—Nat. ord. Apocynaceae ;
tribe Echitideae ; tropical S. America. Climbing shrub ; leaves 4-6 inches
long ; flowers in racemes, corolla yellow, with a vermilion band at the
base, 14 inch long, 14 inch diameter.—G. H.

Apple, Fall Beauty. By H. Garman (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Kentucky,
17th Rept. 1905, pp. 82-84; figs.).—A description and illustration of this
new dessert apple in use in October.—F. J. C.

Apple Juice, unfermented. By N. C. Gore (U.S.A. Dept. Agr.
Bur. Chem., Bull. 118, Sept. 1908).—Apple juice being useful as a summer
drink, experiments have been undertaken as to the best means of preventing
fermentation and moulding.

Sterilization, otherwise pasteurization, has been found preferable to the
use of chemical preservatives (benzoate of soda) in the manufacture of
fruit juices.

The objections to sterilization are that it gives a “cooked” flavour to
the juice, and that the effect is not lasting.

The process can be effected in either wood or tin receptacles. The
former are the better, as the juice dissolves the tin to a certain extent,
though less when it is coated with lacquer. In clarification tests a milk
separator was used, but this is not sufficient to produce absolute clearness.
Carbonating disguises the “‘ cooked ’’ taste.

An atmosphere of carbon dioxide on the surface of the liquid delays the
formation of mould in sterilized juice when exposed to the air for a limited
time. Benzoate of soda checks alcoholic fermentation, but encourages
development of acetic acid ferment, which spoils the flavour.—C. H. L.

Apple Leaf Blister Mite. By P. J. Parrott (U.S.A. Exp. Sin.,
New York, Bull. 306, December 1908).—This is a pest of increasing
occurrence in the Eastern States, especially in western New York. The

102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

application of a lime-sulphur wash as the buds are swelling and before
the leaves appear, followed by the usual sprayings with Bordeaux mixture,
has been found an efficient remedy.—A. P.~

Apple, Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) (Dep. Agr.
N.Z., 16th Report, 1908, p. 110).—This is stated to be the fungus
formerly known as Podosphaera oxyacantha, and has been very plentiful
during the summer months and very destructive. Being a surface mildew
it is easy to control with Bordeaux mixture. It often spreads from
Hawthorn hedges, which are very subject to attack; hence this plant
should not be used as a shelter around orchards.—WM. C. C.

Apple-Seab (Fusicladium dendriticum) (Dep. Agr. N.Z., 16th
Report, 1908, p. 110; fig.).—This disease has been less in evidence than
in former years, and where systematic spraying has been carried out,
the loss caused by it has been insignificant.—WM. C. C.

Apple-tree Measuring Worm (Ennomos subsignaria). By
H. Garman (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Kentucky, 17th Ann. Rept., pp. 79-81;
figs.).—One of the looper caterpillars injuring apple leaves in the same
way and at the same time as the larvae of the winter moth. The female -
moth, however, in this case is winged, and hatches out in June, laying
eggs which remain unhatched over winter. Spraying in spring with
Paris green at the rate of 1 1b. to 150 gallons of water is the only means
of dealing with the pest—F. J. C.

Apples of Maine, Seedling. By W. M. Munson (U.S.A. Ezp. Sin.
Maine, Rept. 1907, pp. 113-139 ; figs.) Descriptions of thirty-five apples
raised in Maine are given with figures and comments upon the relative
usefulness of the varieties.—F. J. C.

Araceae, Embryology of (Bot. Gaz. July 1908, pp. 35-42, with 3
plates).—Mr. James Ellis Gow describes the ovary, ovule, and development
of the ovule in Nephthytis, Dieffenbachia, and Aglaonema.—G. F. S.-E.

Aster diplostephioides. By Eekhout (Ze Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 517,
p. 264; September 5, 1908; coloured plate and fig.). Particularly
recommended for market purposes as well as pot-culture. A distinct and
handsome dwarf plant (25-30 cm. high), flowering May-June in solitary
heads of a brilliant purple, with well-marked orange disc, 6-8 cm. in
diameter. In habit this plant compares with Gerbera Jamesonti, and has
the further advantage of being absolutely hardy. Like all Asters, it is
easy to propagate whether by seed, division of clump, or cuttings. Sow
April-May, in pots or pans, prick out in the autumn; or February—
March on hot-bed, and prick out in spring. Im dividing, break up the
plants in spring or autumn, and let the new growths get a start, well-
shaded and watered in the reserve garden. Then transfer to border.

Cuttings are struck under a bell-glass, and require a little heat.
i. A. We

Aster Wilt, Fusarium sp. (Dep. Agr. N.Z., 16th Report, 1908,
p. 109).—This disease has been very prevalent and generally appears just

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 103

as the plants are commencing to flower. The roots of the affected plants
are discoloured and contain a large amount of the mycelium of a fungus
with pinkish coloured spore masses. This disease appears to be a soil
one, and difficult to control. Asters should not be grown in infected
ground for at least two years, otherwise some powdered sulphate of iron
should be worked into the soil some weeks before the plants are set out.
M.C.C.

Astrantia, Biometrical Researches on. (Seih. Bot. Centralbl.,
xxiy., Erste Abth., Heft 1, pp. 1-19).—Herr Paul Vogler of St. Gall gives
some detailed researches dealing with the number of bracts, of flowers,
and of male flowers in A. major.—G. F. S.-E.

Beet Sugar Industry, Progress of, in 1906. By C.F. Taylor
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr. Report 84; May 1907).—Gives a great amount of
valuable information concerning the progress in securing greater sugar
‘yield and statistics relating to the area under cultivation of this crop
in the different States. It is pointed out that beet sugar growing is
productive of great good to agricultural interests in many directions.

F. J.C.

Begonia manicata. By Ad. van der Heide (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 516, p. 244; August 20,1908; 1 fig.).—A plea for an old and almost
forgotten species introduced from Mexico in 1840. Handsome window
plant, with large characteristic leaves, adorned like the petioles with
long red hairs, which form a sort of gauntlet, and give the plant its
name. Abundant rose-coloured flowers. There is also a white variety,
B. m. alba, and a fine variegation B. m. aurea maniculata. It thrives
in the winter garden or conservatory, little or no heat being required,
although rich soil and plenty of water are essential. Propagation, like
other Begonias, by cuttings of leaf or shoot.—F. A. W.

Begonia Patria. (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 517, p. 258 ; September 5,
1908).—A cross obtained by M. Lemoine from B. socotrana x B. Pearcei.
It resembles B. Gloire de Lorraine, but forms a more vigorous plant
with brighter inflorescence. The flowers are magnificent—scarlet, salmon,
and copper, with golden under-surface—and are very persistent, lasting
unimpaired for more than a month after full development. A plant only
25 c. in height will often carry several hundred blossoms.—F’. A. W.

Botrytis cinerea, Observations on the Biology of. By F. T.
Brooks (Ann. Bot., xxii., July 1908, p. 479-437).—Experiments were
conducted with the well-known parasitic fungus Botrytis cinerea and
the lettuce plant. Botrytis conidia were unable to infect healthy green
leaves, neither could they infect plants (grown in artificial cultures)
weakened by the omission of one or other of the essential elements. On
the other hand conidia were capable of infecting wounded leaves just
beginning to turn yellow.

Though conidia have no effect on healthy leaves, if young mycelium
nourished saprophytically is placed on such leaves infection occurs at once
and the fungus spreads rapidly.

104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

In dealing with the question of direct infection of the yellowing
leaves and the non-infection of the normal green leaves, the author
suggests the following possibilities : (1) that some chemotropic substance
present in the cells of the yellowing leaf attracts the germ-tubes, whereas
no such chemotropic influence is exerted by the normal leaf; (2) that in
the case of non-infection of a normal leaf some substance from the
epidermal cells diffuses through the cuticle in sufficient quantity to
neutralize the effect of the small amount of poisonous substance secreted by
the germ-tubes, whereas no such substance diffuses from the yellowing
leaf; or (8) that the change in the vital activities of the leaf consequent
upon yellowing induces some alteration in the composition of the external
cell-walls which enables the germ-tubes to penetrate. It is left for future
research to decide which of these suggestions is correct.

With regard to the experiments on the mineral starvation of the host,
the results agree with those obtained by Marshal Ward with Puccinia
dispersa, viz. that mineral starvation of the host had no appreciable effect
upon the infective power of the fungus.—A. D. C.

Bougainvillea Cypheri. By Aug. Nonin (Rev. Hort., January 1,
1909, pp. 12,13; coloured plate).—A very fine form indeed. Flowers
(bracts) nearly twice the size of B. glabra Sanderiana shown for
comparison. Colour identical, a great improvement.—C. T. D.

Cabbage and Onion Maggot. By J. B. Smith and E. L. Dicker-
son (U.S. Exp. Stn., New Jersey, Bull. 200, February, 1907 ; 12 figures).—
In New Jersey great losses have been sustained by growers on account
of the attack of these maggots upon the plants. Remedies which are
successful in one district unfortunately sometimes are of no avail in
others. The insects are described and their life histories given. It is
considered that cultural methods of control are of little avail against the
onion fly, but of great importance in the case of the cabbage maggot. It
is recommended that all cabbage roots should be removed as soon as done
with and destroyed ; all cruciferous weeds should be destroyed ; where
beds of turnips, &c., have been badly affected, the ground should be ploughed
late in the autumn and again early in the spring ; when a crop is found to
be badly infested early in its growth it should be dug in deeply; rubbish
heaps should be burnt and outbuildings, &c., cleansed by sulphuring or
whitewashing. The time of sowing onions also has some influence on
the amount of damage done. Late sowing both in autumn and spring
was found to be followed by the best results in New Jersey, as the various
broods of flies were then avoided. Quick-acting fertilizers are useful, since
they bring the plants rapidly over the season when attack is most to be
feared. Cabbages and caulifiowers should be firmly planted, since then
the newly hatched larva will be unable to make its way down through
the hard soil so as to find a part of the cabbage sufficiently tender for it
to attack. Various substances were tried, with varying amounts of
success, aS preventives, including tarred paper cards placed round the
stem of the plants upon the soil, carbolic acid and lime, kerosene and
sand, powdered tobacco, powdered white hellebore, dry lime, bran and glue ;
and as destructive measures, the application of carbon bisulphide, carbolic-

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 105

acid emulsion, hellebore decoction, and other things ; and carbolized lime is
thought to be the best thing to use. It is made as follows, and is to be
applied early, frequently, and thoroughly. The lime is slaked to a thin
cream ; three pints of the cream are added to a gallon of water and then
a tablespoonful of crude carbolic acid, and the mixture is applied by
means of a sprayer along the rows so that the surface of the ground is
covered.—L’. J. C.

Cabbage, Insects Injurious to. By H. Garman (U.S.A. Exp.
Stn. Kentucky, 17th Ann. Rep., 1905, pp. 20-47 ; 17 figs.)

Cases have been reported where poisoning following the eating of
cabbages which have been sprayed has occurred. It is pointed out that
if reasonable precautions as to stopping spraying sufficiently long before
the plants reach a marketable size, are taken, there is so little of the spray
left that there is no possibility of poisoning occurring. Analyses are
given demonstrating this. The insects attacking the cabbage are then
described and figured, and appropriate remedies, usually spraying with
arsenical sprays, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead, are recommended.
The insects dealt with are the white butterflies or cabbage worms (Pontia
rapae, the well-known British small white butterfly, and P. protodice, the
former being the most troublesome of all the insects attacking cabbage),
the larve of the moths, the cabbage looper (Autographa brassicae), the
southern cabbage moth (Hvergestes rimosalis), the cabbage Plutella
(Plutella maculipennis), an insect of world-wide distribution, the zebra
(Mamestra picta), the army worm (Heliothis unipuncta), the corn worm
(H. armiger), the woolly bear or tiger moth (Diacrisia virginica), the
cutworms (Peridroma margaritosa, Agrotis ypsilon, Prodenia ornithogalh,
and Mamestra trifolit), the flea beetles (Phyllotreta vittata, P. sinuata,
and Systena blanda), the spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica 12-
punctata), the margined blister-beetle (Hpicauta marginata), the
harlequin cabbage bug (Murgantia histrionica), the false chinch bug
(Nysius angustatus), the cabbage plant louse (Aphis brassicae) the cabbage
leaf-miner (Drosophila graminum), the turnip leaf-miner (D. flaveola) the
cabbage Anthomyia (Pegomya fusciceps) and the onion thrips (Thrips
tabact).—F’. J. C.

Camassia esculenta. By C. Potrat (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 517,
p- 262; September 5, 1908; 1 fig.).—A vegetable, one of the Liliaceae,
indigenous in California. It has the advantage of being a pretty garden-
plant, 18 inches high, with bright green leaves and blue flowers, of the
Ornithogalum type. Two horticultural varieties are C. e. alba and
C. e. atro-coerulea. The plant is hardy, but resents damp. When roasted,
the bulb (which is the edible part) has a flavour between a yam and a
potato. Flour prepared from it is used in confectionery, and as a remedy
for coughs. Cultivate from seeds or offsets. Sow the seeds in July—
August, when ripe. Prick out September-October, when the bulbils
may also be planted. These will produce flowers the next year, but plants
from seed require two years to come to maturity. Flowers May—June.
Take bulbs up in August, as soon as the plant turns yellow. They
dry very quickly on exposure to air, and should be stacked as soon as
possible.—F’. A. W.

106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Campanula Rapunculus (Raiponce). By C. Potrat (Le Jardin, |

vol. xxii. No. 518, p. 202; July 5, 1908).—This plant is worthy of
cultivation as a winter vegetable. Both leaves and root have an agreeable
flavour ; it may be eaten raw, as salad, or cooked like spinach. The root
resembles a crisp white radish. The plant is easily raised from seed,
but late sowings (end of June or July) are advisable—otherwise it is apt
to run to flower. As the young plants are at first very tender and liable
to dry off, it is well to shade them by simultaneously growing some other
vegetable, such as summer radishes, which are lifted before the raiponce
reaches perfection. It is ready in October and can easily be protected
from frost by a light frame and mats.—Ff’. A. W.

Carica Papaya. By C. Bernard (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit., vol. vii.,
pp. 56-68; 2 plates)—The abnormal fruit occasionally produced by
Carica Papaya is described.—S. E. W.

Carnations, Perpetual Flowering. By E. C. (Garden, January
1909, pp. 14, 30, 39).—The use of these as garden plants is recommended,
particularly among roses, and they are stated to be hardy, and Rev.
Joseph Jacob, continuing a previous article, gives directions as to the
indoor treatment of these plants.

Mr. M. C. Attwood objects to the use of the term “ American” in
reference to the Perpetual-flowering Carnation, and thinks we are on the
eve of further improvement in habit of growth and formation of flower
in these plants.—H. Rf. D.

Carnations, Sporotrichum Bud Rot. By F. C. Stewart and
H. E. Hodgkiss (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Geneva, N.Y. Tech. Bull., October 7,
1908 ; 4 plates)—Carnations affected with bud rot are invariably infested
with a certain fungus (Sporotrichum anthophilum, Pk.) almost constantly
associated with a particular species of mite (Pediculoides dianthophilus,
Wol.). Outwardly the affected buds usually appear like normal buds
partially opened, but internally they are brown, decayed, and generally
mouldy. The stamens, styles, and lower portion of the petals are attacked
first; frequently the pistil also is affscted. The brown decayed tissue is
permeated by the mycelium of the fungus. Experiments prove that the
Sporotrichum alone is capable of producing the disease. All affected
buds should be picked and burned as soon as they appear.— WM. C. C.

Ceratozamia, Seedling of. By Helen A. Dorez (Bot. Gaz., September
1908, pp. 203-217; 4 plates)—The seedling has two cotyledons; the
paper deals with its anatomy, certain stages in development, and various
morphological details.—G. I’. S.-H.

Ceropegia, Vegetative Development of. By Joseph Glabisz
(Beih. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii. 1% Abth. Heft 2, pp. 65-186, 30 figs. and
3 plates).—The stem-tubers of this plant are normally formed at the stem-
nodes. When separated from the plant both internodes and leaves are
capable of producing both tubers and adventitious roots. The free-hang-
ing branches grow at the tip and their adventitious roots remain quite
short, but if laid on the ground the latter form strong branching roots

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 107

which enable the main shoot to grow more vigorously. When grown in
water, the want of nourishment seems to produce an increased formation
of tubers and of adventitious roots. The plant can exist and form new
growths when supplied with cane sugar only, but not when glycerine is
used. If the growing point is prevented from development, the axillary
shoots increase greatly, and the formation of tubers is also favoured,
especially when the plant is prevented from forming axillary shoots.
Tuber formation is fayoured by darkness.—G. F. S.-E.

Cherry ‘ Bigarreau tigré.’ By Max Garnier | Rev. Hort., Decem-
ber 16, 1908, p. 570; coloured plate)—A very handsome dark crimson
fruit prettily mottled with lighter tints, or vice versd.—C. T. D.

Chestnut Oak in the Southern Appalachians. By H. D.
Hoster and W. W. Ashe (U.S. Dep. Agr. Forest Service, Cire. 135;
23 pp.).—This would appear to be a most useful timber, the uses to
which it is at present applied being exceedingly varied and numerous.
In Western Virginia about one-half of the cross-ties on local railroads
are chestnut oak, while for furniture, farm implements, tool handles
and in wagon-making the wood is largely employed. Not only is the
chestnut oak valuable for its timber, but the bark is extensively used in
the tanneries, and employed on account of the tannic acid it contains.
The management of the tree, list of insect pests, susceptibilities to fire
and injury by grazing, and reproduction by seed and sprout are all care-
fully explained.—A. D. W.

Chile Culture. By Fabian Garcia (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., New Merico,
Bull. 67, 1908 ; illustrated)—The chile is largely grown in New Mexico
for home consumption. The taste for it among Americans is on the
increase. It is rather less tender than the tomato, and can be sown in
the open early in April, or raised in frames end of January and planted
out. This is the best, though less common way.

The chile resists drought fairly well, but, as it continues bearing as
long as it is kept growing, irrigation is valuable.

The pods, when ready for picking green, should be smooth, shiny, and
from 4 to 6 inches long.

Chile is canned when green, or eaten fresh (both green and ripe).

Ott ts:

Chrysanthemums (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 521-2; November 5-
20, 1908 ; illustrated).—The whole of No. 521 and several articles in 522
are devoted to the Chrysanthemum. There are pictorial articles on the
early varieties and first cultivators of the flower, an article on judging
by points, by M. Rivoire—another by M. T. Carnon on grafting—another
on fertilization by M. Mommeye, who also contributes an account of
the Chrysanthemum and its culture in Japan, with copious illustrations.

FP. A. W.

Chrysanthemums, A Classified List of (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.,
p- 115, February 1901).—A classified list of all the best varieties of
chrysanthemum now in cultivation, prepared with the help of a great
many chrysanthemum growers. The groups include the best early kinds,

108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the best late kinds, the hardiest kinds, the easiest kinds to grow; the
dwarf kinds, incurved kinds, the largest-flowered kinds; the best colours
&e.— WM. ZL. H.

Clematis Rust (Aecidium Otagense). (Dep. Agr. N.Z., 16th Report,
1908, p. 109).—Reported on five species of Clematis. Only at present
known in the cluster-cup stage, and this considerably on the increase. If
the infection takes place towards the ends of the climbing branches it
would be best to cut away the diseased branches below the points of
infection and burn them. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture will to
a great‘extent hinder spore formation and lessen the danger of further
infection.—W. C. C.

Clerodendron ugandense (Bot. Mag. tab. 8235).—Nat. ord.
Verbenaceae ; tribe Viticeae; tropical Africa. Shrub 3-10 feet high;
leaves opposite, 14-4} inches long; flowers forming a panicle of few-
flowered cymes; corolla irregular, anterior lobe 2 inch long, violet-blue,
others 3 inch long, pale blue; filaments purple, arched upwards.—G. H.

Clitoria arborescens, Pollination of. By A. F. (Bull. Bot.
Dept., Trin., No. 58, April, 1908, p. 79).—From the writer’s minute
observations and careful experiments it appears that the pollination is
effected through three distinct processes.

1. It is mechanical, and consists of (first) a sinistrorse and (secondly) a
dextrorse gyration of the carina, in which the pollen is brushed from the
anthers by stylar brushes into the funnel of the carina.

2. Heavy insects, viz. bees and wasps, visiting and shaking the flowers,
cause the pollen to fall into the concavity of the vexillum, whence some
grains on the insect’s legs are transported to other flowers, and fall into
a small protected space formed by the bases of the vexillum and the free
anther, the latter helping to rub pollen from the insect.

3. Ants, which visit the flowers freely, carry pollen grains attached to
their bodies, and leave them on the stigma.

Protected blossoms artificially dusted with their own pollen were in
no instance fertilized.

Under similar conditions cross pollination resulted in a 93 per cent.
fertilization.

One plant only has been experimented with, and the writer suspects
small flying insects may effect fertilization in its natural habitat, and
hopes to make further investigations.—E. A. B.

Codling Worm, Spraying for. By H. A. Gossard (U.S.A. Exp.
Sin., Ohio, Bull. 191, February 1908; 2 figures and 21 plates)—The
experiments in spraying were conducted, in an orchard of about twelve
acres, ina district particularly subject to this pest, the principal materials
used being Bordeaux mixture, arsenate of lead, and Paris green. There
is nothing very definite in the conclusions as to the relative merits
of these different washes (p. 117), but the results of the sprayings were
very marked, the net profit from spraying (p. 125) an average-sized tree from
twelve to twenty years old in one season, at a cost of 30 to 50 cents, being
estimated at $8 to §7 when the apples were worth $1 per bushel, a con-

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 109

servative estimate of the profit from spraying the whole orchard being
81,400 (p. 121); trees of the same size (standards 20 feet in height and
diameter) in neighbouring unsprayed orchards produced less than one-
fourth as much marketable fruit. At least three sprayings annually are
recommended to secure good results (p. 125), some growers in the district
making five or more; and the essentials for success are stated to be
thorough work, applications at the right times, and a good spraying outfit
—in this case a gasoline power pump, a 250-gallon tank on trucks with
an elevated platform, and bamboo extension rods ten feet long, each
terminated by a cluster of four Vermorel nozzles.

Paris green is not recommended for the July spraying, as it is
considered to cause excessive falling of the fruit due to the burning of the
stems, while Bordeaux mixture or arsenical compounds in cold wet
springs conduces to excessive russeting in the fruit (p. 111).—A. P.

Cold Chambers, How to construct. By 8S. F. Walker (Gard.
Chron., No. 1141, p. 321, figs. 185, 186, and 187, November 7, 21, and 27,
1908).—Very concise directions are given in this paper for the construc-
tion of cold chambers, in which cut flowers may be kept fresh for long
periods and plants in bud may be retarded. The writer, in mentioning
various substances which are more impervious to heat, hardly seems to
realize that it is not the matter of which the substance is composed, so
much as the amount of air that they contain, which make them good or
bad conductors of heat, though he admits that ‘‘ of all thermal insulators
still dry air is by far the best.’’ Yet he writes of filling the space
between two walls with some insulating material, and ramming it well
down. One would have thought that if the material was put in lightly it
would have been more efficacious; some is wanted to prevent currents of
air being set up.—G. S. S.

Coniferous Conescales. By Dr. Aug. Bayer (Beith. Bot. Centralbl.
xxiii. 1% Abth. Heft 1, pp. 27-44; one plate)—Dr. Bayer by anatomical
sections, by the examination of abnormal cones of Cryptomeria, and by
studying the embryonal development, confirms Velenovsky’s interpretation
of the conescales of this genus.

Whereas the ovule is borne on a simple carpel in Juniperus, Thuja and
Chamaecyparis, the conescale in Cryptomeria is a bract to which is fused
a reduced axillary shoot; the teeth of the bract represent so many fertile
ovule-bearing carpels which belong to this rudimentary shoot, but are
united with the bract.—G F’.. S.-H.

Cotoneaster rotundifolia. (Garden, January 1909, p.19).—* D.”
recommends this variety on the ground that the birds do not interfere

with the berries as they do in the case of other species of Cotoneaster.
HED.

Cotton Wilt. By W. A. Orton (U.S.A. Dep. Agr. Farm. Bull. 333,
1908 ; with 11 woodcuts)—The most characteristic symptom of wilt is
a browning of the woody portion of the stem and root. These dis-
coloured parts are the water-carrying vessels which have become
obstructed by the development in them of the fungus causing the disease.

110 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The ‘‘ wilt fungus ’”’ is reported as Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Atk.). It
lives in the earth on decaying organic matter until it encounters the small
feeding roots of the Cotton, which it enters. The fungus penetrates the
vascular system of the root and grows upwards into the stem. A
rotation of crops must be worked out in detail for each farm to fit its
particular needs.—M. C. C.

Cultivation—Soil.—By Andrew Elliott (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Maine,
vol. vil. ; Dec. 1908.—Emphasizes the importance of deep and thorough
cultivation.—C. H. L.

Cuscuta Seeds, Distinctions. By H. von Guttenberg (Nat. Zeit.
Land-Forst, Vol. 7, pp. 82-48, figures 1-7, January 1909).—The
difficulty in distinguishing various species of dodder in clover seeds is
pointed out, and a method is described for identification by means of
miscroscope-sections through the seed-coat. The figures give anatomical
details ; but, as pointed out later (p. 176), the titles of certain figures have
been interchanged.— W. G. S.

Cycas Micholitzii (Bot. Mag., tab. 8242).—Nat. ord. Cycadaceae ;
tribe Cycadeae; Indo-China. Stem 2 feet high, 14-4 inches thick;
leaves 2-8, erect, 8-10 feet long, #-1 inch wide; male cone, narrow- -
cylindric, 6-7 inches long, with yellow scales.—G. H.

Cyclamen Disease (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 513, p. 204; July 5,
1908). — Heterodora radicicola, cyclamen pest, is considered by
M. Pylion, Professor of Agriculture at Ferrara, to come like many
fungoid diseases from the indiscriminate use of compost of heather
and chestnut leaves. Sterilization of earth and pots is recommended,
or carbon bisulphide in the proportion of 60-100 grammes per metre
cube of compost.—Lf’. A. W.

Daphne, The Genus. By Emile Cadeceau (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 513, p. 199; July 5, 1908; 1 fig.)—A plea for the introduction
of Daphnes, other than the D. Mezerewm and its white var. albida.
Among those cultivated by M. Lalande, at Malville, near Nantes, are
Daphne japonica, which is, however, evergreen and perfectly hardy,
forming (at Nantes) bushes nearly 5 yards in circumference and covered
with sweet-scented blossoms. ‘The leaves have a yellow margin.

D. odora differs from D. japonica in being only half-hardy. Flowers
less abundant, but deliciously sweet.

D. Dauphim, with purple flowers, is quite hardy in France.

Other species dealt with are D. chevrum, D. Verloti, D. alpina, and
D. Fortunei.—F'. A. W.

Datura meteloides. By F. L. Pyman and W. G. Reynolds (Jour.
Chem. Soc. vol. xciii., Dec. 1908, pp. 2077-2081).— An investigation showed
‘4 per cent. alkaloids present, including ‘183 per cent. hyoscine, ‘08 per cent.
atropine, and ‘07 per cent. of a new alkaloid, which the authors have named
‘‘meteloidine’’; some of the properties of this substance they have
investigated, but purpose further research.— W. A. V.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 111

Disease-receptivity and Immunity. By E. Minch (Nat.
Zeit. Land-forst), Vol. 7, pp. 54-75, 87-114, and 129-160, 8 figures,
January, February, March 1909).—This investigation deals in an ex-
haustive manner with questions of importance in diseases of plants.
It is not sufficient to name a fungus or other cause in investigating
disease, and recent work has been much more directed towards investiga-
tion of disposition to disease. A plant is said to be immune when it is
in such a condition that it is not attacked by a disease-producing agent.
Disposition arises from various conditions, such as locality. The
author distinguished “ disease-receptivity ”’ as a condition of the plant which
favours disease. Thus a plant must be frost sensitive before it can
be damaged by frost. The results obtained in this paper may be best
illustrated by an example. Pine wood is immune against a particular
fungus (Ceratostomella) if the volume of air in the fresh wood is below
15 per cent.; with increasing air-volume this fungus grows better and
has its optimum growth when the air-content is 42 per cent. of the
volume of the wood. This was found to be the case with other fungi,
including Nectria, the tree-canker fungus. The results lead to the
following general principles: the relationship between immunity and
receptivity on the one hand, and air-content on the other, holds good
for living plants as well as dead stems; different parasitic fungi have
different air-requirements.— W. G. S.

Dry-Land:Agriculture. (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 180,
October 1908).—This bulletin consists of a series of papers read at an
annual meeting of the Co-operative Experiment Association of the Great
Plains area, and is a record of the efforts which are being made to remove
the difficulties under which cultivators in the semi-arid regions of the
Great Plains are labouring. The questions of conservation of moisture,
the prevention of soil-blowing, the use of fallows, the proper rotation of
crops, and the breeding of grain and fruit which shall be able to resist the
unfavourable conditions of the district are all touched upon. Tabulated
statistics are also given of rainfall, temperature, comparative moisture of
soil, and cost of producing crops at various experimental stations in the
regions.— WV. L. H.

Dumortiera, Inflorescence of. By A. Ernst (Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buit., xvii, pp. 153-224; 7 plates)—Dumortiera trichocephala and
D. velutina occur in Java and other islands of the Malay Archipelago.
The inflorescence of D. trichocephala is monecious, or frequently andro-
gynous, D. velutina is dioecious, and rarely androgynous.—S. EH. W.

Electrified Plants. By A. Koltonski (Beth. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii.
1*e Abth. Heft 3, pp. 204-272, figs. 8 in text).

The paper contains an interesting historical sketch dealing with what
has already been discovered in this important subject, followed by a
record of the author’s careful experiments, which are detailed in
fourteen tables.

The researches of Thouvenin and Pollacci have already proved
that under electrical currents the process of assimilation is more active

112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and energetic provided the currents are not so strong as to injure the
tissues. The author cannot confirm Pollacci’s observation that even in
the dark, electrical stimulation will produce assimilation.

His own experiments were carried out with plants of Elodea placed
in water. When the current passes from the base to the tip, assimilation
is favoured, but when it passes in the reverse manner, the current has an
injurious effect.

When the current passes through the water only, it has also a favour-
able effect, however the plant is placed (parallel to or at right angles to
the stream lines), except when passing from the tip to the base, when it
is decidedly injurious. It is apparently comparatively easy to electrocute
Elodea. With a sufficiently weak current the stimulation of assimilation
can be carried on indefinitely.—G. F. S.-E.

Encephalartos Barteri (Bot. Mag. tab. 8232).—Nat. ord. Cyca-
daceae ; tribe Encephalarteae; West Tropical Africa. Stem short, 1 foot
high, 9 inches diameter. Leaves 85-5} feet long; male cone pale,
narrow-cylindric, 5-9 inches long ; female cone dark olive, 8 inches long ;
seeds with crimson testa.—G. H.

Endosperm of some Graminaceae, The Vitality and Self-
digestion of. By D. Bruschi (Ann. Bot., xxii., July 1908, pp. 449-468).
—The paper is an abstract of the author’s previous work on the subject
which has been published in Italian journals. It is shown that the starchy
endosperm of maize, barley, wheat, and rye can digest itself in the absence
of the scutellum and other parts of the embryo, though to a very different
degree. The self-emptying can go on in the absence of any vitality in
the amyliferous cells, because the starch hydrolysis is accelerated by a
strong amylose which arises from a pro-enzyme existing in the endosperm
of the resting seed, and becomes active even though every trace of vitality
has been removed from the entire endosperm. Vitality is not, however,
wholly denied to the endosperm cells. It is possessed by the aleurone
cells at the periphery of the endosperm and also in one or two sub-
aleuronic layers, whence it lessens by degrees till it completely disappears
towards the middle of the endosperm.—A. D. C.

Enzymes. [By Professor Kohl of Marburg (Bezh. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii.
1te Abth. Heft 1, pp. 64b—640).— Professor Kohl of Marburg has animportant
paper on the reverse working of various enzymes and on the effect of
external factors on enzymes such as invertase and maltase to which
reference should be made in the original.—G. F. S.-E.

Eranthemum Wattii (Bot. Mag. tab. 8239).—Nat. ord. Acanthaceae ;
tribe Ruellieae ; North India. Perennial herb; leaves ovate, 24-4 inches
long ; spikes paniculate; flowers 1 inch diameter, purple.—G. H.

Eria rhynchostyloides (Bot. Mag. tab. 8234).—Nat. ord. Orchida-
ceae; tribe Epidendreae; Java. Epiphyte; leaves 6 inches to 1 foot
long; flowers whitish with a purple column, in a dense raceme, 7 inches
long.—G. H.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 113

Escallonias. By J. Clark (Gard. Chron., No. 1146, p. 408, Decem-
ber 12, 1908).—'This paper consists of an annotated list of the best species
of this genus, and the author says “some of them are unfortunately too
tender to be generally recommended, but full exposure to the sun and a
poor, fairly dry soil will enable some of them to withstand much more
severe weather than they otherwise would.’—G. S. S.

Evolution—Descent of Angiosperms. By Hans Hallier (Beth. Bot.
Centralbl.xxiii. 2°° Abth. Heft 2, pp. 81-265).—Herr Hallier, in the course of
a very exhaustive inquiry into the affinities of Juliania, gives evidences for
his belief that the Angiospermsare descended from now extinct Magnoliaceae
which had hermaphrodite, acyclic and apocarpous flowers with a perianth
and branched stamens. These sprang from Gymnosperms which re-
sembled Cycas, Anomozamites and Cycadeoidea in appearance.

He supposes the lines of descent to be somewhat as follows: Julianales
(also Juglandales, Anacardiaceae. &c.) from Terebinthaceae, Rutaceae,
Saxifragaceae, Hamamelidaceae, [licieae, Magnoliaceae.

The paper is of great importance in connection with the vexed question
of the descent of Angiosperms.—G. fF’. S.-H.

Evolution, Methods and Causes of. By O. F. Cook (U.S. Dep.
Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 186, pp. 31, October 31, 1908.—
This paper expresses, in a somewhat dogmatic form, the author’s views
upon the theory of evolution. He lays stress upon the fact that selection
does not make new characters. On this point Dr. Alexander Graham
Bell (cited in the introduction) also points out that “though natural
selection may cause the death of the unfit, it cannot produce the fit—
far less evolve the fittest... . A closed gate may block a road, but it
does not push the traveler (sic) into a new path.”

In one place the author says “ transfers of cotton and other plants to
new conditions are often followed by striking changes of characters far
beyond the range of ordinary environmental accommodations.”’ On the
next page: “It has not been shown that the environment has any active
constructive influence in descent either in individual organisms or in
species at large.”’

He seems to ascribe the greatest significance in evolution to the
“normal diversity of natural broad-bred species.’’ He does not explain
how the original species became diverse. But the precise position
adopted by the author is elaborated in the paper itself.—G. I’. S.-H.

Fairy Rings on Lawns. (Garden, January 1909, p..13.)—For the
destruction of these rings, Bordeaux Mixture or sulphate of iron, using
8 lb. to the gallon, is reeommended.—H. R. D.

Flora of Turkestan. (Beith. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii. 2'° Abth. Heft 3,
pp. 341-886).—Fedtschenko’s Conspectus is continued in this paper, which
is concerned only with Astragalus (27 species).—G. Ff’. S.-H.

Fodder-hairs, Wax and Honey. By Dr. Josef Fahringer (Beth.
Bot. Centralobl. xxii. 1% Abth. Heft 3, pp. 191-203; one plate).

Dr. Fahringer in a criticism of Porsch’s account of the Flowerwax
and ‘‘ Fodder-hairs ’’ of certain orchids gives an interesting review of the

VOL. XXXV. I

114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

chemistry of these and similar bodies. Flower-honey contains a much
larger amount of water and more saccharose than bee-honey, which last
contains dextrin, nitrogen, and formic acid. None of these substances
occur in the flower-honey.

The fodder-hairs resemble pollen in containing fatty acids . and
nitrogenous substances, but are much richer in nitrogenous material.

The wax of Ornithidium is used, in his opinion, for propolis ; it both
guides larger insects to the flower and also keeps off unbidden guests
which often get stuck on the sticky surface. It is especially flowers that
have no pollen to spare that produce it.—G. F. S.-E.

Forest Scenery of Cameroons. By Dr. F. C. yon Faber (Bezh.
Bot. Centralbl. xxii. 2 Abth. Heft 1, pp. 26-42).—Dr. von Faber gives a
very readable account of the vegetation of this part of tropical Africa
illustrated by five good photographic plates.

The rainfall at Bibundi reaches the enormous amount of 11,900°65
millimetres, which is one of the heaviest known in the world. The chief
peculiarity of the vegetation is the rich rain-forest or tropical wet jungle
which ascends the mountains sometimes to 2,000 m. altitude or in
ravines to 2,700 m.

There are clear and interesting descriptions of the mangrove creeks

and of the way in which the mangroves give place to other plants

when the soil level becomes higher than that of ordinary high tides. This
first vegetation consists chiefly of Raphia palms, with Pandanus, Phoenix
spinosa, and Rotanga. There are also many interesting details about the
oil palm and its cultivation, Cola, the silk-cotton tree and other useful
plants.—G. F. S-£.

Freezing, Fall and Early Winter Injuries to Orchard Trees
and Shrubbery by. By A. D. Selby (Agr. Exp. St. Ohio, Bull. 192;
figs.) —This bulletin goes fully into the unprecedented damage done
to orchard trees and shrubs during the unusually severe winter cf 1906-7.
The losses were most pronounced upon young apple orchards; the per-
centage of seriously injured trees ran extremely high and with certain
varieties was astonishingly large. The investigations will no doubt prove
extremely valuable in determining which varieties of apple are most
suitable for withstanding severe frosts, and under what conditions of
growth and soil, and other surroundings, they are safest from injury.

A. D. W.

Frost, Notes on. By E. B. Garriott (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Farmers’
Bull. 104, 1908).—In the States protection against severe frost is very
essential, as it often means saving the life of acres of plants and trees,
and also makes it possible to put an early and paying crop on the market.

This protection is applied to orchards, berry plantations, and
vegetables, and is effected in different ways according to situation, extent
of land, and duration of frost. Irrigation, flooding, and spraying with
water, by supplying moisture to the air, lessens danger from frost.
Smudge fires, produced by burning damp material such as straw, manure,
or prunings are a recognized means of protection, and should, to be
efficacious, be numerous and well distributed.

oe ss.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 115

Where coal is used to raise the temperature, twenty to fifty baskets of
fire are required to the acre.
Other means of protection are earthing-up, mulching with hay, and
screening of light material. '
The forecasts of the Weather Bureau are an invaluable aid to growers.
OEE Sige oF

Frost of April 19-20, 1908. By L. Chasset (La Pomologie Fran-
caise, June 1908, p. 163).—The effect of the frost is not entirely shown
by the number of flowers that open on the day of the frost and the follow-
ing days ; their opening is not hindered, but upon -attentively examining
the pistils and stamens, one sees that they are blackish from the time of
the opening of the petals. The varieties of Pear that resisted the frost
best were ‘Beurré Clairgeau,’ ‘Triomphe de Vienne,’ and ‘ Marguerite
Marillat ’; although the following varieties were planted by the side of
these three, in spite of the abundance of blossom none of them bore
fruit : viz. ‘Beurré Hardy,’ ‘ Le Lectier,’ ‘ Duchesse d’Angouléme,’ ‘ Figue
d’Alencon,’ ‘ Beurré Diel,’ ‘ Directeur Hardy,’ ‘ Belle Angevine,’ ‘ Beurré
gris. The ‘Reinette du Canada’ Apples planted as cordons suffered
equally, because of their early blossoming ; the variety ‘The Queen,’ on
the contrary, fruited abundantly.—C. H. H.

Fruit Crops, Reports on the Condition of our. (Gard. Chron.,
No. 1,127, p. 84, August 1, 1908.)—This report gives in a tabulated form
the observations made by a large number of correspondents in the various
counties in the British islands on the condition of the fruit crops; in the
grand summary the figures for 1907 are given for comparison.—G. S. S.

Fruit Gardens for the Intensive Cultivation of Choice
Fruits, Establishment of Model. By O. Opoix (Pomologie Francaise,
February 1908, pp. 100-112).—The chief gardener of the Luxembourg
~ suggests that taking into consideration the rapid increase in fruit growing
in the last ten years, and competition especially with regard to apples
from America, model fruit plantations should be established in the fruit
districts of France. He explains the choice of soil, situation, treatment,
walls for espaliers, with the best varieties of pears and apples for the
climate of Paris, also for the centre, east and north of France, and gives
details of cost of establishment and returns from a garden such as he
suggests, of which a plan is given, established by M. Grouas at Precy-sur-
Oise (Oise), the area being about 15 acre—C. H. H.

Fruit injured by Insects. By H. Garman (U.S.A. Eup. Stn.
Kentucky, 17th Ann. Rept. pp. 68-78).—Injuries to fruit through the
skin being cut (and pulp being afterwards extracted through the slit by
bees) have been traced to tree crickets (Oecanthus angustipennis and
Oe. mveus), which slit the skins of peaches, plums, grapes, &c., at night, and
the common green “ June bug ”’ or beetle (Allorhina nitida). The remedy
suggested against the last is to shake the beetles into a pail of water covered
with a film of coal tar. It was found that the insects very frequently
inoculated the fruits which they bit with the spores of the brown-rot
fungus, fruits which were protected from being bitten by a muslin cover
or by spraying remaining perfectly healthy.—/’. J. C.

Eo

ci)

116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fruit Trees, Arrangement of, on a Plantation. By the Duke
ot Bedford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Ninth Report,
1908, pp. 80-86).—The hexagonal arrangement produced an improvement

in results as coypared with planting on the square, but the experiment

was on too small a scale to justify a modification of the conclusion
previously drawn—that the slight improvement is not worth consideration
in comparison with the cultural advantages presented by the square
arrangement.—A. P.

Fruit Trees, Chemical Manures for. (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.,
p. 763, December 1908).—According to the writer, owing to the character of
their root system, chemical manures are noi so suitable for fruit trees as
organic manures.— WV. L. H.

Fruit Trees, Infiuence of the Date of Planting. By the Dukeof
Bedford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Ninth Report,
1908, p. 73).— Twenty-nine oui of forty-two trees planted on November 14
showed the formation of rootlets by January 16 following, the plum stocks
having made the greatest number of rootlets, and experiments lead the
authors to the conclusion that where planting cannot be done iill late in
the season it is best to defer lifting the trees from the nursery till the
ground is ready to receive them. The advisability of cutting trees at the
time of planting, even when the trees are planted late in the season, is
still maintained (pp. 74-75).—-A. P.

Fruit Trees, Planting above the Ground Level in Heavy Soils.
By the Duke of Bedford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn,
Ninth Report, 1908, p.71).—Afiter ten years’ growth there was no appreciable
difference between trees so planied and those planted in the ordinary way.

A. P.

Fruit Trees. Nourishment of, by Injection. By G. Fron (Jour.
Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr., p. 54; January 1908; Figures).—An account of
the treatment of sickly and badly nourished trees by injection of sulphate
of iron and calcium acetate into the trunk. The operation is admitted to be
a delicate and dangerous one, and the resulis are so far so little assured that
it is on the whole advised rather to renew the soil round starved trees or
to transplant those in unsuitable positions —W/. ZL. H.

Fruit Trees : Ramming the Soil when Planting. By the Duke of
Bedford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Ninth Report,
1908, pp. 7-30).—The soil was rammed with a heavy rammer till the
whole was thoroughly puddled and shook lke a jelly at each stroke. The
number of cases where this treatment produced increased growth in the
first and second seasons after planting, compared with that of trees
carefully planted in the usual way, was from four to six and a half times
greater than where the opposite was the case. As regards fruiting, no
positive conclusions could be drawn. The authors explain the results as
being due to the closer contact of the soil aiding in the formation of
adventitious root-fibres from the main roots, where there is the greatest
store of food material; the fibrous roots, which we have always been told
to spread out so carefully, containing bui little accumulation of reserve

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 117

material out of which new rootlets may be made, and on trees which have
undergone a journey, at least, seldom making any but the feeblest growth.
The scientific basis of the results of this improved contact of the soil with
the roots, and of the varying behaviour of the latter when rammed in
different soils, is dealt with in an article by Mr. Pickering in his “‘ Studies
on Germination and Plant Growth” in the Appendix to this Report
(reprinted from the “ Journal of Agricultural Science.”’ vol. 2, part iv.).
A. P-

Fruit Trees: Root Injury on Planting. By the Duke of Bedford,
K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Ninth Report, 1908,
pp. 38-56).—The conclusions arrived at confirm those expressed in the
Fifth Report: namely, that the various items which are supposed to con-
stitute “bad practice” in planting are not only not deleterious to the
trees, but result in a certain amount of good, and the authors justify this
by referring to experiments which go to show that trees benefit by the
removal of fibres up to 1 mm. in diameter, as well as by the shortening
of the larger roots, the latter practice helping the formation of more
vigorous adventitious roots nearer the stem, and they maintain thai it is
the formation of new roots, and not the preservation of old ones, which
should be the aim in planting trees.—A. P.

Fruit Trees: Trenching the Soil before Planting. By the
Duke of Bedford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Ninth
Report, 1908).—The basiard trenching of the soil before planting has not,
as a rule, produced any good results, and the authors advise growers not
to go to the expense of trenching without strong evidence that such a
process has actually been found io be beneficial to the particular soil in
question. Where the soil is deep and fertile it may have good results, as
well as in cases where it improves the drainage.—A. P.

Fruits in Virginia and South Atlantic States, Orchard. By
H. P. Gould (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 135, December
1908).—This is the first published report of the fruit district investiga-
tions of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the object in making them has
been to ascertain the limitations within which fruit varieties may be
profitably planted in these regions, as indicated by the manner in which
they respond to the influences of their environment, the success of a given
variety being not alone “its ability to develop to a high degree of per-
fection, but its commercial value in terms of profit and loss when placed
upon the market” (p. 9). Based upon the observations of 63 growers,
descriptions are given of all the varieties of fruits commonly grown in the
districts in question (pp. 30-62) with their varying behaviour at different
elevations and in different soils, and these are supplemented by elaborate
phenological records by the same observers (pp. 68-95). For instance,
there are returns by 53 growers on Ben Davies apple, giving the latitude,
elevation, slope, and soil where it was grown in each case, with the dates
of blossoming in given years and of the last spring and first autumn
frosts, the times of gathering, the periods of its season, &c. The report
must prove a boon to intending planters in the States mentioned, and is
an object lesson which should not be missed by all Government and

118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

county officials who are concerned in rendering assistance to fruit-growing
in this country.—A. P. :

Fumigation of Nursery Stock, Tests of Gases for. By W. E.
Britton (Journ. He. Entom., I. (1908), Pt. 2, pp. 110-112).—These tests
were undertaken with a view to find some gas more conyenient than
hydrocyanic acid gas for fumigating small parcels of nursery stock.
The fumigation was carried out in an oblong box, and two generators
were used—one at each end. Apples infested with San José scale were
used. The gases tested were carbon bisulphide, carbon tetrachloride,
sulphuretted hydrogen, and chlorine, while for purposes of comparison
hydrocyanic acid gas in three different quantities was used. No
recommendations are yet made.

Carbon bisulphide. This was volatilized in iron pans which had been
heated. When used at the rate of 10 oz. to 100 cubic feet for one hour,
4°3 per cent. of the scales survived and one tree died. When 60 oz. of
carbon bisulphide to 100 cubic feet was the charge, allowed to act for
three hours at 59° F., all the scales were killed and the trees uninjured.
After being exposed to gas of a strength above this, half the tree
failed to grow.

Carbon tetrachloride. All the scales were killed and the trees were
uninjured where 30 oz. or less to 100 cubic feet was used and allowed to
act for two hours.

Hydrocyane acid gas, , Generated with 1 oz. of potassium cyanide
to 2 oz. sulphuric acid and 4 oz. of water to each 100 cubic feet, all
scales were killed. In one case, after fumigating for halfan hour, one tree
died. In most other cases the trees were uninjured, even by larger
quantities of gas.acting for a longer period.

Sulphuretted hydrogen. Generated from iron sulphide 20 oz,
sulphuric acid 80 oz. (fluid), water 82 oz. (fluid). The quantity of iron
sulphide for 100 cubic feet was 9 lb.; and other strengths used were
125 lb. and 25 lb. In the last case 20 per cent. of the trees were
injured after fumigation for two hours; but in other cases no injury
followed, and all the scales were killed.

Difficult of application, on account of the long time taken to generate
the gas.

Chlorine. Generated from bleaching powder 14 oz., sulphuric acid
17 oz. (fluid), water 70 oz. (fluid). The quantities used varied from
8°6 lb. to 34°7 lb. to each 100 cubic feet, and all the scales and most of
the trees were killed.—F’.. J. C.

Galanthus plicatus. By S. Arnott (Garden, January 1909, p. 18). .
—The author describes G. plicatus, and refers to G. Frasert, Chapelu,
and other garden varieties of this Snowdrop. He thinks they enjoy the
same garden conditions as the common Snowdrop, but are liable to die
off without apparent cause, and are subject to the fungoid disease which
attacks Snowdrops of any species.—H. FR. D.

Gardenias and their Culture. By Ad. van der Heide (Le Jardin,
vol. xxii. No. 514, p. 213; July 20, 1908).—The Gardenia was introduced
from India in 1754. G. florida flore pleno is known to everyone.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 119

A less common variety, G. f. Fortuneana fi. pl., was brought to the
Royal Society from China. It bears large white blooms like Camellia
alba plena, but is seldom seen now. G. f. radicans Thunberg, intro-
duced from Japan by Fortune, a dwarf plant, with tiny double flowers,
very sweet scented (erroneously termed Cape Jessamine), and G. florida
foltis variegatis have both died out. Others worthy of culture were
G. amoena (Simson), with single flowers, pink and white upon the same
corolla; G. citriodora, pure white lemon-scented flowers; G. Stanleyana
Hooker, from Sierra Leone (1840), flowers on long tubes like a Datura,
white, with purple blotches, and many others are enumerated in this
article.

The French culture of G. florida fl. pl. differs from the English
inasmuch as the flowers are wanted for the Paris winter market.
Cuttings are struck in January in greenhouse or hot-bed, and trans-
ferred to pots of successively larger sizes, keeping in warm house till
June. They are then planted out in heath mould, and left in the open
till October, when they should be transplanted to the hot-house and
watered freely. This makes them break into full bloom. When the
flowering season is over the old plants are burned for firewood. The
practice of planting out during the summer lessens the danger of insect
pests, to which Gardenias are so liable. It is, however, well to make
precautionary use of insecticides.—/’. A. W.

Germination of Hard Seeds: Hot Water Method. By J. Tixier
(Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 515, p. 285; August 5, 1908).—The author
tabulates the results of his experiments for three years with seeds which
are prevented by a hard shiny coat from ready germination.

Method.—Take quite boiling water, and keep it on the boil. Plunge
in a small sieve or pocket of wire gauze containing a very few seeds, and
leave it in the boiling water for a time determined in each case by the
hardness of the seeds. (Next, for small seeds, plunge into cold water ;
but omit this for large seeds.) Sow in pots, or in the open, according to
nature of seed. Only a few should be dipped simultaneously, in order
to ensure full action of the boiling water, which dissolves the hard
varnish they are coated with. In some cases, where soaked seeds have
germinated according to the following table, and the controls (unsoaked)
have remained unchanged for three months, a subsequent treatment with
boiling water has induced germination at the normal period.

Name of Plant

Length of Immersion - Lapse of Time before Germination
Genista monosperma. é 10 sec. 9 days
Templetonia glauca ‘ : ct Poe ase
Brachysema latifolia. “ 3; 15-20 days
Chorizema ilicifolia : ‘ a, 15-20 ,,
Kennedya Lindleyana .. : mh = 5 15-25 ,,
K. ovata rosea : , : b=} 15 days
K. rubicunda et prostrata . 1 i FT meg
Mucuna pruriens . ; ; 20 4 10-15 days
Tephrosia grandiflora. : i, ”;; 10 days
Sophora secundifolia . ‘ 1D. 5. 10-20 days
Mimosa Baileyana " : My 4 12 days

M. podalyriaefolia . : 3 eae 55 i ee

site AO,

120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Germination of Seeds (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 513, p. 204;
July 5, 1908).—M. Demoussy (Bull. des Comptes-rendus Ac. Sc.) has
calculated the influence of the hygrometric state of the atmosphere
on the vitality of seeds. He finds that when it exceeds 0°7 at a tempe-
rature of 25° C. many seeds perish: the Cruciferae are among the most
resistant. A drier atmosphere is more generally favourable, but chervil,
poppy, and Digitalis suffer in dry air. Parsnips can stand a hygrometric
depression to 0°3.—F’. A. W.

Gnetum Gnemon, Embryo of (Bot. Gaz. July 1908, pp. 48-50.
with 1 plate)—Professor John M. Coulter describes the embryo sac,
embryo, and endosperm-development.—G. F’. S.-H.

Grafting, Modifications in the Constitution of Plants produced
by. By M. C. Laurent (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr., p. 718, December
1908).—These modifications are of three sorts—in external appearance,
in chemical constitution, and in resistance to parasites—and the result of
M. Laurent’s investigations goes to prove that the actual chemical com-
position of grafted plants differs from that of either stock or scion on its
own roots.—W. L. H.

Growth, Laws of. By Georg Ritter (Beth. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii.
1% Abth. Heft 8, pp. 273-819).—This is an important biometrical study of
the growth in length, in surface and in cubic contents of various plant
organs such as internodes, length and size of seeds, dimensions of leaves
in various habitats, &c.

The author concludes that, in organic growth, the law of Quetelet is on
the whole confirmed. Up to a certain point the process of formation
seems to be independent of external conditions. A tendency to exceed or
fall short of the mean is regulated by inheritance and must be inherent in
the protoplasm.

When material has been obtained from different localities in which
selection has been at work, the curves found show distinct differences.
New culminating points may appear, and there may be a change in the
value of the mean character. When a new maximum has been established
by selection, the development may be discontinuous but is still on the same
lines, and is only influenced by degrees. This holds of Giantism, Nanism,
Malformations, Anomalies, &c.

The author remarks how the so-called Fibonacci series seems to under-
lie the laws of growth in almost all the cases studied.

These extracts may serve to show the importance of this paper m
biometry, but it is exceedingly difficult to give any satisfactory abstract of .
the author’s conclusions without a far larger space than is here available.

G. F. S.-H.

Guatemala Plants, New. By John Donnell Smith (Bot. Gaz.,
xlvi., August 1908, pp. 109-117).—New species of Capparis, Hurya,
Picramnia, Dalbergia, Miconia, Clidemia, Centropogon, Ardisia,
Stylogyne, Gonolobus, Solenophora, Pilea, and Myriecarpa.—G. F. S.-E.

Gum Disease of Citrus Trees in California. By Ralph E. Smith
and O. Butler (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. California, Bull. 200, 1908; with

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 121

14 figs.).—Gummosis is a term applied to a condition in which an exuda-
tion of gummy sap takes place through the bark. Such a flow of gum is
almost always connected with a dying or unhealthy condition of the tree.
Such troubles are particularly characteristic of two classes of trees, citrus
and stone fruits.

The most important consideration in regard to the control of gummosis
is the fact that, since the disease is brought about solely by unfavourable
conditions, it can be more easily prevented by avoiding those conditions
than it can be cured after once started. In the choice of location heavy
wet ground should be avoided, unless it can be drained or improved in
some manner.—W. C. C.

Helianthus or Salsify. By P. Graebner (Not. Konig. Bot., Berlin,
No. 44, p. 107, 108).—In recent years the name of Helianthus or Salsify
has been given in commerce to a plant of extraordinary productiveness.
It grows to a height of 10 feet, and is used as food for cattle, and the
tubers as a vegetable. The author identifies itas Helianthus macrophylla.

S. H. W.

Horticultural Society, Indiana, Report of the Proceeding’s
of the year 1907.—As usual in these Transactions of American
Horticultural Societies, the apple claims the greatest attention.

In Indiana apparently neither climate nor situation generally is
really quite suited to fruit culture, but much can be achieved by intelligent
care ; and one paper in this volume recounts the adventures of a special
train run over the system of the Baltimore and Ohio South-Western Rail-
road under the auspices of that Railway Company, the Purdue Experiment
Station, and the State Horticultural Society. The train carried lecturers,
magic-lantern apparatus, samples of fruit, and diagrams of various sorts,
and preached the gospel of fruit-growing in towns, villages, and to hastily
summoned buggy-loads of interested farmers at wayside stopping-places
through a long strip of Southern Indiana. Other subjects treated of in
this volume are melon, potato, cherry, onion, peach, pear, strawberry, and
plum culture ; remedies for and prevention of the attacks of garden pests ;
marketing fruit, cider and vinegar making, the State inspection of orchards
and nursery stock; and spray mixtures. An account is also given of a
successful method of protecting orchards from severe frosts by lighting fires
of wet straw or wet stable manure here and there among the trees. On
fairly still nights the smoke, mixed with the fog produced by the condensa-
tion of the steam from the wet fuel, hangs low over the trees and acts as
a screen to check the radiation of heat from the plants, and even increases
the temperature of the air to a considerable height above the ground.

<¢ 1: aa eo 2

Inflorescence of the Pear and the Apple, Notes on the. By
Claude Abrial and L. Chasset (La Pomologie Francaise, August 1908,
pp. 248-5).+-In apple the terminal flower is the largest and expands first,
the lateral flowers expanding from the periphery towards the centre like
an ordinary corymb. In the pear, on the contrary, the corymb is indefinite,
only the flowers of the periphery are fertile and the central fiowers are
sterile; in the Williams’ Pear, the flowers of one corymb expand almost

122 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all at the same time, the flowers at the outer edge open more widely than
those of the centre; the three flowers which terminate the cluster do not .
expand at the same time, the most central fiower expands at the same time
as the other flowers of the cluster, while the two which accompany it are
still in bud. Only a small number of flowers borne by a tree are destined
to give fruits ; most act as male flowers producing a considerable quantity
of pollen. If the flowers are thinned in the apple the lateral flowers
would be cut out, keeping the terminal ; if the terminal is missing, leave
two or three of the innermost. With the pear, on the contrary, the
central flowers would be cut out and the lateral ones left. The number
of flowers left would be ruled by the variety, the varieties with small fruit
having the most flowers left.

Photographs of pear inflorescences show two ceniral flowers already
fallen, and the small flower at the extremity ready to fall, whilst two
outside fruits springing from the base of the cluster are well set.

The photographs of apples show the central fruit larger, and stem
more fieshy, whilst those at the base, on the contrary, have thin stems
and fruit hardy formed.

The hope is expressed that research will be made to find out which
varieties of Pears and Apples are the best suited as fertilizers (i.e. pollen
producers).—C. H. H.

Insecticides—Nicotine, Lead Arsenate, and Paraffin Emulsion.
By the Duke of Bedford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S.
(Woburn, Tenth Report, 1909, pp. 85-42)._Further experiments were
made in continuation of those detailed in the Eighth Report (p. 83) to test
the comparative insecticidal effect of these three washes. Nicotine was
not successful with caterpillars generally, and quite inoperative against
the winter moth caterpillar, which was completely destroyed by paraffin
emulsion (solar distillate 15 per cent. emulsified with iron solution), as
was also the grub of the gooseberry and currant sawfly. The emulsion
was much more effective than lead arsenate and did not interfere with
the sale of the fruit, but it cannot be used while the trees are in blossom.
The experiments were mainly restricted to these two pests. Paraffin
emulsions are quite harmless if properly made, but the precaution of
churning them up again with a syringe should always be taken (pp. 43-46).

AP.

Ipomoea mexicana grandiflora alba. By B. Chabaud (fev.
Hort., December 1, 1908, pp. 552, 553).—From the description this Con-
volvulus is extremely attractive, the flowers being very large and sweetly
scented. It flowers, however, in the evening and fades early in the day;
but as it flowers for a week after cutting, this drawback is largely dis-
counted. It is also known as the ‘ giant white Ipomoea.’—C. T. D.

Iris germanica. By P. de Vilmorin (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort Fr.,
p. 653, November 1908).—A note on the parentage of the [ris germantca
as we know it and a description of some new varieties obtained by the
author.—M. L. H.

Iris germanica macrantHa. By Ph. de Vilmorin (Rev. Hort.
December 1, 1908, pp. 544, 545; coloured plate)—_Two very beautiful

eo 9

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 123

varieties are figured: ‘Isoline,’ standards very wide, white, tinged with
violet at margin, yellowish at base, falls long and decumbent, light violet
red, with brown streaks at base; and ‘ Diane,’ plant somewhat dwarf,
but flowers equally large, standards light lilac, falls widespreading and
darker in tint with brownish-orange basal stripes.—C. T. D.

Japanese Maples. By J. Clark (Gard. Chron., No. 1,138, p. 273,
October 17, 1908).—The author of this paper says that “ many species of
Acer are indigenous to Japan, but the term ‘ Japanese maple’ is ordinarily
applied in gardens to Acer japonicum and A. palmaium together with
their respective varieties. The former of these was introduced to this
country, according to Loudon, in 1820, and the latter some forty years later.
These maples are perfectly hardy, not fastidious as to soil and situation,
provided the latter is not too shaded. They are liable to be cut by late
spring frosts, but they quickly recover from its effects.” A selection of
Japanese maples that can be recommended to the ordinary planter, some
fifteen in number, is then given with a short description of each variety.
—G.S. S.

Java; the Virgin Forest of the Equator. By M. Treule (Ann.
Jard. Bot. Buit., vol. vii., pp. 144-152)—Im a primeval forest in the rainy
district of the west of Java the leaves of the giant trees are covered with
lichens and mosses ; the branches bear innumerable orchids, Gesneraceae,
Piperaceae, and ferns. The trunks of the trees support climbers. Each
giant tree exhibits a combination of all kinds of vegetable forms: a rich
and varied flora. The undergrowth of the forest abounds in tree ferns,
palms, Pandanus, and Musaceae, and in their shade flourish innumerable
herbaceous plants. The whole is traversed by lianas and aérial roots.
Noi only a struggle for existence takes place in the virgin forest, but also
on the other hand co-operation and federation.

In an artificial wood planted forty years ago solely with Schima
Noronhae (in a similar situation to the virgin forest just mentioned), 140
species of planis occur in an area of 4 hectares. The complete absence of
lianas and epiphytes formed a striking contrast to the primeval forest.

S. E. W.

Kaulfussia and Gleichenia, The Prothallia of. By D. H.
Campbell (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit., vol. vii., pp. 69-99; 8 plates).—The
prothallium of Kaulfussia is larger than that of the other Marattiaceae,
but closely resembles it in structure. An endophytic fungus is always
present. The antheridia are restricted to the lower surface of the midrib.
In their large size, as well as in the larger spermatozoids, they resemble
Ophioglossum. The development of the embryo is similar to that of the
other Marattiaceae. The cotyledon emerges from the upper surface of the
prothallium and resembles that of Ophioglosswm in form and venation.
The prothallium of Gleichenia possesses a massive midrib. An endophytic
fungus is always present. In G. laevigata the antheridia occur on both
sides of the prothallium ; in all other species they are confined to the
ventral surface. G. laevigata has the largest antheridia, and G. poly-
podioides the smallest. The embryo appears to resemble in its early
divisions that of the Polypodiaceae.—S. E. W.

124 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Light Sense. By Dr. P. Schiirhoff (Beth. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii, 1% Abth.
Heft 1, pp. 14-26; 2 plates).—Finds in six species of Peperomia distinct
evidence of a light-collecting apparatus. This consists, in some cases, of
glandular hairs with the waterstoring cells which belong to them, or of
secretory epidermis cells with the hypodermis cell, or of the basal cells of
hairs with hypodermis cells. In one case there are papillary epidermis
cells.

The light is always reflected upon the chloroplast, sometimes in con-
sequence of the shape of the cell whose upper convex wall functions as
a lens, or in other cases because the light rays collected by the lens-
shaped upper portion of the cell are dispersed by a crystal of calcium
oxalate and so thrown upon the chloroplasts.

Whether these structures are intended merely to condense the light or
are really rudimentary light organs like the ocelli of some of the lower
animals remains an undecided question.

If they are only light-condensers one would expect the chloroplasts
to change position when the light is thrown upon them from below. It
was found, by experiment, that they retain their position when the light is
thrown on the under surface, which is rather in favour of the theory that
they act as ocelli.

The distribution of the crystals would seem to show that the stimulus,
if any, is transferred by the prosenchymatous cells of the vascular
bundles.—G. F’. S.-Z.

Lonicera Giraldii (Bot. Mag. tab. 8236).—Nat. ord. Caprifoliaceae ;
tribe Lonicereae; China. Shrub with branches tawny-tomentose when
young; leaves lanceolate, 1-34 inches long; corolla tube 4 inch long,

crimson, yellow pubescent without.—G. 4H.

Mendelism and Cytology (Bot. Gaz. Juty 1908, pp. 1-84, with 3
plates).—Mr. Reginald Ruggles Gates contributes a detailed study of
reduction in Oenothera rubricaulis.—G. H. S.-E.

Mercurialis, Ipomoea, and Cuscuta (Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xxiv.,
Erste Abth., Heft 1, pp. 83-95).—Herr Friedrich Hilderband records visits
of insects to the male flowers of Mercurialis annua and yew, but saw none
of them on the female flowers. He also describes the ‘extraordinarily
sudden opening of the flowers of Ipomoea grandiflora, which occurs in
the evening after a hot and sunny day. The time of opening in the
evening depends upon when the sunlight acted on the buds in the
morning. He also gives a list of the host plants upon which Cuscuta
europaea and C. lupuliformis were observed. Both ordinary nettles ,
and even a Campanula were attacked by them.—G. Ff’. S.-E.

Monk’s Rhubarb. By Ernst H. L. Krause in Strassburg (Beth. Bot.
Centralbl., xxiv., Heft 1, pp. 6-52).—Under the title of “ Lapathon and
Patience’ the author investigates the history of Rumex patientia. His
conclusions are as follows :—

The Greeks from about 400 B.c. used a Ruwmex which was eaten as
a vegetable. This plant seems to have been Rwumex graecus, which is no
longer in cultivation, but wild plants are still collected and used as a
vegetable. A polymorphous series of species nearly related to it still exist

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 125

in the Near East, and a few of them (besides graecus) extend into the
Balkans.

About the first century of our era the Romans obtained this vegetable
from Greece, but even in the Middle Ages its cultivation had been
abandoned, though a tradition of it still existed. The form cultivated
in the Netherlands (which escaped the thorough destruction of the lands
of the Allemanni during the barbarian invasions) is not Rwmex graecus
but R. patientia, which may be a hybrid between the former and some
wild species (perhaps &. crispus). This is very like the older cultivated
plant, but better suited to a Kuropean climate. In the beginning of the
sixteenth century the Franciscan monks used the roots of RB. patientia
instead of rhubarb, and cultivated it in the monastery gardens. So it
came into gardens and into botanical hands. It was soon found to be
unsuited for medicinal purposes. ff. alpinus was used by the apothecaries
for alonger period. In England it has either remained over from ancient
times or been introduced. It has been eaten as a spinach since the
seventeenth century, and has been distributed to many countries.

Go PL SeH.

Mutants. By Dr. Karl Domin (Beth. Bot. Centralbl. xxiii. 2% Abth.,
Heft 1, pp. 15-25).—Describes Potentilla verna L. mutant monophylla,
Primula officinalis (.) Hili mutant horticola, and Picea Omorilla (Pané.)
Willk. var. Fassei Midloch.

The leaf of the above Potentilla has but one leaflet, but it scarcely
differs in other respects from P. verna. The author considers it to be an
atavistic form resembling the original ancestor of P. verna.—G. I’. S.-E.

Nigella integrifolia (Bot. Mag. tab. 8245).-—Nat. ord. Ranuncula-
ceae; tribe Helleboreae; Turkestan. Herb annual, 1 foot high; leaves

8-9 palmatipartite, lobes 141-2 inches long ; flowers blue, 1 inch diameter.
Gt:

Nitro-bacterine, an Experiment with. By C. T. Gimingham,
A.I.C.—The following experiment with nitro-bacterine was carried out
at Wye College in 1908.

The crops chosen were three varieties of ordinary garden peas and one
of broad beans. The object of the experiment was to discover whether
the use of the inocculating material under ordinary conditions of culture
resulted in an increased yield of marketable produce. The experiment
was carried out on two types of soil :—

(1) A soil which had been previously well-trenched and manured, and
was prepared and intended for vegetable culture.

(2) A very poor thin soil, just overlying the chalk and very deficient in
organic matter. This was dug over just before sowing.

In the case of soil (1) it was hardly to be expected that much good
would result from inoculation unless the bacteria introduced should prove
of much greater virulence than those already present in the soil; for in
this case there was a fair amount of nitrogen present in the soil, and,
moreover, peas had recently been grown there with success.

Soil (2), however, seemed to be just the type of soil on which
inoculation should prove of value. No leguminous crop had been grown

126 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

there for many years, and there was extremely little organic matter
present ; moreover, lime and the necessary mineral foods were present in
sufficient quantity. It would seem to fulfil the conditions mentioned on
p. 10 of Professor Bottomley’s “ Seed and Soil Inoculation,” under which
inoculation is stated to be necessary.

No manures were used in connection with the trial.

On each type of soil four rows of each variety were sown, each row
being 21 feet long, and in every case a row sown with inoculated seed
alternated with a row sown with untreated seed. Thus at the end of the
experiment the weights of produce from two rows inoculated and two rows
uninoculated of each variety were obtained. The varieties of peas employed
were Carter’s ‘ Kight Weeks,’ ‘ Karly Morn,’ and ‘ Yorkshire Hero.’ The
culture fluid was prepared in the laboratory with all care to prevent
unnecessary contamination and precisely according to the directions given.
The temperature was regulated correcily, and the liquid used for the
inoculation of the seed as soon as it appeared sufficiently cloudy. The
inoculation was performed by immersing each lot of seed, contained in
a small muslin bag, into the liquid until thoroughly wet. The seed was
then spread out in a cool shady place until quite dry and then planted,
the same amount of seed being used for planting each row.

At about the time of flowering plants here and there were taken up
from corresponding rows, and their roots examined with regard to the
formation of nodules. Apparently throughout, nodules were formed quite
as abundantly on the uninoculated plants as on those inoculated. No
differences were observable at any period between corresponding rows on
the same ground, whether with regard to general growth or to the time of
coming to maturity.

The following tables give the results obtained, showing the total
weight of pods from each row expressed in grams. (The rows of ‘ Eight
Weeks’ peas on the good soil were neglected, as just before picking they
were somewhat damaged by pigeons) :—

Som MANURED AND TRENCHED.

| Seed inoculated. Seed not inoculated. Increase
Variety. Se a) (Oe Ao 2
decrease.
Row 1. Row 3. Total. Row 2. Row 4. Total.
Gms. | Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms.
Early Morn . | 3,838 4,172 8,010 4,461 5,428 9,889 -—1,879
Yorkshire Hero . | 7,107 7,188 14,295 7,095 7,685 14,780 — 485

Broad Beans’. |. 5,715 6,376 12,091 _ 6,806 6,336 13,142 —1,051

Poor Som UNMANURED.

Seed inoculated. Seed not inoculated. Increase
Variety. or
; ; ae ee a ~ a5 a Decrease.
Row 1. Row 3. Total. Row 2. Row 4. Total.

Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms.
*Right Weeks . 3,216 3,274 6,490 2,874 3,252 6,126 + 264
Early Morn ..| 2,740 2,551 5,291 3,056 2.638 5,694 — 403.
Yorkshire Hero . 5,660 5,437 11,097 5,908 5,852 11,760 — 663

Broad Beans . | 4,450 4,648 9,098 5,694 4,733 10,427 —1,329

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. . 127

It will be seen that in only one case * is the total weight of the
produce from the two inoculated rows of any variety greater than that
from the two uninoculated rows. The weights of pods of the various
rows of each variety show, indeed, remarkably little variation when it is
remembered that a difference of 250 grams represents only about a handful
of pods.

There was no evidence to show that the slightest benefit had been
obtained by the use of “ Nitro-bacterine”’ on either type of soil. The
experiment was not on a large scale, but it indicates the kind of results
to be expected from the use of this material under ordinary garden
conditions in this country, and serves to confirm very many results
obtained last summer.—C. T. G.

Nuts, and their uses as food. By M. E. Jaffa (U.S.A. Dept.
Agr. Farm., Bull. 332 ; Oct. 1908).—Nutsare becoming more important as
an article of food in the States. The native kinds are being improved,
and foreign more widely cultivated.

Nuts contain much fat and little water, the richest being the pecan—
70.7 per cent. of fat. The concentrated nature of the food is probably the
reason for their being considered indigestible, and nut protein is slightly
less digestible than that of meat, but this may be remedied by sufficient
mastication. The water in nuts is 3 to 5 per cent. compared with 50 to
70 per cent. in meat.

In general, nuts rich in protein and fat (brazil-nut, walnut, pecan and
cocoa-nut) should he used with carbohydrate foods, such as bread, fruit, and
green vegetables ; whereas those containing starch and sugar (chestnuts, &c.)
should be eaten with meat, milk, cream and eggs.

Nuts should be used as a staple food, and not merely as an addition to
a hearty meal, but a nut and fruit diet is not reeommended to the majority
- of mankind in place of the usual mixed diet. |

Oily nuts (not containing much starch) such as walnuts, almonds,
filberts and brazil-nuts are useful in cases of diabetes,in the form of meal
and flour. Nut butters (made from wasted peanuts) are much used by
vegetarians, but they become rancid very soon. They are not identical
with cocoa butter, or cocoa-nut butter. Nut milk also differs from milk
of cocoa-nut. The former made from a species of Canadium (seed of the
Chinese olive) or Java almond, is used with some success as an emulsion
or infants’ food.

Many sweetmeats are made from nut products.

Among the Tuscan peasants, chestnut flour is largely used in the form
of porridge, cakes and bread. Acorns and horse-chestnuts are used by
American Indians as food, after a preliminary process of Jeaching, to
remove tannin and poisonous matters.

Nuts are not economical as food compared with meat, with the
exception of peanuts. Ten cents spent on these will purchase twice as
much protein and six times the energy as the same amount spent on
steak. Peanuts and dried beans supply more protein and energy than any
other food.

Amongst the less well-known ‘ nuts’ are the following :—

Pinenuts—used in India, Italy and Southern Europe.

128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lichi of China—a raisin-like fruit surrounded by a shell.

Ginkgo of China (fruit of maidenhair tree)—nearly always used cooked.

Waiter chestnut of Asia (Z’rapa bispinosa)—seed shaped like two horns.

Another water chestnut (Eleocharis twbherosa)—the corm or bulb is
eaten.

Seed of Chinese olive (Canarzwm)—oily but palatable.

Another species of Canariwm (Java almond)— used to make emulsion
for infants’ food.

Candle-nut of Tropics—eaten after being thoroughly dried.

Paradise-nut of South America.

Cream-nut of South Africa.

True ‘ Butternut’ of the Tropics.

Cashew nut of the Tropics—must be roasted or is poisonous.

Kingsland Chestnut.

The Tabebuia from Zanzibar—seeds of a pumpkin-like fruit, oily and
fairly palatable—is grown at Porto Rico.—C. A. L.

Oak Disease (Oidium quercinum). By P. Heriot and L. Daniel
(Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 517, p. 265; September 5, 1908).—In 1907-08
the oaks in France were attacked by a new pest, Oidiwm quercinum,
Thiénsen, which covers the young shoots with a white powder, consisting
of ovoid spores (conidia) arranged in chains like those attributed to
other Oidia. Up to September 1908 (date of article), the nature of
the fungus had not been detected, but it seems probable that it is
Microsphaera alm which abounds on oak-leaves in the United States,
and has recently been reported from Geneva. Most species of Oak appear
to be attacked by it, e.g. Quercus sessiflora, pubescens, Toza, Ilex ;
it has not yet been detected on (. Suber, and coccifera. Itis suggested
that the disease may have originated in imported American oaks, but no
observations have been made as to whether these were the first attacked.
No adequate remedy is known, since it is impossible to cover a forest with
sulphur like a vineyard.

M. Daniel in an interesting note points out that the trees beset by
the parasite are those which have been recently pollarded. In the
Departments of which he writes this takes place every seven years. Some
trees are completely pollarded, others are allowed to retain a central shoot,
while those destined for the carpenter are not trimmed at all, but are
allowed to develop freely. Now the fungus takes complete possession of
trees lopped in the previous autumn, when the mutilated tissues contain
a superabundance of water with no foliage to carry it off, while in
proportion as new growth has been made and there is a return to the
normal proportions of trunk and boughs, the parasite has so much the
less effect. The moral, according to M. Daniel, is obvious, and the
remedy lies in more judicious foresting.—/’. A. W.

Odontoglossum Leaf-spot. By M. C. Potter, M.A., F.L.S. (Gard.
Chron. 1909, i. p. 145).—A full account, with four figures of O. Uro-

Skinneri aftected with this disease.—G. W.

Olearia. By S. Mottet (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 517, p. 260;
September 5, 1908, 3. figs.) —The genus Olearia, known to us for the most

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 129

part by O. Haastw only, includes over eighty species, but only three or
four of these are worth cultivating. O. macrodonta (syn. dentata) is
an interesting plant, with crinkled thorny leaves like a Holly, and
corymbs of single white flowers, inserted on long peduncles at the
apex of the previous year’s growth. It is, however, only half-hardy.
O. Hurybia Gunniana is comparatively hardy, and from its dwarf habit
well suited for the rock garden. O. Forsteri resembles O. macrodonta ;
O. Traversii is much taller, with’shining oval green leaves, woolly on
the under-surface, numerous white flowers on slender pedicels forming
a dense corymb; O. furfuracea, O. mnsignis, O. ramulosa, and O. nitida
may also be mentioned. All these species come from New Zealand, and all
are easily propagated by cuttings of the young shoots at the end of the
summer. Strike in light soil, under bell-glasses, and shaded.—f’. A. W.

Oligobotrya Henryi (Bot. Mag. tab. 8238).—Nat. ord. Liliaceae ;
tribe Polygonateae; China. Herb, stem 3 feet high; leaves sessile, ovate-
oblong to 2 inches broad; raceme terminal; perianth white or pale
yellow, or (var. violacea) with a violet tube, } inch long.—G. H.

Olive Culture, Dry-Land, in Northern Africa. By Thomas
H.Kearney (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 125, 1908 ; illustrated).
—The use of trees as a drought-resisting crop in the dry lands of the States
has up till now not been fully considered. The olive would seem
especially suitable for cultivation in the arid parts of California, Texas,
and Arizona, to judge by the experience of the Old World. Although
now practically a sandy desert, there is no doubt that Algeria and Tunis,
before the Arab conquest, used to support large and flourishing popula-
tions, whose wealth was derived in the early centuries of the Christian
era from olive orchards and the production of oil.

On the east coast olive culture never completely disappeared. Sfax,
a flourishing seaport town, is surrounded by olive orchards to a distance
of twenty or more miles, and contains many crushing mills, both native
and EKuropean. The trees are set out about 70 feet apart each way, and
pruned to admit the greatest amount of air and sunshine.

The rainfall averages 9 inches a year, and is often less for a number
of years in succession, so that irrigation is out of the question.

The ground is kept quite clean when the trees are once in bearing.

They begin to bear productively when about ten years old, increasing
till twenty-five years, when they should be in full bearing, and with good
treatment they so remain till fifty years, when they begin to decline.

The average yield of oil from each tree in full bearing is about six
gallons.

The best means of cultivation is that by contract with native
proprietors, more economical and effectual than by European management.

(The summary at end of pamphlet is instructive.)—C. H. L.

Orchard Survey of Jackson County. By C. I. Lewis, S. L.
Bennett and C. C. Vincent (Oregon Agr. Exp. St. Bull. 101).—To those
who are interested in fruit culture this work is of special value. From
a small beginning orcharding in Jackson County has had a wonder-
ful development in the past fifteen years, there being at present 473

VOL. XXXYV. 7). kk

130 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

orchards containing 9,675 acres. The methods of cultivation, soils,
irrigation, pruning and preparing the fruit for market are all clearly
related. Yellow Newtown, Spitzenburg, and Jonathan would appear to
be the most widely grown amongst apples, while of pears Doyenné
du Comice, Bartlett, and Beurré Bosc are the kinds most commonly
cultivated.

As regards prices these have been steadily on the increase for the
past few years, while with pears the increase in value has been
phenomenal.—A. D. W.

Orchid Portraits.—The following orchids have been figured
recently :—

Angraecum Augusti . : . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 89.
A. sesquipedale . : . Gartenji. 1909, p. 55, fig. 4.
*Brassocatileya Cliftonii 2 Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 34, fig. 23.

*B.-c. Digbyano Mendelii ee
*Brassocatilaelia Ccoksonii

Bulbophyllum Dayanum . . Gard. Chron. 1909, 1. p. 194, fig. 82.
B. lemniscatoides. : ; . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 68, fig. 38.
*Calanthe x Angela. ; . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 3.
Calypso ene : : . Country Life, 1909, p. 194.
Cattleya intermedia ftinniares . Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 41, fig. 4.
C. Loddigesii var. Harrisoniae . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 273.
*C. x Maggie Raphael, Westonbirt
var. . : : f : :
C. Percivaliana, Charlesworth’svar. Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 43.
*C. x Robert de Wavrin :
*C. Schréderae var. Alexandra James
*C. Schréderae var. Irene
*C. Schréderae var. Mrs. F. Bailes
*C. Schréderae var. The Baron ;
*C, Trianaei var. Grand Monarch .
*C, Trianaei var. Mooreana :
C. Warscewiczii var. Sanderiana . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 69.
Chrondropetalum Fletcheri . - Gard. Chron. 1909, 1. p. 9, fig. 12.
Cycnoches densiforum : . Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 104, fig. 9.
*C. peruvianum, Tracy’s var. .
C.maculatum . : . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 26, fig. 19.
C. pentadactylon . . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 27, fig. 20.
C. Warscewiczii . . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 29, fig. 21.
Cymbidium x eburneo- egeerae Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 5.
=C. x Woodhamsianum, Orchid-
hurst var . 2 ; ¢
Cypripedium x (See : . Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 91.
C. x Bianca superbum : . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 25.
*C. x Bridgei magnificum . . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p.229; Gard.

Mag. 1909, p. 184.
*C. x Curtmannii. ;
C. x Euryades, New Hey Hall yar.
Earl of Tankerville . . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 101, fig. 49.

C2
x

NOTES AND

C. insigne Lagerae
*C. x Leander, Exhims var.

C. x Mrs. Win. Mostyn
*C. x Our Queen .

C. pubescens

C. x Tracyanum.

Dendrochilum glumaceum vs rade
*Dendrobium x Lady Colman
*D. x Schneiderianum, Westonbirt

var. .

D. speciosum
*Epilaelia Lionetii
Kria hyacinthoides
Habenaria dilatata
Laeliocattleya x Elinor
L.-c. x Felicia
*L.-c. x Fred. Boyle var. Ker-
chovae :
ig) Be Galiecsee :
*L.-c. x Goldfinch superba
*L.-c. Lustre var. gigantea
*],. Pizarro, Westonbirt var. .
Lycaste Skinner! .
Masdevallia ignea
Macodes Petola
*Miltonia Bleuana, Sander’s var.
*Odontioda x Bradshawiae, Cook-
son’s var. .

. X chelsiensis .

O.
=O;
O.
=,

x Goodsoniae. ;
x Ernest Henry . .
x Keighleyensis

x Lutetia

*Odontoglossum x ardentissimum
var. Phoebe

+0). crispum Angela

O. crispum Fowlerianum

O. crispum x anthotes var. Mie.
I. M. Ogilvie

ABSTRACTS. 131

Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 40, fig. 3.

Journ. Hort. 1. p. 157.
Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 192.
Country Life, 1909, p. 194.
Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 260.
Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 81, fig. 8

Gard. Chron. 1909, p. 251; Journ.
Hort. 1909, 1. p. 319.
Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 219, fig. 94.

Bot. Mag. t. 8229.

Country Life, 1909, p. 194.

Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 120.

Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 100, fig. 48 ;
Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 101.

Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 2938.

Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 168.
Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 282.
Garden, 1909, i. p. 99.

Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 288.
Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 73, fig. 6.

Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 174, fig. 73 ;
Gard. Mag. 1909, p.211; Journ.
Hort. 1909, 1. p. 252; Garden,
1909, i. p. 187; Orch. Rev. 1909,

p- 113, fig. 10.
Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 48, fig. 5;
Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 47;

Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 70.
Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 195, fig. 838.

Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 159; Journ.
Hort. i. p. 207.

Gard. Chron. 1909, 1. p. 132, fig. 57 ;
Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 134; Journ.
Hort. 1909, i. p. 137.

Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 211, fig. 90.

Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 258, fig. 110.
K 2

132 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

O. x crispo-Harryanum . . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 138, fig. 58 ;
Gard. Mag. 1909, p. 144.
*O. x Dreadnought ;
*O. x loochristiense aureo-fulvum .
*Q. x Magali Sander . : - Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 87, fig. 25 ;
Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 88.
*Q. x percultum, Cookson’s var. .

O. x Rolfeae : : : . .Gartenjfi. 1909, p. 57, t. 1580.
O. Rossi majus_ . : . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 343.
OF-& Smith 7% : . Orch. Rev. 1909, p. 80, fig. 7.
*O. x Sylvia, Westonbirt var.
*0. x “Eheodors a: : : . Gard. Mag. 1909, i. p. 889; Gard.

Chron. 1909, i. p. 269, fig. 115.
O. x tripudians x Pescatorei i

Charlesworthii . : ; . Orchis, 1909, p. 10, fig. 1.
O. Wyonianum . : . Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 211, fig. 89.
Orchis rotundifolia ‘ , . Country Life, 1909, p. 194.
Oncidium corynephorum . . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 91.
O. Kramerianum . : ; . Gard. World, 1908, p. 779.
O. sarcodes . : ; ; . Journ. Hort. 1909, 1312p. 92
Paphiopedilum niveum var. Gloria

Mundi. : : . Orch. Trev. 1909; p..9, Hie. 1.
Phalaenopsis Schilleriana . .. Journ. Hort: 1909, 25 p: 367.

*Sophrocattleya Thwaitesae . . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 295.

*Sophrocattlaelia Olive .
*§.-c.-l. Marathon var. Vesuvius . Journ. Hort. 1909, i. p. 118.

Spiranthes Romanzoffiana . . Country Life, 1909, p. 194.
Vanda coerulea . 5; .. Oreh. et..1909; p: WT, tenes
Gard. Chron. 1909, i. p. 264.
V. Watsonii. ; , ; . Kev. Hort. Belge, 1909, p. 90.
G. W.

* A painted portrait of those having an asterisk prefixed is preserved in the Royal
Horticultural Society’s collection.

Orchids and their commensal fungi: Evolution in Symbiosis.
By N. Bernard (Ann. Soc. Nat., vol. ix., No. 1, pp. 1-64; 12 figs.),—In
the majority of orchids, symbiosis is intermittent in the adult state, but is
absolutely necessary for germination. In the more perfect degrees of
symbiosis illustrated among orchids, e.g., Neottta Nidus-avis, not only
will the seeds refuse to germinate in the absence of the fungus, but the
orchid cannot live without its symbiotic fungus.

Rhizoctonia repens, R. mucoroides, and L. lanuginosa were obtained
from the roots of orchids.—S. H. W.

Orchids from Samoa, New. By F. Kranzlin (Not. Kénig. Bot.,
Berlin, No. 44, pp. 109-111).—-Bulbophyllum praealtum, Dendrobium
Vaupelianum, Eria curvipes, and Calanthe Vawpeliana occur in Samoa.

Ds Lh. VW,

Orchids in the Rockies. By Julia W Henshaw (Country Life,
1909, p. 194).—-Mention is made of twenty-three species of Orchidaceae

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 133

in the Rocky and Selkirk mountains of Canada. Five excellent photo-
graphs are given.—G. W.

Packing Fruit for Export. By J. G. Turner (Jour. Agri.
Victoria, February 1908).—The following are varieties of fruit found most
suitable for export from Victoria, Australia.

Apples.—Jonathan, Cleopatra (or New York Pippin), Munroe’s
Favourite (or Dunn’s Seedling), London Pippin (or Five Crowns), States-
man (or Chandler), Rome Beauty, Newtown Pippin, Esopus Spitzenberg,
and Ribston Pippin.

Pears.—Vicar of Winkfield, L’Inconnue, Winter Nelis, Josephine de
Malines, Broom Park, Eyewood, and Uvedale’s St. Germain.

The cost of packing, shipping and selling a bushel case is given as
follows :—

Cases, best Kauri planed percase . : : oe
Wrappers . : ‘ : ~
Grading, packing and nailing .
Rail freight :
Ocean freight . : :
Insurance and commission
Supervision

bo
| hs
wlenrownreeg

wr |

Total per case

The measurement of the bushel box inside is 18 x 14 x 8% inches
containing 2,23635 cubic inches.

Pears have been successfully packed in trays, one layer in each tray
three of these trays are then cleated together to make a single package;
in some cases cardboard divisions are employed. Ventilation holes are
bored through the cases and cardboard shelves, to allow the passage of
air. Picking, cooling, grading, packing and the branding of the cases are
described.—C. H. H.

Paraffin, Action of, on Tree Roots and on Soils. By the Duke
of Bedford, K.G.,and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Tenth Report,
1909, pp. 22-25).—Trees sprinkled with a quart of various kinds of paraffin
when noi in leaf showed no ill effects as regards their growth and general
condition, while the crops on trees so treated were the best on the farm.
Apart from the question of possible direct benefit, the results of the
experiments suggest the possibility of treating the roots and the soil for
various diseases and insect pests by means of paraffin.—A. P.

Paraffin, Spraying Trees in Leaf with. By the Duke of Bed-
ford, K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Tenth Report, 1909,
pp. 15-21)—The heavier oils, such as solar distillate, eventually killed
both leaves and branches, while the lightest oils, such as petrol, scorched
the leaves immediately, but the branches recovered. Those of intermediate
character, such as the besi lighting oils, did very little damage to the
foliage.—A. P.

Peach Aphis (Myzus persicae, Sulz.). By E. P. Taylor (Jour. Ee.
Entom., I. (1908), Pt. 2, pp. 83-91).—This aphis, which attacks peach in
Europe, bas also been found in America on nectarine, plum, prune, cherry;

134 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

choke-cherry, sand-cherry, pear, apple, willow, rose, turnip, rape, cabbage,
tomato, potato, Malvastrum, dock, Amaranthus, mustard, shepherd’s
purse, Antirrhinum, carnation, rhubarb and egg-plant. The eggs are
shiny black, small and oval, and are to be found near the tips of the
shoots. The aphides are at first of a dark green colour and later assume
shades of pink and salmon. As with most aphides the forms hatched
from the eggs are viviparous and produce numbers of young. After
feeding on the leaves, &c., a large proportion of them acquire wings, and
about the beginning of June (in Colorado) desert the peach for some
of the other plants mentioned above, returning to the peach in September
or October. Larve of Syrphus flies and lace-wings and ladybirds prey
on the aphbides, and a small hymenopterous parasite destroys large
numbers, while various birds feed upon them. The whole life history
is very carefully outlined in the paper. The best results in controlling
the pest were obtained by spraying with paraffin emulsion containing
5 per cent oil, Scalecide diluted 1 part to 20 parts cold water, cr tobacco
decoction made by steeping 1 lb. of leaf tobacco or.2 lb. strong tobacco
dust in 4 gallons water, just before the buds burst. It is recommended
that all prunings should be burned.—F’. J. C.

Peach, Apricot, and Plum Kernel Oil Manufacture in the
United States. By F. Rabak (U.S.A. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind.,
Bull. 188, October 1908).—Large quantities cf stoned apricots and peaches
and a certain amount of stoned plums are annually sold in the United
States. The kernels of all these fruits are almost identical chemically
with those of the sweet and bitter almonds, from which the almond oil of
commerce is extracted, and as apricot stones from America are already
exported abroad, and the extracted oil returned to America as pure almond
cil, it is suggested that a native industry might be created, and the
American demand for almond oil be supplied from the home orchards.

IVE SIs sees

Peach Die Back (Dep. Agr. N.Z., 16th Report, 1908, p. 112).—This
disease was formerly attributed to Clasterosporiwm carpophilum ; but
during studies of ‘ Peach-scab’ it has become apparent that the fungus
is identical with Coryneuwm Beyerinckii. Spraying with Bordeaux
mixture scon after the leaves have fallen is followed with good effects,
When infection has been established the spores are developed in large
numbers at the first sign of spring growth, and if the spraying is delayed
until this period considerable damage through “die back” will be
experienced.—M/. C. C.

Peatmosses, Poisoning in. By Alfred Dachnowski (Bot. Gaz.,
xlvi., August 1908, pp. 180-143; with 6 figures)—The author has
carried out some very interesting experiments on the toxic property of
bogwater and bogsoil. He alludes to the great importance of the reactions
upon habitat of the plants themselves. He collected samples of bogwater
from a small “bog island” (apparently a sphagnum and cottongrass
swamp with an outer zone of alder, willow and Acer rubrum).

Murchantia gemmae, wheat, Indian corn, and several other plants were
then grown in this bogwater after it had been variously treated. In one

-

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 135

series the water was aerated, in another treated with dry calcium car-
bonate, in another shaken with lampblack and filtered ; other sets were
grown in the untreated bogwater and in an extract (4 gm. of bogsoil in
400 ccm. of distilled water).

The experiments point to an injurious effect of some water-soluble
substance in the bogwater which can be corrected by a method of aeration
and by the use of calcium carbonate and lampblack. This is more
marked in the sphagnum than in the maple-alder zone.

Those plants which grew in the bogsoil extract were stunted in root-
formation, whilst their leaves were reduced in area, thicker, and with
revolute margins—that is, distinctly xerophilous in character. This he
explains as due to a reduced transpiration current in consequence of the
poisonous character of the soil. The beneficial effect of small doses of
poisons comes out in some of the CaCO, and carbon-black solutions.
Phaseolus seedlings grown in these closely resembled similar cultures in
a ‘0001 strychnin or atropin sulphate solution. The width of the annual
rings of wood in Acer rubrum, both from the ordinary wocdlands and
from the bog island zone already mentioned, was measured and tested
biometrically. The mode was 3 mm. width from the bog island, and only
2 mm. from the ordinary woods. There were also very marked differences
in mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variability. The author
seems to explain this also by the stimulation due to minute proportions
of poisonous solution in the bogwater.

We find, however, the following sentence: “It may be readily ques-
tioned whether part of the response arises from a deficiency of oxygen in
the soil.”” This, of course, is the usual explanation of the peculiarities of
peat-floras, but whether the author means by this sentence to admit this
explanation or not is not particularly obvious.—G. I’. S.-E.

Pecan, Cultivation of. By Prof. H. S. Van Deman (U.S.A. Sin.
Hort. Soc., Louisiana, Ann. Rep. 1908 ; pp. 18 -94).—-The author considers
the pecan to be the most valuable orchard tree for cultivation in Louisiana.
He recommends that they should be grown one hundred feet apart and
cotton, Irish potatos, or corn grown between them.—¥f’. J. C.

Pentadesma Kerstingii, Seed of. (Not. Konig. Bot., Berlin,
No. 44, p. 102).—These seeds are rich in fat.—S. EH. W.

Pinus Bungeana (Bot. Mag. tab. 8240).—Nat. ord. Coniferae;
tribe Abietineae ; North China. Tree 60-100 feet high, crown pyramidal
or ovoid ; leaves in threes ; cone when mature 14-2 inches long; scales
rhomboidally thickened at the tips.—G. H.

Pitophora. By A. Ernst (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit., vol vii., pp. 18-55 ;
4 plates).—The growth, development, and structure of Pitophora
sumatrana are described.—S. E. W.

Plants containing Cyanogen derivatives. By A. W. K.
De Jong (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit., vol. vii., p. 1-17).—The leaves of
Pangium edule contain the glucoside gynocardine, which is also present
in the seeds of Gynocardia odorata. The glucoside is decomposed by the

136 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

action of an enzyme liberating hydrocyanic acid. The leaves also contain
a large proportion of the hydrocyanic acid in the free state.

The leaves of Phaseolus lunatus contain the glucoside phaseo-
lunatine (C,;,H,;0,N).—S. E. W.

Podocarpus, Staminate Cone and Male Gametophyte of.
By L. Lancelot Burlingame (Bot. Gaz., xlvi., September 1908, pp. 161-
178).—There are two primary prothallial cells, which may form as many
as eight prothallial cells; also both stalk and body cells, and 12 to 24
chromosomes.—G. F. S.-E.

Polypodium Pteropus, Bl. By A. Ernst (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.,
vol. vii., pp. 103-143; 3 plates)—The influence of environment on the
structure and growth of Polypodium Pteropus (which was found growing
submerged at the bottom of a temple tank at Lanbok, in the garden of the
former Sultan of Lingsar), is described.—S. E. W.

Potash, Experiments with Feldspathie Rock as a Source of.
By B. L. Hartwell and F. R. Pember (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Rhode I., Bull.
129; June 1908).—The results of water culture experiments with wheat
seedlings in which ground feldspathic rock (of a fineness that it would pass
a sieve with 200 meshes to the linear inch) took the place of potassium
chloride in some of the bottles. Other experiments were performed in
pots. In neither case did the finely ground rock appear to provide an
amount of potash sufficient to justify the investigators in recommending its
use as fertilizer even upon an experimental scale.—F. J. C.

Potato, Brown Spots in Tuber. By W. J. Morse (U.S.A. Exp. Sin.
Maine, Rept. 1907, pp. 318-319 ; figs.) —Brown spots in the flesh of the
potato are described. They were not apparently due to the presence of any
fungi or bacteria. Some varieties appear to be more susceptible than others
and the disease is looked upon as constitutional.—F. J. C.

Potato Diseases in San Joaquin County, California. By
W. A. Orton (U.S.A. Dep. Agr. Cire. 23; January, 1909).—The principal
cause of the marked decrease in the yield of old potato land is the
presence of a fungus disease, the wilt or dry rot (Fusarium oxysporum,
Schlr.). The leaves assume a dull unhealthy appearance, with a rolling or
curling of the margins. Gradually the tops wither or fall over; the
diseased plants are easily pulled up, the roots partly dead and brittle.
The fungus appears on them as a white or pink mould. When the
underground portion of the stem is cut across, a pronounced brown
discoloration is visible. The brown stain is also found in the branches
leading to the tubers. When the potatos are dug there is rarely any
external evidence of disease. When infected potatos are stored in a
warm temperature, dry rot soon appears.—W. C. C.

Potato Experiments. (Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict. Sep. 1908, pp. 559-
575).—Immature potato seed in the case of ‘ Beauty of Hebron’ gave better
results than were obtained from seed perfectly ripe and well matured.
Change of seed from one district of the State to another did not, however,
appear to affect the productiveness.—C. A. H.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 137

Potato, Improvement of the. By Edward M. East (U.S.A. Exp.
Sin., Illinois, Bull. 127, pp. 375-456).—The author considers that
promising strains may perhaps be isolated from S. Commersoni, but not
from any of the other wild species of potato. Even Commerson’s
potato has so far not proved satisfactory in the United States. After
a short discussion of the historical facts dealing with the introduction
of the potato into Europe he points out that certain varieties do not
produce flowers or else have infertile pollen which makes the introduction
of new strains by crossing or raising from true seeds a difficult and
uncertain process. Ninety per cent. of the modern United States crop is
from varieties which have been produced by scientific breeders such as
the late E. S. Carman. The differences in yield of these varieties is very
great, varying from 18°7 (‘E. Six Weeks’) to 137°7 bushels (‘Green
Mountain ’) of marketable tubers per acre. The yield is in proportion to
the growing season, provided that there is entire maturity before frost.
In general, luxuriant vegetation is a sign of great productiveness, but in
some varieties excessive vegetative growth is opposed to tuber formation.
Rapid growth at first increases the yield, which is affected also by the
weight of the seed-piece, by the amount of sunlight (darkened glass, clear
glass, and open air as 1: 5: 11), by differences of age and of vigour in
eyes when sprouted before planting, and by depth of planting. Drying
the seed tubers, up to a loss of 20 per cent. moisture, also increases
the yield.

The author summarizes a large- number of experiments dealing with
the inheritance of characters when tubers are specially selected. Many
of these experiments did not result in definite conclusions, for seasonal,
climatic, and local soil conditions have “a tremendous effect.”

It is, however, quite clear that tubers of a plant which has a large
yield tend to be extremely productive. Thus in one variety large seed
tubers of a productive mother plant gave a crop of 319g. Small seed
tubers of the same plant gave 220 ¢g., whilst large and_ small
seed tubers of a small-yielding mother plant gave 113°3 g. and 80°9 g.
respectively.

The author also discusses the question of degeneration in potato
varieties, and considers that there is no ‘‘old age”’ degeneracy, but
that disease control is the most important point to consider.

The quality of potatos for table use depends upon the anatomical
structure. A thick cortical layer and small number of eyes are of
advantage. Variations in table quality may be inherited, and can be
used for the formation of new varieties. There are also variations in
quality within one strain which are produced by the particular
conditions under which the potatos have been grown. |

In composition (total nitrogenous matter) there is a surprising
variability within one particular variety. Smaller, younger tubers are
richer in nitrogen; but particular shapes or the number of eyes do not
give any information as to the nitrogen content. Specific gravity tables
are unsafe for the determination of the amount of starch. One tuber
with specific gravity 1:090 contained 14:32 per cent. nitrogenous
matter. Another (1:091 specific gravity) had only 7:39 per cent.

There are also experimental results with regard to high protein

138 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

selection, amount of potassium chloride to the acre, and a useful biblio-
graphy of 114 numbers.—G. F’. S.-H.

Potato Leak (Potato Diseases). By W. A. Orton (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr. Circ. 23; January, 1909).—Considerable loss is occasionally
experienced from the rapid decay of potatos shortly after harvesting.
This trouble is locally known by the term “leak’’ or “melters.’”’ The
decay is due to the invasion of a fungus (Rhizopus mgricans). The
fungus can enter only through wounds, and potatos injured by careless
digging especially are attacked. The fungus is propagated by spores
produced in large heads, or sporangia. It can grow on a variety of dead
organic substances. It is known to cause decay in sweet potatos,
apples, and pears. As a remedial measure avoid breaking the skin of
the potato in handling; avoid piling newly dug potatos in large piles
where they will “ sweat.’’ Keep the potatos dry and well ventilated.

M.:C.C.

Potato Plant Louse. (Nectarophora solanifolit). By E. M. Patch
(U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Maine, Rept. 1907, pp. 235-257 ; figs.)—This aphis
is reported to have done great damage to potatos during recent years. The
insect attacks the upper parts of the plants and causes the shrivelling of
leaves, etc. A general account of the life cycle of aphides is given and |
details concerning field and insectary observations. The winter host of
the species is at present unknown, but in captivity the insects fed on both
shepherd’s purse and peas. It is regarded as impracticable to spray
large areas of potatos with paraffin emulsion or, so far, to attack the pest
through its winter host, but it is thought that clean cultivation including
autumn ploughing and burning old potato haulm may have a beneficial
effect. Various predaceous insects were found feeding upon it and
parasitic insects and fungi which destroyed the insects wholesale were
discovered. Technical descriptions of the various stages of the insect are
given.—F’. J. C.

Potato Scab. By W. J. Morse (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Maine, Rept. 1907,
pp. 804-317 ; figs.).—The following table shows the results obtained by
disinfecting tubers :

|

— Lb smooth Lb. scabby 5 viecrats pas
Formalin solution : |
Seed scabby ; : : 776 5 781 0°6
;, smooth A 820°5 6:5 827 | 0-8
Formalin gas:
Seed scabby . 3 : : 822°5 9.5 832 1
». smooth 834 3°7 Sant 0-4
*Sodium benzoate :
Seed scabby . : 5 : 849°5 10°6 8601 1:2
,. smooth ; ‘ : 855°5 15 870°5 Li
Untreated :
Seed scabby . : . : 792 | coor 847°1 6:5
> SMOOLn = 95 ; : : 819 36°7 | 855°7 4:3

* Soaked two hours in 15 gallons of water containing 20 ozs. of sodium benzoate.
The treatment in the other cases is detailed in the following abstract.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 139

Thus exposure of the seed to formaldehyde gas is as effective as steeping
in formalin solution. A figure and description of the fumigating room is
given. The quantity of formaldehyde gas recommended was found not to
injure the eyes of the potato in any way except when the tubers were
placed very near the generating pan or immediately above it. Lime was
shown to increase the amount of scab materially thus :

Treatment 1000 lb. lime 500 lb. lime No lime
Per cent. of scab on potato crop 49 27 11
tae.

Potato-Seab, Prevention of. By W. J. Morse (U.S.A. Exp. Stn.
Maine, Bull.141; 1907). Potato scab due to the fungus Oospora scabies
is reported to be spreading. The scab fungus thrives best in an alkaline
soil, and is favoured by the application of stable manure, wood ashes, air
slaked or caustic lime, potash, hme and magnesia. It is more prevalent
in heavy, moist soils than in light, dry ones. When the soil is once
infected the danger of the disease attacking potatos placed in it remains
for many years. Itis recommended to green manure such land as a partial
check upon the disease before attempting to grow potatos upon it. When
fresh soil is brought into cultivation care should be taken to plant only
tubers free from scab, and these should be disinfected. The potatos may
be soaked for 2 hours in a solution of 4 pint of formalin in 15 gallons of
water, or in a solution made by dissolving 2 oz. of corrosive sublimate in
15 gallons of water for 15 hour. The seed tubers may also be disinfected
by exposing them to formaldehyde gas in a close room for from 24 to
48 hours. The gas is generated by placing potassium permanganate in
wide, flat-bottomed tin or galvanized basins 8 inches in height, and
pouring over it formalin, closing the room at once. Twenty-three ounces
of potassium permanganate and 3 pints of formalin are required to
generate sufficient gas to fill 1000 cubic feet.— FP’. J. C.

Potato Seab, Varieties of. (Jour. Bd. Agr. xv. 10, January 1909 ;
pp. 749-751 ; 2 plates)—Scab in potato may be due to (1) mechanical
injury, due to the presence of ashes or sharp sand in the soil, or to
a season of drought; (2) black scab due to the attacks of a fungus;
(3) the attack of millipedes, especially Julus pulchellus; (4) the attack
of the fungus Oospora scabies, which produces a scab superficially
resembling that due to mechanical injury, but distinguished by the

presence of the parasite; (5) the attack of the fungus Spongospora
scabies.—F’. J. C.

Potato Spraying. By W.J. Morse (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Maine, Rept.
1907, pp. 287-3804).—Relative results of spraying with standard Bordeaux
mixture against the leaf diseases caused by Phytophthora imfestans and
Alternaria solani, as compared with dust sprays and spraying with
Bordeaux substitute are reported, the results being greatly in favour of
the Bordeaux mixture. Heavy and frequent spraying is shown to be
more beneficial than frequent light spraying with Bordeaux, owing pro-
bably to the better covering of the foliage by the former method. Spray-
ing is often ineffectual in Maine because the spray is imperfectly
distributed, the commencement of spraying is delayed too long, the

140 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mixtures are improperly made, the quantities to be used being guessed
at, and the materials are mixed in the wrong way.—Ff’. J. C.

Potato: Surface Spotting of Tuber. By W. J. Morse (U.S.A.
Hzp. Sin. Maine, Rept. 1907, pp. 821-322).—Black spots on the surface
of the tuber from the size of a small pea to half-inch in diameter, on which,
when isolated, the fungus Phytophthora infestans developed. It is recom-
mended that such tubers be not planted.—F’. J. C.

Prairie Grass of Dakota, Floral Succession in the. By Le Roy
Harris Harvey (Bot. Gaz., August 1908, pp. 81-109 ; with 3 figures).—The
author describes three distinct stages, early spring, spring, and early summer
(second week in June to end of July) in the flora of South-Eastern South
Dakota.

The climatic features of each of these successive flowering periods are
given very fully, and the differences due to the various exposures and to
the positions of the plants (as atthe base or toward the crest of the ridges)
are carefully distinguished.

This area seems to show the steady colonization a part of the prairie
by the forest flora of the south-eastern district, to which region, in the
author’s opinion, it had been driven back during the glacial period. He
considers that the “ Poa pratensis sod”’ is followed and occupied first by
the Wolfberry shrub (Symphoricarpus occidentalis). This is the forerunner ~
of Rhus glabra. These two shrubs are then dispossessed by Quercus ©
macrocarpa and Ulmus fulva associations as the forest pushes out on the
prairie. .

To the west and south-west of the region the plain or prairie type
predominates and is of a more xerophytic character, becoming more and
more arid and desert-like towards the west.

The author does not think that the absence of trees on the natural
prairie is due so much to forest fires, but rather to the lack of soil moisture,
and to the dense sod, which make it difficult for the seeds of trees to
germinate. Seedlings will also hardly resist the severity of their first
winter. This paper is a very interesting one, although a few unusual
technical terms are at first disheartening to non-botanical readers.

GoiPl Sab.

Preservative Treatment of Loblolly Pine Cross-arms. By
W. F. Sherfesee (U.S. Dept. Agr. Forest Service, Circ. 151).—An
account of the seasoning and grading of the timber of the Loblolly Pine,
which has been found so useful for the making of cross-arms. The
length of time required for air-seasoning depends largely on the character
of the timber, atmospheric conditions, and the manner in which it is piled,
all of which are fully described in this pamphlet. Several useful tables

and illustrations of the best methods of piling cross-arms are also given.
A. DW.

Protoplasmic Streaming and Plasmolysis (Bot. Gaz. July 1908,
pp. 50-56).—Miss Grace M. Bushee and W. Y. V. Osterhout have short
papers on these subjects in this magazine. The former measured the rate
of streaming in millimetres a minute in thirty-six common greenhouse
plants. She recommends especially Gloxinia speciosa (cell of hair from

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 141

stem, leaf blade or petiole), Abutilon striatum (hair from ovary surface),
Lycopersicum esculentum, Whitlavia grandiflora (hairs), Lobelia Erinus
and Saxifraga cotyledon (hair from leaf-edge). ‘The second paper deals
with exceptional cases of plasmolysis in which the protoplasm is not
impermeable to the substances in solution.—G. F’. S.-E.

Prunus serotina (Ehrhart), Prunus virginiana (Miller). By
F. B. Power and C. W. Moore (Jowr. Chem. Soc. vol. xcv., March 1909,
pp. 243-261).—An investigation into the constituents of ‘wild cherry
bark,’ of which hitherto little has been known, notwithstanding its use
for medicinal purposes. The specimen examined yielded hydrocyanic
acid, benzoic acid, an aromatic essential oil present in too small
quantity for immediate investigation, oleic, linolic, palmitic, and stearic
acids, ipuranol (a solid dihydric alcohol also found in Ipomoea purpurea,
nutmeg, and olive bark), methylaesculetin (a glucosidal compound allied to
one found in the horse chestnut and in seeds of Huphorbia Lathyris)
protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, and trimethygallic acid @ substance
not hitherto found in nature).— W. A. V.

Pseuderanthemum seticalyx (Bot. Mag. tab. 8244).—Nat. ord.
Acanthaceae; tribe Justicieae; Tropical Africa. Under-shrub, erect ;
leaves ovate; inflorescence spiked; corolla salver-shaped, limb cinnabar-
red, 1 inch diameter.—G. H.

Psylla (Apple Sucker). By the Duke of Bedford, K.G., and Spencer
U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Tenth Report, 1909, pp. 26-34).—The best
results in controlling this pest were obtained by spraying with a nicotine
solution between the time of the swelling of the fruit buds and the fall of the
blossoms, a mortality of 90 to 99 per cent. resulting when the strength of
the solution was not below ‘075 per cent. (e.g. one pound of Voss’s solution
in 10 gallons of water). Growers should ascertain the strength of the
solution they buy.—A. P.

Rehmannia angulata. By Max Ghierbrandt (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 518, p. 204; July 5, 1908; 2 figs.).—The author finds this to be
a much hardier plant than is generally supposed. It resists frost in an
unheated greenhouse better than Pelargoniums, and may be planted out
by the end of April. A month later it will be in full flower, and
continues to bloom throughout the summer and autumn. Moreover,
it will bear taking up and potting for exhibition at any moment, with
subsequent replanting. The flower lends itself as readily as Salpiglossis
or Mimulus to the production of new variations in colour. Already such

varieties of the common Jf. Bey ees as tigrina and rosea are in the
market.—F’. A. W.

Respiration, Rise of Temperature in. By George T. Pierce (Bot.
Gaz., September 1908, pp. 193-202).—The author has found a new and
efficient method of exhibiting the increased temperature in respiration
and fermentation.

This consists essentially in the employment of Dewavr’s flasks or
double-walled glass vessels with a vacuum between the two walls. (The

142 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ordinary ‘‘ Thermos”’ flasks depend upon the same principle.) He was
able to obtain with silvered flasks temperatures of 54°, 55° and 56° with
living germinating peas, whilst the dead peas in control flasks only showed
temperatures of 14° and 15°.

The rise of temperature in the case of fermenting yeast was clearly
shown, and also the increase in temperature or ‘“ fevered state ’’ of chopped
cnions when compared with uninjured specimens.

The efficiency of the individual Dewar’s flasks appears, however, to
show considerable variation.— G. F’. S.-H.

Ribes speciosum. By J. Mottet (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 518,
p. 271; September 20, 1908; 1 fig.).—Rzbes speciosum or fuchsioides, a
native of California and British Columbia, was introduced in 1829. ‘The
small pendant flowers are characterized by very long stamens of a brilliant
scarlet. The bush resembles Fuchsia Riccartoni closely, but its long
sharp thorns distinguish it. It grows about 8 feet high, and flowers
in May and June. Fruit a small red berry. In the autumn the foliage
turns a richcrimson. Unfortunately, it is not hardy, and needs protection
in winter. But in the south it grows to a great height, and is a striking
ornament to the shrubbery.—f’. A. W.

Root, Geotropy of. (Beth. Bot. Centralbl., xxiv., Erste Abth., Heft 1,
pp. 96-110; with 1 plate and 6 figures)—Mr. Frederick C. Newcombe
shows that the sensitiveness of the root to gravity is not confined to the
last 2 mm. of the root tip, but. may extend 4 mm. back from it, and
possibly through the elongating zone.

There is apparently no relation between the extent of the sensitive
zone and length of the elongating zone.—G. LI. S.-H.

Roots of Fagara xantholoxoides. By H. Pries (Not. Kénig. Bot.,
Berlin, No. 44, pp. 99-101).—The rind of these roots contains fagerol
(C,,H,,0,), and two alkaloids, which resemble myosin and veratin in
physiological action._S. H. W.

Rubber Tree in Hawaii, The Ceara. By Jared G. Smith and
Q. Q. Bradford (Hawai Agr. Exp. St. Bull. 16; 30 pp.).—Gives a very
full account of the cultivation and tapping of this valuable rubber-
producing plant. Rubber is now so valuable and much in request that
enough of the raw material to satisfy the yearly demands is not forth-
coming. There is now apparently a race among countries having lands
available for rubber production to see which can get the largest acreage
of rubber trees into bearing in the shortest time, in order to harvest the
marvellous profits which seem almost absolutely certain.—A. D. W.

Rubus koehneanus (Bot. Mag. tab. 8246).—Nat. ord. Rosaceae ;
tribe Rubeae; Japan. Shrub 3-4 feet high; leaves 3-5 lobed, green
above, white pubescent below; flowers few, petals white; drupes few,
orange.—G. H.

Salts in the Soil, Absorption of. By J. Rosen and C. Heller (Bot.
Gaz., September 1908, pp. 224-229).—The authors found that wheat
seedlings when only watered with potash and other salts endured far

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 143

greater concentrations of the salt than similar plants which were im-
mersed in soil extracts.

Even so lowa concentration as 700 parts in a million (of P,O;) proved
injurious to those immersed, but when watered with a solution of 2,000
parts in a million the plants remained alive for three weeks. These
results were found with plants growing in sterile quartz sand; but in
ordinary soil, and especially in manured soil, still higher concentrations
were tolerated.

The absorption of phosphates in the soil varied (according to the
system used for detection) from 20°5 to 27:2 parts in a millionina solution
of 1,000 parts in a million, or in manured soil from 25°5 to 30°2 parts in a
million. With a solution of 2,000 the absorption varied from 26 to 32°6
parts ina million. The absorption is a negligible quantity in the case of
nitrate salts.—G. Ff’. S.-E.

Saxifraga scardica (Bot. Mag. tab. 8243).—Nat. ord. Saxifraga-
ceae ; tribe Saxifrageae; Balkan Peninsula. Herb, densely tufted ; leaves
+-2 inch long; stems 3-44 inches long; bearing clusters of white flowers.

Gai.

Schizophragma hydrangeoides and Hydrangea petiolaris.
By R. Rimbault (Le Jardin, vol. xxii. No. 519, p. 292; October 5,
1908 ; 2 figs.).—T wo hardy climbers recommended for walls or trellis. The
former is a native of Japan and throws out aérial roots which cling like Ivy.
The deciduous leaves develop in April, and are opposite and cordiform,
bright green above and white below. Flowers small and creamy-white, in
dense corymbs. Large oval folioles of the purest white are superposed
on the inflorescence, developing above the flowers, and form the chief
attraction of the plant. Flowers May-June. Best propagated by cuttings.
Hydrangea petiolaris differs in having no folioles, but a few flowers with
large white sepals project from the inflorescence, Hydrangea-fashion.

Yc: an i"

Scillas. (Garden, January 1909, p. 17.)—The writer, continuing
a previous article, finds a depth of eight inches the deepest at which the
common bluebell can be planted with success. The spikes are finer, and
the yield of flowers and seeds greater when the bulbs are barely covered
with soil. He enumerates seven varieties of Scilla, and gives cultural
directions for each.—H. R. D.

Senecio latifolius, Alkaloids of. By H. E. Watt, D.Sc. (Jour.
Chem. Soc. vol. xcy., March 1908, pp. 466-477).—A research undertaken at
the request of the Cape Government, who are investigating the alleged
poisoning of cattle by this plant.

Two hitherto unknown alkaloids were isolated, for which the authors.
propose the names Senecifoline and Senecifolidine respectively. The
former of these has been found to be poisonous to animals, but further
investigation is in progress.

The injurious effects of other species of Senecio are already known.

W. A.V.

144 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Shade, Effect of in Preventing Fruiting. By L. Chasset (La
Pomologie Francaise, March 1908,*p. 85).—A ‘Beurré Superfin Pear,’
shaded by a small house, has taken seventeen years before bearing any
fruit ; a ‘Joséphine de Malines’ planted in the shade of a large tulip tree
has never borne fruit. Two trees of the same varieties planted in the
sun, pruned by the same gardener, regularly produce each year small
crops of very good pears. The shade of the house and the tree has
in this case evidently been the cause of sterility.

Composition of the soil also affects fertility ; some soils lack phosphate
of lime or potash and the trees bear after the necessary constituents have
been. supplied.—C. H. H.

Shade Trees, The more important Insects affecting Ohio.
By J. S. Houser (Agr. Exp. St. Ohio, Bull. 194).—Contains information
regarding the injurious woodland insects of Ohio, but particularly such
as affect shade trees. The beautifully executed illustrations, some sixty
in number, make the work still more valuable, for little difficulty will be
found in recognizing a particular species from the pictures. What
strikes one most in reading the book is the almost entire absence from the
Ohio woods of the insect pests which trouble us so in this country.
There are useful notes regarding spraying, preparing the various insecti-
cides, and a table showing the common trees of New York State with
relation to their liability to insect attack. The Ohio conditions do not
vary to any great extent from those of New York.—A. D. W.

Shrubs, A Wild Garden of. By W. Dallimore (Garden, January
1909, p. 37).—The writer tackles the problem of covering dry banks of
poor soil. He states that it has been satisfactorily solved at Kew by
using for the purpose, double, single, and dwarf Gorse, Lavender, Rosemary,
Cistus laurifolius, C. ladaniferus, C. recognitus, Savin, Brambles,
Potentilla fruticosa, Berberis aquifolia, and B. stenophylla.—H. R. D.

Shrubs and Hardy Trees suitable for Forcing. By A. Osborn
(Gard. Chron., No. 1,146, p. 403, December 12, 19, and 26, 1908).—The
author gives a list of the plants most suitable for forcing, and the best
methods of cultivating them.—G. S. S.

Shrubs for Winter Effect, Best Evergreen. By Miss R. B.
Cannon (Garden, January 1909, p. 15).—The writer mentions thirty-nine
species, and gives directions for planting, pruning, and propagation.

HT, 5

Shrubs in Spring Bedding. By A. W. (Garden, January 1909,
p. 15).—The writer mentions shrubs suitable for the purpose, particularly
referring to Forsythia, Ribes, Cydonia, and Daphne, and giving directions
for their treatment when used in this manner.—H. Rf. D.

Shrubs, The Unseasonable Flowering of. By 8. W. Fitzherbert
(Garden, January 1909, p. 27).—The writer mentions the following in
flower at the close of 1908: Choisya ternaia, Cytisus racemosus,
Pittosporum Tobira, Laburnum, Crataegus oxyacantha, Olearia stellata

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 145

Caleeolaria Burbidgei, Leptospermum scoparwum, Correa cardinalis,
Grevillea rosmarinifolia, and Convolvulus cneorum.—H. R. D.

Sisyrhinchium, Anatomical Studies of North American
Species of. By Theo. Holm (Bot. Gaz., September 1908, pp. 179-192;
2 plates)—The author finds from the anatomical characters that the
genus is a very natural one and ought not to be subdivided.

“In regard to the almost untold number of recently described
‘species’ of Sisyrhinchium, I have examined the internal structure of
some of these, but so far have failed to detect any character that might
appear specific; and, moreover, it seems very evident, when the diagnoses
of the majority of these are read, that they deal not with ‘species’ but
merely with ‘local forms.’ ”’—G. F. S.-E.

Snowdrops and how to grow them. By W. Irving (Garden,
January 1909, p. 1).—The writer recommends growing them in the grass,
under the shade of trees, on the margins of woodland walks, or in thin
deciduous shrubberies. After mentioning the autumn-fiowering species,
Galanthus nivalis var. octobrensis (October), G. Olgae (November), and
G. ctlicius (December), which he notices fail to increase readily, Mr.
Irving enumerates fourteen varieties, giving cultural details, laying stress
on the importance of a light, well-drained soil, which will allow the bulbs
to become somewhat dry in summer. He also gives instructions for
cultivation in pots.—H. R. D.

Sorbus Vilmorini (Bot. Mag., tab. 8241).—Nat. ord. Rosaceae; tribe
Pomeae; China. Shrub or small tree 10-20 feet high; leaves slender,
unequally pinnate, with 9-14 pairs of leaflets ; flowers small, white ; fruit
globose, red.— G. H.

South Texan Prairie, Change of Vegetation on the. By O. F.
Cook (U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, Cire. No. 14).—
According to Mr. O. F, Cook, forest and swamp once occupied the
gulf plains of Texas. Then followed a period of primitive Indian
agriculture, in which forest stretches were cleared by fire. Such clearings
remained under grass on account of the regular fires, which prevented the
development of trees. So the land became open grassy prairies, where
nomad hunters chased the great herds of buffaloes. In the early days of
cattle ranching the fires were “ very besoms of destruction”’ but as the
grazing became more thorough, the fires became of less importance and
were kept under control. Sometimes it was found impossible to set fire
to the old grass, especially in dry seasons.

Then a new development began, for pioneer bushes of the Prosopis
established themselves and formed “‘ open mesquite country”; upon these
followed the invasion of Acacia Farnesiana, giant cacti, or “ oak runners,”
and the forest was by means. of these forerunners gradually reoccupying
the land.

But this will not happen, for the ranch-owners are selling their land to
“ truck ’’ farmers who find the land fertile and productive even though five
to ten dollars an acre has to be paid for clearing away the bushes.

VOL. XXXV. - L

146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Unfortunate speculations, ‘ booms,’’ and individual losses will doubtless
occur. Irrigation and tillage are, however, transforming not only the
appearance of the country but the character of the soil itself.—G. F. S.-E.

Spenser, The Flowers of. By H. N. Ellacombe (Gard. Chron.,
No. 1,121, p. 893, June 80, 1908, and subsequent Nos.).—In this paper
Canon Ellacombe gives an alphabetical list with interesting comments
upon the flowers mentioned by the poet Spenser. The writer says: “ The
account of the flowers does not profess to be a positive or scientific account,
and the papers are rather an annotated index, or perhaps a concordance.
I have quoted, but as shortlyas possible, his allusion to each plant, and
added: short notes on those of them which seemed to require it.” —G. S. S.

Spraying Mixture. By Dr. Contant (Jowr. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.,
p. 122 ; February 1909).—The author describes the process of manufacture
of a spray fluid which he has found very effective, with the warning that,
as it produces poisonous fumes during its preparation, it must be made
out of doors. Once it is on the trees, however, a short exposure to the
action of the air makes it quite innocuous to all but insect pests. A
cauldron capable of holding 36 litres is raised on three bricks, 2 litres of
water are put in it, and a fire is lighted underneath. When the water
boils, 13 kilos. of quick-lime are put into the cauldron to slake. Water is-
then added little by little until the kettle is half full, and next 1 kilos. of
flowers of sulphur are sifted in through a sieve, the mixture being stirred
all the while to prevent its getting lumpy. When the sulphur is well
mixed the whole is left to boil for about half an hour, and finally enough
water is added to fill the cauldron.

If there are many tree to dress, the mixture may be well stirred up
and applied with a brush to trunk and branches during the winter, not
later than the end of January, as it would burn the buds later.

The mixture may also be left standing for six hours, when a salle
deposit, having a slight excess of lime, will have settled at the bottom,
leaving a clear orange-coloured liquid above. This may be drawn off with
a syringe into some vessel which may be corked up, as it spoils if exposed
to the air.

What Dr. Contant calls the “pure mixture”’ or the deposit should be
applied in the same way as already described, first scraping the lumps made
by scale, to allow the poison to have its full effect. The clear liquor, on
the other hand, may be used for spraying during spring and summer.
When the leaves are young one part of liquor to ten parts of water is
strong enough, later one in six parts may be used. For peaches, vines,
roses, and beans, however, the weaker solution is always safer.

For slugs among strawberries or salads, make holes from 15 to
20 centimetres deep among the plants, pour in a glassful of the mixture,
and fill in the hole—WM. L. H.

Statice arborescens. By H. Correvon (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 514, p. 212; July 20,1908; 2 figs.).—This curious type is indigenous
to the Canaries, as already described by M. Correvon in La Nature,
April 7, 1906. The Gardeners’ Chronicle, December 17, 1904, also has

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 147

a note by D. Perez, describing the few specimens extant—all the rest
having died out or been devoured by wild goats. These plants rarely
produce seeds, owing probably to senility of species, but a few have been
collected and raised at Lyons, whence comes this new and charming
sub-arborescent species. Height 3-4 feet, with graceful panicles of
blue flowers—almost perpetually in bloom. The best species are
S. arborescens Brouss, and S. fruticans Webb. S. brassicaefolia Webb,
imbricata Webb, macrophylla Brouss, macroptera Webb, and pulverula
Webb are of a dwarfer habit, with large sprays of flowers; but all are
highly ornamental. M. J. Brun, of Montplaisir, Lyons, is the principal
cultivator.—f. A. W.

Stock on Scion, Influence of. By G. Riviere and G. Bailhache
(Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. F'r., p. 183, February 1908).—Another note on the
marked influence of the stock on the scion, taken this time from investi-
gations made on vines.—M. ZL. H.

Stocks, Deep Planting of Paradise. By the Duke of Bedford, K.G.,
and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Ninth Report, 1908, pp. 57-64).
Stocks planted 24 inches deep weighed three times as much at the end of
two years as similar stocks planted only 6 inches deep, new root systems in
the former case having been formed from the stems at the optimum depth
below the. surface. Further investigations are being conducted. With
crab stocks deep planting gave bad results, as indeed it would do with all
worked trees.—A. P.

Stocks, Fruit Tree. By C. T. Cole (Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict. August
1908).—Apples, in order to resist attack by woolly aphis (Schizoneura
langera) are being grafted on ‘ Northern Spy’ and ‘ Winter Majetin,’ both
stocks being immune to this pest; the ‘Northern Spy’ is the better stock.
There are other blight-proof kinds of apples which could doubtless be
used as stocks, but there is no need to increase the number except for
special purposes. ‘To prevent the stock from becoming weaker in its
constitution from constantly working and re-working on the same variety,
Mr. Cole has worked ¢ Majetin’ on ‘Spy’ and ‘ Maggs Seedling’ (another
blight-proof kind, and robust in constitution) upon the ‘Spy,’ with the
best results. For dwarf-apple culture the ‘Spy’ can be used, and the
‘French Paradise’ worked upon the ‘Spy,’ and the desired kind again
worked upon the ‘French Paradise.’ There is now in this State, raised
from seed there, a ‘Paradise’ apple tree of dwarfing habit, free surface
rooting properties, very easily propagated, and upon which the desired
kinds may be worked direct. All kinds appear to thrive admirably upon
it and it is quite blight-proof. Planters need to take care that their trees
are worked sufficiently above the surface of the ground to prevent the
scion from striking roots into the ground, and displacing the blight-proof
stock, thus rendering the whole tree roots liable to become a blighted
mass,

Apricot.—The ‘Mussel’ plum stock is found best; ‘La France,’ a
variety of the Myrobalan, is largely used, as it is easily propagated from
cuttings and does not sucker.

148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peach.—Stock raised from peach stones is generally the best ; selecting
stones from medium sized mid-season varieties. In scme districts almond
makes the best stock.

Plum.—The ‘ Mussel’ plum stock is generally best; other varieties
used include the ‘Julien,’ the seedling plum stock, also ‘La France’ a
variety of the Myrobalan cherry plum, upon which Diamond and Orleans
plums succeed well.

Cherry.—The ‘ Mazard’ and ‘ Mahaleb’ stocks used in Europe do not
suit Victoria. There, a small red cherry of the ‘Montmorency’ section,
much like a ‘ Kentish,’ is found to be the best suited: it is a good cooking
variety, and pleasant to eat; it acts as a dwarfing stock.

Péar.—The stock most generally adapted for the pear is the seedling
pear stock, raised from the hardiest known kinds. Pear suckers are a
bad stock.

A small variety of quince, ‘Angers,’ is successful. As there are but
very few kinds of pears that do well when worked directly upon this
quince, it is usually necessary to double work, using first such kinds as
‘Beurré d’Amanlis,’ ‘Louise Bonne of Jersey’ or ‘ Beurré Diel’ upon the
quince; allowing them to make one growth, and then working upon these
the desired sort, when perfect health and vigour will be attained.

CO. HH. H,

Stokesia cyanea praecox. By G. T. Grignan (Rev. Hort.,
February 16, 1909, pp. 83-85; coloured plate and illustration).—A
very pretty large Aster-like flower, 3} inches across, lilac-tinted, with
conspicuous white stamens, hardy, somewhat dwarfer than type, does best
with southern exposure.—C. T. D.

Stomata. By Sophia H. Eckerson (Bot. Gaz., xlvi., September
1908, pp. 221-224).— According to the author the stomata of well-watered
greenhouse plants are widely open about 10 a.m., and in favourable
weather remain so until about 2.30 p.m., when they bégin to close. They
are fully closed by 5 p.m. or 6 p.m. On hot days in the spring they may
shut even at 12 noon because of incipient wilting of the leaf.

The author recommends Chrysanthemum, Tradescantia, and Pelar-
gonium zonale as the best common greenhouse plahts for observing the
stomata. A listis given of the number of stomata to the square millimetre
and of length and breadth in microns in the cases of thirty-seven green-
house plants.—G. F. S.-E.

Strawberry and Raspberry distributed for trial from Ex-
periment Station. By V.P. Hedrich and O. M. Taylor (U.S.A. Exp.
Stn. New York, Bull. 298).—As the result of ten years’ work in breeding
new varieties, three new kinds of strawberry and four varieties of raspberry
are recommended for trial. The conditions are that the plants, six of
raspberry, twelve of strawberry, of each variety, are given free, carriage
being paid by the grower, he to keep the varieties true to name, give them
good care, and report on the behaviour of the varieties from time to time
until the value of a variety for a locality is determined. The parentage
and careful description of each variety is given, with photographs of the
fruits.—C. H. H.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 149

Strawberry Test Plot and Strawberrries. The Newer
Varieties. By F. H. Ballow (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Ohio, Bulls. 178 and
186, 1906 and 1907).—The bulletins contain careful descriptions and
photographs of new varieties, together with a record of flowers (perfect or
imperfect), date of first blossom, first ripe fruit, period of heaviest
fruiting, largest single picking in quarts, last picking, total yield in quarts
for season, of some 120 sorts of strawberry.—C. H. H.

Strawberries, Three New. By M. Houssy (Le Jardin, vol. xxii.
No. 520, p. 317: October 5, 1908; 1 fig.).

1. Gemma, out of ‘Louis Gauthier’ x‘Saint Joseph.’ Remarkably
vigorous, and constant fruiter. Large berries, white, shading pink—oval
in shape. ,

2. Mirabilis—Same origin as Gemma, but distinct variety. Equally
vigorous, but of more compact habit. Very precocious, free bearer.
Admirable for forcing. Berries are finer than Gemma, pale pink shading
red. Perhaps more abundant in the first year, but Gemma fruits better
in its second season.

3. Suavis, from ‘Sharpless’ x‘ Saint Joseph.’ Distinguished for size
and flavour rather than for quantity of berries. Deep red. Rather
susceptible to drought.—F. A. W.

Sumac, Commercial Sicilian. By F. P. Veitch (U.S. Dept. Agr.
Bur. Chem. Bull. 117).—As a vegetable tanning material Sicilian Sumac
has perhaps no equal for pale colours and soft tannage, and consequently
is extensively used for moroccos, roans, skivers, &c., and for brightening
the colour of leather tanned with dark materials.

The Sicilian Sumac (Rhus corioria) is a small shrubby bush, native
of Sicily and Tuscany, and succeeding best on soil of a calcareous nature.
- The leaves from which the tannin matter is extracted are collected about
the beginning of July and left lying on the field till partially cured, care
being taken that they are not unduly exposed to rain or intense sunshine.
There is much valuable information given as to the means by which
adulteration of the Sumac is detected, and lengthy tables as to the
chemical and microscopical examination of the samples that were
furnished.—A. D. W.

Thermotropism of Flaxplant. (Beth. Bot. Centralbl., xxiv., Erste
Abth., Heft 1, pp. 111-131; with 6 figures).—The flax is very sensitive
to heat, and shows very interesting curves and bendings which are fully
investigated by Herr Josef Pohl in this paper.—G. F. S.-E.

Timber Trees in the Cameroons. By A. Engler (Not. Kénig. Bot.
Berlin, Appendix xxi. No. 1, pp. 1-8; 4 plates).—The following trees
(order Olacaceae) are prized by the natives on account of the hard-
ness of their wood :—Ongkea Camerunensis, Strombosia grandiflora, S.
Scheflert, S. glaucescens, Strombiopsis tetrandra and Coula edulis.
The seeds of the last are eaten raw or roasted.—S. E. W.

Tree Planting (The Quarterly Journal of Forestry, January 1909).
—‘ Recent Progress in Afforestation’ contains much that is practical and
to the point, while “Tree planting in Towns,’’ though not going fully

150 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

into the matter, is valuable as partially elucidating a question that to
Londoners at least is of more than passing interest.

Another excellent paper is that on effects of overthinning and ground
moisture upon the growth and value of plantations, in which the prevail-
ing tendency to leave the standards too far apart on the ground is clearly
put forward.—A. D. W.

Tree and Wood-infesting inseets, Some. By H. Garman (U.S.A.
Exp. Stn. Kentucky, Bull. 120 ; May 1905 ; 3 plates and figs.).—An account
of the principal insect pests of trees and wood in Kentucky. The elm
leaf-beetle (Galerucella luteola) is a serious pest of the English elm.
Banding to catch the mature insect is absolutely useless, but a band placed
round the trunk when the larvae are about to descend the tree to pupate
in the earth will entice many to form pupae behind it, where they may
then be captured and destroyed. Spraying with arsenate of lead has
proved very effective. 18096 beetles (larvae, pupae and imagos) were
obtained from one tree. Other insects dealt with are a leaf-miner
(Lithocolletis hamadryadella) causing considerable damage to the bur oak
and Chinquepin oak; an ally of the scale insects, Kermes pubescens,
destructive to the same trees, to be kept under control only by spraying; the
walnut worm (Dartana integerrima) ; the cottonwood leaf-beetle (Lina
scripta) ; the poplar leaf-tier (Melalopha inclusa); the vagabond gall-
louse (Pemphigus vagabundus) forming flat, lobed projecting galls on
willows ; the willow leaf-beetle (Lina lapponica) ; the willow flea-beetle
(Crepidodera helxines) ; the herald (Scoliopteryx libatriz), the larvae of
which feed on willow, &c., one of the few moths which are indigenous
both in North America and in Europe; the willow slug (Pieronus ventralis),
&e.—f'. J. C.

Trees of Togoland. By G. Volkens (Not. Kénig. Bot. Berlin,
Appendix xxii., No 1, pp. 1-82; 10 plates)—This list contains the
names of many trees which are useful only as fuel. Among the most
valuable on account of their hardness are Chlorophora excelsa, Antiasis
africana, Ficus umbrosa, Faurea speciosa, Ximenia americana, Xylopia
Eminii, Parinariwm curatellaefolium, P. subcordatum, Albizzia fastigiata,
Acacia arabica, A. Suma, Prosopis oblonga, Pipiadenia Kerstingu,
Parkia africana, Erythroplocum gwineense, Detarvum mucrocarpum,
Afzelia africana, Dialium guineense, Distemonanthus Benthamianus,
Cassia Sieberiana, Cordyla africana, Ormosia laxiflora, Baphia natida, or
Camwood, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Erythrina senegalensis, Balanites
aegyptica, Limonia Warneckei, Khaya senegalensis, Pseudocedrela
Kotschyi, Carapa procera, Melia Azedarach, Ekebergia senegalensis,
Trichilia emetica, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Spondias
lutea, Ericodum Kerstingii, Talsiopsis oliviformis, Zizyphus Jujuba,
Thespesia populnea, Cola cordifolia, Ochna Afzelu, Pontadesma
Kerstingii, Rhizophora Mangle, Terminalia dictyoneura, Anogeisseus
leiocarpa, Syzygium guineense, Peucedanum araliaceum, Butyrosper-
mum Parkii, and Malacantha Warneckeana.—S. E. W.

Tropical Fruits in Covent Garden. By H. F. Macmillan (Gard.
Chron., No. 1,148, p. 448, figs. 177-181, and supplement, December 26,

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 151

1908).—A short account is given of each of the various kinds of tropical
fruits which have recently been for sale in Covent Garden Market; the
author says “it may be of interest to give a few particulars concerning
these, as well as descriptive notes from my own experience in the tropics.”’
The paper is a decidedly interesting one.—G. S. S.

Tunica Saxifraga, Double. By G. T. Grignan (Rev. Hort.,
December 1, 1908, pp. 548, 544; one illustration).—The illustration re-
presents a very pretty and floriferous specimen of this Saxifrage, evidently
well fitted for rockeries or pot culture.—C. 7. D.

Tyloses. By Hermann von Alten (Bot. Zeit. 67th Jah, Aug. 29,
1909, Heft 1, pp. 1-23, with 4 figures and 1 plate).-A very useful
summary and discussion of what is known with regard to tyloses.
An unknown writer in 1845 correctly explained them as protuberances
of the surrounding parenchyma cells into the cavities of the vessels.
They may be the result of reduced tissue tension in the vessels owing to
a wound, or to an abnormally low gas pressure caused in old wood by the
cessation of water conduction. They sometimes close up or seal the
vascular tissue, preventing loss of water, but in the case of climbing
plants they may assist in the ascent of sap by diminishing the width of
the vessels. Sometimes they act as ‘pumps’ pressing out carbonic acid
into the sap and extracting from it nutritive salts. There is also a useful
bibliography.—G. H. S.-H.

Weight, Measurements of, Increase in. (Beth. Bot. Centralbi.,
xxiv., Erste Abth., Heft 1, pp. 45 e¢ seq; with four figures.)—Dr. Hugo
Hackenberg gives a series of tables dealing with the rate of increase in dry
weight of Cannabis sativa and C. gigantea. The “substance quotient ”’
is obtained as follows: Specimens are taken at fixed intervals; the
average dry weight at each period is then divided by that found at the
preceding time of measurement.

The seedlings one week old were 8°3 to 6°7 per cent. lighter in dry
weight than the same number of seeds before planting.

After this period there is an increase in dry weight, and the substance
quotient varies from 1°9 to 2°5. After the difference in sex is perceptible,
the male plants increase more slowly than the females. In some of the
male plants the weight was actually less after flowering (due to loss of
leaves and pollen).

The quotient curves seem to be independent of normal climatic
fluctuations. The plants assimilated with the same regularity in spite of
unfavourable conditions. But when a series of both male and female
plants were grown in shade the quotients were distinctly lower in the
shaded plants, and the dry weight was very much smaller than in the
control sun-plants.

The male plants were more injuriously affected by shade than the
female ones.—G. F’. S.-H.

Woburn, Ninth Report, 1908. By the Duke of Bedford, K.G.,
and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S.—This Report deals mainly with ex-
periments in unorthodox methods of planting, and these have been

152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conducted on a larger scale than would otherwise have been the
case owing to the attention, not altogether favourable, attracted by the
portions of the Fifth Report which dealt with the same subject. The
fact that the trials have been made with over 2,000 trees, planted by ten
persons in seventeen localities, compels us to give the conclusions arrived
at our earnest attention, however much they may be at variance
with our preconceived notions and the accepted ideas of good practice.
See notes under “ Fruit Trees ’’ and “ Paradise Stocks.’’—A. P.

Woburn, Tenth Report, 1909. By the Duke of Bedford, K.G.,
and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S.—This Report is founded on observa-
tions made during 1908 on the treatment of trees for insect pests. See
notes under “ Insecticides,’ “ Psylla,’’ “ Paraffin,” and “ Woolly Aphis.”’

Woolly Aphis on Nursery Stock and Young Trees. By the
Duke of Bedford, K.G.,and Spencer U. Pickering, F.R.S. (Woburn, Tenth
Report, 1909, pp. 2-12),—Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid being
dangerous alike to the operator and the trees, and not always fatal to the
aphis, two simple and effective substitutes have been found for it—the
bodily immersion of the trees in petrol (not ordinary lighting oil) for five
minutes, or in water at 115° F. for ten minutes, the latter method being
recommended as it entails less risk to the trees, the mortality among them
being only 5 per cent. as against 10 per cent. after the petrol treatment.

AF

Yew, Distribution of, in Germany. By F. Kollmann (Nat. Zeit.
Land-Forst., Vol. 7, pp. 217-247, 6 figures, April 1909).—Notes on the
occurrence of yew in various parts of Germany as a wild plant.— W. G. S.

=

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EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCKEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
JANUARY 12, 1909.
Mr. GEorGE BunyarpD, V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (41).—Mrs. T. Aitken, Miss L. C. Alexander, Miss
Antrobus, Mrs. Ashburner, Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, F.L.S., Miss A. L.
Baldwin, K. L. Bilbrough, 8. Boorman, J. A. Bramley, James Brown,
Mrs. Buchan, Mrs. Burns, Mrs. F. Bushe, T. A. Coghlan, W. A. Conway,
Miss G. Crewdson, HK. EH. Curtis, Miss C. I. T. Dalkin, Miss L. Deacon,
Mrs. KE. C. Eley, Mrs. H. M. M. Foster, G. H. Freeman, Miss E. Gask,
J. EK. Geoghegan, J. M. Hall, H. J. Harris, C.G. Hayman, A. D. Home-
wood, Miss I. Horn, Mrs. Campbell Hyslop, Miss L. Knowles, Mrs. K. M.
Maginniss, Arnold Morley, Miss L. A. Myers, Miss E. O. Paget, J. A.
Pearson, J. A. Pegg, Mrs. T. Phillips Pugh, G. Riley, H. L. Robson,
W. Walters, J.P.

Fellows resident abroad (2).—G. Johnson (Queensland), M. Mertens
(Belgium).

A lecture was given on “French Gardening” by Mr. C. D. Mackay
(see p. 5).

GENERAL MEETING.
JANUARY 26, 1909.
Mr. E. A. Bowzss, M.A., F.L.8., in the Chair.

. Fellows elected (65).—J. L. Anstruther, Mrs. Armstrong, Miss I’.
Barclay-Watson, Miss A. M. Bell, Mrs. T. R. Blurton, Mrs. L. Bonn,
F. W. Bowler, C. J. P. Breach, Mrs. R. O. Burnett, Miss M. Calderon,
J. A. Christie, T. B. Cope, Miss M. Corbett, Sir James L. Cotter, Bart.,
Mrs. Thesiger Daniell, C. F. Edwards, C. E. Elers, Miss Gertrude EH.
EKlkington, Mrs. D. H. Evans, Mrs. T. Storar Field, Mrs. John 8. Glad-
stone, Mrs. Gorton, C. Greenway, N. W. Grieve, Mrs. Wollaston Groome,
Mrs. L. Gwyther, Lady Hampson, H. P. Harris, A. W. Hart, Mrs. Hilson,
J. Wilson Hodges, Miss Hull, W. Inglis-Jones, Mrs. John Ismay, Miss
Jeffray, A. C. Jonas, H. G. Jones, Mrs. Devill-Davies, G. H. Laurence,
L. Lloyd-Goring, I. McDougall, Mrs. F. Makepeace, Mrs. Blackett Ord,

VoL. XXXV. a

il PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. Peacock, D. Pearson, Mrs. HE. Pease, C. J. Peer, H. V. Phillipps, H.
Radley, C. D. Richardson, Thomas Rochford, Mrs. H. K. Rutherford,
Miss F. C. Sewell, A. J. Shorthouse, C. Castle Sloane, C. Gordon Sloane,
Mrs. H. J. Sparks, Miss Maxwell Stuart, 8. R. Thomas, W. Thomas,
Major A. R. Trotter, Miss C. Trower, Sir Augustus F. Webster, Bart.,
Mrs. W. W. Wiggin, T. Zarifi.

Fellows resident abroad (2).—Dr. Isbister (Sydney), H. K. Shaw
(Calcutta).

Societies affiliated (4).—Cirencester Horticultural Society, Hilden-
borough Gardening Association, St. Albans County Club, Wadsley
Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “A Method of using Domestic Sewage in
Horticulture’? by Mr. W. D. Scott-Monerieff (see vol. xxxiv. p. 462).

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
FrBRuARY 9, 1909.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.0., V.M.H. (President of the Society),
in the Chair.

The minutes of the last Annual General Meeting, held on February 11,
1908, were read and signed.

Fellows elected (68).—T. R. Ablett, Lord Osborne Beauclerk, Miss
Burton, Mrs. Herbert Bury, Lady Arthur Butler, Mrs. Richard Cecil,
Col. F. W. Chatterton, H. W. Coulson, Miss M. E. Dawson, Lord de
Manley, Rev. Ralph W. Doyle, Mrs. Alfred Emmott, Mrs. H. Faudel-
Phillips, Mrs. Alan Fullerton, Mrs. James Gibbon, Howard Goodmaw,
F. C. Greville-Smith, Mrs. Somerville Grieve, C. Hales, W. Brabazon
Hallowes, Viscount Hampden Dow, Countess of Hardwicke, Mrs. Harms-
worth, A. F. W. Hayward, H. Frankland Hepburn, Lady Hothfield, Mrs.
R. Rigby Kewley, Hon. Edith Cunlyfe Lister, Mrs. Leopold McKenna,
Capt. J. H. Mander, W. J. Morgan, A. H. Norway, Miss H. G. Nussey,
Lady Paget, Piercey Parker, Mrs. W. F. Paul, Rev. S. H. Phillimore,
Mrs. Maurice Pope, J. M. Randall, Mrs. Richards, Mrs. Robert
Rintoul, Mrs. EK. Robertson, Miss Rowney, W. Rowson, John
Russell, Henry K. Rutherford, W. E. Sands, F. Pilkington Sargeant,
Mrs. F. Schooling, J. Steevens, Mrs. Stern, Lady Vezey Strong, W. Swire,
K. E. Thayer, Mrs. Tower, Mrs. Beachroft Towse, Joseph Turner, T. B.
Tutt, Rev. A. Roland Upcher, Mrs. Philip Walker, Miss Warrender,
C. Watney, Major G. Watson, R. Wells, Mrs. E. Wightwick, Mrs. J. F.
Wilkin, Harold Wilkins, Tansley Witt.

Fellow resident abroad (1).—R. T. Turnbull (Wellington, N. Z.).

Associates (10).—Miss L. M. Alderson, Miss L. B. Evetts, Miss J. M.
Grover, Harry Hargreaves, Miss E. M. Hinkson, Miss N. Kirby, Miss D.
Loregrove, Miss C. 8. McLean, Miss K. Steel, Miss M. Swynnerton.

Societies affiliated (8).—Abingdon Horticultural Society, Longfords
Valley Horticultural Society, Morden Cottage Garden Society.

The President moved the adoption of the Report, which will be found
below. This was seconded by Mr. J. Gurney Fowler and carried
unanimously.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. ili

The President read the following names of the proposed new
Members of Council, Vice-Presidents and Officers. These having been
duly proposed and seconded, and the list circulated in accordance with
bye-law 74, and no alternative names having been proposed, were declared
by the President to be duly elected, viz.—

As new Members of Council.—Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.,
V.M.H., Sir a Morris, K.C.M.G., V.M.H., Mr. Geo. Bunyard,
V.M.H.

As Vice-Presidents.—The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, the Right
Hon. the Earl of Ducie, the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, Leopold de
Rothschild, Esq., C.V.O., Baron Sir Henry Schroder, Bart., V.M.H.,
Sir John T. Dillwyn-Llewelyn, Bart., V.M.H.

As Officers.—Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H. (President),
J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., J.P. (Treasurer), Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. (Secretary),
A.C. Harper, Esq. (Auditor).

Mr. W. Marshall, V.M.H., and the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., were each
presented with the Veitch Memorial Medal.

The Victoria Medal of Honour in Horticulture was presented to Sir
Jeremiah Colman, Bart., and Mr. Charles Ross,

Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman,
which was seconded by Mr. W. Marshall, V.M.H., and carried with
acclamation.

REPORT: OP -PHE COUNCIL

FOR THE YEAR 1908.

The One Hundred and Fifth Year.—The past year, though
unmarked by any very important Horticultural events, has been a year of
quiet, steady progress for our Society.

Wisley Gardens.—The Wisley Gardens continue to increase in
favour with the Fellows of the Society. All branches of work are showing
good results, and improvements are being made as time and opportunity
allow. The new laboratory is proving of great assistance to the Educational
work of the Society, and the result of the first year’s work by the students
is highly satisfactory, and well repays the Council, the Laboratory
Director, the Superintendent of the Gardens, and the other Officers, for
the time and labour they have devoted to it. The following report has
been received from His Majesty’s Inspector :—

Board of Education, Whitehall, London, S.W. :
September 10, 1908.

Wisley School cf Horticulture.

Rev. S1r,—I am directed to transmit the following Report of H.M.
Inspector for the year 1907-8 on the above-named school :—

“Provision is made for the training annually at this school of about
thirty young men as scientific gardeners, and a diploma of the Royal
Horticultural Society is awarded to the successful students at the end of
the period of training.

a2

lv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“ The course of instruction is designed to cover two years, but as yet
only the first year course is in full operation. The course is extremely
well planned and is carried out by an efficient staff of instructors.

“The Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society are extensive and
contain a very large variety of plants, both in the open and under
glass. There is also a very well fitted laboratory, with good equipment
for instruction in the sciences bearing on practical horticulture. The
laboratory is under the charge of a well qualified and skilled instructor
and the students receive a very thorough training in the scientific side of
their craft. This instruction has, at present, to be made very fundamental
and in some respects very elementary, as few of those admitted to the course
of instruction have received a satisfactory training previously in the
rudiments of science. When the second year’s course is in full operation
it will be possible to do some fairly advanced work.

“ Originality and thought on the part of the students are encouraged by
weekly discussions in the evening, when selected students read papers,
which are criticized by the other students, and additional experience is
gained by the students in acting on small committees in connection
with the arrangements for the Society’s shows in London.

“ On the practical side students appear to have an unique opportunity
of acquiring a knowledge of the cultivation of all the plants that they are
likely to meet with in the course of their employment, and those who
qualify for the diploma should have no difficulty in securing remunerative
posts.

“The Royal Horticultural Society is to be congratulated on the step it
has taken to encourage the educational side of the craft.”’

I am, Rev. Sir,
Your obedient servant,
F. G, OGILVIE.
Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.

It was also very gratifying to the Council to find that in the General
Examination in Horticulture open to the whole of Great Britain, the
Scholarship of £25 a year for two years offered by the Worshipful
Company of Gardeners, was won by Mr. Perry, one of the students at
Wisley.

In the local Examination confined to the Students at Wisley, Mr.
H. E. Seaton took the first place, and has been appointed Assistant
Demonstrator in the Laboratory.

E.xperiments have been set on foot to illustrate (1) the effect of various
methods of planting fruit trees, (2) the influence of p:uning and not pruning
in the first winter after planting, (83) of summer pruning, (4) the
importance of planting trees at a correct depth, and (5) the effect of grass
over the roots of fruit trees.

Grape Exhibit.—At the fortnightly Meeting on September 29, an
exceedingly fine collection of Grapes grown in the Vineries at Wisley, and
comprising 80 varieties, was shown. The Grapes were magnificent, and,
at the Council Meeting, Mr. 8. T. Wright, the Superintendent of the
Garden, and Mr. A. C. Smith, the Assistant Superintendent, were com-
plimented by the President on the excellent results they had obtained.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Vv

Contributions of Plants.—Contributions of Orchids have been
presented to the Gardens by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H.,
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., V.M.H., Colonel Holford, C.I.E., C.Y.O.,
W. A. Bilney, Esq., J.P., P. Ralli, Esq., F. Wellesley, Esq., J.P., J. 8.
Moss, Esq., C. A. White, Esq., J. Sparkes, Esq., Messrs. James Veitch,
Messrs. Charlesworth, Messrs. J. W. Moore, Messrs. George Bunyard and
Messrs. Sander. It is hoped that these will form the nucleus of a far
larger collection in a few years to come.

Visitors.—The number of visitors to the Gardens, admitted by
Fellows’ tickets during the year 1908, amounted to nearly 11,000 as
compared with 8,818 in 1907. This is exclusive of horticultural parties
which were admitted by special arrangement, and would increase the total
to more than 11,500.

Wisley Trials.—In order to protect the members of the various
standing Committees from the possibility of reproach, and to secure
absolute freedom from bias, the Council have arranged that in future,
when trials are being made at the Gardens, the growing plants, flowers,
or fruits, shall be inspected by a Sub-Committee composed of five
members of the Committee interested, and that everything so grown for
trial shall be kept under a number only, and that the names, both of the
varieties and of their senders shall not be disclosed until a decision has
been arrived at, and samples are submitted to the whole Committee at
Vincent Square, together with the Report and Recommendations of the
Sub-Committee. Thus, the judgments of all Sub-Committees at Wisley
will be given under number only. Specimens of the produce for which a
Sub-Committee shall have recommended any award, will be brought to
Vincent Square at the next ensuing Meeting, and the whole Committee
will then have an opportunity of considering the Report and Recom-
mendations made by the Sub-Committee at Wisley. The Committee
having inspected the samples brought up, and adopted (or otherwise) the
Recommendations of their Sub-Committee, will send them up to the
Council for its approval in the usual way.

Wisley Tithe.—In 1907 the land tax at Wisley was redeemed ; this
year the Tithe rent charge has been similarly treated, so that the land is
now free from both these outgoings.

A Visit to Windsor.—On June 10, by the gracious permission of
His Majesty the King, the Council and Committees visited Windsor and
the Royal Gardens at Frogmore. As guests of His Worship, the Mayor
of Windsor (G. Bampfylde, Esq.), an excellent luncheon was enjoyed in
the Guildhall, and after visiting St. George’s Chapel, the Albert Memorial
Chapel, and the State Apartments, an inspection of the Royal Gardens at
Frogmore followed. The Council were much impressed by the admirable
cultivation and order displayed in all departments of the garden, and
desire to express their great thanks to Sir Dighton Probyn, V.C., G.C.B.,
and to Mr. Mackellar, His Majesty's Head Gardener, for the kind way
they received the visitors.

vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Deputations.—In response to invitations received, Deputations from
the Society attended the Flower Shows of Truro, York, and Newcastle,
and were in each City most cordially and hospitably received by the
gentlemen responsible for the arrangements. The Council have, with
much pleasure, accepted invitations to send Deputations in 1909 to
Birmingham and to Cardiff, and negotiations are in progress relating to
another important Horticultural Meeting.

Deputation from the French Horticultural Society.—On
June 23, one hundred Members of the Société Nationale d’ Horticulture
de France, with their President, Monsieur Viger, and their Secretary,
Monsieur Chatenay, were received by the President and Council, and after

visiting the day’s Flower Show they were entertained at a luncheon in
the Lecture-room.

Shows in 1908.—During this year 34 Exhibitions, covering 41 days,
have been held by the Society.

Temple Show.—The 1908 Spring Show in the Inner Temple
Gardens, now held there for 21 consecutive years, was again a great
success, and the thanks of the Society are due to the Benchers. The
Private View, from 7 to 12 on the second day, arranged for the exclusive
benefit of Fellows, was much appreciated, judging by the number of ~
Fellows who availed themselves of the privilege. The Benchers have
again kindly consented to the 1909 Show being held in their Gardens.

The Summer Show.—By the very kind permission of Mary,
Countess of Ilchester, the Society’s Summer Show will be again held at
Holland House in 1909. The 1908 Show was eyen more magnificent
than in preceding years, but the second day was unfortunately wet.

Colonial Fruit Shows.—Shows of Colonial Fruit have been held in
March, June, and November.

The November Show was a great success, the applications for space
far exceeding all that was available. The Rt. Hon. Lord Strathcona and
Mount Royal, G.C.M.G. (who, in the unavoidable absence of the President,
was received at the entrance by The Rt. Hon. Lord Balfour of Burleigh,
Sir Albert Rollit and other Members of the Council), performed the
Opening Ceremony, when a Hall filled with magnificent fruit—Apples
and Pears from British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Ontario; Citrus and
rare tropical fruits from the West Indies ; and fruits and preserves from
other Colonies-—was displayed before the Fellows and the public. Lord
Strathcona testified to the value of the work which the Society is doing
for the Colonies, and at the private Luncheon given to the Agents-General,
and presided over by Sir Albert Rollit, many were the marks of apprecia-
tion as to the value of these Shows to the Colonies, and their stimulating
influence on the great fruit-growing resources of our Daughter States.

Spring Bulb Show.—In the coming year Marck 9 has been fixed
for a show of Forced Spring Bulbs, with a view to specially demonstrat-
ing which varieties of Daffodils, Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., are best suited

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Vil

for forcing. Exhibits of large or small collections are invited from
amateurs and the trade. Medals will be awarded according to merit.

Fruit Shows.—In consideration of the facts (1) that the Annual
Autumn Show of British-grown Fruit is every year practically a re-
petition of the previous year’s Show; and (2) that many British-grown
fruits cannot possibly be shown (or shown in perfection) at any one
Show of fixed date; and (3) that Vegetables have been somewhat
neglected in the past; the Council have decided to omit the great
Autumn Show for one year, and in 1909 to substitute in its place a series
of somewhat similar prizes for British-grown fruit and vegetables, but
spread over the whole twelve months, so that everything may be seen at
its best. Prizes will therefore be offered at every “ Fortnightly ’’ Show
at Vincent Square during 1909, the Schedule of which will be published
on February 25 in the Society’s “ Book of Schedules,’ price 6d.

Affiliated Societies Challenge Cup.—In connection with these
fortnightly prizes the Council offer a Challenge Cup to be competed for
by Affiliated Societies, hoping thereby both to stimulate the interest of the
Societies concerned, and also to bring them into somewhat more intimate
touch with the Parent Society. The Cup will be held for one year,
and a Silver-Gilt Medal awarded to the Society winning the Challenge,
and also to the Society obtaining the second place in the contest.

New Life Fellow.—Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., V.M.H., the
Treasurer of the Society during the financially difficult years 1888 to
1891, has been appointed an Honorary Life Fellow of the Society in
recognition of the great assistance he has rendered to Horticulture in
various parts of the world.

Editorship.—Mr. Geo. S. Saunderg, F.L.S., having resigned the
Editorship of the Journal, owing to ill health, Mr. F. J. Chittenden,
F.L.S., the Director of the Laboratory at Wisley, has been appointed his
successor.

Journals.—Four paris of the Jowrnal have been issued to the
Fellows during the year. To secure a more frequent circulation of the
Proceedings of the Society and of other information, the new Editor has
been requested to publish the Journal in quarterly, or four-monthly, parts.
The smaller and more frequent issues will undoubtedly prove more
acceptable to the Fellows for general use.

Bequest.—The Council very much appreciate and acknowledge with
warmest thanks an intimation they bave received from Lady Macleay of
her intention to bequeath to the Society the very valuable gift of a
complete copy of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. They venture to express
a hope that it may be several years yet before it comes into their
possession.

Examinations.—The following Examinations have been held during
the year :—

land 2. The General Examination, which is intended as a test of
general horticultural knowledge. It was held in two sections, (a) for

Vlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

candidates of 19 years of age and over, and (b) for those under 19 years
of age. In 1909 the age limit in both sections will be 18 instead of 19.

3. The School Teachers’ Examination in Cottage and Allotment
Gardening.

4. The Public Parks Examination—designed for men engaged in the
Parks and Gardens of Municipal and other Public Authorities.

The number of candidates at each of these examinations was large,
and the results were very satisfactory.

Examinations Abroad.—On the invitation of the Government of
the United Provinces of India, the “General Examination’’ of the
Society in the Principles of Horticulture is to be slightly modified so as
to fulfil the local Indian requirements, and a first examination will be
held in April 1909 at Saharanpur. This suggests that possibly other
countries and districts may feel it desirable to enter candidates for
similarly modified examinations, in which case the Council would be
prepared to organize them.

The examiners are leading horticulturists in England, and for
examinations abrcad they will be assisted by experts acquainted with the
special horticultural conditions of the various countries desiring to adopt
the Society’s tests.

Lectures.—Twenty-five Lectures have been delivered before the
Fellows during the year, and the Council extend their hearty thanks to
those who have so kindly assisted in this very useful section of the
Society’s work.

The Masters’ Lectures.—Fellows will remember the intimate
connection with the Society of the late Dr. Masters, F.R.S., who did
much for horticulture by drawing constant attention to the various ways
in which scientific discovery and research might be made serviceable
to gardening ; and it will also be remembered that a fund was established
by subscription to perpetuate his memory in connection with the Society,
and to carry on in some degree his work of science in relation to

gardening.

“The Masters’ Lectures’’ have accordingly been founded, and the
first two are to be given during 1909 by the well-known Professor Hugo
de Vries, of Amsterdam, on (a) “ Masters’ ‘ Vegetable Teratology’ ”’
(June 22), and (b) “The Prceduction of Horticultural Varieties ”
(September 28).

The Nicholson Memorial.—The Council have been requested to
raise a fund for the establishment cf a permanent memorial of the late
Mr. George Nicholson, V.M.H., F.L.S. With this they most cordially
agree. There are few, if any men, to whom the present generation of
gardeners owes a deeper obligation than to the author of “ The Dictionary
of Gardening,” a work which “ has done more towards the standardization
of plant names and developing an interest in horticulture than anything
published since Loudon,” in 1829.

Mr. Nicholson was for many years a most valued member of the
Scientific Committee of our Society. He also took a very active part

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 1X

and keen interest in the re-establishment of examinations by the
Society, and himself acted as one of the examiners. It is in view of this
last point and after carefully estimating the amount likely to be subscribed,
that the Council propose to established a “ Nicholson Prize,” to be awarded
annually to the students at Wisley.

Subscriptions should be sent addressed “The Nicholson Prize Fund,
R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square, London,” and cheques and postal orders
made payable to “ The Royal Horticultural Society,” crossed “ London and
County Bank.”

The Darwin Centenary.—The Centenary Celebration of the birth
year of Charles Darwin is to be held at Cambridge on June 22, the date
curiously coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the publication of his
“ Origin of Species.”” Representatives of Universities and other learned
bodies, tcgether with distinguished individuals, have been invited by the
University of Cambridge to take part in the festival, and the Rev. Prof.
George Henslow, M.A., V.M.H., has been appointed to represent the
Royal Horticultural Society.

Classification of Daffodils.—At the request of the Daffodil Com-
mittee the Council appointed a Committee to ccnsider the best way of
avoiding the confusicn, and consequent disputes, likely to arise from the
recent multitudinous crossing, recrossing, and intercrossing of the old
Divisions of Magni- Medio- and Parvi-Coronati. The Committee have
delivered their Report instituting an entirely new system of classification,
which the Council have accepted, and ordered to be used at the Society’s
Shows. The Report contains a list of every Daffcdil known to the
Committee, together with the name of the raiser as far as it could be
- discovered, each flower known being allotted to its appropriate class. The
Report has been printed in a handy book form, and can be obtained from
the Society’s Office, Vincent Square, at a cost of ls. Experience may
probably suggest some further modification of the new classification,
which, for the present, has been experimentally adopted.

Colour Chart.—Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at
times longed for a CoLouR CHart—that is to say, for a standard of
reference whereby he could himself name, or recognize, or convey to
a friend at a distance, the exact shade of colour of a flower he desired
to procure or had seen advertised, or wished to describe to a friend.

The Council have long felt the need of such a chart, but the expense
of producing it has hitherto deterred them from issuing it.

Not long since a most admirable chart, containing more than 1,450
shades of colour between white and black, was published in France at the
instance of the French Chrysanthemum Society, the price in England
being #1 1s. net, and, by it, it is now possible to exactly recognize, or
describe to a friend or purchaser at a distance, the precise colour of any
possible flower.

Recognizing both the excellence and the usefulness of this chart, the
idea at once occurred, Could it not be adopted as an International
Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world could accurately
and exactly describe to one another (no matter how far away or speaking

x PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

what language) the colour and shade of any particular flower they refer to ?
There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat prohibitive cost of
£1 1s. net. By undertaking to be responsible for a very large number,
the Society is now in a position to offer this Chart to its Fellows at the
reduced cost of 14s. 6d., for which price it can be obtained at the Society’s
Offices, Vincent Square, or it can be sent free by post for 15s.; but in all
cases a cheque or postal order must be sent beforehand.

The Council hope that Fellows will avail themselves of this offer, as
unless a large number of copies are purchased a considerable loss will
accrue to the Society.

The 1909 Code of Rules for Judging.—The Society’s Code of
“Rules for Judging ” has again been carefully revised and many alterations
and additions suggested by the last few years’ experience have been
adopted. The Council cannot too strongly recommend a careful perusal
of the Code (price 1s. 6d.) to the Secretaries of all local shows and their
exhibitors.

Conference on Spraying.—A useful and important Conference on
the spraying of Fruit Trees was held on October 16, when papers
were read by Mr. Geo. Massee, V.M.H., Mr. H. F. Getting, Mr. F. V.
Theobald, M.A., and Mr. Geo. Hammond, to whom the Council are
greatly indebted. They also desire to acknowledge with thanks the
Chairmanship of Colonel Warde, M.P., and Colonel Long, M.P., at the
morning and afternoon sessions. Discussions followed the various papers ;
and the full text of the Conference will be found in the Society’s Journal,
Volume xxxiv., Part 3.

Obituary.—Each year removes from the Society’s list of Fellows
names which have-appeared for a long succession of years, and by their
removal the Society is so much the poorer. We are no longer able to
record the Fellowship of the late Duke of Devonshire, whose tenant the
Society was for so long at Chiswick; The Earl of Annesley, a past
Member of the R.H.S. Council; Mr. Martin R. Smith, V.M.H., the
prince of modern Carnation growers; Mr. Geo. Nicholson, V.M.H.,
F.L.S., for many years Curator of Kew, a member of our Scientific
Committee and one of our Examiners in Horticulture, and the author of
“The Dictionary of Gardening’’; Sir Henry Lawrence, Bart., Sub-
Treasurer of the Inner Temple; Mr. Henry Balderson, for years a Vice-
Chairman of the Fruit Committee, and Mr. R. Lye, a member of the same
Committee at the time of his death. Amongst other missing names are
those of Sir William B. Avery, Bart., the Hon. Mrs. Barton, Major-
General H. P. Bishop, Dr. E. Bonavia (of the Scientific Committee), the
Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham, the Marquis E. de la Valette, Lady
Farquhar, General Sir Reginald Gipps, K.C.B., the Dowager Lady Loder,
Colonel Sir William T. Makins, Bart., Lieut.-Col. John Moore-Brabazon,
the Earl of Rosse, F.R.S., the Hon. Mrs. E. Stanhope, Sir Condie
Stephen, K.C.V.O., C.B., Mrs. Towrey White, Sir F. W. Wigan, Bart.,
Frau Ida Brandt, the Marquis de Wavrin, the Rev. F. Paynter and Mr.
K. Fison.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. xi

Retiring Members of the Council.—Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
K.C.V.O., V.M.H., Mr. George Bunyard, V.M.H., and Mr. A. H. Pearson
retire from Office. The first two have allowed themselves to be re-
nominated. It is with great regret to the Council that Mr. A. H.
Pearson, who has occupied a seat at the Council Table for 10 years, finds
himself unable to continue in office any longer. He has, during those
years, done excellent work for the Society, and deserves the warmest
thanks of the Fellows.

Victoria Medal of Honour.—During the past year two vacancies
in the roll of the Victoria Medal of Honour have occurred (through the
loss of Mr. R. Martin Smith and Mr. George Nicholson), and Sir
Jeremiah Colman, Bart., and Mr. Chas. Ross have been appointed by the
Council to this distinction.

New Certificate.— Of late years the want has been increasingly felt
of some way of recognizing skilful scientific work amongst plants. Even
if such work does not immediately result in any great Horticultural
advance, it may either disclose the steps by which existing results have
been attained, or it may lay the foundation and prepare the way for future
development; and is, in either case, deserving of the Society’s recogni-
tion. To meet this want the Council have created a New Certificate, to
be called “ The Certificate of Appreciation.”

Annual Progress.—The following table will show the Society’s
progress in regard to numerical strength during the past year :—

Loss By DeatH rw 1908. FELLOWS ELECTED IN 1908.
we ag 4 asd.
Life Fellows. he be - O 0 OO - Hon. Members Be. 0 0 0
4 Guineas. 5 eee - 8 8 0. 4 Guineas oe 25 4 0
2 ‘a E = 440 . . &4 0 O = . 601. 1362 2 0
1 i= ‘ 5 : Shy (ee oa | a i = 7 . 589. 618 9 0O
130 £171 Associates . 3° Aa? 1. -D
Dee | Rigiatad Sects a? . 3312 0
Commutations 8 .}
= £197 8s. Od. =
Loss By ResicNaTion, &e. 1,283 41,961 8 0
ee Deduct boss . 852) 82.0
4 Guineas . pee. = - 4 4 0 Ner Increase ww Income £1,008 0 0
2 ot 3 see | ae , Tat 14.0 See.
1 ES 3 . 489. ots. J O New Fellows, &c. z ; BR Wes 3
Associates . . 22. soe it 8 Deaths and Resignations . 2 fae
Affiliated Societies 27 : - 28 7 0 NuMERICcCAL INCREASE . : : 507
646 £782 5 0 Total on December 31, 1907 . 10,000
Toran Loss 776 £953 8 0. Total on December 31, 1908 . 10,507

The Council are pleased to record that the total number of Fellows,
Honorary or Corresponding Members, Associates and Affiliated Societies
is now 10,507, which is believed to be the highest number belonging to
any British Royal Society.

Letting of the Hall.—The Annual Revenue and Expenditure
Account indicates the continued success of the Hall as a financial asset.
No fewer than 52 engagements (excluding the Society’s own Shows),
covering a total of 160 days, have been accommodated, and the amount

Xli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Mr ANNUAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

cheer ey £° §.. a.
To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES—

Ground Rent uae ste sen ele Pion an OU 7 oe)
Rates and Taxes nae Sou 3 eee HOO FEZ ee
Water Rate aa St 586 RG 5 83 12 9
Electric aa oe se onc Sorin Rec a ae
Gas ae nee “ine 4 see 30D eS) 6
Insurance sete ae Bar ous aoe 49° 19-"9
= G62 eae
Salaries and Wages sine ts ae Saopel tOO, LT a0)
Printing and Stationery ee 508 See eeu ds hone
Postages ... 468 450 Sir far ix 7 £06 HO od 5
Fuel ‘ ee ite Dio 48 12 6
Architect. and Auditor’ s Fees a sis soe nbd ae
Gratuities Bie ane Sieh = eee se: ee 6)
Repairs and Renewals ... aa aoe iat 2bE 19 i#
Miscellaneous Expenses oe 556 un ~) BOL AOS 16
Horticultural Unions ... sate 53% i 13 "0. -0
es 0 eee
» JOURNAL, PRINTING AND POSTAGE soa 2,606 10 9
» PAINTING ORCHID PICTURES.. Ai? 29>. 70
» WISLEY SCHOLARSHIP GIVEN xs THE
SOCIETY wei 52 : ce ate 26 =0:.40
» LINDLEY LIBRARY ve aoe shi hee 20) “eee
» SHOWS and MEETINGS—
Temple Show ... ae she Soe dist > MO, Oe 7S
Holland Park Show oe ae aa oi. , O29 LO BET
Special Autumn Show ... AC ae ee be en te
Colonial Show _... aoe sich pea Ria 4919 --6
Labour, ("a afiey SEGZ Linas
Expenses of Floral Meetings and Conferences Diet La
SS 2 Oe
» PRIZES and MEDALS—
Awarded at Society’s Shows... soe AOD TaD
Awarded by Deputations at other Shows ... . 15016 0
—-——— 620 9 5
» WISLEY GARDENS—
Rates, Taxes, and Insurances ... Ae sare Sou l0ekO
Tithe Redemption ons a os va DO. OO
Superintendent’s Salary sie cae fox. 22D NO AO
Labour... : a ae a ie) OSE Sow
Trees and Shrubs “i “ss ao as 1100
Garden Implements... a ie Sar ol laclt
Loam and Manure ae a oe ae joel aa
Repairs... ee 2 Pe De Me 69-63
Fuel a: F ne ss nt aw ldole Dao
Miscellaneous Expenses ie: ae See OMT
== 2100 Ba
» COST of GROWING, PACKING, and DISTRIBU-
TION of PLANTS to FELLOWS ... awe 313 5 5
» LABORATORY, WISLEY—
Salaries bite seer PO LOL AG 280
Surrey County Council Scholars 508 viele 2210 O
Miscellaneous Expenses ate oe ee 85- ag
a et ie eee
» DEPRECIATION—
Hall Glass Roof, Furniture, Glass Houses
Wisley, and Plant and Materials ine 499 2 aa
» BALANCH, carried to Balance Sheet eae 5 13867-5020

L2UOLo: oe oer,

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, xill

ACCOUNT for YEAR ending DECEMBER 31, 1908. Cr
ee a 2 £ 8. 4.
By ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS a ie Be 14,277 3 3
» ENTRANCE FEES ... “er a fe re 397 19 O
» DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST ..... “a a3 1,063 8 5
» SHOWS AND MEETINGS—
Temple Show _ ... zee ae oe: co» 1,535 14 O
Holland Park Show ee ne 25 nae sees tee O
Special Autumn Show ... | : * 38 5 0
Colonial Show ... = a a te 68 16 0
Takings at Hall Shows... ©... ee ont AUG: JA 2
—~ 2,366 7 2
» JOURNALS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS—
Advertisements ... a “ee ch at Po ee &
Sale of Journals ... Be = tea ia) AOL AES
ea) is 1,103 13 8
» HALL LETTINGS ... aan sP om soe eae ve
Less Labour Expenses ... ae so Be. whos 7 2
—— 2,067 15 7
» PRIZES AND MEDALS _.... ee Me awe bin 4S
» EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE—
Amount received in Fees Sn oe 2e° 9. t54./ O 0
Less expended ii itt
— 76 8 il
; WISLEY GARDENS—
Produce sold es — =o: -- ae 37 ~0 10
Students’ Fees... 2 ee “cs i: 68 5 0
Inspection of Gardens ... os ie se - oan 11 0
a 360 16 10
» LIFE COMPOSITIONS —
Being amount paid by Fellow now deceased 76. ~5° 0

X1v PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Q r BALANCE SHEET,
Pee ee | £3. a.
To CAPITAL FUNDS ACCOUNTS—
As at December 31, 1907 oka aoe 2, 04, 001..-5. 10
ee. ae
Received since, Life Com-
positions Re ie LOE = & 810
Less Fees paid by Fellow
now deceased on =O
ee ee eee eee
Masters’ Memorial Fund ... oot Pe eiee (5 eer oe
Nicholson Memorial Fund eb es 2018 6
== Sb,a90 1 oF
» SUNDRY CREDITORS 366-115
» SUBSCRIPTIONS, &c., paid in advance 615.9 6
» LAWRENCE TESTIMONIAL FUND 389 0 5
». WISLEY SCHOLARSHIP—
Balance December 31, 1907 16-15. 30
Given by the Society, 1908 _... 25 0 0
—— 43 45° 0
Less paid to Scholars aes ee sien 2) 0-0
18° 5..20
» DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS RESERVE
ACCOUNT—
As at December 31, 1907 ae ae ae OUTS Las
Added this Year... on Rae ic Se ADS
=—— - Ape sieees
» GENERAL REVENUE ACCOUNT—
Balance, December 31,1907 ... 41,706 5 11
Less Bad Debts ... am 12 6 10
= 1698-59.
» REVENUE FOR THE YFAR, as per annexed
Account. «. Sea e aE Sic eel OO ea
pe 49,560 19 1
ie
a. ee (£87,825 17 2

(ree 8 ee eee

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. XV

DECEMBER 31, 1908. Or.

By CAPITAL EXPENDITURE—

» NEW HALL AND OFFICES— 5
As at December 31, 1907 oF . 40,376 15 5
Expenditure since on New Kitchen, “Awning,
Lavatory, &c. Rae sas e ae lo Lee.
—- 40,950 11 2
» FURNISHING THE HALL AND OFFICES—
As at December 31, 1907 sie a Une oO
Expenditure since on Oak Cupboard, nee
writer, and Kitchen Fittings... a EY ALY
——— 2,165 6 5
» DWELLING HOUSES, WISLEY—
As at December 31, 1907 “FF 2,390 5 7
» GLASS HOUSES AND RANGES, “WISLEY on 3,295 15 2
» LABORATORY, WISLEY—
As at December 31, 1907 = aia ; So) Maa PA
Expenditure since on Architect’s Fees and
New Boiler ... “8 te ae as . £00, 6 10
—o 1,627 14 11
50,429 13 38
» PLANT AND MATERIALS—
Appliances for Shows ... ee sas ae = woOrke
Fittings, Wisley.. ae 5o0 Oro
Horse and Cart and Garden Plant, Ke. Hee 9213 6
Fencing and Wire Netting, Wisley ... foe 36 15 0
Scientific Instrumentsand Fittings,Laboratory 170 4 5
Breakable Apparatus, Laboratory ... ee 95 2 4
—— 689 14 9
» SUNDRY DEBTORS... ae — so ox 1p — 0.8
» INVESTMENTS—
23 % Consols, £10,576 3s. 11d. nny ase 9960), 4-9
(£2,022 8s. 9d. of this sum is held by the
Society, subject to the provisions of the will
of the late J. Davis, Esq.)
£7 Annuity East Indian oe Class B,
Williams’ Memorial Fund ... : 168 0 0
3 % Local Loans, £5,800 ee — cost 6,006 16 6
34 % Indian Rupee Paper, 37,000 Rupees ,, 2,462 14 4
‘4 % Canadian Inscribed Stock £2,000 rE aot O
229% National War Loan, £5,108 12s. 11d. ,, 5,000 0 O
4 % Canadian Pacific Rly. Co. Consolidated
Debenture Stock, £4,632... oe. ose 4,999.14 1
34% London County Council Inscribed
Stock, £3,000 es sieve east 3,020. 13--6
23 % Midland Rly. Preference Stock, £400
Masters’ Memorial Fund * 290 13 6
——_,_——. 33,986 7 8
The approximate value of these Investments
is £31,623 16s.
5 CASH —
At Bank ... -: =o: tas tea jets 45Gc16 4
On Deposit ae m3 ae 2 i LBOO. Os O
In Hand ... ae mp OE vat Bo 26 4 6
———— oe aero
£87,825 17 2

i

I have audited the books from which the foregoing Accounts are compiled, and

certify that they exhibit a true and correct statement of the position of the Society
on December 31, 1908.

ALFRED C. HARPER, F.C.A., Auditor (HARPER BROTHERS),

Chartered Accountant, 10 Trinity Square, E.C.
January 13, 1909.

XV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

received (about £2,067) compares favourably with the year 1907, especially
when it is remembered that the former year had two lettings of a value
of £700, which have not recurred. The awning over the main entrance,
and the kitchen constructed in the basement during the past twelve
months, still further improve the comfort of the lessees. Bronze Standard
Lamps are also to be erected at the main entrance. There are but few
vacant dates left in the year 1909, and a good financial return is again
anticipated.

Committees, &c.—The hearty thanks of the Society are again due
to the Members of the Commitiees, the Judges, the Writers of Papers for
the Journal, the Compilers of Abstracts, the Reviewers, the several
Examiners, and to the many others who, during the past twelve months,
have done so much to contribute to the success of the Society’s work, and
to help maintain the high reputation it holds among the practical and
scientific Societies of the World.

By Order of the Council,
W. Wixks, Secretary.

Royat HortTicuLTURAL SOcIETY,
VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, 8.W.
December 31, 1908.

GENERAL MEETING.
FEBRUARY 23, 1909.
Sir ALBERT K. Rouurt, LL.D., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (61).—Mrs. Harold Agar, I’. Barchard, Mrs. H. J.
Barnes, Mrs. 8. Berkeley, Mrs. Wilfred Buckley, E. Russell Burdon,
A. P. Caldwell, F. Carr, Miss C. Champernowne, Miss M. Cotesworth,
Mrs. Dewhurst, A. Herbert Empson, Sir R. U. Penrose FitzGerald, Bart.,
W. Forster, Arden Franklyn, C. Friswell, Miss M. Froude, Mrs. Gartside-
Tipping, Edgar Gibson, W. Giles, A. W. Gilmour, F. Green, G. G.
Hamilton, Mrs. Herring, Mrs. Andrew Hichens, W. Homewood, Martin
Hopkinson, Mrs. Ernest Hutton, Rev. T. Arnold Hyde, Mrs. Jeffcock,
Alfred Johnson, C. J. Jones, Mrs. H. §. Kaylor, Miss MacBrayne, Mrs.
H. EK. Mitchell, Miss Monk, W. 8. Murray, Arthur Neeves, Mrs. Peacock,
W. Peck, Mrs. Reid, Godfrey E. Reiss, Mrs. Richardson, L. Ridout, Miss
P. Scott-Thomson, Mrs. Skinner, Joseph Slinger, Miss J. L. Sleigh.
Col. H. H. Smythe, T. S. Stewart-Smith, Mrs. Stirling of Fairburn, Miss
C. EK. Story, Mrs. Francis Tennant, W. G. Tester, Mrs. Thomson, Mrs.
H. H. Turner, Mrs. Waddingham, Mrs. Paul Waterhouse, Mrs. Williams,
James Wilson, Richard Windover.

Fellows resident abroad (4).—Miss E. Hoyt (New York), Miss G.
Durant Rice (New York), Lieut.-Col. G. Rippon (Burma), R. Seller (Cape
Colony).

Associate (1).—C. Stone.

GENERAL MEETINGS. XVI

Societies affiliated (3).—Bushey Cottage Gardening Society ; Stulter-
heim (Cape Colony) Horticultural Society ; Sunbury Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “ A Camping Tour through Syria to Petra in
Arabia’ by Mr. Arthur W. Sutton, J.P., F.L.S., V.M.H.

GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 9, 1909.

Rev. JOSEPH JACOB in the Chair.

Fellows elected (57).—Mrs. W. H. Addleshaw, C. J. M. Adie, J. G.
Aikin, Mrs. T. Bayly, E. A. Birch, Hamilton Blanchard, Miss Brockle-
hurst, Mrs. Boyd Browning, P. Caldecott, W. Camm, L. G. A. Collins,
Commander Crease, R.N., G. Cunningham, Mrs. Dale, Miss T’. D. Epps,
Mrs. W. Freeman, William Freeman, Mrs. R. C. Foster, F. A. Gale,
Henry C. Green, R. Strangman Griffin, Leslie Greening, D. G. Guild,
Rey. John Hardy, F. G. Henson, M. Davenport Hill, H. Reid Inman,
Miss H. E. Ionides, Mrs. Jameson, Godfrey Leach, J. G. Le Marchant,
Miss A. Letts, Miss Lowndes, Geoffrey Lubbock, John McHarg, Miss A.
Maxwell, F. A. N. Newdegate, M.P., Mrs. C. L. Norman, M. Harcourt
Paine, Miss L. Palmer, S. W. Parfect, R. Parish, Miss G. Prideaux-
Brune, Sir Henry B. Robertson, EK. H. Robertson, H. W. B. Robinson,
Mrs. Roxburgh, H. N. Sherwin-White, Mrs. Morton Smith, Thomas
Taylor, Mrs. C. Theobald, Alfred Tidy, W. IX. Trevethick, Walter Trower,
Capt. V. N. Ward, Miss R. Wood, Mrs. Henry Wcodall.

Fellows resident abroad (8).—A. Koenemann (Germany), C. F. A. van
der Sluys (Guernsey), A. Spencer Watts (Sydney, N.S.W.).

Societies affiliated (5).—Boston Park Horticultural Society; High-
gate Horticultural Society ; Machen Horticultural Society ; Nelson (N. Z.)
Horticultural Society ; Worthing Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “ Tulips and the Tulipomania”’ by Mr. W. 8.
Murray (see p. 18).

GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 23, 1909.

Rev. JOSEPH JACOB in the Chair.

Fellows elected (51).—Sydney E. Bates, J.P., Dr. G. Booth, J.P.,
Mrs. T. Foyster Bowen, Mrs. R. Bradshaw, Robert Bradshaw, Mrs.
Brown, H. Buck, J. Oscar Cheadle, W. Chartres Cock, T. W. Coles,
J. Abdy Combe, Charles Cranfield, Mrs. Arthur Davies, Miss A. Deben-
ham, Mrs. H. G. Dowler, Mrs. H. Drake, George E. Dyke, Miss A. Dymes,
Lady Ellis, R. G. Fugler, R. S. Geale, Thomas Glass, Lady Grenfell,
Mrs. Haworth-Booth, Colonel J. H. Hogarth, Charles Humfrey, F. C.
Hunter, EK. James, Mrs. J. B. Kennedy, Major J. C. L. Knight-Bruce,
Mrs. Lacon-Gordon, G. Lewis, Mrs. Leycester, Mrs. W. Park Lyle,
Mrs. H. Victor Macdona, Mrs. Maconachie, Mrs. May, H. Mayne, L. B.
Meredith, Godfrey Oakley, Miss Patchett, Lady Kathleen Pilkington,

VOL. XXXV. b

XVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. J. Holmes Poulter, H. Preston, Mrs. C. F. Rawson, Mrs. Sansom,
P. Kerr Smiley, Mrs. E. J. Stannard, Mrs. Stutchbury, Lady Edmund
Talbot, Herbert H. Walford, J.P.

Fellows resident abroad (7).—A. A. Benson (Brisbane), Gustave
Croux (France), N. C. Ghosh (India), A. Gravereau (France), Miss C. E.
Hulbert (Geneva), D. McCullum (Johannesburg), Louis Voraz (France).

Associate (1).—Miss J. Dyer.

Societies affiliated (3)—Brewood Horticultural Society, Doncaster
Horticultural Society, Stratford Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “ Rock Gardens—Natural and Artificial ’’ by
Mr. R. Lloyd Praeger, B.A.

DEPUTATION TO THE BERLIN INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITION.

Aprit, 1909.

What may be regarded as the great International Horticultural
Exhibition of the year 1909 was held at Berlin in the beginning of April
last.

The Grosse Internationale Gartenbau Ausstellung was organized by
the Royal Prussian Horticultural Society, which deserves to be con--
gratulated on the results of its efforts and the unqualified success of the
undertaking.

The building selected for the Exhibition consisted of two lofty halls
at the Awsstellungshallen, adjoining the grounds of the Berlin Zoological
Gardens. These halls are within easy reach of all parts of the City by
rail and tram, and have been specially constructed for Exhibition purposes.
They cover altogether about two and a half acres. In addition to the
extensive floor space there are side aisles, spacious galleries, separate rooms
and annexes, affording complete accommodation for all kinds of exhibits,
also facilities for visitors to obtain a good general view of the collections,
as well as access to all the novelties.

The total amount offered for competitions and prizes by the Society
and others amounted to about £3,600.

This was practically the first attempt made in Berlin to hold a great
International Horticultural Exhibition. The Royal Prussian Horti-
cultural Sociely, which undertook charge of it, is a comparatively
small Society, numbering about 1,000 members, with a subscription
of twenty marks annually (a little over £1). In spite of this, the
Exhibition was extremely well organized, and it appeared to receive the
hearty support of the leading people throughout Germany. The list of
guarantors was strikingly large.

At the invitation of the Council the following countries sent special
representatives to be present at the opening ceremony and to take part in
the social and other functions associated with it, viz.: France, Belgium,
Holland, Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Italy, and Great Britain. The
representatives of the Royal Horticultural Society were Sir Daniel Morris,
K.C.M.G., V.M.H., and Mr. Harry J. Veitch, F.L.8., V.M.H., but owing

DEPUTATION TO THE BERLIN INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, xix

to illness Mr. Veitch at the last moment was unable toattend. In addition
there were 150 jurors, or judges, to whom was entrusted the onerous duty
of awarding prizes and awards in the thirty-one sections of the Show.
The following gentlemen officiated as English jurors, viz.: Mr. William
Watson, A.L.S., Royal Gardens, Kew; Mr. Stuart H. Low (Enfield) ;
Mr. Louis Sander (St. Albans); Mr. 8S. T. Wright (Royal Horticultural
Society) ; and Mr. R. Hooper Pearson, of the Gardeners’ Chronicle.

It was estimated that about two-thirds of the total exhibits were con-
tributed by German horticulturists, and one-third by those of other
countries. Great Britain on this occasion was not so largely represented
as was anticipated, but the exhibits sent by Messrs. Charlesworth
(Orchids), Mr. C. Engelmann, Mr. G. Lange (Carnations), and Messrs.
Cannell (Pelargoniums) attracted evident attention. The Winter-Flowering
Carnations exhibited by Mr. Lange and Mr. Engelmann were marked
features in their class.

The Exhibition was privately visited by their Imperial Majesties the
Emperor and Empress on Wednesday, March 31, and it was formally
opened to the public on Friday, April 2, by their Imperial Highnesses the
Crown Prince and Princess, who, after receiving the several foreign and
other representatives, were presented with an address and conducted over
the Exhibition by the President and other Officers of the Society.

Before referring to some of the most striking features of the Exhibi-
tion, it should be mentioned that the three special Grand Prizes offered
for open competition were awarded by a ballot of all the jurors as
follows: The Emperor’s Grand Prize for the best exhibit of cultural
methods to Count Manfred von Matuschka, of Silesia, for a fine exhibit
of Winter-Flowering Carnations.

The Crown Prince and Princess’ Grand Prize for the best complete
group in the Show was awarded to Mr. Adolph Koschel, Charlottenburg,
while the Society’s large Gold Medal for the best decorative exhibit was
awarded to the Dutch Bulb Growers’ Association for a large and striking
parterre of Hyacinths representing a terrace garden with an area of about
400 square yards with about 20,000 brightly coloured plants in beautiful
bloom. :

Among Orchids by far the largest and choicest collection was exhibited
by Mons. F. Lambeau, of Brussels.

Mr. Otto Beyrodt was the chief German exhibitor of Orchids, while, as
already mentioned, Messrs. Charlesworth had a small collection of some
of their best varieties, including a striking plant of Odontoglosswm
Ossulstonii with over forty flowers.

There were moderately large collections of Palms, Cycads, and foliage
plants. Possibly the finest was that of the Société Anonyme Horticole of
Ghent ; and “ Le Lion” had a fine group of Cocos Weddelliana.

The stove flowering plants formed an interesting display. Bromeliads
were shown by Mr. Firmin de Smet, of Ghent, whose specimen of
Tillandsia zebrina was particularly good. The Hippeastrums were in
considerable quantity, but, with the exception of the collection from
Mr. Voorschoten, of the Hague, they were not equal to those usually seen
at the Shows of the Royal Horticultural Society.

As already mentioned, the collections of Hyacinths and Tulips formed

b2

xx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a special feature of the Exhibition; and they were probably the most
decorative of any, well deserving the Grand Prize awarded them by the
general vote of the jurors.

The finest group of Roses was planted out as in a Rose garden, and
included standard and climbing plants of all the popular sorts. The chief
prize winner was Mr. Adolph Koschel, of Charlottenburg.

Amongst attractive novelties were Impatiens Holstii Liegnitzia, a
dwarf and very brightly coloured variety; the wonderful collection of
varieties of Gerbera by M. R. Adnet, of Cap d’Antibes, including pure
white, yellow, orange, rose, red, and rich crimson flowers; Cordyline
Bruantu variegata shown by Emil Vercauteren; a fine form of ‘ White
Pearl’ Rhododendron by Messrs. C. B. van Nes & Son; a magnificent
group of Azaleas by Mr. T. J. Seidel, of Dresden, which occupied the floor
area in the large hall; the several groups of Primula obconica, the
flowers of which were described as “ surpassing in size and colour anything
yet exhibited in London”’; the large and singularly interesting collections
- of hardy fruits with thousands of handsome specimens of Apples, Pears,
and Quinces in excellent condition for the time of year; and the large
exhibits of vegetables, contributed chiefly by Dutch growers.

In addition to the Exhibition briefly described above, on April 7 there
was opened another Exhibition, or “Floral Display,” consisting of
arrangements of flowers bringing into prominence the association of
poetical or symbolical ideas with certain classes of plants. A descriptive
account of this appeared in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of April 17, p. 249. —

There were several social functions to which the foreign and other
representatives were invited and hospitably entertained during their
visit.

On Thursday, April 1, the jurors, after completing their arduous duties
at the Exhibition, were entertained at luncheon by the President and
Officers of the Society. On Friday the representatives and jurors were in-
vited to be present at the formal opening of the Exhibition by the Imperial
Crown Prince and Princess. In the evening of the same day the foreign
guests attended a performance of Verdi’s Opera of Aida. On Saturday
evening the Exhibition Festival Dinner took place at the Chief Restaurant
attached to the Zoological Gardens. The President (Herr Malther
Swaboda), the Vice-President (Herr A. Brodersen), and a distinguished
party “ welcomed the guests.’” Appropriate speeches and responses were
made by the representatives of each country. Sir Daniel Morris,
K.C.M.G., V.M.H., responded to the toast of “ British Horticulture,” and
expressed his appreciation of the hospitality extended to the visitors from
this country. On Sunday and Monday excursions were organized to the
Imperial Gardens at Potsdam and the recently established Botanic
Gardens at Dahlem.

There is little doubt that this great International Exhibition, whether
a financial success or not, will have had a great influence on the develop-
ment of German horticulture, and thus the main objects of its promoters
will be fully achieved. It was the general opinion of the English visitors
that such an Exhibition afforded a valuable object-lesson as to the best
means of organizing and carrying into effect large undertakings of this
kind and ensuring unqnalified success.

GENERAL MEETINGS. Xxl

It is admitted that International Exhibitions can only be occasional
events. ‘The expenses involved must always be very considerable, while
a prodigious amount of detailed work falls on those concerned as well as
the risk of financial loss. There can be no doubt, however, as to the great
national value of such Exhibitions. In spite of the admitted eminence of
English horticultural practice a well organized and successful International
Exhibition held in London in a building sufficiently large and accessible to
the general public would be likely to bring before the horticulturists of
this country numerous points on which they have still something to learn.

It is well known that at the large Exhibitions held on the Continent
there is striking evidence of artistic effects and general harmony, produced
with plants that are possibly not of the same intrinsic value as many
grown in these islands. If such effects in arrangement could be
introduced and generally adopted here, they would add materially to the
success already attained by our Exhibitions and prove of great value in
promoting the further progress of our national horticulture.

GENERAL MEETING.
Apri 6, 1999.
Professor G. §. Bouncer, F.L.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (53).—Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. W. R. Anderson, Miss
Bashford, G. E. Booker, E. J. Brook, C. Brown, F. C. Burgess, Mrs. G.
Dance, Mrs. De Knoop, W. Denman, R. Adam Ellis, H. M. Farrer, Miss
Irene Fergusson, Mrs. G. H. Finch, Mrs. Foyer, R. G. Francis, J. Fried-
lander, Mrs. Gartside, H. J. Godin, Mrs. G. Gomm, Rey. A. Hankey,
Miss M. E. Haviland, Mrs. Hawkes, R. Heywood, A. Holt, Miss A.
Hutchinson, Mrs. Jardine, Mrs. Bulkeley Johnson, Miss Keating, Mrs.
John Kemp, Mrs. R. B. Knatchbull-Hugessen, Lady Loreburn, Miss M.
H. McDonnell, Hon. Helen Macnaghten, Mrs. H. J. Mappin, Mrs. R. Moon,
F’. W. Mugford, Libert Oury, J. S. Parker, F. W. Parsons, G. Wyatt
Peachey, H. M. Phipson, Mrs. G. P. Pierce, W. P. Pinder, Mrs. Prankerd,
A. Reiss, Mrs. F. M. Robinson, Mrs. J. Robinson, Mrs. A. A. Steel,
T. Stevenson, A. Stunt, Mrs. M. Tristram, Mrs. M. R. Trower.

Fellows resident abroad (2).—R. 8. Falcon (British Columbia), 8S. C.
De Udyanvinode (India).

Societies affiliated (3)—Marlow Horticultural Society, Somerset
Agricultural Association, Victoria Horticultural Society.

A Lecture was given on “ Illustrations of the Effects of the Forces of
Growth ”’ by the Rey. Professor G. Henslow, F.L.S., V.M.H. (see p. 9).

GENERAL MERTING.
Apri 20, 1909.
Mr. GrorcE Paut, J.P., V.M.H., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (44).—C. H. Bloom, J. Boulter, Mrs. Allen Brown,
Mrs. Ulick Burke, Miss M. Chappell, Rey. L. C. Chalmers-Hunt, W. B.

XXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Christopherson, Mrs. Coddington, John Coutts, C. Luxmore Drew, Hon.
Mrs. Duberly, Miss D. R. George, Miss Gorringe, Mrs. J. M. Harrison,
Miss D. Heywood, Mrs. G. F. Hodder, C. Henry House, Miss A. L.
Howard, Miss J. Howard, Mrs. Jump, Mrs. Hugh Kirk, HE. A. C. Lloyd,
R. McConnell, H. P. Miles, Mrs. EH. Morrison-Bell, Miss M. R. Murray,
Mrs. Myers, Miss R. EH. Peyman, Mrs. Henry Powell, Mrs. A. Praed,
Owen Roberts, T. J. Russell, A. E. Rutter, C. P. Sandberg, Dr. John
Scott, Mrs. Slattery, Mrs. W. Sykes, A. Taylor, T. Merchant Taylor, Miss
M. Thom, C. Twietmeyer, Mrs. K. F. White, Mrs. E. Wilberforce, Rev.
P. T. Williams.

Fellow resident abroad (1).—M. Cumming, B.A., B.S.A. (Nova
Scotia).

Associate (1).—S. N. Mukherji, B.A.

Society affiliated (1).—Davrtford Horticultural Society.

A lecture was given on “ Pansies’”’ by Mr. Eric Drabble, D.Sc., F.L.S.

DEPUTATION TO BIRMINGHAM.
Aprit 22 AND 238, 1909.

In response to an invitation from the Midland Daffodil Society a Deputa-
tion visited Birmingham on the occasion of the Midland Daffodil Show,
held in the Botanical Gardens on Thursday and Friday, April 22 and 238.
The Council appointed Mr. H. B. May, Mr. EH. A. Bowles, Mr..A.
Kingsmill, and Mr. C. H. Curtis to act as the Deputation.

The exhibition was a very fine one both in quality and extent, and
everything possible was done for the convenience and comfort of the
Deputation. On the eve of the exhibition the Treasurer of the Midland
Society, Mr. Robert Sydenham, and Mrs. Sydenham entertained the
Deputation and several notable Daffodil raisers to dinner at their home,
and at the close of the first day they again entertained the Deputation,
together with the Officers and Committee of the Midland Society, and all
the exhibitors who were able to stay, at dinner in the Grand Hotel. There
was a very large gathering at the latter function, under the presidency of
My. W. A. Milner.

A short programme of toasts followed the dinner, and in proposing
“The Visitors’? Mr. R. Sydenham specially welcomed the Deputation.
Mr. H. B. May responded, and, as on the occasion of the official
luncheon, held in the Botanical Gardens earlier in the day, he expressed
thanks for the thoughtful and generous hospitality extended to them,
and pointed out that the Council, as representing the parent Society,
was ready and willing to do all in its power for the benefit of the
Daffodil and Daffodil lovers and raisers, but they had no wish to act
as an authoritative body on questions of classification and registration
except at the wish and request of those specially interested in these
flowers.

In the discussion which followed, the Rev. J. Jacob pointed out the
great need of a recognized system of classification for Daffodils, and the
equally great need of registration of varieties by an authoritative body.

DEPUTATION TO BIRMINGHAM. Xxlll

He defended the New Classification issued by the Royal Horticultural
Society, and urged that one flower, accompanied by a written description
and a fee of 1s. or 2s. 6d., would be sufficient for registration purposes,
and secure to a raiser the right to use that particular name for that
particular flower. He expressed a hope that the Royal Horticultural
Society might become the recognized registration authority.

With common consent the meeting did not discuss the classification
question, because it was under consideration by an enlarged sub-com-
mittee appointed by the Council of the R.H.S.

There was, however, a general feeling that no name should be
registered for a Daffodil unless accompanied by at least one flower,
a description, and a registration fee, and that the Royal Horticultural
Society should deal with the matter.

On behalf of the Council the Deputation made the following awards at
the exhibition :—

Award of Merit.

To Narcissus ‘ Lowdham Beauity.’—A large creamy variety belonging
to the Giant Leedsii group, from Messrs. J. R. Pearson, Lowdham, Notts.
(Fig. 17.)

Gold Medal.

To Mr. E. M. Crosfield, Cossington House, Bridgwater, for a group
of new Daffodils.

To Messrs. Cartwright & Goodwin, Kidderminster, for a collection of
new Daffodils.

To Mr. Chas. Dawson, Gulval, Penzance, for a group of beautiful new
seedling Daffodils.

Siver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for new and popular Daffodils.
To Messrs. J . R. Pearson, Lowdham, Notts., for a group of the newer
and rarer Daffodils.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Mr. H. D. Phillips, Olton, for a collection of newer Daffodils.

To Sir Josslyn Gore Booth, Bart., Lissadel, Sligo, for a collection of
Irish-grown Daffodils.

To Mr. P. D. Williams, Caerhays, Cornwall, for new Daffodils.

To Messrs. J. Pope, Kings Norton, for a group of Daffodils.

To Messrs. Bakers, Codsall, Wolverhampton, for an exhibit of alpines
arranged in a rock garden.

To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for an exhibit of Cinerarias and
Stocks.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Miss F. W. Currey, Lismore, Ireland, for a group of both new and
popular Daffodils. i
To Mr. F. H. Chapman, Rye, for newer Daffodils.

XxlvV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. R H. Bath, Wisbech, for a group of Daffodils.

To Mr. Robert Sydenham, Tenby Street, Birmingham, for a group of
Daffodils, Tulips, and Lily-of-the- Valley grown in moss-fibre in undrained
pots.

Fic. 17.—Narcissus ‘ LowpHam Bratty.’

To Messrs. Hogg & Robertson, Mary Street, Dublin, for a group of
Tulips and Daffodils.

DEPUTATION TO BIRMINGHAM. XXV

To Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham, Surrey, for perpetual-flowering
Carnations.

To Messrs. Gunn, Olton, for alpine plants and flowering shrubs.

To Messrs. W. H. Simpson, Birmingham, for a group of Daffodils.

To Mr. H. N. Ellison, Bull Street, West Bromwich, for a group of
ferns.

Special Commendation.

To Messrs. Walter T. Ware, Inglescombe, Bath, for bunches of
‘Queen of the West’ and ‘ Great Warley’ Daffodils.

XxVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SPECIAL CLASSES AT THE EXHIBITIONS IN 1909.

[THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMPETITIONS ARE HELD IN PLACE
OF THE GREAT AUTUMN SHOW.)

TUESDAY, JANUARY 12.
Class 3.—Late Grapes, 3 varieties, 2 bunches of each. Amateurs.
First Prize, £3; Second, #2.
N O entries.

Class 4,—Two bunches of one Black Grape. Amateurs.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
1. Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bart., Marden Park, Woldingham
(gr. W. Lintoti).
Class 5,—Two bunches of one White Grape. Amateurs.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
No entries.
Class 6.—Two Baby baskets, one of one Black, one of one White

Grape. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.

No entries.
Class 7,—One Baby basket of one Grape. Judged forflavour. Trade

Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.

No eniries.

TurEspay, January 26.

Class 3.—Sea Kale, 2 Dishes. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s. ; Second, 10s.
1. Mrs. Trotter, Dyrham Park, Basan or. H. Juniper).
2. Lord Foley, Ruxley Lodge, Claygate, Surrey (gr. H. C.
Gardner).
Class 4,—Rhubarb, two varieties ; 12 stalks of each. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
1. Mrs. Trotter.
Class 5.—Rhubarb, twelve stalks of any one variety. Amateurs.
First Prize, 10s.; Second, 7s. 6d.
No entries.
Class 6.—Asparagus, one bundle. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
No entries.

SPECIAL CLASSES AT THE EXHIBITIONS IN 1909. XXVil

Class 7,—Salads, four varieties, home-grown. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
1. Hon. Vicary Gibbs, Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts (gr.
KE. Beckett).

Class 8,—Lettuce, 6 heads of Lettuce and 6 of Endive. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s. ; Second, 10s.
No entries.

Class 9.—Forced Vegetables, 4 kinds to occupy a space 3 x 3,
Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
No entries.

TuEsDAY, FEBRUARY 9.

Class 3.—Dessert Pears, 4 dishes, distinct. Amateurs.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
No entries.

Class 4,—1 dish. Amateurs.

First Prize, 7s. 6d.; Second, 5s.

1. Lord Foley. .

2. Mary, Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington (gr.
C. Dixon).

Class 5.—Not exceeding 6 dishes, distinct. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
No entries.

Class 6.—1 dish. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Banksian Medal; Second, Bronze Banksian Medal.
No entries.

TuEsSDAY, FEBRUARY 23.

Class 3.—Dessert Apples, 4 dishes, distinct. Amateurs.
First Prize, £1; Second. 15s.
1. Viscount Enfield, Wrotham Park, Barnet (gr. H. Markham).
2. Col. Borton, Cheveney, Hunton, Kent (gr. J. Whittle).

Class 4,—1 dish. Amateurs.
First Prize, 7s. 6d. ; Second, 5s.
1. Sir Edmund Loder, Maplehurst, Horsham (gr. J. Watkin).
2. H. G. Wadlow, Esq., Marylands, Dogsthorpe, Peterborough.

Class 5.—6 dishes, distinct. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
1. Messrs. James Veitch, Chelsea, S.W.
2. Messrs. W. Seabrook, Chelmsford.

Class 6.—1 dish. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Banksian Medal; Second, Bronze Banksian Medal
No entries.

XXVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TuEspAy, Marcu 9.

Special Exhibition of Forced Spring Bulbs was held. The object was to
demonstrate the varieties best suited for forcing, and exhibits of small and large
collections were invited from Amateurs and the Trade. R.H.S. Medals were awarded
according to merit.

Hyacintus, Tutips, anD Darropits. — The Council also offered, subject to the
General Rules of the Society, the following Prizes presented by the Dutch Bulb
Growers’ Society at Haarlem :—

Division I.
For Amateurs.

Recuiations.—For Classes 3 and 4, each bulb must be in a separate pot (size
optional). Classes 3, 4, and 5, must be all single spikes; no spikes may be tied
together. Exhibitors in Class 3 may not compete in Class 4; and all the bulbs must
haye been forced entirely in Great Britain or Ireland.

Class 3.—19 Hyacinths, distinct. .
First Prize, £6 6s.; Second, £5 5s.; Third, £4 4s.; Fourth, £3 8s. ;
Fifth, £2 2s.; Sixth, £1 1s.

1. Hon. Vicary Gibbs.

2. L. Noblett, Esq., Monkswell, Wavertree, Liverpool (gr. T.
Bushell).

3. The Duke of Portland, Welbeck Abbey, Worksop (gr. J.
Gibson).

4, H. S. Bartleet, Esq., Severndroog, Shooters Hill, Kent.

5. The Marquess of Salisbury, Hatfield House, Hatfield, Herts (gr.
H. Prime).

6. A. G. Gentle, Esq., Little Gaddesden, Berkhamsted, Herts.

Class 4,12 Hyacinths, distinct.
First Prize, £5 5s.; Second, £4 4s.; Third, £8 3s.; Fourth £2 Qs. ;
Fifth, £1 1s.

1. A Earle, Esq., Childwall Lodge, Wavertree, Liverpool (gr.
T. Hitchman).

2. F. Stewart, Esq., Jesmond, Wavertree, Liverpool.

3. Lord Howard de Walden, Audley End, Saffron Walden (gr. J.
Vert).

4. E. Mocatta, Esq, Woburn Place, Addleston (gr. T. Stevenson).

5. Mr. G. Dyke, The Gardens, Garston Manor, Watford.

Class 5.—4 pans containing Hyacinths, 10 roots of one variety in each
pan. The blooms of each pan to be of distinctly different colour from
those of the other three pans.

First Prize, £4 4s.; Second, £8 8s.; Third, £2 2s.; Fourth, £1 1s.
1. The Duke of Portland.
2. Hon. Vicary Gibbs.
8. Lord Howard de Walden, Audley End, Saffron Walden (gr. J.
Vert). ;
4. The Marquess of Northampton, Castle Ashby, Northampton (gr.
A. R. Searle).

SPECIAL CLASSES AT THE EXHIBITIONS IN 1909. XXIX

DIVISION 2.

For Trade Growers.

Class 6.—Collection of Hyacinths, in pots, pans, or glasses.
Prize, The Gold Medal of the Dutch Bulb Growers’ Society at Haarlem.
1. Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, N.

Subject to the General Rules of the Society the Council offered the
following prizes presented by Mr. Robert Sydenham :—

Classes 7, 8, 9,— Bulbs grown in moss fibre or similar material (not
earth) and without drainage.

Class 7.—6 single Hyacinths, in separate vases, not exceeding 6 inches
in diameter, to be selected from any of the following varieties; Balfour,
General Vetter, Grand Lilas, Grand Maitre, Innocence, Isabella, Jacques,
Johan, Koh-i-Noor, King of the Blues, La Grandesse, and Roi des Belges.

First Prize, 25s.; Second. 21s.; Third, 15s.; Fourth, 10s. ;
Fifth, 7s. 6d.

1. Hon. Mrs. Guy Baring, 16 Cadogan §q., S.W.

2. Miss C. A. Michell, Oakfield, Cricklewood, N.W.

3. R. Holmes, Esq. Tuckswood, Norwich.

4, Lady Tate, Park Hill, Streatham Common (gr. W. Howe).

5. Mrs. F. Murray, 25 Westbourne Gardens, W.

Class 8.—6 vases of Tulips (vases not exceeding 7 inches in diameter),
no restriction as to the number of bulbs in a vase, to be selected from the
following; Duchesse de Parma, Dusart, Fabiola, Joost van Vondel,
Keizerskroon, Mon Tresor, Prince of Austria, Rose Gris de Lin, Thomas
Moore, Van der Neer, Vermilion Brilliant, White Pottebakker.

First Prize, £1 5s.; Second, 21s.; Third, 15s.; Fourth, 10s. ;
Fifth, 7s. 6d.
1. Hon. Mrs. Guy Baring.
2. Lady Tate.
3. Mrs. Buxton, Fox Warren, Cobham, Surrey (gr. J. R. Hall).
4. R. Holmes, Esq.

Class 9.—6 vases of Narcissi (vases not exceeding 7 inches in diameter),
no restriction as to the number of bulbs in a vase, to be selected from the
following: Barii Conspicuus, Campernelle, Rugulosus, C. J. Backhouse,
Emperor, Frank Miles, Lulworth, Leonie, Mad. de Graaff, Phyllis,
Sir Watkin, Victoria, Waterwitch.

First Prize, £1 5s.; Second, £1 1s.; Third, 15s. ; Fourth, 10s. ;
Fifth, 7s. 6d.
1. Lady Tate.
2. R. Holmes, Esq.

Class 10.—Cooking Apples, 4 dishes, distinct. Amateurs.
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
1. Sir Mark W. Collet, Bart., St. Clere, Kemsing, Sevenoaks, Kent
(gr. M. Nicholls).
2. Viscount Enfield.

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 114.—Cooking Apples, 1 dish. Amateurs.
First Prize, 7s. 6d.; Second, 5s.
1. Col. Borton.
2. Hon. Vicary Gibbs.

Class 12.—Cooking Apples, 8 dishes, distinct. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal ; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
1. Messrs. James Veitch, Chelsea, 8.W.

Class 18.—Cooking Apples, 1 dish. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Banksian Medal ; Second, Bronze Banksian Medal.
No entries.

TuESDAY, Marcu 28.

Class 3.—Forced Vegetables, 6 kinds. Amateurs.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1 10s.
1. Hon. Vicary Gibbs.

Class 4,—8 kinds. Amateurs. |
First Prize, £1; Second, 15s.
No entries.

Class 5.—6 kinds. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal ; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
No entries.

TUESDAY, APRIL 6.

Class 3.—Salads, 6 kinds; two varieties of a kind may be shown.
See 1909 Code, Rules for Judging. § 81 p. 20.
First Prize, £1 10s.; Second, £1.
1. Hon. Vicary Gibbs.

Class 4.—1 basket. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s. ; Second, 10s.
No entries.

Class 5.—6 kinds; two varieties of a kind may be shown. Trade
Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
No entries.

Class 6.—1 basket. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Banksian Medal. Second, Bronze Banksian Medal.
No entries.

TUESDAY, APRIL 6.

Class 7,—The Council have accepted from the Trustees of the Veitch
Memorial a Medal and £5 as a prize for the best group of Winter-
Flowering Carnations (either in pots or as cut flowers, or a combination of

“SPECIAL CLASSES AT THE EXHIBITIONS IN 1909. XXxI

both) staged by an amateur and grown by the exhibitor, and occupying
a space of 100 square feet.
1. E. J. Johnstone, Esq,, Burrswood, Groombridge (gr. A. T.

Paskett).

TuEspAY, APRIL 20.

Class 8.—Asparagus, 1 bundle of 100 heads. Amateurs.
First Prize, 10s.; Second, 7s. 6d.
No entries.

Class 4,.—2 bundles of 100 each. ‘Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal ; Second, Silver Banksian Medal,
1. Mr. John Poupart, ‘Dovers,’ Rainham, Essex.

Class 5,—French beans, dwarf or climbing, 2 dishes, distinct.

Amateurs.
First Prize, 10s.; Second, 7s. 6d.
1. Hon. Vicary Gibbs.

Class 6.—Broccoli, 2 dishes, distinct. Amateurs.
First Prize, 15s.; Second, 10s.
No awards.
Class 7.—8 dishes, distinct. Trade Growers.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal; Second, Silver Banksian Medal.
No entries.

TuEspAy, Aprit 20.

Class 8.— Daffodils: Messrs. Barr and Sons have presented to the
Society a Silver Cup, valued at £7 7s., as a prize for a group of Daffodil
blossoms grown entirely out-doors, Polyanthus excluded, Doubles optional,
but must include some of each of the other sections, and must contain
at least thirty varieties distinct ; at least three blooms of each must be
shown. Not more than nine blooms of any one variety may be put up.
To be staged in bottles, vases, or tubes not exceeding 3 inches in diameter
at the top (inside measurement), and all the stems must touch the water.
Quality of flower will count more than quantity, and correct naming and
tasteful arrangement will be duly considered. Any hardy foliage may be
used, Daffodil or otherwise. No prize will be awarded unless there are
three competitors at least. Open to amateurs and gentlemen’s gardeners
only.

First Prize, The Cup ; Second, Silver Flora Medal.

Past winners of this Cup may exhibit, but will not be eligible to ‘receive the Cup
more than once in three years. In the event of any such previous winner being
adjudged ‘ first,’ a medal will be awarded instead of the Cup, which will go to the next
best exhibit, provided that the judges consider it to be of sufficient merit.

No entries.

XXXll_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 12, 1909.

Mr. EK. A. Bowness, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and twelve members
present.

Richardia diseased.—A large spathe of Ff. ethiopica was exhibited
having about half the outer part brown and dead. Similar brown spots
had appeared upon the leaves. No fungus was present, and the Committee
thought that, in all probability, the trouble was due to overfeeding.

Malformed Orchid.— From Mr. Lynch, V.M.H., of Cambridge Botanic
Garden, came a malformed flower of Cypripedium Dominianwm, with
a normal flower for comparison. The flower had the sepals fused and
a double lip.

Diseased Carnations.—Specimens of diseased Carnations were received
from Natal, where a very large number of plants had suffered at all stages.
These were referred to Mr. Saunders and other members of the Committee
for further investigation.

Nomenclature of multigeneric Orchid hybrids—The Chairman
announced that the sub-committee appointed to consider this question
had arrived at the decision that the best solution of the question lay in
coining names for each of the combinations of genera made, consisting
of a commemorative name and the termination ‘‘ara.’’ The full text of
their finding will be laid before the Committee at an early date.

Parasitic Rose canker.—Mr. Chittenden, F.L.8., showed specimens of
the Rose canker described in the JourNnAL R.H.S., Vol. xxxiv., p. 222.
The Roses attacked had been imported from Germany three years ago.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 26, 1909.
Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.L.8., in the Chair, and eight members present.

Diseased Carnations.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.8., and Mr. Douglas, V.M.H.,
reported that the diseased Carnations shown at the last meeting, had in
all probability died through attacks of stem eelworm. The soil used for
potting was too light, and the plants were too old to yield the best results.
Plants of two years of age were sometimes hable to sudden collapse, and
those of a greater age even more lable to fail in this manner.

Grease bands.—Mr. W. Voss reported that no moths had been caught
upon grease bands on fruit trees at Enfield since November.

Algae, &c., on sewage sludge.—Dr. Voelcker remarked that mosses,
hepatics, and algae had developed upon certain samples of sewage sludge .
which had been kept at Woburn, but not upon others, which were kept
under precisely the same conditions. The samples which contained the
oreatest amount of lime bore the largest amount and greatest diversity of
erowth, and it was thought that possibly the difference was as much due
to the physical condition of the sludge as to its chemical constitution.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 9. XXXlll

Scilla, dc.—Mr. Worsley showed an inflorescence of Scilla haemor-
rhoidalis, a plant with rather inconspicuous flowers followed by larger,
fleshy fruits. He also remarked upon the inconstancy of the arrangement
of the spines in certain ‘of the Cacti in various stages and at different ages,
and stated that, in his opinion, the arrangement of the spines constituted
an insecure basis for the classification of this family.

Fasciation.—From Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., came a fasciated
specimen of Anthwriwm bearing two spathes and spadices. Mr. EH. H.
Jenkins sent a fasciated specimen of Daphne japonica.

Cattleya Trianaet malformed.—A flower of Cattleya Trianaei having
three stamens and a much reduced perianth was received from Mr. Gurney
Wilson, and referred to Mr. Saunders for further examination.

Varieties of foliage of Cyclamen.—Mr. Bowles showed a large number
of leaves of Cyclamen hederaefoliwm from his garden, exhibiting great and
wide variation in the arrangement of the markings upon the foliage,
especially in the extent of the whitish margin and median blotch which
is usually present. He found the variations to be characteristic of, and
retained by, the individual plants.

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY, 9, 1909.

Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and nine members
present, and Mr. Gurney Wilson visitor.

Malformed Orchids—Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., reported that the flower
of Cattleya Trianaet referred to him from the last meeting showed three
perfect stamens surrounding the pistil, three very short and regular petals,
and three sepals shorter still. Mr. Saunders showed drawings illustrating
these points.

Albinism in Orchids.—Mr. Gurney Wilson exhibited specimens in
illustration of the inheritance of albinism in Dendrobiums. He found
that Dendrobium Murhimanum crossed with D. Ballianuwm, the former
not a pure albino, though pale, the latter nearly white, gave seedlings
almost exactly like typical D. nobile. D.nobile album (virginale) which,
when selfed, gives quite white seedlings, when crossed with D. Findiay-
anum gives D. “ Cybele,” all the seedlings being alike, and no light forms
among them. Similarly, Dendrobium Wardianum album crossed with
D. nobile album gives all coloured flowers. These “reversions’’ to
coloured forms confirm the results that have been obtained in crossing
Sweet Peas and Stocks.

Floral proliferation im Cyclamen.—Mr. L. Lawrence (gr. to R.
Gregory, Esq., of Shoreham) exhibited a plant of Cyclamen showing floral
proliferation. The seed was from Lowe’s Cyclamen “Salmon Queen,”
and this was the only plant which had produced such flowers. All the
flowers on the plant were alike, and every one had five perfect flowers
arising from within the calyx, probably axillary to the sepals, though
apparently alternating with them, and surrounding the central corolla, &e.

Aiippeastrum pardinum.—Mr. Worsley exhibited flowers of a form
which he regarded as belonging to this species. He considered the species

VOL. XXXV. C

XXXlV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to be a variable one, and the form figured in the “ Botanical Magazine,”’
t. 5645, not to be the one most commonly met with.

Notoma Grantwu.—This interesting Composite with bright-red heads
of flowers and Kalanchoé-like in habit, about 3 feet in height, a native of
Uganda, was exhibited by Messrs. J. Veitch. It was recommended that
a Botanical Certificate be awarded to it. It is figured in the “ Botanical
Magazine,’ t. 7691. (Fig. 18.)

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 23, 1909.

Mr. E. A. Bowzszs, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and eighteen
members present.

“Diseased Parsnips.—A report was received from Mr. Giissow con-
cerning the Parsnips with scabby spots from Mr. Gregory. They were
attacked by the fungus Plasmopara nivea, which appears first on the
leaves. This fungus also attacks Carrots and Parsley.

Malformations in Orchids.—Mr. Gurney Wilson, F.L.S., sent the
apical portion of a pseudo-bulb of Dendrobiwm nobile bearing a shoot
from which roots had grown as in a vegetative shoot, and a flower, the
lateral petals of which were coloured like the labellum. He also sent a
dimerous flower of D. nobile with the lip suppressed and the two lateral
sepals coherent. A Cypripedium from Sir Jeremiah Colman having two
dorsal sepals was also shown.

Mendelism in Orchids.—Mr. Rolfe, A.L.S., showed flowers the result
of crossing Hpidendrum evectum and EH. xanthinum. The former of
these is purplish in colour, the latter yellow. The first cross gives
E. x kewense, and flowers of this hybrid were shown. Seedlings had
been raised from H. x kewense after self-fertilization, and of these, one
which flowered earlier was practically a reproduction of E. x kewense,
while of two others (flowers of which were shown) one showed partial
reversion towards the purple HL. evectwm, the other toward the yellow
E. xzanthinum. He also showed the result of re-crossing H. x kewense
with the original parent HL. evectwm, the resulting plant having a purple
flower not quite so dark as the parent. Mr. Rolfe said that H. x kewense
re-crossed with EH. xanthinum gave a yellow flower. Other plants of the
crosses had not yet flowered.

Colour changes in Carrots.—Dr. Plowright sent the following note
concerning the colour changes occurring in Carrots, together with illus-
trative specimens. The portion of a Carrot sent is interesting as showing
the condition common last year, viz. the longitudinal splitting of the
root from the crown downwards, exposing the medullary portion, which
shows no tendency to cleave. The exposed portion shows a tendency to
development of chlorophyll. On the edges of the cortical portion no
chlorophyll is seen, but minute specks, tending to become confluent, of a
red colouring matter (carotin) have been freely developed. The specimen
sent is of an ordinary garden Carrot; the fissuring of the outer portion
is thought to be due to dryness at the time of growth. In the smaller
specimen different colour changes have taken place. The exterior has
freely developed a green tint mottled with patches of purple. The roots

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(Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

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XXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have been exposed on the surface of the ground all the winter. The
purple is quite superficial. It is interesting to note that this brilliant
change has taken place in the least coloured variety, for these small ones
are, as a section shows, of the pale variety grown for cattle, and popularly
known as “stock Carrots.” Incipient colours are often shown in the
exposed roots of other plants—for example, blue discoloration—as woad
root-stocks are frequently mottled with blue stains when they are pulled
and left exposed to the light and air.

Potato tuber diseased.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., showed a Potato tuber
having a black patch (dry scab) about 2 inches square, the result of the
attack of the fungus Stemphyliwm (Phellomyces) atrovirens. This
disease has been very prevalent in Scotland this season, and considerable
damage has been done to the crop. The present example came from
Oxford. The spores are known to remain alive in the soil, and capable
of infecting Potatos for several years. Diseased tubers should, therefore,
not be used for “ seed,’’ nor should Potatos be grown on the same land
as that on which the ieeeced crop was grown.

Apple containing germinating seed.—Mr. F. J. Baker showed an
Apple containing germinating seed, and made some remarks upon the
result of allowing seed to dry thoroughly before sowing. He considered
that seed of many plants which had been allowed to remain as long as
possible within the fruit gave better results than seed removed early and
kept for some time before sowing.

Variation in Primula sinensis.—Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H., showed
a number of plants of Primula sinensis having leaves of a shape
approaching those of Ivy. He said that occasionally such plants were
observed, but they had not until last year set any seed. Seeds had,
however, been obtained from three plants last year, and this had given
a considerable number of plants with leaves of the form of the parents,
and with petals of a very similar form, the form of the latter being
apparently correlated with that of the former.

Cinerarias dying.—Mr. James sent a plant of Cineraria, one of about
150 which had died out of some 8,000. It was found that the base of
the plant had been attacked by the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus,
in great numbers, and that these had caused the death of the plant.

ScreNTIFIC CommiITTEE, Marcu 9, 1909.

Mr. EK. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and twenty
members present.

Beetle in stem of Vanda teres.—Mr. Saunders, F.L.S., reported that
he had examined the stem of Vanda teres, and found that the beetle
boring into it was a species of Xyleborus, not a native, nor, so far as
could be ascertained, recorded as occurring in Europe up to this time.
The plants attacked were sent by Mr. Rogers from a greenhouse at Bury,
Lanes.

Spots on leaves of Lapageria.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., reported that he
had examined the leaves of Lapageria and found that the roundish brown
spots upon them had been caused, not by a fungus, but by a drip.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 23. XXXVI

Orchid hybrids.--Mr. Chapman showed Odontioda Bradshawiae
“Oakwood var.,” raised by crossing Odontoglosswm crispum var. Gratre-
anum with Cochlioda Noezliana. The flowers showed no trace of
blotching, but were almost of one shade of colour throughout. Another
form, Odontioda Bradshawiae ‘ Cookson’s var.’’ raised from Odontoglossum
crispum x Cochlioda Noezliana, had a deep mauve margin to the brick-
red segments, and showed distinctly the deeper coloured blotches upon the
lighter ground colour. ‘The difference in colour and markings in these
two varieties forms an interesting problem in heredity.

‘“‘ Vegetable’’ asbestos.—Mr. Holmes, F.L.8., reported that he had
examined this material, and could find no trace of vegetable structure in
it. The substance was creamy-white in colour, and was lamellated, fairly
soft to the touch, and resisted fire. Chemical analysis showed it to contain
alumina in large quantities, magnesium, calcium, and smaller quantities of
sodium and silica. Mr. Holmes considered that the analysis pointed to
this being of mineral origin, and notof having been derived from a ‘ Cactus
from China,” as the sender had suggested. It appeared to be nearly allied
to the substance known as “ mountain leather.”

Bulb on inflorescence.—Mr. Worsley showed an_ inflorescence of
Lachenaha tricolor having a small bulb occupying the position of
a terminal bud on the inflorescence.

Aberrant Orchid.—From Mr. Miller, of Wisbech, came a specimen of
Cypripedium Pitcherianum “ Williams var.,” with a well-formed double
lip.

Fasciation in Huonymus japonicus.—Mr. Fraser, F.L.S., showed
fasciated branches of Huonymus japonicus. The fasciation had followed
after severe cutting back of the stem. Numerous buds had started in
growth from near where the cut had been made, and among them some
had produced fasciated shoots.

Malformation in Tulip.—Rev. J. Jacob sent a flower of Tulip having
on the outer side of the mid-rib of one of the perianth pieces two small
horn-like growths. The structure was similar in character to those seen
in crested flowers, and was apparently the commencement of a crested
erowth.

SCIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, Marcu 238, 1909.

Mr. EK. A. Bowuss, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, with thirteen

members present, and Messrs. F. W. South and G. Wilson,. F.L.S.,
visitors.

Roots of Sweet Peas dying.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., reported that he
had examined the roots of the Sweet Peas sent to the last meeting, and
had found that the cortical cells and root hairs were all killed and
browned. He thought they were perfectly free from any disease due to
insects or fungi, but had probably been injured by some injurious sub-
stance in the soil, or by some fertilizer. Possibly peaty soil with
Sphagnum had been used, and humic acid had caused the damage.

Parsnips from wild stock.—Mr. F. J. Baker showed some roots of
Parsnips of the sixth generation from the wild plants. The roots were
of good size, although grown on poor land, and had lost the greater part

XXXVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the tough woody fibre of the original stock. In form they showed a
near approach to the well-known “ Hollow-crown”’ type of Parsnip. Mr.
Baker said there was just a possibility that the plants had in one
generation been crossed with pollen from cultivated plants. He found
the roots far less liable to rust than the ordinary plants, though they
were not entirely free from it.

Orchid malformations—Mr. Gurney Wilson, F.L.S8., showed mal-
formed flowers of Odontoglosswm Harryano-crispum on behalf of Mr.
W. Bolton, of Warrington. There appeared to be no symmetry about
the multiplication of parts in these flowers, and Mr. Wilson remarked
that, as in the present case, when a portion is removed from an estab-
lished plant, in the next seasen it is not very unusual for the older
portion to bear malformed flowers, while the portions removed bear
normal flowers. He also showed a flower of Selenipediwm caudatum
var. Lindenii, from Messrs. Charlesworth. In this variety the labellum
is not slipper-shaped as in the type, but is replaced by a very long and
tapering petal entirely similar to the two lateral petals; there are also
three fertile stamens. The variety was figured by Reichenbach (Lindl.
Orchid. 28, 1846), under the name of Uropediwm Lindenu. The form
occurs wild.

Gummosis in Lemon.—Myr. Worsley showed a branch of a Lemon
with leaves beginning to shrivel, attacked in its lower portion by gum-
mosis, a considerable mass.of gum exuding from the stem, and the bark
being browned all round for a considerable distance. It was remarked
that in some cases gumming of trees had been found to be associated
with the presence of a fungus, and often appeared to start at a wound,
but in the present case no wound could be discerned. Sir Daniel Morris,
V.M.H., said that in Florida the gumming usually occurred in the trees
where they had been budded, and Mr. Fawcett said he had seen trees
affected in a manner similar to that shown by Mr. Worsley’s example in
the West Indies, where the disease was thought to be associated with too
liberal manuring with nitrogenous manures, or with heaping earth around
the stems. The disease was treated by cutting out the affected portion
and dressing the wound with tar.

Eucrosia bicolor.—Mr. Bennett-Poé, V.M.H., showed flowers of this
peculiar plant from Miss Willmott’s garden. The plant was figured in
1817 in the “ Botanical Register,’’ t. 207.

Grease bands.—Mr. W. Voss reported that no winter moths of any
kind had been caught on the grease bands placed on the fruit trees at
Enfield since the end of November.

Diseased plants.—Mr. Massee, V.M.H., showed a piece of a Rose
stock attacked by the fungus Leptosphaeria Diplodia, a well-known
fungus on the stems of the Dog Rose and rarely attacking the cultivated
varieties. In this case 15,000 bushes had been affected. Mr. Massee
also showed shoots of Apple affected by the winter stage of the Apple
scab, Fusicladiuwm dendriticum. Mr. Massee also showed a branch of
Pear which had been damaged by hailstones in the summer. The
wounds had healed, and were now free from danger of attack from fungi,
but the circular places which had been damaged by the stones had dried,
and were sunken and black.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 6. XXX1xX

ScrenTIFIC CoMMITTEE, AprRit 6, 1909.

Mr. E. A. Bowtss, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, with seventeen members
present and Messrs. E. Laxton and J. H. Drummond, F’.L.S., visitors.

Gummosis in Lemon.—Mr. Giissow reported that the specimens of
Lemon shown by Mr. Worsley at the last meeting had been examined
microscopically. “After dissolving the gum in warm water, at each of
the places where it exuded a wound was to be seen extending some
way into the wood. The injured portions had no connection with
each other, but were well defined nearly all round the stem. The dis-
tance between the two places where gum was seen oozing out was about
4 inches. The bark was peeled off and some of the gum was transferred
with a sterilized needle to a cover glass, and was diluted with distilled
water. After drying this preparation it was stained for bacteria,
and in every case a large number of bacteria were revealed. ‘The
presence of the bacteria does not certainly~prove that the gumming
was caused by them, but the examination plainly showed that the injury
could not have been due to some cause or other within the range of the
root. Mr. Worsley kindly sent me the root and stem of the diseased
Lemon, and the roots were found to be perfectly healthy, with a good
many fibres and small rootlets; the stem just above the root showed
near a thorn an injury which, according to additional information
from Mr. Worsley, had first exhibited the gumming. The specimen
examined was a seedling. It is frequently the case that bacteria gain
entrance in the place of grafting, and cause profuse outflow of gum in
all kinds of stone fruits. A pure culture of the organisms has been made,
and it will be used in infecting a young Cherry tree. The bacteria
isolated from Cherries, Plums, and Peaches which showed gumming
bore great resemblance to those isolated from the Lemon. The withering
and flagging, and the silvery appearance of the shoots and leaves above
the place of injury are certainly the natural results of the sap-conducting
vessels being clogged by the gum.”’

Inheritance of character in Pea seeds.—My. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H.,
exhibited a long series of preparations showing the seeds of plants raised
by crossing a Pea which he found growing wild in Palestine (? Peswm
arvense) with forms of the cultivated garden Pea (Piswm sativum), and,
with bicolor-flowered Peas (Piswm arvense), &c. Twenty-two crosses
_ were made in 1907, and four of these failed to produce mature seed in
F,; four died off before flowering in F',; seven flowered but produced
no seeds; seven only produced any seeds in F’, (the latter were shown on.
cards 1 to 7). In most cases it would appear that the plants were almost
or quite sterile. On cards 8, 9, and 10 were the results of crosses made
between the Palestine Pea and Piswm sativum by Mr. Darbishire, and
grown at Reading. They practically confirm Mr. Sutton’s experiments.
Mr. Sutton also exhibited a growing plant of the wild Pea from Palestine,
and a plant of Piswm quadratum (?) grown from seeds received from
Kew. This plant much resembles the Palestine Pea in all respects except
the foliage. He also exhibited a collection of the various forms of seeds
of the garden Pea (Piswm sativum), and of bicolor blooming types

x PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Pisum arvense), &c. Among the remaining cards, some which showed
that when Improved William 1st, with semi-wrinkled seeds, is crossed
with a wrinkled Pea, the resulting types of seed do not follow the
Mendelian ratio of 3:1, were particularly interesting. This Pea con-
tains starch grains of similar form to those which are found in round
seeds, and not of the form found in wrinkled seeds, so that unless the
wrinkled character of the seed were unconnected with the form of the
starch grains the usual Mendelian ratio could scarcely be expected. Mr.
J. H. Drummond contributed a series of specimens from his own
herbarium and from the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, by
the courtesy of the Director, showing that the plant Mr. Sutton had
collected in Palestine was in all probability Piswm hwmile of Bossier, and
not Pisum satwum or P. arvense.

Wild species of Asparagus and Rhubarb.—Mr. Sutton also exhibited
plants of Asparagus, probably Asparagus filicinus, and Rhubarb, appa-
rently Rheum Moorcroftianum, sent him from the Punjab by a corre-
spondent. The roots of the Asparagus were tuberous, and were no doubt
organs in which water was stored. The young leaves of the Rhewm were
cup-shaped, the leaf-stalk springing from the base of the cup.

Hippeastrum hybrid.—Mr. Worsley showed a flower of a deep dragon’s
blood red, a first cross between the two species Hippeastrum aulicum and
H. vittatum. The flower is of very good form and splendid colour.

Polystichum sp.—Mr. Fraser, F.L.S., showed specimens demonstrating
the resemblance between Polystichum lobatwm, Presl., and P. Lonchitis,
Roth. If the pinne of the latter were lobed or lobulate instead of being
merely serrated, the two forms would be closely similar, judging from the
size and form of the pinne in the two cases. The likeness between
Polystichum lobatum, Presl., and P. aculeatwm, Sw., was less obvious.

Seed from S. Africa.—Mr. Holmes, F.L.S., reported that the seed
exhibited by Mr. Veitch was Voandzeia subterranea, often called Bam-
barra ground nut, and used in tropical and South Africa as food.

Malformed Orchids, &c.—Mr. Odell showed some malformed Orchids,
and some flowers of Auricula wherein the filaments of the stamens were
becoming transformed into petals, thus showing the beginning of a double
flower.

Dendrobium hybrids.—R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Streatham, sent flowers
of Dendrobium Thwaitesiae x D. Wiganiae xanthochilum and D.
Wiganiae x D. Wiganiae xanthochilum, both being white with a zone
of purple on the disc of the lip. He wrote: “Of the first cross three
have flowered like those sent, and of the second six plants have flowered.
You will notice the pollen caps and stems are also white. I feel sure it
would be quite useless to use those flowers for obtaining white hybrids,
and it may be that the unsuccessful attempts to obtain white flowers
(hybrids from apparently white parents) is due to coloured parentage
somewhere behind the flowers used. These and other results, though
apparently confusing, may later on assist in throwing light upon the
question of albinism, as, notwithstanding the contradictions which are
appearing, I feel sure there is some logical law relating to it.”
D. Wiganiae is a hybrid between D. nobile and D. signatum, D. Wiganae
xanthochilum being a seedling out of the same pod, while D. Thwaztesiae

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 20. xli

represents the result of further crossing D. Wiganiae and D. Ainsworthii
(nobile x awrewm). The original parents are therefore either purple or
yellow flowers, and the cause of the peculiarity is not apparent.

ScienTIFIC CommITTEE, Apri 20, 1909.

Mr. E. A. Bowtss, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair, and thirteen
members present.

Fatsia injured by gnawing animals.—Mr. Odell reported that he had
examined the plants of /atsia in the garden of Mr. Kingsmill, at Harrow
Weald, who had sent specimens of the injured stems to be examined by
the Committee, and found that the injury had been caused by the long-
tailed field mouse, which had gnawed off the bark of some of the branches
all round for a considerable length.

Double Auricula.—Mr. Druery, V.M.H., called attention to a double-
flowered Auricula of an exceedingly dark purple colour, shown by Mr.
J. Douglas, V.M.H. The plant had been raised by Mr. C. B. Green, of
Acton, from seed bought of Mr. Douglas. The example was particularly
interesting, since Mr. Douglas stated that never before in his experience
had a double Auricula been raised from sced of his plants. Sir Daniel
Morris, V.M.H., raised the question of whether such a variation as this
suddenly occurring from seed could rightly be called a sport. The dis-
cussion of the proper application of this term was deferred.

Various plants.—Mr. Worsley showed flowers of Tulips which he had
received under the name of Tulipa Fosteriana from Holland, and com-
mented upon the amount of variation in colour which these showed,
especially in the presence and absence of the dark blotch at the base of
the perianth segments. He considered that the plant approached very
closely to Tulipa Hichleri. Mr. Worsley also offered some remarks upon
a plant which he had identified as Urceolina miniata, a native of the
Peruvian Andes.

From Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H., came an unnamed Composite,
apparently a native of Tropical Africa. In appearance the flowers some-
what resembled those of a Cineraria, but did not seem identical with
any known species. Mr. Sutton was asked to show the plant again when
ripe fruit could also be seen.

Sir Daniel Morris, V.M.H., remarked that he had recently seen, in a
garden in the New Forest, a white-flowered shrub about 5 feet or 6 feet
in height, which there passed under the name of Lewcopogon Cunning-
ham, but which was really Spiraea Thunbergu. He desired to know
whether Leucopogon Cunninghamu was hardy in [ingland.

Presentation to the Library.—Professor A. H. Church, F.R.S., pre-
sented three books which he had had privately printed, being catalogues
of some 6,000 manuscripts, scarce pamphlets, &c., contained in the library
of the Royal Society, and dating from about 1606 to the beginning of the
nineteenth century, containing many interesting references to well-known
botanists and other scientific men of this and foreign countries to which

xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professor Church briefly referred. Professor Church was heartily thanked
for these interesting additions to the library.

Malformed Orchids.—Mr. Gurney Wilson, F.L.S., sent two malformed
Cattleyas from the same spike, which had three outer perianth pieces, but
the inner were very greatly reduced, the small lip springing from near
the apex of the column instead of from the base. Three stamens were
present.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 12 & 26. xlili

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 12, 1909.

Mr. Gro. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-five members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To University College, Reading (gr. Mr. C. Foster), for Tomatos,
Lettuces and Carrots.

First Class Certificate.

To Pear ‘Blickling’ (votes, 13 for, 5 against), from Col. the Hon.
C. Harboard, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr. Mr. Allen). A January dessert
variety which received A.M. January 8, 1907. See Journal, vol. xxxiii.
p. xiii.
Other Exhibits.

Miss Bullen, Awbridge House, near Romsey: Apple ‘ Kelsey.’

Mr. W. Camm, Cliveden Gardens, Taplow: seedling Apples.

Mr. T. Carter, Butleigh Court Gardens, Glastonbury: Apples.

Mr. A. Dean, Kingston : Apple ‘ Belle de Boskoop,’ A.M. 1897.

Lord Hillingdon, Hillingdon Court: Pear ‘ Duchesse de Bordeaux.’

Mary, Countess of Ilchester, Holland House: seedling Apple.

Rev. Rollo Meyer, Clophill, Ampthill: Apple ‘Grandfather’s Secret.’

Mr. H. T. Pewtress, Tillington Nurseries, Hereford : seedling Apple.

Messrs. W. B. Rowe, Barbourne Nurseries, Worcester: seedling Apple.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 26, 1909.

Mr. G. BunyarD, V.M.H., in the Chair, and eighteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Denison, Little Gaddesden (gr. Mr. A. G. Gentle), for
vegetables.
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for Apples.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To University College, Reading (gr. Mr. C. Foster), for forced
~ vegetables.
Other Exhibits.

Hon. A. H. T. de Montmorency, Carrickmines, Ireland: seedling
Potatos.

xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 9, 1909.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for Apples.

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Carter, High Holborn, for Potatos.

Silver Banksian Medai.
To University College, Reading (gr. Mr. Foster), for forced vegetables.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. J. B. Allen, Osberton Gardens, Worksop, for pods of Vanilla.
To Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, for forced Seakale.

Other Exhibits.

Colonel Brymer, Dorchester: Pear ‘ Bergamotte d’ Hsperen.’
Miss Bullen, Awbridge House, near Romsey: Apple ‘ Kelsey.’
Mary, Countess of Ilchester, Holland House: Pears.

Mr. F. Paget Norbury, Malvern: Apple ‘ Jonathan.’

Mr. E. H. Prior, Wisbech: Apples.

Messrs. Redshaw, Bourne, Lincs: Apples.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 23, 1909.

Mr. J. CHEAL in the Chair, and fourteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Siver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Mr.*Poupart, Jnr., Twickenham, for bottled fruit.
To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for Oranges.
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Seabrook, Chelmsford, for Apples.
To O. P. Serocold, Esq., Taplow, for Apples.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Sophia Miller, Marlow, for Orange Jelly and Chutney.

First-class Certificate.

To Apple ‘ Barnack Beauty’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. A. Poupart,
Twickenham. This variety received an Award of Merit as a market
variety on March 14, 1899, and is described in the R.H.S. Journat,
Vol) XXlll. pp. XXxVU, xxxyii. (Hig. 19.)

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 9, xlv

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. A. Poupart, Twickenham, for Seakale.
Other Exhibits.

C. Coombe, Esq., Cobham: a Citron fruit.
Rt. Hon. Lord Hillingdon, Uxbridge: Apple ‘ McIndoe’s Russet.’

Fic. 19.—Appie ‘Barnack Beauty.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.) (p. xliv.)

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, Marcu 9, 1909.

Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.

To the Hon. Vicary Gibbs, Elstree, for bulbs of Onion ‘ Ailsa Craig.’
To P. Nelke, Esq., Virginia Water, for seven dishes of Apples.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Lettuces and Radishes.

Other Exhibits.

Ki. Lane, Esq., Kentchurch Court, Hereford: seedling Apple.

Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., Horsham: Apples ‘St. Leonards Seedling,’
‘Traveller,’ ‘Bassam,’ ‘ Radford Beauty,’ ‘ Grange’s Pearmain.’

Sir Ernest Paget, Bart., Loughborough: Apples ‘Umbrella’ and
‘Baddon Pippin.’

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

T. Sharpe, Esq., Westbury, Wilts ; seedling Apple ‘ Burcomble.’ |

Messrs. R. Veitch, Exeter; Apples ‘Claygate Pearmain,’ ‘Belle de
Pontoise,’ and ‘ Boston Russet.’

Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea: an Apple for naming.
Messrs. Wood, Wood Green, N.: ‘ Copped Hall’ grape-storing botile.

ae fers

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, Marcu 23, 1909.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Sulver Kmightian Medal.
To Mr. J. Poupart, Rainham, for Asparagus, &c.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Miss C. M. Dixon, Chichester, for Strawberries.
Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. A. Poupart, Twickenham, for Seakale.
Other Exhibits.

Messrs. G. Fowler Lee, Reading: fruit-bottling appliances.

Mr. J. Garland, Exeter: Apple ‘Star of Devon,’ Pear ‘ Uvedale’s St.
Germain’ weighing 23 lbs.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 6, 1909.
Mr. G. Bunyarp, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for Oranges.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Lord Monson, Lincoln, for twelve dishes of Apples.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Lettuces, Cucumbers, &c.

Award of Merit.

To Rhubarb ‘ Dawes’ Challenge’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. T. E.
Dawes, Kings Lynn. An enormous variety, very prolific, with sticks

8 feet 6 inches long and proportionately thick. Bright red, with pink
flesh.

Cultural Commendation.

To Dr. Newington, Ticehurst, for Apples ‘Annie Elizabeth,’ ‘ Prince
Albert,’ and ‘ Bramley’s Seedling.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 20.. xlvii

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 20, 1909.

Mr. A. H. Pearson, in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Awards Recommended.
Silver Banksian Medal.

To the Countess Cowper, Pangshanger, for Potatos.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Cabbages.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. John Crook, Camberley: Apple ‘Sturmer Pippin.’
South African Constantia Fruit Co., 157, Wandsworth Road, Nine
Elms : Pineapples.

xlviii PRQCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 12, 1909.

Mr. W. MarsHatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-five members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for stove and greenhouse plants.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Bertolonias, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for alpines, &c.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &c.

Award of Merit.

To Begonia ‘ Patrie ’ (votes, 13 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Lemoine,
Nancy. In general appearance suggestive of B. ‘Gloire de Lorraine,’ with
small flowers, almost wholly male, freely and continuously borne as in
that variety, but duller in colour, old rose instead of bright pink, and
more compact and neat both in general habit and in flower trusses.
Derived from B. socotrana 2 x B. Pearcei var. g. (Fig. 20.)

To Chrysanthemum ‘Maud Allan’ (votes, 19 for, 3 against), from
Mr. N. Molyneux, Rookesbury Park Gardens, Wickham. A late-flowering
pure white decorative Japanese variety, with narrow florets. Undisbudded
sprays were exhibited to show its good habit and floriferousness.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden : alpines.

Mr. F. H. Chapman, Rye: Freesias.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpines.

Mr. F. Lilley, Guernsey: Chrysanthemum ‘ New Year Yellow.’
Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines.

A. Sutton, Esq., Reading: Cyclamen persicum, collected corms.

xlix

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JANUARY 1%,

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] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL ComMrIrrEr, JANUARY 26, 1909.

My. H. B. May in the Chair, and eighteen members present.

Awards Recommended :
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for Davallias.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.
To the Marquis of Salisbury, Hatfield House (gr. Mr. Prime), for
Euphorbia jacquimaeflora.
Silver Flora Medal. |

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for alpines, Carnations, &c.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Cyclamen.

To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for greenhouse plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &e.

To Mr. H. Maude, Wisley School of Horticulture, for floral studies in
colour photography, Lumiére process. :

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for alpines, &c.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for ornamental shrubs.

Award of Merit.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Golden Sunset’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Robinson and Headey, Dunstable. A bright yellow decorative Japanese
variety, with flowers of good substance on stout stalks, and with bright
foliage. A sport from ‘Victoria,’ said to flower three weeks later.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: alpines, &c.

Mr. F. H. Chapman, Rye: Freesias.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: spring flowers.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : alpines.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford : Anthuriums.
Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: alpines, &c.

Mr. W. E. Wallace, Eaton Bray: Carnations.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 9, 1909.

Mr. W. MarsHatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-eight members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 23, hi

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for forced shrubs, Carnations, &c.
To Mr. Seward, Hanwell, for Cyclamen.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for a group.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Cannell, Eynsford, for Chinese Primulas.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Chinese Primulas.

Silver Bawksian Medal.

To Messrs. Clark, Dover, for alpines, &c.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &c.
To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for ferns, &c.

To Messrs. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for alpines.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for shrubs.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for Primulas.

Bronze Flora Medal.
To Mr. Reuthe, Keston, for rare shrubs, &c.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden : spring flowers.
Messrs. Bath, Wisbech: spring flowers.

Mr. F. H. Chapman, Rye: Freesias.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: alpines.

D. Crocket, Esq., Barcombe, Lewes: a painting.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : alpines, &c.

Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., Leonardslee: Sarracenias.
Mrs. McCreery, Windsor: seedling Carnation.

Miss Smith, Barnham, Bognor: Primroses, &c.

Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham: Lilies-of-the- Valley.
Messrs. Wallace, Colchester : Crocuses.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 28, 1909.

Mr. W. MarsuHatt, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirty-one members
* present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for forced shrubs, Carnations, &e.

To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.

To Miss Josephine Gundry, Foots Cray, for water-colour studies
of flower.

To Mrs. Leschallas, Windlesham (gr. Mr. Farmer), for Richardia
Elliottiana.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Cyclamen, Primulas, Rhododen-
drons, &c,.

d 2

lii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations, &c.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for ferns and flowers.

To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Lilacs, &e.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Eynsford, for Primulas. ~
To Messrs. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for alpines.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.

Award of Merit.
To Freesia ‘Rose Queen’ (votes, 20 for), from Messrs. Barr, Covent
Garden. Flowers purplish-rose, the white tube marked with a few rose

lines; lightly scented. The best in colour and scent of the red varieties
yet exhibited.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden : flowering bulbs.

Mr. H. Chapman, Rye: hybrid Cyclamen, &c.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: rock plants.

Miss Cox, Rose Hill, Dorking: flower studies.

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: ferns.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: rock plants.

F. W. Moore, Esq., Glasnevin, Dublin: Lachenalia ‘ Outlaw.’
Miss Smith, Barnham, Bognor: rock plants.

Mr. R. Sydenham, Birmingham : Lilies-of-the-Valley.

Mr. A. R. Upton, Guildford: hardy plants.

FLoRAL CoMMITTEE, MArcH 9, 1909.

Mr, W. A. Bitney, J.P., in the Chair, and twenty-four members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Sir Everard Hambro, Hayes, Kent, for rock plants.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Carter, High Holborn, for bulbs.
To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for alpine plants.
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Begonias and Primulas.
To Messrs. Page, Hampton, for a group of Carnations, Lilies, &e.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 23. lili

To Messrs. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Camellias and ornamental
Peaches.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Bees, Liverpool, for Primula malacoides.

To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for bulbous plants.

To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Acacias, &e.

To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for Cinerarias, Primulas, &c.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for rock plants, Cacti, &c.

To the Marquis of Salisbury, Hatfield (gr. Mr. Prime), for a group
of Lachenalia Nelsont.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Azalea indica.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Barr, King Street, Covent Garden: Crocus ‘ Bleu Celeste.’

J. T. Bennett-Poé, Esq., Cheshunt : Camellia magnoliaejiora.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: alpines.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: alpines.

Mrs. Denison, Berkhamsted: Acacia cultriformis and Bryophyllum
calycinum.

Messrs. Eggett, Thames Ditton: hardy ferns.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: alpines.

W. P. Horton, Esq., Seaford: bulbous plants.

Messrs. Low, Enfield: Carnation ‘ Black Chief.’

H. A. Mangles, Esq., Seale: Rhododendron longifolium and R.
argenteum (received A.M. previously under name of &. grande).

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: new Roses, &e.

Mr. Reuthe, Keston: alpines, shrubs, &ce.

Miss A. Smith, Bognor: alpines.

Messrs. Ware, Feltham: Primula obconica Ware.

FLoRAL CoMMITTEE, Marcu 23, 1909.

Mr. W. Marsuatu, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Carnations, Acacias, &e.
To Messrs. J. Veitch, Chelsea, for Rhododendrons, &e.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations and Lilies.

To Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, for Lilacs.
To St. George’s Nursery Co., Harlington, for Cyclamen

liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &c.

To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for hardy ferns, &e.

To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas, Bertolonias, &c.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

Fic. 21.— CacTus-FLOWERED” CINERARIA. (Sutton.) (p. lv.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Begonia hydrocotylifolia ‘ Saturne.’
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for alpines.

To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas.

To Mr. W. H. Lancashire, Guernsey, for Carnation ‘ Rose Doré.’

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Carnations and alpines.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 23, lv

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for alpines.
First-class Certificate.

To Pteris aquilina congesta (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. May,
Edmonton. A very beautiful congested form of the common Bracken,
erowing about two feet high.

Award of Merit.

To Begonia ‘ Saturne’ (votes, 12 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Cannell,
Swanley. A light rose variety of the Mexican B. hydrocotylifolia.
Leaves cordate, tinged on the underside with red. Flower-stalks 18 inches
high, red, pilose. Flowers 1 inch across, dipetalous ; capsule rose, tinged
ereen.

To Carnation ‘ Rose Doré’ (votes, 16 for), from Mr. W. H. Lancashire,
Guernsey. A rosy-pink perpetual-flowering variety, with stiff stems and
good calyx. Faintly clove-scented.

To Cineraria ‘“ Cactus-flowered”’ strain (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sutton, Reading. A very free-flowering strain, with colours
ranging from white, through pink and lavender, to blue and purple.
Plants very dwarf and compact. (Fig. 21.)

To Crocus Siebert var. versicolor (votes, unanimous), from Mr. G. Reuthe,
Keston. A beautiful variety collected by Moore in Greece. Flowers
white, with the yellow tinge at the top of the perianth tube as in
C. Steberi; perianth tube and outer perianth pieces marked with purplish
black.

To Rose ‘ Rhea Reid’ (votes, 10 for, 1 against), from Mr. G. W. Piper,
Uckfield. A purple-carmine Hybrid Tea; good form, but scentless.
(Fig. 22.)

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Bakers, Wolverhampton: alpines.
Messrs. Brooks, Basingstoke: Primula sinensis ‘Queen Alexandra.’
Messrs. Bull, Chelsea: foliage plants and Amaryllis.
Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, E.C.: Violas.
Messrs. F. Cant, Colchester: Rose ‘ Lady Roberts.’
The Earl of Clarendon, Watford: Violets.
Messrs. Clark, Dover: alpines.
Mr. Cornhill, Byfleet : Aubrietia ‘ Cloth of Gold.’
Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery: alpines, &c.

- Messrs. Heath, Cheltenham : Pelargoniums, &c.
Messrs. Hill, Lower Edmonton: Osmunda palustris var.
Mr. Pingo-Horton, Seaford: alpines, &e.
Messrs. Jarman, Chard: Cinerarias.
H. P. Keatinge, Esq., Cairo: Freesia ‘Egyptian Sunrise.’
Messrs. Laing, Forest Hill: Clivias, &e.
Messrs. Paul Cheshunt: Lachenalia ‘His Reverence.’
Miss Smith, Bognor: alpines.
G. Whitaker, Esq., Palermo: Violet ‘ Tina Whitaker.’
Miss Willmott, Warley: Hlisena longipetala.

Fic. 22.—Rosz ‘Rua Rei.’ (The Garden.) (p. lv.)

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 6. lvil

FLORAL CoMMITTEER, APRIL 6, 1909.

Mr. W. MarsuHatt1, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for forced shrubs.
To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for shrubs, &c.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations, &c.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. Burnett, Guernsey, for Carnations.

To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Acacias, Carnations, &c.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Mr. Page, Hampton, for Roses, Lilies, and Carnations.
To Messrs. Paul, Waltham Cross, for flowering shrubs.

To Mr. Prince, Longworth, for Roses.

To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for alpines.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Miss Alexander, Seal, for Roses, Violets, &c.
To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Begonias.

To Messrs. F. Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

To Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for alpines.

To Messrs. Jackman, Woking, for alpines.

To Major Lister, Hayward’s Heath, for Amaryllis.
To Messrs. Peed, Streatham, for Caladiums.

To E. H. Johnstone, Esq., Groombridge, for Carnations.
To Mr. Reuthe, Keston, for alpines, «ce.

To Mr. Russell, Richmond, for flowering shrubs.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Cinerarias.

To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines, &c.

Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Bakers, Codsall, for alpines.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Stanmore, for Lachenalia tricolor.

Award of Merit.

To Hippeastrum ‘Magnificent’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
R. Ker, Liverpool. Flowers of good form, on a stout stalk 18 inches high ;
ground colour white, almost entirely hidden by a beautiful brilliant
scarlet. Leaves at flowering time small.

To Hippeastrum ‘Marcus’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Veitch,
Chelsea. A large flat flower of a bright scarlet colour; back of perianth
pieces tinged with green at apex, and shaded crimson at base. Stalk 15
inches long, rigid. Leaves at flowering time very small.

lviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY..

To Saxifraga apiculata alba (votes, unanimous), from the Guildford
Hardy Plant Nursery. A beautiful creamy white form of the well-known
S. apiculata. The carpels and anthers are yellow. Flowers freely borne on
short, leafy shoots.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall, E.C.: Violas.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: alpines, &c.

R. Farrer, Esq., Clapham, Yorks: Saaifraga Stribnryt.

G. Fellows, EKsq., Nottingham : Hybrid Scilla.

T. Firth, Esq., J.P., Heckmondwike, Yorks: variegated Dewtzia gracilis.

Mr. R. E. Gill, Falmouth : Rhododendrons.

‘Glasnevin Botanic Gardens: Sarracenias.

Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery: alpines.

Sir Everard Hambro, Hayes: Primula verticillata.

Mr. Hardy, Seaton, Devon: Viola odorata ‘ Sir Wilfred Peek.’

Messrs. Ker, Liverpool : Amaryllis.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H.: Viola odorata
‘ Cyclops.’

Messrs. Low, Enfield: Acacias, Carnations, &ce.

Miss Mangles, Seale: Rhododendrons.

W. J. Newman, Esq., Totteridge Park: Amaryllis.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: climbing Roses, &ce.

Mr. H. E. Pulham, Stanstead: alpines.

Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea: Amaryllis Hrlangea tomentosa, and Azalea
imdica ‘ Jean Peters.’

Messrs. Whitelege and Page, Chislehurst : Cyclamen.

FLorat Committer, Aprit 20, 1909.

Mr. W. MarsHaut, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Carter, Holborn, for Schizanthus.

To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for forced shrubs.

To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Roses, Carnations, &e.

To Messrs. May, Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for Roses.

To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Carnations, Lilies and Roses.
To Messrs. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Roses in pots.

To Mr. G. Prince, Longworth, for Roses.

To Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea, for Cinerarias, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for alpines, &c.
To Sir G. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee, for Rhododendrons, &c.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 20. lix

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Cannell, Swanley, for Zonal Pelargoniums.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Italian Hyacinths and Freesias.

Bronze Banksian Medai.

To Messrs. Dobbie, Rothesay, for Pansies, &c.
To the Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, for alpines.
To Messrs. Ware, Feltham, for alpines.

First-class Certificate.

To Bougainvillea ‘Rosa Catelina’ (votes, unanimous), from Colonel
Petre, Westwick House, Norwich. A very free-flowering variety, with
large bracts of a bright rosy-scarlet. Flowers borne on arching stems.
Introduced from Las Palmas, Grand Canary.

To Primula Forrestii (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Bees, Liver-
pool. A new species collected by Mr. Forrest on the limestone cliffs of
Yunnan, at an altitude of 9000 feet. Umbels of dark yellow drooping
flowers, half-inch across, with a faint zone of orange round the eye.
Leaves elliptic, cordate, crenate; petioles long. The whole plant
glandular hairy. Said to be quite hardy at Liverpool. (Fig. 23.)

Award of Merit.

To Auricula ‘ Admiration’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. J. Douglas,
V.M.H., Great Bookham. Good circular white-centred alpine. Violet,
shading off to the light-blue edge. Well-formed truss.

To Auricula ‘Claud Halcro’ (votes, unanimous). Another alpine
variety from Mr. Douglas. Beautiful golden centre. Rich maroon,
shading off to light red. Enormous truss, with large, well-formed pips.

To Auricula ‘ Robert Bruce’ (votes, 18 for, 4 against), from the same
raiser. Large, beautifully proportioned flower. Centre white; ground
colour dark purple fading to heliotrope, a somewhat unusual colour
among alpine auriculas. Good truss.

To Auricula ‘ Ulleswater ’ (votes, 22 for, 1 against), from Mr. Douglas.
Large white-centred alpine. Flowers of very good form. Ground colonr
purple, gradually shading to heliotrope.

To Malmaison Carnation ‘ Lady Coventry’ (votes, 16 for, 1 against),
from Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate. Flower about 44 inches across, cerise,
strongly clove-scented. The calyx is weak, and the flower too large for
the stems, which require the support of wires.

To Hippeastrum ‘Pinkie’ (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Colonel
Holford, C.V.O., C.I.E., Westonbirt. Flowers rather small, but of excellent
form; white, veined and shaded rosy-scarlet; throat tinged with green ;
2 feet high, robust.

To Hippeastrum ‘Gracchus’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Veitch,
Chelsea. Large, well-formed flower, bright scarlet, shading to crimson
in the throat; perianth-segmenis broad, of good substance ; vigorous.

To Sazifraga decipiens hybrida grandiflora (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. T. Kitley, Bath. A beautiful crimson variety of Sazifraga
decipiens.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

lx

(p. lix.)

(Bees.)

Fie. 23.—Primvunua Forrest.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 20. lxi

Other Exhibits.

J. §. Arkwright, Esq., M.P., Lulworth: Primula ‘Evelyn Ark-
wright.’

Messrs. Bakers, Codsall : alpines.

Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden: Saaifraga ‘ Ditton Crimson.’

Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone: alpines.

Messrs. F’. Cant, Colchester : climbing Roses.

Messrs. B. Cant, Colchester: Roses.

Messrs. Carter Page, London Wall: Violas.

Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : Roses.

Messrs. Clark, Dover: alpines, &c.

Countess Cowper, Panshanger: Roses and Violets.

Messrs. Gunn, Olton: Ranunculus montanus.

Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : alpines.

Lieut.-Colonel Holford, C.V.O., C.I.E., Westonbirt : Amaryllis.

Messrs. Jackman, Woking: alpines.

H. Little, Esq., Twickenham : Clivias.

Messrs. Low, Enfield: Roses and Azaleas.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Roses.

Messrs. Peed, Streatham : alpines, &c.

Mr. H. E. Pulham, Stanstead : alpines.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: alpines, &c.

Miss Smith, Bognor: alpines.

Miss Willmott, V.M.H., Warley: Arctotis aureola robusta.

lxil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 12, 1909.

Mr. J. GuRNeEY FowLenr in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-giult Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a group.

SilsorsBlora. Wedel.

To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., V.M.H., Gatton Park, Reigate, for a
group of hybrids raised at Gatton Park, and for singular species of
Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya Percivaliana, Charlesworth’s variety (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flowers pure white with ruby-crimson
blotch and yellow disc to the lip.

Award of Merit. )

To Cattleya x ‘Maggie Raphael,’ Westonbirt variety (C. Dowiana
aurea x C. Trianaei ‘ Imperator’) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col.
G. L. Holford, C.I.E. C.V.O., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander).
Sepals and petals_rose colour with a white veining. Lip glowing mauve-
crimson, the base veined with bright yellow.

To Vanda Watson (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Hol-
ford, C.I.E., C.V.O. Allied to V. Kimballiana. Flowers white. The
plant bore four spikes.

To Odontoglossum x ardentissimum ‘Norman Cookson’ (0. Pes-
catorei x O. crispum) (votes, 12 for, 4 against), from Norman C. Cookson,
Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman). Flowers white, heavily
blotched with purple.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. Ballantine, gr. to Sir H. Schréder, The Dell, Egham, for
Masdevallia ignea with over seventy flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Sir. Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.: Odontoglosswm hybrid.

Francis Wellesley, Esq.: Sophrocattleya x ‘Mrs. Francis Wellesley ’
(S. grandiflora x C. labiata).

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.: hybrids.

Messrs. Veitch: hybrid Cypripediums.

Fic. 24.—Lanniocatrneya x ‘Fernicra.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.’)

(To face page \xii.)
(p. lxiii.)

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ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 26. lxill

Messrs. McBean : Odontoglossums.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq. : Cypripediums.

H. J. Bromilow, Esq.: Cypripediwm Charlesworth Bromilowvae.

H. T. Pitt, Esq.: Mazillaria Hubschu and Cypripediums.

Messrs. Armstrong & Brown: Cypripediums.

Henry Little, Esq.: Cypripediwm insigne, Little’s variety.

Monsieur Mertens : Odontoglossums.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq.: Cattleya x ‘Leda,’ Thwaites variety (Dowiana
aurea x Perciwaliana).

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, JANUARY 26, 1909.

Mr. J. GuRNEY FowLeEr in the Chair, and eighteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a group of hybrid
Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.
To Messrs. Cypher, for Cypripediums.
To Mr. A. W. Jensen, for Odontoglosswm erispum.

First-class Certificate.

To Sophrolaeliocattleya x ‘Marathon’ var. ‘ Vesuvius’ (S.-l. x
‘Psyche’ x C. x ‘Empress Frederick’) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Charlesworth. Flowers ruby-red with a yellow tint.

To Laeliocattleya x ‘Felicia’ (L.-c. x Haroldiana x C. Trianaet)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. A large pale-rose flower
with purplish claret front to the lip. (Fig. 24.)

To Cypripedium x ‘Earl of Tankerville’ (Hxul x nitens, Sanders
variety) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.L.E., C.V.O.
(gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). A portion of the plant which received an
A.M. January 9, 1906. Dorsal sepal white with pale green base, heavily
blotched with purple. Petals and lp yellow marked with red-brown.
(Fig. 25.)

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium x ‘Hera LEHuryades,’ New-Hall-Hey variety
(Leeanum superbum x Boxall) (votes, 13 for, 3 against), from
J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Northchurch. Dorsal sepal white tinged with
purple and spotted with chocolate-purple. Petals and lip yellow tinged
with red-brown.

To Cypripedium x ‘Our Queen’ (Leeanwm x Stevensit) (votes,
unanimous), from W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone (gr. Mr.
Stevens). Resembling C. Leeanwm in its markings, but with the white
dorsal sepal more densely spotted with deep rose.

Ixiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Other Exhibits.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.: a group.
Mr. F. McBean: Cattleyas and Odontoglossums.

wie ae —
‘SSSA REB CHRON

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Fic. 25.—Cypripepium x ‘Earn or TANKERVILLE.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)
(p. lxiii.)

Francis Wellesley, Esq.: Cattleya Trianaei ‘The Premier.’
Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.: four new hybrids.
Mr. F. Hanson, Somerleyton: spikes of Calanthe.

OxcHID CoMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 9, 1909.

Mr. J. GurNEY Fow.er in the Chair, and twenty-six members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a large group, including
many plants of Phalaenopsis Schilleriana.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 9. Ixv

Lindley Medal.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.LE., C.V.O., for a specimen of Odontoglosswm x crispo-Harryanum
with four spikes, bearing together 125 flowers.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. H. J. Chap-

man), for rare Odontoglossums.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for a group of white Laelia anceps.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for Cypripediums and Calanthes.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.
Silver Banksian Medal. ‘

To Messrs. Veitch, for Odontoglossums and Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Moore, Rawdon, Leeds, for a group of Cypripediums.
First-class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum x ardentissimum ‘ Pheebe’ (Pescatoret x crispum)
(votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq. (gr. Mr. Chapman).

sae remem rere eens earstcom oo petnem eannareennmaseag qe necaneae tanger
Ae $x me
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Fic. 26.—OpoNTOGLOSsUM x ARDENTISSIMUM ‘PHa@BE.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.

SES

Flowers deep reddish-claret colour on the inner parts of the segments,
the tips and margins being pure white. (Fig. 26.)
VOL. XXXV. é

lxyl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Award of Merit.

To Laeltocattleya x ‘Goldfinch’ superba (L.-c. warnhamiensis x
C. Dowiana aurea) (votes, 20 for, 1 against), from Lieut.-Col. G. L.
Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O. (gr. Mr. Alexander). <A profuse-flowering hybrid
with bright yellow flowers with crimson-purple lips bearing orange lines
at the base.

To Cypripedium x ‘ Leander,’ Exhims variety (villosum x Leeanwm)
(votes, 14 for, 7 against), from J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Exhims, North-
church. Dorsal sepal white spotted with purple. Lip and petals greenish-
yellow tinged with purple.

Other Exhibits.

His Grace the Duke of Marlborough: Cattleya Trianaei, Blenheim
variety.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.: Epidendrum erubescens.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.: rare Orchids.

Sir W. Marriott: two Sophrocattleyas.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.: hybrids.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq.: Odontioda Bradshawiae.

W. Bolton, Esq.: Cypripedium x ‘Iris’ magnificum.

Mr. F. McBean: Odontoglossums and Cattleyas.

Monsieur Mertens: hybrid Odontoglossums.

Messrs. Armstrong & Brown: Cypripediwm x ‘ Hera.’

Messrs. Duchesne, Belgium: Cattleya Schroderae ‘The Giant.’

OrncHID ComMITTEE, FEBRUARY 23, 1909.

Mr. Harry J. Vertcu in the Chair, and twenty-six members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group in which the hybrid
Odontoglossums and Phalaenopsis Schilleriana were remarkable.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for hybrids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group.
To Monsieur Mertens, Ghent, for hybrid Odontoglossums.

First-class Certificate.

To Laeliocattleya x ‘Pizarro,’ Westonbirt variety (ZL. Jongheana x
C. Dowiana aurea) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.1.E., C.V.O. (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). Flowers as large as those of
C. Dowzana, rose coloured, with gold veining on the lip. (Fig. 27.)

To Cattleya Trianaei Mooreana (votes, 18 for, 5 against), from
Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.H.,C.V.O. Flowers of good shape. Sepals
and petals silver-white tinged with rose, the petals having a claret-purple
band. , Lip deep claret-purple with yellow disc.

’ ee = Steen : . - £ é x = 3 2 Sie cs ‘ Ret Seer a ase ee

Fic. 27.—Lariocarrieya x ‘ PrzaRRo,’ Westonpirt variety.’ Gardeners’ Chronicle.)
(To face page \xVi.)

ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 23. Ixvil

To Odontioda x ‘ Lutetia’ (O. luteo-purpureum x C. Noezliana)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flowers resembling
those of O. luteo-purpwrewm, yellowish, mottled and tinged with cinnabar-
scarlet. (Fig. 28.)

Fic. 28.—Opontiopa x ‘Luretia.’ (Journal of Horticulture.)

Award of Merit.

To Dendrobium x ‘Lady Colman’ (‘Artemis’ x Findlayanwm) (votes,
unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park (gr. Mr.
Collier). A large and beautiful hybrid, white, with the outer halves of
the sepals and petals tinged with rose. The labellum has a maroon disc,
in front of which is a white band, the apex being rose colour.

To Cycnoches peruvianum, Tracy’s variety (votes, 9 for, 4 against),
from Mr. H. A. Tracy, Twickenham. Flowers greenish, sparsely spotted
with purple and densely set on the inflorescence.

To Odontioda x keighleyensis (O. cirrhosum x C. Noezliana) (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Inflorescence branched ; flowers
formed nearly like O. cirrhoswm; blood-red.

To Cymbidium x Woodhamsianum, Orchidhurst variety (Lowianum
x eburneo-Lowianum (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Armstrong &
Brown. Flowers large, greenish-white with red markings on the lip.

Botanical Certificate.

To Odontoglossum cariniferum, from de B. Crawshay, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Stables). Inflorescence 3 feet, branched. Flowers brownish with white
lip.

Certificate of Appreciation.

To Dendrobium x atro-Brymerianum (atroviolaceum x Brymer-

ianum), from R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Streatham (gr. Mr. Black). A very
e2

Ixvlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

interesting hybrid, in which the predominance of D. atroviolacewm and
the suppression of the fringing on the lip of D. Brymerianum is very
remarkable. Flowers formed like D. atroviolacewm, whitish-green with
minute purple spots, the lip being veined with dark purple.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. Holford: hybrids.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.: rare species.

de B. Crawshay, Esq.: Odontoglossums.

W. Waters Butler, Esq.: a group.

Messrs. McBean: a group.

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq.: Odontoglosswm x Smithii.

OrcHip CommittTEE, Marcu 9, 1909.

Mr. J. GuRNEY FowLER in the Chair, and twenty-nine members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., V.M.H., Gatton Park, Reigate
(gr. Mr. Collier), for a group of hybrid Dendrobiums and other Orchids.

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath, for a group.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for a group of hybrid Odontoglossums.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for hybrid Cypripediums and

Cattleyas.
To Monsieur Mertens, Ghent, for hybrid Odontoglossums.

First-class Certipicate.

To Cattleya Schroderae ‘Mrs. F. Sander’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sander. A fine, pure white flower with chrome-yellow disc to
the lip.

To Odontioda x Bradshawiae, Cookson’s variety (O. crispum x
C. Noezliana) (votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oak-
wood, Wylam (gr. Mr. Chapman). Flowers equal to O. crispum;
cinnabar-scarlet with white tip and margins to the segments, tinged with
rose. (Fig. 29.)

To Sophrocattleya x Thwartesu (S. grandiflora x C. Mendelii)
(votes, 16 for, 2 against). Flowers carmine-rose with a yellow base to
the lip.

To Cattleya Trianaei ‘Grand Monarch’ (votes, unanimous), from
EF’. Menteith Ogivlie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr. Mr. Balmforth)
A very large and handsome variety with rosy-lilac flowers, having the
front of the lip purplish-crimson.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 9. ]x1x

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum x Wyonianum (parentage unrecorded) (votes,
unanimous), from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (gr. Mr. J. Davis). A pretty
white flower with confluent spotting of reddish-purple in the inner parts
of the segments,

Botanical Certificate.

To Chytroglossa Marileoniae, from Messrs, Sander, A dwarf species
with pendent racemes of small flowers,

Fie. 34.— OpontoeLossum x‘ THEopoRA.’ (Gardeners’? Chronicle.)
(p. lxviii.)

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. Ballantine, gr. to Baron Sir H. Schroder, for a fine
specimen of Cymbidium insigne with three spikes, 5 feet in height.

To Mr. Salter, gr. to Walter Cobb, Esq., for Coelogyne cristata
alba with about fifty spikes.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.: hybrid orchids.
H. S. Goodson, Esq.: Odontioda x Goodsoniae.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq. : Odontiodas and Odontoglossums.
Messrs. Jas. Veitch: a group.

H. A. Innes, Esq. : Cattleyas.

Mr. W. P. Horton: a group.

lxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, MarcH 28, 1909.

Mr. J. GURNEY Fowter in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for a group of Odontoglossums.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt, Tetbury,
for hybrids.
To H. S. Goodson, Esq., Putney, for a group.
~ To Messrs. Charlesworth, for hybrids.
To Messrs. Cypher, for a group.

Fic. 30.—DeENDROBIUM SCHNEIDERIANUM, WESTONBIRT VARIETY.
(Journal of Horticulture.) (p. lxxi.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Sander, for rare species.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

To Monsieur Mertens, for Odontoglossums.

To Mr. A. W. Jensen, for Odontoglossum crispum and Catdoya
Schréderae.

Award of Merit.
To Brassocattleya x Digbyano-Mendelii perfecta (B. Digbyana x
C. Mendelii) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.LE.,

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 6. xxi

C.V.O. (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander). A finely formed white flower tinged
with pink and with cowslip-yellow disc to the fringed lip.

To Dendrobium x Schneiderianum, Westonbirt variety (awreum x
Findlayanum) (votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.LE.,
C.V.O. Flowers of the size and form of D. Findlayanwm, white with the
tips of the segments rose. Disc of the lip deep orange. (Fig. 30.)

To Sophrolaeliocattleya x ‘Olive’ (S.-l. ‘Psyche’ x C. x ‘Enid’),
(votes, unanimous), from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Woodford (gr. Mr. J.
Davis). A showy dwarf hybrid with flowers deep reddish-mauve with
gold markings on the lip.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, er. to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.,
for two magnificent specimens of Cymbidiwm x eburneo-Lowianum, the
one with nineteen flower-spikes bearing together ninety-one flowers ;
the other thirty-two spikes with one hundred and fifty fine flowers.

Other Exhibits.

de B. Crawshay, Esq.: Odontoglossum Lambeauianum.

Mrs. Temple: Lycaste Skinnert.

J. Forster Alcock, Esq.: hybrid Cypripedium.

Mrs. Haywood: hybrid Dendrobiums.

Messrs. Keeling: Odontoglossum nebuloswm, and tubes for storing
Orchid pollen.

OrcHip ComMITTEE, APRIL 6, 1909.

Mr. J. GuRNEyY Fow er in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for Dendrobiums, &ce.

Silver Flora Medal.

To H. S. Goodson, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. E. Day), for Odontoglossums,
Odontiodas, &e.

To Messrs. Charlesworth, for hybrids.

To Messrs. Sander, for Catileyas, &c.

To Messrs. McBean, for Odontoglossums.

To Messrs. J. Veitch, for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. Jensen, for fine forms of Cattleya Schroderae and Odonto-
glossum crispum.
_ To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.
To Monsieur Mertens, Ghent, for hybrid Odontoglossums.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya Schréderae ‘ The Baron ’ (votes, unanimous) from Lieut.-
Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.0., Westonbirt (gr. Mr. Alexander). The

lxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

famous variety first shown at the Temple Show, 1905. Flowers of a
delicate peach-blossom tint, the disc of the lip orange.
To Cattleya Schroderae ‘Irene’ (votes, 12 for, 4 against), from Mr,
Jensen, Lindfield. A very large white flower tinged with lilac. (Fig. 31.)
To Odontoglossum x percultum, Cookson’s variety (ardentissimum x
Rolfeae) (votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Chapman). A perfectly formed flower heavily blotched with purple on a
white ground. ;
_ To Odontioda x ‘Ernest Henry’ (x Odontoglossum ‘Queen Alex-
andra’ x Cochlioda Noezliana), from H.-S. Goodson, Esq. Flowers
shaped like those of O. x Charlesworthi; mahogany-red with yellow
crest to the lip. (Fig. 32.)

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Fic. 32.—Opontiopa x ‘ErNEst Henry.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum x ‘Sylvia,’ Westonbirt variety (cirrhoswm x Rolfeae)
(votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O.
Flowers yellowish, blotched with purple.

To Cattleya Schroderae ‘ Alexandra James’ (votes, unanimous), from
W. James, Esq., West Dean Park, Chichester. A large blush-white
flower with yellow disc to the lip.

To Odontoglossum x ‘Dreadnought’ (x Prince Albert, nat. hyb. x
sceptrum) (votes, 12 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Sander. Flowers
resembling a very large O. sceptrwm with the colour and markings of
O. triumphans.

To Laeliocattleya x ‘Frederick Boyle’ var. Kerchoveae (L. anceps
alba x C. Trianaei alba) (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., K.C.V.O. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). Flowers uniformly blush-white.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘ Angela’ (votes, 13 for, 2 against), from

Fic. 31.— CattLEys SCHRODERAE ‘ IRENE.’

(To face page 1xxil.)

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Fig. 33.—Mneactinium PpurPuREO-RACHIS. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)
(Zo face page \xxili.)

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 6. ' |xxi

Norman C. Cookson, Esq. A large white flower heavily blotched with
purple.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Megaclinium purpureo-rachis, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
A large species from tropical Africa. The inflorescence has a broad
flat-bladed purple rachis, on each side of which is a row of small toad-
like brownish flowers. (Fig. 33.)

To Polystachya rhodoptera, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. Stems
slender, 1 ft.; flowers on the upper part, yellowish, tinged with rose.

Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.1.E., C.V.0.: hybrid.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq.: hybrid Dendrobiums.

de B. Crawshay, Esq.: hybrid Odontoglossums.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.: rare species.

Messrs. Cypher: Dendrobiums.

Francis Wellesley, Esq.: Cattleya Trianaei ‘Marie Feodorovna.’

W. Thompson, Esq. : Odontoglossums.

J. Forster Alcock, Esq. : Cypripediums.

J. &. Moss, Esq.: Odontoglossum x Kenchu (Kegeljani x Denisoniae
Mossiae.

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, AprRiI£ 20, 1909.

Mr. J. GuRNEY F'owneEr in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill, for a group.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, for rare Orchids.

To Messrs. Sander, for hybrids and interesting species.
To Messrs. Cypher, for Dendrobiums and Cattleyas.

To Messrs. Hugh Low, for a group.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. A. W. Jensen, for Cattleyas and Odontoglossums.

First-class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum x ‘Theodora’ (Rossii rubescens x triwmphans)
(votes, unanimous), from de B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks
(gr. Mr. Stables). A remarkably pretty hybrid of dwarf habit. Flowers
produced on short spikes. Sepals and petals canary-yellow, the greater
part of their surface being covered with deep reddish-claret blotches.
Lip white with a dark red curved blotch in front of the yellow crest.
(Fig. 34.)

Award of Merit.

To Laeliocattleya x ‘Golderest’ (C. Schréderae x L. Cowani),
(votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford, C.I.E. C.V.O. (gr.

Ixxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, -

Mr. H. G. Alexander). Flowers, ten or twelve on an erect spike, bright
chrome-yellow.

To Cattleya x ‘Robert de Wavrin’ (Schréderae x Schilleriana)
(votes, unanimous), from Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford. A large flower,
tinged with rose and having dark rose veining on the lip.

To Odontoglossum x loochristiense awreo-fulvum (crispum x trium-
hans) (votes, 13 for, 4 against), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O.
(gr. Mr. W. H. White). <A pretty bright-yellow flower, blotched with
chocolate. Lip white with brown spots.

To Miltonia x Blewana, Sander’s variety (vexillaria x Rochli) (votes,

Fic. 34.—OpontocLossum x ‘THEoporA.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)
(p. lxxiii.)

unanimous), from Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. Flowers large and almost
circular in form; white with violet tinge at the bases of the petals. Lip
white with some red lines at the base.

To Epilaelia x Lionetit (EH. atropurpureum x L. purpurata) (votes,
14 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Charlesworth, Hayward’s Heath. Flowers
singly on an erect stem, rose colour.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Pleurothallis Dirchenallii, from Messrs. Charlesworth. Allied to
P. Scapha. Sepals long, purple; petals linear, white.

To Oncidiwm barbavwm, from Gurney Wilson, Esq., Haywards.
Sepals and petals yellow barred with light brown; lip yellow, with a
bearded margin to the side lobes.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 20. lxxv

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford,
C.I.E., C.V.O., for a fine specimen of Odontoglossum Pescatorei, with
three spikes bearing 153 flowers.

To Mr. H. G. Alexander, for Cattleya x ‘ Enid,’ with seven flowers on
a spike.

To Mr. W. H. White, Orchid grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
K.C.V.O., for three finely flowered Dendrobium crepidatum.

- Other Exhibits.

Lieut.-Col. G. L. Holford: hybrid Orchids.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart: Masdevallias.

The Duke of Marlborough: Odontoglossums.
Norman C. Cookson, Esq. : Odontoglossums.
de B. Crawshay, Esq. : hybrid Odontoglossums.

XXV1

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PROCEEDINGS OF

ESTABLISHED
1804.

* HORTENSIA, LONDON.”

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIE1Y.

INCORPORATED
1809,

TELEPHONE :
5363 WESTMINSTER

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS.

. General.

. Letters.

. Telephone and Telegrams.

. Journals Wanted.

. Subscriptions.

. Form of Bequest.

. Privileges of Chemical Analysis.
. List of Fellows.

. New Fellows.

. An Appeal.

. Abstracts for Journal.

. The Society’s Gardens at Wisley.
. Trials at Wisley in 1909-10.

. The Wisley Research Station.

. Students at Wisley.

. Distribution of Surplus Plants.

. Letting of the Society’s Hall.

. Exhibitions, Meetings, and Lectures

in 1909.

. Error in Fellows’ Tickets.
. British-grown Fruit.

. Affiliated Societies’ Challenge Cup.
. “Book of Schedules.”

23. Bottled British Fruits, &c., Show.

. Colonial-grown Fruit Show, 1909.
. Shows of kindred Societies in 1909.

26. Special Prizes, 1909 and 1910.

39.

. Lectures.

. “The Masters’ Lectures.”

. Examinations, 1910

. Information.

. Inspection of Fellows’ Gardens.

. Affiliation of Local Societies.

. Union of Horticultural Mutual Im-

provement Societies.

. Colour Chart.

. Monograph on Fungoid Pests.

. Rules for Judging, 1909 Code.

. Varieties of Fruits.

. International Horticultural Exhibi-

tion, 1911.
Advertisements.

i GENERALE.

Notices to Fellows are always added at the end of each number of
the JoURNAL, immediately preceding the Advertisements; also at the
beginning both of the ‘‘Book of Arrangements” and of the “ Report

the Council.”’

Fellows are particularly requested to consult these

Notices, as it would often save them and the Secretary much unnecessary
correspondence.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Ixxvul

SEE TERS.

All letters on all subjects should be addressed—The Secretary,
Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

38. TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAMS.

Telephone Number: 5363 WESTMINSTER.
“ HORTENSIA, LONDON,” is sufficient address for telegrams.

4. JOURNALS WANTED.

The Secretary would be greatly obliged by the return to the Society
of ANY NUMBERS of the Journat which may be of no further use
to Fellows. Complete sets are occasionally applied for, but, at the
present moment, not even one can be supplied owing to the stock of
the following being exhausted :—

VOLUME xX.
VOLUME XIII. Part 1.

These are therefore particularly asked for.

5. SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions fall due on January 1st of each year. To avoid the
inconvenience of remembering this, Fellows can compound by the pay-
ment of one lump sum in leu of all further annual payments ; or they
can, by applying to the Society, obtain a form of instruction to their
bankers to pay for them every January lst. It may be a week or more
before the Tickets reach the Fellow, owing to the very large numbers,
over 20,000, having to be despatched within the first month of the
year. Fellows who have not already given an order on their bankers for
the payment of their subscriptions each year are requested to do so, as
this method of payment is preferred, and saves the Fellows considerable
trouble. Forms for the purpose may be obtained from the R.H.S. Offices
at Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. Fellows whose subscriptions
remain unpaid are debarred from all the privileges of the Society ; but
their subscriptions are nevertheless recoverable at law, the Society being
incorporated by Royal Charter.

In paying their subscriptions, Fellows often make the mistake
of drawing their cheques for Pounds instead of for Guineas. Kindly note
that in all cases it is Guineas, and not Pounds. Cheques and Postal
Orders should be made payable to “The Royal Horticultural Society ”’
and crossed ‘‘ London and County Bank, Westminster.”’

6. FORM OF BEQUEST.

I give and bequeath to the Treasurer for the time being of the Royal
Horticultural Society, London, the sum of #.....-...-.-.--. , to be paid out of

lxxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

such part of my personal estate as I can lawfully charge with the payment
of such legacy, and to be paid free of legacy duty, within six months of
my decease; the receipt of such Treasurer to be a sufficient discharge
for the same. And I declare that the said legacy shall be applied towards
[the general purposes of the Society].*

7. PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Instructions are contained at page 74 in the “Book of Arrange-
ments,” 1909.

8S: LIST OF FELLOWS:

A‘ list of all the Fellows of the Society is sent out in January.
Fellows are requested to look at their own names in it, and if in any way
these are incorrect, or the addresses insufficient, they are requested to inform
the Secretary at once. Forms of Nomination, and of the Privileges of
Fellows, are bound in with every number of the JournaL and the
“ Book of Arrangements.”

9. NEW FELLOWS.

The President and Council fully appreciate how much the prosperity
of the Society and its present large number of Fellows is due to the
efforts of Fellows to enlist the sympathy of their friends; and the
steady advance during recent years indicates the increasing recognition
of the Society’s work and usefulness. But it must not be supposed that
a maximum has yet been reached. There is ample room for a great
increase of Fellows, in the North of England especially, as well as in
America and the Colonies.

10. AN APPEAL.

What has been accomplished for the Society since 1887 is largely due
to the unwearied assistance afforded by a small proportion of the Fellows ;
but as all belong *to the same Society, so it behoves each one to do what
he or she can to further its interests, especially in :—

1. Increasing the number of Fellows.

2. Helping to swell the General Prize Fund started by Mr. A. W.
Sutton, V.M.H., for providing Prizes for the Students at Wisley ; and
also the special Nicholson Memorial Prize Fund.

3. Lectures with lantern slides.

4. Books are required to fill the gaps in the Library both at Vincent
Square and at Wisley.

5. New and rare Plants and Seeds are wanted for the Garden and
surplus roots for distribution to the Fellows.

6. Assisting in making Abstracts for the JoURNAL.

Thus there is plenty for all to do according to their individual liking :
personal effort, money, plants, books, are all alike needed. The Secretary,

* Any special directions or conditions which the testator may wish to be attached
to the bequest may be substituted for the words in brackets.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxix

therefore, asks those who read these lines to do their best to help in any
of the ways above indicated.

Since this paragraph last appeared a magnificent collection of Orchids
has been given to the Society by Mr. J. W. Field, and a valuable binocular
microscope by Mr. C. G. A. Nix—both gifts being most acceptable.

11. ABSTRACTS FOR JOURNAL.

Fellows (especially those who are interested in any of the numerous
ways in which modern scientific researches affect Horticulture or Botany)
will long ago have recognized the value of the ABsrracts from current
periodical literature which appear in each issue of the JournAu. In
order to keep these abstracts up to date, we are greatly in want of a few
more volunteers to help in the work. The Periodicals are sent from the
office to the Fellow undertaking to Abstract, and the return postage
expenses are prepaid. Any Fellow willing to help in this way is requested
to send name and address to the Secretary.

Basingst
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PosITION OF THE SocrETy’s GARDENS

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12. THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS AT WISLEY.

The Gardens are open daily to Fellows and others showing Fellows’
Transferable Tickets from 9 a.m. till sunset, except on Sundays, Good

Ixxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Friday, Christmas Day. and Exhibition days. Each Fellow’s ticket
admits three to the Gardens. The Public are not admitted.

The Gardens, situated at Wisley (about 2 miles from Ripley, in
Surrey), are about 3 miles from Byfleet, 35 miles from Horsley, and
54 miles from Weybridge, all stations on the South-Western Railway,
with frequent trains from Waterloo and Clapham Junction. Carriages
to convey four persons can be obtained by writing to Mr. D. White,
fly proprietor, Ripley, Surrey ; the charge being, to and from Weybridge,
waiting two hours at the Gardens, 8s.; or waiting three hours, 10s. ;
or to and from Horsley, 7s.; Effingham Junction, 7s.; Byfleet, 7s.
Visitors should in all cases be careful to state the trains they intend
to arrive by and leave by. Carriages can also be obtained at Weybridge
for 8s. by writing to Mr. Trembling, New Road, Weybridge. Excellent
accommodation and refreshments can be had at the Hut Hotel, close to
the Gardens, and also at the Hautboy at Ockham.

13. TRIALS AT WISLEY IN 1909-10.

Trials of the following Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables at the Wisley
Gardens during 1909 have been arranged.

N.B.—Everything sent for trial must be named, and the name and
address of the Sender attached. 7

Fruits.—Autumnal Raspberries. 15 Canes of each variety to be
sent at once.

Flowers.—Tree Carnations. 4 plants of each variety to be sent in
February, 2 for out-, 2 for in-doors.

Annuals. Seed to be sent in January.

Garden Dahhas, Show and Cactus excluded. 2 plants of each variety
to be sent in April.

Early-fiowering outdoor Chrysanthemums. 2 plants of each variety
to be sent in April.

Penistemons. 2 plants of each variety io be sent in April or seed in
January.

Vegetables.—Potatos ; each variety must be labelled as being “early,”
“mid-season,” or “late.” 20 tubers of each to be sent by February.
Also experiments with one variety—viz. “The Factor’’ (20 tubers)
—secured from as many varying sources as possible, under different soil
and climatic conditions. Please send particulars of soil and climate.

Caulifiower. + oz. of each variety.

Lettuce. + 0z. of each variety.

Kidney Beans. 4 pint of each variety.

All parcels should be addressed :-—

If sent by post: The Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley,
Surrey.

If by rail: The Superintendent, R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Horsley
Station, L. & S.-W.R., with advice by post to the Superintendent.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxxi

SEEDS SENT FOR TRIAL OTHER THAN THOSE INVITED IN THE
ABOVE LIST.

1. Seeds, &c., of plants not included in the Annual Trial List will
also be received and grown, as far as possible.

2. The Superintendent is instructed, in the case of all seeds thus sent
and grown, to procure seeds of the already best existing similar varieties,
and grow them alongside of the newly sent seeds.

3. The resulting plants, &c., will be from time to time (as convenient)
submitted to the Committee meeting at Wisley, but the only awards
made to such unsolicited plants will be “Commended” and “ Highly
Commended.”’

4, Any plants thus grown and tried will have perfect freedom to be
retried whenever a regular fixed trial of their congeners takes place,
which will, as far as practicable, be at intervals of two or three years.

14. THE WISLEY RESEARCH STATION.

The new Research Station and Laboratory at Wisley is now completed
and work is in progress there. Mr. F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S., has been
appointed Director of the Research Work on Scientific Matters affecting
Practical Horticulture, and Lecturer to the Students. By the completion
of this station a long-felt want has been met. In the United States,
where so much good work has been done in this direction, all is paid
for by the Government, but in this country we have to fall back on
private individuals or on Societies.

i5. STUDENTS AT WISLEY.

The Society admits young men, under 22 years of age, to study
Gardening at Wisley. The curriculum now includes not only practical
garden work in all the main branches of Horticulture, but also lectures,
demonstrations, and elementary Horticultural Science in the Laboratory,
whereby a practical knowledge of simple Garden Chemistry, Biology,
&e., may be obtained. The Laboratory is equipped with the best
apparatus procurable for Students. The training extends over a period
of two years, with a progressive course for each year. Students can
only enter at the end of September and at the end of March. Selected
Students have also the advantage of attending certain of the Society’s
Shows and Lectures in London.

16. DISTRIBUTION OF SURPLUS PLANTS.

In a recent Report the Council drew attention to the way in which
the annual distribution of surplus plants has arisen. In a large garden
there must always be a great deal of surplus stock, which must either

VOL. XXXY. f

lxxxil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be given away or go to the waste heap. A few Fellows, noticing this,
asked for plants which would otherwise be discarded; and they valued
what was so obtained. Others hearing of it asked for a share, until the
Council felt they must either systematize this haphazard distribution
or else put a stop to it altogether. To take the latter step seemed
undesirable. Why should not such Fellows have them as cared to receive
such surplus plants? It was therefore decided to keep all plants till
the early spring, and then give all Fellows alike the option of claiming
a share of them by ballot.

Fellows are therefore particularly requested to notice that only waste
and surplus plants raised from seeds or cuttings are available for dis-
tribution. Many of them may be of very little intrinsic value, and it is
only to avoid their being absolutely wasted that the distribution was
established. The great majority also are of necessity very small, and
may require careful treatment for a time.

Fellows are particularly requested to note that a Form of Application
and list to choose from of the plants available for distribution is sent in
January every year to every Fellow, enclosed in the “ Report of the
Council.”” To avoid all possibility of favour, all application lists are kept
until the last day of February, when they are all thrown into a Ballot;
and as the lists are drawn out, so is the order of their execution, the plants
being despatched as quickly as possible after March 1.

Of some of the varieties enumerated the stock is small, perhaps not
more than twenty-five or fifty plants being available. It is therefore
obvious that when the Ballot is kind to any Fellow he will receive all the
plants exactly as he has selected, but when the Ballot has given him an
unfavourable place he may find the stock of the majority of plants he has
chosen exhausted. A little consideration would show that all Fellows
cannot be first, and some must be last, in the Ballot. Application forms
received after March 1 and before April 30 are kept till all those previously
received have been dealt with, and are then balloted in a similar way.
Fellows having omitted to fill up their application form before April 30
must be content to wait till the next year’s distribution. The work of
the Gardens cannot be disorganized by the sending-out of plants at any
later time in the year. All Fellows can participate in the annual dis-
tribution following their election.

The Society does not pay the cost of packing and carriage. The
charge for this will be collected by the carriers on delivery of the
plants, which will be addressed exactly as given by each Fellow on
his application form. It is impracticable to send plants by post, owing
to the lack of Post Office facilities for despatch without prepayment of
postage.

Fellows residing beyond a radius of thirty-five miles from London
are permitted to choose double the number of plants to which they are
otherwise entitled.

Plants cannot be sent to Fellows residing outside the United King-
dom, owing either to length of time in transit or to vexatious regulations
in some foreign countries; but the Council will at any time endeavour to
obtain for Fellows living abroad any unusual or rare seeds which they
may have been unable to procure in their own country.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Ixxxili

7. CE LIING OF THE SOCIETY'S HALL.

The Royal Horticultural Hall and Offices are situated in Vincent
ripe which lies straight through Ashley Gardens from Victoria Street,

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PoSsITION OF THE Socrety’s HAL.

Westminster, and is about five minutes’ walk from the Victoria and St.
James’s Park Stations.

Fellows are earnestly requested to make known among their friends
and among other institutions that the Royat HorticutturaL Han
is available for Meetings, Shows, Exhibitions, Concerts, Conferences,
Lectures, Balls, Banquets, Bazaars, Receptions, and other similar purposes.
The Hall has a floor surface of 13,000 square feet. It is cool in summer
and warm in winter. For a Concert it will seat 1,500, or for a public
meeting 1,800. A Sound Board has recently been added, by which the
acoustic properties are very greatly improved. It is undoubtedly the
lightest-Hall in London. The first floor, consisting of four rooms, may
also be hired for similar purposes, either together or separately. A
long-felt want has now been met by the construction of a convenient
kitchen in the basement, with lift connections to the eastern annexe
and lecture room. For serving luncheons, &c., this will prove a great
boon. Ample cloak-rooms for ladies and for gentlemen are available.
The regulations, &c., for hiring the Hall are printed in the “ Book of
Arrangements,’ and full particulars may be obtained on application to
the Secretary, R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W., with whom
dates may be booked.

18. EXHIBITIONS, MEETINGS, AND LECTURES
IN 1909.

The programme will be found in the “ Book of Arrangements ”’
for 1909, issued at the end of January. It will be noticed that an

lxxxlvy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Exhibition and Meeting is held practically every fortnight throughout
the year, and a short lecture on some subject connected with Horticulture
is delivered during the afternoon.

A reminder of every Show will be sent in the week preceding to any
Fellow who will send to the R.H.S. Offices, Vincent Square, S.W., a
sufficient number (82) of halfpenny cards ready addressed to himself.

19. ERROR- IN FELLOWS -TICKEMs:

The entry of a Show on December 21 which appears on the Fellows’
Tickets is an error. There will be no Show on that date, as it is found
to be too near to Christmas.

20. BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

In consideration of the facts (1) that the annual Autumn Show of
British-grown Fruits is every year practically a repetition of that of the
previous year; (2) that many British-grown fruits cannot be shown in
perfection at one Show; and (83) that vegetables have been somewhat
neglected, the Council have decided to omit the great Autumn Show for
one year, and in 1909 to substitute a series of prizes spread over twelve
months, so that every fruit may have a chance of being seen at its best.
A schedule of prizes will be found in the “ Book of Arrangements” for
1909, and also in “ The Book of Schedules ”’ (see below).

21. AFFILIATED SOCIETIES’ CHALLENGE CUP.

The Council offer a Challenge Cup to be competed for annually by
the Affiliated Societies, subject to certain conditions (for which see
“The Book of Schedules,’ 1909, price Gd.). The winners will hold the
Cup for one year, and will also receive a Silver-gilt Knightian Medal,
together with a set of their Publications and Charts presented to the
Society by the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers.

22.*“BOOK OF -SCHIEDULES::

The 1909 ‘“ Book of Schedules,” containing revised Rules and Regula-
tions for Exhibitors, &c., and full details of the Temple, Holland House,
Colonial Fruit, and Bottled Fruit Shows, and a complete Schedule with
Regulations for the Special Fruit and Vegetable Competitions at the
Fortnightly Meetings, was issued on Thursday, February 25, price 6d.,
and on receipt of this amount a copy will be forwarded by post imme-
diately.

23. ‘BOTTLED “BRITISH FRUITS; ac. Snow.

The Annual Exhibition of British Bottled Fruits will be held on
December 1 to 4, 1909. Prizes and Medals are offered. See “ Book of
Schedules,”’ 1£09, issued on Thursday, February 25, post free, 6d.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxxv

24. COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT SHOW, 1909.

An Exhibition of Colonial-grown Fruits and Vegetables will be held
on December 1 to 4, 1909.

In holding this Show the Society’s sole object is the advancement of
the interest of the Colonies (a) by stimulating the production of better
fruits ; (b) by giving advice in the difficulties confronting Fruit Growers ;
and (c) by helping to inform the home market. Fruit Growers in the
Colonies are asked to.assist their own future competition in the markets
of Great Britain by sending exhibits to this Exhibition, invitations to
which are given to the Colonial and Government Offices, the Embassies,
the leading London Fruit Merchants, Colonials on furlough, and others.

Particulars of the Show will be found in the “ Book of Schedules”’
for 1909, issued on February 25, price 6d., post free.

25. SHOWS OF KINDRED SOCIETIES IN 1909.

The following dates have been fixed, on which R.H.§. Fellows’ tickets
will admit :—

March 24.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.

April 20.—Auricula and Primula Society.

May 18.—Tulip Society.

July 21.—Carnation and Picotee Society.

July 23.—Sweet Pea Society.

September 16.—Rose Society.

December 8.—Perpetual Flowering Carnation Society.

Copies of the Schedules for these Shows may be obtained from the
Honorary Secretary of each Society. For names and addresses see above
dates in the “ Book of Arrangements,” 1909.

26. SPECIAL PRIZES, JULY-DECEMBER,
1909 AND 1910.

(1) CHALLENGE Cup FoR AFFILIATED Societigs. (See p. Ixxxiv.)
(2) APPLES AND PEARS.

The Worshipful Company of Fruiterers have presented the following
prizes, which the Council have accepted and propose to award as
follows :—

On October 12: a set of Publications with Charts and Handbook for
the Affiliated Societies. (See “ Book of Schedules.’’)

November 23: the Company’s medals for (a) three dishes of Dessert
and six of Cooking Apples, distinct; and for (b) seven dishes of Dessert
and two of Cooking Pears, distinct. (See “ Book of Schedules.’’)

(3) Homu-Bortntep Fruits.

The Council have accepted the offer of a Mercia Sterilizer from
Miss Edith Bradley for award at the Show of Home-Bottled Fruits
to be held on December 1 to 4, 1909. (See “Book of Schedules,’’
post free, 6d.)

Ixxxyl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SPECIAL PRIZES, 1910.

(4) AppuEe ‘ ENCORE.’

Messrs. Cheal have intimated their willingness to present to the
Society a series of seven prizes for a dish of the new Apple ‘ Encore,’
to be awarded at the great Autumn Show of British-grown Fruits in
October 1910. First, 20s.; second, 17s. 6d. ; third, 15s. ; fourth, 12s. 6d. ;
fifth, 10s.; sixth, 7s. 6d.; seventh, 5s.

(5) ForcrepD HyacinTus.
The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society have accepted the
offer of the following prizes from the General Bulb Growers’ Society at
Haarlem, to be competed for in March 1910 :—

Division I.—-For Amateurs and Gentlemen’s Gardeners.

Class 3.—Highteen Hyacinths, distinct.

1st Prize . . £6 ‘6s, 4th Prize. . £8 8s.
2nd =. : » « = 15S, aia : a (#2 se
3130 ae : . £4 As, Gilt. 45: ‘ » ek Wes
Class 4.—Twelve Hyacinths, distinct.
Ist Prize . oD. Ss 4th Prize . » £22 9s.
and ,, ‘ . £4 4s, 5th ,, ? see, Js.
pret , . £3 8s.
Class 5.—Six Hyacinths, distinct.
Ist Prize . : #2 2s: 8rd Prize . ; I es,
2nd_,, . £1 10s. Athisg ; . #£0-10s.

Class 6.—Four pans containing Hyacinths, ten roots of one variety
in each pan. The blooms of each pan to be of distinctly different colour
to those of the other three pans.

1st Prize. a Peoaeess ard Prize... =: #2 2s.
20g : . #£9 8s. 4th -,, : ee ase

Division Il.—For Trade Growers.

Class 7.—Collection of 200 Hyacinths, in at least 86 varieties, grown
in pots or glasses.
Prize. The Gold Medal of the General Bulb Growers’ Society
at Haarlem.

Class 8.—Collection of 200 Hyacinths, in 20 varieties, in pans ; 10 roots

of one variety in each pan. *
Prize. The Gold Medal of the General Bulb Growers’ Society
at Haarlem.

Regulations.—For Classes 3, 4, and 5, each bulb must be in a separate
pot (size optional). Classes 8, 4, 5, and 6 must all be single spikes ; no

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Ixxxvli

spikes may be tied together. Exhibitors may only compete in one of the
Classes numbered 3, 4, and 5.

All the bulbs must have been forced entirely in Great Britain or
Ireland.

27. LECTURES.

The new Lecture Room is fitted with an electric lantern of the most
modern construction; electric current, gas, and water are laid on, and
every provision has been made for the illustration and delivery of
Lectures.

Any Fellows willing to Lecture, or to communicate Papers on interest-
ing subjects, are requested to communicate with the Secretary.

23.“ THE MASTERS LECTURES.”

Fellows will remember the intimate connection with the Society of
the late Dr. Masters, F.R.S., who did much for horticulture by drawing
constant attention to the various ways in which scientific discovery and
research might be made serviceable to gardening ; and it will also be
remembered that a fund was established by subscriptions to perpetuate
his memory in connection with the Society and to carry on in some
degree his work of science in relation to gardening.

“The Masters Lectures’? have accordingly been founded, and the
first two are to be given during 1909 by the well-known Professor Hugo
de Vries, of Amsterdam, on (a) “ Masters’ ‘ Vegetable Teratology,’”’
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., K.C.V.O., V.M.H., in the Chair (June 22),
and (b) “The Production of Horticultural Varieties,’ Chairman
Professor W. Bateson, F.R.S., V.M.H. (September 28).

In 1910 Mr. A. D. Hall, M.A., F.R.S., will be the Masters Lecturer.

29. EXAMINATIONS, 1910.

1. The Annual Examination in the Principles and Practice of
Horticulture will be held on Wednesday, April 20, 1910. The examina-
tion has two divisions, viz. (a) for Candidates of eighteen years of age
and over, and (0) for Juniors wnder eighteen years. Candidates should
send in their names not later than March 30. Full particulars may
be obtained by sending a stamped and directed envelope to the Society’s
Offices. Copies of the Questions set from 1893 to 1909 (price 2s. post
free) may also be obtained from the Office. The Society is willing to
hold an examination wherever a magistrate, clergyman, schoolmaster,
or other responsible person accustomed to examinations will consent to
supervise one on the Society’s behalf.

The Society is prepared to extend this examination to residents in the
Colonies ; and, at the request of the Government of the United Provinces
of India, this test was held in 1909—altered and adapted to the special
requirements of India—at Saharanpur and Calcutta.

In connection with this examination a Scholarship of £25 a year for
two years is offered by the Worshipful Company of Gardeners, to be

Ixxxvilli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

awarded after the 1910 examination to the student who shall pass
highest, if he is willing to accept the conditions attaching thereto. The
main outline of these conditions is that the holder must be of the male
sex, and between the ages of 18 and 22 years, and that he should study
gardening for one year at least at the Society's Gardens at Wisley,
conforming to the general rules laid down there for Students. In the
second year of the Scholarship he may, if he like, continue his studies at
some other place at home or abroad which is approved by the Council of
the Society. In case of two or more eligible Students being adjudged
equal, the Council reserve to themselves the right to decide which of them
shall be presented to the Scholarship.

2. The Society will hold an Examination in Cottage Gardening
on Wednesday, April 27, 1910. This examination is intended for,
and is confined to, Elementary and Technical School Teachers. It is
undertaken in view of the increasing demand in country districts that
the Schoolmaster shall be competent to teach the elements of Cottage
Gardening, and the absence of any test of such competence. The
general conduct of this examination will be on similar lines to that
of the more general examination. Questions on Elementary Chemistry
and Biology are now added to this examination.

3. The Society will hold an examination in the Royal Horticultural
Hall, Vincent Square, S.W., on Monday, January 10, 1910, for gardeners
employed in Public Parks and Gardens belonging to County Councils,
City Corporations, and similar bodies. The entries close on January 1,
1910.

Medals and Certificates are awarded and Class Lists published in
connection with these examinations, and the Syllabus may be obtained
on application to the Secretary R.H.S., Vincent Square.

30. INFORMATION.

Fellows may obtain information and advice from the Society as to
the names of flowers and fruit, on points of practice, insect and fungoid
attacks, and other questions by applying to the Secretary R.H.S.,
Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. Where at all practicable it is
particularly requested that letters and specimens may be timed to reach
Vincent Square by the first post on the mornings of the Fortnightly
Meetings, so as to be laid before the Scientific or other Committees at once.

ol; INSPECTION OF FELLOWS “GARDENS:

The Inspection of Gardens belonging to Fellows is conducted by a
thoroughly competent Inspector from the Society, who reports and
advises at the following cost, viz. a fee of £3 3s. for one day (or £5 ds.
for two consecutive days), together with all out-of-pocket expenses. No
inspection may occupy more than two days, save by special arrangement.
Fellows wishing for the services of an Inspector are requested to give at
least a week’s notice and choice of two or three days, and to indicate the
most convenient railway station and its distance from their gardens.
Gardens can only be inspected at the written request of the owner.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxxx1x

32. AFFILIATION OF LOCAL SOCIETIES.

One of the most successful of the many new branches of work under-
taken since the reconstruction of the Society in 1887 is the unification of
local Horticultural Societies by a scheme of affiliation to the R.H.S.
Since this was initiated no fewer than 200 Societies have joined our
ranks, and the number is steadily increasing.

The Parent Society is this year offering a Silver Challenge Cup to
be competed for by Affiliated Societies. (See “ Book of Schedules,”
price 6d., under date October 12.)

To the privileges of Affiliated Societies have been added all the
benefits accruing under the scheme recently introduced for the Union
of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies.

Secretaries of Affiliated Societies can obtain on application a
specimen of a Card which the Council have prepared for the use of
Affiliated Societies for Certificates, Commendations, &c. Price 8s. 6d.
for 10 copies, 5s. 6d. for 20, 11s. 6d. for 50, 20s. for 100.

The Council have also struck a special Medal for the use of Affiliated
Societies. It is issued at cost price in Bronze, Silver, and Silver-gilt—
viz. Bronze, 5s. 6d., with case complete; Silver, 12s. 6d., with case
complete ; Silver-gilt, 16s. 6d., with case complete. Award Cards having
the Medal embossed in relief can be sent with the Medal if ordered, price
6d. each.

383. UNION OF HORTICULTURAL MUTUAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETIES.

This Union has been established for the encouragement and assistance
of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies, the object being to
strengthen existing Societies, to promote interchange of lecturers, to
provide printed lectures, and if possible to increase the number of these
useful Societies.

A list of lecturers and their subjects, and also a list of typewritten
lectures, with or without lantern slides, prepared by the Society, may be
obtained from the Secretary R.H.S., price 3d.

The Secretary will be glad to hear from lecturers who are willing
to lecture to such Societies, that he may enroll them in the Register of
Lecturers and bring them into touch with Societies requiring assistance.
Others may like to send to him written lectures (with or without lantern
slides), that he may have them printed for circulation among these
Societies.

Lantern slides on horticultural topics are urgently needed, and their
gift will be very much appreciated.

The annual Meeting of the Delegates will be held at 4 p.m. on
October 12.

xc PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

34. COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for
a CoLouR CHART—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he
could himself name, or recognize, or convey to a friend at a distance, the
exact shade of colour of a flower he desired to procure or had seen
advertised, or wished to commend to a friend. Take, for example, the
word “ crimson ’’ ; what a multitude of colours and shades it may be made
to include! Some, very beautiful; some, horrible concoctions of red and
blue crudely combined.

The Council of the Society have long felt the need of such a Colour
Chart, but the huge expense of production has hitherto’ deterred them
from issuing it.

Not long since an admirable chart, containing more than 1,450 shades
of colour between white and black, was published at the instance of the
French Chrysanthemum Society, the price being £1 1s. net, and by it
it is now possible to exactly recognize or describe to a friend or purchaser
at a distance the precise colour of any possible flower. You may have
met with an Azalea, for instance, which greatly strikes your fancy; you
take out your Chart and match its shade, and describe it to your friend
or your nurseryman as, “ Colour: Apricot, p. 58, shade 3,” and he turns
to his Chart and sees exactly what it is you want or describe. Or you
want to make someone understand the exact shade of a rose in the way
of “‘ Andersoni,’” and you need only say, “ Rosy pink, p. 118, shade 4,”
and your correspondent turns to his Chart and sees in a moment exactly
what it is you want to describe. Or a nurseryman, having raised a new
variety, can by simply quoting “Colour Chart, p. —, shade —,”’ exactly
represent to his customers the colour-beauty of his new introduction.

The Council recognizing both the excellence and the usefulness of
this Chart, the idea at once occurred: Could it not be adopted as an
International Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world
could accurately and exactly describe to one another (no matter how far
away or speaking what language) the colour and shade of any particular
flower they refer to? There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat
prohibitive cost of £1 1s. net. But difficulties only exist to be overcome,
and by undertaking to be responsible for a very large number the Society
is now in a position to offer this Chart to its Fellows at the reduced cost
of 14s. 6d., for which price it can be obtained at the Society’s Offices,
Vincent Square, or it can be sent free by post for 15s.; but in all cases
a cheque or postal order must be sent beforehand.

This Chart will, of course, be found vastly useful for many other
purposes ; for example, a lady wishing to match a certain shade has only
to refer her dressmaker to such and such a colour on p. —, shade —, and
it can be infallibly matched. An artist wishing to describe the colour of
the sky on a certain sundown can do so exactly by reference to the Chart.
And in many other like ways it must prove generally useful, containing
as it does every possible shade of colour between black and white.

The Council hope that Fellows will avail themselves freely of this
offer, as unless a very large number of copies are purchased a great loss
will accrue to the Society.

NOTICES TO FELLOWS. Xxcl

35. MONOGRAPH ON FUNGOID PESTS.

The attention of Fellows is directed to a handsome volume published
by the Society on “ Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants,’ by Dr. M. C.
Cooke, V.M.H. It consists of 280 pages of letterpress, and is illustrated
with 24 coloured plates, containing figures of 360 different fungoid
attacks, and 23 woodcuts. It also contains a Chapter on Fungicides,
which explains clearly how to make the different washes and sprays,
and gives the proportions in which the various ingredients should be
used. The whole work is written so as to interest and instruct the
cultivator in the simplest and most practical manner. The volume
makes an admirable school prize or gift to a gardener or student of
nature. Price 5s., R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square.

“No one whose plants are subject to fungoid attacks—and whose are
not ?—should be without this book; for not only can they by its use
identify the disease at once, but they are also told both how to treat it
and overcome it, and also how to make the different washes and sprays
which the different classes of fungoid attacks require.”

36. RULES FOR JUDGING—1909 CODE.

The “ Rules for Judging, with Suggestions to Schedule Makers and
Exhibitors,” have again been further revised and considerably modified
from the experience gained during the last few years. Special attention
is drawn to the amended Rule defining “an amateur,’ with suggestions
for establishing four distinct classes of amateurs to meet the require-
ments of larger or smaller local Societies. The “pointing’’ recommended
for fruits and vegetables has also been considerably amended, and the
terms “ annuals’”’ and “ biennials’”’ further explained. The secretaries of
local Societies are advised to obtain a fresh copy. It will be sent
post free on receipt of a postal order for 1s. 6d., addressed to the Secretary,
Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

37. VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

Many people plant Fruit trees without a thought of what Variety
they shall plant, and as a result almost certain disappointment ensues,
whilst for an expenditure of 2d. they can obtain from the Society a little
16-page pamphlet which contains the latest expert opinion on Apples,
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries, and Straw-
berries, together with Notes on Planting, Pruning, and Manuring, which
for clearness of expression and direction it would be impossible to
surpass. It has in fact been suggested that no other 16 pages in the
English language contain so much and such definite information. At
the end of the pamphlet are given the names of some of the newer
varieties of Fruits, which promise well, but are not yet sufficiently
proved to be recommended for general planting.

XCil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Copies of this pamphlet for distribution may be obtained at the
Society’s Office, Vincent Square, Westminster. Price, post free: single
copy, 2d., or 25, 2s.; 50, 8s. ; 100, 4s.

38. INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION.

1911.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

The President and Council of the Royal Horticultural Society
have decided to organise an INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION in London, in 1911 or 1912.

Definite dates and further particulars will be issued in the Autumn.

W. Wixks, Secretary.
By order of the Council.

39. ADVERTISEMENTS.

Fellows are reminded that the more they can place their orders with
those who advertise in the Society’s Publications the more likely others
are to advertise also, and in this way the Society may be indirectly
benefited.

es

Clays Fertilizer

The Gardener’s Friend the Wide World Over.

F lowers in abundance and finest blooms.

he ipened Fruits and plentiful, luscious of flavour.
Bi eavy Vegetable Crops.

S plendid Exhibition Displays.

These results are achieved wherever it is used.

pe eee ohArs Fe.
The Only Guarantee ~ se The Only Guarantee
of Genuineness, LONDON? of Genuineness.

EVERY TIN, BAG AND SEAL fr Lv EVERY TIN, BAG AND SEAL

HIS TRADE MARK. BEARS THIS TRADE MARK.
BEARS T. E R SOAR ARE EAR RADE

Sold everywhere in
Tins, 6d. and 1/-; Sealed Bags: 7 lbs., 2/6; 14 lbs., 4/6;
28 lbs., 7/6; 56 lbs., 12/6; 112 lbs., 20/-

Or direct from the Works carriage paid in the United Kingdom
for Cash with Order (except 6d. tins).

Clay’s Successful Gardening

The Garden Lover’s Vade Mecum.

F' ull instructions given upon every Gardening Subject.
me are Flowers and Fruits easily cultivated.

H igh encomiums passed by Judges.

S uccess in all departments ensured.

At a cost of only NINEPENCE readers of this remarkable Handbook
may give practical effect to the instructions found in the present issue
of the Royal Horticultural Society’s Journal. To be obtained from
Seedsmen, &c., or it may be had POST FREE from the Publishers direct :

CLAY & SON,

Manure Manufacturers and Bone Crushers,
STRATEORD, LONDON, E.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
1 Sg:

a

y i BRIERLE:
: sreneore.

ma iy

379117233

ia an di

"MAKERS OF ALL
KINOS @- OF

pete sags H iH

Z. 1RON ~All ih ural ll
“FENCING, rT \ SS
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: RAILINGS, .; Se
WIRE - NETTING. .. a
. TREE GUARDS. — me vi,
HAYEGRAIN nt

- SHEDS.
ée Ec
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MESSENGER g “COMPANY. Lid.

Horticultural Builders & Heating Engineers.

eceaaes

Plans and Estimates Free for WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES.

VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, and every kind of Plain or Ornamentai

GLASS HOUSE. Also HEATING to Residences, Public Buildings, Churches,
Schools, &c

LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. te: vicronia“Sr. westminster, sw.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE. WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Y

SPECIAL NOTICE,

WBS”

\ <=:

IF YOU WANT

REALLY GOOD BULBS AND SEEDS

AT MODERATE PRICES
send to

ROBERT SYDENHAM LIMITED,

TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM.

No one will serve you better.

BULB LIST FOR 1909,

WITH ILLUSTRATED ARTICLE UPON

GROWING BULBS IN MOSS FIBRE,
IN CHINA VASES WITHOUT DRAINAGE.

THE MOST CHARMING WAY OF GROWING BULBS FOR HOUSE AND
TABLE DECORATION. READY EARLY IN AUGUST.

MR: SYDENHAM’S REVISED PAMPHLET

‘HOW I CAME TO GROW BULBS,”

A RELIABLE GUIDE TO THE BEST VARIETIES AND HOW TO GROW THEM.
ALSO A FULL DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE BEST

DAFFODILS AND NARCISSI

REVISED TO 1908
MAY BE HAD POST FREE ON APPLICATION,

A FEW PRICES FOR 1909.

each doz.
ALBATROSS — ee .. 10d, 9/-
CAVALIER ... Se ea ee 3/- 33/-
CIRCLET sie + aie ». AO/- £5
c. J. BACKHOUSE Pe ne 2/-
GLITTER ae eae be ie 6d. 5/-
GLORY OF LEIDEN af amr 370 |p 5/-
HOMESPURN ... Ga" sa8 6 AE £10
INCOGNITA ... aoe = .. 20/- £10
KING ALFRED sae ie: .. 6/- 66/-
MADAME DE GRAAFF ... .. 9d, 7/6
NELSONI AURANTIUS... .. 6d. 5/-
ROSELLA - 6 Lee eae = 21/-
WATERWITCH ee = ee 4/-
WEARDALE PERFECTION... 6/- 66/-
WHITE LADY ae a see 12/-

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
3 a2

parte esse e's is
SSO aA Oo

we Di oe TM I te eee :

R. HALLIDAY & CO.

HOT-HOUSE BUILDERS, and

HOT-WATER ENGINEERS, &c.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Se ee ae

MLL IY L/ LIT POL fen

pra rare
ot ——

Designs and Estimates sent free for Conservatories, Vineries, Greenhouses, Orchid Houses,
Peach Houses, &c., of the best possible construction and quality.

SURVEYS MADE AND CUSTOMERS WAITED UPON IN ANY PART OF THE KINGDOM.

Hot Water Heating Apparatus of the most perfect Description, with really
reliable Boilers, erected and guaranteed.

—_——_—

BEST MATERIALS, BEST WORKMANSHIP, and MODERATE
CHARGES can be relied on.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES, No.1. PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES, No. 3.

xz y tp Ypbe
je KEV
VA aay fe

These Frames are made of the best materials These Frames are made of the best materials
and can be put together and taken apart ina | and can be put together and taken apartina
few minutes by anyone. few minutes by anyone.

SIZES AND PRICES SIZES AND PRICES
(Glazed and Painted). (Glazed and Painted).

£ s. d. £2. a.
i light 4 ft. by 6 ft. Cash ,2 0 0 6 ft. long Bas Cash fs 0 0
owe ae Me ee ee ck Git. 2, 4 : 2 5 0
3. 2 . 6ft| le 2 6] set |. oan lle
1, > 46 2 ei 15 5 O Ot. 3. Bia : ‘\215 O
5» 20%. , 6M) eee la g 84 ae fi, eur Corning? 4 500
6 ,, 24ft. , 6ft./) Paid. 11D) 0:1: G2 TE. <,, . Gaius Paid. ‘512 6

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

=

The Hardy Plant Nursery

Extra vitality.

of Britain.

500 ft. elevation.

“ Sweet is all the land about, and all the flowers that blow (at Pennick's)''—TENNYSON.

Pennick’s Hardy Plant Nursery, five hundred feet above sea level,
ee

south of DUBLIN.

All lovers of Horticulture,
especially F.R.H.S., are in-
vited to visit this interesting
Botanic Nursery, possessing
unique specimens such as

Drimys Winteri,
Myrtus Luma,

Dacrydium Franklinii,

Edwardsia microphylla,
Hydrangea vestita pubescens,
Taxodium distichum pendula,

Halesia tetraptera,
and others.

Here Flowering Trees and
rare tropical plants grow in
perfection (soil loamy) on the
mountain side. Procure our
copiously illustrated and de-
scriptive catalogue, containing
many novel items of informa-
tion, rendering it a desirable
tome for reference.

Evergreen and Deciduous
Trees, Forest Trees,
Fruit and Rose Trees,
Ornamental and Flowering
Shrubs, including an
exceptional collection of
Rhododendrons (Himalayan
and other species),
Alpine and Herbaceous plants
from all climes.

Greystones Station, 17 miles

N-Y “NURSERIES:
-“f{RELAND.
a =

CHIEF VIEW AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO NURSERY.

NEW AND RARE PLANTS.

Among the many rare and meritorious plants which we grow may be mentioned:

Buddleia Asiatica, white flower.

Crinodendron Hookerianum, graceful pendulous
fuchsia-like blooms.

Cytisus Kewensis, a veritable rockery gem.

Dendromecon rigidum, a yellow Romneyi.

Embothrium coccineum, vivid scarlet flowers ;
a treasure. [tinted plant extant.

Enkianthus japonicus, most brilliantly autumn-

Eucryphia pinnatifolia, white flowers ; a Chilian
beauty.

Hydrangea arborescens, grandiflora alba (new);
a glorified Paniculata of real merit.
Jasminum primulinum, evergreen and _ bold

Cassia-like flower.
Prunus Miqueliana, flowers in December.
Rhododendron Falconeri, and other rare Hima-
layan varieties. ‘tain bramble.
Rubus deliciosus, the delightful Rocky Moun-
Viburnum macrocephalum, magnificent bloom,
as large as Hydrangea.

Landscape Gardening in all its branches undertaken in any part of Great Britain.

PENNICK & CO.
DELGANY NURSERIES, near DUBLIN.

Telephone: No. 1 Greystones.

Telegrams: “ Pennick, Delgany.”’

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

LAXTON’S
Sees Over 70 Acres.

Noted for Carefully-grown

FRUIT TREES,
ROSES,

STRAWBERRIES,
‘n> BUSH FRUITS.

PEPERPTREE LEEPER EER TER TES

LA ATOMS As STANDARDS, 2/- & 2/6 each.
FR) . AF RE : BUSHES, 16 to 3/6__,,

PYRAMIDS, 2/6 to 5/= ,, ©
ESPALIERS, 3/6 to 5/-,,

CORDONS, 2/- ea., 21/- doz.
WALL TREES, 3/6 to 7/6 ea.

POT FRUIT TREES, 5/- to
10/6

APPLES. APRICOTS.
CHERRIES.
NECTARINES. ©
PEACHES.
PEARS. PLUMS.
VINES, &c.

FICS.

LEAEEEEL LILACS LA Sec
CATALOGUES FOR ALL DEPARTMENTS GRATIS.

LAXTON BROTHERS

BEDFORD.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
6

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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

DICKSONS

For

“SoOIndd BLWHAaaow AXAA “MDOOLS OASNOAWAATL

affodils and Narcissi

(NEW AND eds

NARCISSUS ‘ BUTTERCUP.’

A beautiful deep golden-yellow, sweetly-scented variety, with ample perianth segments and a
shapely trumpet, a result of crossing Narcissus ‘Emperor’ with the Campernelle Jonquil.

Award of Merit (unanimous), R.H.S., April 14, 1908. First Class Cert. (unanimous), Birmingham, April 23, 1908.

A list on application, comprising, amongst many others, the following lovely varieties,
of which Stocks are very limited, viz. :—

BERNARDINO, BUTTERCUP, CONQUEROR, COSSACK, FLEETWING,
HOMESPUN, MOONBEAM, PILGRIM, RED CHIEF, VICTORY, &c.,
and many new Poeticus

also complete Stocks of many New and un-named Seedlings.

AN EXHIBIT IS STAGED AT THE END OF MARCH AND EARLY APRIL MEETINGS OF
THE R.H.S. AT VINCENT SQUARE.

Awarded the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDAL for a group
of New and Rare Daffodils on April 14, 1908, and April 21, 1909.

CHARLES DAWSON,
_ROSEMORRAN MANOR, GULVAL, PENZANCE.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
8

THE LAMP PUMP.

BADCOCK’S PATENT

Ghe Cheapest and most Compact Pumping Plant in the World.
PUMP AND MOTIVE POWER COMBINED.
Price complete, ready for running, 635.

r ——- ——-- - —--- -- —-—— — -—-

oe - - ~

Total Floor space
net occupied
weight, by this
185 Ibs. installation,
Packed, 2 ft. 6 in. by
270 Ibs. 2 ft. 6 in.
Telephone. Telegrams :
797 = “Pumsyndi,
Westminster. ee : London.”

= ae
oe es oN
o> rat

ie
re

Larger types of the same inexpensive system of working supplied.

NO DANGER, NOISE, or SMELL. NO ENGINE HOUSE
or SKILLED ATTENDANCE REQUIRED.

AWARDS:
The only Silver Medal by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, July 1908.
” -- ‘A » Tunbridge Wells and South-Eastern Counties
Agricultural Society, July 1908.
9 9 = »» Warwickshire Agricultural Society, August 1908.

GOLD MEDAL, Franco-British Exhibition. October 1908.
Silver-Gilt Banksian Medal, Royal Horticultural Society, July 1909.
Silver Medal, Wirral & Birkenhead Agricultural Society, July 1909.

Apply for Descriptive Catalogue to

THE LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, Ld.,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,
12 Carey Street, Westminster, London, S.W.

(Two minutes’ walk from the Royal Horticultural Hall, where the Pumps can be seen at work.)

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
9

Specialists.

Catalogues with Route Map for the convenience of those
heir the Nursery, free on applica
The Nur are easily accessible from the West End.

STUART LOW & CO.

Royal Nurseries,
BUSH HILL PARK, mippx.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

TUBS FOR SHRUBS

Palms, Plants, Ac., for

DRAWING ROOMS, LIBRARIES, HALLS, CONSERVATORIES,
VERANDAHS, TERRACE GARDENS, &c, —————-

POT STAND.

CHARMING
AND UNIQUE

ORNAMENTS
WORTHY OF
ANY POSITION
ALSO

FOR THE
FIRESIDE,
FOR

LOGS,
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PEAT, &¢.

The. Tubs: are
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from specially
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highly finished,

SMALL IMPERIAL.

Highly Polished, Stained and Varnished Teak, wad: of: wArtistic
Burnished Bronze Hoops. Walnut or Mahogany Shades. Design.
Various Sizes. Three and four Legs. —

DAINTY AND DECORATIVE.

Withstanding contraction from heat and resisting expansion from moisture. When
used as a “ Fireplace Summer Decoration” it surpasses anything yet adopted ;
whilst as a “Fireside Log Tub in Winter” it proves itself most handy.

ALEX. HAMILTON,

11 CONDUIT STREET, W.
Telegrams: ‘‘TUBDOM, LONDON.” Tei. No. 8449 MAYFAIR.

Begs to announce that he has purchased the whole of Messrs. Champion’s Stock
and Manufactured Articles, Registered Designs, and all interests appertaining to
the manufacture and sale of their celebrated TUBS FOR SHRUBS, and with a
large and first-class staff, is prepared to execute every description of high-class
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ee ee ee rrr es

R.H.S. Advertisement Office: —VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ak

THE

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld.

OFFER A LARGE STOCK OF WELL-GROWN

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

Shrubs and Hardy Perennials.

Descriptive Catalogues free.

Landscape Gardening and Planting of every description undertaken in
any part of the kingdom.

Our soil is an ideal one for the production of hardy, robust, and fruitful
trees, and the command of considerable areas of virgin soil enables us to
maintain our stock absolutely free from disease and insect pests.

Planters requiring reliable trees at reasonable prices cannot do better
than send for our list.

ee

BARNHAM NURSERIES, Ld. 7
BARNHAM
_SUSSEX. |

can ERSURE EEE raregeceneee ere
R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
12

Sun-Dial and Wind-Vane

FOR THE GARDEN.

DESCRIPTIVE BOOKLET,
WITH INTERESTING READING
AND MOTTOES, WITH OTHER
DESIGNS, POST FREE UPON
APPLICATION.

DRAWINGS AND ADVICE SUP-
PLIED FOR SETTING - OUT
FLORAL SUN-DIALS.

BOOK OF SUN - DIALS,
BY H. K. EDEN AND E. LLOYD.
OVER 500 PAGES AND 1,600
MOTTOES. POST FREE 31/6.

THE ABOVE BOOK IS CATA-
LOGUED, AND CAN BE SEEN IN

THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

characteristic features which add immense charm and
interest to a garden and lovers of old-world surroundings.

AGENTS FOR THE NEW CHRONOSPHERE OR EMPIRE CLOCK,
WHICH SHOWS THE CORRECT TIME ALL OVER THE WORLD.

PARTICULARS UPON APPLICATION.

FRANCIS BARKER & SON, LTD.

Sundial and Scientific Instrument Makers,
12 CLERKENWELL ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

PLEASE MENTION THIS JOURNAL WHEN WRITING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

BATH’S
Select Bulbs & Plants

CANNOT BE SURPASSED!

BATH’S HOME GROWN BULBS. As supplied to

the Royal Parks and Gardens. The largest bulb growers
- in the United Kingdom; 85 acres under bulb cultivation.

BATH’S ROSES.

100,000 good plants in the best varieties.

BATH’S FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES,
RASPBERRY CANES, &c.

F=—eein all the best varieties for garden culture and profit.
BATH’S SELECT VEGETABLE and FLOWER
SEEDS

From the finest stocks that are grown.

BATH’S CARNATIONS. 400 best new and standard

varieties, 120,000 Plants for present delivery.

BATH’S GORGEOUS PEONIES.

The fashionable flower; all the best sorts.

BATH’S DAHLIAS.

Cactus, Single Cactus, Show, Pompone and Peony-flowered.

BATH’S PLANTS FOR ALL GARDENS.

All the favourite sorts, with the newest additions.

Complete Mlustrated Catalogues, with Copious Cultural
Directions, post free on application.

ALL GOUDS ARE SENT SECURELY PACKED AND CARRIAGE PAID
THROUGHOUT GREAT BRITAIN.

R. H. BATH, Ltd.,
THE FLORAL FARMS, WISBECH.

R.H.S, Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
14

HIGHEST AWARD, “SILVER CUP,” FOR

BEGONIAS,

HOLLAND HOUSE, 1909.

rer ta

BLACKMORE & LANCDON'S

WORLD FAMED BEGONIAS.

1 dozen choicest named Doubles in 12 colours £5 5s. Od.

Of the very highest type of perfection in plants of upright habit (attained after many years of
cross-fertilization and selection with this special object in view) with flowers of the most
perfect form and glorious colouring.

AWARDED 20 GOLD MEDALS AND 9 SILVER CUPS.

For List and Prices of named Varieties, see Catalogue Post Free.

Seed in Sealed Packets. Double, 2/6 and 5/-; Single, 1/-, 2/6 and 5/-; Single in separate
colours, 1/*, 2/6 and 5/=; also crested Single and Frilled Single (very beautiful), at same prices.

VERY CHOICE COLLECTION OF DELPHINIUMS, PANSIE8, POLYANTHUS, BLUE PRIMROSES, & VIOLETS.
American Winter-flowering, and Border Carnations. A grand Collection of all the very best Varieties,

Twerton Hill Nursery. BATH.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

15

J. CHEAL &SONS

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Gardens, Lawns, Parks, and all Ornamental Grounds
designed and laid out.

Illustrated Booklet on “GARDEN MAKING” post free on application.

London Office for this Department:

53 VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telephone Nos. 2178 Victoria, and 38 Crawley.

NURSERIES 110. AGRE:

ORNAMENTAL TREES

Shrubs and Roses, Rhododendrons,
Climbing Plants, Forest Trees.

FRUIT TREES

An Immense Stock. True to Name.
Healthy and Hardy.

SEED DEPARTMENT

Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds.
Bulbs and Sundries.

DAHLIAS A SPECIALITY.
Hardy Herbaceous, Alpine, and Rock Plants.

CATALOGUES “POST eka

J. CHEAL & SONS, |
LOWFIELD NURSERIES, CRAWLEY, SUSSEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
16

FOSTER & PLARSON|

LIMITED.

Established 1841.

Aiea ¢ Rec enh mecememgrnaraee tara tr

rote?
r ss De cmp ee we ’
j Poy ntacntneer om = * ~*
on ‘4 . ; :
4 annon-sernniohecanaaentevgnain! My im ‘
* cies ecient ent etaA atte i
be as %
“a " . Hh
. eawepesine “

Estimates on application
for

RANCES, VINERIES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

IMPROVED FRAMES
&C.,
IN TEAK OR DEAL,

-~*
7

ECONOMY IN FUEL.

The “ROBIN HOOD” Boiler is most.
economical in fuel.

No Brickwork Setting required.

Any section can be quickly replaced.

BEESTON, NOTTS-.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
17 b

~--+ mAINN

‘PERUVIAN GU GANO.
“FERTILIT LITY ”

THE BEST HORTICULTURAL MANURE.
—————————— @ ——————————"

SPECIAL CHRYSANTHEMUM MANURE,

LAWN ,
POTATO ‘
TOMATO ’
VINE wee
BONE MEAL, CRUSHED BONES,
AND ALL OTHER FERTILISERS,

2S ES
OMe ANGLO CONTINENTAL Onuenaoner's)
| GUANO WORKS, 15, LEADENHALL ST, LONDON,

G. W. RILEY, F.R.H:S.

Over 50 Medals awarded, including Four Gold Medals, Royal Botanic
Society, London, 1904, 5,6, and 7; Ten Silver Medals, R.H.S., London.

- = — — $$

Eummnet Green-
Houses, houses,
Cons -
= ioae erva
: Gop tories,
Bothys; — Ys Plant
Bungalows: -~ la adi Laadaaiiid Houses,
Arbours : ‘ : ' aor uaa] 0 Pit Frames,
and =| il HA | RR and
Garden E A [coma il RU (l ml MAI) \ Ui I AR 1 i \p see
Furniture. | Dina | Ant Rumacuil a ST SEY
; PREEF : ullife : = ||| description,
—— = = aS =F]

CATALOGUE POST FREE.

G. W. RILEY,: Herne “hill, S.E:

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
ST

UOpuoT ‘4yBIOTWIO“ ,, ‘“NUNAMOV1E ‘NOLONISVATd ‘ANGOT YVNA “df “OSA “MOOOTIM SAWVE YOX CALITYT

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R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
19

“WW
= > 2

" il.

z=

JOHN UNITE [TD 291 & 293 Edgware Road,
3 aj LONDON, W.

$69 Appointment to .M. the Ring, and H.R... the Prince of Wales.

DOO. SSS

everything for
the Stable.

Ball Furnishing.

Rick Cloths,
Blinds,
Cordage.

McIntosh Coats,
Capes, & Aprons.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings, Balls, Weddings,
Bazaars, Flower Shows, Fétes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LTD., 291 & 293 Edgware Road, LONDON.

Telegrams—“‘ UNITENT, LONDON.”

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :- VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
20

DO YOU WANT BEST VALUE?

lf so, read on,

For nearly twenty years I have been trying to induce you to
become a customer of mine by offering to send

BULBS ON APPROVAL GARRIAGE PAID.

I find on checking the list of Fellows of the R.H.S. that there are
nearly 7,000 who are not on my list of customers. To these I
especially appeal, before placing their order for bulbs, to send for my
Catalogue (post free) of over 300 varieties, then Iam sure they
will be convinced that no other firm can give them better value.
Indeed, it is very doubtful if any can give you as good. My terms
are cash. I make no bad debts, and the result is that my bulbs
are absolutely the best value that can possibly be obtained, other-
wise I should not be able to make the offer to send

BULBS ON APPROVAL CARRIAGE PAID,

If they are not as represented, they can be returned to me carriage
forward. I would respectfully point out I have been established
nearly 20 years. I am an exhibitor at all the principal Flower
Shows throughout the Country. I number amongst my customers
His Majesty’s Board of Public Works. If you will give me a trial
order, you will be convinced that

ELLISON’S
BULSS

Ebel A B L

AND

EASONABL

5 & 7 Bull Street,
H. N. ELLISON, west sromwicu.
Established 1890.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
21

CUTHBERTS’ mevax
Azaleas and Forcing Plants
A SPECIALITY.

AWARDED THE

Royal Horticultural Society’s Gold Medal at Westminster, February 28th, 1905.
Royal Horticultural Society’s Gold Medal at Westminster, March 3rd, 1908.
Royal Dutch Bulb Growers Society’s Gold Medal for Hyacinths, Mar. 9th, 1909. -
Three Gold Medals, Royal Botanic Society, Regent’s Park.
Twelve: Silver Cups, Royal Horticultural Society’s Temple Shows.
Silver Gilt Medal, Royal Caledonia Horticultural Society, Edinburgh.

Forty-two Silver Gilt, Silver and other Medals, Royal Horticultural Society’s
Shows, London.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Azaleas.

In beautiful shades of colour. For Beds, Borders, and Early Forcing.

Azalea mollis, choice mixed. Azalea mollis hybrids, choice
* mollis, choice named. named.
3 mollis x sinensis, choice = rustica, fl. pl., choice named.
mixed, Ghent, double flowered, choice
a mollis x sinensis, choice named.
named. eA Ghent, choice named.

Cuthberts’ Hardy Forcing Plants.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.

Almonds, double white and pink. Philadelphus coronarius.

Cerasus flore pleno. Prunus, of sorts.

Deutzias, various. Robinias, of sorts.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. Spirezas, of sorts.

Kalmias, in variety. Staphylea colchica.

Laburnums. Thorns, double white, pink, and scarlet.
Lilacs, in twenty varieties, to name. Viburnum Opulus (Guelder Rose).
Magnolias, in variety. Wistaria sinensis, well set with buds.

SPECIALLY GROWN FOR EARLY FORCING AND WELL._SET WITH BUDS.
(In Standards and Dwarfs.)

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION,

R. & G. CUTHBERT, The Nurseries,
ESTABLISHED 1797. SOUthgate, MIDDLESEX.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
22

CHARLESWORTH & CO,

Orchid Merchants,

Raisers, Growers,
Importers, and Exporters,

HAYWARD’S HEATH, Sussex.

(Late of Bradford. )

Their New Establishment now contains the
finest, largest, and most numerous collection of

HYBRIDS (Flowered and Unflowered),
Albinos, Botanical Species, and Curiosities,

CHOICE SPECIES, etc., etc., in the World.

The largest continuous Exhibitors of Orchids in the trade

at the Royal Horticultural Society’s fortnightly Meetings.

Always a grand display of Plants in Flower to add
interest to a visit.

Visitors conveyed to and: from the Station upon intimation of visit being given. issanene
Trains from London Bridge or Victoria Stations, on the London, Brighton, and South
Coast Railway.

CATALOGUE POST FREE.

TELEGRAMS: “CHARLESWORTH, HAYWARD'S HEATH.”

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

UGKER & SONS

LIMITED,

MANUFACTURERS OF ARTISTIC
WINTER CARDENS & CONSERVA-
TORIES, RANCES, VINERIES,
ORCHID HOUSES, STOVES, PITS,
PEACH HOUSES, FERNERIES,
FORCING HOUSES, FRUIT HOUSE
KEATING APPARATUS.
Telegrams: ““ANTI-DRIP LONDON.”
‘Phone No. 274 P.O. City.

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.

Kindly meation Paper.

ae =, Ss

WM, DU
a es eh ee. f

st apenerenrecs

ARTISTIC CONSERVATORY. Ladies and Gentlemen waited upon and advice given.

Portable Wood and Iron Struc-
tures for every conceivable
purpose artistically designed—-
the construction being the
latest and most up to date.

Works: TOTTENHAM.
Write for Portable
Building Catalogue. F :

Kindly mention Paper. ERECTED AT HATCHFORD PARK, COBHAM

()
“all

| Za
AI is
ve

= a

BUNGALOW No. 209. BUNGALOW No. 211.

GARDEN FRAMES MELON FRAME.

IN ALL VARIETIES. No. 38.
Gixtt, =< .. 96) sae
PIT LIGHTS, &c. me BTL X6 ft... 6. oe
RE 10 ft.x6ft.... .. .. 3 14 0
HUNDREDS IN STOCK. we Sit 6it.... .. .. 4 14 0

SHOW ROOMS AND OFFICES:

27 CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.

Telegrams: “‘ANTI-DRIP LONDON.” ’Phone No. 274 P.O. City.
Works: SOUTH TOTTENHAM.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office: —VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
24

LISSA DELL
TRIS F-GROWN

DAFFODILS

Were awarded in 1909

Silver-Gilt Medal, Cardiff.
Gold Medal, Brecon.
Large Silver Medal, M.D.S., Birmingham.
Silver-Gilt Banksian Medal, R.H.S. of

England, Birmingham.
Silver Medal, R.H.S. of Ireland, Dublin.
Our Illustrated Price List contains several new
Varieties of great beauty, which we are offering

this year for the first time, also the best of the
rare and standard Varieties.

— OTHER SPECIALITIES. —
Lissadell Alpine Plants,

mostly Pot-grown.

Lissadell Herbaceous Plants,

in great variety.

Lissadell St. Brigid Anemones,

Double Flowers, brilliant colours.

ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE. LISTS FREE.

J. A. COOPER,
LISSADELL, SLIGO.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
25

ORCHIDS ..

Clean, Healthy and Well Grown..
Upwards of 100,000 to select from.

Our Nursery is entirely devoted to ORCHIDS.

HYBRIDS 4 SPECIALITY.

INSPECTION INVITED.

ARMSTRONG & BROWN,

Tunbridge Wells, KENT.

| Horticultural Requisites

*GISHURST COMPOUND ”

For preventing and destroying Red Spider, Green Fly, &c. Harmless in
use. Its soluble sulphur, &c., has for 40 years cured blights and fungus on
plants. It is also useful for washing unhealthy dogs.

* GISHURSTINE”

For the protection of Boots and Shoes from damp, ensuring comfort and
health to the wearers. Boots treated with ‘‘ Gishurstine’’ take polish. FH is
also good for use on harness.

SOFT SOAP

Specially prepared as an insecticide, including

“SOFT SOAP and Quassia.” “SOFT SOAP and Paraffin.”

To be obtained from all dealers in Horticultural Requisites, or Wholesale from

| PRICE’S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY, Limited,

London, Liverpool and Manchester.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :-—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
26

Ms ko fo fe |

sojyeuyjsq pue ‘sued ‘sansoyezeg

"8081 4DaA ay}
Ul PpaYysl/qn}sZ

STRUTTON
GROUND

“SASNOH
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Pue SASNOH NOILVNYVO 7F voronaysuory yersadg

*O} papuaye AyJdword
oq JJ} suojnajsur anoA pure “7TTWOD 40 YNIOHdH TAL

‘TIVH TVADLINOLLAOH AHL 9} 2°79 i
‘SHDISHO MAN 490 jo vorrsod ay} smoys KI WId SIH L voIsUIaM

"SHSANISNA INILVULNAA 9 SNILVSH OS "SSNIDTNG TWHUNLINOLLYOH

4O SGNIM TIV SO SYdanLOVANNVA
; re

«UOPUCT ‘snurnjsopyy ,, t Sureadayay ’ c J

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HII g

H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

R

™

CUERNSEY CROWN BULBS.

On account of the mildness of our climate and the almost complete absence of frost,
bulbs grown in Guernsey mature to perfection and produce the best possible results.

We make a Speciality of
ANEMONES, FREESIAS, GLADIOLI, IRIS,
IXIAS, NARCISSUS, -TULIPS, 2&c.; te.

CATALOGUES FREE.

W. MAUGER & SONS, Guernsey.
G. REUTHE, F.R.H.S.

(For nearly 25 years with WARES as Manager, Plant Collector, &c.)

The Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nursery, KESTON, KENT.

Dew and Rare bardy Plants,

As well as a Selection of all the Best

ALPINES and other PERENNIALS, NYMPHAEAS, LILIES, HIMALAYAN
RHODODENDRONS, RARE SHRUBS, NARCISSUS and other BULBS. FORMATION
of ROCKWORKS, &c.

Supplied strong, healthy, and true to rame. Catalogue free on application. -

RIVERS’ |

Fruit Trees, Roses, Vines, Figs,

Oranges, and Orchard-House
Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,
POST FREE, 3d.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

SAWEBERIDGEWORTH, HERTS.
STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
28

GEO. JACKMAN «& SON,

Woking Nurseries, Surrey,

(The nearest Nurseries to eS R. H. S. Wisley Gardens)

Oswaldestre House, 34 Norfolk St., Strand, W.C.,

invite inspection of their large and varied stock of

FRUIT TREES, ROSES,
ORNAMENTAL TREES & SHRUBS,
FOREST TREES, CLIMBERS

(including their celebrated Clematis),

HERBACEOUS & ALPINE PLANTS.
200 ACRES OF STOCK TO SELECT FROM.

Catalogues free on application.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING A LEADING FEATURE.

| ATRUE PLANT FOOD. LY,

THE ONLY Y FORM OF Oo
NITROGEN THAT
FEEDS THE PLANT

INDISPENSABLE

for

IMMEDIATELY FLOWERS, FRUIT,
| IT Is e/ et = eel
| APPLIED. A

Sample he Tin ae Hs oe or aetae price
4 |=, bas ull a are obtainahle
.> Bedi Secdenenst Flos cee Nee

NITRATE COMMITTEE,
FRIAR'S HOUSE, 39/41 NEW BROAD STREET,
“Tre nt a

DON, E.C.
Will supply ee grati is, upon application.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

Privileges of Fellows.

1.—Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election, and is invited to become a Fellow.
2.—Candidates for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society.
3.—Ladies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society.

4.—The Society being incorporated by Royal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liability
whatsoever beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions.

5.—Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained from the Offices of the Society, Vincent
Square, Westminster, S.W.

6.—If desired, the Secretary will, on receipt of a letter from a Fellow of the Society suggesting

the name and address of any lady or gentleman likely to become Fellows, write and invite
« them to join the Society.

FELLOWS.

A Fellow subseribing Four Guineas a year (or commuting for Forty
Guineas) is entitled— és
1.—To OnE Non-transferable (personal) Pass and Five Transferable Tickets admitting to all the
Society’s Exhibitions, and to the Gardens.
2.—To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society.
3.—To the use of the Libraries at the Society’s Rooms.
4 —To a copy of the Society’s JouRNAL, containing the Papers read at all Meetings and

Conferences, Reports of trials made at the Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new
or rare plants, &c.

5.—T'o purchase, at reduced rates, such fruit, vegetables, and cut flowers as are not required
for experimental purposes.

6.—To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such surplus or waste plants as
may be available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 85 miles from
London (by the A BC Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share.

7.—Subject to certain limitations, to obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice on such
subjects, by letter from the Society’s Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.LC.

8.—To have their Gardens inspected by the Society’s Officer at the following fees:—One day,
£3. 8s.; two days, £5. 5s.; plus all out-of-pocket expenses.

9 —To exhibit at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &c., for trial at the Society’s
Gardens.

10.—To recommend any ladies or gentlemen for election as Fellows of the Society.

A Fellow subseribing Two Guineas a year (or commuting for Twenty-five
Guineas) is entitled—

1.—1l'o OnE Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets.
2.—To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.

A Fellow subseribing One Guinea a year, with an Entrance Fee of £1. 1s.
(or commuting for Fifteen Guineas), is entitled—

1.—To One Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the non-transferable personal Pass); and the privileges
mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.
[Bond fide Gardeners earning their living thereby, and persons living permanently abroad, are
exempt from the payment of the Entrance Fee. ]

NV.B.—Kach Transferable Ticket or Non-transferable personal Pass will admit three persons to the -
Gardens at Wisley on any day except days on which an Exhibition or Meeting is being held, when
each Ticket or Pass will admit One Person only. The Gardens are closed on Sundays, Good Friday,
and Christmas Day.

ASSOCIATES.

An Associate subseribing 10s. 6d. a year is-entitled—

1.—To OnE Non-transferable Pass, and to privileges as mentioned in Nos. 3, 4, and 9.

N.B.—Associates must be bond fide Gardeners, or employés in a Nursery, Private or Market
Garden, or Seed Establishment, and must be recommended for election by Two Fellows of the Society.

A form of Recommendation for a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society,
which can be easily detached for use, will be tound on
advertisement page 32.

30

6 en ere

+ A PRE at 6 aa

a tet ay ~— ~
“

ee ae

Custom and tradition alike suggest your buying
Bulbs grown in Holland. Why continue to do
so? “Holland in Ireland’’ has amply proved the
superiority of Irish grown bulbs.

Tulips, Narcissi, Iris, Anemones, etc., from the

Bulb Farms of Messrs. Hogg & Robertson equal,

and even surpass, the Dutch Bulbs in their
exquisite form and beauty of colouring.

The Booklet *‘ Holland in Ireland” fully illustrates and describes
them; it 1s free on request.

HOGG & ROBERTSON, Ltd.,

(Bulb Growers and Seedsmen to H.M. the King),
DEPARTMENT C, DUBLIN.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
Silt

FORM OF RECOMMENDATION,

[This Form can be easily detached for use.
THE ROYAL HORTICULTUKAL SUUIETIY.

Established
A.D. 1804.

Incorporated
A.D. 1809.

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Telegrams: ‘‘HORTENSIA, LONDON.” Telephone No.: 5363, Westminster.

Form of Recommendation for a FELLOW of the
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name

Description 2.0 ee Se a ae ee

AGATOSS »... oes a cresees eens on ee

being desirous of becoming a FELLOW of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY, we whose Names are underwritten beg leave to recommend

Guineas a year.
Proposed. :bY-.os.2..5 50. eee

Seconded by... 0.50282 toe ee eee

* Kindly enter here the word four or two or one.

It would be a convenience if the Candidate’s Card were sent at the same
time.

Signed on behalf of the Council, this ................. day Obra. ee 19034

CHAIRMAN.

For Privileges of Fellows see advertisement, page 30.
32

BY PERMISSION
OF H.M.’s TREASURY,

CORRY’S siaasivued WINTER DRESSING
for FRUIT and other TREES.

For the destruction of all Insect Germ and Pests that shelter in the Bark during the
Winter Months.

This preparation has been most successfuly tested under special supervision by practical
Growers and is highly recommended by all Fruit Growers.

PRICES.— Pint, 1/—; Quart, 2/—; Half-Gallon, 3/6; 1 Gallon, 6/-; 3 Gallons, 17/-;
5 Gallons, 27/6; 10 Gallons, 54/-.

Important to Gardeners and Fruit Growers.

és NIQUAS C peeriines

The Most Successful NON-POISONOUS INSECTICIDE of the day.

ITS ADVANTAGES '‘ARE—

Certain Death to all Insect Pests.

No possible injury to the most delicate Plant, Flower, or Foliage.

It is by far the cheapest Insecticide known. One pint makes ten to twelve gallons for
Thrip, Black and Green Fly, &c., whilst RED SPIDER, Mealy Bug, and Scale can be
thoroughly eradicated by using “‘ NIQUAS”’ double or three times the strength required for
Fly.

PRICES.—Pint, 1/—; Quart, 1/9: Half-Gallon, 3/-; Gallon, 5/-. Kegs, each, five
gallons, 22/6; ten gallons, 42/6.

Ask for Testimonials, of which some Hundreds have been received.

LETHORION

IMPROVED METAL

Vapour Cone Fumigator,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

1866.

x IN D ES.
Resistered Trade Mark, 62,957. Bee, tae

This well-known invention for the entire eradication of all pests infesting vegetation
under glass is now manufactured in a more simple and reliable form. The small candle
(which will be found packed with each Cone) has only to be lighted, and placed on the ground
in the centre of the Cone Frame, to produce immediate results. Nothing in the market cax
equal it for efficiency and cheapness.

Cone No. 3, for a well-secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price 1/— each.
Cone No. 2, for a well-secured house of 1,000 to 1,200 cubic feet. Price 8d. each.
Cone No. 1, for frames 100 cubic feet. Price 6d. each.

Full Directions accompany each Cone.

ALL HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES SUPPLIED. BEST TERMS TO THE TRADE. TO BE HAD
FROM ALL SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS.

Manufactured by CORRY & CO., Limited, at their

BONDED CHEMICAL WORKS, SHAD THAMES, Sek:
Offices and Showrooms: 13 & 15 Finsbury Street, LONDON, E.C.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
33 Cc

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS >

IN- “LHE- sPReSsena:

ISSUE.

Von. XXXYV. > Part &

The figures refer to the pages, which are numbered at the bottom.

Alpine and Rock Plants—J. CHEAL
& SONS, 16; J. A. COOPER, 25; G.
JACKMAN & SON, 29; J. PEED &
SON, 36; .PENNICK-& CO.,5; M.
PRICHARD, 38; G. REUTHE, 28;
R. WALDACE *0c'.CO.;, 7.3724 es.
WARE, 42.

Anemones—J. A. COOPER, 25; GILBERT
& SON, 49; HoGG & ROBERTSON,
31; W. MAUGER & SONS, 28.

Anthracite Coal and Cobbles — A.
THOMAS & CO., 40.

Aquatics and Bog Plants—A. PERRY,
38; M. PRICHARD, 38; G. REUTHE,
98; R. WALLACE & CO.,37;-21° 8:
WARE, 42.

Artificial Manures—Sce Fertilisers.

Astilbes—R. WALLACE & CoO., 37.

Auriculas—JAMES DOUGLAS, 52.

Azaleas and Forcing Plants—R. & G.
CUTHBERT, 22.

Begonias— BLACKMORE & LANGDON, 15;
A. LL. GWILLIM, 45; J. PEED &
SON, 36; T. S. WARE, 42.

Boilers—See Heating Engineers.

Books—F. BARKER & SON, 13: CLAY &
SON, 1; CHEAL & SONS, 16; H.
B. MAY & SONS, 42; R. SYDENHAM
LTD., 3; R.H.S., 40, 46 and 48.

Border Plants—KELWAY & SON, 56.

Bottled Fruits—FOWLER, LEE & Co., 51.

Bulbs—R. H. BATH, LTD., 14; J. A.
COOPER, 25; CHAS. DAWSON, 8;
DICKSON & ROBINSON (Inset facing
Extracts from Proceedings); H. N.
ELLISON, 21; HOGG & ROBERTSON.
31>. MAUGER’ & SONS, “28; J:
MURRAY & SONS (Inset facing page
152); ANT. ROOZEN & SONS, 43;
SUTTON & SONS (Outside Cover);
R. SYDENHAM, 3; R. WALLACE &
Co., 37; MISS F. W. CURREY, 46.

Bungalows—G. W. RILEY, 18; W.
DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS, 24.

Caladiums—J. PEED & SON, 36.

Carnations—R. H. BATH, 14; BLACK-
MORE & LANGDON, 15; JAMES
DOUGLAS, 52; KING’S ACRE
NURSERIES, 50; S. Low & Co.,
160: F. SPEED 3 “SON; ‘obs. - 2s:
WARE, 42.

Chrysanthemums—J. PEED & SON, 36.

Cinerarias—A. LL. GWILLIM, 45.

Cloches—BOULTON & PAUL, 44.

Coal—A. THOMAS & Co., 40.

Daffodils (New and Rare)—J. A.
COOPER, 25; MISS F. W. CURREY,
46; C. DAWSON, 8; R.. SYDENHAM
LED S23.

Dahlias—R. H. BATH, 14; J. CHEAL &
Sons, 16; T. S. WARE, 42.

Delphiniums— BLACKMORE & LANGDON,
15; A, PERRY, 38.

Ferns—H. B. MAY & Soys, 42; A. PERRY,
38

Fertilisers — ANGLO CONTINENTAL
GUANO WORKS,18; R.J. BARNES
& SON, 48; CLAY & SON, 1; NATIVE
GUANO CoO., 38; PERMANENT
NITRATE COMMITTEE, 29; H.
RICHARDSON & CoO., 45.

Forcing Plants—R. & G. CUTHBERT, 22.

Freesias and Ixias — W. MAUGER &
SONS, 28.

Fruit Bottling Outfits—FOWLER, LEE
(CO sole.

Fruit Trees — BARNHAM NURSERIES,
LTD., 12; R. H. BATH, 14; G. BUN-
YARD & CO, (8rdCover) ; J. CHEAL &
SONS, 16; G. JACKMAN & SON, 29;
KING’S ACRE NURSERIES, 50; LAX-
TON BROS., 6; S. LOW & Co., 10; J.
R. PEARSON & SONS, 20; PENNICK
& Co.,5; T. RIVERS & SON, 28.

Fumigator—-Corry & Co., 33.

Garden Engines, Hose, &c.—W. H.
WILLCOX & CoO., 53.

Garden Frames—BOULTON & PAUL,
44; HALLIDAY & Co.,4; G. W.
RILEY, 18; DUNCAN TUCKER, 24.

Garden Furniture — CASTLES, 36;
ALEX. HAMILTON,: 11; G. W.
RILEY, 18.

Gloxinias — A. Lu. GwWILLIM, 44; J.
PEED & SON, 36.

Greenhouse Plants—G. & A. CLARK, 47;
J. CYPHER & SONS, 42,

Greenhouses — See Horticultural
Builders.

Hardy Herbaceous Plants— BARNHAM
NURSERIES, 12; BATH, -LTD.y #43
BUNYARD & CO. (83rd Cover); J.
CHEAL & SONS, 16; G. & A. CLARK.
47; J. A. COOPER, 25; JACKMAN &
SON, 29; KELWAY & SON, 56;
KING’S ACRE NURSERIES, 50; J.
PEED & SON, 36; PENNICK & CO.,
5: “A, PERRY, 38: _M-PRIGHARD:
38; G. REUTHE, 28; ANT. ROOZEN
& SONS, 43; R. WALLACE & CoO.,
BT St TWA:

Heating Engineers—BOULTON & PAUL,
44; J. CRISPIN & SONS, 41; FOSTER
& PEARSON,17; R. HALLIDAY &
Co.,4; MACKENZIE & MONCUR, 54;
MESSENGER &CO.,2; W.RICHARD-
SON & CO., 19; W. DUNCAN TUCKER
& SONS, 24; J. WEEKS & CO., 27.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS

(Continued).

Hoes and Pruning Knives—STANDARD
MANUFACTURING CoO., 39.

Horticultural Builders— BOULTON &
PAUL, 44; J. CRISPIN & SONS, 41;
FOSTER & PEARSON, 17 ; HALLIDAY
& CO.,4; MACKENZIE & MONCUR,
54; MESSENGER & OCO., 2;
W. RICHARDSON & CO., 19; G. W.
RILEY, 18; W. DUNCAN TUCKER,
24; J. WEEKS & CO., 27.

Horticultural Reqsisites — PRICE’S
PATENT CANDLE Co., LTD., 26.

Hyacinths—SuUTTON & SONS (Outside
Cover).
Insecticides—J. BENTLEY, LTD., 46;

CORRY & CO., 33; PRICE’S PATENT
CANDLE Co., 26.

Iron Fencing—HILu & SMITH, 2.

Japanese Garden—J. CARTER & CO.
(2nd Cover).

Kelway Borders—KELWAY & SON, 56.

Lamp Pump (Badcock’s’ Patent)—
THE LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, 9.

Landscape Gardeners—BARNHAM NUR-
SERIES, 12; CHEAL & SONS, 16;
G. & A. CLARK, 47; JACKMAN, 29;
EING’S ACRE NURSERIES, ~ 50;
PENNICK & Co., 5.

Lawn Mowers—T. GREEN & SON, 55.

Lilacs—T. JANNOCH, 45.

Lilies—A. PERRY, 38; G. REUTHE, 28;
R. WALLACE & CO., 37.

Lilies of the Valley—T. JANNOCH, 45.

Loam—A. B. JOHNSTON, 43.

Manures, Artificial—See Fertilizers.

Motor Lawn Mowers—GREEN, 55.

Narcissi—Sce Daffodils.

New and Rare Plants—PENNICK &
Co., 5; G. REUTHE, 28.

New Berries—STUART LOW & Co., 10.

New Chronosphere or Empire Clock—
F. BARKER & SON, 13.

Nitrate of Soda—PERMANENT NITRATE
COMMITTEE, 29; H. RICHARDSON &
Co., 45.

Nitric Diet—R. J. BARNES & SON, 43.

Orchard House Trees—T. RIVERS &
SON, 28.

Orchids—ARMSTRONG & BROWN, 26;
CHARLESWORTH & CO., 23; J.
CYPHER, & SONS, 4; S. Low &
Cos 10:

Ornamental Trees— See Trees and
Shrubs.

Pzonies—R. H. BATH, LTD., 14.

Perennials—See Hardy Herbaceous
Plants.

Pergolas—ROULTON & PAUL, 44.

Pinks and Picotees—JAMES DOUGLAS,
52.

Primroses (Blue) — BLACKMORE &
LANGDON, 15.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office : —VIN

Privileges of Fellows—R.H.S., 31.
Pumps—LAMP PUMP SYNDICATE, 9;
W. H. WILLCOX & Co., 53.

Quassia Extract—J. BENTLEY, LTD., 46.

Rhododendrons— DICKSONS & CO., 7;
PENNICK & CO.,5; G. REUTHE, 28.
Rock and Water Gardens—R. WALLACE
& CO., 37; T. S. WARE, 42.
Trees—BARNHAM NURSERIES, 38;
R. H. BATH, 14; G. BUNYARD &
Co. (3rd Cover); G. & A. CLARK, 47;
JACKMAN & SON, 29; KING’S ACRE
NURSERIES, 50; LAXTON BROS., 6;
S. Low & Co.,10; RIVERS & SON,
28; T.S. WARE, 42.
Seeds—R. H. BATH, 14; BUNYARD &
Co. (3rd Cover); J. CARTER & CO.
(2nd Cover); G. & A. CLARK, 47;
KING’S ACRE NURSERIES, 50; J.
MURRAY & SONS (Inset facing page
152); A. ROOZEN & SONS, 43;
SUTTON & SONS (Qutside Cover) ;
R. SYDENHAM, 3; THOMPSON &
MORGAN, 45; T. S, WARE, 42.
Seeds for Lawns—RICHARDSON, 45.
Selaginellas—H. B. MAY & SONS, 42.
Strawberries—G. BUNYARD & CO. (3rd
Cover) ; LAXTON BROS., 6.
Summer Houses (Rustic) — G. W.
RILEY, 18.
Sundial and Wind Vane—F.. BARKER &
SON, LTD., 13.
Sweet Peas—G. & A. CLARK, 47.
Tents and Tarpaulins—J. UNITE, 20.

Trays for Buibs and Fruit—BoULTON
& PAUL, 44.

Tree Pruners—STANDARD MANUFAC-
TURING CoO., 39.

Trees and Shrubs—BUNYARD &Co. (3rd
Cover) ; CHEAL & SONS, 16; G. & A.
CLARK, 47; R. & G. CUTHBERT, 22;
JACKMAN & SON, 29; KING’S ACRE
NURSERIES, 50; PENNICK & CO., 5.

Tubs for Shrubs—ALEX. HAMILTON, 11.

Tulips — DICKSON~ & ROBINSON (Inset
facing Extracts from Proceedings);
HoGG & ROBERTSON, 31; MAUGER
& SONS, 28; J. MURRAY & SONS
(Inset facing page 152); SUTTON &
SONS (Outside Cover) ; R. WALLACE
ta COs, Si.

Turf Loam—A. B. JOHNSTON, 43.

Violets and Pansies—BLACKMORE &
LANGDON, 15.

Water Lilies—PERRY, 38; REUTHE, 28;
WALLACE, 37; WARE, 42.

Weed Destroyer—J. BENTLEY, LTD.,46.

Winter Dressing for Fruit Trees—
CORRY & CO., 33

Wire Netting, Tree Guards, &c.— HILL
& SMITH, 2.

Rose

CENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

35

c2

ALPINES,
BEGONIAS,
CALADIUMS,
CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
GLOXINIAS,
HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
TREE CARNATIONS.

Catalogues Free on Application.

JOHN PEED & SON,

THE NURSERIES, WEST NORWOOD, sc.

( MITCHAM LANE, STREATHAM, S.W.

Branch Nurseries

| MORDEN, SURREY.

CASTLES’ “MAN-O’ WAR” TEAK-BUILT

GARDEN FURNITURE.

THE ‘*ALEXANDRA’”’ (Type A).

CASTLES. =

(Admiraity Shipbreakers),
BALTIC WHARE, MILLBANK, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL AND ROYAI BOTANICAL SOCIETIES’ MEDALS.

B.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

35

ROCK AND WATER GARDENS.

Special attention is given to their formation,

Plans, Designs, and Estimates submitted. Rock Stone supplied.

A VIEW IN OUR WATER GARDEN.

Gardener’s Magazine, July 11, 1908.—REPORT OF HOLLAND HOUSE SHOW.
**TIn the big tent Messrs. R. Wallace & Co. had a fine display of the Japanese or Kempferi
Iris. . . . With these was a pool of Water Lilies surrounded by graceful Spirzeeas, &c. The
whole idea was a little path through an Iris swamp, leading across (by stepping stones) the
pool and up the low rockery hill in the distance—a very pretty picture.’? (Gold Medal. )

SPECIALITIES: LILIES, MAY-FLOWERING TULIPS, ALPINE & HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
WATER LILIES, IRIS KEMPFERI, ASTILBES, SPIRAAS, and other Waterside Plants.

GOLD MEDALS awarded by the Royal Horticultural Society :

LILY CONFERENCE, 1901. TEMPLE SHOW, 1903, 1904,
HOLLAND HOUSE, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909.
1907, 1908, 1909. CHELSEA, 1905.

Also at York, Shrewsbury, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Edinburgh (International).

Herbaceous Borders Planned and Designed for producing the best Colour Effect.
Catalogues on pS pr leaden:

R. WALLACE & C0., Se? COLCHESTER.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
37

4A Gold Medals, 1907; 6 Gold Medals, 1908; for Water Gardens.
4 Gold Medals, 1909, for Delphiniums.

DAILY MAIl.—Holland House Show, 8th July, 1908.—‘‘ The supreme exhibit of the
show is beyond all question Perry’s Water Garden. Nothing like it has been seen before,
&e., &c.’’ Hundreds of other press notices.

PERRY’S GREAT SPECIALITIES

HARDY PLANTS. New Water

Bamboos, Lilies,
Eremurus, f Aquatic and
nat ISG
Lilies, &c. Niet, | Bog Plants.
iff on
. - Neg: v9
Catalogues free. M SSN NEIF s 2 Y i | Catalogues free.

Unique Collection, more than 2,000 VARIETIES, Perennial, Hardy, and
adapted for Outdoor Cultivation in this Country.

DELPHINIUMS, 40,000 in stock. HARDY FERNS, 20,000 in stock.

PERRY’S HARDY PLANT FAR™M
ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX. Telephone : Enfield 207

MAURICE PRICHARD,

Hardy Plant Nurseries, Christchurch, Hants.

A LARGE STOCK OF HARDY ALPINE AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

WHARDY AQUATIC, BOG AND MARSH PLANTS.
DESCRIPiliVE esi, REE.

SPECIAL TERMS FOR QUANTITIES OF HARDY PLANTS FOR NATURALIZING.
ADVICE GIVEN FOR THE FORMATION OF ROCK GARDENS IN NATURAL STYLE.

Samples of Flowers can be sent by Post, named for selecting, during the Season.

NATIVE C UANO Best and Cheapest Manure for all
Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers.

PRICE—£3 10s. per ton in bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt. at Works, or 5s. per cwt.
carriage paid to any Station in England.
EXTRACTS FROM THIRTIETH ANNUAL COLLECTION OF REPORTS—
NATIVE GUANO FOR POTATOES, YEGETABLES, &c.

H. Storr, Itchen: ‘* Vegetables gave entire satisfaction. Economical and Effective. Good preventative:
of fly, slug, &e.”” J.J. Forster, Baddily: “‘ Potatoes, splendid; cauliflowers, peas and cabbages,
best Iever had. Highly pleased.’

NATIVE GUANO FOR FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOES, &c.

J. SWAN, Weybridge: “‘ Vines, peaches, melons, tomatoes and cucumbers, excellent; lawns, beautiful
and green all the season.”’ A. W. Mynett, Lewisham : ‘** Tomatoes, raspberries, vegetables and:
flowers, uniformly good. Perfectly satisfied. Very effective, good and cheap.”’

Orders to the NATIVE GUANO CO., Limited,
29 New Bridge Street, London, E.C.
Where Pamphlets of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
38

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Flower and Crape Catherers
and Hoiders, Weed Extractors
and Destroyers, Hedge and
Crass Cutters, Leaf Lifters,
| and other kindred Appliances.
N.B.—Caution to Buyers and Users.
Owing to the existence on the
Market of several Inferior Imita-
tions of our ““STANDARD ” Pruner

purchasers should insist on having
the DERBY make and no other.

THE ‘‘ AUTOMATIC”
Tree Pruner.

Price List.
$: as
On 2ft. Pole... 4 6
meee Otte gin neta 0
Sy uaihines 95 po. 6
Tavawhe Sy Ce 0)
Olean yy .* (Outo
ad Ctbensyste £0
SAO Lue ites eae
Ofte = 34 78:0
etOMunome ss 28 6
oe ANE tae 9s 29116
File o5 ae 1ON6
als hbcue (some enay ek: 6
Pe Mh ae Sate Loe O
Extra Blades 1/6 ea.
The ‘*‘ ARIAL”

Saws to fit any of
the above Pruners,
Straight, 2s., and
Curved, 2s. 6d.

The “Ciant” Tree Pruner.
The Most Powerful Pruner in the World,

Which severs a branch 7 ins. in
circumference in thirteen seconds,
. Lengths, from 7 ft. to 14 ft.

Prices, from 31 6 to 38/6each.
Extra blades. 3/- each.

THE “ AERIAL”
PRUNING COMBINATION,

A Series of Useful Pruning and Trimming
Tools, all fitting the same Socket, com-
prising Straight and Curved Saws, Chisels
and Switches, or Bill Hooks. ‘

The above Socket can also be had mounted
on light, neatly-finished Poles, 2 ft. to 14 ft.
Prices, 4/- to 10/-; or. if jointed, to order.

THE “A RATOR.”

A Combined Rotary Pronged Hoe, Rake, and
Hand Cultivator.

Stirs up the
soil, destroys the
young weeds and
grubs, increases
the crops, and
effects an ims
mense saving of
time and labour.

i | 6in. size.

Price 5/6

he Garden, Orchard, Pleasure Grounds, Farm, Park, or Forest.

‘4OHII1d FINGA ,, [COP] ,, SOUL

-/6b OF 9/Pb ‘SOOT 79 VI OF “95.9 ‘SUISUOT

“HANDY
ANDY”
PATENT
HOES.

Socketed as
Sketch, or
Handled. In3

Shapes.
Sizes and
Prices.
4in. 1/6
5 in. 1/9
6 in. 2/-
8 in. 2/6

With Weed Hook
Gd. each extra.

Sold by Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Ironmongers, the leading Stores, &c., of whom Lists can be had, or of

THE STANDARD MANUFACTURING CO. ¢

urchyard

Lanemmeat) TUN

Makers by Royal Warrant of Appointment to the late pee VICTORIA.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER. S.W.

39

—

COA L..

BEST LARGE ANTHRACITE COAL AND COBBLES FOR HORTICUL-
TURAL PURPOSES.—BEST LARGE HOUSE PARLOUR COAL AND
KITCHEN COBBLES.—BEST WASHED MACHINE MADE NUTS,
BEANS, AND PEAS FOR SUCTION GAS PLANTS.—Also MALTING
ANTHRAGITES.

PRICES ON APPLICATION DELIVERED STATION OR RESIDENCE.

A. THOMAS & Co.

29 RUTLAND STREET, SWANSEA

COLOUR CHART.

Hardly a gardener or florist exists who has not at times longed for a
CoLour CHArT—that is to say, for a standard of reference whereby he could
himself name, or recognise, or convey toa friend at a distance, the exact shade
of colour of a flower he desired to procure or had seen advertised, or wished to
commend to a friend.

The Council of the Society have long felt the need of such a Colour Chart,
but the expense of producing it has hitherto deterred them from issuing it.

Not long since an admirable chart, containing more than 1,450 shades of
colour between white and black, was published at the instance of the French
Chrysanthemum Society, the price being £1. ls. net, and by “this it is now
possible to exactly recognise or describe to a friend or purchaser at a distance
the precise colour of any possible flower. You may have met with an Azalea,
for instance, which greatly strikes your fancy; you take out your chart and
match its shade, and describe it to your friend or your nurseryman as
‘Colour: Apricot, p. 53, shade 3,” and he turns to his chart and sees in a
moment exactly what it 1s you want or describe. Or a nurseryman, having
raised a new variety, can by simply quoting ‘Colour Chart, p. —, shade —,’
exactly represent to his customers the colour-beauty of his new introduction.

This Chart will, of course, be found vastly useful for many other purposes ;
for example, a lady wishing to match a certain shade has only to refer her
dressmaker to such and such a colour on p. —, shade -—, and it can be infallibly
matched. An artist wishing to describe the colour of the sky on a certain
sundown, can do so exactly by reference to the chart.

The Council recognising both the excellence and the usefulness of this
chart, the idea at once occurred, could it not be adopted as an International
Standard, so that all lovers of flowers all over the world could accurately and
exactly describe to one another the colour and shade of any particular flower
they refer to? There seemed no other difficulty than the somewhat prohibitive
cost of £1. 1s. net, but by undertaking to be responsible for a very large
number, the Society is now able to offer to its Fellows this excellent Chart
containing every possible shade of colour between black and white at the
reduced cost of 14s. 6d.,

Or post free for 15s. from the

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
40

CRISPIN'S, BRISTOL.

FOR PRACTICAL AND EFFICIENT ERECTION OF

Horticultural Buildings

Heating Apparatus

APPEY 16

JAMES GRISPIN, F.R.H.S., & SONS,

Nelson Street, BRISTOL.

Awarded Two Banksian Medals of the Royal Horticultural Society, &c., &e.

Catalogues free on application.
Telegrams—‘' CRISPINS, BRISTOL.” Telephone—No. 453.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
41

WARE’S
BEGONIAS

45 Gold Medals and Silver Cups awarded.

Silver Cup, R.H.S. Summer Show, Holland House, 1909.
Gold Medal Franco-British Exhibition, London. The only Gold Medal offered for
Begonias, June, 1908.
Ist Prize Great Shrewsbury Floral Féte, August, 1908.

WARE'S HERBAGEOUS AND ALPINE PLANTS, “sisiage™"
WARE’S WATER LILIES, AQUATIC AND BOG PLANTS,

A Choice Selection of New and Standard Varieties.

Herbaceous Borders carefully planned and furnished. Rock Gardens con-
structed, Water and Bog Gardens laid out in gocd style. Terms moderate.

Embracing all the Best American and English Perpetual

WARE’S CARNATIONS, Flowering Sorts. An immense Collection of Border

Varieties.

RE’S DAHLIAS 4 Gold Medals Awarded in 1908. All Sections represented by
WA 5 the most Up-to-date Varieties.

WARE’S ROSE Supplied in Pots and from Ground. Large Climbers for Pergolas, &c.,
s always available.

Catalogues Free upen application.

THOMAS S. WARE (02) Ltd., FELTHAM.
H. B. MAY @ SONS’

(Successors to W. & J. BIRKENHEAD).

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND AMATEUR’S GUIDE OF
FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS, enumerating upwards of 2,000
Species and Varieties, and containing 160 Fine Ilustrations,
which give an admirable idea of the habit and appearance of the
various species and varieties represented. It also gives maay
synonyms of the Ferns, the countries of which they are natives,
the average height to which they grow, and descriptions, together
with a large amount of interesting matter of various kinds,
constituting it a highly valuable book for every Fern lover.

Price 2 = post free, returnable on all orders of 10/- and upwards.

The Nurseries, UPPER EDMONTON.

Rare Orchids. cS Specimen Orchids. Cheap Orchids.

Stove & Greenhouse Plants,

yw FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING. 4%
s Prices on Application. | %
< PI ce Nr Tt

%,

<¢ JAMES CYPHER& SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
42

PREMIER HONOURS, LAST GREAT SHOW, HAARLEM.

ESTABLISHED 1832.
Successors to the late BARON VAN PALLANDT.

ANT.ROOZEN &SON’S

SPLENDID

DUTCH, CAPE, AND EXOTIC

BULBS,

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, AND SEEDS.

FAMED FOR STERLING WORTH.

Our Descriptive CATALOGUES of the above, containing full cultura}
directions, are published in JANUARY and JUNE, and will be sent, FREE,
on application to our Offices at OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND, or
to our General Agents,

MERTENS & C0., 3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hii!, LONDON, E.C.

N.B.—NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER FIRM OF A SIMILAR NAME

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam.
UNEQUALLED for NURSERY WORK. SPECIALLY SUITABLE for VINE BORDERS.

Supplied to many Leading Nurserymen and Head Gardeners.
7/6 per yard. Bag, 2/-. Sample Free.
Quotations Carriage Paid to any Station.

A, B, JOHNSTON, New Park, Granleigh, Guildford,

Telegrams: “New Park, Cranleigh.”

WE RECOMMEND

NITRIC DIET

The Modern Soil Science Manure
as being superior to other complete manures and giving better results,
NITRIC DIET is a safe and lasting Manure of UNPRECEDENTED VALUE for Vines,
Peaches, Carnations, Chrysanthemums, etc., and must not be confused with other

(és

Productions bearing the title “ Nitro” or “ Nitrate.”

Sold by Seedsmen in Tins at 6d. and 1/-. In Bags, 7 lbs., 2/6; 14 lbs., 4/6; 28 lbs.,7/6;
56 lbs, 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/—: or of the Sole Manufacturers—

R. J. BARNES & SON, Malvern,

Who will be glad to send descriptive Booklet. also current prices of Bones and other Fertilizers.
All goods carrie ge paid. Uniform and prompt deliveries.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
45

BOULTON & PAUL

LTD.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS. NORWICH.

ERECTED AT BOURNEMOUTH WEST.

CONSERVATORIES, ORCHID HOUSES, FERNERIES,

CUCUMBER HOUSES, MELON HOUSES, VINERIES, &.
AND ALL GLASSES OF HOT WATER BOILERS AND HEATING APPARATUS.

Ladies and cae waited upon by Appointment.

ARTISTICALLY
DESIGNED

PERGOLAS IN
ALL STYLES A

SPECIALITY,

TRAYS FOR BULBS
AND FRUIT.

- Euro LP :
ag RE MARCH, 1909. PRICES ON

APPLICATION.

FRENCH GARDENING.

Special Price Lists of Painted or unpainted Frames and Cloches. Orders of 40/- Value
and upwards Carriage Paid.

No. 77. VIOLET OR BORDER FRAME.

No. Length | Width Ww ‘t ak With =e

1 6ft. Oin. | 4ft. Oin.
2 Oft. Oin. 4ft. Oin.
3 12f%. Oin. 4ft. Oin.
All Frames made up to any length.
Packing Cases charged extra, and allowed for if returned
carriage paid.

CATALOGUE WITH NUMEROUS DESIGNS FREE ON APPLICATION.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
44

ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS.

SPECIAL PREPARATIONS FOR
LAWNS TENNIS COURTS, CRICKET PITCHES, Etc. For encouraging the
finer grasses, and checking daisies and other weeds. It has no offensive smell.
GENERAL GARDEN USE, VEGETABLES, Etc., also for VINES AND FRUIT
TREES. Soluble in character.

Also Bone Meals, Superphosphates, Basic Slag, Kainit and other Potash Salts, Rape Dust and
Meal, Peruvian and Damaraland Guanos, Fish Meal, Sulphate of Ammonia, Nitrate of Soda,
also the new fertiliser Nitrate of Lime, etc. Seeds for Lawns, Permanent Pastures, etc.

Special Horticultural Price List on application to

HY. RICHARDSON & COMPY., Skeidergate Bridge, YORK.

BEGONIAS.

Illustrated List of my Gold Medal Begonias, for
bedding and pot culture, sent post free. Also
Gloxinias, Cinerarias, &c.

A. Lt. GWILLIM,

Cambria Nursery, New Eltham,
KENT.

THOMPSON & MORGAN

beg to announce that their Seed Catalogue containing many novelties in Flower and
Vegetable Seeds is now ready and may be had gratis and post free.

This unique work cannot fail to be of lasting value to all Amateurs, and the information
freely given therein is based upon over

FIETY YEARS’ WORLD WIDE REPUTATION

for selling good seeds.

Many seeds offered cannot be obtained elsewhere.

5 CARR STREET, IPSWICH,

JANNOCH’S

TWO SPECIALITIES:

LILIES OF THE VALLEY & LILACS

FOR PARTICULARS APPLY

JANNOCH, DERSINGHAM, NORFOLK.

By APPOINTMENT TO H.M, THE KING AND H.M. THE QUEEN.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
45

BENTLEY’S

WEED DESTROYER.

(POISON.)
Sales larger than those of any other Weed Destroyer—conclusive evicence of Superiority.
Strongest manufactured! Most permanent in effect!

Used regularly in Royal Gardens, Public Parks, Cemeteries, etc., and in many thousands of the largest and best
kept Estates throughout the United Kingdom.

SPECIAL CONCENTRATED STRENGTH (1 to 80) 3 gall. drums. ae bd 6 gall. drums, £18 O:
12 galls. (in 2-6 gall. drums), £2 7 6 ; 24 galls. (in 4-6 gall. drums), £4 1

DOUBLE STRENGTH (i to 50). 3 gall. drums, ors 6 gall. drums, eet 12 gall. barrels £1 14 O;
20 gall. barrels, &2 10 O; 40 gall. barrels, £4 15 O
Drums and barrels charged and returnable.
PATENT POWDER (1 to 25), 5tins, 8/9; 8 tins, 12/6; 12 tins, 17/6: 20 tins, £1 8 O; 40 tins, £2 10 O:
80 tins, 4 17 6. Tins free, no return empties, Cases charged extra, not returnable.

BENTLEY’S

COMPOUND QUASSIA EXTRACT

THE INFALLIBLE APHIS DESTROYER!
Each gallon makes from 80 to 100 gallons ready for use.

ne gallons Aes SHE as Se @ per gallon ) In 5 gallon drums charged half cost,
B es cs an aie 36 Me j 9d. each, not returnable.
1 gallon, @/-; 2 gallon, 2/4; 1 quart, 1/5; 1 pint, Ml@. each. Tins free.

Carriage paid on 7/6 orders and upwards.
Wholesale Manufacturers :—

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd.

Chemical Works, Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

Daffodils and Narcissi.

The finest Collection in IRELAND of
Rare and Standard Varieties is grown by

Miss F. W. CURREY,

at the WARREN GARDENS DAFFODIL
AND NARCISSUS NURSERIES.

LISMORE, ['RELAND.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, LONDON, SILVER-GILT
MEDALS, 1902, 1903,1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, DUBLIN, GOLD MEDALS,
1901, 1902, 1908, 1904, 1905, 1906.

CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :-—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
46

104
sn f)

Sus,

te R

: = STING VY SC

‘SaaaL Lina |

:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office

vr)

/

( ROYAL HorTicuLTURAL SOCIETY.

VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.W.

LIST +OF PuUBeicArTion::

Journal.

The Journal of the Society has been published since 1807 and forms one of the most
complete horticultural works, serving, amongst other things, to illustrate the changes
and fashions in Gardening during the last century. Its object is not only to afford a
permanent record of the Society's work, but also in order that Fellows living at a distance
may be kept acquainted with what the Society is doing, both at the Gardens and at
Westminster. It will be found full of most valuable information derived from actual
experience, and is of very great interest and practical use to all who are interested in
Gardens. The Journal is sent post free to all Fellows not in arrear with their subscrip-
tions, and non-Fellows may purchase copies, if they wish. A list of the back numbers,
and the price of each, can be obtained on application to the Secretary, R.H.S., Vincent
Square, London, 8.W.

Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants.

The attention of Fellows is directed to a handsome volume recently published by
the Society on Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants, by Dr. M. C. Cooke, V.M.H. It
consists of 280 pages of letterpress, and is illustrated with 24 coloured plates, containing
figures of 360 different fungoid attacks, and 23 woodcuts. Hach pest is described
separately, and means for its prevention or eradication are given, and the whole work
is written so as to interest and instruct the cultivator in the simplest and most
practical manner. The volume is bound in buckram, and makes an admirable school
prize or gift to a gardener or student of nature.

Price 5/- post free.

Rules for Judging at Horticultural
Exhibitions.

The ‘‘ Rules for Judging, with suggestions to Schedule Makers and Exhibitors ”’
have again been further revised and considerably modified from the experience gained
during the last few years. Special attention is drawn to the amended Rule defining
‘‘an amateur,”’ with suggestions for establishing four distinct classes of amateurs to
meet the requirements of larger or smaller local Societies. The ‘‘ pointing ’’ recom-
mended for fruits and vegetables has also been considerably amended, and the terms
‘annuals and biennials’’ further explained. The Secretaries of Local Societies are
advised to obtain a fresh copy.

Price 1/6 post free.

Report on the Spraying of
Fruit Trees.

The Report of the Conference on the Spraying of Fruit Trees held in 1908 under
the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society in conjunction with the National Fruit
Growers Federation, contains 56 pages of letterpress.

Price 1/- post free.

Copies of the above can be obtained from the

ROYALE “HORTICULTURAL Sein
VINCENT SQUARE, LONDON, S.wW.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office -—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
48

"SIUIT ‘QUINOg ‘ayAQ ‘salasiny wOWIUY

‘PHuryunyd sof aaogyv waar saw, ay? 7D 7uas eq 221M Spoob AY}? piuD ‘NOW pax00Q aq finue
S4aUloj}sna ANO liq Ppa}0a}08 SY spUr_y ZpD fo sawomaUp AOL 4O 8U0L}002)0D assay? LOf SdOPAO

‘CF pur ey ‘SF ‘LF ‘-/O1 ‘42p4O YIM yseQ =" SEGF pur se oF 9g TF “Sl UF

‘g/O[ ‘UOtoo[os INO ‘avah oY JHOYSnNoIYZ WLOOTG JO UOTSSe<dONS B BAIS OF ‘SpodG
pue sioqny, *SyUP[d SULULVIUOD *SaMOWIUY Jo WOrZDIT[09 ., GNNOU YVAA AHL TIV>

ABQ ‘Tady a ae SSUT[POOS BIIBVUCAOD | |

: ‘“ “ f ; | “AON 09 “4do0g na ae BITOJLAT,
} Sey PEM DEP® | yore ‘qayq | a 4 BLOT ISSTOIB
BOUUBSTLH wByBlINoOOG suesln Ay | Ce a 3 | - As Lats a
‘qdag “ANY | SSRs Tepuy ‘ABA BIAVUOLOL) PUB SUOSTNA | 99d ‘AON 04 iaee “6 ue BUBIUOSUIG OX ton
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[mad y uddO UT AO SSR[F LOPUL, SSUITPOOS BIABVUOLOLH | | “AON OF “9d 08 | “ “ soproynounueyy
qsnsny ssv[s lopug ‘IBA BIIBUOLOD PUB SUOSTUY | *AON | ‘AON 09 “Qdog “ “ “ ‘IBA BULUOddy
| | “AON OF “'4d90g | * a ‘Ow ‘SqJO[IBOG
[Ltd y ** stoq 0} pozsI[UN LO SSUI[POOS BIAVUOLOL) | | | oeune jo Surry, “ABA BIABUOAOH
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[Ld y * g1oq ny pegysryun LO SPUT[p9OS VIABUO.LOL) Aare al cr MM af are meoacitae
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[lid y 03 ‘qo uedo ut BOTUCd Bi? ‘ony | TOABIAL "QOuL punors uodo UT VsopnsUy 2 VqQoOTIA], BoOryBdoH{
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qoueyy “qo uodo ut SISUO[BYTE] ; ¥ crear ie alaTnom suesin
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| eS i. ee 5 | ploo uy pus voyuvsry BqyB[noO suos[OY
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e “ec ay 5 <7 . — oe —
ag e Ge “ “ SECS ALS | TOLBL "OT s1oyrenb poetoyjogs uy BQoTILy, Bouedoy
apapl | ve 95 | i a BUR Oso MOR? 5. 490 “*qlag “SSBIA ‘AIBA SUOD[NY
ore 3des v4 Be is ia U PBB Ran, 190 ‘gdag ropun “IBA BpURI
eet See ’ . only. ede ee judy 10 SIUI[PIES VIBUOCAOO
eune BOO. RE Ope LO () [id y SsOUBAy | SSUTLpoos Na ee e
‘qaq OJ"AON 09 [WUIdYy | punoas uedo uy ‘oxy ‘SID 00 “Wf h‘’aABA SUOS[NY ACW ‘490 ‘gdag p[oo uy BOJUBsIy BYBVlNOO suss[NT
7 a Mos | Sie ur al Seal: pa aan aE Payee
guvd of Cae: of UO MN | setoedg JO OMBN SULLOMOL qgueid of uoy MA! OF UOT SPOR dy) }o CEN

punoy 9X i) TV “SANOWAINY S.LYdaTI9

mpg win” NOS Y LYAATIO

lady

yore

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‘ure
ae
SUIIOMO[T

S.W.

MINSTER

sement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTI

i

dvert

R.H.S, A

'S

49

KING'S ACRE

Plants of Royal Worth. Worth.
ge

FRUIT TREES.

Every variety in all forins of training, fibrously
rooted and prolific bearers.

ROSES.

Standards, Dwarfs and Climbers of all leading
varieties, from open ground and in pots.

Forest and Ornamental Trees.

Strong, clean-grown, regularly transplanted,
and well-rooted.

Landscape Gardening.

Expert advice, plans and estimates, free of
charge.

Herbaceous Plants.

Including all the best and newest varieties,

Border Carnations

of all choicest varieties.

SEEDS, BULBS, and HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES.
INSPECTION INVITED.

General and descriptive ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
(112 pages) free on application.

H-—<—<$—$—
KING’S ACRE

NURSERIES, Limited,
—— HEREFORD.——

Estd. 1785.

Late “ CRANSTON’S.”

be oe

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
50

FRUIT ann VEGETABLE
BOTTLING OUTFITS.

These Appliances ensure a full store all the year of Preserved
Peas, Asparagus, and other Vegetables, also Fresh Fruits for
Dessert and Cooking, and for Commercial purposes the secret

of a profitable trade is obtained.

FOWLER’S Complete Fruit and
Vegetable Bottling Outfits, con-
sisting of Patent Apparatus, Book
of Directions, Bottles, &e., «c.,

50/— 35/-— and 20/- each.

COMMERCIAL APPARATUS, to
hold 40 Bottles, 95/-.

= BOTTLED FRUITS, 7/6 per

dozen ; 3 dozen, 21/-.

Hl

Royal Agricultural Society of England, Maidstone, 1899.
JUDGE’S REPORT.—See B.A.S. of E. ‘“‘Journal,’’ 1899, page 558.

‘‘] have personally tested this Apparatus since
the Show, and find it most satisfactory in every way.
It is particularly simple and easy to manipulate.’’

30 GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS

have been awarded to Exhibits of Fruits and Vegetables bottled with Fowler’s
Copyright System and Appliances.

The Viscount Malden, The Grange, Mursley, Winslow, Bucks, writes :-—
11th October, 1508.
‘‘Lord Malden is very pleased with your ‘Fowler's Patent Fruit Bottling
Apparatus.’ He finds it most effective, and extremely simple to manage.”’

Oswald H. Latter, Esq., M.A., Senior Science Master at Charterhouse School,
Godalming, Surrey, writes :— 24th February, 1906.
‘‘ Your process of Bottling Fruits, &c., is absolutely sound on scientific prin-

ciples. I have been advocating some such method for years. You have
effected it in a delightfully simple manner.”

CEO. FOWLER, LEE & CO., LID.

(Late of MAIDSTONE.)

READING.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office: VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
51

Carnations, Picotees (yellow and white
sround), Pinks and Auriculas.

J. DOUGLAS

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM

.

Supplies the Best and Cheapest

CARNATIONS

The following are NEW CARNATIONS to be sent out in
the Autumn of 1909 and Spring 1910:

AMY ROBSART.—A gplendid border white self; 1st Prize for 9 blooms in Challenge
Cup Class. Per pair 6/6, each 3,6.

BRIGADIER.—A handsome scarlet self, large handsome flowers. Per pair 4/6,
each 2/6.

A large yellow self, vigorous grower, well formed flowers. Per pair 4/6,
each 2 6.

ELLEN DOUGLAS.—lLarge flowers of a silver grey colour, fine form and sweetly
scented. Award of Merit R.H.S., 1908. Per pair 6/6, each 3/6.

ELIZABETH SHIFFNER.—Grand self, of an unique colour, a bright orange. It
won 1st Prize for nine blooms in Challenge Cup Class. Per pair 6/6, each 3/6.

GRAND DAME.—Apricot ground, flowers large and finely formed, marked lavender.
Per pair 4/6, each 2 6.

HERCULES.—Flowers largest size, rich crimson maroon. Award of Merit R.H.S., 1908.
Each 7/6.

LADY ROSCOE.—A handsome blush self, of large size and handsome form. Per pair
6/6, each 3/6.

LADY GAY.—White ground, fancy flowers of large size, marked bright red. Per
pair 4/6, each 2/6.

MRS. GEQRGE MARSHALL.—A very fine crimson self, flowers large and perfect.
Per pair 6 6, each 3/6.

NOMAD.—A fine yellow ground, fancy heavily marked crimson. Per pair 4/6, each 2/6.

ORLANDO.— Apricot ground fancy, suffused with rose. Per pair 4/6, each 2/6.

ROBERT BRUCE.—A handsome variety, and an excellent addition to the Apricot
coloured varieties. Per pair 4/6, each 2/6.

T. E. HENWOOD.—A truly handsome pink coloured self, of most exquisite form.

Award of Merit R.H.S., and 1st Prize for nine flowers in Challenge Cup Class.
Per pair 6/6, each 3/6.

EROS.

NEW PINKS—NEW AURICULAS~— all fully described in
New Catalogue, gratis and post free.

Tree Carnations, English and American types, 10/- to 21/- per dozen.

J. DOUGLAS has a splendid lot of Carnation, Picotee, Pink, Auricula, and
Polyanthus Seed, from 1/6 to 2/6 per packet.

EDENSIDE, GREAT BOOKHAM, SURREY.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office:—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
52

ll TITY

“A “WATER CARRIER,”
A “LIFT AND FORCE PUMP,” and

A “ SPRAYER,”

COMBINED.
WILLCOX IMPROVED |

GARDEN ENGINES

WITH
EXTENDED

SUCTIONS

Whereby by a simple arrangement the Willcox
Semi Rotary Pump will first of all fill the tank from
a pond or stream or other supply, and then will
= deliver with a good force over trees, plants. &c.,
= as required. A lady can work these engines, they
see «can be easily wheeled about, and having swing
—— bodies the water does not spill.

z= THERE I[S NO COMPARISON
2 BETWEEN OUR

SS and the old style ‘‘ up and down” Plunger Pump. The Semi Rotary
is less laborious, delivers double the quantity, and forces farther, but

i

a

it
|

Wid

i

}

ah

Wh

IT MUST BE A

*'WILLCOX ”’

This border represents our Jones-Willcox Patent Wire-bound Hose.

advise on
all pump
requirements

is »
STITT
——— a
——=————
Pee —s
Ta
DS ——
D mn!
-- A

Our JONES WILLCOX PATENT WIRE BOUND HOSE outlasts
Several Rubber Hoses. It is very strong and durable and flexible.

W. H. WILLCOX & CO., tu 7

——
—_
=

———w

Dry ; 23,32,34,&36 ff _
Fs -, Hi} } iii il IH iN) sy Bes a Southwark Street, o
ei LONDON.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VJNCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

53

His Majesty the thing.

MACKENTIE & MONCUR, L™

Hothouse Builders lt nei Enginoor

ik (ee Ma Lid SS is isl
geri HUT A Ns Yr " i a ‘wi nate

SPECIALITIES: Teak Wood Tees with improved ventilation gearing, slate and iron staging, &c.
Horticultural Buildings of every description in wood or iron, Club Houses, Pavilions, &e. Low Pressure
Hot-Water Heating Apparatus for Garden Houses, Mansion Houses, Schools, Churches, and Public Building's
of all kinds.

We are always pleased to consult with Gentlemen or their Gardeners about proposed Garden Work, or with Architects or others ; as to Heating, Ventilation, &e.

We place our experience entirely at the service of our clients, and guarantee our wor kmanship to give entire satisfaction.
ee,
EDINBURGH. LONDON. GLASGOW.
Registered Offices and Works, 8 CAMDEN ROAD, N.W. 121 ST. VINCENT STREET.
BALCARRES ST., MORNINGSIDE. Telegrams: ‘‘'TREIBHAUS London.” Telephone :—2336 Argyle.
Telegrams : “ HOTHOUSE Edinburgh.” Telephone :—2117 (P.0.) Hampstead.

Telephone: Central 2674, 2675 & 4665.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Appointed by Royal Warrant Makers to Bis

Edward Vil.

REEN S LAWN MOWERS

They are the First, Foremost and Best in the World.

=

Majesty King DE.

Highest Awards Royal Botanic Society, 1905-1906. Royal Horticultural Society, 1907, 1908, 1909.
Special and Highest Award, Silver Cup, R.H.S. Summer Show, 1908.

GREEN’S PATENT ‘“‘SILENS MESSOR”
LAWN MOWER. For Hand Power.
The Highest Grade Roller Machine made

The
“SILENS MESSOR ”’
made in sizes
from 6 in. to 48 in.

Other styles made,
Viz. :

“The New Century,’
“New Monarch,”’
“New Royal,’
“Multum in Parvo,’’
&e. Ke.

\ shal NE
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GREEN’S PATENT ‘‘SILENS MESSOR”
MOWER. For Horse Power.

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Sina

PATENT MOTOR LAWN MOWERS.

Made in sizes, 24 in., 30 in., 36 in., and 42 in.
HEIGHT OF EFFICIENCY. SAVE TIME AND MONEY.

THOMAS GREEN & SON, LTD...

(The Pioneers of all that is best in Lawn Mowers.)

NEW SURREY WORKS, SOUTHWARK STREET, LONDON, S.E.
And SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS.

Please write for Illustrated Price List, R.H.S., 9/7.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
55

— ae
Kelway

Borders

A Perfect Picture
Garden to last for years will

in your

be the. result 1 you fallow

us NOW to plan a scheme,

whether of contrasts or of

harmonies, to be carried out

in September this year.

Consider what is ‘‘saved’’ in
heat and labour by this

¢

system, and what is “ gained”

in true beauty.

Kelway & Son
The Langport

Royal
| Horticulturists, Somerset

poe

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
56

KENT,
The Garden of England.

GEORGE. BUNYARD « CO.

Cultivate 800 kinds of Fruits, which will be found
to include all the best varieties, new and old, in each
class. A Stock of 800,000 Mrees to choose from
(forming the Largest and Best Collection in Europe),
which is looking remarkably healthy. Several valuable
additions have been made to the collection this season.

STRAWBERRIES

A Speciality, some acres being grown especially for
the production of early plants in pots for forcing, and

Runners in quantity for Garden or Market work,

CATALOGUES.— Fruit, with numerous Cultural Notes and
Iilustrations, 6d. (free to Gardeners and Customers). Roses—Forest Trees,
Shrubs, and Conifers—Seeds and Sundries-—Herbaceous—Carnation—and
Cultural Strawberry List. All Free.

All interested in Fruit Growing and Horticulture are cordially invited
to come and inspect this unique collection.

ESTABLISHED i796.

Che Roval Rurseries, MAIDSTONE.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

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= €
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The finest
selection obtainable.

Immense stocks
of all the most
beautiful varieties.

Write for a copy of

SUTTON’S

BULB

CATALOGUE
for 1909. .

Containing complete lists and full
descriptions of all the best varieties of
Narcissi, Hyacinths, Tulips, etc.
Published early in August. Post free.

Sutton & Sons,

The King’s Seedsmen, Reading.

R.H.S. Advertisement Office :—VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W.