° 25 gallons
The usual quantity of arsenite would be about 23 lb., and as this quantity
kills efficiently there seems no useful purpose in increasing it—G. W. G.
148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Mealybug, The Common, and its Control in California. By R. S. Woglum
and J. D. Neuls (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Entom., Farm. Bull, 862, Sept. 1917;
4 figs.) —This bulletin discusses the three remedies which have been widely
used—i.e, fumigation, spraying, and the artificial spread of insect enemies.
V. Gey,
Melicytus ramiflorus Forst. By S, A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8763; 1918).—
Violaceae. Native of New Zealand and Polynesia. A shrub of considerable size
for the temperate house. The leaves are 2 to 6 inches long, oblong-lanceolate
with a serrate margin, polished dark green above, paler beneath. The flowers
are inconspicuous, born in axillary clusters and pale yellowish-green in colour,
The fruit is a violet-blue, depressed globose berry 4 to } inch across.—L. C, E,
Mesembryanthemum edule Linn. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8783;
1918).—Native of South Africa. A handsome succulent which requires the
protection of a greenhouse in winter. It grows best when planted along the
top of a low wall and allowed to hang down}; a poor sandy soil suits it best and
it can be propagated by cuttings taken at any time of the year. The flowers
are about 3 inches across, yellow when first open, changing later to flesh colour.
L; C.. Ti
Mesembryanthemum Elishae N. E. Br. By R.A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8776 b}
1918).—Native of South Africa. A member of the section ‘ Cordiformia,’ in which
the leaves are very fleshy and somewhat elongated, more or less united at the base
but free above. The leaves are glaucous green, with scattered darker dots.
The flowers are bright yellow, # inch across.—L. C. E.
Mesembryanthemum fulviceps N. E. Br. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. 8776a,
1918).—Native of South Africa. A member of the ‘ Sphaeroidea’ section of
the genus, in which the leaves are reduced to a single pair, united to form a
globose mass termed a ‘corpusculum.’ Flowers about an inch across, yellow
tipped with orange.—L. C. E.
Monadenium erubescens N. E. Brown. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8756;
1918).—Euphorbiaceae. Native of East Africa. A plant which grows well in
a warm succulent house, under the treatment suitable for species of Stapelia.
It has a perennial globose tuber 8 to 14 inches in diameter. One to two stems are
produced from each tuber bearing rather fleshy leaves, green above, reddish
with green veins beneath. The inflorescence is reduced to a solitary drooping
cyathium surrounded by involucral bracts. The bracts are united to the middle
to form a bell-shaped cup, white, finely veined with green, tinged with rose
towards the base. Cyathium pale green cleft on one side to the middle, sur-
rounded by a thick yellow annular gland. The male flowers are naked mixed
with fimbriate bracteoles, female flower drooping exserted from the cleft of
the cyathium.—L. C. E.
Mosquito Larve, The Effects of Petroleum Oils on. By S. B. Freeborn and
R. F. Attsatt (Jour. Econ. Entom. vol. xi. June 1918, pp. 299-308).—The authors
enumerate six theories, including their own, which have been advanced in explana-
tion of the lethal effect of petroleum oils on mosquito larve. The experiments
are arranged and tend to prove the contention that it is the oil vapour from the
inspired oil through its extremely rapid penetration of the tracheal tissues that
is mainly responsible for the lethal action. The work was originally undertaken
to check the recommendation of the entomological division of the University
of California, of a mixture of crude oil and kerosine in equal proportions as the
best for oiling (Baumé 28° to 32°).
The conclusions reached are: The toxicity of the petroleum oils as mosquito
larvicides increases with an increase in volatility. The volatile constituents are
responsible for the primary lethal effects, by penetration of the tracheal tissue.
In the heaviest oils (boiling point greater than 250°C.) this action may be
secondary to the purely mechanical suffocation by the plugging of the trachee.
The paper concludes with a bibliography.—G. W. G.
Mushroom Pests and how to control them. By C. H. Popenoe (U.S.A.
Dep. Agr., Bur. Entom., Farm. Bull. 789, Feb. 1917; 7 figs.).—The insect pests
that usually attack cultivated mushrooms are mushroom maggots (the larve
of small, gnat-like flies), mites, spring-tails, and sow-bugs or woodlice. All
windows and ventilators of mushroom houses should be covered with fine wire
gauze, which prevents the entrance of the fungus gnats.
Mushroom spawn should only be purchased from reliable dealers.—V, G. J,
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 149
Mustard, Wild, Control of. By O. W. Newman (U.S.A. Dep. Agyr., California
State Commission of Horticulture, vol. vi., No. 6, June 1917; 27 figs.).—The
author states that many noxious weeds, especially the wild mustards, including
Brassica campestris, B. arvensis, and B. nigra, can be largely controlled by the
use of chemical sprays.
The spray most commonly used is a solution of iron sulphate, and it has
in every instance proved satisfactory. The usual strength is two to one—
4.e. 100 lb. of iron sulphate to 50 gallons of water. This should be applied to
the growing weeds when they are about 6 inches high ; the spray should be
medium fine and penetrating ; 50 gallons should cover one acre.—V. G. J.
Odontochilus lanceolatus Benth. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8753;
1918).—Native of Sikkim and Khasia. An interesting terrestrial orchid originally
described by Lindley as Anoectochilus lanceolatus. The plant is from 8 to 12
inches in height, and the leaves are green with three bright stripes. The flowers
are light green with a brown patch at the top of the dorsal petal; the lip is
bright yellow, and the anther pink. It is a plant which thrives well in a damp
and shady intermediate house.—L. C. E.
Odontoglossum praevisum Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8780; 1918).—Native of
Colombia. A hybrid between O. gloriosum and O. Lindleyanum. The flowers
are borne in a many-flowered panicle 12 to 16 inches long, medium-sized, yellow
with brown blotches.—L. C. E.
Orchard Bark Beetles and Pinhole Borers, and how to control them.
By Fred. E. Brookes (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Entom., Farm. Bull. 763, Nov.
1916; 18 figs.).—This bulletin gives a brief account of the principal bark beetles
and related species that attack apple, peach, plum, and other orchard trees,
and describes the methods most effective in controlling them.—V. G. J.
Paeonia peregrina Mill. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8742; 1918).—Native
of South-eastern Europe and North-western Asia Minor. A natural species of
Peony which has been cultivated in certain parts of Europe as far back as
the sixteenth century. It is a good plant for the herbaceous border and is
sometimes grown under the name of ‘Sunbeam,’ The flowers are 2}-4 in.
across, a brilliant deep red in colour.—L. C. E.
Petunia integrifolia Hort. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8749; 1918).—
Native of South America. A good species for summer bedding or conservatory
decoration, better known in gardens as P. violacea. The flowers are at first
bright rose-purple, afterwards becoming paler, outside pale rose-purple with
the tube outside suffused with purple and marked with deeper purple lines.
| ORS
Poisonous Urticating Spines of Hemileuca oliviae Larvae, Notes on the. By
D. J. Caffrey (Jour. Econ. Entom. vol. xi. August 1918, pp. 363—367).—It has been
found that as in the case of the Brown-tail moth serious inconvenience is caused
by the spines with which this species is covered. Susceptible persons may have
an extremely unpleasant time by even walking through infested grass and
brushing against the larval spines. In extreme cases a hand or foot may be put
out of action fora time; and it has been observed that cattle avoid grazing upon
infested grass. Further, something approaching asthma has been produced
amongst many working on the investigations by the small spines in the
atmosphere entering the bronchial tubes, and it is even suggested that it may be
necessary to transfer these individuals to another part of the country to effect
a cure. The urticating spines are found on several species of Hemileuca in
addition to H. oliviae.—G. W. G.
Polystachya Pobeguinii Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8772; 1918).—Orchidaceae.
Native of Tropical Africa. A plant for the tropical orchid house, thriving
well in a mixture of peat fibre and sphagnum. The flowers are borne ina many-
flowered raceme, the flowers themselves are medium-sized, bright rose, with a
yellow crest on the lip.—L. C. E.
Potato Culture in Maine. By E. L. Newdick (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., vol. xvii.
March 1918, No. 1; 1 fig.).—This bulletin gives a very detailed account of
potato culture as practised in Maine, and contains combined formule for ‘‘ bugs ”’
and blights.—V, G. J.
T50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Potato-spraying Experiments. By E, S. Salmon and H. Wormwald
(Jour. Bd, Agr. vol. xxvi. No. 1, April 1919).—An account of potato-spraying
experiments conducted at the East Malling Fruit Experiment Station. Bor-
deaux and Burgundy mixtures were used, of two strengths, viz. (i) containing
I p.c. copper sulphate, and (ii) I*4 p.c. copper sulphate. ‘ British Queen’ was
the variety sprayed.
The authors summarize the results as follows :—(i) Under certain seasonal
conditions one application of Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture to a second early
variety of potatos may result in loss owing to the spraying lengthening the
period of ripening while not protecting the crop from attacks of blight.
(ii) Under the same seasonal conditions as referred to above, two sprayings
with either Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture resulted in an increase of 2% tons
and 14 ton, respectively, of sound tubers to the acre.—G. C. G.
Potato Storage and Storage Houses. By William Stuart (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr,, Farm. Bull. 847, July 1917; 20 figs.).—Good storage is a vital factor in
maintaining the vigour of seed stock. Its value is not yet properly recognized
by the grower. Thorough aeration of the stored tubers and exclusion of light
are essential for the best preservation of stock.
Careful investigations during several seasons have clearly demonstrated
that losses in storage can be largely prevented by the proper construction and
management of storage houses.
With high prices and scarcity of supply, the need of conserving the entire
production for seed and food purposes is essential.—V. G. J.
Primula anisodora Balf. f. et Forr. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8752;
1918).—Native of Yunnan. A striking Primula of the Candelabra section,
discovered by Mr. G. Forrest. It has proved hardy in a sheltered nook and
attains a height of about 3 feet. The flowers, which are borne in a terminal umbel,
are of a deep purple, almost black colour, with a yellow eye, and all parts of the
plant when fresh are strongly aromatic, the odour resembling that of aniseed.
The leaves are oblong-oblanceolate from 6 to 8 inches long. Like many other
species, P. anisodora dies after flowering freely, but produces an abundant
supply of good seeds. —L.C. E.
Primula sinopurpurea Balf.f. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8777; 1918).
—Native of Yunnan. A hardy Primula for the rock garden, growing well in
half shade, and must be treated as a biennial. It is closely allied to P. nivalis,
but differs in its more remotely repand-denticulate leaves, conspicuously farinose
on the under side. The flowers are deep violet about 14 inches across.—L. C. E.
Primula sylvicola Hort. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag.t. 8762, 1918).—Native
of Yunnan. A handsome Primula closely allied to P. sino-mollis Balf. f. et
Forr., from which it differs in its much shorter corolla-tube which scarcely
protrudes beyond the tips of the calyx lobes. LP. sylvicola is too tender to be
grown out of doors and does best when treated as a biennial. The flower spikes
reach a height of about 2 feet and the plants remain in fiower for about three
months in spring. The flowers are rose-purple in colour.—L. C. E.
Pteridophyllum racemosum Sieb. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8743; 1918).
—Papaveraceae. Nativeof Japan. A hardy perennial plant; although mainly
of botanical interest, its foliage renders it quite worthy of a place in the Rock
Garden. The leaves form a rosette, they are 2}—6 ins. long, unevenly pectinately
pinnatisect. Plants grown in a frame keep their leaves throughout the winter,
but those grown outside lose their leaves. Inflorescence racemose, flowers
small, white.—L. C, E,
Radish Maggot, The. By P. J. Parrott and H. Glasgow (U.S.A. Dep..
Agr., New York Agr. Exp. Sin., Bull. 442, Nov. 1917; 8 plates, 2 figs.).—The
radish or cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouché) dwarfs and destroys early
cabbage ; attacks seedlings of late cabbage, and causes maggoty radishes.
It is a common pest, and varies in importance from year to year. During some
seasons it is very destructive.
Practical measures for production of radishes that are largely exempt from
insect attack are early sowing and growing of plants in frames screened with
cheesecloth.—V.G. J
Ramondia serbica Panvic. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8765; 1918).—
Native of Serbia. A pretty plant for the rock garden, bearing a close general
resemblance to R. pyrenaica, but its flowers are not quite so large, neither is
a te a
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. I5I
it so robustin growth. The flowers of R. sevbica are lilac with a yellow bearded
throat; it is easily propagated by seeds and grows well in the same situations
as R. pyrenaica.—L. C. E.
Rhododendron argyrophyllum var. leiandrum. By J. Hutchinson (Bot,
Mag. t. 8767; 1918).—Native of Western Szechuan. A very hardy but slow-
growing species. The leaves are green and glabrous above, covered beneath
with a white mealy indumentum, everywhere except on the midrib. The
flowers are rose-coloured, the corolla tubular campanulate about 12 inches
across.—L. C. E.
Rhododendron brachyanthum Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag.
t. 8750; 1918).—Native of Yunnan. A neat Rhododendron discovered by
Mr. G. Forrest. It is quite hardy in this country, if grown in partial shade.
The calyx is large and rather leafy, flowers pale yellow, with the corolla tube wide
campanulate.—L. C. E.
Rhododendron orbiculare Decne. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8775;
1918).—Native of Szechuan. A very distinct Rhododendron. Although quite
hardy does not seem to thrive well in this country. The leaves are elliptic-
orbicular, glabrous green above, glaucous and finely veined beneath. Flowers
nodding, rose-carmine, corolla wide, campanulate 14 inches across.—L. C. E.
Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Sm. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag.
t. 8784; 1918).—Native of Yunnan. A handsome Rhododendron discovered
by Mr. G. Forrest. The most striking feature of this plant is due to the bloom
on the underside of the leaves. The flowers are usually rose, sometimes flushed
with lilac or lavender. It has up to the present proved quite hardy, and in
its native habitat attains a height of 25 feet.—-L. C. E.
Rhododendron prostratum W. W. Smith. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag.
t. 8747; I91 8).—Native of Yunnan. A dwarf Rhododendron from 2 to 4 inches
high, perfectly hardy in this country as far as winter cold is concerned, but it
has not yet been seen whether its flowers will escape the late frosts. The flowers
are borne in terminal umbels of 1 to 3 flowers; calyx large, yellowish-green ;
corolla very wide funnel-shaped, pinkish-violet. ag Ge Be
Rhododendron siderophyllum Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8759;
1918).—Native of Yunnan. A species closely allied to R. Davidsonianum, from
which plant it differs in its more densely glandular leaves, the under surface of
which in consequence has a rusty and rather dirty look. Up to the present
R. siderophyllum has proved quite hardy in this country. The flowers are rose-
coloured, slightly two-lipped, with red blotches at the back of the corolla tube.
Ls Gok
Rodent Pests, The Control of. By Charles J. Sorenson (U.S. Exp. Sta.,
Utah, Cire. 29, March 1918; 2 figs.).—This circular contains directions for killing
ground squirrels, pocket gophers, rabbits, and field mice. The formule recom-
mended for the destruction of the latter pest are :—strychnine (sulphate) 1 oz.
chopped alfalfa leaves 30 lb., hot water 2 gallons; dissolve the strychnine in
the hot water and sprinkle it over the alfalfa, previously moistened with water,
mix thoroughly. Put the bait in small quantities, about a teaspoonful to a
place, along the mouse runs and at the entrances of their burrows. Field mice
are active throughout the year, and feed night and day. The above method
of destruction is for winter use.—V. G. J.
Rose Leaf-hopper, Life-history and Control of the. By Leroy Childs
(U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Oregon, Bull. 148, Feb. 1918, 10 figs.; 1 plate, and charts).—
The Rose Leaf-hopper (Empoa rosae) is an apple pest, occurring in the Pacific
North-west. It feeds entirely on the under surface of the leaves, causing
mottling and yellowing of the foliage. It does not, as has been supposed, feed
upon the fruit : 92-7 per cent. of its over-wintering eggs are deposited in the canes
of the rose. There are two generations a year, and the preference of the rose
as an egg depository offers a medium by which this insect can be kept under
control.— V. G. ‘J.
Seabiosa Hookeri C. B. Clarke. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8774;
1918).—Native of Eastern Himalaya and Western China. An attractive plant
of about 1 foot in height. The leaves are 6 to 8 inches long, somewhat tufted
and very hairy. The flower heads are borne singly and slightly drooping. The
flowers are pale violet, with dark purple anthers. So far this species has proved
to be quite hardy.—L. C. E,
I52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Sophora japonica Linn. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8764; 1918).—Legumi-
nosae. Native of China. One of the most ornamental of hardy trees, flowering
in September. Trees, however, do not as a rule flower until they are thirty to
forty years old and seldom develop seed in this country. The leaves are
deciduous, alternate, imparipinnate 6 to ro inches long, dark glossy green above,
glaucous and furnished with adpressed pubescence beneath. The flowers are
borne in terminal, pyramidal panicles 4 to 8 inches high, creamy white.—L. C. E,
Sorrel, Red, and its Control. By F. J. Pipal (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Purdue, Bull.
197, vol. xix. Dec. 1916; 15 figs.).—As a rule, an abundance of red sorrel ina
field indicates acidity, insufficient organic matter, mineral plant food, or bad
drainage; in other words, the soil is ‘‘sour.’’ Any of these conditions is harmful
to the development of the crops, while it does not interfere seriously with the
growth of red sorrel. Consequently the latter grows and smothers the crop.
Red sorrel can be eradicated and prevented from seeding by one or more
applications in form of fine spray, of 20 per cent. solution of sulphate of iron.
' Spreading salt liberally over infested patches will prove effective, especially in
pastures.
It has been claimed that red sorrel is relished by stock. Although it is best
to eradicate it as soon as practicable, it may be worth while, when found in
abundance on a farm, to utilize it for feed.— V. G. J.
Spraying, Dusting as a Substitute for. By H. H. Whetzel and F. M. Blodgett
(Proc. 16th Ann. Meet. N.Y. Fruit Growers’ Assoc., March 15, 1917; pp. 61-75).—
A summary showing the advantages from a fungicidal point of view of dry
spraying over wet, seeing that sulphur is the agent left, after lime-sulphur
spraying, for combating the scab spores.
The results were disappointing, but the faults were attributed to (1) inexperi-
ence in dusting as compared with spraying, (2) the coarseness of sulphur used, (3)
failure to appreciate the greatest advantage which dusting has over spraying,
t.e. the possibility of making timely applications, and (4) the dusting machinery
is much less perfected than is spraying machinery. It is urged that dusting
be continued and the faults remedied, e.g. the sulphur to be ground finer,
timeliness of application studied, and that manufacturers improve the machines,
especially the feed control and distributing tube.—G. F. W.
Stewartia serrata Maxim. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8771; 1918).—
Ternstroemiaceae. Asmall hardy tree, probably native of Japan. Theleaves are
deciduous, elliptic or obovate with the margin serrate and teeth incurved, dull
dark-green and glabrous above, paler beneath and pilose on the midrib and in
the axils of veins. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils of young shoots
2 to 24 inches wide, cream-coloured stained with red on the outside. In the
absence of seeds it can be easily propagated by cuttings made of fairly firm
wood, in July and August.—L. C. E.
Stewartia sinensis Rehd. et Wils. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8778; 1918).
—Ternstroemiaceae. Native of Western China. A small deciduous hardy tree.
It was first distributed under the name of S. monadelpha, from which it differs
in having much larger capsules. The leaves are usually oval, bright green on
both surfaces. The flowers are solitary, white, about 2 in. wide.—L. C. E.
Storage Houses, Management of, for Apples. By H. J. Ramsey and S. J.
Dennis (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 852, June 1917; 4 figs.).—This bulletin,
deals with the construction and efficient management of apple stores.—V. G. j.
Sugar-Beet Syrup. By C. O. Townsend and H. C. Gore (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.,,
Farm. Bull. 823, May 1917; 9 figs.).—Describes growing of sugar beets in the
garden, and a simple process of making them into a palatable and nutritious
table syrup. The beets are cut into thin slices, soaked in hot water to extract
the sugar. The liquid is then boiled until the requisite thickness of syrup is
obtained. Generally speaking, a bushel of well-grown roots will produce from
3 to 5 quarts of syrup.—V. G. /.
Strawberry, Sterility in. By W. D. Vallieau (Jour. Agr. Res. xii. p. 613,
March 1918; plates).—An important contribution to our knowledge of sterility
in strawberries. The wild American species of strawberry are mostly dicecious,
but the cultivated hybrids are usually more or less hermaphrodite. High per-
centages of abortive pollen grains are, however, produced, though some normal
functional pollen grains occur, and there is no evidence of physiological self-
sterility. The development of the pollen grains has been followed and is
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS, 153
illustrated. The author considers the “‘ varying rates of growth, time of
microspore division, ability to increase the cytoplasm, and inability in many
cases to develop normally, seem to be the outward expression of the differential
ability of these new chromosome combinations to carry on cell metabolism.”’
ey. G;
Symbiosis, Possible, between Legume Bacteria and Non-leguminous Plants?
By Thos. J. Burrill and Roy Hansen (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Illinois, Bull. 202,
pp. 111-181 ; 17 plates)—-The authors state that the nodule bacteria studied
were found to be true Schizomycetes, actively motile by means of a single polar
flagellum, but the nodules of the non-Leguminosae Ceanothus, Cycas, Alnus,
and Myrica, which are said to be concerned with fixation of atmospheric nitrogen,
are not caused by Pseudomonas radicicola. The nodules of Ceanothus are
wholly different morphologically from those of the Leguminosae. The evidence
as to the dissimilarity of the nodules of Elaeagnus and Podocarpus caused
by these organisms is not conclusive, nor is the proof of the fixation of nitrogen
conclusive. The preliminary experiments of attempting the infection of non-
Leguminosae with nodule bacteria failed.
The adaptations of the nodule bacteria areconstant. Such factors as acidity
or alkalinity of the medium, the use or absence of organic or inorganic substances
in the medium, or the presence or absence of combined nitrogen in the medium,
do not affect the virulence nor break the special adaptations.
A full bibliography is appended.—4. B.
Tobaceo Beetle, The: An Important Pest in Tobacco Products. By G. A.
Runner (U.S.A. Dep. Agyr., Bull. 737, March 1919; 16 figs., 9 tables, 14 plates).—
This beetle (Lacioderma serricorne Fab.) feeds and lives mainly in dried vegetable
products, and is a most destructive pest of manufactured tobacco and tobacco
products. It must not be confused with a field insect, Epitrix parvula, which
attacks growing tobacco.
The injury caused by the tobacco beetle is very great, owing to its habit of
occupying its food substance during all stages of its life. The principal damage
is done during the larval stage. The presence of refuse, excrement, dust, and
dead beetles renders the manufactured product unsaleable.
Cigars and pressed tobacco are injured by the insect burrowing small cylindrical
tunnels, which later become filled with dust and excrement. A large portion
of the interior of cigars may be destroyed without external evidence of injury
to the wrapper. Injured cigars do not draw well, burn unevenly, and dust is
drawn into the smoker’s mouth. Among destructive agencies employed in the
control of the insect are:
1. High temperature or steam (a temperature of from 125° to 140° F.
continued for several hours, or 150° F. for a short time) kills all stages of the
beetle.
2. Treatment by cold storage.
3. Trapping or destruction by mechanical means.
4. Fumigation with carbon-bisulphide, hydrocyanic gas, or other fumigants,
5. Sterilization of infected tobacco by means of exposure to R6éntgen or
X-rays —V. G. J.
Tomato as a Farm Crop for the Canning Factory, The. By C. G. Woodbury
and H. J. Reid (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Purdue, Circ. 59, March 1917; 13 figs.).—
Tomatos respond to thorough cultivation and growers should give them all
possible attention. The yield may be easily reduced several tons per acre by
neglecting the crop at critical times. No larger acreage should be set than can
be well cultivated. This circular deals very thoroughly with all points of
culture on a large scale, and gives formule for the control of insect and disease
troubles.—V, G. Js
Vegetable Evaporation (Bull. State Comm. Hort., California, viii. 3, March 1919}
24 figs.).—Contains many interesting papers, including one on ‘‘ The Evaporation
of Vegetables.’”” Experiments by biological chemists show that all green veges
tables contain a substance they call vitamen, which is necessary to the growth
of young animals-and children. It is thought that drying the vegetables does
not destroy this compound. The weight of evaporated vegetables is 3, to 4
that of canned vegetables, and the process is much cheaper. They are easily
prepared, and keep well if stored in tins or air-tight cases.— V. G. J.
Weeds, Whitlow Peppermint, and Black Mustard, Control of. By R. Robson,
M.Sc. (Jour. Bd, Agr, vol. xxvi. No. 1, April 1919).— A descriptive and
illustrated article on the two above-mentioned weeds, Whitlow Peppermint
154 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Lepidum Draba) is said to have been introduced into Thanet in 1809, and
has since spread over Kent and Essex, becoming a pest which has hitherto
been difficult to eradicate, partly owing to the depth to which the rootstocks
will penetrate. Some have been traced toa depth of 4 feet, and both the
usual treatment for couch-grass and hand-weeding have only kept it in check.
Mr. Robson has conducted experiments by which it would appear that the
weed can be controlled by two annual sprayings, about May, with a mixture
of copper sulphate and either nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia, when
fields are being cropped with oats or other grain.
»Black Mustard (Sinapis nigra) was controlled in the same way. Some
scorching of the oats occurred, but this was only temporary. The effect of
the fertilizer used in conjunction with the blue vitriol was to stimulate the
growth of the grain.—G. C. G.
Wilt Disease of Okra and the Verticillium Wilt Problem. By C. W. Car-
penter (Jour. Agr, Res. xii. pp. 529-540; March 1918; plates).—Two similar
diseases of okra, caused respectively by Fusarium vasinfectum and Verticillium
albo-atvum are described. Both are vascular parasites and are capable of
persisting for a long time in the soil. The treatment recommended is to save
seed only from healthy plants, and in extreme cases to soak seed in formalin
(I part to 240 of water)beforesowing. Not only isokraattacked by V. albo-atrum,
but also egg-plant, potato, cotton, Antirrhinum, Xanthium, Abutilon, ginseng,
China aster, and black raspberry.—F. J. C.
Wireworm: Mustard-growing as a Preventive. By J. C. F. Fryer (Gard.
Chron. Feb. 8, 1919, p. 54).—Relates success on a farm in the East of England
where a first crop of Mustard on infected land has been followed by good crops.
When there is no other food wireworms may attack Mustard, but they eventually
die out, perhaps from starvation when it is grown as seed-crop, perhaps when
ploughed in, from some injurious substance set free in the decomposition. od
. Ei. Ajo
Yield, New Place Effect in Maize. By G. N. Collins (Jour. Agr. Res. xii.
pp. 231-243 ; Feb. 1918).—Hybrids made at different localities showed increased
yield as a result of transferring to a new locality, the change appearing to act
as a stimulus.—F. J. C.
Yields of Fruit Trees, Relation of Variability of, to Accuracy of Field
Trials. By L. D. Batchelor and H. S. Reed (Jour. Agr. Res. xii. pp. 245-283 ;
Feb. 1918).—The authors point out that one of the main factors in causing differ-
ences in yield of fruit trees is lack of uniformity in soil. They found that a single
plot of 32 trees gave far less reliable results than four 8-tree plots scattered
irregularly over an experimental area, and they recommend this standard for
cultural experiments, and for rootsteck, pruning, and variety experiments, twice
as many plots of half as many trees. The probable error of results of various
groupings of trees is given.—F. J. C.
Zanthoxylum planispinum Sieb. et Zucc. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8754;
1918).—Rutaceae. Native of Japan. A bushy shrub of 6 to 12 feet in height,
branchlets almost glabrous, armed with a pair of spines at each node. The
leaves are semi-persistent or deciduous, 3 to 10 inches long, unifoliate, trifoliate,
or pinnate with five leaflets. The flowers are greenish, very small and incon-
Rtgiary ade fruits are red, about 4 inch wide and contain one shining black
seed.—L. C. E,
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|. CONTENTS. Sian
| Oaks at Aldenham. By the Hon. Vicary Gibbs 155
| Gobnuts and Filberts. By E. A, Bunyard, F.L-S... 2 224
| Carnations, their Pests and Diseases. By M. Allwood, F.R. H. S. .. 233
| The Partial Sterilization of the Soil. By E. J. Russell, M.A., F.R.S. 237
Some Irish Gardens. By J. G. Weston, F.R.H.S. ... vis rer .. 247
Suggestions for the Right Selection of ppEe Stocks.
a By R. G. Hatton, M.A.. 257
A First Report on Quince Stocks for Pears. By zo ‘Hatton, M.A. 269
t The Systematic Afforestation of Great Britain.
| By A. D. Webster, F.R.H.S. =a es sae An Tree ss
_ Mendelian Characters in Bearded Irises. By A. J. Bliss, F.R.H.S. ... 289
Annual Report of Consulting Chemist for 1919.
By Dr. J. A. Voelicker, M.A. .. 293
Relation of Botany to other Sciences. By Prof. A. W. ‘Bickerton, A. R.S. M. 298
Wart Disease of Potatos. By G. C, eave B.Sc... 301
: Silver-leaf Disease... = 313
Dwarf Beans tried at Wisley, 1919 316
Lettuces at Wisley, 1919.. 334
Winter Lettuces at Wisley, 1917- 18 354
Early Potatos at hes 1919 360
Commonplace Notes. : 368
| Book Reviews ... 4 369
Notes and Abstracts _ 385
Extracts from Proceedings: General Meetings, Ixv ; Scientific Com-
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mittee, civ ; Orchid Committee, cxvii; Narcissus and Tulip
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' Diligent Interest, cxxix; Children’s Gardens Report, cxxx; Books
added to Library, cxxxii; Donations of Plants, cxli; Horticultural
War Relief Fund, cxlv
Index as ms s s7 as aa es (to Non-Fellows) 10s. 6d.
Vo I. XLY. Parts 2 & 3.
OF THE
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Edited by The Rev. W. WILKS, M.A., V.M.H.
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Hints on Sugar Beet.
Testing Thermometers.
Stainless Knives.
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OF THE
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VOL.” XLY~ °° 1970.
Parts II. & III.
OAKS AT ALDENHAM.
By the Hon. Vicary GiBBs, F.R.H.S.
JusT seventeen years ago, namely, in 1902, I was in Dresden.
Having heard of a fine tree nursery some thirty miles to the east, at a
place called Muskau, I made an expedition through the pine woods on
a little single line of rails to visit it. I found there, among other
interesting trees, a great many out-of-the-way oaks, and, knowing
how well our heavy London clay suits this genus, I secured a number
of them. These have been planted near the house along a succession
of rides in a young wood, which was at that time just being started.
As they have now been in their new quarters long enough for one to
be able to make a fairly confident prophecy as to their prospects, it
may interest Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society to have some
account of them and other trees of the same genus coming at various
times and from various quarters to adorn the arboretum, and to know
which species have thriven on a cold heavy soil and which not.
Although arboriculture is in much greater vogue thanit was when
I first started to collect what an unsympathetic relative spoke of as
“Vicary’s silly bushes,” yet oak-growing is necessarily such a slow
business that any comprehensive gathering of the order Cupuliferae *
is still, and is likely long to remain, a rarity.
Setting aside the wonderful show at Kew as hors concours, the only
striking assortment of exotic oaks outside our own with which I am
* I see no advantage in abandoning BENTHAM and HooKER’s name (1880)
in favour of Fagaceae, which the German writers ENGLER and PRANTL coined nine
years later, in order to cover the tracks of their dependency on previous workers,
and to give an air of originality. .
VOL. XLV. M
156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
well acquainted is that belonging to my old friend Lord Duci£ at
Tortworth, who must be the oldest living arboriculturist, and who,
though aged ninety-one, is still, I am glad to think, able to go
about among his treasures and retain his interest in them. As
CLAUDIAN, a late Roman poet, expresses this idea :
‘“‘Ingentem meminit parvo qui germine quercum,
Aequaevumque videt consenuisse nemus!”’
which when rendered into English verse by COWLEY becomes :
‘‘A neighbouring wood born with himself he sees,
And loves his old contemporary trees.”
There the specimens are far older and larger than mine, and two
can be seen, viz. Quercus cinerea and Q. glauca, which I have not the
good luck to own at all. Nevertheless the Aldenham collection, in
so far as concerns the mere number of different species and varieties of
oaks represented, is far the more complete of the two.
It will at once be noticed that my accounts of trees are not couched
in orthodox botanical jargon. It is true I do not go the length of
Mr. ROBINSON, who would like to see all plants called by English
names ; for, to begin with, there are no English names for numbers of
plants, including all the more recent introductions. They would have
to be invented, and who could guarantee their general adoption ?
Again, there would arise constant confusion, owing either to the same
plant having different names (the ‘ Lad’s Love’ of Lancashire is ‘ Old
Man’ in the South), or to terms like ‘ Bridal Wreath,’ or ‘ Love in a
Mist,’ or ‘ Devil in a Mist,’ or ‘Dog in a Blanket’ being applied in
one place to one plant and in another to another. This I can illustrate
by telling how I was lately taken in myself. A friend was going round
the garden and remarked ‘“‘ I don’t see the Red Gum here. It is so
beautiful and does perfectly well in Scotland.’’ I replied ‘‘ You
can’t mean Eucalyptus rostrata, for that is exceedingly tender.” Still
I made sure that he was talking about some hardy Eucalypt with
which I was unacquainted, and told him I should be delighted to have
it. When it arrived it proved to be an Arbutus ! or, to use popular
language, a ‘ Strawberry Tree ’—a name that is quite as often applied
to a representative of a totally different genus, Benthamia fragifera,
which belongs to the Cornus family. Take again the case of Acer
Pseudo-plaianus : in England this species of maple is popularly known
as a Sycamore, and among Scots as a Plane, there being grave objection
to both these names. Further, some popular names are founded in
error and tend to disseminate it, e.g. ‘ Mountain Ash.’ A clever but
uneducated old gardener once announced to me his intention to graft
a fine form of this on some young Ashes which had sown themselves
in the garden, and I had some difficulty in convincing him that he
might as well try and graft them on the tail of his coat. Had he
been accustomed to regard one as a Pyrus and the other as a Fraxinus,
he would not have been tempted to try and amalgamate them. It
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 157
is also a fact that some years ago, in the then most famous of English
nurseries, their propagator was found engaged on the fruitless task
of grafting the Wych Hazel (Hamamelis) on the common Hazel
(Corylus). Perhaps the worst conceivable type of nomenclature is
where, as in the case of the popular and flower-shop use of Syringa,
the scientific name of one genus, the Lilacs, is perversely applied to
another, viz. the Philadelphus or ‘ Mock Orange.’ There is not the
excuse of Philadelphus being one of those outlandish jaw-breaking
words which occur in botany, for, owing to the occurrence of a similar
name in the Bible, and in Pennsylvania, one would have thought that
it was fairly familiar to all.
Though I can see great advantage in having generally-accepted
scientific names for plants themselves, I can see none in English and
American botanists using Latin and Greek words to describe the shape
and other characteristics of those plants, where there is no gain in
precision, and, to many, a sad loss of intelligibility. I realize the
commercial advantage to the medical profession of veiling their
prescriptions in the obscurity of a dead language, and indeed Fiat
haustus may have an actual curative effect by suggestion, and by
arousing in the patient a sense of increased confidence in the learning
and wisdom of the leech. Why, however, should a botanist desire
to prevent a zealous, if imperfectly educated, gardener or amateur
from understanding his descriptions? There is much to be said for
writing scientific treatises in Latin, and so appealing to men of culture
out of every nation, but nothing that I can see for writing English
heavily “ maculated’’ with Greek and Latin. Who is the gainer
by reading a farrago like the following ?—
“‘ Datopsis Jacksonae.* An arborescent caryotaceous stoloniferous glareose
plant, with a ramose divaricate head, and glabrous rubiginose subfuscous cortical
parenchyma ; coriaceous pilosiusculous foliage of dolabriform or clypeate shape,
cuneate base, and mucronulate lobes, having ciliate or fimbriated margins, and
abbreviated petioles, xanthous coloration marmorated with ochroleucous
maculations, a verrucose and psoraleous superior surface, the inferior being
covered with inspissated farinose tomentum, and coarctate capillary filaments ;
producing dehiscent hippocrepiform legumes, and elongated cinereous sericeous
propendent aments.”’
I really do not think that the above is an unfair burlesque of
some of the esoteric mysteries into which I have been privileged
to penetrate while reading up for this article, and which recall the
character in ‘‘ Love’s Labour’s Lost,’’ who had “ been at a feast of
languages and stolen the scraps.’’ Glowing with the pride of composi-
tion, I can almost persuade myself that, with a small magnifying glass
screwed into one eye, I might pass for a botanist myself. Now let
us compare a literal translation of the above, and it will be found
* The generic name is an attempt to emulate the literary grace of blending
two different languages in one word, as in “‘ Prunopsis,’’ ‘‘ semecarpifolia,’’ and
other botanic names; the specific one faithfully reproduces a comical modern
effort (which would have been absolutely unintelligible to anyone whose tongue
was Latin) to indicate that it is not Jackson but Jackson’s wife whom it is
desired to immortalize,
bie,
158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
that, confined to simple English understandéd of the people, it yet
takes no more space, and gives even to the learned quite as clear ~
a likeness of the supposititious plant:
«A plant belonging to the Dates, which tends to make a tree, reproduced by
runners, growing on gravel, with a straggling branchy head, and smooth rust-
coloured brownish bark, with flattened cells; leathery slightly hairy leaves shaped
like a hatchet or a shield, with wedge-shaped base and lobes ending in a sharp
point, having hairy or fringed edges, and short stalks, yellow coiour marbled
with yellowish white spots, a warty and scurfy upper side, the under covered
with thickened mealy down, and hairy threads pressed together; bearing
gaping horseshoe-like pods, and long grey silky catkins hanging forward.”
Should any reader be curious to discover how much of this paper
is original and how much copied from others, he will be safe in
assuming that when there is an outburst of Greek, Latin, and latinized
words, I have been “ cribbing,”’ even though vanity may have led
me to pass myself off as a man of science by suppressing the quota-
tion marks.
Being an old man approaching seventy I will cease to kick up my
heels, like a young colt, at botanists, and, leaving them justly to
attribute my flouts and jeers to envy of their superior acquirements,
will now proceed to business. If anyone should think that my
caricature is too grossly exaggerated, let him read of the “ dorsifixed
extrorse’’ anthers, and “ peripheral reticulate membraneous”’ wing,
&c. &c., in the description of Ulmus by an eminent living friend
of mine.
I will give in alphabetical order a short account of the oaks at
Aldenham, together with some half a dozen which, though not there,
ought to be there, and if all goes well will be there in a few months, —
following always the nomenclature adopted by Kew.
Quercus acuta (Thunberg).—I have only two small examples of this
pleasing, slow-growing, shining evergreen; like other Japanese oaks,
and particularly Q. glabra, to which it has a general surface re-
semblance, it is never likely to make more than a shrub in England.
So far my plants have progressed satisfactorily, but I have not had
them long enough to speak very positively. Its first appearance
in England dates from 1877, and is due to the well-known Veitchian
collector Marries, who was born at Warwick-on-Avon, though his
name suggests a French origin. The best specimen which I have is
3 ft. high with a spread of 3 ft., but there is one to be seen at Bicton,
in Devon, 12 ft. high with a spread of 18 ft. When I mention that
in February of this year we had the misfortune to register 33° of frost,
the lowest temperature since January 1895, when there were 35°,
and record the fact that this species came through the ordeal un-
scathed, not so much as a leaf being scorched, I think it may fairly
be classed as absolutely hardy.
Q. Aegilops (Linnaeus).—I am entitled to count this among the
oaks of which Aldenham can boast, but that is the utmost I can say,
for my own example of the Valonia oak is only 7 ft. 6 in. high, and
though shapely and healthy is not yet sufficiently developed to
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. I59
enable me ito give at first hand a useful account of the appearance or
characteristics of this species—indeed, if I were not better acquainted
with others of the genus than I am with this, this paper would not
have been written, and assuredly would not have been worth reading.
It is unlucky for me that it should take so prominent a place in
alphabetical precedence.
It is a deciduous tree found in Greece, the Levant, and the Medi-
terranean region. The acorns, which are edible and rich in tannin,
are exceptionally large. According to Loupon, it was introduced
into this country as far back as 1731, but has never become common,
and Mr. ELWEs mentions no tree which he had seen that had attained
50 ft. The only specimens with which [ am familiar are those at
Tortworth and Kew; the former is about sixty years old, and certainly
under that height. I carefully examined this specimen in April last,
and it showed a good deal of dead wood, and did not suggest a super-
abundance of vigour. The Kew plant is from 25 to 30 ft. high, but
has never yet borne acorns. I doubt very much if our Hertfordshire
climate will prove warm enough for it ever to make a pronounced
success, but in arboriculture I adopt ST. PautL’s precept, ““ Prove
all things,” and, as far as I can, the conclusion of the same sentence,
“Hold fast that which is good.”
Q. agrifolia (Née)—This oak, like Q. acuta above mentioned,
is not often likely to prove more than an evergreen shrub in this
country. It is a native of California, and, owing to the fact that
it affects the sea-coast, was the first Western American oak to be
brought to England, an event which occurred in 1849. It is one of
the holly-leaved set of oaks, of which the European Q. coccifera is
to my mind a more attractive example. It is common enough in
its own habitat, but very rare here; indeed, twelve months ago it
was not represented at Aldenham. Recently, however, I have had
to thank Lord Ducie for a plant 5 ft. 6 in. high, with a single stem,
which looks as if with care it might in time make a fair tree. J am
also indebted to Sir DAvip PRAIN, the able Director of our national
coliection, for two smaller ones of a more bushy type, which are
2 {t. 6 in. and 2 ft. high respectively.
It is not, however, only to the present Director of Kew or to those
of Edinburgh and Glasnevin that I have cause for gratitude, though
that cause is great, but long ago, when I was but a beginner, and had
nothing to offer or give in exchange, I used to receive heip, encourage-
ment, and gifts in the shape of surplus plants, unobtainable in
commerce, from Sir WILLIAM THISELTON-DYER, and he did not
hesitate to give up some of his valuable time for the purpose of escort-
ing me about the Kew grounds, a source of the greatest pleasure
and profit tome. I hope these lines may meet his eye, as he will then
realize that with me at any rate gratitude is not merely what it has
been cynically described as ‘‘A lively expectation of favours to come.”’
Nowadays, and for a fair number of years, I have accumulated from
various sources so many rare young plants that I feel pride in my
160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
annual ability to do something to improve our three great National
Botanic Gardens. I do not wish to suggest that I am in a position
to treat, as the Spaniards say, de poder a poder, but at least my
relations with them are no longer “ all take and no give.”
To return to Q. agrifolta. This when fully developed in its native
land is a ponderous tree, and commonly so low that the spread of
its branches exceeds its height. The bark is dark, and except in
old trees smooth; the oval or oblong leaves are not so leathery as
those of Q. Wislizenit; the long, narrow, pointed, tapering acorns,
which are marked with conspicuous lines, are sessile, and develop in
one season. A clear and faithful drawing of a flowering branch is
reproduced on Plate V. in ‘“‘ West American Oaks”’ by Professor E. L.
GREENE (1889). I hardly see that it has any special merits which
make it greatly worth cultivating by anyone who grows plants merely
for ornament and is not a collector of different species as such. The
Kew specimen is about 35 ft. high, and I presume about twice that
number of years old, and it will be no great hardship for most people
to have to content themselves with looking at it there without
attempting to grow it in their own gardens.
I had written the preceding sentence without recalling a tree
and not a shrub of this species which,is growing in the grounds of
my friend, Major GILBERT LEGH, at the Drove House, Thornham,
Norfolk. The leaves of the Thornham specimen are nearly half as
big again as those of the Kew one, and are distinctly handsomer.
The tree, which must have been one of the first introduced into England,
is ill-grown, being dominated by pines and other trees which over-
shadow it, and the stem has a curious corrugated appearance, the
bark having formed a succession of shell-like rings, which feature is,
I am told, typical of this species in age. I leave unmodified what
I had written when overlooking this finer form, for it may serve as
an illustration of the error to which we are all too prone—I mean,
of basing a conddent estimate of the appearance, vigour, and other
characteristics of a species on insufficient data, namely, the behaviour
of one or two plants which happen to be intimately known to us
but which may not be truly typical.
Q. alba (Linnaeus)..-For some unknown reason this fine timber
tree, like so many others whose chief habitat is the eastern side of
North America, has hitherto never thriven in the British Isles. Mr.
BEAN, in his deservedly popular ‘‘ Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the
British Isles,’’ expresses an opinion that there is not one existent over
25 {t. high, and so far as Aldenham is concerned I can bear out his
statement, for my two tallest plants are respectively 18 and 14 ft. in
height. Messrs. ELWEs and Henry, also, in their monumental work,
“The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland,” having visited me while
it was in course of production, write in Ioro, on p. 1303, of ““ some
plants at Aldenham, with sickly yellow foliage, planted eight years
ago.”’ Though at the time they fully deserved this depreciatory
comment,-it is very remarkable, having regard to the bad European
4 ae
Naer ped |
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. . I61
record of this species, that now eight years later they should be in
robust health. It can be seen from the photograph taken early in
December, with the dying foliage still adhering to the branches, that
this tree, which though the taller is by no means the better of the
two, is neither ill-grown nor in bad case (fig. 15).
This species holds its leaf very late, at any rate so long as the trees
are young. I noticed mine in the last week of last January and hardly
a leaf had fallen, though all the other deciduous oaks were bare, except
Q. ellipsoidalis and Q. rubra, which still retained some of their foliage.
Neither in Mr. Etwes’ nor Mr. BEaANn’s books are any varieties of
the white oak recorded. It is true that I have an oak bought from
a German nursery which purports to be a variety of alba,
“ Schénbusch,” but, as far as I and better-qualified friends can judge,
it bears no relation.to that species, the leaves are much smaller, of
a greyish colour, and have much more sharply toothed edges. It is
in excellent health, 13 ft. high, and the only respect in which it re-
sembles Q. alba is that the foliage was still clinging to the branches
at the end of last January. Besides this variety I have also a hybrid,
alba X macrocarpa (Q. x Bebbiana)—in fact, several—all of which
have been given me by Professor SARGENT. The two tallest are
to and g ft. high respectively. This hybrid is mentioned in “ Trees
of Great Britain’’ in the article on Q. macrocarpa, and it is there
stated, in note I, on p. 1305, to grow faster than either parent, a
fact borne out by our experience at Aldenham. The parent of my
plants is, 1 imagine, a natural hybrid oak growing at Charleville,
Vermont, which is referred to in the above-mentioned note.
Q. aliena (Bliime).—My best specimen of this deciduous Chinese
oak is only 4 ft, 6 in. in height, but I am the fortunate possessor of a
good healthy plant of the variety Q. aliena acutiserrata, which reaches
7 ft. 6 in. and gives every promise of making a fine forest tree. I
also had at one time another variety, Q. aliena acutiserrata calvescens,
but this has unkindly “ died on me,”’ as the Irish say.
Both type and varieties are practically unknown in European cul-
tivation, and are consequently passed over in silence both by ELWEs
and HENRY, and by Bean, For an account of them I must refer
my readers to “‘ Plantae Wilsonianae,” vol. lil. pp. 214-6, where,
however, the descriptions, though doubtless very learned, do not
enable the ordinary unscientific man to form much idea of the appear-
ance or characteristics of the trees, e.g., happening to possess some of
this species, I am able to say that the foliage is not persistent, but
I can find no mention of this not unimportant feature in the three
pages above referred to. I suppose that the author assumes a far
greater knowledge in his readers than I at any rate am fortunate
enough to possess.
Q. alnifolia (Poech), Golden Oak of Cyprus.—This small ever-
green tree, or rather shrub, is found as undergrowth in the pine woods
in the mountainous parts of Cyprus. It was first brought to England
in 1885, and neither Mr. Etwes’ nor Mr. BEAN’s accounts disclose
162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. |
any other place in this country except Kew where it is to be seen.
I wish I could truthfully say that it was at Aldenham, but though
I am taking steps to have it grafted, it is at the moment one of the
few oaks which I lack and greatly desiderate. I don’t know this
species well enough to say much that would be of value, but one
marked feature seems to be that the leaves are practically as broad
as they are long, they measure from 1} to 13 in. both ways. The
rich orange down which covers their under side gives it its popular
name, and is of almost precisely the same shade as that which
adorns the foliage of the Himalayan Q. semecarpifolia. I copy
from Dr. HENRy’s botanical account the statement that they are
“rounded or acute at the apex ; rounded or broadly cuneate at the
base.”’
When trees are so inconstant in their leaf production that learned
men have to tell you that they are either long or short, either round
or square! the power of the earnest student to visualize the foliage
in question is not materially increased.
Q. ambigua (Michaux).—Some ten or twelve years ago I was staying
with my friend Monsieur MAURICE DE VILMORIN, whose recent death
so many have cause to deplore, at his charming ‘country place Les
Barres, near Orleans. One day he took me over to see some in-
teresting woods which had been planted by his father with exotic
trees, and which had at a later date been acquired by the French
Government for their School of Forestry. A considerable section
had been devoted to this oak, and very fine well-grown trees —
were, so far as I can remember, about sixty years old.
Not feeling that I was robbing our future gallant Allies by my
action, I filled one of my pockets with the acorns, and getting home
about a fortnight later had them sown; they had by that time become
rather dry and shrivelled, and, as many of my readers will be aware,
the less delay between gathering and planting in the case of acorns.
the better. However, a fair proportion germinated and have now
produced some good strong plants, of which the tallest is 12 ft. high.
The parents of this oak are believed to be rubra and coccinea, the
former being the mother, and there is nothing in its looks to throw
doubt on such a pedigree. Some botanists, however, have held it to
be a distinct species, and Iam not competent to express an opinion.
If I had kept all the young plants which I raised together, and had
then got Dr. HENRY or some other capable man of science to examine
them, he would probably have been able to state decisively whether
or not they bore evidence of mixed, and if so of what parentage;
but I have only kept two, and the rest have been given away or
otherwise disposed of.
Q. arkansana (Sargent).—I owe the possession of a small specimen
of this rare North American deciduous oak to the kindness of the
Director of Kew. It is now 1 ft. high, and apparently quite healthy.
This species was first received at Kew in rort, and its first introduction
to Europe may be assumed to be little if at all anterior to that date.
The only work in which, as far as I know, any account is to be found
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 163
of this oak is SARGENT’S ‘‘ Trees and Shrubs,” vol. il. p. 121, and it
is thence that the following description is drawn.
This species is a native of Hempstead County, Arkansas, where
it is found in low woods at Fulton, and on rolling sandhills four miles
north of that place. Though fairly common in that particular district,
it seems quite local, and has not so far been discovered elsewhere.
Unless drawn up by crowding in a forest it rarely attains a height
of more than 12 métres when standing in the open, and is therefore
negligible from the timberman’s standpoint.
The leaves are broadly obovate, slightly three-lobed or dentate at
the wide apex, and cuneate at the base. The fruit is-solitary or in
pairs on stout glabrous very short peduncles. Acorns are 6 to8mm.
long by 14 to 15 mm. across, their base only being enclosed in the
flat cup. This species most resembles Q. marylandica (Muench.)
in its leaves, and Q. nigra L. in its fruit.
Q. X audleyensis (A. Henry).—This is a hybrid oak, whose
parentage has been pronounced somewhat doubtfully to be Q. [lex 9
and Q. sessiliflora g. It is growing at Audley End, in Essex, the
seat of Lord BRAYBROOKE, and is, I imagine, at any rate as a fully
developed tree, a unique specimen, though young progeny derived
from it may be in existence. The only place where an account of it
can be found is in “‘ Trees of Great Britain,’ vol. v. p. 1291, and
of that account this is a mere shortened réchauffé. For a botanical
description I must refer readers to that admirable work. It is sub-
evergreen, 86 ft. or more in height, and over 11 ft. in girth. Some
of the leaves are entire, like those of Q. Ilex, and others lobed, after
the manner of Q. sessiliflora, and the venation corresponds to that
in both those species.
I neither have it, nor any oak resembling it at Aldenham, and
my only excuse for mentioning it even perfunctorily in this article
is that Professor BAYLEY BALFouR has been good enough to have
cuttings of it struck for me, and that I fully intend, if I can
obtain wood, to have it grafted by the time these lines are in print.
Plate 327 in Mr. Etwes’ book shows a grand, well-balanced tree
in winter time, and almost denuded of foliage ; unfortunately, through
lack of pruning in youth, the main stem has been allowed to fork
at a height which appears from the picture to be about 12 or 14 ft.
Q. x Bebbiana (= alba x macrocarpa), see p. 161.
Q. bicolor (Willdenow), Swamp White Oak.—This is another of
the Eastern American White Oaks, which is very rarely to be seen
in cultivation in England. The tallest of our specimens, acquired
at the same time (1902) and from the same nursery (Muskau) as the
above-mentioned Q. alba, is 17 ft. high, well grown, and apparently
quite healthy, though Mr. ELwes writes: “ None of the specimens
which we have seen look very thriving.”” I cannot now recall what
their condition was when Mr. ELWEs paid me a visit and made
notes of the oaks which he afterwards described in his book, but he
appears not to have noticed our Q. bicolor, which were then labelled
Q. tomentosa discolor.
164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Perhaps the feature by which this oak can be most readily
distinguished is its very shaggy bark, which peels off the stem and
hangs in longitudinal strips. Even in our young trees, of which
the eldest is, I should say, barely thirty years old, this characteristic
is already marked, and enables anyone to pick out bicolor from the
others formally set at regular distances on each side of a path merely
by glancing at the trunks. Besides the type I have two plants of
12 and ro ft. high respectively, which: are labelled Q. bicolor var.,
but the varietal name, if it ever existed, has disappeared.
Q. bicolor X alba.—We have two young plants 6 and 5 ft. high
of this interesting hybrid, which were given me five or six years ago,
I believe, by my good friend Professor SARGENT of the Arnold
Arboretum, to whom also I am indebted for some of the rare and
recently discovered Chinese oaks, which will be referred to later. So
far this hybrid seems to be quite happy in its English quarters, but
it is too young for me to have any assurance as to its future.
Q. castaneaefolia (C. A. Meyer).—This tree, whose home is in Persia,
the Caucasus, and Algeria, has grown very well, and forms here a
shapely plant 22 ft. in height with a girth of 1 ft. 6 in. at 3 ft. above
ground level. This specimen is not recorded by ELWEs and HENRY,
though they mention a good many of the Aldenham oaks. I presume
that it is not sufficiently rare in cultivation to make a plant, so small
as it then was, worthy of record. It is, however, seldom to be found
in British collections. The excellent photograph (fig. 16) for which it
sat, or rather stood, to Mr. MALByY shows that it is now (1919) one of
our.pronounced successes in the way of oak cultivation. My next best
specimen is of exactly the same height, 22 ft., but girths an inch less -
in the stem. Its long and rather narrow leaves, recalling the tree
from which it takes its specific name, make it easily recognizable.
It has proved perfectly hardy, and indeed I may say the same of almost
every deciduous oak mentioned as growing here. There is not one
which we have had for any time that I can name as having suffered
damage from cold even in the severest winters, though some few
may have been killed by this cause while still infants in the nursery,
and others may have been a little damaged by late spring frost.
When it is remembered that in February of this year we registered
1° below zero in the screen, it can hardly be said that they have not
been thoroughly tested.
Q. Catesbaei (Michaux).—This small deciduous oak is named after
Mark CaTEsBY, author of the ‘‘ Natural History of Carolina,’”’ and isa
native of North Carolina southwards to Florida and Eastern Louisiana.
It usually attains 20 to 30 ft. in height, but occasionally 50 to 60 ft.
The trunk rarely exceeds 2 ft. in diameter. The winter buds are
4 in. long, pointed, and coated, especially towards the point, with
rusty pubescence. The leaves on the cultivated plant at Kew are
5 to 7 in. long by 3 to 5 in. wide, and are very deeply lobed, after the
fashion of the red oaks, having 2 to 4 deep lobes reaching two-thirds or
more of the way to the midrib. When fully grown the leaves are thick,
7
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 185
Anyone who like myself has been closely studying and constantly
referring to vol. v. of ‘“‘ Trees and Shrubs of Great Britain,’ in which
appear the accounts of exotic oaks, might be excused if he came to
the conclusion that by some unaccountable oversight all mention of
Q. lanuginosa, other than an incidental sentence, had been omitted.
The fact is that, owing to what I must reluctantly regard as the bad
arrangement of that otherwise splendid work, this tree does not appear
with the other exotic oaks, including its close ally Q. lusitantca, but
is dealt with in vol. ii. pp. 294-5, and follows the accounts of the two
indigenous members of the genus, viz. Q. pedunculata and Q. sessili-
flora, the three species being those into which the Q. Robur of LINNAEUS
has been divided. I cannot help feeling that in a work of this scale
all the oaks should have been brought into one volume, and, instead
of following one another higgledy-piggledy, should have been set out
onsome system. Evenso perfunctory a classification as the separation
of deciduous and evergreen would have been better than nothing at
all. Neither in this work nor in that of Mr. BEAN is there any record,
even approximate, of the first introduction of this tree into Great
Britain, but I presume it must have been a long time ago, for it is by
no means one of the rarest of foreign oaks in this country, though Mr.
ELwWEs states that “it is usually small and stunted,” and, true as this
may be generally speaking, I am very glad to know that the Aldenham
plants are an exception. Mr. ELwes records three varieties—
Dalechampit, dissecta, and Hartwisstana, none of which I am lucky
enough to own, though my catalogue shows that I had at one time,
but have lost, the second of the three. Unfortunately this species
has often been sent out by nurserymen under the name Q. mongolica,
a Chinese tree, of which I possess one small example. I myself bought
many years ago an oak under this name, and it was quite a long time
before I detected that it was nothing more than Q. lanuginosa; there-
fore anyone who has a plant purporting to be Q. mongolica is, as the
lawyers say, “ put on enquiry,” and should satisfy himself that he
has not been entertaining Q. lanuginosa unawares, for the true
mongolica, which is closely allied to Q. grosseserrata, is most rare in
European cultivation.
Q. laurifolia (Michaux).—I have no better claim to include this
among Aldenham oaks than that I have made strenuous though quite
ineffectual efforts to obtain it. The first plant, which I bought from
a most famous English nursery, proved to be nothing more than a
lanceolate-leaved variety of Q. Ilex! My second attempt also in a
very well-known quarter resulted in the acquisition of a specimen of
the American Water Oak, Q. migra (syn. aquatica). However, my
friend Sir JoHN Ross, more fortunate than myself, has got a genuine
example of this‘rare oak from the Southern States of America, and
one too with exceptionally fine foliage. He has sent wood to another
good friend of mine, Professor BayLEY BALFour of Edinburgh, who
is engaged in trying to strike cuttings for me. In such a task he is
unlikely to fail, for he and his merry men have the uncauny arts of a
186 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
wizard in performing what used to be regarded as impossible in this
respect. Whether he does succeed or not, I took steps last spring to
arrange for the grafting in the next of this and other rare oaks, at
present missing from our arboretum, on appropriate stocks.
In spite of my inability to describe an Aldenham plant, here is
some account of the foliage and distribution of the one to be seen at
Rostrevor:
Leaves of a light green colour, linear lanceolate to oblanceolate in
shape, 4 to 5 in. long by about 1 in. wide, usually marked by a little
rounded lobe only on one side of the blade, and about three-quarters of
the way towards the apex. This quaint and unequal lobing seems only
characteristic of young plants, and tends to disappear altogether when
the acorn-bearing stage has been reached. Q. laurifolia is a close
ally of Q. nigra, and both alike bear in the United States the popular
name of Water Oak; the former has the more Southern distribution,
which extends from Virginia to Florida. Though not tender to
the extent and degree of some of the Mexican and Himalayan oaks,
it is not so hardy as Q. migra, and should do better in Cornwall or
the Mourne Mountains than north of London.
Q. x Leana (Nuttall), Lea’s Oak.—This isa fine hybrid, Q. imbricaria
Xx velutina, of which there appear to be several isolated examples in
various parts of the United States of America. It was first discovered
by Mr. T. G. LEA about 1830, near Cincinnati. The leaf as figured
by Mr. Etwes is long and narrow, irregularly and shallowly lobed,
with tapering pointed apex and rounded base.
The only mature specimens of which I have heard in England are
at Kew and at Ham Manor, Sussex, and, as they are not identical
in the form of their foliage, I hope to get them both grafted for
Aldenham next spring. They are both stately, handsome trees over
60 ft. high. I have a well-grown, healthy young tree 14 ft. high,
which came to me some years back as Q. alba, but which has a marked
bristle, or mucro as botanists name this feature, at the points of the
lobes of the leaves, a feature quite absent from the true alba. This
has been pronounced by two such good judges as Mr. W. J. BEAN
and Mr. A. BRUCE JACKSON to be Q. x Leana, and I cannot dispute
their verdict. As a general rule when I am uneasy as to a plant
being correctly named, I find no difficulty in getting expert friends to
agree that the name is wrong, but, when it comes to the business of
giving a new one, unanimity is much less easy to secure. I have also
recently acquired two small plants from Messrs. VEITCH of Exeter.
Q. Libani (Olivier).—We have three or four specimens of this grace-
ful, elegant, deciduous oak; the biggest is now 24 ft. high, with a girth
3 ft. above ground of r ft. 8 in. It would have been materially taller,
but it was growing so rapidly that the leader became dangerously
long, slender, and whippy, consequently we were compelled a few years
ago to shorten it considerably ; it has now made a fresh lead and is
going on very well. Dr. HENRY, writing in “Trees of Great Britain ”
in I910, mentions it as “‘a healthy young tree which produced ripe
FIG. 19.—QUERCUS x LUCOMREANA.
[To pace p. 186.
a "
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.
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ay
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BAe bei Ae RE & PE
FIG. 20.—QUERCUS PEDUNCULATA.
Height 65 feet ; girth 3 feet from ground, 11 feet 6 inches.
OOD,
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Fic, 21,—QOAK STEMS IN OLD W
ERCUS PEDUNCULATA.
YT
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FIG. 22.—Ql
Young trees.
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 187
fruit in rg08.”” It has borne what appeared to be fully developed
acorns in several seasons, but so far they have never germinated when
sown. These acorns are of a dark chocolate colour, and, with their
- neat finely scaled cups, into which they are very deeply set, give a
pretty effect. BEAN mentions that it is allied to Q. macedonica, and
indeed the long narrow shape of the slightly indented leaves is similar
in both, though Libant is much the lighter of the two in colour.
Although Dr. Henry calls it ‘‘A small tree or large shrub...
extremely rare in England,” there is nothing of the shrub about my
plant, which has every appearance of being likely to make a big shapely
tree and that before many years are past. I cannot now recall the
provenance of my plants, which I am glad to say are all thriving and
quite hardy.
Q. lobata (Née).—Valley Oak is a very fine, shapely, deciduous tree
in California, often 100 ft. in height, but is said to grow very slowly
in this country, into which it was first introduced about 1870.
The bark is darkish grey in colour ; the obovate leaves have many _
long narrow lobes, and are not specially impressive either in size or
shape. The very long, slender, conical, subsessile acorns are set in
deep hemispherical cups, and develop in one season; they are said
to be edible, and to have been largely used as food by the Indians :
the timber is poor and brittle, and only good for firewood. The tree is
common enough in California, but is not found growing wild outside the
limits of that State. It is nearly allied to another Western white oak,
Q. Garryana, but can easily be distinguished from it by the presence of
long, drooping, sterile branchlets, which give this species a weeping
willow-like aspect when it approaches maturity. It has also affinity
with the Eastern white oaks.
In 1864 the well-known French botanist, ALPHONSE DE CANDOLLE,
was inclined to regard the leading Pacific white oaks, lobata, Douglas,
and Garryana, as mere forms of Q. Robur, and though I don’t suppose
that such a doctrine would now find many adherents, yet it seems
clear that these Pacific oaks have a much closer relation to their
European congeners than to those found east of the Rockies, and
along these lines may be found the true reason why the flora of the
West are generally found to thrive so much better in Europe than
those of the Eastern States. The Kew specimen is over 30 ft.
high, and that of my friend Lord DuCcIE exceeds 20 ft., while mine,
“proximus longo tamen intervallo,” has only reached 3 ft. 3 in.,
though apparently in robust health. I have no record of the quarter
from which I obtained my plant, but my impression is that it came »
from Messrs. BARBIER of Orleans, who in the pre-war days used to
have a large and varied stock. My friend F. R. S. Batrour, who has
often observed this species in its own habitat, considers it to be more
like our Q. pedunculata in general appearance than any other Western
oak.
Q. X Lucombeana (Sweet) (fig. 19).—This handsome and well-known
hybrid between Q. Cerris and Q. Suber originated from the accidental
VOL. XLV. .e)
188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
pollination by wind of the former by the latter in the Exeter nursery
of a gardener named LUCOMBE between 150 and 160 years ago. The
original Lucombe oak still stands, and at the time of Mr. LUCOMBE’s
death it had already grown big enough to enable the boards of his °
coffin to be cut from one of its branches.
It is too familiar with tree-lovers to need any prolonged description
here. Like most hybrids Lucombe seedlings vary greatly in respect
of the extent to which they approach one or other of their parents.
Among other points of difference some are deciduous and others in
mild winters quite evergreen; those plants which I have seen in fruit
all bore very small acorns. This tree is not extensively represented
in the ‘“‘Hortus Aldenhamensis,” but I have three specimens which
luckily illustrate almost the extreme of difference possible in Lucombe ;
indeed, they diverge to such an extent that one has constantly to
remind oneself of the hybrid origin in order to retain the belief that
they have one parentage. The eldest is a fine free-growing shapely
pyramid with clean straight stem 29 ft. high, with a girth of 2 ft.
3 in. at 3 ft. above the ground. Except that the leaves average about
3 in. in length instead of 2 in., they are in other respects just those
of a typical Suber, having the dark glossy green surface and smooth
grey felty under side characteristic of that species; moreover, they are
practically persistent. Only in the look of the stem is there any
trace of Cerris pedigree. The two younger plants, on the other hand,
show very much of the Turk, and do not yet disclose to the non-
botanic eye any corky origin: the leaves are small and rather crumpled,
and remind one of the variety of Q. Cevris known as crisba. These
two specimens are 8 and to ft. high respectively. It is fortunate
that however much these seedlings of Lucombe may differ in outward
looks, they one and all, as far as I know, inherit the cold-resisting
properties of their Cevris mother instead of the tenderness of their
Suber father. A fine specimen of the Lucombe oak is growing at Ottery
St. Mary, near Exeter, in the grounds of my friend Lord COLERIDGE ;
it measures 69 ft. in height, with a girth of 4 ft. from the ground of
10 ft. 5 in. It reproduces all the characteristics of Lucombe’s original
hybrid a few miles away, and is no doubt one of its offspring.
Of the four or five recognized and named varieties of the Lucombe
oak, I can only boast of possessing two, viz. diversifolia and fulhamensis.
The former is a neat, shapely little plant some 5 ft. high, of which
fine specimens are to be seen at Kew, which exactly correspond with
ours in foliage. This variety of the Lucombe hybrid presents one
of the quaintest and most striking instances of leaf variation with
which I am acquainted. It is so well described by Mr. BEAN that
I venture to quote from his account verbatim: “‘ Leaves of extra-
ordinary shapes; usually the middle part of. the blade is reduced
to a narrow strip about } in. wide each side the midrib, widening at
the apex like the bowl of a spoon, sometimes entire, sometimes three
or five lobed: the base with from one to five shallow or deep, rounded,
or pointed lobes. The leading types of leaves may be described as
fiddle-shaped and spoon-shaped. Bark corky; habit very erect ;
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 189
evergreen. A small tree.” This clear and graphic picture calls up
a vision of a tree as far removed as can well be possible from either
of the two oaks Cervis and Suber which went to its making. My own
plant shows no sign of having been grafted, and I have no idea how
and where it was raised. Outside ours and the Kew specimens, I
have myself seen it nowhere else.
Q. < Lucombeana fulhamensis.—This is perhaps the most charming
of the many and diverse forms of this hybrid. It owes its varietal
name to a famous tree which stood for many years in OSBORNE’S
nursery at Fulham, but which was cut down, and the land devoted to
building, about 1890.
It isa great pity that this particular tree was not preserved, as
could easily have been done by grafting, for the trees bearing that
name which now (1919) exist at Kew differ materially from it in foliage.
and are to my taste inferior, though, as | have already said, their habit
is particularly graceful, owing to the terminal part of the boughs
being pendulous. I have seen dried specimens of the leaves of
OsBORNE’S old tree, and they are about 3 in. long by nearly 2 in. broad,
and gradually and regularly lessen in width from base to apex; they
have a scrolled edge with little, flat, shallow rounded lobes uniform
in size, and the base itself is full and rounded: on the other hand, the
leaves of the existing trees at Kew have much deeper, more pointed,
and more irregular lobes, and though the leaves are about the same
length they are narrower, and are more or less of the same width from.
base to apex, while the base itself, instead of being broad and gently
rounded, slopes off to a sharp point where it joins the stalk. At Ottery
St. Mary, above mentioned, there are two fine trees of this variety,
45 and 39 ft. high respectively, of which the stems are markedly
corky. It would seem that this pretty variety has almost gone out
of commerce in England. I suppose even ten years ago it would
have been easy enough for me to obtain an example from a
nurseryman, but I neglected to do so, and last year I tried for long in
vain to get one from the trade, but have lately secured a well-grown
plant to ft. high, as also a cut-leafed sport from this variety 2 ft.
6 in. high, called f. laciniata. I also hope to have wood from the
Kew tree grafted next March on an J/ex or Cerrts stock.
In the case of grafting it is obviously better to have the stock and
scion as closely allied as possible, and I should say that Q. rubra would
be the best stock for any American oak not easily obtainable on its
own roots, Q. flex for any evergreen oaks, Q. Cerris for any variety
of Lucombe, and Q. fedunculata for any others.
The habit in English nurseries, so far as oak-grafting has of late
years been practised at all, has been, I understand, to employ Q.
pedunculata in all cases, although older examples of Q. * Lucombeana
are found to be grafted on Q. Cevris. JI am quite convinced that saddle
or cleft grafting makes a better union than side grafting and should
always be adopted, at any rate for oaks. [| think it highly probable
that some of the more delicate exotic oaks would do better in Eng-
land when grafted on vigorous appropriate stocks than on their own
I90 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
roots. Grafting, I may mention here, is not a thing like matrimony
which can be entered on “ lightly and unadvisedly,” for the stocks —
have to be prepared twelve months beforehand, and, to secure a reason-
able prospect of success, the work must be done under glass and not
in the open.
I have besides the above a variety of Lucombe which has no counter-
part at Kew either in life or in the herbarium, nor, as far as I can
ascertain, anywhere else, and to which accordingly I have for purposes”
of identification given my own Christian name, Q. X Lucombeana
Vicari. This is a shapely, well-grown tree, over 17 ft. high and having
a girth of 1 ft. 4 in. at 3 ft. above ground. In growth, wood, buds,
and general appearance there is nothing at first sight to differentiate it
from a small-leaved variety of the Turkey Oak, but expert investiga-
tion shows the under side of the leaves to be too downy for it to
be possible for the tree to be pure Cerris, and it has been definitely
pronounced to be an unusual form of Lucombe. The little thin
oval leaves with tapering apex are practically uniform in size all
over the tree, that size being about 1} in. long by #? in. broad;
they are fringed with fourteen neat little teeth or lobes, con-
trasting in that respect markedly with the coarse dentation of an
ordinary Cerris leaf. In mild winters this oak is evergreen, though
that phenomenon may not be preserved when the tree reaches the
fruiting stage. In spite of the fact that one night in February, 1919,
our glasses registered 1° below zero (a cruel dispensation, provided
exclusively, I think, to scourge Aldenham), the leaves though brown
and dry were still adhering to the branches in March of this year.
Q. lusitanica (Lamarck), Portuguese Oak.—This medium-sized
deciduous tree was introduced into England in 1835, but is still
extremely rare, and in 1910 Mr. ELWEs writes in ‘‘ Trees of Great
Britain”’ that the only plants which he had seen were at Kew. Till
quite recently I should have said that we had seven or eight healthy
specimens 8 to ro ft. high, but unfortunately these, when submitted
to the Kew experts, have been pronounced to be merely a variety
of our pedunculate oak with very neat regular lobing, so that I now
find myself with but one true plant of this oak which I acquired in
tg14, and which is but a little thing and not too healthy.
As its name implies, its habitat is the Iberian peninsula. The
leathery leaves are about 2} in. long by 14 in. wide, and are coarsely
toothed on the edges; in colouring they are of a dull grey green, being
covered on the under side with a dense greyish felt, as is also the case
with the twigs or branchlets.
Outside Kew it seems doubtful if there are any trees over 20 ft.
high now living in the British Isles. This seems to be one of the most
variable of oaks, though only three varieties are recorded in “ Trees
of Great Britain,” namely, Brotert, faginea, and alpesiris, which
I have never possessed,* but I have many young plants about 6 or
* Asto forms of Mirbechit which correspond to these three varieties, see
later sub Q. Mirbeckii.
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. IL
~ 7 %t. high which are seedlings of a grafted oak at Tortworth, there
called Q. servatifolia, but which is now regarded as a variety of Q.
lusitanica, and very near to, if not the same as, Q. lusitanica Broteri
above mentioned. These plants, of which there are more than twenty,
are all just alike, thus disposing of any suggestion of hybrid origin,
and seem to me exactly to reproduce Dr. HENRY’s botanic account
of the parent tree, which I had better quote, ‘‘ Narrow leaves with
triangular mucronate teeth, a cuneate base and long petiole.” (Q.
infectorta is a very near relative if not merely a geographical variant
of Q. lusitanica, being found farther east in the Levant, Palestine,
Asia Minor, &c., but I have not got it, and only know it from seeing
it at Kew, where there is a good plant about 25 ft. high. I hope next
spring to get it grafted and added to our collection. It was first
brought to England in 1822, but the Kew tree, which probably dates
_~ from 1860, is presumably the oldest, and perhaps the only one, now
growing in England.
Q. lyrata (Walter), Overcup Oak.—A deciduous tree, which is found
in Central and Southern North America, and which attains its finest
proportions, roo ft.,in Louisiana. The fact that it was first introduced
into England as early as 1786, and nevertheless can hardly be said
now to be in cultivation, is conclusive as to its unsuitability for our
soil and climate. I have never had a specimen at Aldenham, though
if all goes well I shall have one before the year is out. There are two
small trees at Kew, of which the Director will kindly let me have wood
for grafting, so that I shall be able shortly to give it a trial, though I
am not sanguine about the result.
Its natural position is in swampy, riverside land, with which I
shall be unable to provide it. The foliage has the merit of turning
scarlet in autumn.
For a fuller account see “‘ Trees of Great Britain,” from which
work some of the above information is drawn. Mr. BEAN does not
consider it sufficiently important here to include it in his popular book.
Q. macedonica (A. de Candolle).—This deciduous oak comes from
the Balkans and from Gallipoli, of tragic memory, and is spoken of by
Dr. HENRY as a small tree or large shrub. Our plants belong to the
former category, that is to say, they all have one central stem and
a defined leader. They are still young, the oldest being only 8 ft.
high, but so far they are slim, neatly growing pyramidal trees with
rather short laterals which call for little or no pruning. The leaves
are lance-shaped, dark green, leathery, rather small, and, as remarked
by BEAN, reminiscent of Q. Liban, though the habit of the two species
is quite different. The same writer states that it was first introduced
into England about 1890, and doubiless this is true so far as Kew
is concerned, but the Tortworth specimen, which must now I should
say, speaking from memory, be at least 30 ft. high, dates, I think,
from a few years earlier. It appears to be quite hardy at Aldenham.
The acorns, about 1 in. long, are almost sessile, and take two years
to ripen. Naturally they have not-yet been produced with me.
I92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Q. macranthera (Fischer et Meyer).—This hardy, handsome, *
deciduous oak is a native of the Caucasus and Northern Persia. It —
was, /este Dr. HENRY, introduced into Germany before 1873, but does
not appear to have reached our shores before 1895. We must have
been early in the field to secure an example, for our oldest plant is
already quite 25 ft. high, with a girth 3 ft. above ground of 2 ft.3in. It
is growing freely and ought to makea fine tree; its existence is recorded
in ‘‘ Trees and Shrubs ”’ in 1908 as well as that of the Kew specimen,
which is therein stated to have then reached 20 ft. Botanically, it
is closely allied to the Hungarian Q. conferta, and Mr. BEAN classes
the two with Q. Mirbeckit as three “ of the most striking oaks with
large leaves.’’ Judging merely from our own examples—a very unsafe
method, by the way—I should say that the leaves of my macrantheras
were not so large, so striking, nor so deeply lobed as in the case of
our confertas ; and that, as for the older of our Mirbeckiis, they cannot
be called conspicuous for largeness of leaf at all. In respect of orna-
mental value these three species as they can be seen at Aldenham
would catch this judge’s eye in the following order—z conferta, 2
macranthera, 3 Mirbeckii. Both the leaves and twigs of macranthera
are markedly downy, and in this respect, though not so glaucous in
tone, the tree recalls Q. lanuginosa. Although its natural habitat
is Alpine or subalpine, it appears quite happy and at home in the
English lowlands. Besides the type, I have two trees 13 ft. 6 in. and
13 ft. high respectively, which I bought on the Continent under the
name of Q. macrantheva Hort. Bot. Berol.
English experts have thrown doubt on their being macranthera,
on account of the absence of the down which is so noticeable a feature
in this species. One indeed went so far as to say he believed they
were merely forms of our pedunculate, but whatever else Germans
may do or have done, I hardly think that the authorities of the Berlin
Kew would have given the name of macranthera followed by their
own to a form of our English oak. I think it far more probable that
they are hybrids of macranthera, possibly fertilized by a peduncu-
late. Naming oaks, however, when not in fruit is, as I have written
elsewhere, but a hazardous affair.
Q. macrocarpa (Michaux), Burr Oak.—Though I have only
little seedlings of the type, only one of which is as much as 4 ft. in
height, yet oddly enough my varieties make a much braver show.
Two plants called Q. macrocarpa Herrenhdusen are 18 ft. 6 in. and 14
ft. respectively ; these are obviously true to name, and the only thing
that I can discover which distinguishes them from the type is that
they have not the deep sinus between the lower lobes of the leaves,
a feature which usually serves to separate Q. macrocarpa from the
kindred Q. bicolor. One known as discolor is also 14 ft.; another
labelled Alberti reaches 9g ft., but this last, though coming under that
name, has been pronounced by experts to be Q. velutina.
Though originating in Eastern North America, and like all the other
white oaks from that quarter of the globe very difficult to domesticate
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 193
in England, our plants show no sign of ill-health, although they have
not progressed very rapidly. In appearance it is very like its close
relative, Q. bicolor, but lacks the shaggy bark, and has more deeply-
lobed leaves than the latter. It was introduced in 1811, but has
always been rare, and the finest tree recorded by Mr. ELWEs at Eastnor
Castle was not more than 4o ft. high, though in its own habitat
it is one of the tallest of the genus, sometimes reaching as much
as 170 it.
Owing to their general similarity of appearance few besides collectors
would want more than one of the three Eastern white oaks, alba,
bicolor, and macrocarpa, and having regard to the small likelihood of
alba ever attaining maturity here, 1 should recommend bicolor in
preference to either of the others, principally on account of its
conspicuously shaggy stem.
Besides the three above-named varieties of Q. macrocarpa, I have
two hybrids where this oak has supplied the pollen, one being crossed
with Q. alba and the other with Q. Toza, which are both dealt with
under those headings.
Q. marylandica (Muenchhausen).—Of all the members of this
genus this is, I consider, the handsomest in foliage, though in habit it
cannot claim nearly so high a place. Its leaves are large, leathery,
and irregular in shape, recalling both those of Q. cuneata and of the
fig-tree; they are of a rich dark green and carry a very high polish
on the upper side, while underneath they have a brownish buff and
hairy surface. I have two healthy plants, of which the taller is only
12 ft. high.
They are not rapid growers nor trees which readily make a good
upright leader and symmetrical form; they are generally but sparsely
branched, and unless judiciously pruned are disposed to a rugged
outline. The most shapely and promising young tree of this species
which I have ever seen is in the grounds of my friend Mr. CHARLES
ELEY, at East Bergholt, in Suffolk; writing from memory, I should
say it was about 20 ft. high.
They figured for a long time in our arboretum as Q. migra. It is very
confusing that besides the true Q. migra, or Water Oak (see later),
there should be two others, this and Q. velutina, which have the
synonym gra.
It never attains apparently more than 50 ft. in its native home,
so cannot be of great importance from anything but an ornamental
standpoint. It must, I suppose, be rare here, considering that Mr.
ELWEs thought my plant, though then a mere stripling, worthy of
being chronicled. Having regard to its being so distinct, conspicuous,
and hardy, it should be more planted, and is particularly suited to
gardens in that it is never likely to take up a great deal of room,
nor to make a very dense mass overhead. Anyone looking at it in
summer without previous knowledge would guess it to be evergreen,
whereas it is altogether deciduous. Neither of our plants has yet
borne fruit.
194 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Q. Michauxit (Nuttall).—Dr. HENRy broadly states in “‘ Trees and
Shrubs,” p. 1309, that it “is not in cultivation.”” The plant which I
bought under that name from the nursery at Muskau, in or about
1902, has merely existed for the last sixteen years, and is a shabby,
unhealthy specimen ; it has been examined by Mr. BRUCE JACKSON,
a very careful observer, who pronounces it not true to name, though
he is not able to say what oak it is. I can only say that, if he be
right, it is one of the very few instances, out of a large variety of
trees bought by me from that excellent tree nursery, where that charge
can be justly brought.
No description is given of it in ELwes’ book. Its habitat is the
Eastern United States, southward from Delaware to Florida, and west-
ward to Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. As for its appearance when
healthy, my plant forms no basis for an account at first hand. In
support of Mr. JACKSON’S scepticism, I am bound to admit that the
foliage of my example bears little resemblance to the leaf figured on the
plate in ‘‘ Trees of Great Britain.” The Bureau of Plant Immigration
at Washington are most kindly trying to obtain forme an undoubted
specimen of this species. }
Q. Mirbeckit (Durieu).—This is a fine hardy deciduous tree, somewhat
in the same genre as Q. confevta, but not to my mind so striking or con-
spicuous. It usually reaches a height of some 60 ft. or more in England,
but in its own habitat of Algeria, from which it was first introduced
in 1845 or thereabouts, it is said to grow to double that height.
For a foreign oak it is fairly often to be found in English collections,
and itis, I believe, worth growing fortimber. Various fine trees ranging
from 40 to 75 ft. are recorded in England by Mr. ELWEs, but none o
mine yet exceed 16 ft. 6 in. X 1 ft., and they are certainly not a good
or showy form, for, however much they may differ botanically, the
general effect of their foliage is not noticeably distinct from that of
the English oak, though the leaves may be retained a trifle longer by
this than by the indigenous species. A suspicion is steadily growing
in my mind that these trees, though raised from acorns growing on
a true Muirbeckit, have been fertilized by neighbouring pedunculates,
and are really hybrids ; I am not, however, botanist enough to express
a confident opinion.
According to BEAN’s book, the leaves are from 3 to 7 in. long
by 1} to 3$ in. wide, but on the Aldenham trees, which number
eight or ten, I have not found aleaf which exceeds 3 in. On the other
hand, I have seen samples of the leaves of a Q. Mirbeckwt growing
at Ham Manor in which many of the leaves exceeded 6 in. in length
and some attained 7 in., and as this specimen is 60 ft. high this is not
one of those common cases where the foliage is abnormally developed,
only so long as the plant is quite young and immature. The more
I see of oaks (and in the process of preparing this article I have ex-
amined a great many besides those in our own collection) the more I
realize how important it is to get a good form of a tree; the Aldenham
Mirbeckit may be just as true to name as the Ham Manor or Tortworth
OAKS AT ALDENHAM. 195
ones, and to a botanist might be the same thing, but to the man who
grows trees for ornament, and such a man represents 99 per cent.
of the specimen-tree growers, they are most inferior. So strongly
do I feel this that, though I have plenty of Mirbeckit of a sort already,
I hope if I live another twelve months to get the Ham Manor type
grafted.
A feature which I have frequently noticed in this species is that
in January and February, while the leaves still retain their green colour
the leaf-stalk and lower part of the midrib take on a bright red.
This is not constant, for it has never occurred at Aldenham, where
the leaves soon turn quite brown; but I have seen it in specimens
from Surrey, Sussex, and Norfolk, and when it does occur it may
serve as a means of identification, for I don’t think it happens in
the case of any other species.
Undoubtedly this is an oak which differs extraordinarily in the
form and shape of its leaves, and that not merely, as is the case with
many plants, when under cultivation, but also in its natural habitat.
Only last winter Sir JOHN Ross sent me up the leaves of a plant
of his which he had bought many years ago under the appellation
Q. Zan or Q. Zeen (which last is a French corruption of the Arab name
(n’zan) for this oak, and is a syn. for Murbeckit), expressing at the
same time grave doubts whether they were true to name. Nothing
more unlike the broad leaves with regular dentation of a typical
Mirbeckii would it be possible to conceive than Sir JoHN Ross’s
samples; they were long, narrow, and had irregular jagged edges, and
in shape and size much more suggested Q. pseudo-Turnert than they
did Mirbeckit. I showed them to a well-known practical expert, who
declared that whatever else they were they certainly were not Mirbecki1,
Since then they have been examined in the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Edinburgh, by Mr. SMITH, who pronounced them to be an eccentric
form of Mirbeckit. ‘‘Who shall decide when doctors disagree?”
My only reason for inclining to the Edinburgh view is that Sir JoHN’s
leaves, though retaining the summer green, had turned bright pink
or red so far as the base of the midrib and petiole were concerned.
This, as I have said before, is a phenomenon, trifling enough perhaps,
but to the extent of my knowledge confined exclusively to the species
under review. }
The truth is that no expert, however clever, can always be positive
about oaks from observation of the leaves alone. ‘“‘ By their fruits
ye shall know them ”’ is as true in botany as in morals. For arbori-
culturists an admirable modification of the old Latin motto “ Fronti
nulla fides’’ would be to read “ Frondi”’ for “ Fronti’”?! You can
with no greater confidence pronounce on people’s characters from their
faces than you can classify trees into species by their leaves.
Last year my friend, Mr. Victor Ames, kindly gave me a small
plant of Mirbeckit of which the foliage differs so widely from the type
that I feel justified in giving it a varietal name and calling it after
the donor, who raised it from the acorn in his garden at Thornham,
196 JOURNAL OF THe ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in Norfolk. So little did it resemble an ordinary Mirbeckii that Mr. 4,5 inch in length; there are flagellates, amcebe, and
fungi, which are much larger ; eelworms, which are larger still, being
as much as 54 inch in length, and finally there are numerous visible
inhabitants—wireworms, ants, earthworms, and others. All this
population is dependent in the last instance on the plant. As regards
part of the population the dependence is reciprocal; the plant also
depends on the organisms. But as regards many members of the soil
population this reciprocity does not hold; the plant gains nothing,
but on the contrary loses, by the activity of some of the soil
inhabitants.
Under natural conditions, therefore, one has to think of the soil
as carrying not only surface vegetation but also a large invisible
population of other living forms ; there is a certain amount of mutual
interdependence between the various members of the flora and fauna,
but also some antagonism ; the plant does not grow as well as it might.
Under the artificial conditions of agriculture and horticulture it is
desired to secure the best possible conditions for plant growth, and
this involves the control of the soil population.
There are two methods of procedure. The straightforward method
is to analyse the soil population, ascertain what members are useful
and how they may be encouraged, and what members are harmful
and how they may be eliminated. In practice this presents many
difficulties and it is very tedious and extremely slow; it is, however,
eminently sure.
A second method of approach has been opened up by the discovery
made some years ago that a considerable degree of simplification of
the population of micro-organisms could be obtained by mild, not too
drastic, killing processes. Fortunately the organisms harmful or
less useful to the plant tend to be killed before the more useful
organisms ; hence simplification of the soil population enhances soil
fertility. The improvement is strikingly seen in two directions ; there
is an increase in the supply of nitrogen compounds available for plant
nutrition, and a decrease in the pests and in the organisms causing
plant disease.’
The possibility of increasing the amount of plant food in the soil by
238 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
partial sterilization was discussed in the Masters Lectures for 1915
(see JOURNAL R.H.S., vol. xli. p. 173). It seemed at first to be of
academic rather than of practical interest, and the few efforts made
at Rothamsted to apply the method on a large .scale promised so
little success that they were not continued. While productiveness
could be increased by this method the result was no better than
could be obtained considerably more cheaply by the use of a quick-
acting nitrogenous manure.
But the case is quite different when disease organisms are present:
Here some of the soil population seriously interfere with the growth of
plants and cannot be put out of action by the simple device of adding
manure. Partial sterilization is found to be an effective, and in some
cases the only, remedy. The best prospects for partial sterilization
in practice are therefore afforded when disease organisms, pests, or
some form of soil sickness, have to be dealt with.
The case first studied was the sick soil of glasshouses. The older
method of throwing away this soil is extremely wasteful.* In many
of the soils examined specific disease organisms occurred ; in others
there was no recognized disease, but only the condition vaguely known
as sickness. Experiments showed that the killing of some of the soil
organisms, whether by heat or by poisons, was followed by an improve-
ment in the health of the plant and an increase in the crop.
The earliest experiments were made with tomatos grown in sick
soils supplied by growers in the Lea Valley. The experiments were
conducted in pots and gave the following results :-—
Soil B. Soil M.C.
| |
| | Plant weight. | Fruit. Plant weight. Fruit.
Untreated . : roo I0O I00 100
Heated to 200° F. : 163 204 188 255
Treated with Toluene . | 139 I19 144 200
,, Carbon disulphide | 136 2: 124 138 179
Much smaller differences, however, were obtained in borders in a
commercial nursery where there was no striking amount of disease,
and the plants were grown in the usual way, supplied with the “ base
manure ’’ dug into the soil before planting, and the usual liberal top
dressings.
* A recent examination of cucumber soils thrown out from the houses is as
follows :
Per cent. of dry matter,
A B
Nitrogen . ‘ a ae 0°88
Phosphoric acid (P.O; ) ‘ 1°03 0°82
Equivalent to tricalcic phosphate 2°24 1°79
Potash (K,O) . o'81 0°69
Carbonates (as CaCO,) 4 eS 4°29
A was fairly recently thrown out ; B had been thrown out three years before.
~
THE PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOILS. 239
Some of the weights of tomatos obtained were :—
Nursery No. 1. Nursery No. 2.
1917. 1918. IQI7, 1918.
Untreated . 2 100 100 100 100
Steam , : ; : - |’ 95 112 126 109
Hot water . : : : oe) Sea 109g 96 109
Carbolic acid ‘ : , oh keg 105 III TiZ
Formaldehyde ‘ : ‘ 103 II3 92 —
Tons per acre: 100 represents 34°4 35°8 7g 35
Further experiments have thrown considerable light on the apparent
discrepancy in results. It has been shown that tomatos in pots are
liable to suffer from nitrogen starvation and therefore respond to the
additional nitrogen supply resulting from partial sterilization. Tomatos
grown in borders, however, are far less liable to nitrogen starvation ;
indeed, at the Cheshunt Experiment Station they show no response
to nitrogenous fertilizers, but rather the reverse ; in soils more remote
from the virgin condition a more pronounced effect might be obtained,
but probably not as marked as would be given by a nitrogen-loving
plant such as wheat. The manure supplied in the borders suffices
for the less exacting tomato plants and little is gained by the additional
nitrogen nutrients resulting from partial sterilization.
But although the actual yields are not much improved there is a
notable increase in vigour and healthiness of the plant, and a corre-
sponding increase in the certainty of the crop. Insect and fungus
diseases are checked or even suppressed ; the roots are clean, especially
on the steamed plots. The benefit becomes more and more marked
as the amount of disease increases, and in badly diseased houses the
crop is greatly improved as the result of sterilization. Figures are
difficult to obtain, but Mr. LIsTER gives me the following, showing
yields of tomatos in badly infested houses, before and after
treatment :—
Nursery A Nursery B Nursery
Es y © | Number of | No. 2.
clubbed
roots in
Ib.a oe Ib. a be house of tons an
plant. a ebe plant. acre. | 300° plants. acre,
Before treatment IGIG: (2°75). | 22 — — — —
>? 2» bk IQI7 ca er. 4°54 30°9 500 35
After treatment with
steam. 7 fb O87 + 5°25¢ | 42 — — o —
,, second treatment} 1918 | 5:2 41-6 — — — —
,», carbolic acid — | — — | 5°64 | 38-0 55 40
Steam is so effective that it would invariably be adopted if questions
of cost and convenience never arose.
It not only kills animal pests,
ova and larve of eelworms, wireworms, woodlice, &c., and reduces
fungi, but in addition it brings about a certain amount of decompo-
240 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .
sition, thus greatly facilitating the work of the soil organisms. A
steamed soil is therefore not onlv a healthier but also a richer medium
for plant growth than a corresponding untreated soil. There is
a tendency to retardation of germination and to some rankness of
growth in heated soil, but this can be overcome by modifying the
manuring and by growing easily setting varieties such as ‘ Ailsa Craig.’
But so great are the advantages that many growers of cucumbers and
tomatos in the Lea Valley now heat their soil as a regular part of
their procedure, either by steam or hot water (figs. 39, 40).
Unfortunately heating the soil is not only inconvenient but also
costly. In the palmy days before the War the lowest cost at which it
had been done so far as I know was {24 an acre. Present costs are
very considerably above this. Two statements taken from the books
of large commercial nurseries showing the cost for a house in winter
1918-19 was as follows :—
>
Nursery No. r. Nursery No. 2.
ine Be a ER a
Labour* . : ; ; : ; E25) GeO 4 10 oO
Cokef ii. ; ‘ ; ‘ : 0 Oe 3 te PWR Sort
Boxes, boilers, &c. . : ; ; 5 4 6" a
Total for one house. ; 40: ¢0-40R t2. trea
Total for an acre : : 300 0 20 87 17400
Time taken for a house (about } acre) 16 days 3 days
Nursery No. r was badly infested so that work could proceed
only very slowly. Nursery No. 2 was much more lightly affected ;
the crop was 35 tons an acre, which is quite good. After steaming, it
was raised to 40 tons an acre, about as good as a commercial grower
hopes to attain. It is doubtful whether steaming would be worth -
while in a house where the yield is already 40 tons an acre, as in these
circumstances there can be no serious number of disease organisms or
pests.
Three general methods of heating the soil have been adopted :—
1. By steam, using the tray or box method.{ This is applicable
for large-scale work; the tray method being suitable for soils heated
im situ such as tomato borders, and the box method for soils that have
to be moved, such as cucumber borders.
2. By baking, using waste heat from flues or boiler, or in a special
oven heated by coke. This is most convenient for small scale work
such as the purification of soil needed for the raising of seedlings in
nurseries where the damping-off fungus causes trouble, and the treat-
ment of composts in private glasshouses.
3. By hot water, using water from the pipes, heated if necessary
in a supplementary cylinder.
One grower, who successfully adopts this method, applies 64,000
* 23 men each 36 hrs. @ Is. } 15 cwt. a day @ 36s. a ton.
{ See Jour. Board of Agriculture, 1913, vol. xix. p. 809 and 1914, vol, xxi.
p. 102, for the essential features; there are, however, modifications in detail
introduced since these papers were written.
:
F
:
|
THE PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOILS. 241
gallons an acre of water at 200° F-. in November, and a further 160,000
to 240,000 gallons an acre later; in all equivalent to 10-15 inches of
rain. Pumping costs 2d. for 1,000 gallons, heating by a steam injector
costs 2s. to 2s. 6d. for r,000 gallons; the cost is therefore {4 10s. a
house, or £36* an acre. The method is not as effective as steam, and
plants sometimes take on a curiously mottled appearance indicating
some obscure physiological effect.
However the heating is done, it is costly and inconvenient, and
there is no possibility of reducing the cost indefinitely ; the number of
thermal units needed to heat a given weight of soil can readily be
calculated, and however good the method it can never exceed I00 per
cent. efficiency. Even in theory one ton of fuel cannot heat more than
130 to 250 tons of moist soil, or 340 tons of dry soil, from 52° F. to
212° F., no matter how the process is done. In practice r ton of
coke may bake 40 tons of soil for 24 hours, while 12 tons or more
are needed to steam 1 acre of soil.
Chemical methods of partial sterilization are much more convenient
and potentially much cheaper, since there is no limit to the reduc-
tion in cost as in the case of heat. Many efforts have therefore been
made to find suitable agents. A difficulty arises, however, which
heat does not present. After a soil has been heated it cools, and the
deterring effect of heat is not exercised on the plant. But chemicals
may persist; they may indeed poison the crop. It is essential
that the substance disappear from the soil after its work is done,
either by evaporation or by one of those remarkable oxidations
or decompositions brought about by living or other agencies in the
soil.
In the first experiments at Wye and at Rothamsted volatile
antiseptics only were used because they readily evaporate from the
soil and present no danger of after-effects. Volatile antiseptics were
effective in throwing out of action some of the soil population that
impede the action of the ammonia-producing organisms ; they there-
fore brought about a larger production of ammonia in the soil and so
increased productiveness.
They were, however, difficult to handle in practice, and the two
with which we had most experience—carbon disulphide and toluene—
had the disadvantage of being inflammable. The railway companies
refused to carry them in ordinary goods trains, and when they finally
reached the experimental centres the workmen did not treat them
with proper respect. These difficulties might have been overcome—
indeed, the ingenious Monsieur TRUFFAUT has overcome them, so far
as carbon disulphide is concerned, by making an emulsion ; but a more
serious difficulty presented itself. The antiseptics were not always
equally effective ; in some cases they were very useful, in others they
were not, toluene especially being liable to fail in moist soils. They
were nothing like as reliable as heat, for while heat could be depended
upon with a great degree of certainty, they could not.
* In this case there are eight houses to the acre; the more usual number in
the district is seven.
242 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~
Another substance that proved better was cresylic acid, the main
constituent of the coal-tar acids on the market during the War. Under
the name of “ liquid carbolic acid” it used to be sold at 2s. a gallon ;
it is now double that price, but it may fall to something approaching
the pre-War level. Although it does not volatilize from the soil it is
readily oxidized by soil bacteria with formation of products that do.
no harm to plants. After a short period, therefore, the plants can be
set out in the treated soil without fear.
The method of using cresylic acid is to add one gallon of the acid
to 40 gallons of water and apply the mixture to g to 18 sq. yards,
t.e. 40 to 80 gallons a house, then heavily watering; in the case of
heavy soil the acid is applied in two doses at an interval of 14 days ;
the land must previously have been dug over to a depth of r spit.
Planting can begin at the expiration of one month. Pot experiments
show that some degree of watering is necessary, otherwise plants
become abnormal; the foliage becomes variegated and the setting
of the trusses hampered.
One gallon to g sq. yards is 79 gallons a house: the cost of
79 gallons “ liquid carbolic acid ’’ @ 4s. the gallon is {15 16s,
a house. 49 cwt., costing £105, are needed for an acre.
The half strength is more usual; this costs {52 Ios. an acre.
This larger quantity corresponds to about 0.22 per cent. of the
soil, or M/50 in the notation explained later. Good results, however,
are commonly obtained with the half or M/roo dose, and there is
little doubt that the price could come down ; assuming it fell to 2s.a
gallon, the cost would be only {£25 an acre where the half dose proved
sufficient.
On an average of results, carbolic acid is less effective than steam.
Thus in blocks of houses under commercial management the following
yields of tomatos have been obtained :—
| A, | B. C. ey
Steam 26:0 32°4* 30°8 tons an acre to end of |
Cresylic acid 25°4 22°6 27°3 1S September. |
The cresylic acid fell far behind steam in B, and distinctly behind
in C.
Other chemicals have shown similar inferiority to heat.
The inferiority of chemicals lies in the fact that they are less certain
to act in any given case than heat. Further investigation has empha-
sized the important fact that diseases and sicknesses of soil are not one
but many, and the only rational way of using chemical agents is to
do what medical men did in the case of human beings—make a
proper diagnosis of the cause and then seek a specific remedy.
* Steamed with grids: 30°3 tons an acre when steamed with trays.
Fic. 39.—Steamed soil is a healthier medium for plant growth than untreated soil
infested by eelworm. The root labelled ‘‘ untreated ” shows the ‘‘ knots ”
caused by eelworm ; the other, labelled ‘‘ steam,” is free.
Steamed soil Untreated soil
Fic. 40.— Tomato plants from a large commercial nursery.
The left-hand one is grown in steamed soil, the right
hand one in the same soil unsteamed.
[ To face p. 242.
Chloropicrin Control Chloropicrin Sodium Cyanide
SODIUM CYANIDE. BS
CHLOROPICRIN . . eames
— ~ :
Fic. 41.—Beneficial effect of partial sterilization on tomatos grown in pots. The
second from the left is the control plant in unsterilized soil; the others have
been treated with the agents named (Chloropicrin and Sodium Cyanide).
CHLORDINITROBENZENE te - =
27 = |
Chlordinitrobenzene Control Dichlorcresol Cresol
FG. 42.—-Beneficial effect of dichlorcresol. Harmful effect of
chlordinitrobenzene, which is too potent an agent at this
sirength (0°27 per cent.).
Fic. 43.— EFFECT OF PARTIAL SOIL-STERILIZATION ON TOMATOS.
Plant on left in untreated soil ; in middle, in soil sterilized by heat; on right, in soil
sterilized by calcium sulphide (30 grammes to the cubic metre). (Monsieur G. Truffaut’s
experiments.)
Control Chloropicrin
BLEACHING POR2/, : CHLOROPICRIN
CONTROL ; IN
& PICRIC ACID-2 ;
rs
CHARCOAL b
CHLOROPICRIN
Fic. 44.—-Remarkable effect of certain partial sterilizing agents on root develop-
ment. This is being further investigated.
:
:
:
:
CRESOL O54 @CONTROL” ° : at agent tole
: 75 7 075 /, ‘ 025}. ;
Cresol Control Dichlorcresol
. 0 . Oo . 16 :
075% 0'075% 07025 % -~ 025%
Fic. 45.—Remarkable effect of certain partial sterilizing agents on root
development.
[Tc face p. 243.
aryyze
THE PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOILS. 243
In order to use chemical substances for the control of the soil
population it is therefore necessary to know exactly what organisms
are to be dealt with, and to carry out direct experiments with those
organisms to ascertain the effects of the antiseptics on them.
It is well known that poisons have a marked selective effect on
organisms. A substance may prove fatal to one kind of organism
but not to another; there has to be a relationship between the
particular cell substance and the particular poison before killing
occurs. Heat, on the other hand, kills everything.
Our first remedial scheme was drawn up as the result of observa-
tions in the nurseries. It was as follows :—
Agent tried.
Disease.
Steam. Cresylic Acid. Formaldehyde.
|
** Soil sickness ’’ | Effective _ Effective Effective
Wireworm Effective Not effective Not effective
Club Effective Fairly effective Not certainly effec-
tive
Sleepy disease Effective | Not certainly effec- | Not certainly effec-
| tive tive
Fusarium _ Effective | Not effective Frequently effective |
Damping off Effective | Not effective Effective
Root fungus Effective Not effective Effective
Stripe | Not effective Not effective Not effective
This chart indicated the proper method of attacking the problems
and has been adhered to in all subsequent work.
Analysis of the soil population is made and the effect of different
substances on the individual is studied. The work is difficult and
highly specialized.
Fortunately Mr. W. B. RANDALL of Waltham Cross came forward
at a critical moment and generously provided funds for the appointment
of a competent biologist, and fortunately also we were able to interest
Mrs. D. J. MATTHEWS (formerly Miss [SGROVE) in the problem ; she
therefore undertook the work.
The method of procedure is as follows. The analysis of the soil
population is made partly by the plant and partly by the scientific
investigator. The indications of the plant are sometimes definite ;
for example, Root-knot indicates the eelworm Hetevodera radicicola,
sleepy disease indicates Verticillium, damping off indicates Pythium,
&c. Laboratory methods have been worked out at Rothamsted
for studying other members of the soil population.
Having thus made a survey of the population to be dealt with,
the investigator finds some means of estimating the number in one
gram of soil of the particular organism on which he is working. Then
the soil is treated with a certain weight of the antiseptic; another
lot is treated with 1, that weight; others with 4, ;,, and so on.
On chemical grounds it is better to take the. molecular weight and not
244 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
an arbitrary weight as the standard; thus for xr gram of soil the
number of milligrams of various substances added would be :—
Molecular weight Molecular weight
Io ; 50 ‘
Molecular weight Molecular weight
100 f 200 $
Molecular weight,
or, as it is usually and more briefly expressed,
M, M/tro, M/50, M/t100, M/200, &c.
Counts are now made of the numbers of the organisms present in
each lot of soil and the limit is found beyond which the organism will
not survive. Thus the organism may be apparently unaffected by
the M/200 dose, not much reduced by the M/roo ; it may be seriously
diminished by the M/50 dose and completely suppressed by the M/zo
dose. ‘The toxic dose therefore lies between M/ro and M/50, and would
be expressed as M/1o0 to M/5o.
A derivative of the substance is then made by the chemist by
introducing a new group; the effect of the new substance is then |
tested.
Supposing the toxic dose is now M/io to M, the new substance is
obviously less effective than the old. The chemist therefore tries
in some other direction. Supposing the new group increases the
toxicity so that the toxic dose becomes M/50 to M/roo, this represents
a distinct improvement. The chemist therefore goes further in the
same direction and introduces another group of the same kind. The
toxicity may be still further increased. A third group is then intro-
duced ; there may be a still further increase, or, on = other hand,
no increase at all in toxicity.
In this way numbers of groups can be examined and their effects
ascertained. As an example, the effect on the wireworm of certain
groups, ascertained by Messrs. TATTERSFIELD and ROBERTS, may be
quoted :—
AMOUNTS REQUIRED TO KILL WIREWORMS.
Seinen, Molecular Fee sy:
| Basal Substance. Added Group. | One Group. | Two Groups.
Methyl 54 30
Chlorine 26 | 8
! Bromine 14 —_
Benzene Iodine 6 | —
| 100 Amide 3°5 Non-toxic
| Nitro 3 | Non-toxic
| Hydroxyl I*4 | —
Chlormethylene O°5 / —
One of Mrs. MATTHEWs’ tables for eelworm, fungi, and protozoa
is as follows :—
THE PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOILS. 245
Toxic Dose for
Eelworms. | Fungi. | Protozoa.
|
Cresol . : ‘ M/t10 M/2-M/10 | M/t1o
Monochlorcresol : M/50 M/to M/t1o
Dichlorcresol . : : M/50 M/10—M/50 M/50
Chlordinitrobenzene : M/200-M/500 M/200-M/500 =
Sodium cyanide. : M/50 — M/10
The work is necessarily slow but it has the merit of certainty.
When promising substances are found they are examined more
extensively. Pot experiments are made. These are slower and
require much more space than laboratory experiments ; indeed, they
can only be done when the preliminary laboratory experiments have
allowed a selection of substances to be made.
Of the numerous pot and plot experiments now in hand at
Rothamsted and the Lea Valley, figs. 4r and 42 illustrate both the
possibilities and the dangers. At the commencement of the investiga-
tion the so-called liquid carbolic acid (really cresylic acid) was the most
convenient of all chemical substances for large-scale use, and it was,
and still is, widely adopted. The laboratory experiments, however,
have shown that its effectiveness against eelworms and fungi is much
improved by introducing chlorine atoms. Pot experiments confirm
this result. The dichlorcresylic acid is seen to be much more effective
than the cresylic acid in helping tomatos in a soil infested by eelworms
or fungi. It also causes greater production of ammonia. It happens,
too, to be more convenient to use, and need not necessarily be much
more expensive.
Figure 42, however, also illustrates the dangers of the method.
Laboratory experiments indicated that even more striking effects
would be produced by adding a nitro group to the chlor- derivative.
Chlordinitrobenzene is toxic both to eelworms and fungi in the very
small dose lying between M/500 and M/200; it is, indeed, the most
potent poison we have yet found. Unfortunately it is also highly
toxic to plants. In this it resembles most of the other antiseptics ;
its distinguishing feature is that it does not easily decompose or dis-
appear from the soil, so that for a long pers it persists and is liable
to injure the plant.
The question of disappearance from the soil is of very great import-
ance. Phenol, cresol, and the chlorcresols quickly decompose and
become innocuous ; the nitro- compounds, however, do not. From
the chemical point of view, interesting possibilities are presented by
these and certain other compounds which, having acted in the first
instance as partial sterilizing agents or soil insecticides, may proceed
to decompose and give rise to valuable plant nutrients. Calcium
sulphide is an instance ; it is an effective sterilizer and it soon gives
rise to valuable calcium carbonate. Sodium cyanide is effective
246 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
against eelworms, though not against fungi, at M/50 to M/r0 ; afterit has
poisoned them it breaks down apparently to sodium formate and
ammonia, the former of which acts as a weak alkali and therefore
counteracts acidity, while the latter is a valuable plant nutrient.
Pyridene also gives rise to ammonia in the soil, though here the
change is more obscure.
The nitro- compounds are of special interest because they happen
to be available in large quantities at the present time. Some of them
have marked toxic properties to eelworms and fungi, but they are also
harmful to the plant. Picric acid is one of the commonest of these ;
it is at first very injurious to plants, but after a time it disappears from
the soil, for the new vegetation shows little or no sign of harmful
effects. After a sufficient interval is allowed to elapse the picric acid .
acts as a potent fertilizer. Some of the nitro- group may become
converted into nitrates in the soil, but the evidence is not yet clear.
Experiments on this important subject are in hand.
Besides these systematic investigations, which, as already indicated,
are necessarily slow, progress is also possible by enlightened empirical
methods, in particular by testing large numbers of substances direct
on the growing plant. M. TRurrauT has used this method success-
fully at Versailles and has obtained results which he published in his
journal, Jardinage (fig. 43). Since the armistice the Chemical Warfare
Department has furnished us with one or two interesting substances
now under investigation.
One of the best of these is chlorpicrin, which is of great value
as a partial sterilizing agent; it is fatal to eelworms and wireworms,
and harmless to plants; indeed, it promotes root action to a remark-
able degree (figs. 44, 45). Further, it can at present be obtained
cheaply and in quantity. It is, indeed, an excellent substance for the
horticulturist, and its effects are shown in figs. 41, 44. Unfortunately,
it is awkward and dangerous to handle; the worker needs a mask,
and he may profoundly incommode unfortunate maskless bystanders.
The work, however, has gone sufficiently far to show that the main
lines are right. The analysis of the soil population and the study of
the effects of definite chemical substances on the organisms involve
long and difficult problems, but in solving them we shall gain that
control over the soil population that we need for the most intensive
horticultural and agricultural practice. There is a gap, but not an
impassable one, between the science of to-day and the practice of to-
morrow. If the science is mght the practice will come.
SOME IRISH GARDENS. 247
SOME IRISH GARDENS.
By J. G. WESTON, F.R.H.S.
{Read May 27, 1919; Rev. J. Jaco in the Chair.]
I FEEL that before commencing my paper on “ Some Irish Gardens ”
I ought to explain why I, a gardener in Kent, have taken this
subject, and in doing so I must give you a little personal history.
After a pretty thorough training in some of the larger English
gardens, I was fortunate in being engaged in 1897 to go as gardener
to the Earl and Countess of BESSBOROUGH at Bessborough, in Co.
Kilkenny. I spent eight years there, and look back with a great
deal of pleasure to the time I passed in the Green Isle.
Those of you who know Ireland are very well aware of the lovely
gardens that exist in all parts of that delightful country—those who
do not happen to have visited there would scarcely credit the almost
tropical vegetation that abounds in the gardens, parks, and wood-
lands of Ireland.
During my eight years there I was able to visit many of the
gardens I am speaking about this afternoon ; in other instances, where
I have not visited, the owners and their gardeners have been most
kind in assisting me with photographs and notes of various garden
subjects.
Amongst those charming scenes there are few that surpass Bess-
borough, whether in the beautiful natural scenery of the surrounding
country, or in the many choice subjects which flourish in the garden
proper. Lying in the fertile valley of the River Suir, between Water-
ford and Clonmel, the soil and climate are both eminently favourable
for gardening ; in fact, I have often thought that in Ireland plants,
and also fruit and farm crops generally, thrive almost too easily to
be properly appreciated. It is certain that with many gardeners
it is a good result after strenuous efforts, which affords real
gratification.
Not only do the majority of shrubs and garden plants thrive so
well at Bessborough, but hardy fruit succeeds in a manner which is
a revelation to the casual visitor, who often has very dreary and
erroneous ideas about Ireland generally, associating its vegetation in
his mind principally with the potato !
When first taking charge of the Bessborough gardens I found that
though some of. the old fruit trees bore excellent crops, very few
young trees had been planted. We started to remedy this the first
autumn, eventually planting up a new orchard. In the year of the
Cork Exhibition (somewhere about Ig02) a large fruit show was
held in the autumn to show what could be grown in Ireland, and,
248 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
though some of the specimens staged at that time would have rather
shocked our best growers over here, the fruit from the Bessborough
district came out so well that as an outcome of this show a scheme
was drafted by the Irish Board of Agriculture to plant up separate
acres of various kinds of fruit trees and bushes on twenty small farms
in this locality, and an expert was placed in charge of them, to instruct
the farmers in the best methods of fruit cultivation, grading, packing,
and getting on the markets. These plots succeeded well, and so much
good resulted from this scheme that it was eventually decided to
double the number of plots in that district.
One of the best answers to the question of how the plan succeeded
is the fact that for several years fruit has been successfully exhibited
at the R.H.S. Fruit Show in London from one of these small farms.
From Bessborough Gardens alone in seven years over thirty first
prizes have been awarded for fruit exhibited in the open classes at the
same show in London, besides holding its own at the shows held
in Dublin and Belfast.
Stone fruit does admirably at Bessborough ; peaches, nectarines,
and plums, and, in two years out of three, apricots of exceptional
quality are grown.
One of the first improvements taken in hand by the Countess
of BESSBOROUGH was the formation of a combined rock-and-water
garden. When making the excavations for the ponds, the soil was
thrown up to make a high bank on the side farthest from the walk.
This bank was planted with a great variety of plants, with a view
to providing an immediate effect, but with the idea of weeding out
anything which eventually proved unsuitable. Gunnera mantcata,
throwing its gigantic leaves over the water, bamboos such as
Arundinaria anceps, A. nitida, Phyllostachys flexuosa, P. Henonis,
P. aurea, P. nigra, and P. viridi-glaucescens, with Bambusa palmata
and B. fastuosa, such Berberis as Darwint, B. stenophylla gracilis, B.
Thunbergi, and B. virescens were planted to hang over the rocks,
placed close to the water’s edge, with Hydrangeas in variety,
Cordyline australis, Phormium tenax, Eulaha zebrina, E: japonica
var., and E. gracillima, Osmunda regalis, Avalia Stebold1, Spiraeas in
variety, and other smaller species close to and even in the water.
Behind the plants named and farther away were clumps of Avundo
Donax and A. conspicua (the noble summer-flowering Pampas),
Polygonum sachaliense and - _ EE a
ee
SOME IRISH GARDENS. 253
Bamboos grow luxuriantly ; we have about twenty-six varieties,
and some very large clumps of Avundinaria aristata contain several
hundred canes. One grubbed out last year contained over six hundred
canes, many of which were 26 feet long.
A. racemosa has canes over 27 feet long.
A fine piece of Phyllostachys nigra is usually much admired here.
It has canes 20 feet high and jet black and is very striking.
Phormium tenax and its varieties all grow freely here near the sea.
Escallonias, under such conditions, make capital hedges—one near
the sea is 65 yards long, 10 feet high and ro feet through.
Fuchsia Riccartont grows everywhere, and the dwelling-house
is almost covered with it. We clip it with the shears in the early
spring, and then let it run to flower as it pleases. It takes a thirty-
rung ladder to reach the top of the plants. In another garden we
have two hedges of this Fuchsia each about 100 feet long; these
look very well in the summer. Tree ferns thrive and look very orna-
mental in a dell. Gunnera manicata makes bold clumps and enormous
leaves, the latter often more than 6 feet across.
Other choice shrubs that do well here are Leptospermum scoparium,
L. Nicholsi1, and L. Chapmant, Olearia semidentata, O. chathamica
and O. macrodonia. In late summer and autumn Hydrangeas make
a good show, the majority being of a beautiful blue shade.
Kilruddery, the seat of the Earl of MEATH, is situated near the
fashionable seaside resort of Bray.
The estate is of great antiquity, having been a monastery con-
nected with the Abbey of St. Thomas the Martyr. Kilruddery is
derived from two Irish words meaning “‘ The Church of the Knight.”
On the suppression of the monasteries by King HENRy VIII. the
demesne was presented to Sir WILLIAM BRABAZON, a distinguished
warrior of Anglo-Saxon lineage, and ancestor of the present owner.
Many interesting remains of the monkish period are still discern-
able, although the ancient buildings have disappeared, the most
noteworthy of these remains being the portion of the grounds known
as the Angles—a number of triangular areas divided and enclosed
by high hedges of Yew and Hornbeam, kept neatly trimmed, which
local tradition says were used by the monks for solitary meditation.
The present pleasure-grounds are extensive, comprising some thirty
acres of woodland, lawn, and flower garden. The latter is laid out
in the Italian style of intricate design, and extend from near the large
conservatory to the kitchen-garden.
The conservatory is a large oval-shaped building, and, besides
the usual tree-ferns, palms, orange and lemon trees, contains some
very fine specimens of the sculptor’s art. There is no lack of water
at Kilruddery—four large ponds besides small streams existing.
Three of the ponds have a special interest. The two known as
the Long Ponds were in the time of the monks used as fishponds,
and doubtless many a good catch helped to furnish the larder of the
monks on fast-days.
254 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —
The third pond is of circular design, containing a fountain with —
an arrangement of jets playing into it, and is enclosed by a circular
beech hedge 30 feet in height and 18 feet through—with a passage ©
about 7 feet wide and ro feet high running all round in the middle
of the hedge.
Near by, The Sylvan Theatre is an interesting link with medieval
times. The theatre, which is enclosed by a bay hedge on three sides,
and opens on the fourth for the players, has seats cut in the slopes
for the audience, and was the scene of the first performance in Ireland
of Milton’s ‘‘ Comus.” -
In the woodlands many fine specimen trees may be seen, amongst
them Pinus insignis, P. sylvestris, and Cedrus ailantica, with Ash,
Beech, Oak, and other native species in profusion.
A fine old grove of evergreen oaks, some 75 feet high—many of the
trees with a girth of 9 to 11 feet round the stem at 5 feet up—planted
about 350 years ago, is on one side of the bowling green which
doubtless was used by the monks for recreative purposes.
Not many miles from Kilruddery is Powerscourt in Co. Wicklow,
where the finest views are to be seen from any garden in the world.
It possesses splendid specimens of conifers and a very fine specimen of
Fagus betulotdes.
Any paper on “‘ Irish Gardens ” would be incomplete without refer-
ence to Glasnevin, which is 50 acres in extent, and in some respects
is one of the finest Botanic Gardens in the world. In passing I may
say that I am indebted to Sir FREDERICK Moore for the notes on
this most interesting public garden, and also for the notes on other
gardens which I have not been privileged to see, but which he
has—and, as you are doubtless well aware, no better authority
on all matters appertaining to horticulture in Ireland exists than
Sir F. Moore. He says with reference to Glasnevin :—
“Some of the collections are exceedingly strong, in spite of the
fact that the soil is very poor, being a shallow gravelly loam, on lime-
stone gravel, and in many seasons suffering greatly from drought.
The chief features are the water-garden, the herbaceous borders, and
the rock-garden, and indoors the collection of species of orchids
which is believed to be the best in the world—-even better than the
collection at Kew.
The collections of Cycads and succulent plants are well known,
and both are good, though in this respect Kew is undoubtedly first.
Of other interesting gardens in Ireland, Lord Barrymore’s place
at Fota Island, Queenstown, is one of the very first. Unfortunately,
I have no photographs of the many marvellous things growing in the
gardens there.
The vegetation on Fota Island is almost tropical, and it is quite
a distinct type of garden; and, again quoting Sir FREDERICK MOORE,
“ the collection has been kept up, and probably stands first in Ireland.”
SOME IRISH GARDENS. 255
Castlewellan, in Co. Down, is also well known to many garden-
lovers, and, at the time I visited it about sixteen years ago, was at its
zenith. It had at that time the most complete and the best-grown
collection of trees and shrubs to be seen in any private garden in
the world, these being quite a revelation to the average visitor. One
striking criticism I heard a great gardener make was that it was
“too much like a museum ;”’ nevertheless, the many specimen trees
and shrubs were marvellous and worth a long journey to see.
Kilmacurragh, in Co. Wicklow, belongs to Mrs. BALL Acton, and
is certainly one of the very best gardens of its type. There are the
finest specimens of species of Rhododendrons in Ireland growing there,
and some of the rarer conifere are well grown. The finest tree of
Embothrium coccineum is probably the specimen in this garden, and
the garden generally is one of great interest. A specimen of Abves
grandis, over 100 feet high, was blown down a year or two ago.
Mount Usher is another famous Wicklow garden, though on a
totally different scale, and there are few garden visitors to Ireland
who do not know of Mount Usher, with its streams and wonderful
climate. All classes of plants are represented, and it has a splendid
collection, including very fine specimens of Eucalyptus.
Mr. E. H. WALPOLE, the owner of Mount Usher, to whom I am
indebted for photographs, says: “‘ The house is an old mill-house
which was taken by my grandfather in 1860, and the place has been
worked up as a garden by my late father and uncle.”
The place lies in the valley of the Vartry and is very well sheltered
from most winds. The climate and soil are both exceptionally good
and suitable for many classes of plants.
Old Conna Hill, Bray, belonging to Captain RIALL, is another
very good garden where tender plants do remarkably well. Here
Cantua dependens has lived for many years on a wall, and flowers
freely. ‘‘ There,” says Sir F. Moore, “is the finest plant of
Dendromecon rigidum \ have ever seen, it makes shoots 15 feet long
in one year, and is rarely out of flower.”
I should say the best general collection of trees and shrubs (but
mostly young) are in Sir JOHN Ross oF BLADENBURG’S garden at
Rostrevor House, Rostrevor. It has a wonderful climate, and the
soil is open, stony, and free of lime. It is sheltered by a hill from
the sea winds, and such plants as all the species of Leptospermum
flourish. Pyvostanthera lasianthos is a bush 50 feet high and un-
protected for years. There is a most complete collection of Eucalyptus.
Embothrium is splendid, and many rare plants usually grown indoors
flourish. Hakeas, Banksias, Acacias, several Agaves, Aloes, and
Crassulas live out unprotected. Tree-ferns also live here, and a great
variety of plants which one does not expect to see in the open air
256 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —
are found in this garden. Sir JonHN Ross is an enthusiastic collector,
and has made this garden celebrated. He has really made the garden
in the last quarter of a century.
Mr. BEAMISH’s garden at Ashbourne in Co. Cork is another garden
of the Mount Usher type.
The rock-garden there is good, and many features are better than
one sees in many places.
A garden on similar lines is that of Mr. H. D. BarTon in Antrim.
Here Primulas and Meconopsis grow better than I have seen them
in any place in Ireland, and the collection of alpines is not only good
but extremely well grown. It is a garden everyone should see.
Also on the same lines is Mr. H. BLAND’s garden at Blandsford,
Abbeyleix, Queen’s County ; but, in addition to the alpines, a very
complete collection of conifers has been made, and a collection of
hard woods is now being formed. A very complete collection of alpines
grown in a most original way—mostly on mounds made of heaps of
peat carted direct from the bogs—is that of Mr. Murray HorwnI-
BROOK at Knapton, Abbeyleix. Mr. HORNIBROOK is a well-known
authority on Saxifrages and Campanulas, and he not only knows them
well, but grows them well.
Sir F. Moore says: “ I have sent several people to see this garden,
and they have all come back delighted with it, and with the work
done there.”’
In pre-war days Mrs. GREEN’s garden at Curraghgrange, Co. Kildare,
was also a well-known and extremely well-done alpine garden. In
fact, it was a garden that should not be missed, though the climate
there is much harsher than in any of the other gardens named, except
the Abbeyleix gardens, and therefore many of the tender plants
characteristic of Irish gardens are not found there. It is curious
that both in Co. Antrim and Co. Down many very tender plants
do well.
I am sure that to many, who have not seen the more tender plants
‘ growing in the open air in the gardens in Ireland as I have seen them,
some of the figures quoted, and the dimensions given, will appear
almost incredible. The fact remains that the garden-lover will be well
repaid by making a pilgrimage to Ireland. It will open his eyes
to many things. We are very apt to think over here that they do
not know how to do things in Ireland, which is very far from being
the case; but especially he will find that the Irishman or Irishwoman
gardener and garden-lover is amongst the most enthusiastic in the
world. They also are quite as famous for their hospitality, and every
visitor is made to feel that he or she is an honoured guest, and every-
thing possible is done to make the visit a most enjoyable one, and
even worth the journey across the Irish Channel in bad weather.
SUGGESTIONS FOR RIGHT SELECTION OF APPLE STOCKS. 257
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE RIGHT SELECTION OF
APPEE STOCKS:
By Ronatp G. Hatton, M.A., Director, Wye College Fruit
Experiment Station, East Malling.
[Read September 23, 1919; Mr. J. Hupson, V.M.H., in the Chair.]
DuRING the past two and a half years several reports have appeared,
from both Bristol and East Malling, on the subject of Free and Paradise
Apple Stocks. The reports of the researches carried out are to be
found in the JourNAt of the R.H.S., vol. xlii. p. 361, and vol. xliv.
p. 89, in the Bristol Annual Report for 1917, and in the special
pamphlet on Paradise Stocks issued from East Malling in January
t9grg and widely published in the weekly fruit papers.
Probably a stage has been reached which will necessitate a waiting
period before any further pronouncements can be made as to the ulti-
mate value and influence of individual types of root system, because
we are now bound to wait for the verdict of fruiting trees upon various
soils. These trees are yet in their infancy.
However, the first stages of the work have shown so banat
the vital influence of a good or bad root-stock that the matter cannot
be allowed to rest for the next five years until these final tests have
yielded up their results. The questions are, What can be done mean-
while to make the best use of the knowledge available with regard
to apple stocks ? and, How can we begin to put our stool beds in order ?
There are very many definite indications of the value of different
types of stock at the present moment, of which a good deal of use can
be made at once. It is the purpose of this paper briefly to state the
present position, and to outline those indications which are sufficiently
constant to form a basis for judgment.
The Popular Idea.—The first essential is to disabuse ourselves
of the popular or text-book conception of apple stocks. Those who
handled hundreds of thousands of stocks must have realized the
incompleteness of the conception, though their catalogues gave
little hint of it. In the popular mind apple stocks were of three
types:
I. Paradise or dwarfing stocks with fibrous and surface roots.
These were raised by layers, and were suitable only for bush and
garden-trained trees.
2. Free or strong-growing stocks raised from seedlings of various
sorts, mere chance crosses, suitable for standard trees and weak-
growing varieties.
3. Crab stocks raised either from pips or suckers of the ‘ True Wild
Crab.” supposed to be especially hardy and suited to the same purposes
258 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
as the free stocks. Both the free and crab stocks were reckoned —
to be deeper and coarser rooted than the Paradise.
The Result of Investigations on the Paradise—The investigation —
carried out at East Malling showed, in the first place, that there
were eight or nine types of so-called Paradise in fairly general use
in this country. It proved that these types varied very greatly
in vigour from the true Broad-leaved English Paradise, upon which
I have seen standard trees as strong and vigorous as upon any
free stock, to the true French Paradise which forces Bramley’s
Seedling in the second year from the graft into copious fruiting.
Incidentally, it showed that the strong and weak types were frequently
badly intermixed, and that the names were interchangeable and
inaccurate.
The investigations also disclosed a series of so-called Paradise
stocks more vigorous even than the true Broad-leaved, and, in fact,
as deep and coarse-rooting as a good free stock, yet easy to raise
vegetatively from layers. It also became apparent that the more
dwarfing stocks were often very sparsely furnished with root fibre and
were even coarse-rooted, as is the case with the true Doucin or English
Paradise, and that some of the deeper-rooting stocks, such as Type
III., were nearly as dwarfing as the most surface-rooting ones, such as
Type IV. The ample root-fibre of Broad Leaf and Nonsuch Paradise
has tended to induce greater vigour than the coarser lateral roots of
the Doucin. In other words, there appears to be no direct correlation
between free fibrous-rooting and dwarf growth.
Results of Investigations on the Free and Crab Stocks——The work
carried out upon the classification of the free and crab stocks at
Bristol showed that there was no marked distinction between these
two trade divisions in root characters. It demonstrated that even at
an early stage in the life of seedling stocks root differences became
apparent, and that as they developed a wide range of root systems
showed itself amongst the free and crab stocks.
The stocks fell into nine main groups, varying .rom
“A. A mass of fine fibrous roots, practically n> coarse roots, and
stem usually distinctly dwarfed.”
through a series of groups, of which one of the most characteristic is
‘‘F, Numerous strong horizontal laterals with fair amount of fibre,
and strong growth of stem.”
to the other extreme from A, as represented in group
“J. Original root system persistent, little adventitious rooting, and
(a) stem strong, (b) stem dwarfed.”
In other words, the range of root system in Paradise and Free
stocks is almost the same. Free stock is a comprehensive term,
meaning no more than seedlings which include dwarf stocks both
_— \ ee
te
Height, 11 feet 4 inches ; girth, 82 inches.
7 years old.
(
<
isa
Ou
>
H
Z
oO
oO
oa
op)
—Q
<
a4
1
Ne)
A a
oO
fy
i
— oe ee Os ae ——— ey le mee
—
S
CS
v
ey
-
/
Compare vigour with A.
TYPE C.
wh
4
o)
O
a
ee
a
<
w~
r)
—
48.-
Fic.
|
old.
(7 vears
é
OF
TYPE
49.-—CRAB STOCK,
/
years old.)
ted branchlets as in Paradise types.
ts and roc
mus TOC
re
Note fil
FIG. 50.—CRAB STOCK, TYPE F.
(7 years old.)
Noté ‘ Burr Knots’ on stem. It layers readily.
G.
TYPE
—CRAB STOCK,
er:
IG.
Fr
(7 years old.)
on stem.
Burr Knots’
Note ‘
Compare vigour with A,
ae ie
Fic. 52.—CRAB STOCK, TYPE H.
(7 years old.)
A common thorny type to be found in beds of crabs. Deep and fangy rooted,
yet very dwarfing.
Fic. 53.—CRAB STOCK, Tyre J.
(7 years old.)
Height, 4 feet 11 inches; girth, 43 inches. Compare with A. Note
‘* Burr Knots” and fibrous rooting, typical of a very dwarf Paradise.
| lo face Dp. 259.
SUGGESTIONS FOR RIGHT SELECTION OF APPLE STOCKS. 259
fibrous and stump-rooted, as well as vigorous ones resulting from a
well-balanced root system.
Meanwhile, very careful investigations were being made at East
Malling with regard to the relative vigour of Free, Crab, and Paradise
stocks, and the range of growth and root system included in each
class. The results of this particular part of our work have not
hitherto been publicly recorded, therefore I wish to dwell shortly
upon these experiments, as they are complementary both of our
own previous work on Paradise stock and of the free-stock work at
Bristol.
Trials at East Malling of the Relative Vigour of Free and Paradise
Stocks.—Selected types of Paradise, ranging from the dwarf Type IV.
to the very vigorous Type XIII., all raised vegetatively from layers,
were planted out on their own roots to demonstrate their relative
vigour. To this collection I shall return later.
A year prior to this, in November 1913, Captain WELLINGTON
and myself went very carefully through a considerable bed of so-called
crab stocks obtained from a foreign source through an English nursery-
man in rgt2. It was noted that when these seedlings, mostly two-
year olds, were planted out, they appeared to be very even, and the
majority exhibited a tap-rooting tendency. When they were planted
out at Wye in rgr2 these tap-roots were, of course, trimmed back at
the time of planting.
At the first inspection a year after planting, we noted the bed
as generally very free-growing and clean-stemmed at the base. A
large number had bold broad leaves, with red petioles, stout wood, and
prominent buds, which we remarked as somewhat resembling ‘ Beauty
of Bath.’ Only a very few appeared stunted and spiny at the time.
It is interesting to note that in the normal course of events at this point
such a bed of stocks would have been “ worked” before anything
more was known about it, hence the common impression among many
tree-raisers that free and-crab stocks vary little. Few nurserymen
have had time or inclination to grow on such a bed of stocks for seven
years to see what it revealed.
We proceeded, however, to select out certain typical ones. These
were transferred to East Malling, and were planted out in February
1914 to grow on on their own roots, which they did until March ror,
when they were lifted in order to obtain the present series of photo-
graphs of their relative growth and rooting characters. A period of
five years was thus allowed to elapse, the stocks being about eight years
from the seed. The series of photographs, showing the trees taken to
scale, is in itself striking enough in its illustration and proof of the
immense variation in vigour amongst so-called free or crab stocks.
However, to show that the difference is not very apparent in the
early stages, I will give the original descriptive notes made of the
stocks at the time of their selection in 1913, and at their examination
in IQIQ.
260 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
November 1913.
A. In leaf and wood colour
very similar to ‘ Beauty
of Bath.’ Roots very
fibrous.
B. In leaf and wood similar
to Nonsuch Paradise.
Roots more thongy than
A and less fibrous. Root
knots very evident on
stem.
®
C. In leaf and wood similar
to A. More deep root-
ing, very strong and
thongy. Few fibres.
E.In leaf and wood
similar to ee
20. Black Seeded Simpson, A. II: 60. Improved Hanson, B. I. a. 8.
b. a. 61. McHattie’s Giant
21. ‘lender and True, B: iL \a.-2 (a), 62. }B. se toe
22. Mignonette, B. I. b. 1. 63. The Moor, B.Il.c.1 (a).
23.9 AT, iB. Aes: 64. Giant Summer Brown, B. II. b.1.
24. Wonderful, B. I. a. 3. 65. Iceleaf, B. I..a. 2.
25. New York 66. Exeter Winter Giant, B. II. a.
26. fB. I. a. 3. 1 (b).
29° a be “New Yorker, syn. Nea- 67. Early Red Spotted, B. II. a.1 (b).
politan, B. I. a. 3. 68. Continuity
28. wha ac gah eres 69. A |b. Lt, &. 5A
29. rm Bp Se ag 4
30; Brittle Ice, B. I: a. 4. i B. T1.¢: 2.483
31. New Brittle Ice, B. I. a. 4. 72, Hardy Red Winter, B. II. a. 1 (¢).
32. Giant Crystal Head, B. I. a. 2. 73. Reliance, B. II. c. 1 (b).
33... Crystal Palace, B.1. w.'2. 74. Percheronne, B. II. c. 1 (b).
34. Holborn eae ee 75. Brown Dutch, B. II. c¢. 1 (b).
35. a » ‘ie 76. Satisfaction, B. II. c. 1 (b).
* See footnote, p. 120.
+ The letters and numbers following the name of the variety indicate its
position in the classified list which follows.
2 - FOO
EOT.
Loz.
103.
104.
105.
106,
107.
108.
109.
IIO.
TEE.
552}
1¥3:
II4.
I1I5.
I16.
£17.
118.
11g.
120.
E21.
I22.
Eat.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
- Yates’ Winter, B. II.
LETTIUCES AT WISLEY,
Large Parisian, B. I. a. 2..
Naumberger or Tenderheart, B.
ST. ¢3 1 {0b}.
Stanstead Park, B. II. a. 1 (a).
Maximum, B. II. c. 1 (a).
Giant, B. II. ¢. 1 (a).
Red Fringed, B. I. a. 1.
New Winter Fringed, B. I. a. 8.
Madrid Green, C. I.
Paris Stonehead, B. I. a. 8.
Autumn Queen, B. II. c. 1 (a).
Market Favourite, B. II. a. 2 (b).
Early Spring, B. I. a. 8.
Madeira Large Winter, B. II.
@., aa).
California Cream Butter, B. II.
ey & (bj.
California Cream Butter, B. II.
c. (b).
California Cream Butter, B. II.
6. x (b).
Tremont Winter, B. II. a. 1 (a).
Grand Admiral, B. II. a. 1 (b).
Black-seeded Big Boston, B. II.
c. I (a).
Black-seeded Big Boston, B. II.
c. I (a).
lg oa Big Boston, B. II. a.
I (b
F
Sans Rivale, B. II. a. 2 (b).
Unrivalled, B. II. a. 2 (b).
Trocadero} II. a. 1 (b)
Big Boston, Boar. ast (b).
me By Feast (b).
May King
7? 2?
B. II. a. 1 (a).
a2 2?
Boucharlat, PB, EE att (c).
White Favourite, B. II. a.2(c) (1).
Madrilene, C. I.
Yellow-seeded Butter, B. II.
Bader
Mammoth Green, B. II. a. 2
(d) (2).
All pies IL. c. 2 (a).
y B. 39s a. 2, {a).
White Chavigné, Bi if>a:.2 (c) G).
ier 2 ream Bs II. a. 2 (c) (2).
Earliest Wayahead, B. II. a. 2
(c) (2).
Wayahead, B. IT. a. 2 (c) (2).
Covent Garden Winter White,
Ee TE a. 2 (4): (3):
Gloriosa, B. II. c. 2 (b) (3).
Masterpiece, B. I. a. 5.
Hammersmith or Hardy Winter
Green, “5, IT. @: 2° (c) (1):
Wanter Green, B. Il. c.3 (c):
@, 2 (€)
(I).
Exeter Winter Giant, B. II.
a. I (b).
pisces, II. a. 2 (b).
Nansen, B. II. a. 2 (d) (3).
E32;
S38.
E73;
174.
Ey
E77:
179
IQIg. 339
Hubbard’s Market, B. II. a. 2
(c) (2).
Hubbard’s Market, B. II. a. 2
(c) (2).
White Summer Cabbage, B. II.
a. 2 (Cc) (2).
Schofield’s Hardy Winter, B. IT.
a. 2 (d) (3).
White Madeira, B. II. c. 3 (c).
Queen of Summer, B. II. a. 2
(c) (2).
Summer Queen, B. II. a. 2 (c) (1).
Peacom' BIT. a. 2 (6) (1).
Deacon Lettuce or San Fran-
cisco Market, B. II. a. 2 (c) (1).
Paragon, B. Il. a.1 (b).
ie By UES aa: fe); (2).
Vauxhall Defiance, B. II. a. 2
(c) (1).
Pioneer,,Be LE: a.. 2) (c)y (ry.
New Summer, B. II. a. 2 (d) (1).
Magnum Bonum, B. II. b. 3.
Brittany Winter White, B. II.
c. 2 (b) (2).
Mammoth Black-seeded Butter,
Thorburn’s Selection, B. II.
c. 3 (a) (2).
Mammoth Black-seeded Butter,
B, IT. ¢. 3 (a) (2).
Exhibition: Giant,’ B. Tl: a2
(d) (2).
Improved Salamander,
6: 2 (By (2):
Salamander, B. IT. c. 2 (b) (2).
Exmpbition,: By Ly ef°2. (by) (2):
All the Year Round, re-selected,
Be ERY c, 3. (by. (2):
All the Year Round
a? 2)
Bz. 1h
Be) FES 3,3
x : (b) (2).
Early Market All Heart, B. I1.
oe 2 (Gyr
Pe II. c. 3 (b) (2).
)
Round-leaved, B. ITI. c. 3 (b) (2).
Beauty of Lille, B. Il. ¢. 3 (a) (2).
Criterion, B11. 6; 3 (P) (2).
Monument, B. II. 3 2 (dye ts):
Eattle Gem, By IT) @:2 (e)..(2):
White Tennisball, Laitue gotte,
BYE a2. (e). 6)
White-seeded Tennisball, B. II.
Ge ¥, (aye
Greet Havourte,- Be Ty - a. 2
(b) (1).
Magnet, B. Il. a. 2 (d) (2).
Golden Ball, B. II. a. 2 (f).
Golden Queen Forcing, B. Il.
Qa Be, (hb)
Royal Albert, B. I. a. 2.
Early 'Paris Cutting, - B... Il.
a. 2 (d) (3).
Early Paris Market, B. II.a.1 (a).
Early Paris Market Forcing,
By Elvvraenz (a): (3):
Early Paris,. By Es c. 2: (d).
Greatheart, B. I. a. 6.
Covent Garden Summer White,
Betas 2: tay.(3).
340 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
180. Marvel of Cazard, B. II. c. 3 227. Giant White, D. I. d. 3.
(a) (1). 228. Mammoth Cos, D. II. bd.
181. Buttercup, syn. Golden Ball, 229. Mammoth White, D. II. 0.
Rudolph’s Favourite, B. II. 230. Winter Density, C. II.
a. 2 (f). 231. Monstrous White, D. I. b. 1.
182. Buttercup (failed). 232. Moor Park, D. I. ¢. 2.
183. Earliest of All, B. II. a. 2 (d) (5). 233. Sh rpe’s Standard White, D. I.
184. Lemon Queen, B. II. a. 2 (f). o. I.
185. Tom Thumb, Wheeler’s, B. II. 234. Superb White, D. I. c. 1.
c. 3 (d) (2). 235. Early Frame, D. I. b. 2.
186. Tom Thumb, ordinary, B. II.c. 236. Beauty of Versailles, D. I. b. 2.
3 (Cc) 237. Alexandra, D. I. c. 1.
187. Tom Thumb, Barr’s Selected, 238. abet oes
BTL. 3 ape). 239.
188. Tom Thumb Improved, B. II. 240. Trianon or Romaine, D. I. c. 1.
c. 3 (d) (2). 241. London White, D. I. c. 3.
189. Commodore Nutt, B. IT. c. 3 242. White Cos, D. I. ¢: 3:
(d) (1). 243. Summer White, D. I. c. 1.
190. Tom Thumb, B. II. c. 3 (d) (2). 244. Prince of Wales, wrongly named.
191. Standwell, B. II. a. 2 (d) (2). 245. Davis’ Hardy Green, D. I. c. rt.
192. Little Gem or Sucrine 246. Winter White, D, I. d. 2.
193. 33 7 lc. Tf: 247. Covent Garden Winter White,
194. 13. TS Oat
195. Dwarf caren fae. 248.. Winter White, D. T:d2;
196. 249. WhiteParis Self-Folding, D.I.c.1.
197. Winter Red, D. II. a. 2 (a). 250. Covent Garden Summer White,
198. Blood-red Winter, DTh wz (a). i a ie.
199. Black-seeded Bath Cos, D. II. 251. Chesnay Large White, D. I. c. 1.
a. 2 (a). 252. ‘Peerless; B. H. ¢. 2469 8e
200. Giant Bath Cos, D. II. a. 2 (a). 2h D1 jes Fe
201. Black-seeded Bath Cos, D. II. 254. Dwarf White Heart, D.1p eee:
a. 2 (a). 255. Balloon rea
202. Black-seeded Bath, D.II.a.2(a). 256. t +D. II. b.
203. Champion Brown, D. II. a!2(b). 257. Vs
204. Covent Garden Winter Brown, 258. Nonsuch, C. II.
DD. ID 2::2 (a)? 259. Exhibition Cos, D. II. b.
205. Walker’s Sugarloaf, D. II. a.1. 260. May King, B. II. a. 1 (a).
206. Solid Brown, D. II. a. 1. 261. Early Paris Market, B. II. a. 1 (a).
207. The Barnum, D. II. 6. 262. Unrivalled, B. II. a. 2 (b).
20S PAL Fieare:. 10. ob, uae 0 a 263. Wonderful, B. I. a. 3.
209. White Heart, D. I. a. 1. 264. All the Year Round@s.278,
210. Sharpe’s Standard, B. II. a. 1 (a). é. 3 ‘(b) (2).
21i. Lobjort’s Green Cos, D) I. a. 1. 265. Tom Thumb, B. il. c. 3 {aj q2)5
212. Dreadnought, D. II. b. 266. Golden Queen, B. II. a. 2 (f).
213. Express 'Cos,;D.'T. ja.i2. 267. Continuity, B. II. c. 1 (b).
214. Express or Eclipse, D. I. a. 2. 268. Winter Beauty, B. II. c. 1 (b).
215. Emerald Queen, D. I. a. 1. 269. Red Forcing, B. II. a. 1 (a).
216. Green Provence, D. I. b. 2. 270. Victoria Red, B. II. a. 1 (b).
217. St, Albans All Heart, D. I.c. 1. 271. ‘Early Long Keeper; ee
218. Jumbo (b) (1).
219. : yD. Lyn Ei 272. Giant Bossin, B. I. b. 2.
220. Giant icin Se ee 273. Giant Golden Bossin, B. I. a. 8.
22%. 274. Leviathan, D. II. a. 2 (a).
222. Hicks’ Hardy White Winter 275. Dwarf White Heart, D. I. c. 2.
Cos, Disease 276.: Hercules,;-B. 1. @.tal
223. Hardy White, D. I. c. 4. 277. Philadelphia Early White, B. II.
224. Superior Hardy White, D. I. c. _a. 2 (d) (4).
225. Early French Market, D. I. b. 278. Unrivalled, B. II. a. 2 (b).
226. Kingsholm, D. I. d. 3. 279. Forcing Milly, B. II. a. 2 (d) (4).
NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS.*
A. Cutting or Bunching Lettuces.
The ‘ Cutting or Bunching’ Lettuces never form a heart, but produce large
numbers of leaves somewhat loosely arranged. When these are cut others
- dad so as to give a successional supply for salad purposes from a comparatively
* See Note F507 330.
LETTUCES AT WISLEY, 1oro. 341
small space. Several of the Cabbage types of lettuce also will sprout after the
hearts are cut, but they are rarely very Satisfactory so treated. The ‘ Cutting
and Bunching ’ Lettuces are little grown or known in the British Isles, although
well known both on the Continent and in America. Several other varieties
besides those mentioned below, some of which occasionally appeared in our
trials, are catalogued abroad. Almost all stand dry weather well without running
to seed.
I. CENTRAL LEAVES LOOSELY BUNCHED.
a. Seeds white.
2. GREEN FRINGED SALAD (Barr).—A medium-sized plant with regularly- .
arranged rosette of pale green much-fringed leaves, of fair quality, mild and
tender. Mature June 25. Very slowtorun. A very ornamental plant.
b. Seeds black.
1. Dark dull green.
1. ENDIVE-LEAVED (Barr *)—Of medium size, with deeply-lobed more or less
erect leaves of bitter flavour, andrather coarse texture. Mature Juner7. Slow
to run,
2. Medium dark green.
3. NEw Brown OAK-LEAVED (Barr *).—Of large size, with lobed more or less
erect, bitter but tender leaves. Mature June 9. Quickly running. In spite
of its name, had no trace of brown. [Note.—There is a brown variety of this
type. ]
II. CENTRAL LEAVES TIGHTLY BUNCHED.
a. Seeds white.
1. Foliage more or less tinged red-brown.
4. TOMHANNOCK (Burpee).—Very large; leaves broad, blistered, light
green within but exposed parts dark brown-red; of good quality, somewhat
bitter and tender. Mature June 16. Very slow to run.
5. Priz—E Heap (Morse).—Indistinguishable from No. 4.
6. AMERICAN GATHERING (Barr *)—Description as No. 4.
7, AMERICAN GATHERING (Thorbufn).—Similar to No. 4, but leaves rather
more cut and blistered and of a darker tinge.
2, Foliage medium dull green.
13. GOLDEN Beauty (Barr*), H.C. June 13, 1919.—Large; leaves broad,
blistered, of good quality, bitter and tender. Mature June 20. Very slow
to run. Some tendency to heart.
14. EARLY CURLED SILESIA ot Simpson (Burpee) \a C ‘june Me ice eh
15, 16. EARLY CURLED SIMPSON (Thorburn, Morse) ee 37 T9ED
Very large, and perhaps rather more blistered than No. 13, otherwise similar.
3. Foliage light green.
17. AUSTRALIAN (Thorburn), H.C. June 13, 1919.—Similar to Nos. 14 to 16,
but paler.
50. GIANT GLACIER (Burpee).—Very large, and somewhat like Nos. 14 to 16,
but with a greater tendency to heart when planted close, forming a transition
to the hearting types.
b. Seeds black.
1. Foliage medium dull green.
18, 20. BLAcK SEEDED Simpson (Morse, Burpee) DS
19. Simpson Brack SEED (Thorburn) } H.C. June 13, 1919.
Very large ; leaves broad, blistered, somewhat darker than ‘ Early Curled Simpson,’
of good quality and crisp. Mature June 16. Ran to seed very slowly.
== —
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
342 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
2. Foliage light dull green.
9. WINTER GATHERING (Sutton).—Very large; foliage broad, much blistered
and frilled, crisp and decidedly bitter. Mature June16. Veryslowtoruntoseed.
10, 11. GRAND Rapips ForcinG (Thorburn, Burpee).—Description as No. 9.
B. Cabbage Hearting Lettuce.
The Cabbage Lettuces which form hearts fall into two large groups, those with
distinctly crisp leaves, somewhat like the Cos Lettuce, brittle and usually glossy on
the veins, and those with the inner leaves scarcely crisp but rather buttery in
texture. The latter are perhaps best known and find the greatest favour in British
gardens, but the former contain many excellent lettuces and may be grown where
Cos Lettuces fail from various causes. Until recently the Cabbage Lettuce found
little favour in the market after the end of May or beginning of June, but it is
now being more greatly appreciated by the marketing public and finds a sale
much later in the season.
I. CRISP HEARTING.
a. Seeds white.
1. Foliage reddish brown.
82. RED FRINGED (Barr *)—Large; foliage broad, much blistered and
crumpled, heart firm, of fair quality. Mature July 1. Slow to run to seed.
Stock not quite true.
2. Foliage medium green, margins red.
32. GIANT CrysTAL Heap (Thorburn), A.M. June 23, 1919.—Very large,
but not spreading widely; foliage blistered and not much crumpled, hearts
fairly firm, crisp, of good quality and mild. Mature June 20. Very slow in
tunning to seed.
33. CRYSTAL PALACE (Barr)
34, 35. HoLBORN STANDARD (Carter, Barr) A.M. June 23,
36, 37, 38, 39. IcEBERG (Thorburn, Morse, Dickson, Burpee) I919.— De-
40. SUPREME (Sutton) ~ > scription as
65. IcELEAF (R. Veitch) _) Nerge.
77. LARGE PARISIAN (Barr *)
57. PIERRE BENITE (Barr*), A.M. June 23, 1919.—Similar to foregoing,
but somewhat smaller.
173. RoyaL ALBERT (R. Veitch)—Somewhat like Nos. 32 to 40 but smaller
and rather less regular, running to seed more quickly.
3. Foliage dark dull green, margins paler.
25, 26. NEw Yorxk (Morse, Thorburn), H.C. June 13, 1919.—Very large,
but not spreading unduly ; foliage somewhat blistered and undulate at margin ;
hearts firm, of fair quality, crisp and of mild flavour. Very slow torun.
27. THE NEw YORKER or NEAPOLITAN (Barr), H.C. June 13, 1919.—De-
scription as Nos. 25, 26.
24, 28, 29, 263. WEBB’S WONDERFUL (Webb, Sydenham, Thorburn, Nutting),
H.C. June 13, 1919.—Description as Nos. 25, 26.
48, 49. DUKE oF CORNWALL (Veitch, Barr *).—Description as Nos. 25, 26,
but stocks not true, and irregular in hearting.
23. At (Sutton), H.C. June 13, 1919.—Description as Nos. 25, 26.
276. HERCULES (Dobbie), H.C. June 13, t919.—Description as Nos. 25, 26.
[Note-——‘ New York’ as originally sent out was identical with the old
‘Neapolitan’ which has now almost disappeared, having been superseded by
the lighter form now described and long known as ‘ Webb’s Wonderful.’]
4. Foliage medium dull green, scarcely blistered.
30. BrittLe Ice (Morse).—Very large, but not widely spreading; border of
leaves not blistered, undulate; hearts hard, of good quality, very crisp and
bitter. Mature June 26. Very slow to run to seed.
31. NEw Britt Le Ice (Thorburn).—Like No. 30.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
LETTUCES AT WISLEY, rorg. 343
5. Foliage medium dull green.
51. DRUMHEAD or MALTA (Morse).—Medium to large; foliage blistered and
somewhat undulate at margin ; hearts poor, crisp and mild. Bolted quickly.
52. DRUMHEAD SELECTED (Barr).—Very large. A poor stock; many did
not form heads and others bolted quickly.
s
124. MASTERPIECE (Chalice).—Very large, compact; foliage blistered and
crumpled, somewhat undulat€ at margin; hearts firm, of good quality, mild
and sweet, crisp. Ready July 4. Slow torun.
6. Foliage ight medium dull green, margins paler.
41, 42. PERPETUAL (Carter, Barr*).—Large but not widely spreading ;
foliage blistered and undulate; hearts light green, firm, crisp, of fair quality
and slightly bitter. Mature June 20. Very slow to run.
43. FavourITE (Sutton).—Description as Nos. 41, 42, but standing longer
than any other lettuce.
44, 45. DENVER Market (Thorburn, Morse).—Description as Nos. 41, 42.
‘46, 47. OHIO CABBAGE (Morse, Simpson).—Description as No. 46.
This section bears some resemblance to Section A. II. a. 2, but makes firm
hearts, and the head leaves overlap so closely that the flower-stalk cannot get
out for along time. It may frequently be found curled up within the head in
the longest standing forms.
178. GREATHEART (Webb).—Medium large to large, compact; leaves
blistered and undulate; heads firm, of good quality, crisp, mild and sweet.
Slow but rather irregular in running to seed. Ready June 24.
7. Foliage light medium dull green.
53. IMPROVED DRUMHEAD (Sutton).—Very large, spreading ; leaves blistered
and crumpled; heads soft, and rather loose, crisp, bitter, and of fair quality.
Few plants formed heads, but all ran to seed slowly. Ready July 6
8. Foliage light green.
54. CURLED BaTAvIAN (Barr*) \_.- ae
55. IMPROVED BATAVIAN (Bart *) } Very similar to No. 53, but rather
paler in colour. Like that variety, only a proportion formed heads.
56. GOLDEN CURLED (Morse).—Similar in habit to Nos. 54 and 55 ; becoming
almost yellow when mature. Very slow in running to seed. Ready July 6.
273. GIANT GOLDEN BossIn (Barr *).—Very large, spreading; leaves fringed
and somewhat blistered; hearts fairly firm, of good quality, slightly bitter,
crisp. Ready July17. Slow in running to seed.
85. Paris STONEHEAD (Barr *).—Large, compact ; leaves less fringed than
No. 273, blistered and crumpled; hearts firm, of good quality, rather bitter, crisp.
Ready July 3.
88. EARLY SPRING (Simpson).—Rather larger than No. 85 and more blistered,
margins much frilled ; hearts fairly firm, of good quality, bitterandcrisp. Ready
Juneitg. Slowtorun. Somewhat similar to ‘Ohio’ type, but with larger Savoy-
like heads.
8. HARBINGER ForRcING (Barr), H.C. June 13, 1919.—Very large, rather
spreading; foliage somewhat frilled, much blistered; hearts firm, very pale
green when mature, of good quality, bitter, crisp. Ready June 16. Very
slow to run to seed.
58, 59. Hanson (Morse, Burpee) s ‘ ; 4
60. IMpRovED Hanson (Thorburn) | __Very large, fairly compact; foliage
somewhat blistered, frilled ; hearts firm, of good quality, mild, tender, Ready
June 26. Very slow torun. No. 60 not quite so regular a stock,
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
344 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
83. NEw WINTER FRINGED (Barr *).—Large, fairly compact ; leaves blistered
and frilled, slightly darker than Nos. 58 to6o0; hearts firm, of fair quality, mild,
crisp. Ready June 21, Ran to seed slowly.
b. Seeds black.
r. Small.
22. MIGNONETTE (Thorburn).—Small to medium and compact; foliage
medium brown on dark green, blistered and crumpled, margins serrate and
undulate ; heads firm, of good quality, slightly bitter and crisp. Ready June 16,
Very slow to run, but not quite regular in this character,
2. Very large.
272. GIANT BossIn (Barr *).—Rather spreading ; medium dull green, margins
reddish brown ; somewhat blistered ; heads fairly firm, crisp, but rather coarse.
Ready July 10. Slowtorun. Stock not quite true.
Il. SMOOTH HEADING, OF BUTTERY TEXTURE,
a. Seeds white.
1. Foliage medium green tinged more or less red.
(a) Medium size.
175, 261. EARLY PARIS MARKET (Carter, Nutting), A.M. June 23, 1919.—
Compact ; foliage somewhat blistered, more or less tinged red; hearts firm,
somewhat bitter, tender, of good quality. Ready June 16. Not standing long.
12. GEORGES (Barr *), A.M. June 13, 1919.—-Indistinguishable from Nos. 175,
201. '
105, 106, 107, 108, 260, MAy Ki1nG (Barr,* Morse, Thorburn, Burpee, Nutting),
H.C. June 13, 1919.—Not quite so regular in running to seed as Nos. 175, 261,
but otherwise indistinguishable.
21. TENDER AND TRUE (Barr*), A.M. June 13, 1919.—Similar to foregoing,
but slow to run to seed.
269. RED ForRcING (Barr *),—-Rather smaller than No. 21, and perhaps more
crumpled in foliage. Ready June 18. Not standing long,
168. WHITE-SEEDED TENNISBALL (Morse),—Bolted yery quickly.
93. TREMONT WINTER (Barr *).—See Winter Lettuces (p. 354). Bolted when
sown in spring without hearting.
89. MADEIRA LARGE WINTER (Barr *).—See note under No. 93.
79. STANSTEAD PARK (Dobbie).—See note under No. 9
210. SHARPE’S STANDARD (Barr *),—Ran to seed wither hearting.
(b) Medium large.
142. ParaGcon (Webb).—Compact ; foliage more or less blistered and un-
dulate at margins, which are tinged reddish brown ; heads firm, of good quality,
bitter and tender. Ready June 1g. Slow to run.
100, 101. TROCADERO (Barr, Morse).—Description as No. 142.
97. IMPROVED Bic Boston (Thorburn).—Description as No. 142.
102. Bic Boston (Morse).—Description as No. 142.
103, 104. IDEAL (Barr,* Sutton).—Description as No. 142.
94. GRAND ADMIRAL (R. Veitch).—Germination poor. Leaves shaded as
well as margined reddish brown. Flavour mild. Late in maturing.
270. VICTORIA RED (Barr *).—Germination poor. Leavessomewhat blistered,
tinged and margined reddish brown ; heads firm, of fair quality, bitter and
tender. Ready June18, Did not stand long.
66, 128. EXETER WINTER GIANT (R. Veitch).—See Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
Bolted when sown in summer.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
LETIUCES AT WISLEY, 1919. 345
67. EarLty RED Spottep (Barr).—Compact; foliage dark greenish brown,
all leaves being much spotted with small reddish-brown spots; heads firm, of
good quality, mild and tender. Ready July 1, and did not stand as long as
‘Continuity,’ qg.v. ;
(c) Large.
109. BoURCHARLAT (Barr *).—Compact; foliage dark green tinged dull
brown, spotted with brown, greyish green below ; hearts firm, of good quality,
bitter, tender. Ready July 6. Very slow to bolt.
72. Harpy RED WINTER (Barr).—Fit only for winter sowing. See Trial
Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
2. Foliage not tinged brown or red.
(a) Medium dark green, but margins yellower.
116. Att SEASONS (Barr*).—Medium large, compact; foliage somewhat
blistered and crumpled ; heads firm, of fair quality, bitter and tender. Ready
June 26. Stood well. Distinct from ‘All Seasons’ of American growers.
(b) Foliage medium green, leaf margins yellower.
Medium large.
98. SANS RIVALE (Barr *)
99, 262, 278. UNRIVALLED (Motse, Nutting, Cooling)
to No. 116, but a little paler. Ready Junerg. Standing medium well, but
bolting irregularly.
; 87. MARKET FavourRITE (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. June 13, I919.—
Very compact; foliage somewhat blistered and crumpled; hearts firm, of
good quality, mild and tender. Ready June 16. Stood fairly well, but bolted
rather irregularly.
| Compact. Similar
129, 130. HEARTWELL (Sutton, Barr), A.M. June 23, 1919.—Very compact ;
foliage somewhat blistered and crumpled ; hearts firm, of good quality, bitter,
tender. Ready June 19. Slow to bolt.
61, 62. McHatTtTir’s Giant (Kent & Brydon, Barr).—Fit only for winter
sowing. See Report on Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
(c) Foliage medium dark green.
(1) Medium large.
138. SUMMER QUEEN (Bart*).—Compact; foliage slightly blistered and
crumpled; hearts firm, of good quality, somewhat bitter, tender. Ready
July 6. Very slow to run.
143. PARAGON (Barr).—Very similar to No. 138. Leaves grey-green below
and flavour mild. Ready July 8.
139, 140, 141. DEACON (Morsé, Thorburn, Burpee), also called SAN FRANCISCO
MARKET (Burpee).—Description as No. 138, but slightly darker.
144. VAUXHALL DEFIANCE (Watkins & Simpson).—Grayer and darker
green than No. 143. Ready July 8. Stood well.
145. PIONEER (A. Dickson).—Foliage rather more blistered than No. 144
and of a glossy brighter green. Ready July 8. Shot to seed irregularly.
110. WHITE FavourRITE (Barr).—Compact; foliage slightly blistered ;
head firm, rather pale at top, of good quality, mild and tender. Ready June 28.
Slow to bolt.
117. WHITE CHAVIGNE (Dawkins).—Similar to No. 110, but rather glossier.
Somewhat later in maturing and very slow to bolt.
125. HAMMERSMITH HARDY WINTER GREEN (Barr *))__ 7; int
127. YATES’ WINTER (Barr *) ‘i Cline eee
sowing. See Report on Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
346 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(2) Medium size. -
132, 133. HvuBBARD’s MARKET (Thorburn, Morse).—Compact; foliage
almost smooth ; hearts firm, of good quality, bitter and fairly tender. Ready
June 16, but soon shot to seed.
134. WHITE SUMMER CABBAGE (Thorburn).—Said to be smaller than fore-
going, but in our cultures indistinguishable.
118, 119,120. WAYAHEAD (Thorburn, Morse, Burpee), called EARLIEST WAYA-
HEAD by Burpee.—Compact; foliage somewhat blistered ; heads firm, of good
quality, bitterand tender. Ready Juner5. Did not stand long.
121. WAYAHEAD (Barr *), A.M. June 13, 1919.—A very even stock.
137. QUEEN OF SUMMER (Barr *).—Compact ; foliage but slightly blistered ;
hearts firm, flavour mild, of good quality, tender. Ready July 7. Stood well.
(d) Foliage medium green.
(1) Large.
146. NEw SUMMER (Dawkins).—Very large, compact; foliage somewhat
blistered and crumpled ; heads firm, of good quality, mild and tender. Ready
July 6. Slow to run to seed.
I51. EXHIBITION GIANT (Barr *).—Large, compact; foliage blistered and
crumpled ; heads firm, of good quality, somewhat bitter, tender. Ready June 3o.
Stood well.
(2) Medium large.
191. STANDWELL (Sutton) Fa: ; : i
pea Waaceee SWoubl | AM. June 23, 1919.—Compact ; foliage some
what blistered and crumpled; hearts firm, of good quality, bitter, tender.
Ready June 24. Slow to run to seed.
113. MAMMOTH GREEN (Barr *).—Bolted very quickly.
(3) Of medium size. .
179. COVENT GARDEN SUMMER WHITE (Barr).—Compact; foliage slightly
blistered and crumpled; hearts firm, of good quality, mild, and somewhat
crisp, tender. Ready June 27. Slow to bolt.
131. NANSEN (Barr *).—Compact ; foliage similar to No. 179; hearts rather
lighter, firm, of fair quality, not very tender. Ready June 19. Did not stand
long.
165. MONUMENT (A. Dickson).—Compact; foliage blistered; hearts firm,
of fair quality, mild and tender. Ready July 1. Very slow to bolt.
122. COVENT GARDEN WINTER WHITE (Barr).—Fit only for autumn sowing.
See Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
135. SCHOFIELD’Ss HARDY WINTER (Barr).—Fit only for autumn sowing.
See Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
174. EARLY PaRIs CUTTING (Barr *).—Bolted without hearting.
176. EARLY PARIS MARKET FoRCING (Barr).—Bolted very quickly.
(4) Small medium.
279. ForcinG MILLy (Cooling).—Compact; foliage blistered somewhat ;
heads firm, of fair quality, bitter and tender. Ready July 7. Slow to run.
277. PHILADELPHIA EARLY WHITE (Barr *).—Compact ; foliage more or less
crumpled and blistered; heads firm, but not standing long; tender, bitter,
quality fair.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
LETTUCES AT WISLEY, 1910. 347
(5) Small.
183. EARLIEST OF ALL (Barr *).—Ran to seed without hearting.
(e) Foliage light green.
(x) Of medium size.
252. PEERLESS (Barr *).—Sent as a Cos Lettuce.
(2) Small medium.
166. LirrtLe Gem (Barr).—Compact; foliage slightly blistered ; heads firm,
of fair quality, bitter and tender. Ready June 18. Did not stand long.
(3) Small.
167. WHITE TENNISBALL (Barr*).—Compact; foliage slightly blistered
and crumpled; heads firm, of fair quality, bitter, tender. Ready June 16.
Bolted very quickly.
(f) Foliage light yellowish green, plant small.
171. GOLDEN Batt (Sutton).—Compact ; foliage slightly blistered ; hearts
firm, of fair quality, bitter and tender. Ready June 22. Did not stand long.
172, 266. GOLDEN QUEEN (Thorburn, Nutting).—Description as No. 171.
181. ButrEeRcuP (Barr *).—Indistinguishable from foregoing.
184. LEMON QUEEN (Dobbie).—Description as No. 171.
b. Seeds yeliow.
1. Medium dark green, margins tinged brown.
64. GIANT SUMMER Brown (Barr *).—Large, compact; foliage somewhat
blistered ; hearts firm, of good quality, mild, sweet, and tender. Ready June 28.
Stood well.
2. Medium green, margins of leaves paler.
II2. YELLOW-SEEDED BuTTER (Morse), A.M. June 23, 1919.—-Medium large,
compact; foliage somewhat blistered and crumpled; hearts firm, of good
quality, mild, but rather coarse in texture. Ready June 26. Slow but not
quite regular in running to seed.
3. Medium dull green.
147. MAGNUM Bonvum (Barr).—Bolted without hearting.
c. Black-seeded.
1. Foliage more or less coloured brown or red.
(a) Large.
86. AUTUMN QUEEN (Barr*).—Compact; foliage dark dull green-brown,
margins reddish brown; more or less blistered ; hearts firm, of good quality,
somewhat bitter, crisp and tender. Ready June 18. Stood well.
80. Maximum (Thorburn).—Compact ; ‘foliage medium dark green with
brown margins and spots; blistered, of good quality, bitter, crisp and tender.
Ready June 17. Slow to run.
81. GIANT (Sutton) .—Similar to last, but of deeper shade than No. 8o, later,
and very slow to run.
95,96. BLACK-SEEDED Bic Boston (Morse, Burpee).—Compact; medium
dull green, margins tinged reddish brown; leaves slightly blistered ; hearts
firm, of good quality, bitter and tender. Ready June rg. Slow to run.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
VOL. XLV. 2A
348 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
*
Ae has Moos (Sen ®) |—Rather spreading; dark dull reddish brown,
inner leaves showing some green; leaves blistered and crumpled; head firm,
of fair quaJity, very bitter, crisp and rather coarse in texture. Ready June 25.
Ran to seed rather rapidly. Quite distinct from ‘ Continuity’ of most senders
(see below).
(b) Size medium.
75. Brown Dutcu (Morse).—Dull greenish brown with pale brown margins ;
compact; foliage blistered and crumpled ; heads rather soft, of good quality,
bitter and tender. Ready June 18. Very slow to run.
74. PERCHERONNE (Barr*), A.M. June 23, 1919.—Compact ; like No. 75; but
margins of leaves deeper tinted and heads firm. Ready June 18. Very slow
to run.
73. RELIANCE (Barr).—Darker and more glossy than No. 74, and leaf margins
only slightly shaded red ; otherwise very similar. Ready June 16. Slowtorun.
78. NAUMBERGER Or TENDERHEART (Burpee).—Medium dull green, margins
brown, and foliage spotted brown ; more or less blistered ; heads firm, of good
quality, rather bitter and tender. Ready June 27. Very slow to run.
90, 9I, 92. CALIFORNIA CREAM BUTTER (Thorburn, Morse, Burpee), A.M.
June 23, 1919.—Medium dull green, margins tinged reddish brown and leaves
spotted brown; somewhat blistered; heads firm and hard, of good quality,
rather bitter, tender. Ready June 16. Slow to run.
68, 69, 70, 267. CONTINUITY (Carter, Veitch, Morse, Nutting), A.M. June 13,
t919.—Compact; dark dulJl brown on a green ground, margins deeper; leaves
more or less blistered; heads very firm, of excellent quality, slightly bitter,
tender. Ready June 16. Very slow to run.
[Note.—Two strains of ‘ Continuity ’ are commonly sold (see No. 71 above).
The one here described is that introduced by Messrs. Daniels in 1884 and is
a more compact lettuce, standing long before running to seed. ]
76. SATISFACTION (Sutton), A.M. June 13, 1919.—Description as foregoing.
>.
268. WINTER BEAUTY (Barr).—Runs very quickly.
2. Foliage wholly green.
(a) Large.
114, 115. ALL SEASONS (Morse, Burpee).—Compact ; leaves slightly blistered,
dark dull green; hearts fairly firm, of good quality, mild, but texture rather
coarse. Ready July 6. Slowtorun. Stocks not quite true.
(b) Medium large.
(r) Dark dull green.
169. GREEN FAVOURITE (Barr).—Compact; leaves somewhat blistered
and crumpled ; hearts firm, of good quality, mild and tender. Ready July 1.
Plants irregular in running to seed.
(2) Medium dark green.
152. IMPROVED SALAMANDER (Thorburn) ) eae . ,
153. SALAMANDER (Morse) ; —Compact ; foliage slightly blis-
tered and crumpled ; heads firm, of good quality, rather bitter, tender. Ready
June 26. Slow to run.
154. EXHIBITION CABBAGE (Dobbie).—Description as Nos. 152, 153.
148. BRITTANY WINTER WHITE (Barr).—Not suitable for summer sowing.
See Report on Winter Lettuces (p. 354).
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
ae
LETTUCES AT WISLEY, 1919. 349
(3) Medium dull green.
123. GLoRIOSA (Barr *), A.M. June 23, r9r9.—Compact; foliage blistered
and crumpled ; heads firm, of good quality, bitter, tender. Ready June 1g.
Slow to run. Stock very even.
(c) Medium size.
159. EARLY MARKET ALL HEarT (Watkins & Simpson).—Compact ; foliage
only slightly blistered, medium dull green ; heads firm, of good quality, mild
and tender. Ready June 26. Slow to run. Somewhat darker green than
Nos. 155 to 158.
(d) Small.
177. EARLY Paris (Sutton).—Ran to seed without hearting.
3. Green, but margins of leaves paler.
(a) Large or very large.
(rt) Dark dull green.
180. MARVEL OF CAZARD (Barr *), H.C. Jume 23, 1919.—Compact ; leaves
blistered and crumpled ; hearts firm, of good quality, mild and tender. Ready
June 26. Very slowtorun. A true stock.
(2) Medium green.
149, 150. MAMMOTH BLACK-SEEDED ButTTER (Thorburn, Morse). — Very
large, compact; leaves blistered and crumpled ; hearts firm, of fair quality,
bitter and tender. Ready June 30. Slow to run.
163. BEAutTy oF LILLE (Barr *).—Large, compact ; foliage almost smooth;
heads firm, of good quality, mild; sweet, and tender. Ready June 25. Slow
but irregular in running. Similar to No. 165, but margins of leaves paler.
(b) Medium large.
(rt) Medium dark green.
271. EARty LonG KEEPER (Barr *).—Compact; foliage blistered and
crumpled ; hearts firm, of fair quality, tender but very bitter. Ready June 18.
Slow to run.
(2) Medium dull green.
156, 264. ALL THE YEAR RounpD (Sutton, Nutting), A.M. June 13, Igig.
—Compact ; foliage somewhat blistered and crumpled; heads firm, of good
quality, mild and tender. Ready June 13. Slow to run. Stock very even.
155. ALL THE YEAR ROUND, RE-SELECTED (Carter).—Description as fore-
going, but later.
157, 158. ALL THE YEAR ROUND face Morse).—Description as No. 155.
160, 161. MATCHLEss (Sutton, Barr *)
162. ROUND-LEAVED (Barr *) \ wc, June 23, 1919.— Compact ;
164. CRITERION (Webb)
foliage slightly blistered ; heads firm, of good quality, mild and tender. Ready
June 26 (No. 162 a little earlier). Very slow to run.
(c) Medium size.
186. Tom THUMB, ORDINARY STOCK (Sutton).—Compact; leaves blistered
and crumpled, medium dull green ; heads firm, of fair quality, mild but rather
coarse in texture. Ready June 26. Slow to run. Distinct fsom ‘ Wheeler’s
Tom Thumb’ (see below).
126. WINTER GREEN (Barr).—Ran to seed without hearting.
136. WHITE MADEIRA a .—Suitable only for winter sowing. See Report
on Winter Lettuces als 354)-
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
%
350 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(d) Small.
(r) Medium dark dull green.
189. ComMMODORE Nutt (Sutton), H.C. June 13, r919.—Compact; foliage
blistered and crumpled ; hearts firm, of good quality, mild in flavour, but rather
coarse in texture. Ready June 11, but inclined to run to seed rather quickly
when mature.
(2) Medium dull green.
185. WHEELER’s Tom THUMB (Morse)
187. Tom THUMB, BARR’S SELECTED (Barr)
188. Tom THUMB IMPROVED (Sutton)
190, 265. Tom THUMB (Simpson, Nutting)
and crumpled, heads firm, of fair quality, mild and tender. Ready June 13,
Very slow to run.
—Compact; foliage blistered
C. Semi-Cos Varieties.
The varieties we have grouped here are compact growing forms of a glossy
dark green colour and having characters more or less intermediate between the
Cabbage forms with tender leaves and the Cos with crisp leaves and wide midribs.
They make good hard close hearts, which are usually taller than their width,
unlike the Cabbage forms, where they are about as wide as high. The leaves
are thick. They require comparatively little space since their outer leaves
are more or less erect. They stand well without running to seed.
I. SEEDS BLACK.
84. MADRID GREEN (Barr *).—Sown April 4. Ready June 20.
IIr1. MADRILENE (Barr *).—Rather larger than No. 84. Sown April 4.
Ready June 30.
II. SEEDS WHITE.
192, 193, 194. LITTLE Gem (Dawkins, Barr,* Sutton).—Sown May 5. Ready
July 12.
258. NonsucH (Sutton).—The largest of this type. Sown May 5. Ready
July 14.
230. WINTER Density (Toogood), A.M. July 17, 1919.—Somewhat smaller
than No. 258, but otherwise similar and an excellent stock. Sown May 5.
Ready July 12.
D. Cos Varieties.
The Cos varieties are probably more grown as summer lettuces than any
others. Their crisp leaves recommend them to many to whom the more buttery
texture of the Cabbage varieties is less pleasing. So many self-hearting
varieties are now available that for summer use at least those that require
tying may generally be neglected. It is a curious fact, however, that even
varieties that are self-hearting find a more ready sale when they have a tie of
raffia around them than when this is omitted. The main variations are seen
in colour, size, and to a certain extent in time of coming to maturity. These
varieties were sown on May 5.
I. WHITE-SEEDED, FOLIAGE NOT TINGED RED OR BROWN.
a. Dark dull green.
1. Large, self-hearting.
208. ALL HEART (Barr *)
209. WHITE HEART (Sutton) 5 H.C. July 17, 1919.—Compact; leaves of
medium thickness; hearts firm, of good quality. Ready July 19. Ran to
seed quickly.
211. Lopyorr’s GREEN Cos (Watkins & Simpson), H.C. July 17, r919.—Very
similar to Nos. 208, 209. Stock a little more regular.
215. hisiiee sie bi demos (Barr), H.C. July tT IQI9Q.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
es ees
LETTUCES AT WISLEY, toro. aa
2. Large but dwarf, self-hearting.
195, 196. DWARF PERFECTION (Barr, Sutton), H.C. July 17, 1919.—Very
compact; leaves thick, paler at margins; hearts hard, of excellent quality.
Ready July 20. Stands fairly well.
213. ExPREssS Cos (Morse).—Similar to ‘ Dwarf Perfection,’ but a poor stock.
214. Express or Eciipse (Burpee).—Failed to germinate.
‘b. Medium dark green.
1. Very large, self-hearting.
220, 221. GIANT WHITE (Carter, Morse).—Compact; leaves of medium
thickness ; hearts fairly firm, of fair quality and mild flavour. Ready July 22.
Did not stand long. No. 221 was a very irregular stock.
231. MONSTROUS WHITE (Webb), H.C. July 17, 1919.—Compact; leaves
thick; hearts hard, of good quality. Ready July 21. Did not stand long.
2. Medium large.
225. EARLY FRENCH MARKET (Barr *).—Compact; leaves thick, slightly
tinged brown at margin; hearts hard, of fair quality,,sweet and crisp. Ready
July 22. Did not stand.
216. GREEN PROVENCE (Barr).—Compact; leaves of medium thickness ;
hearts hard, of good quality. Ready July 19. Bolted quickly.
247. COVENT GARDEN WINTER WHITE (Barr)
235. EARLY FRAME (Barr) A.M. July 17, 1919.—Com-
236. BEAUTY OF VERSAILLES (Barr *)
pact ; leaves of medium thickness ; hearts firm, of fair quality. Ready July ro.
Stood fairly.
c. Medium green.
1. Large.
245. Davies’ Harpy GREEN (Cooper-Taber).—Fairly compact ; leaves of
medium thickness, toothed at margin; hearts firm, of fair quality. Ready
July 19. Did not stand long.
251. CHESNAY LarRGE WHITE (Barr *).—Compact ; leaves of medium thick-
ness, crenate at margin; hearts firm, of fair quality. Ready July 19. Stood
fairly well.
250. COVENT GARDEN SUMMER WHITE (Barr) Similar to N
249. WHITE Paris (Morse) } —Similar to No. 251.
234. SUPERB WHITE (Sutton).—Related to foregoing, but foliage thick ;
hearts hard, of good quality. Stood fairly well. A good stock.
233. SHARPE’S STANDARD WHITE (Barr *).—Description as No. 234.
238, 239, 240. TRIANON (Morse, Barr, Thorburn).—Compact; leaves of
medium thickness; hearts firm, of good quality. Ready July 19. Standing
fairly well. No. 238 was the best stock.
237. ALEXANDRA (Barr *), H.C. July 17, 1919.—Description as Nos. 238 to 240.
A good stock ready July 19, and standing well. The variety generally grown
under this name is darker than ‘ Trianon.’
243. SUMMER WHITE (Simpson).—Description as Nos. 238 to 240.
253. PEERLESS (Sutton).—Compact; leaves of medium thickness; hearts
firm, of fair quality. Ready July 17. One of the earliest Cos varieties. Stood
fairly well.
217. St. ALBANS ALL HEART (Harrison), A.M. July 17, 1919.—Compact ;
leaves thick; hearts firm, of good quality. Ready July 19. Stood well.
224. SUPERIOR HarDy WHITE (Harrison).—Rather spreading; leaves of
medium thickness; hearts firm, of fair quality, mild. Realy July 21; did
not stand long.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
352 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
2. Medium large, self-hearting.
254. DWARF WHITE HEART (Burpee), A.M. July 17, 1919.—Compaet, grey-
green; leaves of medium thickness; hearts firm, of good quality. Ready
July 19. Stood fairly well.
275. DWARF WHITE HEART (Barr).—Like No. 254.
232. Moor Park (Barr).—Fairly compact; leaves thick; hearts firm, of
fair quality. Ready July 21, but soon running.
3. Medium size, self-hearting.
242. WHITE Cos (Sutton).—Compact; leaves thick; hearts firm, of fair
quality. Ready July 19, but not standing long.
241. LONDON WHITE (Barr).—Description as No. 242.
4. Medium size, need tying.
222. Hicks’ HARDY WHITE WINTER (Morse)
223. Harpy WHuiTeE (Nutting)
of medium thickness ; hearts rather soft, of fair quality, rather bitter. Ready
July 21. Did not stand long.
\ Somewhat spreading ; leaves
d. Light medium green.
1. Very large, self-hearting.
218, 219. JumBo (Carter, Barr).—Rather spreading; leaves of medium
thickness ; hearts fairly firm, of fair quality. Ready July 22; did not stand
long.
2. Large, self-hearting.
246, 248. WINTER WHITE (Webb, Sutton), H.C. July 17, 1919.—Compact ;
leaves of medium thickness; hearts firm, of good quality. Ready July 1g.
Stood well.
3. Medium-large, self-hearting.
226. KincsHoLm (Morse).—A poor stock of a lettuce similar to the next.
227. GIANT WHITE (Barr), H.C. July 17, t919.—Compact; leaves thick ;
hearts very firm, of good quality, slightly bitter. Ready July 19. Stood well.
° II, BLACK-SEEDED.
a. Foliage tinged or coloured brown or red.
1. Self-hearting.
205. WALKER’S SUGARLOAF (Barr).—Stock mixed with ‘Brown Bath Cos.’
A dwarf greenish brown lettuce, soon bolting.
206. SOLID Brown (Daniels).— Rather spreading ; leaves thick, dull greenish
brown with reddish margins ; hearts firm, of good quality, medium large, sweet.
Ready July 1r9. Stood fairly well.
2. Need tying.
(a) Large.
197. WINTER RED (Barr).—Did not heart readily. Some bolted. An
irregular stock.
198, BLOOD-RED WINTER (Barr).—Very similar to No. 197.
199, 201. BLACK-SEEDED BATH Cos (Morse, Thorburn)
200. GIANT BATH Cos (Barr)
204. COVENT GARDEN WINTER Brown (Barr)
274. LEVIATHAN (Cooling)
with reddish brown tinge; rather spreading; leaves thick; hearts firm, of
good quality. Ready July 24. Slow but irregular in bolting.
—Medium dull green
202. BLACK-SEEDED BATH (Sutton).—Later than foregoing, and of a some-
what different tinge.
/
LETTIUCES AT WISLEY, 1o10. 355
(b) Medium large.
203. CHAMPION Brown (Sutton).—A greener form than ‘ Black-seeded Bath,’
and somewhat smaller; leaves thin; forms a soft loose heart, of fair quality.
Late in hearting.
b. Foliage not tinged red or brown, self-hearting.
207. THE BARNUM (Barr)
228. MAMMOTH Cos (R. Veitch)
255, 250, 257. BALLoon (Thorburn, Sydenham, Barr)
259. EXHIBITION Cos (Webb)
Very large, rather spreading; leaves medium green, of medium thickness ;
hearts hard, of good quality, very crisp. Ready July 21. Slow to bolt.
229. MammotdH WuHiteE (Sutton).—Similar to foregoing, but running more
quickly.
212. DREADNOUGHT (Barr).—Similar to foregoing, but a less regular stock.
A.M. July 17, 1919.—
354 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
WINTER LETTUCES AT WISLEY, 1917-18.
OnE hundred and fifteen samples of lettuce seeds were sown on
September 8, 1917, and transplanted on ground from which an early
crop of potatos had been lifted, and which had afterwards been dug
on October 10. The rows were 15 inches apart, and 12 inches was
allowed between the plants. A few plants died, and their places were
filled on November 10, after which no planting was done. The winter
was very severe, as reference to the report on weather at Wisley in
1917-18 will show, and gave a very severe test of the hardiness of
the different forms. A note will be found following each name in
the ‘‘ Notes and Descriptions’ showing proportion of survivors.
The Judging Committee examined the trials on May 16, and made
the following recommendations for Awards :—
Award of Merit.
4. Brittany Winter White, sent by Messrs. Barr.
55. Stanstead Park, sent by Messrs. Nutting.
Highly Commended.
38. Commodore Nutt, sent by Messrs. Sutton.
34. Immense Hardy Green, sent by Messrs. Webb.
12, 13, 14. Tom Thumb, re-selected, sent by Messrs. Carter, Barr,
Sydenham.
3. Tremont Winter, sent by Messrs. Barr.
1. White Madeira, sent by Messrs. Barr.
60. Wonderful, sent by Messrs. Webb.
30. Yates’ Winter, sent by Messrs. Barr.
Commended.
20. McHattie’s Giant, sent by Messrs. Kent and Brydon.
28. Schofield’s Hardy Winter, sent by Messrs. Barr.
: VARIETIES.*
1. White Madeira, B. II. c. 3 (c) 10. Hammersmith Hardy Green, B.
(1). II. a. 2 (c) (1).
2. Madeira Large White, B. II. 11. Golden Ball, B. II. a. 2 (e) (2)
a. I (a). 12. Tom Thumb, re-selected, B. II.
3. Tremont Winter, B. II. a. 1 c. 3 (d) (2).
(a). 13. Tom Thumb, extra _ selected,
4. Brittany White Winter, B. II. B. II. ¢. 3 (d) (2).
c. 2 (b) (2). 14. Tom Thumb, B. II. c. 3 (d) (2).
5. Little Gem, B. II. a. 2 (e) (2). 15. Round-leaved, B. II. c. 3 (b) (2).
6. Lemon Queen, B. II. a. 2 (f). 16. Covent Garden Winter White,
7. Hammersmith, B. II. a. 2 (c) (1). B. 41, @.'2 (a) tae
8. Hammersmith Hardy Green, B. 17. Golden Ball, B. II. a. 2 (e) (2).
II. a. 2 (c) (1). 18. McHattie’s Giant
Hammersmith Hardy eels. B. 19. x re I. II. a. 2 (b).
II. a. 2 (c) (1). 20. - ny
* See footnote, p. 120.
WINTER LETTUCES AT WISLEY, 1917-18.
355
21. White Chavigné, B. II.a.2 (c) (1). 69. Continuity, B. II. c. 1 (a).
as All the Year Round cs ae 2h B. Il. c. 1 (b).
24. — a Bost: '6. 72. Satisfaction, B. IT. c. 1 (b).
25. as 3 (b) (2). 73. Little Gem or Sucrine, C. II.
a = ¢ hs Little erty C. IL.
28. Schofield’s Hardy Winter, B. II. 76. Dwarf Perfection, Din T.* 4s 2.
a. 2 (d) (3). 77. Winter Density, C. II.
29. Market Favourite, B. II. a. 2 78. St. Albans All Heart, D. I. c.
b). x.
30. vey Winter, B. II. a. 2 (c) (1). 70.0 White, Heart, Dal. a. 1.
31. Lee’s Immense Hardy Green, 80. Bath Cos, D. II. a. 2 (a).
B. I a. 2 (c).(1). 81. Bath Cos, Giant Black-seeded,
32. Lee’s Immense Hardy Green, De Le? e-:2.,{a).-
Be 3k. a. 2. (c) (2). 82. Brown or Bath Cos, D. II. a.
33. Lee’s Immense, B. II. a. 2 (c) 1. 2 (a).
34. Immense Hardy Green, B. ris 83. Black-seeded Bath, D. II. a.
a. 2 (c) (1). 2 (a).
oe. Saamt. I>, IE. c. 1 (2). 84. Covent Garden Winter Brown,
36. Improved Drumhead, B. I. a. 7. D.TE, .@2;2' fa):
37- Drumhead or Malta, B. I. 85. Champion Brown, D. II. a. 2
Bi:5. (b).
38. Commodore Nutt, B. II. c. 3 86. Bath Cos
(d) (1). 87. }D. IL. a. 2 (a).
aq. (er, Be La. 3. 88. Walker’s Sugarloaf, D. II. a. 1.
o. Standwell 89. Solid Brown, D. II. a. 1.
rei ies }B. II. a. 2 (d) (2). 90. Monstrous White, D. I. b. 1.
42. Matchless, B. II. c. 3 (b) (2). gt. Ideal, D. I. c. 2.
43. Heartwell, B. II. a. 2 (b). 92. Moor Park, D. I. ¢. 2
44. May King, B. II. a. 1 (a). 93. The Barnum, D. II. b.
45. Early Paris Market, B. II. a. o4... White Heart, -D. Ta. 1:
I (a). 95. Mammoth White, D. II. 6.
46. Early Paris Market, B. II. a. 96. Superb White, D. I. ¢. 1.
I (a). 97. Winter White, D. I. d. 1.
47. Exhibition, B. II. c. 2 (b) (2). 98.’ Peerless, D+. ¢i1.
48. Grand Admiral 99. Nonsuch, C. II.
49. si ee Beii.@.:% (b); “100.. Davies’ Hardy. Green, D. I:.c. 1.
50. La gg tor. Winter White, D. I. d. 1.
5t. Exeter Winter Giant, B. II. 102.’ Hardy Winter White, D. I. c.
a. I (b). 4.
52. Stanstead Park 103. Hardy White, D1. ¢.74:
55. Ps : 104. Covent Garden Winter White,
54. "3 Z 5B. Et, a. fy. Pil: a2:
55- ‘es 2 105. Hicks’ pap Winter White,
56. i ‘ DiDh asa
7. Favourite 106. Hicks’ Hardy White
28. % Lg, 0: 107 ¥ LD. I. 6.4.
59. Harbinger Forcing, B. I. a. 8. 108 Balloon, D. Il. 8.
60. Wonderful, B. I. a. 3. 109g. Green Royal Winter (failed).
61. ‘Trocadero, B. II. a. 1 (b). 110.. All Seasons, D. IT. a. 2 (c).
62. Trocadero or Lorthois, B. II. @ sr11. Blood-red Winter, D. II. a. 2
1 (b). (a).
Gq) Wilaardy Red* Winter, B. Il: 4.-; rrz. Green Winter, B. HI. a. 2 :¢)
Etc). (2);
64, Reliance, B. II. c. 1 (b)- 113. Superior Hardy White, D. I.
@5.5\ oupreme, G. 1. 2. 2. 6. E3
6. ¢ Ideal, GB: Il. a. (b). 114. Stanstead Park, B. II. a. 1 (a).
67. Paragon, B. II. a. 1 (b). 115. Hicks’ Hardy White, D. I. c.
68. Herniman’s Hardy, B. II. a. 1 4.
(b). 116. McHattie’s Giant, B. II. a. 2 (b).
* NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS.
In the following notes the same system of classification has been followed as
for the Summer Lettuce Trial (see p. 334), and the section numbering is the
same as given there. Where they occur in the Summer Lettuce Trial, and
descriptions are given in that report, reference back is made.
356 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
B. Cabbage Hearting Lettuce (p. 342).
I, Crisp HEARTING.
a. Seeds white.
2. Foliage medium green, margins red.
65. SUPREME (Sutton)—See p. 342. 60 per cent. survived, but did not
make good plants.
3. Foliage dark dull green, margins paler.
60. WONDERFUL (Webb), H.C. May 16, 1918.—See p. 342. 70 per cent.
survived. Ready May Io.
39. Ar (Sutton).—See p. 342. 55 per cent. survived.
5. Foliage medium dull green.
37. DRUMHEAD or Matta (Dawkins).—See p. 343. 45 per cent. survived.
6. Foliage light medium green, margins paler.
_ 57, 58. Favourite (Sutton, Barr) —See p. 343. 60 per cent. survived.
7. Foliage light medium dull green.
36. IMPROVED DRUMHEAD (Sutton).—See p.343. 30 per cent. survived.
8. Foliage light green.
59. HARBINGER ForcING (Barr).—See p. 343. 50 per cent. survived.
II. SmMootH HEADING OF BUTTERY TEXTURE.
a. Seeds white.
1. Foliage medium green, tinged more or less red.
(a) Medium size.
45, 46. EarLy Paris MARKET (Nutting, Dobbie).—See p. 344. 50 per cent.
survived.
44. May KinG (Dobbie).—See p. 344. Io per cent. survived.
3. TREMONT WINTER (Barr), H.C. May 16, 1918—-Plant compact, with a
firm, round, somewhat flattened head. Outer leaves somewhat blistered, and
blotched reddish brown. Ready May g. 90 per cent. survived.
2. MADEIRA LARGE WINTER (Barr).—Plant spreading, with a loose head,
rather open at top. Outer leaves blistered and somewhat blotched. All
survived. Ready May 4, but germination poor.
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 114. STANSTEAD PaRK (Dobbie, Hurst, Barr, Nutting,
Dawkins, Harrison), No. 55, A.M., the best stock—-Plant rather spreading,
with a bluntly ovate, fairly firm head; leaves somewhat crumpled towards base
and heart, spotted brown. Ready May 7. All survived.
(b) Medium large.
67. PaRAGon (Webb).—See p. 344. 80 per cent. survived.
61, 62. TROCADERO (Barr, Dawkins).—See p. 344. 80 per cent. survived.
66. IDEAL (Sutton).—See p. 344. 80 per cent. survived.
48, 49, 50. GRAND ADMIRAL (R. Veitch, Barr, Nutting).—Plants rather
spreading, with a bluntly conical, firm head; leaves flat at margin, surface
crumpled. Ready May 21. 30 per cent. survived.
51. EXETER WINTER GIANT (R. Veitch).—Plant spreading, with fairly firm
head; yellow green, and outer leaves spotted brown. Ready May 7. 80 per
cent. survived.
WINTER LETIUCES AT WISLEY, 1917-18, 357
68. HERNIMAN’S Harpy (Cooper-Taber).—Plant fairly compact, heart only
fair; foliage yellow green with margin tinged. Ready May 31. Few survived;
germination bad.
(c) Large.
63. Harpy RED WINTER (Barr).—Compact, with a semi-conical head, fairly
firm, but more or less open at top; greenish-brown foliage. Ready May 16.
All survived.
2. Foliage not tinged.
(b) Foliage medium green, leaf margins yellower.
29. MARKET FayourITE (Barr).—See p. 345. 50 per cent. survived.
43. HEARTWELL (Sutton).—See p. 345. 55 per cent. survived.
18, I9, 20, 116. McHatTTie£’s Giant (Barr, Dobbie, Kent & Brydon, Harrison),
No. 20, €. May 16, 1918—Plant somewhat spreading, with a hard heart;
leaves blistered. Ready May 16. 80 per cent. survived.
(c) Foliage medium dark green.
(1) Medium large.
21. WHITE CHAVIGNE (Dawkins).—See p. 345. 50 per cent. survived.
7. HAMMERSMITH (Carter)
8, 9, 10. HAMMERSMITH HARDY GREEN (Barr, Nutting, R. Veitch)
30. YATES’ WINTER (Barr) sepia
31, 32. LEE’s IMMENSE HARDY GREEN (Barr, Nutting)
33. LEE’s IMMENSE (Hurst)
34. IMMENSE HARDY GREEN (Webb)
compact, with a firm, flat round head. Ready May 10. 90 per cent. survived.
These are all forms nearly related, but the stocks differed considerably, the truest
being No. 30, H.C., and No. 34, H.C. May 16, 1918.
112. GREEN WINTER (Harrison).—Nearly related to foregoing. 80 per cent.
survived.
(d) Foliage medium green.
(2) Medium large.
40, 41. STANDWELL (Sutton, Barr).—See p. 346. 40 per cent. survived.
(3) Of medium size.
_ 16. COVENT GARDEN WINTER WHITE (Barr).—Rather spreading in habit,
with a firm round heart 5 to 6 inches across; foliage rather crumpled. Ready
May 17. 60 per cent. survived.
28. SCHOFIELD’s Harpy WINTER (Barr), C. May 16, 1918.—Plant rather
spreading, with a flattish round head; firm. Ready May 16. 80 per cent.
survived.
(e) Foliage light green.
(2) Small medium.
5. LitTLE Gem (Barr).—See p. 347. 30 per cent. survived.
(f) Foliage light yellowish green, plant small.
II, 17. GOLDEN BALL (Barr, Sutton).—See p. 347. 35 per cent. survived.
6. LEMON QUEEN (Dobbie).—See p. 347. 40 per cent. survived.
c. Black-seeded.
1. Foliage more or less coloured brown.
(a) Large.
35. GIANT (Sutton).—See p. 347. 70 per cent. survived.
69. ConTINUITY (R. Veitch).—See p. 348 (No. 71 in Summer trial). 60 per
cent. survived.
358 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(b) Medium size.
64. RELIANCE (Barr).—See p. 348. 75 per cent. survived.
70,71. CONTINUITY (Dobbie, Daniels). _ ;
72. SATISFACTION (Sutton). } seep. 348, Sopa. tent. ia
2. Foliage wholly green.
(b) Medium large.
(2) Medium dark green.
47. EXHIBITION (Dobbie).—See p. 348. 70 per cent. survived.
4. BRITTANY WHITE WINTER (Barr), A.M. May 16, 1918.—Plant ‘compact,
with a round rather flattened solid heart ; leaf margins regular. Ready May 9.
70 per cent. survived.
3. Green, but with margins of leaves paler.
(b) Medium large.
(2) Medium dull green.
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. ALL THE YEAR Rowunp (R. Veitch, Dawkins, Sydenham,
Carter, Barr, Hurst).—See p. 349. 70 per cent. survived. »
42. MATCHLESS (Sutton).—See p. 349. 45 per cent. survived.
15. ROUND-LEAVED (Barr *).—Stock not true. 20 per cent. survived.
(c) Medium size.
(1) Medium dull green.
1. WHITE MADEIRA (Barr), H.C. May 16, 1918.—Rather spreading, with a
rather loose round heart; foliage somewhat blotched. Ready May 4. 70 per
cent. survived.
(d) Small.
(1) Medium dark dull green.
38. ComMoDoRE Nutt (Sutton), H.C. May 16, 1918.—See p. 350. 70 per
cent. survived.
(2) Medium dull green.
H.C. May 16, 1918.—See p. 350.
13. Tom THump, extra selected (Barr) 50 per cent. survived.
12. Tom THumgp, re-selected (Carter
14. Tom THumB (Sydenham)
C. Semi-Cos Varieties.
73, 74, 75. LittTLE Gem (Dawkins, Barr, Sutton)—See p. 350. 80 per
cent. survived.
99. Nonsucu (Sutton).—See p. 350. 100 per cent. survived.
77. WINTER DeEnsity (Toogood).—See p. 350. 100 per cent. survived.
D. Cos Varieties.
I. WHITE-SEEDED, FOLIAGE NoT TINGED RED OR BROWN.
a. Dark dull green.
1. Large, self-hearting.
79, 94. WuiTE Heart (Sutton, Barr).—See p. 350. 66 per cent. survived.
2. Large, but dwarf, self-hearting.
76. DwarF PERFECTION (Sutton).—See p. 350. 80 per cent. survived.
b. Medium dark green.
1. Very large, self-hearting.
90. Monstrous WHITE (Webb).—See p. 357. 10 per cent. only survived.
* This sender does not yet list this variety.
WINTER LETTUCES AT WISLEY, 1917-18. 359
2. Medium large.
104. COVENT GARDEN WINTER WHITE (Barr).—See p. 351. Under to per
cent. survived.
c. Medium green.
1. Large.
100. Davies’ Harpy GREEN (Cooper-Taber).—See p. 351. 80 per cent.
survived.
96. SUPERB WHITE (Sutton).—See p. 351. Failed entirely. Germination
good.
98. PEERLESS (Sutton).—See p. 351. Failed entirely. Germination good.
78. St. ALBANS ALL Heart (Harrison).—See p. 351. 45 per cent. survived.
113. SUPERIOR HarDy WHITE (Harrison).—See p. 351. All survived.
2. Medium large, self-hearting.
gt. IpEAL (Webb).—Only 15 per cent. survived.
92. Moor Park (Barr).—See p. 352. 35 per cent. survived.
4. Medium size, need tying.
102. Harpy WINTER WHITE (Hurst)
103. HarDy WHITE Cos (Nutting) .
105. Hicks’ HARDY WINTER WHITE (Barr) sie ah oat we
106, 107, 115. Hicks’ HarDy WHITE (Cooper-Taber, j
Sydenham, Harrison)
d. Light medium green.
1. Large, self-hearting.
97, 101. WINTER WHITE (Sutton, Webb).—See p. 352. All survived.
II. BLACK-SEEDED.
a. Foliage tinged or coloured brown or red.
1. Self-hearting.
88. WALKER’s SUGARLOAF (Barr).—A mixed stock. See p. 352.
89. SOLID Brown (Daniels).—See p. 352. All survived.
2. Need tying.
(a) Large.
III. BLOOD-RED WINTER (Barr).—See p. 352. 50 per cent. survived.
80, 86, 87. Batu Cos (Sydenham, Hurst, Dobbie)
81. GIANT BaTH Cos (Barr) See p. 352. 80 per cent.
82. BRown or BATH Cos (R. Veitch) survived.
84. COVENT GARDEN WINTER Brown (Barr)
83. BLACK-SEEDED BATH (Sutton).—See p. 352. Hearted about same time
as foregoing. 90 per cent. survived.
(b) Medium large.
85. CHAMPION Brown (Sutton).—See p. 352. Stock requires further selection.
(c) Small medium.
110. ALL SEASONS (Barr).—Only two survived, and they did not heart.
b. Foliage, not tinged red or brown, self-hearting.
93. THE BaRNum (Barr).—See p. 353. A mixed stock. 20 per cent. only
survived.
. MAMMOTH WHITE (Sutt :
a BALLOON (Barr) on) L_See P- 353- 35 per cent. survived.
360 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, roro.
OF the potatos sent for trial at Wisley in 1919, as first early varieties,
some were mid-season or late varieties, and were planted apart from
those listed below, and of the one hundred and twenty-one stocks
referred to there, a few (the season of which was not definitely known)
proved to be too late to include among early varieties, and one or two
others gave such small crops as to prove quite useless. The latter
included a seedling sent in 1918, grown as No. 120, and ‘ Carbide’
(No. 103). The former included, ‘ Mein’s Early Round’ (No. 111);
‘Guthrie’s’ No. 75 (No. 102); Pink-eyed round seedling from Mr.
Findlay (No. 97) ; ‘ Robson Seedling ’ (No. 68) of the ‘ British Queen’
type, to which belong also ‘ Royal Scot’ (No. 71), and ‘ Bell’s Early ’
(No. 100) ; and ‘ Peace Abundance’ (No. 104), a form near “ Abund-
ance.’ No. 22 (sent as ‘Early York’) proved a very mixed stock.
Further reference to these is omitted. Most stocks proved true, but
a few contained rogues. In view of the reasons upon which the Wart
Disease orders are based, the freedom of stocks of potatos from rogues
is of the first importance.
The ground on which the tubers were planted had carried Brussels
Sprouts in 1918. It was lightly manured, and dug as soon as the
Brussels Sprouts had been cleared. The potatos were planted on
April 8, after being sprouted in the light, and on the whole made
excellent growth. The season was very dry, but the ground was in
good heart and the crop suffered little on account of lack of rain.
In the notes given below, the crop from each trial row of twenty tubers
is given.
The Fruit and Vegetable Committee inspected the growing crop on
several occasions, and selected the most promising varieties for the
cooking test. As a result of this they recommended the following
awards (for particulars of senders and stocks see descriptive notes) :—
Award of Merit.
‘Western Hero’ (‘Duke of York’ type), sent out by Messrs. R.
Veitch.
Highly Commended.
‘Eclipse,’ sent out by Messrs. Sharpe. A.M. Igo0, as ‘Sir John
Llewelyn’ (Harris).
‘Express,’ sent out by Messrs. Sharpe.
‘Midlothian Early’ (‘Duke of York’ type), sent out by Messrs.
Scarlett. A.M. 1908 as‘ Midlothian Early’ (Dobbie), and 1915 as ‘ Duke
of York’ (Simpson, Dobbie).
‘Victor,’ sent out by Messrs. Sharpe (A.M. 1893, Wythes).
EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1919. © 361
‘Witch Hill’ (‘Resistant Snowdrop’ type), sent out by Messrs. Smith
(F.C.C. 1912, Smith).
Commended.
‘Early Champion,’ sent out by Mr. Findlay.
‘Epicure,’ sent out by Messrs. Sutton (A.M. 1905, Sutton).
‘Resistant Snowdrop,’ sent.out by Messrs. Dobbie. ‘Snowdrop’
received F.C.C. 1893 (Perkins).
In addition to the earlier awards mentioned above, the following varieties have
received awards in the past, but were passed over by the Committee in the present
trial in favour of those just mentioned : ‘May Queen,’ A.M. 1905 (Sutton, Hurst) ;
‘Beauty of Hebron,’ A.M. 1900 (J. Veitch); ‘ Ninetyfold,’ A.M. 1990 (Sutton) ;
‘Early Puritan,’ A.M. 1900(J. Veitch) ; ‘Harbinger,’ A.M. 1897 (Sutton).
VARIETIES IN THE TRIAL.
Note.—The descriptions will be found below in the section indicated by the
letter following the name.
*
. Sharpe’s Victor 45. Eclipse
3
2. ¥ ne f ad 2: 46. vd j @- I.
3- ” ” 47- ” -
4. May Queen 48. Sharpe’s Eclipse, a. 1.
Bo Fin 2 49. Sir John Llewelyn, a. 1.
| tere aS a. 3- 50. Early Laxton, d. 1.
ome “a 51. Waretysond
By ta a 52. a é %.
g. Gladiator, a. 2. 53. z J
10. Dunottar Castle 54. Express
<3. 2 ; t ee 55. ; } a. 4.
12. Duke of York 50. Sharpe’sE xpress |
13. ” ” ” - ” ”
54 Bieri. 7 [* rs 23 i 4 jo 4.
15- ” ” ” 59- ” ”
16. Midlothian Early 60. Antrobus, No. 27, a. 4.
17. +f. a 61. Early Royals, b.
18. P Ls 62. Unnamed Kidney, b.
19. re of i 63. Seedling No. 12, a. 2.
20. Pe py 64. Seedling, No. 28, yt. $
22. 4 us 65. Maghull Kidney, a. 4.
22. Early York. 66. Seedling, a. 4.
23. First Duke, a. 1. 67. Unnamed Purple-eyed Kidney,
24. New Lothian Early, a. 1. ra
. 25. Myatt’s Ashleaf Kidney 68. Robson Seedling.
26. ba As B ee 69. The Stewart Seedling, a. 2.
27. Myatt’s Improved Ashleaf, a. 3. 70. Pessell’s Perfection, a. 1.
28. Improved Ashleaf, a. 2. 71. Royal Scott.
29. Myatt’s Prolific Ashleaf, a. 3. niger SERORCe
30. Ashleaf Kidney, a. 2. 73. 2 J.
31. New Ashleaf Kidney, a. 4. 74. a j
32. Old Ashleaf, a. 3. 75. America, e. I.
33- Resistant Snowdrop ) 76. Earliest Challenger, f. 1.
34. if * | Se Mig 77- Midsummer Early, e. 2.
35. Witch Hill | 78. Crown Jewel, e. 2.
36. a - | or 79. Arran Rose, f. I.
7 ee — re 80. Beauty of Hebron, c. 1.
38. A % 81. Wonderfu Red Kidney, c. r.
39. Duke of Albany, 5. 82. Exhibition Red Kidney, c. 2.
40. Harbinger j se 83. Entente Cordiale ats
4I. ry | i am 84. }
42. Puritan ye 85. Carisbroke Castle )
43. Early Puritan j 86. 4 3 G2
44. Western Hero, q. 1. 87. A: ~ }
* See footnote, p. I20.
362 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
88. Alnwick Castle, a. 4. 105. Edzell Blue, f. 1.
89. Dunvegan Castle, e. 2. 106. May Queen, a. 3.
go. Climax, f. 2. - 107. Sharpe’s Express, a. 4.
g1. Colonist, a. 1. 108. Witch Hill Early, a. 1.
92. Edzeli Blue 109. Epicure, f. 1.
93. ms * 110. Sir John Llewelyn, a. 1.
94. + as vei. 111. Mein’s Early Round.
95. a oF 112. Keen’s Seedling, b.
96. + ¥ 113. Pink Hebron, ec. 1.
97. Unnamed Pink-eyed Round. 114. Witch Hill Seedling, a. 1.
98. Eightyfold, f. 2. 115. Dargill Early, a. 4.
99. Early Champion, f. 1. ; 116. Sharpe’s Express, a. 4.
100. Bell’s Early. 117. Resistant Snowdrop, a. I.
tor. Ruby Queen, f. 3. 118. Early Market, e. 2.
102. Guthrie’s 75’s. 11g. Edzell Blue, “ 1.
103. Carbide. 120. Seedling.
104. Peace Abundance. 121. Coronation, e. 2.
In the arrangement given below we have endeavoured to group
close together the varieties most nearly allied, following the plan
commenced in vol. xliii. p. 137. We must still regard the grouping
as tentative; but on the whole it may be said that no garden need
contain any two of the varieties which we have grouped together,
for they are too much alike to be regarded as distinct. There seems
no doubt that seedlings arise from time to. time like already existing
varieties in all characters, and such seedlings often receive new names.
An interesting and important thing to note is again the remarkable
difference in yield between stocks from different places. In order
to show this in a marked fashion, as well as to enable us to make varietal
comparisons, Mr. W. Mauger of Guernsey was good enough to send us
seed tubers of all the varieties commonly grown in the Channel Islands,
and the low yield of Guernsey-grown seed was well brought out. Some
varieties are apparently less liable to suffer from this cause than others,
as shown by ‘ Jersey Royal’ Kidney.
We have again to thank Messrs. Bone, Lasham, and Snell for valu-
able help in grouping the varieties and in many other directions.
DESCRIPTIONS.
(a) Tubers Kidney, White or Yellow.
1. Flowers white.
33, 34, 117. RESISTANT SNOWDROP (Dobbie, Simpson, Cross).—C., September
5, 1919. Fordescription see vol. xliii. p. 117. No. 33 (Edinburgh), crop 72 lb.;
No. 34 (Lancashire), crop 63 lb.; No. 117 (Wisbech), 72 lb. Introduced by
Messrs. Dobbie.
35, 36, 37, 38, 108, 114. WiTcH HILL (Dobbie, A. Dickson, Mauger, Simpson,
Barr, Cross).—H.C., September 5, 1919. Characters as ‘ Resistant Snowdrop.’
No. 35 (Edinburgh), crop 66 lb.; No. 36 (Co. Down), 64 Ib. ; No. 37 (Guernsey),
30 Ib. ; No. 38 (Lancashire), 68 lb. ; No. 108 (Cornwall), 221b.; No. 114 (Scotland),
71 lb. Raised by Mr. A. Brown, of Fraserburgh.
70. PESSELL’S PERFECTION (Tottee).—Characters as ‘ Resistant Snowdrop.’
Saltash, crop 53 lb. Raised by Mr. Hodge. Introduced by Messrs. Pessell.
45, 46, 47, 48. EcLipsE (Dobbie, Holmes, Mauger, R. Veitch).—H.C., September
5, 1919. Plant grey-green; haulm 24 in., erect, tinged bronze; foliage large,
little crumpled ; tubers generally flat kidney, but variable, large; skin light
brown, rough; eyes small, shallow, eyebrows inconspicuous; flesh firm, white ;
mealy, white, and of good flavour when cooked. Crop No. 45 (Edinburgh), 74 lb. ;
No. 46 (Easter Ross, Ross-shire), 80 lb.; No. 47 (Guernsey), 25 lb.; No. 48
(Dumfries) 71 Ib.
EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, ror. 363
49, 110. SIR JOHN LLEWELYN (Veitch).—Characters asin ‘ Eclipse.’ Crop No.
49 (Dumfries), 721b. Raised and introduced by Mr. J. Harris. No. 110 (Scotch),
77 Ib.
gt. CoLtonist (Webb).—Characters as in ‘ Eclipse.’ Stock not true, 18 plants
gave 63 lb. (Fife). Origin doubtful, introduced by Messrs. Webb.
12, 13, 14, 15. DUKE oF YorRK (Holmes, McAlister, Simpson, R. Veitch).—
H.C., September 5, I919. Plant grey-green; haulm 24 inches, more or less
spreading, slightly tinged purple ; foliage large, almost smooth, dull, flat ; flowers
creamy white ; tubers of medium size, flat kidney; skin rough, dark yellow ;
eyes medium, ‘shallow ; eyebrows fairly conspicuous; flesh firm, yellow ; firm,
somewhat mealy, yellow when cooked ; flavour fair. Crop No. 12 (Easter Ross),
61 lb. ; No. 13 (Dumfries), 68 lb. ; No. 14 (Scotland), 83 lb. ; No. 15 (Dumfries),
66 lb.
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. MIDLOTHIAN EARLY (Dobbie, Holmes, Mauger, McAlister,
Webb, R. Veitch). —Characters as ‘ Duke of York.’ Crop No. 16 (Edinburgh),
71 lb. ; No. 17 (Easter Ross), 67 Ib. ; No. 18 (Guernsey), 10 lb. ; No. 19 (Dumfries) ,
46 lb. "* ; No. 20 (Lanarkshire), 51 lb. ; No. 21 (Dumfries), 78 1b. Introduced
by Messrs. Scarlett.
23. First DuxKe (A. Dickson).—A very regular stock, characters as ‘ Duke
of York.’ Crop (Co. Down), 68 lb. Introduced by sender.
24. NEw LoTHIaAN Earty (Scarlett)—A seedling with the characters of
‘Duke of York,’ but not vigorous. Crop (Edinburgh), 38 lb. Introduced by
sender.
44. WESTERN HERO (Veitch).—A.M., September 5, I919. Characters as in
‘Duke of York’; a very good stock. Crop (Dumfries), 81 lb. Introduced by
sender.
2. Flowers pale lilac.
85, 86, 87. CARISBROOKE CASTLE (Holmes, Mauger, Sutton).—Plant mid-
green ; haulm 15 in. to 18 in., erect, tinged purple ; foliage large, rough, crumpled ;
tubers flat kidney, large, finely russeted ; skin light-brown ; eyes small, shallow ;
eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, light lemon. Crop No. 85 (Easter Ross),
62 lb. ; No. 86 (Guernsey), 40 lb. ; No. 87 (Scotland), 38 lb. Raised by Rev. A.
Paton, introduced by Messrs. Sutton.
10, 11. DUNOTTAR CASTLE (Mauger, Sutton).—Plant green; haulm 18 ins.
somewhat spreading, tinged purple; foliage large, smooth, shining, flat ; tubers
large, long and flattened, skin light yellow; eyes very shallow; eyebrows
conspicuous; flesh firm, white. Crop No. 1o (Guernsey), 5 lb. ; No. 11 (Scotland),
50 lb. Raised by Mr. Paton. Introduced by Messrs. Sutton.
69. STEWART SEEDLING (Gavin).—Plant greasy medium green ; haulm 18-24
ins., compact, erect, much tinged purple; foliage large, smooth ; flowers many ;
tubers flat kidney, large; skin light brown, finely russeted : eyes medium
depth ; eyebrows conspicuous ; flesh firm, light yellow; mealy, white to pale
yellow when cooked ; flavour fair. Crop (Aberdeenshire), 54 lb. Earlier than
‘Eclipse.’ Raised by Drumwhindle School, Ellon, not yet on market.
63. GUTHRIE, No. 12 (Guthrie)—Plant medium green; haulm 12 to 16 ins.
with little purple tinge ; foliage medium, leaflets pointed, smooth, shining, some
tendency to ‘curl’; tubers medium to small, long kidney; skin light brown,
coarsely russeted ; eyes shallow; eyebrows inconspicuous; flesh firm, yellow.
Crop (Fife), 32 lb.
Seedling from ‘ Duke of York,’ raised by sender, not yet on market.
25, 26. Myatt’s AsHLEAF (McAlister, Veitch).—Plant dark green; haulm
18 to 24 inches, compact, erect, tinged purple ; foliage of medium size and width,
smooth, dull, little crumpled; tubers of medium size, long kidney ; skin light
yellow, smooth ; eyes large, rather shallow and prominent ; eyebrows conspicuous ;
flesh firm, yellow (rather paler than ‘ Duke of York’). Crop No. 25 (Dumfries),
82 lb; No. 26 (West of Scotland), 68 Ib.
28. IMPROVED ASHLEAF (Webb).—Characters asin ‘ Myatt’s Ashleaf.’ Crop
(Fifeshire), 59 lb.
30. VEITCH’s ASHLEAF KipNEY (R. Veitch).—Characters as in ‘ Myatt’s
Ashleaf.’ Crop (Scotland), 58 lb.
[N.B.—This form is distinct from Nos. 27 and 29 (see below).]
* Yield too low owing to a very local bad patch of soil.
VOL. XLV. 2B
~
364 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
g. GLADIATOR (Sutton).—Plant grey-green; haulm 18 to 24 inches erect :
much tinged purple; foliage large, rough; tubers large, uniform, long kidney ;
skin light brown, smooth; eyes fairly large, shallow ; eyebrows conspicuous ;
flesh white, firm. Crop (Scotland), 76lb. Raised by Mr. R. W. Pinney. Intro-
duced by Messrs. Sutton.
3. Flowers dark mauve. ;
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 106. May QuEEN (Dawkins, McAlister, Sutton, R. Veitch, Webb,
Barr).—Plant greasy medium green ; haulm 24 in. erect, slightly tinged purple ;
foliage large, smooth, dull, flat; flowers dark mauve with white striped centre;
tubers long kidney, large to medium; skin light brown, more or less rough ;
eyes shallow; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, light lemon; firm, waxy,
white when cooked. Crop No. 4 (Surrey), 35 lb.; No. 5 (Dumfries), 92 1b.;
No. 6 (Lincolnshire), 73 lb.; No. 7 (Scotland), 71 lb.; No. 8 (Kinver Hill),
49 lb.; No. 106 (Scotland), 59 Ib. Introduced by Messrs. Sutton. ‘
[No. 32 sent as ‘Old Ashleaf’ was a weak stock of ‘May Queen.’ Crop
(Cheshire), 22 lb.]
27. Myatt’s ImpRovED ASHLEAF (McAlister).—Plant yellowish-green ; haulm
24 inches, slightly tinged purple; foliage large, leaflets broad, smooth, dull ;
tubers medium, long kidney ; skin light brown, more or less rough ; eyes small,
shallow ; eyebrows fairly conspicuous ; flesh firm, light yellow. Crop 81 Ib.
(Dumfries) .
29. Myatt’s PRoLiFIC ASHLEAF (Webb).—Characters as in No. 27. Crop
(Fifeshire), 43 lb. from 17 plants. Stock mixed.
[N.B.—This form is quite distinct from the old ‘ Myatt’s Ashleaf,’ and might
well be called the ‘ Broad-leaved Ashleaf.’]
64. GUTHRIE, No. 28 (Guthrie)—Plant somewhat yellowish-green ; haulm
18 inches, more or less decumbent ; foliage medium, rough, dull; flowers white-
tipped ; tubers of medium size, long kidney ; skin light yellowish-brown, rough
and russeted; eyes large, shallow; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, light
yellow. Crop (Fifeshire), 51 lb. Raised by Messrs. Guthrie; not yet on market.
4. Flowers drop in bud.
54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 107, 116. SHARPE’S ExprREss (Webb, Dickson &
Robinson, Dobbie, Mauger, Simpson, R. Veitch, Barr, Cross).—H.C. September
5, I919. Plant mid-green; haulm 24 inches; tinged purple; foliage large,
smooth, flat, shining ; flowers coloured ; tubers large to medium, long kidney,
flattened ; skin rather rough, finely russeted, light brown; eyes shallow;
eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, pale lemon; firm, mealy and white when
cooked ; flavour good. Crop No. 51 (Worcestershire), 62 lb. ; No. 55 (Scotland),
73 lb. ; No. 56 (Edinburgh), 79 lb. ; No. 57 (Guernsey), 30 Ib. ; No. 58 (Scotland),
66 lb.; No. 59 (Dumfries), 70 lb. ; No. 107 (Scotland), 75 lb. ; No. 116 (Wisbech),
71 |b.
65. MAGHULL KIDNEY (Clucas) proved to be identical with ‘ Sharpe’s Express.’
Crop (Lancashire), 64 Ib.
60. ANTROBUS, No. 27 (Miln).—Characters as ‘ Sharpe’s Express.’ Raised by
Mr. T. E. Miln between ‘ Express’ and ‘ Excelsior.’ Crop (Forfar), 59 lb.
66. SEEDLING (Phillipson).—Characters as ‘ Sharpe’s Express.’ Raised by
Mr. Phillipson. Crop (Birmingham), 31 lb.
31. NEw ASHLEAF KIDNEY (Scarlett)—Characters as ‘ Sharpe’s Express,’
but plants yellowish-green. Not quite true. Crop (Musselburgh), 29 Ib.
Raised by Mr. Mollison, introduced by Mr. Scarlett.
88. ALNWICK CASTLE (Sutton).—Plant grey-green ; haulm 24 inches, scarcely
tinged ; foliage large, rough, dull; tubers large; long kidney; skin smooth,
light yellow ; eyes shallow; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, white to pale
lemon, firm, waxy, white to pale yellow when cooked; flavour fair. Crop
(Scotland), 89 lb. Raised by Rev. A. Paton. Introduced by Messrs. Sutton.
115. DARGILL EARLy (Cross).—Plant dark green; haulm 18 to 24 inches,
tinged purple ; leaves fairly large, smooth, shining, somewhat crumpled ; tubers
of medium size, long ; skin smooth, light yellow ; eyes many, of medium size,
shallow ; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, light yellow; firm, waxy, white
when cooked. Crop (Scotland), 58 Ib.
EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1919. 365
(6) Kidney slightly coloured.
61. EARLY Royat (Mauger).—Plant dark green; haulm 18 inches, very
erect, deeply tinged chocolate-brown ; foliage large, rough, dull ;. tubers large,
sometimes flattened ; skin smooth, light brown, with a tinge of pink ; eyes large,
shallow ; eyebrows conspicuous, very long ; flesh firm, pale lemon ; firm, waxy,
and faintly yellowish when cooked; flavour fair. Crop (Guernsey), 48 lb.
39. DuKE oF ALBANY (Mauger).—Characters as in ‘ Early Royal’ of which
it appears to bea selection. Crop (Guernsey), 49 lb.
62. SEEDLING KIDNEY (Raine).—Characters as in ‘ Early Royal.’ A seedling
taised by Mr. Raine. Crop (King’s Heath), 12 lb.
112. KEEN’S SEEDLING (Keen).—Characters as in ‘ Early Royal. Crop
(Ipswich), 78} lb.
(c) Kidney, coloured.
1. Flowers white.
81. WONDERFUL RED KIDNEY (Scarlett)—-Plant dark green; haulm 18
inches, spreading, tinged with purple ; foliage small, leaflets sessile, rough, dull,
crumpled ; tubers of medium size, long kidney ; skin dark pink, smooth ; eyes
shallow ; eyebrows. conspicuous, long; flesh firm, pale lemon. Crop (Mussel-
burgh), 323 lb. Introduced by Mr. Scarlett.
80. BEAUTY OF HEBRON (R. Veitch).—Plant very vigorous, yellowish green ;
haulm 27 inches, fairly erect, tinged purple; foliage large, rough, dull, flat ;
tubers large, long kidney ; skin light yellow, much tinged pink ; eyes many, large,
deep ; eyebrows inconspicuous ; flesh dull white, firm. Crop (Dumfries), 83 lb.
113. PINK HEBRON (Cross).—Characters as No. 80. Crop (Wisbech), 78 lb.
2. Flowers pale lilac.
82. EXHIBITION RED KipNeEy (Dobbie)——Plant dark green; haulm 20
inches ; spreading, tinged purple; foliage large, leaflets long, petioled, rough,
dull, crumpled ; tubers large, long kidney; skin smooth, dark reddish pink ;
eyes few, of medium size, shallow; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh rather dry,
white with flecks of carmine. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Dobbie. Crop
(Edinburgh), 49 lb.
3. Flowers dark mauve, with white streaks.
67. PINK-EYED KIDNEY (Findlay).—Plant dark green; haulm 24 inches
rather spreading, much tinged purple; foliage large, rough, dull, flat; tubers
large, long kidney ; skin smooth, yellowish-white with much pink tinge; éyes
many, large, shallow ; eyebrows distinctly coloured ; flesh firm, yellowish-white
with some pink streaks; mealy, white when cooked; flavour fair. Raised by
Mr. Findlay. Crop (Fife), 60 lb.
(2) Tubers fiat-round or round, white.
1. Flowers white.
51, 52, 53. NINETYFOLD (McAlister, Sutton, R. Veitch).—Plant yellowish
grey-green, somewhat variegated ; haulm 18 to 24 inches, compact, erect, some-
what tinged purple; foliage large, purple on upper side of petiole, rough, dull,
flat ; tubers large, rather long, flat; skin yellow; eyes large, rather prominent ;
eyebrows conspicuous ; flesh firm, white. Crop No. 51 (Dumfries), 74 1b. ; No. 52
(Scotland), 62 lb. ; No. 53 (Dumfries), 641b. Raised by Mr. Jas. Clark. Intro-
duced by Messrs. Sutton.
83, 84. ENTENTE CoRDIALE (Dobbie, Findlay).—For description see vol. xliii.
p- 118. Crop No. 83 (Edinburgh), 28 lb. ; No. 84 (Mairsland, Fifeshire), 844 Ib.
Raised and introduced by Mr. Findlay.
50. Earty Laxton (Laxton).—Plant very weak. Crop (Bedford), 22 lb.
42, 43. EARLY PuRITAN (A. Dickson, Veitch).—Stock mixed.
. 2. Flowers coloured.
I, 2, 3. SHARPE’S VicTOR (Holmes, McAlister, R. Veitch).— H.C., September 5,
1919. Plant mid-green, haulm 18 to 24 inches; erect, somewhat tinged purple ;
foliage large, rough, greasy; flowers lavender with faint white tips; tubers
366 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
medium, flat-round; skin light yellow; eyes rather prominent; eyebrows
conspicuous ; flesh firm, light yellow; firm, mealy, and yellowish when cooked.
ees 3 No. 1 (Easter Ross), 65 lb. ; No. 2 (Dumfries), 83 lb. ; No. 3 (Dumfries),
7 |b.
(e) Tubers typically round, white.
1. Flowers light mauve.
57- AmMERIcA (Dobbie).—This stock was not typical in growth. Tubers of
‘Epicure’ type, but without colour in skin. Crop (Edinburgh): 15 lb.
2. Flowers drop in bud.
118. EARLY MARKET (Cross).—Plant dull yellowish green ; haulm 24 to 30
inches, fairly erect, green; foliage large, crumpled, rough; tubers of medium
size, variable in shape ; skin light brown, smooth ; eyes small, deep; eyebrows
conspicuous ; flesh pale lemon, firm. Crop (Wisbech), 64 lb.
77. MIDSUMMER EarLy (Findlay).—Plant yellowish green ; haulm 16 inches,
spreading, decumbent; slightly tinged ; foliage large, flowers white ; tubers large,
rather variable in shape; skin light-brown, rough; eyes many, large, shallow ;
eyebrows conspicuous ; flesh firm, pale lemon. Crop (Fifeshire), 43 lb. Raised
and introduced by sender. ji
89. DUNVEGAN CasTLE (Sutton).—Plant yellowish green; haulm 16 to 18
inches ; more or less spreading and decumbent, slightly tinged ; foliage large ;
flowers white ; tubers large, rather variable in shape; skin light-brown, rough ;
eyes few, large, shallow ; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, pale yellow; soft,
mealy, white and of good flavour when cooked. Crop (Scotland), 48$1b. Raised
by Rev. A. Paton; to be introduced by sender.
78. CROWN JEWEL (Toogood).—An untypical stock. Crop, 344 lb.
I2I. CORONATION.—Characters as ‘Crown Jewel.’ Crop, 52 lb.
3. Flowers none.
40, 41. HARBINGER (McAlister, Sutton).—Plant yellowish green; haulm
16 inches; spreading, decumbent; slightly tinged; foliage large, shining ;
tubers of medium size, somewhat variable in shape; skin light-brown, rough ;
eyes small, shallow ; eyebrows inconspicuous; flesh firm, rather dry, white.
Crop No. 40 (Dumfries), 32 Ib. ; No. 41 (Scotland), 44 1b. Raised by Mr. Shake-
shaff ; introduced by Messrs. Sutton. .
(f) Tubers round, coloured.
1. Flowers white.
72, 73, 74, 109. Epicure (Dobbie, McAlister, Sutton, Barr).—., Sep-
tember 5, 1919. Plant yellow-green ; haulm 18 to 24 inches, compact, erect ;
much tinged purple; foliage large, dull, flat; tubers large; skin light-brown,
tinged pink; eyes large, deep, pink; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm, pale
lemon ; firm, waxy, white, of fair flavour when cooked. Crop No. 72 (Edinburgh),
384 lb. ; No. 73 (Dumfries), 41 lb. ; No. 74 (Scotland), 914 1b. ; No. 109 (Scotland),
96 lb. Raised by Mr. Jas. Clark; introduced by Messrs. Sutton.
76. EARLIEST CHALLENGER (Houliston).—Character$ as ‘Epicure.’ Crop
(Dumfries), 694 lb. Raised by sender.
99. Earty CHAMPION (Findlay).—C€., September 5, 1919. Plant medium
green; haulm 20 inches, compact, erect, slightly tinged; foliage large, dull,
flat, midrib coloured ; petioles coloured ; tubers large, skin light-brown, much
tinged with pink; eyes large, deep pink; eyebrows conspicuous; flesh firm,
juicy, white; firm, mealy, white when cooked ; flavour fair. Crop (Fifeshire),
7334 lb. Raised and introduced by sender.
79. ARRAN RoseE (Dobbie).—Plant medium green; haulm 24 inches, erect,
slightly tinged purple; foliage large, rough, dull, nearly flat; tubers of medium
size, rather variable in shape ; skin light brown, much tinged pink ; eyes of medium
size, shallow, pink; eyebrows conspicuous ; flesh waxy, white, but of rather
soapy flavour when cooked. Crop (Edinburgh), 563 lb. Raised by Mr.
McKelvie; introduced by sender.
EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1919. 367
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 105, 119. EDZELL BiuE (Dickson & Robinson, Dobbie,
Scarlett, Simpson, R. Veitch, Barr, Cross).—For description see vol. xlili. p. 118.
Crop No. 92 (Cheshire), 83 lb. ; No. 93 (Edinburgh), 81 lb. ; No. 94 (Musselburgh),
594 lb. ; No. 95 (Scotland), 853 lb. ; No. 96 (Dumfries), 78 Ib. ; No. 105 (Scotland),
79 lb. ; No. 119 (Scotland), 874 Ib.
2. Flowers coloured.
98. E1GHTYFoLD (Dobbie).—Plant yellowish green, but not very typical
Flowers blue, tipped white ; tubers medium in size, dark purplish-blue; eyes
deep ; flesh firm, white. Crop (Edinburgh), 244 lb. Raised and introduced by
Mr. Findlay.
go. CrimMax (Dobbie).—Plant dark green ; haulm 24 to 28 inches, spreading,
decumbent, much tinged purple ; foliage medium in size, midribs tinged, rough,
dull ; flowers dark reddish purple ; tubers large, dark pink with brown patches ;
eyes large, deep, pink; eyebrows yellowish; flesh firm, dark yellow. Crop
(Edinburgh), 51 lb.
3. Flowers drop in bud.
101. RuBY QUEEN (Findlay).—Plant dark green, shining ; haulm 18 inches,
spreading, decumbent, much tinged purple; foliage large, rather rough; tubers
large or medium ; skin brown, deeply tinged bluish purple ; rough ; eyes shallow,
large; eyebrows purplish; flesh firm, pale lemon. Crop (Fifeshire), 31 lb.
Raised and introduced by sender.
368 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
COMMONPLACE NOTES.
By the EDIToR.
EXCHANGE OF PLANTS.
Our Fellow Mr. R. F. SILvERs, of Avery Island, Louisiana, U.S.A.,
is desirous of exchanging rare plants (both native and foreign) with
plant lovers, and is especially anxious to get into correspondence
with cultivators of plants in the British Colonies.
‘CANNON HALL MuscaT’ GRAPE.
Mr. SPENCER PICKERING, F.R.S., writes: “Is there any means
of regaining orthography for the Cannon Hall Grape, which is generally
quoted as ‘Canon Hall’ or even ‘Canon Hale’? Itssponsor was nota
pillar of the Church, but my grandfather, John Spencer Stanhope,
of Cannon Hall, near Barnsley. When travelling in Greece in 1814,
he sent home cuttings of various vines, and one of these originated
the Cannon Hall Grape. He exhibited it at Versailles about 1822,
and as it beat all competitors there he presented a plant of it to the
Botanical Society in London, and allowed it to become public property
on the understanding that it should be named the ‘ Cannon Hall Grape.’
The original vine came to grief about'thirty years ago through a ladder
falling on it.” We hope this note may do something to preserve
the correct name of this delicious grape.
OLD JOURNALS.
The demand for recent numbers of the R.H.S. JOURNAL has been
so great that several of them are quite out of print, and we still have
many inquiries forthem. Vol. XLIII., Part 1, published in May 1918, |
Parts 2 and 3 published in February 1919, and Vol. XLIV., published
in May 1g1g, are quite exhausted, and if any Fellow has a copy of
either of these which is of no further use to him the Secretary will
be greatly obliged if he will send it to the Office at Vincent Square,
DW Es
BOOK REVIEWS. 369
BOOK REVIEWS.
“Science and Fruit Growing.”” By the Duke of Bedford, K.G.,
F.R.S., and Spencer Pickering, M.A., F.R.S. 8vo. xi + 350 pp.
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1919.) 12s. 6d. net.
Twenty-five years have elapsed since the establishment of the
Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, and this book deals with many
of the investigations familiar to readers of the various Reports which
have been issued from time to time by the authors. It forms an
invaluable handbook of the latest ideas as to the best cultural practices
and their scientific bases, and a knowledge of its contents is indis-
pensable to anyone who regards himself as an up-to-date exponent
of the principles governing the planting of fruit-trees, and their sub-
sequent management. Its style is a model of clearness and concise-
ness, and there are no unnecessary technicalities, though the chemical
formule in the chapters on insecticides and fungicides will doubtless
tax those whose memory of such has been lost in the tide of years.
When the Farm was started in 1894, scientific practice had scarcely
begun to be applied to fruit-growing, and, as was to be expected, the
results of-the tests and experiments have been to expose the fallacy
of many generally held beliefs and rule-of-thumb methods. Some of
the results as set forth in the Reports have been violently opposed,
sometimes with the addition of personal abuse, the authors tell us
in the preface, and one or two of these results are discussed here with
an open mind. For instance, the damaging effects of grass over the
roots of young fruit-trees is admittedly accentuated on the Farm by
the shallowness of the surface soil, and the impenetrability of the
Oxford clay subsoil which make it impossible for the roots of the trees
to get away from the grass (p. 308). Again, the beneficial effects of
the careless planting of trees, which has been the cause of so much
adverse criticism, is shown to be mainly caused by the ramming to
which such trees were subjected (p. 33), this bringing a larger portion
of the main roots into intimate contact with the soil, thus inducing
the formation of greater numbers of new root fibres, and those of
a strength and vitality which the delicate fibrous roots we used to
be told to lay out so carefully are quite incapable of producing, even
if they live after the drying during removal. It is interesting to note
that one large firm this winter is advising its customers to ram the soil
about the roots when planting. These results; and their broad treat-
ment, constitute an object-lesson to us in our attitude to new methods
and theories.
The authors admit that some of the results'are at present difficult |
of explanation. For instance, in planting gooseberries and currants,
the new root formation from roots which were broken was two and
370 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
a half times as great as that when the roots were cut, or cleanly trimmed
(p. 35). Another effect, at present unexplained, is the great response
made by bush fruits, especially gooseberries, to the use of animal
manure, and the almost entire absence of effect when the same
treatment is applied to apples. Still another unexplained point in
the behaviour of bush fruits was the adverse effect of planting goose-
berries and black currants in trenched ground at Rothamsted, as
compared with untrenched ground, while, in the case of fruit-trees
generally, the effect of trenching before planting was so slight that
the authors say it is not an operation on which the fruit-grower will
spend his money. Some of us are so conservative on this matter that
we cannot quite give up the idea that these results may be due to
something out of the ordinary in some other conditions present.
The possible causes of the effect of grassing over the roots of trees
are still discussed at length (pp. 275-289), as well as the general subject
of the toxic action of one crop on another. Some of the other inter-
esting subjects dealt with, in addition to those lightly touched upon
above, are pruning, especially as regards newly planted trees, spring
frosts, the alternate fruiting of trees, mussel scale, currant gall (or big
bud), and other pests, silver leaf, potato disease, and the action of
various washes.
In conclusion, a good index and chapter-analyses add to the value
of the book for ready reference.
“The English Rock-Garden.” By R. Farrer. 2 vols. Ilxiv-+ 504
+vili+524pp. 8vo. (Jack, London, 191g.) 3 guineas net.
The author of this work set himself no light task when he planned
its dual character. At first sight it suggests the proverbial result
of endeavouring to sit upon two stools. Increasing acquaintance
with its contents, and testing its pages in search of desired information,
show that the task has been brought to an admirable finish.
One half of the plan was to treat plants already grown in rock
gardens, or likely to be grown therein, somewhat after the fashion
in which the Abbé Coste has dealt with the native plants of France
in his most useful book ; that is, to lay stress on the most noticeable
and distinguishing characters by which one species can be distin-
guished most easily from another. For this purpose, Mr. Farrer turned
to the original Latin diagnoses of the plants, and has selected from
them the essential points, that he may make them available to all his
readers in short English descriptions.
The other aim he keeps in view is, while making these descriptions
as definite and authoritative as their Latin originals, yet to express
them in the conversational and often picturesque or quaint English
he has such a gift for employing.
Thus we find a complete absence of botanical terms, except such
as calyx-lobe, axii, corolla-tube, &c., which should prove strange to
no one who owns a garden or a gardening book.
To test the value of this new dictionary of rock-garden plarits, one
BOOK REVIEWS. 371
may note the author’s treatment of one genus, say Gentiana. About
one hundred and fifty named species or forms are included. Arranged
in alphabetical order, it is easy to turn to the one needed. An intro-
ductory note wittily describes the difficulties of cultivating most of the
species. To quote :—‘“ Perhaps Gentiana offers the rock-garden more
glory than any other race, or more persistently deniesit.” . . . “ There
is no jesting with a gentian, except, indeed, when the gentian does
the jesting—grows ample and splendid and hearty, only to gratify you
at the end with dingy little flowers and a mass of foliage, so ill-pleasing
that you feel indeed more mocked by such a success than if the plant
had followed the example of its beautiful cousins and wholly refused ©
to grow.”’ Then follows an excellent description of the construction
of an ideal gentian bed, and advice as to companion plants suitable
for the various groups of the family. ‘‘ Company the plant must
have, for even the High-Alpine species ... are grateful in the
garden for a little fine society to distract them from their thoughts of
home.” Covering with glass in winter is recommended to ensure
“a cent. per cent. return next season in the way of flower.” Asa
means to effect this, it is revealed that the “‘ enthusiastic have been
known to subsist on glass-potted tongues and shrimps in order that
the receptacles’ of these delicacies should afford a sufficient number
of roofs to shelter all their gentians in winter.”
Under G. acaulis we find, for the first time in one book, a clear
statement of the various distinct species that have long been confused
under that name by various authors. Italics point out the salient
characteristics by which each may be readily recognized from its
‘most similar relation. The fine old plant of our gardens, which is
unknown as a wild plant of the hills, stands as G. gentianella. G.
latifolia includes the many names given to the commonest and dullest
of the large acaulis forms of the Alps, and G. vulgaris the more beau-
tiful form of the limestone heights.
The author’s researches lead him to adopt the name G. aestiva
for that major cousin of G. verna we have hitherto been content to
call G. angulosa. Some species are appraised highly—thus G. bar-
bellata is “‘ a rare species of Colorado for a choice place in the choice
bed.”’ Kurroo has “‘ magnificent great flowers, widely gaping cups of
purerich blue . . . flecked with interior pallors and altogether lovely.”’
On the other hand, G. Burserz is “‘a leafy, tall, yellowy-brown ugliness,”
and dghurica a “‘ coarse and worthless leafy cluster-head of dowdy
bloom and overwhelming leafage.’’ Species from New Zealand, such
as G. divisa, corymlifiora, and lineata, are included alongside such
newly introduced Chinese species as the glorious turquoise-blue G.
Farrert, hexaphylla, ifolia, Purdomit and others, so new as to find
mention in the Appendix, rendered necessary by the author’s travels
in China since the main part of the book was written.
In these two large volumes, then, we find a compendious, com-
prehensive and up-to-date guide to the plants that are rightly or
doubtfully classed as subjects for the rock-garden. Many not yet
372 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
introduced are included against the day of their arrival, some so
faintly praised that one hopes that day will not come in our time.
Allowing for the author’s personal taste in plants, this outspoken
expression of opinion should prove of great assistance to the garden-
ing fraternity in their choice of species for their collections. The
illustrations are excellent, representing about 200 different plants.
Many are from photographs taken in the Royal Botanic Gardens of
Kew and Edinburgh, or in the wilds of China, but the greater number
are from Mr. Malby’s camera. All show the natural habit of growth
of the plants.
Coming from one who has so wide an acquaintance with alpine
plants in Europe and Asia, and as the result of so much careful re-
search in the works dealing with mountain floras, ‘“‘ The English Rock-
Garden ”’ is likely to remain the text-book of would-be gardeners for
many years to come.
“Garden Ornament.” By Gertrude Jekyll. xii + 460 pp.
(“ Country Life,’’ London, 1918.) £3 3s. od.
It is the opinion of many that the first impression made by a future
friend counts formuch. If this is so with people, it is accentuated
in our opinions with regard to books. From the moment when this
long-anticipated volume is taken from the hands of the postman, we
know that it is no ordinary production that we are about to have sight
of. The book is unwieldy, heavy; and such as only those who have
ample leisure can contemplate purchasing. It is a matter for regret
that the writer, so well known an expert upon Gardencraft, has been
allowed by the publishers to sink into comparative insignificance,
because the pictures which “‘Country Life’’ wished to reproduce
take up most of the pages. There is a very marked and regrettable
shortage of the writer’s views and comments. When we are fortunate
enough to obtain these, as; for instance, in the recommendation that
summer-houses should have good light (on p.197), and also the suggested
use of fine treillage work for fruit trees (p. 306), we feel all the more
aggrieved that so small a space was allowed for Miss Jekyll’s comments
and suggestions. If it was necessary to limit the work to one huge
volume, would it not have been far more serviceable to the lay reader
if fewer pictures had been inserted and each one had received some
remark from the pen of the writer? We should thus have gained
knowledge in regard to garden design; and we should have had an
opportunity of comparing our own ‘views with those of one who has
given many years to the study of garden work. It would have been
possible to see more examples, such as is shown on p. 190, where the
parapet of the orangery is suggested as a means of concealing the
glass roof. Then; too, more information could have been added in
regard to the historic side of garden-planning ; perhaps more dates
could have been included, and each picture of a remarkable gate-house
or an old bridge would thus have taught us the transition in style
that was taking place at the time it was built. For instance, we long
-
BOOK REVIEWS. 373
to know more of the Holbein porch at Wilton House (p. 219). Also the
rare reproduction of so beautiful a specimen of stone-work as the
Nailsea Court summer-house calls for more detailed remarks concerning
its history. The many reflections that the writer could have handed
on to us are evident, at times, as we turn over the pages. She wonders
why Pergolas have only so recently been brought to Northern countries
whilst other ideas from Italy have been freely used for so many
centuries. It is when free scope is allowed to a capable writer that
sound lessons are learnt from illustrated books.
In regard to the way in which the pictures have been grouped
together, we should, we confess, have preferred having 2 mcre marked
distinction between those water-gardens where only still reflections
are called for, and those where life and vivacity are created. The
complete difference between the mirror-like effects obtainable
from canals or silent pools, and the noise and buoyancy of sparkling,
rushing, moving water could be more markedly shown if the various
illustrations were grouped together in their respective classes. The
study of water has been somewhat neglected in our English parks
and gardens hitherto, but the time has come when a new Le Notre,
it is hoped, will arise and, with a true magician’s wand, call into being
a few of those fine effects that we all have learnt to admire amidst
the stately avenues of Versailles.
*““Economic Trees and their By-products.’”’ By Mrs. M. Grieve. 8vo.
70 pp. (The Author, The Whins, Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks [1920].) Paner
covers, Is. 6d.
The sub-title describes the contents: “‘ A concise account of over 70 species
of trees that readily grow in Great Britain and which possess valuable by-
products, now either neglected or entirely wasted.’’ Large as the number may
seem, it might easily have been larger ; for some well-known trees (if we may be
permitted to use the term as the author does, to include shrubs as well) are
omitted, although they are hardy and yield products of value. The list will
prove of interest and of value to many, and will serve to show how many uncon-
sidered trifles have been from time to time turned to account.
“Manual of Vegetable-Garden Insects.”” By C. R. Crosby and M. D. Leonard.
8vo. 226 figs. i+ 381 pp. (Macmillan, London, 1918.) Ios. 6d.
This book is intended as a guide to the insect pests of the United States
and Canada. The most important pests are given, together with their life
histories and remedies. ;
Eighteen chapters of the volume deal with insects attacking certain groups
_of plants, such as the cabbage family, peas and beans, asparagus etc. Chapter
Ig is devoted to a rough classification of insects, explaining particularly their
mouth parts. It concludes by giving a list of the principal insecticides.
Many of the insects are well known in this country, and the book can be
profitably perused as to the general habits of well-known pests and the measures
to be taken against them.
The sodium-arsenite bait (given as a preventive against the Onion Fly) should
be wider known in this country, on account of the great success obtained in
America and Canada.
‘“‘ Timbers and their Uses.” By Wren Winn. 8vo. 333 pp. (Routledge,
London, 1919.) Ios. 6d. net.
This is an ambitious book, in the compilation of which many well-known
authors have been pressed into service, including Laslett, Boulger, Ward, and
Webster,
Though the book contains little that is new, the arrangement presents
information in a concise and accessible form. For instance, in the chapter on
‘“‘ The Uses of Wood,”’ which occupies about one-third of the work, the author
. ‘ ;
374. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —
gives a list—though by no means acomplete one—of timbers for special purposes,
such as bridge-making, cabinet work, furniture, turnery, carving, and such-
like, arranged in alphabetical order. The geographical distribution of timber
is an interesting subject, and the author has wisely, in such a gigantic under-
taking, divided the chapter approximately into continents, though even in this
way, repetitions are unavoidable.
Regarding the “‘ World’s Timber Resources ”’ a great amount of useful infor-
mation and statistics have been culled from different sources, though to obtain
reliable data of such would, as the author says, be an impossible task, and would
be true for a very limited period. Under ‘“‘ Manufactures &c.” a great amount
of valuable information is recorded, and the notes on basket-making, charcoal
manufacture, fuel, and tanning are up to date, the authors of the information
being well known for their researches on the various subjects. Fungus and
insect pests cause great damage both to the living wood and converted timber,
and both subjects have received a considerable share of attention in this book,
though the best means of dealing with such attacks as dry rot, the very destructive
beech-coccus, and other pests of the woodlands receive scant notice.
We hardly think that the author has been definite enough on the attacks of
such well-known insects as the pine-beetle, leopard-moth, and willow-mite on our
home-grown timbers.
The practical side of the uses of wood in the various manufactures, with its
structure and formation, methods of seasoning and testing for various purposes,
are all interesting reading, and the letterpress is illustrated by nearly a hundred
photographs, which, though not very distinct, will yet be useful in elucidating
the text.
“Romance of the Wonder Plot.’””’ By W. G. Moore and A. Smith. 84 pp.
8vo. (Romance Publishing Co., 1920.) Paper covers, 2s. 6d. net. -
That such results as are described in this little book can be attained
there can be no doubt—indeed, three crops a year are frequently secured when
soil is in good heart and skill is used in arranging them. The raising of crops
valued at the rate of £500 an acre per annum is no dream, but a result fairly
frequently achieved, especially on small plots. With this part of the book (even
though much of it is written in irritating journalese), and with its object of help-
ing to secure reasonable permanence of tenure for allotment holders, we have no
quarrel, and so far the book will do good. But much harm is done toa good
cause by such books when, as here, comparisons quite unfair are made between
the results obtained on a small plot and on the farm. That the latter may be
improved goes without saying, but the improvement must be along economic
lines. The “law of diminishing returns ’’ soon begins to work if care is not
exercised in adjusting manurial requirements and labour expenses to the value
and yield of the crop.
Here, according to the authors, three hours a day are devoted to a 12-rod plot,
and ro tons of stable manure. A little careful calculation will show that at this
rate, at the present price of labour and manure, to say nothing of the other out-
goings of cultivation, even £500 an acre for produce would not pay.
‘“The School Gardener.” By J. Norris. xiii + 194 pp. 8vo. (Cassell,
London [1919].) Limp covers, 2s. net.
This is a book partly for the teacher, partly for the pupil, and mainly practical
in its nature, with little of the pedagogical side of the subject. The practical
directions are, as in all really good books, clear and simple, and the illustrations .
are adequate, even profuse. Notes on pests accompany the descriptions of work
to be done in the case of each crop, a chapter is devoted to garden friends, and
another gives a calendar of operations. This is all admirable and very useful,
but we cannot help wishing that it were all a little different, for we fear that
at times school-gardening is apt to become an end in itself, and this is not as it
should be. Its main place must be as a means to an end perhaps altogether
apart from gardening—a means of education, and a very powerful means, too,
when rightly directed, suitable to almost all children’s requirements, even though
they may never again be able to “ garden.”” Such a garden may be and should
be a great aid to development not only of body but of soul and spirit too.
“The Journal of Pomology.” Edited by E. A. Bunyard, F.L.S. Published
quarterly. 8vo. (Bunyard, Maidstone, 1920.) 10s. per annum.
_ We are very glad indeed to welcome this new addition to the annals of so
important a branch of horticulture as fruit-growing, and we take the opportunity
BOOK REVIEWS. 375
of wishing it a large circulation, long life, and prosperity. The first part com-
prises 64 pp. large octavo, it is well and clearly printed, well illustrated, and
has pages with ample margins. The contents are varied and include reprints
of some important papers published elsewhere, reviews and abstracts as well as
original papers.
We hope the re-printing of papers already published in accessible works will
not be a main feature of the Journal, for there should be ample original matter
from the many amateur and professional fruit-growers of the country to provide
an excellent quarterly Journal of thisalone. The frontispiece of the first number
gives an excellent representation of the apple ‘‘ Maidstone Favourite,’’ and the
description which accompanies it gives, as all fruit descriptions should do, full
notes on the growth of the tree.
“Days in My Garden.” By Ernest Ballard. Cr. 4to. xvi + 195 pp.
(University Press, Cambridge, 1919.) £1 Is. net.
Do not think that this tells of the toil and labour of digging, of weary hours
of work with the waterpot, of the planting of potatos and the clearing away of
cabbage stumps, or even of pricking outand stoking. These things doubtless, and
many another, came in the author’s days, but he was out to see Nature’s work first
and to appreciate it, not only under the guidance of man’s hand but in wild
Nature’s own domain, by the stream, on the hillside, and in the valley. There,
and here, and everywhere about, he saw things of beauty through the year and
tells of what he saw as the months went by, and some of the thoughts they
evoked, in pleasantly written passages illustrated by beautiful and beautifully
reproduced photographs.
The beautifully clear type and lavishly ampie margins of the book will appeal
to the book-lover—who may nevertheless complain of the heavy glazed paper,
but who assuredly will not complain of the illustrations or of the text. It would
make a welcome gift to the book-lover who is also a Nature-lover.
“Problems of Fertilization.” By F. R. Lillie. 8vo. xii +270 pp.
(University Press, Chicago, 1919.) $1.75 net.
The main facts of fertilization are, of course, matters of common knowledge,
but there remain many unsolved and little investigated problems concerning the
details of the process. This excellent little book gives a clear statement of
them and a lucid account of investigations into them so far as they have yet
gone, most of the illustrations being drawn from the animal kingdom. The
grouping of the matter is as follows: ‘“‘ The History of the Fertilization Problem ;”’
“The Place of Fertilization in the Life-History;’’ “‘ The Morphology of
Fertilization ;’’ ‘‘ The Physiology of the Spermatozoon;’’ ‘‘ The Physiology
of Fertilization ; ’’ “‘ The Problem of Specifity in Fertilization.’
The book, which is one of the University of Chicago Science Series, is written
not only for the specialist but also in such a way that the educated, without
special knowledge, may read and comprehend. ~-
“Storing Vegetables and Fruits: with chapters on drying in the oven and
by the kitchen fire.” ByH.Cowley. 8vo. 32 pp. (‘‘ Country Life,’’ London,
1918.) Paper covers, od. net.
This exceedingly useful little book contains not only advice upon the methods
of storing all sorts of vegetables and fruits that are commonly grown in this
country, but also recipes for the cooking of several of them. Particularly
interesting is the account of the Burmese method of cooking beans, a method
which should be tried by all who use these valuable vegetables. Only one re-
markin the book have we noticed from which we dissent, that to the effect that
the Climbing Bean ‘ Tender and True’ is nearly equivalent to the much-grown
(and excellent) Continental ‘Soissons 4 rames.’ Except that they are both
climbers, and both good to use as haricots, they are as unlike as French beans
can well be. (See Report on Climbing Beans at Wisley, JoUuRNAL, R.H.S. xliv.
Pp. 95.)
“Fossil Plants.” By Prof. A. C. Seward. Vol. iv. 8vo. xvi-+ 543 pp.
(University Press, Cambridge, 191g.) 2Is. net.
Prof. Seward completes in this, his fourth volume, his interesting and valuable
account of the plants the remains of which are found in a fossil form in various
parts of the world, and brings the story up to include not a few of the vestiges
of that ancient vegetation that have survived the slow changes and the cataclysms
of the past until to-day. He is thus on ground more familiar to the ordinary
376 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
botanist, and to the catholic lover of plants though he be no botanist. This is
not the place to attempt a critical review of this scholarly book; but we most —
cordially recommend it to the serious notice of all seekers after knowledge of
the flora of the ancient world and its relation with the plants of the present.
‘‘Flowering Trees and Shrubs for Use in South Africa.’ By T. R. Sim.
8vo. 200 pp. (Specialty Press, Johannesburg, 1919.) 7s. 6d.
With the growth of permanent settlements in South Africa the making of
gardens is bound to advance, and we have in this annotated list one of the first
attempts at a guide for the planter of trees and shrubs under South African con-
ditions. Lists for various purposes are given in alphabetical order, and each
plant is described with reference toa figure. Many are figured either by a drawing
or by a photograph in the present work.
“ Butterfly and Moth Collecting.” By A. E. Hodge. 8vo. 128 pp.; 18 figs.
4 plates. (Pearson, London, Igig.) 2s. 6d. net.
This little book is intended as a young collector’s guide to a fascinating
hobby, and to supply a want in this subject, the alternative being to wade
through scientific treatises which often tend quickly to damp the ardour of the
amateur.
It is a pleasantly written and well-worked-out book, dealing with every
branch of the subject—equipment, how and what to collect, breeding in cap-
tivity, mounting, &c. In the Appendix is given a unique but unscientific key
to the British butterflies, based upon size, outline of wings, and ground colour.
“ Peach-Growing.” By H. P. Gould. 8vo. 426 pp. (Macmillan, New
York and London, 1918.) Ios. 6d. net.
To all peach-growers this book will be of great interest, although written for
American readers, for it covers many sides. In America, where peach-growing
is such an important industry, the varieties are grouped in sections in a most
methodical style of classification, viz.:
Peen-to Race.—This race traces its origin to an importation of seed from
Australia, made in 1869 by the late P. J. Berckmann, of Augusta, Georgia. From
this collection of seed came a peach quite distinct from the others, and this
Peen-to race is of special value in Florida and the Gulf Coast region.
South China Race.—This type originated in seed from China. One being
specially good was named the ‘ Honey variety,’ and was introduced about 1855
by Charles Downing, of New York, and like the Peen-to race it succeeds best in
the warmer parts of America.
Spanish Race.—This race was introduced into Mexico from Spain by Catholic
missionaries nearly 300 years ago, and apparently there are many varieties. It,
like the other races named, seems to answer best in Texas and the Gulf States.
North China Cling Race.—This type was introduced by the late Charles
Downing through Mr. Winchester, the British Consul at Shanghai, in 1850.
This race seems to have very large fruit, and to be an important and popular
type, hardier than some of the other races.
Persian Race.—I\t appears that this was imported from Persia to Italy about
1550,and to America about 1680. Many of the varieties grown in Britain belong
to this group, and in America they are appreciated for their hardiness and
good constitution. These different groups or races are distinguished by the
forms of the stones or seeds, and will interest the British pomologist.
“Vegetable Forcing.” By Ralph L. Watts. 8vo. 431 pp. (Orange
Judd Co., New York, 1917.) 2$.
This treatise was written for American readers, and will no doubt be valuable
to them, but for British growers its chief merits will be the valuable instructions
on how to deal with insect and fungus pests. These seem very practical and
up to date. The American winters are on the whole more severe than we have
here, which makes a considerable difference in practice. At the same time,
anyone commencing this enterprise here would gain much useful information
from its admirably printed, well-written, and illustrated pages, that finish with
an excellent index.
‘‘ The Principles and Practice of Pruning.”” By M.G. Kains. 8vo. 420 pp.
(Orange Judd Co., New York, 1917.) 2$.
We have read a number of books on American systems of pruning, &c., but
we do not remember one so interesting or so clearly expressed as this, which is
BOOK REVIEWS 377
written by Mr. M. G. Kains, Lecturer on Horticulture, Columbia University.
Much of the matter would be of little value for the British reader, as, for instance,
the pruning of Peaches, Nectarines, Grapes, &c., in the open; but even on these
subjects there is a good deal of instructive matter that the grower of these fruits
under glass in this country could read with benefit to himself. Many will not
agree with a translation from Karl Koopmann : ",emé less a tree is cut
the sounder it will be, and the better its fruits.’ Though the knife is indis-
pensable in many cases, there is no question it is frequently used recklessly and
does more harm than good, and is a source of disease and bad health to trees.
On all sides we see instances of poor pruning by not making clean cuts, by
the dead snags of branches, and holes right into the main branches or into the
trunk itself, of trees that have had limbs cut improperly, and in a way impossible
to heal over, an effort Nature always makes. The chapters.on Pruning Principles,
How Wounds Heal, and Prevention of Injuries, are worthy of the closest
attention of all tree-lovers, and should receive far more study in the future than
has been given in the-past, in the case of both old and young trees. The
illustrations are not only numerous, but capital guides on what to do and what
not to do, if health and fertility are to be maintained, and planting, training,
diseases, and tools most suitable to use are fully dealt with. In brief, it is a work
that we can strongly recommend to all interested in this important matter. The
book is excellently printed and well indexed.
“Heredity.” By,J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., LL.D. Ed.3. 8vo. 627 pp.
(Murray, London, 1919.) I5s. net.
The call for a new edition of this excellent work has enabled the author to
correct a few errors, and to make a few slight alterations in the text.
“Profitable Herb Growing and Collecting.” By A. B. Teetgen. Ed: 2.
8vo. xi + 195 pp. (Country Life, London, I919.) 5s. net.
The war has turned the attention of many to the growing of medicinal plants,
who before knew not that our main supplies were derived from the Continent.
Since the war is happily at an end whether or not their cultivation will prove
profitable here will depend upon the price for which the Continental senders can
supply them. To everyone who essays to grow them we may, however, recom-
mend this book with all confidence as a trustworthy guide, so long as he bears
in mind that it was written with war conditions in view.
“ Mendelism.” By RK. C. Punnett, F.R.S. Ed. 5. 8vo. xv + 219 pp.
(Macmillan, London, 1919.) 7s. 6d. net.
First published in 1905, revised from time to time, and translated into German,
Swedish, Russian, and Japanese, Professor Punnett’s clear account of Mendelism,
and gradual developments towards a complete solution of the problem of heredity,
needs no other recommendation. This new edition contains two chapters
additional to those which made the fourth edition, describing the American
experiments on heredity in the fruit-fly, Drosophila. Not only the student, but
the general reader who wishes to keep abreast of the work done in one of the most
fascinating branches of natural history, will find a lucid exposition in this well-
printed and illustrated book.
““The Flower and the Bee.” By John H. Lovell. 8vo. 278 pp., 11g figs.
(Constable, London, 1919.) 10s. 6d. net.
This book deals very completely with the value of insects in pollination,
and is a modern popular edition of Hermann Mueller’s ‘“‘ The Fertilization of
Flowers.” There are over a hundred photographs of American plants, showing
the comparison between wind- and insect-pollinated flowers and their relation to
insects.
Carl Vogt’s, the German scientist, opinion is quoted, namely, ‘‘ That the power
and wealth of the English nation is due to bumble-bees, as they pollinate red
clover, which is food for the famous English beef ”’ !
Examples are given of bee, butterfly, hawk-moth, fly, and beetle-pollinated
flowers, and the comparative value of anemophilous and entomophilous flowers,
and the differences between pollen and nectar flowers are described.
The last chapter is devoted to the extreme importance of bees in fruit-
growing.
378 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“‘ Forests, Woods, and Trees in Relation to Hygiene.” By Augustine Henry,
M.A., F.L.S., &c. 8vo. 314 pp. (Constable, London, rgrg.) 18s. net.
Whether from a purely hygienic or from a commercial point of view, the
afforestation of some of the water catchment areas of our country, which ex-
tend to fully 920,000 acres, is to be recommended, and will be sufficient reason
for devoting fully three-fourths of this book to that important subject.
Having, both in Wales and Scotland, had to deal with some of these catchment
lands, we can fully substantiate the author’s remarks which are clearly ex-
pressed, and we may rest assured that the tree-planting schemes which have been
so successfully carried out by the Corporations of Liverpool, Manchester, and
Birmingham are but precursors of other and more extensive works of the kind
that are soon to follow.
As not a few of these watershed areas are on exposed, rough grounds at high
altitudes, great care in the choice of suitable trees is necessary and several failures
in the way of getting plantations established on such sites are directly due to
want of discrimination in the species that were used. Some of those recom-
mended in this book, such as Abzes nobilis (the hemlock spruce), and Cupressus
macrocarpa are only to be trusted in the most favoured situations; and even
the Douglas fir we have found unsuited for wind-swept grounds, where it quickly
loses its leading shoot and presents a meagre, miserable appearance. For
sheltered dips it is a capital tree and grows rapidly, as at Cochwillan plantation,
on Lord Penrhyn’s estate at Bangor, where it is not however a pure crop, but
was only added to fill up blanks in an old oak-wood. That ring or cup shake
in Spanish Chestnut timber is due more to wind and less to frost is a generally
accepted fact; while the most important uses to which hornbeam timber
is applied are not included in dealing with the wood of that tree. The state-
ment that ash can rarely be grown in a wood by itself requires some qualifying,
as in Beds and Bucks some of the most profitable plantations are composed
of pure ash.
The afforestation of pit-mounds is a valuable chapter that deserves re-reading,
and the work of the Midland Re-Afforestation Association cannot be over-valued
in its dealings with these barren and unsightly waste-heaps.
No less interesting is the chapter on Trees in Towns, though the author’s
note that the injurious effects of oiling and tarring the roads is not established
hardly agrees with the observations of the reviewer and others who have studied
the question in London and other large towns.
That Paulownia imperialis is unlikely ever to succeed in our towns is hardly
supported by the magnificent specimen in Regent’s Park, or that in the grounds
of the Royal Botanic Society. Strange that the Turkey oak is not included
amongst other members of its family, as it is by far the most dependable
in London, where many giant specimens may be seen ; neither is the Austrian
or Corsican pine the best conifer for smoky towns, both being out-rivalled in
that respect by the Eastern Thuya and Prumnopitys elegans, while the Maiden-
hair tree has reached a goodly size in the foul air of Commercial Road.
Regarding the hybrid origin of the London plane about 260 years ago, we
hope Professor Henry’s remarks will not be taken too seriously. The advice
on pruning town trees is sound and should be acted on, for, as the author wisely
says, ‘‘the spectacle of untrained men going about hacking trees in towns is
a painful but common one,’’ and nowhere is this more in evidence than in the
streets and squares of the great metropolis.
The sanitary influence of forests can hardly be overrated and is fully explained
in the chapter under that heading, while ‘‘ Parks in Towns and Municipal Forests”
gives a brief but interesting account of the open spaces that have contributed
so greatly in the matter of public hygiene.
Altogether ‘‘ Forests, Woods, and Trees,” which is divided into twelve chapters
with forty-nine illustrations and extends to fully 300 pages, will be found an
interesting and valuable addition to our forest literature.
‘‘ The Simple Carbohydrates and Glucosides.”” By E. Frankland Armstrong.
Ed. 3. 8vo. x+239 pp. (Longmans, Green & Co. London, IgIg.) 12s. net.
No substances are more important than the carbohydrates in relation to the
vital processes of the plant. They form the organic raw-material from which
the plant derives the energy required for these processes and from which, together
with the materials absorbed by the roots, it builds up in the laboratories of its
cells the manifold constituents of its tissues. Moreover, the glucosides, which
at one time were regarded as little more than waste or excretory products, are
now constantly gaining in the importance attached to them, and there is little
BOOK REVIEWS. 379
doubt that they play a fundamental part in providing, in conjunction with their
specific enzymes, a most delicate controlling mechanism for the various processes
of plant metabolism. A thorough knowledge of the chemistry of these bodies
is therefore indispensable to the advanced student of, and the research worker
in, plant biochemistry and physiology. i | wy
The earlier editions of Dr. Armstrong’s book are well known for the valuable
survey they gave of this subject, and the edition now before us is thus assured
of a warm welcome. In the seven years which have elapsed since the previous
edition, much important work has been done, which has materially advanced
our knowledge of the carbohydrates and glucosides. The new edition gives an
excellent account of this work, and of the new ideas and fields for inquiry it opens
out. It is especially gratifying to notice the recognition which is given to the
sterling work of Irvine and his school. The plant biochemist will be particularly
interested in the final chapter on the function of carbohydrates and glucosides
in plants, from which he will obtain much inspiration, for it abounds in stimulating
ideas for research. We were, however, surprised to notice that the author appar-
ently still regards the anthocyanins’as oxidation products of the flavones, not-
withstanding the unquestionable evidence that is now available proving them
to be reduction products of the latter. How this is to be reconciled with the
almost. equally unquestionable correlation which has been found between the
distribution of oxidases and anthocyanins remains a matter for research.
Apart from this, we have nothing but praise for the admirable way in which
the author has dealt with a subject which is at once one of the most fascinating
and of the most intricate in the whole of chemistry. The volume easily maintains
the high reputation deservedly attaching to the series of Monographs on Bio-
chemistry of which it forms a part.
* A Course of Practical Chemistry for Agricultural Students.” By H. A. D.
Neville and L. F. Newman. Vol. ii, Parti. 8vo. 122 pp. (The University
Press, Cambridge, 1919.) 5s. net.
This little book consists of a series of practical exercises in pure organic
chemistry for agricultural students, and has been written primarily for the use
of students taking the course for the degree in Agricultural Science at Cambridge.
It therefore labours under the disadvantage of being written to cover a syllabus,
which is bound to limit the general utility of a book, and to result in a certain
inequality of treatment.
As pointed out in the preface, the notes which are appended to the practical
directions for each day’s work are intended “‘ not to supersede lectures,’”’ but
“to explain just the points . . . on which the student usually needs assistance
. . . to explain the reasons and reactions of the experiments as they are being
carried out.’”’ Although on the whole the directions and notes are tolerably clear,
there many mistakes, both of omission and commission, several of which are by
no means unimportant, and which certainly do not fulfil the requirements of the
above quotation. For example, the student is led to believe that the iodoform
test is specific for ethyl alcohol (p. 24), and no mention is made of its being given
also by acetaldehyde (p. 36) and acetone (p. 41). Again, itis stated that hydrolysed
amygdalin reduces Fehling’s solution on account of the benzaldehyde formed,
the glucose produced being apparently neglected. There are other mistakes of
this type, besides purely typographical errors which are also to be found. Al-
together the book gives the impression of having been somewhat hastily compiled,
and although it is doubtless of great value for the purpose for which it is primarily
intended, it cannot be given an unqualified recommendation for general use.
Lest the size of the book should be overestimated, it should be mentioned that
of its 122 pages only 77 are occupied by the text, the remainder being left blank
between the exercises for the student’s notes.
“Introduction to Physical Chemistry.” By James Walker. Ed. 8. 8vo.
xiii + 433 pp. (Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London, 1g1g.) 16s. net.
Professor Walker’s textbook is too well known to chemists to need any intro-
duction. Thatin the twenty years since its first publication it should have passed
through eight editions is sufficiently eloquent testimony.
The student of plant biochemistry who requires a thorough grounding in
physical chemistry—a grounding which the modern trend of research in plant
physiology makes all the more necessary—as well as the general scientific reader
who requires a readable, accurate, and concise account of, for instance, the latest
developments in molecular physics and radioactivity, cannot do better than turn
to this new edition of an excellent book.
VOL. XLV. 2C
380 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“ Botany for Agricultural Students.”’ By J. N. Martin. 8vo. x + 585 pp.
(Chapman & Hall, London.) 12s. 6d. net.
This is a fairly complete elementary text-book of Botany, dealing with
Heredity and Plant Breeding in the first two chapters. The examples and illus-
trations are taken, wherever possible, from plants well known in agriculture.
The only other distinguishing feature of the book is that it begins with the study
of the flower. This method has a good deal to recommend it, for it certainly
tends to awaken interest at the outset by calling attention to some easily observed
phenomena of plant life; the main drawback being the somewhat overloaded
burden of technical terms which this branch of plant study is apt to carry.
Physiology naturally occupies a considerable portion of the book, and it is
happily interwoven with the portions. dealing with the structure of the organs
concerned, so that the too frequent tendency to regard morphology, histology,
and physiology as water-tight compartments of Botany is not likely to be fostered
by the use of this book.
The illustrations are very useful, and an excellent feature of the book is the
numerous references to bulletins, &c., giving full details of the matters alluded
to in the text.
‘“The Planting, Cultivation, and Expression of Coco-nuts, Kernels, Cacao,
and Edible Vegetable Oils and Seeds of Commerce : ;. a. Practical Handbook
for Planters, Financiers, Scientists and others.” By H. Osman Newland,
F.R.Hist.S., &c., 8vo. vii + 111 pp. (Griffin, London, 1g19.) 6s. net.
It is an unfortunate fact that most oil-producing plants require a warmer
climate than that of England. It is true that flax thrives here, and sunflowers
to a certain extent, and some varieties of Soya beans will give a crop, but, in the
main, oil-producing plants are the products of warm temperate and se
regions rather than those of cool temperate climates.
The demand for vegetable oils is unceasing and increasing, and as the plats
which produce them as a rule produce other things of great commercial value
_as well, the area under these crops is constantly increasing—although up to now
scarcely in the same ratio as the demand.
The title indicates the range of the present volume, although it does not by
any means exhaust the list of plants the cultivation of which is dealt with.
The numerous planters seeking profitable crops for their African estates especially
may profitably consult it, and for all who are in any way interested in oil-bearing
crops, the book will prove of the utmost value.
“Vegetable Growing.” By J. G. Boyle. 8vo. 350 pp. (Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia and New York, 1917.) $2.25 net.
This work is written by Mr. Boyle, Associate Professor of Horticulture in
the Purdue University, Indiana, for American readers. Many of the subjects
dealt with are quite unsuitable for cultivation in this country, and some that
are always grown here under glass and for value as fruits only, e.g. the
melon, are cultivated in America as vegetables as well as fruits. Climatic
and other conditions are so different there from what they are here, that it
would be a waste of time, labour, and money to attempt to grow some of the
things mentioned in the book; also the author in some cases recommends an
application of manure to the land at the rate of 50 tons to the acre, while we
find a difficulty in getting any in many parts of this country. In respect to
tools, appliances, and glass erections, it seems we are well up to date. At the
same time there is a vast amount of information worth close attention by the home
and market grower, and some significant figures are given concerning production
—for instance, California tomato seed yielded 15°5 tons to the acre, while seed
from Illinois produced 17 tons from the same variety, grown in exactly the
same conditions, on plots of the same size. One of the reasons for this difference
in results is attributed to the seed being grown in localities especially adapted
to its production. Pests are described, and the best methods of dealing with
them—a question to which a good deal of attention has been paid. The book
contains over 150 illustrations, is well printed, and arranged in a very convenient
form, and furnished with a capital index.
“The Management of English Woodlands.” By W. F. Beddoes. 8vo.
xix + 172 pp. (Simpkin, Marshall, London, 191g.) 7s. 6d. net.
Of the ten chapters into which this book is divided, one of the most important
is that on Finance. The reasoning is sound and the conclusions arrived at as to
profits are by no means overrated.
Though there is an amount of truth in the statement made by the author that
BOOK REVIEWS. 381
the English planter, who plants his woods with a view to the realization of a
profit by the sale of the mature timber, must rely mainly on three trees only,
larch, ash, and oak, not a few owners of woodlands will take exception to the
remark. What about elm timber, which in the home output doubles in volume
either the larch or ash, and for general usefulness is quite on a par with either ?
Beech grown on the Chiltern Hills and elsewhere finds a ready and remunerative
market, and is probably suited for a greater number of constructive purposes
than most other home-grown woods. Of course, as stated by the author, every-
thing depends on soil and site; and certainly for the steep, wind-swept heights
of the Scotch and Welsh mountains, our native Scotch pine is far ahead of the
larch, and produces almost equally valuable timber. Probably, taking the
country as a whole—England and Ireland in particular—the three trees mentioned
by the writer would have first claim from a purely economic point of view.
Much useful information is contained in the chapters on Planting and Thinning,
and the well-thought-out remarks on fencing and its cost, and the distances
at which forest trees should be planted both in upland and lowland situations,
strike one as distinctly to the point. We cannot agree with the author that
planting Scotch fir is not to be recommended, as the price is unremunerative and
the tree is liable to be broken by the snow. On the contrary, no timber was
found more useful during the last five years than this and the price (which
went up to Is. 4d. a foot cube) quite equalled that of the average-quality larch.
‘““ Systematic Forestry ’’ is a chapter that we would strongly recommend to .
be read by the advocate of a School of Forestry and Scientific Teaching in the
woodlands. Academies and Professors are doubtless very useful; but it is
possible to overestimate the advantage of the latter, as well as the inferiority of
English compared with German woods.
‘“‘ The real or supposed necessity of a knowledge of natural sciences is one of the
most plausible reasons for the demand that afforestation must be entrusted to a
Government Department whose officials are to be specially trained in a Government
College.’”’ So writes the author, also that “‘ there is no ground for the supposition
that the scientific man should be the teacher and the practical man the pupil.”
British forestry has its faults and shortcomings, want of system in planting and
felling being the most pronounced. Altogether, Mr. Beddoes’ book contains
a greater amount of sound reasoning than we generally find in works of the
kind, and we find confidence in recommending a perusal of its 170 pages to all
those who are interested in forestry—even to the practical forester, or woods-
manager.
““The Adventive Flora of Tweedside.”” By I. M. Hayward and G. C. Druce.
xxxii + 296 pp. (Buncle, Arbroath, Ig9g1g.) Ios. 6d. net.
The attempts of plants to secure a footing in a district to which they are not
native are always interesting. At times they succeed in a remarkable fashion,
and we have a fair number now which we have to regard as pernicious weeds, but
which, a century ago, were unknown as such. It is part of the price we have to
pay for increased facilities of communication and for extended sources of raw
materials. Search around Galashiels has rewarded Miss Hayward with nearly
350 aliens mainly brought in wool, and it will be interesting to see a generation
hence how many of these have succeeded in establishing themselves permanently
in the area.
| tne sou.’ By Sir A. D. Hall... Ed: 3. 8vo.« xv + 352 pp. (Murray,
London, 1920.) 7s. 6d. net.
No book on the soil can rival this as an introduction to a study of its subject,
or as a book of reference for the intelligent cultivator of farm or garden. Its
learned author has had unrivalled opportunities of becoming acquainted at first
hand with the many problems with which it deals, and he’has used them to good
purpose, and at the same time has brought all his powers of lucid exposition to
bear in producing this excellent account of the present state of knowledge con-
cerning the fundamental source of all wealth.
“The Calendar.of Garden Operations.” By the Staff of the ‘‘ Gardeners’
Chronicle.’ Newed. 8vo. 174 pp. (‘‘Gard. Chron.,’”’ London, 1920.) Linen
covers, 2s. net.
There is no better Calendar than this; no better guide to the timely per-
formance of garden operations in small and medium-sized gardens ; and the new
features in this edition increase its value. The book is too well known (for it has
been used seventy-eight years) to need any description, and we recommend its
purchase to all gardeners even at the enhanced price the times have necessitated.
-
382 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“ The Soil and its Care.’’ By Mrs. M. Grieve, F.R.H.S. 8vo. 77 pp. (The
Author, Chalfont St. Peter [1920].) Paper covers, 2s. net.
This little book contains a mass of notes upon soil, soil treatment,
manures, and their uses for different soils and crops. It may be consulted with
advantage by all beginners wishing for information upon the material which is
their chief source of profit and pleasure.
‘The Science and Practice of Manuring.”” By W. Dyke. Newed. t12mo.
xxxvi + 157 pp. (Lockwood Press, London, 1920.) Stiff covers, 2s. net.
We commented favourably upon this excellent little book when it first
appeared, and we are sure that any who possess and consult it in its new form will
find in it a safe guide in many of the difficulties with which they are confronted.
“Roses, their History, Development, and Cultivation.”” By the Rev. J. H.
Pemberton. 2znded. 8vo. 334 pp. (Longmans, London, 1920.) 15s. net.
Mr. Pemberton has brought out a second edition to his well-known book on
Roses, published eight years ago, in which he substantially follows the lines of the
first edition. It will be remembered that the first half of the book contains a
popular description of the species of roses and their garden hybrids, while the
second half deals with the cultivation of the Rose, the book concluding with a
selection and short description of the varieties which the author recommends for
cultivation. .
The principal alterations we have noticed in the second edition consist in
the addition of a couple of paragraphs descriptive of perpetual-flowering Musk
Roses, a class on which the author has himself been working with conspicuous
success, and another on the hybrid Lutea, introduced by M. Pernet Ducher.
Comparatively small alterations occur in the author’s description of soil treatment,
and the revision of the selected list has led to numerous omissions from, and
additions to, the former list.
In the author’s observations on the Soil and its Treatment, though it may
be that the author has not fully described the effect of modern research on the
chemistry and bacteriology of changes in the soil, this is of less importance in a work
of this character than in a purely scientific work, seeing that the average gardener
wishes rather to know what to do than exactly what happens when he does it, and
the author’s general directions are sound, as might be expected from one of his
experience.
He still adheres, however, to his view that in making a rose bed the manure
to be added must be placed at the bottom. If his directions are strictly followed
this may be satisfactory, or, at worst, a waste of manure to a greater or less ex-
tent, for he insists on free drainage. In many suburban gardens, however, free
drainage is not available, and the deep burial of manure in water-logged land may
result in the production of poisonous nitrites instead of the beneficial decom-
position which occurs in well-aerated soil. There may be something of safety
perhaps in the almost universal practice of pricking manure into the beds between
the plants in early spring, though nowadays one must add “‘ when we can get it.”
The experience of those of us who, during the war, turned some of our rose
beds to the growing of vegetables, has established that roses are far from being the
most fastidious of garden plants.
Mr. Pemberton’s book has secured a position as an authority on roses and is
valued by all rosarians who possess it.
“ Henry Nicholson Ellacombe. A Memoir.” Edited by Arthur W. Hill.
8vo. 318 pp. (‘‘ Country Life,’’ London, rg19.) f
As half a loaf is better than no bread, we must be thankful to have this ex-
cellent memoir of Canon Ellacombe, however much we should like a fuller life and
letters of so remarkable aman. His many-sided interests, marvellous memory,
and simply astonishing activity never failed until within a few weeks of the end
of his long life of almost 94 years. He inherited from his father the love of
beautiful and interesting things, and also the power to select and hold by the very
best. It is not surprising that in his ripe old age he was surrounded by collections
of plants and art treasures that attracted admiring connoisseurs from the ends of
the earth. His kind and generous spirit, readiness to impart of his knowledge, and
genial hospitable habits created an atmosphere at Bitton Vicarage that will always
be remembered with thankfulness by those who entered it. To such, this book is
a precious heritage, opening again the closed door of the happy past ; and to all
who can appreciate the “‘ delight in simple things ’”’ it should provea help and
encouragement.
The character and characteristics of ‘‘ the Canon” stand out clearly in its
—----
BOOK REVIEWS. 383
pages, for the editor has very deftly pieced together his own recollections and
those gathered from other friends, as well as terse, witty extracts from letters, five
reprinted articles and one sermon, to show us the greatness and goodness of
the Canon’s mind and heart, and to make us long for more.
Again, all who love a garden should read, rejoice in, and lay to heart the gar-
dening methods and generosity revealed in many of the chapters, especially that
by Mr. Bean on the “ Bitton Garden” and Miss Willmott’s ‘‘ Canon Ellacombe
and his Plants.’”’ There must have been very few good plants capable of being
grown in the open air in any part of England that had not at some time been tried
at Bitton, and, save for those that could not tolerate a soil impregnated with
lime, most of those that entered that peaceful enclosure remained there and
delighted all who saw them season by season. Not infrequently he would point
to a healthy clump of some plant and say “ My father planted it there.’’ The
congestion of the beds would have been terrible had it not been the Canon’s rule
to give away half of any plant to any who would appreciate it, as soon as it was
divisible. Thus, quite half the gardens of England must be directly indebted
to Bitton for many of their greatest treasures, and perhaps the other half
indirectly. Of course there was much exchange of good things, but an extract
from one of his letters will show it was the pleasure of distributing rather than
the exchange that lay at the foundation of the practice.
“* If you ever say you are in debt to Bitton I will not speak to you again. IfI
give a friend Ioo plants and he gives me one, I thank him for his one, but I don’t
enter him as my debtor for ninety-nine.”’
He enjoyed finding a good form of a plant, whether in a friend’s garden or on
the wild hills, he enjoyed growing it and showing it to friends, but most of all he
enjoyed sharing it with those who entered into his enjoyment of it.
His knowledge of gardening books, old and new, and of the best gardeners and
their gardens during so long a period, made him a fountain-head of wisdom.
Much evidence of this is to be found in this memoir, and will prove a constant
reminder and stimulant to those who knew him and try to carry on his good
work ; and it is much to be hoped will instil into younger gardeners for many
years to come the great principles that made Bitton Garden so pleasant and
famous, and taught so many to grow plants for their own intrinsic beauty and
interest, rather than as mere sources of colour to be worked into schemes and to
be viewed from a distance.
“ An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design.” By Henry Vincent
Hubbard and Theodora Kimball. 4to. 406 pp. (Macmillan, New York, 1917.)
25s. net.
The fine library at the command of the authors has offered them exceptional
advantages for consulting every recognized authority on what is called Landscape
Architecture in the United States. Their study of the classics has been con-
ducted with great industry and excellent judgment, and the authors have justified
their aim of offering a serious contribution to the literature of Landscape and
Garden Art. .
Lest there should be the suspicion of left-handed compliment to work we
desire to praise, we may add that one does not expect at this day to discover
new principles of first importance in any fresh volume on the subject. Asin the
case of this book, one is happy to find accepted theories explained clearly and
illuminated by original ideas in detail.
The authors have taken great pains to justify and illustrate every opinion
put forward, and have brought to their task plenty of fresh thinking.
Some space is devoted to the elaboration of points which are fairly elementary
to English gardeners and lovers of landscape beauty. The work, however, is
intended primarily as a text-book for American students and readers, among
whom it is assumed that the gardening sense has not yet been fully developed.
The method of the authors has been to select and summarize those artistic
theories on the subject of gardening (in the broadest sense) which are best capable
of general application.
The conclusions arrived at are so much in accord with modern English ideas
that there is little, if anything, left to the reviewers but to recommend the book
to students of the art in this country.
The chapters on psychological influences, taste, and ideals, and on the character
of landscape and composition, are specially to be commended, inasmuch as
they refer sympathetically to universal principles which must be fully appreciated
by the landscape gardener who takes his art seriously, and wishes his work to
live after him.
Insistence on the broader aspects of garden and landscape design is desirable
384 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in these days of specialization when the larger pictures are liable to be forgotten
in the absorbing interest of detail.
The pictorial illustrations have been chosen chiefly to show points which
cannot be so well expressed in words, and with special reference to good com-
position in various modes. The subjects chosen are generally familiar, but
serve their purpose the more efficiently on that account. We are very anxious,
however, to see a representative selection of examples of the best work in the
great American gardens—such as writers on gardening in this country are so
freely permitted to utilize.
* Gardens of Celebrities, and Celebrated Gardens, in and around London.”’’
By Jessie MacGregor. Large 8vo. 326 pp. (Hutchinson, London, 1919.)
25s. net.
A delightful book which, ostensibly describing the gardens of London and
Greater London, in reality leads the reader along the paths of history, poetry,
and anecdote ; and delicate portraying of the charm of old-fashioned gardens and
stately homes enlivens the route, while historical details are brought out in most
interesting fashion. It is difficult to realize that Marlborough House now stands
on the grounds formerly belonging to a religious house—with a hospital for
“fourteen deserving maidens, all lepers,’’ where St. James’s Palace now stands.
These were turned out by Henry VIII, who made the land into a nursery for deer,
Marlborough House itself being built by Christopher Wren about 1710.
Lambeth and Fulham Palaces, Sion and Holland House, all are described
with much charm; and information never before given in so readable a form
will make this book welcomed by all classes of readers, while the houses of the
great nobles are pictured in all their glory the smaller houses (such as Hogarth
House and Walpole House) have their portraits skilfully painted in pencil, words,
and brush.
The paintings of “‘ The Tudor Gateway, Lambeth,” and the “ Inigo Jones
Gateway, Chiswick,” are perhaps the most successful in the collection, the
others being rather deficient in the cool tones of blue and grey so needed in garden
paintings. Doubtless the colour process used is responsible for this.
‘“ Beautiful Flowering Shrubs.’ By G. Clarke Nuttall, with col. ill. by
H. Essenhigh Corke. Large 8vo. xii + 280pp. (Waverley Book Co., London,
[1920]). 40s. net.
It is true, unaccountably true, that flowering shrubs have not yet come to
their own in the garden. Such a spring as the present has emphasized their
value, even to those who thought they knew it. Sweet scent, bright flower,
beautiful habit, pleasant autumn tints, winter pictures, relief from sameness if
wisely used, ail these we may get from flowering shrubs. A good number
of them, mainly the better known and well-proved varieties, are dealt with in
this volume, and forty pictures from colour-photographs are included, and round
them the interesting, instructive, and accurate text is gathered. The type is
excellent, the proof-reading generally good—a few names are misspelt (e.g.,
more than once the misnomer Rhododendron flavium occurs, once Embothreum,
two or three times Grevillia, and so on)—the format pleasing, the index full,
and the illustrations (like the price) above the average of what one expects to
find in a popular book. It is one we can heartily commend to the owner of
the medium garden.
“ Beginner’s Bee Book.” By F. C. Pellett. 8vo. 179 pp. (Lippincott,
Philadelphia and London, rg1g.) 5s. net.
A delightful book, with no long tedious chapters of the anatomy of bees, but
full of practical hints and methods telling of the attraction of bee-keeping, how to
begin, and how to extend. Where poultry have to be fed every day at great cost,
bees require feeding very rarely if at all, while one hive will produce up to 100 Ib. of
surplus honey. The brief life history of bees, of queens, workers, and drones, is
so Clearly written that all is easy to apprehend. The method followed in the
States, of tiering up bars for extraction and sections for comb honey, is the
same as beekeepers follow in this country, always adding the new comb beneath
the partly full and immediately over the brood nest. How to produce a surplus
and to sell it in the best market is taught in this ‘‘ Beginner’s Bee Book.”
The chapters on food for bees shows difference from this country in that the
author writes of superiority of sweet clover (Medicago) and alfalfa (Lucerne). In
this country these crops are cut in upland pastures, and all stock feeds them off ;
they cannot flower again, so are useless as a honey crop; as forage crop they must
be cut early or they become sticky and hard. There is too little good land here
to leave them entirely for bees ; we have tried it.
NOTES ON RECENT RESEARCH
AND
:
~ SHORT ABSTRACTS FROM CURRENT PERIODICAL
LITERATURE, BRITISH AND FOREIGN,
AFFECTING
HORTICULTURE & HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE.
THE Editor desires to express his grateful thanks to all who have so
willingly assisted in making abstracts. He would be glad if any who
have time and who are willing to help in any special direction in
making the abstracts more complete would communicate with him.
’
NAMES OF THOSE WHO HAVE KINDLY CONSENTED TO HELP
IN THIS WORK.
Avcner. fF. G., F.R.H.S.
Baker, F. J., A.R.C.Sc., F.R.HL.S.
Ballard, E., F.R.H.S.
pees, Boon MA. .F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H:S:
Brennan, A., B.Sc., F.R.H.S.
Pouygerd, ©. AC, P-L.S., F:R.H-S.
Cavers, Prof. F., D.Sc., F.R.HS.
Cayley, D. M., F.R.HLS.
Chittenden, F. J., F.L.S., V.M.H.
Clayton; C. P., F.R.H-S.
Darlington, H. R., F.R.H.S.
Dykes, W. R., M.A., F.R.H.S.
Edwards, L. C.
Ellis, E. T., F.R.HS.
Gibson, G. W., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
wee, B.Sc, A. R.C’Sc., F.R.H.S.
Groom, Professor Percy, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Hennesey, J. E. W. E., B.A., B.Sc.
Henslow, Rev. Professor Geo., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
386 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Hodgson, M. L., F.R.H.S.
Hooper, Cecil H., M.R.A.C., F.R.HLS.
Jeffery, Violet G., F.R.H.S.
Kerridge, Rev. A. A., M.A., F.R.HLS.
Lake, G. DFR. ELS:
Ludford, Ro J; F.R-H:S.
Newstead, Professor R., A.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.S., F.R.H.S.
Pethybridge, G. H., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.HLS.
Petts, Alger, F.R.H.S. »
Ramsbottom, J. K.
Rendle, A. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S., F.R.H.S., V.M.H.
Reuthe, G., F.R.H.S.
Rolfe, R. A., A.L.S., F.R.H.S.
hose, th. . 193, 2s ik. Eo
Scott Elliot, G. F., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.R-B.S., ERGs
Simmonds, A., F.R.H.S.
Smith, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.H.S.
Veitch, Sir Harry: J., F.L.53,F.ZS., PRES.
Webster, A. D., F.R.H.S.
Whittles, W., F.R.H.S.
Williams, S. E., F.R.H.S.
Wilson, Gurney, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Wilson, G. F.
JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS.
387
JOURNALS, BULLETINS, AND REPORTS
from which Abstracts are made, with the abbreviations used
for their titles.
Journals, &c.
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 5 :
Agricult. Journal, Cape of Good Hope . ‘ °
American Journal of Botany . . °
Annales Agronomiques .
Annales de la Soc. qd’ Hort. et d’ Hist. Naturelle de
VHérault . -
Annales de la Soc. Nantaise des Amis de Hort.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles . . . ;
Annales du Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg . . ;
Annals of Applied Biology ° . - .
Annals of Botany : °
Annual Report Agricultural Research Station, Long
Ashton
Beiheft zum Botanischen Centralblatt. 4
Boletim da Real Sociedade Nacional de Horticultura
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana
Bollettino della R. SocietA Toscana d’Orticultura
Botanical Gazette . . . : : :
Botanical Magazine .
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. ;
- Bulletin de Ja Soc. Hort. de Loiret . : :
Bulletin de la Soc. Mycoiogique de France . :
Bulietin Department of Agricult. Brisbane . .
Bulletin Department of Agricult. Melbourne .
Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica
Bulletin of Bot. Dep. Trinidad . ;
Canadian Reports, Guelph and Ontario Stations :
Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie . : . 7
Chronique Orchidéenne . : ; - -
Comptes Rendus : :
Contributions from U.S.A. Herbarium r
Department of Agriculture, Victoria
Department of Agriculture Reports, New Zealand
Dictionnaire Iconographique des Orchidées .
Die Gartenwelt .
Engler’s Botanische Jahrbitcher . - :
Gardeners’ Chronicle 7 ° ; - :
Gartenflora °
Journal de la Société ‘Nationale @’ Horticulture de
France ° .
Journal Dep. Agriculture, Victoria
Journal Imperial Department Agricult ture, Ww est
Indies . : ° °
Journal of Agricultural Research
Journal of Agricultural Science
Journal of Botany .
Journal of Chemical Society
Journal of Ecology .
Journal of Economic Biology :
Journal of Economic Entomology
Journal of Genetics .
Journal of the Board of Agriculture
Journal of the Linnean Society . :
Journal of the Roya! Agricultural Society
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry é
e . e e
°
e
°
s .
.
°
e
se
é, te 6. 0), (Oe ee see) ae
Abbreviated title.
Agr. Gaz. N.S.W.
Agr. Jour. Cape G.H.
Amer. Jour. Bot.
Ann. Ag.
Ann. Soc. Hé.
Ann. Soc. Nant. des Amis
Hort.
Ann. Sc. Nat.
Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.
Ann. Appl. Biol.
Ann. Bot.
Ann. Rep. Agr. Res. Stn.,
Long Ashton.
Beih. Bot. Cent.
Bol. R. Soc. Nac. Hort.
Bo]. Soc. Brot.
Boll. R. Soc... losc. Ort:
Bot. Gaz.
Bot. Mag.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
Bull. Soc. Hort. Loiret.
Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr.
Bull. Dep. Agr. Bris.
Buli. Dep. Agr. Melb.
Bull. Bot. Dep. Jam.
Bull. Bot. Dep. Trin.
Can. Rep. G. & O Stat.
Cent. f: Bact:
Chron. Orch.
Comp. Rend.
‘Contr. fr. U.S.A. Herb.
Dep. Agr. Vict.
Dep. Agr. N.Z.
Diet. feon:. Orch:
Die Gart.
Eng. Bot. Jah.
Gard. Chron.
Gartenflora.
Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr.
Dep. Agr. Vict.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Jour.
Imp. Dep. Agr. W.I.
Agr. Res.
Agr. Sci.
Bot.
Chem. Soc.
Ecol.
Econ. Biol.
Econ. Entom.
Gen.
Bd. Agr.
Linn. Soc.
BASS.
Soc. Chem. Ind.
388 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Journals, &c.
Journal S.E. Agricultura! College, Wye .
Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamte . . *
La Pomologie Frangaise . : u : «
Le Jardin
Lebensgeschichte der Pliatenpflanzen Mitteleuropas
Mycologia ‘
Naturwiss. Zeitschrift Land und Forst.
New Phytologist
Notizblatt des Kénigl. Bot. “Gart. und Museums zu
Berlin . . .
Oesterreichische Garten-Zeitung . .
Orchid Review . ° : : :
Orchis. ; 2
Phytopathology
Proceedings of the American Pomological Society
Quarterly Journal of Forestry . . : :
Queensland Agricultural Journal
Report of the Botanical Office, British Columbia . °
Reports of the Missouri Botanical Garden .
Revue de }]’Horticulture Belge . 2 2
Revue générale de Botanique ; ‘
Revue Horticole F " - : ; “
The Garden : 5 %
Transactions Bot. Soc. Edinburgh
Transactions of the British Mycological Soc.
Transactions of the Massachusetts Hort. Soc. ;
Transactions Royal Scot. Arboricultural Soc. 4
U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Bulletins
U.S.A. Experimental Station Reports : :
U.S.A. Horticultural Societies’ publications ,
U S.A.State Boards of Agriculture and Horticulture
Woburn Experiment Farm Report . ° .
Abbreviated title.
Jour. S.E. Agr. Coll.
Kais. Ges.
Pom. Frang.
Le Jard.
Lebens. d. Blutenpfi.
Mycologia.
Nat. Zeit. Land-Forst.
New Phyt.
Not. K6nig. Bot. Berlin.
Oester. Gart. Zeit.
Orch. Rev.
Orchis.
Phytopathology.
Am. Pom. Soc.
Quart. Jour. of Forestry.
Qu. Agr. Journ.
Rep. Bot. Off. Brit. Col.
Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard.
Rev. Hort. Belge.
Rev. gén. Bot.
Rev. Hort.
- Bot. Soc. Edin.
. Brit. Myc. Soc.
. Mass. Hort. Soc.
. Roy. Scot. Arbor.
. Dep. Agr.*
. Exp. Stu.f
. Bort: Socct
. ot. Ba-f
Wobura. ,
cicie
nnn
> > >
* The divisions in which the U.S.A. Government publish Bulletins will be added when necessary.
t The name of the Station or State will in each case be added in full or in its abbreviated form.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 389
ROLES cAND, ABSTRACTS,
After-Ripening and Germination of Seeds of Tilia, Sambucus, and Rubus.
_ By R. C. Rose (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxvii., No. 4, April 1919, pp. 281-308).—“‘ Air-
dry seeds of Tilia americana, Sambucus canadensis, and RubuseIdaeus do not
germinate when placed in a moist substratum at room temperature. In no
case does water absorption seem to be the limiting factor. Air- dry seeds
planted in the soil over winter give low percentages of germination.’
In the case of Tilia, ‘‘ seed coats are not the cause of ‘dormancy, although they
may serve to lengthen the dormant period. A state of dormancy exists in the
endosperm or embryo, or both.
‘«« Seeds with coats removed after-ripen at temperatures slightly above freezing.
From 0°-2°C. seeds after-ripen, but do not germinate. Above this temperature
both processes may occur.
“With Sambucus as high as 77 per cent. of germination was obtained by
layering fresh seeds out of doors over winter, but no satisfactory forcing agent
has yet been found.
“‘Dormancy in Rubus is probably due to the high breaking strength of the
endocarp. Seeds treated with concentrated sulphuric acid for two hours, then
thoroughly washed, germinate readily on cotton, filter paper, or quartz sand.
« The optimum temperature for germination lies between 20° and 25°C. Seeds
germinate equally well in light or darkness. Naked seeds germinate poorly
in soil, probably on account of the action of bacteria and fungi.”’
A practical method for the germination of Rubus seeds, apart from layering,
is described. This method is based upon the action of concentrated sulphuric
acid.—R. J. L.
Amaranthus: Chemical Constituents of Amaranthus retroflexus. By M. L.
Woo (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxviii. No. 5, Nov. 1919, pp. 313-344; with 11 figs.).—
The investigations described in this paper were carried out primarily to find
whether Amaranthus stores nitrogen in the form of nitrates, as has been con-
tended. It is quite apparent that a weed would become a formidable rival of
cultivated plants by withdrawing the nitrogen from the soil.
It was found that there is a large amount of nitrogen in Amaranthus, stored
principally in the stem and branches. “‘ The rate of nitrate absorption increases
with the aging of the plant, perhaps being partly due to the development of
the root system, with numerous branching rootlets increasing vas radius of the
feeding area from a few inches to two feet or more.
“The carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds fluctuate throughout the
growing period. In general, when “the carbohydrates are high, the nitrogen
compounds are low, and vice versa.”—R. J. L.
American Blight. By A. Magnien (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. p. 371).—To protect
fruit-trees from American blight, surround the stems with manure in October
and brush the affected parts with paraffin emulsion.
Or spray with water at 80° C. containing I per cent. nicotine and sodium
carbonate.—S. E. W.
Amylase, Secretion of Amylase by Plant Roots. By L. Knudson and R. S.
Smith (Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixvili. No. 6, Dec. 1919, pp. 460-466; with 2 figs.).—
In culture experiments conducted with Zea Mays L. and Pisum arvense L., it
was found that the roots were unable to utilize soluble starch, and there was
no appreciable secretion of the enzyme amylase.—R. J. L.
Aphis-feeding Ladybird (Bull. State Comm. Hort., California, viii. 2, Feb.
1919; 22 figs.).—Among other items of interest contained in this bulletin
is an account of the work of distributing colonies of the aphis-feeding ladybird
(Hippodamia convergens) to the farmers ‘and fruit- -growers of the State. During
the season about 75,000,000 of these insects were shipped from the insectary,
mainly to the Imperial Valley, for use of grain and cantaloupe growers.—V. G. J.
390 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.
Apple, Bitter-Rot of, and Sources of Infection. By J. W. Roberts (U.S.A. —
Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. 684, pp. 1-24; 5 figs.).—The bitter-rot in apples is
caused by the fungus Glomerella cingulata, and is widely distributed throughout
the States. The fungi can survive the winter in the host-plant, and these serve
as sources of infection for the following year’s crop. These sources are as follows :
(a) Mummy Apples: The fungus can live only one year in these apples.
(b) Cankers on stem: The fungus may live for several years on an old canker.
(c) Leaves: Itis stated that the fungus may be found on the leaves.
(zd) Other host-plants besides the apples help to enable the fungus to survive
the winter months.
The spores are scattered by rain, dew, insects, and possibly birds. Varieties
differ as to susceptibility to the disease.
The removal of mummy apples and cankers, with spraying, is an efficient
control measuré, and is reeoommended.—A. B.
Apple, Black Spot. By W. Laidlaw and C.C. Brittlebank (Jour. Agr.
Vict. Aug. 1918, pp. 484).—Three different brands of lime sulphur were used,
each giving equally good results, costing in material 3d.a tree. The best time
for the first spray is when more green than pink is seen ; the second spraying when
the centre flowers of cluster are fully open. Result obtained from lime sulphur
was much better than from Bordeaux, 6-4-40; the foliage looked healthier and
remained longer on the trees ; the skin of the fruit had a better colour, and was
clearer and sappier-looking. It is desirable to have all the cultivation done before
spraying is commenced, as the resting spores developed in the fallen diseased
leaves of the previous season reach maturity at the time the apple and pear are
coming into bloom ; under favourable conditions these are blown in countless
numbers, and are carried by air currents up to the young leaves and fruits, where
they germinate and infect the crop. Cultivation should not be resumed till
all danger of infection is past. The results in clean, slightly spotted, and un-
marketable are in each case given. Firstspray, 1 in 12, or rin 15 ; second spraying,
I in 30 or 35.—C. H. H.
Apple-Bud Selection: Apzle Seedlings from Selected Trees. By C. S. Crandall
(U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Illinois, Bull, 211, June 1918; 43 figs.)—An attempt to dis-
cover whether there are differences in value for purposes of propagation between
large buds and small buds, between those produced on different parts of the tree,
and between those from different locations on the shoot. So far as growth of
trees is concerned, all buds from healthy shoots have been found to be of equal
value, and small scions have given as good results as stout ones. Fruiting results
are now being watched.—A. P.
Apple Bug, The Green, in Nova Scotia. By W. H. Brittain (Dep. Agr.
N.S., Bull. 8, pp. 5-56; 11 plates) —This paper contains a very complete history
with control measures of Lygus communis var. novascotiensis, Knight, a serious
pest in apple, pear, and quince orchards.
This insect is the forerunner of canker, and many trees are menaced by these
two pests. A very full description is given of the egg, nymphs in their several
stages, and imago. The most successful spray was nicotine sulphate, ¢ pint
to 100 gals. water, in two applications—(1) just before the blossoms open and
(2) after the blossoms have fallen. It must be applied in a driving, powerful
spray.
Grease-banding in conjunction with spraying is urged to catch the dislodged
nymphs returning to the tree.—G. F. W.
Apple Culture under Irrigation in Victoria. By J. Farrell (Jour. Agr. Vict.
June 1918, pp. 355-363, and August, pp. 454-462 ; illustrated).—C. H. H.
Apple Maggot, The. By W. H. Brittain andC. A. Good (Dep. Agr. N.S., Bull.
9, Jan. 1917, pp. 3-70; 7 plates)—This native species, Rhagoletis pomonella,
Walsh, is here reviewed with life history, natural enemies, control measures, and
a bibliography. Itisa pest of small orchards, where spraying is seldom done.
The eggs are laid beneath the skin of the fruit, and the larve; on emerging,
tunnel the fruit in all directions.
Picking up and destroying the fruit is an excellent remedy, but it is cheaper
to spray with lead arsenate, 2 lb. to 40 gals. water when the flies first appear,
which is about the middle of July, and again a fortnight later—G. F. W.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 391
Apple, Powdery Mildew of, and its Control. By D. F. Fisher (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 712, Oct. 1918, pp. 1-28; 3 plates)-—The mildew is
generally prevalent in the arid regions of the Pacific North West, where some-
times more than 50 per cent. of the crops are attacked. The causal organism
(Podosphaera leucotricha (E. and E.) Salm.) winters in dormant buds as mycelium,
is spread by wind-carried conidia, and can readily germinate upon leaves and
buds and fruit. The disease is controlled by sulphur sprays during the growing
season. Bordeaux mixture is less effective than sulphur sprays. It is suggested
that three applications should be applied during the season.—A. B.
Apple Seald. By Chas. Brooks, J. S. Cooley, and D. F. Fisher (U.S.A. Jour-
Agr. Res. xvi. No. 8, Feb. 1919; pp. 195-217).—It is found that well-matured
apples are much less susceptible to scald than immature ones, and that apples
from heavily irrigated trees scald worse than those ‘from trees receiving more
moderate irrigation. The scalding does not take place at 25°-30° C. Scald is
considerably reduced by decreasing the humidity, while 1 per cent. to 6 per
cent. carbon dioxide tends to prevent it. Apples susceptible to scald have.been
made immune by storing for a few days in carbon dioxide gas. A constant air
movement of 4 to + mile an hour practically prevents apple scald. Apples
packed in boxes or ventilated barrels scald much less than those in tight barrels.
it is supposed that apple scald is due to volatile or gaseous substances other
than carbon dioxide that are produced in the metabolism of the apple, and
these substances can be carried away by air currents or removed by various
absorbents.—A. B.
Apples, Cost of Producing, in Western Colorado. By S. M. Thomson and G.
H. Miller (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 500, March 1917; 10 figs.).—A detailed study
made in 1914-15 on 125 fruit farms. Similar studies have been made in Flood
River Valley (Bull. 518), and Payette Valley, Idaho (Bull. 636).—A. P.
Apples, Seed Production in. By Charles S. Crandall (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Illinois»
Bull. 203, August 1917, 8 figs.).—-Over 30,000 fruits were examined, and it was
found that seed production in large fruits exceeded that in small, and was nearly
twice that recorded for crab fruits. Control of pollination showed no marked
influence on the number of seeds developed. A small test was made of fruits
having no developed seeds (parthenocarpic), and they were found to exceed in
weight an equal number of fruits selected at random which were highly pro-
ductive of seeds. Certain varieties exhibited a strong tendency to multipli-
cation of seeds, large Shockley fruits averaging fifteen seeds each as against the
full complement of ten in a normal fruit.—A. P.
Araliaceae. By R. Viguier (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 228, 229, 250-252).—
With the exception of the Ivies the Araliaceae are exotic. They are cultivated
for their foliage, as their flowers are insignificant. They may be classified
according to the shape of their leaves: (1) simple leaves, (2) palmate leaves,
(3) pinnate leaves.—S. E. W.
Arsenate of Lime. By G. E. Sanders (Dep. Agr. Canada, Crop Protection
Leafiet 10).—Arsenate of lime or calcium arsenate is recommended on grounds
of economy in cost for spraying apple, pear, and potato, and to supersede lead
arsenate, but it is not safe on tender foliage trees as cherry, peach, or plum.
If used by itself, a yellowing and often burning of the foliage results, but in
conjunction with the following the results are promising.
1. Bordeaux mixture—1 lb. of calcium arsenate to 40 gals. Bordeaux
mixture.
2. Lime-sulphur— lb. of calcium arsenate to 4o gals. lime sulphur, with 5 lb.
of hydrated lime added.
3. Sulphide washes—+# lb. of calcium arsenate to 40 gals. sulphide wash, with
10 lb. of hydrated lime added.—G. F. W.
Asparagus. By H.C. Thompson (U.S.A.Dep. Agyr., Farm. Bull. 829, pp. 1-20 ;
10 figs.).—In preparing the soil for asparagus, plough in 20-40 tons of farmyard
Manure an acre. Every year, at the end of the cutting season, apply 1,000-
1,500 lb. an acre of a fertilizer containing 2-4 per cent. of nitrogen, 6-8 per cent.
of phosphoric acid, and 6-8 per cent. of potash, preferably in the form of
potassium chloride or kainit.
‘ Reading Giant,’ ‘ Argenteuil,’ and ‘ Palmetto’ are rust-resisting varieties.
For canning, blanch the shoots by immersion in boiling water, then plunge
into cold water; arrange in cans or jars, tips up, cover with brine containing
392 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
4 0z. of salt to the gallon. The vessels are placed for three minutes in boiling
water, removed to close the openings. The cans or jars are then again heated
for two hours.—S. FE. W.
Asparagus: Root Rot. By H. Blin (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 325, 326; 1 fig.).
—Asparagus attacked by Rhizoctonia violacea should be isolated by digging a trench
round the diseased plants. The soil must be thrown inside the circle. The
asparagus plants are dug up, saturated with petroleum, and burnt. The soil is
disinfected by injecting carbon bi-sulphide 4 oz., or formalin 2 oz., to the square
yard. Good results are also obtained by removing the surface soil and copiously
watering with a o'3 per cent. solution of potassium sulphocarbonate. The
following year sprinkle the soil with the same solution before earthing up. After
either of these methods, the soil requires nitrogenous manure.
In non-calcareous soils watering with strong solutions of ferrous sulphate
(3 0z. per square yard) is efficacious.—S. E. W.
Barberry Destruction. By E. C. Stakman (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl.
Ind., Farm. Bull. 1058, May IgI9, 12 pages; 5 figs.)—This bulletin deals
with the great necessity of a campaign for the eradication of the common barberry
(Berberis vulgaris), because it forms an intermediate host for the rust of wheat
disease. The Department of Agriculture is co-operating with thirteen States
in the Upper Mississippi Valley in the destruction of all the bushes of the common
barberry in this region. The differences between the Japanese barberry, which
does not carry the rust, and the common barberry are shown by diagrams. In
addition, the destruction of the Oregon grape bush (Mahonia sp.) is advocated.—
$e eB
Bidens, Studies in the Genus. By Earl E. Sherff (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxiv. No. 1,
July 1917; pp. 21-41; 2 plates)-——Ten new species of Bidens are described
in detail. These are composite herbs (Heliantheae), with inconspicuous
inflorescences.—R. J. L.
Blister Canker of Apple Trees: A Physiological and Chemical Study. By Dean
H. Rose (Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixvii., No. 2, Feb. 1919, pp. 105-146; with ro graphs).—
In this paper are given the results of a physiological study of the disease known
as Illinois or blister canker, which is caused by Nummularia discreta (Schw.) Tul.
‘“Microchemical tests indicate, for diseased bark, a partial disintegration
of cellulose, a disappearance of cyanogenic glucoside, and a lower content of
starch, calcium oxalate, and tannins.
‘‘Macrochemical analyses show that diseased bark has a higher percentage
of dry matter, lipoids, alcohol-water-insoluble residue, and total nitrogen, but
a lower percentage of alcohol-water-soluble material than healthy bark. The
percentage of carbohydrates in both tissues seems to be about the same. Dif-
ferences of tannin content are definite but not large. Sound healthy bark
contains more than diseased bark, and diseased bark more than dead bark, from
the surface of the canker.”’
Diseased bark shows a greater oxidase activity. This is probably due to
the combined activity of the oxidases of fungus and host, lower acidity, and
possibly to a greater degree of dispersion of the oxidizing agent. The lower
tannin content of diseased bark may also be a contributing factor.—R. J. L.
Bog Water: Colloidal Properties of Bog Water. By George B. Rigg and
T. G. Thompson (Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixvili. No. 5, Nov. 1919, pp. 367-379).—“ It
seems clear that the substances in bog water that are precipitated by electro-
lytes, and on long standing without electrolytes, and will not dialyse through
parchment paper, and although present in considerable quantities, do not .
appreciably lower the freezing-point of water, are in a colloidal state. Since
bog water and preparations from it (for example, the concentrate and the
solution of the residue from evaporation) which contain these substances are
toxic to Tradescantia cuttings, while preparations that do not contain them
(the distillate) are non-toxic, it appears that the toxicity is associated with the
matter that is in a colloidal state.”’
“The oxidation of the toxic matter to non-toxic matter seems to be a basis
of agricultural practice in bringing bog lands into cultivation.”—R. J. L.
Cabbage, Diseases of. By L. L. Harter and L. R. Jones (U.S.A. Bur. Pl.
Industry, Farm. Bull. 925, Jan. 1918).—Generally speaking, the diseases of
the cabbage are best controlled by suitable rotation of crops and the destruction
of cruciferous weeds (mustard, charlock, shepherd’s purse) in the neighbourhood.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 393
Club-root is prevented by use of lime. Disinfection of seed is useful in
preventing black-rot and black-leg. Drainage water and refuse from infected
plants is a fruitful cause of disease.—A. B.
Cell Sap: Relation of Nutrient Solution to Composition and Reaction of
Cell Sap of Barley. By D. R. Hoagland (Bct. Gaz. vol. lxviii. No. 4, Oct. 1919,
Pp. 297-304).—“‘ The expressed sap from barley plants grown in water, sand,
and soil cultures under controlled conditions, has been examined, with the following
results : :
“rt. The osmotic pressure in the sand and water cultures are reflected in
the cell sap of the tops and roots.
“2. The electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution has a marked in-
fluence on the conductivity of the sap. This is as marked for the tops as for
the roots. The conductivity of the plant sap is from four to fifty times greater
than that of the nutrient solution.
“3. The sap from the tops of all plants grown in sand and soil cultures, or
water cultures of different concentrations and reactions had almost the same
Px value, approximately 6’o.
“4. Samples of sap from plants grown on six different soils under the same
climatic conditions were analysed for important elements. In every case the
concentration in the sap was found to be very much greater than in the soil
solution.
“5. The dynamic nature of the relation between the soil solution and the
plant is emphasized.’’—R. J. L.
Cherry Leaf Spot Disease Control. By J. W. Roberts and L. Pierce (U.S.A.
Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 1053 ; 7 pp.).—The leaf spot of the cherry injures both
sweet and sour varieties of this fruitin many of the Eastern States. The disease
is caused by a fungus which attacks the leaves, causing them to become “ shot-
holed.’? The fungus reproduces by ascospores and conidia.
The best control measure is by spraying with a diluted hme-sulphur solution
or with Bordeaux mixture when the petals fall, when the fruit is maturing, and
when the fruit has been picked.—A. B.
Chinese Plants, New. Avrbores Fruticesque Chinenses Novi III. By Camillo
Schneider (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxiv. No. 1, July 1917; pp. 70~78)—-The author
describes the following new species and varieties:
(1) Cotoneaster (sect. Chaenopetalum Koeh.) oligocarpa, n. sp.
(2) C. (sect. Chaenopetalum Koeh.) Vernae, n. sp.
(3) Prunus latidentata Koeh., var. trichostoma, n. var.
(4) Potentilla eritocarpa Wall., var. cathayana, n. var.
(5) Rubus (sub-gen. Idaeobatus Focke, sect. Idaeanthi Focke) testaceus,n. sp.
(6) Rosa Mairei Lév., var. plurijuga, n. var.
(7) Rosa (sect. Cinnamomeae D.C.) atroglandulosa, n. sp.
(8) Rosa Soulieana Crép., var. yunnanensis, var. Nov.
(9) Viburnum cylindricum Ham., var. crassifolium, n. var.
(10) V. caluum Rehd., var. puberulum, n. var. Ri, [ek
Chinese Plants, New. Avboves Fruticesque Chinenses Novi, lV. By Camillo
Schneider (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxiv. No.2, Aug. 1917; pp. 137-148; with1 plate).—
Eight new species of Salix are described and one of Alnus, viz.:
(1) Salix (sect. Sclerophyllae Schn.) tenella.
(2) S. (sect. Eviostachyae Schn.) Balfouriana.
(3) S. (sect. Psilostigmatae Schn.) Guebriantiana.
(4) S. (sect. Psilostigmatae Schn.) wolohoensts.
(5) S. (prob. sect. Denticulatae Schn.) caloneura.
(6) S. (prob. sect. Phylicifoliae Dum.) squarrosa.
(7) S. (sect. Diplodictyae Schn.) Faxoniana.
(8) S. (? sect. Sieboldianae Seem.) dibapha.
(9) Alnus (sub-genus Cremastogyne [Winkl.] Schn.). aay ae ee
Chrysanthemum, ‘Crack neck,’’? a non-parasitie disease of. By G. H.
Chapman (Phytopathology, 9, p. 532; Nov. 1919; figs.).—-The stem cracks trans-
versely just below the flower head in the bud stage. This is said to be due to
turgor arising from continued root activity with a lowered temperature about
the stems. Care in watering during dull weather and the maintenance of a
reasonable night temperature are regarded as the best means of avoiding the
trouble.—F. J. C.
394. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Citrus Canker in South Africa. By Ethel M. Doidge (Dep. Agr. U.S. Africa,
20, 1916, pp. 3-8; 8 plates)—A bulletin for Citrus-growers pointing out the
serious disease of canker, and its importance to the Citrus industry.
Recognized in Florida as late as July 1912 as a serious pest imported from
apan, ‘
‘ Geerehing tests were a complete failure in U.S.A., and fire was resorted to—.
tree, grass, and soil underneath tree being completely charred by a flaming
spray.
: ieenorted into S. Africa on Grape Fruit in 1905 from Florida, and spread
rapidlv through the imported tree orchard in the wet summer of 1908-9. All
diseased fruit and wood burnt, and every tree sprayed five times with ammoniacal
solution of copper carbonate, but this did notarrestit. In January 1g1o the trees
were pruned and prunings burnt, and Bordeaux mixture 4—4—50 was used three
times, which checked the disease, and the trees free until 1916, when a few Grape
Fruit were slightly marked with canker, which affects the leaves, twigs, larger
branches, and fruit. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is recommended, except
where badly infected nursery stock is attacked, and then burning is the best
remedy.—G. F. W.
Citrus Canker, Susceptibility and Resistance of Various Species of Citrus to.
By Geo. L, Peltier (Jour. Agr. Res. vol. xiv. No. 9, August 1918; pp. 337-358,
4 plates).—Many plants, including the more important wild relatives, species,
varieties, and hybrids of citrus, were inoculated with Pseudomonas citri in order
to test what was their degree of susceptibility and resistance to Citrus canker.
The conditions were such that the maximum amount of infection was possible,
and included high temperature, much humidity, and a rapid and vigorous
growing plant. It was found that Poncitrus, Fortunella, Eremocitrus, Citrus,
and Microcitrus were susceptible, though plants of the genera Fortunella,
Evremocitrus, and Microcitrus show some resistance to the canker. Citrus nobilis,
with its many varieties and types, the Kansu orange, and possibly C. mitis, show
resistance to the disease, but all are nevertheless susceptible toit. Of the hybrids
the citrangequat and the citranguma remained free from the canker in
these tests, while the citrandrins, limequats, and tangelos showed some
resistance. The citranges, with the possible exceptions of Willits, cicitranges,
citrumelos, and limelos, are all extremely susceptible to the disease.
The relative susceptibility and resistance of the plants were judged by the
number, size, and character of the spots on the leaves.—A. B.
Citrus Canker, Susceptibility of Rutaceous Plants to. By H. A. Lee (U.S.A.
Jour. Agr. Res. xv. No. 12, Dec. 1918; pp. 661-666; 4 plates).—Inoculation
tests with Pseudomonas Citri upon twenty-four species of Rutaceae show that
nineteen of these are more or less susceptible. The canker is therefore by no
means restricted to the genus Cityus, but has many hosts amongst the Rutaceae.
Severinia buxifolia, Aegle Marmelos, Balsamocitrus gabonensis are immune
to Citrus canker. Chalcas (Murraya) exotica, Atalantia disticha and Fortunella
(Citrus) japonica are strongly resistant to the canker, but Claucena lansium,
Feronia limonia, Feroniella lucida, Chaetosbermum glutinosa, Hesperethusa
crenulata, Paramignya longipedunculata, Citropsis Schweinfurthii, Atalantia
citrioides, and others produce positive results when inoculated with Pseudo-
monas citri.
Chaetospermum glutinosa show naturally occurring infections of the Citrus
canker, and in the Philippines its susceptibility is much greater than that of
the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). The occurrence of natural cankers on these
trees suggests that this species may have been an original wild host from
which Citrus canker has spread to cultivated species.—A. B.
Citrus Fertilization Experiments. By C. F. Kinman (U.S.A. Dep. Aegr., Porto
Rico Exp. Stn., Bull. 18, May t915; plates).—No available records of manurial
experiments existed either in Porto Rico orin American orchards. An arbitrary
formula had therefore to be chosen for the standard mixture, and results checked
by varying the number and proportions of the ingredients in neighbouring plots.
The original basic formula was :
0°775 lb. phosphoric acid,
0°666 lb. nitrogen,
0°516 lb. potash,
per tree annually.
This was afterwards modified.
The basic formula for the application since given allows 11} lb. a tree yearly
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. . 395
of a mixture containing 3°6 per cent. nitrogen, 8 per cent. phosphoric acid, and
12°8 per cent. potash, and furnishes 0°45 lb. nitrogen, 0:94 lb. phosphoric acid,
and 1°5 lb. potash a tree, or 62°62 lb. nitrogen, 131°5 lb. phosphoric acid,
and 209 lb. potash annually an acre.
Results showed that the response of the trees to fertilization was prompt
and conclusive. Check rows were originally left unfertilized, but the unfertilized
trees proyed a dead loss to the owners. From analysis of results it appears that
trees receiving the complete fertilizer produced a decidedly greater return and
made better growth than those receiving only two elements.
No nitrogen gave the poorest yield. No potash bore more than plots given
no phosphoric acid or those given no nitrogen.
The average weight of the fruit was heavier where no nitrogen was given
than where phosphoric acid or potash was omitted. Potash was tried in the form
of muriate and as sulphate, and preved to have practically identical results in
the two forms.
Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda or of sulphate of ammonia proved
to be equally efficacious, but in the form of dried blood was not so good.
Thorough cultivation and subsoil drainage will materially lessen the quantities
of fertilizer required —WM. L. H.
Citrus-Fruit. By A. D. Shamel (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 794, pp. 1-16,
4 figs.)—Deterioration in the Californian Citrus orchards is due to the
propagation of undesirable strains resulting from bud variation. It is desirable
to keep a record of the yield of each tree. Only fruit-bearing bud-wood from
good trees is used for propagation: the poor trees are top-grafted with selected
buds. The spring period of growth is the best period for this operation.—S. E. W.
Clematis. By Hort (Le Jard. vol. xxxiii. p. 342)—Clematis Spooneri, a recent
introduction from China, is a variety of C. montana, from which it is distinguished
by the larger size of its white flowers. It comes into flower a fortnight later
than C. montana, and owing to the greater substance of its petals the flowers
are more lasting. It will replace C. montana grandiflora and C. Wilsonit.
C. Spooneri vosea is a hybrid of Spoonert and C. montana rubens. It possesses
the luxuriant foliage and large flowers of Spoonevi and owes the intense pink
colour of its flowers to C. montana rubens.—S. E. W.
Clematis montana. By F. Morel (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 258-230; 1 fig.).—
Clematis montana and its derivatives provide a succession of flowers from April
to October. The season begins with C. montana rubens in April, it is followed
in May by montana grandiflora and its hybrids repente montana rubens in various
shades, and repente montana grandiflora with its pure white flowers. June brings
the repens type. Montana rubens and repente montana rubens bear a second crop
of flowers in July and August. Some specimens flower as late as October.
Sw OP |
Coal or Coke Dust. By S. Mottet (Rev. Hort. vol. xc. pp. 173-174).—
Economy in heating the greenhouse can be effected by mixing coal or coke
dust with 15-20 per cent. of clay. Sufficient water is added to form a thick paste,
and this is either rolled into balls or poured into flower-pots three inches in
diameter. It is ready for use when dry.—S. E. W.
Codling Moth, The, and its Control in the Western Province. By F. W.
Pettey (Dep. Agr. S. Africa, Science Bull. No. 9, 1916; pp. 3-48, 7 figs.).—
An investigation determining the life-history of the Codling Moth, made necessary
by its increasein S. Africa. A large orchard near Elsenburg was used for working
the life-history under out-of-doors conditions, with the help of breeding cages on
the trees and in a small structure.
There are usually two generations in the year, but many larve hibernate in
the second generation, and a few partially complete the third generation.
Spraying was performed on four sections of the orchard, each section being
sprayed 1-4 times respectively with Swift’s arsenate of lead paste, 2} lb. to
50 gallons of water for the first spray, and 2 lb. to 50 gallons for the successive
sprays.
The nozzle was held close to fruit clusters to get a straight drive into every
calyx cup, and also on the under-surface of leaves.
All sprayings were done as soon as blossoms dropped, and the results show
the advisability of spraying three times to control the two generations.
Grease bands caught 53 percent. of thelarve, and were only usefulifthe spray-
ings were not properly applied. The only important parasite is a chalcid, Tricho-
VOL. XLV. 2D
396 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
grammoidea lutea (indigenous to S. Africa) ; lays its eggs in the moth’s eggs, which
fail to hatch, and as many as four chalcids emerge from one moth’s egg.
The larva’s enemies are Ichneumon spp. and the Argentine ant.
The remaining pp. 25-48 are devoted to tables explained and referred to
in the text.—G. F. W.
Collybia—A Wild Winter Mushroom. By F. C. Stewart (U.S.A. Exp. Sin.
New York, Bull. 448, Feb. 1918, pp. 78-98; Io plates) —This bulletin describes
a common wild mushroom, which is excellent as food. The fungus grows in
dense clusters on stumps, logs, and buried wood, usually from October to April.
It has a reddish-yellow cap, white gills, and velvety-brown stem. Owing to the
fact that it grows in cold weather when other fleshy fungi are scarce, there is —
little danger of confusing this Collybia with poisonous species. It is claimed
that its flavour and consistency are excellent. Directions are given for cooking
and preserving this mushroom.—A. B.
Columnea vedrariensis. By S. Mottet (Rev. Hort. vol. xc. pp. 168-170;
1 fig., 1 col. plate) —Columuea vedrariensis is a hybrid of C. Schiedeana and
C. magnifica, surpassing the latter in vigour and shape and the former in the
brilliance of its flowers. Its scarlet flowers marked with yellow last from March
to May.—S. E. W.
Conifer Seedlings, Diseases of. By C. Hartley, T. C. Merrill, and A. S. Rhoads
(Jour. Agr. Res. xv. No. 10, Dec. 1918}; pp. 521-558).—Damping-off is
the most serious disease of young seedlings, and this may be due to Corticium
vagum, Pythium Debaryanum, various species of Fusarium, Trichoderma spp.
and Botrytis cinerea. Apart from Pythium, Cortictum appears to be the most
dangerous fungus for conifers, because these organisms frequently set up the
disease before the seed has penetrated the surface. The following fungi do not
cause damping-off of seedlings: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Trichothecium
voseum, Fusarium acuminatum, Phoma betae, Choetomium sp., Rosellinia sp.
Excessive heat or drought will cause injury closely resembling that of damping-
off.—A. B.
Conifers at Leonardslee. By Sir E. G. Loder (Gard. Chron. May to, 17, and
243; Pp. 225, 236-7, 249-50).—A most valuable and carefully compiled list, giving
synonyms, authorities, habitat, and varieties of Conifers in this rich collection.
Be wh eh.
Cronartium ribicola: Its Morphology and Cytology. By R.H. Colley (U.S.A.
Jour. Agr. Res. xv. No. 12, Dec. 1918; pp. 618-660; 12 plates)—The
author finds that the mycelium of this fungus i is more abundant in Pinus Strobus
than in Ribes sp. In the first, the hyphe cause the cells of the cortex and
phloem to separate and form a swelling upon the bark. This is absent in the
Ribes. WHaustoria may penetrate every cell in the infected part of Pinus Strobus,
and they have the characteristic form of C. vibicola. Usually a sheath is formed
round each haustorium as it matures. The haustoria on the Rtbes are without
sheaths and are much smaller.
The destructive effect on the pine of this fungus varies considerably. In
young trees the attack causes their death ; in older trees it causes the decay of
wood, and therefore allows other fungi and insects to obtain a footing.
A full bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Cucumber Leaf-Spot: Its Dissemination and Control. By E. Carsner (Jour.
Agr. Res. xv. Oct. 1918, No. 3; pp. 201-220; 4 plates).—Angular leaf-spot
disease of the cucumber was first noted in Wisconsin in 1914, and its bacterial
nature proved in 1915 by Smithand Bryan. The disease is widespread. The
infection takes place through the stomata, and occurs chiefly during the day-
time. The bacterium B. lachrymans is sensitive to desiccation, and is readily
killed by dilute solutions of formaldehyde, copper sulphate, or mercuric
chloride.
No marked variation in resistance or susceptibility has been found between
the various varieties of cucumber; no other genus being attacked by the
organism. Spraying checks the disease, but it is of doubtful value as a general
commercial practice in combating this disease. Seed treatment offers the
greater hope of satisfactory control.—A. B.
Cucurbita Anthracnose. By M. W. Gardner (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl.
Ind., Bull. 727, Dec. 1918, pp. 1-68; 8 plates).—The anthracnose of Cucurbita
is caused by the organism (Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Hals.), and
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 397
its attacks are limited to various species of Cucurbitaceae. Cucumber, musk-
melon, watermelon are commonly attacked. Leaves and stems as well as
fruits are liable to attack. The fungus fruits by means of acervuli, which are
usually formed on the attacked fruits and stems of the host plants. The disease
is disseminated by rain and drainage water. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture
is not practicable, and surface disinfection is suggested as a means of control.
The use of disease-free seed and a proper crop rotation are recommended as
control measures.—A. B.
Cyclamen. By H. Correvon (Rev. Hort. vol. xc. pp. 180-183, 196—198).—
A monograph of the 24 varieties of Cyclamen growing wild in Europe.—S. FE. W.
Date Palms. By B. Drummond (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 1016, pp. 1-23 ;
10 figs.).—The Date Palm is propagated by offshoots cut from the parent with
a chisel in spring. The oftshoot is left on the ground for ten days to harden.
It is then planted at a depth of 8 inches in rich soil in a frame in which the air
is kept as warm and moist as possible and free from draughts. When well rooted,
the offshoots are transplanted in their permanent positions. The young palms
are wrapped in newspapers to protect them from frost in their first winter. It
is essential that the orchard contains male palms in the proportion of 2 to 50.
Artificial pollination is necessary to ensure good crops.—S. EF. W.
Deinanthe coerulea. By P. Hariot (Le Jard. vol. xxxii. p. 268).—Deinanthe °
coerulea is distinguished from D. bifida by its blue flowers and by its hairy leaves.
It is a native of Hupeh.—_S. E. W.
Desert Plants as Emergency Feed. By E. O. Wooton (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.,
Bull. 728, pp. 1-31; 8 plates)—In times of drought, cattle and sheep on range
may be fed on the following plants, if the leaves and stems are chopped and
shredded by machinery : ‘Soap Weed’ (Yucca elata), Y. macrocarpa, Y. baccata,
Agave lachugutila, ‘Sacahuista’ (Nolina erumpens), ‘ Bear grass’ (N. microcarpa),
and ‘ Sotol’ (Dasylirion Wheeler1).—S. E. W.
Digitalis, a Hybrid. (Rev. Hort. Dec. 16, I919. No. 24, p. 396.)—Seeds
of a Foxglove which had appeared in the garden of M. Lutz, the Secretary of the
Société botanique de France, and which he regarded as an imitation of D. purpurea,
were given to M. Ph. de Vilmorin in t911. Among the twenty-five seedlings
raised at Verriéres there were three forms: (1) with buff-coloured flowers and
hairy foliage; (2) with purple flowers and glabrous foliage ; (3) with yellowish-
white flowers. Plants of each form were protected from cross-pollination ; and
from the seeds of (1) were raised thirty-seven plants, but most were weak and
did not flower. Only five produced good buff-coloured flowers. From (2) five
plants were raised, three with purple flowers and two with buff flowers. (3)
produced no seed.
For the next generation the best of the seven plants with buff flowers was
selected but not protected from cross-pollination with the others, though the
purple-flowered forms were destroyed before the pollen became available. From
the seeds thus obtained some three hundred plants flowered in 1913, of which all
but thirteen bore buff-coloured flowers. This hybrid foxglove grows to about
five feet in height and there seems no doubt that the original seeds owed their
hybrid character to the fact that M. Lutz had in cultivation D. lutea as well as
D. purpurea.—W. R. D.
Dusting v. Spraying. By D. Reddick (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. iii., vol. xvii., pp.
52-68; 1 fig.) —As a check to chewing insects and fungus diseases, dusting with
a mixture of 90 per cent. powdered sulphur and to percent. lead arsenate requires
less time and labour than spraying.—S. E. W.
Dynamite in Planting. By T.E.Chase (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Buil.iii., vol. xvii. pp.
27-35).—When a large number of trees have to be planted, it is economy of
labour to use dynamite in preparing the holes for the trees. The sticks of
dynamite are buried to a depth of 18-24 inches.—S: E. W.
Electro-Culture. By H. Blin (Le Jard. vol. xxxiii. pp. 339-342, 347-359;
8 figs.) Various devices are described for passing electric currents through the
soil. Increased crops result from this treatment.—S. E. W.
Explosives: Use of, in Crehards. By A. Piédallu (Le Jard. vol. xxxii. p: 285).
—In the devastated regions of France the work of replanting the orchards is
facilitated by the use of explosives in preparing the sites for tree-planting.
A
398 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Fats from Rhus laurina and Rhus diversiloba. By James B. McNair (Bo?.
Gaz. vol. lxiv. No. 4, October 1917; pp. 330-336; 1 figure)——The writer has
isolated from the ripe fruit of R. laurinaand R. diversiloba substances very similar
to Japan wax. Increase in the fat content of the fruit of R. diversiloba was found
to occur simultaneously with a decrease in its poisonous properties. This
decrease in the ripening of the fruit results in its becoming non-toxic. The
phenomenon is not necessarily due to a chemical transformation of the poison
into fat, for: (1) Subsequent to the formation of fat the cells in which it is de-
posited become filled with starch; (2) it is possible for the plant to transform
starch into fat; (3) fat is not formed in the parenchymatous sheaths of
the resin passages; (4) consequent upon the formation of fat, the resin
passages are everywhere constricted by the growth of parenchyma sheaths ;
and (5) a similar fat has been found in the fruit of a non-poisonous species
of Rhus.—R. J. L.
Freesias, Improvement of. By A. Ragionneri (Gard. Chron. Oct. 4, 1919; p. 181).
—Records the first crosses made in 1878, between F. refracta alba and F.
Leichtlinit, and of the resulting races with F. Armstrongii in 1905, and other
interesting facts.—E. A. B.
Fruit. By W.J.Green and J.B. Keil (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Ohio, Bull. 313, pp.
. 601-614 ; 1 plate).—A list of the best varieties of fruit grown in Ohio.—S. E. W.
Fruit Diseases (Bull. State Comm. Hort., California, vii. 9, Sept. 1918 ; 25 figs.).—
Contains papers on Grape Mealy Bug, Bud Curl of Lemon Tree, The Oriental
Peach Moth, &c. Also notes by Robert W. Hodgson on “‘ Little Leaf of De-
ciduous Fruit.’’ This little leaf condition has been known for many years, and
is characterized by the failure to leaf out at the normal time, and finally, when
the leaves are produced they are small, narrow, and yellow. The whole tree
may be involved, or one or two limbs only. Fruit may fail to set, or if it does
set it shrivels and drops. The cause is at present unknown, but it is most
prevalent in soils that lack moisture and nutrition.—V. G. J.
Fruit Drying. By J. H. Beattie and H. P. Gould (U.S.A. Dep. Agyr., Farm.
Bull. 903, pp. 1-61, 22 figs.).—A description of the methods used in the States
for drying apples, pears, prunes, peaches, raspberries, and loganberries.—S. E. W.
Fruit Insects, Papers on. By F. E. Brooks and B. R. Leach (U.S.A. Dep.
Agy., Bull. 730, Dec. 1918; 8 plates, 1 fig.)—-This bulletin deals with (1) The
Grape Curculio, (2) the Grape Root-borer, and (3) Experiments in the control
of the root form of the Woolly Apple Aphis. With regard to the latter, carbon
bisulphide in solution at the rate of one half-ounce to four gallons of water, and
applied at the rate of three-quarters of a gallon to each square foot of soil will
control this form of aphis under suitable soil conditions. The liquid is best
applied by preparing shallow basins about the tree when the soil is in a moist
condition.
The gas diffuses laterally and vertically only as far as the liquid penetrates,
and therefore every foot of infested soil must be subjected to the action of the
solution in order to ensure success.
The treatment may be made any time during the growing season, except
for a period of two or three weeks in the spring when the trees are budding out.—
sens
Fruit Protection. By V. Enfer (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 294-295).—Apples
and pears are protected from spot, insect pests, and hail by enclosing the small
fruit before the middle of June in paper bags (54 inches by 8 inches). The corners
at the bottom are cut off so as to leave small openings to admit air. The bags
are gradually cut away in September in order that the fruit may colour and
harden.—S. E. W.
Fumigation: Hydrogen Cyanide Fumigation. By E. E. Clayton (Bot. Gaz.
vol. lxvii., No. 6, June 1919, pp. 483-500; with 2 figures).—The investi-
gations described in this paper were carried out with the view to determining
how green plants are affected by exposure to hydrocyanic acid.
The following summary of results is given :—
1. Different concentrations of hydrocyanic acid: gas gave effects ranging
from’stimulative to depressive. The maximum of beneficial results was secured
with”concentrations*deadly to insect life, but just a little below the point of
first_injuryjto the plant.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 399
2. External factors having important action on the resistance are as follows:
(a) wetting the leaves had a beneficial effect on the tomato; (b) reduced tem-
perature and low light intensity during the day preceding fumigation increased
resistance.
3. Injury closely paralleled the stomatal movement, increasing as the size
of stomatal aperture increased.
4. A higher or lower water supply in the soil affected resistance, through
hastening or retarding the growth rate. Rapid-growing plants were susceptible
_ to injury, while slow-growing plants were more resistant.
5. High-reducing sugar content seemed to be correlated with maximum
resistance.—R. J. L.
Green Plant Bug, The Southern. By Thos. H. Jones (U.S.A. Dep. Agyr.,
Bur. Entom., Bull. 689, July 1918; 14 figs.; 5 tables)—This pentatoid bug
(Negara viridula L.) causes severe injury to crops in the southern portion of the
Cotton Belt, attacking tomatos, potatos, beans, turnips, sweet potatos, mustard,
and a great variety of other plants. Injury is caused by the adults and nymphs
puncturing the plant tissue with their beaks and extracting the juices of young
growing shoots and developing fruits.
Four natural enemies have been noted, the tachinid fly (Tvichopoda pennipes
Fab.) apparently being the most important.
Hand-picking and collecting eggs and nymphs is recommended, as sprays
are of very little use—V.G. /.
Greenhouses: Heating. By P. Rivoire (Rev. Hort. vol. xc. pp. 157-158).—
A mixture of coal-dust, slaked lime, and water, is made into a paste and cast
into briquettes in an iron mould. The slaked lime from 5 lb. of quick-
lime and two gallons of water are required for every 100 lb. of coal-dust. The
briquettes are dried in the shade for a week before use.—S. E. W.
}
Gunnera chilensis and manicata. By O. Stapf (Gard. Chron. Oct. 25, 1919;
p. 210, with fig.)—The best means for distinguishing these two species lies in
the inflorescences. The branches are slender, flexuous, up to 6 inches long in
G. manicata, but rigid, stout, and only 1-3 inches long in G. chilensis. The fruits
of the former do not assume the bright orange-red of the latter at Kew.—E. A. B.
F. L. Ratgers (Gard. Chron. Nov. 8, 1919, p. 236) points out that G. manicata
ripens its fruits in Holland, and they are then of a dark orange colour.
Also mature leaves of G. manicata are flattish and unfolded, while those of G.
chilensis are more curled, crumpled, and smaller.—E. A. B.
Hardening Process in Plants, and Developments from Frost Injury. By
R. B. Harvey (Jour. Agr. Res. xv. pp. 83-112, Oct. 1918; plates).—A study
of the effects of freezing on different plants and the resulting stimulation of
tissues, and in certain cases, death. The results of desiccation, plasmolysis, and
freezing are considered to be of a similar nature——F. J. C.
Heart Rot in Wood of the Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylia). By
Jas. R. Weir and E. E. Hubert (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 722,
Oct. 1918, pp. 1-39; 13 figs.).—The fungus responsible for the decay of the
heart-wood of Tsuga heterophylla is Echinodontium tinctorium E. and E. (the
Indian paint fungus), and this enters the trees by wounds in the bark and dead
branches and soon extends to the heart-wood, which in time is entirely destroyed
by the disease. The extent of the decay increases with the age of the tree. Of
the total trees in Northern Idaho 97 per cent. were found to be attacked, and of
ten trees less than sixty years old, nine were infected.
It is suggested that all infected trees should be destroyed by fire, as girdling
by the axe is not recommended.—A. B.
Heat, Stem Lesions caused by excessive. By C. Hartley (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv.
PP. 595-604, Sept. 1918; figs.).—Death of seedlings of pines through damage
to the stem at soil level occurred in certain nurseries. The damage, which
had been called ‘ white spot,’ was traced to excessive heat.—F. J. C.
Heredity in Annual Beetroots and Carrots. By L. Daniel (Rev. Hort.
vol. xc. pp. 164-167 ; 5 figs.).—Biennial carrots come true from seed but annual
carrots show a great diversity of form, depending on the locality and the con-
ditions under which they are grown. Beetroots exhibit the same phenomena.
These results do not conform with Mendel’s law. On no account should the
seed of the annual carrot be mixed with the biennial as it is worthless.—S. E. W.
>
400 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Inbreeding and Crossbreeding, The Effect of, upon Development. By
D. F. Jones (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Conn., Bull. 207, Sept. 1918; 3 figs., 30 tables,
12 plates) —-The main conclusions are given as follows :
Effects of Inbreeding—1. Continued inbreeding results in the segregation
of a variable complex into a number of diverse types which are uniform within
themselves.
2. The segregates which differ in visible qualitative characters also differ in
quantitative characters ; types with abnormalities appear which cannot reproduce
themselves ; others appear which are perpetuated with difficulty ; others are
obtained which are perfectly normal in structure and function. These latter are’
usually less well developed, but may be as well or better developed than the
original stock from which they are derived.
3. The change in size, structure, or function, and reduction in variability, is
most noticeable in the earlier generations of inbreeding, rapidly becomes less,
and the surviving inbred strains are uniform and constant.
4. The rate of approach to uniformity and constancy differs in different lines.
5. These uniform and constant inbred strains are quite comparable to
naturally self-fertilized species.
6. No single effect can be attributed to inbreeding other than the reduction
in variability.
7. All these results are in conformity with Mendel’s law and Johannsen’s
genotype conception.
. Effects of Crossbreeding—1. Heterosis (i.e., ‘‘ hybrid vigour ’’ or “‘ stimulus
accompanying heterozygosis’’) accompanies heterogeneity in germinal constitu-
tion, whether or not the organisms crossed are from the same or diverse stocks.
2. Heterosis is widespread in its occurrence throughout the plant and animal
kingdoms.
3. Heterosis is shown as an increase in the size of Meie rather than an increase
in the number of parts.
4. Cross-fertilization is without effect until the Eee is formed ; from that
time on, heterosis may be apparent throughout the life of the individual.
5. Heterozygosis has an undiminished effect on plants propagated vegeta-
tively.
6. Heterozygosis may have a stimulating effect on some characters, and a
depressing effect on others, in the same organism.
The author finally concludes that, whatever may be the value or significance
of heterosis, to account for this phenomenon it is for the most part unnecessary
to assume that there is an indefinite stimulating effect of hybridization along
with the expression of definable hereditary factors. Hence the distinction is
no longer needed between the effects of self-fertilization and cross-fertiliza-
tion and of heredity in development. The heretofore indefinite physiological
stimulation resulting from heterozygosis, and the related effects accompanying
the loss of this stimulation following inbreeding, can therefore be given a strictly
Mendelian interpretation.
This being so, there is no longer a question as to whether or not inbreeding
per sé is injurious. Whether good or bad results from inbreeding depends solely
on the constitution of the organisms before inbreeding is commenced. In-
breeding is concerned only with the manifestation of conditions pre-existing.
As a means of analysing and of purifying a cross-bred stock by the elimination
of undesirable qualities, inbreeding is therefore a method of first importance in
plant and animal improvement.—F. G. A.
Inheritance of Sex in Strawberries. By R. D. Anthony (U.S.A. Exp. Stn.
New York, Tech. Bull. 63, Sept. 1917).—An incomplete study. When imperfect:
varieties (those with pistils only) have been pollinated by perfect sorts (those
with pistils and stamens), the resulting seedlings of the two types have been in
about equal numbers. When two perfect sorts have been crossed, almost the
whole of the progeny has been perfect; but when perfect varieties have been
self-pollinated, about one-quarter have been imperfect or only semi-perfect
(filaments partially developed, but anthers abortive if present). More than one
year’s observation is sometimes necessary to say whether a seedling will eventually
develop into a perfect sort or not.—A. P.
Insects, Sucking, and Mites of the Apple. By W.H. Brittain (College of Agr.,
Truro, N.S., Cir. 17, 1917, pp. 3-15; 1 fig.).—This pamphlet deals with the
life histories and control measures of 8 sucking insects and 2 mites, and points
out the equal importance of spraying for sucking insects as for biting insects.
(1) The Green Apple Bug, Lygus communis var. novascotiensis, Knight ;
(z) Black Apple Leaf, Idiocerus fitchii, Rose Leaf, Empoa rosae, and Apple- -leaf
/
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 40I
Hoppers, Empoasca mali, (3) Green Apple Aphis, Aphis pomi, (4) Rose Apple
Aphis, Aphis sorbt, (5) Grain Aphis, Siphocoryne avenae, (6) Woolly Apple
Aphis, Eritosoma lanigera, (7) Oyster Shell Scale, Lepidosaphes uimi, (8) Pear
Psylla, Psylla pyricola, (9) Pear-leaf Blister Mite, Eviophyes pyri, and (10) Apple-
leaf Mite, Phyllocoptes schlectendalt.
Nos. 1-6 and 8 are controlled by nicotine sulphate, 1 pt. to 800 pts. water,
and Nos. 7, 9, and 10 by commercial lime sulphur, 1-10.—G. F. W.
Iris. By F. Denis (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. p. 362)—Hybrids have been obtained
from Jvis aurea and I. fulvata, I. tectorum and I. pallida dalmatica, and from
I. Xiphium and I. filifolia—S. E. W.
Kochia trichophylla (Le Jard. vol. xxxiii. p. 305; 2 figs.) —Kochia trichophylla
is an ornamental pot-plant and an addition to the open border. It is about three
feet in height and is covered with light-green foliage which turns dark-purple in
autumn.—S. E. W.
Larch Chermes, Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.), A Contribution to the Life
History of the. By E. R. Speyer (Ann. App. Biol., vol. vi. Dec. 1919, pp. 171-182,
13 figs., 2 plates).—This insect is usually known as Larch Blight, on account
of its secretion of white ‘“‘ wax-wool ”’ on the leaves during the spring and summer.
A detailed description is given of the parthenogenetic cycles on the Larch,
including the Sistentes, Progredientes and Sexuapara stages.
A diagram is given to show accurately the origin and development of the
Colonici generations. The worst damage is done to young Larch plants, but
these can be cleared by fumigation. Spruce does not suffer severely when
young. The compulsory fumigation of all young Larch trees is urged before
planting, in order to give the plants a chance to grow away clean. Control
by spraying is confined to the sexual generation found during a short period in
the summer, but at present it is insufficiently understood to advise.
The paper concludes with an account of the more satisfactory treatment by
sulphuric ether of preparing Aphide for microscopic examination.—G. F. W.
Leonitis dysophylla. By P. Haricot (Le Jard. vol. xxxili. p. 306) —Leonitis
dysophylia, a native of S. Africa, is an herbaceous plant about three feet high,
bearing orange-coloured flowers.—S. FE. W.
Light Traps, Female Lepidoptera at. By W. B. Turner (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv.
pp. 135-149; July 1918).—-This paper gives the details of experiments made
to ascertain whether the accepted idea that nearly all Lepidoptera caught at
light traps are males—or, if females, that they have already oviposited—is
correct.
Details are given of the experiments, and tables of the number of male and
female Lepidoptera caught by an arc lamp of 300 candle-power. In the case of
the females caught, the condition of the ovaries, whether spent or gravid, is
given.
In seven cases out of twenty-four, the number of females caught was in excess
of the number of males.—G. F. W.
Lime and its Uses and Functions in Soils, Some General Information on.
By M. M. McCool and C. E. Millar (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Mich., Special Bull,
g1, Dec. 1918, pp. 21 ; 12 illus., 3 tables) —When applied to soils that are deficient
in it, lime may alter the structure, neutralize acids and other injurious sub-
stances, satisfy the silicates, make mineral plant food elements available, in-
crease the rate of decay of vegetable matter, make manures and fertilizers more
efficient, and supply lime needed in the formation of plant food. If the soil is
deficient in lime, the common crops, with few exceptions, respond to its use.
Field trials should always be conducted when one applies lime to the soil. It
should be applied in the rotation as near as practicable to the crops that are
most benefited by it, especially if small applications are made. Thorough mixing
with the soil is essential. Finally, lime should be looked upon as only one of
the conditions involved in permanent systems of soil fertility. Since its presence
in the soil results in a somewhat more rapid decay of vegetable matter, pre-
cautions must be taken to maintain this substance which is so vital to soil
productivity. F. G. A.
Loganberry, A Chemical Examination of the. By M. R. Daughters (U.S.A.
Exp. Sin. Oregon, Bull. 151, April 1918).—Though this fruit was only introduced
in 1884, the sales of its juice in 1917 amounted in value to over a million dollars.
The residual pulp has a high calorific value, and it is suggested that the addition
402 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
of sodium carbonate would neutralize its acidity, and make it palatable to farm
animals. A good jelly has been made from the pulp, from which also an oil
has been extracted, which it is thought would make a good substitute for linseed
oil.— A. P. ,
Lupins, Value of, in cultivation of poor light land. By A. W. Oldershaw,
M.B.E., B.Sc. (Jour. Min. Agr..vol. xxvi. No. 10, Jan. 1920).—An article chiefly
for the farmer as it deals with production of feeding stuff for sheep, as well as
the improvement of the land on which lupins are grown. The effect of a crop
of lupins upon the succeeding crop is astonishing, and the author considers their
value as a means of improving and reclaiming poor light land is not sufficiently
appreciated in this country. They grow with surprising luxuriance upon poor
blowing sand, which will grow practically nothing else but rye. They are usually
sown in April or early May for seed, but may be sown as late as August for green
manuring.—G. C. G.
Maple Sugar. By A. H. Bryan, M. N. Straughn, C. G. Church, A. Given,
and S. F. Sherwood (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 446, pp. 1-45).—-The authors describe
the methods of estimating the amount of sucrose, invert sugar, malic acid and
ash in maple sugar and syrup. One gallon of maple syrup should weigh 1r1 lb.
A weaker product does not keep, and a heavier one has a tendency to crystallize.
The solid contents consist of 95 per cent. sucrose, 3 per cent. invert sugar, I per
cent. malic acid, and yield about 1 per cent. of total ash (0-37 per cent. insoluble
ash). Maple sugar produced in the North yields less ash and malic acid than
that made in the South.—S. E. W.
Melons, Pumpkins, and Cucumbers, Enemies of. By A. Rolet (Le Jard.
vol. xxxll. p. 264) —Aphis papaveris and A. brassicae are destroyed by spraying
the under side of the foliage with one of the following mixtures: nicotine (1 or 2),
spirits of wine (1), and 100 of water. The spirits may be replaced by an equal
weight of black soap ; tobacco extract diluted with 15 times its volume of water
containing 4 per cent. of carbonate of soda. Under glass fumigate at night.
Spray with infusions of fresh tan, leaves of Digitalis, Datura, Wormwood, Bella-
donna, Black Hellebore. Coffee-grounds spread on, the soil drive away the
Aphis. For Red Spider, in addition to the above, weak emulsions of black soap
and petroleum, naphthol (20 grams), soap (60 grams); 1 litre of nicotine and
11 litres of soft water; carbon bi-sulphide and alcohol; 05 per cent. potassium
pentasulphide solution.
When repeated washing with water does not remove thrips, apply some of
the remedies just mentioned. Strong doses of carbon bi-sulphide injected
into the soil before planting keeps away Myriapods, white and grey worms, and
Mole crickets. Plants are protected from slugs and snails by a ring of quick-
lime or powdered sulphate of iron. Ants defy tobacco, but some insecticides
keep them away. A species of Ladybird (Epilachna chrysomelina) attacks the
leaves of cucumbers. Spraying with a weak emulsion of black soap and petroleum
or tobacco extract is the remedy.—S. E. W.
Mesembryanthemum. By E. Jahandier (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 372-375;
2 figs.) —Many varieties of Mesembryanthemum would flourish in poor soil in the
maritime regions of the South of France. The most remarkable members of
this group are: M. Bolusii from S. Africa and the nearly related M. simulans,
M. testiculatum, and M. pseudotyuncatellum, all with golden flowers. The existence
of these plants may be easily overlooked when not in flower, as their foliage
harmonizes with the pebbles and rocks of their native habitat. M. concinnum,
from Damaraland, has fleshy leaves covered with white tubercles. M. tigrinum
has marbled leaves, the edges of which are fringed with long hairs. M. felinum
is remarkable for the denticulation of its leaves. M. digitatum, a native of the
Cape of Good Hope, has long finger-like leaves. M. Barklyi, from Namaqualand,
is still more remarkable, as its long leaves (10 inches by 5 inches) are filled with
aqueous sap.—S. E. W.
Necrobia ruficollis (Fabr.), Notes on the Biology of. By H. Scott (Ann.
App. Biol. vi. Dec. 1919, pp. 101-115, 2 figs.).—-This beetle, amongst other insects,
was found breeding in the débris of old food, sawdust etc., in shallow vessels
used for the experimental breeding of house-flies at the S.C.S., S. Kensington,
in 1917-18, and formed the subject for experiments as to its little-known life-
history.
It bred throughout the year in a temp. of 64° F.
The adults were seen to eat dead fly larve and the soft parts of dead flies,
but they do not appear to kill fly larve. Larval and pupal stages of the beetle
are described.—G. F. W.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 403,
Neillia and Stephanandra. By S. Mottet (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 236-238;
1 fig.) —Neillia sinensis is an ornamental shrub well worth a place in the garden
on account of its graceful foliage and sprays of pink flowers. N. affinis, N.
longivacemosa, N. thibetica, and N. ribesoides are recent introductions from
Sechwan. N. paucifiora is a native of Yunnan. All the above have dark-pink
flowers. Another new arrival is Stebhanandra chinensis from Kiangsi, which
differs from S. incisa by having larger and more deeply incised leaves.—S. E. W.
Nitrates, Nitrification of Acid Soils, Effects of Lime, Crops, and Moisture on.
By H. A. Noyes and S. D. Conner (U.S.A, Jour. Agr. Res. xvi., No. 2, Jan.
1919, pp. 27-43; 9 plates)—Experiments were made with five typical acid soils
treated with calcium carbonate, acid phosphate, and complete fertilizer, cropped
with wheat and clover. Control experiments were also made without crops or
fertilizer, and with varying quantities of water. It was found that CaCO,
increased in a marked manner the nitrification of the five soils. The degree of
saturation of the soils affected the nitrates present. More nitrate was found in
soil kept half-saturated with water than in soil a quarter saturated. Fully
saturated soils (for ten months) contained no nitrates, and no nitrates were formed
with ammonium sulphate. The bacterial flora of each soil was different, and
CaCO, increased the number of aérobic organisms. In general, the greater the
aérobic bacterial content and the nitrifying power of the soil, the larger the crop-
yields.
A bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Nitric-Nitrogen Accumulation in Scil, Influence of ‘Salts on the. By J. E.
Greaves, E. G. Carter, and H. C. Goldthorpe (U.S.A.:Jour. Agr. Res. Xvi.,
No. 4, Jan. 1919, pp. 107—135).—-Salts which occur in soils, or which may be ap-
plied to them, influence the number, species, and activity of the micro-organisms
in the soil. These factors in turn are reflected by the yields obtained from the
soil. The objects of the investigation were: (1) To determine the relative
toxicity of various substances in the soil as measured by bacterial activities ;
(2) to determine the stimulating influence of various substances upon bacterial
activity, and the manner in which the stimulus is exerted. The soil used was
sandy loam with a high percentage of acid-soluble constituents. Calcium and
magnesium carbonates present in great amounts.
The authors’ conclusions were as follows :
The toxicity of chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, carbonates of Na, K, Ca, Mg,
Mn, and Fe, as determined by nitrification, is determined by the specific salt,
not by the electro-negative ion, as in the case of ammonifiers. Except MnCl,
MnSO,, NaCl, FeCl,, and FeSO,, the salts all became toxic at a lower concentration
to the nitrifiers than to the ammonifiers.
The common alkalies CaCl,, Na,SO,, Na,CO,, CaNO, are very toxic to the
nitrifying organisms, and reduce greatly the nitrogen accumulation in such a
soil.
The compounds which are the strongest plant stimulants are also the most
active in increasing the nitrogen accumulation, and it seems probable that the
effect upon the plant is due mainly to the action of the compound upon the
bacteria, which in turn render available more plant food.
Magnesium nitrate, ferric nitrate, calcium nitrate, and manganous nitrate
are very active stimulants of the nitrogen-fixing organisms. In some cases these
compounds increase nitrogen fixation many times over that in the normal soil.
The ammonifying powers of a soil containing alkalies are a better index of
its crop-producing powers than are the nitrifying powers.—A. B.
Nitrification III. The Isolation and Description of the Nitrite Ferment. By
Augusto Bonazzi (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxviii., No. 3, Sept. I919, pp. 194-207; with
1 plate)—In this paper are described the organisms responsible for the for-
mation of nitrites in the Ohio soils, and the methods used in their isolation.
Z. Winogradsky classified the cocci which convert soil ammonia into nitrates
as follows :—
(i) Nitrosomonas—from the Orient or Old World.
(ii) Nitrococcus—from the Occident or New World.
No samples of soil from the North American Continent were studied by him,
all his material coming from South America.
The organisms isolated by the present writer appeared during the process
of full nitrification as small granules contained in a thick gelatinous mass. This
gelatinous layer surrounding the cells is of the same thickness as their diameter.
With iodine it acquires a bluish tinge, while the embedded cells stain golden
yellow.
404 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
When the process of nitrification is intense, the ordinary cocci (megalococci)
give rise to smaller cocci. These are set free and begin independent existence,
leaving the empty sheaths. They may later acquire a gelatinous coat, and
revert to megalococci.
For staining these organisms, malachite-green and gentian violet were found
to be most effective. Preparations thus obtained show the jelly of the megalo-
‘cocci a deep purple colour, and the small cocci appear of a purple-black colour.
The thermal death-point of the organisms studied was found to lie between
50° and 55° C.—R. J. L.
Nitrogen-fixing and Nitrifying Organisms, Effects of Carbon Bisulphide and
Toluol upon. By P. L. Gainey (U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res. xv., No. 11, Dec.
1918, pp. 601-614).—Carbon bisulphide and toluol, when applied to soils in
sufficient quantities, will destroy Azotobacter group of organisms and check the
accumulation of nitrate nitrogen, and will destroy the nitrifying organisms.
The quantities necessary to produce such effects vary widely, and depend upon
the amount of moisture present. Other nitrogen-fixing organisms are not
destroyed by to c.c. of CS, or toluol, even when the moisture content of the soil
is high. There is no evidence in these experiments to show that treatment with
antiseptics stimulates the nitrifying organisms, and there is little evidence to
indicate a stimulative effect upon the ammonifying or nitrogen-fixing organisms
A,B
New Plants (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 260-262; 2 figs.)—Columnea hirta
flourishes in hanging baskets in a warm house. It bears large scarlet flowers
spotted with yellow. .C. hivta glabra is distinguished from the former by its
beautiful bronze foliage.
Feijoa Seliowiana is hardy in the South of France. It bears magnificent
red flowers with bright carmine stamens. Lovopetalum chjnense is hardy. In
early spring it is covered with white flowers.
The following varieties of Hydrangea hortensis are suitable for forcing :—
‘Amazone,’ white fimbriated; ‘ Etincelant,’ dwarf, bright carmine; ‘Satinette,’
carmine red; ‘ Trophée,’ dark carmine.
The following are hardy :—Actinidia purpurea, climber with white flowers
and purple fruit; Dzipelta floribunda is covered in spring with white tubular
flowers ; Pyracantha crenulata, from Yunnan, red berries; Viburnum rhyti-
dophyllum, evergreen; V. betulifolium, large corymbs of small white flowers
and cherry-red berries; Deutzia crenata candidissima plena and D. Vilmorinae
are the parents of D. c. macrothrysa (very floriferous), D.c. mirabilis (milk white),
_ and D. c. staphyleoides, which has large flowers resembling Staphylea.
Hybridization of Philadelphus microphyllus by P. coronarius and P. grandi-
florus yielded ‘ Coupe d’argent’ with. white flowers like a single rose ; ‘ Girandole,’
double; ‘ Bicolore,’ white with purple marks ; ‘ Nuage,’ rose-white flowers with
pink centre slightly fimbriated; ‘Sylvanie,’ white with pale pink centre.
Diervilla ‘ Profusion’ is a hybrid from D. japonica. Early in May the shrub
is covered with panicles of carmine pink flowers.
The lilac ‘ Edith Cavell’ is double white; ‘ Paul Thirion’ wine-coloured ;
‘Maurice Barrés’ is one of the most beautiful and floriferous lilacs, remarkable
for large lilac-blue panicles ; ‘Mont Blanc’ is the finest single white ; ‘ Saturnale
Précoce,’ single bluish mauve; ‘ Vésuve,’ single purple.
Recent introductions from China are Syrvinga Wilsonii, a large shrub with
pale pink flowers; S. Sweginzowii superba, pale pink with pleasant perfume ;
and S. veflexa, pink—S. E. W.
Qenothera rubrinervis, A Half-Mutant. By Hugo De Vries (Bot. Gaz.
vol. Ixvii., No. 1, Jan. 1919, pp. 1-26).—The genetic constitution of Oenothera
rubrinervis is discussed and the experimental evidence detailed.—R. J. L.
Onion Bulbs, White Rot Disease of. By A. D. Cotton and M. N. Owen
(Jour. Min. Agr. vol. xxvi. No. 11, Feb. 1920).—A disease causing considerable
damage to onion crop, which, however, until recently, has not attracted serious
attention. The fungus has been isolated and identified as Sclerotium cepiyorum,
described by Berkeley in 1841, and is quite distinct from Sclerotinia bulborum
and Botrytis cinerea, both of which have been regarded as the cause of the trouble
in question.
It has been popularly called Dry Rot, White Rot, Mouldy Nose, and in the
North, erroneously, ‘‘ Mildew.”
Onions become attacked by White Rot from contaminated soil, and usually
first show signs of the disease at end of May or early in June. The leaves wilt
and turn yellow, the oldest leaves first, and ultimately collapse, when plants
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 405
can be readily pulled up. It is probable that roots suffer first. The base of
the bulb shows a mass of fluffy white fungus spawn or mycelium, and this dis-
tinguishes it at once from all other onion diseases. In advanced stages of the
disease, the fluffiness disappears and is replaced by a closely fitting weft, in
which numerous dark bodies, the sclerotia, are developed. These bodies are
left in the soil when plants rot, and are the cause of reinfection another season.
Both autumn-sown and spring-sown onions are attacked, and the disease is
most in evidence from June to early August: By August attacked plants have
been mostly killed, and few fresh infections take place after.
; The disease is not carried by the seed, but appears to be transferred by
infected soil being conveyed on roots of onion plants and on infected plants
sold for transplanting. No remedies can be suggested, but efforts should be
made to avoid infection and to keep onions off infected ground, which, however,
carries infection for some years. All common varieties seem subject to attack,
but shallots and leeks are markedly resistant, although notimmune. Diseased
plants should be removed and burnt as soon as seen.—G. C. G.
Onion Thrips, ‘Control of the. By F. H. Chittenden (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.,
Farm. Bull. 1007, January I919; I1 figs.)—The Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci
Lindeman), a minute prolific insect which causes damage to the United
States onion crop to the extent of at least $250,000 annually. This thrips also
preys upon cabbage, cucumber, and many other garden and truck crops. Italso
breeds upon a large variety of weeds. Clean farming and proper crop rotation
help to control the pest. Spraying with nicotine sulphate has proved very
effective treatment :—Nicotine sulphate (40 per cent.), 2 pint; soap (dissolved),
4 or more pounds; water, 50 gallons.— V. G. J.
Orchard Irrigation. By J. H. Fertier (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 882,
pp. I-40; 39 figs.).—S. E. W.
Pea and Bean Weevils. By E. A. Back and A. B. Ducket (U.S.A. Dep.
Agr., Farm. Bull. 983, Sept. 1918; 24 figs.)—These insects not only destroy
much of the nation’s food in the form of leguminous crops, but are responsible
for a curtailment in the acreage planted to these crops. They never attack
corn or wheat. There are no satisfactory remedies that can be applied to kill
weevil grubs in growing crops, the only thing is to harvest the crops as soon
as possible after maturity, and the seeds should be thrashed out and treated by
fumigation, heat, or cold storage, in order to kill the weevils in them before
they mature.—V. G. J.
Peach Leaf-curl (Evoascus deformans). By W. Laidlaw and C. C.
Brittlebank (Jour. Agr. Vict. Aug. 1918, pp. 479-484).—Trials over several
years were made on an orchard badly subject to this disease; the follow-
ing mixtures were used: Bordeaux, 6-4-40; copper soda, 6-8-40; lime sulphur,
I in 9; and acetate of copper (verdigris), 3 lb. to 40 gallons of water ; all mixtures
were carefully prepared and tested ; the testing is important, as acid mix‘ures
are liable to burn and russet the fruit. Verdigris and copper soda made the
foliage quite free from curl; though the results obtained with acetate of copper
were excellent, the high price of the material compelled its abandonment. Bor-
deaux mixture did not give quite such good results as the two previous sprays,
and lime sulphur, though it cleaned all lichens from the trees, was not a success
as far as the leaf-curl was concerned. In continuing the experiments, as copper
soda gave better results than Bordeaux, for the last three seasons it was used
exclusively. The right time to apply the spray is just before or when the
earliest buds are showing pink. The mixture used with complete success was
copper soda, 6-8-40.—C. H. H.
Pear Blight (Bull. State Comm. Hort., California, vii. 10, October 1918),—
Among other items contained in this bulletin is a paper by F. C. Reimer entitled
“A New Disinfectant for Pear Blight.’’ Experiments described show that 10
per cent. strength formaldehyde is the best disinfectant to apply to cut surfaces
and tools to prevent the spread of Pear Blight (Bacillus amylovorus).—V.G. J.
Pear-growing in Victoria—History and Evolution of the Pear. By E.
Wallis (Jour. Agr. Vict. Feb. 1919, pp. 76-86).—Resistance of pear to
adverse conditions, bad drainage, drought, smoke which would kill apple. A
pear that is cross-pollinated is generally larger at the basal end than one
which is the result of self-pollination. Pears borne on young, vigorous, or
heavily-pruned trees are apt to be coarse, and deviate from true shape of the
variety.—C. H. H.
—
406 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Pear-Tree, Canker. By V. Enfer (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 217, 218).—-Canker
in pear-trees may be cured by scraping the diseased part and then painting
_ the wound with a strong solution of sulphate of iron containing 1 per cent. of
sulphuric acid (53° Baumé).—S. E. W.
Pemphigus populi-transversus, Life History of. By T. H. Jones and C. P.
Gillette (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. pp. 577-594, Sept. 23, 1918; plates)—A full
description of this Aphis is given, together with its life history.
It has been proved that this species feeds on the roots of Crucifers, as well as
causing galls on the leaf-petioles of some of the Poplars. The galls begin to
develop in spring and increase in size during the summer. By the autumn they
have often reached the diameter of nearly an inch.
The presence of the Aphis on the roots of Crucifers may be easily detected, as
they cover themselves with white cottony material.
Dr. Gillette completes the paper by giving detailed descriptions of the Aphis
in all its forms.—G. F. W.
Permeability, A New Method of Studying. By S. C. Brooks (Bot. Gaz.
vol. Ixiv. No. 4, Oct. 1917; pp. 306-317; with 2 figs.).—The writer describes a
method of studying permeability, which depends upon the diffusion of salts or
other substances through a diaphragm of living tissue, viz. portions of the
frond of Laminaria Agardhii—one of the common sea-weeds of the New England
coast.
The apparatus used consists of two artificial cells, constructed from glass
tubing, containing the fluids under investigation. The two open ends of the
tubes were placed together and separated by a piece of prepared tissue. Changes
in concentration of the solutions in each cell were measured by determining the
changes in electrical conductivity.
As the result of a series of experiments it was found—
(1) That the protoplasm of Laminaria is normally permeable to the salts of
sea-water.
(2) Sodium salts cause an increase of permeability which ‘culminates in
death. '
(3) Calcium and lanthanum salts cause a decrease in permeability, followed
by an increase which culminates in death.—R. J. L.
Permability of tho Cell Walls of Allium. By S. C. Brooks (Bot. Gaz. vol.
Ixiv. No. 6, Dec. 1917; pp. 509-512).—The impermeability of the tissues of
higher plants to inorganic salts has usually been attributed to the impermea-
bility of the protoplasm to the salts used. The investigations of the writer
show that in certain cases the influence of the impermeable cell wallis an important
factor. He found that the exterior cell wall of the epidermis from the inner
surface of onion bulb scales is slightly permeable to hydrochloric acid, while it
is practically impermeable to various salts and dyes, and to caustic soda. These
results were obtained by experiments conducted on the same principle and
with the same apparatus as was used in the writer’s experiments on Laminaria
(vide Bot. Gaz. same volume; pp. 304-317).—R. J. L.
Permeability, Methods of Studying Permeability of Protoplasm to Salts.
By C. S. Brooks (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxiv. No. 3, Sept. 1917; pp. 230—249).—
The writer sets out to consider critically the methods hitherto employed in the
study of permeability in order to determine which of the methods can be con-
sidered most reliable and help most towards the solution of the problem. He
concludes that the steps most essential to further progress are: (1) A thorough
analysis of the various disturbing factors in the methods involving chemical
determinations, and the satisfactory interpretation of the results secured by
such methods ; (2) the same type of analysis of the methods depending on
turgor, with special reference to the possible effect of exosmosis; and (3) the
establishment of methods of determining progressive changes in permeability
without the various disadvantages of the other methods.—R. J. L.
Physoderma Disease of Indian Corn (Zea Mays). By W.H. Tisdale (U.S.A.
Jour. Agr. Res. xvi. No. 5, Feb. 1919, pp. 137-154; 10 plates).—The Physo-
derma disease was first discovered by Shaw (1910) and Barrett (1911).
It occurs practically throughout the corn-growing areas of the U.S.A., and is
particularly prevalent in Atlantic and Gulf Coast States and in the Mississippi
Valley. The causal organism is Physoderma Zeae maydis Shaw, and its develop-
ment is favoured by moist, warm weather. The sporangia of the fungus live
over the winter on old diseased plants and also in the soil, and germinate the
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 407
following summer by zoospores. The sporangia require free water and 23° C.
to 30° C. for germination and host penetration. The fungus is disseminated by
wind and probably by other agencies—flowing water, insects, and various animals,
The control measures suggested are thorough sanitation, crop rotation, and
resistant varieties.—A. B.
Pine Blister Rust. By G. G. Hedgcock, E. Bethel, and N. R. Hunt (Jour.
Agr. Res. xiv. No. 10, Sept. 1918, pp. 411-424; 4 plates)——The authors find
that the ecial stage of the fungus Cronartium occidentale, which is commonly
met with on Ribes spp. and Grossularia spp., is passed on the nut pines (pifions),
and is given the form name of Peridermium occidentale. |
Cronartium occidentale (n.s.) is. widespread throughout the States of Colorado
and Arizona. Its commonest host is Ribes aureum, but it occurs occasionally
on R. odoratum, R. inebrians, and Grossularia leptantha. It has, however, been
successfully inoculated on Ribes americanum, R. coloradense, R. Givaldi, R.-
malvaceum, R. nigrum, R. glandulosum, R. sanguineum, and Gyrossularia inermis,
G. missouriensis, and G. reclinata X G. hirtella.
The peridermial stage attacks only the pifions (nut pines) ; though inocula-
tions were made on twenty-three other species of pines, they have given negative
results.
Cronartium occidentale differs chiefly from C. ribicola (white pine blister rust)
in the xcial stage.—A. B.
Plant Growth, Effects of Barium and Strontium Compounds on. By J. S.
McHargoe (U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res. xvi., No. 7, Feb. 1919, pp. 183-194).—
The following conclusions were arrived at:
Barium compounds, in absence of calcium compounds (CaCO,), are poisonous
to plants, butin presence of excess of CaCO, exert a stimulating influence upon
plant growth. There is no tendency to replace calcium by barium in plant
growth when calcium is omitted. Strontium compounds give larger yields than
barium compounds. Strontium carbonate cannot be substituted for calcium
carbonate in the growth of plants, though strontium carbonate is less toxic to
plants in absence of calcium carbonate than barium carbonate. Barium or
strontium are not important plant-foods, though small quantities act as stimu-
lants in presence of calcium carbonate, and cause acceleration in growth of plant
roots. By increasing the amount of strontium nitrate a corresponding increase
in the nitrogen content of wheat was obtained.—A. B.
Plasmodiophora brassice, Tissue Invasion by. By L. O. Kunkel (Jour.
Agr. Res. xiv. Sept. 1918, No. 12, pp. 543-572; 20 plates) The author finds
that cabbage plants of all ages up to one year are susceptible to club-root. The
typical club-root is the result of a single primary infection, and this forms a
morphological unit. The spread of the disease from points of primary infection
is accomplished by plasmodia directly penetrating the cells. The cell divisions
in the host plant increase the number of infected cells, but have a small part in
distributing the parasite through the tissues.
Infection by direct penetration may be of four stages :
1. Primary infection of cortical tissues and penetration to the cambium.
2. Infection of the cambium in all directions from the original point of
penetration.
3. Passage of plasmodia out from the cambium into the cortex, and in from
the cambium towards the xylem.
4. Infection of the medullary rays.
Infection of a given cell may be temporary or permanent. If temporary it
has no noticeable effect on the cell; if permanent, it stimulates the cell to
abnormal growth and division. The growth stimulus is diffuse—that is, it
acts on the non-infected cells as well as on the infected cells. The stimulus
seems to travel in advance of the infection, specially in the infection of medullary
rays and in the early stages of infection, and the disease stimulates the pro-
duction of branch roots and shoots. Diseased shoots are unable to react normally
to gravity. The mass of parasitic protoplasm in a given volume of diseased
tissue is constant in different clubs, and in the clubs of different plants. The
average volume relation between host and parasite is approximately in ratio
28 to 72. A unit volume of diseased tissue yields the same quantity of spores.
The wilting of diseased plants is due, in part, to hypoplasia of cell differentiation
in the xylem of the bundles, and the splitting up of the woody cylinder through
infection and growth of the medullary rays.
A short bibliography is appended.—A. B.
408 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Plum, A Study of Sterility in the. By J. M. Barsey (Genetics, vol. iv. pp.
417-488, September 1919; 5 plates).—Self-sterility tests show that varieties
of the American species are self-sterile. Pollen abortion is not a cause of sterility
except in rare instances where suppression is complete. Developing fruits were
found to drop in three waves, which are separate and distinct in point of time
and size. The first drop takes place immediately after bloom, and is caused
by aborted pistils. The second from two to four weeks after bloom and includes
all in which fertilization has not taken place. The third, or “‘ June drop,” follows
the second by an interval of about three weeks, and in these fertilization has
taken place, but embryonic development. has stopped.
The suppression of one of the two ovules in each ovary was found to be
typical.
pares development and the genetic relationship of varieties and species
. are also dealt with in some detail. —A. N. R.
-
Plum, The Fruitfulness of the, in relation to the weather. By M. T. Dorsey
(Jour. Agr. Res. xvii. No. 3, June 1919, pp. 103-126, 3 plates) —Unfavourable
weather at blooming time may prevent completely the setting of the fruit of
the plum. Rainand low temperatures are also important factors, while strong
winds if prolonged prevent pollination by insects at critical times. Wind pollina-
tion is not sufficient, even under the most favourable conditions. The chief
effects of low temperatures is to retard the growth of the pollen tube. The
stigma is receptive for four to six days, and therefore a delay in pollination is
liable to render fertilization uncertain, An analysis of the prevailing weather
at blossom time shows that, each season, certain conditions can be singled out as
being largely responsible for the setting (or otherwise) of the fruit. Remedial
measures can be most effectively sought in suitable pollinizers which show the
fastest pollen-tube growth.—A. B.
Pollination of the Mango, The. By Wilson Popenhoe (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.,
Bull. 542, Aug. 1917; 4 plates, 1 fig.) Some of the choice introduced varieties
of mango fruit very sparingly, except in occasional seasons. The difficulty
appears to be due, not to any morphological defect in the pollen, or faulty
mechanism of pollination, but to a physiological cause connected with nutri-
tional conditions as influenced by changes in soil moisture and food supplies —
A. P
Pop Corn. By H. Wenholz (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. pp. 534-542 ; 8 figs.).
—The large quantities of Pop Corn imported from the United States by New South
Wales could with profit be raised in the maize-growing districts of Australia.
Pop Corn (Zea Mays everta) is smaller in growth and bears smaller cobs and
grain than other kinds of maize. ‘ White Rice’ and ‘ White Pearl’ are the best
varieties for market. Six or seven grains are sown in clumps placed 3 feet
apart. When the plants are about 10 inches high, the weaker growths are
removed, leaving three or four vigorous plants in each clump. The corn must
be fully matured before it is harvested —S. E. W.
Potash in Soil-forming Minerals, The Availability of. By J. K. Plummer
(Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. No. 8, August 1918, pp. 297—315).—The chief points brought
out in this investigation are as follows :
Little difference in the solubility of potash in water is found among the
common soil-forming minerals: Biotite, muscovite, orthoclase, and microcline.
Biotite and muscovite give up considerably more of their potash to solutions
of carbonic acid than do orthoclase or microcline.
Lime as calcium bicarbonate does not increase the solubility of potash in
any of these minerals. Pot experiments with oats, soya beans, rye, and cowpea
show that these plants can extract varying amounts of potash from these minerals.
Biotite is able to produce four times the amount of dry matter of oats as compared
with microcline, and 66 per cent. as much as potassium sulphate. Muscovite
produces nearly twice as much dry matter as orthoclase.
Lime as precipitated carbonate has not materially increased the dry matter
or the potash removed from the soil by oats or rye. The dry matter in soya
beans has been increased 33 per cent. when lime is used with biotite. Lime
causes soya beans to remove more potash from the soil with potassium
sulphate, biotite, and muscovite treatments, but does not appear to increase
the solubility of the soil potash in N/5 nitric acid in any of the experiments.—
A. B.
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NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 409
Potash in Soils, The Effect of Gypsum on the Solubility of. By Paul R.
McMiller (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 61—66).—Various soils in
Minnesota when mixed with 1 per cent. gypsum, and raised to a point approxi-
mating the moisture equivalent and kept for three months, showed a marked
increase in the content of water-soluble potash. The results of the experiments
depend upon the conditions of contact between the soil and the gypsum.
A short bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Potato, Blackheart in. By F.C.Stewartand A. J. Mix (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Exp.
Sin. New York, Bull. 436, June 1917, pp. 321-362; to plates)——Our present
knowledge of blackheart disease in potatos was first made by Bartholomew,
who proved that this occurs when the tubers are exposed to a temperature of
38-45° C. for 14 to 48 hours and that it is due to changes in the tissues due to
imperfect respiration.' By excluding the air from potatos, blackheart may be
produced at temperatures much lower than those stated above. Numerous
experiments have been made by placing the tubers in sealed jars for various
periods of time, and it is noticed that when the tubers are exposed to the air
the moist surface turns brown, and the “ flesh’ changes from white to pink and
finally to black. Tubers confined in sealed jars with less than ten times their
volume of air are unable to do more than sprout. Different tubers show
differences in susceptibility both to blackheart and surface discoloration.
Tubers when deeply piled behave in a way similar to those deprived of air in
sealed jars. They sprout feebly, become moist on surface, and are affected by
' blackheart. They are usually attacked by bacteria and fungi. The authors
state that the injury following insufficient aeration is due to lack of oxygen rather
than to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. The prevention of blackheart is a
storage problem.—A. B.
Potato Cultivation. By Nanot and Scribaux (Le Jard. vol. xxxii. p. 287).—
Hendrick’s proposal to grow potatos in Io superimposed layers alternating
with rich soil, enclosed in a wooden box or frame 8 it. cube, yields very un-
satisfactory results. The difficulty of maintaining a suitable degree of moisture
throughout the whole mass is obvious.
E. Rousseaux (ibid. p. 302), after numerous experiments, condemns the method,
and C. Dumur (p. 303) found that it led to failure——S. E. W.
Potato Diseases. By D.C. Babcock (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Exp. Sin. Ohio, Buil. 319,
pp. 119-136; 9 figs.)—The bulletin gives a general account of the commoner
diseases of the potato, and details directions in controlling their ravages in Ohio.
' For convenience the diseases are classified under three heads as follows:
(i) Diseases controlled by selection of clean ‘“‘seed’”’ tubers: (a) Dry Rot
(Fusarium Wilt), (6) Black-leg, (c) Potato Leaf-curl.
(ii) Diseases controlled by treating ‘‘seed’’ tubers: (a) Potato Scab, (b)
Rhizoctonia.
(iii) Diseases controlled by spraying: (a) Late Blight, (b) Early Blight, (c)
Leaf-tip Burn.— A. B.
Potato Forcing. By H. Blin (Le Jard. vol. xxxii. p. 270).—Seed potatos
with not less than two eyes are pressed on the surface of well-tilled ground and
covered with a bed of straw, leaves, and grass, 4 or 5 inches deep, which is kept
moist, but not saturated with water. When the foliage of the plants begins to
fade, the covering containing the tubers is removed.—S. E. W.
Potato, Fusarium Blight of. By H. G. McMillan (U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res.
xvi., No. 11, March 1919, pp. 279-303; 5 plates).—Three general stages of
the Fusarium blight are recognized: (1) The decay and death of the seed
tuber before the shoot emerges from the ground ; (2) the attacked seedling which
shows the varioussymptoms ofinfection ; (3) the mature stage, usually attacking
plants of mature growth with infection and decay of the new tubers. Different
varieties of potatos show marked variation in resistance to the disease. Two
methods of infection are recognized : infection from the soil of roots and root
hairs, and infection_of the seed - tuber.
The methods of control are : (1) Selection for disease resistance ; (2) superior
cultural conditions for the oer plant; (3) the use of whole seed tubers free
from wound or injury.
The last method is suggested as probably the best for control of the Fusarium
blight.—A. B.
410 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Potato Leaf-roll, Histological Studies of. By E. L. Artschwager (Jour. Agr.
Res. xv. pp. 559-570, Dec. 1918; plates).—An investigation running counter
in some ways to Quanjer’s observations. Too long to abstract—the original
should be consulted.—F. J. C.
Potato, Mosaic Disease of the. By E. S. Schultz, D. Folsom, F. M.
Hildebrandt, and L. A. Hawkins (Jour. Agr. Res. xvii. No. 6, Sept. 1919,
PP. 247-273, 8 plates) —Mosaic disease of the potato is now widely distributed
over the United States, and has a very detrimental effect upon the yield. It
produces characteristic symptoms upon the foliage and these may be modified
or obscured by differences in environment or variety. The disease may be
transmitted from plant to plant by the juice, which may be carried by at least
two species of aphides. The mosaic disease has a tendency to increase the
sugar contents of the leaves at the expense of the starch. Removing the
‘“mosaic’’ plants before aphids become abundant is helpful in checking the
disease.
A short bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Potato, Parasitism of Pythium Debaryanum (Hesse) on the. By L. A.
Hawkins and R. B. Harvey (Jour. Agr. Res. xviii. No. 5, Dec. 1919,
Pp. 275-298, 3 plates)—The physiology of parasitism and the relations existing
between host and parasite have been the subject of numerous investigations.
The authors find that Pythium Debaryanum destroys the pentosans, starch,
and sugar of the potato tuber; that the fungus secretes a toxin which kills the’
cells of the potato and that an enzyme is secreted by the fungus which destroys
the middle lamelle of the cells of the host. The cut surface of the cortex, when
dried for three hours, was much more resistant to puncture than the freshly
cut surface. Thus there is a co-relation between resistance to infection by the
fungus, and resistance to mechanical pressure. The osmotic pressure within
the fungus filament, as determined by plasmolysis, is sufficient to develop the
pressure necessary to puncture the cell walls in the potato tubers in nearly
every case where infection occurred. Mechanical pressure exerted by the fungus
hyphz seem to be the most important factor in cell-wall penetration by this
fungus, and resistance to infection is apparently due to resistance of the cell
walls to mechanical puncture. Microscopical examination and observations
seem to corroborate this theory.—A. B.
Potato Seed. By H. A. Edson and W. Stuart (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., June 1918,
pp. 1-8; 4 figs.).—Seed potatos should not be selected from the whole crop after
it has been harvested. It is better to plant a special piot with a good strain,
grow the plants well and eliminate weak and diseased plants and sports. Select
seed from the most productive plants yielding tubers of uniform size.—S. E. W.
Potato Stem Lesions. By H. A. Edson and M. Shapovalov (Jour. Agr.
Res. xiv. No. 5, July 1918, pp. 213-219; 3 plates)——The authors find that
numerous species of fungi are concerned in the formation of lesions on the stems
of the potato. Amongst these are several parasitic species of Fusarium, Alternaria,
Botrytis, Zygorhynchus, Corethropsis, Phoma, Clonostachys, Acrostalagmus, as
well as Rhizoctonia. The lesions produced by these fungi are practically
indistinguishable from each other under field conditions, but show certain
characteristics when reproduced under control conditions in the greenhouse.
A.B.
Pruning Investigations: Second Report. By J. R. Magness, A. F. Edminster,
and V. R. Gardner (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Oregon, Bull. 146, Oct. 1917; 19 plates).
—Contains accounts of studies in fruit-bud formation, the relation between
length, angle, and diameter of shoots, and the development of side shoots and
fruit spurs from lateral buds, the influence of bending dormant shoots upon
their subsequent behaviour, and the relative effects of winter heading back and
thinning out of apple shoots in young trees.—A. P.
Pyracantha Gibbsii var. yunnanensis. By A. Bruce Jackson (Gard, Chron.
May 31, 1919; with 2 figs.) —The right name for the plant known as P. crenulata
v. yunnanensis and P. crenulata v. obtusata. It differs from the type in more
spiny branches, with leaves coarsely crenate, instead of entire or finely serrate
in the upper two-thirds only, and fruits maturing and lasting later.—E. A. B.
Pyrethrum. By W. S. Abbott (U.S.A. Dep. Agyr., Bull. 771, pp. 1-7).—
Pyrethrum powder deteriorates in the course of 12 months unless it is kept in
sealed jars. The whole flower-heads are not damaged by storage.—S. E. W.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 4II
Radish, Wild and Cultivated. By Y. Thouard-Riolle (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp.
244-246 ; 3 figs.) —There is no evidence that the cultivated radish is descended
from the wild radish, Raphanus raphanisirum. The so-called improved wild
radish is a hybrid of R. vaphanistrum and the edible radish of the
- garden.—S. E. W.
. Raspberries. By H. F. Maxim (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. iii., vol. xvii. pp.
14-20).—Three types of Raspberries are grown in the States, Rubus strigosus (red),
R. occidentalis (black), and R. neglectus (purple). The best-known native varieties
of the red raspberry are ‘ Cuthbert’ and ‘ Golden Queen.’ ‘St. Regis’ is the
most valuable form of perpetual-bearing raspberry. ‘ Cumberland ’ and ‘Gregg’
are the best black raspberries. _The purple is a hybrid between the red and the
black. Like the latter it is propagated by bending down the canes into the soil
where the tips root.—S. E. W.
Ravenelia, Notes on New or Rare Species of. By W. H. Long (Bot. Gaz.
vol, lxiv. No. 1, July 1917; pp. 57—69).—-Three new species are described—viz.
R. Hoffmanseggiae, found on Cassiaceae; R. siderocarpi and R. prosopidis on
Mimosaceae. These fungi were collected by the author while on field work in
Texas.—R. J. L.
Resin Secretion in Balsamorrhiza sagittata. By E. C. Faust (Bot. Gaz.
vol. lxiv. No. 6, Dec. 1917; pp. 441-479; 4 plates)—Resin is a by-product,
formed as the result of the metabolic activities of the plant. During growth
a polysaccharide, inulin, produced during photosynthesis, is broken down, causing
a by-product, balsamoresene, to be produced. This resene is changed to resinic
acid. On account of the probable toxic nature of the resene and resinic acid
to the plant, they are translocated (largely in the form of balsamoresene) to
schizogenously formed ducts of endodermal origin. Since resene and resinic
acid are toxic, they may be used as a guard against mechanical and parasitic
injury. —R. J. L.
Respiration: Effect of Anesthetics upon Respiration. By A. R. C. Haas
(Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixvii. No. 5, May 1919, pp. 377-404; with 7 graphs).—The
writer found that ‘‘ when Laminaria is exposed to anesthetics (in sufficiently
high concentration to produce any result) the initial effect is an increase of
respiration. This may be followed by a decrease if the anesthetic is sufficiently
toxic. No decrease of respiration is observed when the concentration is too
low to be toxic.” —R. J. L.
Rhododendron campylocarpum. By S. Mottet (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp.-328,
329; 1 fig.).—Interesting results may be expected from the hybridization of
other Rhododendrons by the yellow-flowered R. campylocarpum from Sikkim.
Sb W:
Root-Rot of Tobacco, Influence of Soilon. By J. Johnson and R. E. Hartman
(Jour. Agr. Res. vol. xvii. No. 2, May Ig919, pp. 41-86, 8 plates)—The
root rot disease of tobacco caused by Thielavia basicola is characterized by
stunting of the plants, due largely to a reduced root system. This is in turn
due to soil environment. From the experiments made, it appears that there
is no variation in pathogenicity of the root-rot fungus from different sources.
The amount of the disease is determined by the susceptibility of the host, the
amount of infection, and the soil factors. Root-rot is capable of developing in
relatively dry soils, for increasing the moisture content of the soil up to three-
fourths of its water holding capacity does not materially increase the disease.
Saturated soils are more favourable, however, for the disease than unsaturated
ones. The most favourable temperature for the disease is from 17° to 23°C.
Below and above this range practically no infection occurs. The disease is
checked by acid soils, while a high organic matter content no doubt favours
infection, and also serves as a host for the fungus. Clay seems to favour the
persistence of the parasite in the soil, and may favour infection.
A short bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Root Systems: Development of Root Systems under Dune Conditions. By
W.G. Waterman (Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixviii., No. 1, July 1919, pp. 22-53; with 17
figures)—The writer concludes that, “‘ giving due weight to the possibility
of moisture, oxygen content, and penetrability of the sand as influencing factors,
the evidence seems to point conclusively to nutrient or at least chemical influence
as the cause of variability in symmetry in the extension of roots under dune
conditions.”’ Dune soil contains not only old soil layers but minute streaks and
VOL. XLV. 2E
412 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
patches, apparently of carbonaceous and organic origin, as well as dead plant
parts, very unequally distributed. Roots react differently to these elements, —
extension being increased in some species by the buried organic matter, while —
others seem unaffected or even inhibited by it. Under certain conditions the |
root apparently utilizes such organic matter directly, at the expense of its
shoots.—R. J. L.
Root Systems of certain Desert Plants. By M.S. Markle (Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixiv.
No. 3, Sept. 1917; pp. 177-205; with 33 figures)—The root systems
generally penetrate rather deeply, but often have prominent laterals near the
surface of the soil. The cacti and a few of the shrubs have a very superficial root
system. The larger cacti show a differentiation into anchorage and absorptive
roots. The plants of arroyo sides have prominent tap-roots varying in length
with the height of the plant above the bottom of the arroyo. Storage roots are
uncommon, and are more characteristic of the moister situations. Vegetative
reproduction from roots is common in the plants of unstable soil.
The principal determining factors of root variations are variation in the
penetrability of the soil and differences of moisture content.
The roots of plants of an association are grouped into rather definite layers,
so that root competition is lessened. The composition of an association is
probably determined largely by root competition.—R. J. L.
Rose Canker, Brown, caused by Diaporthe umbrina. By Anne E. Jenkins
(U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res. xv., No. 11, Dec. 1918, pp. 593-600; 3 plates).—
The author describes a brown canker of roses which is commonly met with in
many of the Eastern States, and which is caused by the fungus Diaporthe umbrina,
which produces both pycnidia and perithecia. The life-history is completed in
from four to fifteen days. It is not definitely known how the spores are dissemi-
nated, but rain is held to play an important part in the distribution of the
exuded pycno-spores.
The control measures suggested are the use only of healthy nursery stock for
planting, the removal and destruction of diseased canes, and spraying in the
autumn, in the spring, and again in early summer.—A. B.
Rust, Can Biologie Forms of Stem, change rapidly? By E. C. Stakman,
J. H. Parker, F. J. Piemeisel (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. pp. 111-123; July 1918;
plates).—-The authors answer the question in the negative, and regard their
results as indicating rust resistance as comparable with other permanent
characters, and rather an hereditary character which cannot be produced by
the accumulation of fluctuating variations within a susceptible line, nor broken
down by changes in the host or’ parasite, than primarily dependent upon
seasonal conditions, soil type, geographical location or other cultural conditions.
| Py TRC.
Schizophragma integrifolium. By S. Mottet (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 275-
278; 2 figs.) —Schizophragma integrifolium is the most beautiful of the climbing
Hydrangeas. It is hardy and of easy cultivation. The panicles of white
flowers and cream-white bracts are very striking—S. E. W.
Sclerctium Rolfsii (Sacc.), Recent Studies on. By J. J. Taubenhaus (Jour.
Agy. Res. vol. xviii. No. 3, Nov. 1919, pp. 127-139, 4 plates).—This fungus caused
much loss amongst stored vegetable and fruit produce. It attacked the tomato,
sweet potato, maize, and many ornamental plants, and appears to be widely
distributed amongst the Southern States of America. The fungus is a true
parasite, and there are no physiological strains or varieties. The size of the
sclerotium in pure cultures is little influenced by the medium used, but is greatly
influenced by the host. On the orange, the sclerotium is extremely large. The
mycelium appear as strands or in radial fans, and growth in length takes place
by a special “‘ bud ’’ developed at the terminal cell of the mycelium.—A. B.
Seed Disinfection by Formaldehyde Vapour. By C. C. Thomas (Jour. Agr.
Res. xvii. No. 1, April 1919, pp. 33-39).—The continual introduction of
plants from all parts of the world into the States emphasizes the necessity of
methods of seed disinfection. The use of solutions for this purpose is not suitable,
and formaldehyde vapour was used instead. It was found that many bacteria
and fungi were killed by this vapour.(20 oz. to 1,000 cubic feet for 2 hours),
but no injurious effects were noted on any of the seeds tested. The experiments
indicate that this gas is an efficient means of seed disinfection—A. B.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. AT3
Seeds: Possible Correlations concerning Position of Seeds in the Pod. By
Byron D. Halsted (Bot. Gaz. vol. Ixvii., No. 3, March 1919, pp. 243-250).—This
investigation was carried out by the late Professor Halsted with the Henderson
Lima bean on a block of ground one-fortieth of an acre in area.
The following summary of his investigations is given :—
(1) The greatest viability in Henderson Lima beans is associated with the
seeds that are borne in the middle of the pods.
(2) Three-seeded pods make up more than four-fifths of the crop ; three- seeded
and four-seeded pods are more numerous in the second of the two field- harvests
of ripe pods.
(3) Seeds from the middle of the pod produce a much larger number of pods
than do seeds from the base or tip.
(4) The heaviest seeds are produced in three-seeded pods and the lightest in
four-seeded pods.
(5) The seed weights make a continuous rising series from the base to the tip
for all types of pods.
(6) The first harvest yields lighter seeds than does the second harvest in each
pod position.
(7) The seeds associated with aborts are heavier than are those in full pods
in each type of pod, and each position in the pod.
(8) The abortiveness is less in the first than in the second harvest, and is
least in the rows grown from seeds from the middle of the pods.
(9) Abortiveness is chiefly in the basal position and decreases regularly from
the base to the tip of the pod.
(10) The position of the pod that yields the greatest weight of seed is asso-
ciated with the lowest percentage of abortiveness—R. J. L.
Seeds, Resistance of, to Desiccation. By George T. Harrington and William
Crocker (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. Sept. 1918, No. 12, pp. 525-532).—This paper
describes some experiments to determine the effect on the vitality of certain
seeds when dried under varying conditions for varying lengths of time.
It was found that the percentage of germination was not materially changed
when wheat, barley, Sudan grass, Kentucky bluegrass, and Johnson grass were
dried to less than 1 per cent. of moisture. Even reduction to 0°17 of moisture
did not affect the germination of Kentucky bluegrass and Johnson grass seed, but
the vigour of the seedlings was greatly reduced. If Kentucky bluegrass seed
was further dried in a vacuum oven for six hours at 100° C., the percentage of
germination was not materially affected. All this controverts Ewart’s state-
ments as to the degree of drying which seeds are capable of withstanding and
remaining viable, as far as the seeds used in this experiment are concerned.
A. B.
Seeds (Wolfryn Process), Report on proposed Electrolytic Treatment before
Sowing. By E. J. Russell, D.Sc. (Jour. Min. Agr. vol. xxvi. No. 10, Jan. 1920).
—Farmers have, for the past three seasons, been offered wheat and other seed
treated by an electrolytic process which, it is claimed, causes a marked increase
in yield at a cost of 7s. to Ios. 6d. an acre. Previous reports from colleges
and experimental stations were unfavourable in the main, while farmers made
conflicting statements as to the success or otherwise of the treatment. Dr
Russell, therefore, undertook a fresh series of tests which were chiefly made in
pots although field experiments were undertaken, while results are also quoted
from other observers. The author comes to the conclusion that although, in
a few instances (where successes, however, may have been due to other causes),
increased crops were obtained, the losses are greater than the gain, and that,
to say the least, the process lacks certainty. He concludes that he “is not
prepared on present evidence to say that the process never succeeds, but the
risk of failure seems so great that the farmer should look upon it as an adventure
which may or may not prove profitable.’’—G. C. G.
Shot Borer Beetle. By C. Warburton (Roy. Agr. Soc., England, Sept. 1917,
pp. 7).—A report dealing with the author’s official visit to Evesham to in-
vestigate the damage done to Plum trees by Scolytus rugulosus and Xyleborus
dispar. X. dispar is a wood-borer, and only the imago bores.
The chief attack is in spring when the eggs are laid, The larve emerge in
June, and live in the ‘“‘ mother”’ cell and feed on the plant sap and a fungus
growing in the tunnels.
At the end of August the beetles (nearly all females) emerge from pupe ;
414 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the galleries being full of them. If examined in mid-winter there are fewer
beetles and a larger number of males.
(1) Remove infected branches in early September and burn them.
(2) Dress the trees with (a) clay and lime, (b) soft soap and soda, or (c)
clay and lead arsenate in early March.
(3) Drive newly cut oak or hawthorn stakes in between the trees, and
burn them in June,
Scolytus is a bark-borer, and both larve and beetles bore.
There may be two or three broods in a year, and the first attack is in April
or May, at its height by June, and a new brood has reached maturity in August.
The holes are no larger than pin-pricks, and are not so fatal to the tree as Xyleborus.
It will breed in timber a long time felled, so ‘‘ trap trees’’ may be: stakes of
fruit trees —G. F. W.
Slug, The Spotted Garden. By W. H. White (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm.
Bull. 595, June 1918; 3 figs.).—Describes the habits of the spotted garden slug,
and explains how to rid the premises and grounds of this destructive pest. The
standard remedies are lime, salt, soot, sand, and road dust. Poisoned baits of
boiled potato sprinkled with arsenic are good, and it is imperative that gardens,
greenhouses, and mushroom beds should be kept clear of weeds, rubbish, and
other breeding-grounds and hiding-places.—V. G. J
Smyrna Fig Culture. By W. Taylor (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.; Bull. 732, pp. 1-43,
ro figs.)—-The Smyrna fig is grown in large quantities in California. It appre-
ciates a well-drained loam, dressings of stable manure and some irrigation, and
requires little pruning. As the Smyrna fig is female, it is essential that the
orchards contain some Capri figs. The pollination of the Smyrna fig is effected
by means of an insect, Blastophaga grossorum, which gains access through the eye
of the fig to the female organs. This insect hibernates in the Capri fig; in
fact, only a few hours of its existence are spent outside the Capri fig. In June
baskets or chaplets of Capri figs are suspended in the Smyrna fig trees, to facilitate
pollination. The unfertilized fruit does not develop and falls to the ground.
SS. B. W.
Soil Acidity and Effects of Moisture upon it. By S. D. Conner (U.S.A. Jour.
Agr. Res. vol. xv. No. 6, Nov. 1918, pp. 321-330).—Five different types of
acid soils were kept under different moisture conditions in pots for over one
year. Portions of the soils were a quarter saturated, half saturated, and fully
saturated; also in an air-dry condition. The acidity determinations were
made by Hopkins’ KNO, method, Jones’ calcium acetate method, and ethyl
acetate method, and samples of soil from each pot were tested for acidity both
in moist and air-dried condition.. The author found that soil rich in organic
matter showed the greatest acidity when kept fully saturated; the soils low in
organic matter showed the greatest acidity when kept half-saturated. With
mineral soils the fully saturated soils had much greater amounts of soluble
manganese than the other samples. There is less soluble aluminium in fully
saturated mineral soils, but with soils high in organic matter this does not hold.
Calcium, magnesium, and silica showed variations in solubility owing to different
moisture conditions, but the variations are not so marked as those of iron, man-
ganese, and aluminium. In correlating the soluble iron and aluminium with
the acidity obtained from KNO, extracts, the titrated acidity is partly due to
soluble acid organic compounds. The acidity varies under different conditions
of moisture and aeration, and these variations are due to chemical rather than
physical changes in the soils. Acidity in humid soils is produced by the leach-
ing of strong basic elements in drainage water, by removal of bases in crops,
by the decay of carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances, and by the hydrolysis
of mineral compounds and organic matter.—A. B., wed
Soil, Ammonification of Manure in. By H. J. Conn and J. W. Bright
(Jour. Agr. Res. xvi. No. 12, March 1919, pp. 313-350).—The importance of
ammonification process in the soil has long been recognized, though there is
a tendency to regard it as of secondary importance to nitrification in soil fertility.
The present paper is an attempt to determine the organisms which cause the
ammonification of manure in soil under natural conditions, and to compare them
with other organisms known to possess this power under laboratory conditions.
The authors find that the non-spore-forming bacteria are most active in manured
soil, and of these Pseudomonas fluorescens (Fliigge) Migula and P. caudatus
(Wright) Conn are the most active. Pure cultures of both organisms multiply
much more rapidly in sterilized manured soil than do pure cultures of B. cereus
eo
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 415
(Frankland), a typical spore-forming bacterium, and the two Pseudomonas forms
soon attain an ascendancy.
In field soil where no organic matter has been added for many years P.
fluorescens and P. caudatus are rarely found, but B. cereus is common. All
three organisms are vigorous ammonifiers when tested in pure culture.
Pseudomonas fluorescens has been compared with other fluorescent forms
isolated from the soil, but definite limits cannot be fixed for this species. Pseudo-
monas caudatus is similar to the “ orange-liquefying type’”’ previously described
by one of the authors, and appears to be identical with the organism described
by Wright (1895), and it is commonly found in soil and water.
A short bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Soil Factors affecting the Toxicity of Aikali. By F.S.Harrisand D. W. Pittman
(U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res. vol. xv. No. 5, Nov. 1918, pp. 287-319).—The authors’
conclusions, based upon some thousands of determinations of the effects of
alkali salts on plant germination and growth under different conditions, were
as follows : : ;
The size of the particles of sand, independently of other factors, does not
seem to influence appreciably the toxicity of alkali.
Loam soils are more tolerant of alkali than either sand or clay; the coarser
loams are more tolerant than the finer ones at the same moisture content, but
if the heavier loams are maintained at an equivalent moisture content they are
more tolerant. Organic matter increases the resistance to alkali when the soil
containing it is given sufficient moisture, but where present in large quantities
organic matter decreases the resistance if the moisture supply.is low. The
toxicity of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate seems to depend on the relation
between concentration of salt and percentage of moisture present, while the
toxicity of sodium carbonate is.more largely affected by the presence of organic
matter. Organic matter has the apparent power to remove sodium carbonate
from the soil solution in large quantities. This probably explains why, when
sodium carbonate is added to a loam soil, it is less toxic than sodium chloride,
while in field studies where the salt is determined by analyses, and in solution
and in sand cultures, the sodium carbonate is more toxic.
Loam soils and soils with a high water-holding capacity may be successfully
farmed at a higher alkali content than others. Soils in which alkali reduces
crop results should be kept as moist as possible. Manure or other organic matter
should be beneficial to alkali soils, especially those high in carbonates.—A. B.
Soil Reaction and Growth of Azotobacter. By P. L. Gainey (Jour. Agr. Res.
Xiv. pp. 265-272, August 1918).—Azotobacter was found to exist in soils con-
taining none or only traces of calcium carbonate, and also in soils showing some
acid reaction, the latter being a more important check than the presence of cal-
cium carbonate an encouragement. The paper should be consulted for details.
F. fe C.
Soil Reaction, Influence on Nitrogen-assimilating Bacteria. By E. B. Fred
and A. Davenport (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. pp. 317-336, August 1918).—The _
nodule-forming bacteria were found to vary according to their host-plant in their
powers of resisting acid-concentration in the soil. Azotobacter was found to be
much more sensitive to alterations in reaction of the soil than are the nodule
bacteria, a concentration of acid represented by N/1333°3 being fatal—F. J. C.
Soil Solution as an Index of the Biological Changes in the Soil. By J. F.
Morgan (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Mich., Tech. Bull. 39, Sept. 1917, pp. 24; 9
tables, 6 figs.)—-The soil solution as obtained by the oil-pressure method was
discussed in a previous Bulletin, No. 28. The writer now attempts to show the
value of such a soil solution for the study of the microbial changes that are
believed to be the essential factors in fertility. In the experiments, soils were
treated with several organic manures: dried blood, tankage, cotton seed meal,
bone meal, and hoof meal ; and also with ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate.
The soil solutions from the treated soils were more concentrated than from
untreated (control) soils, due to the decomposing organic matter added. The
dried blood gave quicker results than the other organic substances. Nitrification
is well illustrated by the study of solutions obtained by extracting at definite
intervals soils siniilarly treated. The treated soils contained more micro-
organisms than the controls, indicating that when more food for the bacteria
is added these organisms will multiply to take care of the increased work de-
manded of them. The only change in the nitrogen cycle that could be expected
when ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate were added would be the nitri-
fication of the former and denitrification of the latter.
416 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The bone meal and hoof meal gave a slight increase in phosphoric acid (PO,).
The hoof meal yielded more nitrate than the bone meal.
Decomposition of dried blood was found to take place more rapidly in open
sandy soil than in close-textured soil (heavy silt loam).
The writer concludes that the soil solution obtained by this method furnishes
a better means than other methods of studying what is lacking in the soil for
the plant.—F. G. A.
Soils, Oxidation of Sulphur in. By O. M. Shedd (Jour. Agr. Res. xviii.
No. 6, Dec. 1919, pp. 329-345).—The author found that comparatively large
amounts of added sulphur are easily oxidized to sulphuric acid in the soil, and
it appears that this acid would act upon the rock phosphate when present
and convert it into a water-soluble form. The time of contact of the sulphur,
soil, and rock phosphate was about 10 weeks. Further experiments with rock
phosphate, sulphur, soil, and manure show, after 24 months, that about 17 per
cent. and 84 per cent. of the total phosphorus had been converted into a water-
soluble and ammonium citrate-soluble form respectively. This does not proceed
as rapidly as when an inoculation is made with a sulphofying organism. When
this is added, the time is reduced nearly one-third. Nitrification can proceed
regardless of the acid formed by the sulphur oxidation. The amounts of nitrogen
found to be nitrified was about 20 per cent. of the total. Sulphofication was
found to take place in all soils examined. When25 and 50 mgrms. of sulphur
were added to 100.grms. of soil, about the same percentage of the total was
oxidized in a given time. The best conditions to promote the reaction are initial
inoculation, high temperature, thorough aeration, and moisture. The acid
phosphate made by this procedure was equal to the commercial product, as far
as physical condition is concerned. It is possible that, by further simplification
of the process, it may prove of immediate practical application.—A. B.
Soils, Rarer Elements in. By W. O. Robinson, L. A. Steinkoenig, and C. F.
Miller (U.S.A. Bur. of Soils, Bull. 600, Dec. 1917, pp. 1-28; 3 figs.) —-Some of the
rarer elements closely resemble the commoner ones in chemical reaction.
Vanadium resembles phosphorus, rubidium resembles potassium. If a certain
element, present in small amounts only, is absorbed by a particular species of
plant in relatively large quantities and occurs in other plants in traces only,
it is reasonable to assume that the element has some physiological function.
In the present paper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, barium,
strontium, lithium, rubidium, czsium, have been determined in soils and in certain
plants. Lithium was found in spectroscopic quantities in all plants examined. .
Rubidium was present in majority of cases. Czsium was found in ash of timothy,
raspberry, and beet from certain areas. Chromium was occasionally found in
very small quantities only. Vanadium was found in six cases as traces only.
Molybdenum was not found in any of the plants studied. Barium was present
in aJl cases, but strontium was only found in peas, tomato, wheat, alfalfa, not
in beans. Titanium was present in small quantities in all cases, while aluminium
was found in large quantities in all but two instances.
There is no evidence that vanadium replaces phosphoric acid in its functions in
plants. Rubidium and cesium are apparently absorbed by the plant when
present in soil solution. There is no evidence to show that any of these rarer
elements are of value as fertilizers.
Details of analytical methods are set out as an appendix.—A. B.
Soils, Relationship between the Unfree Water and the Heat of Wetting
of, and its Significance. By G. J. Bouyoucos (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Mich.,
Tech. Bull. 42, Mar. 1918, pp. 23; 3 tables).—The writer finds that
there exists a real relationship between the ‘‘ combined water ’”’ in the soil (t.e.
the water which refuses to freeze even at — 78°C.) and the “ heat of wetting ”’ of
the soil (i.e. the heat generated by the addition of water to dry soil). The
magnitude of the heat of wetting is generally very large, especially in some clay
loams and clays, where it was found to be over 400 calories, and in peat over
1100 calories, per 50 grams substance. This comparatively tremendous amount
of heat represents energy expenditure at the expense of the water only, and is
the result of the water undergoing a transformation from its liquid state of
aggregation to a solid state of aggregation.
The difference in the heat of wetting of soils and various artificial materials
in different liquids indicates that the attraction or affinity of the different
solid materials for the different liquids is specific or selective.
It appears to be generally true that when a solid materialis immersed in a
liquid for which it has only a small attraction or affinity, and a second liquid
‘2 ~ iad
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 417
is added for which the solid material has a great attraction or affinity, the second
liquid will be attracted by the solid material with as much force or manifestation of
heat as though the first liquid were not present at all. The converse of this is
not true. The remarkable phenomenon of the attraction of a solid material
being exerted for a liquid through an enveloping solid or highly compressed film
of another liquid throws an abundance of light on understanding the possible
mechanism in the reaction between soils and soluble salts or their ions.
As to whether the ‘‘ combined water ’’ is chemically or physically combined,
it appears that it exists partly as water of hydration and partly as water of
solid solution, with probably the former predominating. It may, however, exist
all as water of solid solution, but not all as water of hydration. If we accept
the recent theory that all interatomic or intermolecular forces should be regarded
as strictly chemical, including such forces or phenomena as surface tension,
evaporation, cohesion, adsorption, condensation, &c., then all the “‘ combined
water ”’ is chemically combined.
The results obtained seem to necessitate a complete and radical change of
many of the present conceptions regarding soil moisture. The present ideas
regarding the forms of water in the soil, the movement of moisture, the rate of
evaporation, the available and non-available moisture, must all be changed.
There is also a close relationship between the ‘‘ unfree water ’”’ (that which
fails to freeze at — 1°5°C.) and the wilting coefficient of soils. The amounts of
the combined water and the unfree water were ascertained by the dilatometer
_ method.—F. G. A.
Soils, Salt Contents of, Determination by Freezing-point Method of the. By
G. J. Bouyoucos and M. M. McCool (U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res. xv. No. 6, Nov.
1918, pp. 331-336).—The freezing-point method is held to be an excellent
means of determining the absolute salt content of soils with considerable accuracy.
Formerly the method was restricted to the determination of the actual concen-
tration of soil solution at different moisture contents, but now the method may
be used to measure the absolute salt content of soils, and thus affords a means
of comparison of the absolute salt contents of soils. The salt contents of soils
depend upon the following factors: (1) Season of the year in which the soil is
collected ; (2) amount of rainfall and length of period since rainfall; (3) tem-
perature and rate of evaporation; (4) cultural conditions; (5) depth. The
comparative study of the absolute salt content may be determined in the fol-
lowing manner. The soils are air-dry first; then a 15 grm. sample is taken and
placed with 10 c.c. distilled waterin a freezing-tube. The soil is stirred, allowed
to stand, andits freezing-point depression noted. For this determination the tube
is placed in anice mixture at — 2°5°C., and the soilis stirred with a Beckmann
thermometer until the temperature falls to about 1° above zero point. It is
then left undisturbed until temperature falls to -5° below zero, when the soil is
again stirred to cause solidification. When this takes place, the tube is taken
out of the ice mixture and placed in an air-jacket in same bath, and the freezing-
point read by means of a lens. This determination of the freezing-point can
be easily completed in about ten minutes ——A. B.
Soils, Soluble Salt Content of, and Some Factors affecting it. By
M. M. McCool and C. E. Millar (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Mich., Tech. Bull. 43,
Nov. 1918, pp. 47 ; 34 tables, 4 graphs).—Describes a large number of experiments
made by means of the freezing-point method. The chief conclusions are as
follows :
The translocation of salts in the soilis due mainly to water movements. When
large quantities of salt are present there is a movement to areas of lower con-
centration even when water movements are prevented. Higher water contents
of the soil aid this movement. It is probable that plants are supplied with
food elements by diffusion from local areas around the roots only. The accumu-
lation of soluble salts on the surface of uncropped areas indicates that, when
water movements occur in the soil, salts are carried along with them.
As a result of laboratory studies, it appears that the constituents of soils
which have been cropped for a long period of years go into solution at a some-
what slower rate than do those of the corresponding virgin soils. The rate of
solution of the soils studied was governed to some extent by temperature, and
the moisture content had a marked influence on the rate of solubility. It is
probable that biological activities play an important vé/e in these phenomena.
Usually, under laboratory conditions, the concentration of the soil solutions,
at all water contents, was lower after thirty days than after ten days. This may
be due to reabsorption of the soluble material by the soil, to the utilization of
the salts by organisms, and to the formation of less soluble compounds,
418 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The concentration of the soil solution varied somewhat with the seasons,
rainfall, different depths of the soil, and with plant growth.
It is probable that the variations in the concentration of the soil solution, in
some instances at least, have not been sufficiently considered in biological studies
where conclusions have been drawn based upon the results obtained from studies
of the water extracts of soils. Moreover, it does not seem possible to determine
the fertilizer needs of soils by obtaining water extracts and growing plants
therein.
The seasonal variation in the soluble salt content of soils doubtless plays an
important véle in the results obtained from the use of fertilizers. Additional
information will be presented later.—F. G. A.
Soils, Variation in Water Content of. By J. C. Martin and A. W. Christie
(Jour. Agr. Res xviii. No. 3, Nov. 1919, pp. 139-144).—The question of the
effect produced on water soluble matters by variations in the moisture content
of soilsisanimportant one. It was found that the moisture contents approaching
the air-dry condition show a decided tendency to depress the nitrates and
potassium in both soils tested, and the sulphates in silty clay-loam soil. These
depressions are reflected in the total dissolved material. The excess water
in sandy loam soil causes a disappearance of nitrates, and also depresses the
potassium, calcium, and magnesium ; these losses being reflected in the total
solids extracted. Considerable variations in moisture contents of soils, provided
the saturation point is not reached, do not appreciably modify the results obtained
by the water-extraction method.—A. B.
Sowing various Crops, Factors affecting the Depth of. By F. S. Harris
and H. J. Maughan (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Utah, Bull. 164, Sept. 1918, pp. 18;
illus., 12 figs.)—A review of other investigators’ experiments shows that the
largest number of plants and the largest yield were usually obtained from sowing
seeds 1 to 2 inches deep. The present experiment was made with Triticum
sativum, Avena sativa, Zea Mays, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa, Pisum
arvense, Phaseolus sp., Beta vulgaris, and Sorghum vulgare.
Between 1 and 8 inches the depth of sowing seemed to have little effect on
the germination of most kinds of seeds, but the highest germination usually
occurred from 3 to 5 inches deep, especially for the seeds most affected by depth
of sowing. Deep seeding retarded the growth of small seeds and those having
poor germinating power more than it did the growth of larger seeds. The plants
usually grew faster when the seeds were sown from 1 to 2 inches deep. This
rapid growth was especially noticed with the roots, and is no doubt one of the
primary reasons for a larger yield from shallow sowings. In general, the height
above the soil decreased as the depth of sowing increased. The largest growth
above ground never occurred from seeds sown deeper than 3 inches. Small
seeds sown below 3 inches failed to reach the surface in twenty days.—F. G. A.
Soya Bean, A Bacterial Blight of. By F. M. Coerper (Jour. Agr. Res. vol. xviii.
No. 4, Nov. 1919, pp. 179-194, 8 plates)—-This paper described a new bacterial
blight, Bacterium glycineum (n.sp.), which attacks the leaves of the Soya Bean.
The disease forms small angular spots, which in the early stages are translucent,
but darken as the disease develops and finally drop out. The spots are found
also on the petioles and pods, and stems. B. glycineum is a rod form, motile,
with 1t or more flagella, and forms cream-coloured colonies on agar plates ;
non-liquefier; best growth at 24°C.; is sensitive to desiccation, and appears
to lose its pathogenic character when grown in artificial culture. It is able to
attack plants, and to enter the parenchyma without wounds in the epidermis
of the plant.—A. B.
Spinach Blight and the relation of Insects to its Transmission. By J. A.
McClintock and L. B. Smith (Jour. Agr. Res. xiv. pp. 1-60; July 1918;
plates).—Spinach Blight is characterized by mottling and malformation of
leaves and stunting of growth. No specific organism was found associated with
the disease, but sap from diseased plants was found to be infectious and to
reproduce the disease in healthy ones. The disease is probably not transmitted
by the seed, nor through the soil; aphides, however, especially Macrosiphum
solanifolii are found to carry it and to remain infectious for a long time, especially
in the adult stage. The control of aphides is therefore regarded as the most
promising method of dealing with the disease. The symptoms described are
similar to those often observed in England.—F. J. C.
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 419
Spinach, Physiological Studies of Normal and Blighted. By R. H. Ince,
©. F. Black, J. W. Kelly, H. H. Bunzell, L. A. Hawkins, S. L. Jodidi, and
_.E.H. Kellogg (Jour. Agr. Res. xv. pp. 369-408; Nov. 1918).—Carbohydrates
accumulate in leaves affected by spinach blight more than in normal leaves.
This is not due to inability to make proteins. It is thought that denitrification
occurs in blighted tissues, so that part of the nitrogen absorbed is lost as nitrogen
C.
or ammonia.—F. /.
Strawberry Diseases. By N. E. Stevens and R. B. Wilcox (U.S.A. Bur.
Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 686, pp. 1-16).—Rhizopus nigricans is the most im-
portant strawberry-rot after picking the fruit. Berries ‘picked in early morning
are less liable to this disease. Cooling the fruit in transit is suggested.
Botrytis is a field-rot of strawberries, especially in-damp fields. The diseased
berries are easily recognized and should not be included in fruit intended for
market. Botrytis is able to grow at low temperatures and produces abundant
spores. It is, however, of minor importance as a cause of loss in transit due to
decay.—A. B.
Taxodium and Glyptostrobus. By Sir E. G. Loder (Gard. Chron. Nov. 22,
1919; p. 259, with 7 figs.)—Deals with the synonymy of the American Taxodium
distichum var. imbricarium Sargent (var. pendulum of common use),and the Chinese
Glyptostrobus sinensis Henry, better known as G. heterophyllus. Certain
differences and likenesses are described. The Chinese plant is but little grown
in Britain, the American one being oftener planted for it.—E. A.B.
Thrips, The Pear. By A. E. Cameron and R. C. Treherne (Agr. Dep.
Canada, Bull. 15, May 8, 1918; pp. 7-51, 22 figs.)—A full description
_ of the life-history of the Pear Thrips (Toeniothrips inconsequens Uzel) and
4 remedies for combating this serious pest in British Columbia. Prunes, plums,
and cherries are more seriously attacked than apples and pears, and the most
serious damage is effected on the buds just after bursting and before flowering.
The insect measures 4, inch, and is seen from the end of March in large
numbers on the opening buds after migrating from the soil.
The eggs hatch in five to seventeen days.
The larve remain about three weeks on the trees, and when mature fall
to the ground and enter any crevice.
They often penetrate quite deeply, usually 6-10 inches, and remain in the
soil three to four months before changing to prepupz in their earthen cells.
This prepupal condition only lasts seven to ten days, and they then turn to
true pup, remaining as such for six to eight weeks.
During November the pupz become imagos and remain in the soil for about
: five months, and the following late March they emerge from the soil to the trees.
There is only one generation a year.
Spraying against the adult Thrips is more important than against the larve,
and two sprays should be put on before the blossoming, and should be done
when the Thrips are seen to be running on the outside of the buds. The first
spray should consist of miscible oil No. 2, 2 gallons; nicotine sulphate, 1 pint;
water, 200 gallons; and the second spraying should consist of whale-oil soap,
to lb.; nicotine sulphate, 13 pint; water, 200 gallons, and both washes should
be put on at 170-200 Ib. pressure to ensure success.—G. F. W.
Tobacco, Angular Leaf-spot. By F. D. Fromme and T. J. Murray (U.S.A.
Jour. Agr. Res. xvi. No. 8, Feb. i919, pp. 219-228; 3 plates).—A _ leaf-
spot disease of tobacco which was prevalent in Virginia in 1917 has been de-
_ Scribed as ‘‘ Angular Leaf-spot.’”’ The disease is caused by a bacterium, B. angu-
latum, which is a new species. Itis a short rod with rounded ends, *5 4 x 2 to
2°5 u, motile by tuft of flagella at one pole, stains readily in ordinary dyes, is
Gram negative and not acid-fast, forms round, smooth, white colonies (on agar,
liquefied gelatine, and is aérobic.
Rainfall is an important aid to infection, and the development of the orgafiism
within the tobacco leaf is dependent on those predisposing factors which promote
the rapid vigorous growth of the host. The disease produces much loss in both
yield and grade, in some cases 20 per cent. reduction in yield, and 4o per cent.
reduction in grade of the crop.
A short bibliography is appended.—A. B.
Tobacco Strains resistant to Root Rot. By James Johnson and R. H.
Milton (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bulli. 765, April 1919, pp. I-12).—The Root Rot
disease is caused by Thielavia basicola, and this attacks the roots of numerous
varieties of tobacce, causing much damage to the crop. It is commonly spread
er
>
420 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
by transference of “‘ sick” soil, by wind, water, or animals to “‘ healthy ”’ soil ;
or by transplanting diseased plants from infected seed-beds.
Of two varieties of tobacco (‘Connecticut Havana’ and ‘White Burley ’)
planted side by side in fresh soil, the Burley variety produced a much greater
yield, plant for plant, than the Havana variety, but the opposite holds good
if the two varieties are planted on soil which has already carried a crop
or two of Burley in previous seasons. Efforts have been made to produce
resistant varieties, and the paper describes experiments with various types of
tobacco. The drooping leaf varieties of Burley are recommended for this
_ purpose.—A. B.
Tomato Diseases. By C. C. Brittlebank (Jour. Agr. Vict. April 1919, pp.
231).—Seven. diseases of tomato plants are found in Victoria :—
Leaf-mould or Target spot (Alternaria solani E. et M.).
Leaf-spot, Rust or Leaf Blight (Septoria lycopersici Speg.).
Wilt or Sleepy disease (Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.).
Sclerotium disease (Sclerotinia).
Root-rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn).
Irish potato blight (Phytophthora infestans De Bary).
Brown-rot or Wilt (Bacillus solanacearum).
Also a new tomato disease, ‘“‘ Spotted Wilt,’’ which has appeared within the
last three years, which is carefully described. In the summary it is thought to
be identical with one which American plant pathologists have had under
investigation as a troublesome disease in winter tomatos.—C. H. H.
Tomato Diseases in Ohio. By J. G. Humbert (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Exp.
Sin. Ohio, Bull. 321, pp. 159-196; 12 figs.) —The following diseases of the tomato
are described :—
Damping off (Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium), stems and roots attacked.
Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium lycopersici), roots and stems attacked. Bacterial
Wilt (Bacillus solanacearum), roots and stems attacked. Stem Rot (Sclerotinia
Libertiana), stems near ground are attacked. Leaf Spot (Septoria Lycopersict),
leaves turn yellow. Early Blight (Alternavia Solani), leaves become blotched.
Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans), leaves turn black. Anthracnose (Col-
letotrichum phomoides), fruit spotted. Rot (Botrytis sp.) (fruit rot). Nematodes
(Heterodera vadicicola), swollen knots on roots.
The control measures include soil sterilization, rotation of crops, spraying
and ventilation.—A. B.
Tomato Products. By B. J. Howard and C. Stephenson (U.S.A. Dep. Agr.,
Bull. 581, pp. 1-24).—The use of unsound material in the manufacture of tomato
products is revealed by the number of moulds and other micro-organisms when
examined under the microscope. Tomato pulp stored in barrels invariably
shows a large number of moulds. This indicates that it is inadvisable to use
barrels for storing tomato pulp.—S. E. W.
Tomatos, Pollination. By A.G. B. Bouquet (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Exp. Sin. Oregon,
Bull. 158, pp. 1-29; 5 figs.)—The yield of tomatos grown under glass is largely in-
creased by artificial pollination. The best system is to apply pollen collected
on the first and second fingers of the left hand, to the pistils of emasculated
flowers. Those flowers are selected for pollination which have fully opened
and later closed their petals. The petals and stamens are removed by the
thumb and third finger of the left hand, leaving the pistil exposed to receive the —
pollen. Pollination is carried out every third day when the air of the house is
dry. The increased yield of fruit amply repays the cost of extra labour for
pollination. —S. E. W.
Tomatos, Strine Disease of. By S. G. Paine and W. F. Bewlay (Jour. Min.
Agr. vol. xxvi. No. to, Jan. 1920).—The disease known as “ Stripe” is very
common in tomato nurseries and causes considerable losses, sometimes a total
loss in badly infected houses. The symptoms are characteristic and consist
of brown stripes on the stems, brown sunken patches on the fruit and
brown shrivelled areas on the leaves. It frequently occurs in the seed-bed and
necessitates fresh sowings, but commonly does not show itself until the tops are
developed.
The plants are generally attacked underground, the causal organism being
introduced through wounds made by insects, but parts above ground may also
be infected through insect bites or infected pruning-knives.
SH ee ‘4
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 421
The causal organism is a small yellow bacillus closely related to, if not
identical with, Bacillus Lathyri, which causes a similar disease in the sweet pea.
It travels up the stem, in pith adjacent to the vascular bundles, and thence to
affected parts, including the fruit. In this way the seed is infected either by
direct infection, or by the organism being dried on the seed coat. The resist-
ance of the varieties differs, ‘ Kondine Red ’ and ‘ Comet’ being more affected
_ than ‘ Ailsa Craig ;’ but susceptibility varies with manurial treatment, excessive
nitrogen and lack of potash lowering resistance, and increase of potash raising
it.
Remedial measures depend on above facts, and suggestions made include
(1) growing of more resistant varieties, (2) sterilisation of soil, (3) avoidance
of excessive nitrogen and deficiency of potash, (4) care in pruning, and (5) care
in cultivation.—G. C. G.
Transpiration: Relative Transpiration of Coniferous and Broad-leaved Trees
in Autumn and Winter. By J. E. Weaver and A. Morgensen (Bot. Gaz. vol.
Ixviii. No. 6, Dec. Ig919, pp. 393-423 ; with 18 figs.).—-The autumn transpiration
losses are practically the same for both deciduous and coniferous trees. Decrease
in transpiration rate in broad-leafed trees, due to leaf-fall, is gradual, and not
unlike the decrease shown by conifers at the corresponding season. During the
winter, the amount of water transpired from the defoliated stems of deciduous
trees is very much the same as from the evergreen conifers. ‘‘ The winter
losses from conifers are only +. to ;4, as great as those of autumn.”’—R. /. L.
Truffle-growing. By F. de Castella (Jour. Agr. Vict. Aug. 1918, pp. 496).
_—Vines in the drier situations, where the yield of fruit is poor, are being
replaced by evergreen oaks. It is on the roots of this tree that this
valuable fungus lives as a parasite, forming the tubers, or truffles, which were
worth 13s, per lb., though in years of plenty the price falls to about one-third of
this price. Small trees, 4 to 8 feet high, often bear a truffle on their roots of up
to 1 lb. in weight. Being underground, the tuber can only be located by the
keen sense of smell of pigs or dogs; both animals are used for the purpose.
Cc
Udo. By R. de Noter (Le Jard. vol. xxxiii. p. 361).—Udo (Avalia cordata,
A. edulis) is grown in large quantities in China and Japan, where it is a favourite
vegetable on account of its delicious flavour. The roots are planted in autumn
in trenches on a layer of manure covered with soil and the trench is half-filled
with good light soil. In January a top-dressing of well-rotted manure is applied
and the plants are earthed up. In March and April the earth is removed and
the large roots cut and gathered for use. Udo comes into full bearing in its
~ second year.—S. E. W.
Vanilla Fruits, Influence of Foreign Pollen on Development. By T. B. Mc-
Clelland (Jour. Agr. Res. xvi. pp. 245-252 ; March 1919; plates)—Two types of
vanilla pods are of economic importance in Porto Rico—those of Vanilla plani-
folia and of ‘Vanillon.’ The former are the better, but the shorter thicker pods
of the latter type are the easier to deal with, since they do not split open if left
too long curing. The form of the fruits was found’ to differ according as to
whether they were pollinated from flowers of the same form or of different forms,
and the author considers this to be the result of different lengths of pollen tube
being produced by the different forms, and consequently ovules in different
parts of the fruits being fertilized. F.. J. C.
Vegetable Pests, Two Important. By W.H. Brittain (Coll. of Agr., Truro,
N.S., Civ. 26, Dec. 1917, pp. 3-6; 2 plates)—Brief life histories are given
of the Potato Stem Borer, Gorityna, Hydroecia micacea Esp., and the Zebra Cater-
pillar, Ceramica picta Harr. The former insect attacks potato, corn, rhubarb,
oe beet, docks, &c., by the larve boring into the stems, causing wilting and
eath.
Control measures are (1) the eradication of all weeds, (2) Rotation of crops,
and (3) picking and destroying the larve. The latter pest is very injurious
to turnip, potatos, beets, mangolds, beans, peas, &c., by stripping the plants
of their leaves. Remedies advised are (1) the handpicking of leaves with egg-
masses and young larve attached, or (2) dusting. the plants with arsenate of
lime or lead diluted with 8-10 parts of hydrated lime, and the larve must be
treated when young.—G. F. W. ;
422 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Verbena venosa. By C. Bellair (Rev. Hort. vol. xci. pp. 387, 388)—The
seed of Verbena venosa germinates very slowly, but the germination may be
expedited by one of the following expedients :-—
Immersion in boiling water for one minute.
Immersion in water at 55° C. for five minutes.
Keeping the seed moist with a o'2 per cent. solution of sodium nitrate or —
ammonium sulphate for 48 hours.
Arranging the seed in layers between fine sand in flower-pots for five months
before use.—S. E. W.
Vinifera Grapes in New York. By R. D. Anthony (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Exp. Sin.,
New York, Bull. 432, pp. 82-105; 5 plates, 1 col. plate) Although the European
Grape has been grown in California for 200 years, it is only in the present century
that it has been cultivated with success in the Eastern States. The cuttings of
Vitis vinifera are grafted on V. riparia or other phylloxera-resistant variety. —
Before winter the vines are pruned, freed from their supports and bent down and
covered with six inches of soil to protect them from frost.
The best varieties for table use are ‘ Bakator,’ the ‘ Chasselas’ group, ‘ Lignan
Blanc,’ ‘Muscats,’ ‘Gray Pinot’ and ‘ Rosaki.’ The ‘Pinots’ are good wine
grapes and ‘ Teinturier’ is valuable in the manufacture of unfermented grape
juice—S. E. W. :
Water-holding Capacity of a Soil, Influence of Organic Matter upon. By
F. J. Alway and Jos. R. Neller (U.S.A. Jour. Agr. Res. vol. xvi. No. 10, March
IQI9, pp. 263-278).—The paper details the result of a study of the moisture
conditions found in two adjacent plots in Minnesota, both of which had a silt-
loam soil, uniform in texture, but differing widely in content of organic matter.
It was found during the cool wet summer of 1915, when cultivated crops were
grown, the surface foot and this alone showed a very marked difference in the
moisture content ; the soil containing much organic matter retained a greater
amount of water. In the warmer, drier summer of 1918, when winter rye was
used, much smaller differences were found. It is concluded that in a fine-
textured soil, with a fine-textured subsoil and a level surface, the difference in
water-holding capacity, which may be caused by manuring or in cultural opera-
tions, exerts but little influence upon the productivity of the soil—A. B.
Winter Moth. By J. Lochot (Rev. Hort. vol. xc. pp. 173-174).—The Winter
Moth is destroyed by grease-banding the fruit-trees in October and spraying
with lead arsenate or Burgundy mixture before the buds open in spring, and
again after the fruit has set—S. E. W. :
Wireworms, Genus Agriotes, On the Life History of. By A. W. Rymer
Roberts (Ann. App. Biol. vi. Dec. 1919, pp. 116-135, 5 figs., 1 plate).— This
paper gives an account of the biology and life history of Agriotes, and is
important as a contribution to the knowledge required to attack this pest by some
adequate insecticide. The eggs are laid near the roots of grasses, and such an
environment is only provided by grass land, waste, or badly cultivated land where
couch and other grasses are allowed to grow. Very full accounts are given of
the habits of adults, pupe and larve, and their method of attack.
Wireworms can undergo long periods without food, and the idea of a starva- _
tion crop, such as Mustard, often proves useless in stamping this pest out.
Natural enemies are given as far as is known. Gulls have proved to be the
most useful bird, and skylarks and pheasants are also given as allies in certain
districts.
Proctotrupids, possibly Phaenoserphus fuscipes, have been hatched from
Athous haemorrhoidalis.
'
ree
7
ies
BS
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. lil
sistent, and patient effort, and marks, both by facts and figures, the great
progress of the Society in all its many departments, and especially in relation
to its War Service, which has been strenuous and continuous in daily work,
in Publications, in Literature, in Lectures, and in the provision of Funds and
Plants and Seeds for Allotments and other patriotic purposes.
The Society’s War Relief Fund has, indeed, made very great progress during
the year, thanks to its zealous Executive Committee, representative of the whole
Kingdom, as I know from being a member of it, who has seen the good work of
its President, Lady Northcote, C.S.I., its Chairman, Sir Harry Veitch, V.M.H., and
the many Ladies and Gentlemen who have given their services, and its Secre-
taries, Mr. Howe and Mr. Henschell, C.C.; and I can also realize the value
and present need of our campaign, in which about £30,000 has already been
collected, in order to aid in the restoration of the ravaged lands of our Allies:
France, Belgium, Italy, Roumania, and Serbia ; while my personal knowledge as
atraveller in all those devastated countries, and of theirindustrious peasantries, ene
ables meto testify to the vast help which has been and will thus be rendered to their
peoples by the free gift of the best and most carefully selected Trees, Plants, and
Seeds and the means and knowledge for restoring cultivation and re-afforestation.
Again, the seeds and bulbs sent by the Society to our own fellow-countrymen,
prisoners in Germany, and to camps and hospitals in France and along the
Mediterranean sea-board, have also given very great help, hope, and happiness
to the brave but distressed sufferers. What our gifts to the British prisoners in
Germany have meant in food, in joy, in hope, in sympathy, and in consolation
stands out in the photographs we have recently received from Ruhleben and
other prisons of our own poor captives!
The Rev. George Henslow, M.A., F.R.S., V.M.H., the Society’s Professor of
Botany, who has for many years been associated with the Society, and to whose
Lectures we are all so greatly indebted for instruction in the marvels of plant-
life-and-growth, has, to our great regret, recently retired, and the Fellows will
be glad to know that Dr. Rendle, F.R.S., V.M.H., of the Natural History Museum,
South Kensington, has been appointed to the Society’s Botanical Professorship,
(Applause.)
With Peace, there is every promise that the Society’s National Diploma
Examinations will now fulfil their full educational purpose. The War years
' have resulted in some reduction in the number of candidates; but there is every
indication of a great revival of this most important National Examination,
conducted by the Society.
The Society’s Examinations have, indeed, become of increasing importance
and are more and more widely resorted to in both the individual and national
interests; and the recent setting up of a Board of Examiners, possessing both
scientific and practical knowledge and experience, will go far to win the con-
fidence of candidates and of Educational and Municipal Authorities, for whom
I can thus speak as having been Mayor of Hull and Chairman of its Botanic
Gardens, and for long President of the Municipal Corporations’ Association of
the Kingdom. Particular attention has been given to the Teachers’ Examinations,
for instruction in Horticulture in Schools is becoming so important that, in
response to Educational requests, an Honours Examination for Teachers has also
been set up; while actual practical, no less than scientific and theoretic, know-
ledge and work is now taking an essential part in the Teachers’ Examinations.
Such really high educational work by the Society enabled me to induce my
colleagues on the Senate of the University of London to raise Horticultural
Studies and Research to University rank, by instituting Science Degrees in
Horticulture (B.Sc. Hort., M.Sc. Hort., D.Sc. Hort.), for which there are already
several candidates; and the Horticultural Education Committee of the Senate,
of which I am Chairman, has also presented a Report, urging the University to
increase the scope and utility of its Horticultural Teaching and Examinations
through its University-Extension System, in both Rural and Urban Districts,
and by Lectures and Teaching throughout the Kingdom, all which have been
made possible by the pioneer educational work of our Society. The Society’s
series of Horticultural Charts, illustrating processes and pests in garden-cultiva-
tion, have proved a difficult item of new work; but, from the specimen Charts
you see here, hanging on these walls, you will appreciate the class of work which
is being done, and I think they sufficiently indicate their value; and, when the
series is complete, a verv good and necessary work will have been accomplished,
and one which cannot fail to advance educational development and progress.
Our Lindley Library Committee keep clearly before their minds the duty
committed to them by the Council when our new Library Trust was formed
a few years ago; and no opportunity has been lost of acquiring valuable books
—books which are not luxuries to be taxed but necessities to be read; which
iv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
are Living Universities of the dead, legacies of the great dead of all ages to the
living, and friends which never alter or forsake. The revision of ‘ Pritzel ”
is one of the most exacting works the Society has ever undertaken, and it will
certainly be one of the most enduring services to Science which it has ever been
our privilege to render. The Librarian is present in this room, with the old
edition, in order to show it to anyone, and he will be pleased to explain its scope,
the method of reference to its plates, and the like. A great debt of gratitude
is due to Sir Davip PraIn, Captain Hitt, of our Council, and their staff at
Kew Gardens for the assistance they are so ungrudgingly rendering, as also to Dr.
Daypon JACKSON, Dr. RENDLE, Mr. Bow es, and other members of the Com-
mittee. The Fellows are urged to take seriously this task, which the Society has
set itself on scientific and public grounds, and to giveit such financial assistance
as lies in their power; for, if the new issue is to be sold at a sufficiently low
price to place it within reasonable reach of the many, a large sum must be
forthcoming in donations to reduce the cost of the publication. As a result of
the Council’s letter of appeal, about £500 has already been received, including
f10o from Lady Dilke, who has sent a cheque in order that the memory of
her late husband, a personal and parliamentary friend of mine, may thus be
perpetuated and ‘associated with this important work of Botanical and Horti-
cultural reference.
The work at Wisley, in the beautiful Surrey Highlands and Pinewoods, the
County of Commons, the Shire of open spaces, continues to hold the attention
and confidence of the Horticultural community. The careful and observant
Cultivation, Research and Scientific work going on there in our Gardens and
Laboratory, and the valuable Trials which are being made, have attracted much
attention, e.g. this last year the trials of Climbing Beans caused even some sensa-
tion in the Horticultural world. Now that the Waris over, the area of our Wisley
Gardens is being enlarged, and the Staff is being strengthened by the appointment
of qualified scientific and practical teachers and assistants in our Wisley School of
Horticulture—which ought to have become a College of the University of London
—as rapidly as financial means will permit. Dr. Darbishire is already working
on analyses to determine the food and dietetic values of the different varieties
of vegetables.
A new departure in the work of the Society, and one which indicates the
confidence which it has won in the Provinces, is the establishment, under our
Society’s direction, of Trial Experimental Demonstration Plots in Birmingham
and Manchester by their Municipal Corporations. There is no doubt that these
Plots will become of great educational assistance to the thousands of people
who are now devoting their leisure to growing vegetables on Allotments and
small Holdings, and to petite culture, occupations which conduce to the health,
and so to the strength, wealth, and welfare of the people, and which can never
be infra dig. (Laughter.) The old Greek Fabulist told of men digging to find
gold, but who found their reward not in gold but in golden crops, worth more
than gold to foodless peoples, a fable which has found its application amid the
wars Of ourowntime. For the Report also records the important work done
in helping to bring about increased. home-production of fruit and vegetables,
the value and influences of which can hardly be fully estimated. More than ever
we realize that the ruthless spoliator, be he William the Conqueror, or William
the Hohenzollern, in his boast that where his war-horse plants his hoof the grass
never grows green again, is the Enemy, and he who makes two blades of grass
grow where only one grew before is the Saviour, of mankind. (Applause.)
Moreover, it must be very gratifying to the Fellows to know that the practical
powers and position of their Society are such that it was at once called upon
by the Food Production Department of the Government to assist the Ministry
in the work which it took up in 1916, and from that time onward a very close
amd organized co-operation has existed between our Society and that Depart-
ment of the Government. The Report also outlines the various ramifications
of our Food-Production work, and I particularize the enormous amount of labour
done by the Society’s Panel of Expert Gardeners and by the Lectures and
instruction given by them throughout the country.
With regard to the future of Allotments and the attitude of the Society
towards their patriotic cultivators, I may say that anything the Society can
do in the future it will do, to help this excellent movement to continue and
prosper ; and I venture to express a hope that the new Parliament may be able
to provide that in future every man who is willing to cultivate an allotment
garden may well be helped to do so to the best advantage. A King of France
uttered the pious prayer that every Frenchman should always have a fowl in his
pot. This aspiration was not realized, but a cottager’s own well-directed labour
may ensure both wholesome food and a healthful diet.
Fat FRO
he
a, >
¥
Petite fk ts
| “
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. Vv
Our ‘‘ Book of Arrangements’’ will have raised hopes that the Chelsea
Exhibition Meeting, a very popular “‘Annual”’ of the Society, will be arranged,
and I have now the great pleasure to tell you that this will take place on
May 20, 21, and 22.
It has been thought best not to attempt the Summer Meeting at Holland
House this year. There are certain Military difficulties still in the way; and,
moreover, it would follow too quickly on a Floral Féte which is to be held at
Chelsea on June 24, 25, and 26 by the Committee of our War Relief Fund, to
which it is hoped that Fellows will give their most cordial support by their own
presence and that of all their friends.
When the Society’s Hall will be released by the War Office from Military
occupation and again made available for our own use is still uncertain ; but it
may be confidently hoped that this will be so in ample time for the Society’s
Meetings in 1920, and that the Society’s patriotic self-sacrifice, throughout the
War, will have then achieved its purpose—help to Victory and Peace.
Fellows will be interested in a correspondence which has passed between
our Secretary and Professor FAIRCHILD, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, in which the latter complimentarily refers to the far-reaching and
most valuable influence of your Society.
It will be remembered that at the last Annual Meeting a resolution was
carried by the Fellows that an effort should be made by the Council to obtain
from the Food-Controller for Home-Growers of Fruit sufficient sugar for the
preserving of their crops. This resolution I strongly supported on the strictly
economic ground that the result would benefit not only such private growers,
but the whole community, by encouraging land cultivation and food-production,
and by withdrawing such growers from competitive purchasing of jams in the
open market, thereby leaving more fruit—which is not only a food but a most
mecessary and wholesome diet—for general buyers. The Council at once
appointed a Deputation, which I had the honour to introduce to Lord BLEDISLOE,
the Chairman of the Sugar-Control Department, who, convinced by the argu-
ments addressed to him, made the provision asked of him, and thus preserved
the crops, especially the exceptionally large one of Blackberries, and so enriched
many a household, and established a precedent which we quite hope to induce
His Lordship to follow again this season, in the national interest no less than
in that of our Fellows, for whom we shall again attend and argue by a similar
Deputation. Then, may we again be able to say: “‘ Jam satis!”* (Laughter.)
I now welcome the presence among us to-day of a very representative French
Horticulturist in M. Truffaut, of Versailles, whom we shall be glad to hear, and
I assure through him, as myself an Officer of the Legion of Honour of France
and an active advocate of L’Entente Cordiale, as well as for many years a French
Citizen, and a Juror at the Floral and Fruit Exhibitions in Paris, at the Cour
La Reine, our most cordial sentiments of friendship with France and with
Frenchmen. (Loud applause.)
Finally, it is my very pleasant privilege to award two of the Society’s Medals.
There is, happily, only one vacancy in our Roll of the Victoria Medal of Honour
(V.M.H.) this year, and that Gold Medal has been bestowed by the Council
upon Sir FRANK Crisp, Bt., whom all our V.M.H.s and myself will welcome as a
colleague and as a notable collector of Alpine and Rock plants in his Henley
garden.
The Lawrence Medal has been awarded to Messrs. SuTTON & Sons for the
excellent quality and great educational value of their wonderful exhibits of
summer-sown vegetables. If ever a Medal was well deserved it is this one, for
Messrs. Sutton are not merely constant exhibitors at our Meetings, but their
exhibits are always of the very first quality.
Now, I have to move formally from the Chair, on behalf of the Council of
the Society, the adoption of our Annual Report and Accounts, and, in doing so, it
is both my desire and my duty to pay the highest tribute to that most ‘‘ Admirable
Crichton,’’ our Secretary, the Rev. Mr. Wilks, and his assistant, Mr. Gaskell,
and also to Mr. Chittenden, Mr. Wright, Mr. Reader, and our Staffs both in
London and at Wisley, who are too numerous to name individually, but who have
not only surmounted immense and innumerable difficulties during the War, but
have also made possible and prosperous the great services of the Society for its
Fellows and for the Nation, for no work has been of greater national importance
and utility. (Applause.) :
The adoption of the Report was seconded by Sir John Llewelyn, Bart.,
who remarked upon its excellence and the vast amount of work it represented
* The Deputation has since attended, and even a more liberal allowance of
sugar has been made for the coming fruit season.
vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
as having been accomplished by the Society. The Report was then carried amid —
applause.
iaiaabor TRUFFAUT, of Versailles, of the French Agricultural Commission,
spoke on the work done in the planting of vegetables in the Army camps
behind the lines in Northern France, and reported that several thousand fruit
trees, which had been planted early in 1918, had been uprooted and carried to
Germany after the German advance in the spring of last year.
In the absence of the Treasurer through illness the Auditor explained the
position of the Society’s finances.
On the proposal of Mr. C. G. A. Nix, seconded by Captain A. W. Hill, the
accounts were adopted.
The following names of President, Vice-Presidents, Members of the Council,
and Officers, having been duly proposed and seconded, and the list circulated
in accordance with Bye-law 74, and no other names having been proposed, they
were declared by the Chairman as elected:
As President.
Field-Marshal the Right
Hon. Lord Grenfell,
G.C.B., G.C.M.G.
As Treasurer.
Sir Harry J. Veitch, V.M.H.
As Secretary.
The Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.,
V.M.H.
As Members of Council.
Lieut.-Col. F. R. S. Bal-
four, M.A.
Field-Marshal the Right
Hon. Lord _ Grenfell,
G.C.B., G.C.M.G.
The Right Hon. Lord
Lambourne, C.V.O.
As Vice-Presidents.
The Duke of Bedford,
KG, ak.S:
The Right Hon..The Earl
of Ducie, F.R.S.
Sir John T. Dillwyn-
Llewelyn, Bart., D.L.,
eS WS ES.
The Duke of Portland,
GEC GWG.
The Right Hon. James
W. Lowther, P.C.
SirDaniel Morris, K.C.M.G.,
V.M.H.
Sir David Prain, C.M.G.,
F.R.S., V.M.H.
As Auditor.
Mr. Alfred C. Harper.
Proposed by
The Rt. Hon. Lord Bal-
four of Burleigh, K.T.,
G.C.M.G.
Lt.-Col. Sir Albert K.
Rolie... ads Be
Litt.D., V.M.H.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Bal-
four of Burleigh, K.T.,
G.C.M.G.
Mr. F. J. Hanbury,
F.L.S.
Capt. Arthur W. Hill,
M.A.
Mr. Arthur W. Sutton,
V.M.H.
Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.,
V.M.H.
Mr. J. Hudson, V.M.H.
Seconded by
Mr. Henry B. May,
V.M.H.
Mies). aes
FL,
J. Hanbury,
Mr. Henry B. May,
V.M.H.
Lt.-Col.
Rollit, D.C: Laas
Litt.D., V.M.H.
Mr. Arthur W. Sutton,
V.M.H.
Capt. Arthur W. Hill,
M.A.
Hudson,
Mr. James
V.M.H.
Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.,
V.M.H.
Mr. W. A. BILNEyY, J.P., proposed the following amendments to the Bye-laws,
which were seconded by Mr. E.
Resolution I.
A. Bowles and carried:
“That the following Declaration be inserted in the Bye-laws immediately
following the words ‘ Chapter I.’
PRELIMINARY DECLARATION.
(CHAPTER I.)
and before the word ‘ General.’ ’”’
The Society is essentially an Educational Society in both the Practice and
Science of Horticulture.
For this purpose it holds frequent Meetings with the
Sir Albert K.
* pices ,
A Ae te eek
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. _ vii
object of gathering together specimens of plants, fruits, flowers and vegetables,
_etc., illustrative of the continual advance being made in Horticulture by the
_ application of science and scientific methods to their cultivation and breeding.
Lectures are delivered at these Meetings which have generally a bearing on
the illustrative specimens; the one sole object of the Meetings, the illustrative
specimens, and the Lectures, being the information and instruction of all who
eare to attend.
(GENERAL.)
" Resolution IT.
“That in Bye-law 11 the words ‘ General Meetings and Exhibitions’ be
amended to read ‘ General and other Meetings,’ and that in all Bye-laws
where the words ‘ Exhibition,’ ‘ Exhibitions,’ ‘Show’ or ‘ Shows’
occur, the words ‘ Meeting’ or ‘ Meetings’. be substituted. See, for
example, Bye-laws 3, 22, 51, 80, and any other places where either of
the words may be found.”
Resolution IIf.
“‘ That in order to make Bye-law 96 harmonize with Bye-law 73 the words
‘twenty-one days’ in Bye-law 96 be altered to read as in Bye-law 73
‘fourteen days.’ ”’
The Meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the Chairman, moved by Mr.
Arthur W. Sutton, J.P., V.M.H., seconded by Mr. Bilney, J.P., and carried by
acclamation, which Sir Albert Rollit, the Chairman, acknowledged. r
Vili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1938.
1. The Year 1918.—In issuing the one hundred and fifteenth Report. of
the Society, the President and Council feel that they have very great cause
to congratulate the Fellows, not only on the conclusion of the most terrible
war which this country (or indeed any other country) has ever had the
misfortune to have been forced to engage in, but also on the fact that, not-
withstanding the financial strain which has fallen upon all classes of the
community, the Society itself has been able to weather the storm, and even
in this last year to restore, to some slight extent, its numbers, which the
first year of the War had so greatly depleted.
Through the Food Production Department, the Government have made
great use of the Society’s experience and organization, and the President and
Council have been only too glad to place themselves and their officers at the
Government’s disposal. This has added vastly to the work of the office, but
the whole of the staff have wrought with a will to make themselves thoroughly
useful in the hour of their country’s necessity, and the President and Council
have the satisfaction of knowing that the prestige of the Society never stood
higher than it does at the present moment in every part of the Empire.
2. R.H.S. Food Production Campaign.—It will be remembered that the
Director-General of Food Production enlisted the Society’s organization and
‘technical staff for the work of his Department when it was first set up early
in 1917. Dr. F. Keeble, F.R.S., C.B.E., the Director of the Society’s Gardens
at Wisley, was released to take the post of Director of the Horticultural Section,
and subsequently Controller of Horticulture, in the Food Production Depart-
ment; whilst Mr. F. J. Chittenden, V.M.H., the Head of the Laboratory and
Technical Instruction at the Gardens, Mr. S. T. Wright, the Superintendent,
and other members of the Wisley Staff, have also rendered most useful services
of a special nature. This work has been steadily continued during the past
year with the object of increasing the fruit and vegetable production of the
country.
3. R.H.S. Panel.—The Society’s Panel of Expert Garden Advisers, which
now contains 2,000 names enrolled upon it, has also rendered inestimable
services, the full extent of which can never be actually determined. Their
periodical reports clearly indicate the influence they have exercised by the
lectures, demonstrations, and instructions they have given to those who have
been growing their own vegetables during the years of the War.
4. Special Lecturers.—Similarly the work done by the Society’s Special
County Representatives and Lecturers (32 in number) cannot fail to be pro-
ductive of good and enduring results. After attending a ten days’ Conference
at the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, these Lecturers were sent forth all over
the country. The object of the Conference was to discuss the best methods
of growing food-stuffs in gardens and allotments, and the Lecturers were thus
brought to a uniform line of instruction, so that all might be teaching the
same general principles and practice of cultivation. A Report made by the
Society to the Director-General of Food Production on the work of the twelve
months ending March 1918, showed that over 400 lectures had been delivered
by them during the winter of 1917-18, and that no fewer than 39,000 people,
mostly cottagers and allotment holders, had attended them.
Both this and the Panel work has involved a very large amount of labour
and thrown considerable strain upon the organizing staff at Vincent Square.
The work of the Special Lecturers is being continued on still wider lines during
this passing vinter, but the complete figures will not be available till the
end of March.
The figures given in the preceding paragraphs do not include the lectures
given by Mr. Chittenden, V.M.H., the Head of the Wisley Educational
Department, who has been in great demand all over the country for lectures
of a specially high order. His work in this.direction has been very influential
and has gone far to establish the pre-eminence of the Society’s teaching staff.
Amongst the centres at which his Courses of Lectures have been delivered
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1018. ix
*
are: Nottingham University College, Birmingham University, The University
of London, Gresham College, Bishopsgate Institute, Sheffield, Manchester,
_ Norwich, etc.
A popular lecture on “‘ Potato Growing (Spring Work),’’ promoted by the
Society and delivered at the Mansion House on February 13,~by Mr. W.
Cuthbertson, J.P., V.M.H., was an unqualified success. The Right Hon.
the Lord Mayor was in the chair, and the Egyptian Hall was crowded from
end to end by an attentive audience. A companion lecture was given by
Mr. Cuthbertson on “‘ Summer and Autumn Work in Potato Growing,” at the
Caxton Hall, Westminster, on June 19, when the Rt. Hon. Lord Bledisloe
(Sir Charles Bathurst) was in the chair.
To all these gentlemen—to Mr. Cuthbertson, to Mr. Chittenden, to the
Special County Lecturers, and to the Members of the Society’s Panel of
Advisers, the President and Council desire to accord their heartiest thanks
for the good work they have done and for the able manner in which they have
one and all helped to maintain the Society’s prestige.
The Society’s printed lectures with lantern slide illustrations, have also
been most useful. They were first circulated in the autumn of 1917, and
consisted of a series of 21 printed lectures and more than 100 sets of illus-
trative lantern slides. During the winter of 1917-18 they were utilised by
no fewer than 639 Societies, and were the means of instructing upwards of
50,000 people.
Four Members of the Council, Lord Lambourne, Messrs. W. A. Bilney,
A. W. Sutton, and James Hudson, have for the last three years inspected the
gardens of the London Children’s Garden Association, and have been greatly
pleased at the evidence of diligent cultivation which the gardens displayed
in most of the localities they visited.
5. R.H.S. Travelling Exhibit—As the Society’s Food Production work
grew and developed, a need was felt for models, specimens, charts, etc. These
were required for the many Food Production Exhibitions which have been
held all over the country by Educational Authorities, Public Schools, Horti-
cultural and Allotment Societies, Horticultural Instructors, Lecturers, and
others. The work of preparing models was accordingly taken in hand, with
the result that early in the year a highly instructive exhibit was available.
It was first shown at the Exhibition of the Institute of Hygiene in Devonshire
Street, London, and has subsequently travelled to many parts of the country
in charge of the Society’s Representatives, Mr. C.H. Curtis, Mr. W. H. Divers,
V.M.H., Mr. W. Stewart, N. D. Hort., and Mr. C. R. Fielder. Twenty-six
exhibitions, lasting from a week to a fortnight, have thus been visited, and
many thousands of people have benefited thereby. The exhibit includes
models of various garden operations, such as the right way of digging and
trenching, the planting of potatos, the making of a potato clamp, the testing
of seeds for germination, specimens of diseases, and sixty museum cases of
insects (both helpful and harmful) met with in the garden. This collection
of specimens is one of the best in the country, and it has proved highly attrac-
tive. The exhibit was inspected on October 26 by the Queen at the Caxton
Hall, Westminster, when Her Majesty was graciously pleased to express her
appreciation of the work the Society is doing, and to wish it every success in
its efforts for furthering the increased production of orchards, gardens, and
allotments throughout the country.
The Society has spent over £2,500 during the year on its Food Production
work, for which a grant is being given by the Treasury through the Food
Production Department.
6. The Future of Allotments.—The preceding paragraphs will have
shown to the Fellows what a vast amount of work the Society has done in
these various directions to encourage and assist the Allotment Movement,
which,, during the War, has spread so happily from one end of the country to
the other. The President and Council have rejoiced to see it taken up with
such enthusiasm, and to hear from their County Representatives, Lecturers,
and Panel, how excellent the cultivation of these allotment gardens has
generally been, and what an enormous amount of vegetable food they have
produced.
It remains only to say—(r) that anything the Society can do in the future,
with the very limited means at its disposal, it will do, to help this excellent
movement to continue and prosper; and (2) to express a hope that the new
Parliament may be able to provide that in future every man who is willing
X PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
+
to cultivate an allotment garden well, shall be enabled to do so. Whether
the actual present allotments can in all cases be continued depends on many
different considerations, but the Council are unanimous in expressing their
opinion that so far as accessible land can be found, an allotment garden ought —
to be available for every man in this country who, having no garden attached —
to his dwelling, desires one; and that the provision of them ought to be made ~
out of National Funds, and with fairness and even with generosity towards
the present land-owners. The President and Council are convinced that such
provision of National Allotment Gardens to all who desire them and work
them well will be of inestimable value to the country at large in promoting
the health, and happiness, and well-being of the community in general.
7. Publieations.—The Society’s War Publications, Pamphlets, and Leaflets
have continued to be in demand. After the very heavy issue otf 1917 and the
first four months of 1918, it was no little relief to the office staff to know
that their immediate purpose had, in the main, been accomplished, and some
little falling off from the previous demand for them gave welcome relief from the
heavy strain which the Publications Department had borne during the previous
months.
8. The Society’s Influence.—It is often felt that Fellows are insufficiently
acquainted with the far-reaching influence of the Society. Its correspondence
has, certainly for the last thirty years, been world-wide, and its Journal and
other publications are read even in the remotest parts of the earth wherever
a Botanic station or a garden of any pretension exists. In this connexion
Fellows will be gratified to know that the influence of the work they have
been doing through the Society for the War has not been confined to Great
Britain only. Its influence has reached forth across the Atlantic to the Senate
of the United States, where letters from the Society, written in 1917, were
read to the Members present and called forth the following replies from Dr.
David Fairchild, to whom the communications were addressed :—
“United States Department of Agriculture,
“Washington, D.C., February 19, 1918.
“DEAR Mr. WILKs,—Your letter of January 11 came in the nick of time, as
we say in this country.
“A Bill was being introduced in Congress for the erection of Community
and Experimental Drying-plants, and I took the liberty of reading to the
Senate that portion of your letter dealing with the subject of public store-
houses, and the canning and drying of vegetables. The citations from your
letter added weight to the arguments which I presented.
““Very sincerely yours,
“DAVID FAIRCHILD,
“ Agricultural Explorer in Charge.”
“ Washington, D.C., July 6, 1918.
‘““My peAR Mr. Wirxs,—I have been so rushed with other matters that I
have not shown you the courtesy of acknowledging the receipt of your very
remarkable letter with regard to the situation as you see it from your point
of advantage as Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society. I have taken
the liberty of using extracts from your letter in an appeal which we are
sending to all those who receive regularly our bulletin. . . . Copies of this
have gone out to about 250,000 people, and we are now running a second edition.
It will also be published in the National Geographic Magazine, which has a
circulation of 600,000, and extracts from it have appeared in many of the
largest magazines of this country. I presume that before the season is in
full swing five or six million people will have had a chance to read it.
“If you, after reading the bulletin, have any suggestions to make, they
will be most keenly appreciated by us.
“Very sincerely yours,
“DAVID FAIRCHILD,
‘“* Agricultural Explorer in Charge.”
Letters of grateful appreciation from Fellows and others for the work of
the Society, and the influence it exercises, are received almost daily ; but when
the Society is found to have influenced so important a body as the Senate of
the United States, and on such an important topic, it justifies special attention
and permanent record. As our American cousins have so ably assisted in
; "10> ay
o) od A oe
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1018, x1
bringing the War to an end, it is good to feel that the Royal Horticultural
Society of Great Britain has helped them, if only in so small a degree as this.
9. The Lindley Library.—The Library has been maintained in a state of
efficiency, and though the number of Horticultural books put on the market
during the War has not been so great as before, no opportunity has been lost
of acquiring any valuable books which have been offered.
10. Seeds for Hospitals—Seeds and bulbs were again sent to our fellow-
- countrymen prisoners in Germany, and to camps and hospitals in France and
in the Mediterranean regions,
11. Wisley Gardens.—The work at Wisley, as in all other gardens, has
been greatly handicapped by shortage of labour and the absence on special
Government war-work of almost the whole of the Laboratory Staff. The
difficulty has been met to some extent by the elimination of all trials of
flowers for the period of the War, and by postponing all new developments
in the Garden.
The vegetable trials, which are such an important feature of the Society’s
work, have been continued, and a number of trials of plants of possible garden
value have also been made, some of them at the request of the Food Produc-
tion Department of the Government. Special interest was taken in the trial
of climbing beans, which has revealed the existence of several of probable
value for English gardens both for use as green pods and of winter value for
their dry seeds. A full report of these has appeared in the Journal.
Of cultural experiments made in the Garden during the past year special
mention may be made of planting to ascertain the most economical method of
spacing parsnips and potatos. Tests of the value of “‘sludge’’ manures,
and of orgaric manures as compared with chemical fertilizers, have also been
made. These will be reported upon in the Journal. The experiments on
the pruning of fruit trees are being continued, whilst many of the new crosses
of vines, strawberries, and Rubi raised in the Gardens should fruit next season
and show their value.
Mr. Ramsbottom, who has now taken up a new position, was able to carry
out another season’s work upon the eelworm disease of Narcissi, a report of
which will be published in the Society’s Journal. Mr. Ramsbottom has con-
sented to continue this investigation till its completion.
Dr. F. V. Darbishire, M.A., has been appointed to carry out researches
into the comparative composition of different varieties of the same vegetable,
in order to ascertain whether one variety is of greater food value than another,
as appears probable. He took up his duties in August. Mr. Ramsbottom’s
place has been filled by Mr. A. T. Rudge, an old student at Wisley.
The School of Horticulture has been continued throughout the War
although the number of students has been small. The cessation of hostilities
will probably make considerable demands upon our accommodation in this
direction.
A very large number of visitors have been to the Garden during the past
year, mostly seeking advice upon Food Production. The exceptional crop
of apples of excellent quality in the Garden this year, due chiefly to timely
spraying in the spring, has given the opportunity of arranging a comprehensive
collection of varieties in the Laboratory for the information of visitors.
12. Birmingham and Manchester Trial Plots—The Food Production
. work of the Society has undoubtedly brought it into wider relationship with
the country at large. This has recently been made manifest in many ways.
One of these was a request by the Birmingham Corporation for the Society
to take up the direction and supervision of a series of demonstration plots for
which it was prepared to provide the ground and the labour if the Society would
provide the seeds of the plants to be grown, and generally direct their sowing
and cultivation on similar lines to those adopted by the Society in its own
Gardens. The object of the Corporation in providing these demonstration
pilots is that their allotment holders may work more intelligently and be better
informed as to the varieties which are most likely to bring about the best
results in their neighbourhood. The Council viewed the proposal favourably,
and plots have now been set up and the work is in progress. The Manchester
Corporation are now taking similar steps, and have asked the Society to identify
itself with them on similar lines,
Xii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
13. R.H.S. Gardening Charts.—The growing demand from all parts of
the country for instruction in gardening, and the emphasis which the new
Education Act will give to the subject, throws upon the Society the respon-
sibility for providing such authoritative material as will assist teachers and
instructors in their work. One step the President and Council have already
taken is to provide a series of Wall Charts illustrating garden subjects, such
as insect pests, fungus pests, garden operations, fruit-growing operations, —
etc. These charts are now well in hand, and some have already been issued.
A full list of those in preparation and of those now available can be obtained
from the Secretary at the Offices, Vincent Square.
14. Examinations.—With the view of further encouraging and extending ~
the general range of horticultural knowledge throughout the country, not only
amongst working and professional gardeners, but also amongst horticultural
instructors and teachers of all grades, the Society’s Examinations have been
considerably revised in the direction of making them a more practical test
of horticultural knowledge and experience. A Board of Examiners has been
set up (see page 43, Book of Arrangements), which first dealt with the syllabus
and regulations for both the General and School Teachers’ Examinations, so
that not only has their standard been raised, but the practical experience and
knowledge required of candidates in future will be increased. The School
Teachers’ Examination particularly has been revised, and now consists of both
an Elementary and an Honours Examination, in both of which evidence of ~
actual practical work will be required of all candidates. In the Honours
section practical work will form an actual part of the Examination itself.
The Degrees in Horticulture of the University of London have now come
into operation, inasmuch as five Candidates have entered for the Bachelor’s
Degree this year, a result due largely to the action of the Society and the
Resolution for the conferment of such Degrees moved by Sir Albert K.
Rollit, V.M.H. (a Member of Council), in the Senate of the University.
The Series of Examinations which have now been set up for workers in
horticulture, ranging fron the Society’s Junior Examination to the Senior
School Teachers’, the National Diploma, and finally the University Degree
in Science, represent several links in a chain which is now educationally
complete.
15. Deputations &c.—The President and Council have kept careful watch
on such various interests of Horticulture as have from time to time been
affected by war conditions. Paes
The last General Meeting of the Fellows passed unanimously the following
resolution on the motion of Charles. E. Shea, Esq., seconded by the Rev. G. H.
Engleheart, M.A., V.M.H. :— }
‘“‘That the Fellows of the ‘ Royal Horticultural Society,’ in Annual Meeting
assembled, record an emphatic protest against the decision of the Food
Controller that, notwithstanding that there is an officially admitted
greater quantity of sugar now in this country than was available last
year, no sugar is this year to be allowed for home-made jam, or pre-
serves, to the private growers of fruit, entailing the loss of an immense
amount of valuable national food; and this Meeting further records
its entire approval of the Memorandum of Protest addressed by the
President and Council of the Society to the Director of Sugar Distribu-
tion on the 31st January last.”
This question touched the interests of the great majority of our Fellows,
and was at the same time consistent with the economic interests of the com-
munity in that it enabled private fruit-growers to save their fruit and so to have ~
no (or less) need of buying jam in the open market in competition with the
general public. Approving this resolution, the Council at once took steps
to carry it out by obtaining an appointment which was readily given by Lord
Bledisloe (then Sir Charles Bathurst), the Director of Sugar Supplies, who
courteously listened to the Deputation which waited upon him, consisting of
the Rt. Hon. Lord Lambourne, Sir Albert Rollit, and Messrs. W. A. Bilney,
J. Cheal, James Hudson, C. E. Shea, A. W. Oke, W. H. Page, Owen Thomas,
and the Rev. W. Wilks. The Deputation was introduced by Sir Albert, and
several members addressed Sir Charles, who ultimately promised an allow-
ance of sugar for preserving (and though, according to correspondence in the
newspapers, some growers did not receive their full quantity, this, it is under-
stood, was due to faulty distribution, for which the Department was not
responsible) ; so that the result of the Deputation was successful and private
“JP
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1018, Xili
it-growers thus assisted were generally satisfied with the action of the Society
and the response of the Department.
- Representations have also been made to the Prime Minister on the subject
of Afforestation; to the Minister of National Service on Man-power and its
Application to Gardeners ; to the Controller of Mines on the Provision of Fuel
for Horticultural Purposes, which resulted in special consideration being given
in the case of valuable stocks of plants ; to the Rt. Hon. R. E. Prothero con-
cerning Seed Potatos; and to the Commission on the proposed Luxury Tax
on the Exemption of Scientific and Educational Books from Taxation.
A Deputation from the Society was sent to the 50th Anniversary Exhibition
of the Southampton Royal Horticultural Society on October 15. It consisted
of Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., V.M.H., Mr. Arthur W. Sutton, V.M.H., Mr.
James Hucson, V.M.H., and the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., V.M.H. The Deputa-
‘tion was given a very cordial welcome, and awarded the Society’s Medals at
what was undoubtedly a most excellent exhibition, and one in every way worthy
of that Society. The President and Council particularly wish to acknowledge
the courtesy and hospitality afforded by Professor G. S. Lyttel and Mr. C. S.
_ Fuidge to the Members of the Deputation.
16. R.H.S. Hall.—Fellows can now look forward to reoccupying their
- own Hall at Vincent Square within (it is hoped) a short space of time, as the
advent of Peace will liberate it from the military purpose to which it has been
devoted during the last two years. How long it will actually be before the
_ Fortnightly Meetings can again be held in the Hall it is, of course, impossible
_ to say at the present moment; but the Council have little doubt but that the
Australian Imperial Force will wish to redeem the promise given on their behalf
by General Anderson when he first opened negotiations for its acquisition,
namely : that it should be returned to the Society at the earliest possible moment.
17. Pritzel Revision.—Perhaps the most important permanent technical
work done by the Society during the year is that which concerns the revision
of “ Pritzel.’”” Fellows will be glad to learn that the work is now actually in
hand. In last year’s Report it was mentioned that two Committees had been
set up for defining the extent of the work to be taken in hand, and this they
have done, outlining the scope of the work and appointing the staff for seeing
it through its first stages. Typists are now daily at work preparing the manu-
script for the publishers. With the kind consent of Sir David Prain, C.M.G.,
F.R.S., V.M.H., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, they are working
at Kew, under the personal supervision of Captain Arthur W. Hill, Assistant-
Director, and a Member of the Society’s Council. It is estimated that the
new work will include about 250,000 references. A special communication on
this subject is being issued to the Fellows with this Report, to which they are
referred for further information concerning the purpose of this monumental
work which the Society has undertaken, and which, as a scientific and practical
record, will ever remain as a lasting evidence of the devotion of the Society to
both the practice and the science of gardening. Fellows are invited to give
generous financial assistance, as the work will cost at least £3,500 to produce.
All the Botanic Stations, Experimental Stations, and the most important
Libraries throughout the world are also being asked to assist. Subscribers
of £15 15s. will receive a free copy; subscribers of fifty guineas will receive
a copy bound in half-calf ; subscribers of £100 will receive a copy bound in calf
or in vellum, as they may prefer. It is proposed to publish the names of all
subscribers of {1 1s. and upwards in the introduction of the new work, so
that they may be known to those who come after as those to whom the
new Pritzel is due.
18. Trafalgar Square Féte.—Fellows will be interested to know that the
Society’s Exhibition staff was lent to the British Ambulance Committee for
organising and assisting at its Floral Féte held in Trafalgar Square in June.
In a letter of appreciation from the Rt. Hon. Lord Beresford, G.C.B., chair-
man, and Mr. Bradby Peyman, the vice-chairman, acknowledging the assis-
‘tance rendered by .the Society, it is said that nearly £9,000 was collected.
The letter goes on to say: “‘ We fully realize that the same measure of success
would not have resulted had it not been for your Council’s co-operation and
assistance.” Special thanks are due to Mr. Bisset and Mr. Jordan in this respect.
__ 19. War Relief Fund.—The Special Committee appointed to carry out
this branch of the Society’s work, as announced in last year’s report bas made
xiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
satisfactory progress. Amongst other arrangements Lady Presidents have
kindly undertaken to collect funds in the English Counties, whilst Miss Balfour —
is acting as Convener for Scotland and the Countess of Bessborough in the
same capacity for Ireland, the Lady Northcote, C.I., being the Lady President
of the General Committee. The Council tender their very sincere thanks to —
these ladies for the interest they are taking in the success of the movement. ~
Consultations are being held with the Official Representatives in this country
of France, Belgium, Serbia, and Rumania, with a view to ascertaining the
most effective methods of dealing with the funds collected.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of London (Sir Horace Brooks Marshall,
LL.D.) very kindly occupied the chair on December 18 at a Meeting at the ~
Mansion House in aid of the Fund, when Sir Harry Veitch, V.M.H., and the |
Speaker of the House of Commons (the Rt. Hon. J. W. Lowther, P.C., M.P.)
eloquently advocated its claims, praising very highly the good object in view.
A cordial vote of thanks to the Lord Mayor for his kindness was proposed by
our President, Field-Marshal Lord Grenfell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., seconded by
the Lady Northcote, and carried with acclamation.
20. The Future of Scientific Workers.—It is a welcome sign of the times
that gardeners are more and more seeking to advance the interest and utility
of their work by accepting the help which the Science of Horticulture can
afford them. Towards this point the Society has been working for many
Jong years. It is always hard to break down the prejudice which almost
everywhere exists between Practice and Science, and from which practical
gardening is by no means exempt, but that this prejudice is preparing to yield ©
is evidenced by the fact that the horticultural scientist is beginning to find
a place in the Laboratories of our leading gardening firms. For this purpose
the Council were glad to release Mr. J. K. Ramsbottom, one of the Society’s
Researchers at Wisley, for an engagement with one of our leading horticultural
firms, for their scientific work.- It is hoped that the day is not far distant
when the Society will be in a position to provide from the Laboratory at Wisley
all such scientific workers as may from time to time be required by trade firms.
21. Council.—The President and Council experienced a great disappoint-
ment in March, caused by the retirement of one of their most valued Members,
Sir David Prain, C.M.G., F.R.S., V.M.H., the Director of Kew, for though
he had been a Member of Council for little more than a twelvemonth his
advice and co-operation had not only been of the greatest possible service to
the Society, but he had also endeared himself personally to all the members
of Council and Staff. He would greatly have liked to continue to act on the
Council, but the increase of work falling on him officially at Kew made it
imperative, from a medical point of view, that he should give up all external
engagements. The Council were, however, greatly rejoiced when Captain
Arthur Hill, M.A., Sir David’s Assistant-Director at Kew consented to take
his chief’s place.
22. Journal.—The President and Council greatly regret the unavoidable
delay which has attended the publication of the Society’s Journal during the
past year—delay due entirely to the threefold cause of (1) depletion of staff,
(2) extreme shortage of paper, and (3) the difficulties which have attended
the printing trade all over the country. It is confidently hoped that the
present year may see a great improvement in all of these respects and a con-
sequent resumption of the Journal’s regular publication.
23. Training of Soldiers.—Negotiations with the Government are now in
progress as to the possibility of the Society receiving discharged soldiers at
the Wisley Gardens for training in Horticulture.
24. Obituary.—The Council have to record with deep regret the death
of many Fellows, and friends of, and workers in Horticulture, amongst them
the following :—The Eari of Suffolk, Lord Abinger, Lord St, Audries, Sir Ratan
Tata, Sir H. Weber, the Rev. C. H. Bulmer, and Messrs. E. J. Allard, H. J.
Cutbush, G. H. Davidson, J. Harrison Dick, E. Goodyear, J. Leeman, F. H.
North, F. Monteith Ogilvie, R. Hooper Pearson, John Pope, T. Rochford,
E, J. Stubbs (the architect of the Society’s Hall), Monsieur Maurice de Vilmorin,
Miss E. C. Talbot, and Miss Ethel Sargant.
25. V.M.H. and Lawrence Medal.—There being only one vacancy in the
Roll of the Victoria Medal of Honour, the Council have had very great pleasure
. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1918, XV
in nominating Sir Frank Crisp, Baronet, a gentleman who has done so much
for Horticulture in general and especially in his wonderful collection of Alpine
and Rock Plants.
~The Lawrence Medal for 1918 the Council have awarded to Messrs. Sutton
& Sons for the excellent quality and great educational value of their frequent
and really wonderful exhibits of summer-sown vegetables.
26. Numerical Position—The following table shows the Society’s a ca
with regard to numerical strength during ‘the past year :—
Loss By DEATH IN I918. FELLOWS ELECTED IN 1918.
Seosaee, | YE ed
Life Fellows . at. oo © | 4 Guineas 4 ye 29 8 Oo
4 Guineas F Ws Bia G+) 2 oe Or * 462. OO
2 Zs d 55 - RES IOs O 1 T es bey OSS. Fisk an Se
eI #2 = 50. 58 16 o | Associates ‘ Fue. o. 8 oO
Associate : ae o o o | Affiliated Societies195 . 214 4 -O
II5 £178 10 oO =, f10¥ 155. Od:
| Commutations Bi
| —= or ee
| 1146 £1,452 3
Loss. ; ; 015 Oo
Loss BY RESIGNATION, &C. Ee ela
Poss | Net INcREASE IN INCOME LGE {S.-C
4 Guineas . 0. 7G
2 i Cy ie 245 14 O
I 29 - 106. iit 6 Oo Deaths and Resignations . 345
Associates ? ox. = ee New Fellows = : 1,146
Affiliated Societies I .- 2 2) OF |
—— SSS NUMERICAL INCREASE : sol
230 £362 5 0 | ——
med —_—_—_——- | Totalon December 31,1917 13,831
TotaL Loss 345 . £549 15 © | Totalon December 31,1918 14,632
27.—Committees, &c.—Even more than in any recent years are the thanks
of the Society due to the members of the Standing Committees and to the
Lecturers and Judges who have had to work in the darker, colder, and less
convenient quarters of the Drill Hall instead of in our own premises. The
Council are confident, however, that these unavoidable inconveniences have
been gladly borne in order that our own building might be used for the benefit
of our Australian kinsmen who have wrought so nobly in defence of the Empire
all through the War.
Thanks are also due to all those who have done such good service on Specia
Committees, or as Examiners, Compilers of Extracts, Reviewers, and Writers
of Papers for the Journal, contributing thereby to the Society’s nationa
usefulness, and helping to maintain its high standing among the practical and
scientific institutions of the world.
The Council also wish to thank Captain Scott and the Staff of the London
Scottish for the invariable courtesy and consideration the Society has received
at their hands.
Last, but not least, the Council desire cordially to acknowledge their
obligations to their own Staff, who have been working under exceptionally
difficult conditions; and also to the Press for their invaluable assistance in
reporting, and calling attention to, the work of the Society.
By Order of the Council,
W. WILKS,
. Secretary.
RovaL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W,
January I, Igtg.
Dr. ANNUAL REVENUE & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT
To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES— a
Ground Rent : : 3 : : St 3600. “onary ~
Rates and Taxes . : ; ; : ees: 23;
Water Rate . ; : , ; ‘ ‘ ae ae
Electric eet : ; . ; ; ’ iy ae |
Ges) +.. i - ; ‘ . : 31-10. 7
. ————— 1,387 45.0
Salaries and vee s £2/259-57 2
Bonuses : : : 527 15 Oo
———_ 2,787 12 2
Printing and Stationery . : : -) Qe Rae
Publications © ‘ 5 : .. 4,540 smn
Postages ee ; : : ‘ : 580 I 4
Fuel . 5 : : : . ; : Ig 6 Lo
Professional Fees . : : > : - 203 3 0
Gratuities . 49 0 0
Repairs and Renewals (including fr 50 for Hall
Painting) “ 215 3-9
Miscellaneous Expenses. ; : : . 173° =
7113 4.3
,, INSURANCES . : : : : : - 176 18 oO
», JOURNAL, PRINTING AND POSTAGE . j : 2,232 10 6
», STAFF PENSION . eS awe
Less contributed by the Staff, ‘as per scheme - 110 6 6
14613 6)
», MEETINGS—
Autumn Fruit and Vegetable Meeting. . 227 10:-3
Labour, Floral Meetings and Conferences : 274. ae
Expenses, do. do. : : 86 18 7
Council, Committee and Deputation Expenses . 192 10 II
Painting Orchid Certificates . : : : 30 I0 6
-———— 80510 7
,, INSPECTION OF GARDENS. : ‘ : : 199 6 3
», PRIZES and MEDALS—
Awarded at Society’s Meetings : ; ; 211 18 10 ©
,, CONTRIBUTION to LINDLEY LIBRARY— ,
Purchase of Books j ‘ ; P F 36 3° 5
Expenses ; é : : : : : 53 0:36
SS ee
»» SPECIAL EXPENDITURE—
Contribution to Forrest Account — . : ; 329 5 7
Educational Models : : ; Z : 68 13 10
Paintings of British Orchids . ¢ : : 56 10 4
454 9 9
», DEPRECIATION—
Hall Glass Roof, Furniture, and Appliances
for Meetings . . ° . " 260 19 3
», CONTRIBUTION TO WAR RELIEF FUND . ° 1,000 0 O
14,078 Io I
», BALANCE, carried to BALANCE SHEET ‘ ; 8,434 I9 It
£22,513 10 0
POR en a ok” ey
Pe ee ee ee
R YEAR ENDING 3ist DECEMBER, 1918. Cr
85> Ms ee ee
By ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS . . : ‘ 17,314 10 6
», ENTRANCE FEES . . : : ‘ . 244 13 0
» DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST. : a). ates. Sa -G
- do. do. Davis TRUST. ; 50 Io 6
2,233 18
», LAKINGS AT HALL MEETINGS : : : 25 2°":S
,, JOURNALS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS—
Advertisements . ‘ ‘ : P : 182 17 oO
Sale of Publications . : x : 5.7 gO: 16 8
4 ——_——— 2,175 13 8
» HALL LETTINGS. : : F ' : y oe ee
,, PRIZES AND MEDALS : ays - : Ico IO 2
,, EXAMINATIONS IN HoRTICULTURE—
Received in Fees . ; i ; ‘ : 355) 7.6
Less Amount Expended : : ; : 7G eee ee
Re? 60 4 9
,, LIFE COMPOSITIONS—
Being amount paid by Fellows now deceased 84 0 0
», RENT OF COTTAGES, WISLEY . : 4 ars 62 8 o
,, INSPECTION OF GARDENS ; : . : 200 17 2
£22,513 10 0
VOL &LY. b
Dr. VINCENT SQUARE—BALANCE
aw oO
nH OO OR HO
LIABILITIES.
To CapiTaL Funps AccounT— £ s. di og 5s. ee
As at 31st December, 1917 , -40,404 3 0
Less Fees paid by Fellows now deceased 8&4 0-6
) ——46,380 3
,, LIFE COMPOSITIONS, 1918 . ; : : ‘ 239 8
»» SUNDRY CREDITORS . : ; : : 1,547 13
», SUBSCRIPTIONS, &c., paid in advance . , : 313.cee
», WISLEY SCHOLARSHIPS— e,
Balance 31st December, 1917. : : 4 5 42
», RESERVE ACCOUNT—HALL PAINTING—
Balance 31st December, 1917. : : 7S ane ee
Added 1918 . - - : , : ees °° eas fon
1,123 13 4
»» DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS RESERVE
AccOUNT—
Balance 31st December, ges . . o_O OTe
Added 1918. s E : . ; 260 19 3
3,264 10 O
», LABORATORY PRIZE FUND—
Balance 31st December, 1917 : é 10 Ig Io
Dividends (Nicholson Memorial Fund) : : S458
Sipe eee ee 17 3
», WILLIAMS MEMORIAL FUND ' ; : . 38 Oo
», MASTERS MEMORIAL FUND : : : : 68 4
1» SCHRODER PENSION ; ; : : ; 6 II
», LINDLEY LIBRARY TRUST . ; d ‘ ; Io oO
», PRITZEL REVISION FUND . 5 ; ; : 6 14
», GENERAL REVENUE ACCOUNT . ; . -48,855 15 8
Less Bad Debts . ‘ : ; : 53. Boe
48,802 7 4
), REVENUE FOR THE YEAR, as per
annexed Account . “ . £8,434 19 IE
», CAPITAL Funps’ Account, Wisley 142 0 10
L577" O49
Less WISLEY GARDENS, Excess
of Expenditure over Income 4,480 3 0
So eT ere
nn |
£105,919 18 6 :
——_——
- SHEET, 31st DECEMBER, 1918. Cr.
ASSETS.
By CaPITAL EXPENDITURE— ie ae ae ee
,, NEw HALL AND OFFICES—
As at 31st December, 1917 . : : s405277 03 4
,. FURNISHING HALL AND OFFICES—-
As at 31st December, 1917 : a Sag CL
,. FREEHOLD LAND AND COTTAGES AT WISLEY . 2,415 9
46,157 12 5
,, APPLIANCES FOR MEETINGS , ° : : 230.1 oO
,, SUNDRY DEBTORS AND PAYMENTS MADE IN
ADVANCE : : : . . . . 2,405 PT a
,, WoxKING WATER Co.—
Deposit in respect of laying water-mains from
Ripley to Wisley Gardens : . ; 1,260 0 oO
,, FooD PRODUCTION—
Amount due from Board of Agriculture : B7OU £33 16
.. STOCK ON HAND, WIsLEY—Coal and Coke ‘uf oe Oe
4 i i x VINCENT SQUARE — Sundry
Stocks . A : oh, 123) On 6
ao Se oe
,, EDUCATION CHARTS, Johnson, Riddell & Co. F 750 O
» PRITZEL REvision Funp—Loan Account . : 373-9 0
» INVESTMENT of DEPRECIATION and RENEWAL and
RESERVE ACCOUNT—
34 % India Stock £2,367 18 9 : at: GOSE -2.25 712: TO
24 ¥% Consols £476 8 4 ee 280° F8
5 % War Loan £500 0 o of 467 II oO
———_—— 2,959 4 II
,, INVESTMENTS, as per Schedule . . at cost 46,007 5 5
(In common with most pre-war Securities the above
have, for sale purposes, considerably depreciated,
but for revenue purposes they bring in the same
income as before.)
CASH —
At Bank ° ‘ P : ; wale. ee O
On Deposit . ; é : 4 : e000 OO
In Hand e ° ° : : : ; $8117 +6
2,705 19 3
£105,919 18 6
I have audited the books from which the foregoing Accounts are compiled,
and certify that they exhibit a true and correct statement of the position of
the Society on the 31st Dec., 1918.
ALFRED C. HARPER, F.C.A., Auditor,
(HARPER BROTHERS & FEATHER, Chartered Accountants),
35 GREAT TOWER STREET, Lonpon, E.C,
17th January, 1919.
Dr. WISLEY GARDENS—ANNUAL REVENUE & EXPENDITURE |
£-s-d@ { ss: 42> 2 =e
To SALARIES— | =
Wisley Gardens and Research Station . 0,655 10-2
Do. Bonuses : ; Pee ES 5G
———————- 2,013 9 oO
», RATES AND TAXES . . : : ; ute, 5 5
5» WATER RATE . , ; : ‘ : ; 45. yO
», LNSURANCES . x ; ‘ : : : 59 7 5
», LABOUR & ‘ Np se ; : ) O25
», GARDEN IMPLEMENTS ; : ‘ ; : coe ade
», LOAM AND MANURE . ; : : ; : 47 8 8
», REPAIRS . 5 ; ‘ 3 : ; «> SG Ea
», FUEL 3 : : : , : : “gE6 Tg t0
,, MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES—
Garden > : : ; 2 2g 86 Oe
Laboratory . ‘ : : -~ a02 es
Sree Se 49 ag EO
», CARTAGE a 5 J : ‘ 93 5 3
,, TREES AND SHRUBS . . . : 3 : 919 6
- 3,190 I0 II
,, COST OF GROWING, PACKING AND DISTRIBUTION OF
PLANTS TO FELLOWS . : - . : 169 4 3
»» STAFF PENSION ° ‘ ; 2 : . 198 18 4
Less contributed by the Staff, as per scheme . 66 I0 o
ee 132 8 4
»» DEPRECIATION— ;
Glass Houses, Plant and Materials ° ? 540 18 6
£6,046 Ir 0
—
ACCOUNT FOR YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1918. Cr.
: oe Seg: & Ke, in.
By DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST ° : : - 1,058 3 41
», PRODUCE SOLD ‘ ~ . ° , . 492 9 71
»» STUDENTS’ FEES ‘ : ; ; : : 15° 55-9
» BALANCE, being excess of Expenditure over
Revenue. ° ° ° ° ° ; 4,480 3 0
£6,045 it o
Bene WISLEY GARDENS—BALANCE
LIABILITIES, 4
{s. @ £- ea
To CariraL Funps AccounT—
As at 31st December, 1917 ae O74 14 oe
Less Amount transferred to R. H. Society,
31st December, 1918 . 142 0 10 j
32,932 13 6
» ENDOWMENT FuND. : - i ; : 25,000 O O-
=3 DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS—
As at 31st December, ReRY ; : -- S,.85. Sag
Added, 1918 4 : : ” 240 «3°00 ;
4,191 11° Om
/
£62,124 5 3
—a
SHEET, 3ist DECEMBER, 1918. Cr.
ASSETS.
3 By DweEtiinc HousEs— Gein Yela Th dog #
As at 31st December, 1917 . : p o 5O5L, TH ws
, GLass Houses, RANGES, POTTING SHED, &c.—
As at 31st December, 1917 . * ; = 5,202 6-6
,, LABORATORY—
As at 31st December, 1917 . £20,502 15 4
Expenditure since : - rie Rag oy
20,623 18 2
——— 31,478 1: 6
N.B.—The Wisley Estates are, under the
Trust Deed, vested in the Society only so
long as it is in the position to use them
as an Experimental Garden. The value
of the expenditure thereon depends therefore
on the continual use of the Garden by the
Society.
, INVENTORY OF PLANT AND LOOSE EFFECTS—
As taken by Mr. Chittenden . : : ‘ T1874
,, LIBRARY : : ‘ : : : : 2701..Q. -O
32,9032 13 6
,, INVESTMENT OF DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS
RESERVE ACCOUNT—
£2,981 11s. 10d. 34% India Stock
cost : £2772 9 0
£705 15s. 3d. 2h %, Consols cost 415 8 Io
£650 5 % WarLoancost . 607 17 0
3,795 12 10
Add Cash for Investment, 1918 . ‘ ; 395 18 11
——_———— 4,I9I II 9
», INVESTMENTS—
Great Eastern Railway Company 4 % Deben-
ture Stock £3,500. 3,535 0 O
Leopoldina Railway Company, Ltd. 5 of Ter-
minable Debentures £2,000 . 2,000 0 O
City of Moscow Loan i912. 44% Bonds £6, 000 5730 OG
Buenos Ayres Great Southern Railway Company
5 % Non-Cumulative Preference Stock £2,500 2,825 o
War Stock 44 % 1925-45, £5,000 . ‘ 5,000 0 Oo
Canadian Pacific Railway Company 4 % Perpe-
°
tual Consolidated Debenture Stock £4, 632. 3,600 17 6
Consols 24 % £3,229 5s. 6d. 1,889 2 6
London County Consolidated 38% "Stock
£135 8s. 4d. . . : 130 0 O
25,000 0 O
(In common with most pre-war Securities, the above have, for
sale purposes, considerably depreciated, but for vevenue purposes
they bring in the same income as before.) —_—_
£62,124 5. 3
I have audited the books from which the foregoing Accounts are compiled,
and certify that they exhibit a true and correct statement of the position on
the 31st Dec., 1918.
ALFRED C. HARPER, F.C.A., Auditor,
(HaRPER BROTHERS & FEATHER, Chartered Accountants),
35 Great Tower Street, London, E.C.
17th January, 1919.
Bequeathed to the Society in 1870 for Annual Prizes,
& €6 25a d.
To Amount of Fund, 31st December, 1917. AO? | Bit -
,, Dividends received 1917 : 3 ¢ « 50 10 6
WILLIAMS —
Raised by Donations in 1891 in Memory of —
To Amount of Fund, 31st December, 1917 _ . 3 204 2 5
204 2s
» Balance 31st December, 1917 . : ; . 20. 278
», Dividends received 1918 : : , ; 8 2 10
F 38 arg
MASTERS
Raised by Donations in 1908 in Memory of Dr: Masters
Y eee £ Sie
To Amount of Fund, 31st December, 1917 . j 542 17° O
542 17 0
», Balance 31st December, 1917 . : : . 48 19 4
,, Dividends received 1918 raha : aie Os ph a
68 4 4
NICHOLSON
Raised by Donations in 1908 in Memory of
ks Lae
To Amount of Fund, 31st December, 1917. ; 160 12 II
,, Dividends received r918 . : é - : 6. Bva2
SCHRODER
Provided by Royal Horticultural Society in Memory of the late Baron
LS ae £* Se
To Amount of Fund, 31st December, 1917. : 557 14 6
» Balance 31st December, 1917 . ° . : 7 Ee
,, Dividends received, 1918 ‘ ; ‘ ‘ Ig 10 Oo
26 11 8
oe ee ome
TRUST FUND. Cr.
or in any other way the Council may determine,
| £ Si a: Se ee |
By Consols, £2,022 8s. 9d. . ‘ ; i COE. 3 FOF -o
a
, Revenue and Expenditure Account . 59 10 6
MEMORIAL FUND.
B. S, Williams towards Prizes and Medals.
hee hd i eee
By East India Railway Co. Annuity, Class B £7. 168" -@ 6
, New South Wales Government 4 per cent. Inscribed
Stock (1942-62) £36 3s. 1d. _ ; : 36-2 5
2204 72-5
, Balance in hands of R.H. Society SS: -OLIAE
38) .0- \t
MEMORIAL FUND.
towards the Provision of one or more Annual Lectures.
ae veer $ bse".
By Midland Railway Consolidated 24 per cent.
Perpetual Preference Stock {400 . 290 13 6
» Midland Railway Consolidated 2$ per. cent.
Perpetual Guaranteed Preferential Stock £400 2527) Be 6
Ee ee:
» Balance in hands of R.H. Society OS.) 48
68 4 4
MEMORIAL FUND.
George Nicholson for Prizes to Wisley Students.
Seu Ge SoSH oe
By Tasmanian Government 4 per cent. ‘Inscribed
Stock (1940-50), £162 4s. 5d. : j : 160 12 If
», Lransfer to Wisley Prize Fund OPiS
PENSION.
Schréder to pay to Gardeners’ Royal Benevolent Institution for one Pension.
Pel Si: hes Se SE
By Great Western Railway hs Per cent. Debenture
Stock £500. - : 567 Lac G
», Gardeners’ Royal ae teer Histitation : 20) O36
» Balance in hands of R.H. Society 61r 8
Dr. LINDLEY LIBRARY _
£ ese £
To Amount of Fund 31st December, 1917. 4 . 6,231 18 ro
, Contribution from R.H. ee an December,
1918 s . : ; 36; 3-4
6268 2:3
To Balance 31st December, 1917 . 3 : Io 9 6
» Dividends and Donations received 1918 : 46 Io 6
, Contribution from R.H. eet 31st December,
1918 ‘ ° . , ° : 53 0 Oo
II0 0 Oo
PRITZEL REVISION
Fund to be raised for the Revision of Pritzel’s Iconum-
? oor ae Pee
To Amount of Fund, 31st December, 1917. : : S59 2°52
ee
, Balance, 31st December, 1917. ‘ ? j 122 ong
* Dividends received 1918. : . : 32 17 II
, Loan from R.H. Society, repayable ? : : 375 Oo Oo
~~,
TRUST. é:
E’ et ho fat"
By Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 3 per cent.
Consolidated Preference Stock £1, scat held oy
the Charity Commissioners . 1,458 15 7
», Value of Library, 31st December, 1917 ° ANTS 33° 3
» Purchase of Books, 1918 (See Report) 3966. 5)°.5
6.268. 2 3
By Librarian’s Salary . I00 0 O
» Balance in hands of R. H. Society 10° oe
IIo oe °
FUND.
Botanicarum Index. Estimated cost, £3,500;
fo 80d £7 Sad
By India 23 per cent. Stock £1,367 13 6 B5G 2: = 2
, Amount expended, 1918. 3 523. ERY
» Balance in hands of R.H. Society ae PS
S30 Se
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS.
31st December, 1918.
24 % Consols £5,324 19s. 8d.
3 o Local Loans £5,800
33 % Indian Rupee Paper 37,000 Riflecd
34 °% Dominion of Canada eon Stock (2930-1956),
£2,000 ° . :
34 % London County Consolidated Stock £2, 864 11s. 8d.
34 % India Stock £2,063 4s. .
5 % Havana Terminal Railroad Company Mortgage
Debenture Bonds £8,300
44 % Central Argentine Railway, Limited, Consolidated
Preference Stock £2,800
5 % State of San Paulo Treasury Beane a: 3) hee 100
4 % Central pegs Railway, Limited, Debenture
Stock £600 . ; ‘ ° ° °
24 % India Stock £186 gs. :
% Mortgage on Freehold £1,000 .
5 % Wat Loan, £9,500 . ,
- cost 5,081
£
» 6,006 16 6
», 2,462 54-408
3 2,000
3. 2,008
5) i, OE
” 8,946
”? 2,907
jo ee
n MSR
4 109.3 2
1,000.8 =a
» 9.274 18 2
£40,097 5 5
as = - «
, ~ a 7
J ™% we °
<_<: Pa,
GENERAL MEETING. XXix
GENERAL MEETING.
FEBRUARY 25, I9IQ.
Mr. A. W. Sutton, V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (45).—Mrs. R. T. Bakewell, F. G. Ball, H. W. Barber, R. N.
Barwell, Mrs. Bellows, G. E. Blundell, Miss W. Bolus, Miss W. D. Brown, J.
Cairnes, Lady Carson, Mrs. C. Colley, M. B. Davis, C. E. Dowdeswell, T. P.
Edwards, G. Geale, Lieut. C. Grant-White, E. Grove, F. S. Harvey, Miss V. M.
Hughes, Mrs. J. K.im Thurm, G. L. Jarrett, L. C. P. Jones, W. Julian, J. Kennedy,
J. Little, J. W. Lomax, Mrs. E. L. Lovatt, J. H. Marsden, J. A. Paice, Major G.
Palmer, B. Parry, Stanley Peck, Mrs. A. W. Perks, Miss C. Price, J. W. Rob,
A. R. N. Rooksby, J. E. Taylor, J. J. Thompson, F. J. Varley, J. A. Waghorn,
A. R. Wells, J. White, J. G. Wilson, A. C. Woodward, W. Wright.
Fellows resident abroad (3).—G. D. Bosshere, B. H. Moller, W. Smallman.
Associates (5).—Miss S. Barker, Miss M. B. Bindley, Miss M. French, Miss
C. N. L. Motherwell, Miss J. Smallwood.
Societies affiliated (10)—Bournemouth (Borough of) Allotment Society,
Cambridge and District Bee-keepers’ Association, Cheadle Hulme Allotment
Holders’ Society, Douglas Horticultural Society, Henley in Arden District
Allotment Society, Kimpton Horticultural Improvement and Cottage Gardening
Society, Leadgate, Investon and District Amateur Gardeners’ Society, Llanfoist
Horticultural Society, Pontypool Allotment Holders’ Association, Stratford-
upon-Avon Allotment Association.
A lecture on ‘‘ The Care of our Soldiers’ Graves’ was given by Capt. A. W.
Hill, M.A. (p. 1).
GENERAL MEETING.
MARCH II, I9gI19Q. .
Mr. W. A. BILNEY, J.P., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (44).—Mrs. C. Allen, Mrs. H. Atherley-Jones, Miss A. R.
Baring, R. Berks, Miss L. E. Blyth, T. W. Briscoe, Mrs. G. Bush, A. G. Carver,
C. A. Corke, P. A. Culling, Lady Davies, M. B. Davie, Mrs. M. Debenham,
Miss E. C. Diarmid, W. Dickinson, Lieut.-Col. E. G. Evans, H. S. Folley, D.
Gidlow, Mrs. M. Gow, W. Harwood, W. M. Heald, J. Hefferman, Mrs. M. Herring,
F. J. Ingleby, Mrs. I. Ingleby, N. E. Lamplugh, C. T. Lloyd, Mrs. E. A. C. Lloyd,
C. E. Lovett, Mrs. E. K. Macmorran, D. C. Messant, Mrs. E. L. Midwood, E.
- Mobbs, Mrs. I. H. Rees Price, H. B. Saltmarsh, G. Shepperson, R. L. Soper, G. L.
Stanbridge, F. T. Stokes, Dr. B. Taylor, G. H. Thomas, F. E. Trelawny, J.
Weston, Mrs. L. D. Wigan.
Fellows vesident abroad (5).—A. Deshumkh, Mrs. H. S. Harde, H. Howlett,
V. G. Mandke, R. F. Silvers.
Associates (6).—A. H. Knight, S. Lion, Miss M. G. Penrose-Thackwell, Mrs. E.
E. Stracey, W. J. Taylor, F. Usherwood.
Societies affiliated (8).—Aspatria Allotment Holders’ Association, Bovey
Tracey Horticultural Society, Cartland Road Allotment Association, Helens-
burgh Allotment Holders’ Association,. Hertford Horticultural Society, Long
Eaton Garden Holders’ Association, Orston, Elton, Thoroton Allotment Associa-
tion, Stocksbridge and Deepcar Allotment Society.
A lecture on ‘‘ The Public Parks of Glasgow ”’ was given by Mr. J. Whitton,
V.M,H. (p. 39).
GENERAL MEETING.
MARCH 25, IQI9Q.
Sir ALBERT K. Rottit, LL.D., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (42) —H. T. Ann, Col. A. S. Barham, S. A. Baxter, Miss M. L.
Boddam, Lady Helen Boyle, A. R. Cook, Mrs. V. M. Cooper, F. W. Crampton,
Col. W. H. Faskin, Miss L. Franks, F. N. Garry, W. J. George, F. A. Gibbins,
B. R. Goode, E. J. Guerin, J. Hamilton, M. Hutchins, A. O. Jefferys, F. Knight,
P. Knight, Miss M. L. Lewis, Miss M. Van-Vleck Lidgerwood, Mrs. M. Longden,
Xxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, ~
Mrs. M. Lucy, G. W. Miles, Mrs. Mitchison, H. G. Moberly, E. W. Morris, Mrs. A.
E. Neame, Miss E. Norton, W. H. Robbins, L. E. Roberts, Major W. R. Rook,
J. C. Russell, R. F. McNair Scott, A. F. Smith, Lt.-Col. Soltau-Symons, Miss
I. H. Stringer, Mrs. M. F. Vincent-King, Col. F. D. Watney, F. E. Winsland, R.
Wittey.
Fellows resident abroad (1).—A. Davies, Sydney, Australia.
Associates (2).—Miss L. Jenkins, Miss A. F. Peake.
A lecture on ‘‘ The Study of Economic Botany and the Professional Openings ©
it offers ’’ was given by Mr. E. White (p. 81). .
Professor BICKERTON of New Zealand endorsed in the most emphatic terms —
all that the lecturer had said on the subject, and it was proposed by Sir ALBERT
ROLuiT, seconded by Professor BICKERTON, and carried unanimously that a
memorandum which had been prepared by the Secretary be sent to the Press.
Sir ALBERT ROLLIT, in proposing a vote of thanks to the lecturer, called atten-
tion to the great work being done by the Society in the direction of science as
applied to Horticulture and Botany, and of the Society’s need for a greatly
increased Fellowship to help to meet the heavy financial burden which its
work now involved (see also Annual Meeting). There was a unanimous expression
of opinion at the Meeting which resolved that the Government should afford
the Society financial support for its scientific and experimental work, and it
was hoped that the Council would lose no time in taking steps to make repre-
sentations to the Government in this direction. The vote of thanks to the
lecturer was carried with acclamation.
GENERAL MEETING.
| APRIL 8, IQIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bow tes, M.A., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (53).—J. E. Allnatt, Miss L. Benest, Mrs. A. Bond, H. Buchan,
C. Cassidy, W. E. Catesby, H. Catchpole, G. Chambers, Mrs. A. Clarke, A. T.
Collier, G. S. Colville, Lieut.-Col. H. Daly, J. K. Davies, Mrs. Dearmer,
Miss A. A. Dunlop, Capt. R. Eliot, Mrs. H. England, Miss K. Forrest, Miss
A. D. Francis, E. Goodyear, Miss Hannen, E. Harper, C. A. Harris, Col.
W. C. Horsley, S. W. Jones, A. H. Lawrence, L. Lovell-Keay, Mrs. A. McCabe,
W. H. Miles, H. Nevill, Miss E. M. Newbold, Mrs. J. H. Oxley, Mrs. Pilkington,
A. W. Punnett, G. L. Radford, Col. W. C. Radford, Col. W. C. Riddell, Lady St.
Audries, J. S. W. Saunders, E. Semper, A. Shambrook, J. A. Sinclair, R. J.
M. Skarratt, Mrs. E. J. Stannard, W. B. Sweeting, A. T. Teniers, F. Thompson,
C. L. Wallace, Capt. L. Wand, W. Whitehead, W. R. Wynton.
Societies affiliated (2)—Carnforth and District Gardeners’ Association,
Park and Dare Allotment Societies, Ltd.
A lecture on “‘ Freesias and Lachenalias ’’ was given by the Rev. J. Jacob
(see p.-29).
GENERAL MEETING.
APRIL 29, I9QI9Q.
Lord LAMBOURNE, C.V.O., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (88).—¥F. D. Andrews, A. M. Anson, Miss E. S. Aspland,
R. Bastin, N. T. Bengough, M. S. Bles, Mrs. P. Bristow, G. C. Bushby, Mrs. F,
Chancellor, R. Collinson, Mrs. B. Cotton, F. W. Deas, Mrs. Deneke, R. J. P.
Dix, G. A. Farnan, Lady Farquhar, Lady Farren, Mrs. F. Fraser, C. T. Gooch,
B. Goodacre, Mrs. F. Gordon, Mrs. B. Goschen, Major A. B. Gracie, H. C. Green-
grass, Mrs. E. Harding, G. C. Haslock, R. G. Hatton, Mrs. E. J. Hawes, J. T.
Haynes, Mrs. J. A. Hirst, S. Hodgkin, J. Hodgson, Mrs. W. Hussey, Mrs. Hutt,
O. A. Jenkins, H. Joy, P. C. Kay, Lady H. Keppel, P. V. Kerr, H. P. Kingham,
Rev. A. L. Kynaston, Miss C. M. Lampard, H. W. Learoyd, T. A. M. Lockhart,
S. H. Lord, J. Mackay, J. W. McKechie, Major N. McLeod, Mrs. R. Makower, B.
Martin, Lady Maxwell, A. J. Mayes, Lady Mayo-Robson, H. F. Mercer, D. Mooney,
A. W. Morley, Mrs. M. R. Moser, Mrs. P. P. Ness, Mrs. G. Nevill, Duchess of
Northumberland, D. C. Orr, E. Page, T. Parker, Miss L. Playfair, R. R. Pulling,
Mrs. Purchase, Mrs. Shalless, J. Smith, Mrs. G. Somers-Smith, Miss H. Stokes,
ol . GENERAL MEETING, XXXi
i Stowell, D. T. Thomas, F. H. Thompson, T. W. Tibbetts, Mrs. Usborne, A. J.
sin, A. Wagg, Mrs. T. E. Walsh, Capt. F. Warrington-Strong, Mrs. A. C.
V its, L. Weaver, Mrs. L. Weaver, E. E. Wigan, D. Wilson, Mrs. H. Wilson,
M rs. E. A. Wood, H. S. Woodcock, Mrs. J. Young.
Fellows resident abroad (6).—P. Falk, S. T. Kawa, Miss D. H. MacRae, S. A.
-Moysard, Capt. S. Pickard, J. P. S. Sellschopp.
a Associates (7).—T. Cannon, R. Hale, J. Heaton, S. Jones, R. Murrell, Miss
H. M. Stephens, R. Sudell.
a Societies affiliated (2)—Barnard Castle and District Allotment Holders’
Association, Pilkington Allotment Holders’ Association.
.
“
—
=
*
XXXii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, IQIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bow ss, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present.
Bulbils in Leek Inflovescence.—Mr. W. Cuthbertson showed a large inflorescence
of the common Leek in which each of the flowers was replaced by one or more
bulbils, as is frequent in many species of Allium. Mr. Cuthbertson, in a long
experience, had never met with a similar case. ;
Substitute for Caraway seed.—Mr. Bowles showed seed of Dill, which is being
used as a substitute for Caraway seed. In the opinion of the Committee there
seems no reason why Caraway seeds should not be grown in England to supply
all our requirements.
Fruits from Salonika.—Mr. Bowles also showed fruits of an Asclepiadaceous
plant, which Mr. W. C. Worsdell took for identification.
Primula Juliae hybrid.—Mr. Rosenheim sent a fine-flowered hybrid of
Primula Juliae, which had occurred in his garden, and which he thought might
be a hybrid with P. leucophylla.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, I9QI9Q.
Mr. E. A. Bow Es, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present.
Fruits from Salonika.—Mr. W. C. Worsdell, F.L.S., reported that he had
compared the fruits shown by Mr. Bowles at the last meeting with herbarium
specimens, and had identified them as Marsdenia erecta and Periploca graeca.
Flowers as aids to identification in Apple.—Mr. C. H. Hooper, F.S.I., drew
attention to a series of photographs of Apple stamens and styles made in Victoria,
Australia, and published in the Journal of the Dep. of Agr. for Victoria, and
remarked upon the great range of variation in arrangement and form exhibited.
Unfortunately not all the flowers had been photographed at the same stage
of development, but there can be no doubt that floral details may be a great
aid in the identification of Apple varieties, and also in all probability to their
classification.
Rogues in Beet—Mr. F. J. Baker, A.R.C.S., drew attention to the presence
of long, fangy roots of a white colour in a crop of Beets grown from home-saved
seed of a particularly good stock of Globe Beets in an allotment garden. It
had been suggested that the result was due to crossing with Spinach, but it
seems more likely that crossing with either Mangolds or some other variety of
Beet had occurred, for it is well known that crossing readily. occurs among
Beets unless they are separated by very long distances. Itis, of course, possible
that segregation in the F; generation was occurring.
Pritzel Committee —Mr. Bowles announced that the Council were about to
appoint an official representative of the Scientific Committee to act upon the
Pritzel Committee, and the name of Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S., was suggested
and unanimously approved. Dr. Rendle is now Professor of Botany to the
Society.
ata scilloides —Mr. T. B. Rhys, of Tenby, wrote saying that he had
discovered Erythvraea scilloides growing wild in north Pembrokeshire. It had
been identified at the British Museum and had never previously been recorded
as wild in the British Isles.
ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY II, IQIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and four members present.
Nectria cinnabarina.—Mr. E. A. Bowles showed a branch of an Acer covered
with the numerous coral spots produced by this fungus in its fruiting stage.
The fungus is exceedingly common on a variety of woody plants. It is a wound
parasite, invading and killing the healthy tissue about the wound, and not
producing its fruit until it hag killed the wood invaded. The treatment consists
%
+4
:
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. XXXIil
of cutting out the infected portions well behind the part on which the fungus
fruits are produced and behind any parts showing a brown discoloration in
the wood.
Hardy Maize—Prof. R. C. Punnett, F.R.S., sent an exhibit showing ripe
cobs of two varieties of Maize ripened in Cambridge, one yellow, the other cream,
and both of the hard-corn type. These had been raised by him by crossing
different varieties as recounted in Gard. Chron., January 11, 1919. A Certificate
of Appreciation was unanimously recommended for the work done by Prof.
Punnett in raising these varieties.
Primula variabilis and Narcissus Tazetta var —Mr. G. C. Druce sent specimens
of the hybrid between Primula vulgaris and P. veris with small coloured flowers,
often grown in gardens under the name P. variabilis, and found in abundance
‘near Pulborough in an apparently wild state. He also sent a form of Narcissus
Tazetta, near ‘“‘ Paper White,’’ collected as an escape near Yiewsley, Middlesex.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 25, I9QIQ.
Mr. E, A. Bowtes, M.A., V,M.H., in the Chair, and five members present.
Potato Disease.—Mr. F. J. Baker, A.R.C.S., drew attention to a common
practice of throwing out partly diseased potato tubers when the clamps are
opened in spring, and permitting them to lie about until much later. He con-
sidered these tubers a source of danger, in that growth might start and the
disease occur upon it, spreading thence to shoots of plants cultivated near.
He thought it wise to collect and destroy such tubers; they may be boiled and
fed to pigs, when any danger would be removed, but they should not find their
way into sties, &c., without previous cooking.
Artificial Production of Natural Hybrids.—-Mr. R. A. Rolfe, A.L.S., showed
a plant under the name of Odontoglossum x Humeanum Rchb. f. This had been
raised by pollinating O. maculatum by O. Rossit. Reichenbach suggested O.
cordatum and O. Rossii as the parents of the plant to which it is believed that
he attached the name O. x Humeanum, but Mr. Rolfe can find no trace of
O. cordatum in the wild plant or evidence that the two supposed parents
grow together in the wild state. A plant was described after Reichenbach’s
Humeanum as O. x aspersum Reich. f. and the parentage O. maculatum x Rosstt
ascribed. It was believed to be a natural hybrid, and the plant now exhibited
is exactlyidentical. The plant originally called O. x Humeanum appears to have
been lost. The plant exhibited was raised by Mr. Rolfe in the collection oi
F. H. Moore, Esq., Royal Infirmary, Liverpool, and has now, after nineteen
years, flowered at Kew. A figure of the plant (O. x Humeanum) is given in
Reichenbachia, ser. 1, ii. pp. 75-82, and the full history of the plant exhibited
in Orch. Rev. xxvil. p. 4). The Committee unanimously recommended a
Certificate of Appreciation to Mr. Rolfe for the work he had done in raising
this plant,
Spiral Hazel.—Mr. Gurney Wilson, F.L.S., showed a stem of hazel from a
railway cutting at Haywards Heath, Sussex, having a deep and broad spiral
groove traversing it. Such grooves are usually the result of the growth of either
honeysuckle or Clematis on the young stem.
Colouring of Leaves by Fungus Spores.—Mr. Bowles showed ivy leaves coloured
deep brown by the presence of numerous spores of the fungus Polyporus igneus,
which had formed its fruits upon the stem of a horse-chestnut above the ivy.
The leaves were completely covered.
Narcissus aberrant.—Mr. J. K. Ramsbottom sent flowers of a Polyanthus
Narcissus from Scilly in which the terminal flower of the inflorescence had in
each case eight perianih pieces.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH II, I9QIQ.
/
Mr. E, A. Bowtss, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present,
Odonioglossum x aspersum.—Mr. G. Wilson, F.L.S., showed several early
drawings of the plant known as O. x Humeanum and the alleged parents, and of
O. x aspersum and its parents.
Variations from Root Cuttings of Bouvardia.—Dr. W. Bateson, F.R.S.,
exhibited drawings of Bouvardia ‘ Bridesmaid,’ and of the plant raised from it
VOL. XLY. é
Xxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —
bearing double flowers similar to the variety ‘ Hogarth,’ exhibited at the meeting
of the Committee in January 1916. He now showed drawings of a single form
raised from a root cutting of the form like ‘ Hogarth,’ dissimilar to any cultivated
at Merton. He also showed drawings of a Regal Pelargonium with another
of a plant raised as a root cutting from it having flowers many shades deeper
than the parent. Mr. Bowles said that he had met with a case of such variation
in Anchusa ttalica. A white variety appeared, and on attempts being made
to propagate it by root cuttings all (or most of) the plants came blue.
Seedlings of Myosotis ‘ Pride of Zurich.’—Dr. Bateson said that seedlings
of the Myosotis form known as ‘ Pride of Zurich,’ in which the petals have a
white stripe down the centre, when the seed was obtained under protection from
insect pollination all gave white flowers. The seedlings from plants raised in
the open have either blue or white flowers, not striped ones. In one case a
_ blue-flowered seedling bore a branch producing white flowers with a blue central
stripe unlike anything before met with. The production of white-flowered
seedlings suggested that the ovules were produced from the portion of the carpel
corresponding with the white central stripe in Myosotis ‘ Pride of Zurich.’
Crocus with Markings of Outer like those of Inner Segments—Mr. Bowles
showed a Crocus having some of the outer segments without the feathered
markings like those of the inner, one flower so differing had occurred on the same
parent corm with a normally coloured one. Others had a portion of one of the
outer segments half within the others and unfeathered, the other half, which
had been exposed, being feathered.
Galanthus nivalis green-tipped—Mr. Bowles also showed a fine flower of
Galanthus nivalis with a green tip to the outer segments. Such forms appear
to occur in all the species of Galanthus and are usually associated with a mal-
formed spathe.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 25, I9I9Q.
Mr. E. A. Bow Les, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, with three members present
and Rev. J. JAcos, visitor.
“ Breaking ’’ of Freesias——Rev. J. Jacob showed examples of Freesia flowers
exhibiting the phenomenon, so well known in Tulips, of concentration of colour
in certain areas, whereas the colour in flowers of the (vegetative) parent corm
had been diffused. The example shown was in the variety ‘ Whitewell,’ where
the delicate tint of the parent had become intensified within a smaller area,
and was not nearly so pleasing. He was unable to account for the change by
any differences in cultivation or other causes.
Fruiting of Hedychium Gardnerianum.—Mt. J. Fitt, Frythe Gardens, Welwyn,
Hertfordshire, sent a shoot of Hedychium Gardnerianum bearing fruit. At
ripening, the fruit (which has been enclosed till then within the valves of the
spathe) is exposed and its bright red valves burst apart, showing the black
seeds on a red column within. The fruit is about 1 inch in length.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 8, I9QIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and four members present.
Hybrid Freesias—Mr. Dalrymple brought a large number of forms of Freesia
which his brother, Mr. H. Dalrymple, had raised at Bartley, near Southampton.
The range of colour was extraordinary, from yellow and bronze flowers to pink
and purple. A Certificate of Appreciation was unanimously recommended
to Mr. Dalrymple for work in raising these new Fveesias.
A Multiple Flower of Narcissus—From the same source came a flower of
Narcissus ‘ Minnie Hume’ with double the number of parts normally present.
Bamboos at Gunnersbury and Enfield—Mr. Bowles showed specimens to
illustrate the manner in which Bamboos had suffered from the weather during
the past season, while Mr. J. Hudson, V.M.H., brought others from Gunnersbury
in the best of condition. The climatic conditions in the two localities, though
so near, must have been markedly different. Mr. Hudson attaches great
importance to planting Bamboos in moist soil, never on banks.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, XXXV
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 29, I9QIQ. ;
Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and three members present.
Insects pollinating mistletoe—Mr. Bowles referred to the subject of insect-
pollination of mistletoe, saying that he found certain insects persistently working
the flowers, returning to them again and again, particularly Diptera, and he
thought there could be no doubt that they were the agents effecting pollination.
He had captured many and they had been identified at the British Museum
as Sepsis cynipsea (4), Chlorops sp. (3), Tephrochlamys rufiventris (3), Pyrellia
_lasiophthalma (2), Musca autumnalis (1), Scatophaga stercoraria (1), Elachy-
_ ptera covnuta (1). With one exception these were different flies from those captured
at mistletoe last year (see JOURNAL R.H.S. xliv. p. xlix).
Malformed Cypripedium.—Cypripedium ‘ Euryades,’ New Hall Hey var.,
_ with the dorsal part of the flower doubled, was sent by Mr. C. J. Lucas, of
_ Horsham. Both dorsal sepal and rostellum were paired.
y Wood of Cecropia.——A piece of stem of Cecropia was sent by Mrs. G. E.
- Bullar, picked up on the shore at L’Islet, Guernsey. The wood is extremely
_ light and has large pith cavities with transverse walls at intervals of about two
inches, Dr. Rendle, who identified the specimen, says that the pith cavities
__ are, in the young stem, often occupied by ants, and that the natives of W. Indies
and S. America, where the tree grows wild and reaches a height of from 40 to
60 feet and a diameter of a foot, use the hollow stems as wind instruments,
whence the name ‘ Trumpet-Wood.’
XXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, IQIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and fourteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for hardy winter vegetables.
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Mr. R. Staward, Panshanger, for Leeks.
Other Exhibit.
Mr. H. Close, Orpington: Apple ‘Gunner Buckwell.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, IgIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and fifteen members present.
It was unanimously resolved to send a vote of condolence to the family of
the late Mr. George Bunyard, V.M.H., who was for so many years the deeply
respected Chairman of this Committee. :
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Lady Elizabeth Dawson, Maidenhead, for bottled fruits and vegetables.
First-class Certificate.
To Apple ‘ St. Cecilia’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Basham, Bassaleg,
nr. Newport. This variety received an Award of Merit on January 15, 1918.
Fruit of medium size, even in outline, but of different shapes, some conical,
others flat ; skin yellow and nearly covered with red, with a good deal of russet
round the stalk ; eye small, and nearly closed in a shallow and slightly plaited
saucer ; stalk about half an inch long, inserted in a small funnel set in a very
full base ; flesh crisp, juicy, fine flavour, somewhat resembling that of ‘ Cox’s
Orange Pippin,’ which is one of its parents, the name of the other parent having
been lost. The tree is said to be a strong, vigorous grower, and a free bearer,
a very promising variety that should be a valuable addition to our late dessert
Apples. (See JouRNAL R.H.S., xliv. p. lv., fig. 36).
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst: Onions.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY II, IQIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and eleven members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for winter vegetables.
Previous Awards Confirmed.
To Mr. V. Banks, Food Production Department, for bottled fruits and
vegetables.
ce ess! &
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. XXXVil
Mr. P. Chennell, Dorking: seedling Apple.
Mr. W. Peters, Leatherhead: Onion ‘ Globe Keeper.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 25, IgIQg.
Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and fifteen members present.
. No awards were recommended on this occasion.
Exhibit.
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford: Apple ‘ Laxton’s Superb.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 11, IQI9Q.
Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
_ Award Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for vegetables.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. J. Leeder, Postwick: Apple ‘ Leeder’s Perfection.’
R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley: early Rhubarb and Apple ‘ Surecrop.’
‘Mr. G. G. Whitelegg, Chislehurst : Onion ‘ Cooper’s Density.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 18, I9QIQ.
SUB-COMMITTEE AT WISLEY.
Mr. W. Poupart in the Chair, and four members present.
The Sub-Committee inspected the trial of Kales and made recommendations
for awards.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 25, I9IQ.
Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twelve members present.
Awards Recommended :—
The following awards recommended by the Sub-Committee to Kales on
trial at Wisley were confirmed :—
Award of Merit.
No. 64. Ormskirk Hearting Curled Greens, sent by Mr. Clucas.
Highly Commended.
No. 1. Cottager’s Kale, sent by Messrs. R. Veitch; No. 7. Dwarf Purple Curled,
sent by Messrs. Barr; No. 22. Extra Curled Scotch, sent by Messrs. Sutton; No.
41. Favourite, sent by Messrs. Sutton; No. 35. Green Curled, sent by Messrs.
Sydenham ; No. 46. Improved Hearting, sent by Messrs. Sutton; No. 29. Purple
Plume, sent by Messrs. Carter; No. 27. Scotch Kale Selected, sent by Messrs.
Barr; No. 13. Jerusalem Purple, sent by Messrs. Barr; No. 55. Variegated Kale
Selected, sent by Messrs. Barr, and recommended as a decorative variety.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. J. Leeder, Postwick : Apple ‘ Leeder’s Perfection.’
W. G. Rigden, Esq., Englefield Green: Potatos and Onion ‘ Royal Keeper.’
XXXVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 8, IgIQg.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and eleven members present.
Award Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for vegetables.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 29, IQIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and eleven members present.
There were no exhibits before the Committee on this occasion.
*
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23 a
FLORAL COMMITTEE. KX X1x
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-seven members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs, May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and Cyclamen.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Carnations.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for shrubs and alpines.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
First-class Certificate. '
To Cotoneaster serotina (votes 11 for, 4 against), from the R.H.S. Gardens,
Wisley. A very useful ornamental shrub from China growing from 4 to 6 feet high
and of graceful habit. The leaves are ovate, apiculate, from 14 to 2 inches long
and nearly aninch broad. They have prominent midribs and the under sides are
glaucous. The small, round, scarlet fruits are borne in corymbs along the
long arching branches of the plant.
Other Exhibit.
R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley: Pyvacantha Gibbsii to show the persistence of
the fruits.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fifteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To R. L. Mond, Esq. (gr. Mr. C. Hall), Sevenoaks, for Primulas &c.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for shrubs and hardy Cyclamen.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Carter, Raynes Park, for Primula malacoides.
To Messrs. Felton, London, for Eucalyptus and Cytisus.
Award of Merit.
To Primula malacoides ‘ The President ’ (votes 12 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
Carter, Raynes Park. A good, pale rosy-lilac, double form of this well-known
greenhouse Primula.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Chapman, Rye: Freesias.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants.
Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston : hardy plants.
Mr. Rosenheim, East Molesey : Primula ‘ Juliana.’
xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY II, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gili Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for Conifers.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Barr, Covent Garden, for Cyclamen.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye: Freesias.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants.
Messrs. Low, Enfield : Carnations.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 25, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Carnations and Cyclamen.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and fiowering plants.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for stove plants.
Stluer Banksian Medal.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for Spring flowers.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for hardy plants.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for rare Conifers.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye, for Irises and Freesias.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for hardy plants.
To Mr. G. G. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for alpines.
Award of Merit.
To Freesia ‘Merry Widow’ (votes 16 for, 2 against), from Rev. J. Jacob,
Whitchurch, Salop. A very large-flowered variety. The ground colour is white
suffused with pale violet-lilac. The latter colour is also seen in the lines in
the throat, and there is a patch of golden yellow on the lower segment of the
flower. It is said to be a tall-growing variety and excellent as a pot plant.
To Freesia ‘ Rose Beauty’ (votes unanimous), from Rev. J. Jacob, Whit-
church, Salop. A dainty variety of a very deep rose-pink colour. The white
throat is lined with rose and the lower segment of the flower has a touch of
gold when first opened. This variety is a great advance in colour.
To Primula malacotdes ‘ Princess Patricia’ (votes 20 for), from Messrs.
Carter, Raynes Park. This variety of Primula malacoides is of good habit and
very free-flowering. The flowers are rosy-mauve in colour and three-quarters of
an inch or more in diameter.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Barr, London: hardy plants.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants.
FLORAL COMMITTEE. boa 2
FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH II, IgIgQ.
_ Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.
‘Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons and Arums,
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, Twyford, for alpines.
_ Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for shrubs.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for shrubs and alpines.
To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Low, Enfield, for Carnations.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
Award of Merit.
z To Freesia ‘ Daddy-long-legs’ (votes unanimous), from Rev. J. Jacob,
_ Whitchurch, Salop. The flowers of this charming Freesia are large, sweetly
scented, and rosy-mauve in colour with a golden-orange blotch on the lower
segment. The segments are somewhat reflexed, so that the blooms are much
- more open than usual. This variety is a very tall grower, hence its name.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Chapman, Rye: Freesia ‘ Opal.’
G. Ferguson, Esq., Weybridge: Freesias.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.
Mr. G. G. Whitelegg, Chislehurst : alpines.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 25, IQIQ.
Mr. H, B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-five members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas.
To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons &c.
To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Mr. G. Prince, Longworth, for Roses.
To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, Twyford, for alpines.
Bronze Flova Medal.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for shrubs and alpines.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for Primroses.
To Messrs. Peed, West Norwood, for Cyclamen.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
Award of Merit.
To Freesia ‘ Pinkie’ (votes 15 for, 4 against), from Rev. J. Jacob, Whitchurch,
Salop. This variety represents a great advance in colour in Freesias. The .
xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
shade is a good clear pink and the blooms are of medium size but not highly
scented.
To Saxifraga lilacina (votes 18 for), from Messrs. Tucker, Oxford. A
beautiful alpine species from the Himalaya. Its tiny foliage forms dense, grey-
green tufts which are studded with the comparatively large rose-lilac flowers.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: hardy plants.
Mr. J. Fitt, Welwyn: Rhododendron Veitchianum.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.
Messrs. Low, Enfield : Carnations.
P. Rosenheim, Esq., East Molesey: Primulas.
Mr. G. G. Whitelegg, Chislehurst : alpines.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 8, I9I9Q.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Barnet, for Carnations &c.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for Polyanthus &c.
To Mr. G. Prince, Longworth, for Roses.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas &c.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for alpines.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
To R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, for alpines.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for hardy plants.
Award of Merit.
To Freesia ‘ Bartley Mauve’ (votes 21 for), from Mr. H. Dalrymple, Bartley,
Southampton. A _ large-flowered, sweetly scented, violet-mauve variety of
excellent form.
To Freesia ‘ Bartley Rose’ (votes 1g for, 3 against), from Mr. H. Dalrymple,
Bartley, Southampton. The flowers of this variety are large and of a rosy-mauve :
colour, which also runs in lines into the white tube.
To Freesia ‘ Goldfinch ’ (votes unanimous), from Mr. H. Dalrymple, Bartley,
Southampton. A beautiful golden-yellow variety with a deep orange blotch
on the lower segment. The flowers are of good size and sweetly scented.
To Primula ‘ Wanda’ (votes 12 for), from Messrs. Baker, Codsall. This
hybrid Primula is the result of a cross between Primula Juliae and a crimson
form of the common Primrose (P. acaulis). The plant has a neat and robust
habit and the leaves are rounder and somewhat shorter than those of P. acaulis..
The flowers which are borne in great abundance, are of a bright purplish-crimson
colour with a golden eye, and they are of large size. This is the most striking
of the many hybrids resulting from this cross so far exhibited.
Cultural Commendation.
To Miss C. Warner, Belle Orchard, Hawkhurst, for Richardia africana.
FLORAL COMMITTEE. xhili
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: Primulas and hardy plants.
Mrs. Lloyd Edwards, Ruabon: Saxifrages and hybrid Primula.
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Rhododendron ‘ Paul’s Early Blush.’
Mr. J. H. Wood, Boston Spa: Saxifraga ‘ Boston Spa Seedling.’
FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 29, IgQIQ.
_ Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas &c.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for flowering shrubs.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations &c.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for alpines.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Adeline, Duchess of Bedford, Chenies, for Primula ‘ Eureka’ hybrids.
To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations.
To Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, for alpines.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines.
To Miss C. Warner, Hawkhurst, for Arums.
FS SNR OL Sat civetis
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Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. J. Fitt, Welwyn, for Rhododendron fragrantissimum.
To Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for hardy plants.
Award of Merit.
To Aubrieiia vosea splendens (votes 11 for), from Mr. M. Prichard, Christ-
church. This useful addition to the Aubrietias has bright rose flowers measuring
I inch across and is very free-flowering.
To Rhododendyvon ‘ Madame G. Verde Delisle’ (votes 12 for, 3 against), from
T. H. Lowinsky, Esq., Sunninghill. This variety is the result of a cross between
Rhododendron ‘ Doncaster’ and R. Aucklandii. The flowers which measure
4 inches across are a very bright deep-pink colour, and are borne in trusses of
about eight blooms. The centre is lighter in colour and spotted with brown.
To Rhododendron ‘ Miss Adelaide Clow ’ (votes 11 for, I against), from T. H.
Lowinsky, Esq., Sunninghill. The flowers of this variety are white flushed
with pink and have a few chocolate spots on the upper segment. The blooms
measure 4 inches across and are borne in trusses of about twelve. The buds
are quite pink. This variety resulted from a cross between Rhododendron
“White Pearl’ and R. Aucklandit.
To Rhododendron ‘Mrs. Tom Lowinsky’ (votes unanimous), from T. H.
Lowinsky, Esq., Sunninghill. This magnificent variety was also raised by
crossing Rhododendron ‘ White Pearl’ and R. Aucklandit. Its flowers are
very large, measuring 44 inches across, white flushed with pink on the outside,
flattish, and are borne in trusses of about eight.
To Rhododendron ‘ Xenia’ (votes g for, 1 against), from T. H. Lowinsky,
Esq., Sunninghill. The parents of this variety are Rhododendron ‘ Helen
Schiffner ’ and R. ‘ Mrs. Charles Butler.’ The flowers are 3 inches across, white
with crimson lines at the base, and are borne in trusses of about twelve.
Other Exhibits.
Miss Bayne, Bridge of Allan: Clematis ‘ Miss Bayne.’
Mr. C. Elliott, Stevenage: Primula ‘ Mrs. Wilson.’
Messrs. Godfrey, Exmouth: strain of Schizanthus.
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Rhododendrons.
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2
xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —
ORCHID COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, I9QI9Q.
Sir JEREMIAH CoLMAN, Bart., in the Chair, and twenty-three members present.
Awards Recommended :— ;
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for a group.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for hybrid Odontoglossums
and Odontiodas.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Cymbidiums and other hybrids.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, Jarvisbrook, for Laeliocattleyas and Sophrocattleyas.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham, for hybrid Cypripediums.
Award of Merit.
To Cypripedium x‘ Perseus’ (‘Lady Dillon’ x ‘ Alcibiades illustris ’)
(votes unanimous), from W. R. Lee, Esq., Plumpton Hall, Heywood, Lancashire
(gr. Mr. Branch). Dorsal sepal white with spotted lines of dark claret colour.
Petals and lip brownish-rose with yellow margin.
Preliminary Commendation.
To Odontoglossum x‘ Princess Patricia’ (‘Dora’ x crispum Luciant)
(votes 16 for, o against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. Inner two-thirds
of the segments blotched dark Indian red, the rest white.
To Odontoglossum x ‘Triumph’ (ardentissimum x Ossulstonii) (votes 18
for, o against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. A fine blush-white seedling
heavily blotched with claret-red.
Other Exhibits.
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.: Laeliocattleyas.
G. W. Bird, Esq.: Odontioda x ‘ The Sphinx’ (parentage unrecorded).
Baron Bruno Schroeder: Brassocatileya x Cliftonti albens.
E. R. Ashton, Esq.: Sophrolaeliocatileya x ‘ Isabella.’
Messrs. Flory & Black: Odontoglossums.
Messrs. Sanders: Cymbidium x ‘ Atalanta.’
ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 28, IQIQ.
Sir JEREMIAH CoLMAN, Bart., in the Chair, and twelve members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for over one hundred
specimens of hybrid Cymbidiums, Calanthes, Odontiodas, and Odontoglossums.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for hybrids.
Award of Merit.
To Odontoglossum x avdentissimum ‘ Reine Blanche’ (crispum xanthotes x
Pescatorei album) (votes unanimous), from Dr. Craven Moore, Victoria Park,
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ORCHID COMMITTEE. xlv
Manchester. Flowers large, pure white with a few straw-yellow spots on the
lip.
- Other Exhibits.
Frederick J. Hanbury, Esq.: three hybrid Cypripediums.
Dr. Miguel Lacroze: Cypripedium x ‘ Isonzo’ Bryndir variety.
Baron Bruno Schréder: Cypripedium x ‘ Eurybiades Helmuth.’
Mrs. Norman Cookson: Cypripedium x ‘ Oakwood Giant.’ .
Messrs. Flory & Black: Sophrocattleyas.
Messrs. McBean: hybrid Cattleyas.
ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY II, I9QIQ.
Sir JEREMIAH CoLMAN, Bart., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ Gatton Emperor’ var. ‘ Tiberius’ (Lambeauianum x
hybrid unrecorded) (votes unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton
Park, Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier). A darker violet-purple variety of the type which
was given an Award of Merit, February 12, 1918.
To Odontoglossum x‘ Empire’ (eximium x‘ Marathon’) (votes tro for,
© against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells.
Flowers large, blotched with claret-red on white ground.
To Odontoglossum crisbum ‘ The Marquis’ (votes 9 for, o against), from
Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath. A home-raised seedling of good quality,
pure white, petals and lip fringed.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ Radiant’ (‘ Dora’ x ‘ Alexandra’) (votes to for,
o against), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flower of O. x ‘ Jasper’ type; large,
rose finely marked with dark claret.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ St. George’ (eximium x ‘ Alexandra’) (votes 8 for,
o against), from Messrs. Charlesworth. A fine flower with white ground, blotched
with dark mauve.
To Brassolaeliocatileva x ‘Imogen’ (B.-c. x langleyensis albax L.-c. x
‘ Trimyra ’) (votes 7 for, o against), from Messrs. Flory & Black, Slough. Flowers,
_of Cattleya form, white with yellow disc and fringed margin to the lip.
Cultural,Commendation.
To Mr. Farnes, Orchid Grower to Pantia Kalli, Esq., Ashtead Park, for
Cymbidium x Gotiianum (insigne x eburneum) with six spikes, bearing together
twenty-five flowers.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Armstrong & Brown: new Odontoglossums and Odontiodas.
Messrs. Charlesworth: rare hybrids.
Messrs. Flory & Black : new Odontoglossums.
Messrs. Sanders : hybrids and rare species.
Baron Bruno Schréder: varieties of Cypripedium x ‘ Eurybiades.’
ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 25, IQIQ.
Sir HARRY J. VEITCH in the Chair, and nineteen members present.
Awards Recommended :
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for hybrid Cymbidiums,
Odontoglossums, and Odontiodas.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for Cattleyas, Laeliocattleyas,
and Odontoglossums.
xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, Jarvisbrook, Sussex, for hybrids and rare species,
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for hybrid Cymbidiums and Odontoglossums.
To Messrs. Hassall, Southgate, for hybrid Cymbidiums.
First-class Certificate:
To Brassocattleya x ‘ Princess Patricia’ (C. x ‘Enid’ x B.-c. x Cliftonti
magnifica) (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. A fine flower with
the features of the Brassocattleya parent. Sepals and petals light rose colour ;
lip Tyrian purple in front; disc chrome-yellow.
Award of Merit.
To Laeliocattleya x ‘Zeno’ var. ‘Lyoth’ (L.-c. x ‘St. Gothard’ x C. x
Luegeae) (votes 14 for, o against), from Messrs. Charlesworth. A large and
well-formed rose flower with rich purple lip, having gold lines from the base.
To Cymbidium x ‘ International’ (eburneo-Lowianium x Woodhamsianum)
(votes 11 for, o against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. Flowers large
and of fine substance; primrose-yellow with purple spotting on the lip.
To Cymbidium x albanense, McBean’s var. (erythrostylum x insigne) (votes
13 for, o against), from Messrs. McBean. Flowers blush-white with purple
dotted lines on the lip.
To Laeliocattleya x Rex (L.-c. x Haroldiana x C. ‘ Tityus Rex’) (votes
unanimous), from Messrs. Flory & Black, Slough. A large and showy hybrid
with broad, crimped sepals and petals of rosy-mauve colour; lip ruby-purple
with yellow disc and basal lines.
Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. J. Collier, gr. to Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., for Cymbidium x
Lowio-grandiflorum, with a spike of twenty-nine flowers.
Other Exhibits.
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt.: Odontoglossum x ‘ Gatton Princess.’
Dr. Miguel Lacroze: Laeliocattleya x‘ Beatrice’ var. ‘ Roehampton.’
Sir Mervyn Buller: Cattleya x ‘ Clotho,’ and C. Trianae alba.
Messrs. Flory & Black : hybrids.
7
ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH ITI, IQIQ.
Sir JEREMIAH CoLMAN, Bt., in the Chair, and twenty members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., Gatton Park (gr. Mr. Collier), for hybrid
Dendrobiums and rare species.
To A. C. Feaver, Esq., South Norwood (gr. Mr. Rodgers), for hybrid
Cymbidiums.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells, for Odontiodas and new
Odontoglossums.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for hybrid Odontoglossums
and Laeliocattleyas.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Cymbidiums and other hybrids.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, Jarvisbrook, for Laeliocattleyas and Sophronitis
crosses.
First-class Certificate.
To Brassocattleya x ‘Gatton Lily’ var. ‘ Purity’ (C. Trianae albens x
B.-c. x Digbyano-Mendelii var. ‘ Fortuna ’) (votes unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah
Colman, Bt. A fine pure white variety of the original which was given a
F.C.C. December 3, 1918.
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ann , ’
ORCHID COMMITTEE. xlvii
Award of Merit.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ Philomene’ var. ‘ Mauretania’ (Rolfeae majesticum x
ee ‘Olympia ’) (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flower
ge, pale yellow, blotched with purple. Lip broad as long, flat, white with
purple spotting at the base.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ Pyramus’ (‘ Louise’ x ‘l’Empereur’) (votes 17 for,
_o against), from Messrs. Charlesworth. Flower of good shape, white, heavily
blotched with reddish-claret colour.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ Peerless’ auriferum, Rosslyn var. (Ossulstonii x
_ eximium) (votes 17 for, o against), from H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford
_ Hill (gr. Mr. Thurgood). Ground colour pale yellow with chocolate blotches.
Preliminary Commendation.
To Odontioda x ‘ Lady Patricia Ramsay ’ (Odm. x Lambeauianum x Oda. x
- ‘ Coronation ’) (votes 17 for, o against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. Flower
_ of good size and shape, heavily blotched with bright red.
To Odontoglossum x ‘General Foch,’ Orchidhurst var. (Avmstrongiae x
“Colossus ’) (votes 17 for, o against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. Sepal
and petals white, heavily blotched with purplish-red.
Other Exhibits.
Pantia Ralli, Esq.: Sophrolaeliocatileya x ‘ His Majesty,’ Ralli’s variety.
Messrs. Flory & Black: Sophronitis hybrids and Odontoglossums.
H. S. Goodson, Esq.: Odontoglossum x Goodsonianum (Rossii x ?).
ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 25, 1919.
Sir JEREMIAH CoLMAN, Bt., in the Chair, and eighteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for hybrid Orchids.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, Jarvisbrook, Sussex, for Cattleyas and Laeliocattleyas.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, Sussex, for Cymbidiums and Laeliocattleyas.
To Messrs. Sander, St. Albans, for Odontiodas and Odontoglossums.
-Award of Merit.
To Laeliocattleya x ‘Lady Evelyn’ (L.-c. x ‘ Goldfinch’ x C. x ‘ Empress
Frederick’) (votes unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt. (gr. Mr. J.
Collier). In shape resembling the Cattleya parent. Sepals and petals rose;
lip ruby-purple with yellow disc and basal lines.
To Odontioda x ‘St. André’ (Oda. x Sanderae x Odm. x amabile) (votes
unanimous), from Messrs. Sander. Ground colour pale yellow effectively
_ blotched with bright red.
To Odontoglossum x‘ Vardar’ (mirificum x eximium) (votes 15 for, o
against), from Messrs. Flory & Black, Slough. Flowers white heavily blotched
with claret-red, the broad white margin being clearly defined.
Preiminary Commendation.
To Odontoglossum x‘ Pallas’ (tllusivissimum x ‘ Doris’) (votes 15 for),
from Messrs. Flory & Black. Flower closely blotched with dark purple, the
white ground showing between the blotches.
To Odontioda x ‘Marvel’ (Oda. x Bradshawiae x Odm. x ‘ Mars’) (votes
9 for, 3 against), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. A finely formed crimson
flower with slight white margin.
Other Exhibits.
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt.: hybrid Dendrobiums.
Messrs. Armstrong & Brown: new Odontiodas and Odontoglossums.
E. R. Ashton, Esq.: hybrid Odontoglossums and Odontiodas.
H. T. Pitt, Esq.: Miltonia x Bleuana, Hessle variety.
Messrs. Flory & Black: Odontoglossums.
xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 8, I9gIQ.
Sir JEREMIAH COLMAN, Bt., in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells, for hvbrids,
including new Odontiodas and Odontoglossums.
To H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr. Thurgood), for hybrids
and interesting species.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for hybrids and new Odonto-
glossums. ;
Silvey Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for Cymbidiums, Odontoglossums, and —
Odontiodas.
Award of Merit.
To Odontioda x ‘ Gladys’ superba (Odm. Pescatorei x Oda. x Bradshawiae) —
(votes unanimous), from Dr. Craven Moore, Victoria Park, Manchester. A ~
showy flower, with white ground effectively marked with red. Rast
To Odontioda x ‘ Margaret,’ Gatton Park var. (Oda. x Bradshawiae x Odm. —
x arvdentissimum) (votes unanimous), from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., Gatton —
Park, Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier). Flower of good size and shape, mahogany- —
red with a light violet shade and slight white markings at the margin.
To Milionia x ‘ Venus’ Orchidhurst var. (vexillaria x Phalaenopsis) (votes
unanimous), from Messrs. Armstrong & Brown. Flowers as large as those of
M. vexillaria. Sepals and petals pale lilac. Lip white with spotted lines of
ruby red extending from the yellow base to the centre.
Cultural Commendation.
To Dr. Craven Moore, for Odontioda x ‘ Gladys’ superba with two spikes
bearing together fifty-four flowers.
Other Exhibits.
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt.: fine forms of Lycaste Skinuneri.
Col. Stephenson R. Clarke, Cuckfield: Lowara x ‘ Paul’ (Sophrolaelia x
‘Psyche’ x Brassolaelia x ‘ Mrs. M. Gratrix’).
C. J. Lucas, Esq.: Laeliocattleyas and Odontoglossums.
ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 29, IQIQ.
Sir Harry J. VEITCH in the Chair, and fifteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells, for hybrid
Odontoglossums and Odontiodas. 4
To Messrs. Charlesworth, Haywards Heath, for a group.
:
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, Jarvisbrook, Sussex, for Cattleyas and Laeliocattleyas.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill, for hybrids and rare species.
To E. R. Ashton, Esq., Tunbridge Wells, for Odontoglossums.
To Messrs. McBean, Cooksbridge, for a group.
First-class Certificate.
To Odontioda x ‘Lady Veitch’ (Oda. x Cooksoniae, Orchidhurst var. x
Odm. x ‘ Mars’) (votes unanimous), from H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford
Hill (gr. Mr. Thurgood). A superb hybrid with flower four inches across and
ORCHID’ COMMITTEE. . xlix
x
of perfect shape. Sepals and petals Indian Red with a gold shade. ‘Lip white,
with a ruby-red blotch in front of the yellow crest. The variety was raised by
Messrs. Armstrong & Brown.
Award of Merit.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ The Tiger’ (Lawrenceanum x ‘ Stella’) (votes unani-
mous), from H. T. Pitt, Esq. The largest of the O. tviumphans class, that
species being in both parents. Ground colour yellow heavily blotched with
red-brown. . .
To Odontoglossum x Ashtonti (amabile x hybrid unrecorded) (votes unani-
mous), from E. R. Ashton, Esq., Broadlands, Tunbridge Wells. Flower large,
white with the inner two-thirds of the segments blotched with dark purple.
To Odontoglossum x ‘ Radiant’ var. ‘Marion’ (‘ Dora’ x ‘ Alexandra’)
(votes 7 for, 3 against), from Messrs. Flory & Black, Slough. Flower violet-
_ purple with blush-white blotches at the tips and margin.
To Catileya x‘ Rajah’ (‘ Enid’ x ‘Empress Frederick’) (votes to for,
2 against), from Messrs. Stuart Low, Jarvisbrook, Sussex. Resembling the
parents but with a reversion towards the C. Warscewiczi in E.°x ‘Enid.’
Flowers rose colour with large crimson lip.
=
Preliminary Commendation. |
To Odontioda x ‘ Signor Orlando’ (Odm. x ‘ Jasper’ x Oda x Bradshawiae)
(votes unanimous), from Messrs. Armstrong. Margins of the segments violet,
inner halves white with claret markings.
Other Exhibits.
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt.: new hybrids and Dendrobium flowers.
Mrs. Norman C. Cookson: hybrid Odontoglossums and Odontiodas.
Pantia Ralli, Esq.: Odontoglossum crispum aureum.
C. J. Lucas, Esq.: Brassocatileya.
Messrs. Flory & Black: Odontoglossums.
Messrs. Sander: Odontoglossums and scarlet Odontiodas.
VOL. XLV, | . : ge d
] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
R.H.S. EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE.
GENERAL EXAMINATION, 1o19,
SENIORS.
ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEEN candidates presented themselves for the Senior
General Examination. Of these sixteen, or fourteen per cent., were placed
in the First Class ; thirty-eight, or thirty-two per cent., were placed in the Second
Class; forty-one, or thirty-four per cent., were placed in the Third Class;
twenty-four failed to satisfy the Examiners.
The Examiners, Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., and Mr. James
Hudson, V.M.H., report that the general standard of the answers was relatively
much higher in the case of the Senior Candidates than in that of the Juniors,
even after making due allowance for the difference in ages. Although there
was a marked improvement in the direction of conciseness, there were cases in
which the explicit instruction printed on the Question Paper wasignored. This
only too frequently resulted in irrelevant and inadequate answers. For example,
as an answer to the last question on ‘‘improvement by selection,’’ which has
been practised from time immemorial by gardeners, a detailed account of the
discoveries of Mendel was not required ; and those answers which were confined
thereto were consequently far from adequate.
In many cases the Examiners were pleased to notice a good knowledge of
experimental plant physiology. On the other hand, good line drawings were
markedly absent; indeed, throughout the whole range of answers, a Clear,
well-executed line drawing was rarely found. In future years it is the intention
of Examiners to expect neatly drawn, clear and accurate drawings to illustrate
the answers given.
JUNIORS,
There were forty-seven candidates in the Junior Section. Of these six
or thirteen per cent., obtained a First Class; twelve, or twenty-five per cent,,
obtained a Second Class; thirteen, or twenty-eight per cent., obtained a Third
Class, and fifteen failed to satisfy the Examiners. One candidate did not present
himself.
The Examiners report that there was evidence of very inadequate teaching
at some centres. In Question 3, many candidates missed the point, viz., the
loss of water by the leaves of the plant due to excessive transpiration; the
answers were more frequently than not confused with direct loss from the soil
by evaporation.
The necessity for good drawings in the Junior Section was also manifest ;
hardly any candidate was able to make a good drawing of a flower in vertical
section.
April 1919. W. WILKs, Secretary,
SENIORS.
Class I. .
Johns, T. D., Cartref, Bryn Road, Tondu, nr. Bridgend,
,Cook, T. E., 6 Lawson Terrace, Newcastle, Staffs.
2. 1Gibson, C. M., Home Mead, Frith Road, Newbury.
4. Jones, Miss K. L., Glyn-cerrig, Mumbles, S. Wales.
Hazell, Miss M., Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Newbury.
9 1 Onnston, Miss E., Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Newbury.
Hird, R. W., 10 Roker Park Road South, Sunderland.
7. 4 Jameson, Miss E. W., Avondale, Rainsford Avenue, Chelmsford,
| Warburg, Miss W., Nantyderry Training Centre, nr. Abergavenny, Mon.
1o. Pugh, Miss E. C., 21 Broadlands Road, Highgate, N.
11. Cole, W. E., Dyrham, Staple Hill, Bristol.
; Davis, Miss W. M., 17 Fawley Road, W. Hampstead, N.W.0.
‘2. (Surman, Miss N,, Nantyderry Training Centre, nr, Abergavenny,
_
R.H.S. EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE. h
Rowe, R. J., Gretton, Church Stretton, Salop.
Brockhouse, Miss D., Studley College, Warwickshire.
4s
4 {Bete Miss N.. School of Gardening, Clapham, nr. Worthing, Sussex,
Class if.
Hare, Miss K. C., Aldersey Hall, Horticultural College, nr. Chester.
Gee Miss M., Brinkworth, Stapleton, Bristol.
3. Tazewell, Miss K. M., St. James’ Gardens, West Malvern, Worcs.
4. Shaw, Miss 0 , Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, N ewbury, Berks.
Campion, Miss P. M., Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
5 | Ward, Miss I. W. , University College, Reading.
Boyle, The Lady Helen, The Homestead, Meopham, Kent.
Hudson, C. E., 10 Fairfield Road, Chelmsford, Essex.
Macdonald, Miss J. Macleod, Aldersey Horticultural College, nr. Chester.
Procter, Miss C., St. Paul’s Girls’ School, Brook Green, Hammersmith.
Scholefield, Miss K., Horticultural College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Griffiths, R. P., St. Edmund’s School, Crickhowell, S. Wales.
12, setae Miss M. D. E., Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Newbury,
Berks.
?
(Bentham, Miss M., 8 Thorn Road, Bournville, Birmingham.
14. }Hilliard, Miss N., ‘St. Gatien’s School of Gardening, ‘Rathfarnham, Co.
Dublin.
Brockhouse, Miss K.E.,Studley Horticultural College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Johnson, Miss I. , Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
16, + Nicolls, Miss E. ey. 6 Summer Terrace, Onslow Gardens, S. Kensington.
Reilly, ’Miss D.-K. ’ Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Stanley, Miss J., Culworth, Banbury.
Howills, J., Maeslan, Tonteg, Pontypridd, Glam.
ae Vale, Miss K. A., Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, nr. Newbury, Berks.
(Gray, Miss E. W. , Northgate Bungalow, Rottingdean, Sussex,
23s (Peyton, Miss C. E, , Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Baker, F., 20 Cwmdare Street, Cathays, Cardiff.
(Bree Miss A. M., Singlesole, Thorney, Peterborough.
Morris, Miss A. W. , Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Newbury, Berks.
Barton, Miss E. O., School of Gardening, Clapham, nr. Worthing.
= Miss E. L. , Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Newbury, Berks.
Broadbent, Miss K. M., Huntsmoor Park, Iver, Bucks.
Hawkins, i the Gs Rosemount Estate, Romford.
Hedger, 3. , The Gardens, Tredegar Park, Newport, Mon,
|Beatson, A A. T. RAS. Gardens, Wisley, Surrey.
Sharpe, Miss R. M., Huntsmoor Park, Iver, Bucks.
Chattaway, A., 54 Wellington Road, S. Ealing W. 5.
ce Ray, Nantyderry Training Centre, Abergavenny, Mon.
Hill, Miss M. W., Balmayock, Perth, Scotland,
Rosencrantz, Miss V., Thatcham, Berkshire.
35.
Class: EF},
Amos, J., The Hollies, High Street, East Malling, Kent.
Weuicrer, Miss A. M., West Woodhay, Newbury, Berks.
3. Batchelor, Miss M. W., Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Clarke, Miss K. A., 72 Bridport Place, N. 1.
Davies, D., 5 Hill Street, Hendreforgan, Gilfach Goch.
sg Morgan, Miss B., Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Witt, A. W., Broomfield, Offham Road, West Malling, Kent.
8. Martin, Miss E. R., 14 Hartford Road, Davenham, nr. Northwich,
Cheshire.
(ran, Miss W. M., School House, Harvington, Evesham.
Len)
s.
Cran, Miss L.; Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Thatcham.
3 9. +Green, Miss D. K., Plas Newydd Gardens, Llanfair P.G., Anglesey.
Tucker, Miss L. G., 8 Fernleigh Road, Winchmore Hill, N. 2r.
Vallance, F. H., Weston Park Gardens, nr. Stevenage, Herts.
Pearson, W. R., R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.
14. | Ride Miss 1. C., 28 Kempeford Gardens, Earl’s Court, S.W. 6.
: Wagstaff, P. E., The Cottage, Bushey Hall Road, Bushey, Herts,
ae one ey
hss
hii
17.
21.
24.
26.
29.
33-
ae
40.
Nn > WwW bd io]
Hs
FOO RY AUS NH
il
N
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Dagnall, Miss D., 48 King’s Road, Willesden Green, N.W.
Pier!” Miss A. A., Horticultural College, Studley, S.O., Warwickshire.
ae Miss M. H., Shelton Cottage, Chestnut Avenue, Oulton Broad,
Lowestoft.
Ratcliffe, Miss J., 24 Elizabeth Street, Nelson, Lancs.
( Campbell, Miss P., Priory Side, Tottenham, N. 17.
Jones, Miss G., Adam's Row, Scorrier, Cornwall.
(Rushton, Miss V. M., Plas Newydd Gardens, Lilanfair P.G. , Anglesey.
, Brown, B. BB: Avondale, Rainsford Avenue, Chelmsford.
i Stuart-Menteth, Miss O., Studley College, Warwickshire.
{ ecoe, Miss E. A. » 42 ’ Harrington Street, Dublin.
Clark, Miss M. A., St. James’ Gardens, West Malvern.
(Hargreaves, ie The Gardens, The Whins, Sabden, nr. Blackburn.
Cruikshank, Miss H., Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, nr. Newbury.
FitzGerald, Miss M. O., St. Gatien’s School of Gardening, Rathfarnham.
Co. Dublin.
Gracie, Miss D. F., Studley College, Studley, Warwickshire.
Turrell, Miss M. A., Avondale, Rainsford Avenue, Chelmsford.
ae Miss D. P., Hillside, Barming, nr. Maidstone, Kent.
Hailett, Miss J. E., 3 Logan Road, Bishopston, Bristol.
Dyke, Miss D. E. L., Eastfield, Flax Bourton, nr. Bristol.
Garnett, Rayne, 26 West Hill, Highgate, N. 6.
Gosselin, Miss E., 28 Aberdeen Road, Cotham, Bristol.
Otton, Miss J..M. H., 28 Old Fillebrook Road, Leytonstone, E. 11.
Jensen, Miss D. H., Oaklands, East Farleigh, nr. Maidstone, Kent.
eras Miss A. C., 14 Downs Park West, nr. Bristol.
Moore, Miss E, A., Buckland Cop, nr. Betchworth, Surrey.
JUNIORS,
Class I,
Gill, Miss M., Aldersey Hall Horticultural College, Handley, nr. Chester,
Piper, E. W., The Lawns, Usk, Mon.
Nott, Miss E. M., 51 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol.
Paton, R. A., The Lawns, Usk, Mon.
Shearn, S. J., The Lawns, Usk, Mon.
Anderson, E. W., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire,
Class ITI.
Stenning, R. W., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. .
Houghton, A., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Garrity, J., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Hyde, H., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Thomas, i. Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Thomas, Ww. S., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
McLoughlin, W., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Campbell, C., Brad wall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
(Jordan, E., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Ramsay, W. H. A., Bradwali Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire,
Higginson, W., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Moseley, J. J., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire,
Class III.
Redley, S. A., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire,
‘; Ayer, G. S., Bradwail Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
{Sandeds; H., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Simmonds, S., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Aldred, G., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Webster, F. W., Bradwal! Training School, Holmes Chapei, Cheshire.
Singleton, W. H., Bradwal!l Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire,
Welling, R., Bradwall Training School, Hoimes Chapel, Cheshire,
Piper, G. F. , Lhe Lawns, Usk, Mon.
Downham, A., Bradwall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Ratcliffe, N., Brad wall Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
Adam D., Lostock Industria! School, Lostock Junction, Bolton, Lancs; *
{ Cotterill, F., Industrial School, Lostock, Bolton,
TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN SCHOOL GARDENING. __ liii
TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN SCHOOL AND COTTAGE
GARDENING.
HONOURS EXAMINATION.
APRIL 26 AND JUNE 27, IQIQ.
FIFTEEN candidates entered for the Teachers’ Honours Examination.
Of these eight satisfied the Examiners, whilst six failed, and one candi-
date did not present himself.
The examination comprised three parts—written, practical, and
viva voce. The practical and viva voce examinations were held at
the Society’s Gardens at Wisley, Surrey.
‘The Examiners, Mr. F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S., V.M.H., Mr..C. R.
Fielder, V.M.H., and Mr. C. W. Mayhew, report that in the practical
part the best work was done on the ground, that with fruit was
generally fair, but the indoor work was poor. The tests by
which manures may readily be distinguished were not known, nor
was the descriptive work good.
Candidates who have secured the certificate this year may next
year take any other section than that in which they have passed, if
they wish to do so. Passes in additional sections will be endorsed
on the original certificate.
The Examination is divided into the following sections :
_ (a) General Horticulture as applicable to School and Cottage
Gardens.
(0) Fruit-growing in the open.
-_(c) Vegetable-growing in the open, or with only the most sinipte
protective aids.
- . (d) Diseases and pests.
The following candidates secured the “ Honours ”’ Certificate,
namely :
Section A, General Horiiculture.
Baker, W. H., 75 Mitchell Street, Clowne, Chesterfield.
Chatterley, W. Morley, School House, Harvington, Evesham.
Harris, James A., 9 Glasgow Street, St. James, Northants.
Rowe, R. J., Gretton, Church Stretton, Salop.
Sharman, H., 29 Sandringham Road, Northampton.
Squire, Miss E. A., Training College, Norwich.
Sterne, H. H., Hundon, Clare, Suffolk.
Section B. Fruit-growing in the Open, :
Cole, W. E., Dyrham, Staple Hill, Bristol,
W. WivKs, Secretary,
liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION.
APRIL 26, IQIQ.
THREE hundred and sixty-two candidates entered for the Preliminary
Examination held on April 26, 1919. Of these 14 obtained a first —
class, 84 a second, and 157 a third, leaving 78 failures, and 29
absentees.
The Examiners, Mr. F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S., V.M.H., Mr. E. R.
Janes, Mr. C. R. Fielder, V.M.H., Mr. C. W. Mayhew, and Mr. C.
Wakely, report that, except in Question 6, there were few really good
answers. For the most part they were vague, and in many cases the
Examiners were led to doubt the extent of a candidate’s knowledge
of practical horticulture. The following are some of the criticisms of
the Examiners : >
Speaking generally, candidates still disregard the wording of the
questions.
A large number either failed entirely to understand the simpler
facts of food-making, or, by means of simple experiments suitable for
children of school age, to demonstrate the part that the green leaf
plays in the making of the plant’s food.
Many candidates confused the terms “ tillage’’ and “ tilth.”
The methods of improving heavy land by ridging and draining,
and the application of lime and littery manure, were generally under-
stood, but many answers were of such length that candidates had not
time to deal with light soils adequately.
It was remarkable how few of the candidates associated deep-
working with the improvement of light soils, though the value of
humus-forming material and surface cultivation in summer was
appreciated. It was in respect to the chemical improvement of soils
that the scantiest information was offered.
In reply to question 3, few candidates realized the danger of the
spread of disease amongst overcrowded plants.
The difficulty of obtaining seeds from certain plants was not
understood. Many fell into the common error of stating that “‘ plants
raised from cuttings are stronger and healthier than those raised from
seeds.”
A fairly good idea of the principles of cropping was shown, but
the frequent appearance of a plan which had evidently been memorized
from a text-book, rather than an original individually thought-out
scheme, was disappointing. The principles of rotation were, on the
whole, well understood, but their application to the plan was weak.
The “ principles ” of grafting were not understood. In question 9
there was a general lack of clearness as to the control of transpiration,
and too much stress was laid on the use of chemical manures.
July I, 1919. W. WILKs, Secretary.
a a ee
TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN SCHOOL GARDENING. lv
First Class.
Lomax, J. W., School House, Painscastle, Erwood, S.O., Brecons.
Davies, T. G., 1 Cross Street, Pontardulais, Glam.
Mitchell, Miss G., 1 North Road, Brightlingsea, Colchester.
Harris, M. O’Brien, 4 Graham Road, London, E. 8.
Athersmith, A. E., Casson Gardens, Ulverston, Lancs.
Melhuish, R. W., ro Alfred Street, Taunton, Som.
Pugh, Miss E. C., 21 Broadlands Road, Highgate, London, N.6.
ones, T.. L., 33 Robert Road, Handsworth, Birmingham,
Whitling, R. , Edenhurst, Beamish, co. Durham,
Ironside, R. , The Schoolhouse, Madderty, Crieff, Perthshire.
Cary, A. Trew, 21 The Avenue, Yeovil, Som.
Griffin, M. J., St. Mary’s Training College, Brook Green, Hammersmith, W.6.
13. Sanderson, J., 3 Prudhoe Villas, Alnwick, Northumberland.
14. Joyce, A. A., Ivy House, Garrigill, Alston, Cumberland.
rs
ow Co AuUPPwWN HE
Ll
La!
Lea!
.
—
Second Class,
1. Huck, E. E., 42 Crocker Street, Newport, Isle of Wight.
2. Kerwood, H. C., Newerne, Lydney, Glos.
3. Ayers, J., 12 Belle Vue Road, Sunderland, co. Durham.
Harris, A. E., 4 Albany Road, Falmouth, Cornwall.
Houldsworth, G. E., ‘“‘ Ardrossan,’ Evesham Road, Stratford-on-Avon.
Ogden, F., 6 Lansdowne Avenue, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex.
Pendred, Miss R. I. M., Bradfield St. Clare, Bury St. Edmunds.
Ripley, L. E., 14 Temple End, High Wycombe, Bucks.
Underdown, Miss G. M., 24 Malton Street, Plumstead, S.E. 18.
Bracwell, W. A., Westroyd, Little Holcombe, Ramsbottom, Lancs.
Perkins, Miss M. E., 12 Norton Road, Letchworth, Herts.
Thomas, D. H., School House, Shrawley, Worcs.
Withers, Mrs: M. A., 128 Summergangs Road, Hull, Yorks.
Owen, D., 26 Bedw Road, Cilfynydd, Pontypridd.
Cartwright, B. S., 22 Sanctus Road, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwicks.
Flanders, W. P., 102 Osbaldeston Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16.
Herbert, T. E., 76 Schubert Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 15.
Parry, W. R., West View, Bacup, Lancs.
Hobson, J. E., 325 Barnsley Road, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.
{ Evans, Miss L. P., Blacklands School, Cavendish, Suffolk.
King, Miss M., Bramley House, Ashcott, nr. Bridgwater, Som.
Bell, Miss A. S., 2 South Esplanade, York.
Jagger, Miss L. C., 22 Chapel Street, Queensbury, Bradford.
Wiggins, W. A., 9 Park Road, Bedworth, nr. Nuneaton.
25. { Chattaway, A., 54 Wellington Road, South Ealing, W. 5.
Randall, F. E., Lindonville, 398 Fulham Palace Road, S.W. 6.
22.
Beckett, Miss C. O. , clo Mrs. Paxton, 22 Swift Street, Barnsley, Yorks.
Green, E.R. , 8 Worbeck Road Anerley, SE, 20:
Hanchet, Miss H. E. , Brent Eleigh School, nr. Lavenham, Suffolk.
Brooks, C. McColl, The Bungalow, Nether 'Stowey, Bridgwater, Som.
Mather, oH. , Laurieston School, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
32. { Clarke, Miss M. A. ee .; 28 Teddesley Street, Walsall.
Stephenson, j: W. , School House, East Hedley Hope, Tow Law, co. Durham.
Glasson, A. , School House, Long Wittenham, Abingaon, Berks.
Nicholas, We A. , 24 Dorset Road, Forest Gate, 1p of
Oliver, WwW. , Jubilee House, 6 Derby Street, Lincoln.
Roberts, Arnold 53-67 Chesterfield Road, Bristol.
Court, Miss P. , 337 Romford Road, Forest Gate, E. 7.
Crow, “A? , 19 Primrose Cres. . Fulwell, Sunderland.
Davis, E.G. , 46 High Street, Lavenham, Suffolk.
Daws, Holly, 690 Fishponds Road, Bristol.
Jones, H. ‘ie , Shadow Moss School, Cheadle, Cheshire.
Rixham, J., Ainderby Steeple, Northallerton, Yorks.
Tavlor, W. Y., 12 Carlton Terrace, Spennymoor, co. Durham.
Hough, F. , The Schoolhouse, Corpusty. Norwich.
Nankivell, 'F. M. , Chilsworthy, Gunnislake, Tavistock, Devon.
Poulter, Miss I. D. a7 Lydhurst Avenue, Streatham Hill, S.W.
as:
lvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
( Dewey, J. C., 44 Frensham Road, Southsea, Portsmonth.
3. J erect: Miss E. M. , Post Office, Slaugham, Crawley, Sussex.
Rhys, +r B., New Hedges. School, Tenby, S. Wales.
We ees , Dellcroft, Westcliffe Road, N., Roker, Sunderland.
52. Hopkins, E = 5 Cross Street, Pontardulais, Glam.
Coe, Miss J. M., 24 Albert Street, Bury St. Edmunds.
53. Foster, Miss E. M. , 27 Windmill Hill, Enfield.
Morgan, D1.; Penybont, Borth, Cardiganshire.
56. Procter, Miss C. , St. Paul’s Girls’ School, Brook Green, Hammersmith, W. 6.
{ Williams, Ww: T: , Blaenffos School, Pembs.
{ Cowen, C.R. oe Ellesmere Terrace, Roker, Sunderland.
58. 4 Packer, Miss is. School House, Black Bourton, Clanfield, Oxon.
{ Pearce, W. G., 80 Broad Street, Chesham, Bucks.
Chatters, W. A. School House, Rougham, nr. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.
coer , 14 Edburton Avenue, Brighton. ;
Tweddle, J _jun., School House, Willington, co. Durham.
Bagnall, Miss E. ‘A., 42 Harrington Street, Dublin.
Hampshire, C. W. , Parson Cross Road, Wadsley Bridge, Sheffield.
Quattrough, J. P. , Alexandra Road, Castletown, Isle of Man.
Raybon, A., 120 Malvern Street, Stapenhill, Burton- on-Trent.
Davies, Dt: ,jun., Derlwyn, Glynllwchwr Road, Pontardulais.
Britton, R., 10 Richmond Villas, Ilfracombe, Devon.
Davies, 'W., 2 Watergate, Brecon, South Wales.
Jones, W. P. , Lhe Meadows, Coed Talon, nr. Mold, North Wales.
Kelly, W. E. The Schoolhouse, Andreas, Isle of Man.
* ei R. i School House, Ditcheat, nr. Evercreech, Som.
Prime, Miss K. E. , Wingfield School, Harleston, Norfolk.
eS ae Se "West View, Fordton, Crediton, Devon.
Finney, R. iz, 2 Nut Street, Thatto Heath, St. Helens, Lancs.
Jones, T., 21 Maesteg Road, Maesteg, Glam.
Peake, F. S., 80 Tunstall Road, Biddulph, Congleton.
Stowell, P. i , Lhe Parade, Castletown, Isle of Man.
Turner, J., Wesleyan School, Crawshawbooth, via Manchester.
Wake, H. Pe 1 Hilda Road, East Ham, E. 6.
| soe Be ee "32 Kensington Avenue, Manor Park, 5... 32:
King, J.T. , Bramley House, Ashcott, nr. Bridgwater.
| Worthy, W. H., 1 Plym Villas, Plymstock, nr. Plymouth.
82.
Third Class.
Jones, W. J., 177 Upperthorpe, Sheffield.
Harris, H. J., Swingfield School, nr. Dover.
ex Miss ‘i Ww. ,47-St.Paul's Square, Holgate Road, York.
Sheppard, Miss E, , 4 Greenbank Villas, Burcot Road, ae Som.
Allpress, A. K., 31 Holdenby Road, Crofton Park, S. E.
Brimson, Miss E, , Banchory, Macd onald Avenue, Westeliff-on- Sea.
Done, A., 139 Houghton Road, Hetton-le-Hole, Durham.
Eyles, W. J., 117 Loyd Road, Northampton.
Gwynne, D. B. , school House, Llanrhian, Letterston, Pem.
Short, A. B. , St. Andrews, Westbury, Sherborne, Dorset.
Pear - a. ‘Kimblesworth Cl. School, co. Durham.
TI. | Rigby, G. H. , The School House, Dalham, nr. Newmarket, Suffolk.
Bragg, A. T. W. , 34 Finedon Road, Irthlingborough, Wellingborough.
Cooke, Miss D. A. , Girls’ School, New Brancepeth, Durham.
Jones, J. W. ., Brynawel. Croesgoch, Letterston, Pemb.
Mountford, H. R., 123 Newtown Road, Bedworth, nr. Nuneaton.
Rotheram, ap 8 Prospect Terrace, Neville’s Cross, Durham.
9 Williams, T Glen Cottage, Darran Road, Mountain Ash.
Woods, H. G. , 17 Union Road, Above Hill, Lincoln.
( Hawkes, Cc. W. , 9 Clarence Place, Kingsdown, Bristol.
Furniss, Miss L. , 531 Chatsworth Road, Chesterfield.
| Ward, G. D. , 4 Wellington Terrace, Birnbeck Road, Weston-s.-Mare.
Corfe, Miss M. E. E., 627 Seven Sisters Road, S. Tottenham, N. 15.
Mallows, ns S38 Harpenden Road, Manor Park, B. i2. ts
Marriott, J. H., 56 Glasgow Street, Northampton.
Milne, H. School House, Sand Hutton, York.
Sladen, os , Bardwell School, Bury St. Edmunds.
Waterhouse, ce. , Newholme, 104 Church Road, New Mills, Stockport.
20.
' TEACHERS’ EXAMINATION IN SCHOOL GARDENING. © lvii
Barrett, G. H., Hortonville, Millfield Lane, Hull Road, York.
Brindley, C. W., Moorbrook, Bradwell, vza Sheffield.
Ellman, H. S. , Oakhill Farm, Horsham, Sussex.
Gell, Miss M. E., 73 Malew Street, Castletown, Isle of Man.
Hesselgreaves, G. E., 40 Stansfield Road, Todmorden.
Rowilands, G. W., Brighton Villa, Clevedon, Som.
Turland, M. G. 244 St. George’s Road, Coventry.
Wiggs, EFL; , 84 James Lane, Leyton, E, ro.
_{ Boot, P. E. , Pevensey, Watling Street, Bridgtown, Cannock, Staffs.
; Foizey, Mrs. M. R. , 56 Adelaide Street, Crawshawbooth, nr. Manchester,
Hall, Miss D. M. , Roswyn, Swanscombe, Kent.
Hammond, F.A. C., High Street, Ixworth, Bury St. Edmunds.
Herring, V. R., 10 Lancaster Road, Bowes Park, N. 11.
Taylor, Miss M. M., Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour, Worcs.
Smith, H., 6 Ladbroke Road, Bush Hill Park, Enfield, Middlesex.
Wildgoose, Miss A. E. E., West View, Hollins Road, Macclesfield. r
{ Fearn, J., 45 Darracott Road, Bournemouth.
Smales, Miss A., 78 Mitchell Street, Newtown, Wigan, Lancs.
; ( Davies, BED. , 8 Turle Mansions, Tollington Park, WES:
_ 47-\ Harries, W. ‘3 Bryn Villa, Llanddarog, Carmarthen.
Goldsack, Miss E. M. , Highbury, Wateringbury, Maidstone, Kent.
Last; Miss H. E. , Wickham Skeith, Eye, Suffolk.
Simpson, Miss C. A. , 48 Amberley Road, Bush Hill Park, Enfield.
Baty, T., 1 Oak Cottages, Enfield Road, Old Southgate, N. 14.
Brooks, wW. J. L., 38 Bostock Avenue, Northampton.
Craze, Ei , Schoolhouse, Siddington, Cirencester, Glos.
Duke, Miss E. W., School House, Cusop, Hay, Brecon.
Inwood, Miss B. 37 Seymour Street, St. Johns, S.E. 8.
Pearce, F2 . Osborne Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol.
Robinson, . E., School House, Tibay, Westmorland.
Shaw, G.H., 7 Dryden Street, "Westcott Street, Hull, Yorks.
Davies, J , 100 Addlecroft, Scotforth, Lancaster.
Dear, S., 22 Grosvenor Road, Heaton Moor, Stockport.
Hughes, "Miss M. 7x5 Cad bury Road, Moseley, Birmingham.
Lloyd, A. , Daventry, Bushbury Road, Fallings Park, “Wolverhampton,
Bott, Miss A. J., Brookside, Newark Road, N. Hy keham, Lincoln.
Curry, Miss A. E. , Beach Road, Dovercourt Bay, Essex.
Dexter, W. E., 7 Broomwood Villas, The Bourne, Farnham, Surrey.
Dolman, W. is Church of England School, Buckingham.
i Miss D. M., 28 Effingham Road, Reigate, Surrey.
«45;
49.
60.
Sainsbury, A. , Walsworth, Albany Road, Salisbury
Salter, Wm. if Brynteg, St. Stephen’s Avenue, Bene! Rhondda.
Shenton, F. G., 31 Station Road, Meir, Stoke- on-Trent, Staffs.
Tootell, Miss F. , St. Juliot School House, Boscastle, Cornwall.
Baker, "Miss D. K. ,37 Auckland Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
Hardy, C. E. , Winston- on-Tees, Darlington.
Oakley, Miss EL A. , 9 Bell Street, Reigate.
Webb, T. W., 25 Mansfield Road, Hasland, Chesterfield.
Everingham, 4. B., 26 Berkshire Road, Bishopston, Bristol.
Mason, - A., 204 Alcester Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham.
Rofe, A. , 166 Sandhurst Road, Catford, S.E. 6.
Scott, 5 ig = , 42 Louise Street, Burslem, Stoke- on-T rent.
Sheffield; L. 'W., 18 ‘Wellington Road, Raunds, Wellingborough.
Fleet, Miss D. E. , 26 Eastwood Road, Goodmayes, Essex.
Hampson, Miss re 904 Park Lane, Bryn, Wigan.
Neale, W. R., 54 Queen Street, Castlefields, Shrewsbury.
Smith, Miss A. C., 6 Ladbroke Road, Bush Hill Park, Enfield, Middlesex.
Dunk, Miss S. M., Awre Vicarage, Newnham, Glos.
Ewing, W.P., 14 Brighton Avenue, Burnage Lane, Levenshulme, Man.
Fuge, W. E. , School House, Gillingham, Dorset.
Harris, Miss "A. F., 53 Wimbledon Park Road, S.W. 18.
Leneham, 4;.©.. 12 Union Street, Long Eaton, Notts.
Littlewood, Miss E., Rookery, Bridgemont, Whaley Br., nr. Stockport.
Lush, M., Cloncliffe, ‘Winchester Hill, Romsey, Hants.
Williams, A. : clo Mrs. Morgan, Rose Cottage, Eglwysilan Road,
\ Abertridwr, Cardiff.
Davies, D., 5 Hill Street, Hendreforgan, Gilfach Goch, nr. Bridgend.
Norman, Mrs. A. B., Harton, Barton-le-Willows, York.
94- Richens, F., 7 Brook Street, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
Stonebridge, Miss L., East View, Burnt Oak, Edgware. :
77-
lviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
| Qzinn, 3 Miss O., The Cottage, Haakéton, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
0. aan, Miss J., 11 The Avenue, Durham Road, Leadgate, co. Durham.
Southon, H. E., 153 Staines Road, Hounslow, Middlesex.
Atkinson, Miss M. , 193 Longwood Road, Longwood, Huddersfield.
Deeprose, C., 85 Milson Road, West Kensington Park, W. 14.
Dver, H., 70 ’Headcorn Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Stone, B. e 7 Clarence Street, Egham, Surrey.
Bannister, A . J., 92 Venner Road, Sydenham, S.E. 26,
Harvey, A., 43 Fife Street, Crewton, Derby.
Margaret, Sister Mary, St. Wiifrid’s Convent, Cale St., Chelsea, S.W. 3s
Montgomery, W. J., Adfa, Newtown, North Wales.
Norris, A. S., 64 Norfolk Road, Erdington, nr. Birmingham,
Pyke, CG. a + West Villas, West Street, Newbury, Berks.
Fraser, Miss K. , 20 Brackley Road, Heaton Chapel, nr. Stockport,
II.) Phillips, R. E. R. , Chevithorne, Tiverton, North Devon.
Talbot, E. W., School House, Hingham, Attleboro, Norfolk,
(= Su Ws , School House, Gt. Sankey, Warrington.
eek Miss I. L. , 514 Stapleton Road, Eastville, Bristol.
Pickles, H. , Gazeley, Newmarket.
Pillar, Miss E. M., 118 Ramsden Road, Balham, S.W. 12.
Probert, Miss L. Litley Nurseries, Hereford.
Roberts, E. , Llys Trebor, Cefn Road, Old Colwyn. 4
Walker, R. = 4 West View, Seaford, Sussex.
Cricks, Miss M. A., 333 Wanstead Park Road, Ilford.
Hartland, DD: Fi. , 187 Turl’s Hill Road, Hurst Hill, nr. Bilston.
Hulland, rem Be 18 Luke Street, Bampton, Devon.
Beard, W. H. , Trafalgar House, Stanley Road, Ashford, Middlesex,
es : Fe R. , Belville House, High Street, March, Cambs.
Clegg, H., 59 Anderson Road, Erdington, nr. Birmingham.
Dale, Miss J. B., 3 Hopwood Gardens, Tunbridge Wells.
Hudson, W.L,, 25 Glenwood Avenue, ’ Westcliff-on- Sea, Essex.
Pringle, Mrs. E., 41 Howard Street, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Notts.
Stevenson, Miss E. ;3 St. James’ Avenue, Breightmet, ‘Bolton.
Willder, Miss B. , School House, West Clandon, Guildford, Surrey.
Chappell, W. i, 715 Washwood Heath Road, Birmingham.
Ronee a Pa 26 Ffordd Estvn, Garden Village, Wrexham, N. Wales.
[Barret R., 26 ‘Lewis Street, Great Bridge, Tipton, Staffs.
124.
132.
Barrett, R. L. , The School House, Rawnsley, Hednesford, Staffs.
Cook, W. , 285 Manchester Road, Blackrod, nr. Chorley, Lancs.
| Cowen, T.. E., Beech Cottage, Stoney Middleton, Sheffield.
134. ) Hatton, E. W. , Cot Lane, Kingswinford, nr. Dudley.
\ Johnson, D. I. St. David’s C. School, Llandyssul, $.0., S. Wales.
Jutsum, T. W., Ifield School, near Crawley, Sussex.
| Moore, F. W. , Westbury House, Old Church Road, Clevedon, Som,
Olpin, G. M. , The Cypresses, Foxmoor Lane, Ebley, Stroud, Glos.
\Stubie, J. S. ’ Grasmead, Hebron Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
Prior, Miss F. A., Roseheath, Swanlev Village, Kent.
144 | otrey, Miss F. G. _Enderly, The Fields, Alsager, Stoke-on-Trent,
Whitworth, A., 56 Beaconsfield Street, Hyson Green, Nottingham.
Bostock, T. , Burton School, Neston, Chester.
Cullum, F. 3 Kelsey Cottage, Patrick’s Road, Dovercourt.
Edgar, Miss F., 1 Wensleydale Terrace, Gateshead.
Parry, GCG, By rie Rose Hill, Holywell, Flints.
Rees, E. A. , School House, Bucknall, nr. Lincoln.
Weaver, B., 20 Milton Road, Sneyd Green, Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent.
Wise, E. G., 38 Redcross Street, Grantham, Lincs.
Wisken, Miss B. E., Ivy Cottage, 14 Trinity Street, Bungay, Suffolk.
( Clarke, kK. Park View, Bath Road, Frome, Som.
655.4 Evans, T. c. Bryn Awelon, Moorland Road, Bargoed, Glam.
Fowler, T. J., 14 Manor Square, Otley, Yorks.
147.
NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lix
ESTABLISHED INCORPORATED
1804, 1809,
TELEPHONE :
TELEGRAMS:
“"HORTENSIA
SOWEST. LONDON.”
VICTORIA 6363,
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W. 1.
NOTICES TO FELLOWS.
1. Important Notices. 12. Inspection of Fellows’ Gardens.
2. Subscriptions. 13. Affiliation of Local Societies.
3. Form of Bequest. 14. R.H.S. Gardeners’ Diary.
4. New Fellows. 15. Rules for Judging—r1g1q4 Code.
5. An Appeal. 16. Food Production Publications.
6. The Society’s Gardens at Wisley. 17. R.H.S. Pamphlets.
7. Students at Wisley. 18. List of the Most Desirable Fruits,
8. Distribution of Surplus Plants. Ig. Free Leaflets.
g. National Diploma in Horticulture. 20. Book on Fruit Bottling.
1o. Examinations, 1920. 21. R.H.S. War Relief Fund.
11. Information. 22. Garden Charts.
1. IMPORTANT NOTICES.
1. The Society’s Hall in Vincent Square being now vacated by the Australian
Imperial Force, the Fortnightly Meetings will be held in the Society’s own
Hall, in Vincent Square.
2. SUBSCRIPTIONS.
All annual subscriptions are payable in advance on the 1st day of January
in each year. A Fellow, if elected before the 1st of July, pays the annual sub-
scription for the current year ; if elected after the 1st of July and before the rst
of October, he pays half a year’s subscription ; if elected after the 1st of October
and before the 1st of January, he pays one full vear’s subscription, and no
further subscription until the following January twelvemonth, To avoid the
inconvenience of remembering their subscriptions, Fellows can compound by the
payment of one lump sum in lieu of all further annual payments ; or they can, by
applying to the Society, obtain a form of instruction to their bankers to pay for
them every January 1. It may be a week or more before the Tickets reach the
Fellows, owing to the very large number (over 20,000) to be despatched every
January. Fellows who have not already given an order on their bankers for
the payment of their subscriptions are requested to do so, as this method of
lx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
payment saves the Fellows considerable trouble. Fellows whose subscriptions
remain unpaid are debarred from all! the privileges of the Society ; but their
subscriptions are nevertheless recoverable at law, the Society being incorporated —
by Royal Charter.
In paying their subscriptions, Fellows often make the mistake of drawing
their cheques for Pounds instead of for Guineas. Kindly note that in all cases
it is Guineas, and not Pounds. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made
payable to ‘‘The Royal Horticultural Society,’’ and crossed ‘‘ London County
and Westminster Bank, Victoria Branch, S.W. 1.”
3. FORM OF BEQUEST.
I give and bequeath to the Treasurer for the time being of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, London, the sum of £ to be paid out of such part of
my personal estate as I can lawfully charge with the payment of such legacy,
and to be paid free of legacy duty within six months of my decease ; the receipt
of such Treasurer to be a sufficient discharge for the same. And I declare that
the said legacy shall be applied towards [the general purposes of the Society]}.*
4. NEW FELLOWS.
The President and Council hope that existing Fellows will enlist the sympathy
of all their friends, as, owing to the great increase in work which has fallen upon,
or been voluntarily undertaken by, the Society, it is now more important than
ever to fill the places of those who are taken from us. The annual revenue of
the Society is nearly £10,000 less to-day than it was five years ago, and if the
work is to be carried on successfully it is most important that this loss shou!d be
made good without delay.
5. AN APPEAL.
What has been accomplished for the Society is largely due to the unwearied
assistance afforded by the Fellows themselves, and as all belong to the same
Society, so it behoves each one to do what he or she can to further its interests,
Sphbiend by :—
. Increasing the Number of Fellows.
2. Presenting Books for the Library at Vincent Square and at Wisley.
3. Sending new or rare Plants, Seeds, and Roots for the Garden and for dis-
tribution to Fellows.
6. THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS AT WISLEY.
The Gardens are open daily to Fellows and others showing Fellows’ Trans-
ferable Tickets, from 9 a.m. till 6 P.M.; except on Sundays, Good Friday,
Christmas Day, and Meeting Days. Each Fellow’s Ticket admits three to the
Gardens. The Public are not admitted at any time.
The Gardens are about 3} miles from Byfleet, 3} miles from Horsley, and 53
miles from Weybridge, all on the South-Western Railway. Carriages to convey
four persons can be obtained by writing to Mr. D. White, fly proprietor, Ripley,
Surrey ; or motor cars can be had at Byfleet Station by applying to Mr. Howard,
the Garage, Byfleet, Surrey. Accommodation and refreshments can be had at
the Hut Hotel close to the Cardens, and also at the Hautboy, Ockham.
All communications to the Gardens should be addressed to ‘‘ The Director ”’
R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey. :
ee.
* Any special directions or conditions which the testator may wish to be
attached to the bequest may be substituted for the words in brackets.
The attention of Fellows is specially called to the Wisley Gardens Endowment
Trust Fund, the object of which is to make the Gardens self-supporting for ever,
so that the important work to which they are devoted may go on uninterrupted
by any fluctuation in the Society’s finances. To do this at least £100,000 is
required. In 1914 the Council voted £25,000 towards it as a pileves veil
not Fellows help to complete this sum ? a2
Suite 6 aevcag me i at PEP ere 6 set a
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NOTICES TO FELLOWS. }xi
7. STUDENTS AT WISLEY.
The Society admits young men, between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two
years, to study Gardening at Wisley. The curriculum includes not only practical
garden work in all the main branches of Gardening, but also Lectures, Demon-
strations, and Horticultural Science in the Laboratory, whereby a practical know-
ledge of Garden Chemistry, Biology, &c., may be obtained.
8. DISTRIBUTION OF SURPLUS PLANTS.
Some years ago the Council drew attention to the way in which the annual
distribution of surplus plants has arisen. In a large garden there must always
be a great deal of surplus stock, which must either be given away or go to the
waste-heap. A few Fellows, noticing this, asked for plants which wou!d other-
wise be discarded ; and they valued what was so obtained. Others hearing of
it asked for a share, until the Council felt they must either systematize this hap-
hazard distribution or else put a stop to it altogether. To take the latter step
seemed undesirable. Why should not such Fellows have them as cared to
receive those surplus plants? It was, therefore, decided to keep all plants
till the early spring, and then give all Fellows who had paid the current year’s
subscriptions the option of claiming a share of them by Ballot.
Fellows are, therefore, particularly requested to notice that only waste and
surplus plants raised from seeds or cuttings are available for distribution. Many
of them may be of very little intrinsic value, and it is only to avoid their being
absolutely wasted that the distribution is permitted. The great majority also
are, of necessity, very small, and may require careful treatment for a time.
Fellows are particularly requested to note that a Form of Application and
list to choose from of the plants available for distribution is sent in January every
year to every Fellow, enclosed in the “‘ Report of the Council.” To avoid all
possibility of favour, all application lists are kept until the last day of February,
when they are all thrown into a Ballot; and as the lists are drawn out, so is the
order of their execution, the plants being despatched as quickly as possible after
March I.
Of some of the varieties enumerated the stock is small, perhaps not more than
twenty-five or fifty plants being available. It is, therefore, obvious that when
the Ballot is kind to any Fellow he will receive the majority of the plants he has
selected, but when the Ballot has given him an unfavourable place he may find
the stock of almost all the plants he has chosen exhausted. A little consideration
would show that all Fellows cannot be first, and some must be last, in the Ballot.
Aprlication forms received after March 1 and before April 30 are kept till all those
previously received have been dealt with, and are then balloted in a similar way.
Fellows having omitted to return their application form before April 30 must
be content to wait till the next year’s distribution. The work of the Garden
cannot be disorganized by the sending out of plants at any later time in the year.
All Fellows who have paid the current year’s subscription can participate in the
annual distribution following their election.
The Society does not pay the cost of packing and carriage. Owing to the
railways declining to deliver these parcels any longer, they must now be sent by
post, the postage being prepaid by Fellows. Directions as to the amount of the
remittance to be sent will be found on the application form for plants, which
kindly consult before sending it in.
_ Parcels will be addressed exactly as given by each Fellow on the address label
accompanying his application form.
Fellows residing beyond a radius of thirty-five miles from London are per-
mitted to choose double the number of plants to which they are otherwise entitled.
Plants cannot be sent to Fellows residing outside the United Kingdom.
No plants will be sent to Fellows whose subscriptions are in arrear, or who do
not fill up their forms properly.
9. A NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN HORTICULTURE.
Most gardeners have welcomed the initiation by the Society of a scheme
whereby a National Diploma in Horticulture may be gained by those who pass the
Preliminary and Final Examinations. The Diploma is thoroughly “‘ National,”’
Ixii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
for, by the consent of H.M. Government, the Department of Agriculture con-
sented to co-operate with the Society if the Society would undertake the work of —
organizing the Examinations, and authorized the Diploma bearing the following
words: ‘“‘ Awarded by the Royal Horticultural Society under a scheme approved
by the Board of Agriculture.”’
The dates of the 1920 Examinations will be announced later. They will
include practical, viva voce, and written parts; the practical part will be held
in a suitable garden.
Information may be obtained by sending a directed envelope, stamped, to
the Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, S.W. 1.
10. EXAMINATIONS, 1920.
The revised syllabus of the different examinations can be obtained from the
Society’s Office, Vincent Square, S.W. 1, post free for 13d.
11. INFORMATION.
Fellows may obtain information and advice from the Society as to the names
of flowers and fruits, on points of practice, insect and fungus attacks, and other
questions, by applying to the Secretary, R.H.S., Vincent Square. Westminster,
S.W. 1.* Where at all practicable it is particularly requested that letters and
specimens may be timed to reach Vincent Square by the first post on the mornings
of the fortnightly Meetings, so as to be laid before the Scientific or other
Committees at once.
12. INSPECTION OF FELLOWS’ GARDENS.
The Inspection of Gardens belonging to Fellows is conducted by a thoroughly
competent Inspector from the Society, who reports and advises at the following
cost, viz.: a fee of £3 3s. for one day (or £5 5s. for two consecutive days), together
with all out-of-pocket expenses. No inspection may occupy more than two
days, save by special] arrangement. Fellows wishing for the services of an
Inspector are requested to give at least a week’s notice and choice of two or three
days, and to indicate the most convenient railway station and its distance from
their Gardens. Gardens can only be inspected at the wrtiten request of the owner,
13. AFFILIATION OF LOCAL SOCIETIES.
One of the most successful of the many branches of the Society’s work is the
affiliation of local Horticultural Societies to the R.H.S.
The list of benefits offered to Affiliated Societies has been revised and
extended. It is hoped that all Societies will by Affiliation beccme united with
the parent Society and through it with each other. Such a unity cannot fail
to be attended with good and progressive results.
14. R.H.S. GARDENERS’ DIARY.
The R.H.S. Gardeners’ Diary for 1920 contains a considerable quantity of
new information and is compiled more especially for the single-handed gardener.
Fellows may obtain it from the R.H.S. Office, Vincent Square, London, S.W. 1 ;
bound in imitation leather, 2s. over the counter, 2s. 3d. post free.
15. RULES FOR JUDGING—1914 CODE.
The “ Rules for Judging, with Suggestions to Schedule Makers and Exhibitors,”
have been revised. Secretaries of Local Societies are advised to obtain a fresh
copy. It will be sent post free on receipt of a postal order for rs. 9d., addressed
to the Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, Westminster,
Be VK
* See R.H.S. Gardeners’ Diary—‘“ How to send Specimens for Identification.”’
NOTICES TO FELLOWS. lxili
16. R.H.S. PUBLICATIONS FOR THE ASSISTANCE OF
COTTAGE AND ALLOTWIENT GARDEN SOCIETIES.
To assist Allotment Holders and-Cottage Gardeners the Society has published
the following, to be obtained post-free from the Secretary at the price offered :—
S04.
Rules and Regulations for Allotment Societies 2
Rules for Judging Cottage and Allotment Gardens 2
Companion Judges Sheet tor ditto : 3
Rules for Allotment and Vegetable Exhibitions. , 2
Vegetable Bottiing and Fruit Preserving without Sugar, by Mr. and Mrs.
Banks (including valuable recipes for Jams and Jellies) - Me aS
Printed lectures, illustrated with lantern slides, have been prepared for the
use of Societies of Allotment Holders. For particulars apply to the Secretary,
R.H.S., Vincent Square, S.W. I.
17. R.H.S. POPULAR PRACTICAL PANMPHLETS.
The following pamphlets can be ordered from the Royal Horticultural Society,
Vincent Square, London, S.W.1. They will be found eminently practical.
The increase in the cost of paper and printing has necessitated revision of the
price of these Pamphlets, which until further notice will be 6d. each, or by
post 7d.
Foop PAMPHLETS :—
(e) Vegetables and How to Grow Them.
(f) Vegetables from Seed sown in July and August.
(gq) The Cultivation and Manuring of the Garden.
(ry) Potatos in Gardens and Allotments.
(w) Potato Growing—Spring work.
(x) Potato Growing—Autumn work.
(y) Potato Growing, Some Experiments in.
(v) Cropping Allotments and Small Gardens.
(a) List of Hardy Fruits, with Cultivation,
(c) The Pruning of Fruit Trees.
(b) The Training of Fruit Trees.
(d) Keeping Fruit Trees Clean.
(k) Fruit and Vegetable Bottling and Storing.
(m) Vegetable Cookery.
(n) Salads and Salad Making.
OTHER GARDEN PAMPHLETS :—
g) The Herbaceous Garden.
(h) The Rose Garden.
(1) Flowers for Small Gardens, Window Boxes, &c.
(j) Hardy and Half-Hardy Annuals in the Open Air.
(0) War-time Economy in Gardening.
(p) Medicinal Piants and their Cultivation.
(s) Fruit Cuitivation under Glass.
(t) The Pruning of Hardy Shrubs.
(wu) The Children’s Garden.
18. THE MOST DESIRABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT.
DRAWN UP BY THE FRUIT COMMITTEE (Price 2s. post free).
Contains nearly 200 pages, and besides the list drawn up by the Committee»
gives lists of varieties recommended by nearly 100 expert growers all over the
country for their respective parts of Great Britain. It shows the result of a
ballot of varieties to be preferred for such characters as vigour of constitution,
and for various purposes, as, e.g., in the case of Apples—Bush, Standard,
Espalier ; Pears—Bush, Standard, Espalier, Wall. It also shows the best
varieties for cooking as distinct from dessert, the best for markets, and much
similar detail of great value now that the desirability of planting more fruits is
so widely recognized.
Ixiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
19. FREE LEAFLETS. ;
The following leaflets may be had free on receipt of a 3d. stamped addressed
envelope; or at the rate of 2s. a hundred.
(1) Fruit Bottling for Cottagers; (2) Lady Carbery’s Recipe for Preserving ;
' Fruits; (3) R.H.S. Dutch Brown Beans; (4) The Cultivation of Beans for
Winter Consumption ; (5) Butterfly Competitions.
20. BOOK ON FRUIT AND VEGETABLE BOTTLING.
Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Banks, in whose lectures at the Fortnightly Meetings,
on Fruit and Vegetable Bottling, Fellows have shown great interest, have now
prepared a book on the subject, and the Council have published it. Itcontains —
the most up-to-date practical information on the subject. It deals not only
with the Bottling of both Fruits and Vegetables, but also with the making of
Jam, and the pulping of Fruit to be made into Jam later on, when sugar supplies
are more abundant. There are also-many useful household recipes, and all the
information given is the result of the actual experience of the authors extending
over many years. The 1918 revised edition, which may be obtained from the
R.H.S., Vincent Square, London, S.W. 1, is 1s. 6d, over the counter, or post
free 1s. 8d.; bound in stiff paper covers.
21. R.H.S. WAR RELIEF FUND.
The work of the Society having greatly increased since the outbreak of the
War and the staff having greatly diminished, the Council found that the manage-
ment of this Fund imposed a demand upon the staff which it was impossible to
meet. A special Administrative Committee for the War Relief Fund was,
therefore, appointed. The Committee is composed of Members of the Council,
and of the Ladies’ Executive Committee which has done such admirable work
in collecting money for the Fund. The Office of the Fund is at 17 Victoria
Street, Westminster, S.W. 1, where all communications and donations should be
addressed.
22. GARDEN CHARTS.
The Society is preparing a series of large garden charts. The following
are now ready, and can be had from the Society’s Office, Vincent Square,
Westminster, price 3s. 6d. each, viz.
INSECTS.—Chart (5) American Blight. (6) Magpie Moth. (8) Destructive
Caterpillars. (13) Big Bud on Black Currant. (14) Mussel Scale. (15) Apple
Saw-fly. (16) Lackey Moth.
FUNGUS PESTS.—Chart (1) Apple and Pear Scab. (3) Brown Rot.
(8) Potato-tuber Diseases. (g) Silver Leaf.
DIGGING.—Chart (1) Double Digging.
VEGETABLE GROWING.—Chart (1) Preparing the Ground. (2) & (3)
Seed Sowing. (4) Onion Growing. (5) Cabbage Planting. (6) Celery Caqeings
(7) Staking. (8) & (9) Potato Growing.
STORING.—Chart (1) Potato, &c., Clamping.
Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & Co. LTD,
Colchester, London & Eton, England
EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Pere WOR PICULTURAL SOCIETY.
GENERAL MEETING.
May 13, Ig1g.
Mr. JosEPH CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (221).—T. B. Adams, E. E. Adamson, E. S. Allen, J. C. Allen,
Miss F. Allen, Capt. D. Anderson, T. H. Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, F. B.
Aris, His Worship Judge Atherley-Jones, T. A. C. Attwood, W. K. Balfour,
R. Ballantine, Mrs. N. Barron, Miss E. Bashford, C. A. Bate, Mrs. L. J.
Bateman, W. H. Beale, C. A. Benn, D. T. Bennett, Mrs. A. Bernard, H. J.
_ Bidwell, L. S. Bielby, 2 ie Blyth, G. E. Booker, R. V. Bowater, Lieut.-
“Colonel J. Brinton, B. Broadbent, Mrs. B. Brook, Hon. G. Bruce, S. Brunner,
aw. Bryant, Dowager Lady E. Mary Burrell, T. L. Burrows, R. F. Burton, Wa. xe
“Cares, A. K. Carlyon, A. T. Chamberlain, Lady W. Cheyne, J. B. Clark, W.
Cobbett, G. Cochrane, W. Cocking, Mrs. M. A. Cohen, Lady C. A. Combe, RR.
Combe, $7 Cooper, J. W. Coulthurst, B. Crawshay, Capt. Hon. J. A. Crichton,
meapt. B. H. Croft, H. A. Cubitt, Col. E. C. Curre, Viscount St. Cyres, Muriel
Viscount Deerhurst, Countess De la Warr, Miss Dell, Brig.-General A. C. Dick,
_F. W. Dillistone, Miss E. T. M. Drake, Miss Dugdale, T. ea Dugdale, Capt. J. T.
Dunn, O. J. Dunn, J. E. Eastwood, Miss E. Ellston, H. Fairbank, Lady A. Fane,
"Lady Fanshawe, G. St. Clair Feilden, Mrs. Guy Fenwick, F. J. Fletcher, H.W.
_ Foden, Mrs. D. M. Follett, A. R. Fordham, Mrs. L. C. Frampton, D. Fraser, Lady
Gallwey, V. Gammon, Lieut. H. Garden, Mrs. C. E. Gaze, H. V. Gibson-Craig,
-F. W. Gilbertson, J. Gilliat, Lady Gleichen, Major Hon. W. Gore, R. Grant,
_R. W. Granville-Smith, Mrs. T. Griffith, Miss C. W. Haig, J. B. R. Haine, Mrs.
W. D. Halliburton, Sir H. Hamilton, J. G. Hamlin, J. C. Hanson, Sir C. R.
‘Harrison, W. Hawkins, Hon. A. Henderson, Col. J. Hershall, Miss F. Hershall,
Sir H. Hilliard, Miss N. Hilliard, W. S. Hodgkinson, Alec Holle, Sir H. Holloway,
miieut. -Colonel G. E. Holman, Mrs. A. K. Holman, Miss E. Holmes, Mrs. H. Hope-
Nelson, Mrs. Horlock, R. H. Horlock, J. G. Howell, H. H. Hughes, H. W. Hurrell,
Vice- -Admiral J. D. Mestre Hutchison, Brig.-General P. O. Jefferies, S. Jobson,
ne. Johnson, E. M. Johnson, J. P. Jones, Miss L. Jones-Bateman, Miss E. Keep,
Capt. C. M. King, A. W. W. King, Lady Nina Knowles, Lady Louisa Lawson,
“Mrs. Lee, J. H. Lowe, J. W. Lowther, Hon. Mrs. H. Lubbock, Col. A: G. Lucas,
‘Miss A. K. Lucas, J. T. McCormack, Hon. Mrs. F. McLaren, Miss A. B. Maconachie,
“Mrs. E. Maitland, H. Markes, Sir E. Marshall-Hall, Miss E. Marshall-Hall, Mrs.
A. V. Matson, Lieut.-General Sir Ivor Maxse, H. Middleworth, Miss H. Millard,
“W. E. Milne, Mrs. M. Moreton, Capt. C. Nester, W. Noakes, Miss E. Ormston,
W. H. Owen, Mrs, J. Padgett, W. H. Pangbourne, A. J. Parish, T. Payne, E. T.
Pearce, Dowager Countess of Pembroke, General W. C. Peppe, A. Perkins, Mrs. H.
OL. Perrett, T. Piper, Miss A. Pitt, H. A. Poels, A. E. Priestly, R. Pringle, Mrs.
-L. F. Purdon, Mrs. M. L. Quinion, Mrs. B. C. Ravenscroft, fy Bs. Rawlins, Lady
Ree, H. Reeves, Lady E. L. Rogers, Rev. A. W. Rokeby, Mrs. Rolt, W. H.
Routledge, E. G. Russell, Mrs. A. F. Russell, Mrs. M. L. Ryde, S. Sandle,
Mrs. Sarel, W. S. Sarel, Mrs. Sedgwick, A. J. Shailer, Sir N. Shaw, Miss N. Shelley,
‘Sir J. C. E. Shelley- Rolls, Mrs. C.B Shields, G. T. Skilbeck, Mrs. D. Smeaton,
-C. H. Smeeton, Miss A. Smith, Major L. T. Spens, Rt. Hon. Sir A. Spicer, Capt.
i. Ss. Stansfield, Major H. M. Stockdale, Miss F. A. Stuart, S. Summers, H.
‘Sumner, Mrs. Swann, Mrs. M. K. Trimmer, L. O. Trivett, Mrs. E. H. Tubbs,
4B Turner, Mrs. A. Turner-Bell, Col. L. T. Twyford, Mrs. L. T. Twyford, Mrs.
: H. Van de Heyat, Miss H. H. Vernon, Mrs. A. Villar, Lady Aline Vyvyan,
VOL. XLV. é
lxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Hon. Mrs. B. Ward, J. E. Ward, R. B. Ward, Hon. Mrs. Warde, H. J. Warwick,
Lady W. Waterlow, Mrs. C. M. Way, F. P. Wells, Mrs. H. G. Wells, Mrs. eo
West, M. Williams, F. J. Wills, Capt. B. F. Wilson, J. Wood.
Fellows resident abroad (4).—J. Fleming, J. Mackenzie, R. E. Randall,
R. G. Ray.
Associates (6).—Miss Barrand, Miss A. Chirgwin, Miss E. Colina E. Cope#
Miss B. G. Nicholson, Miss C. Mallandaine.
A filiated Societies (1).—Kells and District Horticultural Society.
A lecture on “ Bottling and Drying’’ was given by Mr. Vincent Banks.
GENERAL MEETING.
JUNE 17, I9I9.
Mr. F. V. DARBISHIRE, M.A., Ph.D., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (10).—Mrs. W. Bennett, Mrs. B. G. Cowie, Mrs. J. M. Drew,
G. Mawson, C. C. Morley, H. S. Rogge, S. F. Rotch, G. N. Smith, Mrs. J. W.
Starkey, Lady Wilson. ~
A lecture on “‘ The Care of the Plant”’ was given by Mr. H. E. Hodsoll.'
MEETING AT CHELSEA.
MAY 20, 21, 22, IQIQ.
For other awards see Reports of Committees under this date.
MEDALS TO ORCHIDS.
Coronation Cup.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, for group of Orchids.
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, for a group of Orchids.
To Messrs. Charlesworth, for a group of Orchids.
To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., for a group of Orchids.
To Messrs. McBean, for a group of Orchids.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. James Cypher, for a group of Orchids.
To Messrs.
‘To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Pantia
Gold Medal.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Mr. R.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To the Hon. John Ward, for a collection of fruit.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
To Messrs.
Flory & Black, for a group of Orchids.
Stuart Low, for a group of Orchids.
Mansell & Hatcher, for a group of Orchids.
Ralli, Esq., for a group of Orchids.
MEDALS TO EXHIBITS IN THE TENT.
Allwood, for Carnations.
Barr, for Tulips.
Carter & Co., for flowering plants.
Alex. Dickson & Son, for Sweet Peas.
Dobbie, for Sweet Peas.
Engelmann, for Carnations.
Ker, for Hippeastrums.
C. Notcutt, for Brooms and flowering shrubs.
G. Paul, for Roses.
W. Paul, for Roses.
Sutton, for vegetables.
Waterer, Son & Crisp, for Rhododendrons.
Webb, for flowering plants.
John Peed, for Caladiums.
MEETING AT CHELSEA. Ixvii
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
. To Messrs. R. H. Bath, for Tulips.
To Messrs. Bees, for alpines.
To Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, for Begonias.
To Messrs. Ben Cant, for Roses.
To Mr. R. H. Cuthbert, for Azaleas.
To Messrs. Dobbie, for Tulips.
To the Donard Nursery Co., for new and rare plants.
To the Hon. Vicary Gibbs, for Pelargoniums.
To Mr. Elisha Hicks, for Roses.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, for Carnations.
To E. J. P. Major, Esq., Rhododendrons species, and hybrid seedlings.
To Mr. Amos Perry, for Alpines.
To Mr. J. Stevenson, for Sweet Peas.
To Messrs. Waterer, Son & Crisp, for herbaceous plants.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. A. P. Brandt, for Crotons.
To G. A. Cain, Esq., for Malmaisons.
To Messrs. Cheal, for flowering trees and shrubs.
To Messrs. Alex. Dickson, for Tulips.
To Mr. Jas. Douglas, Border Carnations and Auriculas.
To Messrs. Fletcher Bros., for Rhododendrons.
To Messrs. Hogg & Robertson, for Tulips.
To Messrs. B. Ladhams, for herbaceous and hardy plants.
s To Mr. G. W. Miller, for herbaceous.
4 To Mr. R. L. Mond, for Calceolarias. -
: To Mr. Maurice Prichard, for herbaceous and alpines.
¥ 4 To Mr. L. R. Russell, for stove plants.
To Messrs. Sutton, for Tulips.
F To Mr. Chas. Turner, for Lilacs.
: To Messrs. R. Wallace, for Tulips and bulbous plants.
To the Yokohama Nursery Co., for Japanese trees and miniature gardens.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Mr. J. C. Allgrove, for flowering plants.
To Messrs. Bakers, for herbaceous and alpines.
To Messrs. Barr, for Irises.
To Messrs. Cannell, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Cutbush, for alpines.
To Mr. Alfred Dawkins, for Schizanthus and Calceolarias.
To Mrs. Lloyd Edwards, for Saxifrages.
To Messrs. Hobbies, for Roses.
To Messrs. Stuart Low, for Australian greenhouse plants.
To Messrs. J. Piper, for Chinese plants.
To Messrs. J. Piper, for alpines.
To Mr. R. Prichard, for alpines.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, for flowering shrubs.
To the Hon. John Ward, for Carnations.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood Bros., for Dianthus Alwoodii.
To Messrs. Cheal, for herbaceous plants.
To Messrs. Cutbush, for Roses.
To Messrs. Cutbush, for Carnations.
To Mr. C. H. Herbert, for Pinks.
To Messrs. Jarman, for Pelargoniums and Stocks.
To Messrs. Kent & Brydon, for alpine plants.
To Messrs. Luxford, for Carnations.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, for rock plants.
To Mr. Chas. Turner, for Roses.
To Messrs. Reamsbottom, for Anemones.
To Messrs. Rogers, for alpine plants.
To Messrs. Waterer, Son & Crisp, for alpine plants,
- To Mr. Geo. Prince, for Roses.
———s -- se
- -
Ixvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, for alpine plants.
To Messrs. H. B. May, for flowering plants.
To Messrs. Waterer, Son & Crisp, for Tulips.
To Messrs. G. G. Whitelegg, for alpine plants.
SCIENTIFIC EXHIBITS.
Gold Medal.
To R. Butterfield, Esq., for exhibit of British Galls.
To Mr. J. K. Ramsbottom, for exhibits of Eelworm Investigation.
To Nature Study Union for Nature Studies.
EXHIBITS IN THE OPEN AIR.
Daily Graphic Cup.
To Messrs. R. Wallace, for rock garden.
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Fromow, for Japanese maples.
To Messrs. Herbert Jones, for formal gardens.
To Messrs. R. Tucker, for rock garden. :
To Messrs. Pulham, for formal garden.
To Messrs. R. Wallace, for rock garden.
To Messrs. J. Wood, for rock garden.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Elliott & Clarence, for rock garden.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, for flowering and ornamental shrubs.
To Messrs. Waterer, Son & Crisp, for ornamental trees and shrubs and
Topiary work.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. John Klinkert, for Topiary work.
To Messrs. J. Piper, for formal garden and Topiary work.
To Messrs. Pulham, for rock garden.
Silver Flova:Medal.
To Messrs. G. G. Whitelegg, for rock garden.
To Mr. E. Dixon, for formal garden.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Hopkinson, for rock garden.
Bronze Banksian Medal. é
To Messrs. Herbert Brook, for formal garden.
To Messrs. James Macdonald, for grasses.
For the first time the mecting included a series of exhibits illustrating the
results of investigations being carried out at the Society’s Experimental Garden
at Wisley, together with photographs illustrating the new Laboratory both
inside and out, an extensive series of cases illustrating the life histories of pests
of garden plants made for the Society by Mr. Bastin, of Reading, and used
in the Society’s Food Production Campaign, several charts published by the
Society for use in schools, and a series of preparations showing galls occurring
on British plants, as well as an extensive set of objects further referred to below,
collected together and exhibited by the School Nature Study Union.
On each afternoon a lecture or conference took place, and all were well
attended.
Tuesday.—‘ Horticultural Education and Research.” By Dr. F. Keeble,
C-B.E., Fis.
Wednesday.—‘ Conference on Fruit Growing ’”’ (see p. 60).
Thursday.—“‘ The Plants Exhibited.” «By Dr. A. B. Rendle, M.A., F.R.S.
The chief exhibits from Wisley comprised a series of nozzles used in spraying
for different purposes, together with diagrams illustrating the nature of the
spray delivered and the area covered by the liquid from different nozzles under
the same pressure. Various types of spraying machines and different kinds of
spraying materials were also exhibited, and in connexion with the series a demon-
stration was given every day by Mr. G. F. Wilson, attached to the Entomological
Staff at Wisley.
:
MEETING AT CHELSEA. i lxix
A second series of exhibits showed the relative yields of a number of varieties
of beans which may be dried and used as “ haricots”’ during winter, together
_ with tables and models by Dr. F. V. Darbishire, of the Chemical Department,
illustrating their food value in comparison with potatos and other crops, which
charts showed the actual amount of food that may be obtained from a given area
of ground under these crops.
A large chart also illustrated the yield to be obtained from potatos planted
at different distances apart, together with the comparative quantities of ‘‘ chats ”’
and ‘“‘ ware”’ produced in each case and the quantity of ‘“‘ seed” planted.
A series of preserved specimens and photographs represented the results
of the investigation carried out by Mr. J. K. Ramsbottom into the causes and
prevention of what is now known as the Eelworm disease of Narcissi, and demon-
strating the efficacy of the warm bath treatment of the bulbs in preventing
the disease. Accounts of much of this investigation have already appeared
in our JOURNAL.
SCHOOL NATURE STUDY UNION EXHIBIT.
By invitation the School Nature Study Union, which aims at bringing together
for mutual help and advice those interested in Nature Study in general and
_~ its place in education in particular, prepared an educational exhibit.
The exhibits covered a wide field, and were the work of individuals, adults,
of groups of students in training, or of school children.
A collection of Lichens was shown by Mr. R. Paulson, F.R.M.S., F.L.S.
The exhibit, Lichens in ‘‘ Nature’s Colour Scheme,” was arranged for the purpose
of showing to what a large extent the surface coloration on rocks, soil, and tree
trunks is due to lichen growth. Each section of the exhibit indicated the great
range of colour that exists among these plants. Included among the lichens
selected were several, mostly representatives of the genus Placodium, which
were either orange-red, orange-yellow, citron-yellow, green, or blue-grey in
colour.
Specimens of the ‘‘ Wandering Lichen,’’ Parmelia revoluta var., were also
shown. This plant has frequently no attachment whatever, and is blown about
over short grass; and yet the only locality in which it is now known to exist is
in a small area on the Sussex Downs.
Wild Flowers grouped according to habitat were shown by Miss E. C. Pugh,
the flora associated with oakwoods on clay, moorland, chalk downs, bog, and
marsh land being represented. Fine specimens of Orchis purpurea (Hudson)
from beech woods on chalk, Saxi/vaga umbrosa from an Irish bog, and Euphorbia
Cyparissias from rough fields in Hampshire were the plants of greatest botanical
' interest.
ee ee a
Trees and Shrubs flowering in May were exhibited by the students of the
School of Nature Study and Gardening, Clapham, Sussex, and by Miss Hill.
Harrow. Students’ drawings illustrating the unfolding of tree buds and flower
structure and development accompanied the living specimens. Of deciduous
trees, Cercis Siliquasitvum and Fraxinus ornatus were of interest, and many
beautiful evergreens in flower. Photographs of plant associations, chalk scenery
and flora, of Oxshot Common and its flora, of fungi, trees, and other subjects
were shown by Mr. Mollet, Secretary of the Photographic Section of the Union.
Several exhibits dealing with insect study were displayed.
A representative collection of the British Social Wasps (Vespidae) was shown
by Mr. C. Nicholson, F.E.S., with specimens of nests of most of the species, anda
statement drawing attention to the uses of wasps in destroying large numbers
of caterpillars and other annoying insects; also a small case containing examples
of insects, other than wasps, which either habitually live, or have been found,
in their nests—these including parasites, scavengers, and casual lodgers, each
class appropriately indicated—and of insects which resemble wasps in colour
and pattern, so deriving protective benefit by their resemblance to creatures
so well known to be dangerous and therefore generally avoided by birds and
other animals. The insects in this box comprised Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera
(two-winged flies), Hymenoptera (ichneumon flies, saw-flies, and ruby-tailed
flies), and Lepidoptera (moths).
He also exhibited a box of specimens of the two Narcissus flies, Merodon
equesivis and Eumerus sivigatus, showing the principal varieties of the former,
and a ‘nest’ of caterpillars of the Lackey Moth (Malacosoma neustria) feeding on
plum, with examples of the egg-ring, pupa, cocoon and moths, and an explanatory
label.
he |
Ixx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A collection of insects, centipedes, etc., was sent from the School of Nature
Study and Gardening, Clapham, Sussex, the specimens having been found and
studied in relation to the gardening course undertaken there. The students’
Insect note books were also shown. Specimens of the Burying Beetle (Necro-
phorus morvtuorum), the Devil's Coach Horse (Ocypus olens), the Lacewing Fly
(Chrysopa vulgaris), Ichneumons, and several larve of Ground Beetles (Carabidae)
were amongst those of use from the horticultural point of view, while the Leather
Jacket (the larva of Tipula), wire-worms (the larve of the Click-beetle), the
larva of the Common Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris), the Mottled Umber
Moth (Hybernia defoliaria), the Cabbage White (Pieris brassicae) and the Ermine
Moth represented those insects whose activities are distinctly harmful. There
was also a complete life history of the Gooseberry Saw-fly.
Subterraria for observing the transformations of insects underground were
exhibited by Mr. Hugh Main, F.E.S. The largest of these contained two fuil-
fed larve of the Dor or Watchman Beetle (Geotrupes stercovarius) in their cells
awaiting pupation. Two similar cages showed larve of the Devil’s Coach Horse
( Ocypus olens) and-Burying Beetles (Necrophorus ruspator).
Lantern slides, made from the exhibitor’s photographs, were also shown
illustrating the life history of Dyticus marginalis, the Cabbage White Butterfly
(Pieris brassicae) and its parasites, of aphid feeders, such as the Ladybird
(Coccinella), Lacewing Fly (Chrysopa), and Hover Fly (Syrphus).
Aquaria for observing the habits and transformations of aquatic insects
were shown by Mr. Withycombe. They contained a variety of insects, water
beetles (Acilius and Dyticus), Pond Skaters (Gerris), Water Boatmen (Notonecta
and Coriva) ; the interest of the aquaria being enhanced by beautiful specimens
of aquatic plants of which frog-bit (Hydrocharis Morsus-vanae), hornwort
(Cevatophyllum demersum), bladderwort (Utricularia neglecta) and Nitella (in
fruit) may be mentioned.
Some eighty bird-skins, exhibited by Miss Hibbert-Ware, F.L.S., together
with, in many cases, the actual contents of the crop or gizzard at the time of
death, gave first-hand evidence as to the nature of the food of such birds as are
of doubtful, or of bad, repute in the opinion of the gardener and gamekeeper.
Nine dor beetles, for instance, were seen to have constituted the last meal of the
Little Owl, whilst the Barn Owl had devoured “‘ vermin ’”’ in the form of mice
and beetles. It was shown that the Woodpecker, Peewit, Kestrel, and Titmice
are among the best friends of the agriculturist, and that the thrushes do far more
good than harm.
Starlings and Rooks become harmful only when allowed to become too
numerous. ‘The only really bad: records are those of the Jay, Wood Pigeon,
and Bullfinch. It was carefully explained that no bird had been killed for the
purpose of the collection, also that the exhibitor gave practical evidence only,
and in no case decided whether a bird was beneficial or injurious without the
actual examination of its food contents. /
There were exhibits bearing directly upon gardening, viz. :—
A series of experiments with soil, set up by Mr. Craig (South Hackney Centra!
School), showing how the fundamental principles governing gardening practice
can be simply demonstrated, the experiments involving the use of only the
simplest apparatus, and suited to the capacity of quite elementary pupils.
St. Hubert’s School for Mentally Defective Elder Boys, in which gardening
together with other practical subjects plays an important part, exhibited apparatus
in cardboard, wood, metal, and leather, all made in direct response to the need
of the garden and the workers.—Exhibitor, Mr. Snook, F.R.H.S.
Material illustrating the field work done in Geology, Botany, and Nature
Study on School Journeys was exhibited by Mr. G. G. Lewis of Ellerslie Road
School. Specimen pages from the guide books prepared for such journeys,
photographs showing school children at work in the country and on the sea-
shore, and samples of their work were displayed.
Nature Study Leaflets and ‘‘ School Nature Study,’”’ the Journal published
by the Union, were on view.
GENERAL MEETING.
May 27, IgI9.
Rev. JosEPH Jaco in the Chair.
Fellows elected (217).—G. S. Albright, Miss C. M. Alexander, Mrs. R. G.
Alford, Mrs. R. Allen, Mrs. S. Austin, Lord Avebury, Capt. R. Backhouse,
GENERAL MEETING. Ixxi
Mrs. W. G. Baird, Sir W. F. Barrett, Lady Barry, Mrs. H. Bayley, R. Bayley,
Lord Belper, P. Blenkinsop, Miss M. Blount, F. Boddington, Sir Jesse Boot,
Lady Boot, Miss M. Bowden-Smith, A. Brame, Mrs. J. H. Bridges, N. B. W.
Bromley, F. F. Brown, Mrs. Bullivant, H. G. Bunting, A. E. Butler, Mrs. M. E.
P. Butt, Sir T. O. Callender, Hon. Mrs. J. Campbell, Dr. C. W. Campbell, Mrs.
-E. Cape, Miss Cawthra, J. Charrington, Major H. Chawner, Mrs. W. L. Ching,
Miss C. L. Churchill, Mrs. S. C. Clapham, J. L. Cloudsley, Col. Lord D. Compton,
Lady D. Compton, Mrs. E. M. Conant, Dr. Peter Cooper, Col. E. W. Cradock,
-L. Cresswell, M. E. Crocker, Mrs. Croft, F. W. Crossman, A. E. Culison, R.
-Cumber, H. A. F. Daire, Sir S. Dannreuther, C. P. J. Darby, B. Davis, Miss
I. Dilworth, W. T. Douglas, Miss I. Drysdale, Miss W. B. Duckworth, Mrs. E. N.
Dumas, Miss Duncan, Earl of Dunmore, Mrs. Elliott, Mrs. E. Engall, W. Evans,
_Vice-Admiral Sir H. Evan-Thomas, Brig.-General J. T. Evatt, Marquis of Exeter,
_ Miss M. M. Fitz-Roy, Capt. N. Flower, B. C. Forder, Miss K. E. Fuller, Miss
H. Fullerton, L. Gilan, T. H. Glassborow, Miss C. E. Godman, Miss E. M. Godman,
W. V. Goodwin, Rear-Admiral A. Grant, Mrs. W. Grazebrook, S. H. Gregg,
_ Mrs. F. Green, Mrs. D. F. Greer, Mrs. A. Guthrie, Miss J. Hadden, C. I. Haden,
_ Lady Hain, A. E. Haines, Lieut. T. W. Harding, Miss M. Harvey, P. Haughton,
A. E. Hawley, Miss M. Hazel, R. Hebblethwaite, Mrs. S. Henderson, W. Hewitt,
C. H. Hill, Mrs. A. E. Hind, Lieut.-Colonel C. H. Hoare, H. Hoey, Rt. Hon.
_ J. Hogg, Mrs. E. K. Holdstock, W. Holloway, Major W. Houldsworth, Mrs.
_ 4H.M. Hughes, J. H. Humphries, Marquis of Huntly, E. Jukes, Capt. F. Keith-
_ Jones. Jas. Kelway, Sir G. H. Kenrick, F. Ker, A. Kingham, M. Knight, G.
' Knowles, J. B. Lakin, Hon. Mrs. C. Lambton, Hon. Maude Laurence, Miss H.
' Laurence, Miss E. K. Leeson, F. G. Lelen, Miss M. M. Leonard, Mrs. H. Letts,
' Hon. W. H. Lever, Earl of Listowel, Mrs. E. M. Littlewood, A. Longden,
' Sir R. P. Lyle, Miss M. S. Macfie, Miss D. McLean, Mrs. J. Marcel, Hon. Mrs. S.
Marsham, Mrs. J. L. Matheson, Hon. Mrs. B. Maxwell, R. G. May, A. A. Mead,
Miss J. Mead, H. Measures, Miss L. M. Medlycott, G. W. Meekings, T. Middlemore,
Mrs. J. Moorhouse, R. Neal, W. Nisbet, Marquis of Northampton, Mrs. W.
. Parish, W. F. Parker, Hon. Mrs. Partington, Miss J. L. Peel, T. M. Penton, B.
_ Peyman, Lady Pink, Brig.-General T. Pitt, His Majesty King Manoel of Portugal,
Her Majesty Queen Agusta of Portugal, A. H. Pott, Lieut.-Colonel Price-Davies,
A. Raab, Mrs. E. Rice, T. P. Rider, C. E. Ridley, A. F. Rimmer, Mrs. G. S.
_ Robertson, W. Robertson, S. T. Rosbotham, Miss L. Rose, Miss M. Rowe, Mrs.
_ A. Rowntree, Rev. H. C. Russell, S. G. Sackville, F. Samuelson, Sir E. S. Scott,
F, A. Secrett, A. H. Shelton, Hon. Mrs. B. Sidebottom, Miss Skevington, Capt.
Sir John Smiley, Miss B. Smith, W. Smith, Capt. L. C. Somervell, W. S. Southwell,
A. F. Sotheby, W. Stevenson, Brig.-General W. Strong, Mrs. F. Summers, Miss
M. Symonds, R. J. Tabor, Sir A. J. Tedder, E. S. Theobald, Mrs. E. M. Thompson,
Col. Thomson, Mrs. Thomson, Mrs. A. Topham, E. C. Trench, Mrs. B. Trinder,
_ Miss M. Tuke, H. F. Vandermin, H. W. K. Wait, J. A. Wallace, H. Walmesley-
-Cotham, J. R. Walton, W. G. Ward, E. H. Warner, H. Wellby, Miss E. O. Western,
Mrs. W. Weston, H. Whalley, J. Whitall, Mrs. H. Willans, Capt. A. Wills, A. B.
_ Winch, Lady Dorothy Wood, Lieut.-Colonel P. Wood, G. E. Wood, R. C. Wood,
_. G. R. Woodward, Mrs. A. R. Woodward, R. H. Wyatt.
Fellows vesident abroad (3).—A. Gauthier, H. Helbawy, J. Louhal.
Associates (6)—D. Barnard, H. C. Bolingbroke, Miss Hill, G. M. Luis, J. A.
Parker, Miss S. Whitfield.
Affiliated Societies (5).—Ashton-in-Makerfield Garden and Allotment Associa-
tion, Berkhamsted Chrysanthemum Society, Cranleigh Horticultural Society,
Heighington Horticultural Society, Stockport Small Holdings Allotment
Association.
A lecture on ‘‘ Some Irish Gardens”’ was given by Mr. J. G. Weston (see p. 247).
GENERAL MEETING.
; JOLY ' 1, }FOIG:
Mr. A. W. SuTTON, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (167).—Dr. Marian Archibald, Rev. Canon H. Arnold, Lady
Violet Astor, E. Atkins, A. S. Bailey, S: H. Bailey, Miss M. P. Baker, T. Baker,
T. St. J. Bashford, H. W. Baxter, D. T. Bennett, Miss S. Bishop, Major J. W.
Brand, E. H. Briault, Miss J. Brooks, Rev. T. Browne, E. Budd, Miss E. Call-
Ixxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —
well, Mrs. E. C. Castleman-Smith, Mrs. L: Cattley, Commander F. W. Chaine,
N. Chamberlain, Miss M. F. Chisnall, Sir W. H. Christie, Lady Beatrice Kerr
Clark, J. Clayton, H. M. Collinson, W. A. Collier, W. H. Cooke, J. Cookson, Mrs.
Copperthwaite, Capt. F. M. Coventry, F. D. Crew, J. N. Cross, Mrs. C. Crowe,
Miss R. Crump, J. H. Davidson, R. H. Dennis, Lord Dewar, H. W. Dixon, Mrs.
M. B. Donahue, L. W. Donald, Mrs. V. Dormer, F. W. Duffeld, T. Durbridge,.
A. Edwards, C. Emerson, W. Esdaile, A. E. Fassnidge, A. C. Fincken, Mrs. G.
Fisher, Major A. B. Fox, Mrs. B. Furze, Mrs. H. M. Gamble, Miss H. Gilbey,
R. Giles, Lord Dudley Gordon, Mrs. R. B. Graham, Marchioness of Granby,
Mrs. P. A. Hankey, Miss A. R. Hanson, Mrs. M. Hare, Mrs. F. E. Harrison,
G. Hatton, Marquis of Headfort, A. W. Hickling, John Hill, C. A. Hodge, Mrs.
E. M. Hodson, A. M. P. Hodsoll, A. T. Holman, H. Horsnaill, E. E. Huck, FP. H.
Hudson, R. Hulme, Miss R. Hunter-Muskett, A. C. Ireland, J. H. Jacobs, A.
Jagger, J. Jarvis, C. Jones, E. H. Jones, E. C. Judkins, R. H. Keller, Mrs. F. B.
Kempe, Miss Lambton, Mrs. W. T. Lawrence, Miss E. Leader, Brig.-Gen, D. A.
Legard, Lieut. E. B. Lindell, G. Lloyd, F. Longly, S. Machin, Mrs. H. MacIntyre,
E. M. Magor, Miss M. R. Mann, S. J. Mansfield, H. Marcham, A. T. Marks,
J. W. Marsden, Mrs. C. Marshall, Mrs. Martin, H. E. Mason, W. P. Matthews,
Mrs. A. H. Melchers, C. P. Milton, G. P. Morrish, Mrs. A. R. Musgrave, Mrs. W.
Neville, Miss C. Newton, Lady R. Nicol, Miss L. M. Oliver, Miss F. Parke, Lieut.-
Col. F. E. Parkinson, Lieut.-Col. P. W. Parkinson, Mrs. J. Paterson, Hon. Mrs.
C. Pearson, Hon. Lady Peek, Mrs. Grant Peterkin, E. H. Phillips, J. O. Phillips,
Miss A. M. Powell, Edgar Pulbrook, E. R. Pulbrook, Mrs. H. Ramsden, A. V.
Reed, Miss D. K. Reilly, R. F. A. Reisco, Miss K. R. Rhodes, Mrs. W. F. Rigden,
J. J. Rinck, Countess of Rosse, Mrs. G. E. Sadler, Lieut.-Col. J. A. Scarlett,
W. A. Shaw, C. R. Shield, Mrs. D. Spicer, Mrs. E. C. Sprawson, Mrs. R. A.
Stainer, Mrs. R. H. F. Standen, S. O. Stephenson, Miss F. M. Sterling, Mrs. J.
Stewart, F. C. Stoner, Mrs. E. Storey, Mrs. J. Sugden, Mrs. Swift, Mrs. Tallents,
R. Taylor, E. H. Thompson, E. L. Thorne, T. C. Thornicraft, Mrs. M. L. Tinker,
Miss E. Tucker, Mrs. H. J. Turner, C. Wallis, C. H. Walter, C. H. Ward, A.
Wedgwood, D. H. Welch, W. H. White, J. R. Williams, A. Willis, Lady F.
Willoughby, Dr. Mary Wilson, A. B. Wilson, C. Wyatt.
Fellows vesident abroad (5).—Mrs. R. J. Flanders, A. Harris, P. C. Holden,
J. Lewis, S. C. Roy.
Associates (2).—A. Cox, N. R. W. Thomas.
Affiliated Societies (5).—Cymmer Port Talbot Allotment Society, Grimsby
Dist. Allot. Holders’ Assn., Hurstpierpoint Horticultural Food Production, —
Kidderminster and Dist. Hort. Assn., Wilnecote Hort. Society.
GENERAL MEETING.
JULY 15, I9gI9.
Mr. W. Haters, A.L.S., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (65).—Mrs. Ackroyd, A. Amery, Miss A. M. Baird, W. A.
Baird, H. C. Bayer, Miss C. G. Bell, S. W. Bishop, Miss M. G. Bolton, E. D.
Busby, Rev. H. L. de Candole, Mrs. H. L. de Candole, J. E. Cardigan-Williams,
B. S. Cartwright, Mrs. Charlton, A. Chattaway, A. F. Clark, Mrs, G. L. Constant,
W: J. Dallow, W. E. Dexter, A. Dicken, Mrs. Fullerton, H. Gamble, Mrs. M. E. |
Geldard, Lady M. Glyn-Jones, F. Godlee, D. B. Gwynne, Miss L. Hamilton, ”
Lady Horsbrugh-Porter, J. B. Hotham, Mrs. R. L. Howe, J. A. Jeffery, J. W.
Jones, James Kerss, Miss E. Kirk, Major J. W. Leather, J. W. Little, Brig.-Gen.
S. Lushington, S. Martineau, Miss Maxwell, Mrs. G. Mills, H. W. Morris, H. J.
Mousley, Major H. Parker, W. Pritchett, H. Rayment, Mrs. J. F. Riddell, 5. e,
Russell, Major G. O. Sandy, A. A. Searl, M. W. Slade, Hon. Mrs. T. C. Smith, H.
Spence, Mrs. J. C. Stevenson, W. M. Strachan, A. D. Sweeting, E. F. Thorne,
Mrs. M. A. Trewent, C. B. Ussher, J. B. Walker, Miss E. Watt, Mrs. A. Way-
mouth, S. L. Wells, T. R. Whitley, E. G. Wise, Mrs. C. Wray.
Fellows resident abroad (2).—H. J. Bedford, Miss E, S. Harrold.
Affiliated Societies (1).—Mid-Cheshire Farmers’ Association.
A lecture on ‘National Afforestation’? by Mr. A. D. Webster was read
(see p. 278).
|
1
DEPUTATION TO BIRMINGHAM, lxxiii
fe e
DEPUTATION TO BIRMINGHAM.
JULY 18, I9gI9.
A DEpPUTATION, consisting of the President, the Rt. Hon. the Lord Lambourne,
P.C., C.V.O., with Mr. F. J. Chittenden, F.L.S., V.M.H., Director of Wisley,
Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H., Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., and the Rev. W. Wilks,
M.A., V.M.H., Secretary of the Society, visited the Summer Show of the
Birmingham Horticultural Society.
The Deputation were received at the Birmingham New Street Station at
7 P.M. on Thursday, July 17, by Mr. Morter, Superintendent of the Birmingham
Parks, &c., and were most hospitably entertained at dinner at the Queen’s
Hotel, Mr. E. H. Weaver, Chairman of the Birmingham Horticultural Society,
residing.
4 After the usual loyal toasts, Mr. Weaver proposed prosperity to the Royal
Horticultural Society in a graceful speech to which the Rev. W. Wilks, Secretary
of the R.H.S., responded. Mr. Councillor Johnson proposed success to the
Birmingham Seciety, which was received with much applause and responded to
by Mr. Webster, the Secretary.
The following morning, Friday, July 18, the Deputation were driven to the
Show Ground by Mr. Morter, and after most careful consideration they made the
following awards :—
Award of Merit.
Carnation, ‘ Firelight,’? from Messrs. C. Wall, Melrose Nurseries, Bath. A
strong border variety with light scarlet flowers.
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for a group of vegetables, fruits, and flowers.
To Messrs. Gunn, Olton, for Roses.
To Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton, Bath, for Begonias and Gloxinias.
To Mr. Herbert Jones, of Bath, for an Old English Formal Garden.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Sir G. W. Kendrick (gr. J. V. Macdonald), Whetstone, Edgbaston, for a
group of foliage plants.
To Messrs. E. Hicks, Hurst, Twyford, for Roses.
To Mr. John Mattock, Eddington, for Roses.
Silver-gilé Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Webb, Wordsley, for a group of vegetables, fruits, and flowers.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Board of Agriculture (Mr. V. Banks), for bottled fruits, &c.
To Mr. H. Green (gr. Geo. W. Marsh), Amberley House, Gravelly Hill, Birming-
ham, for a group of foliage plants.
To Messrs. E. W. King, Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Miss S. S. Thompson, 58 Alfred Road, Handsworth, for succulents.
To Mr. J A. Kendrick (gr. A. Cryer), Barrow’s Court, Edgbaston, for a group
of foliage plants.
To Mr. W. Holloway, Percyville, Northill Gardens, Shrewsbury, for Sweet Peas.
To Messrs. C. Wall, Melrose Nurseries, Bath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Herd Bros., Penrith, for Sweet Peas.
To Messrs. J Douglas, Great Bookham, for Carnations.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Major Webb (gr. W. Gaiger), Spring Grove, Bewdley, for vegetables.
To Mr. J. A. Kendrick (gr. A. Cryer), Barrow’s Court, Edgbaston, for ferns.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Mr. W. Bown, 26 Haughton Road, Birchfields, Birmingham, for Begonias
and Gloxinias.
To Messrs. K. Luxford, Harlow, for Carnations.
To Mr. G. Tangye, Birmingham (gr. W. Tompkins), for miscellaneous
decorative plants.
lIxxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
bd .
Bronze Knightian Medal.
To Mr. W. G. Gresson (gr. T. Perry), Stoke House, Severn Stoke, Worcester,
for vegetables.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. H. Davies, Hawthorne, Witton Street, Stourbridge, for vegetables.
To Mr. W. E. Barber, 1 Witton Street, Bournville, for vegetables.
To Mr. C. F. Hopkins, 97 Melton Street, King’s Heath, for vegetables.
To Mr. M. T. Hudman, Station Cottage, Hamstead, Birmingham, for
vegetables.
To Mr. W. Perkes, Stourbridge, for vegetables.
To Mr. W. E. Barker, 1 Witton Street, Bournville, for vegetables and salads.
To Mr. W. Green, 49 Bank Street, Summers Lane, Birmingham, for annual
flowers.
To Mr. C. F. Hopkins, 97 Melton Street, King’s Heath, for perennial flowering
plants.
At noon the Show was visited by the Rt. Hon. Sir David Brooks, Lord Mayor
of Birmingham, and Lady Brooks, the Lady Mayoress.
A large number of people having gathered together at the entrance to the
tents, the Lord Mayor, in a few eloquent words, extended a cordial welcome
to the Deputation and thanked the Society forsending them. Alderman Sanders,
J.P., having then moved a formal vote of thanks to Lord Lambourne, President of
the R.H.S., and Councillor Johnson, B.A., having seconded it, Lord Lambourne
briefly responded.
At 1 o’clock the Deputation were entertained at luncheon, together with
the Judges, Committees, and other local officials, the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor
presiding. After the usual loyal toasts, Lord Lambourne rose and proposed
‘Prosperity to the Birmingham Horticultural Society.”
Mr. E. H. Weaver, Chairman of the Society, responded.
GENERAL MEETING.
JULY 29, IQIQ.
Mr. F. J. CHITTENDEN, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (36)—F. L. Baldwin, A. Bell, Miss Benett, Lady Bergne,
Mrs. Betterton, C. Bowring, H. S. Button, Capt. J. L. Cotter, Lady Craig, A. W.
Davies, W. R. Dunstan, Mrs. Edge, J. F. Edwards, W. H. Edwards, Mrs. J. H.
Evans, C. F. Faulkner, Mrs. M. Frith,,Mrs. J. S. Graham, D. Henriques, Mrs.
H.W. Kennard, Miss M. B. Knight, Mrs. Master, H. F. Methven, Miss J. A.
Moore, J. S. Pearse, J. S. Phillips, L. P. Roberts, A. Sanders, Lady Scott,
W.S. Shackleton, A. P. Simon, W. Stevenson, W. Trotter, H. J. Watson, Mrs.
H. V. Whitelaw, M. F. Yorke.
Fellows resident abroad (2).—A. B. Bell, P. Falk.
Associates (2).—F. Douglas, Miss M. Foster.
A lecture was read by Prof. Bickerton on “ Botany in relation to other
Sciences.,”’
GENERAL MEETING.
is AUGUST I2, IQIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nrx, O.B.E., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (27)—R. Allen, C. J. Bailey, Sir Stanley Bois, Sir Harry
Boulton, Mrs. F. P. Brettell, H. H. Butts, Mrs. G. H. Cartland, W. H. Chappell,
Miss H. Cruikshank, C. W. Cohen, Miss‘M. F. Dawson, Mrs. M. T. Edwards,
W. Farrer, G. W. Giles, Mrs. Gosling, Miss M. D. Hall, D. K. Knayle, J. H.
Mather, J. B. Melchiors, Miss E. Notley, A. G. Scorer, E. E. Shepperd, Moyses
Stevens, G. H. Thompson, C. Tyler, W. S. White, A. E. Wiles.
Fellows resident abroad (3).—M. Davey, M. Kamro, J. K. Sircar. hen
Affiliated Societies (1) —Walton-on-Naze Allotment and Garden Association.
A lecture on “ Fruit Trees in Pots’’ was read by Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H.
GENERAL MEETING. - ixxy
EXHIBITION OF HARDY BRITISH-GROWN FLOWER BULBS.
Class 3. Amateurs.—Collection of 20 varieties of Dry Home-grown Hardy
Flower Bulbs, to bulbs of each variety, including not more than 7 varieties of
Daffodils, nor more than 6 varieties of Tulips (Darwin or Cottage).
: Hirst Prize, £2 1es,> Second, (1 tos. ; Third, £7.
Note.—An exhibitor in Class 3 was not allowed to exhibit in Class 4.
No entries.
Class 4. Amateurs.—Collection of 10 varieties of Dry Home-grown Hardy
Flower Bulbs, to bulbs of each variety, including not more than 3 varieties
of Daffodils, nor more than 3 varieties of Tulips (Darwin or Cottage).
Prst Prize, {2 10s.; Second, {1 tos.:; Third, £1.
No entries.
Class 5. Open.—Collection of 20 varieties of Home-grown Daffodils, 20
‘Single’ Bulbs of each variety; in a space of to ft. by 3 ft.
Silver Banksian Medal.
Donard Nursery Co., Newcastle, Co. Down.
Class 6. Open.—Collection of 15 varieties of Home-grown Daffodils, 10 large
‘ Family or Cluster’ Bulbs of each.
Silver Banksian Medal.
Class 7. Open.—Collection of 10 varieties of Home-grown Market Varieties
of Daffodils, 20 ‘ Single ’ Bulbs of each, including ‘ Emperor,’ ‘Empress,’ ‘Golden
Spur,’ ‘ Victoria,’ ‘Sir Watkin,’ ‘ Barrit conspicuus,’ and ‘ P. ornatus’; in a
space 7 ft. by 3 ft.
No entries.
|
4 Donard Nursery 'Co.
:
:
Class 8. Open.—Collection of 20 varieties of Home-grown Early Tulips,
20 bulbs of each, in a space Io ft. by 3 ft.
; Silvey Flora Medal.
Geo. Monro, Jr., The Maltings, Spalding, Lincs.
Class 9. Open.—Collection of 20 varieties of Home-grown May-flowering
Tulips (Darwin or Cottage), 20 bulbs of each, in a space 1o ft. by 3 ft.
Silver Flora Medal.
Donard Nursery Co.
Silver Banksian Medal.
Geo. Monro, Jr.
Class 10. Open.—Collection of any Dry Home-grown Hardy Flower Bulbs,
Tubers, Rhizomes, &c., other than Daffodils or Tulips. Not more than 40
varieties, nor more than 30 bulbs, &c., of any one kind to be exhibited. Diversity
- of Genera and Species will be favourably considered by the judges; space to
be 15 ft. by 3 ft.
No entries.
GENERAL MEETING.
AUGUST 26, IQIQ.
Mr. H. J. Pace, B.Sc., M.B.E., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (25).—E. S. Attrell, A. Baxter, Mrs. H. C. Brown, Capt. W.
B. Burton-Baldry, J. Cardwell, Lieut.-Col. T. G. Clark, G. Eyre, A. Finsler, Mrs. D.
Forster-Tuck, H. T. Gallagher, Mrs. A. Knowles, Dr. J. C. McConaghey, Mrs.
J. C. McConaghey, Mrs. H. Mills, J. S. Motion, J. Noonam, J. Ogilvie, R. J.
Sainsbury, C. W. Tennant, G. Trinder, Jas. Walker, S. H. White, G. W. Williams,
E. L. Winter, Mrs. A. Wolff. “i
Fellow resident abroad (1).—J. Orishimo.
Affiliated Societies (4).—Alton Horticultural Society, Ospringe Cottage
Garden Association, Queen’s Ground Allotment Association, Stafford District
Allotment Association.
Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL: HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
GENERAL MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 9, I9QIQ.
Mr. A. J. GASKELL in the Chair.
Fellows elected (3)—-Capt. Hon. H. R. C. Balfour, L. H. Bentall, J. Cobley.
Fellow resident abroad (t).—Wilfred L. Dence.
A lecture on “‘ Carnations—their Pests and Diseases’? was read by Mr. M. C.
Allwood (see p. 233). ‘
R.H.S. VEGETABLE MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 23, IQIQ.
Class 1.—Twelve kinds distinct, to be selected from the following :—
Beet, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Broccoli or Cauliflower, Carrots, Celery,
Cucumbers, Endive, Leeks, Lettuce, Mushrooms, Onions, Parsnips, Peas, Potatos,
Tomatos, Turnips, Beans (Runner or French), Vegetable Marrow.
First Prize, The Sutton Challenge Cup (value £21) and £5; Second, £4; Third, £3-
1. Mr. J. S. Kelly, Claremont, Esher.
Class 2.—Nine kinds distinct, to be selected from the list in Class 1. The
object of this Class is to illustrate not oniy those vegetables which are in daily
use, but specially the quality and size in which they are most acceptable and
useful for table use, and possess the qualities most valued for table use by cooks,
First Prize, The Gordon Lennox Challenge Cup and £4; Second, £3; Third, £2.
1. Mrs. Jenner, Wenvoe Castle, nr. Cardiff (gr. H. Wheeler).
2. W. H. Myers, Esq., Swanmore House, Bishops Waltham (gr. G. Ellwood).
Class 3. Six kinds distinct, to be selected from the list in Class 1.
First Prize, £3; Second, £2; Third, ft.
1. C. A. Cain, Esq., The Node, Welwyn, Herts (gr. T. Pateman).
2. W. D. Bedford, Esq., The Braes, Berkhamsted.
3. G. Thorn, Esq., Willesborough, Ashford, Kent (gr. M. Hoad).
Class 4.—Potatos, 12 varieties distinct.
First Prize, £3; Second, £2; Third, f1.
1. G. Thorn, Esq.
2. J. B. Fortescue, Esq., Dropmore, Maidenhead (gr. C. Page).
3. C. A. Cain, Esq.
Class 5.—Potatos, 6 varieties distinct.
Hirst Prize, {1 ‘ros. ¢. Second; fi ; ‘Third, zoe.
1. Rt. Hon. T. Halsey, Graddesden Place, Hemel Hempstead (gr. T. Avery).
2. F. Hoad, Esq., Albemarle Road, Willesborough, Kent.
3. A. G. McMeekin, Esq., Raymead Cottage, Boulter’s Lock, Maidenhead
(gr. J. Cox).
Class 6.—Onions, 6 varieties distinct, as follows :—
Two dishes of the ‘ Ailsa Craig’ type, one oval and the other round; one
dish of Red Onions, one dish of Silverskins ; one dish of James’ or other selection
of long-keeping brown Globe Onions; one dish of White Spanish or Nuneham
Park type (flat, not Globe).
N.B.—More than 2 dishes of selections of ‘ Ailsa Craig’ type, or varieties
indistinguishable from it, will disqualify.
First Prize, {2; Second, {rt ; Third, tos.
1. Mrs. Jenner.
2. W. H. Myers, Esq.
3. W. D. Bedford, Esq.
Class 7.—Salads, 6 kinds distinct, each kind to be staged separately.
First Prize, £2; Second, {1; Third, 15s.
1. W. H. Myers, Esq.
2. J. S. Kelly, Esq.
R.H.S. VEGETABLE MEETING. Ixxvii
Single Dish Classes for Amateurs.
_ In Classes 8-38 the First Prize is in each case 1os.; the Second, 7s. 6d. ; the
Third, 5s. The specimens shown in each Class must be always of one and
the same variety.
Class 8.—Beans, Scarlet Runners.
1. W. H. Myers, Esq.
. 2. Mrs. Jenner.
3. Mrs. Austen, Capel Manse, Horsmonden, Kent (gr. A. Woodgate).
Class 9.—Beans, French Climbers,
1. W. H. Myers, Esq.
2. Mr. J. S. Kelly.
3. R. Staward, Esq., Panshanger, Hertford.
| Class 10.—Beans, French Dwarf.
| 1. Hon. A. H. Mills, Mapledurham House, Reading (gr. S. Kidley).
2. Mr. J. S. Kelly.
3. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 11.—Beet, Globe type.
1. Mrs. Austen.
2. Sir Montagu Turner, Bedfords, Havering, Romford (A. J. Barrett).
3. G. Thorn, Esq. |
Class 12.—Beet, Long type.
z. Mr. J..S. Kelly.
2, C. A. Cain, Esq.
3. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 13.—Brussels Sprouts, 50 buttons.
1. Mrs. Jenner.
2. C. A. Cain, Esq.
3. Mrs. Farnham, The Heights, Witley, Surrey.
Class 14.—Brussels Sprouts, 3 plants.
1. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 15.—Cabbage.
1. W. H. Nockolds, Esq., Nutfield Court, Surrey (gr. T. W. Herbert).
2. Mrs. Farnham. f
3. Mr. J. S. Kelly.
Class 16.—Cabbage, Savoy.
1. H. C. Gardner, Esq., Ruxley Lodge Gardens, Claygate, Surrey.
2. Mrs. Farnham.
Class 17.—Cauliflower or Broccoli.
1. Mrs. Jenner.
a. Mr}. S: Kelly.
3. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 18.—Celeriac.
No entries.
Class 19.—Celery, White.
ee Mr, J. S;.Kelly.
2. Mrs. Farnham.
Class 20.—Celery, Red.
Pawits b.5: Kelly.
2. Mrs. Farnham.
3. Sir Montagu Turner.
Class 21.—Cucumbers.
I. Hon. A. H. Mills.
2. G. Thorn, Esq.
3. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 22.—Leeks.
£2 Bir. 4 5.) Kelly.
2. C. A..Cain, Esq.
3. Mrs. Jenner.
lxxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Class 23.—Marrows.
1. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.
2. Rt. Hon. T. Halsey.
3. R. Staward, Esq.
Class 24.—Mushrooms. ;
3. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 25+—Onions.
1. Mrs. Jenner.
2. W. Lintott, Esq., Marden Park, Woldingham.
3. Mrs. Farnham.
Class 26.—Parsnips.
1. R. Staward, Esq.
2. Mrs. Jenner.
3.:Mr. J. S. Kelly.
Class 27.—Carrots, Long.
I.. J. B. Fortescue, Esq.
2. R. Staward, Esq.
SOE, fi. . PRClLiys
Class 28.—Carrots, stump-rooted or short.
2. Mrs. Jenner.
Tein, 15,9. SRelly,
3. D. W. Bedford, Esq.
Class 29.—Peas.
1. Mrs. Jenner.
2. Mri tS. relly:
3. Mrs. Farnham.
Class 30.—Turnips, white skin and flesh.
1. R. Staward, Esq.
2. Sir Montagu Turner.
2, Rt. Hon. T: Halsey. :
Class 31.—Turnips, purple-top, red-top, or green-top, flesh white.
1. Mrs. Austen.
2. R. Staward, Esq.
3. D. W. Bedford, Esq.
Class 32.—Turnips, yellow flesh.
1. D. W. Bedford, Esq.
2. Mrs. Jenner.
3. Rt. Hon.-T. Halsey.
Class 33.—Potatos, white.
1. Rt. Hon. Halsey:
2... W. i. Myers, Fisq.
3. G. Thorn, Esq.
Class 34.—Potatos, coloured.
zr, Rt. Hon. TL. Halsey.
2. Sir Montagu Turner.
3. Mrs. Wallis-Toller, Woodside, Elgin Road, Weybridge (gr. G. Crabb).
Class 35.—Kale, Curled.
tr, C. A. Cain, Esq.
2. W. H. Myers, Esq.
Class 36.—Tomatos, Red.
1. Rt. Hon. T. Halsey.
2. W. Lintott, Esq.
3. Mrs. Jenner.
Class 37..-Tomatos, Yellow.
1, W. H..Myers, Esq.
2. Mrs. Jenner.
3. G. Thorn, Esq.
Class 38.—Any other Vegetable not named above.
1. Mrs. Jenner.
2. ©, A. Cain; isd,
3. Mr, J. 8. Kelly,
MEETING FOR BRITISH FRUIT. lxx1x
GENERAL MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 23, IQIQ.
Mr. Jas. Hupson, V.M.H., in the Chair.
A lecture on ‘‘ Fruit Tree Stocks’’ was read by Mr. R. G. Hatton, M.A.
(see p. 257).
GENERAL MEETING.
OCTOBER .7, I9QIQ.
: Mr. C. G. A. Nix, O.B.E., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (106).—S. S. Allen, G. R. Baker, Mrs. G. R. Baker, A. S. Banks,
1.2. Beale P. j. Belson, M. Bennett, Mrs. Bevan, A. Birch, F. H. Boxwell,
W. H. Brailey, C. O. Briggs, Mrs. J. D. Bright, H. Campbell, H. Charman,
A. A. Clucas, H. L. Coghlan, H. Cooper, J. S. Cotman, H. Crockford, L. C. Cropper,
Mrs. A. H. Crossley, C. Cunliffe, W. H. Dalton, A. Daniel, J. R. Day, M. Dicks,
Miss W. Donald, W. R. Fasey, A. W. Foster, G. F. Forsdike, M. D. Fowler,
Miss M. Foxcroft, G. R. Furze, Miss L. Gardener, Mrs. M. Georges, E. R. Gibbs,
George Givan, Lord Glanely, P. Gow, J. L. Gray, G. W. Green, Lieut.-Col. B. E.
Gurdon, A. G. Halstead, Lady Hamilton, F. E. Hare, S. Harkey, L. Harris,
C. Hart, J. H. Heal, H. H. Henness, J. Herbert, Miss M. A. Herdman, S. J.
Hopper, C. Hovenden, R. Ironside, E. Jacques, H. King, Hon. C. N. Lawrence,
A. L. Lazarus, Col. Sir Jas. D. L. Legard, Lieut. Col. L. Lloyd-Jones, Miss E. M.
McCowan, C. W. Mercer, Miss L. L. Miller, W. Miller, G. Mills, Major F. C.
Mitchell, Miss G. Mitchell, Lady C. Monro,.F. Morlis, L. Myer, Rev. F. Nesbitt,
W. C. Nickels, Capt. G. L. Parker, J. H. Penny, Mrs. Philip Percival, A. L.
Phillips, W. M. Plevins, C. J. Ramsden, Mrs. F. Ramsden, Rev. H. A. Rhodes,
Lord Ruthven, E. E. St. Quinton, G. Savory, Countess of Scarborough, Miss A.
Seabourne, J. E. Smith, D. S. Spens-Steuart, Col. H. L. Stafford, Mrs. M. A.
Stafford, W. A. Stearns, Miss M. Stewart, R. H. Sutton, H. M. Thornton, J.
E. Turner, J. Udall, D. A. Veresmith, Miss B. A. Ward, W. Watkins, R. S.
Watson, J. Webber, H. L. Whatley, H. B. Williams, R. Wilson, Mrs. E. M.
Wordsworth.
Fellows resident abroad (4).—Miss E. Beghin, R. Burn, O. E. Georgulas,
G. W. Marshall.
Associates (2).—C. Gladding, G. Ragless.
Affiliated Societies (5).—Ditchling Horticultural Society, Guildford and
District Allotment Holders’ Association, Newport and District Gardeners’
Mutual Improvement Society, Otago Agricultural and Pastoral Society, St.
Davids Horticultural Society.
MEETING FOR BRITISH FRUIT.
Division I.
FRUITS GROWN UNDER GLASS OR OTHERWISE.
OPEN TO GARDENERS AND AMATEURS ONLY.
Class 1.—Collection of 9 dishes of ripe dessert fruit :—6 kinds at least ; only
1 Pine, 1 Melon, t Black and 1 White Grape, allowed ; not more than 2 varieties
of any other kind, and no two dishes of the same variety.
First Prize, Silver Hogg Medal and £5 ; Second, £4 ; Third, £3.
1. Mr. J. Lock, Oatlands Lodge Gardens, Weybridge.
2. C. A. Cain, Esq., The Node, Welwyn (gr. T. Pateman).
Class 2.—Collection of 6 dishes of ripe dessert fruit :—4 kinds at least ;. only
1 Melon, 1 Black and 1 White Grape, allowed ; not more than 2 varieties of any
other kind, and no two dishes of the same variety. Pineapples excluded.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal and £3 ; Second, £2 ; Third, £1 ros.
1. Lord Hillingdon, Wildernesse, Sevenoaks (gr. J. Shelton).
2. G. Miller, Esq., Newberries, Radlett (gr. J. Kidd).
3. J. T. Tubb, Esq., Bearwood Gardens, Wokingham.
lIxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Class 3.—Grapes, 6 distinct varieties (2 bunches of each), of which two at
least must be White.
First Prize, Silver Hogg Medal and £5 ; Second, £4 ; Third, £3.
1. G. Miller, Esq.
Class 4.—Grapes, 4 varieties (2 bunches of each), selected from the following:
‘ Madresfield Court,’ ‘ Prince of Wales,’ ‘Muscat Hamburgh,’ ‘ Muscat of Alex-
andria ’ or ‘Cannon Hall’ (not both), ‘ Mrs. Pearson,’ and ‘ Dr. Hogg.’
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal and £3; Second, £2; Third, {1 tos. y
1. Lord Hillingdon.
Class 5.—Grapes, ‘ Black Hamburgh,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, {2 ; Second, {1 1os.; Third, fr.
1. Lord Hillingdon.
2. Major J. A. Berners, Wolverstone Park, Ipswich (gr. W. Messenger).
3. Thomas Bowser, Esq., The Gardens, Montacute, Somerset.
Class 6.—Grapes, ‘ Mrs. Pince,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, {2 ; Second, £1 Ios.
1. Lord Hillingdon.
2. Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bt., Marden Park, Woldingham (gr. W. Lintott).
Class 7.—Grapes, ‘ Alicante,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, {2 ; Second, f1 Ios.
1. Mrs. W. Raphael, Castle Hill, Englefield Green (gr. H. Brown).
2. Lord Hillingdon.
Class 8.—Grapes, ‘ Madresfield Court,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, £2; Second, £1 Ios.
1. Lord Hillingdon. :
2. H. W. Henderson, Esq., Serge Hill, King’s Langley (gr. F. L. Pike).
Class 9.—Grapes, ‘ Prince of Wales,’ 2 bunches.
P First Prize, £2; Second, £1 Ios.
1. G. Mayer, Esq., Wistler’s Wood, Woldingham (gr. W. Sayer).
2. Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bt.
Class 10.—Grapes, any other Black Grape, 2 bunches.
First Prize, {2 ; Second, {1 Ios.
t. Lord Hillingdon.
2. Lt.-Col. St. Maur, Stover Park, Newton Abbot, S. Devon.
Class 11.—Grapes, ‘ Muscat of Alexandria,’ 2 bunches.
First Prize, Silver Knightian Medal and £2; Second, f2; Third, £1 ros.
1. Lord Hillingdon.
2. Mr. J. Lock.
Class 12.—Grapes, any other White Grape, 2 bunches.
First Prize, {2 ;- Second, {1 tos.
1. C. A, Cain, Esq.
2. G. Miller, Esq.
Class 13.—Collection of Hardy Fruits, in a space not exceeding 12 X 3.
Thirty dishes distinct, grown entirely in the open ; not more than 12 varieties
of Apples or 8 of Pears.
First Prize, Silver Hogg Medal and £2; Second, /2.
r. C. A. Cain, Esq.
2. R. Staward, Esq., Panshanger, Hertford.
Division II.
For FRUIT GROWN ENTIRELY OUT OF DOORS.
OPEN TO NURSERYMEN ONLY.
Class 14.—30 feet run of 6 feet tabling.
Stlver-gilt Knightian Medal.
Seabrook & Sons, The Nurseries, Chelmsford.
Silver-gilt Hogg Medal.
Cannell & Sons, Eynsford, Kent.
MEETING FOR BRIT ISH FRUIT. Ixxxi
Gold Medal.
Geo. Bunyard & Co., Royal Nurseries, Maidstone.
Class 15.—20 feet run of 6 feet tabling.
: Gold Medal.
Barnham Nurseries Co., Barnham, Sussex.
Silver Hogg Medal,
.
: H. Close, Littlecroft Nurseries, Holmesdale Road, Orpington.
R. C. Notcutt, The Nursery, Woodbridge.
Division III.
OPEN TO MARKET GROWERS ONLY.
Class 16.—Apples, 20 baskets (cooking and dessert), distinct. Fruit suit-
able for market purposes will have more consideration than a large number ot
varieties.
Silver-gilt'Knightian Medal.
Ernest Hills, Rhydd Court Nursery, Hanley Castle, Worcs.
Gold Medal.
Lt.-Col. H. Lumley-Webb, Upchurch, Sittingbourne (gr. J. Holloway).
Silver Knightian Medal.
A. Bayley, Bungalow, Lent Rise, Burnham, Bucks.
Stlver-gilt Knightian Medal.
H. L. Robson, Guildford Fruit Farm, Guildford.
Stlver-gilt Hogg Medal.
(Principal) Miss G. Sanders, Hort. College, Swanley, Kent (gr. R. G. Martin).
Division IV.
FRUITS GROWN ENTIRELY IN THE OPEN AIR.
OPEN TO GARDENERS AND AMATEURS ONLY.
Competitors in Classes 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, are excluded from
Division VII.
Notre.—Competition is allowed in one class only of the Classes 17, 18, and
Sr, 22.
Class 17.—Apples, 24 dishes distinct, 16 cooking, 8 dessert.
First Prize Fruiterers’ Company Silver-gilt Medal and £3; Second, £3;
Third, £2.
1. C. A. Cain, Esq.
2. Major Hennessy, Tylney Hall, Hook, Hants (gr. J. Hygate).
3. Marquis of Salisbury, Hatfield House, Herts (gr. H. Prime).
Class 18.—Apples, 12 dishes distinct, 8 cooking, 4 dessert.
First Prize, Fruiterers’ Company Silver Medal and £2; Second, f/1.
1. Wm. Darby, Esq., Knebworth, Herts.
® 2. G. Miller, Esq.
Class 19.—Cooking Apples, 6 dishes distinct.
First Prize, {1 ; Second, I5s.
1. C. A. Cain, Esq.
2. Major Hennessy.
Class 20.—Dessert Apples, 6 dishes distinct.
First Prize, £1 ; Second, 15s.
I. a i Hennessy.
2. C. A. Cain, Esq.
Class 21.—Dessert Pears, 18 dishes distinct.
First Prize, Silver-gilt Knightian Medal and {2; Second, {2; Third, {1.
1. C. A. Cain, Esq.
2. Dr. T. Jackson, micenton Heath, Surrey.
VOL. XLV. f
Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Class 22.—Dessert Pears, 9 dishes distinct.
First Prize, £1 tos. ; Second, {1.
1. G. Miller, Esq.
Class 23.—Plums, 3 dishes distinct.
First Prize, {1 ; Second, tos.
r. are J. Berners.
2. C. H. Combe, Esq., Cobham Park, Cobham, Surrey (gr. G. Kember).
Class 24.—Damosons, or Bullaces, 3 dishes distinct.
First Prize, tos.; Second, 7s. 6d.
1. V. C. Vickers, Esq., Newsells Park, Royston, Herts (gr. W. Watkins).
Class 25.—Morello Cherries, 50 fruits.
First Prize, 7s.; Second, 5s.
No entries.
Class 26.—Autumn Raspberries, 1 dish of 50 fruits.
First Prize, 7s. ; Second, 5s.
1. Major J. A. Berners.
Class 27.—Figs, grown entirely out of doors, dish of 9 fruits of one variety.
First Prize, 7s.; Second, 5s.
No entries.
DIVISION V.
SPECIAL DISTRICT COUNTY PRIZES.
OPEN TO GARDENERS AND AMATEURS ONLY; ALL FRUIT MUST HAVE
BEEN GROWN ENTIRELY IN THE OPEN.
AA. Apples, six dishes distinct, four cooking, two dessert.
First Prize, £1, and 3rd Class single fare from Competitor’s nearest railway
station to London.
Second Prize, 15s. and railway fare as above.
Class 28.—Open only to Kent growers.
AA ce Rev. J. R. Leigh, The Vicarage, Yalding, Kent (gr. G. Johnson).
* (2. J. H. Loudon, Esq., Olantigh Gardens, Wye, Kent (gr. John Bond).
‘ BB. Pears, Dessert, six dishes distinct.
First Prize, £1 Ios. and railway fare as above.
Second Prize, {1 and railway fare as above.
BB. St Rev. H. A. Bull, Wellington House, Westgate (gr. F. A. King).
* (2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
Class 29.—Open only to growers in Surrey, Sussex, Hants.
ry pe Hon. Mrs. Greville, Polesden Lacy, Dorking (gr. H. Prince).
2. C. H. Combe, Esq.
BB ey W. H. Nockolds, Esq.
‘ (2. R. Ramsden, Esq., Siddinghurst, Chiddingfold. :
Class 30.—Open only to growers in Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and
Cornwall.
ah ie Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2.J. Copp, Esq., Ferndale, Teignmcuth.
BB. 1. Major F. Wingfield-Digby, Sherborne Castle, Dorset (gr. T. Turton).
Class 31.—Open only to growers in Gloucester, Oxford, Bucks, Berks, Beds,
Herts, and Middlesex.
rey he Sir Edward Pearson, Brickendonbury, Hertford (gr. W. Stephenson).
2. V. C. Vickers, Esq.
BB. te Sir Edward Pearson.
2. V. C. Vickers, Esq.
Class 32—Open only to growers in Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge,
Hunts, and Rutland.
Aa t Major J. A. Berners.
2. Sir Montagu Turner, Bedfords, Havering, Romford (gr. A. Barrett).
BB. . Major J. A. Berners.
MEETING FOR BRITISH FRUIT. Ixxxiil
Class 33.—Open only to growers in Lincoln, Northampton, Warwick, Leicester,
Notts, Derby, Staffs, Shropshire, and Cheshire.
AA {5 F. Bibby, Esq., Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury (gr. J. Taylor).
* (2, M. Firth, Esq., Carlton Park, Market Harborough (gr. R. Thatcher).
BB. 1. F. Bibby, Esq.
Class 34.—Open only. to growers in Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth, and
Wales. ’
1. Earl of Coventry, Crooms Court, Severn Stoke, Worcester (gr. W.
AA. | Wilson).
2. T. Jones, Esq., Pen-y-lan, Ruabon.
BB tg T. Jones, -Esq.
* (2. H. Davies-Evans, Esq., Highmead, Llanybyther, South Wales.
Class 35.—Open only to growers in the six northern counties of England, and
in the Isle of Man.
AA William Orr, Esq., Woodwell House, Silverdale, via Carnforth.
* (2. James Cocker, Esq., Chester Gardens, Humshaugh, Northumberland.
BB. 1. William Orr, Esq.
Class 36.—Open only to growers in Scotland.
AA. 1. Captain C. L. Gordon, Threave House, Castle Douglas (gr. James Duff).
Class 37—Open only to growers in Ireland.
AA. 1. C. B. Broad, Esq., Aghern, Conna, Co. Cork.
Class 38.—Open only to growers in the Channel Islands.
No entries.
Division VI.
OPEN ONLY TO AMATEURS POSSESSING A TOTAL OF NOT MORE THAN
25 APPLE TREES.
Class 39.—One dish of 6 fruits of one dessert variety.
First Prize, Silver Banksian Medal; Second Prize, Bronze Knightian Medal ;
Third Prize, Bronze Banksian; Fourth Prize, Highly Commended
Certificate ; Fifth Prize, Commended Certificate.
1. F. E. Still, Esq., Old Rectory, Nutfield (gr. W. H. Herbert).
Class 40.—One dish of 6 fruits of 1 cooking variety.
Prizes as in Class 39.
t, Ba. Still, Esq:
2. John Jones, Esq., 27 Hindmans Road, East Dulwich, S.E.
Division VII.
SINGLE DISHES OF FRUIT GROWN ENTIRELY IN THE OPEN AIR.
(Six Fruits to a Dish.)
OPEN TO GARDENERS AND AMATEURS ONLY.
In each Class, except 57, 58, 80, 99, and 100, as follows :—First Prize, 7s. ;
Second Prize, 5s. ; but when the entries exceed six in any Class the Judges may
recommend a Third Prize of 4s.
Choice Dessert Apples.
The Judges were instructed to prefer Quality, Colour, and Finish to mere
size.
Class 41.—Adams’ Pearmain.
t. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
3. Major Wingfield-Digby.
Class 42.—Allington Pippin.
1. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
‘ 2. C. W. Darley, Esq., Longheath, Little Bookham, Surrey (gr. A. Hestor).
3. Major J. A. Berners.
lxxxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Class 43.—American Mother.
1. John T. Tubb, Esq.
2. F.C. Stoop, Esq., West Hall, Byfleet, Surrey (gr. G. Carpenter).
3. Lady E. Wyndham Quin, Castletown, Carrick-on-Suir, Ireland (gr,
C. Garner).
Class 44.—Barnack Beauty.
1. J. A. Stidston, Esq., Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth, Devon.
2. F. C. Stoop, Esq.
3. Major Wingfield-Digby.
Class 45.—Blenheim Orange.
1. Mrs. Leveson-Gower, Bill Hill, Wokingham, Berks (gr. W. Chislett).
2. F. M. Vokes, Esq., Birch Lawn, Sholing, Hants.
3. J. LT. Tubb, Esq.
Class 46.—Charles Ross.
1. F. Bibby, Esq.
2. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville.
3. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
Class 47.—Claygate Pearmain.
ya) Tabb, esq:
2. W. B. Wright, Esq., 14 Brambledown Road, Wallington.
3. Mrs. Leveson-Gower.
Class 48.—Cox’s Orange.
1. Rev. G. H. Engleheart, Dinton, Salisbury.
2. Major J. A. Berners.
3. Lady Elphinstone, ‘‘ Maryland,’”” Worplesdon (gr. G. Graves).
Class 49.—Egremont Russet.
1. Mrs. Helsham-Jones, Tile Barn, Woolton Hill, Newbury (gr. F. Lock).
2. Major Wingfield-Digby.
. 3. J. £. Tubb, Esq.
Class 50.—James Grieve.
1. John Copp, Esq.
2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
3. G. F. Marsh, Esq., Morningside, Marchmont Road, Wallington.
Class 51.—Lord Hindlip.
1. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
3. Major J. A. Berners.
Class 52.—Margil.
1. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2. Sir E. Pearson.
3. Major Wingfield-Digby.
Class 53.—Ribston Pippin.
1. Mrs. Leveson-Gower.
2. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
3. Mrs. Helsham-Jones.
Class 54.—Rival.
1. Hon. Mrs. Greville.
2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
3. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
Class 55.—St. Edmund’s Pippin.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
2, J.T. Labb, Esq,
3. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville,
Class 56.—Wealthy.
1. F. Bibby, Esq.
2. Major Wingfield-Digby. ;
3. Mrs. Helsham-Jones.
:
4
:
MEETING FOR BRITISH FRUIT. Ixxxv
Class 57.—Eight fruits of any early variety, not named above, fit for use:
Four Prizes, 7s., 6s., 5s., 4S.
. E. Holland, Esq., Silverdale, Sutton, Surrey.
. W. B. Wright, Esq.
. J. C. Fitzwilliam, Esq., Milton Park, Peterboro’ (gr. W. Green).
. W. H. Nockolds, Esq.
Class 58.—Eight fruits of any late variety, not named above.
Four Prizes, 7s., 6s., 5s., 4S.
. John T. Tubb, Esq.
. Major J. A. Berners.
. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville.
. Mrs. Leveson-Gower.
PON
-~ WN A
Choice Cooking Apbles.
N.B.—The Judges were instructed to prefer Quality and Size to mere Colour.
Class 59.—Beauty of Kent.
1. C. W. Darley, Esq.
2. E. J. Holland, Esq.
3. Sir Jeremiah Colman, Gatton Park, Reigate (gr. J. Collier).
Class 60.—Bismarck.
1. J. A. Stidston, Esq.
2. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville.
a2). o>. Kelly; Esq. .
Class 61.—Blenheim Orange (large fruits).
17 Rev. j.. RN. Leigh.
2. Mrs. Leveson-Gower.
3. R. S. Gardiner, Esq., Hardres Court, Canterbury (gr. W. Skinner).
Class 62.—Bramley’s Seedling.
1. J. C. Fitzwilliam, Esq.
2. F. C. Stoop, Esq.
3. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville.
Class 63.—Dumelow’s Seedling, syns. Wellington and Normanton Wonder.
1. C. W. Darley, Esq.
2. Major Wingfield-Digby.
3. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
Class 64.—Ecklinville.
1. William Orr, Esq.
2. W. H. Nockolds, Esq.
3. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
Class 65.—Edward VII.
Ee f--E. Tabb, Esq.
2. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
Class 66.—Emneth Early, syn. Victoria.
No entries.
Class 67.—Gascoyne’s Scarlet (large fruits).
1. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
3. C. W. Darley, Esq.
Class 68.—Golden Noble.
1. J. IT. Tubb, Esq.
2. F. C. Stoop, Esq.
3. Mrs. Leveson-Gower.
Class 69.—Grenadier.
1. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
2. R. S. Gardiner, Esq.
Class 70.—Lane’s Prince Albert.
1. C. H. Combe, Esq.
2. F. M. Vokes, Esq.
3. Sir Edward Pearson.
Ixxxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Class 71.--Lord Derby.
1. Rev. J. R. Leigh.
2. Lady Wyndham-Quin.
3. G. F. Marsh, Esq.
Class 72.—Mére de Ménage.
1. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2. Major Wingfield-Digby.
3. C. H. Combe, Esq.
Class 73.—Newton Wonder.
1. Earl of Coventry.
2. Rev. J. R. Leigh.
3. Sir Walpole Greenwell.
Class 74.—Peasgood’s Nonesuch.
1. Thomas Bowser, Esq.
2. J. i. Tubb, ‘Esq.
3. J. C. W. Fitzwilliam, Esq.
Class 75.—Potts’ Seedling.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
2. C. W. Darley, Esq.
3. W. Northover, Esq., Stanhope Road, Highgate, N. 6.
Class 76.—Rev. W. Wilks.
1. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville.
2. Sir Edward Pearson.
3. Sir Montagu Turner.
Class 77.—Stirling Castle.
1. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
2. G. F. Marsh, Esq.
3. J. A. Stidston, Esq.
Ciass 78.—The Queen.
1. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
2. Lt.-Col. St. Maur.
3. Thomas Bowser, Esq.
Class 79.—Warner’s King.
1. Thomas Bowser,'Esq.
2. F. N. Horne, Esq., Colley Manor, Reigate Heath (gr. E. Coleman).
3. Lt.-Col. St Maur.
Class 80.—Eight fruits of any variety not named above.
Four Prizes, 7s., 6s., 5s., 4S.
1. E. J. Holland, Esq.
2. J. H. Loudon, Esq.
3. C. H. Combe, Esq.
4. Sir Montagu Turner.
Choice Dessert Pears.
Class 81.—Beurré d’Anjou.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
2. F. N. Horne, Esq.
Class 82.—Beurré Dumont.
x. J. T. Tubb, Esq.
Class 83.—Beurré Bosc.
rc. J. 4L. inte, aa:
2. Major Wingfield-Digby.
Class 84.—Beurré Hardy.
1. Rev. H. A. Bull.
2. Major J. A. Berners.
3. Major Wingfield-Digby.
Class 85.—Beurré Superfin.
1. Major J. A. Berners.
2. Major Wingfield-Digby.
3. Mrs. Austin, Ellern Meade, Totteridge, Herts (gr. E. Longhurst).
—— ee ——
SEES eee l,l
a ———— — a
ee
MEETING FOR BRITISH FRUIT. lxxxvii
Class 86.—Conference.
1. G. F. Marsh, Esq.
2. Major J. A. Berners.
3. H. Shipley, \Esq., The Bungalow, Cobham, Surrey.
Class 87.—Doyenné du Comice.
1. Major Wingfielé-Digby.
2. C. H. Combe, Esq.
3. H. Shipley, Esq.
Class 88.—Durondeau.
1. G. F. Marsh, Esq.
2. Major J. A. Berners.
3. J. Osborne, Esq., Drynham, Oatlands Chase, Walton on Thames (gr.
. Cooke).
Class 89.—Easter Beurré.
E. J. Tatubb, Esq.
W. H. Henderson, Esq.
Class 90.—Emile d’Heyst.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
2. Major J. A. Berners.
Class 91.—Fondante d’Automne.
1. C. H. Combe, Esq.
2. Lt.-Col. Clarke, Loughton Hall, Essex (gr. W. Staward).
3. Sir Montagu Turner.
Class 92.—Glou Morceau.
1. Major J. A. Berners.
2. Major Wingfield-Digby.
3. J. S. Kelly, Esq.
Class 93.—Joséphine de Malines.
1. Major J. A. Berners.
2. C. H. Combe, Esq.
Class 94.—Louise Bonne of Jersey.
1. E. J. Holland, Esq.
2. G. F. Marsh, Esq.
3. H. Shipley, Esq.
Class 95.—Marie Louise.
1. C. H. Combe, Esq.
2. Hon. Mrs. R. Greville.
3. Major J. A. Berners.
Class 96.—Nouvelle Fulvie.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
2. J. T. Tubb, Esq.
Class 97.—Thompson.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
Class 98.—Winter Nelis.
1. Major Wingfield-Digby.
2. J. tT. Tubb, Esq.
Class 99.—Eight fruits of any early aes not named above.
Four Prizes, 7s., 6s., 5S., 45.
1. Major J. A. Berners.
2. C. W. Darley, Esq.
3. C. H. Combe, Esq.
at. app, Esq.
Class 100.—Eight fruits of any late pra ed not named above.
Pour Prizes, 7s., 6s., 5S.,
Py 22 Soniaed. Esq., Nettlebed ees Honley on Thames.
. Major J. A. Berners.
C. H. Combe, Esq.
Mrs. Austin. ©
RW
Ixxxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES CHALLENGE CUP.
APPLES AND PEARS.
Six Dishes, distinct, Cooking Apples; Six Dishes, distinct, Dessert Apples ;
Six Dishes, distinct, Dessert Pears, six Fruits to each dish. No two Societies
may combine, and each Society competing collects all the specimens shown
from amongst its own members only, and not from outside.
First, Challenge Cup to be held for twelve months, and Silver Gilt
Knightian Medal ;
Second, Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
1. Knebworth and District Hort. Society.—Hon. Sec., C. H. Sands, Esq.,
Milestone Road, Knebworth.
THE BUNYARD SILVER CUP. .
This Cup, value £21, is offered at the Autumn Fruit Shows in 1919 and 1920
for the most promising seedling Apple or Pear which has not been previously
exhibited at any of the Society’s Meetings. Six fruits of the seedling must
be exhibited in I919 and six more in 1920, in order that the judgment of the
previous year may be confirmed—if confirmed in I920 the Cup will then be
awarded ; but if in 1920 the seedling shall not be considered to have maintained
its previous promise, the Cup will be offered afresh in 1921.
In 1919 ‘Queen Mary,’ shown by Mr. E. J. Parsons, of 18 St. Nicholas
Street, Worcester, was chosen as worthy of being seen again in 1920 for this
Cup.
GENERAL MEETING.
OCTOBER 2I, IQIQ.
Mr. A. W. Sutton, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (54)—M. C. Atkinson, Lady Beauchamp, W. N. Black, J.
Chapman, W. J. Chittenden, J. A. Christopher, J. C. Cobley, Mrs. T. Davies,
Miss W. M. Davis, T. W. Dawe, Francis Dean, H. W. Edwards, Mrs. M. Erith,
Mrs. M. Evans, Mrs. Garrett, G. Geary, Mrs. C. H. Gray,*Mrs. R. P. Grieve,
F. S. Griffith, J. Harding, Mrs. W. Hatch, R. Hayne, G. Hillier, G. Honey,
Major C. C. Hurst, Capt. A. E. Innes, A. Jones, Miss C. S. Joule, Mrs. R. E.
Lambert, Mrs. A. L. Leon, J. L. Lloyd, H. V. Mackintosh, F. C. Mason, T. H.
Mordey, E. R. Priestly, Mrs. L. Railing, D. L. Ramsey, Mrs. M. L. Relph, A.
Rendle, Mrs. Rudolf, Capt. J. A. Scott, Mrs. J. A. Scott, Miss R. F. Skelton,
B. S. Standen, Lieut.-Col. W. G. Stoner, Capt. P. G. Tillard, H. J. Tremellem,
A. H. Walker, Miss M. Wheen, Col. W. L. White, C. Williams, R. Winter, C. H.
Wise, John Youatt.
Associates (4).—E. S. Allinson, Jas. Dobson, S. W. Sherlock, K. P. Worsley.
Affiliated Societies (4).—-Orpington Horticultural Society, Stanley and West
Croydon Allotment Society, Trecynon Horticultural Society, Tylorstown and
District Horticultural Society.
A lecture on ‘‘ Soil Sickness and Soil Sterilization’ was given by Dr. E. J.
Russell, F.R.S. (see p. 237).
GENERAL MEETING.
NOVEMBER 4, I9QIQ.
Mr. A. W. Sutton, F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (35).—Mrs. D. Benham, Miss H. D. Bensley, F. W. Berry,
E. G. H. Bishop, W. E. Briggs, W. Bunn, Mrs. I. Chapman, Mrs. E. R. Cutler, J. C.
Dewey, Mrs. M. K. Frost, C. Gregson, Mrs. B. Guinness, E. Guye, E. F. Haws,
J. E. Hobson, C. E. Hudson, Mrs. J. K. Hull, A. A. Kelsey, W. G. Kent, A. Muir,
Mrs. W. H. Newman, W. A. Nicholas, Miss E. Penfold, A. W. Pickard, F. W.
Preston, A. W. Sowman, Mrs. P. E. Speakman, Miss V. Rivett-Carnac Toyne,
GENERAL MEETING. Ixxxix
J. Underwood, Miss Wagg, Mrs. E. M. Wale, W. E. Whitnall, Rev. Canon
_G. B. Wickham, F. R. Wilson, R. Young.
. Fellows resident abroad (3)—Ken Asaoka, E. Kampmann, S. M. Machado.
Associate (1)—D. H. Dunn.
Affiliated Societies (3).—Millwall and Cubitt Town Horticultural Society,
Williton and District Horticultural Cottage Garden Association, Yorkshire
County Allotment Federation. |
A lecture was given by Mr. J. Snell, O.B.E., on ‘‘ The Ormskirk Potato Trials.”
GENERAL MEETING.
NOVEMBER 18, 1919.
, Rt. Hon. Lorp LamBourngE, C.V.O., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (29).—-F. Baynes, A. F. Booker, W. Boulton, M. Chart, Mrs.
D. Churcher, Mrs. Coryton, C. N. Hake, P. J. Hall, Mrs. Hambro, L. J. Harvey,
Miss D. R. Helpman, J. W. James, Rev. F. W. Keene, T. Neame, V. Packe,
S. M. Price, E. T. B. Reece, Mrs. H. Russell, R. W. Rye, H. Scott, W. H. Scott,
Mrs. A. B. Sewell, L. G. Shaw, Mrs. R. C. Slater, A: W. Stiven, C. C. Titchmarsh,
L. E. Wareham, R. M. Wood, Major. C. G. Woolner.
Fellows resident abroad (3).—M. K. Bamber, G. Nath Ghose, R. Val Mise oer
Associate (1)—G. H. Heath.
A ffiliated Societies (3)—Ascot Horticultural Society, Cape Province tee
Horticultural Society, Earlswood and District Co-operative Society.
GENERAL MEETING.
DECEMBER 2, IQIQ.
Sir Harry J. VEItcH, V.M.H., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (63).—Col. Sir H. E. Goold Adams, D. Allan, Miss A. Ashwell,
Miss J. Baird, H. Barnard, W. Bartlett, T. S. Beardsmore, H. Becker, Miss A. S.
Bridge, R. Buchanan, C. A. Chubb, F. C. Cobb, Miss H. M. Coley, F. J. Collier,
Mrs. C. Cotsworth, Major W. G. Coxen, S. F. Curtis, Miss B. D’Avigdor, J. E.
Davis, A. A. Dickson, Mrs. Escombe, Miss H. M. Fair, J. Fearn, R. E. Gill,
F. Glover, Mrs. G. F. C. Gordon, S. W. Hagen, H. R. Hall, W. F. Herbert, H.
Hewitt-Dean, A. H. Hobdell, H. T. Holloway, J. H. Ironmonger, Capt. F. J.
Johnstone, J. W. Jones, A. Josephs, H. G. Katte, E. F. King, E. Knott, Rev.
E. W. Lane-Claypon, C. B. Leechman, W. S. Livingstone, F. A. B. Lord, Mrs.
F. McKinnon, R. H. Mallinson, Miss G. Mawr, W. M. Maynard, Mrs. F. T.
Murdock, F. A. Norris, Miss F. E. G. Oldfield, C: Orchard, Rev. C. S. Phillips,
H. J. Ponting, M. I. D. Poulter, W. F. Rowles, Mrs. C. Rowntree, J. D. Snowden,
R. E. Spender, E. J. Studd, G. Todd, A. Vassall, C. F. Weston, W. H. Wood.
house.
Fellows resident abroad (2).—E. Blackburn, L. Srinwasa Murti.
Associate (1).—Miss M. Watt.
A ffiliated Societies (2).—Penrith Allotment Holders’ Association, Stapleford
and Sandiacre Co-operative Society.
|
© aE
XC PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
- SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
May 13, 1919.
Present: Mr. E. A. BowLes, M.A., F.L.S., V.M.H., in the Chair, and five
members present.
Certificate of Appreciation.—A Certificate of Appreciation was nanimously
recommended, at the instance of the Orchid Committee, to Messrs. McBean of
Cooksbridge for work done in raising the interesting hybrid Odontoglossum X
Eugenia. This plant is the result of crossing O. cordatum and O. crispum. Its
flowers are nearest to O. crispbum, but the segments are narrowed by the influence
of O. cordatum, the dull red blotching of which is also shown. The labellum
has undergone a curious change, its form being broadly ovate, the acuminate.
apex of the cordate labellum of O. covdatum being suppressed, the only evidence
of it being seen in a short thread-like apiculus on the under side of the front of
the lip.
Fasciaied Saxifrage.—A fasciated stem of Savxifraga hypnoides was sent by
Mr. Britten of Cuckfield. The stem was fully half an inch in width and bore
numerous rather small fiowers.
Hybrid Buddleia.—Mr. Van de Weyer sent a specimen of the hybrid Buddleia
globosa X B. madagascariensis which he had raised in his garden at Corfe Castle.
While B. madagascariensts is only half hardy at Corfe Castle, the hybrid is growing
outdoors and flowers earlier than B. globosa.. It has no scent, asin B. madagas-
cariensis, the leaves of which it has also inherited, there being none of the tawny
down on the leaves as there isin B. globosa, but in the manner of flowering it has
followed B. globosa, though the flowers are on the whole paler and the balls of
flowers rather larger.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MAY 20, rgIQ9.
Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and seven members present.
Chinese plants.—Mr. Bowles showed a Spiraea with gay foliage and with some-
thing of the flowering habit of S. arguta, but quite distinct. He also showed Mr.
Farrer’s fern of Lonicera syvingantha, a larger-flowered fern than is usually grown.
These had both been grown by Mr. Morris at Earlham.
Kale with foliar enations.—Mr. Bowles showed foliage of a Kale with many
enations from the leaves, and these crisped at their edges, so that quite a frill was
produced.
Certificate of Appvreciation.—The Council had before them plants exhibited,
and awarded Certificates of Appreciation to Mr. Magor of Lamellan for work in
raising Rhododendron xX lepidoboothii (lebidotum x Boothii), to Mr. Dykes for
raising Ivis stolonifera X Korolkowii, and to Miss Brennand for her paintings of
Rhododendrons.
Populus lasiocarpa.—A catkin was shown with developing fruits on the
same catkin with staminate flowers in lower part, from Mr. C. J. Lucas.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MAY 27, I9I19.
Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., in the Chair, with three members present, and
Mr. G. MARSDEN JONES, visitor.
Hybrid Geums.—Mr. Marsden Jones showed a hybrid between Geum sibiricum
and G. bulgavicum (large-leaved form). The hybrid followed G. sibivicum in the
main, but had the viscid hairs of bulgaricum. Hybrids between G. rivale form
and G. coccineum had leaves mainly of the vivale type and open flowers, with
colours varying from orange to purplish orange. Eight distinct forms, one of
them more or less inclined to doubleness, were found. Geum bulgaricum had
also been crossed with Geum coccineum, and had given a form with foliage near
that of bulgavicum and attractive flowers. This was a particularly interesting
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. xci
cross, since it was between flowers belonging to two distinct sections of the genus.
These were all sterile. _
Narcissus Bulbocodium X N. ‘ Emperor.’—Mr. Marsden Jones also showed
photographs of a hybrid raised between Narcissus Bulbocodium conspicuus and
Narcissus ‘Emperor.’ The plant had leaves seven to nine inches long, and had
flowered for the first time this season five years after the cross had been made.
~The strontium-yellow perianth measured 24 in. in diameter, and the lemon-chrome
trumpet 1} in. X rgin. The latter was much frilled and cut at the mouth, and
the perianth segments reflexed somewhat.
Cheivanthus crosses——Mr. Marsden Jones also brought flowers of a plant re-
sulting from the crossing of Cheiranthus alpinus and C. Allionii. Those in which
_ the seed parent was alpinus had green buds; those where the seed parent was
Allionii were coloured chestnut. Some flowers showed segregation of the lemon
yellow from the orange by flecks and flakes of the former colour in the petals,
and in one case flowers of both shades in the same plant.
Mr. Arkwright also brought flowers of C. Allionit 2 xX alpinus with chestnut-
coloured buds. The flowers of this cross were somewhat smaller than in Mr.
Marsden Jones’s specimens. Neither was fertile, but both are easily raised from
cuttings. A Certificate of Appreciation was unanimously recommended to Mr.
_ Marsden Jones.
Prunus Padus.—Mr. Fraser brought specimens of the long-racemed form of
Prunus Padus, which he said he had not found wild outside gardens in Surrey,
although the short-racemed form occurred in that county.
va i ——— — en
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE I7, I9QIQ.
Messrs. E. A. Bow tes, M.A., in the Chair, and. four members present.
Arabis glabra.—Mr. Marsden Jones sent a specimen of A. glabva from Tilston,
Cheshire, a new locality for this plant.
Hybrid Narcissus.—He also sent photographs of the bulbs of N. Bulbocodium
x N. ‘ Emperor,’ of which other photographs were shown at the last meeting.
Foliar sepals in Rose.—Mr. C. F. Pratt, of Acton, sent a rose in which the
sepals had grown out almost to the size of foliage leaves.
Primula pulverulenta.—Miss Norton, of Dolcorsllwyn Hall, Cemmaes, sent a
specimen of P. pulverulenta with the note that ‘“‘ Three-years-old plants have
about fifteen flower spikes averaging three feet in height, the best half-dozen of
_ which grew to about four fect in height.”
| Plants causing ivritation.—Mr. E. M. Holmes mentioned a case of skin irrita-
tion caused by handling the Giant Cow Parsnip, Hevacleum giganteum. Mr.
_ Bowles also referred to cases of severe skin irritation brought about by handling
Rhus vernicifera.
Variegation of Rose Leaj.—Mr. Holmes showed an interesting example of
_ variegation in the Rose in which one half of a foliage leaf was yellow, the other
half green.
4
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY I, I9I9Q.
Mr. E. A. Bowtezs, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, five members present: Prof.
LYTTEL, visitor.
Elm varieties ——Mr. Fraser showed specimens of elms from various localities,
commenting upon their characteristics, including Ulmus stricta, from Mickleham
(with very variable foliage), U. stricta Wheatleyi, the Jersey elm (which will bear
trimming), and U. minor, Goodyear’s elm.
Evemuri.—Mr. H. J. Elwes showed spikes of a white seedling of Evemurus
Bungei and a congested form with orange flowers almost sessile upon the rachis.
A similarly congested form had occurred among the early-flowering seedlings of
E. himalaicus.
Cotyledon Pestalozzae.—Mr. Bowles showed a plant of this form of C. liba-
noticus brought to the meeting by Mr. G. Reuthe. Itis almost hardy.
Primula Litioniana malformed.—Mr. Magor sent from St. Tudy some spikes
of P. Littoniana with bifurcate tips to the inflorescence. It had the same
peculiarity on three spikes on one plant.
Gall on Willow.—Mr. Holmes showed some young galls on a willow from
Hendon, similar to the large tassel galls several times shown before the Committee.
XCli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Variation in variegated elm.—He also drew attention to a communication he _
had received from a correspondent relative to variations in the degree of white-
ness seen on foliage of the variegated common elm. His correspondent, Mr.
Lawrence of Henley, had seen in Gloucestershire a tree in a hedgerow which was
reported to be perfectly green when the summer was going to be a wet one, but
almost white when it was going to be dry. It is well known that this elm varies
very much in the degree of variegation, and it is probable that the water supply
at critical times has a great deal to do with the amount of whiteness in the foliage,
but it is improbable that the variegation is in anticipation of the weather condi-
tions, rather it is dependent upon them.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 15, I9I9Q.
Mr. E. A. Bow es, V.M.H., and five members present.
Virescent Campanula Medium.—Mr. G. Wilson showed a curious form of
Campanula Medium with a virescent perianth, stamens generally absent but
occasionally present, and the style usually more or less developed. Dr. Rendle,
who examined the flowers, found also the ovary sometimes normal, but some-
times deformed, and a good number of ovules in all the flowers he examined.
Prolongation of axis in Primula cashmeriana.—Col. Warrender sent an in-
florescence of P. cashmeriana with a leafy growth at the apex of the flower stem,
but with the bracts normal.
Willow galls —Mr. Fraser showed a number of the tasse] galls of the willow
in course of development, for comparison with one brought last week by Mr.
Holmes.
Teucrium Botrys.—Mr. Fraser also brought specimens of this uncommon plant
from Box Hill and Banstead Woods, where it is native. It appears often to
be bitten down by rabbits.
Aquilegia with four cotyledons.—Miss M. W. Rogers of Hoyle sent a seedling
Aquilegia with four cotyledons. She said she often found them with three, but
this was the first she had seen with four. ‘“‘ The first rough leaves appear to have
been produced in pairs. A tri-cotyledonous carnation produced two whorls of
three leaves each, but all the later leaves have come in pairs. Severai tri-
cotyledonous Antirrhinums seem to produce leaves and branches in threes con-
tinuously, but the lateral branches, except in one plant, produce opposite leaves.
In the exceptional case the two bottom whoris of branches themselves produce
leaves in three, but the later branches have leaves in pairs.”
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 29, I919.
Mr. E. A. Bow es, V.M.H., in the Chair, and three members present.
Mentha arvensis forms.—Mr. J. Fraser showed dried specimens of a number of
forms of Mentha arvensis which he had collected in various localities. Some of
them appeared to be hybrids between that species and other related ones.
Lycaste Deppei two-floweved.—Miss I. J. Laurie sent a specimen of Lycaste
Deppet with a two-flowered spike. This condition is very unusual, although it is
occasionally seen in some other normally one-flowered species, such as L.
Skinnert.
Tomato with virescent flowevs.—Mr. Stevenson sent a tomato with virescent
flowers. The early flowers had been normal and had produced fruit, the later
were all alike, virescent and sterile.
Gladiolus W atsonioides.—A Gladiolus from Mr. Williams’ garden at Llandaff
was sent for naming. It proved to be G. Watsonioides from Mt. Kenia, figured
in the Bot. Mag. t. 6919.
Various plants.—Mr. H. J. Elwes sent specimens of Gerbera Delavayt, Roscoea
purpurea capitata, Campanula amabilis, and Alstroemeria Hookert from his own
garden.
Hybrids of Lathyrus, etc—Mr. Marsden Jones showed hybrids between
Lathyrus rotundifolius 9 xX L. tuberosus 8. He had made twelve crosses in
July 1915, and obtained three pods, containing ten seeds. Of the seven sown in
1916 all germinated, and one commenced to flower in the same year. There are
three types, one with flowers as large as those of L. votundifolius, one with smaller
flowers, but larger than L. tuberosus. They have flowers with a red-toned salmon
standard and pomegranate purple wings, and they are upright in habit like
—= -
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. XCili
L. rotundijolius. The third type has rather smaller flowers, darker in colour, and
is of a bushy habit. They flower freely from the end of June to mid-September,
- but the form with bushy habit did not remain in flower so long last year as the
others. L. votundifolius started to flower the first week in June and was over by
uly 8. This year the hybrid began to flower on June 6. L. tubevosus is now in
full flower. The root-stock of the hybrid is creeping, with sessile tubers, inter-
mediate between the two parents.
Mr. Jones has 17 F, seedlings, of which six appear to be of upright habit and
four bushy. The others are too small to be sure about.
The seeds of the hybrid were mainly oblong, and of 256, 155 were spotted (60
black with paler spots, 95 light with black spots), the remainder black, whereas
in L. rotundifolius of 289 seeds, 202 were black, 49 black with light spots, 38
light with black spots.
A Certificate of Appreciation was recommended to Mr. Marsden Jones.. Mr.
Jones also showed a number of forms of Centaurea radiata from various localities
in comparison with the normal form of C. nigra.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, AUGUST 12, IQIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bowes, V.M.H., in the Chair,and two members present,
with Mr. L. Smit, visitor.
Hybrid Pelargoniums.—Mr. Langley Smith showed a series of hybrid Pelar-
goniums which he had raised, and described their characteristics. He promised
to bring them up again at a later date (see p. xcv). A Certificate of Appreciation
was unanimously recommended to Mr. Smith.
Currants injuved.—Mr. Bowles showed currant cuttings attacked by a sub-
terranean form of aphis, which Mr. Fawcett took for examination (see below).
Red form of Trifolium vepens.—He also showed a red-flowered form of
Trijolium repens from Mr. Van der Weyer.
Bulbils on aerial stems.—Mr. Scrase Dickens sent a Watsonia showing bulbils
in great quantity at the nodes, and Mr. Cheal an onion with four bulbs on top of
a stem under 6 inches in height.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, AUGUST 26, I9QI9Q.
Dr. A. B. RENDLE, M.A., F.R.S., and Mr. Hates present.
Currants injuved.—Mr. F. Laing of the British Museum reported as follows
upon the currant cuttings taken by Mr. Fawcett: ‘‘ The aphis on the roots
of the currant is the root form of one which curls the leaves of elms
(Schizoneura ulmi). It was originally described by Buckton as S. fodiens, but
the migration between the elm and Ribes has since been established. The root
form sometimes causes considerable damage to the roots of young Ribes plants,
causing them to split.
‘“‘ The aphis on the roots is known as Myzus ribis Linn. It causes the leaves
to assume a puffy red appearance, the leaves ultimately withering. It is very
prevalent this year. Quite recently (two months ago) Miss Haviland published
a paper on its life-history, wherein she maintains that this species migrates to
dead nettles, and has hitherto been known as Phorodon galeopsidis Kalt. This,
however, will probably require confirmation. Up till the appearance of this
paper it was not known what became of M. ribis in the late summer.”
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER Q, I9QIQ.
Dr. A. J. VOELCKER, M.A., in the Chair, Mr. Hates, and Mr. STANBURY, visitor.
Stereum purpureum.—Mr. Stanbury exhibited forms of Stereum which he
had found growing on the stems of plum and Portugal laurel.
Buds on leaves—Mr. Hales showed specimens of tomato plants bearing
adventitious buds upon the leaves.
Poppy with short stamens.—Mr. Hales also showed a flower of Papaver orientale
XCiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. f.
in which the stamens were very short, so that it had the appearance of a Japanese
Anemone.
Pyrola votundifolia.—Rev. W. Wilks exhibited a specimen of Pyrola rotundi-
folia from his garden at Shirley, Croydon.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 23, I9QIQ.
Mr. E. A. BowLEs, M.A., in the Chair, and four members present.
Apples diseased.—Mr. Bowles exhibited apples, ‘ Warner’s King ’ and ‘ Winter
Hawthornden,’ affected with brown spots in the flesh. The brown spotting of
soft-fleshed apples some little distance beneath the skin is due to some physio-
logical cause, and is known as “ bitter-pit.”’
Mosaic disease of beans.—Mr. A. D. Cotton sent a note with specimens of beans,
‘Black Valentine’ and ‘Etampes Early White,’ showing the disease of beans
called ‘‘ mosaic.’’ These were growing in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural
Society at Wisley from American and French seeds. He wrote: “In slight
cases the only symptoms are mottled and crinkled leaves, but in bad cases the
leaves are much reduced in size and the whole plant stunted, while the yield is
greatly reduced. In extreme cases practically no crop is produced. A good
deal of work has been carried Gut on Bean mosaic in America, and it is clear
that the disease is transmitted through the seed. It is also infectious if sap from
diseased plants is introduced into healthy plants. Itis possible, therefore, that
insects may be responsible for spreading the disease. With regard to varieties
many kinds of beans are subject to mosaic, especially amongst the dwarf forms ;
some, however, are quite immune, e.g. ‘China Red Eye,’ ‘ Detroit,’ ‘ Arlington
Red,’ ‘ Cranberry ’).”’
As the disease is transmitted through the seed, it is most important to save
seed from healthy plants only.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 21, IQIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bowes, V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present.
Albino Ononis, etc—Mr. J. Fraser brought an albino Ononis spinosa, a
proliferous state of Festuca elatior arundinacea, which he believed was due to
galling by insects; specimens of Medicago falcata, which was at one time
confined to the Eastern counties, but which has now become established in
many places on the banks of the Thames in Surrey, and also in Middlesex. He
regarded these plants as new importations from the Continent.
Stereum purpureum.—Mz. Fielder sent a piece of stem of plum from Bromley,
Kent, showing the fructifications of S. purpureum. One half of an adjoining
plum tree was dead, and all the leaves on the remaining half were diseased
Two other plums, all within 20 feet of each other and the above, were dead,
and one other dead tree had already been cut down. He said: ‘“‘ The undersides
of the branches were covered with the fungus.”
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 4, I9QIQ.
Mr. E. A. Bowes, V.M.H., in the Chair, and three members present.
The only thing before the Committee was a seedling Abies for naming.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 18, I9QI9Q.
Mr. E. A. Bowes, V.M.H., in the Chair, and six members present.
Effect of drought wpon plants.—Mr. J. Fraser showed a series of potatos,
kohl-rabi, and French bean-seeds to illustrate the effect upon them of the drought.
They all showed splitting, and this was apparently due to cessation of growth
caused by the drought, followed by wet causing swelling beyond the capacity of
the skin to keep pace with.
One or two plants were sent for naming.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. XCV
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 2, IQIQ.
Present: Mr. E. A. Bow tess, M.A., F.L.S., V.M.H. (in the Chair); Dr. A. B.
Rendie, Dr. W. Bateson, Messrs. J. Fraser, W. Hales, W. Fawcett, F. J. C.
Chittenden (hon. sec.), Messrs. Langley Smith and Crane, visitors.
White-seeded Beans—Dr. Rendle showed, on behalf of Mr. Spencer of Chob-
ham, a series of runner beans. A white-seeded form, and several varieties
between that and the ordinary black-and-purple form, had appeared some years
ago, and Mr. Spencer had selected each year the white form until now almost
all the plants gave white seeds only. The original culture had probably con-
tained a heterozygous plant, and possibly also crossing had occurred to a greater
or less extent each season with a purplish form.
Hybrid Pelargoniums.—Mr. Langley Smith of Catford showed a series of
hybrid Pelargonium species with the object of illustrating inheritance of leaf-
cutting, purple-veining, variegation, etc., and a number of Antirrhinum seedlings
to illustrate the means of roguing, well known to many growers, in the seedling
state, where the colours of the under-epidermis are a guide as to the white,
coloured or streaked nature of the flowers.
He sent the following notes with them :
Variegation as a Heritable Character.
1. Further Notes on the Inheritance of Variegation in Pelargoniums. A. P.
denticulatum X P. filicifolium (Sets A, B, and C, 5/1/16).
Variegation has, in this instance, devel6ped in the course of experiments in
_ hybridisation, and has definitely proved itself to be a heritable character.
Of the samples of sets A, B and C, exhibited on 5/1/16 to the R.H.S. Scientific
Committee, the report says “‘ The variegation was, as a rule, but poorly marked,
and in many took the form of a very narrow whitish line round the margin of
_ the leaf.”
Seedlings, F, Generation.
_ F, Breeding Number Variegated Not Variegated
om set A 14 5 6
Set C 15 4 3
set B 16 I 6
set A TZ Vj I
Set B 18 5 3
22 19
Doubt has been thrown on the hardiness of these variegated seedlings as
_ compared with the non-variegated.
j
During the spring of I9I19, very severe weather was experienced, and on
three successive nights 6 degrees of frost were registered in the greenhouse in
which the plants were. This proved fatal to many Zonales, all the Tomentosum
section, many of the Citriodora section, as well as P. diadematum, P. Vandesit,
P. Blandfordianum, P. capitatum, P. Radula, P. x ‘ Clorinda,’ ‘M. Nonin,’ and
all the ‘ Show’ and ‘ Fancy ’ varieties.
Of the section exhibited, however, the following survived the ordeal :
Breeding No. Variegated Not Variegated
14 4 2
15 2 3
16 I 5
7 5 I
18 3 I
B. Inheritance of dark veining: F,. P. ‘Cataract’ (P. Radula x P. denti-
culatum), no dark veining. F,. P. ‘Cataract A’ (P. x ‘Cataract’ x P. denti-
culatum seedling 2), dark veins. Fy. 2 Seedlings (P. x ‘Cataract A’ x P.
denticulatum seedling 2), one dark veins, one not.
C. Inheritance of dark foliage: P. zonale ‘ Black Vesuvius’ selfed.--7
seedlings, 6 dark foliage, 1 green foliage; 2 dark seedlings = ‘ Black Vesuvius’;
1 dark seedling, salmon flower; green-leaf seedling, dark-red flower.
a” ee
(8
oe
XCV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
2. Variegation in Antirrhinums. ' The seeds were saved from 9g capsules of —
seed of an Antirrhinum with ‘striped’ flowers. The seeds were thoroughly
mixed together before sowing.
753 seedlings were raised with the following results : White-flowered, 490;
Red-flowered, 198; Striped, 65.
These were judged by the appearance of the cotyledons and the first two or
three pairs of true leaves.
The back of the cotyledons and leaves in the case of white varieties was green,
in the case of red varieties was more or less red in colour, and in the case of striped
varieties, was green marked with reddish stripes and dots.
The number of striped varieties may be slightly larger, as some of the blooms
of white varieties are only slightly speckled with red, and the marking on the
leaves was indistinguishable.
Further investigation shows that the stems of the older plants of ‘ striped ’
varieties are ‘ striped ’ with red colour. The sepals and seed capsules are spotted
with reddish marks; but,as a rule, the leaves do not retain their early distine-
tiveness.
Some of the ‘ red’ varieties have self-red blooms, while others have a white
tube to the corolla. The proportion of plain red to red-and-white has not been
determined. It is probable that the original plant was oross-fertilized by insects
with white, red, and red-and-white Antirrhinums growing near.
Further experiments with regard to the inheritance of variegation of this
kind in Antirrhinums has been tried with segregated plants this summer.
3. Variegation in Sweet Peas. This occurs occasionally and is heritable.
A plant raised from an old variety—‘ Duchess of Westminster ’—had yellow
leaves. This was very delicate andgonly produced 1 pod of 3 seeds. All the
plants from these seeds were also yellow-leaved, but still more delicate than the
F, generation. Only one plant flowered and 7 seeds were saved, of which 4
germinated; 3 of the resulting plants had yellow leaves, and the fourth had varie-
gated leaves. All died without producing seed.
Pelargoniums—Leaf variation under hybridization.
1. ‘Cataract’ F,—Leaf resembles Radula (P. Radula x P. denticulatum) ;
‘Cataract’ x denticulatum F,—Leaves intermediate, but nearer Radula;
(‘Cataract’ x denticulatum) x denticulatum F,;—One resembles Radula, one
resembles denticulatum.
2. Denticulatum xX _ filicifolium—F,—Leaves resembled denticulatum.
Do. selfed.—F, 3; Sections A, B, C.
A resembled denticulatum, B were intermediate, C resembled jilicifolium.
Set A resemble denticulatum, some even coarser cut.
F, Set B all intermediate, but nearer denticulatum.
| Set C, seven nearer filicifolium, one resembles denticulatum.
A unanimous vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Smith for his exhibit.
Seedlings of Victoria Plum.—Mr. M. B. Crane, on behalf of the John Innes
Horticultural Institution, showed coloured drawings of a long series of fruits and
seedlings raised from selfed flowers of the Plum ‘ Victoria.’ The variation in
the size, colour, and form of the fruit was extraordinary, some being as small
as bullace and deep purple, others yellow and as large almost as ‘ Victoria.’
The variation in the form of the foliage was equally great. In some seedlings
the bark was smooth, and in others much split. Some of the seedlings are self-
’ fertile, others self-sterile. The Plum Victoria is thus apparently heterozygous
for almost all characters. The Committee, to mark their appreciation of the
excellence of the illustrative pictures, unanimously recommended the award of
a Certificate of Appreciation to Mr. C. H. Osterstock, Enderley, Watery Lane,
Merton Park, S.W.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. -xcvii
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
| May 13, IgIg.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
No awards were recommended on this occasion.
Exhibits.
S. Harrington, Esq., Witham: Onion ‘ Giant Zittau.’
Rev. W. Wilks, V.M.H., Shirley: Rhubarb ‘ Tobolsk.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, May 20, 1g!109.
AT CHELSEA.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and nineteen members present,
No awards were recommended on this occasion,
Exhibit.
Mr. Hancock, Mansfield: Rhubarb.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, May 27, IgIg.
Rev. W. Wirks, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present.
There were no exhibits before the Committee on this occasion.
_FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 17, 191g.
Mr. W. PoupartT in the Chair, and fifteen members present.
The following awards recommended by the visiting Sub-Committee to
Cabbage Lettuces on trial at Wisley were confirmed:
4 Award of Merit.
| No. 156. ‘All the Year Round,’ from Messrs. Sutton.
{ Nos. 70, 267. ‘ Continuity,’ from Messrs. Morse and Messrs. Nutting.
|No. 76. ‘Satisfaction,’ from Messrs. Sutton.
These are considered to be identical.
No. 12. ‘Georges,’ sent by Messrs. Barr.
No. 87. ‘Market Favourite,’ sent by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson.
: No. 21. ‘Tender and True,’ sent by Messrs. Barr.
| No. 121. ‘Wayahead,’ sent by Messrs. Barr.
4 Highly Commended.
: No. 13. ‘Golden Beauty,’ from Messrs. Barr.
Nos. 14, 15, and 16. ‘Early Curled Simpson,’ from Messrs. Burpee, Messrs.
Thorburn and Messrs. Morse.
No. 17. ‘ Australian,’ from Messrs. Thorburn.
Nos. 18-20. ‘ Black-Seeded Simpson,’ from Messrs. Morse, Messrs. Thorburn,
and Messrs. Burpee.
No. 189. ‘Commodore Nutt,’ from Messrs. Sutton.
No. 8. ‘Harbinger,’ forcing from Messrs. Barr.
No. 107. ‘May King,’ from Messrs. Thorburn.
| ie 26. ‘New York,’ from Messrs. Thorburn.
| / |(No. 263. ‘Wonderful,’ from Messrs. Nutting.
These are considered to be identical.
. (For descriptions and notes see Report, p. 334.)
" VOL. XLV. &§
XCVlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Other Exhibit.
J. Chivers, Esq., Cambridge: Strawberry ‘ Crimson Beauty.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY I, IgI9Qg.
Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and nine members present.
Award Recommended :—
Cultural Commendation.
To Messrs. Rochford, Broxbourne, for Tomato ‘ Ailsa Craig Improved.’
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Chapman, Rye: Tomato ‘ Orange Sunrise.’
Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham: Cucumbers.
Mr. G. H. Mould, Ambleside: seedling Strawberry.
Mr. Payne, East Grinstead: Tomato.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 15, I9gIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Award Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Hon.*Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett, V.M.H.), Elstree, for vegetables.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. H. Close, Orpington: Currant ‘ Littlecroft Beauty.’
Mr. A. J. Morgan, Devoran: seedling Raspberry.
Mr. G. H. Mould, Ambleside: seedling Strawberry.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 29, IgIg. ‘
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and eleven members present.
Award Recommended :—
First-class Certificate.
To Gooseberry ‘ Howard’s Lancer’ (votes unanimous), from the Earl of
Strafford (gr. Mr. Markham), Barnet. This is a very old variety with large
fruits, oval in shape, greenish-white in colour, and of very good flavour. The
bush is an enormous bearer, and needs liberal feeding to maintain its fertility.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Cannell, Eynsford: Gooseberry ‘Ben Smith’ and Raspberry
‘ Alcock.’
R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley: Rubus biflorus quinqueflorus.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 12, IgIQg.
Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for fruit.
The following awards recommended by the Sub-Committee to Summer
Raspberries on trial at Wisley were confirmed :—
Award of Merit.
No. 29, ‘ Golden Hornet,’ sent by Mr. G. Trinder, Fleet, Hants.
No. 12,‘ Park Lane,’ sent by Mr. P. H. Cousens, Swanwick, near Southampton
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. XCixX
Highly Commended.
No, 2, ‘ Brown’s Excelsior’ (for flavour), sent by Mr. G. Brown, Thorngum-
bald, Hull,
Commended.
Nos. 9 & 10, ‘ Hornet,’ sent by Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, and Mr. Cousens.
No. 41, ‘ Lloyd George,’ sent by Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen, Dorset.
Nos. 13 & 14, ‘ Profusion,’ sent by Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, and Mr.
Cousens.
Nos. 16 & 27, PF yne's Royal,’ sent by Mr. Cousens and Mr. Allgrove, Slough,
No. 36, ‘ Laxton’s Prolific,’ sent by Messrs. Laxton, Bedford.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham: Cucumber ‘ Cynosure,’
Mr. F. Woollard, Brighton: Apple ‘ Early Wonder.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 26, I9IQ.
Mr. W. Poupart in the Chair, and sixteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To J. Nix, Esq. (gr. Mr. E. Neal), Crawley, for fruit.
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for fruit.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Sir Albert Rollit, Chertsey, for outdoor Figs.
Award of Merit.
To Apple ‘ Laxton’s Superb’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Laxton,
Bedford. Fruit of medium size, round, inclined to be conical, colour green,
deeply flushed on the exposed side with a dull red, and dotted with green spots
showing through the red colour. Eye closed, set in a rather shallow and slightly
puckered basin. Stalk thick and fleshy, very short and set in a shallow cavity.
Flesh crisp, and of excellent flavour. This variety was raised from Cox’s Orange
Pippin, crossed with Wyken Pippin, and should be an acquisition to late dessert
apples, keeping well to February or March. The Sub-Committee who inspected
the fruiting tree reported that the tree was a good grower and bearing a heavy
crop of fruit (Fig. 69).
To Plum ‘ Laxton’s Gage’ (votes 9 for, 4 against), from Messrs. Laxton,
Bedford. Raised from the old Green Gage crossed with Victoria. Fruit, rather
small, roundish oval in shape, skin pale yellow, mottled with a deeper yellow.
Stalk nearly an inch long, and rather deeply inserted. Flesh very melting, full
of juice and of first-rate flavour.
The following awards recommended by Sub-Committees at Wisley to varieties
of Dwarf Beans and Parsley on trial at Wisley were confirmed :—
DWARF BEANS.
Award of Merit.
13, 14, ‘Sunrise,’ sent by Messrs. Carter and Barr ; 22 to 27, ‘ Masterpiece,’
sent by Messrs. Dickson, Dickson & Robinson, Simpson, Sydenham, Sutton,
Watkins & Simpson ; 45, ‘ Reselected Longsword,’ sent by Messrs. Carter ; 46, 47,
‘Reliance,’ sent by Messrs. Sutton and Barr; 48, ‘ Fillbasket,’ sent by Messrs.
Barr. (Nos. 45, 46, 47, and 48 ave considered not sufficiently distinct from ‘ Master-
piece.) 41, ‘ Bounteous,’ sent by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson ; 43, 44, ‘ Perpetual,’
sent by Messrs. Barr and Carter. (The Committee regard Nos. 41, 43, and 44 as
identical.) 66, ‘The Shah,’ sent by Messrs. Barr; 68, 69, 252, ‘ Superlative,’
sent by Messrs. Sutton, Barr, and Nutting; 70, 71, ‘ Magpie,’ sent by Messrs.
Carter and Barr ; 75, ‘ Métis,’ sent by R.H.S. Wisley ; 76, ‘ Black Prince,’ sent by
Messrs. Barr. (The Committee regard Nos.68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, and 252 as identical.)
73, ‘ Prodigious,’ sent by Messrs. Carter ; 74, ‘ Feltham Prolific,’ sent by Messrs.
C PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Watkins & Simpson. (The Committee regard Nos. 73 and 74 as identical.) 88,
‘ White Haricot,’ sent by Messrs. Sutton ; 89, ‘ White Leviathan,’ sent by Messrs.
Watkins & Simpson; 96, ‘ Dunkin’s Dwarf,’ sent by Mr. Dunkin. (The Com-
mittee regard Nos. 88, 89, and 96 as identical.) 125, ‘Evergreen,’ sent by Messrs.
Sutton ; 143, 251, ‘ Earliest of All,’ sent-by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, and
Nutting ; 145, ‘ Fifty Days,’ sent by Messrs. Carter; 149, ‘ Early Mohawk,’ sent
by Messrs. Morse; 175, ‘ Satisfaction,’ sent by Messrs. Sutton; 176, ‘ Early
Wonder,’ sent by Messrs. Carter ; 186, ‘ Improved White Wax,’ sent by Messrs.
Carter.
Highly Commended.
35, ‘ Bountiful,’ sent by Messrs. Webb; 36, ‘ The Sorsby,’ sent by Messrs.
Dickson, Brown, and Tait; 37, ‘ Haricot nain Gloire de Saint André,’ sent by
Messrs. Cooper Taber ; 38, ‘Guernsey Wizard,’ sent by Mr. Warry ; 39, ‘ Nain de
Perreux,’ sent by R.H.S. Wisley ; 40, ‘ Excelsior,’ sent by Messrs. Barr. (The
Committee regard Nos. 35. 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40 as nearly allied, but not quite identi-
cal.) 50,‘ Prolific Negro,’ sent by Messrs. Sutton; 54, ‘ Black Hermitage,’ sent
by Messrs. Barr; 151, ‘ Suisse Gris,’ sent by R.H.S. Wisley; 158, 159, 161,
‘ Canadian Wonder,’ sent by Messrs. Sutton, Carter, and Dobbie.
(For descriptions see Reports on Wisley Trials, p. 316.)
PARSLEY.
First-class Certificate.
No. 27, ‘ Perennial Moss Curled,’ sent by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson.
Award of Merit.
No. 43, ‘ Moss Curled,’ sent by Messrs. Nutting.
No. 35, ‘ Perfection Moss Curled,’ sent by Messrs. Barr.
No. 36, ‘ Imperial Curled,’ sent by Messrs. Barr.
Highly Commended.
No. 5, ‘ Fern Leaved Extra Curled,’ sent by Messrs, Watkins & Simpson.
No. 7, ‘ Fern Leaved,’ sent by Messrs. Barr.
(For description see Reports on Wisley Trials.)
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 9, IQIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and fourteen members present.
-Award Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Sir Albert Rollit, Chertsey, for outdoor Figs.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. V. Banks, London: Plums bottled by sulphur-fume method.
Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone: fruit.
Mr. A. W. Chillery, Exmouth: Apple ‘ Marpool Beauty.’
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford: new Apples.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 23, IQIQ.
Mr. A. H. Pearson, J.P., V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Hogg Medal.
To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for fruit trees in pots.
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Dickson & Robinson, Manchester, for Onions.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for fruit.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. cl
Silver Knightian Medal.
Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, for fruit.
Messrs, Sutton, Reading, for Beans.
Award of Merit.
To Apple ‘ Welford Beauty’ (votes unanimous), from Mr. W. Pope, New-
bury. Fruit rather over medium size, roundish ovate, even and regular in
outline, skin greenish yellow and streaked with red on the sunny side. Eye
large and partly closed with curled segments, set in a wide and shallow basin
with five slight ridges near the eye. Stalk thin, nearly an inch long, set in a
very deep cavity ; flesh white, very juicy, tender, crisp, and of very good flavour.
The tree is stated to be a good grower and free bearer. A very handsome and
promising variety (Fig. 71).
Other Exhibits.
Mr. H. L. Brown, Kingskerswell: Apple ‘ Barton Hall.’
Mr. W. R. Cox, Islip: Apples.
Mr. G. E. Dyke, Milborne Port ; Apples.
Mr. W. H. Honess, Lymington: Marrow ‘ Walhampton Attraction.’
Mr. C. Turner, Slough: Crab Apples.
Mr. F. Vizard, Cheltenham : seedling Pear.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 21, I9QIQ.
BRITISH FRUIT SHOW.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.
a
Awards Recommended :—
| Gold Medal.
To E. A. Cain, Esq. (gr. Mr. T. Pateman), Welwyn, for fruit.
:
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for fruit.
To Knebworth and District Horticultural Society (Sec. Mr. C. H. Sands),
for fruit.
q Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Lane, Berkhampstead, for fruit.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Lee Common School Gardens, for Apples.
Award of Merit.
To Apple ‘ Queen Mary’ (votes unanimous), from Mr. E. J. Parsons, Wor-
cester. This variety was raised by the exhibitor and is the result of a cross:
between ‘ James Grieve’ and ‘ William Crump.’ The fruit is of medium size,
conical, even in outline, skin pale yellow but deeply flushed with red on the
exposed side. The eye is small, closed, and set in a very shallow basin. Stalk
thin, set in a rather deep cavity ; flesh very tender, crisp, juicy, and of excellent
flavour. A very good dessert variety for use during October and November,
somewhat resembling ‘ American Mother’ (Fig. 70).
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Bath, Wisbech: Plum ‘ Jewson Marvellous.’
Mr. Bibby, Shrewsbury: Apple ‘ Hardwick Seedling.’
Mr. Charrington, Limpsfield: seedling Apple.
Mr, Close, Orpington: seedling Gage.
Mr. Cox, Islip: seedling Apples.
Mr. Perry, Yeovil: Apple ‘ St. Ivel Pippin.’
Mr. Saward, Panshanger : Apple ‘ Vincent.’
Swanley Horticultural College: Apples.
Mr. A. W. Sutton: Apple ‘ William Jennings.’
.
Cii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 4, I9QIQ.
Mr. E. A. BUNYARD in the Chair, and ten ‘members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal. |
To Messrs. Barr, Taplow, for vegetables.
To J. A. Nix, Esq., Crawley, for fruit.
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
. To the Board of Agriculture, Ormskirk, for Potatos.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. & W. Birch, Sefton, for Potatos.
Award of Mevit.
To Raspberry ‘ Lloyd George’ (votes unanimous), from Mr. J. J. Kettle,
Corfe Mullen. For description of this variety see report on Raspberries tried
at Wisley.
The following awards to autumn-fruiting Raspberries, recommended by Sub-
Committees visiting Wisley during September and October, were confirmed.
Award of Merit.
No. 2, ‘Queen Alexandra,’ from Mr. P. H. Cousens, Swanwick, Southampton.
No. 7, ‘ Perpetual Superlative,’ from Mr. P. H. Cousens.
No. 8, ‘ Souvenir de Désiré Bruneau,’ from Mr. P. H. Cousens.
Nos. 9 & 10, ‘ Surprise d’Automne,’ from Messrs. G. Bunyard, Maidstone, .
and P. H. Cousens.
Highly Commended.
No. 3, ‘ Dann’s Monarch’ or ‘ Hailshamberry,’ from Mr. P. H. Cousens.
No. 4, ‘November Abundance,’ from Mr. P. H. Cousens and Mr. J. C. Allgrove,
Middle Green Nursery, Langley, Slough.
Commended.
No. 14 ‘ Wisley Autumn Fruiting ’ from R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Ireland & Hitchcock, Marks Tey: Apple ‘ Mascott.’
Mr. W. G. Moore, Kensington: Marrows, Gourds, and Apples.
Capt. R. Rogers, Cornwall: Apples.
Rev. E. Stogdon, Watford: Parsnips.
Lady Thornycroft, Bembridge: Apple ‘ Edith.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 18, I9gIQ.
Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and fifteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett, V.M.H.), Elstree, for fruit.
To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Potatos.
Silver-gilt Hogg Medal. |
To Mr. W. H. Page, Hampton, for Apples (Cox’s Orange Pippin).
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for fruit.
Subject to the trees being inspected in fruit and approved by a Sub-Com-
mittee next year, Awards of Merit were recommended to Apple ‘ Fugglestone
Pippin’ from A. Farebrother, Esq., Wilton, and to Apple ‘ Tythby Seedling’
from Messrs. Chivers, Cambridge.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. Clil
Other Exhibits.
Mr. T. Coomber, Monmouth: Apple ‘ Thomas Coomber.’
Mrs. Drake, Stroud: Apple ‘ Queen of the Pippins.’
Mr. A. Faulkner, Wem: Apple ‘ Faulkner’s Seedling.’
Lady le Marchant, Woking: Apple ‘ Crofton Scarlet.’
Mr. W. Mason, Barkway: Apples.
R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley : Potatos.
Mr. G. Rubython, Farnborough: Apple ‘ Shirley Pippin.’
Mr. W. Walton, Brighton: Apples.
Messrs. White, Worcester: Apple ‘ White’s Victory.’
Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., V.M.H., Shirley: Apple ‘ Evargil.’
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 2, IQIQ.
Mr. C. G. A, Nix in the Chair, and fourteen members present.
No awards were recommended on this occasion.
Exhibits.
Mr. T. Collister, Bembridge: Apple ‘ Sir Douglas Haig.’
Mr. W. Martin, Exeter: Apples.
Mrs. Miller, Marlow: preserves.
Mr. G. Pyne, Topsham: Apple ‘ Orotava.’
Messrs. Westmacott, I.ondon: South African preserves.
—$——= - - eS es eee
civ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FLORAL COMMITTEE.
May 13, IgIg.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. B. R. Cant, Colchester, for Roses.
To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for flowering trees and shrubs.
To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Reamsbottom, Geashill, for Anemones.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. C. Elliott, Stevenage, for hardy plants.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
Award of Merit.
To Primula Auricula Obristii (votes unanimous), from Mr. T. Temple West,
Redhill. A beautiful clear yellow Auricula with large flowers borne in a bold
truss.
To Ramondia Nataliae alba (votes 17 for), from Mr. T. Temple West, Redhill.
A very pure white form of this well-known rock-garden plant.
To Rhododendron Gillii (votes 17 for), from Messrs. Gill, Falmouth. This
very fine bright carmine-red Rhododendron is the result of a cross between R.
Aucklandii and R. Thomsonii. The flowers are large, widely open and are borne
in trusses of 8 to 12. The tube is somewhat paler than the rest of the flower.
To Trifolium uniflorum (votes unanimous), from Mr. W. Wells, Junr., Merst-
ham. A neat trailing plant from Italy and Greece and other parts of Europe.
The pink-and-white flowers are axillary, solitary and on short peduncles studded
profusely over the plant. The leaves are prettily marked and have long petioles.
Other Exhibits.
Messrs. Buffard and Patrick, Ditchling: Primula obconica.
Mr. A. G. Gentle, Colchester: Hippeastrum ‘ George Gentle.’
A. Grove, Esq., Henley: Moraea spathacea. F.C.C., 1878.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.
Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Romford: Roses.
Messrs. Smith, Guernsey: Rhododendrons.
Messrs. Tucker, Oxford: Daphne petraea grandiflora. A.M., 1918.
Messrs. W. S. Watney, Bexley Heath: Geranium ‘ Victory.’
FLORAL COMMITTEE, May 20, IgIQ.
AT CHELSEA.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-members present.
Awards Recommended :—
First-class Certificate.
To Paeonia Willmottiana (votes unanimous), from Miss E. Willmott, V.M.H.,
Great Warley. A new herbaceous species from China growing about 24 feet
high. The flowers are about 6 inches across and pure white. The prominent
APPLE ‘LAXTON’S SUPERB’
Fic. 69.
(slightly reduced)
(p. xeix).
| To face page civ.
"(19 “d)
(poonpoe. AT} qSI]s)
,AYV NAANGO, AIddY—'OL ‘OIA
“(10 °4)
(paonpoesa A]}q 91s)
,ALNVAG GUYOAIAM , AlddY—'TZ ‘OI
FLORAL COMMITTEE. CV
red-tipped stigmas push through a cluster of stamens, the filaments being crimson
and the anthers golden yellow. The handsome foliage is deep green above, and
- covered with a thick down on the under surface.
Award of Merit.
To Carnation ‘ Cleopatra’ (votes 10 for, 1 against), from Mr. J. Douglas,
Great Bookham. A very fine Border variety of excellent form. ‘The blooms
are clear old-rose colour and are carried on strong wiry stems.
To Carnation ‘ Saffron’ (votes 1o for), from Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron
Walden. A good clear yellow perpetual-flowering variety with non-bursting
calyces and strong wiry stems of good length.
To Geranium ‘ Whiteknights Glory’ (votes ro for),.from Mr. F. Bright,
Whiteknights, Reading. A handsome zonal Pelargonium bearing large trusses
‘of well-formed orange-salmon flowers. This variety should be very valuable
for summer bedding.
To Iris Hoogiana (votes 12 for), from W. R. Dykes, Esq., M.A., Godalming.
A new Turkestan species belonging to the Regelia section. It is very hardy, for
it does not reappear above the ground until some weeks after [. Korolkowi and
I. stolonifera, to which it is nearly allied. Ivis Hoogiana grows to a height of
24 to 3 feet, and each stem produces two or three flowers. The colour of the
flowers is a beautiful shade of blue—almost sky-blue. The falls are slightly
deeper in colour and the golden yellow beard adds greatly to the beauty of the
flower. |
To Iris ‘ Turkoman ’ (votes 7 for, 2 against), from W. R. Dykes, Esq., M.A.,
Godalming. This is a very free-flowering Iris. It is hybrid of J. Korolkowi and
I. stolonifera. The flowers are of medium size, and have the standards bluntly
pointed, and the tips of the falls rounded. The colour is a striking shade of
bronze veined with bluish purple, while the conspicuous beard is of a very bright
blue shade.
To Menziesia multiflora major (votes 8 for, 1 against), from Mr. G. Reuthe,
Keston. This is a synonym of M. ciliicalyx, and.is a new species from Korea.
This charming hardy plant has bell-shaped flowers of a pink shade outside,
white inside, and the reflexed segments of a wine-red colour. The stamens are
crimson. The foliage is light green, and becomes a beautiful red tint in the
autumn.
To Pink ‘ Model’ (votes 10 for, 2 against), from Mr. C. H. Herbert, Birming-
ham. A beautiful garden Pink, producing perfect flowers of a clear pink colour
with crimson markings at the base.
To Pink ‘ Queen Mary ’ (votes 14 for), from Mr. C. H. Herbert, Birmingham.
This variety has large flowers of a deep rose-pink colour, with maroon-crimson
markings at the base of the petals. The margins of the petals are slightly
fringed.
To Primula Cooperi (votes 9 for), from Messrs. Bees, Liverpool. This Primula
is of tufted growth, and produces spikes carrying large clusters of deep violet-
purple flowers, somewhat deeper in colour round the eye. The individual
blooms are about # inch across. The leaves are long, lanceolate, with finely
serrated margins and mealy underneath. The plant grows about 1 foot high,
and is said to be quite hardy.
To Rhododendron lepidoboothii (votes 6 for), from E. J. P. Magor, Esq., St.
Tudy, R.S.O., Cornwall. This plant is the result of a cross made in 1915, between
R. lepidotum and R. Boothii, the latter being the pollen parent. It is a vigorous
and apparently hardy plant with a good habit. The flowers are broadly bell-
shaped, and about 14 inch across. They are white with brown spots on the
upper segments while the anthers are brown. The foliage is very dark green.
To Rose ‘Covent Garden’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. B. R. Cant,
Colchester. A rich deep crimson Hybrid Tea variety of excellent form, and
pleasing fragrance. It is said to be very free-flowering and to continue over a
long season. It also forces well under glass. :
To Saxifraga ‘ J. C. Lloyd Edwards’ (votes 1o for, 1 against), from Mrs.
Lloyd Edwards, Llangollen. A very large-flowered variety of a bright rosy-red
colour with a green centre. It belongs to the mossy section and is about 4
inches in height.
To Saxifraga ‘ Red Dwarf’ (votes g for, 3 against), from Mrs. Lloyd Edwards,
Llangollen. A very free-flowering mossy Saxifrage with deep reddish-scarlet
flowers. Its height is from 3 to 4 inches.
To Schizanthus ‘ Snowflake’ (votes 6 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Watkins
& Simpson, London. A very free-flowering pure white variety of Schizanthus
wisetonensis of dwarf compact habit.
Cvil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Brilliant’ (votes 7 for), from Mr. J. Stevenson, Wimborne.
A very charming salmon-cerise variety with nicely waved standards.
To Sweet Pea‘ Brocade ’ (votes ro for), from Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Belfast.
A very striking Sweet Pea of a satin-rose-tint shaded mauve, the base of the
standard being deeply suffused with mauve. The flowers are very large and
well waved, being borne mostly in four-bloomed sprays.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Hawlmark Pink’ (votes 1o for), from Messrs. Alex. Dickson,
Belfast. A bright rose-pink variety deeply flushed and shaded with salmon.
The flowers are of excellent form and beautifully frilled.
To Tulip ‘ John Ruskin ’ (votes 6 for), from Messrs. Barr, Taplow. A beau-
tiful soft rose Cottage Tulip, heavily flushed with buff orange. The base is
clear yellow.
To Tulip ‘ Mrs. Kerrell’ (votes 5 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Barr, Taplow.
A light cerise-pink Cottage variety with light-blue markings at the base round
a whitish centre.
To Tulip ‘ Sophrosyne ’ (votes 6 for), from Messrs. Barr, Taplow. A large
Darwin Tulip of a deep rose-pink colour, with a deep-blue base.
To Tulip ‘ Velvet King’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Barr, Taplow.
A very fine Dutch Breeder Tulip of a dark purple maroon colour, with a white
base.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. J. C. Allgrove, Slough: Papaver orientale fl. pl. and Rheum purpureum.
Messrs. Baker, Codsall: Saxifraga‘ Crimson King,’ and Polyanthus ‘ Codsall
strain.’
Mr. H. Blanchard, Parkstone : Telopea oreades.
Messrs. Dobbie, Edinburgh: Sweet Peas ‘Pink Pearl’ and ‘ Dobbie’s
Maroon.’ «® :
Mr. C. Elliott, Stevenage: Viola gracilis ‘ Elliott’s White’ and Geum Rossit.
Messrs, Forbes, Hawick: Dianthus ‘ Sunset.’
Messrs. Hobbies, Dereham: Rose ‘ Green’s Climbing Victory.’
Messrs. S. Low, Bush Hill Park: Malmaison Carnations.
R. L. Mond, Esq., Sevenoaks; Calceolarias.
Messrs, W. Paul, Waltham Cross: Roses ‘Evelyn’ and ‘ Dowager Countess
of Roden.’
Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch: Evigeron ‘ Bertram Gentle’ and Dianthus
neglectus ‘ Russell V. Prichard.’
Messrs. Rogers, Southampton: Retinospora obtusa nana pygmaea.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 27, IgI9Q.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Belfast, for Sweet Peas.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Edinburgh, for Aquilegias.
Silver Flora Medal.
_Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses.
To the John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, for Calceolarias,
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for flowering shrubs.
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.
To Mr. J. Stevenson, Wimborne, for Sweet Peas.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Mr. F. Gifford, Hornchurch, for Paeonia officinalis lobata.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Miss C. Warner, Hawkhurst, for Rhododendrons.
FLORAL COMMITTEE. cVvil
A ward of Merit.
To Cytisus sessilifolius (votes unanimous), from Miss Willmott, V.M.H.,
Great Warley. A very pretty flowering shrub of great hardiness growing from
4 to 6 feet high. Its bright-yellow flowers are borne in great profusion in short
erect terminal racemes. The leaves are small, trifoliate and sessile. The plant
is a native of Southern Europe.
To Primula Harroviana (votes to for), from A. K. Bulley, Esq., Neston.
The pure white flowers of this charming Primula are broadly campanulate, and
measure about 4 inch across. They are borne, some pendent, others horizon-
tally, on slender spikes covered with white meal. The height of the plant is
about four inches. The leaves are bright green, crenate and about three inches
long.
To Ramondia pyrenaica pallida (votes unanimous), from Mr. T. Temple
West, Redhill. A very vigorous-growing pale form of Ramondia pyrenaica.
The colour of the large flowers is light-bluish mauve.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Hawlmark Maroon’ (votes 5 for, 1 against), from Messrs.
_ Alex. Dickson, Belfast. The colour of this variety is deep bronzy maroon, and
the flowers are of large size and beautifully waved.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. G. Anquetil, Ightham: Cuisius Goldsmidi.
Mr. R. Bolton, Birdbrook: Sweet Peas.
Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye: Iris ‘ Rotherside Gladiator.’
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.
E. Marsden Jones, Esq., F.L.S., Malpas: hybrid Geums and Cheiranthus.
Mr. C. Turner, Slough: Lilacs. :
Mrs. Woodward, Bewdley: Paeonita Woodwardit.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 17, IgI9Q.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses.
To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Delphiniums and Pzonies.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Bath, Wisbech, for Peonies, Delphiniums, &c.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Romford, for Roses.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for shrubs, Dahlias, etc.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
To Messrs. Wallace, Colchester, for Irises.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
Award of Merit. -
To Cheitranthus ‘Pamela Pershouse’ (votes 15 for) from Mr. E. Marsden
Jones, Tilston Rectory, Malpas. This plant is the result of a cross between
Cheiranthus alpinus and C. Allionit. It is very free-flowering and compact in
habit. The flowers are deep golden-yellow in colour and measure about an
inch across.
To Cistus ‘ Silver Pink’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Hillier, Winchester.
A very charming hardy Cistus bearing large bright rose-pink flowers measuring
3 inches across. The centre of each flower is occupied by a bunch of golden
stamens. The leaves are thick, lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, deep green above
and greyish green beneath.
To Lonicera ciliosa (votes unanimous), from Lady Gurney, Norwich. A
perfectly hardy twining Honeysuckle, introduced from Western North America
in 1824. The leaves are ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, glaucous beneath, and hairy
on the margins. The upper leaves are perfoliate. The flowers are produced
cviili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in terminal stalked spikes of several whorls and are about 1} to 1} inches long. —
They are orange-scarlet in colour.
To Peony ‘Lord Cavan’ (votes 13 for, 4 against), from Messrs. Kelway,
Langport. A large-flowered violet-rose variety with a large mass of narrow
petaloid stamens of the same colour edged with yellow in the centre.
To Sweet Pea‘ Royal Scot’ (votes 16 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Dobbie,
Edinburgh. The flowers of this variety are large, frilled, salmon-cerise in colour
and are borne mostly in fours.
The following Awards recommended by a sub-committee visiting Wisley on
June 12, to Herbaceous Ponies on trial at Wisley, were confirmed.
First-class Certificate.
No. 136, ‘ Lady Carrington,’ from Messrs. Bath.
Award of Merit.
No. 84, ‘ Devonia,’ from Messrs. R. Veitch.
No. 96, ‘ Solfaterre,’ from Messrs. Bath.
Highly Commended.
No. 108, ‘ Maria Kelway,’ from Messrs. Kelway. |
Other Exhibits.
Mrs. Burns, Hatfield: Malmaison Carnation ‘ Mrs. Burns.’
Messrs. Chapman, Rye: Spanish Iris ‘ Rotherside Blue.’
Mr. C. Elliott, Stevenage: hardy plants.
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.
Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech: hardy plants.
Messrs. Piper, Langley: hardy plants.
Miss Willmott, Great Warley: hardy plants.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY I, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-one members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Streptocarpus and Gloxinias.
To Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, Bath, for Delphiniums.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To the Alder River Nursery, Iver Heath, for Lilies &c.
To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Delphiniums.
To Messrs. Ladhams, Southampton, for Pinks &c.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Misses Hannen & Courtney, Baldock, for Delphiniums.
Award of Merit.
To Begonia ‘ General Allenby’ (votes 15 for), from Messrs. Blackmore &
Langdon, Bath. A very fine dark scarlet variety.
To Begonia ‘ King Albert’ (votes 16 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Blackmore
& Langdon, Bath. A fiery-scarlet variety of excellent form and large size.
To Begonia ‘ Mrs. J. S. Brunton’ (votes 13 for), from Messrs. Blackmore &
Langdon, Bath. A beautiful pale salmon-pink variety.
To Begonia ‘ Queen of the Belgians’ (votes 18 for), from Messrs. Blackmore
& Langdon, Bath. The flowers of this variety are of very fine form and: of a
beautiful deep salmon-pink shade.
To Begonia ‘ Snowdrift’ (votes 19 for), from Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon,
Bath. An excellent white Begonia.
To Delphinium ‘ Lloyd George ’ (votes 16 for, 3 against), from Messrs. Kelway,
Langport. The flowers of this Delphinium are large, single, and of a deep-blue
colour, shading to purple at the margins. The eye is creamy white and the
blooms are carried on a bold though not crowded spike.
;
FLORAL COMMITTEE. 7 c1x
To Erigeron hybridus ‘ Elsie’ (votes 19 for, 4 against), from Messrs. Ladhams,
Southampton. A very decorative hardy plant of nice dwarf habit, bearing
very large numbers of large rosy-mauve flowers with yellow centres.
To Poppy ‘ Bakers’ Sunbeam Strain’ (votes 15 for, 3 against), from Messrs.
_ Baker, Codsall. A new strain of perennial Poppies having Papaver nudicaule
_ for one of its parents. Its flowering period is said to extend from May to Octo-
ber. The colours of the flowers include yellow, orange, and white, and the stems
are of great length and strength. The flowers are larger than those of P. nudicaule
and the plants are very robust in habit.
Other Exhibits.
. Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath: Carnations.
Mrs. Barnard, Kempston Hoo: Delphiniums.
Mr. R. Bolton, Birdbrook: Sweet Pea ‘ Commander Godsal.’
Messrs. Cheal, Crawley: flowering shrubs.
Mr. F. J. Fletcher, Ipswich: Violas.
The John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton: Cheiranthus hybrids.
W. R. Lysaght, Esq., Chepstow: Phormium Cookianum. F.C.C., 1868.
Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech: hardy plants.
Mr. A. Perry, Enfield: Liliums.
Mr. T. Rainbow, Dorking: Primula hybrid.
Mr. A. Williams, Jedburgh: Geum.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY I5, I9g19.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Bath, for Delphiniums and Gloxinias.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. B. R. Cant, Colchester, for Roses.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for stove plants.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Carter Page, London, for Violas.
To Messrs. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Roses.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Romford, for Roses.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To the Alder River Nursery, Iver Heath, for Liliums &c.
To Mrs. Campbell, Reigate, for Sweet Peas.
Award of Merit.
To Delphinium ‘ F. W. Smith’ (votes 16 for), from G. Ferguson, Esq., Wey-
bridge. A bright-blue, semi-double variety with a white eye. The flowers are
large, long-stalked, and well set on a fine spike.
To Delphinium ‘ Joan’ (votes 13 for, 6 against), from Mr. W. Wells, Junr.,
‘Merstham. A very pleasing bright-blue variety with a brown centre. The
flowers are large, single, and are borne on a good spike.
To Delphinium ‘ Milicent Blackmore’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs.
Blackmore & Langdon, Bath. The flowers of this beautiful variety are semi-
. double and of an attractive lavender shade with a brown centre.
To Delphinium ‘ Sir Douglas Haig’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Black-
more & Langdon, Bath. A deep-violet-coloured variety of large size. The
flowers are semi-double and are borne in dense spikes of great size.
To Rose ‘ Seafoam’ (votes 11 for, 3 against), from Messrs. Paul, Waltham
Cross. This variety is a seedling from Rosa bracteata. It has the habit of this
species, and bears large double white flowers tinged with sulphur. The blooms
are fragrant and are borne very abundantly.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Annie Ireland’ (votes 20 for), from Messrs. Ireland & Hitch-
cock, Marks Tey. A charming variety of large size with white wings and blush
standard, and an edging of bright pink.
cx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Doris’ (votes 11 for, 5 against), from Messrs. E. W. King,
Coggeshall. A very large-flowered, cerise-pink variety of excellent form.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Gladys’ (votes 19 for), from Messrs. E. W. King, Coggeshall.
A charming lavender variety of large size and very fine form.
To Sweet Pea ‘ Mascott’s Scarlet’ (votes 15 for, 3 against), from Messrs.
Ireland & Hitchcock, Marks Tey. A very handsome large Sweet Pea of a deep —
scarlet colour.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. Bancroft, Heywood: Pelargonium ‘ Miss Annie Bancroft.’
Mr. G. R. Downer, Chichester: Delphiniums and Gaillardias.
Messrs. Grove, Sutton Coldfield : Campanulas and Helenium ‘ Wyndley.’
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton: hardy plants.
Royal Gardens, Kew: Rose ‘ Kew Rambler.’
Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech: hardy plants.
J. Osborne, Esq., Walton: Nymphaeas and Eleagnus.
Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt: Aesculus californica.
Mr. T. West, Redhill: alpines.
Miss Willmott, V.M.H., Great Warley: hardy plants.
. FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY 29, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-two members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. A. Dickson, Newtownards, for Sweet Peas.
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Edinburgh, for Sweet Peas.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Mr. J. C. Allgrove, Slough, for Spirzeas &c.
To Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett), Elstree, for Pelargonium crisbum
variegatum.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Bastin, Bexley Heath, for Begonias.
To Mrs. Campbell, Reigate, for Stocks and Sweet Peas.
To Messrs. Carter Page, London, for Violas, &c.
To Mr. T. P. Edwards, Southgate, for Roses.,
To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Major Churcher, Alverstoke, for Gladiolus.
To Mr. J. Douglas, Great Bookham, for Border Carnations.
To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants.
To Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Romford, for Roses.
Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for hardy plants.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for shrubs,
First-class Certificate.
To Pelargonium crispum variegatum (votes 18 for, 2 against), from Hon.
Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett), Elstree. This is a very striking sport from
Pelargonium crispum. | It is of rather stiff and erect-growing habit, and is densely
clothed with light-green crisped leaves, heavily margined with creamy white.
Its foliage is fragrant like that of the type.
FLORAL COMMITTEE. cx1
Award of Merit.
‘To Astilbe simplicifolia rosea (votes unanimous), from Mr. J. C. Allgrove,
Slough. A charming variety of this useful hardy plant differing from the type
only in the rose colour of the flowers, the red of the stems, and the slight pink
tinge of the foliage.
To Gentiana Freyniana (votes 1g for), from Messrs. Baker, Codsall. A strong-
growing Gentian, having alternate, opposite, lanceolate leaves and bearing large
clusters of dark-blue flowers at the top of the stout erect growths. The inside
of the tube of the flower is spotted with purplish spots. The height of the plant
_is nearly one foot.
To Gentiana lagodechiana (votes 21 for, I against), from Messrs. Baker,
Codsall. A very pretty prostrate Gentian with bright-blue flowers spotted with
: greyish-brown on the segments of the corolla. The inside of the tube of the
;
:
flower is whitish and speckled with brown. The leaves are small, ovate, and
_ bright green in colour.
| To Sweet Pea ‘ Market Pink’ (votes 8 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Ireland
_ & Hitchcock, Marks Tey. The flowers of this variety are very large and nicely
waved. The colouris a good pink with a cream ground showing through
_ at the bases of the standard and wings.
: To Sweet Pea ‘ Mascott’s White’ (votes 14 for), from Messrs. Ireland &
Hitchcock, Marks Tey. A very large pure white Sweet Pea of great excellence.
Other Exhibits.
Mr. F. J. Bealing: Geranium ‘ Rita Bealing.’
Mr. E. Marsden Jones, F.L.S., Tilston: Lathyrus ‘ Dolly North’ and L.
‘Fairy Queen.’
Mr. A. Perry, Enfield: Dianthus latifolius ‘ Crimson Bedder.’
Mr. T. Tongue, Tarleton: Chrysanthemum maximum vat.
Messrs. R. Veitch, Exeter: Gaya Lyallii.
Mr. W. Wells, Junr., Merstham: hardy plants.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST I2, IQIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Grullemans, Lisse, Holland, for Gladioli.
To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Gladiolli.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Major Churcher, Alverstoke, for Gladioli.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for hardy plants.
To Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Romford, for Roses.
To Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, for hardy plants.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants.
To Mr. W. Wells, Junr., Merstham, for Delphiniums.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To C. Serase-Dickins, Esq., Horsham, for Dierama pendulum.
Award of Merit.
To Gladiolus‘ Mrs. Swainson ’ (votes 11 for, 5 against), from Messrs. Kelway,
Langport. A pale-yellow variety slightly flushed with rose towards the tips.
It is of the primulinus type and belongs to the section known as ‘ Langprim
Hybrids.’
Other Exhibits.
Mr. G. F. Hallett, Carlisle : P.F. Carnation * Gracie Hallett.’
Messrs. Hurst, London: Antirrhinum nanum grandifiorum ‘ Sunrise.’
Mr. W. G. Meredith, Leamington Spa: Carnation seedling.
i]
CXli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 26, I9QIQ.
Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-four members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. Kelway, Langport, for Gladioli.
Silver Flora Medal.
To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for oie plants.
To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for stove plants.
To Messrs. Van Til, Hillegom, Holland, for Gladioli,
To Messrs. Vert, Saffron Walden, for Hollyhocks.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for shrubs and hardy plants.
To Major Churcher, Alverstoke, for Gladioli.
To Messrs. Dobbie, Edinburgh, for African Marigolds.
To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses.
To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants.
To Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Romford, for Roses.
To Messrs. Velthuys, Hillegom, Holland, for Gladioli.
To Mr. W. Wells, Junr., Merstham, for Delphiniums.
Bronze Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations.
To Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, for Delphiniums.
To Messrs Ladhams, Southampton, for hardy plants.
Award of Merit.
To Dahlia ‘ Coral Star’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Cheal, Crawley.
A very striking orange-scarlet ‘ Star’ Dahlia with good stiff stems.
To Dahlia ‘ Stalwart’ (votes 8 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Stredwick, St.
Leonards. by A. Henry, |
r
clviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Freesia ‘ Lavender Queen,’ 32, 38
Leichtlinii, 30, 31, 34, 398
major, 30, 31
* Le Phare,’ 38
‘Merry Widow,’ A.M., 32, 38, xl
“ Mouette,’ 38
‘My Pet,’ 38
odorata, 30
‘ Opal,’ xli
‘ Orange Tip,’ 32
‘ Pink Beauty,’ 32
‘ Pinkie,’ A.M., 32, 38, xl
‘ Preciosa,’ 38
‘ Purity,’ 31
“ Red Indian,’ 32
refracta, 29, 30, 31, 34
alba, 30, 34, 38, 398
‘ Robinetta,’ 38
xanthospila, 30
‘ Rose Beauty,’ A.M., 32, 38, xl
“ Rose Queen,’ 38
‘ Tubergenii,’ 38
‘ Whitewell,’ 33
‘Yellow Dwarf,” 32, 33
Freesias, 29, xxxiv
breaking, xxxiv
Fritsch, F. L., and Salisbury, E. J.,
‘An Introduction to the ours of
Plants,’’ 132
Frost injury, 399
Fruit, 398
Committee, xxxvi, xCvii
diseases, 398
drying, 398
grading, 71
insects, 398
little leaf, 398
protection, 398
varieties for market, 65
private gardens,
Fruit-growing, Conference upon, 60
in Ireland, 247
its distribution, 60
yield, measurement, 154, 422
Fuchsia, 249
Riccartoni, 253
Fumigation experiments, 144
with hydrocyanic acid, 398
Fungi, conditions of infection by, 146
rust, change of form, 412
Fusarium disease of potato, 409, 410
on conifers, 396
solani, 420
vasinfectum, 154
Galanthus nivalis,
XXXIV
‘Garden Ornament,” by G. Jekyll,
reviewed, 372
Gardenia turgida, I1t2
“* Gardening Illustrated,’’ 136
Gardens, educational, 56
*‘Gardens of Celebrities,’’
Macgregor, reviewed, 384
Gaya Lyallii, cxi
Gentiana Farreri, A.M., cxiii
Freyniana, A.M., cxi
green-tipped,
by J.
‘Griessen, A. E. P.,
Gentiana lagodechiana, A.M., cxi
Gerbera Delavayi, xcii
Geum bulgaricum, xc
coccineum, xc ,
hybrids, xc
Rossii, cvi
rivale, xc
sibiricum, xc
Gibbs, V., on Oaks at Aldenham, 155
Ginkgo biloba moncecious, 144
Ginseng wilt, 154
Gladiolus ‘Golden Dream,’ cxii
/ Kelway’s Maréchal Foch,’ A.M.,
Cxli
“Mrs. McAlpin,’ A.M.,, cxii
‘Mrs. Swainson,’ A.M,, cxi
refractus, 30
Watsonioides, xcii
‘White Beauty,’ A.M., cxii
xanthospilus, 30
Glasgow, public parks of, 39
Globe artichoke, 145
Glomerella cingulata, 390
Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, 419
sinensis, 419
Gold-tail moth parasites, 145
Gongora latisepala, 145
Goodrich, E. S., ‘‘ The Evolution of
Living Organisms,’’ 132
Gooseberries
for market; 66
for private gardens, 66
Gooseberry ‘ Bank of England,’ 66
‘Ben Smith,’ xcviii
‘ Careless,’ 66
‘ Howard’s Lancer,’ A.M., xcviii
‘ Lancashire Lad,’ 66
“May Duke,’ 66
mildew, 68, 75
‘ Warrington,’ 66
‘White Lion,’ 66
‘Yellow Rough,’ 66
Gortyna in potato stems, 421
Gough, G. C., on wart disease of
potatos, 301
Gould, H., ‘‘ Peach Growing,”’ 376
Govenia tingens, 145
Grape, X ‘ Cannon Hall Muscat,’ 368
curculio, 398
root-borer, 398
‘‘ Grapes and How to Grow Them,”’’
by J. Landsell, reviewed, 131
Grass, its effect on trees, 116
Graves, our soldiers, I
Greenhouse heating, 399
on dry zone
afforestation, 98
Grieve, M., ‘‘ Economic Trees and
their by-products,’’ 373
‘*‘ The ‘Soil \ and!’ eats
Care’ 482
Griselinia littoralis, 252
Gunnera chilensis, 399
manicata, 248, 253, 399
Gynerium, 248
Hakea, 255
Hall, Sir A. D., ‘‘ The Soil,” 381
:
INDEX.
Hardening off, 399
Hatton, R. G., first report on quince
stocks for pears, 269
on suggestions for the right
selection of apple stocks,
257
Hayward, J. M., and G. C. Druce,
‘“The Adventive Flora of Tweed-
side,’’ 381
Hazel-leaf mildew, 229
spirally twisted, xxxili
Heart-rot of hemlock, 399
Heat, injuries caused by, 399
Heating of greenhouses, 399
Hedychium Gardnerianum,
XXXIV
Helenium, 248
* Wyndley,’ cx
Heliothrips tabaci, 235
Hemileuca oliviae, 149
Henry, A., ‘‘ Forests, Woods and
Trees in Relation to Hygiene,”’
378
i ae Nicholson Ellacombe,”’ by
A. W. Hill, reviewed, 382
Heracleum giganteum causing skin
irritation, xci
** Heredity,” by J. A. Thomson, re-
viewed, 377
Heredity in annual beets and carrots,
399
Heterodera radicicola, 420
Heterosporium echinulatum, 234
Hill, Capt. A. W., ‘‘ Henry Nicholson
Ellacombe,”’ 382
on our soldiers’ graves, I
Hippeastrum ‘ George Gentle,’ civ
Hippodamia convergens, 389
Hodge, A. E., “‘ Butterfly and Moth
Collecting,’”’ 376
Hodsoll, H. E. P., on the care of the
soil, 22
Holly, giant, 252
Hollyhock ‘ Lady Bailey,’ A.M., cxii
“Queen of the Yellows,’ A.M.,
Cxil
Hop aphis, 141
Hop, resistance to mildew, 67
Horse-radish flea-beatle, 145
Howea Balmoreana, 145
Fosteriana, 145
Hubbard, H. V., and Kimball, T.,
“Introduction to the Study of
Landscape Design,’’ 383
Hurry, J. B., on educational gardens,
6
fruiting,
Hyalopterus arundinis, 141
Hybrids, artificial production of natu-
ral, xxxiii
Hydrangea
hortensis ‘ Amazone,’
404
‘ Etincelant,’ 404
‘ Satinette,’ 404
‘ Trophée,’ 404
vars. for forcing, 404
Hydrangeas, 253 .
Hydroecia micacaea, 421
Hymenoptera, parasitic, 145
Hypericum laeve var. rubra, 145
clix
Idiocerus fitchii, 400
Inbreeding, etc., 400
Indigofera pendula, 145
Inga dulcis, 111
Inheritance of sex in strawberries,
400
Insect eggs, toxicity of organic com-
pounds, 146
Insecticide, new, 146
mode of action, 146
physical properties, 146
‘“ Introduction to Physical Chemis-
try,’’ by J. Walker, reviewed, 379
** Introduction to the Study of Plants,
The,” by F. E. Fritsch and E. J.
Salisbury, reviewed, 132
‘“ Introduction to the Study of Land-
scape Design,’ by H. V. Hubbard
and T. Kimball, reviewed, 383
Iris, 248
aurea, 401
filifolia, 401
fulvata, 401
Hoogiana, A.M., cv
hybrids, 401
Mendelian characters in, 289
pallida dalmatica, 4o1
‘ Rotherside Gladiator,’ cvii
stolonifera hybrids, xc
tectorum, 401
Turkoman, A.M., cv
Xiphium, 401
‘ Rotherside Blue,’ cviii
Irish gardens, 247
Isaria parasitic of wireworm, 422
Jackson, B. D., on Pritzel’s Index,
14
Jacob, J., on Freesias and Lachenalias,
29
Jatropha Curtas, 112
‘* Journal of Pomology,’’ ed. by E. A.
Bunyard, reviewed, 374
Kains, M. G., “‘ The Principles and
Practice of Pruning,’’ 376
Kale tried at Wisley, 1919, xxxvii
with enations, xc
Khretia laevis, I11
Kigelia pinnata, I11
Kimball, T., see Hubbard, H. V.
Kniphofia, 248, 249
Kochia trichophylla, 401
Lacioderma serricorne, 153
Lachenalia ‘ Aldborough Beauty,’ 38
aurea, 34
‘ Brightness,’ 37, 38
‘ Brilliant,’ 38
‘ Burmah,’ 36, 37
‘ Cawston Gem,’ 37, 38
‘ Dublin,’ 36
glaucina, 36, 37
‘ Greenland,’ 36
‘ Holland,’ 37
‘ Jean Rogers,’ 38
clx
Lachenalia ‘ John Geoghegan,’ 37
‘Kathleen Paul,’ 38
luteola maculata, 37
‘ Lyons,’ 36
‘ May Crosbie,’ 38
Nelsonii, 29, 36, 37, 38
orchioides, 35, 37
‘ Ostend,’ 36
pallida, 36
‘ Pekin,’ 36
pendula, 36
‘Phyllis Paul,’ 38
racemosa, 36
“ Rosemary,’ 36, 37, 38
‘Ruth Lane,’ 37, 38
tricolor maculata, 38
“W. E. Gumbleton,’ 37, 38
Lachenalias, 29, 35
Lackey moth, 69
Laelia cinnabarina, cxxiii
monophylla, cxxii
tenebrosa, Cxxi
xanthina, cxxili
Laeliocattleya x ‘ Aphrodite,’ cxvii,
cxix
x ‘ Beatrice’ var. ‘ Roehamp-
ton,’ xlvi
x bella alba, cxxiv, cxxv
x ‘ Bellatrix,’ F.C.C., cxxv
xX callistoglossa, cxxi
X ‘Canary,’ cxxli
x Canhamiana alba, cxvii, cxix
Dominiana, cxxii
x ‘ Epicasta,’ Gatton Park var.,
CXXiil
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FORM OF RECOMMENDATION.
E ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Established
Incorporated
A.D. 1804.
A.D. 1809.
VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W. 1.
legrams ‘“‘HORTENSIA SOWEST LONDON.” Telephone No. 5363, VICTORIA. |.
Form of Recommendation fora FELLOW of the
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sing desirous of becoming a FELLOW of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
0 CIETY, we whose Names are underwritten beg leave to recommend
Fuineas a year.
I Fe i a eee
NG SERRE ESO ae aa Te RETRO RO He enor RE ec =
* Kindly enter here the word four or two or one.
fi would be a convenience if the Candidate’s Card were sent at the same
time.
Sigued on behalf of the Council, this.............--.---- GayiGe obec cee 19
| Vincent Square, Wesiminster, London, S.W.
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIE
Privileges of Fellows.
1.—Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election, and is invited to become a Fellow.
2.—Candidates*for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society. ’
3.—Ledies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society. “vi
4.—The Society being incorporated by Koyal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liabilii
whatsoever beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions.
5.—Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained from the Offices of the Society, Vince
Square, Westminster, S.W.
6.—If desired, the Secretary will, on receipt of a letter from a Fellow of the Socizty suggesting the
name and address of any lady or gentleman likely to become Fellows, write and invite the a
to join the Society.
FELLOWS.
A Fellow subscribing Four Guineas a year (or commuting for
Forty Guineas) is entitled—
1.—To ONE Non-transferable (personal) Pass and Five Transferable Tickets admitting to all th
Society’s Exhibitions, and to the Gardens.
2.—To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society.
3.—To the use of the Libraries at the Society's Rooms.
4.—To a copy of the Society’s JoURNAL, containing the Papers read at all Meetings and Conferences
Reports of trials made at the Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new or rar
plants, &c.
5.—To purchase, at reduced rates, such fruit, vegetables, and cut flowers as are not required f fo
experimental purposes. .
6.—To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such surplus or waste plants as may b
available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 35 miles from London (b
the A B C Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share.
7.—Subject to certain fees and limitations, to obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice 0
such subjects, by letter from the Society's Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A.Voelcker, M.A., F 4
8.—To have their Gardens inspected by the Society’s Officer at the following fees :—One day, £3. 3
two days, £5. 5s.; plus all out of pocket expenses.
9.—To aR at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &c., for trial at the Society
Gardens,
10.—To recommend any ladies or gentlemen for election as Fellows of the Society.
A Fellow subscribing Two Guineas a year (or commuting for
Twenty-five Guineas) is entitled—
1.—To ONE Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets.
2.—To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.
A Fellow subscribing One Guinea a year, with an Entrance Fee of £1. I
(or commuting for Fifteen Guineas) is entitled—
1.—To On Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the non-transferable personal Pass), and the privileg
mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above.
(Boné fide Gardeners earning their living thereby, and persons living permanenx
abroad, are exempt from the payment of the Entrance Fee.]
N.B.—Each Transferable Ticket or Non-transferable personal pass will admit thr
persons to the Gardens at Wisley on any day except days on Which an Exhibition
Meeting is being held, when each Ticket or Pass will admit One Person only.
Gardens are closed on Sundays, Good Friday, and Christmas Day.
ASSOCIATES.
An Associate subscribing 10s. 6d. a year is entitled—
1.—To ONE Non-transferable Pass, and to privileges as mentioned in Nos. 3, 4, and 9.
N.B.—Associates must be bond fide Gardeners, or employés in a Nursery, Priv
or Market Garden, or Seed Establishment, and must be recommended for election ©
Two Fellows of the Society.
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