“JOURNAL OF THE | Aa wal tata! Set EDITED BY #. ¥ CHITTENDEN, F.L.S., V.M.H. & Rev. W. WILKS, M.A., “V.ALH. ‘The whole of the contents of this’ volume are copyright. For permission ‘to - ibeoncaxg any of the articles application should be made to the Council. CONTENTS. “PAGE AU The Genus Sedum: By R. nerd ‘ida BA. ;: ras ou Ag 1 1: ey Index.. a8 mas bach mae .. 809 || Magnolias. By P. C. M. Veitch . SR aes COM oop ee MANU ase BS” |i. Garden Roses. By H. R. Darlington... 323 i | An Account of the Sokoto Garden, Nigeria. "By Mrs. R. Lamartine Bcc i Vertes ite ‘ 336 |] Plants introduced from S. America. By W.B.Turrill, M.A... ... 346 || First Early Potatos; old and new varieties compared Petron ti | ie | a Contribution from the Wisley Laboratory : A Pollination of Plums. By A. N. Rawes 353 1 -Antirrhinums ine BA Wisley, LOD Fa Ls ae Wa ei Sp Be Soe aaa ‘lil Perennial Asters tried at Wisley, 1920 PP hak) aaa eR) oot ee |i | Peas tried at Wisley, 1920 bi aA aw bid .. 882 - Second Early Potatos tried at Wisley, 1920. dea etay NES a Ca eee s WeLPE SD Parsley tried at Wisley, 1919-20 Hg ij des a La .. 395 Tie mook Reviews). 6° 077.2... wy Rape yi ttle Cape vik iad Nee .. 398 iil Notes and Abstracts Et see Laan ieee banyak.” tA Neh Epon a Extracts from Proceedings: General Meetings, i; Annual General Hil. Meeting, i; Report of Council, 1919, iii; Balance Sheet, 1919, xii; Daffodil, xxv; Chelsea, xxvi; York Deputation, xxix; Cardiff, xxx; - British- -grown Flower Bulb Meeting, xxxii; Lichfield Deputation, - xxxiii; Vegetable Meeting, xxxiv ; British- -grown Fruit Meeting, _ xxxiv; Scientific Committee Meetings, Xxxvi; Fruit and Vegetable Committee Meetings, xlvi; Floral Committee Meetings, liv; _ Orchid Committee Meetings, Ixxx; Narcissus and Tulip Com- “mittee Meetings, xcvi; Books added to Library, 1920, xcix; Plants, etc. given to Wisley, cv; National Diploma in Horti- » culture 1920 Rota Ww eh revit died ee det er its cix mRNA ANCE ary 1a Gls Yel SE ac, A ew Reked iy ath he as cx es Ri, S. Office for Advertisements and all Communications, es | VINCENT SQUARE, S.W.1. “Printed for fhe “inst Horticultural Society ‘ie - SPOrTIs\ Buc. ro) OR, Ne ONDON. |] sora by -LIBRARY OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM } we 3 HARVARD UNIVERSITY bet "Entered at Si. ts reserved, : ; THE GIFT OF Hin #78 PA . \ iy o 1 iy — . : , ‘ ca ‘ = = a2 “a } oe XK ol OU ie tae Jouso—.; Oa ’ ae PRIMULA STELLATA FAIRY QUEEN. Award of Merit, R.H.S., 1921. CHARMING variety which 1s somewhat intermediate between the small-flowered and original Stellata type and the larger flowered florists’ form. The plants are par- ticularly robust, bearing large graceful sprays of bloom in the greatest profusion. The individual blooms are creamy white and have a pale rose centre, which gives a very light and pleasing effect when seen in a mass. Price 1/6, 2/6, 3/6 and 5/- per packet. List of Seeds for Summer Sowing free on applicanon. Seedsmen to H.M. the King, Raynes Park, London, S.W. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ESTABLISHED ROYAL CHARTERS A.D. 1804 A.D. 1809, 1860, 1899 s EDITED BY F. J. CHITTENDEN, F.L.S., V.M.H., AND REV. W. WILKS, M.A., V.M.H. VOL. XLVI. 1920-21 The whole of the Contents of this Volume are Copyright. For permission to reproduce any of the Article application should be made to the Council of the Society. LONDON SOLD BY ‘THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, R.H. HALL, VINCENT S8Q., S.W. 1. Published June 6, 1921 Printed for the Royal horticultural Society BY SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD.s LONDON, COLCHESTER AND ETON SoA rENIS OF VOL. XLVI. An AccouNT OF THE GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. By See EOL CIN AI ad ucais'ssisici a gueldeaivas dee dwavianclesawer ecebensundeciodl deeesds MAGNOLIAS. By P.C. M. Veitch, V.M.H. ......... bMadcebeiidsa Ghasns pedeesen bouieie Reebewewests,. by Hi. Darlington, FR LES. ocvccccsuyanciceseonccs concceces PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. By Rose Lamartine ere eel, RAG Vek aaiy coliuait' sa henwiecewv els iuiene oleae seu tbesneceeves teases ees PLANTS INTRODUCED TO HORTICULTURE FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA (INCLUDING PATAGONIA AND Fueaia). By W. B. Turrill, M.Sc. ...... RIDE iE OCA TOS fe capi selses ce didvaices : Sane 2 Ca REO e/ ~ LONE ES : r he OW res : LSE SPT aay OX ICME, = Ss ae \ 5 —\ far——¥¥ ae x | Fic. 9.—S. Kirilowii Regel. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 39 4. Sedum longicaule Praeger (fig. 10). S. longicaule Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 54, 39, 1917. A dicecious Rhodiola of remarkable stature, characterized by its very tall stems (2-3 feet long) clothed with long tapering entire leaves, which diminish towards the base of the stem into minute scales. It most resembles a much overgrown S. Kirilowi1, but the leaves and stems are twice as long, and the flowers (of which the female alone is known) present points of difference. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial, without barren shoots. Rootstock massive, resembling that of S. Kirilowii. Stems 2-3 feet long, erect, round, smooth, reddish, unbranched, } inch thick, clothed with leaves throughout. Leaves alternate, many, 2-34 inches long, } inch wide at base, sessile, entire, linear-elongate, rounded or auricled at the base, tapering to an acute point, inserted at right angles to the stem ; on face dark green with a whitish midrib, on back pale and rather glaucous with the midrib very prominent ; smaller and fewer near the inflorescence ; decreasing in size towards the rhizome till they become mere minute scales. Inflorescence about 2 inches across, flattish or convex, dense ; bracts few, narrow. FEMALE FLOWER :—mostly 5- (frequently 6-, some- times 4- or 7-) parted ; calyx cup-shaped, fleshy, green, the lobes distant, tapering, fleshy, blunt, about equalling the tube; petals erect, linear-tapering, distant, blunt, green, subterete, 14 times the sepals; scales small, red-purple, slightly longer than broad, rounded at apex, less than } the sepals; carpels green, stout, about twice the petals, with very short spreading styles. Flowers June. Hardy. HapBitaT.—Unknown, but to judge from its affinities central or eastern Asia. I found the plant in the garden of Mr. H. J. ELWEs, F.R.S., who is not certain whence it was obtained. Very possibly it originated from seed collected by one of the recent explorers of western China. The male plant is as yet unknown. The plant half-grown, with its narrow leaves with white midribs, © has much the appearance of some of the Euphorbias. Named from its remarkably tall stem. 5. Sedum rotundatum Hemsley (fig. 11). S. rotundatum Hemsley in Kew Bulletin, 1896, 210. ILLUSTRATION.—Hooker, ‘‘ Icon. Plant.,’”’ tab. 2469. A species well marked by its robust growth, broad round entire leaves, and red stems and flowers, combined with a characteristic thick Rhodiola rootstock. The long linear claw of the petal below the insertion of the stamen is peculiar and unusual. DESCRIPTION.—A smooth herbaceous perennial. Roofstock very thick, erect, elongate, blackish, clothed (at least in nature) with the blackish straw- like remains of old stems. Stems several, rather stout, simple, erect, about 6 inches high, 4 inch thick, bright red especially below. Leaves broadly obovate to orbicular, entire, rounded at apex, very shortly stalked, about 1} inch long by 1 inch broad, dark green with a silvery sheen. Inflorescence lax, rather few-flowered. Flowers usually 5-parted, dark red. MALE FLOWER :—sepals ovate-oblong to deltoid, blunt, free part ~;inch long; petals }-} inch long, linear below the insertion of the stamens, oblong blunt above that point ; stamens inch long, the epipetalous ones adnate in lowerthird; scales roundish-quadrate carpels 4-4 inch long, yellowish, with short styles. 40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fic. 10.—S. longicaule Praeger. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 41 Flowers June. Hardy. Hasitat.—Himalayan region ; Yunnan. This species has been in cultivation for some years, as at Kew, Edinburgh, Glasnevin, and Bees nursery at Chester, but it seems to be not a good doer in cultivation (though a very robust plant in , Fic. 11.—S. rotundatum. Male flower. X 5. the wild state), and it was only when this paper was at press that I at last saw flowers (at Edinburgh). The plants in cultivation were derived from seed collected by F. Kingdon Ward (No. 764), G. Cave (No. 1456), and G. Forrest (no number). Named from its round leaves. — 6. Sedum elongatum Wallich (fig. 12). S. elongatum Wallich Catalogue, No. 7233, 1828. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 98, 1858. Clarke in Hooker, ‘‘ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 419. A peculiar Rhodiola, which in its tall growth and broad leaves recalls S. Telephium and its allies; but it is at once distinguished from these by its characteristic Rhodiola rhizome, its stems produced from the axils of broad scales, its globular buds, and its dicecious black-purple flowers with very conspicuous scales forming a cup round the carpels. Its broad leaves and large scales will identify it from among the other Rhodiolas found in cultivation. DEsScRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial. Rootstock very fleshy, branched, growing points furnished with scales. Stems annual, arising from the axils of the older scales, erect, simple, leafy, round, smooth, 1-14 foot high, Leaves alternate, sessile or very shortly stalked, obovate or elliptic, about 2 inches long by } to r inch broad, often largest near the top of the stem, becoming minute at the base, more or less toothed, very smooth, green with a pale midrib, pale below. Inflorescence terminal, large, loose, leafy, its branches rather long, slightly pubescent. Buds globular, purple mottled with green. Flowers dark reddish- purple, nearly 3 inch across, on slender pedicels longer than the flowers. MALE FLOWER :—sepals narrow, tapering, rather acute, purple ; petals obovate-oblong, blunt, spoon-shaped at apex, dark purple, wide-spreading, 14 times the sepals ; stamens purple, slightly shorter than the petals ; scales very broad, contiguous, emarginate, forming a deep purple shining cup round the carpels ; carpels short, lightly exceeding the scales, erect, dull purple. ’ 42 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fic. 12.—S. elongatum Wallich. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 43 Flowers June. Hardy. | HABITAT.—Widely spread in the Himalayas, I0,000-12,000 feet. Apparently less variable than most of the Himalayan Rhodiolas, but I have not seen many plants. Collected roots were received from the Lloyd Botanic Garden, Darjeeling, on two occasions, and I have also had plants from Edinburgh. I have not seen female flowers. Like many of the species of the Rhodiola and Telephium sections it does not like a very dry situation. Named from its long stem, unusually tall for a Rhodiola. _7. Sedum bhutanense Praeger nom. nov. (figs. 13, 14). SynonyM.—S. Cooperi Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 49, 1919. This plant resembles in stem and leaf a slender S. elongatum Wall., while it also recalls S. bupleuroides Wall. It differs from the former in its stem only half as thick, smaller leaves less distinctly stalked or sessile, less leafy inflorescence, flowers only half as large, more densely arranged on the branches, petals much narrower above, &c. S. bupleuroides has very different leaves, entire, quite sessile, and shorter, a laxer inflorescence, flowers half as large again, smaller scales, &c. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial. Rootstock massive, erect, branching, crowned with entire broadly ovate-deltoid acute scales up to 2 inch long, green when young, brown and chaffy when old. Stems several, simple, slender, erect, smooth, round, leafy throughout, 1-2 feet high, $ inch thick or less. Leaves alternate (or sub-ternate or sub-opposite), glabrous, longer than the internodes, sessile or very shortly stalked, scarcely fleshy, obovate or elliptic, rather distant, toothed above or nearly entire, rounded or pointed at apex, about 14 inch long, # inch broad in middle of stem, becoming smaller above and very small below, dark green with a whitish midrib, whitish below. Inflorescence terminal, lax, up to 2-3 inches long and broad, of several flat-topped, forked, mammillate branches bearing a few leaf-like bracts. Buds sub-globular. Flowers dicecious, usually 4- (sometimes 5- or 6-) parted. MALE FLOWER :—sepals green or purple, linear, fleshy, blunt, free nearly to the base; petals oblong- oblanceolate, blunt, concave, generally purple, patent or reflexed, 14 times the sepals, 4; inch long; stamens equalling the petals, wide-spreading, filaments purple, anthers reddish ; scales large, shining purple, erect, spreading and broader above, truncate-retuse-emarginate at apex, about 4 the petals; carpels very small, blunt, greenish or purplish, much shorter than the scales. FEMALE FLOWER :—sepals as in male; petals spreading, resembling and equalling or exceeding the sepals ; scales as in male, slightly exceeding the sepals and petals ; carpels erect, lanceolate, green or purple, } to 4 longer than the sepals and petals, with short, stout, straight, capitellate purple styles. Flowers May. Hardy. HABITAT.—Himalaya ; Yunnan. Seed of this species from Bhutan, 13,000 feet (Cooper, No. 3517), was apparently widely distributed. I saw young plants at Kew Edinburgh, Glasnevin, and the Bees Nursery near Chester, and grew plants from .all four places. Female plants predominated largely. When the leaves are pseudo-ternate, the plant somewhat resembles a slender S. ywnnanense Franchet, except for the inflorescence. At first named after its discoverer, Mr. R. E. CoopPer, who obtained it when collecting for Bees, Ltd., in rgr3, but the name S. Cooperi is already occupied. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 44 NUN OG eg Y y, VAN 45) y 4; vy, y i AN VAAN Ah \) \ x ) VA Fic. 13.—S. bhutanense Praeger. ' ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 45 MIG 0 13680 Fic. 14.—S. bhutanense Praeger. 46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ° 8. Sedum purpureoviride Praeger (fig. 15). S. purpureoviride Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 54, 40, I917. An interesting species, readily diagnosed by the glandular- pubescence of the stem and of the under-side of the oblong-lanceolate greyish-green toothed leaves, and by its purple and green usually dicecious flowers. DESCRIPTION.—A dicecious (sometimes hermaphrodite) herbaceous perennial. Rootstock erect, thick (about 4 inch diameter), branched, aerial. Stems several from the summit of the rootstock, erect, annual, unbranched, 8-12 inches long, leafy throughout, round, whitish, densely pubescent with short glandular hairs ; barren stems absent. Leaves many, alternate, patent or reflexed, increasing in size from base to apex of stem, up to 1 inch long by } inch wide, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, sessile, rounded at base, edges lightly toothed and reflexed, upper surface glabrous, of a dull dark greyish-green with a pale midrib, lower surface pale, glandular-pubescent especially on the much-raised midrib. Inflorescence a rather dense umbellate cyme, leafy, many-flowered, 1-14 inch across, surface convex ; becoming concave, lax, and very leafy before fading, owing to growth of the branches and leaf-like bracts. Buds obovate to sub-globular, angular, rather apiculate. Flowers mostly 5-parted ; pedicels slender, twice as long as the buds, very glandular. MALE FLOWERS :—3 inch across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, blunt, fleshy, green, wide-spreading, forming an open cup; efals linear-oblanceolate, blunt, very concave on face both longitudinally and transversely, patent or somewhat reflexed, green with a purple base, twice the sepals ; stamens ascending, equalling or slightly exceeding the petals, filaments purple, anthers pale orange-red ; scales large, purple, arching, the tips deflexed, convex on face both longitudinally and transversely, emarginate, twice as long as broad, slightly wider upwards ; carpels very small, erect, dark green. HERMAPHRODITE FLOWER :—Similar to the male as regards size and shape of sepals, petals, stamens, and scales; carpels erect, green, the slender styles occupying nearly half their length, slightly shorter than the stamens. Flowers May. Hardy. HaBITAT.—Yunnan, where it has been collected several times (for particulars see Journ. of Botany, 54, 40, 1917). All the available material belongs to male plants, with the exception of one specimen in the Edinburgh Herbarium, which is hermaphrodite. My descrip- tion is drawn up mainly from living plants received from Edinburgh several years ago, under the name “Sedum sp. Yunnan, Forrest,” which began to flower with me in rg16. No further particulars relative to these specimens are available. The drawings are made from the living plant, excepting those of the hermaphrodite flower which is from the Edinburgh specimen referred to above. Named from the colour of its flowers. g. Sedum bupleuroides Wallich (fig. 16). S. bupleuroides Wallich Catalogue, No. 7229, 1828. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 98. Clarke in Hooker, “‘ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 418. A very distinct plant, with the characteristic, much-thickened rootstock and unisexual flowers of Rhodiola; they are dark red- purple and small. S. bupleuroides shows a smaller range of variation than the majority of the Rhodiolas, and is generally immediately ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 47 Hs FIG. 15.—S. purpureoviride Praeger. 4 ae ay Se) ‘ 4 3 e SY Ke 7 tS we, [Se : ®) ae Glee G ° ed ff oes iy Q * — Fic. 16.—S. bupleuroides Wallich. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 49 recognizable by its entire heart-shaped leaves, which vary chiefly as regards their length. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial without barren shoots. Rootstock massive, branched, the greater part subterranean (in cultivation). Stems annual, erect, several together, 9-12 inches long, slender, smooth, unbranched. Leaves alternate, rather distant, fleshy, triangular-ovate, ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute or blunt, sessile, cordate, 4-1 inch long by }-4 inch or more broad, green, paler on back, tip often red. Inflorescence a flat, lax, leafy cyme, 1-3 inches across. Buds obovate or nearly globular, blunt or apiculate, ribbed, the clasping sepals occupying grooves between the petals. Flowers 5-parted, }# inch across. MALE FLOWER :—sepals linear, streaked dark purple outside, greenish or purple inside, tube short ; petals 14 times the sepals, oblanceolate, non-contiguous, spreading, often reflexed, dark brownish purple or streaked purple and green; stamens reddish purple, shorter than the petals; scales conspicuous, dark shining purple, quadrate, often retuse, reflexed ; carpels’ minute, erect, greenish, equalling the scales. FEMALE FLOWER :—-sepals similar to the male; petals more linear; stamens absent; scales similar to the male ; carpels large, purple, with short, blunt, linear spreading styles. Flowers June. Hardy. HABITAT.—Himalayas, I10,000-12,000 feet. Rare in cultivation. I have it from Kew, Edinburgh, and the Lissadell nursery in Co. Sligo, all these plants having their origin in the Darjeeling Botanic Garden, whence I have also received it direct. It also came from Messrs. House & Son of Bristol under the name of S. Hookert. The male plant (which is much the more attractive) is commoner in cultivation than the female, which I have seen at Edinburgh, and have raised from Darjeeling seed. The specific name recalls the resemblance of the plant to some species of Bupleurum, a peculiar genus of Umbelliferae. Group 2. HIMALENSES. ro. Sedum tibeticum Hooker fil. and Thomson (fig. 17). S. tibeticum H. f. and T. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 96, 1858. Clarke in Hooker, “ Flora Brit. India,” 2, 418. A Himalayan Rhodiola which in appearance comes nearest to S. himalense D. Don, but it is usually glaucous and smooth, while himalense is mostly dark green and rough on leaf and stem. S. tibettcum also belongs to the group which has the inflorescence branches bare of leaves, while those of himalense are leafy. Both have usually dark-purple flowers, and are much slenderer than S. roseum, and much larger than S. fastigiatum. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial. Rootstock thick, erect, branched. Stems many, from the scales at apex of rootstock, annual, simple, smooth, round, reddish, slender, leafy, 6—9 inches long. Leaves alternate, longe! than the internodes, patent, sessile, lanceolate to oblong, rounded at base, acute, mostly lightly toothed in upper part, generally rather glaucous, pale on back, about #inch long. JIJmnflovescence terminal, flattish, rather lax, 1-2 inches across, leafless or with few bracts at base of branches ; branches several, forked. Flowers dark purple, } inch across. FEMALE FLOWER :—calyx saucer-shaped, purple or green, lobes long-triangular, rather acute, exceeding the tube ; pefals lanceolate, acute, nearly twice the sepals, dark purple, wide-spreading ; scales black-purple, oblong, blunt, erect, equalling or exceeding in length and breadth the sepals which cover their backs; carpels erect, oblong, equalling the petals, 3, inch long, purple, the tips and the very short styles divergent. VOL. XLVI. E 50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. < KA, Me Fic. 17.—S. tibeticum Hi. f, and T. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 51 Flowers June-July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Himalayan region. Very rare in cultivation. Received from Lissadell Nursery (where it was raised from Darjeeling seed labelled S. fastigiatum) ; also from Edinburgh Botanic Garden unnamed, collected by Captain BAILEY on the Upper Brahmaputra. The former plants were male, the latter female. The male flowers were imperfect, and are not described here. Iz. Sedum quadrifidum Pallas. S. quadrifidum Pallas, “‘ Reise,’ 3,730, 1776. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 97. Clarke in Hooker, ‘‘ Flor. Prt. India,” 2, 478. SYNONYM.—S. coccineum Royle, ‘‘Illustr. Bot. Himalayas,” 223. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Pallas, loc. cit. tab. 6, fig. 1. Royle, Joc. cit. tab. 48, fig. 3. In nature a smaller plant than any other Rhodiola in cultivation, with a caudex densely clothed with the fine wiry black stems of former years. In cultivation larger, but still smaller than any of the other species, with linear acute leaves about $ inch long and small few 4- parted flowers. The only specimens seen in cultivation were house- grown and still young, so only a brief description is given, helped out by Hooker’s ‘‘ Flora of British India.”’ _ DESCRIPTION.—A usually glabrous herbaceous perennial. Rhizome rather stout, elongate, in nature densely clothed with the black wiry oldstems. Stems 6 inches (in nature more often 2 inches) long, erect, simple, leafy. Leaves linear, acute, flattened, about 4 inch long by inch wide. Inflorescence 1- to 3-flowered. Flowers 4- or 5-parted. MALE FLOWER :—+?efals linear-lanceolate, blunt, wide- spreading, white in the living specimens, usually purple, at least twice the sepals ; stamens erect, equalling the petals ; scales oblong, notched, red ; carpels lanceolate, erect, yellow, with short styles. Flowers June. Hardy. HaBitTat.—Himalayan region, Siberia, Arctic Russia. _ Young plants, raised from seed sent from Darjeeling, seen at Edinburgh as the present paper was going to press. Apparently not previously in cultivation, though a characteristic Himalayan and Siberian species. Named from its (usually) quadripartite flowers. 12. Sedum himalense D. Don (fig. 18). - S. himalense D. Don, “‘ Prodromus Flor. Nepalensis,’’ 212, 1825. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 97. Clarke in Hooker, “ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 418. Not S. himalense of many gardens, which is S. Douglasit Hooker, a plant of N.W. America, not related to the Rhodiolas. Among cultivated Sedums this species most resembles, in general appearance, S. ¢ibeticum Hooker f. and Thomson, but it differs from it in bearing bracts on the branches of the inflorescence; the leaves are dark green and the stems mostly red, and both are roughish, 52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. while in S. tibeticum they are quite smooth and the leaves often somewhat glaucous. The few plants of both species which I have Fic. 18.—S. himalense Don. seen were not hard to distinguish, but Hooker states that in the Himalayas these and the other native Rhodiolas vary much in almost every character, so from a few specimens one cannot dogmatize about them. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 53 DESCRIPTION.—An herbaceous perennial, usually with stem and leaves somewhat rough. footstock thickened, elongate, armed with the bases of the old stem, and crowned with conspicuous scale-leaves. Stems arising from the axils of the older scales, erect, slender, round, usually reddish, leafy throughout, 6-12 inches long, mostly rough with many transparent bead-like glands. Leaves alternate, sessile, loosely imbricate, flat, slightly fleshy, lanceolate to oblanceolate or obovate or oblong-oblanceolate, acute to apiculate, or obtuse, rounded at base, toothed near apex or entire, finely papillose especially on the edges, = to 1 inch long, 53; to 53, inch broad, dark green, paler below, midrib rather prominent on under-side. Inflorescence leafy, not dense, usually small in cultivation. Buds almost globular. Flowevs dark purple, + inch across, pedicels slender, thickened upwards, longer than the flowers. MALE FLOWER :—calyx lobes tapering from a broad base, rather acute, fleshy, purple, equalling the green tube; petals oblong-lanceolate, blunt, patent, twice the calyx, red and yellowish inside (fading purple), deep red-purple outside ; stamens 2 the petals, ascending, filaments red or purple, anthers deep red; scales large, broadly cuneate, rounded or emarginate above, recurved, deep purple ; carpels small, short, erect, purplish. FEMALE FLOWER ‘—sepais, petals, and scales as in male; stamens absent ; carpels stout, erect, with very short diverging styles. Flowers May-June. Hardy. HABITAT.—Widely spread along the Himalayas, 12,000-17,000 feet. Very rare in cultivation. Through the good offices of the Botanical Survey of India, I received very fine collected rhizomes, a foot in length and nearly 3 inches in girth. Specimens from Edinburgh, labelled S. humile, were received there from Calcutta, and an unnamed plant at Edinburgh, collected by Captain BaiLEy on the Upper Brahmaputra, proved to be a female S. himalense—the only one I have seen. Named after its habitat. 13. Sedum fastigiatum Hooker fil. and Thomson (fig. 19). S. fastigiatum H. f. and T. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 98, 1858. Clarke in Hooker, ‘‘ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 419. _A typical Himalayan Rhodiola, and like most of them variable in flower as regards size and colour of parts. Allied to S. himalense and S. tibeticum, in both of which, however, the leaf is broader and much thinner in proportion to its length. In S. Aimalense, moreover, the leaves are usually rough, and in S. ¢tbeticum usually glaucous ; the small, narrow, fleshy, dark green shining leaves of S. fastigiatum will separate it from either at a glance. The leaves of S. dwmulosum Franchet are somewhat similar to those of the present species, but dwmulosum has erect petals forming white bell-shaped flowers. S. quadrifidum comes nearest to S. fastigiatwm, but has smaller flowers and fruit. DESCRIPTION.—An herbaceous glabrous perennial. Caudex elongate, thick, branched. Stems many, from the summit of the branches, simple, erect, leafy, smooth, round, 3-6 inches long, the old ones persistent. Leaves alternate, crowded, linear-oblong to lanceolate, blunt, sessile, dark green, smooth, shining, fleshy, rounded on face, flat or concave on back, }-$ inch long. Imjflorescence smallish, compact, bearing leaves on the branches, ? to 1 inch across. Buds ovate, blunt. Flowers } inch long, } inch across, exceeding the pedicels, 4- or 5-parted, narrow, cup-shaped. MALE FLOWER :—sepals linear to long-triangular, blunt, tube short ; petals broadly lanceolate, blunt, 1$ times the sepals ; stamens JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 54 iN : = SS 2 Yoke (| = SS MASSS Sys Pl a ay 7, Ni . yes ~~ PO? I x6 Fic. 19.—S. fastigiatum H. f. and T. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 55 spreading, twice the sepals ; scales conspicuous, quadrate, more or less retuse carpeis nearly equalling the petals, slender, erect, slightly divergent above. FEMALE FLOWER :—sepals long-triangular to oblong, blunt, tube short; petals linear, blunt, 14 times the sepals ; scales 4 the sepals, strap-shaped, emarginate, reflexed ; carpels very erect, slightly longer than the petals. Flowers May-June. Hardy. HABITAT.—Himalayan region ; western Yunnan. The flowers vary in colour. My male plant is a white-flowered form—sepals dark purple with a green tube, petals and filaments white, anthers purple, scales orange, carpels green—a very bright little flower. Dried specimens at Kew appear to have the same coloration, but purple throughout the flower seems to be more usual. My female plant has flowers of a deep red-purple, the carpels and scales of a deeper tint than the petals, the sepals green. Plants collected in Yunnan by ForREST had pale lemon-yellow flowers, others greenish. Not recorded as in cultivation. The male plant came to me from Lissadell nursery as S. quadrifidum, where it was raised from Darjeeling seed. The female was sent to Kew from Hexham-on-Tyne, where it grows in a school garden, and is supposed to have been found wild in Cornwall or Scotland ! Series II. CRASSIPEDES. 14. Sedum crassipes Wallich (figs. 20, 21). S. crassipes, Wallich Catalogue, No. 7234, 1828. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 99. Synonyms.—S. asiaticum Clarke ex Hooker, ‘‘ Flor. Brit. India,’ 2, 419. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 267. (Not of De Candolle, ‘* Prodromus,”’ 3, 401, 1828.) S. Wallichianum Hooker, “ Icon. Plant.,”’ tab. 604. ILLUSTRATION.—Hooker, loc. cit. A very distinct plant, at once recognized among the Rhodiolas by its linear toothed bright-green leaves and greenish-white flowers. DESCRIPTION.—A smooth herbaceous perennial. Rootstock thick, elongate, branched, aerial, }-3 inch diameter, bearing withered bases of old stems. Stems several from each crown, smooth, round, erect, unbranched, 6-12 inches high. Leaves many, alternate, bright green, glabrous, $-? inch long by ~— inch broad, flat, fleshy, linear to lanceolate, sessile, pointed at both ends, with 1 to 3 remote teeth on either side in the upper half. Inflorescence terminal, dense, flattish, an inch across, leafy with leaf-like bracts. Buds oblong, bluntly pointed, .3,—4 inch long. Flowers 4 inch across when wide open, 5-parted, hermaphrodite. Sepals green or purple, subulate, blunt, wide-spreading. Petals yellowish-white to greenish, linear, acute or blunt, boat-shaped, mostly wide-spreading or reflexed, 14 times the sepals. Stamens slightly exceeding the petals, spreading, filaments greenish, anthers yellow. Scales quadrate, orange, slightly notched. Carpeis green, erect, slender, equalling or shorter than the stamens ; in fruit erect, and 3 inch long. Flowers June, and often again later. Hardy. HABITAT.—Widely spread in the Himalayas, rr,000-16,000 feet ; central China ; Yunnan. This is the plant usually grown under the name of S. astaticum DC. or sometimes S. Wallichianum Hooker; but as pointed out by Maximowicz (Bull. Acad. Pétersb., 29, 126) De Candolle’s plant 56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fic. 20.—S. crassipes Wallich. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION, 57 Z Ms yy y Lip e eS A, ILL; Vey aay iF iy » 774 pt SPS / Le Vp TG. 21.—S. crassipes Wallch, form. a} 58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL.HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. is described as having entire leaves (“ foliis lineari-lingulatis in- tegerrimis obtusis ’’), and is clearly different ; Wallich’s name crassipes appears to be the oldest for our plant. Hooker’s Wallichianum is not distinct from it, being a form with leaves more divided than usual. The depth of the teeth varies, but I have not seen a living plant in which it is quite so marked as in HOOKER’s plate. The flowers vary from small and whitish (the commoner form) to larger and greenish, the last named approaching the variety described below. The flowers are almost always bisexual, but I have a male plant received from Glasnevin; in it the carpels are very slender, little more than half as long as the stamens. Under certain conditions the plant will send out suckers, an unusual feature in the Rhodiola group, and indeed in the genus. One strong young plant produced a ring of stems at a distance of 6 inches from the branched rootstock, arising from slender, branching, root-like underground stems emanating from the rootstock at x to 2 inches below the surface (fig. 21), in this respect connecting S. crassipes with S. Cretint Hamet. Although the plant is variable, some of the forms tending towards the variety described below, the latter appears to merit varietal rank. The species takes its name from its thick rhizome. Var. cholaense Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 50, rgrg (fig. 22). More robust than the type, plant of a more greyish green, inflorescence denser and more involucrate, the bracts being very long. Leaves 1-1} inch long, +3; inch broad, largest below the inflorescence. Buds 3 inch long, equalling the pedicels. Sepals very narrow, nearly linear, green. Petals nearly twice the sepals, erect, green, 2 inch long, linear-oblanceolate, blunt. Stamens equalling the petals, anthers greenish. Scales dark crimson. Carpels long, very erect, slender, exceeding the stamens, slightly diverging above, styles very short ; erect and over 4 inch long in fruit. A fine form, easily separated by its stouter growth, longer leaves, and large flowers wholly green, save for the conspicuous crimson scales. | Received from Lissadell nursery and seen also at Edinburgh, but the two had the same origin—the Chola Valley, East Sikkim, where the plant was collected by CooPER (No. 923). Received also, in the form both of roots and seeds, from Darjeeling Botanic Garden, presumably of the same origin. 15. Sedum Stephani Chamisso (fig. 23). S. Stephani Chamisso in ‘‘Linnaea,” 6, 549, 1831. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Péersbourg, 29, 127, 1883. : A plant intermediate between two well-known species—S. crassipes Wallich (S. astaticum Clarke) and S. roseum Scopoli (S. Rhodiola DC.). It appears to be nearer to the former, of which it should perhaps be considered a variety ; but as I have not had the oppor- tunity of studying much material, I follow MAxIMOwICZ in giving it specificrank. The leaves come close to S. crassipes, but are broader ; ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 59 | iY Rtn Gar SUNG AN A 60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the plant has not the tall stems of that species, resembling in stature \ M4 Ay (dls y \ NIA Zary LENZ SS 21 Z ita) % > SINE aN SRN Sess 4 pie A XY JZ, fe PaseNY Y A _ —= WANE OS, xt. x | Fic. 23.—S. Stephani Chamisso. the smaller forms of S. vosewm, such as'var. Tachiroi. Like crassipes and Tachirot it is bright green, not glaucous. : ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 6r DESCRIPTION.—A_ glabrous herbaceous perennial. JRootstock thickened, but not excessively, resembling that of a slender S. roseum. Stems annual, erect, several from the axils of the not conspicuous scales which surround the growing point, 4-6 inches high, leafy throughout, smooth, round. Leaves alternate, loosely imbricate, sessile, linear-obianceolate to linear-oblong, an inch long, 1+-} inch broad, irregularly and rather deeply toothed in upper half or throughout their length with teeth triangular to finger-shaped;: on face bright green, flat, with depressed midrib; on back paler, rounded. Inflorescence dense, in my plants small and infrequent. Buds purple (back of sepals being coloured). Flowers 4 inch long, 3 inch across, on very short pedicels. FEMALE FLOWER :—sepals spreading, tapering, blunt, twice as Jong as broad, purple, longer than the green tube; petais patent, a little longer than the sepals, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, greenish-white ; stamens absent ; scales rounded, as long as broad, slightly retuse, orange ; carpels green, oblong- lanceolate, equalling the petals, erect, with short diverging styles. Flowers June. Hardy. HasBiITAT.—Trans-Baikal region, eastern Siberia, Kamtschatka. The plants which I have seen, and which are described above, were received from the Edinburgh Botanic Garden as S. Stephani, from F. SUNDERMANN of Lindau as S. rhodanthum (a quite different N. American species, see p. 67), and from Glasnevin Botanic Garden as S. asiaticum. None of them is typical Stephani, which has 5-parted usually hermaphrodite flowers, and is intermediate between S. roseum var. elongatum and S. crassipes, inclining, according to Maximowicz, to the latter, though REGEL placed it as a variety of the former. It would seem, indeed, that MAxIMowIcz would have placed it under crassipes but for its distinct geographical range, S. crassipes being confined to the Himalayas and Yunnan, and Stephani to N.E. Asia. The Edinburgh and Lindau plants referred to above have usually 4-parted unisexual flowers, but in other respects agree with Stephani. As both of these characters are notoriously inconstant among the Rhodiolas, these discrepancies are probably not important. The Glasnevin plant has flowers identical with the other two, but 5-parted, and the leaves are narrower, being indistinguishable from crassipes. So far as these living plants throw light on the question, S. Stephani is certainly nearer to crassipes than it is to vosewm. The slender carpels are very near those of crvassipes; the petals also, which like the carpels are larger and broader than those of voseum. The plant flowers in June along with crassipes and after vosewm. All my plants being female, I have not been able to compare the stamens or the mature fruit. Named after FRIEDRICH STEPHAN, Moscow botanist. 16. Sedum dumulosum Franchet (fig. 24). S. dumulosum Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (2) 6, 9. SYNONYMS.—S. rariflorum N. E. Brown in Kew Bulletin, 1914, 208. S. Farveri W. W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 9, 125, 1916. ILLUSTRATION.—Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (2), 5, pl. 16, fig. 3. A pretty plant, which cannot be confused with any other species in cultivation : the thick aerial ‘‘ Rhodiola ” rootstock, linear leaves 62 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and narrowly bell-shaped white flowers with elongate recurved tips sufficiently distinguish it. DeEscriPTion.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial. ootstock thick, branched, aerial, set with the dry bases of the old stems. Stems several or many from ~ ANG 2 ug Fic. 24.—S. dumulosum Franchet. the summit of the rootstock, annual, erect or arching, unbranched, 4-7 inches high, smooth, reddish, slender, very leafy. Leaves alternate, green, entire, glabrous, linear, rather acute, sessile, 3-1 inch long by -4,—,, inch broad, fleshy, flattened on face with a median groove, rounded on back. Inflorescence very compact, terminal, of 6 to 12 flowers arranged on 1-2-flowered branches shorter than the flowers, each bearing 1 or 2 leat-like bracts. Flowers white, 2 inch long by 4 inch across. Buds conical, acute. Calyx pale green, glabrous, segments ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 63 separate nearly to the base, slender, narrow, tapering, very acute, spreading. Petals white, erect, recurved above, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, margins eroded, more than twice the sepals. Stamens shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers red-purple. Scales small, yellow, quadrate, slightly notched. Carpels white, erect, about ~ as long as the stamens. Flowers June. Hardy. HABITAT.—N. China. This species and S. Tatarinow11, neither previously in cultivation, were sent to Kew in rg13 by Mr. F. N. MEYER of the American Legation at Pekin, who collected them at 3,000 métres at Hsiao Wutai Shan. A variable species, but especially characterized by its white bell- shaped flowers with petals prolonged into a slender tail and margins usually fringed. S. rariflorum of N. E. Brown, in cultivation at Kew, is fairly typical dumulosum. S. Farrert W. W. Situ, raised ‘by the late Mr. FARRER from seed collected by him in Kansu, is a robust form with long sepals and broad petals much eroded. 17. Sedum trifidum Wallich (figs. 25, 26). S. injfidum, Wallich Catalogue, No. 7230, 1828. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2,100. Clarke in Hooker, “ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 420. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 267. ILLUSTRATION.—Garden, 1885, 317. A pretty plant with the thickened rootstock of the Rhodiolas, but distinct from other species of that section in its broad, deeply- incised leaves grouped near the top of the stems, and its lax inflores- cence of large red flowers ; and whereas most of the Rhodiola section are early flowerers, S. tvifidum does not bloom till September. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial. Rootstock thick, branched, sometimes elongate, but (in cultivation at least) not aerial. Stems several together, erect, unbranched, 6-8 inches high, slender, smooth, round, red, bare save near the top, or with a few small, entire, club-shaped leaves. Leaves alternate, crowded on the terminal 1 to 2 inches of stem, smooth, green, sessile, 14-3 inches long, narrow and linear or tapered in the lower half, expanded above into an obovate lamina deeply and irregularly cut and toothed. IJnflores- cence a very leafy, lax, flat cyme about 2 inches across, of several minutely papillose forked branches, upper bracts linear, entire. Buds linear-lanceolate, blunt. Flowers % inch across, mostly sessile, the lower shortly stalked. Sepals green, very fleshy, blunt, variable in length, } to 4 the petals, linear or lanceolate to short triangular (fig. 25, a, b). Petals purple-red, linear-lanceolate, apiculate, wide-spreading, ultimately reflexed. Stamens purple-red, spreading, slightly shorter than the petals. Scales red, cuneate, deeply notched, broader than long. Carpels white tinged red, nearly erect, equalling the stamens. Flowers August-September. Hardy. HABITAT.—Himalayas, widely distributed, 6,000-12,000 feet, on rocks and trees ; Yunnan. A distinct and pleasing plant, and one of the few Sedums that offers some difficulty as regards its cultivation. The best plants which I have seen were grown in deep, well-drained crevices not fully exposed to the sun. In the Himalayas on mossy tree-trunks or rocks it often grows a foot high, with large deeply pinnatifid leaves. 64 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY a Wy 3 a: iZ yi ‘Ny ae NY Ps, - — me a - 4 as . yj _ ce ti ¥ 4 ad : . =f 7 x —™ . a 4 Fic. 34.—S. rhodananense Franch. var. valerianoides Hamet. Hermaphrodite plant. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 77 - Seen at Edinburgh, where, among a number of male and female plants, were three of an interesting and undescribed hermaphrodite form, with very large flowers (comparatively) and scattered reflexed leaves, of which I give a figure and description. It may deserve varietal rank, but in the absence of better knowledge of this variable species I hesitate to create a new name. Grown also from seeds received from Yunnan from Rev. E. E. Marre, both male and female plants. As in the many Rhodiolas, the colour of the parts of the flower is variable (see also Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinb., 8, 139), and the leaves vary from green to reddish. SECTION IIJ.—TELEPHIUM. Section TELEPHIUM S. F. Gray, ‘Nat. Arrang. Brit. Plants,’ 2 Pp. 539, 182r. Perennial. Rootstock short, with roots (fig. 35) usually thick, ’ Fic. 35.—Roots of S. Telephium. branched, often of carrot-like tubers, summit without scales. Stems mostly annual, produced from buds arising generally in autumn from points beside or above the base of the stems of the previous year. Leaves usually broad. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-parted, white, red, purple, or green. Hardy plants, mostly Eurasian. A group of about twenty-five perennials, often tall. The well- known Orpine, S. Telephium, is typical. They range across the temperate regions of the Old World from England to Japan, being 8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. more abundant in the East. One species, S. telephioides (perhaps only a variety of S. Telephium), is confined to N. America. At least half of the group is in cultivation, including representatives of all the types found within the section; many of them are familiar garden plants. ; series DD) PRECTICAUEES: Stems tall (1-2 feet), stout, erect, leaves large (2-4 inches long). Group i. Evu-TELEPHIA. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely ternate. maximum Suter. alboroseum Baker.» Telephium Linn. | pseudospectabile Praeger. Taquetit Praeger. spectabile Boreau. The first two of these are familiar European plants; the rest come from the Far East, where several additional species not in cultivation also occur. Group 2. VERTICILLATA. Leaves 4- or 5-verticillate. verticillatum Linn. This is a small Chino-Japanese group, only one of which is in cultivation. Series IT. HUMILICAULES. Stems short (about 4 foot), weak, nor erect, leaves smaller (I inch long or less). Group r. ARCUATAE. Stems annual, arching or at least erect at the base. Ewersii Ledebour. Sieboldi Sweet. cauticolum Praeger. Tatarinow1t Maximowicz. Group 2. JREPENTES. Stems perennial, creeping. Anacampseros Linn. cyaneum Rudolph. I have adopted a grouping founded on the larger features of the plants, because the flowers in the Telephium group have a somewhat close resemblance, and moreover a classification founded upon them brings together plants of very different growth-form and separates others, which in all but flower have clear affinities. Fig. 36 shows the gyneecia and leaves of the Eu-Telephium series in the order of relationship indicated by the flowers ; it will be evident ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 79 that the leaf affinities are quite different from the flower affinities. The only two nearly related species in the whole section which display oulout HOA 0C Fic. 36.—Gyncecium and leaf of species“of Telephium section. a, maximum ; b, purpureum ; b’, purpureum Q ; c, Taquetit ; d, alboroseum ; e, pseudospec- tabile ; {, spectabile. Gynoecia X 3. Leaves xX }¢ their affinity throughout the various parts of the plant are S. Szeboldi and S. cauticolum. Series I. ERECTICAULES. Group I. Evu-TELEPHIA. 23. Sedum maximum Suter (figs. 36, 37). S. maximum Suter, “ Flora Helvetica,” 1,270, 1802. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 336. SynonyM.—S. macrophylium of some gardens (a name also applied to S. alboroseum). ILLUSTRATIONS.—Reichenbach, ‘‘ Fl. German.’ 23, tab. 45. Plenck, ‘“‘ Icones Plant. Medicalium,” tab. 350. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, _ Crassul.,” tab. 4. Zenker, ‘‘,Flor. Thuringen,” 5, tab. 570 (as S. Telephium), 12, tab. 1353. . A variable species, but without question many of its so-called varieties are due to crossing with S. Telephium. The plant, when typical, is known at once from S. Telephium, to which it is closely allied, by its greenish flowers and very broad, slightly toothed dark- green opposite leaves. Variation in the large series of garden forms which I have examined is mostly in the direction of S. Telephium. In my garden I grew for some years the purpureum form of S.Telephium, which seeded freely and kept constant. Later I introduced typical S. maximum, collected by the Baltic, near Danzig, where it also showed 80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. GN) MY WA WA LyX} Re SK 1) S06 ig WY RY < Resetorim: SOR, SI NEES, LAS 5 pe: : Spy AN) A; / } Zy)\ SD x | & fr x3. Fic. 37.—S. maximum Suter. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 81 no variation. Since then I have had self-sown seedlings showing every combination of the characters of the two species as regards colour of flower, size, shape and arrangement of leaf. Many ofthese match described varieties fairly well, so that, for horticultural purposes, it seems futile to devote space to many of the latter. Descriptions of a large number of these segregates will be found in Boreau’s paper, ‘“Monographie de quelques Sédum” in ‘“ Mémoires de la-Société Académique d’Angers,” 20, 1866. A good account of the forms found in France, to the number of 19, is given in Rouy and Camus, “ Flore de France,” 7, p. 96. Very fine coloured illustrations of many of the forms of this and other of the equally variable S. Telephium are published in Jordan and Fourreau, ‘‘ Icones ad Floram Europe,”’ 14, 1866-68, as species of a segregate genus Anacampseros. I have had in cultivation a large series of maximum forms and hybrids, received under many names from many sources, and have not succeeded in satisfying myself how far variation in character, such as alternate instead of opposite leaves, or reddish pigment in the flower is inherent in S. maximum or due to Telephium influence. As regards variation in undoubtedly pure maximum, its most striking manifestation is in the development of brownish-purple pigment in the leaves and stems, and the substitution of ternate for opposite leaves. These find their most marked expression in the noble var. atropurpureum, referred to below. DESCRIPTION.—A large glabrous herbaceous perennial. Jootstock thickened. Roots a bunch of carrot-like tubers. Stems 1-3 feet, erect, smooth, round, green or red, unbranched, or branched near summit, annual. Leaves usually dark green, sessile, clasping, usually opposite, often ternate, sometimes alternate (different stems of the same plant often showing all three of these variations), broadly ovate, blunt, slightly and irregularly toothed, 2-3 inches long by half to two-thirds as broad. Inflorescence composed of terminal and also lateral dense corymbs ; stems of lower corymbs long; ultimate pedicels slender, longer than the flowers. Flowers 5-parted, crowded, greenish-white, % inch across. Buds ovoid, ribbed, blunt. Sepals green, fleshy, lanceolate to deltoid, acute, 4 to 4 as long as the petals, tube short. Petals ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, greenish-white. Stamens slightly exceeding the petals, filaments white, anthers yellow. Scales yellow, linear, notched, twice as long as broad. Carpels stout, erect, greenish, non-contiguous on inner face, equalling the petals. Flowers August-September. Hardy. HABITAT.—Widespread in Europe ; Caucasus. var. atropurpureum hort. Leaves and stems deep purple. This definition covers a number of forms, varying in size, habit, and pigmentation. The most striking of them is an extremely vigorous plant, three feet or more in height, leaves usually ternate and up to 5 inches long by 3 inches broad, stem and leaves dark purple, flowers pink. It is not uncommon in gardens. A smaller form is figured by Masters (‘‘ Hardy Sedums,” /.c.). f. versicolor Van Houtte. (S. Rodigasi of gardens.) A handsome variegated form, with silver-splashed leaves and pink stems, well illustrated in “ Flore VOL. XLVI. G 82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. des Serres,”’ tab. 1669. Stated to be rather tender, I have not met with it in cultivation, but it is no doubt still grown. This species is frequent in gardens, though often of doubtfully pure parentage. The name refers to its size; in some of its forms it is the largest of European Sedums. 24. Sedum Telephium Linn. S. Telephium Linn. Species Plantarum 430, 1753. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, 11. 303. This common species, which ranges right round the northern Hemisphere—for the American S. telephioides does not appear to be specifically distinct—is easily known by its stout, erect, leafy stems, and dense corymbs of red-purple flowers. Its nearest allies are S. maximum and S. alborosewm, but the former has (when typical) opposite leaves and green flowers, and the latter greenish-white petals and rosy carpels. S. sfectabile differs in its pink flowers with very long stamens. All have the characteristic Telephium rootstock —a bunch of carrot-shaped tubers. LINNAEUS’ name is derived from TELEPHUS, son of HERCULES. Sub-species §. purpureum Link (figs. 360, 38). S. purpureum Link, ‘‘ Enum. Plant. Berol.,” 1, 437, 1821. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Sowerby, ‘‘ Engl. Bot.,”’ ed. 3, pl. 526. Reichenbach, “ Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 44. Curtis, ‘‘ Flor. Londin.,”’ 2, pl. 71. De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 92. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 6. DESCRIPTION.—A stout glabrous herbaceous perennial. MRootstock thick. with carrot-like tubers. Stems clustered, stout, erect, round, smooth, leafy, 1-13 foot high, mostly with axillary branches above. Leaves numerous, alternate, glabrous, fleshy, ascending, about 3 inches long by 14 inch broad, smaller above, blunt, irregularly toothed in upper two-thirds, lower ones obovate- oblong wedge-shaped below, upper ones oval-oblong rounded below, all sessile. Inflorescence of dense terminal and lateral subglobose stalked corymbs. Flowers purplish red, ;°; to =4 inch across, about as long as the pedicels. Buds streaked purple, with green ribs. Sepals green, fleshy, lanceolate, acute, separate nearly to the base. Petals wide-spreading, lanceolate, acute, thrice the sepals. Stamens spreading, nearly equalling the petals. Scales yellow, strap-shaped, twice as long as broad, emarginate. Carpels erect, purple, shorter than the stamens, furrowed on the back; styles very short. Flowers August-September. Hardy. HABITAT.—From England to Japan. Sub-species §. Fabaria Koch (fig. 39). S. Fabaria Koch, “ Synopsis Flor. German.,”’ ed. 1. 258, 1837. ILLUSTRATIONS. — Sowerby, ‘‘ Engl. Bot.,”’ ed. 3, pl. 527. Reichenbach, ‘Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 47. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,”’ tab. 7. DESCRIPTION.— Very like S. purpureum, but is a smaller and slenderer plant; leaves deeper green, narrower, and thinner, all wedge-shaped below (instead of ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 83 Ki Vary Vy) RN\ ie K Ke We, US) a > OPN) FE NS eS: = y a Ze. ih (ZL Sx BY M 07 = eae . SN iE ZA INE ips (aN Pld \X W/O LA if BAN ey «3 ON eA ie ve es Ba, NA Na RQ fats Di iD PNM Wi at} HOA aea7Z SVAN Oy Wn OW a aD Cs SNH SSB eZ AN ACA) erat LSS ok eee Sl) Y “yy EE, ee IN) be Ae \ 4 A , 7 yA ; se LA fa \\\ I. h im Fic. 38.—S. purpureum Link. Fic. 39.—S. Fabaria Koch. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. . 85 upper ones rounded below), shortly and indistinctly stalked (instead of sessile) ; ovaries not furrowed on back. Flowers August-September. Hardy. HABITAT.—Britain to Central Europe. When characteristic, S. purpureum and S. Fabaria are easily distinguished, but there are many plants which one hesitates to refer to one form or to the other—whether this is due to crossing or not I cannot offer an opinion. The “ wild” British plants which I have grown have all been Fabaria, but I do not attempt to go into the question of the distribution in the British Isles of the two forms. The confusion which seems fated to hang over the Sedums is here especially marked, as, for instance, when one receives from one of the ablest of English field botanists roots of the Japanese S. alboroseum as a native Telephium form from woods in Sussex ! : As in the case of its near ally S. maximum, a large number of varieties of S. Telephium have been described, particularly by French botanists, and a good account of these will be found in Rouy and Camus, “Flore de France,’”’ vol. vii. For reasons stated in the Introduction to the present paper (p. 15) and under S. maximum on p. 81, no attempt is made here to enter into a discussion of these. The reader seeking information regarding them should consult Boreau, “‘ Monographie - de quelques Sédum,”’ Mém. Soc. Acad. d’Angers, vol. xx. 1866 ; Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, 11. ; Rouyand Camus, “ Flore de France,”’ vol. vii. tgor; and the beautiful coloured plates in Jordan and Fourreau, “Icones ad Floram Europae,’’ vol. i. 1866-8. It may be said that they belong almost altogether to S. purpureum, not to S. Fabaria. Among the garden forms variation is very noticeable in the height and colour of stem; in the arrangement, size, shape, dentition, and colour of leaves; and in the size, shape, and colour of inflorescence and flower. S. Telepbhium seems to vary much more in directions other than towards maximum, than S. maximum does, except towards Telephium. Nevertheless, the presence of many intermediates is discouraging in the search for satisfactory varieties. In the case of Telepbhium, confusion is very probably produced in gardens by the natural crossing of varieties, as the species tends to produce itself from seed more freely than the majority of Sedums. Var. Borderi Rouy and Camus. Of the forms of S. Telephium found in gardens which I have succeeded in identifying with described varieties, the one which appears most satisfactory, as maintaining a distinct and uniform facies, is S. purpureum var. y Borderi Rouy and Camus, “ Flore de France,” 7, 103-4 (Anacampseros Borderi Jordan and Fourreau, “ Brev. Plant. Nov.,” fasc. i. 30, and “‘Icones Plant. Eur.,’’ t. 96), which has leaves deeply and irregularly toothed and distinctly stalked (fig. 38, a). This was received from several garden sources, mostly named var. carpaiicum (S. carpaticum Reuss), which is somewhat similar. 86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. f. roseo-variegatum. SYNONYM.— Var. bitioniense hort. Variegated forms are so rare in Sedum that mention may be made of an interesting form which originated in the garden of the late Canon Ellacombe. In this the young stems and leaves are of a bright pink colour, but on approaching maturity they turn green. It is now — in several gardens. A curious unisexual (female) form of purpureum is at Glasnevin, derived from a garden source. In this (see fig. 36d’) the sepals are normal; the petals small, only r4 times as long as the sepals, ovate- oblong, very concave, very blunt, whitish flecked with rose on back, almost erect ; carpels 14 to 2 times the petals, not contiguous on the inner face, but having a central space in many cases as large as a carpel; very irregular as regards position, and varying in number from 3 to 6, deep rose-coloured above; styles very short, spreading widely (instead of erect or slightly spreading asin the type). Occasion- ally a single filament without an anther is present. The cause of the irregularity of position of the carpels and of the central hollow is their abnormal width: they are 2 mm. across (instead of 14 mm.) and are remarkably flat on both inner and outer faces. 25. Sedum Taquetii Praeger (figs. 36c, 40). S. Taquetit Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 56, 151, 1818. Allied to S. Telephium, S. maximum, S. pseudospectabile, and S. alboroseum, from all of which it is separable by its larger green and purple flowers, and especially by its remarkably large carpels with divergent tips. It comes nearest to maximum and alboroseum, resembling the former (not the latter) in having its leaves opposite and sessile, and the latter in having red pigment in the carpels, but not in the petals. Its habit is that of alboroseum, but it lacks the pale-green colour of that species, the leaves being of a deep-green shade, as in Telephium, but of the shape of those of pseudospectabtle. DESCRIPTION.—A_ glabrous herbaceous perennial. MRootstock ‘fleshy, with spindle-shaped tuberous roots asin S. Telephium. Stems annual, erect, 1-14 foot high, moderately stout, smooth, round, thickened below the nodes, mostly with some ascending axillary branches in the upper third. Leaves opposite, equalling or longer than the internodes, sessile, elliptic, rounded at apex and base, slightly and bluntly toothed, fleshy, dark green more or less dotted with purple, about 24 inches long by 1} inch broad, edges upturned in lower half so that the leaf appears to clasp the stem. Inflorescence of terminal and lateral rather dense rounded corymbs, 1-2 inches across, the lateral ones falling short of the terminal. Buds elliptic, blunt, green, }-2 inch long, on pedicels of the same length. Flowers up to % inch across, 3 inch long, rather irregular in size. Sepals dark green, lanceolate or deltoid, blunt, fleshy, twice as long as the tube. Petals four times the sepals, up to # inch long, linear-oblanceolate, rather blunt, pale green, whitish near the base, wide-spreading. Stamens equalling the petals, the epipetalous ones adnate in the lower third, filaments whitish, anthers ovate, pale red. Scales strap-shaped, straight, four times as long as broad, emarginate, whitish, yellow at the apex. Carpels long, slender, erect with spreading tips, tapered below, merging into short styles above, equalling or slightly exceeding the petals, green streaked with purple, purple on the upper part of the inner face. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 87 as 2 Mut i We WAN y = INES iy wy ras i) oy. =e Wane We Wie LB > Sy THE PY er “rs x NEN iy oS op SIS Fic. 40—S. Taquetii Praeger. 88. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Flowers August-September. Hardy. Hapirat.—Korea. _ For the opportunity of studying this plant I am indebted to the Director of the Botanic Gardens at Upsala, who kindly sent his only plant and allowed me to grow it for a couple of seasons. It was raised from seed collected by Abbé E. J. Taguet in Korea and distributed by the Dendrologische Gesellschaft of Vienna. The plant varies as regards the size of its flowers, which are, howe ever, always larger than those of any of its allies; if grown-in shade, the purple pigment is not developed, the flowers being then wholly green ; but the long slender curved carpels will always identify, it, fresh or dried. Seedlings which I raised from this plant were evidently crosses with S. Telebhium, as most of my maximum seedlings have been (see p. 8), and were intermediate in characters of both leaf and flower. A puzzling plant of unknown antecedents, received from Edinburgh as S. alboroseum, almost exactly matches these and appears to be of similar parentage, though where the Taqueii1 blood came from in that case is unknown. Named after its collector. 26. Sedum alboroseum Baker (figs. 36d, 41). S. alboroseum Baker in Saunders’ “ Refug. Bot.,” tab. 33, 1868. Maximowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 140, 1883. SynonyMs.—S. erythrostictum Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 337 (not of Miquel in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., 2, 155, which appears to be a form of S. Telephium—see Maximowicz, loc. cit.). S. japonicum of gardens (not of Siebold, see p. 254). S. macrophyllum of gardens (a name also applied to S. maximum). ILLUSTRATIONS.— Baker, loc. cit. Regel, ‘‘Gartenflora,’’ tab. 709, figs. 4-5. Not infrequent in gardens, mostly under the names of japonicum or macrophylium, and reported by BAKER as in cultivation for many years before he described it in 1868. Leaves usually opposite, though BAKER says they are never so. The plant most resembles a large pale Fabaria, but the whitish petals and rosy carpels distinguish it. In bud the uppermost leaves (bracts) half enclose the inflorescence in a characteristic way, while in the Telephium forms these are spread- ing; indeed, all the leaves are more erect than in Telephium. Taller and slenderer than the wholly pink-flowered S. spectabile, of which the leaves are broader, more crowded and more spreading and the inflor- escence larger and flatter. A very late flowerer (latter half of September). The name alboroseum is taken from the white and red flowers. DeEscrRIPTION.—A tall glaucous herbaceous perennial. ootstock thickened, with carrot-like tuberous roots. Stems annual, 1-2 feet high, smooth, round, unbranched, erect. Leaves rather distant, usually opposite (sometimes alternate or ternate), ascending, lower concave, upper smaller and very flat, ovate to obovate-cuneate, narrowed into a short petiole, pale glaucous green, bluntly toothed, 2-3 inches long by half as broad. Inflorescence dense, sparingly leafy, of terminal and often lateral corymbs. Buds ovoid, rather blunt, remaining -ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 89 Ry ae WS SK : aN [RR Wi we! iar EY Nee Sy M2 Wis y NSS Mea \ Wii } Wx Gh AN Sig Se a \ Fic. 41.—S. alboroseum Baker. 90 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. pale green until they open. Flowers 4 inch across, equalling the pedicels. Sepals pale green, lanceolate, fleshy, acute, } the petals, tube very short. Petals } inch long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, wide-spreading, greenish white. Stamens spread- ing, equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers reddish, the epipetalous ones inserted } way up the petal. Scales linear, twice as long as broad, retuse, greenish. Carpels erect, pink, equalling the petals, giving a pinkish colour to the flower; styles short. Flowers September. Hardy. HABITAT.—Japan, Manchuria, China. ¢ f. foliis medio-variegatis Regel, ‘“ Gartenflora,” tab. 709, fig. 6. A form with a white blotch in the centre of the leaf, occasionally seen in gardens. Like many variegated plants it is best grown in shade. Inclines to revert to type, and stems with green leaves need to be pulled off. 3 f. foliis margine-variegatis. Leaves with a border of greenish-white. I received this from Ottawa and from the Tully Nursery in Co. Kildare, and there is a specimen of it in the Kew Herbarium from “ Hort. Justus Corderry, Oct. 14, 1904’; I find no published reference to it. It is a form of no great merit. 27. Sedum pseudospectabile Praeger (figs. 36¢, 42). S. pseudospectabile Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 54, 40, 1917. Closely allied to the well-known S. sfectabile Boreau, from which it differs in its stems half as tall again, leaves green (not glaucous), rounded at the base (not cuneate), and about as long as the internodes (not twice as long), smaller inflorescence, and flowers with all the parts shorter by about one-third ; it flowers nearly a month earlier. DESCRIPTION.—An erect glabrous herbaceous perennial. Roots tuberous, carrot-like. Stems annual, few, erect, unbranched, smooth, round, green dotted red, 1-2 foot high. Leaves ternate or opposite (occasionally in fours), fleshy, sessile, clasping, entire or obscurely toothed, green with paler veins, lower broadly obovate, upper broadly ovate, 14 to 2 inches long by 1 to 1} broad, equalling the internodes, mostly concave, often margined and dotted with red. In- flovescence a terminal compact flat panicled cyme, about 2 inches long and broad, sparingly leafy. Buds oval, bluntly pointed. Flowers 5, inch long, } inch across, on pedicels shorter than the flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, rather glaucous green, segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, thrice the tube, tipped red. Petals twice the sepals, ;3, inch long, pink, ovate-lanceolate, acute, spreading but not patently. Stamens 1} times the petals, nearly erect, the epipetalous ones inserted near the base of the petals, filaments pink, anthers purple. Scales yellowish, curved upwards, quadrate-cuneate, 14 times as long as broad. Carpels erect, slender, pink, equalling the petals, styles slightly divergent. Flowers August-September. Hardy. HaBitTat.—Chinwangtao, on the coast east of Pekin (Prof. I. BAYLEY BALFOUR, IQIO). Received first from Edinburgh as above; when the plant flowered it proved to be identical with another received meanwhile from the University Botanic Garden at Sapporo under the name S. sfectabile. ULTIVATION. gf AS FOUND IN C GENUS SEDUM ACCOUNT OF nine ari th ¢ M on AY) Re eae How X ih Cte ain Niner We 4 ZS if (i SM Widey \ oY WA f sha? ey | KZ 92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. In the early stages of growth this species recalls S. maximum rather than S. spectabile, on account of its green colour, comparatively narrow outline and sessile leaves, broad and rounded at the base; the shape and colour of the inflorescence recall spectabile strongly, and the flowers resemble those of spectabile with all the parts shortened. The different proportions of the plant give it an appearance different from spectabzile : thus, the ratio of height to diameter of inflorescence is about 3 to I in spectabile, 6 to I in pseudospectabile ; the ratio of height to width of the plant across the leaves is 24 to 1 in spectabile,5 tor inthe other. The length of the petals, stamens, and carpels is in pseudospectabile % of that found in sfectabile, while their breadth remains the same.: In the Telephium group, the floral characters are often so similar in quite different species that the similarity of flower in the two species under consideration does not necessarily suggest merely varietal difference. : Named from its.resemblance to S. spectabile. 28. Sedum spectabile Boreau (figs. 36f, 43). _S. spectabile Boreau in “ Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine-et-Loire,” 20, 116, 1866. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 140, 1883. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 336. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Regel, ‘‘ Gartenflora,’’ tab. 709, figs. 1-3. Saunders, “ Refug. Botan.{.tab; 32, “* Illustration Horticole,”’ 8, tab. ain Jordan and Fourreau, “Icones Plant. Europ.,’- 1, pl. roo. One of the most noble of Sedums. Its very large flat panicles of pinkish flowers set among the pale glaucous foliage render it a valuable plant for the border in autumn. Common in cultivation it is not easily confounded with any other species. The very long stamens, exceeding the petals, alone will distinguish it if any doubt exists. As in several of the Telephium group, the arrangement of the leaves varies, but they are generally in opposite pairs or in threes. Under the names of var. atrvopurpureum, var. “ Brilliant, Bas forms with deeper-coloured flowers are offered for sale, which are generally regarded as improvements on the pink-flowered type. Like several of the Telephium group, it prefers a heavier soil than suits the majority of Sedums. DESCRIPTION.—A robust glaucous herbaceous perennial, 1-1} feet high. Root of several carrot-shaped tubers. Stems erect, stout, leafy, unbranched, smooth, round. Leaves usually opposite or ternate, wide-spreading, subsessile, obovate, about 3 inches long by 2 inches broad (up to 5 by 3), fleshy, rather weakly and distantly toothed, slightly wedge-shaped below. Inflorescence a very large flat-topped dense corymb, 4-6 inches across, pedicels rather shorter than the flowers. Buds pointed, thrice as long as broad. Flowers pink, very numerous, 4 inch across. Sepals whitish-green, lanceolate, } the petals, separate nearly to the base. Petals pink, lanceolate, acute, semi-erect or patent, } inch long. Stamens rather variable in length, those opposite the petals slightly exceeding them, those between the petals } longer than the others; anthers purple. Scales whitish, cuneate, emarginate. Carpels erect, pink, slightly shorter than the petals, erect in fruit. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 93 Vi N al! ite WF WDA NDS DONUT MZENIK NORGE A MN Ww aN ce ne IK Gy) Wy NS AY) N Vy Day (hin Wak iy y Leak LOSUNK WE, Ai iy Bi WY NW SS ad BEN fs I fy SAL ty eS See EAA We SA SEN AY “g NON) Fic. 44.—S. verticillaitum Linn, 96 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY. opposite leaves. A study of the growing plant shows that it is certainly a form of verticillatum, with which it agrees in all points save its smaller size and the arrangement of its leaves; the flowers, leaves, colour, and habit are those of verticillatum. Young and weak plants of S. verti- cillatum often have their leaves opposite, and in this dwarf form this immature character seems perpetuated. Doubtless a wild Japanese form, but so far known only from gardens in Japan and England. Series II. HUMILICAULES. : Group 1. ARCUATAE. 30. Sedum Ewersii Ledebour (fig. 45). S. Ewerst Ledebour “Flora Altaica,” 2, 191, 1830. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Pétersbourg, 29,136. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, li. 591. Hooker fil. and Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 102. Clarke in Hooker “Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 421. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Ledebour, “‘ Icones Plant. Ross.,” tab. 58. Regel, ‘‘ Garten- flora,’’ tab. 295. Wooster, ‘‘ Alpine Plants,’’ 1, pl. 30. Tvans. Russian Hort. Soc., 1860, tab. 21. A well-known species, long in cultivation, distinguished among the purple-flowered Sedums by its semi-trailing habit and opposite pairs of entire clasping leaves. Unlike most of the Telephium section, the new stems arise, not from buds at the base of the old stem, but from the lower part of the stems themselves, so that eventually a much-branched, low twiggy mass is formed, which is bare in winter. DESCRIPTION.—A glaucous herbaceous perennial, dying back in winter to a short spreading, much branched twiggy rootstock. Stems round, smooth, un- branched, the barren ones spreading, the flowering ones longer (6-12 inches) ascending or spreading. Leaves sub-opposite, entire or faintly toothed, fleshy, glaucous, sessile, about # inch long by # inch broad, those of the barren shoots and the lower ones of the flowering shoots orbicular to broadly ovate or obovate, rounded and not clasping at the base, longer than the internodes ; upper leaves of the flowering shoots cordate and clasping, shorter than the internodes. In- florescence a dense terminal umbellate cyme, 1-2 inches across, surface convex. Buds ovoid, bluntly pointed. Flowers purplish pink, nearly 4 inch across, as long as the pedicels. Sepals linear-lanceolate, separate nearly to the base, glaucous. Petals ovate-lanceolate, acute, purplish pink, more than twice the sepals, wide-spreading, the nerve on back green near the tip. Stamens shorter than the petals, filaments pink, anthers dark purple. Scales whitish or yellowish, oblong, notched. Carpels erect, pink, shorter than the stamens, erect in fruit. Flowers August-September. Hardy. HABITAT.—Western Himalayas to the Altai, Soongar, and Mongolia. Var. homophyllum var. nov.* (fig. 46). Much smaller than the type. Stems 2-3 inches long, flowering ones but little longer than the barren ones; shoots dying back less far in proportion during winter and producing many very short, small shoots below. Leaves of both * Quam typo multo minus. Caules 5-8 cm. longi; caules floriferi caules steriles parum superantes. Folia caulium sterilium et floriferorum integra, obovata, nec amplexicaulia, 13-16 mm. longa, 6-9 mm. lata, quam in typo glauciora. Folia emarcida persistentia. Pedicelli quam in typo longiores, graciliores ; carpella paullum majora, stamina aequantia. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 97 Q WA a) NaN A, aN whi se Ve Cig a SS. BINA y Ng aN se sen ve tis Hy 4 Ay AY) ‘Su =: S\ ONE ay ent ASS TSH is () Vide, ee Fic. 45.—S. Ewersii Ledeb. VOL. XLVI. 98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. flowering and barren shoots entire, usually obovate, not clasping, }-§ inch long by }-$ inch broad, more glaucous than in the type; withered leaves persistent in winter. Flowers as in type, save that the pedicels are longer and slenderer, and the carpels rather larger, equalling the stamens. . A curious little plant, found in gardens under the name of S. cyaneum, but quite different from S. cyaneum Rudolph. I was at first inclined to treat it as a distinct species, but its flowers are practically identical Fic. 46.—S. Ewersii Ledeb. var. homophyllum nov. with those of S. Ewersiz, and its leaves with those of the barren shoots of that species. It is a dwarf form of Ewersi, in fact, in which the characteristic elongate flowering shoots with long internodes and clasping leaves are not produced, the flowers (to use an Irish bull) being borne on the barren shoots. It differs also from typical Ewersi in being a very shy flowerer. “ Var. turkestanicum”’ is a garden name found in many nurserymen’s lists, sometimes as a species. None of the plants which I have seen under the name were in any way distinct, or worthy of varietal rank. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 99 S. Ewersti is a well-known garden plant, exhibiting very little variation. Var. homophyllum I have had from Kew, Wisley, the Chelsea Physic Garden, and Mr. E. A. BowLEs, in all cases under the name cyaneum. For the true S. cyaneum, see p. 100. _ 31. Sedum cauticolum Praeger (figs. 47, 48). S. cauticolum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 54, 41, 1917. Nearest to the well-known S. Sieboldit, from which it differs in its opposite stalked (not ternate sessile) leaves, lax leafy inflorescence, Fic. 47.—Sepals and carpels of (a) S. Sieboldii, (b) S. cauticolum. carpels tapered below (not abruptly contracted into a short stalk), and other characters. DESCRIPTION.—A glaucous herbaceous perennial. Rootstock rather thickened, emitting several stems above and several long fleshy tapered roots below, and also slender white subterranean shoots, bearing opposite small colourless scale-like leaves ; these shoots come to the surface and produce stems _ several inches from the parent plant. Stems slender, procumbent or low-arching, about 6 inches long, smooth, round, dark purple. Leaves opposite (occasionally alternate), glaucous, paler on back, finely dotted with purple, especially on back, orbicular-spathulate, 1 inch long by # inch broad, very blunt at apex, bearing about two blunt teeth on each side in the upper part, narrowed below to a distinct petiole. Inflorescence a terminal lax very leafy flattish umbellate cyme, the uppermost bracts rhomboid-lanceolate ; pedicels very slender, exceeding the flowers. Buds ovate-lanceolate, blunt, ribbed, the ribs glaucous green, the furrows red. Flowers 4 inch across, rosy purple. Sepals small, glaucous, linear- lanceolate, acute, dotted purple, divided to the base. Petals 4 times the sepals, lanceolate, acute, concave, wide-spreading, on face rosy purple turning white at base, on back purple along the edges, whitish dotted purple down the centre. Stamens equalling the petals, filaments pink, anthers red. Scales straight, wide-spreading, oblong, retuse, colourless. Carpels erect, slightly shorter than the stamens, bright rosy purple mottled white, cuneate below, styles erect nearly equalling the ovaries. Flowers September-October. Hardy. HasitatT.—Cliffs of southern coast of Yezo, Japan. A pretty and interesting species, sent by Prof. MIyABE from the University Botanic Garden of Sapporo with the note “ sp. aff. S. Sie- boldit with opposite leaves and early-flowering habit.’ In British 00 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Zs zy QZ A CX FA Z ee DY ZRENY: SAA ANB LAX ti E77 ON! “PR \\ ZG, | / AN YY Fic. 48.—S. cauticolum Praeger. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. Iof gardens it commences to bloom in September, three weeks before the well-known S. Szeboldit. Named from its growing on cliffs. 32. Sedum Sieboldii Sweet (figs. 47a, 40). S. Sieboldii Sweet ex Hooker, Bot. Mag., tab. 5358, 1863. Maximowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 136. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, li. 5901. ILLUSTRATION.—Bot. Mag., loc. cit. A handsome Japanese member of the Telephium group, first described from English specimens cultivated as long ago as 1839. Its arching habit, roundish sessile glaucous leaves in threes, and rosy-purple flowers, distinguish it from any other species. It is the last to flower of all the Old World Sedums. DEscRIPTION.—A glaucous herbaceous perennial. Root a tuft of small carrot-like tubers. Stems many, unbranched, 6-9 inches long, low-arching, smooth, round, red. Leaves ternate, sessile or subsessile, nearly orbicular, slightly cuneate below, fleshy, flat or concave, glaucous, sometimes flushed red, Margin sinuate or bluntly toothed in upper half, red. Inflorescence a compact terminal flattish umbellate cyme about 2 inches across, with many small ovate bracts; pedicels enlarged upwards, about as long as the flowers. Flowers nearly 4 inch across, pink. Buds obovoid, purplish, with red markings and greenish ribs. Sepals deltoid, acute, dark green, separate nearly to the base. Petals thrice the sepals, pink, broadly lanceolate, acute, spreading, minutely hooded at the tip. Stamens spreading, the epipetalous ones equalling the petals, the others slightly longer, filaments pink, anthers purple. Scales oblong, trun- cate, curving upwards, flushed orange except when young, entire or slightly emarginate. Carpels short, broad, erect, pink with linear markings of a deeper tint, abruptly narrowed below into a distinct white stalk, styles short. Flowers October. Hardy. HABITAT.— Japan. It is hardy, but is most frequently seen as a greenhouse or cottage- window plant. Slugs are fond of it. Its nearest ally is S. cauticolum, which differs in its opposite stalked leaves, leafy inflorescence of darker flowers, and other minuter characters. Named in honour of P. F. von SIEBOLD (1796-1866), author of valuable works on the flora of Japan. f. foliis medio-variegatis. A form with a large splash of yellow occupying the middle of the leaf. A favourite pot-plant. A good coloured plate will be found in “‘ Illustration Horticole,”’ tab. 373. 33. Sedum Tatarinowii Maximowicz (fig. 50). S. Tatarinowu Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 134, 1883. A pretty species, with fleshy leaves of a distinctive shape—narrowly lanceolate with large teeth—and terminal clusters of pinkish flowers. I02 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. "JOOMS 119109915 *"S— "6b “DIT A Pa 5 a a) Ag D =) ‘D, go oi ZX j Ni) t) iY) UY), > Q ‘ie Spe Le, NG ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 103 TN VEZ A A We NA re SF Fic. 50.—S. Tatarinowii Maxim. I04. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. It may be recognized by its thickened rootstock with tuber-like roots —characteristic of the Telephium group—and its leaves and flowers as above. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial. Rootstock thickened, with small carrot-shaped tuberous roots. Stems annual, many, 4-6 inches long, erect or arching, round, smooth, unbranched, leafy. Leaves alternate, fleshy, shortly stalked, linear-lanceolate, blunt, flat on face, rather rounded on back, 4 to 1 inch long, with a few large scattered teeth ; upper leaves narrower, very fleshy. Inflorescence flattish, corymbose, 1 inch or more across, rather dense. Buds ovate, blunt, pink. Flowers shorter than the pedicels, 4} inch across. Sepals green, fleshy, linear, rather acute. Petals 4 times the sepals, ovate-lanceo.- late, acute, wide-spreading, pinkish white. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales white, longer than broad. Carpels white, erect, equalling the stamens, erect in fruit ; styles pink. Flowers July-August. Hardy. HaBITAT.—North China. , A pretty plant, not in cultivation, so far as I am aware, until 1913, when Mr. F. N. MEYER, of the American Legation at Pekin, sent to Kew specimens collected by him at 3,000 métres at Hsiao Wutai Shan, Chihli, China. Named after ALEXANDER TATARINOW, author of a catalogue of Chinese drugs (1856). Group 2. REPENTES. 34. Sedum Anacampseros Linn. (figs. 51, 52). S. Anacampseros Linn., ‘“‘Species Plantarum,” 430, 1753. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 501. SynonyM.—S. rotundifolium Lamarck, “ Flor. Frangaise,” 8, 83, tab. 8. ILLUSTRATIONS.— De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 33. Lamarck, loc. ctt. ‘‘Bot. Mag.,” pl. 118. Reichenbach, ‘‘ Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 48. - Cusin and Ansberque, “‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,” tab. 8. Plenck, ‘‘ Icones Plant. Medicalium,” tab. 353. A well known and distinct garden plant, abnormal in the Telephium section in its creeping habit and the presence of barren shoots. Its long, sinuous, bare, decumbent stems, entire rounded leaves, and dense heads of dull purple flowers, sufficiently distinguish it. It occurs in two forms :—(a) TyPica, with orbicular to obovate glaucous leaves about ? inch long by # inch broad and prostrate habit ; and (b) MAjus mihi, of stronger, more erect growth with longer greener leaves (up to 14 inch long by 4 inch broad) and larger inflorescence. DESCRIPTION.—A procumbent glaucous semi-evergreen perennial. Stems long, procumbent, occasionally rooting, sinuous, bare below, smooth, round, ascending and leafy above, the flowering shoots about 6 inches high. Leaves of barren shoots alternate, sessile, flat, comparatively thin, entire, obovate to orbicular, rounded above, sometimes slightly retuse or apiculate, 4-1 inch long by 4-? inch broad, tapered below ; those of the flowering shoots larger, ovate, cordate, withasmall flatspur. Inflorescence cymose, very dense, surface convex. Buds ovate, blunt, plum-colour. Flowers not opening widely, } inch across, dull purple, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals lanceolate, blunt, glaucous, separate nearly to the base. Petals purple on. face, glaucous-purple on back, ovate- lanceolate, blunt, ;3; inch long, } longer than the sepals. Stamens equalling the petals, filaments purple, anthers yellow or purplish. Scales spathulate, thrice as long as broad. Carpels erect, equalling the stamens, styles short. lA \ & | Ki un & x S y SY, Pal Fic. 52.—S. Anacampseros Linn. 106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Flowers July-August. Hardy. HABITAT.—Alpine rocks from N. Spain to the Tyrol. The form majus has been sent to me from the Alps by Mr. E. A. BowLes along with the type, and I have seen it in several gardens. The name Anacampseros is that of a genus of Portulaceae, and is derived from the Greek anakambto, ‘‘ to cause return,” and eros, ‘‘ love.”’ 35. Sedum eyaneum Rudolph (fig. 53). S. cyaneum Rudolph in Mém. Acad. Pétersbourg, 4, 341, 1811. Maxi- mowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 135. ILLUSTRATION.— Rudolph, Joc. cit.,t.2. Regel, ‘‘ Gartenflora,” tab. 972, fig. 2. Much the smallest of the Telephium section, but with the character- istic facies of that group, and recognizable by its entire glaucous SS IRS Fic. 53.—S. cyaneum Rudolph. obovate-oblong leaves and heads of rosy purple flowers. Somewhat resembles the var. homophyllum of S. Ewersit. DESCRIPTION.—A small creeping deciduous glaucous perennial 2-3 inches high in flower. Stems slender, prostrate, creeping, branched. Leaves alternate or opposite, flat, fleshy, sessile, entire, blunt, 2—+ inch long, 1-}inch broad, the lower obovate-oblong, those of the flowering shoots oblong or oblong-linear. Inflorescence a terminal, rather lax corymb. Flowers openly campanulate, rosy lilac. Sepals ovate-oblong, half the petals. Petals + inch long, ovate. Stamens 10, the epipetalous ones adnate 4 way up, equalling the petals, the others longer. Scales thick, cuneate-linear. Carpels shortly stalked, lanceolate, with slender styles. HABITAT.—Siberia, Kamtschatka. Very rarein cultivation. REGEL (loc. cit.) figured it from living speci- mens, and it was included in Regel and Kesselring’s sale list. Plants received from them did not grow. I have seen it in Miss WILLMOTT’S garden at. Warley, but during several years it has not flowered with her, nor did plants which she kindly gave me produce blossom. The above description is therefore taken mainly from MAXIMOWICZ (loc. c1t). ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 107 The figure (fig. 53), such as it is, conveys an idea of the appearance of the plant, the barren shoots being drawn from the living plant, and the inflorescence added from the plate in “ Gartenflora.”’ Apparently the leaves are irregular in their arrangement. RUDOLPH and MAXIMOwICZ say they are alternate ; so does LEDEBOUR (fl. Rossica, 2, 182). REGEL figures them as opposite, but says alternate in the accompanying description. In Miss WiLLMorTT's plant they are opposite. Named from the lilac-glaucous hue of the leaves. SECTION IV.—GIRALDIINA. [Section GIRALDIINA Diels in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., 36, Beibl. 82, p. 48, 1905. Founded to include two Chinese species—S. Scallanit Diels and another undescribed. Allied to section Telephium, but differing especially in possessing only five stamens. Neither species is in cultivation. | SECTION V.—AIZOON. Section A1zoon Koch, Synopsis, 259, 1836. Perennial. Rootstock thickened, roots slender. Stems annual (except S. hybridum). Leaves flat. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-parted, bright yellow. Hardy East Asiatic plants. A small and compact group confined to N. and N.E. Asia. The Species vary considerably in habit, from tall and erect to creeping, but the flowers, and in most cases the leaves, are very similar. Seven out of the nine species are in cultivation. The two not in cultivation are S. Stkokianum Maxim., resembling a slender S. kamtschaticum, and S. Yabeanum Makino, the only one of the section with entire leaves ; both are natives of Japan. A1zoon Linn. kamtschaticum Fisch. and Meyer. Selskianum Regel. floriferum Praeger. Middendorfianum Maxim. hybridum Linn. Ellacombianum Praeger. MaximowlIcz divided S. hybridum from the rest by its fruiting carpels “‘lanceolati basi connati erectopatuli,”’ those of the others being “ oblique ovati ad 4 imam v. ultra connati indeque stellato- patentes.” In fig. 54 the full-grown fruit of the species in cultivation has been drawn (excepting S. Selsktanum, of which good fruit was not available), one carpel. being removed to show the amount by which they are connate. It will be seen that the characters used by MAXI- MowIcZ are evident, but that they are not at all striking, a well-marked gradation being observable ; this gradation does not accord well with characters of flower, stem, and leaf. The group, indeed, does not 108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. divide itself naturally into sub-groups, though many of the species stand out clearly by individual characters—Selskianum by its dense hairiness, floriferum by its much-branched stems, hybridum by its vy wy Fic. 54.—-Carpels of species of Aizoon section (the front one removed to show degree of attachment). a, S. Aizoon; b, Ellacombianum; c, kam- tschaticum ; ad, floriferum; e, hybridum; f, Middendorfianum. All X 2. creeping stems and barren shoots. Azzoon and hybridum vary greatly in some characters, and Middendorfianum has two distinct forms: this tends to render more difficult the separation of this closely allied group of species. 36. Sedum Aizoon Linn. (figs. 54a, 55, 56). S. Atzoon Linn., “Species Plantarum,” 430, 1753. Maximowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 143, 1883. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, 11. 267. SYNONYMS.—S. Mavximowiczii Regel, ‘‘ Gartenflora,’’ 1866, 353, tab. 528. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 268. S. Woodwardii N. E. Brown in Kew Bulletin, 1912, 390. S. Selskianum of many gardens (not of Regel and Maack, see p. 112). S. Laggeri (a nomen nudum) of some gardens. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 101. Regel, ‘‘ Garten- flora,”’ tab. 528 (as Maximowiczii). An old garden plant, usually grown under the name Maximowiczi or Selskianum. (Other names under which the plant came to me are aizordeum, Alberti, asiaticum, euphorbioides, kamtschaticum, Laggert, scabrum, and Wallichianum.) The only species with which it might be confounded is the true Selsktanum, but the latter is hairy all over, and has narrower leaves and smaller flowers borne in larger numbers, S. Aizoon is unique among the well-marked group to which it belongs, in its thickened carrot-like tuberous roots, which resemble those which characterize the Telephium section; these are well shown in a young plant, as figured (fig. 56). It is generally at once recognizable by its group of stout, erect, smooth stems a foot or more high, and dense flat cyfnes of yellow flowers. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous herbaceous perennial, quite leafless in winter, without barren shoots. Mootstock large, thick and knotted. Moots elongate, fleshy and tuberous. Stems arising in spring from the rootstock, several or many, erect, smooth, subangular, green, usually turning brown abruptly towards the base, unbranched or with axillary branches above, 1-1} foot high. Leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, alternate, 2-3 inches long, usually rather blunt, sharply toothed above, narrowing at base to a short stalk, green, midrib prominent on the paler underside. Inflorescence a dense terminal flattish leafy cyme 14-3 inches across, of about 5 forked branches with flowers in the forks, leaves often forming a loose involucre. Buds ovate-oblong, often acute. Flowers WN Ay a A wh ne LP Fin Se Fic. 55.—S. Aizoon Linn. II0 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fic. 56.—S. Aizoon Linn. | ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 111 sessile, yellow to orange, 4 inch across. Sepals green; linear, blunt, and terete in upper half; widening below to a broad base. Petals nearly twice the sepals, linear-lanceolate, apiculate, yellow to orange, wide-spreading. Stamens spreading, nearly equalling the petals, yellow, anthers ovate. Scales white, broader than long. Carpels at first erect, spreading later, yellow, often becoming orange or red, spreading widely in fruit. Flowers July. Hardy. HaBITAT.—Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, China, Japan. S. Maximowiczit Regel is, according to Maximowicz (loc. cit.), whose knowledge of the North Asiatic Sedums was unequalled, the form of A1izoon found in cultivation in Japan—very tall, large-leaved, and large-flowered. Recent Japanese writers agree in this view. S. Woodwardu N. E. Brown is undoubtedly referable to S: Azzoon. The type specimen in Kew Herbarium is poor, but by the kindness of the late Mr. ROBERT WOODWARD, in whose garden the plant appeared as a seedling, I received fine specimens taken from the original root. These represented a rather broad-leaved form, lax from growing in rich soil in half shade; each of the special characters—such as the rather obtuse dentition, obliquely obovate leaves, and very lax in- florescence—on which the species was founded, has disappeared when the plant has been grown under ordinary conditions in my garden, and the plant as now growing differs in no way from ordinary S. Azzoon. (See Journ. of Bot., 55, 215.) Several varieties of S. Azizoon have been described, based on differ- ences in stem and leaf characters, such as var. latifoliuum Maximowicz, ‘Flor. Amurensis,” 115, and Regel, ‘‘ Flor. Ussuriensis ’”’ 70, a small branched form with very large leaves; var. saxatilis Nakai, ‘“ Flor. Koreana,’’ small and branched with narrow leaves; and var. floribunda Nakai loc. cit., very talland narrow-leaved. These may be of importance locally as geographical forms, but in the garden a continuous range is found, among which it is not possible to select any as outstanding and worthy of varietal names in a botanical sense. My collection came from some fifty different garden sources, ranging from Japan on the east to Canadaonthe west. Among them the chief variations observed were as follows :— (1) Habit—Some very erect, some rather diffuse. (2) Branching.—A strong stem will often bear many axillary branches, and any stem will branch if the growing point is injured, but some forms were branched invariably. (3) Inflorescence.—Typically terminal, very compact, involucrate ; but the cyme-branches may be lengthened, ptoducing with the en- larged leaf-like bracts a lax flat inflorescence 6 inches across; or the terminal flower-head, in conjunction with others borne on axillary branches, may form a hemispherical inflorescence half a foot across. (4) Leaf-form.—Outline from linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate (see fig. 56), and dentition from obscure to bold, and from blunt to acute. (5) Pigmentation.—From bright green in stem and leaf, clear yellow in flower, and bright green in fruit, to dark red in stem, dark green in ~ II2Z2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. leaf, deep orange in flower, and red in fruit, the highly pigmented con- dition being known in gardens as var. auvantiacum ; it forms a hand- some plant, and for cultural purposes deserves its distinguishing name. — Var. scabrum Maximowicz is scabro-papillose throughout, and common in some parts of China ; but I have not observed any tendency in this direction among the cultivated forms. . Azzoon is the name of a genus of Portulaceae. The word signifies “always alive,” and its application to a species of Sedum is obvious. « Hybrid S. Aizoon X kamtschaticum hybr. nov. (fig. 57). DESCRIPTION.— Rootstock twiggy like kamtschaticum, rather than woody like Aizoon. New shoots arising in autumn from points near the base of the old stems and remaining short and leafy during the winter, as in kamtschaticum, not arising in spring from points on the woody rootstock as in Aizoon. Stems de- cumbent or ascending at base, remainder erect, resembling hamtschaticum below and Aizoon above, 6-8 inches long. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, in shape and colour identical with some Aizoon forms, not oblanceolate as in hamtschaticum, less toothed than typical Aizoon. Inflorescence rather lax, very leafy, of three dichotomous branches with flowers in the forks, resembling kamtschaticum rather than Aizoon. Flowers rich orange-yellow, 4—5 inch across, rather larger and brighter than typical Aizoon ; in relative length of sepal to petal agreeing with kamtschaticum, not with Aizoon. Flowers in June, along with kamtschaticum, a fortnight before Aizoon. Fruit aborted, seeds sterile. Hybrids are so rare in the genus Sedum that this plant is of some interest. S. Azzoon is a very variable species, but the exactly inter- mediate character of the present plant as between the two suggested parents, and the infertile seeds, render its hybrid origin almost certain, since S. Aizoon does not vary perceptibly in the direction of kam- tschaticum, and since both parents are normally very free in their production of seed. Probably a natural hybrid of garden origin. Received from Wisley (no. 45/15) as kamtschaticum, and a plant practically identical was seen in the Cambridge Botanic Garden. 37. Sedum Selskianum Regel and Maack (fig. 58). S. Selskianum Regel and Maack in ‘‘Tentamen Flor. Ussuriensis,”’ 66, 1861. Maximowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 145, 1883. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 268. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Regel and Maack, loc. cit., tab. 6, fig. 9-11. Regel, ‘¢ Gartenflora,” tab. 361. Trans. Russian Hort. Soc., 1862, tab. 87. Nearest to S. Aizoon, which it resembles in habit, but easily known by its very hairy stems, hairy narrower leaves, and more numerous smaller flowers. DESCRIPTION.—A hairy herbaceous perennial. Stems annual, arising in autumn, erect, 1-14 foot high, rather slender, round, purplish, shaggy with spreading or deflexed white hairs half as long as the diameter of the stem ; barren stems none. Leaves, alternate, flat, scarcely fleshy, sessile, bluntly pointed, toothed in upper half, dark shining green, finely hairy on both faces, ciliate, midrib hairy below, about 2 inches long, the lower lanceolate-oblong narrowed at base, the upper linear-oblong rounded at base. Inflorescence a large, very leafy dense umbellate cyme, 2-4 inches across, of about 5 twice-branched hairy branches ; uppermost bracts lanceolate, very small. Buds ovate, acute, with Fic. 57.—S. Aizoon X khamtschaticum. VOL, XLVI. II4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. LAY i" GENYES ALE: by si a Fic. 58.—S. Selskianum Regel and Maack. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I15 sepals spreading above. Flowers bright yellow, j—-inch across, pedicels very short, hairy. Sepals green, very fleshy, linear-lanceolate, usually glabrous, nearly erect, blunt, % the petals, separate nearly to the base. Petals broadly lanceolate, acuminate or apiculate, wide-spreading, golden yellow. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals, the epipetalous ones free to the base, filaments yellow, anthers orange. Scales small, quadrate, yellowish. Carpels slender, nearly erect, equalling the stamens, tapering into the styles, contracted at the base, wide-spreading in fruit. Flowers August. Hardy. HasiTatT.—Manchuria. . The plant is very rare in cultivation. The name is common enough in lists, and I obtained plants from a large number of different sources, but all were wrongly named, being mostly Azzoon, kamtschaticum, or Ellacombianum. I found the true plant at last in the Botanic Garden at Hamburg, and have to thank Dr. C. H. OSTENFELD of Copenhagen for kindly obtaining for me roots from there while direct communi- cation was cut off owing to the war. MASTERS’ remarks (loc. cit., p. 268) seem to indicate that the plant was less rare in gardens forty years ago. Named after ILARION SERGIEWITSCH SELSKY, Secretary of the Siberian branch of the Russian Geographical Society in Irkutsk. 38. Sedum Middendorffianum Maximowicz (figs. 54/, 59). S. Middendorffianum Maximowicz, “ Prim. Flor. Amurensis,”’ 116, 1859. Maximowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29,146, 1883. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, il. 267. Allied to Azzoon, Ellacombianum, kamtschaticum. The type has narrower leaves than any of these, but the var. diffusum closely re- sembles in leaf some of the hybridum forms. From Aizoon, Midden- dorffianum is distinguished by its slenderer growth, narrower leaves bearing only a few teeth near the apex, smaller flowers, etc. The narrow leaves alone will distinguish it from the spathulate-leaved Ellacombianum. It differs from kamtschaticum in its unbranched stems, denser inflorescence and smaller flowers ; hybridum stands apart in its creeping habit, many barren shoots, linear sepals and fruit not spreading horizontally ; and floriferum differs in its branched stems and sepals linear or even broader above than below. As pointed out by MAxImowIcz (‘‘ Primitize Flor. Amurensis,”’ 116), there are two forms :—(r) with stems erect, crowded, comparatively short, densely leafy, leaves toothed near the apex, inflorescence com- pact; and (2) stems longer, decumbent, rooting at the base, leaves less crowded, very long, toothed from the middle up, inflorescence larger and more lax. As an additional character it may be added that the leaves of the second are usually broader than those of the first. Both these forms are in cultivation at Petrograd and in British gardens. Intermediates are rare, and the two differ so much in general appearance that it appears desirable to distinguish them. The original description of MAXIMOWICZ covers both plants ; MASTERS applied the ; () cA \ SED (i) er bi : JSG aN xe x 2 Fic. 59.—a, S. Middendorffianum Maxim.; 6, S. M. var, diffusum Praeger. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 117 name minor to the narrow-leaved form ; but it appears better that the form which MAXIMOWICZ mentions first (which is also that to which MIDDENDORFF’S own specimens belong, and which is much the com- moner in cultivation) should be taken as the type, and it is the plant of my description. The other form is described separately below. Description.—A glabrous tufted perennial, without barren stems. The stems die down in autumn: next year’s stems arise in late summer from near the base of these, remain short and leafy during the winter, shoot up, flower and die during the succeeding season. fRootstock thick, much branched upwards. Stems many, 6-12 inches, erect, round, smooth, slender, unbranched, leafy. Leaves numerous, alternate, spreading, narrow, concave, nearly linear, about 14 inch long by + inch broad, sessile, fleshy, with several small teeth near the apex, entire in the lower two-thirds. Inflorescence a leafy flat-topped umbellate cyme, of several (usually 4) forked branches with flowers in the forks, about 1inchacross. Bracts leaf-like, the uppermost entire. Buds ovate, acute, ribbed. Flowers yellow, = inch across, the lowest shortly pedicelled, the rest sessile. Sepals green, spreading in bud ; obtuse, linear and terete in upper part ; widening below to a broadish base. Fetals bright yellow, 14 times to twice the sepals, lanceolate, acute, keeled, wide-spreading. Stamens % the petals, filaments yellow, anthers orange. Scales very short, whitish. Carpels greenish-yellow, erect, becoming red and stellate in fruit. Whole plant turning red in fading. Flowers July-August. Hardy. HABITAT.—East Siberia, Northern Manchuria. A distinct and pleasing little plant, most resembling S. hybridum, but with more or less erect stems densely clothed with narrower leaves, and without creeping, barren shoots. Rare in cultivation. I have received it from the late Canon ELLACOMBE, Messrs. Backhouse of York, and Cunningham Fraser & Co. of Edinburgh, and from Petrograd. Named in honour of A. T. VON MIDDENDORFF, whose travels in Northern Siberia in 1843-4 first made known many of the plants of that region. Var. diffusum var nov.* (fig. 59, 3). DESCRIPTION.—Stems longer than in the type, more or less decumbent, tending to root at the base. Leaves larger, lanceolate to linear-spathulate, 1-2 inches long, by } inch broad, sharply toothed in upper part, teeth up to } inch deep, inflorescence lax, 2-3 inches across. 39. Sedum Ellacombianum Praeger (figs. 540, 60, 61). S. Ellacombianum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 54, 41, 1917. A distinct species, widely spread in cultivation, but till recently undescribed, having been confused with Aizoon, Selskianum, kam- tschaticum, and hybridum. Itis far removed from the second and fourth of these—Selskianum being tall, hairy, narrow-leaved and smaller- flowered, and hybridum standing apart from all the rest of the Aizoon section in its creeping habit. S. Ellacombianum is nearly related to * Caulis quam in typo longior plus-minus decumbens, nonnunquam basi radicans. Folia majora, lanceolata vel lineari-spathulata, 2°5—5 cm. longa, 6 mm. lata, in parte superiore acutidentata, dentes ad 3 mm. longi; inflorescentia laxa, 5-8 cm. lata. 118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3 NW a SS Fic. 60.—S. Ellacombianum Praeger. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I19g Atzoon and kamtschaticum, combining some of the characters of each of these species. It resembles Aizoon closely in inflorescence, flower, and fruit, the only reliable difference in these features appearing to be that in Edla- combianum the fruiting carpel is deeper above owing to a bulging of the inner edge, than in Azzoon : in consequence it is more abruptly contracted into the beak, and its upper edge lies almost horizontally, instead of sloping inwards (compare a, }, fig. 54). It differs from Aizoon in the absence of a much-thickened rootstock and tuberous Telephium-like roots, in its light-green colour, in its numerous arching stems (not tall and erect), and its spathulate crenate-serrate leaves (not lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate sharply serrate) (fig. 61). It resembles S. kamtschaticum in its rootstock much branched up- wards, forming a tangle above the surface of the ground, the new stems arising from the lower part of the old ones (not direct from the thickened VV Fic. 61.—Leaves of S. Ellacombianum. x 1. rootstock as in Atzoon), and prolonged downwards into strong branching tap-roots bearing dense tufts of short fibrous rootlets. It differs from kamtschaticum in its stems never branched, light (not dark) green in colour, broader crenate (not serrate) leaves, dense inflorescence, smaller flowers (2 inch instead of # inch diameter), sepals 4 (instead of 4) the length of the petals, and absence of red coloration in flower or fruit. DEscRIPTION.—A smooth herbaceous perennial, forming a compact more or less hemispherical tuft about 6 inches high. Rootstock much branched upwards, ultimate branches slender, prolonged downwards into one or more thick tap- roots much branched below, and bearing tufts of rootlets. Stems annual, arising in spring, all flowering, numerous, unbranched, spreading, 4-6 inches long, smooth, round, reddish below. Leaves opposite, rather crowded, 14 inch long by # inch broad, flat, fleshy, bright fresh green, rather paler on back, obovate to spathulate, tapering below to a very short petiole, crenate-serrate above with 4-6 teeth on either side and a large rounded terminal tooth. JIJnflorescence com- pact, leafy, flat, umbellate, about 14 inches across, of 3 to 5 branches with a flower in the centre; branches forked with a flower in the forks; each flower subtended by a bract, the lower ones leaf-like, the uppermost linear and very small. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers generally clear yellow, without admixture of orange or red, $ inch across, lower ones shortly stalked, upper sessile. Sepals green, blunt, linear and terete in upper %, lower part broadening considerably. Petals bright yellow, wide-spreading, lanceolate, acute, keeled, twice the sepals. Stamens spreading, yellow, slightly shorter than the petals, the epipetalous ones nearly free, anthers often tinged reddish. Scales whitish, about as long as broad. I2Z0 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Carpels erect, yellow, equalling the stamens, narrowed rather abruptly into the long slender styles, wide-spreading in fruit, when they are green or red. Flowers July-August. Hardy. HABITAT.—Japan. This species is very poorly represented i in herbaria. The only infor- mation I have been able to glean as toits habitat is derived from a speci- men (the only representative of the species in the British Museum) from HAnce’s Herbarium, collected as kamtschaticum at Hakodate, Japan, by MAXxIMowIcz in 1861 ; so that the plant belongs to N.E. Asia, as would be expected from its affinities. To judge from its wide dis- tribution in gardens it is evidently long in cultivation. I have seen it in, or received it from, England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Japan, and Canada, under the names of Azzoon, Selski- anum, hybridum, kamtschaticum, spurium, serotinum, etc. Plants from all these countries—from some twenty different sources in all—have been grown in my garden. They show that the plant is remarkably constant in character, though belonging to a group, several species of which display much variation. The only divergence from the type that I have observed is in a plant at Glasnevin, in which the flower- branches are longer, making the inflorescence larger and laxer—3 to 4 inches across. The only specimen in the Kew Herbarium is labelled ‘‘ Sedum —, Kew Gardens, Sept. 18, 1901. Legit N. E. Brown,” which shows that that botanist, who paid much attention to the Kew Sedums, had noticed its peculiar characters. Dedicated to the memory of Canon H. N. ELLACOMBE, who first urged me to undertake a revision of the cultivated Sedums. 4o. Sedum kamtsehaticum Fisch. and Meyer (figs. 54c, 62). S. kamtschaticum Fischer and Meyer, ‘Index Seminum Hort. Petropol.,” 7,54, 1841. Maximowicz in Bulletin Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 145, 1883. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 463. SYNONYMS.—S. Brownii (or Braunii) and S. Lehmanni (all nomina nuda) of some gardens. ILLUSTRATION.— Wooster, ‘‘ Alpine Plants,” 2, pl. 22, 1874. A handsome plant, with dark-green foliage and large orange flowers ; often confused with some of its allies of the Aizoon section, but easily distinguished. From S. hybridum, which it most resembles in general appearance, it is separated by the absence of barren stems and of creeping habit, laxer inflorescence, larger flowers, sepals broaden- ing below (not linear), and stellate (not semi-erect) fruit. S. Midden- dorfiianum differs in its unbranched stems, narrower leaves, denser inflorescence, and smaller flowers; S. Ellacombianum in its light-green colour, broader leaves, unbranched stems, denser inflorescence, and smaller flowers ; S. floriferum in its linear sepals, smaller flowers, etc. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous perennial without barren shoots. Rootstock thick and woody, much branched upward, branches twiggy. Stems arising in ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. rar ( : py . VE) re GZ Iie a Z ar US y/ A Ld), y Pd. x Ay SQ \ Pic. 62.—S. kamtschaticum Fisch. and Meyer. I22 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Jate summer from near the base of the flowering stems, remaining short and leafy throughout the winter, shooting up, flowering. and dying in the following season ; ascending, 6-9 inches long, round, unbranched at first, but producing axillary flowering branches when the main stem has flowered. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile, 1} to 2 inches long, obovate to spathulate, toothed in upper third, entire and tapering in lower two-thirds, dark green, shining, margin minutely papillose. Inflorescence of lax terminal umbellate cymes, bracts small, lanceolate, entire. Buds ovoid, acute, with orangeribs. Flowers orange-yellow, 8inch across. Sepals green, broad below, narrowed half way up to a linear blunt end. Petals orange-yellow, lanceolate, apiculate, keeled, twice the sepals or rather more. Stamens nearly as long as the petals, filaments yellow, anthers orange. Scales whitish, broader than long. Carpels yellow, slightly exceeding the stamens, erect in flower, wide-spreading in fruit, changing as the flower fades through orange and crimson to brown. Flowers June to September. Hardy. HABITAT.—North-eastern Asia, as far south as Corea and Central China. . Common in cultivation, and generally correctly named. Much more constant in character than most of the section, and little excuse exists for its sale under such names as Brown, Braun, Lehmannt, lividum, Maximowicztt, pallidum, and portulacoides. Its name kam- tschaticum commemorates the region from which it was first described. f. variegatum. With a broad irregular marginal band of white on the leaves. A handsome rock-garden plant, the variegated foliage combined with the orange flowers producing a showy effect. At. Sedum floriferum Praeger (figs. 54d, 63, 64). S. floriferum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 56, 149, 1918. Allied to S. kamtschaticum and S. hybridum, and in many respects intermediate. It shows close affinity to the latter in its sepals, which are linear or oblanceolate, not wide at the base as in most of the section, and in the size and appearance of its flowers; its leaves also are nearest to those of hybridum. But instead of being evergreen with perennial creeping stems as in that species, it has the growth-form of kamtschaticum, the stems arising in autumn, remaining short during the winter (fig. 63, a), and flowering and dying in the following season; the carpels also are those of kamtschaticum, though one-third smaller, as in hybridum. From both hybridum and kamtschaticum it differs in the tendency of its stems to produce many short axillary floriferous branches, which give the plant a bushy and very distinct appearance. DESCRIPTION.—A_ glabrous sub-evergreen perennial. Rootstock woody, knotted, roots thickened. Stems many, annual, arising in autumn, ascending or decumbent, red, somewhat scabrid, about 6 inches long, leafy, branched in upper half or two-thirds, branches axillary, leafy, short, wide-spreading, often numerous, bearing cymes similar to the terminal one. Leaves sessile, spathulate- oblanceolate, dark green, up to 1} inch long by ? broad, tapered and entire below, toothed in upper third, crowded, blunt ; those of the branches similar but much smaller. Inflorescence of terminal and lateral flattish, rather dense cymes I-2 inches across, each usually of three forked branches with flowers in the ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 123 forks, lower bracts resembling the leaves, upper ones small entire. Buds ovate- lanceolate, bluntly pointed, ribbed. Flowers 4 inch across, yellow, the lowest — < =e: z SSI af es} um Fae =e ae . & Wrz d ZN f ——s d tt 2 \ 5 ae y roe : ——— | j AN 3 | Fic. 63.—S. floriferum Praeger. shortly stalked, rest sessile. Sepals green, unequal, wide-spreading, very fleshy, linear to oblanceolate, blunt, separate almost to the base. Petals yellow, wide- I24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. spreading, lanceolate, acute, twice the sepals, with a short mucro behind the tip. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals, spreading, filaments greenish, anthers reddish-yellow, the epipetalous ones attached 3 way up to the petals. Scales small, quadrate, entire, greenish, translucent. Carpels erect at first, later spreading, greenish-yellow, equalling or shorter than the stamens, slender, com- pressed laterally ; styles long, slender, erect, capitellate. Flowers late July and early August, after S. kamischaticum and before S. hybridum. Hardy. The stems begin their axillary branching as early as May, whereas in kamtschaticum, if branches are produced, they mostly arise sub- sequent to the primary flowering in June, and proceed from the lower, not the upper, leaf-axils. In strong plants of S. floriferum the axillary branches may be as many as twenty in number ; in less strong plants SK WOOL Fic. 64.—Immature shoot of S. floriferum. x I. they are often sub-umbellate, being grouped round the apex of the stem ; in weak plants they may be absent (fig. 64). The flowers have the size and rather greenish-yellow colour of those of hybridum, not the golden-yellow and large size of kamtschaticum. The plant comes true from seed. The peculiar branching of the stem which is characteristic of this species is also found, to a less extent, in S. Yabeanum Makino, a recently published Japanese species of the Aizoon section, not in cultivation, which is described as having ‘‘ stems often provided with a few sterile branches at the middle portion.”’ (Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 17, ro.) HasitaT.—N.E. China. Seed was sent by Mr. LIARDET from Wei- hai-Wei in rgr1, to Kew, where the plant has been grown since without a name. To this species may be referred a curious specimen in the British Museum. It is labelled ‘‘ Chifu. aest. 1872 (F. B. Forbes ),’”’ and is ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I25 from HANCE’s herbarium. It has a straight fasciate stem and numerous axillary branches, some of which bear flowers. The stem is more scabrid than in the living plant, but otherwise the specimen agrees satisfactorily with S. floriferum. Chifu lies only fifty miles from Wei- hai-Wei. Named from the abundance of its flowers. 42. Sedum hybridum Linn. (figs. 54¢, 65). S. hybridum Linn., “ Species Plantarum,” 431, 1753. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 147, 1883. Mastersin Gard. Chron., 1878, li. 463. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Reichenbach, ‘‘ Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 64. Nov. Comm. -Sac. Sctent., Gottingen, 6, tab. 5, 1776. Among the broad-leaved, yellow-flowered, hardy Sedums this variable species may be always recognized by its numerous barren stems and creeping habit. Its linear sepals also separate it from all its allies except S. floriferum. Its style of growth recalls the pink- flowered S. spurium rather than any of the Aizoon group, but, unlike that species, it possesses the thick woody rootstock which is characteristic of its section. It varies considerably in size; in colour (from light green to dark green flushed with red) ; in size of flower (from % inch to { inch in diameter), the largest-flowered forms having very broad sepals ($ inch wide) and petals (,°, inch wide) and broad leaves (see fig. 65, upper half) ; and in shape of leaf, the width ranging from one-fourth to three-fourths of the breadth. The narrow-leaved forms closely resemble the broad-leaved form of S. Middendorffianum, but the creeping habit, linear sepals, &c., distinguish the former. The average plant most resembles S. kamtschaticum, but in addition to the characters of habit, sepals, and fruit already mentioned, its unbranched flower-stems and smaller leaves and flowers give it a different appearance; the orange and red tints which so frequently adorn kamtschaticum are absent, and instead a greenish hue pervades the buds and fading flowers, and the fruit is green. DEsScRIPTION.—An evergreen perennial, forming a loose mat, with barren and flowering shoots. Mootstock becoming thick and woody. Stems creeping and branching, round, bare; branches ascending, leafy, about 6 inches long. Leaves alternate, glabrous, about 1 inch long by } to 4 inch wide, oblanceolate to spathulate, coarsely toothed in upper half, entire and tapering in lower half, scarcely stalked, green, teeth often tipped red. Jmnflorescence a terminal, much branched, leafy, umbellate, flattish cyme about 2 inches across; bracts resembling the leaves, uppermost very small, entire. Flowers yellow, $ inch across. Buds oblong, pointed, with greenish ribs and spreading sepals. Sepals green, unequal, linear to oblong, subterete, distant, blunt, persistent in fruit, calyx-tube very short. Petals yellow, twice the sepals, wide-spreading, lanceolate, concave, with a short mucro behind the hooded tip. Stamens % the petals, filaments yellow, anthers orange. Scales small, whitish. Carpels greenish- yellow, with long subulate styles, compressed, green or red, erect in flower and semi-erect in fruit, connate only at the very base. Flowers sparingly in May, more abundantly in August and September. Hardy. I26 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mg RON SGN mae? ~ Ba é vy = He cS ¢f) - ~ ax< 4 t x | ORT Fic. 65.—S. hybridum Linn. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I27 HABITAT.—East and Central Siberia ; Mongolia. It is unusual among Sedums in having a double flowering period ; the spring bloom is borne by a few of the strongest shoots of the autumn, and a more abundant bloom appears in late summer. Described as being scabrous, but this character is not apparent in my plants to any appreciable degree. Frequent in cultivation, but often under erroneous names, such as Aizoon and dentatum. The name chosen by LINNAEus for the species conveys the false impression that it is a hybrid. SECTION VI.—MEXICANA. MEXICANA (Secito nova). Perennial. Roots fibrous. Rootstock thickening horizontally, or contracted. Stems tufted, erect (at least at first), usually biennial, dying to the root after flowering, the succeeding set usually arising while the preceding set is flowering, so that the plants are evergreen. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-parted, mostly white, very rarely red or yellow. Tender Mexican plants. Series I. SEDASTRUM Rose (p70 genere). Stems (6-12 inches high) arising from Sempervivum-like basal rosettes of leaves, which may continue for a year or more before they shoot up to flower. Carpels hollowed behind the scales. A rather distinct group of soft, fleshy, often downy, Mexican plants, which Rose has considered sufficiently distinct to form a genus, but the only feature which they possess not found in any other Sedums is the peculiar depression in the lower part of the outer face of the carpel, into which the hypogonous scale is pressed. A somewhat similar hollowing out to receive the scales is found in the #efzals of S. indicum Hamet. glabrum nov. comb. ebracteatum Mog. and Sessé. pachucense nov. comb. rubricaule nov. comb. Hemsleanum Rose. chapalense S. Watson. 43. Sedum glabrum nov. comb. (fig. 66). SyNoNYM.— Sedastrum glabrum Rose in ‘“‘N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 58, 1905. A well-marked member of the Sedastrum group, differing from all the rest in being completely glabrous throughout. The red markings on its white petals are also characteristic, and very rare in the genus Sedum. DESCRIPTION.—Totally glabrous, pale green, very fleshy. ootstock soft, very fleshy, spreading horizontally. Barren stems extremely short. Flower- ing stems erect, round, smooth, leafy, about 8 inches long (Rose). Leaves alter- nate, those of barren stems forming a lax rosette, oblong-obovate (ovate—Rose), not narrowed at base, obtusely pointed at apex, flat or concave on face, much rounded on back, 1} inch long, nearly } inch broad, } inch thick; those of the 128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. flower-stems similar but smaller. Inflorescence terminal, slightly branched, few- flowered, with small leaf-like bracts below the sessile flowers. Flowers flattish, % inch across. Sepals unequal, ovate, blunt, very fleshy, 4 to } the petals, pale green. Petals broadly ovate, obtuse, patent above, wavy, white with a purple midrib and a cluster of vein-like purple markings on either side of it, } way up from the base. Stamens equalling the petals, adnate in the lower third, filaments Fic. 66.—S. glabrum nov. comb. greenish, anthers reddish. Scales minute, ovate, greenish, set in a slight hollow in the carpels. Carpels stout, ovate, strongly mammillate, streaked and dotted with purple, at first erect, later slightly spreading, tapering into short, straight, erect styles. Flowers August. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Saltillo, Mexico. Received from Washington. The plant as figured here was not yet fully grown. 44. Sedum pachucense nov. comb. (fig. 67). SyNONYM.— Sedastrum pachucense C. H. Thompson in Trans. Acad. Sciences, St. Louis, 20, 21-22, pl. X., 1gIt. ILLUSTRATION.—1.c. (photo.). f A well-marked Sedastrum, with dense, small Sempervivum-like leaf-rosettes and tallish few-flowered stems. It comes very near ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 129 S. Hemsleanum Rose, but its rosette-leaves are long, oblanceolate to spathulate (not orbicular), and its stem-leaves linear-oblong and Fic. 67.—S. pachucense nov. comb. glabrous (not linear or lanceolate, puberulent), sepals lanceolate (not broadly ovate), styles short (not long, slender). DEscRIPTION.—A very fleshy, evergreen perennial. Barren stems extremely short, bearing Sempervivum-like leaf rosettes. Flowering stems fleshy, weak, smooth, green with short longitudinal purple lines, 6-8 inches long. Leaves of rosettes alternate, sessile, oblong-spathulate, rather acute, flattish on face, rounded below, very fleshy, bright green, hairy chiefly on the edges, }-1 inch VOL. XLVI. K I30 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. long ; leaves of flowering branches sessile, linear-oblong, blunt, reflexed, almost smooth, shining, }inch long. Inflorescence lax, of a terminal, and short lateral cymes. Flowers nearly sessile, white, $ inch across. Buds ovate, blunt, with strong green ribs. Sepals leaf-like, very fleshy, blunt or bluntly apiculate, lanceolate, slightly unequal, wide-spreading. Petals ovate, acute, wide-spreading, 4 longer than the sepals, slightly greenish white, furrowed down the middle. Stamens erect, nearly equalling the petals, the epipetalous ones attached near the base, filaments white, anthers pale purple. Scales yellow, linear, twice as long as broad, curved upwards, set in a shallow oval dark-green hollow of the carpel with a raised lip, giving the appearance of an oval dark-green scale with a yellow median portion. Carpels papillose, turgid, very erect, slightly spreading later, shorter than the stamens, green, sometimes dotted purple on the edges, styles erect, very short. ; Flowers January. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Mexico: Pachuca, Hidalgo, and apparently elsewhere. Plants kindly sent me by Dr. Rose, labelled as S. Hemsleanum Rose, collected in Mexico by C. A. Purpus in 1905, clearly belong to the recently described S. pachucense ; at that time the two species had not been separated. 45. Sedum Hemsleanum Kose. S. Hemsleanum Rose in Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3, 41, 1903. SynonyM.— Sedastrum Hemsleyanum Rose in ‘‘N, Amer. Flora,” 22, 58, 1905. ILLUSTRATION.—Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 20, pl. 11, 1911 (photo). Very near the last species, under which the differences between the two are indicated. As mentioned under S. pachucense, plants received from Washington as Hemsleanum proved to belong to the former species; but according to Thomson (/.c.) both species are in cultivation at St. Louis. DESCRIPTION.—‘‘ Perennial, caulescent, 1-3 dm. high, branching, puberulent. Inflorescence an elongated panicle ; flowers sessile, arranged along one side of the axes ; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long; petals white, 4 mm. long, ovate, acuminate; carpels 5, tipped with long, slender styles.’—Rose, loc. cit. Flowers winter. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Mexico. 46. Sedum ebracteatum Mog. and Sessé (fig. 68). S. ebracteatum Mog. and Sessé ex De Candolle ‘‘ Mémoire Crassul.,”’ 37, 1828; Hemsley, ‘“ Biol. Centr. Amer.,” 1, 394. Synonym.—Sedastrum ebracteatum Rose in ‘‘N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 59. Pa EARL IY 4 Candolle, J.c., pl. 6, B. Saunders’ ‘ Refug. Botan.,” pl. ; The most familiar member of the Sedastrum group, which Dr. Rose raises to the rank of a genus, and which is characterized by its basal dense leaf-rosettes, flowering-branches dying back to the base after flowering, and ovate carpels hollowed behind the scales. The present species is a lax, weak, tall, fleshy plant, with very pubescent stems and pubescent very broad leaves. It comes nearest S. rubri- caule Rose, which is stated to differ in its much less pubescent and purplish (not green or only slightly purplish) stem, &c. (but plants . ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 131 Fic. 68.—S. ebrvacteatum Mog. and Sessé. I32 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. : sent to Kew from Washington named rubricaule were indistinguishable in flower from ebracteatum). DESCRIPTION.—A bright green, fleshy, soft, downy perennial, forming basal rosettes which shoot up, flower, and die in the following season. Rootstock horizontal, very fleshy, greenish, knotted with the round, flat scars of former stems above, bearing shortish, fleshy roots below. Stems of the barren shoots extremely short, bearing a loose rosette of leaves an inch across ; those of the flowering shoots a foot high, erect, stout, round, finely hairy, unbranched, green, or marked especially above with many short purple longitudinal lines, leafy. Leaves alternate, soft, very fleshy, downy on both sides, ovate, very broad at base, bluntly pointed at apex, flat on face, rounded on back, bright greén ; those of the barren shoots crowded in a rosette, those of the flowering shoots patent or deflexed, clasping, exceeding the internodes, aninchlong. Inflorescence terminal, very lax, 2-3 inches long and broad, of 3 to 5 alternate axillary few-flowered almost bractless branches. Flowers sessile, whitish, 4 inch across. Buds ovate, very blunt. Sepals equal or nearly so, downy, very fleshy, ovate, divided half way down, rather acute, wide-spreading, more or less dotted with purple. Petals white with a greenish nerve, ovate, acute, patent, twice the sepals. Stamens erect, nearly equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers yellow. Scales ovate, blunt, fleshy, greenish, translucent. Carpels stout, erect, equalling the stamens, hollowed out behind the scales, styles short, whitish. Flowers October. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Hidalgo, Mexico. Long in cultivation, though very rarely seen. Saunders figured it in 1871 from specimens in his glass-houses, and gave plants to Kew. I owe my plant to the kindness of Dr. Rose and of the Director at Kew, where the species is still in cultivation; received also from La Mortola, and seen in the Botanic Garden at Dresden. In “ North American Flora’”’ (loc. cit.) the sepals are described as ‘‘ very unequal and leaf-like.’”’ This character is not mentioned or shown in the descriptions or figures of De Candolle, Hemsley, or ‘“ Refugium Botanicum,” and in the living and dried specimens which I have examined the sepals are small, ovate, and regular. The name refers to the poor development of bracts on the — inflorescence. 47. Sedum rubricaule nov. comb. Sedastrum rubricaule Rose in ‘‘N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 59, 1905. DESCRIPTION.—‘‘ Stems about 30 cm. high, somewhat pubescent, greenish below, purplish above. Basal rosettes dense; leaves ovate, thick, rather obtuse ; stem-leaves acutish, bright green; flowers on ultimate branches 3 or 4, sessile; calyx green, cleft to near the middle; petals broadly ovate, white; stamens erect; anthers yellowish; carpels erect.’’-—Rose, Joc. cit. HABITAT.—Mexico. Not hardy. Described by RosE from specimens which flowered in Washington inzg03. Idonot know the plant; specimens sent to Kew from Wash- ington which flowered in 1917 proved indistinguishable from S. ebrac- teatum, and there is little in the description to separate it from that species. The stems of rubricaule are stated to be mere hairy and more suffused with purple than in its ally, and the leaves ovate instead of obovate or spathulate; but according to the original description the leaves of S. ebvacteatum are ovate, and HEMSLEY describes them as oval-oblong. So far as I have had an opportunity of studying ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 133 S. ebracteatum, it varies as regards hairiness and colour of stem and shape of leaf sufficiently to include S. rubricaule. The name refers to the red colour of the stems. 48. Sedum chapalense S. Watson. S. chapalense 5. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad., 22, 411, 1887. SyNonyM.—Sedastrum chapalense Rose in ‘‘ N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 59, 1905. Distinguished from the other Sedastrums in cultivation by its small size (about 4 inches high), glabrous stems (though the leaves are slightly pubescent), and thin stem-leaves. Plants sent from Washing- ton by Dr. Rose unfortunately died before flowering, so I have not had an opportunity of studying the plant. DESCRIPTION.— Stems stout, about 4 inches high, much branched above, glabrous, yellowish-green. Leaves slightly pubescent, those of the barren shoots rosulate, obovate, or ovate, rather acute, 4 inch long, stem-leaves rather thin. Flowers sessile, arranged along one side of the branches, 5-parted. Calyx slightly pubescent, lobes unequal, oblong-ovate, rather acute. Petals oblong-ovate, acute, t inch long, white. Stamensio. Scalessmall. Carpels equalling the petals. HABITAT.—Mexico. Not hardy. The above description is taken from those of S. Watson and Rose (Joc. ctt.). Named after the type locality, Chapala. Series II. ALAMOSANA. Small (3-6 inches high). Leaf-rosettes absent, or small and lax. Stems annual or lasting up to eighteen months. Carpels not hollowed behind the scales. alamosanum S. Watson. lenophylloides Rose. mellitulum Rose. bellum Rose. Cockerellit Britton. versadense Thompson. Wrighttt A. Gray. diverstfolium Rose. botosinum Rose. 49. Sedum alamosanum S. Watson (fig. 69). S. alamosanum S. Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad., 25, 148, 1890. “N. Amer. Flora,’’ 22, 62, 1905. A handsome little Mexican species, near to S. mellitulum, with which it has been confounded. The very dense-leaved glaucous young shoots, few-flowered inflorescence, bright-red buds, reddish-white flowers, and early vernal blooming, sufficiently distinguish it from S. mellitulum, which is laxer and greener in growth, with longer leaves, a compact, flattish inflorescence, greenish-white buds, and quite white flowers which open in autumn. __DESCRIPTION.—A small glaucous perennial. Stems tufted, erect, afterwards diffuse, often slightly branched, 3~5 inches long. Leaves crowded, } inch long, linear-oblong, blunt, ascending, very glaucous, ultimately reddish, covered, save I34 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. on face, with minute pimples. Cymes terminal, small, few-flowered. Buds brightred. Flowers % inch across, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals spreading, qeis ey Mat ae rae = — ov Bi Ss Cay >} oars x4 —_ yf i a, Hear Li} p SS, a S317 18 Mr Rae AL it AN Meee , UNA Pe RN Wood Fic. 69.—S. alamosanum S. Watson. lanceolate, blunt, papillose like the leaves, very fleshy, equalling the petals. Petals broadly lanceolate or elliptic, acute, wide-spreading, ultimately sharply reflexed in upper half, reddish-white with a silvery sheen. Stamens §% the petals, spreading, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales rather large, thrice as long as broad, whitish, linear, truncate, emarginate. Carpels short, reddish-white, erect. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 135 Flowers February-March (gentle heat), March-April (cold frame). Not hardy. Hasitat.—Mountains of North-Western Mexico. The stems of alamosanum.arise in autumn or winter, grow erect and unbranched till the following autumn, when they become straggling and branch slightly at various points, each branch bearing in the fol- lowing spring a few flowers at its summit ; the stems die after flowering. In these respects they are closely paralleled by those of the green- leaved and yellow-flowered S. diversifolium. ‘The corolla, when fully expanded, is flat, and with the equally long and similarly coloured calyx, gives the effect of a ten-petalled pale-reddish flower. Received from the Botanic Gardens of Washington and New York, also from the Edinburgh and Cambridge gardens in Great Britain. Named after the Alamos Mountains, Sonora, Mexico, where it was first collected. 50. Sedum mellitulum Rose (fig. 70). S. mellitulum Rose in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb., 18, 299, 19II. ILLUSTRATION.—Loc. cit., pl. 57 (photo). A neat little plant, easily known by its tuft of erect stems a few inches high, clothed with linear leaves and terminating in a flattish cyme of white flowers. For some years confused in America with S. alamo- sanum, but that has shorter, more glaucous leaves and few-flowered cymes with bright-red buds and pale-reddish flowers ; it flowers, more- over, in early spring, while S. mellitulum blooms in autumn. DESCRIPTION.—A small, slender glabrous tufted perennial, without barren shoots. Stems lengthening in spring from short autumn shoots and dying after fruiting, slender, terete, reddish, rough with minute papillz, 3-4 inches high, some- times slightly branched. Leaves alternate, green, ultimately reddish, linear- subulate, blunt, terete, slightly spurred, }-$ inch long, set at right angles to the stem ; young leaves glaucous, densely papillose. Inflorescence flattish, 1-2 inches across,'of 2-3 wide-spreading simple or forked branches with flowers in the forks. Buds ovate, pointed, ribbed, enclosed and exceeded by the cup-shaped calyx. Flowers nearly 4 inch across ; pedicels slender, shorter than the flowers. Sepals green, resembling the leaves, wide-spreading, slightly spurred, separate to the base. Petals clear white, ovate, acute, greenish on back, equalling or slightly ex- ceeding the sepals. Stamens nearly equalling the petals, wide-spreading, filaments white, anthers crimson. Scales short, cuneate, retuse, tipped orange. Carpels white, erect, slightly shorter than the stamens, styles divergent. Flowers September-October. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Sierra Madre, Mexico. A pretty plant, as its name implies (mellitulus=little darling). It appears to prefer half shade to full sunlight, and dries up easily. 51. Sedum Cockerellii Britton (fig. 71). S. Cockerellut Britton in Bulletin New York Bot. Gard., 8, 41, 1903. ‘N. Amer. Flora,’ 22, 67. Cockerell in Gard. Chronicle, 25 Jan. IQIQ. A small, pale-green plant, recognizable among the white-flowered Mexican species by its flat, spathulate pointed root-leaves, narrowly lanceolate stem-leaves, linear sepals, and lanceolate petals. | 136 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DESCRIPTION.—A small glabrous evergreen perennial. Roots fibrous. Stems annual, smooth, round, arising in autumn, bearing a small tuft of leaves during the winter. Flower-stems erect or ascending, from 2 inches (my plants) to 8 inches (Britton description) high, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, glabrous, flat, fleshy, sessile, shortly spurred ; the basal ones spathulate, bluntly pointed, tapered below, 4 inch by } inch or more; the upper linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 4 inch by 4 inch (in my plants), $ inch to 1 inch by } inch (Britton). Fic. 70.—S. mellitulum Rose. Inflorescence a terminal 2-3-branched cyme, 1 inch (to 2 inches) across. Buds ovate-lahceolate, ribbed. Flowers white, 4 inch across. Sepals green, leaf-like, long, linear, rather acute, slightly unequal, slightly spurred, separate nearly to the base. Petals wide-spreading in the upper part, narrowly lanceolate (to linear oblanceolate—Britton), acute, a little longer than the sepals, } inch long, white, grooved. Stamens spreading, slightly shorter than the petals, filaments pink, anthers purple. Carpels slender, erect, shorter than the stamens, pink. Flowers August. Not hardy. HABITAT.— Mountains of New Mexico. My specimens, which were received from the Smithsonian Insti- tution, did not grow freely, nor did Some of them which were cultivated ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 137 at Glasnevin ; the description made from these small plants has been supplemented therefore by notes from the description in “ North Fic. 71.—S. Cockerellit Britton. American Flora.’’ Some further information is contained in Prof. COCKERELL’Ss note (Joc. cit.). The name is in honour of T. D. A. COCKERELL, the first collector of the plant. 52. Sedum Wrightii A. Gray (fig. 72). S. Wrighttt A. Gray, ‘“‘ Plantae Wrightianae,” 1, 76, 1852. Rose in rey /Amer.\Elora,\) 22,72. A pretty little Sedum, not closely resembling any other species in cultivation. Partly on account of the way the little, thick obovate leaves readily drop off and root, a close tuft of tiny bright-green rosettes is formed around the fleshy rootstock, from among which leafy flower-stems rise, often decumbent under their own weight, bearing small white, rather bell-shaped, flowers, the lower part of the petals being erect, the upper part spreading, broad, apiculate, hiding the blunt oblong sepals. The carpels are purple on the inner face. DESCRIPTION.—A small glabrous evergreen perennial. Jootstock fleshy, large, decked during winter with many minute leaf-rosettes, some of which elongate in summer into smooth, round, leafy flowering stems, erect (at least at first), 3-4 inches high (in cultivated plants ; 8-20 inches according to Rose), simple or branched. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, extremely fleshy, flat above, very convex beneath, obovate to rhomboidal, tapering at base, rounded or bluntly pointed at apex, minutely papillose especially when young, bright green, becoming smaller, narrower, and dotted with red above, about % inch long by 4 inch broad at base of flowering stem, half that size on barren shoots and at top of flowering stem. Inflorescence terminal, compact, flattish, of 2 or 3 usually simple branches, an inch across. Buds oblong-ovate, the corolla almost hidden by the long erect sepals. Flowers almost sessile, $ inch across. 138 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sepals large, very fleshy, oblong, blunt, rather unequal, green dotted with red, resembling the upper leaves, equalling the erect part of the corolla. Petals erect below, wide-spreading above, oblong-obovate, obtuse, apiculate, white, with a greenish keel on upper part of back and a groove on face. Stamens shorter than the petals, spreading, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales spreading, cuneate, ® Fic. 72.—S. Wrightii A. Gray. as broad as long, yellow. Carpels white, purple on the inner face, erect, with diverging styles, shorter than the stamens. Flowers September-October (cold frame). Not hardy. HABITAT.—South-western North America. Received from the Smithsonian Institution by the kindness of | Dr. Rose. The plants were collected in Mexico by Dr. PALMER. Named after CHARLES WRIGHT, the first collector of the plant. 53. Sedum potosinum Rose (fig. 73). S. potosinum Rose in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb., 18, 300, 19rI. A distinct, but not very interesting, smallish plant, which may be recognized by its rather creeping habit, pale glaucous-green tint, often with a pinkish flush, blunt, linear, nearly terete leaves, ahd white flowers. It does not resemble at all closely any other tender Sedum in cultivation. DEscrRIPTION.—A smallish, rather weak and brittle, evergreen perennial of a pale glaucous, often pinkish, colour. Stems rooting below, ascending, smooth, round, pink, branched, 3-6 inches high. Leaves of barren shoots crowded, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 139 ascending, blunt, linear, terete, 3 inch to $ inch long, pale often pinkish glaucous green, with a short blunt spur; those of the flowering shoots larger, about 3 inch by 4} inch, linear-lanceolate, rather flattened. Inflorescence cymose, of 2 or 3 small, lax, leafy scorpioid branches, one of them usually longer than the other two. Buds slender, pointed. Flowers % inch across, sub-sessile. Sepals pale-green or pink, fleshy, linear-lanceolate, blunt, separate almost to the Fic. 73.—S. potosinum Rose. base. Petals white, wide-spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, flushed red on back, twice the sepals. Stamens % the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales small, white. Carpels erect, equalling the stamens, white, styles pink. Flowers July (gentle heat) ; August (cold frame). Not hardy. HABITAT.—Mexico. Received from Washington, New York, and Edinburgh; also from Haage and Schmidt, of Erfurt. The name is derived from San Luis Potosi, where the plant grows. I40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 54. Sedum lenophylloides Rose (fig. 74). S. lenophyllotdes Rose in Contrib. from U.S. Nat. Herb., 18, 298, 1911. A distinct little Mexican plant, known by its finely scabrid surface, strict erect stems, with broadly lanceolate leaves usually trough- Fic. 74.—S. lenophylloides Rose. shaped on face, greenish-white petals, and large orange scales. It is not very close to any other species. DESCRIPTION.—A_ slightly scabrid perennial. Rootstock woody. Stems erect, strict, slender, leafy, 2-12 inches high, somewhat branched. Leaves patent, rather crowded, alternate at least above, sessile, entire, broadly lanceolate, tapered at base, bluntly pointed at apex, very fleshy, concave or flat on face, much rounded on back, about 3 inch long, 3; inch broad, ~ inch thick, green when young, purple when old. Inflorescence a short terminal panicle. Sepals ovate, green. Petals lanceolate, greenish white. Stamens 10. Scales large, orange. Carpels at first erect, later more or less spreading, styles long, slender. Flowers September. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Monterey, Mexico. My plants have not done well, but the figure conveys an idea of its habit and leaves. The description is completed from Rose’s diagnosis. The name refers to its resemblance, particularly in leaf, to . Lenophylium, a small genus of Mexican Crassulaceae. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I4I 55. Sedum bellum Rose (fig. 75). S. bellum Rose MS. SynonymM.—S. farinosum Rose in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb., 13, 297, tg1t, pl. 54 (not S. farinosum Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil, Soc., 4, 31, 1831, and ‘ Fl. Madeira,” 1, 325, 1868, which is a Madeiran species allied to S. album, and not, I believe, in cultivation). ILLUSTRATION.—Rose, loc. cit. (photo). A distinct and attractive little plant, not to be confounded with any other Mexican species. The neat, glaucous, spathulate foliage and large inflorescences of white flowers give it a very pleasing appearance. Sent under the name S. favinoswm from Washington and New York, and subsequently from the former under the name of S. bellum. DEScRIPTION.—A mealy-glaucous perennial. Stems nearly biennial, few, leafy? 3-6 inches, unbranched or slightly branched, arising in spring and flowering in the following spring. Leaves sessile, glaucous, entire, spathulate, flat on face, convex on back, covered with minute mealy papille when young, set at right angles to the stem, up to I inch long, decreasing in size upwards and passing into bracts which continue to the summits of the branches. Inflorescence a flattish leafy cyme, large for the size of the plant. Buds ovate, rather acute. Flowers 4 inch across, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals green, fleshy, separate to the base, ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, rather unequal, slightly spurred. Petals spreading, white, ovate, acute, slightly wavy, twice the sepals, with a deep median furrow above. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales small, yellowish, emarginate. Carpels white, spreading, equalling the stamens. Flowers March-April (gentle heat), May (cold frame). Not hardy. HABITAT.—San Ramon mining camp, 80 miles west of Durango City, Mexico. The name refers to its pleasing appearance. 56. Sedum versadense Thompson (fig. 76). S. versadense Thompson in Trans. Acad. Sct. St. Louis, 20, 23, rgrt. ILLUSTRATION.—Loc. cit. pl. 12 (photo). A very pretty and distinct evergreen species, easily recognized by its spathulate downy leaves tipped with red at the apex and on the edges, and pale rose-coloured flowers arranged in a terminal cyme of 2 or 3 drooping branches. DEscRIPTION.—A tufted, downy evergreen perennial, the shoots arising in autumn, growing to a height of 4-6 inches during the following season, and flowering in the spring after that. Stems decumbent at the base, ascending, densely hairy, glabrous in upper part, unbranched, leafy. Leaves very downy, very fleshy, spathulate-cuneate, slightly spurred, with a deflexed bluntly-pointed apex and slightly raised edges, flattish above, much rounded below, green, flushed red at apex and on edges, up to 1 inch by 4 inch. Upper leaves of flowering shoots smaller, narrower, more distant, subacute, glabrous, merging into obovate acute glabrous bracts, one of which subtends each flower. Jn- florescence glabrous, of 2-3 drooping secund branches 1-14 inch long. Buds rosy, ovate. Flowers 2 inch across, the lower ones stalked. Sepals unequal, oblong- lanceolate or oblanceolate-apiculate, not spurred, divided almost to the base, ascending, the tips standing up between the petals. Petals oblong-lanceolate, white, flushed rose in the upper portion, rose on back, deflexed, keeled, slightly exceeding the sepals. Stamens 4-3 the petals, filaments white, anthers bright I42 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. rose-red, wide-spreading. Scales small, spreading, rounded, almost colourless. Carpels equalling the stamens, white, the short styles slightly spreading. by Cal) VA HW) OEM Za (FRY \ !) SY Fic. 75.—S. bellum Rose. Flowers May (gentle heat) ; July-September (cold frame). Very sensitive to frost. HABITAT.—Versada, Oaxaca, Mexico. My plants came from the Missouri Botanic Garden (whence it was first described) and from Washington (unnamed), and Edinburgh (unnamed). ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 143 The glabrous flowering shoot, a couple of inches in length, arises —— * —— - “ES : a — = eae ates - — es Fic. 76.—S. versadense Thompson. from the summit of the hairy shoot of the previous year, the leaves becoming abruptly small and quite glabrous. The species takes its name from the locality where it was discovered. I44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 57. Sedum diversifolium Rose (fig. 77). S. diwersifoium Rose in Bulletin New York Bot. Garden, 8, 44, 1903. ~ N. Amer. Plora,’?22)°73: A delicate, very succulent, fresh green little plant, recognized by its tufted habit, annual stem crowded with shining pellucid leaves very convex on both sides, and few sessile yellow flowers. The leaves fall off very easily and at once form new plants from buds at the point of detachment. DEscRIPTION.—A glabrous tufted perennial. Stems annual, weak, at first erect, unbranched, later decumbent with a few branches, round, smooth, 4-8 inches long. Leaves alternate, those of the young shoots densely imbricate, slightly glaucous, flat, fleshy, papillose, obovate, sessile, 3; inch long; those of the flowering shoots caducous, bright green, crowded, patent, }-4 inch long, very fleshy, very convex on both sides, narrower and smaller near summit. In- flovescence of a terminal flower with one or two on either side. Buds ovate, rather acute. Flowers % inch across, pedicels short. Sepals unequal, ascending, resembling the leaves. Petals clear yellow, wide-spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute, twice the sepals. . Stamens spreading, yellow, ? the petals. Scales whitish, rectangular, longer than broad. Carpels yellow, slightly spreading, shorter than the stamens. Flowers February-March (gentle heat); May (cold frame). Not hardy. . HABITAT.—State of Mexico, Mexico. In his description of the species, Dr. ROSE says that the flowers are pale yellow, inconspicuous, and solitary. In the plants he sent me, and others received from New York, which have flowered at Glasnevin, they are clear yellow, fairly conspicuous, and usually in threes. The young shoots arise in winter, before the old ones have flowered, so that the stems have a life of about 18 months; but the specimens observed by Dr. RosE at Washington and New York bloomed in December. In the young stages they recall those of S. longipes. Named on account of the difference between the young and mature leaves. SECTION VII.—SEDA GENUINA. Section SEpDA GENuINA Koch, “Synopsis Deutsch. und Schweiz. Flora,” 259, 1836; EusrepuM, Boissier, ‘‘ Flor. Orientalis,” 2, 775. Perennial. Stems perennial, creeping or erect and sub-shrubby, bearing barren and annual flowering shoots. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 5- (rarely 4- to 9-) parted. Hardy or tender. This section contains several well-marked groups of closely related species with a defined geographical range, such as the Involucrata (sburium, stoloniferum, proponticum, Steventanum) from the Caucasus region, the Spathulifolia (spathulifolium, yosemitense, rubroglaucum, Hallit, oveganum, divergens) from Western North America, the Rupestria (rupestre, reflexum, altissimum, anopetalum, stenopetalum, pruinatum, amplexicaule) from Europe, with one in America; also a ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 145 number of plants, largely European and Mexican, with few or no close allies, displaying a wide range of characters. The most ~ ae \ veep) ee %) rebel ph ey) Se May, y, ers Sd Dicer Fic. 77.—S. diversifolium Rose. convenient subdivision of this large and heterogeneous section is founded on flower-colour, growth-form, and leaf-shape. Among Old World Sedums, S. populifolium, with its twiggy, erect growth, differs much from-the typical Seda Genuina; but in Mexico many species occur of habit linking up populifolium with the others, and pointing to its inclusion with them among the Seda Genuina. VOL. XLVI. L 146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The anomalies displayed by the Mexican representatives of the section have already been discussed on p. 24. It seems best to widen the definition of Kocu to include the sub-shrubs so characteristic of the Mexican Sedum-flora. Included in the Seda Genuina are also the yellow-flowered Japonica series of Maximowicz from China and Japan (of which SS. Celiae Hamet, japonicum Siebold, lineave Thunberg, multicaule Wallich, sarmentosum Bunge, Chauveaud: Hamet, trullipetalum H. f. and T., variicolor Praeger, Zentaro-Tashivoi1 Makino, are in cultivation), the ovoid-leaved S. nudum and S. lancerotiense from the Atlantic Islands, and the peculiar white-flowered S. Chaneti from China. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE SEDA GENUINA. A. Flowers white. (a) Sub-shrubs. populifolium, retusum, Adolph, frutescens, allantoides, Bourgaet, guadalajaranum, griseum. (b) Herbs. (1) Leaves flat: ternatum, Nevii, adenotrichum, Chaneti, alsinefolium, magellense, monregalense, moranense, Liebmannianum, compactum. (2) Leaves terete or sub-terete: dasyphyllum, brevifolium, anglicum, album, gypsicolum, hirsutum, Lydium, gracile, Alberti. B. Flowers red or purple. (a) Sub-shrub. oxypetalum. (b) Herbs. L (1) Leaves flat: spurium, stoloniferum, proponticum, Stevenianum, rhodocarpum, longipes. (2) Leaves terete: pulchellum. C. Flowers yellow. (a) Sub-shrubs. nutans, praealium, dendroideum, confusum, amecamecanum, pachyphyllum, Treleaser. (b) Herbs. (x) Leaves opposite or whorled: rubroglaucum, divergens Stahlit, Zentaro-Tashirot, Chauveaud1, sarmentosum, \ lineare, mexicanum. (2) Leaves alternate. (i.) Leaves spathulate, flat: Palmert, compressum, variicolor, spathulifolium, yosemitense, Halli, oreganum. (ii.) Leaves not broadest, above (ovate to linear) : humifusum, cupressoides, acre, Siribynyt, oaxacanum, nudum, lancerotiense, japomcum, alpesire, Douglasu, multicaule, trullipetalum, Celiae, multiceps, sexangulare, vupestre, veflexum, altissimum, anopetalum, steno- petalum, pruinatum, amplexicaule. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 147 A. FLOWERS WHITE. (a) Sub-shrubs. Except for the Siberian S. populifolium, which stands quite apart as regards growth-form from all other Eurasian Sedums, the species grouped here are Mexican; of these, Bourgaet, guadalajaranum and griseum are Closely allied to each other. The following white-flowered sub-shrubby species are in cultivation. populifolium Pallas allantoides Rose retusum Hemsley Bourgaet Hemsley Adolpht Hamet _ guadalajaranum S. Wats. frutescens Rose griseum Praeger 58. Sedum populifolium Pallas (fig. 78). S. populifolium Pallas, Reise, 3, 730, tab. O, fig. 1,1776. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, il. 463. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Pallas, loc. cit. De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,”’ tab. 110. Bot. Mag., tab. 211. Revue Horticole, 1857, 150, fig. 6. A most distinct species, standing quite apart in its slender, bushy growth and long-stemmed poplar-like leaves, which fall in autumn. DEscrRIPTION.—A deciduous, glabrous sub-shrub, 1-14 foot high. Roots fibrous. Stem erect, slender, woody, much branched, with thin, smooth, dark purple bark. Leaves alternate, green, flat, fleshy, stalked ; petiole slender, ? inch long ; lamina ovate, cordate, acute, ? inch long, coarsely and irregularly toothed throughout. Inflorescences lax, of terminal, much branched, corymbose cymes. Buds ovoid, blunt, tipped pink. Flowers pale pink or white, } to 3 inch across, smelling of hawthorn. Sepals green, deltoid, 4 the petals. Petals spreading, lanceolate, acute. Stamens slightly exceeding the petals, filaments pinkish, anthers red-purple. Scales white, quadrate, rather longer than broad. Carpels white, erect, shorter than the stamens. Flowers August. HABITAT.—Siberia. Long known in gardens, and deservedly a favourite. It is one of the very few Sedums which have scented flowers, possessing as it does a strong odour of hawthorn. No varieties are recorded. The flowers vary in colour from white to pale pink, and a form received from the Lissadell Nursery, Co. Sligo, has the leaves much less toothed than usual (fig. 78, separate leaf). Appropriately named populi- folium—poplar-leaved. 59. Sedum retusum Hemsley (fig. 79). _ S. retusum Hemsley, “‘ Diagnoses Plant. Nov.,” 8,51, 1880. Hemsley, “ Biol. Centr. Amer., Bot.,” 1,398. “‘ N. Amer. Flora,’ 22, 68. A distinct, erect sub-shrub a foot or so high, easily known by its spathulate leaves deeply notched at the top (but occasionally the notch is absent) and its white flowers with a red eye. S. oxypetalum sometimes bears similar notched leaves, but it is a much larger plant with star-like dull-red flowers, while those of S. vetuswm are rather bell-shaped and have blunt petals. 148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. WA Ni We \ WE JN Wa iis se aie BE ss woe Ws we a go as ON ~ — \\ WE SUNS seve ee Lx | \ (y HO 5 N ZL Hous We AW Wa SN ZEN Ss Fic. 78.—S. populifolium Pallas. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I49 ) ‘Ly, i, at SR ; AY KU GBS Sar Ss V (7 Carla) xe fant 4 a ret a WZ /\ MES eh WAS ¢, iy 2. = \ j tl a GS CAINS Fic. 79.—S. retusum Hemsley. na A { ( I50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous evergreen sub-shrub about a foot -high, much branched, branches ascending. Stem smooth, round, bare and grey below, leafy and rough above. Leaves alternate, green, paler beneath, fleshy, spathu- late, with a conspicuous blunt notch at apex, tapering to a short petiole, slightly spurred, # to 1 inch long by } to $8 inch broad. Inflorescence terminal, 1-2 inches across, very leafy, of 2-4 simple or forked scorpioid branches with short-stalked flowers in the forks, bracts spathulate, not notched. Buds lanceolate, blunt. Flowers % inch across, sessile except the lowest, 5-parted, not opening widely. Sepals very unequal, green, fleshy, oblong-spathulate, blunt, resembling the uppermost bracts, slightly spurred. Petals spreading, white with a red base, oblong-lanceolate, blunt, shortly apiculate, 14 times the sepals, with a green keel on the upper half. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments red below, white above, anthers red. Scales wedge-shaped, orange, longer than broad. Carpels erect, red, shorter than the stamens, tapering into long white styles. Flowers June-July (gentle heat), August-September (cold frame and in the open). Has proved hardy at Dublin; nearly hardy at Waltham Cross (E. A. Bowles). HABITAT.—San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received from Washington and New York, and also (under the name of anopetalum) from Rev. R. H. WitmoT; and Mr. E. A. BOWLES has had it for some years at Waltham Cross. It was also formerly in cultivation at Kew, as shown by an excellent coloured drawing (labelled S. oxypetalum) by Mrs. BERNARD, with notes by J. D. Hooker and W. WarTsoN, preserved in the Kew Herbarium. Apparently irregular as regards the number ofits carpels. HEMSLEY says 6 and RosE 8. In my plants, received from three different sources (though possibly all had a common origin), they are 5. The name has reference to the notch which occupies the apex of the leaf. 60. Sedum Adolphi Hamet (fig. 80). S. Adolpht Hamet in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berlin, 5, 277, 1912. A stout, very fleshy, Mexican evergreen perennial resembling in habit and leaf S. Tveleasei Rose, but easily distinguished by its thinner, firmer leaves, which are yellowish with a reddish flush (not densely glaucous-pruinose), and its larger white (not yellow) flowers, borne on long pedicels. Less nearly related to S. allantoides Rose and S. pachyphyllum Rose, both of which have very blunt terete (not flattened) leaves. DEsCRIPTION.—A loosely bushy, very fleshy, glabrous evergreen perennial. Roots fibrous. Stems with wide-spreading branches, ascending or sprawling, or tortuous when old, smooth, round, about } inch thick, leafy; flowering branches lateral, arising from one of the uppermost leaf-axils, more slender than the barren branches, 3-5 inches long, leafy. Leaves alternate, those of barren shoots rather crowded, set at right angles to the stem, curving upwards, very fleshy, firm, broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, bluntly pointed or sub- acute at apex, narrowing below, sessile, flat on face, about 14 inch long, §$ inch broad, } inch thick, glabrous, yellowish green with reddish margins; those of the flowering shoots similar but smaller, about # inch long by 4 inch broad. Inflorescence compact, hemispherical, about 2 inches across, of several very short branches bearing long pedicels. Flowers ?inch across, white, starry, on slender, pinkish pedicels 4 inch to 2 inch long. Buds slender, bulged % way up, where the stamens are situated. Calyx small, about } inch long, divided about half- ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. I5I Fic. 80.—S. Adolphi Hamet. I52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. way down into unequal teeth, reddish green. fPetals free, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, $ inch long, white, wide-spreading, with a small mucro behind and exceeding the tip. Stamens nearly equalling the petals, filaments slightly taper- ing, white, anthers pale yellow. Scales small, quadrate, bluntly retuse, minutely emarginate, reddish. Carpels erect, slightly exceeding the stamens, white, with long slender styles. : Flowers March-April. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Mexico. With some little hesitation I place the plants from which the above description is taken under Hamet’s S. Adolpmi. The latter was collected in Mexico by PurPus, and grown (from seed) in Berlin. It is not stated whether the description was drawn from living or dried material. My plant was received from New York Botanic Garden under the name S. tortuosum (but that species, as described by HEMSLEY from a single poor specimen in the Kew Herbarium, is clearly different). A plant grown in the Succulent House at Kew without a name, which was received some years ago from Washington and has not flowered since, is identical with my plant so far as leaf and stem characters go. The plant also came to me, in apparently a smaller form, from Missouri Botanic Garden, without a name. No locality is associated with any of these three plants, but they are indubitably, from their affinities, Mexican. The New York plant, which has now flowered at Glasnevin two years in succession, differs from HAMET’S description of S. AdolpM in the larger size of all its parts (for instance, leaves of barren stems about 40 by 15 mm. instead of 28 by 13 mm., petals 9 mm. long instead of 6 mm.), and in other lesser points, but there are no essential differences, and it is apparently a large form of the species. HAMET, in his description, makes no reference to the colour of the leaves and flowers, which distinguish it at a glance from its nearest ally, S. Tvelease1, and indeed from any other Mexican Sedum. 61. Sedum frutescens Rose. S. frutescens Rose in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb., 18, 298, 1911. A shrubby plant with the tree-like growth of S. oxypetalum H. B. and K., but easily separated by its much narrower leaves and white flowers. DESCRIPTION.—‘‘ Leaves linear, flattened, 2 to 6 cm. long, bright green, acute, closely set upon the branches, rounded and free at base; inflorescence a small few-branched cymes ; peduncle 1 cm. or less long ; branches 3 to 4 cm. long; petals white, 5 to 6 mm. long, acuminate; carpels widely spreading.’’— Rose, loc. cit. HaABITAT.—Mexico. Not hardy. Cuttings were kindly sent by Dr. Ross, but the plant proved hard to grow and died out before flowering; therefore ROsE’s description is quoted. A distinct and interesting species. The name refers to the shrubby nature of the plant. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 153 62. Sedum allantoides Rose (fig. 8r). S. allantoides Rose in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb., 12, 440, 1909. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Loe. cit., pl. 79 (photo). Moller’s Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung, 1911, fig. 14 (photo). A characteristic Mexican type, coming near, in foliage and habit, to S. pachyphyllum, which it resembles in its large, blunt, terete, club- shaped leaves. Those of allantoides are wholly blue-glaucous, while the leaves of pachyphyllum are greener and tipped with red. The shoots of pachyphyllum, moreover, are dense and rounded at the tip, owing to the presence of many young leaves, while in allantoides young leaves are usually few and small. In flower, as will be seen by the illustrations (figs. 8r, 123), the two species are very different. DESCRIPTION.—An evergreen, smooth, glaucous perennial. Stem branching below, woody, bare and declining at base, branches leafy, erect, 1 foot high. Leaves alternate, very glaucous, terete, sessile, very blunt, curved upwards, thickest near the tip, inserted at right angles to the stem. Inflorescence lax, paniculate, with cymose branches, 4—5 inches long by 3 inches across. Buds acute, strongly ribbed. Flowers § inch diameter, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals wide-spreading, fleshy, green-glaucous, lanceolate, acute, 4 inch long, tube very short. Petals wide-spreading, greenish white, lanceolate, acute, keeled on back, grooved on face, 14 times the sepals. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers pinkish. Scales yellowish, nearly entire, cuneate, as broad as long. Carpels white, erect. Flowers June-July (gentle heat). Not hardy. HABITAT.—Hills in Oaxaca, Mexico, at over 2,000 métres. Received from Washington; the Kew and Edinburgh Botanic Gardens had it from the same source several years earlier, and, according to MOLLER’Ss Zeitung (supra) itisin cultivation at Darmstadt. | The sepals are variable, being in some plants broader, shorter, and more fleshy than in others (see fig. 8r). The name is derived from the Greek allantos, a sausage, from the shape of the leaves. 63. Sedum Bourgaei Hemsley (fig. 82). S. Bourgaei Hemsley, ‘Diagnoses Plant. Nov.,” 1, rz, 1878. ‘“N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 64, 1905. ILLUSTRATION.—Hemsley, ‘‘ Biol. Centr. Amer., Bot.,” pl. 20. A graceful, comparatively tall (x foot or so), slender plant, allied to S. guadalajaranum S. Wats.and S. grisewm Praeger. Distinguished from both by its stronger growth, leaves green and flattened (not glaucous and sub-terete), bright-red branches and conspicuous long dark-purple scales (not short and yellowish or reddish) ; from the former also by its fibrous (not thickened tuberous) roots, and from the latter by its lax inflorescence. DESCRIPTION.—A sub-shrubby evergreen perennial. Stem slender, smooth, red, erect or ascending, frequently branched, 6-12 inches high, woody and bare below, with many flowering and some barren shoots. Leaves alternate, green, sessile, linear, blunt, fleshy, flattened, 4-$ inch long by ¢ broad by | aS “ZA Fic. 81.—S. allantoides Rose. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION, 155 CTA RNOS YY TA Fic. 82.—S, Bourgaei Hemsley. 156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3g thick, enlarged but scarcely spurred at base. Inflorescence terminal, lax, of about 4 leafy, curved, patent branches, each 1-2 inches long. Buds conical, blunt, with wide-spreading sepals. Flowers shortly stalked, nearly 4 inch across. .Sepals resembling the leaves, very unequal, green, fleshy, blunt, separate to the base, where they are slightly enlarged. Petals white, often tipped red, patent, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, keeled, twice the sepals. Stamens % the petals, filaments white, anthers reddish. Scales linear, thrice as long as broad, dark purple, conspicuous when the flower is viewed from above. Carpels slender, erect, white, equalling the stamens, with long styles tipped red. Flowers June—July (gentle heat) ; August-November (cold frame). Nearly hardy at Dublin. Hardy at Rostrevor. ‘ HaBITAT.—Central Mexico. Named in honour of EUGENE BOURGEAU, indefatigable collector and traveller, who first gathered it. 64. Sedum guadalajaranum S. Watson (fig. 83). S. guadalajavanum S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad., 22, 411, 1887. ““N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 64, 1905. A very slender, sub-shrubby, evergreen species, coming near S. Bourgaet Hemsley and S. griseum Praeger. It differs from both in its thickened rootstock and tuberous roots and very thin wiry stems ; from the former also (to which it comes nearest) in its smaller size, shorter glaucous sub-terete (not green flattened) leaves, shorter, more oblong, less attenuate petals with reddish colour at the base, shorter, less attenuate, green (not white) carpels, and scales short and pale red, not long and dark purple. S. gvisewm is a much stouter little plant, with tapering (not linear) leaves and a dense (not lax) inflorescence. DESCRIPTION.—A rather glaucous, very slender, wiry, sub-shrubby evergreen perennial, less than a foot high. Rootstock horizontal, thickened, with tuberous roots. Stem erect, slender, wiry, round, reddish, branching, bare of leaves below, glandular-rough above. Leaves rather glaucous, narrowly linear, blunt, sub-terete, slightly flattened above, broadest at the base, slightly spurred, 4 inch long. Inflorescence terminal, of 2-3 lax branches with a flower in the fork. Buds acute, surrounded by the erect sepals. Flowers 3 inch across, sessile. Sepals unequal, resembling the leaves, wide-spreading in flower, linear, blunt, scarcely spurred, slightly broader at the base. Petals patent, slightly exceeding the sepals, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, greenish-white, reddish at base, with a reddish keel and red apiculus. Stamens nearly equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers dark red. Scales reddish, rather longer than broad. Carpels slender, erect, light green, with short styles, wide-spreading and red in fruit. Flowers June (gentle heat) ; July-August (cold frame). Not hardy. HABITAT.—-Rio Blanco, Jalisco, Mexico. Received from the New York Botanic Garden. 65. Sedum griseum Praeger (fig. 84). S. griseum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 54, 43, 1917. Allied to S. guadalajaranum and S. Bourgaet, having like them a sub-shrubby habit, very narrow leaves, and white flowers, but it is stouter and more compact than either. S. guadalajaranum is separated at once by its thickened rootstock with tuberous roots, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 3457 Ya OR "Ym WMA Vin » ee == VA WF NY, TAs. A fe SWVZZINUF, sa Oe ow NE (Ne W SEG + ee Ye ; i YP \, Wee. Se 5. (Zz \Y B\Z NW VA j=— y Y y NW x 6 0 ee ES Fic. 83.—S. guadalajaranum S. Watson. 158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. as well as by its much slenderer wiry stems, &c. S. Bourgaei differs Fic. 84.—S. griseum Praeger. in its longer, more erect, red (not greyish) branches, green (not glaucous) linear (not linear-fusiform) leaves, which are flat above (not sub-terete). | ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 159 DESCRIPTION.—A small, erect, glaucous evergreen sub-shrub, 6~—8 inches high. Roots fibrous. Stem smooth, round, dull red mottled and dotted with grey, bare below, much branched, branches spreading. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, linear-fusiform, sub-terete, patent or reflexed, glaucous, blunt, 4 inch long. Inflorescence compact, convex, 1 inch across, very leafy. Buds tapering, slender, . blunt, often curved. Flowers } inch across, pedicels very short. Sepals slightly unequal, green, very fleshy, oblong-tapering, blunt, slightly prolonged below point of insertion. Petals quite free, lanceolate, acute, patent or recurved, white with a slight greenish keel, more than twice the sepals. Stamens nearly equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers red. Scales minute, quadrate, yellowish, with a blunt notch. Carpels green, erect, shorter than the stamens, with long slender styles. Flowers January-February (gentle heat). Not hardy. HABITAT.—No doubt, Mexico. Received from New York Botanic Garden labelled S. Bourgaei No. 2. Also from Haage und Schmidt, of Erfurt, under the name S. farinosim, a misnomer; S. favinosum Lowe is a small Madeiran plant related to S. album ; S. farinosum Rose is a flat-leaved Mexican plant, with no affinity to the present species (see p. I41). Named from the grey colour of the plant. (b) Herbs. (x) Leaves flat. Ten species fall in here, coming from many different parts of the world. S. ternatum and S. Nevit from the United States, are allied, as are also S. morvanense and S. Liebmannianum, from Mexico. The Chinese S. Chaneti stands quite apart. The remainder are small plants not closely related. ternatum Michaux magellense Tenore Nevi A. Gray monregalense Balbis adenotrichum Wallich moranense H.B.K. Chaneti Léveillé Liebmanmianum Hemsley alsinefolium Allioni compactum Rose 66. Sedum ternatum Michaux (fig. 85). S. ternatum Michaux, “ Flor. Bor. Amer.,” 1, 277, 1803. SynonyM.—S. portulacoides Willdenow, ‘‘ Enum. Hort. Berol.,’’ 484. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Bot. Mag., pl. 1977. Bot. Register, tab. 142. Garden, 45, 409. Britton and Brown, ‘“ Illustr. Flor. Northern U.S.,” 2,167. ~ A distinct little plant which, in the arrangement and characters of flowers, shows its affinity to its ally S. Nevit, which inhabits much the same area of North America. It is well distinguished among the hardy Sedums by its broad, entire leaves arranged in threes (from which character it takes its name), and largest near the top of the barren shoots, and white flowers with the parts in fours—the latter an almost unique feature in the genus, if we except the section Rhodiola. 160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DESCRIPTION.—A low, glabrous, evergreen perennial, forming a pale-green tuft, with barren and flowering shoots. Moots fibrous. Stems ascending, rooting below, 3-6 inches high, arising mostly in summer, remaining leafy through the winter, and flowering and dying the following season. Leaves sessile, ternate, obovate, tapered below, rounded or blunt-pointed at apex, flat, fleshy, entire, } to 1 inch by } to 3 inch ; those of the barren shoots largest above, forming a loose rosette at the apex ; the upper leaves of the flowering shoots small, alternate. Inflorescence a 3- to 4-branched cyme, branches patent, each flower subtended by an obovate, rather acute, stalked bract. Buds ovate, 4-angled. Flowers 4-parted, 4 inch across, sessile. Sepals oblanceolate, blunt, WK ; EN, i yy on, gat SWE We Les WARS AYE R Fic. 85.—S. ternatum Michaux. fleshy, separate to the base, pale green. Petals white, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 14 times the sepals. Stamens spreading, equalling the sepals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales yellow, scarcely emarginate, rather longer than broad. Carpels oblong, white, erect, spreading later, stellate-patent in fruit ; styles 4 the carpels. Flowers May-June. HABITAT.—United States east of the Mississippi. Of easy cultivation, preferring a less dry and exposed position than that in which many Sedums feel at home. Not infrequent in cultivation, and usually correctly named. No varieties are on record, and the only one which I have seen is a very dwarf form which was in Canon ELLACOMBE’S garden without ahistory. It differs sufficiently from the type as to deserve a name. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. r6r Var. minus, var. nov.* (fig. 86). Much smaller in all its parts; stem 2~3 inches long, leaves % inch to dinch long; flowers$inchdiameter. The plant retains its relatively small size under varying conditions. } Fic. 86.—S. teyvnatum var. minus nov. Origin not known, but it is probably an indigenous American form. 67. Sedum Nevii A. Gray (fig. 87). S. Nevit A. Gray, “ Manual Botany Northern U.S.,” ed. 5, 172, 1867. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 376. ‘‘ N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 72. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Meehan, ‘‘ Native Fl. and Ferns of U.S.,” ser. I, 1, pl. 22. Britton and Brown, ‘ Illustr. Flora Northern U.S.,” 2, 168. A distinct little American plant, preferring, like its compatriot S. ternatum, a more sheltered and damper spot than is required by most Sedums. It is well distinguished by the pale-green rosettes of its barren shoots and its white five-parted flowers. Not uncommon in cultivation, and constant in character. I find no variation in * Quam typo multo minus, caule 5-8 cm. (nec 8-15 cm.) longo, foliis 1o-13 mm. (nec 25 mm.) longis, floribus to mm. (nec 13 mm.) diametro. VOL. XLVI. M 162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. about ten plants which I have had from as many different sources. One well-marked variety is discussed below. DESCRIPTION.—A small, tufted, pale-green rather glaucous perennial. Stems short, barren shoots forming rather dense rosettes ? inch across, flowering shoots ascending, 3-4 inches high. Leaves alternate, spathulate, entire, upper edges straight and intersecting at a right angle, long-tapered below, about 4 inch by % inch, those of the flowering shoots spathulate-oblong. Inflorescence of three or more patent branches, with a flower in the fork. Buds ovate, acute, con- LN Ni Wie? NM Wii, Fic. 87.—S. Nevit A. Gray. spicuously ribbed. Flowers usually 5- (sometimes 4- or 6-) parted, $ inch across. Sepals green, fleshy, linear-lanceolate, blunt, slightly longer or shorter than the ‘ petals. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute, white, keeled. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales small, white, quadrate. Carpels white, at first erect, later spreading, stellate in fruit ; styles very short. Flowers June. | HABITAT.—Eastern United States, Illinois to Alabama. It is named after its discoverer, Rev. Dr. NEVIUS. Var. Beyrichianum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 55, 211, 1917 (fig. 88). S. Beyrichianum Masters in Gard, Chron., 1878, ii. 376. Plant more diffuse and rather greener. Barren shoots longer, with more distant leaves and a very lax terminal rosette; leaves narrower. Floral parts as in type. I have discussed Masters’ Sedum Beyrichtanum (loc. cit.) and given my reasons for setting it down as a variety of S. Nevi. That it is a ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 163 native American form is shown by a characteristic specimen of it in the British Museum, labelled Nevii, from Peaks of Otter, Virginia, Fic. 88.—S. Nevit var. Beyrichianum Praeger. collected by A. H. CurTIsS in 1872; this is even more diffuse and more slender than the cultivated Beyrichianum. | It has apparently been in cultivation for along time. My specimens came from Glasnevin, REGEL and KESSELRING of Petrograd, and Mr. MurRRAY HoRNIBROOK of Abbeyleix, Queen’s County. 68. Sedum adenotrichum Wallich (fig. 89). S. adenotrichum Wallich, ‘‘ Catalogue’? No. 7231. Hooker fil. and Thoms. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, tor (excluding var. 8). C. B. Clarke in Hooker, “ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 420. SynonyM.——S. anoicum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 52, 1919. ILLUSTRATION.—Saunders, ‘‘ Refug. Botan.,’’ tab. 296. Of the type of the well-known Sedum spathulifolium Hooker and of S. yosemttense Britton (especially as regards its growth-form), and of some of the species which BRITTON places in a separate genus Gormania, the leaves being much like those of Sedum (Gormanta) oreganum Nuttall; but the three species named are all yellow-flowered. In the present plant the rosettes of smooth, spathulate, light-green 164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. leaves, runner-like branches, loose glandular-hairy inflorescences and Fic. 89.—S. adenotrichum Wallich. long-stalked white flowers readily distinguish it from any other species. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 165 DEscRIPTION.—A small, creeping, light-green evergreen perennial, forming a loose mat an inch high when not in flower. foots fibrous. Stems slender, the barren shoots short (1-3 inches), glabrous, diffuse, leafy, the apex bearing a loose rosette of rather larger leaves, and tending to root, and producing in turn similar short axillary spreading branches below and a terminal flower-stem above. Flower-stem erect or inclined, slender, 3-4 inches long, sparingly leafy, glandular-hairy. Leaves alternate, those of the rosettes glabrous, fleshy, quite flat on face with a faint median groove, flattish on back, semicircular at apex, cuneate or attenuate-cuneate below, sessile, shining, § to 1 inch long, } to # inch broad ; those of the barren shoots below the rosettes glabrous, similar in outline, smaller and often much thickened, some even sub-terete in section (see figure) ; those of the flower-stems similar to the last, but glandular-hairy, more distant, and diminishing upwards into minute bracts. Inflorescence a very lax, glandular, hairy panicle of about 6-12 flowers on long pedicels (} to 4 inch) which are decurved before flowering; bracts few, minute. Buds broadly ovate, very blunt, 3;inch long. Flowers white, % inch or a little more in diameter. Sepals very fleshy, flat and smooth on face, glandular-hairy and much curved longi- tudinally and transversely on back, ovate-oblong, rather acute, less than 4 inch long, free almost to the base, green dotted red. Petals oblong-ovate or oblong- obovate, semi-erect and rather broad at base, patent in upper two-thirds, blunt, with a minute well-marked apiculus behind the apex, } inch long, 4 inch broad, hairy along the midrib on the back. Stamens spreading, white, filaments taper- ing, a little shorter than the petals. Scales whitish, twice as long as broad, truncate and retuse at apex. Carpels erect, oblong, yellowish-white, narrowing abruptly into short erect styles. Flowers April-May. HAaABITAT.—Himalayas. This well-marked little species was sent to me with other Sedums from his garden by Mr. Murray HorniBRooK, of Abbeyleix, Queen’s County. He could supply no definite history, and as its presumed home was British Columbia I failed to identify it and described it as new (loc. cit., p. 163). | Its name adenotrichum signifies gland-haired. 69. Sedum Chaneti Léveillé (figs. 90, 91 upper part). S. Chanett Léveillé in Fedde, ‘‘ Repertorium,” 5, 99, 1908. Synonym.—S. pyramidale Praeger in Journ. of Bot. 54, 42, 1917. A remarkable species, very different from any other in cultivation. In the barren stage it may be known by its loose rosette of glaucous, very fleshy, linear, spine-tipped leaves about an inch in length; when in flower, its dense pyramid of bloom is quite distinctive. The stalked carpels of its white flowers are also unusual. DESCRIPTION.—A glaucous perennial, very fleshy and brittle. Barren stems very short, emitting short horizontal axillary branches, sparingly leafy, which produce small leafy rosettes and roots at their extremities. Flower-stems thick, erect, tapering, leafy, 6-12 inches high, with very many short-branched axillary branches throughout. Leaves of barren stems forming loose rosettes, usually linear, straight, entire, sessile, glaucous, slightly rounded on face, much rounded on back, 1 inch long, 53; inch wide, ;2; inch thick, very blunt, tipped with a delicate spine ;'; inch long, often with a smaller spine beside it (fig. 91, a, d, e, f); at certain stages (? normally in winter or in dry periods) forming small, dense, imbri- cate sub-globular spiny rosettes, recalling the winter rosettes of Cotyledons pinosa L., which develop at first into flat, fleshy, cuneate-spathulate spine-tipped leaves, the edges of which in the superior portion of the leaf are quite thin-(see fig. 91, b, c,d); later into linear sub-terete leaves as above ; lower leaves of the flowering stems resembling the linear leaves of the barren stems, merging into oblong = ae ‘ ‘eC Ze < {fs = oe si = oS Os te eee Rai a5 Ass ROK Ne Pee a Lee a FoR %: Kas ie mS Whee SSS SVR DSS ' ee F ee ZX 3 oy QW ry at NVZ os oe Wa" SAY SS 7 3 ONES a Ro ae \4 ING WA ; ° SS aN cRey A Uy 1 ZY. a ~. Way LL YON a s - AW 'S ae ma x3 WI Ay ie SN \ a. ih VAG ae iN EY NWS ZLASG A iNEAN WS i, TESS ) (\ Lic. 90.—S. Chaneti Léveillé. 167 ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. Son ! SD SiN) (RP ES My | AG BS sV\y \ (aw We. OSSD TIF yo = gor ty A\ es OUje¥) , =a NU) a \ (AY i, AVP Ss i} Ce a4 Ne J b VS Si r Ye? WY a WW Can, o x a e BZ (AS W 3s NSS \ 0. & es oY Pi e Pat Je 9.0 MLD KK a Wea Ay} Ok: S= NS iw) X =" Fic. 99.—S. brevifolium DC. Cork, to the densely hairy glanduliferum. Then one very hairy form has leaves which readily drop off, so that after heavy rain the stems are almost bare and the fallen leaves soon form a dense mat of young plants ; while in other hairy forms the leaves are firmly attached. According to KERNER, the flowers are sometimes replaced by leaf-buds. 77. Sedum brevifolium DC. (fig. 99). S. brevifolium De Candolle, ‘‘ Rapports Voyages,” 2,79, 1808. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 717. SyNonyMs.—S. farinosum of gardens (not of Lowe, which is a Madeira plant allied to album, and not in cultivation so far as Iamaware). S. Pittoni (a nomen nudum) of gardens. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘Mém. Crassul.,” plate 4a. Cusin, and Ansberque, “‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 23. A delightful, tiny plant, known at once by its sub-globular mealy reddish leaves, arranged in four close vertical rows, and small white flowers. 180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DESCRIPTION.—A minute evergreen perennial, creeping, mealy, 1-2 inches high. Stems wiry, bare, branched, branches many, ascending, very leafy. Leaves opposite, ovoid or sub-globose, 4 inch long, white-mealy, flushed red or purple, arranged in four close rows, alternate and usually not larger on the flowering shoots. Inflorescence small, few-flowered. Buds ovate, blunt. Flowers =; inch across, pedicels very slender, equallingéthe flowers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, fleshy, mealy, flushed red. Petals white, ovate, apiculate, 3 times the sepals, with a strong red nerve on back. Stamens shorter than the Fic. 100.—S. brevifolium var. quinquefarium var. nov. petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales quadrate, yellow. Carpels white, erect, shorter than the stamens, erect also in fruit. Flowers July. Hardy if kept dry. HaBITAT.—South-west Europe, Morocco. Var. quinquefarium var. noy.* (fig. 100). DESCRIPTION.—Stem twice as thick and twice as long as in type. Leaves much larger, arranged in five spiral rows, ;3, inch long on the barren stems, up to 5, inch long on the flowering stems. Flowers as in the type. A very distinct-looking plant which, in the absence of floral differences, must be placed under brevifolium. In its larger 5-ranked * Caules quam in typo duplo crassiores et.duplo longiores. Folia in quinque ordines spirales disposita, ea surculorum sterilium ad 5 mm. longa, ea surculorum floriferorum ad 8 mm. longa. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 181 leaves and strong large-leaved flowering shoots, it differs much from the type. I have seen it only at Edinburgh Botanic Garden, where it bore the name dasyphyllum. Origin unknown. OBSERVATION.—Var. Pottsit of gardens. The so-called var. Potisu was brought by the late Mr. Potts of Edinburgh from the Jardin des Plantes in Paris about 1875 ; it is stated (see Gard. Chronicle, 1907, il. 275) to be smaller in all its parts than the type. The plant as I have seen it in several gardens is not distinct, and Sir IsAac BAYLEY BALFOUR, who is well versed in its history, confirms the opinion that it is only type. A var. majus has been mentioned in gardening papers, but I know nothing of it. S. brevifolium needs perfect drainage for its successful cultivation. Save for the Kew plant, all the half-dozen specimens which I have S\ al) Up 2 Oe: dl NS nf) i = \ > ee = 13 ZG, = Se RY oN Y & SS sk Fic. 1o1.—S. anglicum Hudson. seen were labelled with the erroneous names of favinosum or Pittont. The specific name is descriptive of the very short leaves. 78. Sedum anglicum Hudson (fig. ror). S. anglicum Hudson, ‘‘ Flora Anglica’”’ (ed. 2), 196, 1778. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 716. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Sowerby, “‘ Engl. Bot.’’ (ed. 3), pl. 531. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘* Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,” tab. 22. A pretty little plant, brightening rocky ground in our islands with its pinkish starry flowers, and later its red fruit. When out of 182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. flower it rather resembles S. acve, but may then be known by its leaves broadest about the middle, not at the base. Its flat leaves and inflorescence of 2 (or at most 3) branches borne on stems only 1 to 2 inches high, distinguish it from small forms of S. album. DESCRIPTION.—A minute, mat-forming, glabrous evergreen perennial. Stem slender, creeping and rooting, with many ascending barren and flowering shoots I-2 inches high. Leaves alternate, crowded, often tinged red, sessile, elliptic, blunt, clasping, very thick, rounded on both faces, } to 53; inch long, set at right angles to the stem, with a slight spur not adpressed to the stem. Inflorescence usually of 2 wide-spreading simple branches bearing each 3 to 6 flowers, with a flower in the fork. Buds ovate, blunt. Flowers 4 inch across. Sepals ovate, blunt, very fleshy, resembling the leaves, separate to the base. Petals more than twice the sepals, lanceolate, apiculate, white, flushed pink on back, keeled. Stamens spreading, equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales crimson, spathulate, twice as long as broad. Carpels slightly spreading, nearly as long as the petals, white, turning red later, erect in fruit. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Western Europe, from Norway to Spain. It derives its name from the fact that it was first described from English specimens. Var. minus var. nov.* Plant very small, the leaves and flowers being # of the normal size (linear). Flowers pinker. A very pretty and distinct little plant, obtained in the garden of Mr. E. A. BOWLEs at Waltham Cross. No doubt a wild form. 79. Sedum album Linn. (fig. 102). S. album Linn., ‘Species Plantarum,’’ 432, 1753. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 717. SyNonyms.—S. Alberti of gardens (not of Regel, see p. 191 ; nor of Regel’s ‘‘Gartenflora,”’ tab. 1rorg, fig. 2) ; S. baltticum Hartm. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Sowerby, “‘ English Bot.”’ ed. 3, pl. 529, fig. 1. Reichenbach, ‘Flor. German.,’’ 23, tab. 55. De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,’ tab. 22. ‘‘ Flora Danica,” 1, tab. 66. Curtis, ‘‘ Flor. Londin.,”’ 2, pl. 52. Allioni, “‘ Flor. Pedemont.,”’ 3, tab. 65. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul,” tab. 20. Plenck, ‘‘Icones Plant. Medicalium,”’ tab. 352. Though varying much in shape and colour of leaf, this common species, which masquerades in gardens under many names, is always easily recognized, as no other species has any close resemblance to it. In the vegetative parts the yellow-flowered S. divergens somewhat resembles it, but is separated by its flattish opposite leaves, widest above. The very characteristic inflorescence finds its counterpart in S. gypsicolum, but this has very different leaves, flattened, ovoid- rhomboidal, and puberulous. DESCRIPTION.—A small, glabrous, creeping, evergreen perennial, soon forming a large mat. Stem round, much branched, branches ascending. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong to obovate, terete or flattened above, } to 4 inch long, blunt, sessile, those of the flower-stem larger and fewer. Flower-stem 3 to 6 inches high, ascending, usually unbranched. Inflorescence of terminal and F* Planta minima, foliis floribusque quam in typo! diametro 4 minoribus, flori- bus roseoribus. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 183 4 Fic. 102.—S. album Linn. 184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. lateral cymose branches forming a flattish panicle 1 to 2 inches across. Buds ovate, blunt. Flowers many, % inch across, exceeding the pedicels. Calyx cup-shaped, lobes green, ovate, blunt, equalling the tube, persistent in fruit. Petals lanceolate to ovate, white, blunt, 2 to 3 times the sepals. Stamens spreading, nearly equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales broadly spathulate,’ yellow. Carpels white, erect; erect also in fruit, when they are streaked red. Flowers July. Hardy. HAsBiTaT.—Europe, Siberia, W. Asia, N. Africa. A very common species in gardens, and quite naturalized on walls and rocks in many parts of our own islands, but seldom if ever indigenous there. Very variable in leaf, different forms exhibiting in the garden a continuous series from linear (fig. 102, a, a) to almost globular (fig. 102,c,c). Near the former end of the series lies the type, described by Linneus as “ foliis oblongis,’’ while at the other end are the forms described under the names Athoum DC. = brevifolium Boiss., turgidum DC., &c. Much variation is also found as regards the shape of the leaf in cross-section, some forms being more or less flattened while others are circular. Some of the long-leaved forms have even a groove down the middle of the upper face of the leaf. But in the garden, at least, there is little use in attaching names to any of these forms, since all are linked together by intermediates. The flowers vary also, as regards both length and breadth of petal (see fig. 102), and as regards colour, most fading with a rosy tinge, but some remaining quite white. Var. micranthum Bastard (pro specie). ILLUSTRATIONS.—Sowerby, ‘‘English Bot.,”’ ed. 3, 4, pl. 529, fig. 2. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,”’ tab. 21. ‘Elle differt du S. album parce que les feuilles des jeunes pousses sont dressées et non étalées; du S. turgidum par les feuilles cylin- driques peu ou point renflées ; de tous deux par ses fleurs de moitié plus petites..—Bastard in litt. ex De Candolle, ‘‘Flore Frangaise,”’ Suppl., p. 523. I quote the original description because there has been much looseness concerning this plant, the S. micranihum of some authors and field botanists being only var. brevifoliwm Boissier (‘‘ folia caulina abbreviata ovato-oblonga ”’) with flowers as large as, or only slightly smaller than, those of the type. True S. micranthum I have seen in cultivation only from specimens collected by several correspondents in the Pyrenees. Brevifolium and turgidum seem unworthy of varietal rank ; in that case the distinguishing character of micranthum remains: flowers half the size of those of the type. The flowers of my plants are 2 those of the type in diameter, which is rather less than } in area; the plants are very small and compact, with leaves and stems shorter than in any of the dozens of album forms which I have grown. The occurrence ot true micranthum in the British Isles ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 185 appears to rest on SOWERBY’S Sussex record (‘‘ Engl. Bot.” loc. cit., p. 53). I have not seenspecimens. The diagnoses given by BABINGTON (“‘ Man. Brit. Bot.”) and HooKER (‘‘ Students’ Fl.’’) do not appear to represent micranthum Bast. at all. The Cork plant, as sent to me by several botanists, is only brevifolium. Sub-var. chloroticum Rouy and Camus, ‘ Flore de France,” 7, 117 (fig. 103). S. album var. chloroticum Lamotte, ‘‘ Prodr.,’’ 307.—Stems and leaves yellowish green. Flowers slightly greenish white. A pretty little micranthum form, distinct for horticultural purposes, received from the Oxford, Botanic Garden, belongs here. The total V4 = ie oe FIG. 103.—S. album var. micranthum sub-vatr. chloroticum. absence of red pigment throughout the stem, leaves, and flowers gives it a distinct appearance. It is more vigorously creeping than any other micranthum form I have seen. jf. murale. S. murale of gardens. A form of album type of horticultural value, with purple foliage and pinkish flowers. Leaves, stems, and sepals purple, corolla pink on back with a red nerve, anthers pink, 186 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. scales orange, carpels turning pink, fruit red. Origin unknown to me; it has been much distributed in recent years and is a very useful plant for the rock garden. 80. Sedum gypsicolum Boiss. and Reut. (fig. 104). S. gypsicolum Boissier and Reuter, “‘ Diagnoses Plant. Nov. Hisp.,”’ 13, 1842. Wilkomm and Lange, “ Prodromus Florae Hispan.,” 8, 140. This little-known plant in flower strongly resembles S. album, and it has the habit of that species, but the leaves are widely different; their flattened, rather rhomboidal shape and dull greyish surface (due to fine pubescence) giving the plant an appearance quite distinct. DESCRIPTION.—A small evergreen, creeping, puberulous perennial, forming a greyish mat, flushed red in exposure. Stems creeping, with many short, ascending, barren shoots, and flowering shoots 4 to 6 inches high, puberulous below, glabrous above. Leaves of barren shoots imbricate, arranged in about 5 spiral rows, thick, blunt, sessile, ovate-rhomboidal, } inch long, puberulous, dull greyish green tinged red ; those of the flower-shoots similar, more distant. Inflorescence corymbose, much branched, 14 inch across, lowest branches emerging about 2 inches below the summit. Flowers many, small, } inch across, and, like the inflorescence, much resembling S. album. Calyx green, glabrous, only slightly fleshy, lobes triangular, blunt, equalling the tube. Petals white, ovate-lanceolate, acute, thrice the sepals. Stamens equalling the petals, anthers white, filaments purple. Scales minute, yellowish, broadly spathulate. Carpels equalling the stamens, white, erect, styles at first erect, later curving outwards. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Spain and Portugal. Though described over seventy years ago, I find no record of the plantin cultivation. It wascollected in Spain by F. SUNDERMANN, of Lindau, a few years ago, and came from him as “ Sedum sp. Sierra Nevada.” 81. Sedum hirsutum Allioni (fig. 105). S. dirsutum Allioni, ‘‘ Flor. Pedemont.,”’ 2, 122, 1785. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Allioni, Joc. cit., tab. 65, fig. 5. Cusin and Ansberque, “Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 18. A plant of about the size of album, or smaller, but tufted, not creeping. Distinguished by its densely hairy leaves (which are sub-terete and bluntly oblanceolate), and usually pure white, starry flowers. The only other Sedum in cultivation with such hairy, thick leaves is S. dasyphyllum var. glanduliferum, but in this the leaves are opposite, glaucous, shorter, and thicker, not alternate and green. DESCRIPTION.—A small, tufted, evergreen perennial, green (reddish in exposure), hairy throughout with glandular viscous hairs. Barren stems ascend- ing, about 1 inch long, with the leaves aggregated at their tips. Flowering stems 2 to 3 inches high, erect, leafy, hairy. Leaves oblanceolate, blunt, sessile, very fleshy, hairy, especially near the tips, # inch by 4 inch, elliptic in section. Inflorescence few-flowered, usually of 2 branches, drooping in bud, pedicels equalling or shorter than the flowers. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers white or tinged red, 4 inch across. Sepals erect, lanceolate, green, fleshy, hairy. Petals oval, with a short claw, apiculate, wide-spreading or reflexed, more than twice the sepals, white, with a*prominent red nerve on the hairy back. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers dark purple. Scales ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 187 small, yellow, cuneate. Carpels erect, white, slightly hairy, equalling the stamens, with slightly spreading styles ; nearly erect in fruit. Fic. 104.—S. gypsicolum Boiss. and Reut. Flowers June-July. Hardy if kept dry. . Hapitat.—South-west Europe, from Portugal to N. Italy, chiefly on the mountains. 188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Rare in cultivation. Mr. J. Woop, of Boston Spa, has it (collected in the Pyrenees) ; and, by the kindness of correspondents, eS ee DPE. Se Aaa fa Bis o eRe ceetse wh oe - SEA NE ce ie ee ee AB > - Te = F Page, inbraee a a Fic. 105.—S. hirsutum Allioni. I have received specimens collected in southern France, Portugal, and the Pyrenees. Several of the floras (e.g. Rouy and Camus, Wilkomm and Lange) describe the flowers as purplish or red; in all the specimens I have seen they were china white. The name has reference to the hairiness which is so conspicuous a character of the plant. Var. baeticum Rouy. Rouy in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 34, 441, 1887 (as sub-species). Praeger in Journ. of Bot. 56, 150, 1918. More robust than the type, very glandular-hairy in all its parts, pale green in colour, flowers half as large again in diameter, petals oval rather than oblong-lanceolate, carpels broader. The plant from which the above description is taken was collected in Southern Spain a few years ago by Miss LucKHAM, and sent to Wisley. It agrees with Rovuy’s description of var. baeticum in all points save that in that form the flowers are a little larger, and the petals multinerved. | ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 189 Its large size, pale colour, and absence of the runner-like shoots which are produced by strong plants of S. Aivsutum, give it a distinct appearance. 82. Sedum Lydium Boissier (fig. 106). S.Lydium Boissier, “Diagnoses Plant. Nov.,”’ ser. 1.3, 17, 1843. Boissier, “ Flor. Orientalis,” 2, 782. Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878, ii. 685. A dainty little plant, especially in exposure, when its linear leaves assume a bright-red tint. Easily known among the small linear- nil He 7 \\ ] i, | \ AF IMO = fA VA See ea Fic. 106.—S. Lydium Boissier. leaved, white-flowered Sedums by its dense, flat inflorescence borne on a comparatively tall stem. DEscCRIPTION.—A tiny evergreen perennial, forming a bright-green mat, mostly tinged red. Stems rooting below, with many ascending branches ; barren shoots 1 inch high, densely leafy above ; flowering shoots 2 to 4 inches, often branched below, with less-crowded similar leaves. Leaves terete, linear, sessile, green, reddish and minutely pimpled at the tip, } inch long. Inflorescence compact; flattish, ? inch -across, sparingly leafy. Buds ovate. Flowers } inch across, longer than the pedicels. Sepals oblong, blunt, fleshy, green tipped red. Petals white, 14 times the sepals, lanceolate, rather acute, concave. Stamens equalling the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales bright yellow, cuneate, notched, twice as long as broad. Carpels white, soon turning red, erect, shorter than the stamens ; nearly erect and bright red in fruit. Flowers June. Hardy. HABITAT.—Asia Minor. This tiny plant has been long in cultivation, and is frequent in gardens, sometimes under the misnomer of S. dividum. It is distinct and constant, and no: varieties are recorded. 190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. '83. Sedum gracile C. A. Meyer (fig. 107). S. gracile C. A. Meyer, ‘“ Enum. Plant. Cauc.,’’151, 1831. Bossier, ‘Flora Orientalis,”’ 2, 781. Hamet in Trd. Bot. Sada (Tiflis), 8, pt. iii. 25. A small linear-leaved plant, having, when not in flower, some re- semblance to S. sexangulare, but smaller and more tufted, not creeping. The flowers are white, not yellow as in sexangulare. Closely allied to S. Alberti, and almost identical in flower, but A/dberti has a creeping habit and stems not quite so slender ; the branches of the inflorescence Fic. 107.—S. gracile C. A. Meyer. are semi-erect and forked, and the flowers are slightly smaller, while gracile, as already stated, does not creep, and the cyme-branches are not forked, and spread almost horizontally. DESCRIPTION.—A small evergreen glabrous perennial, bright-green in colour. Stems procumbent below but not creeping, much branched, terete, red, shining, clothed with old leaves save at the very base, with many ascending short, densely leafy shoots, the flowering ones 14 to 2 inches long, with leaves not so dense as on the barren shoots, which are shorter. Leaves linear-oblong, blunt, up to + inch long on the flowering shoots, rather smaller on the barren shoots, flattish on face, much rounded on back, red-dotted, tips minutely papillose, sessile, prolonged into a short, blunt spur. Jnflorescence usually of two, occasionally three or four simple patent branches with a flower in the fork, leafy throughout, the bracts identical with the leaves ; branches each 3 inch long and each bearing six or seven flowers. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers 58 inch across, subsessile. Sepals elliptic, rather acute, fleshy, green, resembling the leaves and bracts, free almost to the base. Petals broadly lanceolate, thrice the sepals, acute to acuminate, patent, slightly keeled, white ; on back often dotted red, with a greenish nerve. Stamens shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers red-purple. Scales small, cuneate, retuse or emarginate, orange. Carpels pale ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. IQI green or whitish, dotted red below on the inner face, at first erect, later slightly spreading, tapering into the slender short styles, equalling the stamens. Flowers late June. Hardy. HABITAT.—Caucasus region. One of the most constant points of difference between this species and its close ally S. Alberti (at least so far as the plants which I have seen are concerned) is not mentioned by REGEL in describing the latter species, namely, that in Alberti the forked branches of the cyme bear no flowers (only leaves) between the flower which occupies the primary fork and that which occupies the secondary fork, while in gracile flowers are borne all the way from the primary fork to the end of the simple branches. Rare in cultivation. I received it from REGEL and KESSELRING in Petrograd, and obtained it also at Kew (as glaciale) and Bremen. 84. Sedum Alberti Regel (fig. 108). S. Alberti Regel in ‘“‘ Acta Horti Petropol.,” 6, 299, 1880. A small plant closely resembling S. gracile C. A. Meyer, from which it differs in its more creeping stem not clothed with old leaves and inflorescence of (mostly 3) semi-erect forked branches, devoid of flowers between the primary and secondary forks, whereas in S. gracile the branches (mostly 2) are unbranched and spread almost horizontally, or are recurved, and bear flowers throughout their length. DESCRIPTION.—A small, glabrous, evergreen perennial. Stems procumbent, creeping, much branched, terete, red, shining, bare below, branches ascending, very leafy. Flower-stem 14 to 2 inches high, ascending, usually unbranched, with larger, less dense leaves. Leaves linear-oblong, blunt, up to =5, inch long on the flower- stems, smaller on the barren shoots, flattish on face, rounded on back, red- dotted, tips minutely papillose, prolonged at base into a short blunt spur. In- florescence of (usually) 3 semi-erect, leafy, forked branches, with a flower in the primary and secondary forks, but no flowers, only leaves, on the branches between these points; flowers 25-30 in all. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers subsessile, #; inch across. Sepals elliptic, rather acute, fleshy, green, resembling the leaves, free almost to the base. Petals broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, patent, thrice the sepals, white on face, often dotted red on back, with a greenish keel. Stamens shorter than petals, filaments white, anthers red-purple. Scales small, pale, reddish, cuneate, retuse or emarginate. Carpels pale green or whitish, dotted red near the base of the inner face, at first erect, later spreading, equalling the stamens, styles slender, short. Flowers June. Hardy. HasitTatT.—Eastern Turkestan. Received from Messrs. REGEL and KESSELRING of Petrograd as S. gracile (they also sent true gracile). Plants obtained under the name S. Alberit from the same firm and a number of British gardens were all forms of S. album. The plant illustrated in ‘‘ Gartenflora ”’ (tab. 1019, fig. 2) as S. Alberti is a totally different thing. B. FLOWERS RED OR PURPLE. (a) Sub-shrub. Here belongs only one species, the remarkable S. oxypetalum of Mexico. I92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 85. Sedum oxypetalum H. B. & K. (fig. 109). S. oxypetalum Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth, ‘‘ Nov. Gen. et Sp.,” 6, 45,1823. Hemsley, ‘‘ Biol. Centr. Amer., Bot.,” 1,397. ‘‘N. Amer. Flora,’ 22, 69. The most tree-like of the shrubby Sedums, forming a trunk-like stem which, in old plants, is several inches thick at the base and covered with rough, brown bark. The bush tends to assume in greenhouses a rounded form and a height of 2 to 3 feet. Distinguished by its x6 | y NF aN A, Po a YA X\ Wy \ SH pat sah Ney Ze Zan SS = = Bz L XS end “4 Fic. 108.—S. Alberti Regel. arborescent habit and smallish flat terminal cymes of dull red starlike flowers. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous, erect, sub-shrub, 2 to3 feethigh. Stem stout, erect, much branched, lower part very thick, bare, grey, rough. Leaves flat, fleshy, alternate, green, 1 to 14 inch long, obovate-spathulate, rounded or retuse at apex, attenuate below, scarcely stalked, slightly spurred. Cymes terminal, lax, flat, very leafy, 1 to 2 inches across, of 3 forked:branches with flowers in the’forks, the bracts resembling the leaves. Buds lanceolate, ribbed, bluntly pointed, rather dark red. Flowers star-like, 4 inch across, sessile, dull red, with a strong scent ofhoney. Sepals small, green, fleshy, acute, tapering from a broad base, unequal. Petals linear-lanceolate, very acute, patent, 4 times the sepals, flesh-coloured, pale in the upper part. Stamens shorter than the petals, spreading, filaments red, anthers buff. Scales yellowish, cuneate, 4 the carpels. Carpels spreading, red, shorter than the stamens, spreading widely in fruit; styles erect, slender, yellow. Flowers June-July (gentle heat) ; July-August (cold frame). Not hardy. HasitatT.—Central Mexico. Originally described, nearly a century ago, from specimens in Mexican gardens. It has been in cultivation in England for at least ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 193 Wr UY : Wing Za ey WLR VRS Y ie Fic. 126.—S. divergens S. Watson. S. album and S. oreganum; it has the habit of the former, but its flat, obovate leaves tinged with red recall the latter. It differs from $e ea? by eee eee ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 221 both in having opposite leaves; from the former also in its flat (not subterete) leaves and yellow (not white) flowers ; from the latter in its smaller, thicker leaves and wide-spreading (not nearly erect) shorter petals. : DESCRIPTION.—A small, creeping, glabrous, evergreen perennial. Stems slender, prostrate, rooting, with barren and flowering ascending reddish branches ; barren branches many, leafy, 2 to 3 inches, flowering stems 3 to 6inches, with larger similar leaves. Leaves opposite, smooth, green, often flushed red, } by } inch or a little more, half as thick as broad, very fleshy, sessile, obovate to obovate- spathulate, rounded at apex or with a blunt point on the under side, those of the flowering shoots often alternate. Inflorescence of 2 (sometimes 3) once or twice forked branches, with flowers in the forks, flattish, not very dense, 1-2 inches across, branches ascending in fruit. Buds ovate, bluntly pointed, strongly ribbed. Flowers % inch across, longer than the pedicels. Calyx cup-shaped, lobes triangular, acute, fleshy, pale-green or reddish, separate nearly to the base. Petals bright yellow, patent, oblong-lanceolate, acute, thrice the sepals, keeled on back, deeply grooved on face. Stamens yellow, wide-spreading, equalling the petals. Scales very small, retuse, yellow to orange. Carpels greenish, shorter than the stamens, tapering into the slender styles, at first erect, soon spreading, stellate in fruit. Flowers June. HABITAT.—Western N. America from Oregon to British Columbia. I have had in cultivation two wild gatherings sent from British Columbia, and also garden plants from about a dozen sources. The species appears very constant in its characters. 102. Sedum Stahlii Solms (fig. 127). S. Stahl Solms, ‘‘Samml. Bot. Gart. Strassburg,” 1900, 4. “N. Amer. Flora,’”’ 22, 66. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Bot. Mag., pl. 7908. ‘“* Gartenwelt,” 8, 6, 1904 (photo). Though described less than twenty years ago, this species is already very widely spread as a greenhouse plant. It cannot be confounded with any other Sedum, its rather large, egg-shaped, downy, red-brown opposite leaves being alone sufficient to distinguish it. These leaves fall off easily, and young plants arise from them very readily. DESCRIPTION.— Evergreen perennial, finely downy. Stems many, erect or spreading, slender, woody below, 4 to 8 inches long, seldom branched save at the base, finely hairy above. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, slightly flattened on face, sessile, very blunt, finely downy, about} by}by}inch. Inflorescence a terminal cyme of 2 to 3 forked branches with flowers in the forks, 2 inches across, leafy, with bracts similar to the stem-leaves but smaller. Buds lanceolate, rather acute, ribbed. Flowers subsessile, 4 inch across. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly erect, sepals green, fleshy, hairy, lanceolate, free nearly to the base. Petals yellow, twice the sepals, lanceolate, shortly acuminate, wide-spreading in upper part. Stamens yellow, erect, slightly shorter than the petals. Scales small, yellow, spreading, emarginate, as broad as long. Carpels yellow, erect, slender, equalling the stamens, styles short. 3 Flowers August-September (cold frame). Hardy at Cork (R. H. Beamish), Warley (Miss Willmott), Waltham Cross (E. A. Bowles), and Rostrevor (Sir John Ross). Nearly hardy at Dublin. HABITAT.—Puebla, Mexico. | Named after Professor Ernst Stahl of Jena. 222 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 103. Sedum Zentaro-Tashiroi Makino (fig. 128). S. Zentaro-Tashivoi Makino in Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 24, 125, 1910. ILLUSTRATION.—Loe. cit., fig. 12. Fic. 127.—S. Stahlii Solms. This plant is included in the present account since it is stated to be in cultivation at Tokyo. It is a small, yellow-flowered species related to S. subtile Miquel, which also belongs to Japan. Its creeping ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 223 stems with ascending branches, spathulate leaves in whorls of four, and few-flowered cymes of yellow flowers distinguish it. The follow- ing account is condensed from the original description and figure. Drscription——A small, glabrous, cespitose perennial. Moots fibrous. Stems creeping, with erect or ascending simple branches 2 to 5 inches high, round, light green, purplish and rooting at base. Leaves 4- (occasionally 5-) verticillate, or the upper ones alternate, shorter than the internodes, those of the lO eH © ny SDM (] ae WN Te | x20 Fic. 128.—S. Zentavo-Tashivot Makino. barren shoots and lower part of flowering shoots spathulate-obovate, obtuse or subretuse at apex, attenuated into a petiole; largest above, upper leaves of flowering shoots spathulate-linear, obtuse or acute; narrower below, 4 inch long. Inflorescence a 2- or 3-branched few-flowered cyme, branches 2- to 3-flowered, bracts linear, green. Flowers'short-stalked, 4 inch diameter, yellow. Sepals un- equal, linear to linear-lanceolate, blunt. Petals wide-spreading, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate. Stamens scarcelyyshorter than the petals, filaments yellow, anthers reddish. Scales minute, spathulate-oblong, truncate-rounded at apex. Carpels erect, lanceolate, connate below, greenish-yellow ; styles slender, $ the ovaries. Fruit spreading. Flowers May. ? Hardy. HABITAT.—Japan. Named after the finder, who obtained it in the province of Tsushima in 1909. 224 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The figure has been copied from that accompanying the original description, enlarged to natural size. 104. Sedum Chauveaudi Hamet (fig. 129): S. Chauveaudi Hamet in Lecomte, ‘‘ Notulae Systematicae,” 1, 137, 1909. SyNOoNYM.—S. triphyllum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 54, 1919. A Chinese plant resembling S. sarmentosum Bunge and S. lineare Thunberg in its free, creeping habit and leaves borne in threes; but the leaves are blunt and broadest near the apex (not pointed and broadest below the middle), and its compact, very leafy, inflor- escence is widely different from that of either of the species men- tioned. It differs also in many floral characters, such as its spathulate sepals. DEscCRIPTION.—A glabrous, evergreen perennial, creeping vigorously and emitting roots freely from all the older joints. Barren shoots 6 to g inches long, leafy, tips ascending, stem round, red, slightly rough. Flowering shoots similar, shorter, not rising above the barren ones, unbranched, leafy, densely mam- millate in the upper part. Leaves of the barren shoots ternate, equalling or longer than the internodes, oblong-oblanceolate, tapered below, scarcely stalked, rounded at apex, flat, slightly fleshy, } to # inch long, 3, inch broad, spurred, basal part erect, upper part spreading, beaded on margin, fresh green, pale below ; young leaves often with a silvery margin ; spur blunt, generally deltoid, some- times bifid ; leaves of the flowering shoots similar, the upper ones often alternate. Inflorescence terminal, dense, very leafy, flat, 1 to 2 inches across, of three dicho- tomous branches with flowers in the forks ; lowest flower shortly stalked, rest sessile or subsessile; bracts crowded, large, resembling the leaves, spurred, edges beaded. Buds lanceolate, with a campanulate calyx, blunt, ribbed, streaked with red. Flowers yellow, § inch across. Sepals unequal, very blunt, separate nearly to the base, bluntly spurred, greenish yellow streaked with red, the larger spathulate, inch long, the smaller spathulate-linear, 4 inch long. Petals linear- lanceolate, rather acute, hooded at the tip, $ inch long, 14 to 2 times the sepals, yellow, streaked with red on back. Stamens 10, nearly equalling the petals, the epipetalous ones inserted 2 from the base of the petals, filaments yellow, anthers orange-red. Scales small, quadrate, orange. Carpels slender, erect, nearly as long as the stamens, greenish yellow, the slender styles occupying } of the length. Flowers August-October. Hardy at Dublin. HABITAT.—Yunnan. Raised from seed collected by Rev. Pére E. E. MAIRE near Tong-tchouan in 1915, labelled ‘‘ Rochers 4 mi-mont, altitude 2,990 métres.”’ HAmET, perhaps by a slip, describes the flowering stems as erect, 18-22 cm. high, and rather robust, and the barren shoots as short (3-6 cm.). On the strength of these and minor differences, I described Pére MAIRE’s plant as new (loc. cit.). If the dimensions of the barren and fertile shoots are interchanged, this description will fit both plants in the Léveillé herbarium named Chauveaudi by HAMET, and also the plants which I have had in cultivation for some years. HAMET does not mention the dense mammillation of the flower-stems, a conspicuous feature of the living plant, and sufficiently obvious in dried material. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 225 \ WW = \ f] Fi” \ SS = ~~ 0 Os 12 — oar —= £ & a @ 7 WY Ga Sa Ly WW PWYBZe we Wi "i I y, Wh AK == VOL. XLVI. Q Fic. 129.—S. Chauveaudi Hamet. 226 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 105. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (fig. 130). S. sarmeniosum Bunge in “ Mém. Sav. Etr. Pétersbourg,”’ 2, 104, 1835. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Pétersb., 29,149. (Not S. sarmentosum Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 626, which is S. mexicanum Britton, see p. 229). We Zz Z Mpow\\ pl oO (A : Fic. 130.—S. sarmentosum Bunge. Easily known by its long, decumbent stems (which often grow a foot in the season) clothed with broadly lanceolate entire leaves \ ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 227 arranged in threes, and short flowering stems. Its nearest ally is the Japanese S. lineare, which is of similar appearance, but has longer leaves only half as broad and flowering stems several times taller ; it is, moreover, tender, and unable to endure the winter out of doors. The variegated Sedum grown in greenhouses under the name of S. sarmentosum variegatum, or S. carneum variegatum, is a form of S. lineare, not of sarmentosum (see p. 229). DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous, evergreen, prostrate perennial. Stems smooth, round, reddish ; barren shoots long (to 1 foot or more), prostrate, rooting at the tip and occasionally elsewhere, often branched, in the open usually dying in winter save for the rooted base and tip ; flowering shoots ascending, short (about 3 inches), unbranched. Leaves ternate, broadly lanceolate, acute, bright green, flat, fleshy, entire, sessile, 1 by } inch, with a semicircular membranous ad- pressed spur, those of the barren and flowering shoots similar. Inflorescence a flat; rather lax, leafy cyme, of 3 often forked branches, 2 inches across. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers sessile save the lowest, 4 to8inchacross. Sepals equal or nearly so, linear-lanceolate, green, fleshy, blunt, separate to the base. Petals bright yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, wide-spreading, equalling the sepals or 4 longer than them. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments yellow, anthers yellow on the faces, red on the edges. Scales small, whitish, quadrate, slightly notched. Carpels yellow, compressed, equalling the stamens, in fruit spreading, overtopped by the large persistent calyx ; styles tapering. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—North China, Japan. Rather rare in cultivation. The name Depends) (Latin twiggy) is used in botany to signify the producing of runners as in the straw- berry, and refers to the character of the barren shoots, which are very unusual in Sedum, though matched to some extent in its close ally S. lineare, and exceeded in the Mexican S. longipes. 106. Sedum lineare Thunberg (fig. 131). ” S. lineare Thunberg, “Flora Japon.,” 187, 1784. Miquel in Annales Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Batav., 2, 156. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Pétersbourg, 29, 148. The variegated form of this species has been long in cultivation under the names of sarmentosum variegaitum and carneum variegatum. This form, which is well known, is more compact and stouter in growth than the type, as represented by the only living plant which I have seen, and by good dried specimens in the Edinburgh Herbarium. I had a long hunt for this (the type), but finally found it in one of the houses at Dahlem (Berlin Botanic Garden) under the name of sar- mentosum, to which the present species is closely allied, but from which it is at all times distinguishable by its much narrower, longer leaves, taller flower-stems, and other characters. DEsScCRIPTION.—A straggling, glabrous, evergreen perennial. Stem weak, decumbent and sometimes rooting below, reddish, round, smooth, branches mostly ascending, but barren shoots sometimes elongate, prostrate, and rooting asin S.sarmentosum ; flower-stems about’6 inches, not shorter than the ascending barren shoots. Leaves ternate, linear to linear-lanceolate, rather light green, flat on face, paler and rounded on back, bluntly pointed, sessile, shortly spurred, ascending, #-1 by 4% inch, mostly exceeding the internodes. Inflorescence terminal, lax, flat, umbellate, 14 inch across, of a central, short-stalked flower 228 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 229 and 2 or 3 forked branches bearing sessile flowers. Buds lanceolate, acute. Flowers yellow, star-like, 8 inch across. Sepals yellowish, narrowly lanceolate, blunt, ascending, standing up between the petals. Petals bright yellow, narrowly lanceolate, very acute, patent, twice the sepals. Stamens % the petals, filaments bright yellow, anthers reddish. Scales small; pale yellow, broadest above, about as long as broad. Carpels yellow, slightly spreading, slender, tapering into the very slender styles, equalling the stamens. Flowers May (gentle heat); July (cold frame). Nearly hardy at Dublin. Hardy at Rostrevor. HAaBITAT.— Japan, China, ? Luchu Archipelago. Var. robustum * var. nov. (fig. 132). Plant grey-green, not bright green as in type, stouter and more branched, specially above. . Inflorescence more leafy and often irregular in form. Flowers paler, sepals longer and broader, petals broader, carpels more divergent. ‘ A curious form obtained at the Botanic Garden at Hamburg. Its greyish colour and stouter, more branched growth, give it a very distinct appearance, but no difference which could be called specific in the ordinary sense is to be found in the flowers. My plant sends up occasionally a variegated shoot. f. variegatum. SyNonyM.—S. sarmentosum variegatum and S. carneum variegatum of gardens. ILLUSTRATION.—Henderson’s ‘! Illustrated Bouquet,”’ 3, pl. 60. Leaves with a marginal stripe of white or cream, stems very pink. This is a rather stout form of the species, approaching in this respect var. vobustum described above. S. lineare appears to be a variable plant, as Miquel describes (loc. cit.) several varieties, differing from the type in stature and habit. The specific name refers to the narrow leaves, which were originally described by THUNBERG (perhaps from dried specimens) as “ tereti- linearia.’”’ - 107. Sedum mexicanum Britton (fig. 133). S. mexicanum Britton in Bull. New-York Bot. Gard., 1, 257, 1899. “N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 65. SYNONYM.—S. sarmentosum Masters in Gard. Chron., 1878; ii. 626, excluding the var., which = S. lineare f. variegatum, see Praeger in Journ. of Bot. 55, 214. (Not S. sarmentosum Bunge, for which see p. 226). A floriferous and showy species with a wealth of golden-yellow flowers. Easily recognized at any period of growth by its light-green shining tint, and its nearly terete linear leaves which, even on the same plant, are arranged singly and in whorls of 3, 4, or 5. * Cinereo-viride, quam typo robustior, ramosior, Inflorescentia perfoliosa, saepe irregularis, Flores quam typo pallidiores, sepalis longioribus et latioribus, petalis latioribus, carpellis divergentioribus. 230 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ae WHE =. EY, A, -. WwiVZ } p } Z AA\ I SVEN ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 231 DESCRIPTION.— Bright-green, glabrous, evergreen perennial. Moots fibrous. Stems decumbent, sinuous and rooting below, with many ascending or erect branches about 6 inches high, almost all of which flower. Leaves alternate or in whorls of 3 to 5, usually alternate on the upper part of the flowering shoots, bright green, sessile, linear, nearly terete, blunt,}to4inchlong. Cyme terminal, flattish, leafy. Flowers golden yellow, sessile, $to4inchacross. Sepals unequal, resembling the leaves in shape and colour. Petals lanceolate, acute, concave, wide-spreading, twice the sepals. Stamens nearly’as long as the petals, filaments 4\ NY ‘ \ \ 424 SS — FIG. 133.—S. mexicanum Britton. yellow, anthers reddish. Scales minute, cuneate, yellow. Carpels slightly spreading, yellow, equalling the stamens. Flowers April (gentle heat); June (cold frame). Not hardy at Dublin ; nearly so at Rostrevor. HABITAT.—Near Mexico City. Though only described in 1899 from specimens raised in America from seeds collected near Mexico City, there is evidence of its culti- vation in England at anearlierdate. It is clearly the plant (of which MAxImowIcz remarks ‘‘ mihi ignotum’’), described by MASTERS in 1878 as S. sarmentosum Bunge (a Chinese species), under which name 232 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. S. mexicanum was grown in the Succulent House at Kew until quite recently. The presumption is that MASTERS compiled his description from the plant at Kew, where he obtained much of the material for his monograph. There is no record as to the source of the Kew plant. The species came to me from New York Botanic Garden, and also from the Villa Thuret, Cap d’Antibes (without a name), and I have seen it at Bremen (labelled ‘sp. aus Mexico’’) and Berlin (labelled - veflexum); also, to my surprise, as a pot plant in a cottage window at Thomastown, in Co. Kilkenny, in Ireland. ‘ (2) Leaves alternate. (i.) Leaves spathulate, flat. S. Palmeri and S. compressum are closely allied Mexican plants. S. varticolor is Chinese, belonging to the group Japonica of MaAxiImow!Icz. The remaining four species belong to a well-marked group of the Western United States, some of which have been placed by ROsE in a separate genus, Gormania. ; Palmert S. Wats. yosemitense Britton. compressum Rose. Hallit nov. comb. varticolor Praeger. oreganum Nuttall. spathulifoluum Hooker. 108. Sedum Palmeri S. Watson (fig. 134). S. Palmert S. Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad., 17, 355, 1882. “‘N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 69. One of the best and most distinct of Mexican Sedums, the abundant drooping sprays of golden blossom contrasting finely with the glaucous foliage. It is also one of the hardiest. It is close to S. compressum, which, however, has acute leaves, while those of Palmert are rounded or quite bluntly pointed. The latter are, moreover, of a different tint, being very glaucous, while those of compressum are rather of a pale green, tending to be suffused with red as they get old. In its bare, sinuous stems and rosette-like terminal clusters of entire spathulate leaves, the plant recalls the European S. Ana- campseros. DESCRIPTION.—A glaucous evergreen perennial of sprawling habit. Stems rather sinuous, bare and rooting below, round and smooth, decumbent, with ascending branches, 6 to g inches high. Leaves spathulate, entire, about 1 by $ inch, rounded or very bluntly pointed at the apex, glaucous, somewhat reflexed, forming, save when in full growth, a loose terminal rosette. Flower-stem erect, lateral (in early stage drooping and appearing terminal), slender, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing small scattered leaves ; in strong plants several axillary flowering stems are also produced from lower down the shoot. Inflorescence cymose, of several drooping, wide-spreading branches, 1-4 inches long, bearing on their upper side a double row of crowded flowers, each with an ovate bract, the lower ones with pedicels equalling the flowers. Flowers % inch across. Sepals pale green, unequal, lanceolate to linear-oblong, rather acute, the exterior one much larger than the others. Petals orange, about equalling the longest sepal, lanceo_ 233 ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. Fig. 134.—S. Palmeri S. Watson. 234. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. late, spreading, acute. Stamens orange, nearly equalling the petals. Scales minute, roundish, greenish. Carpels orange, nearly erect, shorter than the stamens. : Flowers February—April (gentle heat) ; May-June (cold frame and open ground). Hardy at Dublin and at Warley, Essex. HABITAT.—Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, Mexico. Much rarer in cultivation than its merits deserve. I have received it from Washington (via Wisley), New York, and the Missouri Botanic Garden, also from Dresden and the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris. It isin a few English gardens, and Perry of Enfield, Haage & Schmidt of Erfurt, and Correvon of Geneva have it for sale. The name commemorates Dr. E. PALMER, one of the foremost of Mexican botanical explorers. 109. Sedum compressum Rose (fig. 135). S. compressum Rose in “Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb.,”’ 12, 440, 1909. ILLUSTRATION.—Loc. cit., pl. 80 (photo). _ Closely allied to the better known S. Palmeri, and very like it in habit and flower, but recognizable by its acute or apiculate leaves. The sepals also are acute (not blunt as in Palmert), the flowers larger and the mature and fading leaves are often flushed with red, which never happens in the more glaucous S. Palmert. The flowers are of the same brilliant orange colour. DESCRIPTION.— Evergreen perennial, smooth and glaucous. Stems sprawling, ; ascending or erect, about 6 inches high, bare save near the top, often rooting when prostrate, round, smooth, marked with leaf-scars. Leaves oblanceolate- trapezoidal, about 1 by % inch, broadest % way up, sessile, acute or apiculate, fleshy, flat on face, convex on back, glaucous, edges often beaded, forming a loose rosette, older ones oftén flushed red. Flower-stem slender, apparently terminal, afterwards lateral, 1 to 2 inches long, with smaller leaves. Inflorescence a 2- to 3-branched cyme, branches secund, at first drooping, afterwards erect. Buds narrow, with adpressed sepals. Flowers showy, orange, $ inch across, the lower stalked, the upper sessile. Sepals unequal, ultimately deflexed, linear-lanceolate to ovate, yellowish green, flat on face, convex on back, separate almost to the base. Petals patent, later deflexed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or ex- ceeding the longest sepal. Stamens spreading, orange, nearly equalling the petals. Scales very small, squarish, yellow. Carpels orange, slender, at first erect, later slightly spreading, equalling the stamens, styles long, very slender. Flowers January-March (gentle heat); April-May (cold frame). One of the hardiest of Mexican Sedums; at Dublin survived in the open the very severe winter of 1916-7. HABITAT.—Tamaulipas, Mexico. Received from Washington, and also (unnamed, mixed with S. Palmert) from New York. 110. Sedum variicolor Praeger (figs. 136, 137). S. varitcolor Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 54, 1919. A rather handsome, smallish Chinese perennial, unlike any other species in cultivation. To be recognized by the perennial growth of its stout, short, erect or widely divergent stems, its flat, entire, oblong- ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 235 SWE EG NE > DS = oe Um\\\\)-2= LN \\ _ a FIG. 135.—S. compressum Rose. 236 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. y iY, SEA Fic. 136.—S. variicoloy Praeger. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 237 spathulate leaves which fall in autumn, its large, lax, cymes of showy yellow flowers, and its peculiar carpels at first concave on the inner edge. DEscRIPTION.—A smallish, glabrous, deciduous, perennial. MRootstock very short, thick, emitting strong fibrous roots below and many stems above. Stems perennial, half a foot long, erect, spreading, or procumbent, with short, wide- spreading, leafy, barren and flowering branches, about ;%; inch thick, minutely roughened, dark brownish and bare in lower part, green or reddish above. Leaves alternate, occasionally subternate, rather crowded, sessile, entire, flat, glabrous, oblong-spathulate or broadly oblanceolate, tapered below, shortly spurred, bluntly pointed and often slightly apiculate at apex, fleshy, bright green, # inch long, } inch broad, spur truncate. Inflorescence flat, 2 to 3 inches across, of three usually dichotomous, wide-spreading, finely mammillate, leafy branches with flowers in the forks, lowest flower as long as its pedicel, the rest subsessile or sessile ; lower bracts resembling the leaves, upper bracts linear. Buds ovate, with a campanulate calyx, bluntly pointed, ribbed, the ribs green, yellow, or red. Flowers % inch across, usually bright yellow. Sepals leaf-like, green, fleshy, Fic. 137.—S. varticolor Praeger. blunt, very unequal, from } inch to 3 inch long, from deltoid to oblong-linear or oblong-lanceolate or oblong-spathulate, widened at the base, not spurred, pale green, tube very short. Petals ovate-acuminate to lanceolate, with a short mucro behind the tip, patent, about equalling the longest sepal, -5, inch long, deep yellow. Stamens spreading, slightly shorter than the petals, filaments tapering, yellow, anthers reddish. Scales quadrate, slightly retuse, lemon yellow. Carpels slender, equalling the stamens, at first erect with the inner edges concave and the styles contiguous, soon spreading, but not widely, with erect styles ; styles long, slender; occupying nearly half the length of the carpels. Fruit stellate, % inch across. Flowers August-September. Hardy at Dublin. Hasitat.—Yunnan. Seed was received from Rev. Pére E. E. MAIRE in 1915 from Tong-tchouan, labelled ‘‘ Eboulis des rochers des pics, altitude 2,800 métres.”’ This is a handsome little plant, and if it proves to be generally hardy, will deserve a place in the rock garden. The flowers are usually of a rich orange-yellow, but in the batch of plants raised from Pére MAIRE’S seed there was a variety of colour unusual in the genus. Some plants bore pale-yellow flowers, others deep orange, while in others again red colour was added to enhance the deep-yellow blossoms ; in one of the 238 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. most striking forms the stamens were crimson, the scales flushed with red, and the carpels deep yellow with the inner face crimson. It derives its name from this variation in colour. rrr. Sedum spathulifolium Hooker (fig. 138). S. spathulifolium Hooker, ‘Flor. Bor. Amer.,” 1,227, 1832. Mastersin Gard. Chron., 1878, il. 376 (but not fig. 68). ‘“‘N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 72. A number of the North American Sedums are small species with spathulate leaves and yellow flowers, but only a few are in cultiva- tion. The present species belongs to this group and may be dis- tinguished by its loose rosettes of glaucous foliage turning red, its short, horizontal runner-like shoots, and its ample flat inflorescence. In one variety the plant is green, not glaucous. DESCRIPTION.—A small evergreen glaucous perennial, forming a close, flat clump, tinged red in exposure. Roots fibrous. Stems smooth, round; the barren ones very short, erect, bearing a loose rosette of leaves about 1 inch across and emitting at base runner-like prostrate shoots 1 to 2 inches long, bare of leaves save near the ends, where they send out roots and form similar leaf-rosettes ; flower-stems erect, leafy, 3 to 5 inches high. Leaves of barren shoots flat, fleshy, spathulate, with an abrupt pointed recurved tip, tapered below, 1 inch long by % inch wide, glaucous, very white on back; those of flowering shoots distant, oblong, sessile, very fleshy. Inflorescence a large, flattish, rather dense, leafy -cyme, 2 to 3inches across. Buds ovate-lanceolate, acute. Flowers bright yellow, 4 to # inch across. Sepals glaucous, tapering, acute, standing up between the petals, tube short. Petals patent or slightly reflexed above, lanceolate, acute, bright yellow, more than twice the sepals. Stamens erect, slightly shorter than the petals, filaments yellow, anthers orange. Scales small, quadrate, orange. Carpels green or yellow, shorter than the stamens, much compressed, erect at first, soon spreading; wide-spreading in fruit. Flowers May-June. HABITAT.—British Columbia to California. Generally found in gardens (in which it has a wide distribution, and is generally correctly named) in the small glaucous form with leaves often tipped with red, which may be regarded as typical; four native gatherings received from Western America all belong to this, or come close to it; but several other forms are occasionally found in cultivation. The first of these is so distinct as to merit a varietal name, and it is described below. Another, which came from the Royal Horticultural Society and from Kew, is, like the last, larger than the type, with leaves glaucous when young and deep purple when mature, and from the horticultural standpoint deserves a name. A third form, received from Canon ELLACOMBE, has an almost round tip end to the leaf (owing to the apiculate tip being much deflexed), which gives it a distinct appearance. | Var. majus var. nov.* (fig. 138, a). Rosettes of barren shoots twice as large as in type, of about twenty, instead of ten, leaves. Leaves longer and broader, more apiculate, * Rosulae quam in typo duplo majores, foliorum 15-20 composita. Folia longiora et latiora, magis apiculata, viridia, vix glauca, nec rubro-tincta, in- florescentia major. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 239 green, scarcely glaucous, not suffused with red when old. Inflorescence larger. No doubt a wild American form, as Sedums, being increased by division in most cases, do not tend to give garden sports. Received as ‘‘ Sedum ‘ W. Pascoe ’—S. spathulifolium x obtusatum,” from Messrs. Ad | fi) WS ww } SIMO WY 4 : ( 0) Vad) a NRA AE SD SS ANE DWH ( Ws SWAA S SUL Fic. 138.—S. spathulifolium Hooker. STORMONTH (but it has no obtusatum blood in it); as “S. spathulifolium ‘Wansfell’ var.” from Mr. WALPOLE, of Mount Usher, Co. Wicklow ; and as S. spathulifolium from several other sources. Var. purpureum var. nov.* Rosettes large, 1} to 2 inches across, leaves deep-purple except when young, when they are white and mealy, inflorescence large. * Rosulae amplae, folia atropurpurea, folia juvenia farinosa, inflorescentia ampla. 240 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A handsome form, the bright-yellow flowers contrasting well with the purple foliage. Received from Wisley and from Kew, and Mr. CLARENCE ELLiotTrT tells me he has it. Attempts to illustrate the species have been unfortunate. The figure in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1878, ii. 377, has the leaves of S. oreganum, whilst the inflorescence is uncertain. That in Gartenjflora, t. 741, is also wrong, though I am not sure what species it represents. « 112. Sedum yosemitense Britton (fig. 1 39). S. yosemitense Britton in Bull. New. York Bot. Gard., 3, 44, 1903. A mat-forming plant after the style of S. spathulifolium Hooker, resembling it in its rosettes of leaves arising from short, horizontal, leaf- less axillary shoots ; but the leaves are fresh green, not glaucous as in typical spathulifolium, causing the plant to approach more nearly a small form of var. majus Praeger of the former species; the leaves come near those of S. orveganum Nuttall, but in their arrangement are different. The flowers are near those of spathulifolium, and have no resemblance to those of oveganum. DESCRIPTION.—A small, glabrous, evergreen perennial, forming a loose mat. Barren stems axillary, leafless and horizontal below, ending in a short, erect rooting rosette of leaves. Flowering stem from the centre of the rosette, erect, leafy, unbranched, 3 to 4inches high,smooth, round. Leaves of rosettes alternate, sessile, ovate-spathulate, very blunt, mostly bluntly apiculate, flat, very fleshy, often suffused with red, 4 to # inch long by } to 3 inch wide; those of the flower- ing shoots alternate, oblong or club-shaped, longer than the internodes, shortly and bluntly spurred. Inflorescence terminal, flat, about 14 inch across, of three forked branches with a flower in the primary fork, each flower subtended by a blunt linear or linear-spathulate leaf-like bract ; pedicels stout, shorter than the flowers, up to } inch long on lowest flowers, uppermost flowers sessile. Buds ovate-oblong, bluntly pointed, with short greenish ribs. Flowers 4 inch across. Calyx cup-shaped, over } inch long, green, fleshy, the segments oblong, bluntly pointed, longer than the tube. Petals wide-spreading, free to the base, oblong- lanceolate, acute, bright yellow, grooved on face, over } inch long by over 54 inch wide. Stamens spreading, a little shorter than the petals, filaments greenish, anthers bright yellow, attached close to the base of the petals. Scales minute, quadrate, retuse, yellow. Carpels slender, erect in flower, pale green, a little shorter than the stamens, spreading in fruit. Flowers May. Although my plants differ from. Dr. BRITTON’s description of S. yosemitense in their flowers being bright yellow, not “ pale yellow,” and the leaves being spathulate rather than ‘‘ obovate-orbicular to broadly obovate’ and 4 to 2 inch long instead of ‘‘ 1 cm. or less,” the essential portions of the description agree, and I have little doubt in retaining under this name my material, which I owe to the kindness of Prof. H. M. HALL, one of the original finders of the plant in the Yosemite Valley, to which, as at present known, it is confined ; he sent it (as S. yosemitense) in June 1915, from Ledge Trail, Yosemite Valley, California. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 241 113. Sedum Hallii nov. comb. SynonymM.—Gormania Hallii Britton in Bull. New York Bot. Gard., 3, 29, 1903. “N, Amer. Flora,”’ 22, 48. A little plant resembling S. yosemitense in its vegetative parts, but the inflorescence is thyrsoid and mostly longer than broad, not | 6 5". 7 Fic. 143.—S. acre Linn. Danica,” tab. 1457 ; Curtis, ‘‘ Flor. Londin.,” 1,114 ; Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flore frangaise, Crassul.,’”’ tab. 27; Tenore, ‘‘ Flor. Nap.” tab. 229; Plenck, ‘‘Icones Plant. Medicalium,’’ tab. 351. S. acre when in flower cannot be confounded with any other of the cultivated species, its large yellow blossoms and flattish triangular leaves, very broad at the base, easily distinguishing it. S. sexangulare, which it resembles in size and colour, has linear leaves and smaller flowers; S. anglicum, which it somewhat resembles when out of bloom, has leaves broadest near the middle, not broadest at the base. DESCRIPTION.—A small creeping evergreen forming a mat. Stem creeping and rooting, much branched. Barren branches erect, 4 to2 inches high. Leaves alternate, imbricate, green, smooth, ascending, ovoid-triangular, blunt, slightly spurred, -2; to =; inch long by +; wide at base, having an acrid taste. Inflorescence a short cyme of 2 to 3 branches each with 2 to 3 flowers, and a flower in the fork. Buds conical. Flowers }4inch across. Sepals leaf-like, green, fleshy, lanceolate, blunt. Petals bright yellow, lanceolate, acute, wide-spreading, twice the sepals. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 247 Stamens yellow, shorter than the petals. Scales whitish. Carpels yellow, slightly spreading, shorter than the stamens, stellate-patent in fruit. Flowers June. Hardy. DISTRIBUTION.—Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia, N. Africa. A common British wild-flower in dry places, especially near the sea. Named acre from its biting flavour. The plant had formerly some reputation as an emetic and cathartic. Like the Houseleek \\ , Qy WG 3! WD NN Ew () DE ANS =a Seis) i) LSS Ny Say = ~A LEE E> FIG. 144.—S. acre var. majus Masters. and some other Sedums, it is often planted on houses as a preventive of fire. Var. majus Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 685 (fig. 144). Var. Maweanum of gardens. A very distinct form, much larger than the type, and of pale-green colour. Leaves in seven very crowded rows, ovate-oblong, blunt, up to inch long by } inch broad. Flowers $ inch across. Compared with the type, a large and solid plant, which might well pass for a different species until it blossoms, when, except for size, no difference in the floral parts can be discerned. Morocco, on mountains south-west of Tetuan (Maw)—Masters. Not infrequent in cultivation, under the name Maweanum. 248 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. f. aureum Masters, loc. cit. 685. Shoots tipped with golden variegation throughout the earlier part of the year. A bright little plant, often used for edgings and carpet- bedding. Probably of garden origin. f. elegans Masters, Joc. cit. Shoots tipped with silver variegation in the earlier part of the - year. Not so showy nor so hardy as the last. OBSERVATION.—S. Drucei Graebner, in ‘‘ Bot. Exch. Club Report ”’ for 1912, 160. This is the common British S. acre L., and I have else- where (Journ. of Bot., 65,-212) recorded the observations according to which I fail to distinguish between it and Continental forms of the same species. 118. Sedum Stribrnyi Velenovsky (fig. 145). S. Stribrnyt Velenovsky in Oéesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift, 42, 14, 1892. Halacsy, ‘Conspect. Flor. Graecae,’’ 1, 585. While resembling a small veflexum in its leafy parts, the inflorescence recalls rather that of-acre. Its most distinctive character is the manner in which the flowering stems begin to fork almost from the base and continue dividing to near the top, so that a single stem may bear a dozen ultimate flowering branches. The lax disposition of the flowers on the branches is also characteristic. S. Siribrnyt is a dull little plant until it blooms, when it is showy and effective. DEscrIPTION.—An evergreen, glabrous perennial forming a tuft. Stems rooting below, with many ascending branches ; barren shoots much branched, ascending, 2 to 6 inches high, flowering shoots also branched, 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves crowded, of a rather glaucous green, linear, slightly tapering upwards, blunt, sessile, slightly spurred, 4 inch long, subterete, slightly flattened, chiefly above. Inflorescence compound, each branch of the flower-stem ending in a 2- or 3-branched cyme with a flower at the fork; the cyme-branches straight, almost erect, 1 to2incheslong. Flowers 4inch across, subsessile. Sepals slightly unequal, very fleshy, subterete, green, lanceolate, blunt, resembling the leaves, persistent in fruit. Petals bright yellow, very acute, wide-spreading, lanceolate, strongly keeled, less than twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, slightly shorter than the petals. Scales very small, pale yellow. Carpels spreading, greenish yellow, spreading in fruit, which is rather cup-shaped. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Bulgaria, Greece. Described comparatively recently from Bulgarian specimens, and since found in Greece. Unknown in cultivation until a few years ago, when Sir JOSSLYN GORE-BooTH, while collecting in Bulgaria, received the plant from STRIBRNY and brought it home, but in his garden it got labelled S. Savtorianum. About the same time the late Mr. C. F. BALL, of Glasnevin Garden, brought it back from the same country without a name. Named after the Bulgarian botanist Stribrny. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 249 119. Sedum oaxacanum Rose (fig. 146). S. oaxacanum Rose in “‘ Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb.,”’ 18, 299, rorr. A stout little yellow-flowered, much-branched, creeping species, of distinct appearance among cultivated Sedums. Its obovate, Fic. 145.—S. Siribrnyi Velenovsky. thick, flat, sessile leaves } inch long, borne on rough stems which lengthen indefinitely, and yellow flowers borne singly or 2 or 3 together at the tips of the branches, will distinguish it. DESCRIPTION.—A small, glabrous, evergreen, creeping perennial. Roots fibrous, strong. Stem much branched, prostrate, with ascending tips, rooting, 250 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. but not very freely, purplish, rough with minute spreading scale-like projections, up to inch diameter at base, where it is strongly rooted ; young branches -}; inch diameter, branches widely divergent. Leaves alternate, longer than the internodes, Fic. 146.—S. oaxacanum Rose. patent, obovate, sessile, flattish, face convex longitudinally and transversely, about } inch long, over 4inch broad, over -}, inch thick, glabrous, greyish green ; young leaves with a whitish bloom, quite flat on face. Inflorescence terminal, of 1 to 4‘flowers. ‘‘ Sepals linear, 3 mm. long, distinct nearly to the base, petals yellow, distinct, longer than the sepals ; stamens 10; carpels 5, widely spreading, with long styles.” ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 251 Not hardy. HABITAT.—Cerro San Filipe, Oaxaca, Mexico. Material sent from Washington (under the name S. diversifolium Rose), has grown freely but has never flowered, and the description of the flower given above is quoted from Rose (loc. cit.). Derives its name from its habitat, Oaxaca. 120. Sedum nudum Aiton (fig. 147). S. nudum Aiton, ‘‘ Hort. Kew.” ed. 1, 2, 112, 1789. Lowe, “ Flor. Madeira,” 1, 324. ILLUSTRATION.—De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,”’ tab. 155. The only one of several interesting endemic Madeiran species which isin cultivation. The present plant has green, egg-shaped leaves (pale green in the plants I have seen), resembling those of short-leaved forms of S. album, and few-flowered cymes of small greenish-yellow flowers. In nature it forms a low, tangled subshrub, but the culti- vated plant has weak, sinuous stems which sprawl on the ground. It is closely allied to S. lancerottense R. P. Murray, which is confined to Teneriffe; the differences between the two are discussed under the latter species. DEscRIPTION.—A small, glabrous evergreen. Stems sinuous, in nature woody and forming a low subshrub, in cultivation weak, sprawling and occasionally rooting, bare below, with many ascending leafy shoots a few inches long. Leaves green or glaucous, sessile, obovate-oblong, very blunt, nearly terete, slightly flattened on face, alternate, set at right angles to the stem, up to # inch long by 3; broad and thick. Inflorescence a small few-flowered cyme, generally of 2 or 3 simple branches with a central flower, flowers about 4 to 1o in all, bracts resembling the leaves. Buds ovate, blunt, with greenish ribs. Flowers up to } inch across, the lowest on a pedicel longer than the flower, the uppermost sessile. Sepals resembling the leaves, green, very fleshy, unequal, wide-spreading, obovate, very blunt, almost exactly egg-shaped, not spurred. Petals nearly twice the sepals, linear-lanceolate, rather bluntish, wide-spreading, greenish yellow, keeled. Stamens 10, spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments yellow, anthers brownish yellow. Scales orange, cuneate, notched, } the carpels. Carpels divergent even in bud, wide-spreading later, greenish yellow, styles slender ; stellate in fruit, when they are surrounded by the very swollen, unequal sepals. Flowers May (Kew, gentle heat) ; June (cold frame). Not hardy. HABITAT.—Madeira. DE CANDOLLE states that it flowers in summer at Kew, in winter at the Jardin des Plantes. It is a shy bloomer in cultivation, and the flowers which I was fortunate enough to get at Kew were the first that had been noticed on the plant, which has been long in culti- vation there. DE CANDOLLE states that MAsson, who discovered it, sent it to England in 1777. ArTon (‘‘Hortus Kewensis’’) states that it was received at Kew in that year. The plant, as cultivated there now, is quite possibly derived from the original stock. LOWE says the leaves are generally bright full green, occasionally pale or glaucous. The Kew plant is pale green, and produced as many as sixteen flowers on the inflorescence, the three branches of which were forked. 252 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. By the kindness of Dr. G. V. PEREZ, of Teneriffe, I received, in 1916, plants collected in Madeira the previous year by Sefior MENEZES. Fic. 147.—S. nudum Aiton. They closely resemble the Kew plant, but the leaves were rather greener and more slender. 121. Sedum lancerottense R. P. Murray (fig. 148). S. lancerottense R. P. Murray in Journ. of Bot., 37, 201, 1899. This plant (the only Sedum in the Canaries, excepting the widely- spread annual S. rubens) comes very close to S. nudum Aiton from Madeira, and should possibly be looked on as a geographical race of that species; but without a greater variety of material for study (I have grown one gathering of lancerotiense and two of nudum) I prefer to leave it as the describer has placed it. The best characters for distinguishing the two lie in the spurred sepals, minute yellow ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 253 scales, and carpels at first erect of lancerottense ; in nudum the sepals Fic. 148.—S. lancerottense R. P. Murray. are not spurred, the scales are conspicuous, orange, 4 as long as the carpels, and the carpels spreading, even in bud. DEscRIPTION.—A small, pale green, glabrous, evergreen perennial. Stems sinuous, smooth, round, in cultivation weak, sprawling, and occasionally rooting, 254 JOURNAL OB THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. brown and leafless below, with many ascending pale-green, wide-spreading, leafy shoots a few inches long. Leaves pale green, sessile, alternate, ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, very blunt, nearly terete, slightly flattened on face, } to 4 inch long by 3; inch in breadth and thickness, set at right angles to the stem, bluntly prolonged below the point of insertion. Jmnflorescence borne on shoots similar to the barren ones, terminal, a few-flowered cyme of 2 or 3 usually simple, spreading, zigzag branches with or without a central flower ; flowers about 6 to 12 in all, each subtended bya bract resembling the leaves. Flowers yellow, % inch in diameter, the lower with pedicels shorter than the flowers, the upper sessile. Buds ovate, bluntly pointed, strongly ribbed. Sepals resembling the leaves, green, very fleshy, unequal, oblong-ovate, very blunt, bluntly spurred. Petals twice the smaller sepals, longer than the longest sepal, free, lanceolate, acute, often with a short apiculus, patent above, yellow, keeled. -Stamens 10, spreading, a little shorter than the petals, filaments greenish yellow, tapering, anthers oblong, yellow. Scales very minute, 4 as long as the carpels, oblong-cuneate, yellow. Carpels equalling the stamens, at first erect, soon divergent, connate in lower half, greenish yellow, spreading in fruit, enclosed and equalled by the enlarging sepals. Flowers summer. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Lanzarote, Canary Islands. The original description is inadequate: ‘‘Glabrum, tortuosum, foliis subovoideis, floribus breviter pedicellatis in cymam anfractam bipartitam terminalem scorpioideam bracteatam dispositis ; sepalis 5, obtusis; staminibus Io.” It is stated to come near S. nudum but to “ differ widely in habit,” and attention is called to the “‘ cymes remarkably wavy, almost recalling the arched internodes of Ranun- culus reptans L.”* As regards habit, S. nudum in Madeira forms small tangled shrubby masses, but in cultivation (¢.g., old plants at Kew) it is herbaceous and nearly prostrate, with ascending branches, and is indistinguishable in growth-form from lancerottense. In leaf nudum varies somewhat as regards shape and colour, and I find no character to separate the two plants. The best.diagnostic features, as stated above lie in the sepals and scales. In my plants, too, the petals are more acute and of a clearer yellow colour. Dr. G. V. PEREZ, of Teneriffe, kindly had this plant searched for in Mr. MurrAy’s station—‘‘in rupibus abruptis el Risco dictis in Lanza- rote’’—and sent living specimens. The spot where these plants were collected is described as south-west of the rock called La Chachara, which stands 500 métres north-west of the chapel of Las Nieves, Famara, Lanzarote. 122. Sedum japonicum Siebold (fig. 149). S. japonicum Siebold ex Miquel in ‘‘ Annales Mus. Bot. Lugduno- Batavae,”’ 2, 156, 1855-6. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. S. Péters- bourg, 29, I51, 1883. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Makino, “‘ Illustr. Flor. Japan,” pl. 51. Regel “‘ Garten- flora,’ 1866, tab. 513, figs. 3, 4. This plant is in cultivation in Japan, at least in its var. senanense Makino, and deserves, therefore, a brief description in the present paper. It is a yellow-flowered species, with stems and leaves recalling thoseof S. album. These points, in conjunction with its long, unequal, blunt, narrow sepals and stellate fruit, will separate it from any other species found in cultivation. MAsTERs (loc. cit. p. 463) includes it in his ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUNDIN CULTIVATION. 255 account of the cultivated Stonecrops, but states that he had not seen it, and, as the name is sometimes applied in catalogues to other species, the plant cannot be accepted as formerly in English gardens. The * PAE wi f IE | Wart iP EV Fic. 149.—S. japonicum Siebold. following description is condensed from MIQUEL and MAXIMOWICZ (loc, cit.) and the figure is taken from Makino (loc. cit.). DEScRIPTION.—A glabrous, creeping,evergreen perennial. Stems rooting below, round, smooth, with ascending barren and flowering branches, 4 to 6 inches high, the former usually the taller. Leaves alternate, } inch long, twice as long as the internodes, linear-oblong, obtuse, sessile, semiterete, shortly spurred. Jn- 250 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. florescence a terminal, flattish cyme of 2 to 3 forked branches with flowers in the forks, 1} to 3 inches across, with bracts resembling the leaves, butsmaller. Flowers yellow, } inch across, on short thick pedicels. Sepals green, spreading, linear- oblong, obtuse, shortly spurred. Petals yellow, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, I-nerved, patent, + longer than the sepals. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals, the epipetalous ones inserted } way up from the base, and shorter than the episepalous ones, anthers yellow. Carpels spreading, connate at base, thrice as long as the slender styles, patent in fruit. . HABITAT.—E. China, Japan. Var. senanense Makino in Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 19, 67, 1405. SYNONYM,—S. senanense Makino in Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 16, 213, 1902. Differs from the type in its much smaller leaves, more slender stems, being much suffused with red &c., and is a Japanese alpine form of the species. 7 The type is stated by M1QuEt to flower in July, while the variety flowers (in Tokyo) in May. Both appear to be frequent in Japan. 123. Sedum alpestre Villar (fig. 150). S. alpesire Villar, ‘‘ Prospectus Plant. Dauph.,”’ 49, 1779; “‘ Hist. Plant. Dauph.,” 8, 684, 1789. , P SynNonyM.—S. repens Schleicher. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Reichenbach, ‘‘ Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 58. Hallier, ““Flor. Deutschland,” 26, pl. 2651. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’”’ tab. 26. A tiny, rather dull, plant, easily known by its bright-green flattened leaves, rather broader towards the tip, and few terminal inconspicuous Fic. 150.—S. alpestve Villar. greenish-yellow flowers with erect petals. Of no horticultural value, it is only occasionally found in cultivation. I saw it at Berlin (from the Riesengebirge), and Bremen (from the Carpathians), and Mr. E. BOWLES sent it to me from the Alps and Apennines. Named alpesire from its mountain habitat. DESCRIPTION.—Minute evergreen perennial, glabrous, bright green. Stem creeping, with ascending barren and flowering shoots. Leaves oblong-obovate, flattened, very fleshy, blunt, tapered and slightly spurred below, larger and more crowded at the ends of the shoots; barren shoots short, with leaves forming rosettes at their ends; flowering shoots taller (2 to 3 inches). Flowers 3; inch long, several together at the summit of the stems. Sepals resembling the leaves, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 257 green, fleshy, nearly erect, broadest near the very blunt tip, tube very short. Petals greenish yellow, 1} times the sepals, ovate, blunt, erect. Stamens equalling the sepals, filaments green, anthers yellow. Carpels green, at first erect, spreading widely in fruit. Flowers June. Hardy. HaBiTaT.—Mountains of Central and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. 124. Sedum Douglasii Hooker (fig. 151). S. Douglasit Hooker, ‘‘ Flora Bor. Amer.” 1, 228, 1832. Synonym.—S. himalense or himalaicum of many gardens (not S. himalense of Don, for which see p. 51). Sedum Douglasit recalls in its narrow, very fleshy leaves and golden- yellow flowers the difficult vupestve group which, though mainly European, has a representative in North America (to which region the present species belongs) in S. stenopetalum. But in its stellate fruit it differs so widely from the members of that group that it can hardly be included with them. As it is often confused with one or other of the vupesive section, some simple diagnostic characters may be mentioned. From S. stenopetalum the flattened leaves, the shaggy clothing of withered leaves on the middle portion of the shoots, and the short proliferous branches on the flowering stems distinguish the present species. S. reflexum and S. rupesive are separated by their creeping character, linear leaves, and inflorescence drooping and convex when young. S. aliissimum has taller flowering stems, whitish flowers, and, like veflexum, has no persistent withered leaves nor proliferous buds on the flowering-shoots. S. anopetalum is separated by its creeping habit, long sepals, and absence of withered leaves and proliferous shoots. DEscRIPTION.—A small, stout, erect, glabrous, evergreen perennial, green, often tinged red. Stems bare below, clothed in middle portion with withered leaves, leafy near top ; barren shoots 1 to 3 inches high, erect, slightly branched ; flower- ing stems stout, 3 to 12 inches high, unbranched, leaves more distant, the upper ones with short axillary shoots which persist after the fall of the leaf and ultimately drop off and take root. Leaves alternate, crowded, linear to linear- lanceolate, subterete, flattened especially on the upper side, rather acute, 4-} inch long by +; broad, with a short adpressed membranous spur; those of the flowering stem distant, linear-lanceolate, blunt. Inflorescence a compact, leafy cyme with about 3 stiff, stout, straight, few-flowered branches and a flower in the fork. Budsacute, ribbed, ovate. Flowers sessile, bright yellow, $ to § inch across. Sepals yellow, ovate, acute, not fleshy. Petals 4 times the sepals, ovate- lanceolate, acute, with an apiculus behind the tip, orange-yellow, wide-spreading, keeled. Stamens yellow, spreading, slightly shorter than the petals. Scales quadrate, short, yellow. Carpels erect, later spreading, greenish yellow, shorter than the stamens ; stellate-patent in fruit. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Western N. America from British Columbia to California and Montana. Not infrequent in English gardens, generally under the quite erroneous name of himalense. VOL. XLVI. 2 58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The specific name commemorates David Douglas (1798-1834), ~ Wise N eg, ’ sy SY t We, WA Ye 'f E => Fic. 151.—S. Douglasit Hooker. who collected in North America under the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society, and introduced many American plants into England. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 259 125. Sedum multicaule Wallich (fig. 152). S. multicaule Wallich, ‘Catalogue ’’ No. 7232. Hooker fil. and Thoms. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 2, 102. Clarke in Hooker, “ Flor. Brit. India,” 2, 422. Hamet in Bulletin Soc. Bot. France, 56, 47. A small, unattractive species, with leaves resembling those of the veflexum group, and small dull yellow flowers. A common plant in the Himalayan region &c., not worth cultivation. Among the Sedums in cultivation it comes nearest to S. trullipetalum H. f. and T. and S. Celiae Hamet, but these have leaves only half as large (4 inch long, not 4 inch). S. tullipetalum has, moreover, whitish- yellow clawed petals, and S. Celiae has not the stellate fruit characteristic of multicaule. DESCRIPTION.—A small, glabrous perennial (in cultivation, often annual). Stems usually branched below, branches ascending, 3 to 4 inches high, smooth, round, leafy. Leaves alternate, sessile, shortly and bluntly spurred, apiculate, linear, very fleshy, flat on face, rounded on back, about 3 inch long by +; inch broad. Inflorescence leafy, about 2 inches across, of several wide-spreading scorpioid branches, with a flower in the centre. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers sessile, % inch across. Sepals resembling the leaves, very unequal, linear, apiculate, fleshy, green, the shortest equalling the petals, separate nearly to the base. Petals yellow, ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, inconspicuous. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals, filaments green, anthers yellow. Scales whitish, emarginate. Carpels green, at first erect, later wide-spreading ; fruit stellate, often crimson. Flowers July-August. Hardy. Hasitat.—Himalayas, China, Japan. Usually much branched below. Young plants were received. from Edinburgh (grown from Himalayan seed), and seed received from Darjeeling Botanic Garden. There is an excellent unpublished coloured figure of the plant in the Kew collection of drawings, made by Mrs. GEORGE GOVAN, circa 1823-32. Described by HAMET, who has made a special study of the plant (loc. cit.), as perennial, but during a period of several years the plant in my garden, even when protected in winter, behaved as an annual, making no barren shoots, dying in autumn, and sowing itself freely. The name multicaule—many-stemmed—refers to its branching habit. 126. Sedum trullipetalum H. f. and T. S. trullipetalum Hooker fil. and Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., 2, 102, 1858. C. B. Clarke in Hooker, “ Flor. Brit. India,’’ 2, 421. Hamet in Bulletin Soc. Bot. France, 56, 47. A small moss-like plant related to S. multicaule Wallich, S. Celtae Hamet (both of which are described and figured in the present paper) and others of the Japonica group. It differs from mu/ticaule in its leaves half as large with a three-lobed (not entire) spur, petals clawed, obtuse, mucronate, nearly 35; inch long (instead of not clawed, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 261 the flowering ones branched below, 24-3 inches long. Leaves alternate, sessile, imbricate, linear, entire, acuminate, 4 to} inch long, broadening at the base into a 3-lobed spur. Inflorescence corymbose, dense, up to I inch across, bracts resembling the leaves. Flowers whitish yellow, 4 inch across, nearly sessile. Sepals broadly lanceolate, acute. Petals slightly exceeding the sepals, 5%; inch long, clawed; claw linear, a little shorter than the ovate, acute, mucronate, keeled lamina. Stamens 10, about ? the petals, the epipetalous ones inserted a little less than half way up the petal. Scales a little longer than broad, retuse. Carpels a little shorter than the stamens, connate in the lower half, styles slender. Flowers September. Hardy. HABITAT.—Himalayan region ; Yunnan. A little, mossy, pale-flowered Sedum of no horticultural interest. My plants, which came from the Lloyd Botanic Garden, Darjeeling, died off badly in autumn just before flowering, and proved difficult to keep. The description of the floral parts given above is drawn largely from HAMET’s excellent account. Hooker and Thomson call the species annual, and HAMET perennial. My plants persisted for three seasons, but, though barren stems were present, almost the whole perished in early autumn, only a few small buds—whether terminal or axillary I cannot say— remaining till spring, when they rooted and grew. 127. Sedum Celiae Hamet (fig. 153). S. Celiae Hamet in Bulletin de Géograpie Botanique, 28, 67, 1913. A minute, green, spiny-leaved species allied to the well-known Himalayan (and Chinese) S. multicaule Wall., and forming one ofa quite large group of small linear-leaved species of the Japonica section now known to occur in China. None of its allies except multicaule and trullipetalum are in cultivation. The first differs from it in its stellate fruit, much larger leaves, &c., the second in its dense inflorescence, whitish-yellow clawed petals, &c. DESCRIPTION.—Perennial, minute, glabrous, bright green, creeping, about 2 inches high. Stem creeping, slender, smooth, round, reddish, barren and flowering ones similar, each with many short ascending branches, their lower part loosely clothed with old leaves. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, linear or slightly tapering, entire, acuminate, spine-pointed, thick (fig. 153, 5), + inch long by 3; inch wide by ,; inch thick, at base colourless with a median purple stripe or blotch, spur short, usually rounded, sometimes 3-lobed (fig. 153, a, a), occasionally deeply 3-lobed. Cymes lax, of 2 or 3 short, wide-spreading branches round a central flower, about 1 inch across, flat, leafy, with bracts forming a rough involucre round the base of the calyx of each flower. Buds ovate, acute, whitish, with green ribs in the upper part, the corolla exceeded by the long, green, erect sepals. Flowers sessile, rather greenish yellow, not opening widely, about ¢ inch across. Sepals lanceolate, acute, leaf-like, scarcely spurred, semi-erect, slightly exceeding the petals (or slightly shorter than them—R. Hamet). Petals yellow, ovate-lanceolate, acute, semi-erect, ~; inch long, with a dorsal rib ending in a short apiculus behind and slightly exceeding the tip (fig. 153, c). Stamens a little shorter than the petals, filaments tapering, yellow, anthers reddish purple, the epipetalous ones inserted about } from the base. Scales yellow, the lower half broadly linear, twice as long as broad, the upper half roundish, emarginate, broader than long. Carpels slender, erect, free save at the very base, slightly shorter than the stamens, pale green, tapering into slender erect styles. Seeds attached to a small, semiglobular placenta placed near the base of the inner face of the carpel (fig. 153, d). Carpels erect in fruit, slightly exceeded by the erect sepals. “er 262 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Flowers August-September (gentle heat). Not hardy. HABITAT.— Yunnan. ZI ry Magee» LI) WZ x4 LE NE we NM Y Gas | IV he \ RN VW V A Vaal) Ny, \ be, ; ee BIN GZS b WMA ws | NAAT RS | AY NY Vs ae NM NEE. x4 x4 x 4 x4 Fic. 153.—S. Celiae Hamet. A single plant appeared at Glasnevin among other seedlings grown from seed collected by Rev. E. E. MArIRE in 1915 at and about Tong-tchouan, altitude 2,900 métres. The species was described by R. HAMET from material (in the Paris Herbarium) obtained by the same collector in the same locality. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 263 The Glasnevin plant, from which my description was drawn up, agrees satisfactorily with HAMET’s account of the species. The following differences may be noted. The spur is, according to HAMET, entire and blunt; while usually so in my plant, it is sometimes slightly, or even markedly, 3-lobed; and the flowers in my plant are sessile, not shortly pedicellate. With regard to the former character, it is not constant in several Chinese species; and the presence or absence of pedicels is to some extent dependent on the conditions of shade or exposure in which a plant grows; sessile flowers are often potentially pedicellate. The peculiar form of the placenta in S. Celiae —a semiorbicular mass placed near the base of the inner face of the carpel, instead of a ribbon running the length of the inner face, as is usual in the genus—is found in several other small Asiatic Sedums “—S. Przewalskit Maximowicz, S. Fedtschenkot Hamet, and S. Seelemannt Hamet. Named after Mdlle. Alice Leblanc (by inversion of the Christian name). 128. Sedum multiceps Coss. and Dur. (fig. 154). S. multicebs Cosson and Durieu in Bulletin Soc. Bot. France, 9, 171, 1862. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, il. 717. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Cosson, “‘ Illustr. Flor. Atlant.” 2, tab. 131. Gard. Chron., 1876, ii. fig. 45, repeated 1878, ii. fig. 120. Unmistakable among the linear-leaved hardy Sedums by reason of its shrubby growth. In winter the leaves fade, all except the uppermost, and form a shaggy covering on the stem. Flowers rather sparingly. DESCRIPTION.—A small subdeciduous, much branched, bushy plant, 3 to 4 inches high. Stems grey, smooth and rooting below, shaggy with withered leaves in the middle portion, densely leafy above, branches ascending or wide-spreading. Leaves green, sessile, alternate, very crowded, linear-oblong, blunt, flat on face, finely papillose on the edges and on the rounded back, very fleshy, } inch long. Inflorescence a small, few-flowered, 3-parted cyme, borne on an erect flower-shoot I~2 inches long with small, comparatively distant, leaves. Buds ovate, acute, ribbed. Flowers nearly 4 inch across, sessile, usually 5-merous. Sepals green, fleshy, linear, blunt. Petals yellow, oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, wide-spreading, twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, spreading, shorter than the petals. Scales small, yellowish. Carpels greenish-yellow, equalling the stamens, at first erect, wide-spreading in fruit. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Algeria. Not infrequent in cultivation, and usually correctly named. The name multicepbs—many-headed—refers to its branching habit. 129. Sedum sexangulare Linn. (fig. 155). S. sexangulare Linn., ‘Species Plantarum,”’ 432, 1753. Masters, Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 685. SYNONYMs.—S. mite Gilibert, ‘“‘ Flora Lithuan.,” 5, 1092. S. bolontense Loisel. in Desv. Journ. Bot. 2, 327, 1809; ‘‘ Not.,” 17. S. Hillebrandii Fenzl. 264 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,’”’ tab. 118. Curtis, ‘‘ Flora Londin.” 3, pl. 113. Sowerby, ‘‘English Bot.’”’ ed. 3, pl. 533. Reichenbach, “Flora German.” 23, tab. 57. Zenker, “‘ Flor. Thuringen,”’ 5, tab. 579. A European species long cultivated in gardens, and sometimes run wild in areas where it is not indigenous. It makes a fine mass (A WR A By eo x | Fic. 154.—S. multiceps Coss. and Dur. of golden-yellow when in bloom, resembling acre at a distance, but the flowers are smaller and the leaves very different, being linear and arranged in six spiral rows, not triangular with a broad base. In foliage it somewhat resembles S. Lydium and S. gracile, but both of these have white flowers. Occasionally the characteristic spiral arrangement of the leaves is absent. Usually correctly named in gardens. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 265 DESCRIPTION.—A small, evergreen, glabrous perennial, forming a fresh green mat. Stems creeping, much branched, barren shoots many, ascending, 1 to 2 inches long, flowering shoots a little taller. Leaves on barren shoots crowded, linear, blunt, terete, spreading, spurred, 4 to } inch long, usually in 6 spiral rows ; those of flowering shoots similar, less crowded. Inflorescence a flat-topped cyme 1 to 2inches across, of 3 branches with a flower in the fork. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers % inch across. Sepals green, lanceolate, blunt, lobes longer than the tube, persistent in fruit. Petals yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, wide-spreading, twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, spreading, shorter than the petals. Scales Fig. 155.—S. sexangulare Linn. small, yellow. Carpels yellow, erect, tapering into the styles, equalling the stamens, spreading in fruit. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Widespread in Europe. Naturalized in some places in England. The specific name refers to the arrangement of the leaves in six rows. 130. Sedum rupestre Linn. (figs. 156, 164, a). S. rupesire Linn., “ Species Plantarum,” 431, 1753. Baker in Gard. Chron. 1877, ii. 307. Masters, ibid., 1878, ii. 658. SYNONYMS.—S. elegans, Lejeune, “‘ Flore de Spa,’’ 1,205, 1811. S. pruinatum of many British and Continental authors (not of Brotero, for which see p. 277). Qj — ee ——— NSS Luz z ae a sis ————————— SSS Gas, = ~ ~— SN Le. We, i s\ Zg : wir | oe ye MWY} | Ww ; 4 Wp 7 (GE Fic. 156.—S. rupestre Linn. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 267 ILLUSTRATIONS.—Sowerby, “English Bot.” ed. 3, pl. 536. Reichenbach, ‘Flor. German.,”’ 23, tab. 61. This common plant, though variable, can without difficulty be separated from its allies of the rupesive section. The inflorescence drooping in bud separates it from all but veflexum ; the leaves flat on face divide it from veflexum and anopetalum ; the subglobular young inflorescence is shared only by reflexum and altissimum among its allies. In its stems, shaggy below with withered leaves, it is matched only by Douglasit. DESCRIPTION.—An evergreen creeping perennial, forming a mat, usually glaucous. Stems creeping, much branched, branches ascending, shaggy with withered leaves below, densely leafy above ; barren branches short with ascending tips, flowering branches with less crowded leaves, 6 to 12 inches high, drooping in bud. Leaves of barren shoots linear to linear-oblanceolate, 4 to $ inch long by 5; inch broad, sessile, apiculate, fleshy, flattish on face, rounded on back, very crowded towards the tip of the shoots, where they form dense rosettes ; those of the flowering shoots lanceolate, ascending, more distinctly spurred. Inflorescence an umbellate cyme of about 5 forked branches with a few bracts at the primary branching; subglobose in bud owing to the reflexure of the branches, flattish in full flower, hollow-topped in fruit owing to the straightening out and growth of the branches. Buds oval, with straight sides, strongly ribbed. Flowers nearly 4 inch across, mostly 5- (often 6- to 8-) parted, pedicels slender, - shorter than the flowers. Sepals triangular, longer than broad, nearly free ; only slightly fleshy, green, persistent in fruit. Petals oblong-linear, blunt, con- cave, golden yellow, wide-spreading, more than twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, spreading, equalling the petals. Scales small, yellow, quadrate. Carpels yellow, erect in flower and fruit. Flowers July. Hardy. HasBitat.—West Europe, from Spain to Germany. Naturalized in some parts of the British Isles, where it is an old and familiar garden plant ; possibly native in the west. Though not so variable as its near ally S. reflexum, it shows a considerable range as regards size and colour. The plant is always recognizable by its crowded linear leaves quite flat on the upper surface. In size it ranges from robust to slender and about half the size (var. minus auct.),and in colour from purple-glaucous tipped with red to uniform green. The var. Forsterianum (S. Forsterianum Smith, “ English Bot.” 26, pl. 1802) is a slender green form with inflorescence rather round-topped instead of flat. In a large series of cultivated forms which I got together in my garden, the green forms were all of small size, and so far agreed with Forsterianum, but the inflorescence character was not constant. The smallest forms which I met with were glaucous like the type. Rouy and Camus (“‘ Flore de France,” 7, 111) admit several varieties (Lejeuntt, aureum, Trevirense), in which the principal character is the shape of the barren shoot ; but this depends largely on questions of soil, situation, and condition, as the leaves tend to extend widely in shade or moisture, and to close up into a dense, egg-shaped mass In exposure or drought; so the shape of the shoots is an awkward character to use for diagnostic purposes. For ordinary purposes var. Forsterianum (the small slender green form) and var. minus (glaucous like the type but much smaller in all its parts) alone seems worth distinguishing. 268 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. At a, in fig. 156, is shown a barren shoot during drought, with the leaves incurved. At b is shown the same shoot after a subsequent short spell of wet weather. The specific name refers to its preference for a rocky habitat. 131. Sedum reflexum Linn. (figs. 157, 164, D). ’ S. reflexum Linn., ‘Species Plantarum,” ed. 2, 618, 1762, in part. Baker in Gard. Chron. 1877, 11. 461. Masters, 1bid. 1878, ii. 658. SynonyM.—S. rupestre, Linn., loc. cit., in part. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 116. Sowerby, ‘‘English Bot.’’ ed. 3, pl. 534. Reichenbach, ‘“ Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 60.- Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 29. This variable plant may be distinguished from the other members of the vupestve group by its possessing the following combination of characters: stem creeping (which excludes Douglasit and most forms of stenopetalum), leaves terete (excludes stenopetalum, rupesire, altissimum, pruinatum), young inflorescence subglobular (excludes all but rupesive and alitssimum) and drooping (excludes all but rupesire), fruiting inflorescence cup-shaped (excludes all but rupestre and altis- stmum), flowers golden yellow (excludes altissimum, pruinatum, and most forms of anopetalum). It will be noted that in the characters chosen vupesive shows the most frequent agreement with reflexum ; but the leaves of rupestre, quite flat above, will always distinguish it. from the former. DESCRIPTION.—A creeping evergreen perennial, forming a loose mat. Stems rooting below, ascending ; barren shoots many, I-4 inches long, round, smooth, leafy ; flowering shoots 6-12 inches, unbranched, leaves more distant. Leaves crowded, green or glaucous, 4 inch long, sessile, shortly spurred, linear, acute, nearly terete, ascending or recurved. Inflorescence a dense convex or flattish cyme, I-14 inch across, of 3 to 5 forked branches with flowers in the forks ; drooping and subglobose in bud, hollow-topped in fruit. Buds ovoid, blunt, ribbed. Flowers 5- to 7-parted, shortly stalked, § inch across. Calyx cup- shaped, green, fleshy, persistent in fruit, lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, tube very short. Petals bright yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled on back, grooved on face, wide-spreading, twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, spreading, shorter than the petals. Scales yellow, quadrate, notched. Carpels yellow, erect, equalling the stamens, tapering into the long slender styles. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—W., N., and Central Europe. Naturalized on old walls and occasionally on rocks in many parts of the British Isles. One of the commonest of European Sedums both in the native state and in gardens, whence it often migrates to rocks and walls in districts where it is not indigenous. Its wide distribution in gardens and power of spreading, combined with a considerable variation in form and a similarity to several other species, have led to much confusion, and it is to be found grown under many erroneous names. As an instance of the confusion which exists among the Sedums as found in gardens, some of the names under which S. veflexum arrived from reputable sources may be quoted: Alberti, alpestre, elongatum, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 269 WAY WW \\ WAR WAM ) NY: 7 A N ' . PNY Ut > i 4 BIA Le | x Vf Nf Wy SS FQ EE Ly a SS \ | \ ) y ¥v ‘SD Nar! a) 7 S f S. veflexum Linn. FIG, 157. 270 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. grandiflorum, hispanicum, Hildebrandiu, ibericum, Jacquint, ividum, montanum, portulacoides, pruinatum, stoloniferum, Verlott. I have cultivated about a hundred plants of this species, from gardens in most parts of Europe, including many selected forms from British gardens. This large series showed a considerable and con- tinuous range of variation as regards size (from very robust forms down to others indistinguishable without flower from S. anopetalum) and colour (from glaucous to quite green). The species varies also as regards the character from which it takes its name—the’ reflexed leaves on the flowering stems, these being often straight. The colour of the flowers in the cultivated forms appears to be always normal— a fine yellow. Var. albescens Haworth, ‘‘ Revis. Suec.”’ 28, which figures in British floras, is described as having the leaves glaucous, those of the flowering shoots not reflexed, plant smaller and leaves more slender, and flowers pale yellow. In the last character alone does it seem to differ from all of my garden forms, many of which showed some of these characters, and several all of them except the last. Many other varieties are described. BAKER, in his account of the Sedums of the rupesive group (Gard. Chron. 1877, i1. 461), includes vars. collinum, virens, albescens, minus, recurvatum, septangulare, virescens, and cristatum, and Rouy and Camus (“Flore de France,” 7, 109) give adpressum, collinum, recurvatum, graniticum, reflexum Briq., arrigens, Smithianum, albescens, and caestum}; but a series such as that in my garden disillusions one as to the value of these, except so far as, in the native state, they may represent local races, and be of interest geographically. For garden purposes the only one requiring mention is Monstr. eristatum of gardens (fig. 158), a fasciate form long in cultivation, and one of the most curious of Sedums, the flattened stems often being 2 inches-broad. In this condition it never flowers, but normal shoots are frequently produced, and these flower freely if allowed to develop. 132. Sedum altissimum Poiret (figs. 159, 164, d). S. altissimum Poiret, “‘Encycl.,” 4, 634, 1796. Synonyms.—S. ochroleucum Villar (not of Chaix, which = anopetalum), Baker in Gard. Chron. 1877, ii. 307. S.acutifolium of gardens (not of Ledebour, which is a white-flowered Caucasian species allied to album, and not in cultiva- tion). S. vufescens Tenore. ILLUSTRATIONS:— Jacquin, “ Hort. Vindob.,”’ 1, tab. 81 (as Sempervivum sedi- forme). De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 40. Tenore, ‘‘ Flor. Napol.,” tab. 41. Reichenbach, “ Icon. Crit.,”” 3, 285. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 32. S. altissimum most resembles, on the whole, S. veflexum, from which it may be distinguished by its leaves distinctly flattened (not terete) and lanceolate (not linear) in outline, by its taller flowering shoots ‘ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 271 which are erect (not drooping) in bud, and by its whitish (not bright yellow) flowers. The leaves are more conspicuously acute than in any other species of the section, and end in a little, thorn-like point. In the peculiar greenish-white tint of the flowers it matches S. ano- petalum, as also in its acute leaves and inflorescence erect in bud ; but the latter has leaves and flower stems of only half the length, the leaves are linear and terete, and the inflorescence flat, not Sub- globular, in bud. The plant varies much in size and colour, from robust forms with flower stems two feet high bearing leaves up to 1% inch long, to RZ PS SNS: Gy Z WS) W DH Ahitij 2 SF aS MNS Ks > > \ | TANS WN NY Fic. 158.—Sedum reflexum var. cristatum. quite dwarf forms rising only to 6 inches; and as regards colour from pale green or dark green to fine purple-glaucous. The large forms include var. latifolium of Rouy and Camus, “Flore de France,” 7, 108, which is also the S. nicaecense of Allioni, ‘‘ Flor. Pedemont.”’ li, 122, ili. tab. go, fig. 1; S. coerulescens Haworth in Phil. Mag., 66, 172, 1825, is a small purple-glaucous form. DESCRIPTION.—Evergreen perennial, glabrous, usually glaucous. Roots fibrous. Stems decumbent, woody and rooting below, with ascending branches. Barren shoots many, very leafy, 3-6 inches high. Flowering stems 4 to 2 feet high, unbranched, very erect. Leaves of the barren stems alternate, 4 to } inch long by;=3,"to 53; inch wide, flattened, especially on face, linear-lanceolate, acute, spine-pointed, sessile, slightly spurred: those of the flower-stems similar but larger, up to 14 by } inch, more distant, smaller upward. Inflorescence a com- pact, leafless, subglobose cyme of several forked branches with a flower in the forks, erect and globose in bud, very hollow and obconical in fruit. Buds oblong, very blunt, strongly ribbed, ribs greenish. Flowers 4 inch across, sessile or nearly 80, mostly 5-merous. Sepals green, fleshy, ovate, acute, tube short. Petals 2} times the sepals, boat-shaped, keeled, oblong-lanceolate, broadest near the ——=>== = a ~ \\\ | ~— RSS ee AWN = r : MS fil Uy, SU | \ ) \ Fic. 159.—S. altissimum Poiret. x4 ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 273 obtuse ‘tip, greenish-white, wide-spreading. Stamens slightly exceeding the petals, spreading, filaments greenish, anthers yellow. Scales small, quadrate, greenish. Carpels erect, slender, greenish, equalling the petals. Flowers July-August. Hardy. Hasirat.—S. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor. A familiar plant round almost the whole of the Mediterranean basin. It is suitably named altissimum (very tall), the flower-stems being usually longer than those of any other member of the rupestre group. 133. Sedum anopetalum DC. (figs. 160, 164, ¢). S. anopetalum De Candolle “‘ Rapports Voyages,” 2, 80, 1808. Baker in Gard. Chron. 1877, ii. 462. Masters, 1bid. 1878, ii. 626. Synonyms.—S. elongatum of gardens (not of Wallich, for which see p. 41). S. ochroleucum of Chaix (not of Villar, which = altissimum, see p. 270). ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘Mém. Crassul.,” pl. 8. Reichenbach, “ Flor. German.,” 23, tab. 59. Cusin and Ansberque, “‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,” tab. 33. A species well marked when in flower, but without flower often impossible to distinguish from small forms of S. reflexum. In bud, flower, or fruit it may be known from all other species of the rupesire section by its long lanceolate sepals, which in fruit have the outer face concave. It differs from rupestve in its almost terete (not flat) leaves, and from both veflexum and rupesire in its inflorescence erect in bud. In this latter respect it agrees with altissimum, but that species has lanceolate (not linear), flattened, larger leaves. The flowers of anopetalum are usually whitish, like those of altissimum ; but bright-yellow forms, as in veflexum and rupesire, are not uncommon. The inflorescence remains flat in bud, flower, and fruit, while in reflexum, rupestre, and altissimum it is very convex in bud and very concave in fruit. DEscCRIPTION.—A glabrous, evergreen perennial, creeping, forming a low green or glaucous mat often tinged red. Stems many, much branched and rooting below, with ascending barren and flowering shoots, the former 1 to 4 inches, the latter 6 tog inches high. Leaves of barren shoots crowded, ascending, $ inch long, linear, apiculate, slightly flattened above, slightly spurred at base, some- times arranged in 6 or more rows; those of the flowering stems larger, ? inch long, more distant, more distinctly spurred. Inflorescence a flat compact cyme about 1 inch across, of about 5 forked branches with a central flower, leafy, flattish, and erect in bud and in fruit. Buds ovate-oblong, ribbed, acute. Flowers # inch long. Sepals long, lanceolate, green, erect, acute, separate nearly to the base, persistent in fruit, when they have a median depression. Petals narrowly lanceolate, acute, keeled, grooved on face, erect or spreading, seldom widely open, whitish, rarely bright yellow, twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, equalling the petals. Scales small, whitish. Carpels shorter than the petals, slightly shorter than the stamens; erect, greenish, erect also in fruit; styles divergent. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HaBitTaT.—Central and Southern Europe from Spain eastward ; Asia Minor. Among some fifty selected plants of anopetalum in my garden, derived from as many sources, native and cultivated, the following variations are noticeable: (1) séze, from small forms with barren VOL. XLVI. - 274 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. CNG WA Ay] Ay WY, LEE ZA | Ly 4 t3 ——— = cite RSs reat $2.8 ‘iN @ | VEN WS (NN \y ! j SA Vv eX Ay SQ \\ \\ i Za og } a \\ big, SF WY, NZ Sy SN yi \Y y WLS Se Ge Wee) ZEUS SST KW S77) Fic. 160.—S. anopetalum DC. / ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 275 shoots a couple of inches long and flower-stems three inches high to strong forms with shoots g inches long and flower-stems of a foot ; (2) leaf-colour, bright green, dark green flushed with red, or glaucous; a form brought from Bulgaria by Sir JossLyN GORE-BOOTH is so glaucous as to be almost white; (3) flower-colour, this varies less, being either of the typical whitish hue or else golden yellow. Among this variable set I have found it futile to attempt to distinguish varieties, of which several have been described, such as chrysanthum and chloranthum of JEANBERNAT and TIMBAL-LAGRAVE, and S. Verlott of JORDAN. Frequent in cultivation but generally under erroneous names or synonyms, such as collinum, elegans, elongatum, Forsterianum, montanum, ochroleucum, reflexum, stenopetalum, virens. Its name anopetalum is descriptive of the characteristic upward direction of the petals. 134. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh (figs. 161, 164, e). S. stenopetalum Pursh, “ Flor. Amer. Septent.,” 1, 324, 1814. S. Watson, “Bot. of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado,” ror, 1871. “‘ N. Amer. Flora,” 22, 65. Baker in Gard. Chron. 1877, ii. 307. Masters, ibid. 1878, 11. 626. ILLUSTRATIONS.— Britton and Brown, “‘ Illustr. Flora Northern U.S.,” 2, 166. Regel, ‘‘ Gartenflora,” tab. 741a. (Both poor.) The only representative in America of the rupestve group which is so characteristic of the European Sedum flora. Most resembles S. reflexum, but the shoots, though sometimes elongate, do not creep, and are normally very short and erect. The leaves are blunter and of a duller surface ; under the microscope this is seen to be due to the surface being more distinctly cut up into polygonal spaces, in which hemispherical papille are often placed; when the leaves are tinged. purple, as is frequent, the colour resides in these prominences. In flower the species differs from veflexum in its shorter stem, more flattened leaf, inflorescence erect in bud and flattish*in both bud and fruit, and the petals, which are uniformly 5 in number, are much more acute. DESCRIPTION.—A tufted, glabrous, evergreen perennial. Stems few, erect or ascending, barren shoots short (about 1 inch long), leafy ; flowering shoots 4 to 6inches. Leaves scattered, glaucous, or dull green, or flushed dull purple, minutely papillose, $ to # inch long, somewhat flattened, linear-lanceolate, entire, blunt, curved upwards, very shortly spurred, imbricate around the growing point ; those of the flowering stem similar, rather larger, less crowded. Inflorescence I to 2inches across, of several forked branches with flowers in the forks, flattish, compact; in strong plants elongate (3 inches long or more), by production of axillary branches below the main inflorescence. Buds ovate-oblong, pointed. Flowers short-stalked, 4 inch across. Sepals fleshy, lanceolate, rather blunt, pale green, flat on face, rounded on back, separate nearly to the base. Petals lanceolate, acute, patent in upper part, bright yellow, grooved on face, with a greenish keel on back, twice the sepals. Stamens spreading, shorter than the petals, filaments -yellow, anthers orange. Scales very small, orange, notched, broader than long. Carpels slender, nearly erect, greenish yellow, the tips diverging in fruit. 276 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Flowers early June. Hardy. HaBITAT.—Western and central North America. Occurs in two forms: (1) the typical form with very short, tufted, barren stems and flower stems 4 or 5 inches long; and (2) with BSS) WA i pee - N > SS +4 REA ry EN! N ‘ \ > onl) ae \Y 2 Fic. 161.—S. stenopetalum Pursh. elongate, procumbent stems, barren shoots up to 6 inches long, flower- shoots up to 12 inches long, procumbent below, erect above; whole plant more vigorous, sometimes suffused with dark purplish red. S. stenopetalum is rather rare in cultivation, but generally correctly named. Collected specimens from British Columbia and Colorado, and many others from gardens in England, Geneva, Lindau, Petrograd, and New York, belong to the typical form. The diffuse form I have ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 277 had from several English gardens, and Mrs. HENSHAW tells me she knows it in the wild state in British Columbia. The name stenopetalum signifies narrow-petalled. 135. Sedum pruinatum Brotero (figs. 162, 164, /). S. pruinatum Brotero, “Flor. Lusit.,’”’ 2, 209, 1804. Mariz in Boletim Sociedade Broteriana, 6, 1888, 21. R. P. Murray in Journ. of Bot., 27,141, 1889. Rouy, “ Illustr. Plant. Europ. Rar.,’’ fasc. ro, 77. - Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 55,213, 1917. (Not S. pruinatum of most British and Continental authors, which is S. rupestre L. = elegans Lejeune.) ILLUSTRATION.—Mariz, loc. cit. tab. 1. Rouy, Joc. cit. pl. 231. This interesting and distinct plant has long been confused with the well-known S. rupesive L. (=S. elegans Lej.), with which, though belonging to the same group, it has little affinity. In its leaves it comes nearest to S. reflexum, but in growth it is quite different, and its very distinct inflorescence and flowers place it close to S. amplext- caule. While resembling that species, particularly in its few-flowered, two-branched inflorescence and sepals with raised edges and a median depression, it differs widely in its leaves, which have not a broad, clasping base and do not dry up in summer. The very glaucous colour, curious whip-like shoots, rooting only at the tips and dying off behind in autumn, and large straw-coloured flowers distinguish S. pruimnatum at a glance when it is growing among its nearest allies. DESCRIPTION.—A very glaucous, slender, evergreen perennial, with erect, sparingly leafy, flowering stems about 6 inches high, and very long (6 to 9 inches) slender prostrate barren ones, at first leafy, which perish in autumn save for the very leafy tip, which roots. Leaves of the different parts similar, alternate, very glaucous, linear, acute, to # inch long, subterete, flattish above, rounded below, with a short adpressed whitish spur ; distant, and withering at about flowering- time save at the tips of the barren shoots, where they are crowded, forming a slender, erect, winter bud. Inflorescence lax, 5- to 7-flowered, of two wide-spread- ing branches with a flower in the fork. Buds oblong, lanceolate, acute. Flowers & to # inch across, 6- to 7-parted, straw-coloured, on very short pedicels. Sepals tapering from a short tube to a rather acute point, glaucous, slightly recurved, edges somewhat raised on the back. Petals twice the sepals, wide-spreading, linear, acute, strongly keeled on back and channelled on face, ~ inch long, paler on back. Stamens equalling the petals, pale yellow, anthers oblong. Scales very small, bright yellow. Carpels nearly white, erect, slightly shorter than the stamens, tapering into the slender styles. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Portugal, very rare, chiefly about the Serra de Gerez. Rev. R. P. Murray had it in cultivation in England some thirty years ago. By the kindness of Prof. J. A. HENRIQUES of Coimbra, I received a good gathering of the wild plant in rgr4, and about the same time Miss LucKHAM sent to the Royal Horticultural Society for identification a plant collected by her a few years previously. Named from the prwina or “ bloom ”’ (literally hoar-frost) which gives the plant its distinctive glaucous colour. 278 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fic. 162.—S. pruinatum Brotero. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 279 136. Sedum amplexicaule DC. (figs. 163, 164, g). S. amplexicaule De Candolle, ‘‘ Rapports Voyages,” 2, 80,1808. Baker in Gard. Chron. 1877, ii. 462. Masters, ibid. 1878, ii. 626. Synonyrm.—S. tenuifolium, DC., ‘‘ Prodromus,”’ 3, 407. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘ Mém. Crassul.,” pl, 7. Sibthorp, “ Flor. Graeca,” tab. 474. Tenore, ‘Flor. Nap.,’ 1, tab. 139, fig. 2. Cusin and aoa “Herb. Flor. Francaise, Crassul.,”’ tab. 35. Gard. Chron. 1876, ii. g. 46. A very peculiar and interesting species, more closely related to S. pruinatum of Portugal than to any of its allies found with it along the Mediterranean. The leaves of the barren shoots fade at about the flowering time in early summer, leaving only the peculiar, broad sheathing bases (fig. 163, c), which enwrap the shoot and presumably form a protection against drought ; in this condition the plant looks dead. With the rains of autumn, growth is resumed at the tip of the shoot, and during winter the clump is again covered with small glaucous leaves. Fig. 163, 0, shows a shoot in its summer condition, and a, the same shoot when growth is resumed. In the shape and history of its leaves the species is unique. In its flowering parts especially it shows its affinity to pruinatum. In both we find the same few- flowered, two-branched inflorescence with large flowers and sepals with a peculiar median furrow; but in pruinatum the flowers are usually straw-coloured, not golden, and the furrow less marked than in amplexicaule. Wild specimens are sometimes a foot in height when in flower, but in gardens the plant is mostly much smaller, and sometimes minute. DESCRIPTION.—Small perennial, withering in summer, green for the rest of the year. Stem procumbent, wiry, much branched, dying off behind and forming many rooted shoots. Barrenshoots ascending, I to 3incheslong. Flower-shoots 2 to 6 inches high, ascending, unbranched. Leaves of barren shoots imbricate, glaucous, linear, terete, apiculate, recurved in the upper part, widening at base into a broad, clasping, membranous wing; leaves of flowering shoots linear- lanceolate, apiculate, nearly terete, rather distant, sessile, with a short, narrow, adpressed spur. Inflorescence lax, few-flowered, mostly of two wide-spreading branches, each bearing 2 to 6 flowers with a flower in the fork. Flowers large, & to $ inchacross, 6- to 10o-parted. Buds nearly } inch long, ovate, acute, strongly ribbed. Sepals green, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, with a deep median groove, raised edges, and recurved tip. Petals golden-yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, grooved on face, keeled on back, 3 inch long, thrice the sepals. Stamens yellow, % the petals. Scales small, yellow, broader than long. Carpels yellow, erect ; in fruit erect and large, surrounded by the persistent, erect sepals. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Southern Europe from Portugal eastward, Asia Minor, Algeria. Not uncommon in gardens. The specific name signifies ‘‘ stem-clasping,’’ and emphasizes the peculiar character of the leaves. SECTION VIII.—SEMPERVIVOIDES. Section SEMPERVIVOIDES Boissier, ‘‘ Flor. Orientalis,’’ 2, 776. Annual or biennial. Leaves flat, root-leaves forming a rosette. Inflorescence corymbose or racemose-paniculate. Hardy or tender Eurasian plants. 280 . JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fic. 163.—S. amplexicaule DC. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 281 A rather small group of wide range, its most remarkable members being a few striking biennials from the Caucasusregion. The species, QGBwxe @ OE MEY Bees b Fic. 164.—Leaves of the rupesive group. a, reflexum,; b, rupestre; c, ano- petalum ; d, altissimum ; e, stenopetalum ; f, pruinatum ; g, amplexicaule. All x 2. at least those in cultivation, divide themselves into two well-marked sub-groups. A. SEMPERVIVOIDES sensu restricto. Rosettes Sempervivum- like, inflorescence dense, leaves sessile, flowers red or reddish :— sempervivoides Fischer indicum Hamet pilosum M. Bieb. B. CEPAEA sensu restricto. Rosettes lax, inflorescence very lax, leaves stalked, flowers white or yellow. Cepaea L. viscosum Praeger. While the Sempervivoides group is almost confined to the Asia Minor area, the Cepaea group is mainly Chinese and includes several well-marked plants in both the white-flowered and the yellow-flowered sections. A. SEMPERVIVOIDES S.S. 137. Sedum sempervivoides Fischer (fig. 165). S. sempervivoides Fischer ex M. von Bieberstein, ‘‘Flora Taurico- Caucas.,” 8, 313, 1819. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 750. Hamet in Trd. Bot. Sada (Tiflis), 8, pt. iii. 26. SYNONYM.—S. sempervivum Ledebour ex Sprengel ‘‘ Systema,” 2, 434. Boissier, ‘‘ Flor. Orient.,” 2, 786. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Gard. Chron. 1808, i. fig. 7. Bot. Mag. pl. 2174. Garden, 19, 354, 1881. Regel, ‘‘ Gartenflora,” tab. 551, 1155. Link ‘‘Icones,’’1,57. Revue Horticole, sér. 2, 5, 5. A beautiful and remarkable Sedum, allied to the equally remark- able S. pilosum, from which it differs in its much laxer leaf-rosette, 282 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. broader leaves marked with dark red, scarlet (not rose-coloured) flowers, &c. Like filosum, it is a biennial and comes from the Caucasus. The crimson flowers are unique among cultivated Sedums. _ DEscriIpTion.—Biennial, pubescent, with the habit of a Sempervivum. First-year stems very short, producing a single leaf-rosette, 1 to 2 inches across Wk ASE | PROS \ ON Fic. 165.—S. sempervivoides Fischer. in second year lengthening to 6 to 12 inches and flowering, stout, downy, red, leafy, unbranched save at top. Leaves ovate, acute, sessile, very fleshy, purplish, pubescent, ciliate, densely imbricated on the first-year stems, alternate and distant on the flowering stems. Inflorescence a large, rather loose, leafy panicle, 2 to 4 inches across, with bracts resembling the leaves. Flowers } inch long, 4 inch across, 5-parted, pedicels equalling the flowers. Sepals erect, red, fleshy, hairy, ovate, acute, separate nearly to the base. Petals bright crimson, lanceolate, acute, erect below, curving outwards above, hairy on back, 24 times the sepals. Stamens erect, crimson, nearly twice the sepals. Scales small, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 283 reddish, broader than long. Carpels crimson, erect, equalling the stamens ; spreading in fruit. Flowers June-July. Hardy. Hasitat.—Asia Minor and Caucasus. Now found in most good collections. The specific name emphasizes the plant’s resemblance to a Sempervivum. 138. Sedum pilosum M. B. (fig. 166). S. pilosum Marschall von Bieberstein, “‘ Flor. Taurico-Caucas. ’’ 1, 352, 1808. Boissier, “Flor. Orient.,” 2, 786. Hamet in Trd. Bot. Sada (Tiflis), 8, pt. ili. 28. Synonym.—S. Regelii (a nomen nudum) of gardens. ILLUSTRATIONS.—M. von Bieb., ‘‘Cent. Plant.” tab. 40. Bot. Mig: pl. 8503. Gard. Chron. 1911, i. fig. 160. A remarkable and showy little biennial plant, with a wealth of rose-pink blossoms. The dense, hairy rosettes of the first year’s growth closely resemble those of a Sempervivum, but in the second and final year the five-parted flowers with free petals and ten stamens, though in shape recalling those of a Crassula, show where its affinities lie. re ° DESCRIPTION.— Biennial, forming in the first year a dense subglobular rosette of downy, incurved leaves. Flowev-stem erect, 2 to 4 inches long, leafy, much branched above. Leaves of rosette linear-spathulate, bluntly pointed, hairy, sessile, very fleshy, dark green, densely imbricate, about 4 inch long; those of the flowering stems larger, # inch long, } inch broad, oblong- obovate. Inflorescence a dense, much-branched, panicled cyme, 14 to 3 inches across, surface convex. Flowers % inch long, } to % inch across, longer than the pedicels. Sepals erect, linear, acute, not contiguous, downy, dark green, separate nearly to the base. Petals erect below, wide-spreading above, oblong, acute, rose-coloured, downy on back, 4 longer than the sepals. Stamens equalling the sepals, anthers reddish or yellowish. Scales minute, oblong, colourless. Carpels erect, green, equalling the stamens, styles red. Fruit stellate-patent. Flowers May-June. Hardy. HABITAT.—Asia Minor, Caucasus. Though described as long ago as 1808, the plant only recently came into cultivation, and was unknown in our own country until rg10, when seeds were distributed by REGEL and KESSELRING of Petrograd. The species is, unfortunately, only biennial, but the seeds germinate freely. A dry niche suits it well. The name pilosum refers to the hairy nature of the plant. 139. Sedum indicum Hamet (figs. 167, 168). S. indicum var. genuinum Hamet in Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 5, II5, 1912. SYNONYMS.— Crassula indica Decaisne in Jacquemont, ‘‘ Voyage dans |’Inde,”’ 4 (Botanique), p. 61, tab. 61, fig. 1. Hooker fil. and Thompson in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), 2, 90. Clarke in Hooker, ‘“‘ Flora Brit. India,” 2, 413. Sedum paniculatum Wallich Cat., No. 7227. ILLUSTRATION —Jacquemont, loc. cit. 284 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A very variable plant, inconstant as regards size, hairiness, colour, — and the shape of its leaves, and to a less degree all parts of its flowers ; but always recognizable by its biennial duration, Sempervivum-like leaf-rosettes, large, paniculate inflorescence, and numerous small flowers with five stamens and erect petals having reflexed tips. It comes nearest the Sempervivoides group of Sedum from the Caucasus WE Leese DIO BES fe Fic. 166.—S. pilosum M. B. region, and is best placed there, though the flowers are different, especially as regards the number of stamens. I have discussed some of its forms in Journ. of Bot., 57, 55, 1919. DESCRIPTION.—Biennial, usually glabrous. Roots fibrous. Stem in first year extremely short, densely leafy, in second year elongate (6 to 12 inches), erect, more or less distantly leafy, round, smooth, usually unbranched below, emitting above alternate, sub-erect or spreading, simple or once or twice forked branches with a few small bracts resembling the leaves, each ultimate branch bearing a simple raceme of flowers without bracts, and lengthening more or less as flower- ing proceeds. Branches all attaining about the same level, their upper parts smooth or finely papillose. Pedicels 4 to }inch long, erecto-patent, rarely patent, often papillose. Inflorescence 2 to 4 inches broad, 2 to 4inches long from the lowest branching. Leaves alternate, in first year forming a rather lax rosette about as long as broad, the outer ones patent, the inner erect; very fleshy, $to 3, inch thick, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 285 We ( “yy ot y. uy) S RNY, = y oN rl s AF xk a Fic. 167.—S. indicum Hamet. \ 286 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. glabrous, rather glaucous, densely red-dotted when old, sessile, spathulate- acuminate to oblong-acuminate, tapered below, broadest } way up, ending ina spine =}, inch long, 14 to 23 inch long, $ to 8 inch broad, flat above, convex below ; Fic. 168.—S. indicum Hamet. ¢ stem-leaves similar or narrower, longer than the internodes, very fleshy, upper bracts linear. Buds ovoid. Flowers roughly globular, -% to 3; inch long and broad. Calyx in outline hemispherical, 4, inch long, very fleshy, smooth or finely papillose, green dotted with purple, segments 5, triangular to oblong, blunt, much exceeding the tube. Petals erect, 14 times the sepals, oblong, broadest at base, bluntly pointed, inserted almost horizontally, tips recurved, flat ; almost S-shaped in vertical section, concave inwards in cross-section, very fleshy ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 287 in upper half, the inner face hollowed out in the lower half (fig. 168, f), the lower edge of the thickened portion forming in front view a two-lobed lip (fig. 168, g) ; whitish in the lower part, crimson above, especially on the recurved tip ; smooth or finely scabrid on the back, 4 inch long (measured along the curve), zs inch broad. Stamens 5, erect, slightly exserted owing to the petals being re- curved, 4inch long, filaments stout,tapered, contracted and abruptly bent inwards at the apex, white; anthers yellow on face, crimson on back. Scales quadrate, curved, emarginate, pink, orange, or whitish. Carpels pale green, dotted red in upper part, slightly shorter than the stamens, erect, the inner edge straight or nearly so, the outer edge in its lower half parallel to the inner, or convex, in its upper half contracted, often rather abruptly, into the tapering style (fig. 168, A), which is at first erect, later divergent ; stigmas capitellate. Flowers September—October. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Himalayan region, W. China. The above description is taken from a good series of plants grown at Kew, Glasnevin, and my own garden, from seed sent by Rev. E. E. Marre from Tong-tchouan, Yunnan, in 1915. It differs in some minor respects from the descriptions and figures of the plant hitherto pub- lished (which were mostly prepared from dried specimens), and in other respects it supplements them. It is clear that we have to deal here with a polymorphic species, and identity of description need not be expected. On fig. 168, a, b, c represent the first-year rosette and one of its leaves, in plan and section, of what may be taken as type ; d, the rosette and leaf of a narrow-leaved form. Two varieties have been previously described—var. Forresti Hamet with very broad ovate-suborbicular leaves, mostly opposite, and var. yunnanense Hamet, a hairy form, of which I am able to amplify the description, as it was well represented among the plants raised from MAIRE’S seed. Another distinct form, deserving of varietal rank, appeared in some numbers among the plants grown from MAIRE’s seed, and has been described as var. densirosulatum. Var. yunnanense Hamet (fig. 169). S. indicum var. yunnanense Hamet, in Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 8, 147, 1913. Crassula yunnanensis Franchet, in Journ. de Bot., 10, 284, 1896. Rosettes much smaller than in type, 1 to 13 inch across, lax. Leaves not glaucous, green or brown (owing to dense purple mottling on the green surface), ‘ with dense, short, white pubescence (especially on the young leaves) over both surfaces, or at least in the upper part and on the edges; hairs linear-deltoid, patent or slightly deflexed ; leaves 4 to 1 inch long, ;3; to 4, wide, extremely thick (up to nearly } inch), oblanceolate, spathulate, acute or acuminate, convex on face, very convex on back, rounded on edges. Stem 2 to 4 inches long, hairy, densely leafy, the leaves oblanceolate, pubescent. Inflorescence small, (rt inch across), rather dense, flattish, of few branches; branches and pedicels very Short, shortly pubescent or papillose; bracts few, obovate-lanceolate, shortly pubescent or papillose. lowers rather larger than in the type, up to 4 inch long. Calyx narrower in proportion to its length, papillose. Petals papillose on back, oblong-lanceolate (not broadly oblong), devoid of thicken- ing on the face, more erect at base: (so that the flower is narrower), and less reflexed at apex, making the whole petal much straighter and the flower longer (fig. 169, c). Papillz of bracts, inflorescent branches, sepals, and petals conical. Stamens not abruptly bent at apex, anthers red. Carpels lanceolate. 288 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. NOS CBZ QESY G4 Fic. 170.—S. indicum var. densivosulatum Praeger. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 289 Var. densirosulatum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 57, 1919 (fig. 170). Rosettes dense, twice as broad aslong. Leaves smaller than type (1 by +5, inch by } inch), spathulate, acuminate, very glaucous, tipped purple. Stem much shorter (2 to 3 inches), branched almost from the base ; ultimate racemes short (4 inch), flowers crowded, on shorter pedicels ; whole inflorescence rounded, dense, about 2 inches long and broad. Calyx and corolla more mottled with red. Petals straighter, less thickened in upper part, so that the cavity in the lower part is less pronounced (fig. 170, a). Scales narrower (fig. 170, b). B. CEPAEA S.S. 140. Sedum Cepaea Linn. (fig. 171). S. Cepaea Linn., ‘‘Species Plantarum,”’ 431, 1753. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, il. 750. Synonym.—S. galioides Allioni, ‘‘ Flor. Pedemont.,” 2, 120. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Reichenbach, ‘‘ Flor. German.,’’ 23, tab. 50. Sibthorp, “Flor. Graeca,’’ 5, tab. 448. Waldstein and Kitaibel, “‘ Descr. Plant. Hungar.,’’ tab. 104 (as S. spathulatum). Saunders, ‘‘ Refug. Bot.,’’ tab. 243. Bot. Register, 16, 1391. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 10. A winter annual, appearing in summer or autumn and flowering early the following summer. The tallest of the annual Sedums, growing sometimes a foot in height, and the most branched, its slender pyramidal growth and starlike white flowers separating it from any other cultivated species. Where introduced, it often maintains itself by self-sown seedlings. DEscRIPTION.—Annual, or occasionally biennial, tall, slender, much-branched, usually hairy; young plants lowly, forming a loose rosette of stalked leaves } inch long; petiole $ inch, flat, nearly linear; lamina % inch long, ovate, very blunt. Stem a foot or less, erect, hairy, dotted red, with wide-spreading, ascending lateral branches. Leaves alternate or opposite, or in whorls of 3 or 4, flat, fleshy, smooth, linear-obovate, sessile, red-spotted ; the root-leaves obovate, with a distinct petiole. Inflorescence a loose panicled cyme, occupying the whole plant. Buds slender, ovate, acute, ribbed. Flowers 5-parted, % inch across, on long pedicels. Sepals green, linear-lanceolate, hairy, separate nearly to the base. Petals white, wide-spreading, keeled, lanceolate, with an attenuate acute point, hairy on back, thrice the sepals, nerve red, depressed on face. Stamens % the petals, spreading, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales small, yellowish, quadrate, emarginate. Carpels spreading, greenish, tinged red, equalling the stamens ; slightly spreading in fruit. Flowers June-July. Hardy. Hasitat.—Central and Southern Europe, on shady rocks, &c. Naturalized in Buckinghamshire (Sowerby, “‘ Engl. Bot.” ed. 3, 4, 63). Known in cultivation as early as 1610, but only occasionally found in gardens. I saw it at Leipzig, and with Mr. E. A. Bowles at Waltham Cross, and received it from Oxford and Wisley. Of late years, S. stoloniferum, a very different plant (see p. 196), has been sold under the name of S. Cepaea by some nurserymen in England. Cepaea is a pre-Linnean name for the plant. 141. Sedum viscosum Praeger (figs. 172, 173). S. viscosum Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 57, 1910. A distinct annual Chinese species, remarkable for the coating of glandular hairs tipped with a very viscid secretion which covers every VOL. XLVI. = AS Z ‘3 a a € 7 =} : Fic. 171.—S. Cepaea Linn. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 201 NS ae 2) = = -* SoS 5 7S \ $ can \ Fic. 172.—S. viscosum Praeger. 292 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. part of the plant except the stamens and the face of the petals. This character and its flat, entire, rather rhomboid stalked leaves and long-stalked yellow flowers readily distinguish it. DESCRIPTION.—Annual or biennial, soft, downy, very viscid. Stem slender, erect, with many axillary ascending branches, dark red, densely clothed with patent viscid hairs, 4 to 8inches high. Leaves alternate, rosulate in young plants, in flowering plants equalling or longer than the internodes, stalked, soft, fleshy, Bee ry. on both sides ; petiole + inch long, lamina obovate-trapezoidal, 4 inch long, $ inch broad, bluntly pointed, mostly tipped with a small purple dot. Flowers many, yellow, subopposite the leaves or more rarely axillary, pedicels slender up to } inch long. Buds ovate, bluntly pointed, viscid-hairy, green or streaked with red. Sepals lanceolate, acute, fleshy, green, viscid-hairy, wide- spreading, not spurred. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute, 3; inch long, on face smooth, yellow, on back viscid-hairy and greenish dotted with purple, wide- spreading, 2to24 times the sepals, erect,and persistingafter flowering. Stamens to, yellow, # the petals, spreading. Scales small, broadly cuneate, minutely emar- ginate, pale orange-yellow. Carpels slender, oblong, greenish yellow, erect, Fic. 173.—S. viscosum Praeger. viscid-hairy, free, save at the very base; styles greenish, glabrous, spreading, about as long as the stamens, nearly erect after flowering. Flowers June-August. Not hardy. ; - HABITAT.— Yunnan. My knowledge of this little plant is due to Rev. Pére E. E. MAIRE, who sent me seed in 1915. His label runs :—‘“‘ Sédum annuel, gluant, rameux étalé-tomenteux, fleurs jaunes. Murs humides, ombragés, de Kin-tchong-chan, altitude 2,990 m.” The plant flagwered at Kew, Glasnevin, and in my own garden in 1916 and 1917, behaving often as a biennial, but it is, no doubt, normally annual in duration. It appears to resemble in many respects the northern race of S. drymariotdes Hance, as described by Maximowicz (Bull. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, 29, 155), but differs in its much larger, flat flowers and other points. Similar differences separate it from S. stellariaefokum Franch. Specimens of S. viscosum in the Edinburgh Herbarium have been labelled S. drymarioides var. stellariaefolium by HAMET, and possibly it may prove best to treat drymanioides as an aggregate, with stellariaefolium, Esquivolit, and viscosum as segregates. Named after its viscid character, which is a very unusual feature in the genus. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 2093 SECTION IX.—EPETEIUM. Section EpreTeiIum Boissier, ‘‘ Flor. Orientalis,’’ 2, 776. Annual, rarely biennial. Inflorescence cymose, 2- or many- branched, or corymbose. Leaves semiterete or cylindrical (rarely flat), not rosulate. Hardy or tender. A. PLANIFOLIA . .° .. Stellatum, formosanum, Someni. B. TERETIFOLIA. a. Flowerswhite,red,or /Mispanicum, villosum, coeruleum, blue rubens. b. Flowers yellow . annuum, Leblancae. There is a considerable number of annual species of Sedum which come under the above definition, and they are widely distributed. Very few are in cultivation or worth growing. A few are Euro- pean, but they are much more abundant in the nearer East and in China, and some’are American (chiefly Mexican). S. rubens, and one or two allies, are usually placed in a separate section, Pyvocrassula Schonland (= Aithales Webb and Berth.) characterized especially by possessing only five stamens. But the discovery in China in recent years of several Sedums (e.g., S. Scallanit Diels, S. Schoenlandi Hamet, S. Seelemanni Hamet, S. Someni Hamet, S. ambiguum Praeger) possessing, like the Procrassulas (which are a European group) only five stamens, but not otherwise related to them, tends to discount the value of Procrassula as a natural group. The suppression of the alternate stamens appears to be an abortion occurring irregularly throughout the genus, and not characteristic of any natural group or groups. A. PLANIFOLIA. 142. Sedum stellatum Linn. (fig. 174). S. stellatum Linn., ‘‘ Species Plantarum,” 431, 1753. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 751. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Sibthorp, ‘‘ Flora Graeca,” tab. 446. Cusin and Bee perane. “ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,” tab. 9. Camerarius, ‘‘ Icones,” 2, 1598. A small annual of no merit so far as gardens areconcerned. Easily recognized among the annual species by its comparatively large spathulate leaves and purplish petals, eventually only half as long as the sepals. _ DEscription.—A glabrous winter annual, appearing in autumn and flowering in June. Stems usually branched below, decumbent at base, ascending or spreading, stout, leafy, 2 to 6 inches long. Leaves alternate, spathulate, cuneate at base, rounded at apex, sometimes with a blunt deflexed point, shortly stalked, 2904 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. often obscurely and distantly toothed, fleshy, green, shining, up to 1 inch long by $ broad, smaller above, merging into the bracts. Inflorescence generally of two leafy branches with a flower in the fork ; bracts similar to the leaves. Buds small ovate, acute, hidden in the large, leafy, nearly erect sepals. Flowers purplish, . a oh 4 Fic. 174.—S. stellatum Linn. short-stalked or sessile, pedicels very thick, } inch long. Sepals large (} inch or more long), sub-erect, linear-lanceolate, green, very fleshy, often very unequal, at first slightly shorter than the petals, but often twice as long as them before the petals fade, tube short, thick. Petals erect, oblong-lanceolate, 4 to1+ the sepals, purplish above, white at base, with a strong greenish keel. Stamens } the petals, erect, filaments white, anthers rose to purple, the epipetalous ones adnate to petals near base. Scales small, inconspicuous, whitish, about as broad as long. Carpels about equalling the stamens, white, erect, soon spreading widely, stellate- patent in fruit ; styles very short. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 295 Flowers early June. Hardy. HapitTat.—Southern Europe, from S.E. France to Crete. Rare in cultivation. Has long maintained itself in the gardens of the late Canon ELLACOMBE, and of Mr. E. A. Bowles. Sent to Wisley by Mr. CORREVON. A very woody little plant, and the old stems bearing the star-shaped fruits may often be seen standing up among the flowering plants of the following season. The leaves are stated to be sometimes opposite or verticillate. The specific name has reference to the star-like fruit. 143. Sedum formosanum N. E. Brown (fig. 175). S. formosanum N. E. Brown in Gard. Chron. 34, 134, 1885. A floriferous annual allied to the Japonica series, which in its spathulate leaves and yellow flowers recalls S. Alfred: Hance. It may be distinguished from its allies by its erect carpels, and very large, loose inflorescence. DESCRIPTION.—A glabrous annual, about 6 to 9 inches high. Stem procum- bent at base or erect, repeatedly forked di- or trichotomously, round, smooth, succulent, reddish ; branches divergent, ultimate branches recurved, indistinctly tetragonal with a groove down two opposite faces. Leaves alternate (occasionally opposite), bright green, paler below, softly succulent, recurved, pimply on face and edges when young, flat, spathulate, entire, very blunt, tapered below but scarcely stalked, midrib depressed on face, I inch long by nearly 4 inch wide, smaller above, merging into similar bracts. Inflorescence very large, loose, leafy, of many dichotomous or trichotomous branches with flowers in the forks, and a leaf or bract at each fork and below each flower. Buds ovate, blunt or apiculate. Flowers 4 inch across, sessile or nearly so, bright yellow. Sepals spreading, green, unequal, spathulate, shortly-stalked, leaf-like, slightly spurred. Petals oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, yellow, =3, inch long, patent, 14 times the longest sepal, twice the shorter ones. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals, spreading, filaments yellow, anthers reddish. Scales pale yellow, cuneate, rounded at the apex. Carpels greenish yellow, erect, equalling the stamens, styles short, slightly recurved ; carpels erect in fruit. Flowers April-May—June, or September—October (sown in May). Not hardy. HABITAT.—E. China, Formosa, Korean Archipelago. Originally described from specimens raised at Kew from Formosa seed in 1885. Grown at Kew, Edinburgh, Glasnevin, and Wisley in 1916 from seed kindly sent me by Mr. W. J. TuTCHER, Superintendent of the Forestry Department, Hong-Kong. N. E. BRown describes it as ‘‘ exceedingly pretty,’’ but, though very floriferous, the blossoms are rather small and the plant straggling, and, though pleasing, it does not deserve such high praise. 144. Sedum Someni Hamet (figs. 176, 177). S. Soment Hamet in Journ. of Bot., 54, App. I., p. 18, 1916. SynonyM.—S. Mairei Praeger in Journ. of Bot., 57, 53, 1919. Allied to the Japonica series, but annual or biennial, somewhat resembling, in its rosettes of leaves, the spathulifolium group from 296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ SHE dh < Co AS EZ aS = > SOC oN Fic. 175.—S. formosanum N. E. Brown. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 297 SM) Aza W= mari W) Ne ied ) | SNS LEN, > a SY vi y f = 9% | ap f\ i i) NW ps = (\ My; PAS XE ~ has Fa Ta Lf ce SPs } oe ly SY, WO PZ, Ad ik, Nf \ f Ny CEES WA 7 Vi’ A ) PY , NY} \ b yy & x 6 Fic. 176.—S. Soment Hamet. 298 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. western North America. Easily distinguished by its usually annual duration, persistent white, membranous, old leaves, tall branched growth, small flowers, beaded upper leaves and sepals, and peculiar scales. DESCRIPTION.—A loosely tufted, glabrous, sub-deciduous annual or biennial. Stems branched, decumbent or ascending, round, smooth, finely striate, shining, dark brownish purple; the barren ones short (2 to 4 inches), with axillary branches above, each bearing a lax rosette of leaves, the fertile ones 6 to 8 inches, leafy, with terminal cymes. Leaves of barren stems alternate, entire, sessile, fleshy, flat, oblong-obovate, broad at the base but scarcely clasping, rounded or very bluntly Fic. 177.—S. Someni Hamet. pointed at the apex, scarcely spurred, 1 by 4 inch, bright green; those of the flowering shoots half as large, obovate, margins beaded, decreasing upwards into siniilar bracts, the lower ones at flowering time dry, membranous, and white. Inflorescence of 3 erecto-patent, forked branches with flowers in the forks, rather flat-topped, 1 to 2 inches across, lowest flower shortly stalked, the rest sessile. Buds ovate, bluntly pointed. Flowers rather small and inconspicuous, ;5; inch across, greenish yellow. Sepals unequal, obovate-oblong, obtuse (Hamet) or apiculate, beaded on the edges, shortly spurred, bright green, about equalling the petals, wide-spreading in bud. Petals yellow, wide-spreading, ovate, subacute to acuminate, ;3, inch long. Stamens 5 (sometimes Io), § as long as the petals, yellow, the epipetalous ones inserted near the Lase of the petals. Scales small, greenish, narrowly linear in lower half, almost cordate in upper half. Carpels green, erect, equalling the stamens, narrowing into short styles, stigmas capitellate. Flowers July-August (cold frame and gentle heat). Not hardy. HABITAT.—Yunnan. Grown from seed collected in 1915 by Rev. E. E. MAIRE about Tong-tchouan, 2,900 métres elevation, and flowered at Glasnevin in 1916 and 1917. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 299 Of the plants raised, one flowered in the first year and then died. In this the flowers had only five stamens, and the in- florescence proved abnormal, being very lax and leafy, with large flowers. The rest flowered in the following season, and the flowers examined had ten stamens. Misled by this, I described the plant as new (as above). Further examination of this material shows that the number of stamens in the flowers is not constant. As the stamens in the type material and in other gatherings in the Edinburgh Herbarium (which like the type are of Maire’s gather- ing about Tong-tchouan) are five, it appears. that my specimens were exceptional. Named after Dr. SOMEN. B. TERETIFOLIA. 145. Sedum hispanicum Linn. (fig. 178). S. hisbanicum Linn., ‘Cent. Plant.,” 1, 12, 1755; ‘‘Amoen. Acad.,” 4, 273, 1759. Synonyrms.—S. glaucum Waldstein and Kitaibel, ‘‘ Plant. Rar. Hungar.”’ Boissier, ‘‘ Flor. Orient.,” 2, 789. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 685. S. sexfidum, M. von Bieberstein, ‘‘ Flor. Taurico-Caucas.,’”’ 1, 354. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Reichenbach, ‘‘ Flor. German.,’’ 28, tab. 51. Sibthorp, “Flora Graeca,”’ 5, tab. 449. Jacquin, ‘“‘ Flor. Austriac. Icones,’’ 5 (appendix), tab. 47. Waldst. and Kit. loc. cit. tab. 181. MHiallier, ‘‘ Flor. Deutschland,” 26, pl. 2643. The type is well marked by its annual duration, pinkish-glaucous colour, and pinkish-white flowers with the parts in sixes. The plant, however, is polymorphic, and varies as regards size, duration, hairiness, and the number of the floral parts—-see below. DESCRIPTION.—Generally annual, appearing in autumn or spring and flowering in June; sometimes biennial ; two varieties perennial. A small, pinkish-glaucous plant, 2 to 6 inches high. Stems branched below, branches ascending, leafy, more or less hairy. Leaves sessile, linear to oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, glaucous, often reddish, fleshy, flattened, sometimes subterete, 4 to 1 inch long by finch broad. Inflorescence a loose, leafy, flattish cyme. Buds ovate, acute, ribbed. Flowers 4 inch across, usually 6-merous, sometimes 4-, 5-, or up to 9-merous. Calyx short, green, teeth triangular, acute. Petals white, very acute, wide-spreading, 4 times the sepals, keeled on back, nerve red. Stamens shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales whitish, cuneate, strongly emarginate. Carpels erect, often red, smooth or hairy ; style long, curving outwards ; fruit stellate-patent. Flowers June. Hardy. HABITAT.—From Switzerland eastward to Persia. Carpels sometimes glabrous (var. letocarpum Boissier, ‘Flor. Orient.,’’ 2,789), sometimes more or less hairy (var. eviocarpum Boissier, loc. cit.). If starved, as when grown on a wall, it tends to produce barren shoots and to lose its annual character, thus approaching var. bithynicum Boissier, loc. ctt. Var. polypetalum Boissier, ‘‘ Flor. Orient.,” 2, 789 (fig. 178, a). Petals 7 to 9, and other floral organs in proportion; sepals lanceolate. 300 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BoIssIER describes the anthers as usually yellowish, and the carpels as glabrous; in my plants, which I received from the Cambridge SS ome LA 4 N on MY 4 th 4 \) Vo = \ p Wi ey) f WH Ses wr F \] SMM Ope ee / LOUVRE Pee L SA VEE h xlo Ss —— = ® a Ot mY) | SILO VGN ANS SUT ! Ve NS 7 Fic. 178.—S. hispanicum Linn. and varieties. Botanic Garden, the anthers are purple and the carpels hairy; but the latter character is so variable in this species that the Cambridge plant may reasonably go under BOIssIER’s name. Jesembles the type in its size and annual character. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 301 Var. minus, var. nov.* (fig. 178, b). Perennial. Smaller in all its parts, with many crowded barren shoots densely clothed with glaucous leaves + inch long, flowering stems about 2 inches high, floral parts in sixes, carpels hairy. This is the small, glaucous form long used for carpet-bedding under the name of S. glaucum or S. Lydium glaucum. The latter name, though erroneous, is apt, as out of flower the plant much resembles a glaucous S. Lydium. Quite perennial. There is a form of it with yellowish foliage, known in gardens as S. Lydium aureum. Though long in cultivation and most distinct, this plant appears to be undescribed. I have no information as to its native habitat. Regarding the “ S. Wightmannianum, or S. Whitmanmi of gardens,” of which an incomplete description is given by Masters (Gard. Chron. 1878, li. 751), 1 have no information ; the names do not appear to be found in gardens now. His “ S. Witmannt of some gardens ’’ (p. 685) refers to S. Mispanicum ; and as in the index to his paper Witmannt is corrected to Whitmanni, the presumption is that all three names represent that species. Not infrequent in gardens, mostly as S. glaucum. The oldest name, ispanicum, is not an appropriate one, as the plant does not occur in Spain, though originally believed to do so. 146. Sedum villosum Linn. (fig. 179). S. villosum Linn., ‘Species Plantarum,’ 432, 1753. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Sowerby, ‘‘ English Bot.’ ed. 3, pl. 538. Reichenbach, ‘Flor. German.,’’ 28, tab. 52. De Candolle, ‘‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 70. Hallier, ‘‘ Flor. Deutschland,” 26, pl. 2644. Cusin and Ansberque, ‘“‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’’ tab. 16. Zenker, ‘‘ Flor. Thuringen,”’ 8, tab. 876. A small downy biennial, with fleshy, linear-oblong leaves and small pink flowers, and stems usually much branched near the base. DESCRIPTION.— Biennial, downy. Stem erect, red, downy, leafy, 2 to 6 inches high, usually emitting ascending branches below, some of which flower. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, blunt, downy, sessile, not spurred, fleshy, flat above, rounded below, } to finch long. Inflorescence a lax, corymbose cyme with erect branches. Buds ovate, blunt. Flowers } inch across, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals very fleshy, lanceolate, blunt, hairy. Petals pale purple, ovate, apiculate, twice the sepals, with a hairy back and often a purple keel, concave longitudinally and transversely. Stamens shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers dull purple. Scales small, yellowish, emarginate. Carpe/s bright green, oblong, erect, shorter than the stamens ; styles short. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HABITAT.—From Greenland and Iceland across Europe to Serbia and Algeria. Frequent on damp roadsides in many districts in Scotland and N. England. A little biennial plant of no horticultural interest, and seldom seen in gardens. It is very exceptional among Sedums in inhabiting * Planta perennis, in omnibus partibus quam typo minor; caules steriles plurimi, conferti, foliis glaucis 6 mm. longis dense tecti ; caules floriferi 5 cm. alti. Flores 6-meri, carpellis hirsutis. 302 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. damp ground. In the Botanic Garden at Leipzig, it maintains itself in marshy soil on the edge of tanks used for aquatic plants. Sent to Wisley by M. CorREVON, and alsoseen at Kew. I have had specimens from Ben Lawers in cultivation, by the kindness of Dr. W. G. SMITH. Og CS A \ \) WS (ma) > Fic. 179.—S. villosum Linn. The name is descriptive of its hairy character. According to KERNER, the plant is a partial carnivore, capturing insects by means of its glandular hairs. 147. Sedum coeruleum Vahl (fig. 180). S. coeruleum Vahl, ‘“‘Symbolae Botan.,” 2,51, 1791. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, il. 751. SyNonyM.—S. heptapetalum Poiret. ILLUSTRATIONS.—Bot. Mag., pl. 2224. Bot. Register, 6, 520. Moris, «Flor. Sardoa,” tab. 73, figs. 5-6. Cusin and Ansberque, “‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,’”’ tab. 17. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 303 Quite the most valuable of the annual Sedums. Its mass of small, sky-blue flowers (in which it stands unique) renders it most attractive, and in sun the leaves and stems assume a bright-red colour, providing a striking contrast. : DESCRIPTION.—A small, bushy annual, a few inches high, green or, in exposure, suffused with red. Stem round, smooth, finely hairy above, with many lateral branches. Leaves alternate, ovoid or oblong, sessile, not spurred, subterete, slightly flattened above, up to 4 to #inchlong, smaller upward. Inflorescence lax, paniculate, occupying the whole plant. Flowers 7- to 9-parted, } inch across, on Fic. 180.—S. coervuleum Vahl. long pedicels, deflexed after flowering. Buds ovate, blunt. Calyx cup-shaped with short, blunt teeth. Petals lanceolate, acute, wide-spreading, 3 times the sepals, blue with a white base. Stamens wide-spreading, nearly as long as the petals, filaments white, anthers purple. Scales small, white. Carpels erect, white, turning red in fruit. Flowers July-August. Hardy. HasitaT.—S. Europe and N. Africa from Algeria and Corsica to Malta. . Not infrequent in cultivation. In some gardens it maintains itself freely by self-sown seedlings which appear in early autumn ; in others a damp, peaty, or gritty soil is found to suit it best. The specific name refers to the colour of the flowers. 304 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 148. Sedum rubens Linn. (fig. 181). S. rubens Linn., “Species Plantarum,” 432, 1753. _SyNonyms.—Crassula rubens L. Procrassula pallidiflora Jord. and Fourr. Aithales rubens Webb and Berth. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘“‘ Plantes Grasses,” tab. 55. ‘‘ Flora Danica, 1,tab. 82. Sturm, ‘‘ Deutschlands Flora,” 6, tab. 22. Rochel, ‘“‘ Plantae Banatus a2 Fic. 181.—S. rubens Linn. Rar.,”’ tab. 15. Cusin and Ansberque, “‘ Herb. Flor. Francaise, Crassul.,” tab. 11. “ Refug. Botan.,’’ tab. 242. Jord. and Fourr., “ Icones Plant. Eur.,’’ tab. 80. A rather dull little annual, a few inches high, with semi-cylindrical leaves and reddish flowers, which differs from most Sedums in having only fivestamens. In general appearance it comes near S. hispbanicum. DESCRIPTION.—Annual, sometimes biennial, glandular-hairy and sticky. Stem erect, 2 to 4 inches high, simple or branched, hairy above. Leaves oblong- linear, sessile, very fleshy, flat on face, rounded on back, glabrous, blunt, ? inch long, turning red. Inflorescence of 2 to 4 leafy ascending branches 1 to 2 inches long. Buds ovate-lanceolate, acute, strongly ribbed, hairy, ribs red. Flowers sessile or nearly so, 4 inch across. Sepals green or reddish, hairy, fleshy, triangular, acute, tube short. Petals white or reddish, with a red, depressed nerve, ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 305 lanceolate, acuminate, wide-spreading, hairy on the outside, 3 to 4 times the sepals. Stamens 5, slightly shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers red. Scales small, white, cuneate. Carpels white or reddish, compressed, glandular-hairy or ‘smooth, equalling the stamens, at first erect, wide-spreading in fruit. Flowers July. Hardy. HABITAT.—Europe, N. Africa, Canaries. Rarely seen in cultivation. My specimens came from Wisley, where they were raised from seed supplied by M. CoRREVON (as S. littoreum). In the rock-garden at Wisley a curious plant sows itself annually, which has all the characters of S. rubens except that the flowers have usually six petals and twelve stamens. In these characters it agrees with S. Mispanicum ; but its stouter, more woody stems, stouter carpels not patent in fruit, and shorter styles, as well as its general appearance, belong to S. rubens. It may possibly be hybrid, and its carpels and styles sometimes vary towards hisbanicum; but on the whole its characters are those of a hexapetalous dodecandrous S. rubens. 149. Sedum annuum Linn. (fig. 182). S. annuum Linn. “Species Plant.,’’ 432, 1753. Synonym.—S. saxatile De Candolle, ‘‘ Flore de France,”’ 4, 394. ILLUSTRATIONS.—De Candolle, ‘‘ Plant. Succ.,’”’ tab. 119. ‘‘ Flora Danica,’’ tab. 59. Sibthorp, “‘ Flora Graeca,’”’ tab. 450. Reichenbach, “‘ Flor. German.,”’ 23, tab. 54. Cusin and Ansberque, “‘ Herb. Flor. Frangaise, Crassul.,”’ tab. 54. Mutel, “‘ Flor. Frangaise,’’ tab. 19. A tiny yellow-flowered annual of no horticultural value, recognizable by its much-branched habit. DESCRIPTION.—A small, much-branched annual (sometimes biennial). Stem smooth, round, greyish, much branched, the branches bifid or trifid half-way up or more, 1 to 3 inches long, with a flower in the forks. Flowers many, small, yellow, borne laxly along the branches. Buds ovate, blunt. Leaves oblong- linear, } inch long, alternate, smooth, blunt, sessile, slightly spurred, pale green, in section elliptic, straight or recurved, crowded on the young shoots, distant on flowering shoots. Sepals resembling the leaves, oblong-lanceolate, very fleshy, very blunt, unequal, not spurred, fused in the lower half. Petals broadly lanceo- late or oblanceolate, acute, yellow, twice the sepals. Stamens yellow, wide- spreading, } the petals. Scales oblong, greenish. Carpels at first erect, soon spreading, equalling the stamens, greenish yellow, in fruit stellate and surrounded by the persistent, fleshy sepals. Flowers June-July. Hardy. HaBiTat.—Europe, Asia Minor, Greenland. Received from Mr. E. A. BOWLES, collected in the Alps in rgr4. Seen also at Kew (seed from Lund Botanic Garden, 1916) and at ‘Wisley (seed from CORREVON, 1916). 150. Sedum Leblaneae Hamet (figs. 183, 184). S. Leblancae Hamet in Fedde, “‘ Repertorium Sp. Nov.,” 8, 311, 1910. A Chinese biennial (or annual), and one of the few Sedums which possess only five stamens. This, and its linear-spathulate, VOL. XLVI. x 306 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4-verticillate leaves, bushy growth, branches densely mammillate above, and yellow flowers with blunt linear sepals as long as the petals, will distinguish it from any other Sedum. DESCRIPTION.—A deciduous, bushy, glabrous biennial, forming in flower a rather dense rounded mass 4 to 6 inches in height and breadth. Roots fibrous. Stem in first year short (2 to 3 inches), smooth, erect or inclined, simple, or with a few short patent branches, clothed with leaves which fall in autumn; in second year becoming } inch thick, with marked constrictions at the nodes, branches often thicker at their apices than at their bases, bearing many slender (I mm. diameter), erect or ascending, slightly grooved, reddish branches which branch many times and become densely mammillate above, the mammillae forming close, longitudinal rows. Leaves variable in arrangement, mostly Fic. 182.—S. annuum Linn. 4-verticillate, sometimes (especially above) ternate, opposite or alternate, narrowly linear-spathulate, blunt, sessile, smooth, fleshy, flat above much rounder below, the lower about } inch by ;; inch, diminishing upwards into similar spurred bracts, spur very short, rounded. Cymes terminal, very many, each of a central flower surrounded by three short (4 inch), erecto-patent, leafy dichotomous branches, each bearing a flower in the fork and a few flowers on either side; pedicels shorter than the flowers, the upper ones very short. Buds ovate, acute. Flowers small, yellow, not opening widely, ;5 inch across. Sepals resembling the leaves, green, often flushed red, slightly unequal, linear to linear-spathulate, blunt, very fleshy, shortly spurred, up to about 4 inch long, erect or spreading in bud. Petals.erecto-patent, yellow, equalling the longest sepal, ovate-lanceolate, grooved on face, with a reddish keel on back, nearly } inch long, with a short mucro behind and exceeding the blunt tip. Stamens 5, episepalous, yellow, equalling the carpels. Scales small, cuneate, emarginate, greenish-translucent. Carpels erect, ovate-oblong, green, $ the petals, narrowing rather abruptly into the short styles, which are at first erect, later spreading. ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 307 Flowers September—October. Not hardy. HABITAT.—Yunnan. Seed was received from Rev. E. E. MAIRE Wy 4 WSL os Wy ac Wine Neth gare See YW) EWN Ste CAME dppb Wey Wy \) CAS A py SONS Ro LAT Iie . y 1A ee a. “Pima | : ASSN MEAN LAY Sse 72 (rN: CO | . iC VANS UNG < Matty, we ALB Or AN A) NU a Spl ay eee psi AIC ZE Tig yi SAS B Fic. 183.—S. Leblancae Hamet. in 1915, from Tong-tchouan, labelled ‘‘ Rochers et murs humides, 2,990 métres.”’ Flowered at Glasnevin and in my own garden, 1917. A species of peculiar and characteristic growth-form, unlike any other Sedum, so far as descriptions go. Described in 1910 by 308 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. HAMET from specimens collected among rocks on the Yo-lin-chan, Yunnan, by DELAvay (No. 6726), and preserved in the Paris Her- barium. Also collected in Yunnan by Ductoux and others. De- scribed as annual; but numerous plants, raised both in heat at Glas- nevin and in the open in my own garden, were biennial. The cultivated Fic. 184.—S. Leblancaz Hamet. plants agreed well with the description, save that they were larger in most of their parts—leaves half again as long and broad, and sepals, petals, and carpels about + longer and broader. Hamet considers it allied to S. Aliciae Hamet, indicum Hamet (paniculatum Wallich), perpusillum Hooker fil., Przewalski Maximowicz, and Schoenlandi Hamet, and gives the points of difference. SPECIES INCOMPLETELY KNOWN. 15I. ? Sedum polyrhizum Praeger, sp. nov. (fig. 185). At once separated from all other species in cultivation by its curious stems, densely armed with rough scales arranged in rings, and shaggy with short aerial roots almost to the tips. S. oaxacanum Rose, which resembles it in habit more than do most of the Mexican species, has its stems somewhat similarly roughened, but to a very much less extent, and oaxacanum is a much stouter plant with broader leaves and no aerial roots. The present species much resembles in habit and leaf a small S. album. The plant came from New York Botanic Garden labelled S. oaxacanum, and is probably Mexican. Though it grows freely, all efforts to get it to flower have been unsuccessful both at Glasnevin and in my own garden, so that its reference to the genus Sedum must ACCOUNT OF GENUS SEDUM AS FOUND IN CULTIVATION. 309 remain for the present unproved. However, I name it tentatively, and describe it so far as the material goes. Description.—A small, slender, diffuse, evergreen, creeping perennial. Hoots fibrous. Stem procumbent, rooting below, ascending at the tips, slender, +; inch thick throughout, much branched, bright red above, grey when old, very rough with whitish, asperous, spreading, scale-like projections arranged in crowded rings 7 wy Sas LN . SS. ISN wie ea Veet as - QWs Bh ( \ \ ee ATU AD rae Ai x A ae Sh Pe ore P MY Fic. 185.—? S. polyrhizum Praeger. throughout its length. Aerial roots very many, axillary, borne throughout the stem save for about 4 inch at the apex, 5 or less at each axil, $ inch long, the upper ones alive, bright red, tortuous, the lower ones mostly dead, forming shaggy tufts at the swollen leaf-scars. Leaves alternate, crowded, patent or deflexed, longer than the internodes, glabrous, dark green, sessile, oblong-obovate, blunt, flattish on face, much rounded on back, } inch long, 3; inch broad, ;}; inch Giecic.. INDEX. [Synonyms and erroneous names in“Zfalics. Genera in SMALL CAPITALS. Principal references in heavy type, thus—206. ] (In order to render this Index a more complete guide for garden purposes I have included in it the collection of erroneous garden names which I published in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 3rd Ser., 56, p. 334, 1914. These are distinguished by the reference G.C.) ee ee od AITHALES Webb and Berth., 22, 293 CLEMENTSIA Rose, 22 vubens Webb and Berth., 304 rhodantha Rose, 67 A NACAMPSEROS Tournefort, 22, 81 CoTYLEDON Tournefort, 21 Borderi, Jord. and Fourr., 85 spinosa Linn., 168 3I0 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. CRASSULA Dillenius, 21, 244, 283 indica Decaisne, 283 rubens Linn., 304 yunnanensis Franchet, 287 CREMNOPHILA Rose, 22 nutans Rose, 206 GORMANIA Britton, 22, 163, 218 Halli Britton, 241 ovegana Britton, 163, 219, 242 LENOPHYLLUM Rose, 140 PROCRASSULA Sch6énland, 22, 293 pallidiflora Jord. and Fourr., 304 RHODIOLA Linn., 22, 26, 28 alaskana Rose, 30 atropurpurea, Trautv. and Mey.., 30 elongata Fisch and Mey., 30 integrifolia Raf., 30 integrifolia hort., 67 involucrata Edgw., 30 lanceolata hort., 32 neo-mexicana Britton, 30. ovata hort., 32 polygama Britton and Rose, 30 voanensis Britton, 30 rosea Linn., 26, 28 Stephani Trautv. and Mey., 30 SEDASTRUM Rose, 22 chapalense Rose, 132 ebracteatum Rose, 130 glabrum Rose, 127 Hemsleyanum Rose, 130 pachucense C. H. Thompson, 128 rubricaule Rose, 130, 132 SEDUmM Linn., 21 abyssinicum Hamet, 6 ~~. acre Linn. 2, 6,°7, 9, FI; 140, 182, 243, 246, 248, 264 acre x sexangulare, 14 acutifolium Ledebour, 270 acutifolium hort., 270 adenotrichum Wallich, 12, 146, 159, 163 Adolphi Hamet, 18, 25, 147, 150, 216 aizoideum hort., 108 Aizoon Linn., 3, 4, 7, 9, II, 13, 507, 108,,312, 115; 117, 130 Aizoon hort., 120, 127 Aizoon x kamtschaticum, 14, 112 aizoideum hort., G.C. alamosanum, S. Watson, 10, 17, 133 Alberti Regel, 146, 176, 177, 182, 190, 191 Alberti hort., 182, 268, G.C. albescens Haworth, 270 SEDUM alboroseum Baker, 9, 15, 78, 79, 85, 86, 88, 94 “ aibum Linn:; 2; '6,"7, 21, 13,°95; 18, 146, 159, 177, 182, 186, IQI, 220, 251, 254, 270, 308 Alfredi Hance, 295 Aliciae Hamet, 295 allantoides Rose, 17, 25, 141, 147, 150, 1538, 213, 216 alpestre Villar, 12, 146, 198, 243, 256 alpestre hort., 268 alsinefolium Allioni, “12, 146, 159, 169 altaicum hort., 196 altissimum Poiret, 2, II, 13, 144, 146, 243, 257, 267, 268, 270, 273 altissimum hort., G.C. altissimum x reflexum, 14 ambiguum Praeger, 293 amecamecanum Praeger, 17, 146, 204, 218 amplexicaule DC., 144, 146, 243, 279 Anacampseros Linn., 6, 11, 78, 104 anglicum Hudson, 6, 146, 177, 181, 246 annuum Linn., 9, 293, 305 annuum x alpestre, 14 annuum x sexangulare, 14 anoicum Praeger, 163 anopetalum DC., 2, II, 13, 15, 144, 146, 243, 257, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273 anopetalum hort., 150 arborescens hort., 174 arboreum Masters, 4, 174 asiaticum DC., 55 asiaticum Clarke, 55, 58 asiaticum hort., 61, 108, G.C. Athoum DC., 184, G.C. atratum x annuum, 14 atropurpureum Turczanimow, 32 aureum, Wirtg., 267 aureum hort., G.C. baeticum Rouy, 188 Baileyi Praeger, 7 Balfouri Hamet, 8 balticum Hartm., 182, G.C. bellum Rose, 10, 18, 133, 141 Beyrichianum Masters, 4, 162 bhutanense Praeger, 12, 27, 43 bithynicum Boissier, 299 blenastrum hort., G.C. boloniense Loisel, 263 Bourgaei Hemsley, 17, 146, 147, 1538, 156, 158, 159 brevifolium DC., 18, 146, 176, 177, 179 brevifolium Boissier, 184, G.C. Braunii hort., 196, 120, 122, G.C. Brownii hort., 196, 120, 122, G.C. bupleuroides Wallich, 12, 27, 43, 46 caespitosum hort., 15 calabricum hort., 196 INDEX. SEDUM carneum hort., 227, 229 carpaticum Reuss, 85 cauticolum Praeger, 12, 78, 99, IOI Celiae Hamet, 12, 14, 146, 243, 259, 260, 261, 263 Cepaea Linn., 3, 12, 281, 289 Cepaea hort., 289 Chaneti Léveillé, 8, 12, 17, 26, 146, 159, 165 chapalense S. Watson, 3, 127, 133 Chauveaudi Hamet, 12, 25, 146, 218, 224 clavifolium Rose, 5 coccineum Royle, 51 coccineum hort., 196 Cockerellii Britton, 3, 133, 185 coerulescens Haworth, 271 coeruleum Vahl, 6, 293, 302 collinum hort., G.C. Comolli hort., 196, G.C. compactum Rose, 10, 17, 146, 159, 176, 244 compressum Rose, 17, 25, 146, 232, 234 confusum Hemsley, 17, 25, 146, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213 Coopert Praeger, 43 corsicum Duby, 178 corsicum hort., G.C. crassipes Wallich, 26, 27, 55, 58, 60 Cretini Hamet, 58 crimealense hort., 2, G.C. cruciatum Desf., 171 cruciatum hort., G.C. cruentum hort., G.C. cupressoides Hemsley, Io, 17, 146, 243, 244 cyaneum Rudolph, 3, 78, 98, 106 cyaneum hort., 98 dasyphyllum Linn., 6, 12, 146 176, 177, 186 debile hort., G.C. delicatum Rose, 5 dendroideum Moc. and Sessé, 3, 10, 146, 204, 206, 209, 211, 213 dendroideum hort., 15, 211, 213 dentatum hort., 124 Derbezii Petitmengin, 14 divergens S. Watson, 144, 146, 182, 218, 219 diversifolium Rose, 17, 18, 133, 135, 144 diversifolium hort., 251 Douglasii Hooker, 2, 9, 18, 51, 146, 243, 257, 267, 268 Drucei Graebner, 248 drymarioides Hance, 292 dumulosum Franchet, 12, 27, 53, 61 ebracteatum Mog. and Sessé, 10, 27, 130, 132 elegans Lejeune, 265, 277 Ellacombianum Praeger, 7, 12, 107, 108, 115, 117, 119, 120 ’ 311 SEDumM elongatum Wallich, 12, 27, 41, 43, 273 elongatum hort., 268, 273 engadinense Briigg., 14 Epidendrum Hochstetter, 6 evriocarpum Sibth. and Sm., 299 evvaticum Brigg., 14 erythrostictum Masters, 88 erythrostictum Miquel, 88 Esquirolii Léveillé, 292 euphorbtoides hort., 108 Ewersii Ledebour, 8, 12, 78, 96, 106 eximium hort., G.C. Fabaria Koch, 82, 85, 88 farinosum Lowe, 6, 141, 179 farinosum Rose, 141, 159 farinosum hort., 159, 179 Farreri W. W. Smith, 61, 63 fastigiatum Hook. fil. and Thoms., 27, 49, 53 fastigiatum hort., 51 Fedtschenkoi Hamet, 263 filiferum S. Watson, 5 floriferum Praeger, 7, 12, 107, 108, 115, 120, 122, 124 formosanum, N. E. Brown, 12, 18, 26, 293, 295 Forsterianum Smith, 267 Forsterianum hort., G.C. frutescens Rose, 3, 17, 146, 147, 152 fusiforme Lowe, 6 Fireri, K. Wein, 14 galioides Allioni, 289 gemmiferum hort., 197 giganteum hort., 211 glabrum Praeger, 3, 127 glaciale hort., 2, 191 glanduliferum Gussone, 178 glaucum Waldst. and Kit., 299 glaucum hort., 301 pracile:€. A®., Meyer, 2; 7, «12, 146, 177, 190, 191, 264 grandifiorum hort., 270, G.C. grandifolium hort., G.C. Greggii Hemsley, 245 griseum Praeger, 17, 146, 147, 153, 156 guadalajaranum S. Watson, 146, 147, 153, 156 gypsicolum Boiss. and Reut., 12, 146, 177, 182, 186 Hallii Praeger, 3, 144, 146, 232, 241 Hemsleanum Rose, 3, 5, 127, 129, 130 Henry Diels, 73 heptapetalum Poiret, 302 heterodontum Hook. fil. and >: Thoms., 12, 27, 28, 34 Hildebrandtii hort., 270, G.C. Hillebrandii Fenzl., 263 himalense D. Don, 2, 12, 27, 49, 51, 53 himalense hort., 51, 257 hirsutum Allioni, 12, 146, 177, 186 SEDvuo hispanicum, Linn., 12, 293, 299, 395 hispanicum hort., 270, G.C. Hobsonii Prain, 8 Hookeri hort., 49, G.C. humifusum Rose, 10, 17, 146, 176, 243, 244 humule hort., 53 hy briduni inn. 3579; 11,: 22, 107, 108, I15, I17, 120, 122, 124, 125 hybridum hort., 120, 196 ibericum hort., 270, G.C. indicum Hamet, 12, 18, 26, 281, 283, 308 involucratum M. Bieb., 7 involucratum hort., 196 Jacquini hort., 270, G.C. japonicum Siebold, 3, 5, 9, 12, 146, 243, 254 japonicum hort., 88 kamtschaticum Fisch. joantagen OE; Fe, TOT) TOS, 155, £17; IIQ, 120, 122 8245125 kamtschaticum hort., 14, 108, 112, 420 Karpelesae Hamet, 8 Kirilowii Regel, 27, 28, 30, 34, 39 laconicum hort., G.C. Laggeri hort., 108, G.C. lancerottense, R. P. Murray, 5, 6, 18, 26, 146, 243, 251, 252 latifolium hort., 94 Leblancae Hamet, 12, 26, 293, 305 Lehmanni hort., 120, 122, G.C. lenophylloides Rose, 3, 133, 140 Liebmannianum Hemsley, 17, 146, 159, 171, 174 Liebmannianum hort., 171 limuloides Praeger, 8 lineare Thunberg, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 146, 218, 224, 227 linearifolium Royle, 65 linifolium hort., 37 Listoniae Visiani, 198 littoreum hort., 305 lividum hott., 122, 189, 196, 270, G.C. longicaule Praeger, 12, 27, 39 longipes Rose, 17, 144, 146, 194, 202, 227 longipes hort., G.C. luteolum Chaboisseau, 14 Lydium Boissier, 12, 146, 177, 189, 264 Lydium hort., 301, G.C. macrophylium hort., 79, 88 magellense Tenore, 146, 159, 169 magellense hort., 171 Mairei Praeger, 295 Mangini hort., G.C. Maweanum hort., 246 Maximowiczi Regel, 4, 108, Tot, x22 maximum Suter, 3, 6;-7, 11, 15, 78, 79, 85, 86, 88, 94 melanantherum D.C., 179 312 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SEDUM mellitulum Rose, 17, 133, 185 mexicanum Britton, 4, 17, 25, 146, 218, 226, 229 mexicanum hort., G.C. Meyeri- Johannes Engler, 6 micranthum Bast., 184 micranthum hort., G.C. Middendorffanum Maxim., 7, 12, 107, 108, 115, 120, 125 Middendorffiianum hort., 196 Millii Baker, 7 mivabile hort., 196, G.C. mite Gilibert, 263 ' monregalense Balbis,’12, 146, 159, 171 monregalense hort., 196 montanum Song. and Perrier, 274 montanum hort., 270, G.C. moranense H. B. and K., 4, 10, 15, 17, 25). 146,150) 470, 174, 245 movanense Britton and Rose, 174 multicaule Wallich, 12, 146, 243, 259, 261 multiceps Coss. and Dur., 6, 24, 146, 243, 263 murale hort., 185, G.C. neglectum hort., G.C. >Nevii A. Gray, 4, 9, 12, 146, 159, 161 Newcombii hort., G.C. nicaeense Allioni, 271 nudum Aiton, 6, 17, 26, 146, 243, 201, 252, 254 nutans Rosé; 10, 12, 17,18, 25, 146, 204, 206 oaxacanum Rose, 3, 17, 25, 146, 243, 249, 308 obtusatum, A. Gray, 218, 219, 239 obtusatum hort., 219, 242 obtusifolium, C. A. Meyer, 7 ochroleucum Chaix, 270, 273 ochroleucum Villar, 270, 273 olympicum Boissier, 169 oppositifolium Sims, 194, 195 oppositifolium hort., 197 oreganum Nuttall, 9, 10, 11,144, 146, 163, 219, 220, 232, 240, 242 oreganum hort., 196 oxypetalum H., B. & K., 10, 25, 146, 191, 192 oxypetalum auct., 150 pachucense Praeger, 127, 128 pachyclados Hemsley, 8 pachyphyllum Rose, Io, 17, 18, 25, 146, 150, 153, 204, 218, 214, 216 Painteri Rose, 5 pallidum hort., 122, 196 Palmeri S. Watson, 10, I7, 25, 146, 282, 234 paniculatum Wallich, 283, 308 perpusillum Hooker fil., 308 pilosum M. Bieb., 7, 281, 282, 283 INDEX. 313 Sepum FPittoni hort., 179, 181, G.C. SEpumM rupestre Linn., 2, 4, 6, II, << polyrhizum Praeger, 3, 308 populifolium Pallas, 12, 13, 24, 48, 145, 146, 147 populifolium hort., 196 portulacoides Willd., 159, 194 portulacoides hort., 122, 194, 196, 270, G.C. potosinum Rose, 17, 133, 138 Potsti, 180 praealtum DC., 10, 15, 17, 18, 25, 146, 204, 206, 208, 209, 213 Praegerianum W. W. Smith, 12, 26, 27, 69 primuloides Franchet, 26, 27, 69, 72 proponticum Aznavour, 7, 18, 144, 194, 198 pruinatum Brotero, 5, 12, 144, 146, 243, 265, 268, 277, 279 pruinatum Masters et auct., 4, 265, 277 pruinatum hort., 270, G.C. Przewalskii Maxim., 263, 308 pseudospectabile Praeger, 12, 78, 79, 86, 90 pulchellum Michaux, 9, 12, 16, 146, 204 pulchellum hort., 196 purpureum Link, 79, 82, 85, 86 purpureoviride Praeger, 3, 12,27, 46 pyvamidale Praeger, 165 quadrifidum Pallas, 6, 12, 27, 51, 53 quadrifidum hort., 55 vaviflorum N. E. Brown, 61, 63 reflexum Linn., 2, 6, 9, II, 13, 15, 18, 144, 146, 243, 248, 257, 267, 268, 270, 273, 275 reflexum Briq., 270 veflexum hort., 232 Regelii hort., 282 vepens Schleicher, 256 retusum Hemsley, 17, 25, 146, 147 rhodanthum A. Gray, 9, I2, 27, 65, 67 rvhodanthum hort., 61 Rhodiola DC., 28, 37, 58 Rhodiola hort., G.C. rhodocarpum Kose, 17, 146, 194, 200 rivulare Boissier, 179 vivulare hort., 179 Rodigasi hort., 81 > roseum Scopoli, 3, 6, 9, II, 13, 15, 26, 27, 28, 34, 49, 58, 60, 61, 198 voseum Steven, 198, 200 rotundatum Hemsley, 27, 39 votundifolium Lamarck, 104 rubens Linn., 6, 252, 293, 304 rubricaule Praeger, 3, 5, 127, 132 rubroglaucum Praeger, 12, 144, 146, 218 vufescens Tenore, 270 144, 146, 243, 257, 265, 268, 273, 275, 277 rupestre hort., G.C. ruwenzoriense Baker fil., 6 sarmentosum Bunge, 8, 12, 17, 25, 146, 202, 218, 224, 226 saymentosum Masters, 4, 226, 220,. 231 sarmentosum hort., 196 Sartorianum hort., 248 saxatile DC., 305 scabrum hort., 108, G.C. Scallanii Diels, 107, 293 'Schoenlandi Hamet, 293, 308 Seelemanni Hamet, 263, 293 sediforme Hamet, 6 Selskianum Regel and Maack, AIA tO7: LOS, tia, hg Selskianum hort., 108, 120, G.C. Semenovii Masters, 12, 27, 65, 67 semiteres Rose, 5 sempervivoides Fischer, 7, 281 Sempervivum Ledebour, 281 senanense Makino, 254, 250 servotinum hort., 120, G.C. sexangulare Linn., 2, 6, 7, II, 146, 190, 243, 246, 263 sexfidum, M. Bieb., 299 Sieboldii Sweet, 9, 12, 15, 78, 99, 101 Sikokianum Maxim., 7, 107 sinicum Diels, 73 Someni Hamet, 12, 26, 293, 295 spathulatum Waldst. and Kit., 289 spathulifolium Hooker, 9, 10, 15, 144, 146, 163, 218, 232, 238, 240 spathulifolium hort., 213 spathulifolium x _ obtusatum, 239 spectabile Boreau, 8, 9, I1. 78, 79, 88, 92 spectabile hort., 90 spinosum Thunberg, 168 spurium M. Bieb., 2, 4, 6, 9, II, 13, 124, 144, 146, 194, 196 spurium hort., 120, G.C. Stahlii Solms, 10, 18, 146, 218, 221 stellariaefolium Franchet, 292 stellatum Linn., 12, 293 stenopetalum Pursh., 9, 144, 146, 243, 257, 268, 275 Stephani Chamisso, 27, 28, 58 Stephani hort., 32 Stevenianum Rouy and Camus, 3, 7, 12, 144, 146, 194, 198 stoloniferum S. T. Gmelin, 7, 144, 146, 194, 195, 196, 289 stoloniferum Masters, 196 stoloniferum auct. et hort., 4, 194, 270, G.C. Stribrnyi Velenovsky, 12, 146, 243, 248 SEDUM submontanum Rose, 5 subtile Miquel, 222 subulatum Boissier, 7 Taquetii Praeger, 12, 78, 79, 86 Tatarinowii Maxim., 12, 63, 78, 101 Telephium Linn., 5, 6, 9, II, 13, 15, 18, 41, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 86, 88 Telephium Zenker, 79 Telephium x maximum, 14 tenellum M. Bieb., 7 tenellum hort., 200 tenuifolium DC., 279 ternatum Michaux, 9, 146, 159, I61, 194, 196 testaceum hort., G.C. tibeticum Hook. fil. and Thoms., 12, 27, 49, 51, 52, 53 tomentosum hort., ‘ tortuosum Hemsley, I da tortuosum hort., 152 Treleasei Rose, 17, 18, 25, 146, 150, 152, 204, 213, 216 trifidum Wallich, 13, 27, 63 triphyllum Praeger, 224 trullipetalum Hook. fil. and Thoms., 3, 12, 146, 243, 259, 261 tuberosum Coss. and Letourn., 6 turgidum DC., 184 undulatum hort., 196, G.C. valerianoides Diels, 7 variicolor Praeger, 12, 24, 25, 146, 232, 234 Verlott Jord., 275 Verloti hort., 270, G.C. versadense C. H. Thompson, to, 17, 18, 133, 141 314 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SEDUM verticillatum Linn., 3, 12, 18, 78, 94 verticillatum Hamet, 94 villosum Linn., 6, 9, 12, 16, 293, 301 virens hort., G.C. virescens hort., G.C. viscosum Praeger, 12, 26, 281, 289 viviparum Maxim., 18, 94 x W. Pascoe, 239 Wallacei hort., G.C. Wallichianum Hooker, 55, 58 Wallichianum hort., 108, 196, G.C. Whitmanni hort., 301 Wightmannianum hort., 301 Willisti hort., 219, 220, G.C. Witmanni hort., 301 Woodwardi N. E. Brown, 108, rT Wrightii A. Gray, 133, 137 Yabeanum Makino, 7, 107, 124 yosemitense Britton, 12, 144, 146, 163, 218, 232, 240 yunnanense Franchet, 8, 12, 43, Zentaro-Tashiroi Makino, 3, 5, Q, 12, 146, 218, 222 SEMPERVIVUM Linn., 21, 283 sediforme Jacquin, 270 TELMISSA Fenzl, 22 TRIACTINA verticillata Hook. fil. and Thoms., 94 UmBiLicus Semenovit Regel and Herder, 05 MAGNOLIAS. 315 MAGNOLIAS. By 2. C.-M Vere, V.MLH: [Read April 27, 1920; Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., V.M.H., in the chair.] Amonc the many beautiful trees and shrubs grown in the British Isles, Magnolias take a prominent position. The evergreen Magnolia grandiflora has no rival as a wall plant. Its large glossy leaves are attractive all the year round, and its beautiful large white flowers scent the air for weeks together in the early autumn. As a specimen tree for the adornment of the park or pleasure ground—particularly in the milder parts of Great Britain— it is also well worthy of cultivation, but even in the south of England it is safer to treat this plant as a wall plant. There are large trees in Devonshire forty to fifty years old, and 30 feet high, of the Exmouth variety, which are very beautiful, and which lead one to think that more standard trees should be planted if sites can be chosen in good loam and fairly sheltered from cold winds. There have been many failures with Magnolias on walls ; but is it not after all the fault of the planter in buying seedling plants which do not bloom so freely as layers from the true Exmouth variety ? M. grandiflora grows to a height of 20 to 30 feet. Its leaves are oval and oblong, the upper surface being shiny and the under surface rusty. The flowers are erect, with nine to twelve petals, white and fragrant. It was introduced from N. Carolina in 1737. The most distinct of the varieties of M. grandiflora is the Exmouth variety, and on account of its flowering early and freely it is the one best deserving of general cultivation. It forms a tall, elegant bush or tree (fig. 186) with oblong, elliptical leaves, generally rusty under- neath; the flowers are somewhat contracted, creamy white and very fragrant. One writer on Magnolias had the idea that only those of M. grandiflora with a bronze under-surface flowered, but this is not correct. The plants of M. grandiflora sold in the nurseries as the common broad-leaved Magnolia are frequently raised from American, French, or Italian seeds, and the plants, though they grow freely, do not flower for twenty or thirty years after being planted out. M. grandiflora ferruginea is a beautiful foliage plant. The leaves are large, deep green above and a deep brown beneath. Another evergreen species is also finding favour with plant-lovers, the Chinese species, M. Delavayi. Its very large, dull-green leaves, silvery beneath, are very attractive, and though the flowers are not so fine as those of M. grandiflora, they are still good. Unfortunately, it is not particularly hardy, and, while growing perfectly on walls, succeeds as a park tree in only a few warm localities. MM. Delavayi was introduced from China in 1899. From its appearance in sheltered 316 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. gardens in the West of England it may be described as one of the finest evergreen trees. Both at Coombe Wood and at Kewit flowered in 1908, but on walls. The flowers, which measure 7 to 8 inches across, are cup-shaped and creamy white. They are peculiarly short-lived, seldom exceeding forty-eight hours, and the scent is so strong as to be considered offensive by many. Compared with the evergreen the deciduous species and varieties of Magnolia are numerous. . In the early days of the cultivation of Magnolias many plants of M. conspicua and M. x Soulangeana were planted on the walls of man- sions or houses, and now have heights of 25 to 30 feet and a spread of 20 feet and more, thus hiding many an ugly wall and giving the house a good appearance, especially when the tree is clothed with hundreds of blooms. But the right place for the large-growing forms is un- doubtedly the park or garden where they have room to develop, and if in positions sheltered from east winds they are conspicuously beautiful when in bloom. There are many fine trees in the West of England—-particularly one in the centre of the City of Exeter, and another in a garden at Plympton, S. Devon, 20 feet high and at least ninety years old—but fine trees are also to be found at Kew and its neighbourhood, and in Hertfordshire. Both are perfectly hardy, but the flowers which often develop as early as February or March are sometimes damaged by frosts or cold winds, but as this does not happen every season the trees are still well worth cultivating. M. conspicua, the Yulan, is a deciduous tree introduced from China in 1789. It flowers from February to May and attains a height of 20 to 30 feet. There are many forms called by the name “con- spicua,’’ some having white flowers with narrow petals, while in others they are bell-shaped but with a rose flush at the base. The true form, and certainly the best, has large bell-shaped flowers (very different from the general run of Magnolias), and these flowers are pure white without the least tinge of rose (fig. 187). The form with a rose flush at the base is also a beautiful thing and well worthy of cultivation. It might be known in horticulture as M. conspicua rosea, to distinguish it from the true white variety. M. conspicua Brozzom, with large white flowers slightly tinted a tender violet, is a favourite Continental form. M. conspicua amabilis is another pure white variety, with small . flowers with very narrow petals. M. conspicua alba superba is a pure white form and well worthy of cultivation ; it makes a pretty plant for the garden. Its petals are narrow and the flowers comparatively small. M. obovata (purpurea) forms a bush of loosehabit. It was introduced from Japan in 1790 and grows to a height of 3 to 5 feet. It is a very hardy shrub and grows very successfully near London. The flowers are deep purple outside, often striped with white, and white inside. The gem of this class is undoubtedly M. Campbelli, with glorious MAGNOLIAS. 317 blooms of a deep rosy pink. The tree in the Exeter nursery flowered in 1898 and has produced its blooms regularly, sometimes abundantly but often sparsely, since that date. It is a tall growing, deciduous tree from the Himalayas, often found 150 feet high, introduced into this country in 1868. It flowers in the early spring, from February to April, and the flowers are therefore unfortunately liable to be injured by frosts, but the plant itself is hardy over a wide area. The flowers, which are 6 to ro inches in diameter, are cup-shaped and of a lovely shade of deep rose outside, pale pink inside; they are sweetly scented. This species flowered both at Exeter and Cork in March 1903, and blooms were exhibited by Robert Veitch & Son of Exeter, and by W. Gumbleton, Esq., of Cork, at the R.H.S., whena First Class Certificate was awarded. The plant in the Exeter nursery is now 20 feet high with a spread of 20 feet. Another of the same size in garden of C. H. Cave, Esq., at Sidmouth, bore 150 gorgeous flowers in February 1921. M. Campbelli is a glorious plant and should be grown in every garden where the blooms can be sheltered from cold winds and frost. M. x Soulangeana (fig. 188) in all its many forms is a good grower. It is a hybrid which was raised about 1820 between M. conspicua and M. obovata, gaining from the latter the purplish tinge of its flowers. It makes a very ornamental plant, either for the open garden or trained on the walls of a house. The flowers are white, tinged and flushed with purplish rose. There are some very large specimens to be found in old gardens ; one in the Vineyard Garden below Rouge- mont Castle, Exeter, measures 18 feet by 16 feet, and when this was in full flower on April 20, 1920, it was a sight worth going far to see. There is another fine specimen on an old Georgian house, 30 feet high. M. Soulangeana Alexandrina forms a good shrub or dwarf tree. The flowers are large and of good shape; the outside petals are shaded white, but the inner row is washed with rose. M. Soulangeana migra is a very dark form, giving to the garden a colour that is seldom seen—a deep, bright claret. It blooms in a young state and is quite a useful plant for the open garden. It was introduced from Japan in r86r. Many other pretty forms of M. Soulangeana are grown and are use- ful either for garden-planting or for forcing for the conservatory, two of the best known being Norberti and speciosa. The origin of M. Lennei is uncertain. Its character, both as regards size and substance of the leaves as well as of the flowers, and the fact that it flowers later than the ordinary conspicua and obovata forms, throw doubts on the theory of its being a hybrid of this class. It is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful varieties, and owing to its flowering later than many, 7.e. in May, it should be grown with success over a large area of the British Isles. The flowers are large, concave, and a beautiful shade of rose-purple outside, white inside. The variety known as M. rustica rubra is a first-class plant ; it is hardy, of good habit, and very free flowering. The flowers are large 318 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and somewhat bell-shaped, like those of M. Lennez; all the petals are flushed, some considerably, with a bright deep rose. This variety was raised from seed gathered from a plant of M. Lennez, but it flowers rather earlier than its parent. Planters must on no account miss M. hypoleuca, a large-growing deciduous tree of erect habit attaining a height of 50 to 80 feet. The leaves are 12 to 18 inches long, pale green with a rosy flush, and this - gives the plant a very distinct appearance. The flowers, which are produced in June, are 8 inches across, creamy white in colour, with a mass of bright purplish-red stamens in the centre; they are strongly scented. This is a most striking and beautiful tree, and appears to be hardy generally in England. M. Kobus has not attracted so much attention as it appears to deserve. In Japan it becomes a magnificent flowering tree 70 to 80 feet high, and it seems very probable that it will attain similar propor- tionsin thiscountry. Inthe Exeter nursery plants seven to eight years old are already r5 and 16 feet high, with a strong main tree-like stem branched about 5 to 6 feet from the ground. The flowers are like those of M. stellata, but with rounder petals ; they are about 5 inches in diameter, with six pure white petals, and the seeds are bright red. This species is rather slow to flower at first and only bears a few blossoms in the nursery state, but as it grows into a larger tree it produces its flowers almost as freely as M. stellata, and as it is perfectly hardy it is well worth cultivating. M. salicifolia is a plant of close, compact pyramidal habit; it has small green leaves. It is a deciduous species of slender but strong, upright growth, attaining a height of about 15 to 20 feet. It bears innumerable white flowers, much like those of M. stellata, but larger and with longer petals, and these flowers stand out conspicuously on the slender branches. Plants 6 to 7 feet high of pyramidal shape were a sheet of bloom on April 23, rgr9. At the Exminster nursery two trees attained a height of ro to 12 feet in about six years and showed great beauty. The seeds are scarlet and are produced very freely. It was introduced to this country from Japan about 1908, and appears to be quite hardy. M. Watsoni grows into a stiff tree which is not by any means ungainly ; there are trees in the West of England 15 to 20 feet high. It is well worth a good position in the garden, as the leaves are large and pale green. The flowers are borne continuously from May to August and are large and of a beautiful creamy white (fig. 180), with a rosy hue and very strongly scented of allspice. It grows particularly well in a warm light soil, whereas on stronger soil the shoots are apt to die back. M. tripetala (the Umbrella tree) and M: acuminata have been cultivated for many years in this country, and some large specimens are to be found. M. tripetala is a deciduous tree attaining a height of from 15 to 30 feet, with lanceolate leaves which are often 18 to 20 inches long and MAGNOLIAS. 319 7 to 8 inches broad. The flowers are white with nine to twelve petals, the outer ones being pendent; they are produced from May to July and have a rather unpleasant odour. It was introduced in 1752. M. acuminata is known as the Cucumber Tree, from the resem- blance of its fruit to a small cucumber. It is a deciduous tree of large size, attaining a height of from 60 to 80 feet. The flowers have six to nine petals and are yellowish within, glaucous without ; they bloom from May to July and are slightly fragrant. This species was introduced in 1736. There is a fine specimen at Kew. M. cordata is a deciduous tree with canary-yellow flowers slightly streaked with red, which seldom expand fully. It may be regarded as a form of acuminata, but is of dwarfer, more bushy growth. It was introduced into this country in 1800, and there are plants at Kew which flower abundantly. M. parviflora is a small shrub, but is one of the most beautiful of the family, and it is quitehardy. The flowers which are borne from May to August are white (tinted rose), almost globular in shape, and very strongly scented. The stamens are numerous and of a rosy crimson colour, giving the flowers a very distinct character. ‘‘ Oxon,” writing in Gardening Illustrated of July 12, 1919, described a plant of this variety, ro feet high and 4o feet round the spread of the branches, which flowered very freely. M. macrophylla has immense leaves, but the true plant is very scarce. A remarkable plant even among the larger Magnolias, its leaves have been measured up to 3 feet in length. Their distinctive character is their sagittate shape, and because of this fact M. tripetala, though somewhat resembling it when both are young, should never be mistaken for it. The flowers are creamy white, with a purple spot near the base of each petal, and are very fragrant, flowering in June and July ; they are ro to 12 inches across with six to nine petals. The tree ordinarily attains a height of from 15 to 30 feet, though there is a specimen at Claremont 4o feet high; it succeeds perfectly in a young state at Exminster, S. Devon, but is a rare plant in nurseries. It was introduced from S. Carolina in 1752. M. glauca (synonyms M. fragrans, Swamp Sassafras, Beaver Wood) is a small-leaved species, almost evergreen, with small sweet-scented yellowish-white flowers. It is a native of the United States introduced into this country in 1688. In habit it is a dwarf shrubby tree attain- ing a height of about 20 feet, almost evergreen. The leaves are elliptical, deep green above and glaucous beneath. The flowers are produced from June to September. M. glauca Thompsoniana was discovered about 1808 amongst a pot of seedlings of M. glauca, and was propagated by Mr. Thompson in his nursery at Mile End, under the above name. It is a loose-growing shrub with creamy white flowers, which are larger than those of M. glauca, and is probably a hybrid between M. glauca and M. tripetala. The plants flower in a small state. 320 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. M. Fraseri (synonym M. auriculata), a deciduous tree of spreading habit, was introduced into this country from the South-Eastern United States. It has distinct foliage and makes a handsome tree, attaining a height of from 30 to 4o feet. The flowers, which are produced in May and June, are about 8 inches across with nine petals, pale yellow at first and afterwards milky white. M. stellata has been grown since 1878 and has proved to be quite hardy. It is one of the most beautiful of early-flowering shrubs and should find a place in every garden. It blooms more profusely than any other Magnolia, even small bushes being covered with fragrant blossoms in March: and April. The numerous small twisted pure white petals give a semi-double appearance to the flower. It is compact in growth, plants several years old being 5 feet high by 4 feet through. It is a useful plant for a wall facing south and west, where it flowers early in April, sometimes in March; it is also very successful as a bush, but should be planted where sheltered from cold winds. It is a good subject for conservatory decoration, as also are M. parviflora, M. conspicua, and M. Soulangeana and its many forms. The variety vosea, a pretty form of M. stellata, received an A.M. in 1893, when it was exhibited under the name of M. stellata, pink variety. It is now very rare. M. officinalis was introduced from China. The leaves are very large, some young trees in Cornwall having already produced leaves 2I inches long and of great width and thickness. It is not yet in commerce. M. Wilsonit, still very scarce, forms a shrub or small tree. The flowers in shape and size resemble those of M. parviflora. It is, however, distinct. Mr. Wilson, who found it in China, says: “ In late May and early June it is very conspicuous with its pure white sepals and petals and bright red stamens and carpels.” It flowered freely in Cornwall in 1920. M. denudata var. purpurascens.—There are several forms of M. denudata and the one which has flowered in Cornwall appears to be this variety. It is Wilson’s No. 688 of his first Veitchian Expedition. It promises to be a shapely tree; the flowers come early and are very beautiful, being near M@. Campbelli in colour, but not nearly so large, and not offering such a large target for wind. It is not yet in commerce. M. pyramidata was discovered in Georgia. In some ways it is like M. Fraseri, but is to all appearances not hardy. It is not now in commerce. | M. Sargentiana.—Wilson in his “ Plantae Wilsonianae”’ says: “This remarkably distinct species is perhaps most closely related to M. Campbell. It grows to a greater size than any other Chinese Magnolia, and is one of the noblest of the family.” It is not yet generally in commerce. M. fuscata has dull purple flowers, small and very fragrant. It flowers in April. It is a good greenhouse shrub, though in the West of England large plants may be found on outdoor walls. HG VARIE XMOUTH 4 Fig. 186.—MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA, I (To face p. 320. Fig. 189.—MAGNOLIA WATSONI. LTo face p. 321. MAGNOLIAS. 321 M. Soulangeana, rustica, and Thompsoniana, appear to be natural hybrids, but I have been so fortunate as to obtain a direct hybrid. It was in 1907 that pollen was obtained from M. Campbelli, grow- ing out of doors, and applied to M. conspicua, forced into bloom, the result being the saving of seven ripe seeds. These were duly sown and I had five young plants. These grew vigorously, and in spite of transplanting soon attained a height of 12 to 14 feet. The first flowers appeared in 1917 and since then they have flowered annually. Four of the plants bore creamy white flowers, 5 to 6 inches long, and sweet scented. The foliage in some resembles that of M. Campbelli, and in others is intermediate. Fortunately one plant is quite distinct in colouring, being inter- mediate between its parents. Mr. W. J. BEAN, our great authority on hardy shrubs and trees, saw some of its flowers in Exeter in Irgr9, and has favoured me with a description for publication. This year (1920) twenty buds appeared, but owing to mild weather developed in February and were badly damaged by ten degrees of frost. The following is Mr. BEAN’s description of the plant : “Magnolia Vewttchi.—In April 1919, during a visit to the Royal Nurseries at Exeter, Mr. P. C. M. Veitch showed me a bloom of his new hybrid Magnolia for which I propose the above name. He raised it in 1907 by crossing the Yulan (M. conspicua) with M. Campbelli, and a very remarkable tree is the result, as beautiful in flower as it is noble in foliage. It may be described as follows : ‘“‘ A deciduous tree which will no doubt grow ultimately to a height of 30 to 4o feet ; young wood purplish, clothed at first with appressed grey hairs, becoming brown the second year. Leaves obovate, mostly rounded at the base and terminated by a short abrupt point ; they vary considerably in size, the largest being ro inches to 12 inches long and 5 inches to 6 inches wide, the smallest with about half those dimensions ; dark green at maturity but purplish (especially beneath) when young; the mid-rib and chief nerves clothed with grey down; leaf stalk # inch to I inch long and downy. Flowers solitary at the end of the naked twigs, each measuring 6 inches long ; petals nine, r4 inches to 2 inches wide, rounded and broadest near the apex, tapering towards the base. The colour is a lovely blush pink. ‘From this description it will be seen that this hybrid is inter- mediate in several respects between the parents. In size of leaf it has inherited the fine dimensions of M. Campbelli and a good deal of its pubescent character, but in shape and firmness of texture it favours the Yulan more closely. The entire flower and the individual petals are intermediate between those of the parents in size, and the pure whiteness of the Yulan has diluted the colour derived from M. Campbell. Like so many hybrids, M. Veitchit possesses great constitutional vigour. The raiser is to be congratulated on obtaining a fine addition to a group of flowering trees and shrubs. It ought to be perfectly hardy over the Southern half of England, and in all the Western counties.”’ VOL. XLVI. , 322 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Magnolias may be propagated by layers, from seed, or by grafting. The first is naturally very satisfactory, but it is a slow process; seeds can be depended upon with parviflora, salicifolia, and some other true species; grafting is very general, as stock may be obtained quickly in large quantities. At one time M. purpurea was used as a stock, but on it the plants became stunted in growth. On WM. acuminata as a stock they are very satisfactory, as no suckers appear so far as my experience goes, and they succeed in almost any good deep soil. dey At our Exminster nurseries all the Magnolias succeed perfectly. The soil is naturally light, but there is a good depth, and with an admixture of peat the plants lift with good balls. At our Exeter nurseries, where the soil is heavy loam, most varieties succeed if a little peat be added, though 7. Watsonz is apt to die back. There have been many views expressed as to the best time to transplant Magnolias. I would not be dogmatic, but I have des- patched plants from early autumn to spring with great success even with large bushes and standards 8 feet, ro feet, and up to 15 feet high. Of course, owing to regular transplanting, they have been lifted with large balls. I am more afraid to despatch long distances in late spring than at any other time. If still quite dormant or even with advanced flower-buds they may succeed, but I think not when the leaf-buds have begun to develop. M. grandiflora and other evergreen species should be grown in pots, and may be transplanted from them during many months of the year. It must, however, be remembered that these have large fleshy roots and need considerable attention after transplanting. One thing that many fail to do is to press the new soil firmly round the ball and give a good soaking of water. It should be remembered, too, that positions on walls are always drier than the open garden, and consequently watering and some syringing are necessary during the first year and perhaps also during dry spring and summer weather. Mulching with leaf-mould would save much watering, but not alto- gether on walls facing due south or under overhanging eaves. GARDEN ROSES. 323 GARDEN ROSES. By H. R. DartincTon, F.R.H.S.’ [Read June 29, 1920; Mr. W. A. BILNEY, J.P., in the Chair.] Of late years so much has been written and spoken on Garden Roses that it may seem superfluous to add to it and difficult or impracticable to find any new thing to discuss. But the Rose world of our gardens is constantly changing. The constant yearly inflow of new varieties, so far as America and Great Britain were concerned, was but slightly lessened even by the war, and the reports from Bagatelle show that the French growers are again to the front. These new varieties at times give us new plants which prove in some way better than those previously in use. Thus our Roses are constantly changing, partly as the result of improve- ment on existing types, and partly through changes of taste, such as the shifting of the popularity, which at one time centred in the exhibi- tion Rose, to the decorative Roses, which have been found to be more useful for adorning the garden and to provide a larger number of flowers for gathering and use in vases or bowls for the dinner-table and sitting-rooms. Garden Roses consist of two great groups. First, the dwarf varieties which we grow in beds and borders, and secondly, climbing roses for covering arches, pergolas, and other structures. There is an intermediate group available for hedges or use as isolated bushes or in large shrubbery-like beds; but for the moment we may disregard these. Each of our two great groups may be again divided into two sub- groups, according as they bear large more or less solitary flowers, or carry their flowers in bunches or clusters. In the dwarf group the large-flowered varieties are most numerous and important, while among the climbers the chief place is taken by the bunch-flowered section. These divisions are purely arbitrary and have no pretence of resting on any botanical or scientific characters, but are merely adopted for convenience of treatment ; and even so, roses of inter- mediate character will be found between each group, which will be treated solely as convenience dictates, and without regard to their natural affinities or derivation. Turning first to large-flowered dwarf varieties suitable for beds and borders, let us take a really popular Rose and consider the qualities that have given it its place in general esteem. Perhaps no Rose has 324 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. been and still is more popular of its type than ‘Mme. Abel Chatenay,’ and it will serve my purpose. 1. The flower is of shapely form. 2. It is carried well on the stalk, not too stiffly, and yet it does not hang its head. . The colour of the petals is bright, distinct, and pleasing. . The flowers are produced continuously during the season. . The substance of the petals is firm and good, so that the flowers are not destroyed by the first shower of rain and will stand travelling. 6. The flower is fragrant. 7. The plant grows well at least when young, and has a branching habit, so that it will make a good bush. I think this concludes its good qualities. Now for some bad ones. 8. The habit of the plant is not all that can be desired ; it is too apt to push a single strong shoot for its second growth, making the plant lop-sided. g. The foliage is rather sparse and somewhat easily attacked by mildew and readily by black-spot. 10. Though individuals vary greatly, many plants are not long- lived. mn & WwW 1. The question of form is worth a little consideration. In the great variety of the form of flower in the Rose, we may find more than one possessing attributes of beauty, and perhaps we ought not to be too exclusive in our appreciation, or pedantic in defining types. Thus among exhibition Roses we may find forms of great beauty in ‘Avoca,’ ‘Mme. Mélanie Soupert,’ ‘ Horace Vernet,’ ‘ Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt,’ ‘Maman Cochet,’ pink and white ‘ Bridesmaid,’ ‘ Mrs. Foley Hobbs,’ and ‘Mrs. J. H. Welsh,’ all representing slightly different modern forms, and ‘ Marie Beauman,’ ‘Mrs. John Laing,’ and ‘A. K. Williams’ representing older forms less often seen to-day. There can be little doubt that the disfavour into which the exhibition Rose has fallen is due, at least in part, to the admission of really ugly types, such, for instance, as those resembling a potato surrounded by a collar, which, if large enough, were accorded equal recognition with the more beautiful forms. These ugly forms, how- ever, soon disappear in the hands of amateurs whose principal object is garden beauty, and whose views are not solely confined to the exhibition box, and we need not delay further with them. The course of development of nearly every new type of Rose that has been introduced has been so uniform in character that I think public taste may be considered as having accepted one type of form as the ideal, towards which improvement in this direction gradually approximates. This is the form with high-pointed centre and well-arranged reflexed petals. | The form of the opening bud in single Roses, whether of the wild GARDEN ROSES. 325 Dog-rose or still more in the longer-petalled forms, such as ‘Irish Elegance,’ cultivated in our gardens, is of great beauty, but lasts at most for a few hours. In the case of the Dog-rose the petals close the first night and never again. As the single Rose has become doubled in cultivation, the early double forms all seem to show short centre petals, giving the flower a flat, or even saucer-shaped, appearance. The raising of the centre petals comes much later, as the result of further cultivation, hybridizing, and selection. The process may be traced through the illustrations in the old gardening books, Parkinson, Gerard, Redouté, Curtis, and others, and it will be found that the high-centred form is a development that has come comparatively recently in the history of the Rose. An interesting example of this process in a modern Rose, now in course of development, is to be found in the group raised by M. Pernet Ducher, variously known as Austrian hybrids, Hybrid Luteas, or after the name of the raiser. In order to get the golden colour he desired, M. Pernet Ducher had to go back to the old Persian yellow, the origin of which is un- known, but it is clearly of great antiquity, and was brought from the East about 1833 by Mr. Henry Willock. It is a comparatively small flower, double, with a flat centre of a rather primitive type, and M. Pernet Ducher proceeded to cross it with the Hybrid Teas, repeating this process with the selected offspring, a process that has been continued by himself and others. The first result of the cross was ‘Soleil d’Or,’ brought out in 1900. It proved to possess a fine colour, fair size, and good strong growth, but the form of the flower was flat-centred with rounded incurved petals, giving it rather a heavy appearance. One of the first Roses connected with this group in which the higher centre began to appear was ‘ Mrs. A. R. Waddell ’ (1908), a plant which, though retaining the large thorns and something of the colour of the new type, was in some respects nearer to the Hybrid Teas. ‘Arthur R. Goodwin’ (rg1o) has a nicely pointed bud, but the open flower has a flat centre with short inner petals, and retains therefore the primitive type. Much the same may be said of ‘Rayon d’Or’ of the same year, which attracts chiefly by its colour and glossy foliage. ‘Constance’ (1915), not quite so good in colour, was slightly better in form, while we find a great advance in ‘Mme. E. Herriot’ (1913). Every year fresh Roses of this type are appearing such as ‘ Mrs. Wemyss Quin’ (1914), ‘Christine (1918), ‘Mme. E. Herriot,’ and ‘Independence Day’ (1919), in which a gradual improvement in form, by the raising of the centre and regular arrangement of the surrounding petals, may be recognized, though the flat centre may be traced in many of the forms of this group still being brought out. A similar process, though less well marked, may be traced in the Rambler (multiflora) section, which first came into notice on the 326 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. introduction of ‘Crimson Rambler’ by Mr. Turner in 1893, and the Wichuraiana group headed by ‘ Dorothy Perkins,’ rgot. The highest development of this form is, I think, to be found in the Tea Section, which have been rightly named the aristocrats of the race. For instances, I may take ‘Mrs. Herbert Stevens’ of the looser type of flower, and ‘Maman Cochet’ and the ‘ Bride’ (the latter now chiefly grown under glass) of the full-fiowered type. To my fancy, the form of the high-centred flower somewhat re- sembles in outline that of the opening bud of the single Rose, but it will retain its beauty of form in favourable circumstances for two or three days in place of as many hours as go to the life of the bud form of the single Rose. If this be so, we find the greatest beauty of form at the two ends, or perhaps the beginning and end, of the scale of evolution. In few, if any, Roses are the petals even approximately flat. They are in nearly all cases more or less rounded or boat-shaped. Consequently in the open flower the petals are either incurved and concentrically arranged, or the petals bend outwards instead of inwards, the upper edges, particularly in the outer petals, are rolled backwards by the growth from below, and we get the reflexed type of flower. The reflexed type being generally preferred, a custom has arisen amongst many exhibitors of manipulating flowers of the incurved type so as to make the petals bend outwards instead of inwards as they would naturally do, and the fiower as shown ceases to represent the true form of the variety as we see it growing on the plant in the garden. A little assistance to enable the flower to open and in the removal of stained or injured petals is legitimate enough, but in the interests of the public who are likely to purchase plants from seeing them at our shows, it is desirable that the rule against over-dressing so as to alter the character of the flowers should be strictly enforced. I may refer to one more point on the question of form. Some Roses seem nearly always to produce well-formed flowers throughout the season, others may do so only at the summer-flowering, while others, again, will do so only under the highest conditions of cultivation, or will produce a large quantity of flowers, only some of which are pleasing. A Rose that will produce well-shaped flowers uniformly through- out the season possesses great advantages for garden purposes over one that will only do so occasionally, and several of the decorative Hybrid Teas and Teas possess this quality. We find it in ‘Mrs. Herbert Stevens,’ ‘Alexander Hill Gray,’ ‘Mme. Henri Berger,’ “Mme. Abel Chatenay,’ ‘Mrs. E. G. Hill,’ ‘Mrs. Wemyss Quin,’ and ‘Mme. Léon Pain,’ in a greater or lesser degree; also in the summer- flowering Hybrid Tea, ‘Paul’s Lemon Pillar,’ while ‘ Richmond,’ “ Prince de Bulgarie,’ ‘ Joseph Hill,’ and ‘General McArthur’ usually give us well-shaped flowers in early summer and again in autumn, the second flowering in late summer flowers being less satisfactory in this respect. GARDEN ROSES. 327 In the days of the old Hybrid Perpetuals, in order to secure a few well-shaped flowers of any one variety, it was usually necessary to grow a good many plants, and pay strict attention to cultivation and careful and timely disbudding. Even ‘ Victor Hugo,’ one of the freest and best, suffers from this defect. ‘ Frau Karl Druschki’ is the nearest approach to an exception in the group, the flowers being usually good even if not disbudded. The popular and beautiful ‘Lady Hillingdon’ seems to me to depend much on the soil and situation in which it is growing. In my own gravelly garden a large number of the flowers produced, especially in late summer, are of rather poor form and quality, while in more generous soils the proportion of well-shaped flowers seems to be much larger. In the dwarf Polyanthas, two of the earliest of the section ‘Cecile Brunner,’ 1880, and ‘ Perle d’Or’ (1883) had beautifully formed little flowers. Later, colour seems to-have monopolized the group to the detriment of form, which is only beginning to reappear in such Roses as ‘ Little Meg,’ while in the climbing section, except in the singles, there is little to note but ‘Emily Gray.’ ‘Christine Wright,’ and occasionally ‘ Léontine Gervais,’ may remind us that it may not be impossible to find beauty of form even here. 2. The carriage of the flower on the stalk is of great importance in considering the decorative value of a Rose in the garden. On the one hand, a flower that is carried bolt upright on a short stiff stalk, as we find in ‘Florence Forrester’ and ‘Mrs. George Norwood,’ is too stiff to be pleasing, and it is readily injured by rain. On the other hand, the plant with a stalk too weak to support the flower, such as we see in ‘Mrs. Foley Hobbs,’ ‘ Bessie Brown,’ and usually in ‘ British Queen,’ is even more objectionable. These head-hangers are of no value in the garden, and only useful for cutting for the exhibition box, where they can be supported with a wire, or when they can be thrust into a specimen vase to ornament the house. For the latter purpose resort is sometimes had to the help of a wire, the end of which is pushed into the calyx to keep the head upright ; but this is not to be commended, for the wire rapidly rusts in water and discolours the vase. For our Garden Roses we should seek a type intermediate between these two, with a graceful, fairly upright, but not stiff carriage ; and, fortunately, among our modern Roses we shall find no lack of instances. 3. Colour is an important matter in the garden, and great progress in its improvement in Roses has taken place of recent years, notably through the efforts of Mr. McGredy and M. Pernet Ducher. There is no doubt that the popularity of the dwarf Polyanthas and the Ramblers is largely due to the mass of colour they respectively produce. It is almost equally important in the case of the Hybrid Teas and other Roses used for beds and borders. Two points are important :—(1) The colour should be clear, bright, and decided ; a good crimson, yellow, pink, or white are always valuable, 328 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and many of the intermediate shades, such as those between crimson and yellow, which we get in ‘Mme. E. Herriot’ and ‘ Henrietta,’ look well; but the washy tints of pinkish-white and blush, beautiful as they often look when well arranged, produce comparatively little effect in the garden, and the number of varieties of these colours grown should be severely restricted. (2) The other point is that the colour should be “ fast,’’ that is to say, that the variation in colour throughout the season should be as small as possible. ‘Sunburst ’ has many of the characters of a good Garden Rose. It grows well, is of good foliage and habit, and is not fastidious as to soil. I well remember the delight I felt in looking at the first exhibit of it that I saw. The centre of the flowers, a deep golden yellow, slightly paling to the edges, made the vase a beautiful object. Un- fortunately, in this country the colour is so woefully uncertain that it becomes useless in the garden. The lovely golden yellow flowers seem only to come occasionally and in hot weather, the large majority varying from dirty white to flowers with pale-yellow centres, and as a garden Rose it is useless. The crimson Hybrid Teas are usually rather serious offenders in this respect, if we happen to get hot, sunny weather for the second or late summer-flowering. The sun turns the crimson to a bluish tone which is far from pleasing, but improvement in this respect is not impossible. ‘Red Cross,’ ‘Red Letter Day,’ Paul’s ‘ Scarlet Climber,’ and ‘ Princess Mary’ seem to stand the sun better than many of the older forms. The yellow Roses, on the other hand, fail at the end of the season, when the October rains seem, as it were, to wash all the colour out of them, and such good Roses as ‘Mme. Ravary,’ ‘ Lady Hillingdon,’ and ‘Mme. Mélanie Soupert ’ lose all their attractiveness and bright- ness, appearing dirty white or little better. ‘Golden Emblem’ and ‘Mrs. Wemyss Quin’ keep their colour better than most, but the yellows can hardly be said as yet to have achieved a fast colour throughout the season. 4. Continuous and free production of flowers throughout the season is a quality that needs no emphasis. This direction is one in which the Roses of to-day differ most from those of a century ago. Varieties vary very much in this respect, but no Hybrid Teas can be considered in the first rank unless it possesses these qualities in greater or less degree. They are, however, quite distinct qualities and often as the one increases the other decreases. The Hybrid Tea flowers in a succession of periods, usually fairly well marked, beginning in June and going on till late autumn, some- times even till Christmas. With some varieties, such as ‘ General McArthur,’ we get a quantity of bloom produced at once. It is free- blooming, the flowers last for a certain time—perhaps a couple of weeks —and the bed then becomes flowerless until the next flowering period arrives, in about a month’s time. In others, and I think I may take for examples ‘ Mme. E. Herriot, o GARDEN ROSES. 329 ‘Red Letter Day,’ ‘Mme. Léon Pain,’ the new shoots seem to begin pushing up before the old flowering is well begun, and if the bed be a moderate or large one, some flowers will be found upon it even between the successive periods of copious flowering, and there will be flowers there throughout the season. This is continuous-flowering. 5. In an uncertain climate like that of England the substance of the petals is of great importance. Some full flowers, like those of ‘Mme. Jules Graveraux,’ ‘L’Innocence,’ and ‘ La France,’ and even those with a smaller number of petals like the ‘ Duchess of Wellington,’ if subjected to a day or two of rain when they are about to open rapidly, ‘turn into balls of rottenness, the outer petals become saturated with water and glued together, and the whole promise of the past weeks is destroyed and useless, fit only for the garden wheelbarrow. Flowers with petals of good leathery consistency, such as ‘ Dorothy Page Roberts,’ will stand much rain, and even open in showery weather without suffering much, except it may be.a few stains on the back of the outer petals. 6. Fragrance is so much an attribute of the Rose that its desir- ability needs no words of mine. A large proportion of the old Hybrid Perpetuals were delightfully fragrant with the true damask perfume, and their replacement by the Hybrid Teas has in this respect been something of a loss to our gardens. The damask perfume was so pronounced in most of the crimson Hybrid Perpetuals that it was perhaps natural to expect to find it among those of the Hybrid Teas which acquired this colour. We do get a fine perfume from ‘ General McArthur,’ and we find it rather less pronounced but still good in ‘Richmond’ and ‘ Princess Mary’ (single); but, speaking generally, the well-known Rose fragrance in this group appears to be coming in the pinks rather than the crimsons. I need only mention ‘ Mrs. Bryce Allen,’ ‘ Colcestria,’ ‘Mrs. George Norwood,’ ‘ Gustave Gruner- wald,’ ‘Lady Alice Stanley,’ and ‘Queen of Fragrance,’ all pink flowers, as examples of cases, where the Rose fragrance is particularly well marked, to illustrate this view. As a class the yellows are not strong in fragrance. I think a Rose exhibited to-day called ‘ Henry Weller ’ is the first case I have noticed, and ‘ Frau Karl Druschki,’ the most popular white rose, has practically none. Of course the damask perfume is far from being the only rose scent. There is the Tea perfume, the musk or honey scent, the fruity odour to be found in many, particularly of the salmon and pinky- yellow forms—at least, I am told so, for I can appreciate this fruity scent myself but little, and in fact I incline to think that these scents are never so satisfying as the full damask, and, though not to be despised and occasionally even delightful, fall short of the odour we expect and really relish in the Rose. Fragrance is often absent from the bunch-flowered Roses. Most of the climbing Roses first introduced, ‘ Crimson Rambler,’ ‘ Dorothy Perkins’ and the like, were not remarkable for perfume; but there s 330 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. is one of the later Wichuraianas which possesses it to such a degree that I cannot pass it over. This is ‘ Evangeline,’ a pale pink with © white centre, of which the odour is so strong when in flower that on a July or August evening it will fill all the garden. Among the dwarf Polyanthas perhaps the only one possessing distinct fragrance is “Ellen Poulsen.’ 7. The plant must grow well or it is useless. No quality is so essential. How many lovely roses we have had which have been discarded for this reason! From ‘Souvenir d’Elise Vardon’ down to ‘Mrs. Charles Pearson’ we have admired them, bought them, planted them, budded them—all to little purpose. They will not grow, and there is an end. 8. The habit of the plant is important, and for garden decoration a plant of good branching habit, readily throwing up young shoots from the base or near it, is to be preferred. If we trace the history of almost any young Rose shoot it continues growing at the apex until a flower is formed, when growth in length ceases, and sooner or later other buds behind the terminal flower- bud begin to grow. In many of the summer-flowering Roses the terminal flower is not produced till the following year, and we get the so-called sterile shoots, well known in the Briar Rose, the lower buds pushing lateral flower buds almost simultaneously with the formation of the terminal flower. In the Ramblers and Wichuraianas, on the formation of the terminal flower-spike, one of the lower buds pushes to form the sterile con- tinuing laterals, which, if allowed, will bear the flowers of the following year. In the Hybrid Perpetuals after the summer flowering we get strong, straight, upright shoots produced, on many of which a terminal flower forms in autumn, and if this be bent down, flower- ing laterals will be produced along its length in the following year. It is characteristic of many of the Hybrid Teas and some Teas after the summer flowering to push up from near the base a single strong flowering spike, which seems for the time being to absorb all the energy of the plant, making the plant one-sided in appearance, a habit that requires correcting at pruning time. Most of the strong-growing Teas, Chinas, and dwarf Polyanthas branch well and freely from the base, and readily form large bushes if allowed, and where considerations of space permit look very well in the garden when allowed to grow freely. 9. Good foliage is a great asset in a Garden Rose. Its character varies greatly in different varieties, both in texture and colour, and also in the shape and number of the leaflets. In the Hybrid Perpetuals the surface is always matt or more or less dull, while the colour may vary from the light greens of ‘ Mrs. John Laing’ and ‘ Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford’ to the darker green of ‘Horace Vernet’ or the dark reddish tint of the young foliage in ‘Hugh Dickson.’ GARDEN ROSES. 331 In the Hybrid Teas the surface varies from the matt surface found in ‘Avoca’ to the dark green shiny glistening surface of ‘Mme. Edouard Herriot,’ ‘Mme. Ravary,’ and ‘Mrs. Wemyss Quin.’ In some, too, the young shoots are a particularly beautiful red or bronze, and in this respect few, if any, surpass ‘Gruss an Teplitz’ and ‘Prince de Bulgarie.’ The Teas again vary from the matt to the shiny surface, but a | shiny surface predominates. In the Ramblers and Wichuraianas we find a similar variation from the matt and usually lighter green of ‘Crimson Kambler’ and ‘Dorothy Perkins’ to the dark shiny foliage of ‘ American Pillar,’ ‘ Shower of Gold,’ and ‘ Emily Gray’ ; while we find specially beautiful ruddy tinted foliage in ‘Frangois Juranville,’ Mr. Pemberton’s ‘ Moon- light,’ and ‘ Zephyrine Drouhin.’ The character of the surface is of importance in considering the capacity of the plants to resist disease. Tew Roses with shiny foliage suffer much from mildew, though I believe it is a mistake to describe any Rose as immune, and still fewer suffer from red rust. Shiny foliage, however, seems to be little protection against black-spot, some of the shiniest, such as "Rayon d’Or,’ being highly susceptible to this disease. In bright sunny weather timely applications of powdered sulphur, with or without arsenic, seems to be practically an efficient control for both mildew and black-spot, and greatly lessens liability to red- rust. During a continuance of wet weather, powder Bs liquid sprays are alike useless, and resort must be had, if really necessary, to lime sulphur or Bordeaux mixture, both of which stick but disfigure the foliage. I prefer the former, but neither is quite satisfactory. Fungus disease is very largely dependent on the surroundings of the Rose garden and may be scarcely noticedin an open position where the wind blows free, while a confined atmosphere enables it to spread readily. 10. The longevity of Rose plants varies with the variety employed, the care taken in the original preparation of the bed, the soil and situation and the cultivation. One garden will suit a particular variety better than another, and it is rash to generalize. I have, however, noticed that in my own garden the following varieties, all good ones, require replacements from time to time: ‘Mme. Abel Chatenay,’ ‘A. R. Goodwin,’ ‘Mrs. W. J. Grant,’ and rather less frequently ‘ Richmond.’ But I think there is a certain amount of luck in this respect in the plants one happens to get, or some qualities of soil or situation. A bed of ‘Richmond’ containing about twenty plants first planted fifteen years ago has had no renewals, and is the most satisfactory of the three similar beds in my garden. Another, put in some years later, has required some fresh plants, while the most recently planted, seven or eight years old, is the least satisfactory. 332 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Among the Hybrid Perpetuals ‘Horace Vernet’ is an example of a short-lived plant. As examples of long-lived varieties I may take ‘ Mrs. John Laing,’ “Hugh Dickson,’ ‘Frau Karl Druschki.’ It remains to apply the considerations we have been discussing to our existing varieties, with the warning that as Roses behave differently in different gardens, my conclusions can only represent my own experience, and may not always be of general application. Of the Cvimsons two of the most brilliant are ‘Red Cross’ and Paul’s ‘Scarlet Climber.’ These appear to me to stand the sun better than most other Roses of this colour. Neither has much, if any, fragrance. ‘Red Cross’ has a pretty shape when first opened, but loses it rapidly, while the ‘Scarlet Climber’ is lacking in form and is not really a climber, but makes a good pillar or bush. ‘ Red Letter Day,’ nearly single, stands sun and grows well, and flowers freely and con- tinuously, but lacks form and fragrance. ‘K. of K.’ is very similar, but has not grown quite so well with me. ‘Princess Mary’ has fragrance, but has not flowered freely until this year. Most of the Crimson Hybrid Teas are apt to turn bluish in hot sun. Of this shade ‘Richmond’ is still my best bedding Rose and has some fragrance, and ‘ Mrs. Edward Powell’ comes next. ‘ General McArthur ’ possesses fragrance, but lacks form unless disbudded. It is good during its discontinuous periods of flowering. A new-comer, ‘Covent Garden,’ seems promising in this class, and, so far as I can judge, does not require disbudding. ‘Avoca’ and ‘Hugh Dickson* are perhaps best pegged down. When disbudded they have form and are also fragrant. While for a large bush or dwarf climber ‘Gruss an Teplitz’ is excellent, having fragrance, good colour, and lovely foliage, though little form. ‘Victor Hugo’ should still be grown for its colour and perfume, though it doubtless produces too many malformed flowers, while ‘Augustus Hartmann’ and ‘ Ecarlate’ give fine colouring. Of the very numerous pinks I would select the old forms, ‘ Caro- line Testout,’ ‘Gustave Grunerwald,’ and ‘Lady Ashtown,’ and the bicolor ‘Mrs. E. G. Hill’ for general good qualities; ‘C. E. Shea’ and ‘ Dorothy Page Roberts’ for their colour, and ‘ Mrs. Bryce Allen ’ for its fragrance, and the bedding Tea ‘Mme. Henri Berger’ for its pretty shape. This Rose is most effective when grown on a south wall up to 6 or 7 feet high. “Mme. Maurice de Luze’ is a good Rose of the Exhibition type, and ‘Mrs. J. H. Welsh’ is remarkable for its size and distinct form, while the single ‘ Irish Elegance’ is grown everywhere. OfStrawberry tints the two best seem to me to be ‘Mme. Edouard Herriot’ and ‘Henrietta.’ The former is the most free-flowering, the latter has beautiful foliage, but both lack fragrance. Of*#the all too numerous varieties between white and pink I conceive the best to be ‘ Pharisaer,’ ‘Ophelia,’ ‘Mrs. Theodore GARDEN ROSES. 333 Roosevelt,’ ‘Mme. Léon Pain,’ ‘ René Wilmart,’ ‘ Urban,’ and ‘ La Tosca,’ to which perhaps ‘Mrs. Elisha Hicks’ might be added for its fragrance. | Good whites are scarce, and ‘Frau Karl Druschki’ is still the best of its type. ‘Mme. Jules Bouche’ is a good free-flowering Garden Rose but papery in petal, and the bedding Tea ‘ Mrs. Herbert Stevens’ is without a serious rival, but ‘ Molly Sharman Crawford,’ though a little papery in petal, is a good Garden Rose. Coming to flowers containing shades of orange and yellow, few of them with any fragrance, I may include ‘ Joseph Hill,’ ‘Mme. Mélanie Soupert,’ including the climbing variety, which is excellent, ‘Prince de Bulgarie’ and ‘ Betty,’ the two last named rather liable to black-spot, and for its fine colour ‘ Arthur R. Goodwin.’ As a big bush we have the nankeen yellow ‘ Gustave Regis’ with its dwarf counterpart ‘Mme. Pernet Ducher.’ ‘ Joanna Bridge’ is pretty in the bud and grows well, but the flower is very fleeting. Lastly, the yellows. Overa lengthened trial I think ‘Mme. Ravary ’ the best of the old varieties, and ‘Mrs. Wemyss Quin’ much brighter in colour, of thenew. The bedding Tea ‘ Lady Hillingdon’ should be included. “Golden Emblem’ and ‘ Constance’ are good during their flower- ing, but so far this has not proved sufficiently continuous in my garden. It is impossible to pass over ‘Rayon d’Or.’ Its colour is quite distinct and very conspicuous, but its habit of dying back will prevent it having any long life in our gardens unless a cure can be found. It has little beauty of form. Climbing and Bunch-flower Roses. Of crimson shades the earliest is Paul’s ‘Carmine Pillar,’ often out by the end of May but not autumnal. Perhaps the most effective is ‘ Excelsa,’ with little form but closely packed heads of blossom. Travelling through the villages in summer it is interesting to notice how this Rose is replacing the earlier-flowering ‘ Crimson Rambler’ in the cottage gardens. This is followed in time of flowering by ‘Hiawatha,’ which has a whitish eye and is single, coming to its best just as ‘ Excelsa’ is going over ; ‘ Coronation,’ with white eye, coming still later. ‘Diabolo’ is a better and deeper colour and form, but not nearly so free in flowering, and makes long, rather brittle arms, which are a trifle difficult to deal with. “Francois Crousse’ is larger-flowered, belonging to the Hybrid Tea section. It becomes too leggy as a pillar, but does well on south wall. ‘ Ard’s Rambler,’ ‘ Ard’s Rover,’ and ‘ Ard’s Pillar’ are useful Roses of this colour, ‘Ard’s Rover’ being the easiest of the three to manage. Between crimson and pink comes ‘ Reine Olga de Wurtemberg,’ 334. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. a Hybrid Tea with setigera blood in it; it is a very useful climber and good both early and late. Of the pink climbers ‘Tea Rambler,’ ‘Blush Rambler,’ and ‘Dorothy Perkins’ give a useful succession, flowering in the order named, while ‘ American Pillar’ is perhaps the most effective climber we have. It has dark, glossy foliage and single flowers with a white eye. Two pretty single-flowered climbers flowering rather early are ‘Flora Mitton’ and ‘Mrs. Rosalie Wrinch,’ the latter possessing rather large flowers, while ‘Dawn,’ which is nearly single; is useful for decoration. Other good pink climbers are ‘ Chatillon Rambler,’ ‘ Ethel,’ and “Tausendschén,’ while ‘Léontine Gervais,’ which has a tinge of yellow in the pink, has sometimes quite a pretty shape, and with this I should name ‘Francois Juranville’ as being distinctly fragrant. One of the most delightfully fragrant pink roses with beautiful foliage and nicely formed flowers is the Bourbon ‘ Zéphyrine Drouhin.’ It is not a true climber, but will make a beautiful hedge up to 6 feet or so, or can be grown as a large bush. It has the advantage of being nearly thornless. ‘Christine Wright’ and the Australian ‘ Rosy Morn’ are large-flowered varieties very showy in the garden. Among shades between white and pink I have already referred to ‘ Evangeline ’ for its delightful fragrance. ‘ Lady Godiva,’ a sport from ‘ Dorothy Perkins,’ is a pretty soft shade of pale pink, and ‘ Dorothy Dennison,’ said to be a seedling, is rather like it. | ‘Sweetheart’ is a pretty little bunch-flowered Rose, while ‘Flora’ looks well early in the year. ‘Paul Transon’ is worth growing, having good foliage and a distinct autumn flowering. White climbers are rather numerous. Of the large-flowered type ‘Mme. Alfred Carriére’ is of the best; the flowers are profuse if properly pruned and trained, fairly well formed, with a fragrance of their own, and the plant flowers again in autumn. It is a great favourite on church walls, and this is the best way to grow it. ‘Purity’ is one of the best white climbers, and after its journey to America is now obtainable in this country. It is a hybrid Wichu- raiana with large flowers for the type and quite a number of adventi- tious blossoms in autumn. Of the closer-flowered forms, perhaps the best is ‘Sanders White,’ ‘White Dorothy’ being too apt to sport back to its parent. Two strong growers are the hybrid Briar ‘ Una,’ and the hybrid Musk ‘The Garland,’ either of them, if space be allowed, making a big bush or tangle. ‘Silver Moon’ has very prettily shaped single flowers, but they are not produced in sufficient quantity to make much show in the garden. For their freedom the old-fashioned little button-shaped flowers and very vigorous growth ‘Dundee Rambler’ and ‘ Félicité et Per- pétué ’ should be remembered. | I will mention here Mr. Pemberton’s ‘ Moonlight,’ a good grower, GARDEN ROSES. 335 though not a true climber. It will make a good hedge, a large bush, or may be planted in a bed and cut down annually. It has lovely foliage, and is both free and continuous in flowering. Between white and yellow are two excellent Wichuraianas with fair-sized flowers, often quite well-shaped, ‘ Alberic Barbier’ and ‘Gardenia,’ the latter rather deeper in colour. Paul’s ‘Lemon Pillar’ only flowers once, but nearly every flower is beautifully formed. The flowers are large and of good substance, while the plant will make an 8-ft. pillar or large bush, and would, no doubt, do well on a wall. ‘Goldfinch’ is a free-growing Rambler with pretty yellow buds opening to whitish flowers. Of real yellows I need only name two. Both have good glossy foliage, and look well even when not in flower. ‘Shower of Gold’ has small flowers, while ‘ Emily Gray,’ raised by Dr. Williams, has rather large semi-double flowers, often very prettily shaped. It is one of the greatest acquisitions to we group we have had recently. Coming to the dwarf Polyanthas, which are so useful for formal beds, the most effective in producing colour-effect throughout the season seem to be: Crimson or nearly so—‘ Jessie.’ Shades of pink—‘ Mrs. W. H. Cutbush,’ ‘ Ellen Poulsen,’ ‘ Orleans Rose,’ and ‘Maman Turbat.’ White—‘ Katherine Zeimatt’ and ‘ Little Meg,’ the latter having rather larger flowers than the first, often of quite a pretty shade. Shades of yellow and pink—‘ Tiptop’ and ‘ Coronet,’ both pretty little Roses. Of yellows we have none at present in this group, the nearest being ‘ Canarienvogel’ and ‘ Georges Elger.’ The Chinas rely entirely on their colour, having little claim to form, the best in this respect being ‘Queen Mab.’ Good crimsons are: ‘Chateau de Clos Vougeot,’ ‘Princess de Sagen,’ ‘Fabvier,’ ‘Cramoisie supérieur,’ and ‘Charlotte Klemm.’ | Pinks—‘ Old pink China,’ ‘Mme. Eugéne Resal,’ ‘Mlle. de La Vallette,’ and ‘ Laurette Messimy.’ Whites—‘ Ducher’ and ‘ Rival de Pestum.’ Yellow shades—‘ Titania,’ ‘ Arethusa,’ and ‘ Comtesse de Cayla.’ It is a great mistake to prune them severely in spring; they look much better as big bushes, pruned in summer to a limited extent. 336 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. By Rose LAMARTINE YATES, L.C.C., F.R.H.S. SoME five years ago in Sokoto, a small north-westerly station in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, on the west coast of Africa, was sown the seed of a great endeavour. The European community at that time consisted of some dozen persons, and the Medical Officer, Dr. BERNARD MOIsER, realizing from previous experience how greatly their health would benefit by the introduction of green vegetables into their dietary, conceived the idea of making a garden there as he had in other stations. It seemed an unrealizable dream. Not only was the climate unfavourable, but there were no tools, no labour, no suitable ground. Sokoto is about 13° north of the Equator and 5° east of Greenwich. The climate is tropical, and has fairly well-defined seasons. The rainy season lasts from April till the end of September, the rest of the year sees scarcely a drop of rain. The total rainfall for the year averages 25 inches, distributed thus: April, 1; May,2; June, 4; July, 65; August, 8:5; September, 3. The advent of the rainy season is heralded by violent tornados, or dust-storms, during which a few drops only of rain fall, and the landscape is obliterated by volumes of dust, driven sky-high by the force of the gale. It is interesting to watch the approach of the first tornado of the year. A slight rumble is heard far away in the east, then a low sandy cloud is seen gradually rising from the horizon. It grows rapidly until one seems to see approaching a solid wall of sandstone cut into great rifts, as if carved out by torrents of water. Then in a moment, from complete calm and bright sunshine, one stands enveloped in a hurricane of fine dust and sand. The sun is blotted out, one can only see a few yards and runs for shelter to escape the stinging storm. A fortnight may intervene before another such, then they become more frequent, until in July and August the rain falls in heavy downpours, lasting a couple of hours or more—every three or four days—usually in the evening, but sometimes till day- light. One storm yielded in three hours a rainfall of 4°5 inches! Between the storms fine sunny weather prevails, not unlike a hot English summer, but the humidity registers 75 to 80 per cent., and falls to 20 per cent. in the dry season of January to March. After the rains there is a short hot season, lasting well into November, when the wind, which has been S.W. all through the rains, suddenly changes to N.E., and remains at this point till the end of March, when it reverts to S.W. A cold season sets in with the change of wind; at Christmas the nights are quite cold, the heat returning with the March S.W. winds, and becoming more and more intense as April yields to May, ‘oce 'd anf o7 ) WHOLE A VITONSVIN OG ola i Fic. 191.—OLpD VITEX CIENKOWSKI TREES IN THE SOKOTO GARDEN. The walk in the background leads to the Station. (P3368) [To face p. 337. PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. 337 when the heat becomes so dry and scorching—as from an oven door— that it withers the vegetation. The dry season is called the Har- mattan, on account of the whitish haze which persists day after day, covering everything with a fine white powder. (This is said to be caught up by the wind during its passage across the Sahara.) The wind blows with considerable force from dawn onwards, depositing sand in banks behind every obstruction, but dies down at sunset. In such a climate faith and enthusiasm alone could even think a garden. Any possibility of its realization depended on the choice of the position. The Sokoto country is open, undulating and sandy, and is broken up by long lines of flat-topped ironstone hills (laterite), ending abruptly as they approach the great river valley. These hills are inhabited by hyenas and monkeys, and, till recently, by leopards. A unique feature of the undulating country is its long winding, open, shallow valleys, shaded by a few tall trees, and rounded off at their heads by beautiful green, grassy amphitheatres. Down these valleys run perennial streams fed by springs of wonderfully clear water, which bubbles out of the soil, generally at the foot of an outcrop of laterite. Within the Sokoto station boundary itself are the heads of two such valleys, which, joining, pass into the great valley of the Sokoto river some three miles away. The more northerly of these was some years ago the site of a small garden, but the water has dried up, and is now quite ten feet below the surface. The other valley bounding the station on the west, with its sparkling springs, has yielded to cultivation, and proved an ideal position for a garden, ornamental as well as useful. It is part of this valley which has been taken in hand seriously by Dr. BERNARD MoIsER during the last five years, and now gives an abundance of English vegetables and flowers throughout the year, and comprises lawns and shady walks, nooks and corners that would grace any garden in the homeland. Verily !| the desert has been made to blossom. When all the rest of the country is baked hard and scorched brown, one can saunter there in the grateful shady coolness of the trees, or sit in trellised bowers, transplanted into a little world of greenery and fragrance. The garden valley runs roughly north and south, and varies in width from roo to 150 yards, with gently sloping sides, and the little stream meanders along the trough. It is evergreen. Here and there clumps of very fine old trees, Vitex Cienkowskit (in Hausa, *Dinya’), with gnarled hollow stems supporting the great shady leafage above, grow on the banks (fig. rgr). Amongst them are some rough-leaved fig-trees (Ficus gnaphalocarpa?) (in Hausa,‘ Baure’). Lower down is along line of Egyptian Mimosa trees (Acacia arabica) (in Hausa, ‘ Bagaruwa’), which not only are very pleasing with their masses of little yellow flowers, but produce jointed pods used in tanning, and provide just the right amount of shade for growing Dahlias. On the opposite side are a couple of big African Locust VOL. XLVI. vA 338 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Bean trees (Parkia filicoidea) (in Hausa, ‘ Dorowa’) with hanging balls of deep-red flowers, and stately branches, from which now the hammocks swing. - Behind is a grand old Baobab (Adansonia digitata) (in Hausa, ‘ Kuka’), round which the native weaves many a weird fairy tale. Farther down are some spreading leguminous trees (Bauhinia rufescens) (in Hausa, ‘ Jirga’), under the shade of which a little alcove has been cut out of the bank. Another tree found on the spot was Acacia albida (in Hausa, ‘Gawo’). On the banks, too, are clumps of small, smooth-barked trees with lovely pink flowers and long narrow pods (Stereospermum Kunthianum Bignoniacez) (in Hausa, ‘ Sansanni’), which so far have defied all efforts to propagate Its roots travel horizontally a few inches below the surface ; portions of the roots have been cut, planted, and have sent up shoots, but have never lived long. Seed has been sown and has germinated, but has never survived the seedling stage. The best way to make a clump grow larger is to dig a trench round it, causing many shoots to spring up from the cut roots. But successful propagation still baffles ! One other hopeful indigenous assistance to the formation of a garden was the presence of a beautiful grass (Cynodon dactylon) (in Hausa, “Kiri kiri’), which was later to be moulded into lawns. It should also be mentioned that the large number of horses and cows in connexion with the station made the acquisition of manure ~ an easy matter. Dried blood and dried fish were at hand also, which with his knowledge of organic chemistry the Medical Officer could turn to fullest use. Other indigenous trees and plants found on the spot were: Ficus Thonningu (Hausa, ‘ Chediya’), a thick-leaved shade tree. Gloriosa superba (Hausa, ‘ Baurairai’), a climbing lily with reflex crimson and yellow flowers. Momordica balsamina (Hausa, ‘Garafuni’), a dainty climber with deeply cut leaves and yellow flowers, and orange-yellow fruit covered with tubercles. ; Colocasia antiquorum (Hausa, ‘Gwaza’), an aroid plant with very large arrow-head leaves, grown for the starchy tuber. Pancratium trianthum (Hausa, ‘ Hatsin manoma’), beautiful white lily-like gossamer flowers appearing in the early rains. So much for the co-operation of Nature ! But the natural obstacles, nevertheless, seemed insuperable ! On each side of the stream were boggy swamps, thick with -coarse rank grass and rushes, the home of snakes and mosquitos. There were the old discarded ridges of native cultivation of the sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas). On the other hand, on a small patch of ground called the “‘ Waft ”’ (West African Field Force) Garden, at the edge of the stream, a few abortive attempts had been made by European military officers to grow British vegetables. The Medical Officer’s previous experience here came to the rescue, and his spare time was henceforth devoted . PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. 339 to rectifying mistakes, and creating what now exists. The first step was to reorganize this experiment on more scientific lines. The native method of growing on high ridges interspersed by water channels had been followed and the ridges even stone-bound. Henceforth these were to be levelled, the stones removed, the water-holes filled up, and the ground more profitably utilized. This patch was in fact the embryo garden. Over a thorn barrier was another little attempt known as the “‘ Prison Garden ”’ with Tanko, the warder, in charge of two prisoners. . Away went the thorn fence! Developments began! Tanko, the enthusiast, with his two prisoners and their native tools, became the garden warder and workers! (Fig. 192.) A survey of the slopes each side of the stream soon revealed to Dr. MoIsER great possibilities, and a glimpse of distance through a break in a group of trees suggested an ‘“‘ Avenue”’ (fig. 193). The making of this involved levelling, filling in water-holes, edging with rough blocks of native laterite, and cambering with laterite crushed into gravel, over rubble duly beaten (called ‘‘ debbi’’) by native women, gathered from the town at 1d. per day, there being as yet no rollers. Women are the experts at “ debbi,” which they do singing and beating in rhythm the while. Increased enthusiasm followed each successful step! The stream was bridged by native palm-tree trunks; its bed was deepened for drainage, and the area of cultivation was extended to include drier ground to cope with rainy seasons. Next came the West Walk, forming a boundary from the condenser, which was placed by the side of the main spring, and. side-walks were added to enclose the two main vegetable-gardens. All these walks were edged with Alternanthera bordered by flower-beds, backed by hedges of Lawsonia alba, for ever giving off its delicate sweet scent. The original purpose of the garden was now achieved. Vegetables were obtainable! (See fig. 194.) Good seed from England and patient toil were overcoming all difficulties. But the strain of Nigerian residence is not only physical, it is also mental and nervous. To supply the need of the mind therefore, the restful element, the subtle calm born of home conditions, the mental focus on the beautiful, the Medical Officer conceived the elaboration of the stream bed into a garden, not only of dietary utility, but of ornament, with soothing sward and shade to act as a nerve sedative. The first objective, then, was a level lawn, which should combine the beneficial influence of fresh green grass amidst scorched-up surroundings with a gentle form of sport—the idea of bowls, finally giving way to Badminton. Thus the Badminton court with its curved flower-borders, its beautifully kept turf—the native species of grass being used—was patiently evolved. To obtain the full benefit, however, a sense of seclusion was essential, hence arches and trellis of split palm trunks, covered with creepers, such as Con- volvulus major, red star creeper, Bougainvillaea, Cobaea scandens, me. 340 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Moonflowers, Heliotrope, Lophospermum scandens, Gloriosa superba, blue Clitoria, Mina lobata, Antigonon leptopus (‘ coral creeper’), Thunbergia, and various climbing beans, as well as a thick belt of bananas and palms, were introduced, entirely enclosing the court. A suitable approach from the Avenue was made by the erection of a pergola of creepers (fig. 195). Still a further effort was made to give variety of restfulness. The old prison garden, referred to above, had meanwhile been used for raising seedlings under sloped matting shelters. These -were all moved farther away, the ground made hard by “ debbi,” and an enclosed Dutch garden with shaped flower-beds substituted. In the centre of this the banks of the stream were dug out to make a pond, with steps, on one side straight, on the other curved, with seats each side from which fish and water-lilies could be viewed at leisure (fig. 196). An archway from one side connects it with the Avenue; a seat in the pergola gives a view of it from the other side (fig. 197). A further ornamental development originated as a pest preventive. A little distance away, a group of Pomelo trees seemed to harbour swarms of grasshoppers, and to avoid the real danger of their en- croaching upon the cultivated garden, a wide grass road was carried right across from east to west, and flanked by horse-radish trees (Moringa pterygosperma (in Hausa, ‘ Zogalagandi’). These would not thrive in the trough of the valley, so they were made to give place to Cassava (Manthot palmata), forming a dense, rounded evergreen hedge. This road served the further purpose of affording a suitable crossing of the garden for horsemen. To link this up with the Bad- minton court a short grass walk was made, called ‘‘ Peggy Pass,” and lined with Durania Ellsw and D. Plumeru. The intervening ground was devoted to the cultivation of tomatos, and, on the soil proving too damp, to cabbages, and bananas on the damper slope; also, experimental sugar-cane tests were made here. The work had now so developed that more labour was essential, and, the public utility and service of the garden having gradually become recognized by the Resident, Mr. E. J. ARNETT,* who had all through been most sympathetic and helpful in the effort, a further supply of prison labour was granted from the Town prison. This was the turning-point in the development of the garden. The Governor, Sir FREDERICK LUGARD, visited it at this stage, two years after the conception of the idea, and gave it official recognition by sanctioning the grant of a nominal payment to the native administration for their prison labour. The work was temporarily interrupted by the Medical Officer returning to England on leave, and being torpedoed en voute. During his absence an interesting experiment was accidentally made. An Assistant District Officer, anxious to provide a supply of palm-poles, had sown a number of palm-seeds. No record of this having been left for Dr. MoIsER’s information on his return, he planted the same * Now Lieutenant-Governor. PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. 341 plot of ground with bananas, before the germination of the palm seeds, two years later. It was the growth and shade of the bananas which alone made it possible for the palms to spring up and thrive. Since then palms have been freely planted amongst the bananas along the stream edge. As bananas should be removed in their fifth year, the palms will clothe the vacant places thus created. It was during this leave that Dr. MoIsER became a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, a fresh incentive to renewed effort, and through the kindness of its Secretary, the Rev. W. WILKs, was put in touch with tropical and other botanical gardens in Ceylon, Singapore, and elsewhere, from which he was able to obtain several specimens of flowers and fruits hitherto unknown in Nigeria. Among these many failed, but a special type of guava has thrived wonder- fully, also Torenia Fourniert, and scarlet Salvia, which had not succeeded from English seed. This further development of the garden necessitated improvising seed-pans and flower-pots. For seed-pans kerosene tins cut in two were made to serve, and entirely baffled the aggressive white ant. Flower-pots were made by the native potters from an English model. Native tools also had to be augmented by introductions from England, the digging-fork proving much more useful than the spade, and the long-handled hoe than the short native type. Success in cultivation could only be achieved at every step by repeated experiments and frequent disappointments. Plants obtained only with difficulty and at great cost very often died off, seed did not come up or failed to thrive, and had to be given other conditions of growth, until the favourable one was discovered. One such case, however, proved specially encouraging. A root of Alternanthera had been brought from Zaria; it apparently withered away, one tiny sprig only surviving, and from that, in eighteen months, the whole garden has been able to be supplied with handsome luxuriant edging, kept clipped like box edging. The lay out of the remainder of the valley head was now under consideration. The marked result in interest and health of supplying the Badminton court, suggested and justified the making and levelling of a Croquet-lawn (see fig. 198), flanked by a long 20-feet wide Terrace. The Terrace was continued as “‘The Rye” across and beyond the Grass Ride; a long winding curved walk, called the “Inner Circle,” flanked by stones and Alternanthera edging, bordered this lawn, crossing the stream and leading across the opposite slope, still of long grass, to the ““B-K Road.”’ The lay out of these walks was tedious work, each stone being placed under the personal direction of Dr. MolsErR, to ensure a uniform curve being maintained and the stone’s best facet in each case being utilised. Masses of flowering bushes with broad borders of perennial flowers, amongst them being Marvel of Peru, which blossoms very freely in all its varieties, were planted in the space between the Croquet-lawn and the Grass Ride. Here the bananas will be transplanted when their five years’ occupation of the stream edge is completed. Lastly, a broad, 342 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. curved, shady walk was made from the station under the big Vitex trees (fig. 191) to the Terrace, crossing the stream by diverging sections encircling a small pond, made of its running water, and finally mounting the opposite slope to the main Road. A fence of edible lime was planted to enclose the garden on the south. Beyond this to the head of the valley the ground is left to grow its natural grass, used for grazing and fodder. Beyond the north boundary a forest has been planted—with the twofold object of increasing the rainfall and fuel supply—and an orange grove has been started with deep trenches to drain the swamp, and further developments depend upon more labour being forthcoming. The future holds the probability of bees and their accompanying field of clover being introduced, if clover can be persuaded to grow, and bees to survive the journey and accli- matize themselves; also a hard tennis court, a lawn-tennis court, and the cultivation of, amongst other experiments, climbing roses, watercress, hydrangeas, begonias, maidenhair fern, and Selaginella, to take the place of moss in hanging baskets; in fact, nothing which can ameliorate the conditions of life in Northern Nigeria is going to be left untried by this enterprising Medical Officer. One of the serious lacks in European residence in Nigeria, as in most tropical climes, is continuity of interest. The bird-of-passage system is not conducive to this, and is therefore inimical to health ; yet the mind of the human being requires it in an accentuated form to compensate for the unnatural isolation from home surroundings. This the cultivation of the beautiful ever-growing garden supplies, this the seasonal sports supply, this the cultivation and anticipation of fruit and vegetable supply. It is nature’s tonic to the strained nervous system. The fresh fruit and vegetables provide the purely physical need, and at the same time interest and mental focus are secured—a medical achievement of no small value. The garden has achieved more. It has far outgrown its original purpose. It has established itself as a self-supporting market. The Europeans contribute a fixed sum and receive regular daily supplies. All its heavy initial expense was from the Doctor’s own pocket—the gift to humanity of the energy, thought, spare time, and money of the enthusiast. He began as an inexperienced amateur ; he is now generally recognized, after fourteen years’ assiduous gardening work in the Northern Provinces, to be the outstanding amateur expert garden maker and cultivator of Nigeria. The garden has supplied an opportunity of watching an experiment in prison reform all unconsciously initiated; for prisoners to work under such beautiful surroundings must have its uplifting effect. It has provided health—through diet—and mental health through beauty, restful outlook, and continuous change and variety. It has provided the means of sociable recreation under unique conditions so valuable to colonial life. It has supplied a horticultural need and etd to native and European alike. It is a great object-lesson to native chiefs and PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. 343 commoners, who visit it during the year and taste of its fruits with delight, taking away specimens to their own compounds, and always returning for more. The schoolboys ask permission to enter and admire its well-swept paths and smart closely-mown lawns, objects wholly unknown and unimagined by them. Some of the chiefs have even sent men to be taught the art of gardening; they have procured and sent indigenous specimens to be planted; and experiments are being carried out with the object of introducing new foods for the native, e.g. English potatos as a field crop. Thousands of tomatos have been given away to king and peasant, many of whom are now learning to grow the plant in their own homes. Hundreds of banana plants are taken away by natives every year and planted; they come from far to taste the guava, and it is hoped before long they may enjoy oranges, grape fruit, olives, grapes, and, maybe, apricots and almonds. | It has kept at bay the deadly mosquito by the drainage of swamps, and the introduction of fish into the ponds. This great endeavour, originally only a public health service, has acquired even political significance. It is proving no mean factor in cementing the amicable relations between native and protectorate Home Government. It is proving a factor in linking up the scattered points of the Empire where similar horticultural effort is progressing. In five years it has grown from a lonely, discouraging, hesitant idea into a living work of limitless scope and comprehensive significance, a potent factor in education, ethical and practical, and in successful Empire-building. Thus can the silent patient work of an individual in a lonely home far removed from the whirl of governments mould and influence the destinies of the world! The possibilities of this garden seem inexhaustible, so long as the Powers-that-be see fit to reappoint the enthusiastic creator of the garden to the station at Sokoto ! * N.B.—Should any reader be interested in details of culture of individual plants, whether flowers or vegetables, he will find full cultural particulars in a small pamphlet recently written by Dr. BERNARD MOIsER at the request of the Kaduna Horticultural Society, and obtainable, we believe, from Mr. ALEX NEILSON, 18 Eldon Street, London, E.C. List OF FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES RAISED FROM SEED, Those which have succeeded. Those which have not yet succeeded. Artichoke (Jerusalem), Celery (table). Aubergine. Peas. Beans (Dwarf French and Runner). Thyme. Beet. Broccoli. Brussels Sprouts. * Dr. Moiser has now returned to Sokoto with four loads of new plants ! 344 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. LisT OF FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES RAISED FROM SEED (cont.). Those which have succeeded. | Those which have not yet succeeded. Cabbage. Carrots. Cauliflower Celery (culinary). Cress. Cucumber. Endive. Kale. : Kohl Rabi. Lettuce. Melon. Mint. Mustard. Parsley. Potatos. Pumpkin. Radish. Sage. Salsify. Spinach. Spinach Beet. Tomato. Turnip. Vegetable Marrow. Ageratum, Abutilon. Alyssum. Aquilegia. Amaranthus. Asparagus plumosus. Antirrhinum. Asters. Arctotis grandis. Begonia. Balsams. Browallia. Canna. Celsia cretica. Celosia plumosa. Cheivanthus kewensis. Cockscomb. Calceolaria. Coleus. Clerodendron fallax. Convolvulus major. Cornflower. Coreopsis. Cyperus. Cosmea. Exacum affine. Cuphea. Francoa vamosa. Dahlia. Gerbera Jamesoni. Datura. Gesnera. Dianthus. Gladiolus. Eschscholzia. Gloxinia. Gaillardia. Gilia coronopifolia. Geranium, Hebenstreitia. Gloriosa superba. Hollyhock (grows but does not flower). Heliotrope. Impatiens Holstit. Lobelia. Kochia trichophylla. Lophospermum scandens. Lantana hybrida. Marigold. Lavender. Marvel of Peru. Lavatera. Mina lobata. Layta elegans alba. Nasturtium (Dwarf). Larkspur. Nicotiana. Lathyrus lattfolius. Petunia. Linum grandiflorum rubrum. Portulaca. Mesembryanthemum. Salpiglossis. Mimulus. Salvia—Scarlet, argentea, farinacea. Myrtle. Solanum marjoratum. Nemesia. Stocks. Nigella. Sunflower. Perilla nankinensts. Thunbergia alata. Pentstemon. Torenta Fourniert (Ceylon seed). Phlox. ree, % A A Lars a. ie 4 Ste Fic. 192.—TANKO, THE WARDER, AT NORTH END GATE. The Fruit Garden is in the background ; the creeper is the large Red Star Creeper, Ipomoca Inamoclit rosea. Fic. 193.—THE AVENUE, LOOKING WEST. Christ Thorn (Parkinsonia aculeata) on each side, Acacia arabica overhanging. To face p. 344. Fig. 164.—PART OF THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. Lettuce, Cabbage, Caulitiower, and Tomatos. The row of Lawsonia alba is nowa flourishing hedge. . be Ks ahs Me 2 Ae 6 4 hohe ~ te Fic. 195.—THE PERGOLA, LOOKING NORTH. The climbers are Convolvulus major, Moon-flowers and the small Red Star Creeper. Cannas are growing on the right. Fic. 196.—THE DUTCH GARDEN, FROM THE PERGOLA. Bananas behind the trellis, and on it Antigonon Leptopus, Bougainvillaea, Clitoria, Red Star Creeper, Gloriosa superba, Thunbergia, &c. Fic. 197.—THE DUTCH GARDEN. Hibiscus with scarlet Salvias in bed in foreground. Onextreme right a fine red Rose from England ; the pillars of the Pergola covered with Heliotrope. Fic. 198.—THE LAWNS, FROM THE INNER CIRCLE, The edging of the beds is clipped Alternanthera, and the bed on the right contains Petunias. Two prisoners are rolling the croquet lawn and others are at work in the background. [To face p. 345. PIONEER WORK IN NIGERIA: THE SOKOTO GARDENS. 345 List OF FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES RAISED FROM SEED (comt.). Those which have succeeded. Verbena. Zinnia. Those which have not yet succeeded Primula. Pyrethrum. Rehmannia. Rudbeckia. Scabious. Schizanthus. Smilax. Streptocarpus. Sweet Sultan. Sweet Pea. Valerian. Verbascum. Wigandia. RAISED FROM BULBS. Achimenes. Amaryllis. Begonias. Caladium. fFreesia. Lachenalia. N.B.—Roses are still in the experimental stages ; some have done extremely well, others have succumbed to water-logging. 346 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PLANTS INTRODUCED TO HORTICULTURE FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA (INCLUDING PATAGONIA AND FUEGIA). W. Bic@urRiwt, MSc: ¢ Tuts list was compiled at the request of Mr. G. W. E. LopeEr, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., and is published here with his kind permission. The following works, among others, have been used in the com- pilation of the list: G. Nicholson, “‘ Dictionary of Gardening ’”’ and supplements; L. H. Bailey, “Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture,” the Botanical Magazine, the lists of new garden plants published in the Kew Bulletin up to 1915, and the “‘ Index Kewensis.”’ The following abbreviated references are used in the list : B.K.=Blihende Kakteen. I.S.H.T.=Icones Selectae Horti B.M.= Botanical Magazine. Thenensis. B.R.= Botanical Register. K.B.= Kew Bulletin. B.T.O.=Bulletin della R.Societé M.K.=Monatsschrift fir Kakteen- Toscana de Orticultura. kunde. Gard.=The Garden. : O.R.=Orchid Review. G.C.=Gardeners’ Chronicle. R.H.= Revue Horticole. Gfl. = Gartenflora. W.G.= Wiener Illustrirte Garten- G.W.=Gardening World. Zeitung. Abutilon vitifolium Presi, Malvac., Chile, 1837. Acaena adscendens Vahl, Rosac., Patag., 1888. Be ovalifolia Ruiz et Pav., Chile, 1868. », pinnatifida Ruiz et Pav., Chile and Magellan Straits, 1882. B.M. 1271. » sericea Jacq., Patag. and Chile, 1888. e splendens Hook. et Arn., Chile, 1888. Achimenes tubifiora Britton, .Gesneriac., BuenosAyres. B.M.3971. B.R.1845, 3 Adesmia balsamica Bert. Leguminosae, Chile, 1887. B.M. 6921. PA boroniotdes Hook. f., Patag. B.M. 7748. pS Loudonia Hook. et Arn., Chile, 1830. ae viscosa Gill., Chile. 1831. Alona coelestis Lindl., Nolanac., Chile, 1843. Alonsoa incisifolia Ruiz et Pav., Scrophulariac., Chile, 1795. Aloysia citriodora Orteg., Verbenac., Chile, 1781. Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don, Amaryllidac., Chile;-183r. fs chilensis Lem., Chile, 1845. wi Ligtu L., Chile. B.M. 3040. Pd Pelegrina L., Chile, 1754. 3 pulchra Sims, Chile, 1822. B.M. 2421. vevoluta Ruiz et Pav., Chile. G.W. 1904, p. 700. Ampelopsis Tweediana Pamp., Ampelidac., Argentina. B.T.O. 1911, 247, £ 24; Anemone multifida Poir., Ranunculac. e Magellan Straits. Gard. 1907, Ixxi. p. 77 (under the name Anemone magellanica). Avaucaria imbricata Pav., Coniferae, Chile, 1796. Argylia canescens D. Don, Bignoniac., Chile, 1892. B.M. 7414. Aspilia buphthalmiflora Griseb., Compositae. G.C. 1905, 38, 404. Berberidiopsis corallina Hook. f., Berberidac., Chile. B.M. 5343. Berberts buxifolia Lam., Berberidac., Magellan Straits, 1830. B.M. 6505. es congestiflora “ell Gay, var. hakeoides, Hook. f., Chile, 1861. B.M. 6770. 3 Darwintt Hook., S. Chile, 1849. B.M. 4590. js empetrifolia Lam., Magellan Straits, 1827. B.R. 26, 27. Blumenbachia coronata Haage et Schmidt, Loasac., Chile, 1872. We insignis Schrad., Chile, 1826. B.M. 2865. PLANTS INTRODUCED FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA. 347 Bomarea Salsilla Mirb. Amaryllidac., Chile, 1851. B.M. 3344. Calandrinia chromantha Griseb., Portulac., Argentina. Gfl. 1908, 632. discolor Schrad., Chile, 1834. B.M. 3357. grandifiova Lindl., Chile, 1826. B.R. 1194. im nitida DC., Chile, 1837. Calceolaria alba Ruiz et Pav., Scrophulariac., Chile, 1844. B.M. 4157. si avachnoidea R. Grah., Chile, 1827. B.M. 2874. +6 cana Cav., Chile. B.M. 8416. fs corymbosa Ruiz et Pav., Chile, 1822. B.R. 723. 2 hyssopifolia H. B. et K., Chile. B.M. 5548. a integrifolia Murr., Chile, 1822. B.R. 744. plantaginea Sm., Chile, 1826. B.M. 2805. re polyrrhiza Cav., Patag. Andes. G.C. 1901, xxx. 6. - purpurea R. Grah., Chile, 1826. B.M. 2775. Sy tenella Poepp. et Endlich., Chile, 1873. B.M. 6231. a thyrsiflora R. Grah., Chile, 1827. B.M. 2915. > violacea Cav., Chile, 1853. B.M. 4929. Caldcluvia paniculata D. Don, Saxifragac., Chile, 1831. Cassia coquimbensis Vog., Leguminosae, Chile, 1886. B.M. 7002. Cereus coerulescens Salm-Dych, var. melanacanthus, K.Schum., Cactac. Argentina. B.K. t. 127. » Guelichti Speg., Paraguay and Argentina. M.K. 1909, 17 f. » Jjusberttt Rebut, Argentina and Paraguay. M.K. igor, 145. », Saxicolus Morong, Argentina. M.K. 1909, 75 f. » Stlvestrid Speg., Argentina. B.M. 8426. Cestrum Parqut L’Hérit., Solanac., Chile, 1787. B.M. 1770. Chaetanthera ciliata Ruiz et Pav., Compositae, Chile, 1822. serrata Ruiz et Pav., Chile, 1832. Chloraea crispa Lindl., Orchidac., Chile. O.R. 1903, 133. ie incisa Poepp., Chile. O.R. 1904, 158. FF longebracteata Lindl., Chile. B.M. 79009. FP multiflora Lindl., Chile. O.R. 1903, 133. oS virescens Lindl., Chile. B.M. 8100. Clematis Hilarii Spreng., Ranunculac., Argentina and also Brazil and Paraguay. Gard. 1904, Ixvi. 220. Commelina Sellowiana Kunth, Commelinac., Argentina. W.G. 1897, 287, f. 34. Conanthera bifolia Ruiz et Pav., Liliac., Chile, 1823. ‘. Simsti Sweet, Chile, 1823. Cordia decandra Hook. et Arn., Borraginac., Chile, 1875. B.M. 6279. Cypella Herberti Herb., Iridac., Buenos Ayres. Desfontainea spinosa Ruiz et Pav., Loganiac., Chile, etc., 1853. B.M. 4781. Diostea juncea Miers, Verbenac., Chile. B.M. 7695. Draba Giilliesit Hook. et Arn., Chile. B.M. 7913. Drimys Winterit Forst., Magnoliac., Chile, 1827. B.M. 4800. Echinocactus brachyanthus Girke, Cactac., Argentina. M.K. 1907, 123. 3 Fricit Arech., Argentina. M.K. 1907, 174. as Kurtzianus Girke, Argentina. M.K. 1906, 55. Argent. i microspermus Web., Argentina. M.K. 1906, 48. i minusculus Weber, Argentina. B.M. 8583. ‘ nidus Soehrens, Chile. M.K. 1rgor, 88. si platensis Speg., Argentina. M.K. 1907, 8 f. ” Pe) 8 Quehlit Ferd., Andes of Argentina. M.K. Igor, 12 nt Reichit K. Schum., Chile. M.K. rgor, 88. os senilis Phil., Chile. 1886. Sohrensti K. Schum., Cordilleras of Valparaiso. M.K. 1gor, 75 f. Echinopsis minuscula K. Schum., Cactac., Argentina. R.H. 1912, 84, 25 f. » ¥hodotricha K. Schum., var. argeniiniensis, KR. Mey, Argentina, M.K. rort, 188. Embothrium coccineum Forst., Proteac., Magellan Region. B.M. 4856. Escallonia macrantha Hook. et Arn. , Saxifragac., Chiloe, 1848. B.M. 4473. 3 Philippiana Engl., Chile, "1873. » pulverulenta Pers., Chile. a vevoluta Pers., Chile, 1887. B.M. 6949. Eucryphia pinnatifolia es Gay, Rosac., Chile, 1880. Fabiana imbricata Ruiz et Pav., Solanac., Chile, 1838. B.R. xxv. 50. Fitzroya patagonica Hook f., Coniferae, Patag. B.M. 4616. Fragaria chiloensis Duch. (F. chilensis Molina), Rosac., Chile, 1712. Francoa appendiculata Cav., Saxifragac., Chile, 1864. "BM. 3178. ne vamosa D. Don, Chile, 183T. B.M. 3824. 348 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Francoa sonchifolia Cav., Chile, 1830. B.M. 3309. Fuchsia dependens Hook., Onagrac., Chile. Pe macrostemma Ruiz et Pav. (F. magellanica Lam.), Chile, 1823. a macrostemma Ruiz et Pav., var. conica (Lindl.), Chile, 1824. B.R. 1062. macrostemma Ruiz et Pav, var. globosa (Hook.), Chile, 1830. B.M. 3364. B.R. 1556. Gardoquia Gilliesiit R. Grah., Labiat., Valparaiso, 1820. B.R. 1812. = multifiora Ruiz et Pav., Chile. °B:M..2772: Geum chiloense Balb, Rosac., Chiloe, 1826. B.R. 1088. Gevuina Avellana Molina, Proteac., Chile, 1826. Gtlia laciniata Ruiz et Pav., Polemoniac., Chile, 1831. Gilliesta graminea Lindl., Liliac., Valparaiso, 1825. B.R. 992. Gleichenia cryptocarpa Hook., Filic., Chile, 1865. Grammatocarpus volubilis Presl, Loasac., Chile. B.M. 5028. Greigia sphacelata Regel, Bromeliac., Chile, 1865. Grindelia speciosa Lindl. et Paxt., Compositae, Patag., 1852. Gunnera chilensis Lam. (G. scabra, Ruiz et Pav.), Haloragac., Chile, 1849. ue insignis Oerst., Chile. G.C. 1898, xxiv. p. 32. Gynopleura humilis M. Roem., Passiflorac., Chile, 1898. B.M. 7645. oe lineartfolia Cav., Andes of Chile, 1831. B.M. 3362. Haylockta pusilla Herb., Amaryllidac., 1829 and 1899. B.M. 3362. Hippeasirum (Habranthus) Elwesii C, H. Wright, Amaryllidac., Argentina. K.B. 1914, p. 330. Hymenophyllum chiloense Hook., Filic., Chiloe. a cruentum Cav., Chile. a dichotomum Cav., Juan Fernandez and Chile. - fuciforme Swartz, Juan Fernandez and Chile. = magellanicum Willd., Chile, &c. pectinatum Cav., Chile and Chiloe. Ipomoea ficifolia Lindl., Convolvulac., Buenos Ayres, 1840. B.R. 1841. 4 gossypioides Parodi, Argentina, &c., 1897. Jaborosa integrifolia Lam., Solanac., Buenos "Ayres. B.M. 3489. Jubaea spectabilis H.B. et K., Palmac., Chile, 1843. Lapageria rosea Ruiz et Pav., and varieties, Liliac., Chile, 1847. B.M. 4447, 4892. Lardizabala biternata Ruiz et Pav., Lardizabalac., Chile, 1869. Larrea nitida Cav., Zygophyliac., Buenos Ayres, 1823. Latace Volkmanni R. Phil., Liliac., Andes of Santa Rosa, 1889. Latua venenosa Phil., Solanac., Chile. B.M. 5373. Leptocarpha rivularis DC., Compositae. Chile. I.S.H.T. iv. t. 129. Leuceria runcinata Gill. et D. Don, Compositae, Andes of Chile, 1844. B.M. 4116. Leucocoryne alliacea Lindl., Liliac., Chile. - ixtotdes Lindl., Chile, 1826. B.M. 2832. B.R. 1293. Libertia coerulescens Kunth, Iridac., Chile, 1873. Libocedrus chilensis Endl., Coniferae, Chile. bs tetragona Endl., Patag., 1849. Lippia cttriodova H.B. et K., Verbenac., Chile, 1794. B.M. 367. Lobelia polyphylla Hook. et Arn., Campanulac., Chile, 1835. B.M. 3550. » Lupa Linn, Chile, 1824. B.M. 2550. Lomarta aspera Klotzsch, Filic., Chile and Chiloe. blechniotdes Bory, Chile. 5 chilensis Kaulf., Chile. oy Germainii Hook., Chile. Lomatia obliqua R. Br., Proteac., Chile. G.C. 1909, xlv. 162. » ferruginea R. Br., Chile, 1851. Luzurtaga erecta Kunth, Liliac., Chile. B.M. 5192. a marginata Benth. et Hook. f., Fuegia. vadicans Ruiz et Pav., Chile and Peru. Macfadyena Dolichandra Benth. et Hook. f., Bignoniac., Argentina, 1891. Nicotiana acuminata Hook., Solanac., Valparaiso. B.M. 2919. Re glauca R. Grah., Buenos Ayres, 1827; B.M2837: s longiflora Cav., Buenos Ayres, 1832. - noctiflora Hook., Chile, 1826. B.M. 2785. Nierembergia calycina Hook., Solanac., Buenos Ayres, 1834. is frutescens Dur., Chile, 1867. os gracilis Hook., "Buenos Ayres, 1831. B.M. 3108. ves vivularis Miers, La Plata, 1866. B.M. 5608. Nolana lanceolata Miers, Solanac., Chile, 1860. B.M. 5327. a paradoxa Lindl., Chile, 1825. B.R. 865. ‘ tenella Lindl., Chile, 1824. B.M. 2604. PLANTS INTRODUCED FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA. 349 Nothoclaena tenera Gill., Filic., Argentina, &c. B.M. 3055. Nothofagus antarctica Oersted, Cupuliferae, Fuegia, 1830. i antarctica Oersted, var. uliginosa, Reiche, Chile, 1902. B.M. 8314. a betuloides Blume, Fuegia, 1830. obliqua Blume, Chile, K.B. 1906, p. 381. ? Nothoscordum macrostemon Kunth, Liliac., Buenos Ayres, 1827. Gs striatellum Kunth, Chile. B. M. 2419. Opuntia andicola Hort. Angl., Cactac., Andes of Chile. - aurantiaca Lindl., Chile, 1824. B.R. 1606. corrugata Hort, Angl., Chile, 1824. . Poeppigit Otto, Chile, 1884. 3 Segethi Phil., Chile, 1884. vs sulphurea G. Don, Chile, 1827. Turpinit Lem., Chile, 1844. Ourista coccinea Perse, Scrophulariac., Andes of Chile, 1862. B.M. 5335. Pearcei Phil., Chile, 1863. Oxalis adenophylla Gill., Oxalidac., Chile. B.M. 8054. » @renaria Bert., Chile, 1875.. B.M. 6193. », carnosa Molina, Chile, 1825. B.M. 2866. B.R. 1063. » blastopetala Zucc., Buenos Ayres and Monte Video. B.M. 3932. »» tobata Sims, Chile, 1823... B.M. 2386: » Martiana Zucc., Argentina. B.M. 3938. » wvosea Jacq., Chile, 1823. B.M. 2830. B.R. 1123. » Stimsit Sweet, Chile. B.M. 2415. », tortuosa Lindl., Chile, 1826. B.R. 1249. valdiviensis Barn., Chile, 1826. Pasithea coerulea D. Don, Liliac., Chile, reintroduced 1889. B.M. 7249. Pevreskia foetens Spegazz., Cactac., Argentina. M.K. 1904, 134. 2 Poeppigti Salm-Dyck, Chile. AS subulata Muehlenpf., Valparaiso. Perezia viscosa Less., Compositae, Chile, 1826. B.M. 5401. Perneitya angustifolia Lindl., Ericac., Chile. B.R. 1840, 63. B.M. 3889. ~ furens, Klotzsch, Ericac., Chile. B.M. 4920. * mucronata Gaudich., and variety, Magellan Straits, 1828. B.R.1675. B.M. 3093. a Pentlandii DC., Andes, 1875. B.M. 6204. Petunta intermedia G. Don, Solanac., Buenos Ayres, 1832. B.R. 193. B.M. 3256. ay nyctaginiflora Juss., Rio Plato, 1823. B.M. 2552. ‘é violacea Lind|., Buenos Ayres, 1831. B.M. 3556. B.R. 1626. Peumus Boldus Molina, Monimiac., Chile, 1844. B.R. 1845, 57. Philesia buxifolia Lam., Liliac., Chile, 1850. B.M. 4738. Philibertia gracilis D. Don, Asclepiad., Buenos Ayres. ne grandiflora Hook., Buenos Ayres. B.M. 3618. B.R. 1843, 15. Pitcairnia spathacea Griseb., Bromeliac., Argentina. B.M. 7966. Pithecoctenium cynanchoides DC., Bignoniac., Brazil to Argentina, 1884. B.M. 8556. Podocarpus nubigena Lindl., Coniferae, Chile. Primula magellanica Lehm., Primulac., Chile. Priva laevis Juss:, Verbenac., Argentina, 1833. Prosopis Siliquastrum DC., Leguminosae, Chile, 1827. Prumnobpitys elegans Phil., Coniferae, Chile. Pterocactus decipiens Girke, Cactac., Argentina. M.K. 1907, 145. Si Kuntzei K. Schum, Argentina. M.K. 1907, 137. Puya chilensis Molina, Bromeliac., Chile, 1820. B.M. 4715. Quillaja Saponaria Molina, Rosac., Chile, 1832. Salpichroa glandulosa Miers, Solanac., Chile, 1844. Salpiglossis sinuata Ruiz et Pav., Solanac., Chile, 1820. Sarmienta repens Ruiz et Pav., Gesneriac., Chile, 1862. Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl., Taxac., Chile. B.M. 8664. Schizanthus candidus Lindl., Solanac., Chile, 1843. B.R. 1843, 45. eT Grahami Gill., Chile, 1831. B.M. 3044, 3045. B.R. 1544. or Hookeri Gill., Chile, 1828. B.M. 3070. pinnatus Ruiz et Pav., Chile, 1822. B.M. 2404. B.R. 725, 1562. Schizopetalon Walkeri Sims, Cruciferae, Chile, 1821. B.M. 2379. B.R. 752. Senecio adenotrichus DC., Compositae, Chile, 1826. B.R. 11go. Ke argenteus Kunze, Chile. » Hualtata Bert., Chile and Argentina, 1890. B.M. 7422. » Smithii DC., S. Chile and Fuegia, 1895. B.M. 7531. 350 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Solanum crispum Ruiz et Pav., Solanac., Chile, 1824. B.M. 3795. B.R.1516. “es etuberosum Lindl., Chile, 1833. B.R. 1712. Pe glaucum Dun., Buenos Ayres, 1880. - Maglia Schlecht, Chile and Peru, 1862. B.M. 6756. oe vuncinatum Rhiz et Pav., Chile, 1839. B.M. 5222. 43 Tomatillo Phil., Chile. Solaria mierstoides Phil., Liliac., Chile, 1871. Solenomelus chilensis Miers, Iridac., Chile, 1868. B.M. 2965. Sophora macrocarpa Smith., Leguminosae, Chile. B.M. 8647. B.R. 17098. Sphacele campanulata Benth., Labiatae, Chile, 1795. B.R. 1382. ae Lindleyi Benth., Chile, 1825. B.M. 2993.- B.R. 1226. Stigmaphylion heterophyllum Hook., Malpighiac., Buenos Ayres, 1842. B.M. 4014. Tacsonia pinnatistipula Juss., Passiflorac., Chile and Peru, 1828. B.M. 4062.. Tecophilaea cyaneo-crocea Baker, Haemodorac., Chile, 1872. Trichomanea exsectum Kunze, Filic., Chile. Trichopetalum stellatum Lindl., Liliac., Chile, 1828. B.M. 3084. B.R. 1535. Tricuspidaria dependens Ruiz et Pav., Tiliac., Centra] Chile. B.M. 8115. Trifurcia pulchella Lindl., Iridac., Buenos Ayres, B.M. 3862. Triteleia Leitchliniit Nichols., Liliac., Chilean Andes, 1873. Ke porrifolia Poepp., Chile, 1868. B.M. 5977. ¢ uniflora Lindl., Buenos Ayres, 1836. B.M. 3327. Trixis senecioides Hook., Compositae, Chile, 1821. Tropaeolum azureum Miers, Geraniac., Chile, 1842. B.R. xxviii. 65. brachyceras Hook. et Arn., Chile, 1830. B.M. 3851. B.R. 1926. os edule Paxt., Chile, 1841. pentaphyllum Lam., Buenos Ayres, 1829. B.K. 3190. polyphylium Cav., Chile, 1827. B.M. 4042. sesstlifolium Poepp. et Endl., Chile, 1868. speciosum Poepp. et Endl., Chile, 1846. B.M. 4323. ts tricolorum Sweet, Chile, 1828. B.M. 3169. B.R. 1935. violaeflorum A. Dietr., Chile. B.M. 3985. Valdivia Gayana Remy, Saxifrag., Chile, 1863. Verbena sulphurea D. Don, Verbenac., Chile, 1832. Vestia lycioides Willd., Solanac., Chile, 1815; OBMi2412. BAR. eo; Villaresia mucronata Ruiz et Pav., Olacineae, Chile. Viviania grandifolia Hook. et Arn., Geraniac., Chile, 1832. ee parvifolia Klotszch, Chile, 1832. Weinmannia trichosperma Cav., Saxifragac., Valdivia. Zephyvanthes candida Herb., Amaryllidac., Buenos Ayres, 1822. B.M. 2107. mesochloa Herb., Buenos Ayres, 1825. B.R. 1361. pumila M. Roem., Chile, 1831. 39 +3 FIRST EARLY POTATOS. 351 FIRST EARLY POTATOS. > As is well known, Potatos may be arranged in a sequence of first early, second early, maincrop, and late varieties, according to the season at which they come to maturity, 7.e. at which the amount of crop pro- duced is sufficient to justify digging, and the tubers in such a con- dition as to bepalatable. No hard-and-fast line can be drawn between these divisions, and naturally a number of circumstances combine to determine the exact time at which any variety will be fit to lift. Apart from the question of variety, and the source of the seed tubers, the main factor is the locality, certain districts being notoriously suitable for the production of early crops, e.g. parts of Cornwall (especially the shores of Mount’s Bay) and Devon, parts of Cheshire, Ayrshire, and many relatively small areas in other parts of the country. The demand for new potatos in the early part of the season is great, and the price they command high; efforts are therefore naturally made to meet thedemand. Unfortunately, the varieties mostly grown to satisfy it, namely ‘Epicure,’ ‘May Queen,’ ‘ Ninetyfold,’ and ‘Midlothian Early’ or ‘ Duke of York’ as it is variously called, are none of them immune from attacks of wart disease, and no other well- known varieties combine the essential qualities of immunity from wart disease and early fitness to lift with high yield and good table quality. In some districts other qualities, such as size of tuber, habit of haulm to permit interplanting with Brassicas, and so on, are looked upon as of first importance, and some efforts have been made to secure new ' varieties which combine these qualities. Few of the many new forms raised of late years have proved really first early, but the three that have made the greatest bid for favour up to the present are: ‘ Arran Rose,’ ‘ Dargill Early,’ and ‘ Broad- Jeaved Ashleaf.’ Full descriptions of these varieties will be found in this JOURNAL, vol. xlv. (p. 360). ‘ Edzell Blue’ has been classed with the first-early section in error ; it is not a first early, but should be regarded as a second early; moreover, its deep-purple skin is against it as a market variety, for popular prejudice is all in favour of potatos with little or no colour in the skin and none in the flesh. With the object of comparing the yielding powers of these varieties with three standard first earlies, arrangements were made to grow at Wisley, in 1920, tubers of all six from stocks grown in IrgIg in one locality, so as to eliminate as far as possible chances of error arising from the seed tubers being derived from different sources. By the kindness of Sir MATTHEW WALLACE and Mr. McALIsTER, both of Dumfries, this was possible. Very even lots of seed tubers of about 3 oz. weight were received before Christmas of each of these varieties from Dumfries and boxed to sprout. At the same time another set of seed tubers of the same varieties grown at Wisley in r9rg were 352 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. also put to sprout. They all sprouted well and were planted on an even piece of ground side by side on April 15, 1920. They grew away well and were lifted half on July 3, the remainder on August 4, and weighed, with the following results :— Lifted Lifted Variety. Source. ees Tee Bioaes Tubers, Tubers. } Ib.. 02 Ib, oz Ib. 0% Epicure RES SE Sul ad ate ie Niitdbytold OWS Weg coed tae ee ele ae May Queen. (wisley acta? | oe 40) age eee Arran Rose Wee yaa 7 ao 6 is ? : q Dargill Barly oe ee Broad-leaved Ashleaf . ees SAEs He a a Pas pA : The greatest importance attaches, of course, to the result of the July lifting while the tops were still green, and it will be at once seen that the three non-immune varieties are each better in cropping power than either of the three immune, but that of these three the ‘ Broad- leaved Ashleaf’ is the most promising. ‘Dargill Early’ was still green at the time of the second lifting and will probably not rank as one of the earliest varieties at all. The cropping qualities shown at the early lifting are confirmed in the second. The comparison of the yields given by the Dumfries seed with those of the Wisley seed serve to emphasize the value of Scotch seed over that once grown in the South, a point that is now fairly well known to most. ‘ Broad-leaved Ashleaf ’ appears therefore to be the most promising of the newer varieties as a first early. It is a variety of German origin (there called ‘ Juni’), quite distinct in every way from ‘Myatt’s Ashleaf,’ and already known by several synonyms in this country (see JOURNAL R.H.S., vol. xlv. p. 364). In view of the steady irresistible march of wart disease it is very desirable that new varieties of Potatos should be raised, especially of very early and maincrop varieties (we are fairly well supplied with immune second earlies). It is possible that seeds raised from the crossing of late varieties would produce some early varieties, but probably the greatest hope of success lies in crossing early varieties with one another, especially early varieties of known high yielding qualities. Seed balls are not infrequent on some early varieties like ‘Myatt’s Ashleaf,’ but these are usually the result of self-pollination, and better results would probably be produced by crossing carefully carried out. There seems no doubt that high-yielding qualities are transmissible, but whether immunity to wart disease is has not yet been ascertained. ‘FIG. 199.—PLuM ‘THE Czar.’ SELF-FERTILE. A, flowers crossed. _B, 284 flowers selfed set 62 fruits. [To face p. 352. Fic. 200.—PLUM ‘ MONARCH.’ SELF-FERTILE. A, flowers crossed. B, 59 flowers selied set 14 fruits. ‘i aie Fic. 201.—PLUM ‘COMTE D’ALTHAN’S GAGE.’ SELF-STERILE. A, flowers crossed. B, 349 flowers selfed set no fruit. "$e 'f sons oz} "S}INIF OU J9S PoJlas SI9MOY 617 ‘Ef ‘“Passo1o stamoy ‘Vy SHO ZOT 39800) Popes Stem ae ae ee ee el en Onna eee eee oul ‘ATILUAA-ATAG «=,'aYAdAS S,NOLSINNAG, WOT —'C0C 3) OS | a CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 353 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. XXXVI.—POLLINATION IN ORCHARDS (iv.).* Self-Fertility and Self-Sterility in Plums. By A. N. RaweEs. THIS paper is a preliminary account of the investigations being made at Wisley into the self-fertility and self-sterility of the many varieties of plums. The work was commenced in 1919; and was carried out on pot trees in an orchard house set aside for experiments relating to fruit pollination. The house is specially constructed for this purpose, and by means of mosquito bars over the ventilators and double doors all insects are excluded, and the danger of disturbance from other agencies reduced to a minimum. Two trees of each variety are tested in each case, so that the results are duplicated and not subject to any abnormalities any one tree may be temporarily suffering from. Each flower is hand-pollinated, and both in the case of crossed and selfed flowers pollination is done by means of ripe stamens carried in a pair of forceps and brushed on the stigmas of the flowers to be pollinated. This is believed to be a more accurate and satisfac- tory method of pollination than by the use of the camel-hair brush. All flowers to be crossed are emasculated before their stamens are ripe or the petals open. Usually the stigma of the plum flower is in a receptive condition, 1.e. sticky, a day or two before the stamens are ripe, but this not always so and in some cases both stamens and stigma “ ripen ’”’ at the same time, whilst in other cases the stamens are occasionally found ripe a day before the stigmas become receptive. So far eighteen varieties have been tested as to whether they are able to set fruit when pollinated with their own pollen or not, and out of this number— eleven varieties were found to be self-sterile, three varieties were found to be self-fertile, and four varieties were found partly self-fertile. In the first table on p. 354 are the data from which these con- clusions are arrived at. ‘omparison between crossed and selfed fruits from a self-fertile - variety showed no difference, due to the foreign pollen, either in the size c s.ape of the fruit or stone; neither was there any difference in the * For previous articles see R.H.S. Journal, 37, p. 350 and 39, p. 366 and p. 615. ; VOL, XLVI. 2A 354 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. degree of colouring or time of ripening of the fruit, but that cross- pollination tends to raise the percentage of fruit setting even in self- fertile varieties the figures in the second table suggest. These figures go to show that interplanting varieties for cross-pollination, in the plantation or garden, should be the rule whether the varieties grown SELF-STERILE— Coe’s Golden Drop . : : 221 flowers, selfed Set 2. 0: fruit Decaisne A - - 279 af me Ha i ee Grand Duke . A ae : REST ss os ay Seer Jefferson : : : : Gay ae A ” a: ae aig Kirke’s Blue . e e . I23 ” ”» ”) Fes Late Orange ° . e 216 ” ” 7) ORF ons Late Transparent Gage : P 138, . 5h, PO ans Pond’s Seedling ; : : E20) . wk Og Comte d’Althan’s Gage . : 340 hig a cy Gases Transparent Gage . : : 405s Uy, nt EM 6 EN Washington . " eee 105 » ” ee eo Nome SELF-FERTILE— Denniston’s Superb. ; : 200 “iri, te oOo Monarch : : : - oe F Ppa Laide The Czar d ; ‘ 28a 3; ob o> B2iae PARTLY SELF-FERTILE— Early Rivers . : : . By Gomes ” a9 7 aC ie President . . ° ° 489 »” ” ”» FAs Prince Engelbert . . : SE i ey in ae Ow es Stint e e e e e 273 2? »” >” 4 a? be self-fertile or self-sterile; where the maximum amount of fruit “setting ’’ is desired. The percentages of fruit setting when crossed represent the result PERCENTAGE OF FRUIT SETTING, CROSSED AND SELFED. Denniston’s Superb 300 flowers, selfed set 102 fruits,or 34 per cent. 128 ee crossed Se hee “pi bes BOS 3 Monarch 3 . 59 flowers, selfed set 14 fruits, or 23°7 per cent. 199 io ESSEC 4:05 508 a) Ween - The Czar R . | 284 flowers, selfed | set 62 fruits, or 21-8 per cent. 123 4 crossed 55, 0k, ue ts Early Rivers . - | 337 flowers, selfed | set 25fruits,or 7-4 per cent. . 207 pe ht MCLOSSOR | a9) Mh, OT ” President ; ¢ 489 flowers, selfed set’ .3,druits, or 0.6 pen, Gels. 223 zs crossed ay ey Pte Le ghee, gine sf Siint: i 3 . | 273 flowers, selfed set 4fruits,or 1I-°4 per cent. 231 4) crossed aan t= Ra ae fe 7-1 oe e Prince Engelbert. 81 flowerc, selfed set O6fruits,or 7:4 per cent. 74 ois yeCOSSEd 1.1 0AS. 2 ae apes ae 5 of crossing the varieties with the majority of the other seventeen varieties in the experiment. That pollen from one variety will fertilize a higher percentage of flowers on a certain other variety than will the pollen from another seems possible, but sufficient data has not yet been collected on this point. The evidence obtained so far goes to show that, with a few ex- ceptions, any one variety will successfully cross-pollinate any other variety, providing that they flower at much about the same time, The exceptions to this are the Coe varieties of plum and Jefferson— CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE WISLEY LABORATORY. 355 mentioned in the report of the John Innes Horticultural Institute *— the results of some of which we have duplicated. Inrgrg 20 flowers of President were crossed with Late Orange, and no fruit was set, and again in 1920 106 flowers were pollinated in the same way and no fruit was set, whilst other crosses on the same tree set well. This is probably another case of “‘ cross incompatibility.” These are the only exceptions found so far in plums, and except for these special cases any one variety has been found to fertilize any other that has been tried. The majority of plums are in flower at much about the same.time; so that almost any varieties, with the exceptions just mentioned, may be planted together and successful cross-pollination take place. The following table shows the eighteen varieties mentioned in this paper in their order of flowering, under orchard conditions at Wisley, for the years 1908-r0-11-12-14—17—19~-20; and it will be seen from this that the latest is in flower 7 days after the earliest, whilst the average is lessthan 4 days. It is found that the different varieties are in flower from 14-24 days, and in full bloom on about the eighth day after commencing to flower, so that there is a considerable overlapping period with all. ORDER OF FLOWERING. Grand Duke earliest—no definite records. 4-3 Comte d’Althan’s Gage. fe) Monarch. 4°8 Kirke’s Blue. 1-4 Jefferson’s. 5 The Czar. 2:5 Denniston’s Superb. 5 Pond’s Seedling. 2:5 Coe’s Golden Drop. 5°5 Transparent Gage. a7 President. 5:5 Washington. 3 Early Rivers. 6 Prince Engelbert. 3°5 Decaisne. 6-5 Late Transparent Gage. 4 Late Orange. 5 Stint. As a control to the percentage of fruit setting in the orchard house, trees were chosen outside growing under orchard conditions, and a number of flowers counted and the branches labelled to see the per- centage setting under normal conditions ; counts were made at two different dates—the first at about six weeks after flowering, and the second five weeks after the first count, with the following results : | Variety. No, Flowers counted. rst Count. | 2nd Count. ; 1 branch 612 flowers | 153 fruits | 47 fruits Bittern ., “ ; { 1. 234 y, 105 ,, | 34°. »”» 145 ” 44 » | 24 ” Blue Rock : ‘ { “f ee i 1... re Coe’s Golden Drop . “a 300 _,, 223», | I5 ww Denniston’s Superb (1) cs 660s << 7 | 203) es a) - 395 » 128 ,, | or ,, “ F ae 25° » 173» | fOr Victoria . . : { S “ae 80, | Hr es Total . : : 3060 1196 | 439 39 per cent. | 14 per cent. * Sutton, I., in Journ. of Genetics, VII. Aug. 1918. t The figures preceding the name represent the average number of days at which flowering commenced after ‘ Monarch’ began to flower. 336 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Each of the trees—flowers of which were counted in the control experiment—are carrying excellent crops; whilst others equally well flowered have only poor crops, so that the percentage is probably higher than would have been the case had a wider range of varieties been included. For several reasons it has not yet been found possible to collect sufficient data with regard to the viability of the pollen of the varieties, but an examination was made of pollen from sixteen varieties growing outdoors, in an endeavour to find, with the aid of the microscope, the approximate amount of good and bad grains in average samples. Of the sixteen varieties examined, the minimum amount of mis- shapen and apparently bad grains was 8 per cent., this being in pollen from Frogmore Orleans; whilst the maximum amount of bad pollen found was 25 per cent.; in samples from Coe’s Golden Drop and Bryanston Gage. The average amount was 17 per cent. misshapen and apparently bad in the other varieties, ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 357 ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. Two HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THREE stocks of Antirrhinums were sent to Wisley for trial in 1920, including one lot of cuttings (No. 233). The seed was sown on March 8 to 11, and as soon as ready the seedlings were pricked out into boxes, this work being completed by the be- ginning of April. The boxes were kept in cold frames until May 12, when planting out commenced. All but the tall varieties were planted out during that week on well-drained soil which had been dug and lightened by the admixture of burnt refuse and decayed vegetable matter, the tall varieties being planted on May rg and 20. From twenty-four to thirty plants of each variety were planted in a block, the dwarf or Tom-thumb varieties being one foot apart each way, the intermediate fifteen inches from row to row and zigzagged twelve inches apart in the rows, and the tall eighteen apart each way. All made excellent growth, and by the time they were in flower in mid- July the intermediate varieties had completely covered the ground and they provided for weeks a most attractive mass of blossom. The varie- ties had been grouped as far as possible in similar shades, which gave an excellent opportunity of comparing the merits of closely related stocks. Thetrial was examined at intervals by the Judging Committee, who took into consideration not only the beauty of the varieties judged, the quality of the spike and of the individual flower, but also the trueness of the stocks grown. In no case was a stock containing more than a very small percentage of rogues allowed to receive any commendation, and in recommending the higher awards importance was also attached to regularity of height, branching, colour of foliage, and the like, characters which make much difference in the value of these plants for bedding. Considering the great value of these plants for use in beds, borders, and for cutting, the long period through which, by removing old spikes, the plants may be kept in flower, and the fact that to produce them and grow them well to flower in summer calls for the use of practically no artificial heat, we may expect them to be grown much more in the future than they have been hitherto. Attention may perhaps here be directed also to their use as pot plants in cold green- houses. It is intended to grow, next year, a large number in this way at Wisley, in the hope that others may attempt it as a means of furnishing houses which it is now difficult to heat. In many cases the stocks sent in for trial were extraordinarily true to type, but in some there appears to be considerable difficulty in securing complete freedom from rogues, especially where the more delicate shades of pink are concerned and where that shade is imposed upon a yellow ground. The various shades 358 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of yellow, too, are often mixed, and while some of the plants may be actual hybrids, and therefore impossible to “ fix,’”’ it seems probable that much might be done by building up stocks from single isolated plants which have been shown by experiment to breed true: the perennial nature of the plant would be an aid in this. An interesting example of the effect of consistent selection of one character was seen in certain stocks where all the spikes produced on the plants failed to mature the topmost buds, and therefore ended abruptly in well-developed flowers as large as the lowermost of the spike. The regularity but not the continual flowering of the stock gains thereby, and the latter fact may militate against this form becoming widely popular, but it illustrates remarkably what careful selection may do to a stock. A few stocks proved either obviously untrue, or so mixed that it was impossible to describe them, and they are therefore omitted from the notes which follow: they were Nos. 51, 69-71, 77, 79, 95, 99, I10, 135, 182, 219, 220, 226. Others, less mixed but still not true, are noted below. For this reason, or because they did not now appear to be-equal to others in the trial, the following, which had received awards in previous years and which were represented in the present trial, were passed over, viz. : 23. White Beauty [A.M. 1913 (Dobbie)]; 34. Golden Queen [A.M. 1913 (Bath)]; 96, 98. Nelrose [A.M. 1914 (Wells)]; 41, 43. Amber Queen [A.M. 1913 (Barr, Watkins & Simpson)]; 62. Golden Morn [A.M. 1913 (Watkins & Simpson)]; 122. Sunset [A.M. 1913 (Dickson & Robinson)] 128, 129, 229. Defiance [A.M 1913 (Bath)]; 172, 173. Yellow King [A.M. 1913 (Barr)]; 175, 176. Moonlight [A.M. 1913 (Dobbie)] 217. Beauty [A.M. 1913 (Barz)]. In the following notes the varieties sent for trial are arranged first according to height and then according to colour, and at the head of each colour-class the varieties in it which were selected for award are printed in black type. In order to save space no list of varieties in the trial is given, but the number by which each was known until judging was completed is given opposite each variety. I. DWARF OR TOM THUMB VARIETIES, 6-8 inches high. 1. Flowers white. *5. SNOWFLAKE (Watkins & Simpson).—Spike medium, compact; flowers large, pure white. Raised by sender. * * * I. WHITE PRINCE (Barr).—Spike short, very compact; flowers of medium size. Introduced by sender. 2. Flowers creamy white. 6. Tom Thumb White, H.C. July 28, 1920, from Messrs. Dobbie. 6. Tom THUMB WHITE (Dobbie), H.C.—Spike long, compact ; flowers large, lip pale yellow ; height 8 inches. * The number preceding the name is the ‘‘ Trial number ”’ by which alone the variety was known at Wisley until judging was completed. ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 359 z. ALBum (Barr).—Similar to foregoing ; a mixed stock. * * * 4. SNOWFLAKE (Simpson).—Spike short, compact ; flowers large, lip cream flushed yellow height 5 inches. Distinct from No. 5. * * * 3. WHITE QUEEN (Barrf).—Similar to No. 4, but with smaller flowers, and taller in growth. 3. Flowers yellow. 9. Tom Thumb Yellow, A.M. July 28, 1920, sent by Messrs. Dobbie. 9. Tom THumB (Dobbie), A.M. July 28, 1920.—-Spike long, compact ; flowers large ; height 8-10 inches. * * me 7, 8. YELLOW PRINCE (Barr,f Simpson).—Spike short, compact; flowers large ; height 8 inches. 4. Flowers pale pink. 11. DELICATE Pink (Simpson).—Habit very compact; spike short, very compact ; flowers of medium size; height 7 inches ; a shy flowerer. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. 5. Flowers amber. 10. AMBER GEM (Simpson).—Habit very compact; spike short, rather loose; flowers of medium size, tube creamy white; height 7 inches; a shy flowerer. 6. Flowers mauve. 12. CARNEUM (Barrf).—A very mixed stock; flowers cream shaded pale mauve at edges. * * * 13. RosEum (Barrf).—Spike short, compact; flowers pale rosy mauve, of medium size; height 6-7 inches; varies in colour. 7. Flowers orange-scarlet. 21. FIREFLY (Barrft).—Spike short, rather loose; flowers of medium size, lower lobe, tipped orange, tube creamy white; height 8 inches; varies slightly in shade. 8. Flowers crimson. r 16. CoppeER RED (Barrt).—Spike short, compact ; flowers large, copper red ; height 8 inches. * * * 14. HENRY IV (Barrf).—Similar in habit to No. 16; flowers dull crimson ; height ro inches. A mixed stock. * * * 17. CRIMSON GEM (Simpson).—Spike short, compact; flowers of medium size, crimson, lip orange; height 8-10 inches. * x *x 18. BRILLIANT Crimson (Watkins & Simpson).—Habit similar to No. 17; flowers dull velvety crimson; a true and even stock. Raised by senders. * * x 131. Crimson Kino (Barrt).—Spike long, very compact; flowers large, deep velvety crimson; lip tipped with yellow; height 8 inches; contained rogues of Intermediate type: * x 15. Rusy (Barrt).—Spike short, compact; flowers large, deep ruby-red ; lip tipped with yellow ; height ro inches. t Not listed by the sender. 360 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9. Flowers magenta. Tube paler. 19. GALATHEE (Barrf).—Spike short, compact; flowers of medium size; height 6 inches ; a true stock. * * * 20. DELILAH (Barrt).—Similar to No. 19, but the lip is tipped with yellow. A mixed stock. II. INTERMEDIATE VARIETIES ; 16 to 24 inches in height. 1. Flowers white. : 26. White Queen, A.M. July 28, 1920 (A.M. 1913, Dobbie), sent by Messrs. Simpson, raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 24, 25. Purity, H.C. August 13, 1920, sent by Messrs. Barr, and by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson the raisers. 24,25. Purity (Barr, Watkins & Simpson), H.C.—Spike long, rather loose ; flowers large, quite white. No. 24, several plants had yellow on the lip. * * * 22. QUEEN OF THE NortTH (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers large; flower buds when young creamy white; stock not true; foliage irregular. Raised by sender. * * * 23. WHITE BEauty (Dobbie).—Foliage a darker green than Nos. 22, 24, 25, Spike long, loose ; flowers large ; stock not true. * * * 26. WHITE QUEEN (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike long, very compact; flowers large, lip yellow tipped. * * * 27. WHITE QUEEN (Burpee).—Habit spreading ; spike long, rather loose; flowers large, creamy white. * * ** 23. IvoRINE (Simpson).—Height 24 to 28 inches ; spike long, very compact ; flowers large, ivory; contained two rogues. MRaised by sender. 2. Flowers of yellow shades. 29. Lady Roberts, A.M. August 13, 1920, sent by raisers, Messrs. Simpson. 31. Yellow Queen, A.M. August 13, 1920, sent by Messrs. Dobbie (A.M. 1913, Dobbie). 36. Golden Gem, A.M. August 13, 1920, sent by raisers Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 35. Golden Gem, H.C. July 25, 1920, sent by Messrs. Simpson. 29. Lapy RoBeErtTs (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike medium, very compact; flowers large, primrose; height 16 inches; very suited for bedding. * * * 170. PRIMROSE KING (Dobbie).—Spike long, compact; flowers very large, primrose, tube creamy-white; height 26 inches. * * * 30. CANARY BirRD (Barr).—A very mixed stock. * * * 31. YELLOW QUEEN (Dobbie), A.M.—Spike long, compact; flowers large, pale yellow. * * * 33. YELLOW Beauty (Barr).—Foliage paler, but otherwise like No. 31; irregular in height. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 34. GOLDEN QUEEN (Burpee).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers of medium size, pale yellow; stock not true. * * * 32. YELLOW QUEEN (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, yellow, tube creamy white; height 24 inches; colour variable. Introduced by sender. 221. GUINEA GOLD (Webb).—Very similar to No. 32, but with smaller flowers, and not so tall. + Not listed by the sender. ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 361 36. GOLDEN GeEm (Watkins & Simpson), A.M.—Foliage dull grey green; spike long, compact ; flowers very large, yellow, somewhat darker than No. 32, tube paler; height 24 to 26 inches. Raised by senders. * * * ‘35. GOLDEN Gem (Simpson), H.C.—Similar to No. 36, but foliage green, not grey. 37. GOLDEN GEM (Barr).—A mixed stock of No. 35. 38. YELLOW Gem (Barr).—Similar to No. 35; stock not true. 3. Flowers pink shades. Tube self. 80. Daphne, A.M. July 28, 1920.—Sent by Messrs. Burpee (A.M. 1913, Hurst) 87. Fascination Improved (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920 Raised by senders. 81. Rose Queen (Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920. 75. Roseum superbum (Simpson), H.C. July 28, 1920. 92, 93, 94. Rose Doré (Watkins & Simpson (raisers), Barr), Queen of Roses (Barr), H.C. July 28, 1920. 90, 91. PEAcE (Watkins & Simpson, Barr).—Spike of medium length, very compact ; flowers large, pale pink ; lip tipped with yellow ; height 16 to 18 inches. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 76. Farr Marip (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, flesh pink; lip cream, flushed pale yellow. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 80. DAPHNE (Burpee), A.M.—Spike long, compact; flowers very large, deep flesh pink, lip tipped with yellow. 84, 85. FascINaTION (R. Veitch, Dobbie).—Similar to ‘ Daphne,’ but varying somewhat in shade. * * * 86. FascINATION (Barr).—Similar to No. 80, but of somewhat deeper shade. * % * 87. FASCINATION IMPROVED (Watkins & Simpson), A.M.—A true even stock, of a deeper shade of flesh pink than No. 86. * * * 96, 97, 98. NELROSE (Dobbie, R. Veitch, Barr).—Spike long, compact ; flowers deep rose-pink, lip tipped with yellow ; stocks vary very much in shade. 75. ROSEUM SUPERBUM (Simpson), H.C.—Similar to foregoing ; a true stock. 81. RosSE QUEEN (Simpson), A.M.—Similar to ‘ Nelrose’; a true and even stock. 82. RosE QUEEN (Dobbie).—Of slightly paler colour than No. 81; varies slightly in colour. ok * * 92, 93. RosE Dor& (Watkins & Simpson, Barr), H.C.—Habit very compact ; spike long, compact; flowers very large, deep rose; lip dull yellow overlaid rose. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 94. QUEEN OF RosEs (Barr), H.C.—Similar to Rose Doré. 4. Flowers pink shades. Tube paler. 152. Bonny Lass (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. Raised by senders. 72. Wild Rose (Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 45. Sunrise (Simpson), H.C. July 28, 1920. 83. Félicité (Simpson), H.C. July 28, 1920. Raised by sender. 45. SUNRISE (Simpson), H.C.—Habit very compact; spike long, compact ; flowers large, pink faded at the edge, tube white, lip yellow ; height 24 to 26inches. 44. SUNRISE (Barr).—A mixed stock of foregoing. * * * 67. Daisy IMPROVED (Watkins & Simpson).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, white tinged pink, tube white, lip pale pink ; height 16 inches. Raised by senders. 66. Daisy (Barrf).—Similar to foregoing but varies in shade. + Not listed by the sender. 362 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 68. DELicaTA (Dobbie).—Habit compact; spike long, rather loose; flowers delicate pink, tube cream, lip tipped with yellow, the upper lobe inclined to fall over the lip ; height 16 to 18 inches. * * * 83. FéLicITé (Simpson), H.C.—Spike long, compact; flowers large, pale flesh pink, lip pale yellow. Raised by Messrs. Simpson. * * * 152. Bonny Lass (Watkins & Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike long, compact; flowers large, pale rose-pink, tube cream, lip pale yellow. 151. PINK GEmM (Barr).—Similar to foregoing ; stock not true. * * * 3 74. WILD Rost (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike of medium length, rather loose; flowers large, pale rose-pink, tube white, lip yellow ; height 16 inches; the first to flower June Io. 73, 74. Wi1LD Rose (Barr, R. Veitch).—Similar to foregoing ; but stocks vary in shade of colour, and height. * * ie 89. Pink Gem (Watkins & Simpson).—Habit very compact; spike of medium length, very compact; flowers large, rose-pink, tube white, lip pale yellow ; height 16 inches; stock not quite true. Raised by senders. * * * 146. D1aNA (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, rose-pink, tube cream, lip tipped with yellow ; plants varied in shade. 147. ATTRACTION (Barr).—Similar to foregoing. Not true ‘ Attraction’ which is a darker variety. 148. RosEBuD (Barrt).—Similar to No. 146. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * % * 127. SPARKLER (Burpee).—Spike long, compact; flowers of medium size, deep rosy-pink, tube cream ; stock not quite true. * * * 149, 150. CoRAL PinK (Watkins & Simpson, Barr).—Spike long, compact ; flowers large, deep rich rose, tube cream; stocks not true. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 88. SuMMER GLory (Barr).—Habit compact; spike long, compact; flowers of medium size, bright reddish-pink, tube white, lip tipped with yellow; not quite true. 5. Flowers pink or red on yellow (shot shades). 64. Sybil Eckford, A.M. July 28, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Simpson. 54. Maize Queen (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920 (A.M. 1913, Dobbie). Raised by senders. 153, 154, 155. Prima Donna (Simpson, Dobbie, Watkins & Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920 (A.M. 1917, Dobbie). Raised by Messrs. Dobbie. 48. Morning Glow Improved (Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. Raised by sender. 46. Bonfire (Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920 (A.M. 1913, Simpson, Sydenham), Raised by sender. 52. Maize Queen Improved (Simpson), H.C. August 13, 1920. Raised by sender. 49. Captivation (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920. Raised by senders. IOI, 102, 103. The Fawn (Simpson, Dobbie, Barr), H.C. July 28, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 64. SyBIL EckrorD (Simpson), A.M.—Habit compact; spike long, compact ; flowers very large, lemon flushed pale pink, tube cream, lip lemon. * * * 54. Maize QuEEN (Watkins & Simpson), A.M.—Spike long, rather loose ; flowers very large, yellow tinted pink, tube pale salmon buff, lip yellow ; height 24 to 26 inches. 55. MaizE QuEEN (Dobbie).—Similar to foregoing but slightly paler; stock not quite true. : + Not listed by the sender. ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 363 52. Maiz—E QurEEN ImpROvED (Simpson), H.C.—Characters as for No. 54 except habit very compact; flowers maize yellow tinted salmon; height 16 to 18 inches. 53. Maize QuEEN IMPROVED (Barr).—Similar to foregoing; varies very much in shade of colour. “K * * 49. CAPTIVATION (Watkins & Simpson), H.C.—Spike long, very compact ; flowers very large, chamois shaded pink, lip pale yellow. 50. CAPTIVATION (Barr).—Similar to foregoing ; stock not true. * * 7 39. APRICOT QUEEN (Barrt).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers large, upper lobe apricot-pink, lower apricot-pink with pale yellow centre, tube white, lip yellow ; varies slightly in shade of colour. * * * IOI, 102, 103. THE FAwn (Simpson, Dobbie, Barr), H.C.—Spike long, very ' compact; flowers very large, pale pinkish terra-cotta, tube cream, lip pale citron. In Nos. 102, 103, the terminal flowers of the spike did not develop. * * od 153, 154, 155. Prima Donna (Simpson, Dobbie, Watkins & Simpson), A.M.— Spike long, compact; flowers large, pink shaded terra-cotta, tube cream, lip pale yellow. * * * 158. ORANGE PRINCE SELECTED (Barr) . : i 227. ORANGE PRINCE (Webb). | Spike of medium length, compact ; flowers large, upper lobe orange-pink, lower old gold shaded pink, tube cream, lip old gold. 40, 224. PRINCE CHAmoiIs (Burpee, Webbj}).—Characters as foregoing. co oe * 41, 42, 43. AMBER QUEEN (Barr, Simpson, Dobbie).—Spike of medium. length, compact; flowers of medium size, amber, tube white. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * 222. ROSE QUEEN (Webb).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers large, old gold shaded pink, tube deep rose-pink, lip old gold ; varies in shade of colour. * * III. ORANGE QUEEN (Barr).—Spike long, very compact; flowers very large, terra-cotta shaded old gold, tube deep rose-pink, lip old gold; varies slightly in shade. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 48. MoRNING GLow IMPROVED (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact ; spike long, compact; flowers large, deep apricot shaded terra-cotta, tube orange-buff. * * ok I14. SUNBEAM (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, terra-cotta shaded orange, tube rosy-pink, lip old gold; height 18 inches. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * cd 46. BONFIRE (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike long, compact ; flowers large, apricot shaded old gold, tube orange-buff, lip old gold. 47. BoNFIRE (Dobbie).—Characters as foregoing; stock not true. * « 100, 112. MORNING GLow (Watkins & Simpson, Barr).—Habit very compact ; spike long, compact; flowers large, terra-cotta on orange, tube dull orange- scarlet, lip dull orange; stocks not quite true. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * 62. GOLDEN Morn (Dobbie).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, gold shaded deep rose, tube deep pink, lip old gold. 6. Flowers orange. Tube white. 57- Electra (Watkins & Simpson), H.C. July 28, 1920. Raised by senders. 57. ELectra (Watkins & Simpson), H.C.—Habit very compact; spike long, compact; flowers of medium size, brilliant orange, tube white, lip maize yellow. + Not listed by the sender. 364 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 56, 58, 59. ELECTRA (Barr, Simpson, R. Veitch).—Characters as foregoing ; stocks not true. 78. BLusH Brauty (Barr).—Proved to be ‘ Electra.’ 7. Flowers ovange-scarlet. Tube self. 123. Rembrandt (Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. 118. Spitfire (Simpson), A.M. July 28, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 113, 232. ADMIRATION (R. Veitch, Barrf).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, upper lobe scarlet shaded orange, lower with yellow in centre, tube white, lip scarlet shaded orange; height 18 inches, stock not quite true. 161, 162. GRENADIER (Barr, Watkins & Simpson).—Characters as foregoing. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 123. REMBRANDT (Simpson), A.M.—Character as for ‘ Admiration,’ but of very compact habit, and a true and even stock, with rather more yellow on the lower lobe than ‘ Admiration.’ * * * 122. SUNSET (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, orange-scarlet shaded rose, lip orange; stock not quite true. Introduced by sender. 118. SPITFIRE (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike long, compact ; flowers large, orange-scarlet, tube dull orange pink, lip dull orange. II9Q, 120. SPITFIRE (Barr, R. Veitch)—Characters as foregoing. Stocks vary in shade of colour. * * 128, 129, 229. DEFIANCE (Barr, Burpee, Webb).—Spike long, compact ; flowers large, orange-scarlet, lip orange; stocks not true. 8. Flowers orange-scarlet. Tube paler. 160. SENSATION (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, orange- scarlet shaded pink, tube cream, lip tipped with yellow. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 124. FLAMINGO (Barr).—Characters as foregoing, but flowers orange- scarlet shaded gold, lip orange. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. CS * * 163, 228. FIERY BELT (Dobbie, Webbt).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, bright orange-scarlet, tube cream ; varies in shade. * * * 159. AURORA (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers large, fiery orange- scarlet ; tube cream ; stock not true. 9. Flowers scarlet. 121. Afterglow (Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. , Two selections similar to 136. Plymouthia (Andrews), A.M. August 13, 1920. ‘ Flame.’ 202. Cardinal (Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920.—Introduced by sender. 116. FIREFLAME (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, pale scarlet, lip dull orange ; stock not true. * * * 115. SCARLET AND GOLD (Dobbie).—Characters as for No. 116, but flowers scarlet, lip gold ; a mixed stock. * & * 134. FLAME (Watkins & Simpson).—Characters as for ‘ Afterglow.’ Stock not true. Raised by Messrs. Bath. 121. AFTERGLOW (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; foliage dark green ; spike long, compact; flowers large, bright scarlet. Raised by sender. 136. PLymoutTHi1a (Andrews), A.M.—Characters as foregoing, but foliage paler. Raised by sender. 117. FURNACE (Engleheart).—Characters as for ‘ Afterglow’; a mixed stock. Introduced by sender. 126. CocciInEUM (Dobbie).—Characters as foregoing; stock not quite true. 230. VERMILION (Webbf).—Characters as foregoing ; stock not quite true. * * * 202. CARDINAL (Simpson), A.M.—Habit compact; spike long, rather loose ; flowers very large, scarlet, tube reddish-purple, lip tipped with orange. t Not listed by the sender. ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 305 10. Flowers crimson. 130. Crimson King (Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 132. Crimson Queen (Dobbie), H.C. July 28, 1920. 140. SCARLET KiNG (Barr).—Spike long, compact ; flowers of medium size, bright crimson scarlet. * * * 132. CRIMSON QUEEN (Dobbie), H.C.—Foliage of medium green, much tinged with red; spike long, compact; flowers large, bright velvety crimson, 133. CRIMSON QUEEN (Barr).—Characters as foregoing; stock not true. Introduced by sender. * * * 130. CRIMSON KiNG (Simpson), A.M.—Habit very compact; spike long, compact; flowers large, deep velvety crimson; an even stock. 125. FirRE Branp (Burpee).—Characters as foregoing; but not so compact in habit nor spike as long. ‘ * * * 233. W. G. Hate (Sowman).—Foliage dark dull green, much tinged with red; spike long, compact; flowers large, deep dull velvety crimson. Raised by sender. A very even stock grown from cuttings. 11. Flowers crimson-maroon, 223. SCEPTRE (Webb).—Habit, inclined to spread ; foliage dark dull green, somewhat tinged with red; spike long, loose; flowers of medium size, deep velvety crimson-maroon. * * D I4I, 142. BLACK PRINCE (Barr, Simpson).—Habit compact; foliage of medium green, somewhat tinged with red; spike of medium length, compact ; flowers large, deep velvety maroon. No. 142 not quite true. 143. Brack PRINCE ImpROvED (Watkins & Simpson).—Characters as fore- going; stock not true; contained rogues of paler shade. Maised by senders. 12. Flowers carmine. 139. Carmine Queen Improved (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. Raised by senders. 137. Carmine Queen (Simpson), H.C. July 28, 1920 (A.M. 1913, Watkins & Simpson). Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 137. CARMINE QUEEN (Simpson), H.C.—Spike long, compact; flower very large, carmine, lip orange. 138. CARMINE QUEEN (Dobbie).—Characters as foregoing ; stock not quite true. * * * 139. CARMINE QUEEN IMPROVED (Watkins & Simpson), A.M.—Characters as No. 137, but flowers and lip deep rose carmine. * * * 209. BRILLIANT (Dobbie).—Height 2 feet ; spike of medium length, compact ; flowers large, carmine, lip orange on carmine; varies in shade and height. 13. Flowers mauve or mauve and white. Tube self. 108, 109. SILVER QUEEN (Watkins & Simpson, Barr).—Spike long, rather loose; flower very large, pale silvery mauve, lip cream tipped with yellow ; stocks quite not true. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. aK * bog 104, 106. MAUVE Beauty (Barr, R. Veitch).—Spike long, compact ; flowers large, rosy-mauve, lip cream tipped with yellow; contained rogues. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 105. MAUVE Beauty ImprRovED (Watkins & Simpson).—Characters as foregoing, but spike more compact. Raised by senders. 107, 225. MAUVE QUEEN (Dobbie, Webbj).—Characters as for ‘Mauve Beauty.’ Stocks not true. t Not listed by the sender. 366 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 14. Flowers mauve or mauve and white. Tube white. 156. Elegance (Barr), H.C. July, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Hurst. 156. ELEGANCE (Barr), H.C.—Spike short, compact; flowers large, rosy- mauve, upper lobe rosy-mauve veined darker, tube white, lip cream tipped with yellow. 157. ELEGANCE (Simpson).—Characters as foregoing ; a mixed stock. 15. Flowers parti-coloured. 145. MaGcpiz (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers of medium size ; upper lobe white, upper half flushed rose-purple, lower lobe white, lip rose-purple, tube white; varies very much in colour. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 63. QUAKER Marp (Barr).—Characters as foregoing. 65. NoBiLE (Dobbie).—A mixed stock of ‘ Magpie.’ * " * 144. BUTTERFLY (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers of medium size, pale yellow, upper half of upper lobe flushed reddish-maroon, lip reddish- maroon, tube cream; stock not true. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 61. BRONZE QUEEN (Dobbie).—A mixed stock of foregoing. 60. Bronze Kine (Barr).—A mixed stock of ‘ Butterfly.’ III. TALL VARIETIES, 2} to 3% feet. 1. Flowers white. 167. Queen Victoria (Barr), C. August 13, 1920 (A.M. 1913, J. Veitch). 165. WuItE KincG (Dobbie).—Spike long, rather loose; height 2} feet; flowers very large, lip tipped with yellow; contained rogues. * * * 164. SNOWFLAKE (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose, height 34 feet; flowers of medium size; habit inclined to spread; stock not true. Introduced by sender. * * * ? 167. QUEEN VicTor1A (Barr), €.—Spike long, compact; height 34 feet ; flowers very large, dull white, lip cream, tipped with lemon. 166. QUEEN VicTor1A (Simpson).—Characters as foregoing, but spike not as long and loose. 2. Flowers yellow. 174. Yellow King Improved (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920. Raised by senders. 171. GOLDEN Berauty (Simpson).—Spike long, compact; flowers very large, pale yellow, tube cream. * * * 174. YELLOW KING IMPROVED (Watkins & Simpson), A.M.—Plant compact ; spike long; flowers close, very large, deep yellow. * * * 172, 173. YELLow KincG (Barr, Dobbie).—Habit and spike looser than No. 174, otherwise similar. Raised by Messrs. Barr. - 14. Flowers lilac. 169. LiLAc QUEEN (Barrt).—Height 2} feet ; spike long, rather loose ; flowers large, white shaded pale lilac, lip lemon, tube cream ; varies slightly in shade. Raised by Messrs. Hurst. 3. Flowers pink shades. Tube self. 177. Princess Patricia (Barr), H.C. August 13, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Hurst. 183, 184, 185. Feltham Beauty (Simpson, Watkins & Simpson, Barr), H.C. August 13, 7920. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. + Not listed by the sender. ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 367 177. Princess Patricia (Barr), H.C.—Spike of medium length, compact ; flowers very large, deep pink, lip paler; the terminal buds do not develop. * * * 183, 184, 185. FELTHAM Beauty (Simpson, Watkins & Simpson, Barr), H.C.—Plant compact ; spike long, rather loose; flowers very large, rose-pink, lip cream flushed rose-pink. * * 189. REINE DES RoseEs (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose; flowers large, rose, lip tipped with yellow; varies somewhat in shade. Introduced by sender. *® * * 190. Le R&ve (Barr).—Very similar to foregoing, but darker shade of rose; irregular in height; stock not true. Introduced by sender. 4. Flowers pink shades. Tube paler. 181. Cerise King (Watkins & Simpson), A.M. August 13, 1920, and No. Iog1. Cerise King (Barr), H.C. August 13,1920. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 179. Esmé (Simpson), H.C. August 13, 1920. - Raised by sender. 186. Cottage Maid (Dobbie), H.C. August 13, 1920 (A.M. 1913, Dobbie). Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 168. PINK PEARL (Barr).—Plant somewhat spreading; spike long, rather loose; flowers large, cream shaded peach, lip cream shaded reddish-pink, tube cream; stock not true. * * * 178. VENUS IMPROVED (Watkins & Simpson).—Plant compact; spike long, rather loose; flowers large, delicate pink, lip cream tipped with yellow, tube white. Raised by senders. * * * 180. ARIEL (Barr).—Very similar to foregoing ; but darker, and lip cream flushed pink. Introduced by senders. * * * 179. Esmé (Simpson), H.€.—Characters as for ‘ Ariel’; but darker and centre of lower lobe paler pink. * * * 181. CERISE Kinc (Watkins & Simpson), A.M,—Plant compact ; spike long, very compact; flowers large, upper lobe cerise-pink, lower with white centre, _lip tipped with yellow, tube white. 191. CERISE KinG (Barr), H.C.—Similar to foregoing, but varies slightly in shade. * * * 186. CotTaGE Marip (Dobbie), H.C.—Spike long, rather loose; flowers large, pale rose-pink, lip tipped with yellow ; tube white. * * * 192. Exonia (R. Veitch).—Very similar to ioregoing, but flowers of a deeper shade, and spike more compact; stock not true. Raised by sender. * * * 188. Rose Pink (Simpson).—Plant compact; spike long, rather loose ; flowers of medium size, rose-pink, lip tipped with yellow, tube white. A selection from ‘ Salmon Pink.’ * ok * 187. CoRAL RosE (Barr).—Characters as foregoing, but foliage medium green, somewhat tinged with brown. 5. Flowers terra-cotta and shot shades. 175, 176. MOONLIGHT (Dobbie, Barr}).—Described in vol. 39, p.641. Stocks vary in shade of colour. * * * 231. SCARLET QUEEN (Webb).—Height 24 feet; spike long, rather loose ; flowers large, apricot flushed terra-cotta, lip orange; varies in shade. t Not listed by the sender, 368 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6. Flowers orange. 193. Farry (Simpson).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, orange overlaid pink, lip old gold shaded orange, tube white; stock not true. Raised by sender. * %* * 194, 195. TORCHLIGHT (Barr,t Watkins & Simpson).—Height 3} feet; spike long, compact; flowers large, deep orange, lip deep yellow, tube white; varies very muchin shade. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 7. Flowers orange-scarlet. Tube self. 200. DEFIANCE (Barr).—Spike long, compact ; flowers large, orange-scarlet, tube reddish-purple, lip tipped with yellow ; stock not true. * * * 199. GLow (Barr).—Plant somewhat spreading; spike long, compact ; flowers of medium size, orange-scarlet, lip orange overlaid scarlet, tube paler ; not true stock. * * * 201. ORANGE KinG (Barr).—Characters as foregoing; but looser spike and larger flowers, tube reddish-purple; varies in shade. A _ selection of *‘ Sunset.’ * * wk s 196. Beacon (Simpson).—Plant compact; spike long, compact; flowers of medium size; scarlet overlaid orange, tube pale reddish-purple, lip old gold ; varies in shade. 8. Flowers orange-scarlet. Tube white. 197. The King (Simpson), H.C. August 13, 1920. Raised by sender. 197. THE Kine (Simpson), H.C.—Spike long, very loose; flowers large, pale orange-scarlet, lip scarlet, tube white. * * * 198. FirRE Kine (Barr).—Very similar to foregoing, but generally a darker shade of orange-scarlet, lip orange overlaid scarlet. 9. Flowers carmine. Tube self. 213. CARMINEA (Simpson).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, carmine, lip tipped with yellow. 10. Flowers carmine. Tube white. 212. RosE PEARL (Barr).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, pale rose carmine with white centre on lower lobe, lip cream tipped with yellow ; varies slightly in shade. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 214. CARMINE KING (Simpson).—Spike long, compact; flowers large, bright carmine. 11. Flowers crimson. Tube self. 203. Rusy (Watkins & Simpson).—Foliage medium green, somewhat tinged brown; spike long, rather loose; flowers large, bright ruby, lip tipped with yellow. Raised by senders. i * 206. 207. CRIMSON KING (Barr, Dobbie).—Foliage medium green, tinged dark red; spike long, compact; flowers large, rich velvety crimson; stocks not true. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 204. GRANDIFLORUM CRIMSON (Simpson).—Characters as foregoing; stock not true. Introduced by Messrs. Hurst. * * * 215. VULCAN (Barr)—Resembles ‘Crimson King,’ but of a darker shade, and foliage less tinged. Introduced by sender. 216. MonarcH (Barr).—Similar to foregoing. Raised by Messrs. Hurst. 217. Beauty (Barr).—Characters as for ‘ Vulcan’; stock not true. Intro- duced by sender. . tT Not listed by the sender. ANTIRRHINUMS AT WISLEY, 1920. 369 210. WARRIOR (Simpson).—Height 24 feet; spike long, compact; flowers very large, very deep velvety crimson; stock not true. A selection from ‘ Cardinal.’ 12. Flowers crimson. Tube pale. 205. INDIAN PRINCE (Simpson).—Foliage medium green ; spike long, rather loose ; flowers large, deep velvety crimson, tube cream; in flower October 3. Raised by sender. * * * 208, BRILLIANT (Barr).—Very similar to foregoing, but foliage tinged dark red, and flowers smaller. Introduced by sender. 13. Flowers magenta. 211. GALATEA (Barr).—Spike long, rather loose ; flowers large, pale magenta, lip yellow at margin and tube white; varies slightly in shade. 15. Flowers striped. 218. SELECTED STRIPED (Dobbie).—Described in vol. xxxix. p. 642. VOL. XLVI. 2B 370 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PERENNIAL ASTERS (MICHAELMAS DAISIES) AT WISLEY, 1920. OnE hundred and sixty-eight stocks of perennial Asters were received for trial at Wisley in the autumn of r9r9._ They were planted on deeply dug ground, which had been manured, in groups of three of a variety. The plants were two feet apart and six feet separated one group from the next. Some stocks failed, or were wrongly named, and are not further referred to below, namely, Nos. 4, 38, 39, 66, 104, 124, 126, 128, 142, 153, 155. The remainder made good growth, and during September and October proved a most attractive feature of the garden and aroused a great deal of interest among visitors. Perhaps in no group of hardy perennials has so great a number of very good garden plants been raised during the last thirty years, and it is interesting to compare the lists of those grown in rgoz2 (R.H.S. Jour., vol. xxvii. p. 638) and 1907 (R.H.S. Jour., vol. xxxiii. p. 184), when the change will at once become apparent. The following, represented in the present trial, have had awards in previous years, but were not judged of sufficient excellence to figure with those recommended for awards by the Judging Committee which inspected the trials on various occasions. 115. Ophir [A.M. 1902 (V. Gibbs) ]; 66. Hilda Morris [A.M. 1907 (Jones) ] ; 108. Maidenhead [A.M. 1908 (Gibbs) ]; 85, 86. Peggy Ballard [A.M. 1910 (Ballard)]; 41. St. Egwyn [A.M. 1907 (Pollard)]; 11. White Queen [A.M. 1907 (Barr)]; 89. Cloudy Blue [A.M. 1914 (Ballard)]; 84. King Albert [A.M. 1915 (Ballard) ]; 96,97. Joan Vaughan [A.M. 1917 (Baker)]; 99. Rose Queen [A.M. 1919 (Baker) ]. In the descriptive notes which follow we have grouped the varieties first, according to height, then in each height-group, according to colour, and whether single or semi-double. The order under each colour- heading is to start with the lighter shades of the colour and progress step by step to the darker. In the notes on the individual varieties the time of flowering is indicated, and in brackets after each description the name of the “‘ type”’ to which it may be assigned is given, as a guide to the habit of the plant. The WNov- Belgit and Novae-Angliae forms are of erect growth and floriferous habit ; the evicoides, vimineus, and diffusus forms are of bushy growth and bear numerous small flowers along the arching shoots; the amellus group are dwarf, large-leaved, and bear few but large and showy flowers. The others noted are well-known species. One of the drawbacks of many perennial Asters is their proneness to running from the base so that they.tend quickly to monopolize a large space. This was much more noticeable in the old than in the PERENNIAL ASTERS AT WISLEY, 1920. 371 newer forms, and where this objectionable habit was marked we have noted it in the descriptions. At the head of each group we have put in thick type the names of the varieties belonging to it to which awards were made as a result of the present trial. The numbers prefixed to the varieties are those by which alone the plant was known until judging was completed. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. I. HEIGHT 4 FEET TO 6 FEET (pp. 376, 380). 1. Flowers white, single. 18. Maid of Colwall, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 111. Golden Fleece, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 18. Marp oF CoLwaALt (Ballard), A.M.—Height 54 feet; flowers 2 inches diameter, pure white, do not stain when old; flowering from September 18 to October 18; useful for cutting; not yet in commerce. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 13. WELLS’ WHITE (Ruys).—Height 44 feet; flowers 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 14 to October 11; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgiz.) 168. UNNAMED (Ruys).—Indistinguishable from foregoing ; running rather badly. (Novi-Belgiz.) * * * 163. SEEDLING No. 2 (Simpson).—Height 54 feet; flowers ? inch diameter ; in flower October 7 to October 29; a very showy plant; useful for cutting. (diffusus.) : * * * Y 162. SEEDLING No. 28 (Simpson).—Height 4 feet; flowers # inch diameter ; in flower September 10 to October 14; running rather badly ; similar to ‘ Coombe Fishacre White.’ (diffusus.) * * 16. AVALANCHE (Baker)—Height 4 feet; flowers 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 16 to October 16. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett. (Novi- Belgit.) * * * 17. WHITE CLIMAX (Jones).—Height 5 feet ; flowers white, fading to cream, 1% inches diameter, disc too prominent; flowering from September 20 to October 18. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * It. WHITE QUEEN (Ruys).—Height 44 feet; flowers white, when old stained pale blue, 1} inches diameter ; in flower September 14 to October 11 ; inclined to run. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 109. JOAN (Jones).—Height 44 feet ; flowers § inch diameter; disc passing from yellow to rose ; in flower September 30 to October 29. Raised by sender. (evicoides.) * * * IIIt. GOLDEN FLEECE (Jones), H.C.—Height 4 feet ; flowers 4 inch diameter ; disc very prominent, giving the flowers a creamy tinge; in flower October 3 to October 30. (evicoides.) * * 134. Datscur (Ruys).—Height 4 feet; flowers $ to 4 inch diameter; in flower October 23 to November 5; running very badly. (diffusus.) * * * _ 106. EpIE (Jones).—Height 44 feet ; flowers creamy-white, } inch diameter ; in flower October 1 to October 27; useful for cutting. Raised by sender. (evicoides.) 372 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. Flowers of pink shades. a. Single. 3. Ryecroft Pink, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. I, 2, 4. Lil Fardell, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones [A.M. 1907 (Jones) ]. 40. Mons, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett [A.M. 1919 (Wells) ]. 166. Ribston, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Simpson. 165. Miss Woodall, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Simpson. 26. Hilda, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. : 27. Mrs. Twinam, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 22. Ethel Ballard, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 26. Hitpa (Jones), H.C.—Height 44 feet; flowers 14 inches diameter, soft pink ; in flower September 28 to October 16; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgii.) * * thle 27. Mrs. TwinaAM (Jones), H,C.—Height 4 feet ; flowers 1} inches diameter, soft pink; flowering from September 16 to October 18; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 22. ETHEL BALLARD (Ballard), H.C.—Height 44 feet ; flowers mostly single, shell pink, 2 inches diameter, somewhat ragged in appearance; flowering from September 22 to October 18; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgiz.) 31. Mrs. Huson Morris (Jones).—Proved to be ‘ Ethel Ballard.’ * * * 25. GHENT (Jones).—Height 4 feet; flowers pale pink, 1} inches diameter ; in flower September 10 to October 14. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett, introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * 3. RYECROFT PINK (Ruys), A.M.—Height 54 feet; flowers pale pink, 1? to 2 inches diameter ; disc golden; in flower September 8 to October 19. (Novae- Angliae.) * * * 160. RosE McDONALD (Jones).—Height 44 feet ; flowers 1} inches diameter, pale pink; disc deep yellow; flowering from September 30 to October 27. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 140. Mrs. PERRY IMPROVED (Ruys).—Height 4 feet; flowers 14 inches diameter, pale pink; disc pale yellow; in flower August 30 to October 10; growth rather dense. (Novi-Belgit.) * * 30. Rosy Morn (Ballard).—Height 43 feet ; flowers pink, 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 18 to October 20; dense in growth. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 32. RAGTIME (Ballard).—Height 4 feet; flowers 1} inches diameter, pink ; in flower September 22 to October 18; growth rather dense. Raised by sender. — (Nov1-Belgit.) * * * I, 2, 4. Lit FARDELL (Jones, Ruys, Jones), A.M.—Height 6 feet ; flowers 24 inches diameter, rich clear pink; disc golden; in flower September 18 to October 19. (Novae-Angliae.) * * * 33. MARNE (Jones).—Height 4 feet; flowers bright deep pink, 14 inches diameter; disc golden; in flower September 18 to October 14. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett, and introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 165. Miss WoopAL.L (Simpson), H,C.—Height 4 feet; flowers rose pink, 1% inches diameter; flowering from September 28 to October 16; growth inclined to be dense. (Novi-Belgiz.) * * * 40. Mons (Wells), A.M.—Height 4 feet ; flowers bright rose-pink, 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 22 to October 27; flower buds very attractive ; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) PERENNIAL ASTERS AT WISLEY, 1920. 373 166. Ripston (Simpson), A.M.—Height 44 feet; flowers mostly single, deep rose, 1% inches diameter; flowering from September 26 to October 18 ; growth rather dense. (Novi-Belgit.) . b. Semi-Double. 79. Heather Glow, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 37. Antwerp, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett. 79. HEATHER GLow (Ballard), A.M.—Height 5 feet; flowers rose-pink, 1% inches diameter; in flower September 18 to October 20; a very effective variety ; inclined torun. (Novi-Belgii.) * “ * 37. ANTWERP (Wells), A.M.—Height 4} feet; flowers rose-pink, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 22 to October 17; useful for cutting. (Novi- Belgit.) : * * * 99. RosE QUEEN (Baker).—Height 4 feet ; flowers deep rose-tinged carmine, 2 inches diameter ; in flower September 6 to October 12; useful for cutting. Introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) 3. Flowers, pinkish mauve. a. Single. 9. Mrs. Wheeler Bennett, A.M. September 23, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Jones. 35. Ada, C. October 8, 1920. Raised by sender. 50. Mrs. J. F. GREEN (Jones).—Height 44 feet ; flowers soft pinkish-mauve, 14 inches diameter; in flower October 6 to October 22. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 49. MooNSTONE (Jones).—Height 43 feet; flowers pale pinkish-mauve, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 28 to October 21. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 9g. Mrs. WHEELER BENNETT (Jones), A.M.—Height 4} feet ; flowers pinkish- mauve, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 18 to October 21. (Novt- Belgii.) * * * 35. ADA (Jones), C.—Height 44 feet; flowers 1? to 2 inches diameter, rich pinkish-mauve ; flowering from September 30 to October 20 ; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 48. CAPTAIN FRYATT (Jones).—Height 4 feet; flowers 12 inches diameter, pale rosy-mauve ; in flower September 20 to October 21; very suitable for cutting. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett, and introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 34. GENERAL LEMAN (Jones).—Height 6 feet ; flowers deep pink tinged pale lavender, 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 18 to October 18. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett, and introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) b. Semi-Double. 43. PERRY’s PINK IMPROVED (Ruys).—Height 5} feet ; flowers pink tinged lavender, 1} inches diameter; flowering from September 16 to October ro. (Novi-Belgit.) 4. Flowers bluish-mauve. a. Single. 62, 75. Anita Ballard, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 46. Bruges, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett. 10. puniceus pulcherrimus, H.C. September 23, 1920. 88. Robinson V.C., H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett [A.M. 1918 (Wells) }. 47. Edith Mills, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 52. Brussels, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett. 76. Cleopatra, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 374 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 10. PUNICEUS PULCHERRIMUS (Ruys), H.C.—Height 5 feet; flowers pale bluish-white, 1% inches diameter; in flower September 18 to October 19; useful for cutting. (Puniceus.) * * * 20. Lity WELLS (Jones).—Height 44 feet; flowers pale pinkish-blue, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 22 to October 18; growth very dense. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgiz.) % * %* 21. BLUSH QUEEN (Jones).—Very similar to No. 20, but flowers irregular in shape. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 47. Epi1tH MILts (Jones), H.C.—Height 5 feet; flowers pale silvery mauve, 2 inches diameter; flowering from September 22 to October 22. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 45. GLADYS DONNELLAN (Jones).—Height 6 feet; flowers pale lavender, I1?to 2 inches diameter ; in flower September 26 to October 31 ; useful for cutting. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * Ja 24. LIEGE (Jones).—Height 44 feet; flowers pale blue tinged* lavender, 14inches diameter ; flowering from September 22 to October 17; growth rather dense. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett and introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgiz.) * * * 59. Miss WiLi~motT (Ruys).—Height 44 feet; flowers pale blue tinged lavender, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 5 to October 8; inclined torun. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 100. CORDEBELGII A (Ballard).—Height 5 feet; flowers mauve, I inch diameter ; in flower September 22 to October 14. Raised by sender. (Cordi- folius x Novt-Belgit.) * * * 88. RoBinson V.C. (Wells), H.C.—Height 44 feet; flowers mostly single, blue tinged mauve, 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 22 to October 18 ; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) * * 147. LAVENDER (Ruys).—Height 44 feet; flowers lavender, 14 inches diameter ; flowering from September 10 to October 15. (Novt-Belgii.) * * * 51. PERRY’S MAUVE (Ruys).—Height 44 feet; flowers pale bluish-mauve, 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 7 to October 12; inclined to run. (Nov1-Belgit.) * * * 54. Corona (Ballard).—Height 4 feet; flowers pale heliotrope, 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 18 to October 20. Raised by sender. (Nov1-Belgit.) ; *k * * 62, 75. ANITA BALLARD (Ballard, Baker), A.M.—Height 5 feet; flowers deep lavender-blue, 2 inches diameter; in flower September 10 to October 14 ; useful for cutting ; a very effective variety. (Nov1-Belgit.) * * * 46. BruGEs (Jones), A.M.—Height 5 feet; flowers mostly single, pale bluish-grey, 2 inches diameter; in flower September 26 to October 27. Intro- duced by sender. (Novi-Belgi1.) * * * ‘ 52. BrussELts (Wells), H.C.—Height 44 feet; flowers very pale blue, 12 inches diameter; in flower September 22 to October 17. (Novi-Belgiz.) * * ok 76. CLEOPATRA (Ballard), H.C.—Height 4 feet; flowers pale blue tinged white, 2 inches diameter ; in flower October 6 to October 28 ; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) b. Semi-double. 83. Wonder of Colwall, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 57. Mira, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 44. Jupiter, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 57. Mira (Ballard), H.C.—Height 4 feet ; flowers bright lilac, 2 inches diameter, rather ragged ; in flower September 7 to October 14. (Novi-Belgit.) PERENNIAL ASTERS AT WISLEY, 1920. 375 94, 95. GLorY OF CoLWALL (Ballard, Ruys).—Height 4 feet; flowers pale slate-blue, 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 28 to October 18 ; suitable for cutting. Raised by Mr. Ballard. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 44. JUPITER (Ballard), H.C.—Height 4} feet; flowers pale lavender, 1} inches diameter; in flower September 5 to October 11. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 96, 97. JOAN VAUGHAN (Ballard, Baker).—Height 4} feet; flowers deep lavender, 13 inches diameter, tips of the rays a deeper shade; flowering from September 5 to October 12; useful for cutting. Raised by Mr. Ballard. ' (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 83. WONDER OF COLWALL (Ballard), A.M.—Height 4} feet; flowers pale blue, 2 inches diameter; in flower September. 8 to October 10; useful for cutting; not yet in commerce. (Novi-Belgii.) 5. Flowers dark bluish-mauve. . a. Single. 19. Queen, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 61. Climax, A.M. October 8, 1920 [A.M. 1908 (Gibbs) ]. 69. Grace Mary Lewis, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 19. QUEEN (Jones), A.M.—Height 54 feet; flowers light blue, 1? inches diameter; flowering from September 28 to October 21; useful for cutting ; of ‘Climax’ habit. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 61. Crimax (Ruys), A.M.—Height 6 feet ; flowers clear light blue, 1? inches diameter ; in flower October 4 to October 21; very useful for cutting. (Novi- Belgit.) ; * * * 69. GrAcE Mary Lewis (Ballard), H.C.—Height 4 feet; flowers blue, 1} inches diameter; in flower September 16 to October 17; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 68. EpITH GoopwIn (Ballard).—Very similar to No. 69, but later to flower. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * 64. MAGNET (Jones).—Height 4 feet ; flowers clear blue, 14 inches diameter ; flowering from September 28 to October 18; useful for cutting; ‘ Climax’ form. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 63. MALINEsS (Jones).—Height 5 feet; flowers clear bright blue, 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 26 to October 22 ; desirable for cutting. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett, introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 67. KESTON BLUE (Jones).—Height 5 feet; flowers rich blue, 1} inches diameter ; disc deep yellow; flowering from September 22 to October 22; suitable for cutting. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgii,) * * * 72. HENRY ADAMs (Jones).—Height 5 feet; flowers dark blue, 1? inches diameter ; in flower October 2 to October 27; useful for cutting; inclined to run. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 74. FELTHAM BLUE (Ruys).—Height 44 feet; flowers clear dark blue, 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 7 to October 14; disc golden. (Novi-Belgii.) b. Semi-double. 70, 71. Blue Gem, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard [A.M. 1918 (Baker) ]. 70, 71. BLUE Gem (Ballard, Baker), A.M.—Height 5 feet; flowers deep blue, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 28 to October 18; useful for cutting. Introduced by Messrs. Baker. (Novt-Belgii.) 376 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6. Flowers purple, single. 60. PERRY’s BLUE (Ruys).—Height 4 feet; flowers bright lilac-blue, 1+ to 1} inches diameter ; flowering from September 20 to October 20. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 58. Mrs. FRANK BRAZIER (Ruys).—Height 4 feet; flowers clear bright lilac-blue, 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 22 to October 18; desirable for cutting ; inclined torun. (Novi-Belgit.) * ae * 55. SATURN (Ballard) —Height 44 feet; flowers pale blue tinged purple, - 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 16 to October 8. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) 7. Flowers rosy-purple. a. Single. 5, 6, 8. Mrs. S. T. Wright, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones [A.M. 1907 (Jones) ]. 5, 6, 8. Mrs. S. T. Wricut (Jones, Ruys, Jones), A.M.—Height 54 feet ; flowers rosy-purple, 2 inches diameter; in flower September 8 to October 21 ; useful for cutting. (Novae-Angliae.) b. Semi-double. 87. Brightest and Best, A.M. October 8, 1920.—Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett (A.M. 1918 (Wells) ]. 87. BRIGHTEST AND BEsT (Wells), A.M.—Height 6 feet; flowers deep rosy- purple, 14 inches diameter; flowering from September 30 to October 26; desirable for cutting. Introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) 8. Flowers bluish-purple, single. 7. Ryecroft Purple, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 7. RYECROFT PuRPLE (Ruys), H.C.—Height 4 feet; flowers rich bluish- purple, 1? inches diameter; in flower August 30 to October 19; useful for cutting. (Novae-Angliae.) II. HEIGHT 2 TO 34 FEET (pp. 371, 380). A. HABIT MORE OR LESS ERECT (p. 378). 1. Flowers white. a. Single. 15. Mr. S. A. DE GRAAF (Ruys).—Height 2} feet ; flowers 1 inch diameter ; in flower September 14 to October 3. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 12. Doris (Ruys).—Height 3 feet; flowers 14 inches diameter, stained pale blue when old; in flower August 30 to October 1; growth dense. (Novi- Belgii.) * * * 14. FINCHLEY WHITE (Ruys).—Characters as for‘ Doris,’ but with larger flowers ; flowering from August 16 to October 3. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 158. Mrs. BERKELEY (Ruys).—Height 10 inches; flowers ? inch diameter ; disc yellow; in flower August 28 to September 29. (Acris.) Included here, though dwarf, on account of habit. b. Semi-double. 77, 78.3.8. Baker, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard [A.M. 1916 (Baker) }. 77, 78. J. S. BAKER (Baker, Ballard), H.C.—Height 3 feet ; flowers 14 inches diameter, stained bluish-pink when old ; in flower September 10 to October 16 ; useful for cutting. Introduced by Messrs. Baker. (Novi-Belgii.) PERENNIAL ASTERS AT WISLEY, 1920. 377 2. Flowers pink. a. Single. 161. Mrs. Frank Penn, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones [ A.M. 1913 (Jones)]. 28. Walloon, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett. 29. Lady Lloyd, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 41. St. Eawyn (Ruys).—Height 3 feet ; flowers pale pink, 14 inches diameter ; flowering from September 10 to October 14; habit very bushy. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 56. THELMA PERRY (Ruys).—Height 3 feet; flowers pale pink, 14 inches diameter; disc deep yellow; in flower September 18 to October 12. (Novi- Belgi1.) * * * 23. Namur (Wells).—Height 3 feet; flowers soft pale pink, 14 to 14 inches diameter ; flowering from August 30 to October 14; growth very dense. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett. (Novi-Belgit.) * * 29. Lapy Lioyp (Ballard), H.C.—Height 2? feet; flowers pink, 14 inches across ; in flower September 18 to October 20. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 28. WALLOON (Jones), H.C.—Height 3 feet ; flowers pink, 14 inches diameter ; flowering from September 8 to October 14; rather dense in growth; running very badly. Introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 164. SEEDLING No. 3 (Simpson).—Height 3 feet; flowers bright pink, 1} inches diameter ; in flower September 10 to October 14; habit bushy. Raised by sender. (Nov1-Belgit.) * * 36. NursE CAVELL (Jones).—Height 34 feet; flowers deep pink, 1} inches across ; flowering from September 18 to October 28; habit bushy; inclined torun. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett, introduced by sender. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 161. Mrs. FRANK PENN (Jones), A.M.—Height 3} feet; flowers deep pink, 1} inches diameter ; in flower September 30 to October 22. © (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 42. EDNA MERCIER (Ruys).—Height 34 feet; flowers bright pinkish-red, ¢ inch diameter ; in flower August 30 to October 7; habit bushy. (Novi-Belgii.) b. Semi-double. 82. Dick Ballard, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 82. Dick BALLARD (Ballard), A.M.—Height 2 feet; flowers rosy pink, 1} inches diameter ; flowering from September 8 to October 20; buds very attrac- tive. (Novi-Belgii.) 3. Flowers pale lilac, single. 159. Acris, H.C. September 23, 1920. 53. Empress (Ballard)—Height 3 feet; flowers 2 inches diameter, rays rather loose ; in flower September 10 to October ro ; useful for cutting. Raised by sender. Not yetincommerce. (Novi-Belgii.) * * * 159. Acris (Ruys), H.C.—Height 2} feet ; flowers 14 inches diameter, rays stellate ; flowering from August 28 to October 10. (Acris.) 4. Flowers pale blue, single. 65. Moonlight, H.C, October 8, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 65. Moonticut (Ballard), H.C.—Height 34 feet ; flowers 2 inches diameter ; flowering from September 26 to October 14; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) 378 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5. Flowers bluish-mauve, semt-double. 92, 93. Beauty of Colwall, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard [F.C.C. 1907 (Ballard) }. 80, 81. Rachel Ballard, A.M. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard. 92, 93. BEAUTY OF CoOLWALL (Ballard, Ruys), A.M.—Height 3} feet ; flowers deep lavender-blue, 1? inches diameter; flowering from September 8 to October 14; useful for cutting. (Novi-Belgit.) * * * 89. CLoupy BLUE (Ballard).—Height 3 feet; flowers pale blue, 2 inches diameter; flowering from September 20 to October 16. Raised by sender. (Novi-Belgit.) : * * * 85, 85. PEGGY BALLARD (Ruys, Ballard).—Height 34 feet; flowers rosy- lilac, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 30 to October 20. Raised by Mr. Ballard. (Novi-Belgit.) * * 80, 81. RACHEL BALLARD (Ballard, Baker), A.M.—Height 2 feet; flowers rosy-lilac, 1} inches diameter ;. flowering from September 22 to October 18. (Novi-Belgii.) 6. Flowers dark bluish-mauve, single. 73. Cardinal Mercier, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett. 73. CARDINAL MERCIER (Jones), H.C.-—Height 3 feet; flowers dark blue, 1% inches diameter ; flowering from September 16 to October 16, growth some- what dense. (Novi-Belgit.) * cd 84. KinG ALBERT (Ballard).—Height 2 feet ; flowers bluish-violet, 14 inches diameter ; in flower September 23 to October 20. Raised by sender. (Novi- Belgii.) 7. Flowers deep purple tinged lilac, semi-double. 90, 91. Nancy Ballard, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Mr. Ballard [A.M. 1912 (Ballard) }. 90, 91. NANcy BALLARD (Ruys, Ballard), H.C.—Height 34 feet; flowers 14 inches diameter ; flowering from September 22 to October 16. (Novi-Belgiz.) B. HABIT BUSHY (p. 376.) 1. Flowers white, single. 107. Chastity, A.M. October 8, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Baker [A.M. 1909 (Gibbs) ] as ‘ Bianca.’ 125. Golden Rain, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 127. Vimineus, H.C. October 8, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 167. BIANCA (Ruys).—Height 3} feet; flowers # inch diameter; flowering from September 30 to October 27; useful for cutting. (diffusus.) 107. CHASTITY (Baker), A.M.—A very good form of ‘ Bianca.’ * * * 108. MAIDENHOOD (Ruys).—Height 3 feet; flowers 4 inch diameter; in flower September 30 to October 29. (ericoldes.) * * * 127. VIMINEUS (Ruys), H.C.—Height 3 feet; flowers 4 inch diameter ; flowering from September 30 to October 26; habit bushy. * * * 105. TRADESCANTI (Ruys).—Height 3 feet ; flowers ? inch across ; in flower October 2 to October 30; habit bushy. *K * * 125. GOLDEN RAIN (Jones), A.M.—Height 3 feet; flowers creamy-white, 5 inch diameter; disc yellow; flowering from September 30 to October 28 ; habit erect. (vimineus.) PERENNIAL ASTERS AT WISLEY, 1920. 379 2. Flowers pink, single. 113. May, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 129. Dorothy, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 131. RONNIE (Jones).—Height 3 feet; flowers white tinged pink, 4 inch diameter; in flower September 26 to October 26; habit bushy. Raised by sender. (vimineus.) * *% od 113. May (Jones), H.C.—Height 3 feet; flowers white tinted pink, $ inch diameter ; in flower October 7 to October 27. (ericoides.) * * * 112. Gtapys ADAms (Jones).—Height 3 feet; flowers dull white tinged pink, § inch diameter; flowering from October 5 to October 28. Raised by sender. (ericoides.) * * * 129. DorotHy (Jones), H.C.—Height 2} feet; flowers very pale pink, 4 inch diameter; flowering from September 22 to October 25; compact habit. (vimineus.) * * * 130. PEARL (Jones).—Very similar to ‘ Dorothy,’ but of darker colour and dwarfer habit. Raised by sender. (vimineus.) * of * 115. OPHIR (Ruys).—Height 3 feet; flowers pale pink, % inch diameter ; in flower September 8 to October 14. Raised by Mr. E. Beckett. (ericoides.) 3. Blowars bluish-mauve, single. 118. Silver Gem, A.M, October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 110. Katherine, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 102. Ideal, H.C. October 8, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 123. Mrs. A. E. Underdown, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. ones. : 119. Amy, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 116. Mona, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Jones. 114. CONNIE (Jones).—Height 3 feet; flowers white tinged lavender, 4 inch diameter ; in flower October 7 to October 30; useful for cutting. Raised by sender. (ericotdes.) * * * 102. IDEAL (Ruys), H.C.—Height 3 feet; flowers pale mauve, } inch diameter; flowering September 22 to October 28; suitable for cutting. (cordifolius.) * * * 123. Mrs. A. E. UNDERDOWN (Jones), H.C.—Height 3 feet; flowers pale lavender, § inch diameter ; in flower September 30 to October 28. (ericoides.) * * * 133. YVETTE RICHARDSON (Jones).—Height 24 feet ; flowers pale lavender, I inch diameter ; disc yellow ; flowering from October 10 to October 29 ; habit compact. Raised by sender. (vimineus.) * * * 132. STARLIGHT (Jones).—Height 24 feet; flowers lilac-mauve, 4 inch diameter ; disc pale yellow; in flower September 26 to October 26; growth rather dense. Raised by sender. (vimineus.) * * * 135. SHORTII (Ruys).—Height 34 feet; flowers pale lilac-blue, 14 inches diameter ; rays stellate; disc very pale yellow ; flowering from August 30 to October 8. *” * * 118. SILVER GEM (Jones), A.M.—Height 34 feet; flowers silver tinged lavender, § inch diameter ; flowering from September 28 to October 26; useful for cutting. (ericoides.) * * * 120. MARGARET (Jones).—Height 3 feet ; flowers pale grey, § inch diameter ; flowering from October 7 to October 27. Raised by sender. (ericoides.) 380 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 119. Amy (Jones), H.C.—Height 3 feet; flowers silvery mauve, § inch diameter; in flower September 30 to October 26; useful for cutting ; graceful habit. (ervtcoides.) * * * 117. Mrs. FarLEy (Jones).—Height 34 feet; flowers rosy-grey, § inch diameter ; in flower September 28 to October27. Raised bysender. (ericoides.) * * * 110, KATHERINE (Jones),_ A.M.—Height 3 feet; flowers rosy-mauve, ? inch diameter ; flowering from September 30 to October 29; useful for cutting. (evicoides.) * * * 116. Mona (Jones), H.C.—Height 2 feet; flowers rosy-mauve, 4% inch diameter; disc old rose; in flower September 26 to October 27; gracéful habit. (ericoides.) 4. Flowers dark bluish-mauve, single. 121. Blue Star, H.C. October 8, 1920. Sent and raised by Messrs. Jones. 121. BLUE STAR (Jones), H.C.—Height 34 feet; flowers pale blue, $ inch diameter ; flowering from October 7 to October 30. (ericoides.) * * * 122. Mr. ARTHUR G. N. LAUNDER (Jones).—Very similar to ‘ Blue Star,’ but flowers smaller and paler ; disc a deeper shade of yellow. Raised by sender. (evicoides.) * * * 103. MaGniFicus (Ruys).—Height 3 feet; flowers dark lilac-blue, 1 inch diameter; in flower September 22 to October 28. (cordifolius.) * * * 1or1. CORDEBELGII B (Ballard).—Height 3 feet; flowers dark blue, 1} inches diameter; disc pale yellow ; flowering from September 22 to October 30. Raised by sender. (cordifolius x Novt-Belgit.) III. HEIGHT I FOOT TO 2 FEET (pp. 371, 376). 1. Flowers pink, single. 141. Wienholzi, A.M. September 23, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 143. Perry’s Favourite, H.C. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Perry [A.M. 1904 (Perry) ]. 141. WIENHOLTZI (Ruys), A.M.—Height 22 inches; flowers pale pink, 2} inches diameter; disc deep yellow ; flowering from September 8 to October 20 ; useful for cutting. (amelilus.) * % 143. PERRY’S FAVOURITE (Ruys), H.C.—Height 2} feet; flowers pink, 12 inches diameter ; flowering from September 18 to October 25 ; useful for cutting. (amellus.) k * * 136. MADAME POICHAUVIN (Ruys).—Height 2 feet ; flowers deep rosy-pink, 14 inches diameter; in flower September 22 to October 30. (amellus.) * bg * 137, 138. MADAME GAUGUIN (Ruys, Baker).—Height 15 inches; flowers very deep rose-pink, 13 inches diameter; flowering from September 18 to October 26. (amellus.) 2. Flowers pinkish-mauve, single. 144, 145. Beauty of Ronsdorf, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Arends [A.M. 1913 (Ware) ]. 149. Rubellus, A.M. October 8, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 146. Lavanda, H.C. September 23, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Baker. 146. LavaANDA (Baker), H.C.—Height 22 inches; flowers pale lavender, 2} inches diameter; disc golden ; in flower September 10 to October 24; useful for cutting. (amellus.) * * 145. BEAUTY OF RONSDORF (Baker), 144. SCHONE VON RoNspoRF (Ruys), lavender-pink, 24 inches diameter; disc golden; flowering from September 18 to October 26; useful for cutting. (amellus.) \ A.M.—Height 20 inches ; flowers pale PERENNIAL ASTERS AT WISLEY, 1920. 381 149. RUBELLUS (Ruys), A.M.—Height 2 feet; flowers lavender-pink, 2 inches diameter; disc yellow; in flower September 18 to October 21; useful for cutting. (amellus.) a * H 98. LUTETIA (Ruys).—Height 24 feet; flowers 2} inches diameter, soft rosy-lilac ; in flower September 8 to November 3 ; useful for cutting. (amellus x Novi-Belgit.) 3. Flowers bluish-mauve, single. 150, 151. King George, F.C.C. September 23, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys, Wells [A.M. 1914 (Perry) ]. 148. Rudolph Goethe, A.M. September 23, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 156. THOMSONII ; : ; i 7. THOMSONII NANUS (Ruys).—Height 1 foot; flowers light lilac-blue, 24 inches diameter; disc golden; in flower August 16 to October 26. * * * 148. RUDOLPH GOETHE (Ruys), A.M.—Height 2 feet; flowers lavender- blue, 24 inches diameter; disc golden; flowering from September 7 to October 20; suitable for cutting. (amellus.) * * * 150, 151. KING GEORGE (Ruys, Wells), F.C.C.—Height 2} feet; flowers 2% inches diameter, bluish-violet; disc golden; in flower September 7 to October 14; very useful for cutting. (amellus.) 4. Flowers dark bluish-mauve, single. 152. Cassubicus, A.M. September 23, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 139. Mrs. Perry, A.M. October 8, 1920. Raised by Messrs. Perry. 154. Beauté parfaite, H.C. September 23, 1920. Sent by Messrs. Ruys. 152. CAssuBIcUS (Ruys), A.M.—Height 2 feet; flowers violet, 2 inches diameter; disc yellow; flowering from September 7 to October 19; suitable for cutting. (amellus.) * * * 154. BEAUTE PARFAITE (Ruys), H.C.—Height 2 feet; flowers dark violet, 2 inches diameter; disc deep yellow; in flower September 8 to October 19; useful for cutting. (amellus.) * * * 139. Mrs. Perry (Ruys), A.M.—Height 20 inches; flowers blue tinged purple, 1% inches diameter; disc deep yellow; flowering from September 10 to October 24; useful for cutting. (amellus.) 382 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. EARLY PEAS: At WISLEY, 1920: OnE hundred and twenty stocks of peas were sent for inclusion in the trial at Wisley in r920. They were sown on March 3, on ground that had been dug and manured with pig manure in the autumn of 191g, the distances between the rows varying from 3 feet 6 inches for the dwarf to 6 feet for the tall varieties. Almost all stocks germin- ated well and made excellent growth. They were staked on April 20. Most varieties attained a height somewhat greater than that claimed for them, and they are classified below accordingly. It became necessary to fix an arbitrary date beyond which a variety should not be regarded as first early, and June rr was chosen ; and another, beyond which a variety could not be included even among the second- early varieties, viz. June 20. The time of readiness was decided not by the earliest pod but by the time a good picking could be secured from the row (33 feet). A comparison of the classification of the peas in the previous trial in 1915 with the present one shows that almost without exception the varieties represented in both trials have behaved the same as regards season in both. In some instances it will be seen that some stocks of a variety are earlier than others, and this may be due to (rz) differences in the localities from which the seed was derived, (2) selection for earliness, or (3) untrueness of a proportion of the stock. The stocks were, on the whole, fairly true and good, but in some cases care had not been taken to rogue for regularity of height, or shape of pod, or colour of pod. It is probable that if mass selection, still depended upon by some in the “ fixing ”’ of new varieties, were abandoned, and the practice of growing from individuals adopted, and from among their progeny selecting pure lines, a very great deal of the necessity for continued selection and roguing would be obviated. It will be noticed that one or two varieties usually regarded as maincrop varieties gave crops sufficiently early to be included among the early varieties, thus showing their great value for several purposes, their season varying with date of sowing. A considerable number proved too late for inclusion ; these are not further alluded to below, viz., Nos. 15, 39, 41-43, 46, 48, 49, 52, 55, 56, 58, 60, 70, roo, 108, IIo, 113, 115-118, 120. The Judging Committee inspected the trial at intervals, and in making recommendations for awards took into consideration not only the cropping capacity of the varieties and their earliness, but also the flavour and size of the peas, the yield of peas for the volume of pods (green peas are usually sold by volume), the colour of the pod— the dark pod finding the greatest favour since it remains fresh-looking longer—and the ease of shelling. Upon this basis they made the following recommendations : EARLY PEAS AT WISLEY, 1920. 383 Award of Merit. rt. Reading Wonder, sent by Messrs. Sutton. 47. Prosperity, sent by Messrs. Toogood. 54. Electricity, sent by Messrs. Cooper-Taber. 59. Skipper, sent by Messrs. Laxton. 71. Aviator, sent by Messrs. Laxton. 72. S. T. Wright, sent by Messrs. Laxton. 73, 74. Admiral Beatty, sent by Messrs. Laxton, Nutting. 79, 80. Primo, sent by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, Nutting. 114. Duke of Albany, sent by Messrs. Sutton (A.M. 1916 [Sutton]). Highly Commended. 7, Chelsea Gem, sent by Messrs. Sutton (F.C.C. 1887 [J. Veitch)]). 28, 30. Little Marvel, sent by Messrs, Sutton, R. Veitch (A.M. 1902 [Sutton)]). 35. Prince Arthur, sent by Messrs. Sutton. 37. Paragon, sent by Mr. Dawkins. 40. Reading Market, sent by Messrs. Sutton. 44, 45. Superb, sent by Messrs.- Nutting, Toogood (A.M. ror3 [Laxton)]). 50. Harbinger, sent by Mr. Holmes. 55, 50. King Edward, sent by Messrs. Simpson, Sutton (A.M. rorr [Sutton ]). 62. Earliest of All, sent by Messrs. Barr. 65. Ringleader, sent by Messrs. Sutton. 82, 83. Thomas Laxton, sent by Messrs. Barr, Nutting (A.M. 1915 {Barr)]). 98. Pilot Improved, sent by Messrs. Sutton. tor. Royal Standard, sent by Mr. Sowman. rr1z. Edwin Beckett, sent by Messrs. Nutting (F.C.C. rg0o [Beckett]). Commended. 13. Radium, sent by Messrs. Dicks. 18. Peter Pan, sent by Messrs. R. Veitch. 19, 20, 21. Marvellous, sent by Messrs. Simpson, Dawkins, Kelway. 61. Earliest of All, sent by Messrs. Kelway. 67, 68, 69. Eclipse, sent by Messrs. Sutton, Nutting, Kelway. 75, 76, 77. World’s Record, sent by Messrs. Kelway, Simpson, Sutton (A.M. r9r5 [Sutton)). 82, 83. Thomas Laxton, sent by Messrs. Barr, Nutting (A.M. r9r5 [Barr)]). 85. William I., sent by Messrs. Barr. 86. William I. Improved, sent by Messrs. Sutton (F.C.C. rors [Barr, Sutton]). 88. Bountiful, sent by Messrs. Sutton. g6. Dora, sent by Mr. Lowder. In addition to those which are pointed out above as having previously obtained awards, the following, which had gained awards in previous years, were 384 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. represented in the trials, but were not regarded in the present trial as of such high standard as to merit one in comparison with others in the trial, viz. : No. 2, Harbinger (A.M. 1915 [Sutton]); No. 11, Green Gem (A.M. 1905 [Sutton]) ; No. 34, Hundredfold (A.M. 1910 [Sutton]) ; Nos. 25, 26, Laxtonian (A.M. 1910 [Carter]); Nos. 31-33, Excelsior (A.M. 1905 [Sutton]); No. 36, The Sherwood (A.M. 1901 [Hurst, Sutton]) ; Nos. 94, 95, Exonian (F.C.C. 1887 [R. Veitch]) ; Nos. 91, 92, Gradus (F.C.C. 1887 [Laxton]) ; No. 105, Ai (A.M. 1915 [Sutton]) ; No. 106, Western Express (A.M. 1902 [R. Veitch]) ; Nos. 90, 93, Ideal (F.C.C. 1903 [Sutton]) ; No. 102, Duchess of York (A.M. 1915 [Sutton)) ; No. 84, Ameer (A.M. 1901 [Sutton]). In arranging the peas in this report and in indicating likenesses etc., we have been greatly assisted by Messrs. S. B. Dicks and Giles and we take this opportunity of expressing our thanks to them. ‘ NOTES AND DESCRIPTION. I. First EARLY VARIETIES. (a) r to 1} foot. 1. Seeds round. *6. E1GHT WEEKS (Barr).—Haulm 13 inches, dark green ; pods single, straight, 3 inches, rather pointed, very dark green; peas of medium size, bright green, 7 or 8ina pod; crop good. Ready June ii. Introduced by Messrs. Carter. 2. Seeds Wrinkled. I. READING WONDER (Sutton), A.M. June 11, 1920.—Haulm 16 inches, stout, dark green; pods double, straight, 3 inches, blunt, dark green; peas large, bright green, 7 or 8ina pod ; sweetand juicy ; crop good. Ready JunelIt. Raised by senders. * * * 2. HARBINGER (Sutton).—Described vol. xli. p. 283; crop good. Ready June 11. Raised by senders. * * 3, 4, 5. AMERICAN WONDER (Sutton, Barr, Kelway).—Described in vol. 41, p. 284. No. 3, like the original stock, had lighter pods than Nos. 4, 5, while No. 5 was very mixed. Introduced by Messrs. Sutton, from America. * * * 7. CHELSEA GEM (Sutton), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm medium, dark green ; pods single, somewhat curved, 3 inches, slightly pointed, dark green ; peas large, light bright green, 8 in a pod; crop good. Ready Junei1. Intro- duced by Messrs. J. Veitch. (b) 2:t0 4 feet. 1. Seeds wrinkled. 28, 30. LITTLE Marve (Sutton, R. Veitch), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm 2 feet, medium green; pods in pairs, 3 inches, blunt, straight, dark green ; peas of medium size, bright green, 6 or 7in a pod; crop good. Ready June It. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. 27, 29, 119. LITTLE MARVEL (Barr, Nutting, Kelway).—Similar to foregoing, but contained rogues. * * * 13. Rapium (Dicks), C., June 11, 1920.—Scarcely distinct from ‘ Little Marvel,’ but haulm darker. Crop good. Ready June 11. Raised by sender. (c) 3 to 4% feet. 1. Seeds vound. 62. EARLIEST OF ALL (Barr), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm stout, medium green; pods single, 24 inches, blunt, straight, dark green; peas of medium size, light green, 7 or 8in a pod; crop good. Ready June Ir. 61. EARLIEST OF ALL (Kelway), C., June 11, 1920.—Stock very irregular in height. * See footnote, p. 359. EARLY PEAS AT WISLEY, 1920. 385 67, 68, 69. EcLIPsE (Sutton, Nutting, Kelway), C, June 11, 1920.—Characters as for ‘ Earliest of All’; crop good. Ready June 11. Raised by Messrs. Harrison of Leicester. 86. WiLLIAM I. ImpROvED (Sutton), C. June 11, 1920.—Described vol. xli. Pp. 283; crop good. Ready June 11. Raised by sender. * * * 64. SANGSTER’S No. 1 (Sutton).—Haulm stout, dark green; pods in pairs, 24 inches, blunt, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, light green, 7 peas in a pod; crop medium. Ready Junerr. 111. First AND Best (Kelway).—Characters as foregoing, except pods single, 3 inches; crop medium. Ready June 11. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Dickson. * * * 65. RINGLEADER (Sutton), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm stout, light green ; pods single, 3 inches, blunt, straight, medium green ; peas large, light green, 6 or 7 peas in a pod; crop good. Ready June 11. MRaised by sender. 2. Seeds wrinkled. 104. First oF ALL (Sutton).—Haulm 3 to 33 feet, stout, light green ; pods single, straight, pointed, 34 inches, medium green; peas large, medium green, 8 or 9 peas in a pod; crop good. Ready June 11, bearing over a long season. Raised by sender. * * * 81. May QuEEN (Sutton).—Described in vol. xli. p. 282. Crop medium, and many pods failed to fill properly. Ready June 11. Raised by sender. » II. S—EconD EARLY VARIETIES. (a) 1 to rf feet. 1. Seeds wrinkled. 22. WARWICKSHIRE PRIDE (Simpson).—Haulm stout, dark green; pods in pairs, straight, light green, blunt, 3? inches; peas large, light green, 5 or 6 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 20. * * * 10. SEEDLING (Sutton).—Haulm stout, dark green; pods single, straight, 2% to 3 inches, light green, rather pointed ; peas of medium size, bright green, 7 peas ina pod; crop good. Ready Junei7. Raised by sender. * * ue 8, 9. CHELSEA GEM (R. Veitch, Kelway).—Haulm stout, medium green ; pods in pairs, pointed, 24 to 3 inches, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, light bright green, 6 or 7 peas in a pod; crop good. Ready June 16. Raised by Messrs. J. Veitch. Compare No. 7. a * * II. GREEN GEM (Sutton).—Haulm medium, dark green; pods single, 34 inches, somewhat pointed, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, 7 or 8 peas in a pod, medium green; crop good. Ready June 18. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. * on * 51. REFERENDUM (Kelway).—Haulm stout, medium green; pods single, 3% inches, somewhat blunt, somewhat curved, dark green; peas large, 80rgina pod, bright green ; crop very good. Ready June 20. Introduced by sender. (b) 2 to 3 feet, 1. Seeds round. 44, 45. SUPERB (Nutting, Toogood), H.C. June 11, 19z0o.—Haulm stout, medium green; pods single, 4 inches, blunt, somewhat curved, dark green ; peas large, bright green, 8 or 9 in a pod; crop very good. Ready June 12. Raised by Messrs. Laxton. 99. SUPERB (Kelway).—This stock contained rogues of the broad-podded type. * * ” 107. EARLY SUNRISE (Kelway).—Haulm stout, dark green; pods mostly single, 3 inches, blunt, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, light green, 6 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 17. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Day. VOL. XLVI. 2c 386 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. Seeds wrinkled. 34. HUNDREDFOLD (Sutton).—Haulm 2 feet, stout, dark green ; pods single, 34 inches, pointed, somewhat curved, medium green; peas large, bright green, 7 or 8 in a pod; crop good; Ready June 19. Raised by sender. * * * 37. ParaGon (Dawkins), H.C. June 21, 1920.—Characters as foregoing, except pods somewhat blunt and more curved; crop very good. Ready June 19. Not yet in commerce. * * * 25. LAXTONIAN (Simpson).—Character as No. 37, except haulm medium green ; pods straight, 7 or 9g peasin a pod; crop good. Ready June 17. * * * 26. LAXTONIAN (Nutting), differed from No. 25 in its darker foliage, and more pointed curved pods; crop good. Ready June 21. Raised by Messrs. Laxton. * * * 3I, 32, 33. ExcrLsior (Barr, Nutting, Sutton).—Characters as for ‘ Laxtonian,’ except height 2 foot 3 inches ; pods blunt, light green; peas light green, inclined to be slightly mealy. Ready June 18. No. 31 was paler than Nos. 32 and 33. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. * * * 23. ENGLISH WONDER (Simpson).—Haulm 2 feet, stout, medium green; pods in pairs, 2% inches, blunt, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, 6 or 7 peas in a pod, bright green; crop good. Ready June 18. * * * 24. WiLL1AM Hurst (Kelway).—Proved to be a pointed form of ‘ English Wonder’; crop good. Ready June 20. * * af 14. WITHAM WONDER (Kelway).—Haulm 2 feet, stout, dark green; pods in pairs, 3} inches, rather pointed, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, bright green, 7 peas in a pod; crop good. Ready June 20. Raised by Messrs. Cooper-Taber. * * cd 36. THE SHERWOOD (Kelway).—Described in vol. xliil. p. 502. Crop medium. Ready June Ig. * * * 12. Micuty Atom (Dicks).—Haulm 2 feet, stout, medium to dark green ; pods single, 3} inches, rather pointed, straight, medium green; peas large, bright green, 8 tightly packed peas in a pod; crop medium. Ready June 16. This stock contained taller rogues and forms with curved pods. Raised by sender. * * ‘ * 18. PETER PAN (R. Veitch), C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm 2 feet, stout, medium green; pods single, 4 inches, rather pointed, straight, dark green; peas large, bright green, 8 or 9 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 12. Introduced by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 16, 17. PETER Pan (Watkins & Simpson, Barr).—Similar to foregoing but later. Ready June 18. * * * 19. MARVELLOUs (Simpson), C. June 11,1920. Haulm 2 feet 3 inches, stout, medium green ; pods single, 4 inches, pointed, straight, dark green ; peas large, bright green, 7 or 8in a pod; crop good. Ready June 12. Raised by Messrs. Hurst. 20, 21. MARVELLOUS (Dawkins, Kelway), C. June 11, 1920.—Characters as foregoing, except pods 2# inches, blunt. 35. PRINCE ARTHUR (Sutton), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Characters as in Nos. 20, 21, except pods 3? inches; flavour of peas very sweet and juicy. Raised by sender. * * * 40. READING MARKET (Sutton), H.C. June 21, 1920.—Haulm 2} feet, stout, medium green; pods single, 34 inches, blunt, straight, medium green ; peas large, bright green, 7 or 8 in a pod; crop very good. Ready June Ig. Raised by sender, not yet introduced. ‘ * 38. PIONEER (Sutton) —Haulm 2 feet, stout, medium green; pods single, 32 inches, pointed, slightly curved, medium green; peas large, bright green, EARLY PEAS AT WISLEY, 10920. 387 8 or 9 in a pod, flavour sweet; crop medium. Ready June 19. This stock contained several plants with larger and broader pods than the truetype. Raised by sender. * * * 103. EMPRESS OF INDIA (Sutton).—Haulm 3 feet, stout, light green ; pods single, 34 inches, pointed, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, light green, 6 or 7 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 15. Raised by sender. (c) 3 to 44 feet. 1. Seeds round. 50. HARBINGER (Holmes), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm stout, medium green; pods in pairs, 4 inches, blunt, straight, dark green; peas of medium size, bright green, 8 in a pod; flavour sweet; crop good. Ready June 12. Raised by sender., Differs from No. 2. Needs selection. * * * 57. EARLY SOMERSET (Kelway).—Haulm stout, light green; pods single, 34 inches, blunt, serpette, medium green; peas of medium size, light green, 8 in a pod; crop medium. Ready June 12. Introduced by sender. * * * 89. ACQUISITION (Sutton)—Haulm stout, medium green; pods mostly single, 4 inches, pointed, straight, medium green; peas large, light green, 8 or 9 peas in a pod; crop good. Ready June 16. Raised by sender. * * * 98. Pitot ImprRoveED (Sutton), H.C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm light green ; pods single, 34 inches, rather blunt, straight, dark green; peas large, bright green, 7 or 8in a pod; crop good. Ready June 15. 97. THE Pitot (R. Veitch).—Characters as foregoing, except pods pointed, slightly curved backwards; crop medium. Ready June 12. * * * 79, 80. Primo (Watkins & Simpson, Nutting), A.M. June 11, 1920.—Haulm stout, medium green; pods single, 34 to 4 inches, straight, pointed, medium green ; peas large, bright green, 8orginapod; cropvery good. Ready Junei1z2. Raised by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. * * * 109. EssEx STAR (Cooper-Taber)—Haulm stout, light green; pods in pairs, 3? inches, rather pointed, curved, medium green ; peas large, deep green, 9 or Io tightly packed peas in a pod; crop good. Ready Junetg. Introduced by Messrs. Cullen. * * * 85. WiLttAMm I. (Barr), C. June 11, 1920.—Haulm stout, medium green ; pods in pairs, 3 inches, pointed, curved, dark green ; peas of medium size, bright green, 8 orgina pod; crop good. Ready Junei2. Raised by Messrs. Laxton. Compare No. 86, which is quite distinct. * * * 87. STANDWELL (Cooper-Taber).—Characters as foregoing, except pods single, 4 inches, blunter, medium green; peas large, light green, 9 or Io in a pod. Ready June 16. Raised by sender. * * * 66. EARLIEST BLUE (Sutton)—Haulm stout, medium green; pods medium green, single, 3 inches, blunt, straight ; peas small, light yellowish green, 6 or ~ 7 in a pod; crop medium. Ready June 12. Raised by sender. 2. Seeds wrinkled. 96. Dora (Lowder), C. June 21, 1920——Haulm sturdy, medium green ; pods in pairs, 3$ inches, rather pointed, light green; peas large, light green, 8ina pod ; crop very good. Ready June 20. Raised and introduced by sender. * o>’ *” 94. ExoniAn (Nutting)—Haulm 3} feet, stout, medium green ; pods single, . 3 inches, blunt, straight, dark green, peas large, bright green, 7 or 8 in a pod, flavour inclined to be mealy; crop good. Ready June 12. Raised by Messrs. R. Veitch. 95. EXonIAn (R. Veitch) —A mixed stock of foregoing, contained pointed and blunt pods. 388 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 75, 70,77. WoRLpD’s REcoRD (Kelway, Simpson, Sutton), C. June 21, 1920.— Described in vol. xli. p. 283; crop good. Ready June 18. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. 78. WORLD’s ReEcorD (Toogood).—Characters as foregoing, but very irregular in height. * * * gI, 92. Grapus (Barr, Nutting) —Described in vol. xliii. p. 505; height 44 feet; crop good. Ready June 19. Raised by Messrs. Laxton. 47. PROSPERITY (Toogood), A.M. June 11, 1920.—Characters of ‘ Gradus,’ of which this was a very good stock; crop very good. Ready June 12. 106. WESTERN ExpREss (R. Veitch)—A mixed stock of ‘ Gradus’ type; crop good. Ready June 19. Raised by sender. * * He 105. A 1 (Sutton).—Described in vol. xli. p. 281; height 34 feet; crop good. Ready June 14. Raised by sender. * « * 90, 93. IDEAL (Sutton, Kelway).—Haulm medium green; pods single, 4} inches, somewhat inflated, blunt, straight, medium green; peas large, bright green, 8 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 20. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. * * * 102. DUCHESS oF YoRK (Sutton).—Described in vol. xli. p. 284; height 3} feet; crop good. Ready June 19. Somewhat irregular stock. Raised by sender. * * * 54. ELEcTRIcITY (Cooper-Taber), A.M. -June 11, 1920.—-Haulm_ stout, medium green; pods single, 4 inches, rather pointed, straight, dark green ; 8 or 9 large bright green peas in a pod; very good flavour. Ready June 12. Raised by sender. * * * 72. S. T. Wricut (Laxton), A.M. June 21, 1920.—Haulm similar to No. 54; pods single, 4} inches, rather pointed, somewhat curved, medium green; 9 tightly packed large bright green peas in a pod; of good flavour; crop very good. Ready June 20. Raised by sender. Not yet in commerce. (d) Over 44 feet. I. Seeds round. 84. AMEER (Kelway).—Haulm stout, medium green; height 54 feet; pods in pairs, 3} inches, rather blunt, curved, dark green, peas large, bright green, 9 or 10 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 20. Introduced by Messrs. Hurst. * * * 63. EARLY BouNTIFUL (Kelway).—Described in vol. xli. p. 283; height 5} feet; pods in pairs; crop good. Ready June 20. Irregular in growth. 88. BounTIFUL (Sutton), C. June 21, 1920.—Characters as foregoing ; crop good. Ready June 19. Raised by Messrs. Sutton. * * * 59. SKIPPER (Laxton), A.M. June 21, 1920.—Haulm stout, light yellowish green ; height 5 feet; pods mostly in pairs, 4 inches, rather pointed, straight, dark green; peas large, bright;green, 8 rather mealy peas in a pod; crop very good. Ready June 12. Raised by sender. Not yet in commerce. a * * _53-. First Foot (W. G. Holmes).—Haulm stout, medium green; pods in pairs, 34 inches, somewhat blunt, straight, medium green; peas of medium size, bright green, 9 to 10 in a pod, rather mealy; crop medium. Ready June 18. Raised by sender. 2. Seeds wrinkled. 71. AVIATOR (Laxton), A.M. June 21, 1920——Haulm 5 feet, stout, pale yellowish green; pods single, 4 inches, pointed, curved, dark green; peas fairly sweet, large, bright green, 8 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 13. Raised by sender. Not quite true. Not yet in commerce. * a * 73, 74. ADMIRAL BEaTTy (Laxton, Nutting), A.M. June 21, 1920.—Haulm 5 feet, sturdy, medium green; pods in pairs, 42 inches, rather blunt, curved, medium green; peas large, bright deep green, 8 or 9 in a pod, flavour sweet ; crop very good. Ready June 20. Raised by Messrs. Laxton. | ae EARLY PEAS AT WISLEY, 10920. 389 101. RoyAL STANDARD (Sowman), H.C. June 21, 1920.—Characters of Alderman type, but dwarfer, 5 feet ; pods paired, 44 inches, somewhat pointed ; peas bright green ; crop good. Ready June 20. * * * 114. DUKE oF ALBANY (Sutton), A.M. June 21, 1920.—Described in vol. xliii. p. 506; height 6 feet ; pods in pairs; crop very good. Ready June 20. * * * 112. EDWIN BEcKETT (Nutting), H.C. June 21, 1920-—-Haulm 5 feet, medium, medium green ; pods in pairs, 44 inches, somewhat pointed, curved, dark green; peas large, bright green, 7 or 8 in a pod; crop good. Ready June 19. Raised by Mr. Edwin Beckett, introduced by Messrs. Cutbush. * * * 82, 83. THomas Laxton (Barr,f Nutting), C. June 11, 1920.—Described in vol. xli. p. 284; crop very good. Ready June 12. Raised by Messrs. Laxton. } Not listed by this sender. 390 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECOND-EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1920. EIGHTY-TWo stocks of potatos were sent for the second-early potato trial at Wisley in 1920. Forty tubers of each were planted in rows — three feet apart, twenty inches from plant to plant, twenty on one piece of ground which had not recently been manured, twenty on another which had a moderate dressing of pig manure. No arti- ficials were used. Planting was done on April 21, and almost every stock made good and regular growth, the only exceptions being No. 21, ‘The Duchess,’ and No. 37, ‘Lathom Queen,’ both of which were too poor to describe. The weight of crop eet is in each case the sum of the two lots of tubers. The stocks were in almost every case free from rogues, but in one or two, even among those sent in as seedlings, rogues occurred. Nos. 25, ‘ Seedling White Round’ (crop 76 lb.) ; 43, ‘ Early Market ’ (C. Sept. 29, 1920; crop 124 lb.) ; 50, ‘Early Puritan’ (crop 92 Ib.) ; 52, ‘Glenkindie Early’ (indistinguishable from ‘Duke of York’; crop 112 lb.); 53, ‘Seery’s Surprise’ (indistinguishable from ‘Beauty of Hebron’; crop 102 lb.) ; 54, ‘ Early Sunrise’ (indistinguishable from ‘Early Rose’; crop 106 Ib.) ; 58, ‘ Epicure ’ (crop 136 1b.) ; 59, ‘ Arran Rose’ (crop 47 Ib.) ; and 62, ‘Seedling Coloured Round’ (crop 53 Ib.), belong to the early section. No. 32, ‘Favourite’ (crop 84 lb.), No. 34, ‘ Frankville Favourite’ (A.M. Sept. 29, 1920; crop 153 lb.), No. 57, ‘Ferncliffe’ (crop 115 lb.), and No. 69, ‘Gamekeeper’ (crop 123 lb.), all forms of the ‘Abundance’ type; No. 38, ‘Devon Hero’ (crop gi lb.), and No. 48, ‘General Foch’ (crop 197 lb.), belonging to the ‘ Up-to-date’ type; No. 77, ‘ Tinwald Perfection’ (crop 157 lb.); No. 78, ‘Golden Wonder’ (crop 82 Ib.) ; No. 79, ‘ Kerr’s Pink’ (crop 189 Ib.) ; No. 80, ‘ King Edward VII.’ (crop 118 Ib.) ; and No. 81, ‘Lochar’ (191 lb.) belong to the late section. These are not referred to again. The Judging Committee selected the following for awards, taking into consideration the crop, general shape and appearance, freedom from disease, and the cooking quality of all the varieties. For de- scriptions and notes see p. 390: Award of Merit: Nos. 1-6, 74. ‘ Great Scot,’ raised by Mr. Mair and sent out by Mr. McAlister (A.M. 1917). 7. ‘ Warwick Castle,’ sent out by Messrs. Sutton. 17-20. ‘ Ally,’ raised by Mr. McKelvie. 51. ‘Di Vernon,’ raised by Mr. Findlay. Highly Commended : 8-11, 71. ‘ King George,’ raised by Mr. Gardiner (A.M. 1917). 12-16. ‘ British Queen,’ raised by Mr. Findlay (A.M. 1905). SECOND-EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1920. 391 46. ‘Sir Edward Carson’ (‘ British Queen’ type), raised by Mr. Sands. 29. ‘ Berwick Castle,’ sent out by Messrs. Sutton. Commended : 33. ‘ Early Round,’ sent out by Messrs. Laing and Mather. 63. ‘K. of K. No. 2,’ raised by Mr. Findlay. Awards had previously been made to other second-early or early maincrop varieties represented in the trial (in addition to old awards mentioned above) as follows. These were passed over by the Committee on this occasion. No. 28, ‘Stirling Castle,’ A.M. 1915 (Sutton); No. 31, ‘Windsor Castle,’ F.C.C. 1893 (Sutton) ; and No. 49, ‘ Jeanie Deans,’ F.C.C, 1893 (Carter). We have grouped together the varieties in the trial which were most alike, following the plan commenced in vol. xliii. p. 137. The crop given represents the weight obtained from 40 tubers. The notes on disease refer to ‘blight’ due to Phytophthora infestans. We have to acknowledge with grateful thanks the help rendered us by Messrs. Bone and Lasham in comparing the different varieties and arriving at conclusions regarding their identity. DESCRIPTIONS. (a) Tubers kidney, white or yellow. 1. Flowers white. *42. EDINBURGH CASTLE (Sutton).—Described vol. xli. p.298. Crop 148 lb. (Scotch seed). Badly attacked by blight. * * * 40, 41, 70. MajEstTic (Veitch, Dobbie, Carter).—Plant vigorous, dark grey- green; haulm 20 in., erect, medium green; foliage large, rough, dull; tubers large, flat kidney; skin yellowish, smooth; eyes small, shallow; flesh coarse- grained, pale lemon; somewhat waxy when cooked. Crop 205 lb., 2o1 Ib., {116 lb. (Scotch). Free from blight. Raised by Mr. Findlay and introduced to16. An early maincrop. * * * 55, 56. NITHSDALE (McAlister, Veitch)—Plant vigorous, dark grey-green ; haulm 24 in., fairly erect, medium green; foliage large, somewhat crumpled ; tubers medium, flat kidney; skin yellowish, smooth; eyes large, shallow ; flesh dull white ; rather waxy when cooked ; flavour good. Crop 1311b. (Scotch), Diseased. Introduced by Mr. McAlister. An early maincrop. 2. Flowers drop in bud. 67. RoyaL KIDNEY (Barr).—Plant vigorous, dark yellowish green; haulm medium green, 24 in.; foliage fairly smooth, dull; tubers medium, rather variable in form ; skin smooth, light brown; eyes large, shallow; flesh firm, pale lemon ; when cooked rather mealy, but flavour poor. Crop 112 lb. (Lincs). Slightly diseased. 68. LANGHOLME MoDEL (Findlay). Indistinguishable from the preceding. Crop 149 lb. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. Raised and introduced by Mr. Findlay. (b) Tubers kidney, coloured. 1. Flowers white. 66. HONEYBROOK HUSTLER (Mennell).—Plant vigorous, dark grey-green ; much resembles ‘ Mr. Bresse,’ but flesh lemon, not tinged ; when cooked fairly mealy, flavour fair. Crop 100 lb..(Irish). Long grown in Co. Kilkenny. * See footnote, p. 359. t Delivered late, planted without sprouting. 392 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. Flowers coloured. 51. D1 VERNON (Findlay), A.M. Sept. 29, 1920.—Plant vigorous, very dark green ; haulm 24 in., erect, dark green, tinged red at nodes; foliage large, flat ; flowers dark mauve to purple; tubers medium to large, somewhat flattened, skin yellowish purple round eyes; eyes large, shallow; flesh pale lemon; when cooked fairly mealy and of good flavour. Crop 151 lb. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. Raised by Mr. Findlay ; introduced Ig20. * * * 47. GENERAL TOWNSEND (Jewson).—Plant vigorous, dark green; haulm 24 inches, erect, medium green ; flowers few, dark mauve ; tubers mostly large, rather irregular; skin smooth, pale brown, with sometimes a pinkish flush, especially about eyes; flesh yellowish ; fairly mealy and of fair flavour when cooked. Crop 135 lb. (Wisbech). Badly diseased. Raised by Mr. Findlay, and said to bea sport from ‘ K. of K.’; introduced by sender. (c) Tubers oval, white or yellow. 1. Flowers white. 8-11, 71. KinG GEorRGE (Toogood, Sutton, Barr, Dobbie, Carter), H.C. Sept. 29, 1920.—Plant large, dark green; haulm 18 to 20 inches, rarely tinged ; foliage almost smooth, dull; tubers medium to large; skin rough, light brown, often flushed pink at end; eyes medium, shallow; eyebrows conspicuous ; flesh firm, dull white ; when cooked firm, fairly mealy, dirty white, and of only fair flavour. Crop respectively 191 lb., 207 lb., 195 Ib., 210 1b., 144 1b. (Scotch). Disease slight. Raised and introduced by Mr. Gardiner. ‘King George’ is immune from wart disease and ‘ British Queen’isnot. The two varieties are very similar in growth, but the foliage and flower buds of ‘ King George’ are paler than those of ‘ British Queen,’ and ‘ King George’ often flowers more freely. * * * I2-15. BRITISH QUEEN (Toogood, Barr, Veitch, Dobbie), H.C. Sept. 209, 1920.—Described in vol. xli. p. 302. Fairly firm and mealy when cooked, creamy and of good flavour. Crop 207 Ib., 199 lb., 186 lb., 220 lb. (Scotch). Practically free of disease. Raised (1884) and introduced (1894) by Mr. Findlay. 16. BRITISH QUEEN No. 2 (Findlay), H.C. Sept. 29, 1920.—Identical with foregoing. Crop 205 Ib. (Scotch). 72. Roya.ty (Carter).—Indistinguishable from ‘ British Queen.’ Crop f117Ib. Rather badly diseased. 46. SIR Epwarp Carson (Sands), H.C. Sept. 29, 1920.—Described vol. xli. p. 301. Belongs to ‘ British Queen’ type. Crop 1821b. (Irish). Raised and introduced by Mr. Sands, rg9r5. % bd * 17-20. ALLy (W. G. Holmes, Dobbie, Veitch, Sutton), A.M. Sept. 29, 1920.— Plant large, grey-green; haulm 16 inches, dark green, large, rough, crumpled, dull; flowers many, anthers irregular ; tubers large, flat oval; skin rough, light brown; eyes medium, rather shallow; flesh firm, dull white; when cooked somewhat soft, mealy, light yellow, flavour fair. Crop 213 lb., 209 lb., 211 Ib., 200 lb. (Scotch). Anearly maincrop. Disease-free. Raised by Mr. McKelvie. & 5 * 76. NEw ZEALAND (Martineau).—Plant large, erect, yellowish green; haulm 20 inches, medium green; foliage large, rough, dull; tubers medium, flat oval, but variable; skin rather rough, light yellowish; eyes large, shallow ; flesh dull white ; when cooked firm, waxy; flavour fair. Crop 108 Ib. (Berks). Slightly diseased. Introduced by sender from New Zealand. * * * 49. JEANIE Drans (W. G. Holmes).—Described vol. xliii. p. 119. Crop 160 lb. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. Raised by Mr. Findlay. 2. Flowers coloured. 26. BRAEMAR CASTLE (Sutton).—Plant large, dark yellowish green; haulm 16 inches, medium green, tinged reddish brown; foliage large, rough, dull; - flowers many, light mauve; tubers flattened, medium to large; skin rough, t Delivered late, planted without sprouting. SECOND-EARLY POTATOS AT WISLEY, 1920. 393 light brown ; eyes medium, shallow ; flesh firm, pale lemon; rather waxy when cooked, pale yellow, flavour poor. Crop 1684 1b. Somewhat diseased. Raised by Rev. A. Paton; introduced by sender. * * * 44, 45. BURNHOUSE BEAuTyY (Dobbie, Veitch).—Described vol. xliil. p. 121. Crop 123 lb., 115 lb. (Scotch). Raised by Mr. Wolfe; introduced by Messrs. Dobbie. Slightly diseased. (da) Tubers round, coloured. Flowers drop in bud. 65. KATIE GLOVER (Findlay).—Plant similar to ‘ K. of K.,’ but foliage darker and shining ; tubers medium to large, rather variable ; skin smooth or rough, yellowish ; eyes large, shallow, reddish pink; eyebrows reddish pink; flesh firm, very pale lemon ; when cooked somewhat waxy, dull white; flavour fair. _Crop 136 lb. (Scotch). Very slightly diseased. Raised and introduced by Mr. Findlay. (e) Tubers oval, coloured. Flowers none. 63. K. or K. No. 2 (Findlay), C. Sept. 29, 1920.—Plant large, medium yellow green; haulm 20 inches, dark green; foliage large, rough, dull; tubers medium to large, flat oval, but variable; skin rather rough, yellowish, streaked and mottled with reddish pink especially towards rose end ; eyes large, shallow, reddish pink; flesh firm, pale lemon; rather watery when cooked; flavour fair. Crop 12741b. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. Raised by Mr. Findlay. 64. K. oF K., No. 3 (Findlay).—Like preceding, but colour on tubers not quite so pronounced. Crop 127 lb. (f) Tubers round or flat round, white or yellow. 1. Flowers white. 1-6, 74. GREAT Scot (Sutton, Barr, W. G. Holmes, R. Veitch, Dobbie, Toogood, Carter), A.M. Sept. 29, 1920.—Described vol. xliii. p. 140. Crops respectively 218} lb., 1884 Ib., 189 lb., 1934 Ib., 1944 1b., 199 Ib., 120 lb. (Scotch seed). Disease very slight. An early maincrop. Raised by Mr. Mair, of Lockerbie ; introduced by Mr. McAlister. * * * 22-24, 73, 82. ARRAN CoMRADE (Sutton, Veitch, Dobbie, Carter, McAlister). — Plant vigorous, dark green; haulm 18-24 inches, medium green, erect; foliage large, rough, dull, flat; flowers many, anthers orange; tubers medium, flattish round ; skin fairly smooth, light brown; eyes medium, slightly sunken; flesh firm, pale lemon; when cooked fairly mealy, yellowish; flavour fairly good. Crop 189 Ib., 1584 lb., 183 lb., 127 lb.,¢ 1384 Ib. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. Raised by Mr. McKelvie. * * * 27. Montana (Irish Bd. Agr.).—Plant vigorous, dark yellowish green; haulm 18 inches, medium green ; foliage large, slightly crumpled, dull; flowers many, medium; tubers medium to large, flat round; skin variable, yellowish ; eyes medium, shallow; flesh firm, dull white; mealy, white when cooked; flavour fair. Crop 105 lb. (Irish). Badly diseased. Introduced from America. An early maincrop. Subject to winter rot. * * * 35. Cutts (Guthrie). —Plant vigorous, very dark green; haulm 18 inches, dark green, slightly tinged brown; foliage large, rough, rather dull; tubers medium, regular; skin roughish, light brown; eyes deep; flesh firm, coarse- grained ; when cooked firm, mealy, dull white; flavour poor. Crop 154 lb. (Scotch). Tubers badly diseased. A cross between ‘ Rector’ and ‘Great Scot’; raised by Messrs. Guthrie. 2. Flowers coloured. 31. WINDSOR CasTLE (Barr).—Plant of medium vigour, dark green, rather spreading; haulm 16 inches; foliage rough, shining, medium green, tinged brown ; flowers medium lilac; tubers medium to large; skin smooth, white; eyes a eee es “i A ee a ee } Delivered late, planted without sprouting. 394 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. rather large, little sunken; flesh yellowish; when cooked firm, rather waxy, creamy ; flavour poor. Crop 96 lb. (Norfolk). Somewhat diseased. [No. 30 was sent in as ‘ Windsor Castle ’ (Toogood), but proved to be a mixed stock, mainly ‘ Up-to-Date.’] * * * 33. MEIN’s Earty Rounp (Laing and Mather), C. Sept. 29, 1920.—Plant very vigorous, fairly erect, dark green ; haulm 30 inches, medium green, slightly tinged brown; foliage large, rough; flowers many, dark mauve, tipped white ; tubers large, round; skin medium, light brown; eyes large, shallow, with a pinkish flush; flesh firm, dull white; when cooked firm, somewhat mealy, white; flavour poor. Crop 156 lb. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. Also known as ‘Smailholm Early.’ * * * : 36. ConQuEsT (Findlay). —Described vol. xliii. p. 118. Flowers tinged pale lilac when first open. Crop 116 lb. (Scotch). Tubers badly diseased. 3. Flowers drop in bud. 7- WaRwick CASTLE (Sutton), A.M. Sept. 29, 1920.—Described vol. xli. Pp. 303. Crop 177 lb. (Scotch). Creamy when cooked, fairly mealy and of fair flavour. Little disease. Raised by Rev. A. Paton. Introduced by Messrs. Sutton. * * * 28. STIRLING CASTLE (Sutton).—Described vol. xli. p. 303. Flesh when cooked firm, somewhat mealy, creamy; flavour fair. Crop 159 lb. Somewhat diseased. Raised by Rev. A. Paton; introduced by sender. * * * 29. BERWIcK CASTLE (Sutton), H.C. Sept. 29, 1920.—Plant large, dark yellowish green; haulm 18 inches, fairly erect, tinged reddish brown ; foliage large, rough, dull; flowers few, dropping in bud; tubers large to medium ; skin rather rough, yellowish; eyes medium, shallow; flesh firm, dull white ; when cooked rather waxy, flavour rather soapy. Crop 162 lb. (Scotch). Badly diseased. (g) Tubers round, coloured. 1. Flowers white. 39. GUTHRIE’S 75’s (Guthrie)——Plant vigorous, green; haulm 20 inches, erect, tinged; foliage somewhat rough and shining; flowers creamy ; tubers medium, somewhat flattened, fairly regular ; skin rather rough, yellowish ground much tinged with pink; eyes large, shallow; flesh coarse-grained, pale lemon ; when cooked fairly mealy ; flavour fair. Crop 200 Ib. (Scotch). Badly attacked by disease. Raised by sender. * * * 60, 75. EDZELL BLUE (Veitch, Carter).—Included vol. xlv. ‘?p. 367, among first early varieties but really a second early. Described vol. xliii.p. 118. Crop 132 lb., 100 lb.f (Scotch). Slightly diseased. 2. Flowers coloured. 61. EIGHTYFOLD (Findlay) —Included with first earlies, vol. xlv. p. 367, but really a second early. Crop 97 1b. (Scotch). Slightly diseased. + Received late, planted without sprouting. PARSLEY AT WISLEY, 1919 AND 1920. 395 PARSLEY AT WISLEY, 1919 AND 1920. FORTY-THREE stocks of Parsley were received for trialin rgrg. All the seed was sown on land which had carried a crop of marrows in 1918, on April 24 in drills eighteen inches apart, three rows of each stock being sown. The plants were singled in June to four inches apart. The trial was continued into 1920 to see whether any difference was apparent in hardiness or in time of starting in spring, but the winter was too mild to make the attempted comparison of any value. All stocks alike commenced to grow away well in 1920 at the same time. The trial was examined on several occasions, and the Committee attached considerable importance to the deep green of some varieties, since these remain fresh-looking longer after picking, to the length of the stalk which makes picking easier, as well as to the general appearance of the plants, the yield of leaves and trueness to type. They made the following recommendations for Award : First-class Certificate. 27. Perennial Moss Curled, introduced and sent by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. Award of Merit. 35. Perfection Moss Curled, introduced and | Indistinguishable sent by Messrs. Barr. from 36. Imperial Curled, sent by Messrs. Barr. J one another. 43. Moss Curled, sent by Messrs. Nutting [A.M. 1908 (Nutting)]. Highly Commended. 5. Fern-leaved Extra Curled, introduced and sent by Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. 7. Fern-leaved, sent by Messrs. Barr. The following, which had received Awards in previous years, were passed over ' by the Committee: 9g. Covent Garden [F.C.C. 1870 (Carter)]; 13. Myatt’s Extra Fine Garnishing [A.M. 1908 (Barr) ]; 15, 16. Emerald Green [A.M. 1908 (Carter)]; 17, 18. Dwarf Perfection [A.M. 1908 (Sutton, Carter, Massey)]. Four stocks which were untrue to type, viz. Nos. 17, 18, 41, 42, are omitted. DESCRIPTIONS. Turnip-rooted varieties (the roots of which are cooked). #1, SHORT TURNIP-ROOTED (Barr).—Leaves dull dark green; roots long, square-shouldered, tapering. Ready September 1. oS * * 2. LonG TuRNIP-ROOTED (Barr).—Leaves dull dark green; roots long, cylindrical. Ready September r. * See footnote, p. 359. * 396 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Leaves moss-curled. 20. EXHIBITION (Watkins & Simpson).—Plant of medium height; leaves bright emerald green ; stalks of medium length. Crop fair. * * * 43. Moss CurLEpD (Nutting), A.M. August 7, 1919.—Plant of medium height ; leaves bright to dull emerald green; stalks of medium length. Crop good. * * * = 27. PERENNIAL Moss CuRLED (Watkins & Simpson), F.C.C. August 7, 1919.— Plant dwarf; leaves dull emerald green ; stalks of medium length. Crop good. Introduced by sender. A very fine stock. ; * * * 34. CHAMPION Moss CurRLED (Dobbie).—Plant dwarf; leaves dark dull emerald green ; stalk of medium length ; unevenin growth. Cropgood. Raised and introduced by sender. Leaves double curled (less curled than foregoing). 23, 24. CRESTED GEM (Kelway, Simpson).—Plant tall; No. 23 not true. Crop good. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Kelway. * * * 25, 26. CRESTED BougueEt (Carter, Barr).—Plant of medium height; darker green than ‘Crested Gem’; somewhat uneven in curl. Raised by Messrs. Daniels, introduced by Messrs. Carter. * * * 19. Compactum (Carter).—Very similar to ‘Crested Bouquet,’ but taller in growth. Raised by sender. * * * 28, 29. PERPETUAL (Carter, Barr).—Plant tall ; a darker shade of green than ‘Crested Bouquet.’ No. 28 uneven in curl. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Carter. 30. THE HAWLMARK CuRL (A. Dickson).—Characters as for ‘ Perpetual.’ * * * 35. PERFECTION Moss CurLEpD (Barr), A.M. August 7, 1919.—Plant tall ; leaves bright to dull emerald green; stalk of medium length. Crop good. Introduced by sender. 36. IMPERIAL CURLED (Barr), A.M. August 7, 1919.—Characters as foregoing. * * * - ay 39. SPLENDID CuRLED (R. Veitch).—Very similar to No. 35, but a darker shade of green. 40. ExTRA LARGE CURLED (Carter).—Characters as foregoing; stock not true. Introduced by sender. * * 22. UNIQUE (Simpson).—Plant tall; leaves of a glaucous green; stalks long. Crop good. Stock not true. * * * 9. CovENT GARDEN (Carter).—Plant of medium height; stalks of medium length. Crop good. Raised and introduced by sender. * * * 11. MyATT’s GARNISHING (R. Veitch), __ ‘ 12. ExQuiISITE GARNISHING (Webb) } p~Blapt~ tails) pot ay sathen ceed green than No. g ; stalks of medium length. Crop good. * * * 14. QUEEN OF THE ParsLEys (Barr).—Very similar to foregoing, but taller in growth. Introduced by Messrs. Daniels. * * * 13. Myat?’s Extra FiInE GARNISHING (Barr).—Of a darker shade of green than No. 14, and not so coarse. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Myatt. Ware bs * * 21. EXHIBITION (Dobbie).—Plant dwarf; stalks of medium length. Distinct from No. 20. Raised and introduced by sender. * * * 31. Mossy CuRLED (Sydenham) —Plant of medium height ; stock not true ; varies in shade. PARSLEY AT WISLEY, 1919 AND 1920. 397 32, 33. CHAMPION Moss CurRLED (Thorburn, Carter).—Plant tall; leaves dark emerald green ; stalks of medium length. No.32anunevenstock. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Carter. ; * a * 37. IMPERIAL (Sutton).—Plant tall; leaves somewhat darker than Nos. 32, 33, and more curled. Raised and introduced by sender. * * * 38. ExTRA CuRLED (Dickson & Robinson).—Very similar to No. 37, but of a darker green, and not so much curled. * * * I5, 16. EMERALD GREEN (Barr, Carter).—Plant of medium height; leaves dark dull emerald green; stalks of medium length. Crop good. Raised by Messrs. Moss, introduced by Messrs. Carter. Leaves fern-leaved. Bright emerald green. 5. FERN-LEAVED ExTRA CURLED (Watkins & Simpson), H.C. August 7, rg19. —Plant tall, leaves finely cut, close; stalk of medium length. Crop good. Introduced by sender. 6, 8. FERN-LEAVED (Carter, R. Veitch).—Characters as foregoing; No. 6, leaves somewhat coarser. Raised and introduced by Messrs. Carter. 7. FERN-LEAVED (Barr), H.C. August 7, 1919.—Similar to No. 5. A good stock. Dull emerald green. 10. SELECTED GARNISHING (Sutton).—Plant tall; leaves finely cut; stalk of medium length. Crop good. Raised and introduced by sender. Leaves plain. 3. PLAIN OR SHEEP’S (Carter) i. —Plant tall; leaves dark dull green ; stalks 4. PLAIN-LEAVED (Barr) long. Crop good. 398 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BOOK REVIEWS. ’ ‘““A Guide to the Identification of our more Useful Timbers: being a Manual for the Use of Students of Forestry.’”” By Herbert Stone. 8vo. 52 pp. (Uni- versity Press, Cambridge, 1920.) 7s. 6d. net. _ The introductory note with reference to the differences hotrees coni- ferous and broad-leaved trees, and how best to go about the work of identi- fication, is clearly stated and of great value, while the few sections illustrated, which we could have wished for a greater extension of, will help considerably in elucidating the text. Though mainly intended as a manual for the use of students of forestry, Mr. Stone’s carefully compiled work, which extends to some fifty pages, with a dozen well-executed illustrations, will no doubt appeal to the more scientifically inclined foresters and woodmen. “The Trees, Shrubs, and Plants of Virgil.’”’ By John Sargeaunt. (B. H. Blackwell, Oxford, 1920.) 6s. net. 9 A pleasant and scholarly little book, giving a list in alphabetical order of the generic names of plants mentioned by Virgil. The essential portions of the lines in which they occur are quoted, and where possible the name used by the poet is identified with its modern botanical equivalent. Then follows a short account of the old-time lore and legend of the plant, and references to its ‘mention in the works of other classical writers. This part of the work is so well done, and so evidently the outcome of con- siderable study, thatit is a pity that some of the facts concerning the plants themselves are not equally accurate. The writer tells us he has grown many of them, but his garden evidently does not include the Butcher’s Broom or he would surely never have written that it dies down every year. It is strange to find hashish, which is made from hemp, spoken of as obtained from the capsules of the Opium Poppy. It would be more correct to state that the Saffron extends from Kurdistan to the Mediterranean as a cultivated, instead of as a native plant, and again the large purple Crocuses of our gardens are derived from C. vervnus and not, as stated, from C. versicolor. Chives, Allium Schoenoprasum, grows wild in France, Spain, and Portugal, though here denied a Continental station in Western Europe. There is, how- ever, so much that is interesting and informative to be found that these and a few other inaccuracies may be forgiven, and we hope will be amended in a future edition. ‘The Practical Book of Outdoor Rose Growing for the Home Garden.” By George C. Thomas, Jr. 8vo. 224 pp. (Lippincott, Philadelphia and London, 1920.) Garden Edition, 12s. 6d.; Edition de Luxe, with a greater number of illustrations, 30s. Previous editions of this book appeared in 1914, 1915, and 1916, and the present ‘‘ Garden ’”’ Edition has added to it, after the index, a chapter of some half-dozen pages on rose development from 1917 to 1920. The writer considers that the new American law restricting the importation of plants should be of benefit to American outdoor rose-lovers by stimulating the production of American roses, causing more roses to be propagated on suitable stocks and keeping both suitable and unsuitable foreign varieties from being imported on unsuitable stocks. The stocks chiefly used in America are much the same as with us, Save, perhaps, that they are somewhat fonder of R. multiflora as a stock, and it appears from the author’s pages that the roses we find the best in this country usually bear a similar character across the water. It seems therefore a little difficult to follow how the American purchaser of rose plants will really benefit as he suggests. He reviews some score of hybrid teas, teas, and hybrid musks, which do not find a place in the body of his work, though some of them (e.g. * Peace,” 5603) are of some standing. He also gives a recipe for the prevention of black spot, consisting in treating the beds with sulphate of iron in autumn, spraying weekly with ammoniacal carbonate of copper till after the first bloom is finished and BOOK REVIEWS. 399 thereafter every three weeks with Bordeaux mixture, and removal of all affected foliage. The body of the book contains the usual directions for cultivation and propa- gation, and about half the letterpress is taken up with short descriptions of varieties and of the author’s endeavour to test their value for garden purposes in various ways. Amongst others he gives his observations on the number of flowers produced per plant of the different varieties. The Garden Edition of the work contains sixteen colour photographs and rather more than twice as many half-tone plates. The Edition de Luxe contains the same half-tone plates and no less than ninety-six colour photographs. If we may judge from the latter, it would appear that the full roses, usually called exhibition roses in this country, are apt to come rather thinner in the part of America where the roses illustrated were grown. Doubtless this may be caused by the greater extremes of heat and cold to which the plants are there subjected. The book bears evidence of having been prepared with considerable care, and the author’s attempt to put a flower value on the different varieties by estimating the average number of blooms produced per plant will no doubt be read with interest by many in this country. Some observers who contribute to the ‘‘ American Rose Annual ” are making similar records, but, as the observations at present seem to be made on a comparatively small number of plants, it is not surprising that their results show discrepancy in detail. If these records are continued no doubt the results will tend to approximate and may prove valuable. In reviewing the different varieties Captain Thomas often recommends that a particular variety should be grown in a special bed, but he gives very little indication how such special bed should be prepared. The advice, therefore, is not of much assistance to the grower. *‘ Keys to the Orders of Insects.”’ F. Balfour-Browne, M.A. 8vo. 58'pp. (University Press, Cambridge, 1920.) 7s. 6d. This useful and much-needed book is compiled for students with the idea of facilitating the “‘ running down ”’ of insects. As each authority has a different method of classification, it follows that one has to learn each time the particular author’s method; but this is done away with in the present book. The pages are interleaved with blanks for notes. The author has followed Lefroy in recognizing twenty Orders, of which only six are fully dealt with. A kéy is given to the Orders of Insects, founded on Comstock’s and Lefroy’s classifications. With the help of letters, the key is readily understood and the method simple. Then follow keys to the Orders Orthoptera, Rhynchota, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Sketches illustrating wing venation are given. “The Garden Doctor: Plants in Health and Disease.”’ By F. J. Chittenden. 8vo. x-+ 154 pp. (Country Life Library, London, 1920.) 7s. 6d. net. The ‘‘Garden Doctor’ is intended for the amateur or gardener who is closely and intelligently watching and observing the plants in his garden, and who wishes to understand and to appreciate the causes and effects of the many . fungus, insect, or other diseases and pests to which he notices his plants are liable, and who is willing to take some little trouble to promote their cure. Many amateurs who proclaim their fondness for a garden and for plants treat the whole subject of their well-being in a very flippant and dilettante way, and far too many so-called gardeners have no real desire for any further knowledge than that their great grandfathers have handed down to them, and simply scorn the results ofscientificinvestigation. To such as these the ‘‘ Garden Doctor”’ will obviously be of little use, for they either will not read it or will refuse to be guided by it. But to the really keen amateur or gardener who wants to be taught and to get behind the outward show of things, and learn the cause and the effect and cure, this book will be invaluable. From cover to cover it is packed full of the results of close observation and experiment, and gives thoroughly practical common-sense advice arising there- from. The ‘ Doctor” does not pretend that he can cure every trouble and disease, but even in the most difficult cases suggests how the disease is most likely to be avoided. The writing is unusually concise, particularly in the first two chapters, so that every sentence demands, as it so well deserves, the closest attention and thought. There are chapters on fungus diseases, with an alphabetical list of all the 400 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. more usual garden plants, together with the symptoms and treatment of the ills by which each plant is known to be attacked. Insect attacks are also described, together with the best means of warding against them, which is the better way ; or of combating them when present. There is also, we are glad to notice, a chapter on Insect Friends—hitherto a very neglected subject, and one on which the most profound ignorance prevails. The wholesale and indiscriminating massacre of insects by gardeners cannot be too strongly condemned, as witness the case of an amateur who, after killing hundreds of ladybirds last summer, sent a few to the writer, asking if it had not been right to do so! One sentence in this chapter we must quote, as it is such an excellent illustration of the thoroughly practical common-sense observa- tion of the “‘Garden Doctor’’: ‘ Insects provided with long legs, and (or) powerful wings, large eyes, and conspicuous jaws, are unlikely to feed mainly on plants. They are equipped with the implements of the hunter; and the soil abounds in such.”’ ** Conifers and their Characteristics.’”” By C.Coltman Rogers. 8vo. xiii + 333 pp. (Murray, London, 1920.) 21s. net. ef The author sets out with the laudable purpose of giving in small compass the means of identifying the coniferous trees of our gardens and parks, and some information about them. The former aim is accomplished by analytical tables on pages 263 to 305, the latter takes the remainder of the book. The amount of the information given is, however, by no means commensurate with the space occupied. The exact meaning of some of the notes in the analytical tables is doubtful. For instance, the male flowers of Tsuga are said to be “on axils” (p. 283), and on the same page JT. Brunoniana is said to have “bright white thick stomata effect on under surface” of leaves. For the rest perhaps the “‘legend”’ of fig. 4, opposite p. 159, may be regarded as typical. There two small photo- graphs of apparently the same cone-bearing twig of Libocedrus decurrens are printed, and the description runs, ‘‘ Libocedrus decurrens, also Libocedrus decurrens.” A certain fanciful wit, but often expressed in inverted sentences, and in words used in a sense often etymologically exact but in these days having a special application different from that given here, characterizes the book all through, and one does not feel behind it the authority of those masters, Elwes and Henry and Bean, who have so recently given us of their best. Nevertheless there is much in this book to interest the amateur tree- lover. ‘““A Garden Flora: Trees and flowers grown in the gardens at Nymans.” By L. Messel. 8vo. xi+ 196 pp. (Country Life, London, 1918.) Ios. 6d. net. Lists of plants cultivated in an enthusiast’s garden have always a value for others, and when that enthusiast also has courage to attempt what most have hesitated to embark upon, the record of his successes or partial successes gives an impetus to his neighbours, and encourages them to adventure further, and to add fresh experience to the increasing sum of it which has so enriched our gardens and our gardening. Miss Messel, with the help of others, Mr. Bean, Mr. J. Nix, Mr. Alfred Parsons, and Mr. Comber, the enthusiastic gardener in charge of the collection, men whose competence none can dispute, has produced a very valuable record of what can be done by perseverance, courage, and skill in Sussex, and we commend that record to plant-lovers the country through. ‘The Garden that We Made.’’ By the Crown Princess of Sweden. Large 8vo. 72 pp. (The Religious Tract Society, London, 1920.) Ios. 6d. This is an exceedingly interesting book, and, although the Royal authoress evidently considered it more suited for beginners than for experienced gardeners, there is much that is worthy of deep consideration by even the most skilful readers. We were specially attracted by the chapter on ‘“‘ Making a Rock Garden,’’ which is so full of valuable advice and suggestions that it should be carefully read and studied by all who are thinking of adding this fascinating part of the garden to the existing. Everyone will agree that the rock garden should harmonize with its surroundings; unfortunately, this is not always the case, and the most unsuitable places are often selected, with the result that, instead of being one of the most charming parts of the garden, it is uninteresting, and in some places positively ugly, and avoided by visitors. BOOK REVIEWS. 401 The advice given by Her Royal Highness indicates clearly how all this unsight- liness can be avoided, and a delightful place made instead. Equally attractive is the chapter on water gardens. Some illustrations show admirably how they should be made, and how beautiful natural effects, very varied in character, can be obtained, and the finest effects secured by judicious planting, using the most adaptable plants in masses, thus getting bold results, which cannot be secured by dotting one or two plants of each, except, as shown in one of the illustrations, with Gunnera, which is too massive for large groups, unless in very large places. All the book is well done and clearly written, and we feel that this eminent lady’s death is a great loss to landscape gardening, as well as to other walks of life. The book is well printed, admirably illustrated, and completed with a capital index. “The Calendar of Garden Operations.’”’ By the ‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle ”’ Staff. 8vo. 119 pp. (‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle,’’ London, 1920.) Price 2s. This is a new and enlarged edition of a well-known and popular work, com- prising a mass of exceedingly serviceable information well printed, and most useful to all having a garden. “Our Orchards.”’ By the Rev. R. Abbay. 35 pp. (Ipswich, 1920.) Price Is. This is a little booklet of letters written by Mr. Abbay, from 1892-1920, that were printed in the ‘‘ East Anglian Daily Times,’’ with notes. These letters are full of most instructive observations of a keen fruit-grower that will be of much interest to other growers. ““ Everybody’s Book of Garden Annuals.” By H. Greaves, F.L.S. 136 pp. (Holden & Hardingham, London, 1920.) Price ts.net. . In these days when all are reducing garden expenses to the lowest limit, and trying to keep the garden gay at the lowest cost, this book will appeal, showing what to grow, and bringing annuals to the fore in a pleasing manner, and will, we hope, induce more to grow these beautiful and easily-grown flowers. Itisa matter of regret that the book is not indexed. Ay “Manual of American Grape Growing.” By U. P. Hedrick, and edited by L. H. Bailey. 8vo. 458pp. (Macmillan, New York, 1919.) Price $2.50. The title of this excellent book shows that it is meant for American readers 3} at the same time the British grape-grower will find a great deal of information of service. The book is admirably got up, illustrated beautifully and instruc- tively, showing among other things the diseases which attack grapes. ‘‘ Twentieth Century Potatos.” By J. Fraser, F.L.S. 8vo. 72pp. (Cable Publ. Co., London [1920].) 3s. net. This list of potatos with descriptions will make a useful handbook for reference. Most of the very large number of names applied to potatos during the past few years are listed and the characters of plant and tuber described in more or less detail. We hope that an attempt will be made at classifying the varieties mentioned, so as to make the list even more valuable than it now is. ** The Nursery Manual.” By L.H. Bailey. Ed.22. 8vo. 456pp. (Macmillan, New York. 1920.) 13s. net. This exceedingly valuable and instructive work has been reviewed so many times before in these pages that it is rather difficult to say anything fresh on its excellence and general usefulness. Like all Mr. Bailey’s works, it is thoroughly up to date, and containsa mass of sound information on the propagation and raising of nursery stock. As in the previous editions, the instructions are so clearly given that anyone may easily follow them. Nearly all the information is equally as suitable for this country as it is for American readers. Like the former editions, the book is well illustrated and well indexed. “ The Planning and Planting of Little Gardens.’”” By George Dillistone. 8vo. 134 pp. (Country Life, London. 1920.) 6s. net. There is one paragraph in this work which is very true and seldom remembered in planning out the residence of a person of small means, viz., ‘ If there is one thing more than another necessary to make an Englishman’s house his home it is a garden.’”’ The author has clearly indicated in this book how the garden can be developed, in almost all instances, at a comparatively small VOL, XLVI. 2D 402 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. cost. Some years ago The Garden promoted a garden-planning competition principally for small gardens, many of which are shown in this capital book. It indicates what to encourage and what to avoid, thus having the whole place in pleasant harmony, and yet everything serving its purpose in the scheme. Numbers of people will be astonished at the little-grown plants of great beauty that can be admirably cultivated in quite small gardens, and the joy they will give to the owner if they get the best of everything and grow them well, the original cost being no greater than if inferior things were put in. The whole book is well got up, the illustrations are excellent, and the printing good. “Practical Hardy Fruit Culture.” By Richard Staward. 8vo. | 216 pp. (Strathmore Press, London. 1920.) 6s. net. ‘ This book contains a mass of sound information very serviceable for growers of hardy fruits. We do not agree with all the writer advocates ; for instance, he would plant apples on walls, if on Paradise stocks, at twelve feet apart; if on the free stock at twelve to fifteen feet apart; bush trees on the Paradise stock from six to nine feet apart ; and standard apples at twelve feet apart, which is much too close for even compact-growing varieties; spreading varieties would soon be matted together, unless continually root-pruned to keep them in bounds. Ina future edition these and a few other mistakes may be remedied, but, taken altogether, the book is well printed, nicely illustrated, and contains a great deal of serviceable information. ‘There is no index. ‘Practical Amateur Gardening.’ By H. H. Thomas. 276 pp. 8vo. (Cassell, London. 1920.) 8s. net. All Mr. Thomas puts his pen to is well done, and this work of his is not an exception ; in fact, we consider it one of his best books. In his preface he says he hopes that the ‘‘ Practical Amateur Gardening ’’ will become the guide, philo- sopher, and friend of amateur gardeners generally, and we think his hopes will be fulfilled. Thereis scarcely any branch of gardening that is not admirably treated upon, and although there is a great number of books published now on gardening subjects, there is ample room for this one, and we have no hesitation in recom- mending all who do not possess it to purchase this one, and then read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest it. A very good index finishes the book. I. ‘‘Some Familiar Wild Flowers.” II. ‘‘ Australian Wild Flowers.” By A. E.Sulman. 8vo. (Angus & Robertson, Sydney [1919]}.) 1s. each net. Two series of excellent reproductions from photographs of Australian wild plants, admirably illustrating the singularity of the Australian flora and giving, in spite of the lack of colour, some idea of its beauty. The first contains repre- sentations of sixty, the second of fifty-five different plants. There is no letter- press. “Meteorology for All: being some weather problems explained.” ByD. W. Horner. 8vo. xvi+184 pp. (Witherby, London, 1919.) “ Elgie’s Weather Book for the General Reader.’”’ By J. H. Elgie. 8vo. xli+25I pp. (Wireless Press, London, 1920.) 5s. net. The first of these books is largely concerned with descriptions of meteorological instruments and their use, the second with the popular explanation of various weather phenomena, and both with the desire to put before the general reader an account of the methods by which weather forecasts are arrived at and the causes of weather. Both succeed admirably in their several ways, and tell all that need be told until the day comes when we may bend even the forces that produce our weather to our will. “Home and Farm Food Preservation.’”” By W. V. Cruess. 8vo. xxiv+ 276 pp. (Macmillan, New York, 1918.) 8s. net. Written for American readers and conditions, parts of this book are likely to prove useful to English readers. Careful and explicit directions are given for all the processes of drying and sterilizing fruit and vegetables, but recipes for jam and jelly making are but cursorily dealt with. “The Culture of the Chrysanthemum.’ By W. Wells. 112 pp. (Country Life, London.) 2s. 6d. net. We question if any book on chrysanthemums has been so widely read or has run into so many editions as this, the latest edition being brought up to date (1920) by the son of the author, Mr. Harold Wells. Needless to state, it is BOOK REVIEWS. 403 admirably done, well maintaining its reputation not only for excellence of matter, but for clearness, sound practice, good printing, and capital index. - “Cultivation with Movable Frames.’’ By MHerbert Cowley. 32 pp. (Country Life, London, 1920.) 9d. net. A very little booklet that will easily go in one’s pocket, and that will fill a useful want for cottagers, small holders, and others with a limited income who are anxious to get all the produce they can without very much outlay. An excellent calendar of work for each month is given, the whole being well printed and indexed. ‘* Productive Small Fruit Culture.’”’ By F.C. Sears, M.S. 8vo. 368 pp. (Lippincott, Philadelphia and London, 1920.) Ios. 6d. net. This book was written principally for American readers, and some of the matter, such as grape-growing in the open, would be valueless for British readers ; but apart from that, there is a vast amount of really good information that is valuable to the British fruit-grower and which he will be wise to read and study carefully. Not only is one told in the best and most attractive manner how to produce the heaviest and best crops, but the best system of manuring is specially dealt with, and the various fungus and insect pests are treated in a masterly style, and yet in such a simple way as will be quickly and easily understood. “The Rock-Garden.”” By E. H. Jenkins. 8vo. 128 pp. (Country Life, London, 1920.) 7s. 6d. net. We believe an early edition was first published as ‘‘ The Small Rock-Garden ”’ in I913, and this is a new edition revised, enlarged, and brought up to date. This book is especially welcome in these days, as few can afford the labour, expense of fuel, &c., of maintaining glass erections, and fall back on the more natural conditions supplied by outdoor gardening in the form of rock- gardens, including moraines, water-gardens, and bog-gardens. On all sides we find that this fascinating style of gardening is much in evidence, and all who have an idea of adopting it should read Mr. Jenkins’ book, which is full of interest, sound advice and clear instruction, beautifully illustrated and well printed. “The Perpetual Carnation.”’ Illustrated. By -Laurence J. Cook. 8vo. 108 pp. (‘ Country Life,’’ London, 1920.) 2s. 6d. net. In this latest edition Mr. Cook has not only retained all the essential features of the former popular editions, but has brought all the matter up to date in his pleasing and instructive manner. We can heartily commend this book to all who cultivate this favourite flower. “Profitable Fruit-Growing.’”” By John Wright, V.M.H. 8vo. 132 pp. (Collingridge, London, 1920.) 2s. net. The mere fact that this first-rate book has run into the eleventh edition is excellent proof of how much read and popular it is amongst all fruit-growers in a large or small way. The present edition has been revised and brought up to date by the late author’s son MISS and, needless to state, in such able hands it has been well done. ““A Course of Practical Chemistry for Agricultural Students.’”’ Volume I. By L. F. Newman and H. A. D. Neville. Demy 8vo. 235 pp. (The University Press, Cambridge, 1920.) Ios. 6d. net. The first part of Volume II. of this Course has already received our notice (R.H.S. JOURNAL, XLV. p. 379). The book now under review covers the first year’s course on the chemistry and physics of the soil, and on the whole it presents the subject in a successful and attractive fashion. It is designed for the use of students having no previous knowledge of chemistry or physics and therefore it is inevitable that the treatment of these subjects in so small a volume must be rather condensed and eclectic, but admitting this limitation it must be stated that the subject-matter is well arranged and lucidly explained. Our quarrel, if any, must be, not with the authors, but with the University of Cam- bridge, that apparently demands so scanty a groundwork in natural science from candidates for its Degree in Agricultural Science. The book is well printed and practically free from typographical errors. Of its 235 pages, 102 are blank for students’ notes. That so small an amount of letterpress should bring the price of. the book to half-a-guinea is an indication of the lamentably increased cost of book-production, or of the opulence of the Cambridge undergraduate. 7 404 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ““ Chemical Fertilizers and Parasiticides.’”” By S. Hoare Collins. Demy 8vo. xli+ 273 pp., 9 figs. (Bailliére, Tindall & Cox, London, 1920.) ros. 6d. net. This volume, which appears in the series on Industrial Chemistry edited by Dr. Rideal, is a companion to the volume by the same author on “ Plant Products”’ already noticed in this JouRNAL (Vol. XLIV. p. 133). In the former volume the author treated of chemical fertilizers from the point of view of crop increment, whereas in that now under notice they are dealt with primarily with reference to their sources and modes of manufacture. An admirably readable and complete account of the subject is given, together with plentiful references to the literature. Altogether the volume should prove of great value to the technical fertilizer chemist and to the scientific agri- or horti-culturist ; it successfully fills what has long been a noticeable gap in the literature of industrial chemistry. ‘“Lawns.”’ By Messrs. Sutton & Sons. Ed. 13. 8vo. 79 pp. (Sutton, “ups 2s. 6d. net. Perhaps no part of the garden gives more trouble than the lawn, and this often because it has been started on wrong lines and attended to without due consideration of its needs. If the clear directions given in this little book are followed exactly, those who have the care of lawns for any purpose whatever will be able to avoid much of the worry and disappointment that waylay their steps at present. We can heartily commend it. “ Horticulture: a Textbook for High Schools and Normals.” By K. C. Davis. 8vo. vii-+ 416 pp. (Lippincott, London.) 8s. 6d. net. This volume is a course of instruction in horticulture for teachers in training and for scholars in high schools and is intended to be a part of the ordinary school or training college course, i.e. part of the general education. It is written for American scholars and teachers, and is thus not entirely suited for use as a textbook on this side of the Atlantic. The book is nevertheless one to which we would like to draw attention, because of its value in suggestion to teachers here in the framing of courses of instruction. Methods of instruction and types of exercises which scholars may reasonably be expected to perform will find many useful illustrations in this complete and able book. “‘Injurious Insects and Useful Birds.” By F. L. Washburn, M.A. 8vo. XViil + 453 pp. (J. P. Lippincott, London.) 7s. 6d. This book is intended for the use of agricultural and horticultural students, farmers, and fruit-growers in America. It appears to be of little practical use in this country, as comparatively few of our pests are included. The first six chapters are devoted to the structure of insects, orders, collect- ing, insecticides, spraying, ‘fumigation, and ‘general "remedies. In chapters I to 18 are given concise life-histories and remedies of pests of orchards, vegetables, field crops, greenhouses, shade trees, man and household, stock and poultry, and mill. Insect friends and birds of economic importance are described, the latter having, besides the usual illustrations, three splendidly coloured plates of birds’ heads. The final chapter gives the four-footed pests of farms. ‘There are a few mistakes, most of them mis-spelling of scientific names, Xyleborus dispar is labelled E. ribis on p. 111 ; the Bean Beetle, Bruchus, is incor- rectly called a Weevil on p. 244, &c. The 414 illustrations are sketches and photographs, and are particularly clear. ‘‘ Weeds of Farm Land.” By W. E. Brenchley, D.Sc. 8vo. xx. 239 pp. (Longmans, Green, London, 1920.) 12s. 6d. net. Miss Brenchley has gathered together a vast amount of information concerning | the weeds of British fields, much of it from her own observation, much also from the published experience of others. It is surprising, however, to find some pernicious weeds of gardens completely ignored, such as the bishop’s weed (Aegopodium Podagraria) and the bitter cresses (Cardamine hirsuta and C. flexuosa). Dvaba verna, though it does no harm, is deserving of passing mention as a light-land weed. Equally curious is the omission of Lepidium Draba, one of the worstimmigrants of recent years, and the beautiful Melampyrum arvense, which is rare, but locally abundant in Essex as a cornfield weed. The only other thing we have to complain of is some lack of editing apparent in discrepant spelling. The information given is very full, and the numerous line drawings which illustrate the book are excellent. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 405 hore as AN PN oSSTRACTS. [For Index to Abbreviations, etc., see last volume. ] Abelia longituba Rehder. By W.B. Turrill (Bot. Mag. t. 8810; Sept. 1919).— China. Discovered by Dr. Henry. It is a shrub nearly allied to A. uniflora, flowers very freely in late summer, with rather wide tubular flowers of a rose colour with brighter bracts on the reddish peduncle.—F. J. C. Acacia spectabilis Cunn. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8860, Sept. 1920).— A glaucous-leaved species, rather straggling in habit, producing yellow flowers very freely in the Temperate House at Kew in spring. Native of sub-tropical East Australia.—F. J. C. Allium sikkimense Baker. By C. H. Wright (Bot. Mag. t. 8858, Sept. 1920).— A blue-flowered species from Sikkim, with a cylindrical bulb.—F. J. C. Aphides and Frost.. By J. G. Blakey (Gard. Chron., Feb. 14, 1920, p. 78; 12 figs.).—Observations on the frost-resisting powers of several species, showing that they are less liable to injury by cold than is generally believed.—E. A. B. Aphis saliceti (Kaltenbach), On the Sexual Forms of. By Maud D. Haviland (Ann. App. Biology, vol. vi. no. 4, April 1920, pp. 311-313).—A description is given of the male and oviparous female of Aphis saliceti which appear in mid- summer, instead ofin the autumn, asis usual with aphides. Parallel instances are recorded, but the records are rare.—G. F. W. Apple Bloteh. By A. D. Selby (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Ohio, Bull. 333, Feb. 1919, PP. 492-506; 5 figs.). Apple Bloteh Control. By A. J. Gunderson (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Iil., Bull. 222, Sept. I919, pp. 550-572).—-This disease is caused by the fungus Phyllo sticta solitaria E. & E., and may attackithe leaves and twigs as well as the fruit. The life-history of the fungus has not yet been established, but it is known that the fungus lives over the winter in the cankers formed on the twigs. These cankers produce numerous pycnidia, liberating large numbers of spores which can readily infect neighbouring trees. The varieties least susceptibleare ‘ Maiden’s Blush,’ ‘Grimes’ Golden,’ ‘Rome Beauty,’ ‘Stayman Winesap,’ ‘ Jonathan,’ and ‘York Imperial,’ and these varieties are suggested for planting in Ohio. , The second paper details the various spraying experiments for the control of this disease during 1916, I917, and 1918 in [IlIlinois, and it is suggested that spraying should be done about three weeks after the fall of the blossoms. A second spraying might usefully follow two or three weeks later. Lime sulphur spraying fluid was found to be more effective than Bordeaux mixture.—A. B. Apple Breeding in Canada. By W. T. Macoun (Am. Pom. Soc., 1917, pp. 11-27; 2 plates)——This paper gives the methods and results of the attempts being made to produce hardier varieties. The main lines have been the crossing of Pyrus baccaia with pollen from the best and hardiest existing kinds, and the raising of seedlings from some of the hardiest Russian varieties —A. P. Apple Flakes. By W. P. James (Agr. Exp. Sta. Illinois, Cire. No. 213, -pp. 1-8; 2 figs.).—The most satisfactory way of drying apples is to cut the apple into flakes by means of an apple-pecler ; dust the surfaces with sugar and dry in a current of air at 120° F. for twelve hours. Prepared in this way, the characteristic flavour of the apple is retained and no discoloration occurs. The product is packed in cartons with paraffin wrapper. The flakes may be ground to powder and preserved in bottles or capsules, or the powder may be compressed into cakes, dipped in syrup and wrapped in tinfoil and used as a sweetmeat.—S. E. W. 406 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Apple-grain Aphis. By A. C. Baker and W. F. Turner (Jour. Agr. Res., 18, Dec. 15, 1919, pp. 311-334).—An outline of the life-history of the apple aphis Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae Fitch is given. Eggs are laid in depressions on small branches ; in mild attacks on large trees only in the lower part. The eggs hatch in early spring and the usual sequence of generations is followed. The aphides migrate in summer, but the alternate host is not stated. met aphis has been confused with Aphis avenae (R. padi L.).—G. F. W. Apple Leaf Jassid. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. pp. 568-571; 1 plate)—-The Apple-leaf Jassid or Frog Hopper (Empoasca mali) damages the fruit and foliage of the apple. Fallen leaves and weeds should be dug into the soil, and in early summer the trees should be sprayed with kerosene emulsion or tobacco-soap wash. A new species, Empoasca australis, is in colour deep yellow, in which respect it differs from E. mali. It does not cause the leaves to curl up at the sides——S. E. W Apple, Powdery Mildew of the. By D. F. Fisher (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 1120, pp. 1-14; 8 figs.).—This disease is caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (E. & E.) Salm., which makes a felt-like growth on stem, leaves, blossoms, and fruit. It is an external parasite and penetrates the host plant by ‘‘ suckers,” which absorb sap from the cells of the apple. It is more frequently met with in dry climates and may cause much damage to nursery stock. The fungus is found upon the pear, quince, hawthorn, cherry, plum, and other fruits as wellas the apple. The varieties least susceptible are ‘White Pearmain’ and ‘ Winesap.’ Spraying three or four times with lime sulphur I in 50 is recommended as a means of control.—A. B. Apple, Powdery Mildew. By E. Breakwell, W. J. Allen, and W. Le G. Brereton (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. pp. 408-412)—When apples are affected by powdery mildew, all diseased wood and mildewed terminals must be cut out and burnt in autumn. When the blossom buds show pink, spray with sulphide of iron, later spray with sulphide of iron and lead arsenate. Three weeks later repeat this treatment, and once more if necessary. The iron sulphide is prepared by adding 24 gallons of commercial lime-sulphur to 12 pounds of iron sulphate dissolved in 32 gallons of water. Allow the black precipitate to settle, syphon off the clear liquid, and wash the precipitate three times by decantation. Finally add sufficient water to make the total volume 50 gallons. Mix a portion of this stock mixture with nicotine or lead arsenate as required, and add water to bring the bulk to ten times the original volume.—S. E. W. Apples, Cost of Producing in Yakima Valley, Washington. By G. H. Muiiler and S. M. Thomson (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull.614, April1918 ; 6 plates, 14 figs.).— A study of apple-orcharding in 1915. The average annual acre cost on the 120 farms dealt with was found to be $345.68, which, allowing for an annual yield of 432 boxes to the acre, works out at about $0.80 per box. ‘The greatest item of fixed cost was the interest on the money invested, which accounted for nearly a quarter of the total net annual cost.—A. P. Apples, Storage Diseases of. By Chas. Brookes, J. S. Cooley, and D. F. Fisher (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 1160, pp. 1-25; 26 figs.) —The diseases of storage apples depend upon conditions which influence the development of parasitic fungi, and also upon abnormal physiological conditions in the fruit itself; and these are largely due to bad storage conditions. Scald and various apple rots are often produced when temperature of storage is high, while deficient ventila- tion is also a contributory factor. Each variety of apple, however, has its storage limitations, and these vary from year to year—A. B Arisaema Fargesii Bucket. By C. H. Wright (Bot. Mag. t. 8861, Sept. 1920). —Spathe purple with paler lines, yellow or greenish. Native of Szechwan and thriving under greenhouse treatment.—F. J. C. Atraphaxis Billardieri Jaub. et Spach. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8820; Dec. 1919).—A mountain shrub of Greece, Crete, Asia Minor, and Syria, remark- able for its bright perianth segments, which enlarge after flowering. Itis hardy in the neighbourhood of London, where it forms a dwarf oR oe. shrub. B. ps Avocado in Guatemala. By W. Popenoe (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 743; 23 plates) —Thirty-six varieties of avocado grown in Guatemala are described. S.E. W. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 407 Bacterial Diseases of Plants in Great Britain and Ireland, An Epitome of. By Sidney G. Paine (Aun. Appl. Biol. vol. v. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 62—76).—A general review of the study of bacteria in relation to plant diseases, with refer- ences to British literature on the subject. Symptoms of disease, host-plants, distribution, &c., in various bacterial diseases are given for white rot of turnips and other vegetables.. Heart-rot of celery, potato “ blackleg,’’ potato and tomato brown rot, iris rot, yellow disease of hyacinths, black rot of cabbage and other cruciferous plants, bacterial blight of fruit blossoms, bacterial blight of tomatos, orchid leaf-spot disease, bacterial disease of Pisum sativum, potato scab, crown gall, and “so-called physiological diseases ’’—potato leaf- rot, potato “‘ sprain,’’ mosaic disease of tomatos, and silver-leaf—are dealt with. The means of control in bacterial disease are difficult and necessitate a vast amount of research.—R. C. S. R. Baikiaea insignis Benth. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8819; Dec. 1919).—Belonging to the tribe Amherstieae of the Leguminosae, this native of Fernando Po and parts of tropical Africa bears very large white flowers with brown sepals 4 in. long, about half the length of the petals. The plant has attained a height of 30 feet in the tropical house at Kew and has borne its fugacious flowers freely.—F. J. C. Bananas. By C. E. B. Walsh (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. pp. 731-736).— Bananas require well-drained soil rich in potash, in a sheltered position, with a heavy summer rainfall. They will thrive on land formerly devoted to the cultivation of sugar cane. If the soil shows signs of acidity, lime in moderate quantities must be frequently applied. The suckers are planted ten or twelve feet apart. They begin to bear in eighteen months. The ‘ Cavendish’ is only 10 feet high; it is hardier and has a finer flavour than other varieties, but the fruit has rather a delicate skin and must be packed in cases.—S. E, W. Bark-Boring Beetles: The Structure, Bionomics, and Forest Importance of Cry- phalus Abietis Ratz. By Walter Ritchie, B.Sc., B.Sc.(Agr.) (Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. v. Nos. 3 and 4, April 1919, pp. 171-199 ; figs.)—Description of the beetle, egg, larva, and brood galleries. Observations on the life-cycle and number of broods a year are given, and its economic importance discussed. Natural enemies play a part in checking the numbers.—R. C. S. R. Bees and Fruit (Agyv. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. p. 208).—Bees never attack sound fruit, but if the skin is broken by birds, or cracked, the bees will suck up the juice, leaving nothing but the skin and seeds or stones.—S. E. W. Berberis atrocarpa Schneider. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8857, Sept. 1920).—Collected by Wilson in 1908 in W. Szechwan. Itis nearly related to the black-fruited B. levis and, like that species, has scarcely visible secondary nerves. It is distinguished by angular, grooved branchlets, thinner, longer, narrower leaves more remotely toothed, and the smaller clusters of flowers (not more than eight). It is practically hardy.—F. foe; Berberis subcaulialata. By J. Pinelle (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 28, 29; 2 figs.) —The Berberis subcaulialata of Schneider is a hardy shrub, more vigorous in growth than B. Wilsonae, attaining a height of 5 feet. It retains its leaves _ till December or January and bears numerous clusters of pale-yellow flowers in May. The red berries are highly decorative.—S. E. W. Big Bud in Black Currants, “ Reversion’? and Resistance to. By A. H. Lees, M.A. (Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. v. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 11-27; figs.)}—Owing to an apparently close connexion between Reversion and Big Bud, the two subjects are treated together. Characteristics of normal growth and diseased growth are discussed (with comparisons between Seabrook’s ‘ Black’ and ‘ Boskoop Giant’) and possible remedies. Reversion is characterized by ‘‘ running off ’’ of the fruit, unusual amount of lateral growth, sharp-pointed leaves and long thin internodes. It is apparently caused by a check to the terminal growth by a change of the terminal wood-bud into (a) a big bud, (b) a blind or killed bud, (c) a fruit-bud. Varieties resistant to big bud revert under (b) and (c). An unaccountable form of reversion occurs in young bushes before mite or aphis are present. Seabrook’s ‘Black’ is mite-resistant—R. C. S. R Birds and Public Reservations. By W. L. McAtee (U.S. Dep. Agr., Bull. 715, Pp. I-12; 4 figs.) Wild birds may be attracted to public parks and cemeteries by planting groups of fruit-bearing shrubs, providing water and feeding-stations, and erecting nesting-boxes.—S. E. W. , 408 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Bordeaux Oil Emulsion Spray. By C. A. Macrum (Board Hort. Rep. Oregon, 1919, p. 82).—Some American authorities recommend no less than ten sprayings of orchards every year. To avoid this amount of labour a combined Bordeaux oil emulsion spray has been devised. Applied as the buds are opening, it will keep in check San José scale, aphis, leaf roller, red spider, leaf curl in peaches, and anthracnose and Cylindrosporium. The mixture is prepared as follows :—Pour 24 lb. of copper sulphate dissolved in 24 gallons of water into 150 gallons of water, add milk of lime from 12 lb. of lime until the mixture is neutral to litmus paper; add 13 lb. of glue in 13 gallons of water. Stir up 12 gallons of oil emulsion with a little water and pour this with constant stirring into the liquid and make up to 200 gallons with water. Use at once.—S. E. W. Brachystelma foetidum Schlechter. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8817; Sept. 1919).—Asclepidacee. Produces a large tuber (which is eaten by the natives of the Transvaal, and which is known as ‘‘ Hottentot’s bread ’’). Ithas bright red, rather small flowers with a disagreeable odour—F. J. C. Brown Rot in Stone Fruit. By G. P. Darnell Smith (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. pp. 662-663) Attempts to prevent the spread of brown rot in Peaches and Nectarines packed in cases were futile. The disease can only be controlled by spraying the dormant fruit-trees with Bordeaux mixture and destroying mummied fruit.—S. E. W. Bulbophyllum macrobulbum J. J. Im. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8842; June 1920).—A New Guinea species at first shown as B. Balfourianum (JouRN. R.H.S. 41, p. cxxxviii (1916). It calls for tropical treatment, and has large flowers in the way of Cymbidium Huttonii, blotched and spotted red and orange on a yellow ground.—F. J. C. Cabbage Pest (Baridius chlorizans). By L. Billaudelle (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 162, 163; 1 fig.)—-This minute green beetle, about ;3, inch long, lays her eggs in the axils of the leavesin June. The grubs resemble maggots, are + inch in length. They burrow tunnels in the stems which ultimately leads to the destruction of the plant. There is no satisfactory means of destroying this pest except collecting and burning the plants attacked —S. E. W Cacti, Mucilage in, The Origin and Nature of. By F. E. Lloyd (Amer. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. No. 4, April 1919, pp. 156-166).—The mucilage in Opuntia originates within and is confined to large cells (mucilage idioplasts) scattered throughout the medullary and cortical parenchyma. Their absolute number is correlated with the species. The first visibly demonstrable change is from cellulose to a hydrocellulose, and this’in turn is converted into mucilage. As this hydrates, it swells and compresses the protoplasm toward the middle of the cell. The protoplasm remains attached more or less to the pits, giving rise to radiating strands extending from the nucleus to the wall layer. The mucilage shows lamination which is’determined by water-content, and this lamination was formerly attributed to secondary thickening. The mucilage absorbs certain dyes with great vigour. The viscosity of the mucilage is lowered by the absorbed dyes, and this is in direct relation to the degree of absorption. A short bibliography is appended.—A. B. Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8803; June IgI9). This orchid was discovered in 1819 in Nepal and occurs in Yunnan and Japan, whence it was introduced. It has rather small flowers, yellowish-green, with ared lip. It thrives with C. Masuca—F. J. C. Calyx Worm Control, Dust and the Spray Gun in. By F. Childs (Mth. Bull. Dep. Agr., California, 13, Aug. 1920, pp. 331-338).—Deals with the control of codling moth and similar calyx larve by dusting. It is difficult at present to obtain suitable sprayers, which must break up the powder into fine particles; 275 lb. pressure with a 34 h.p. sprayer produces ajfair spray with two nozzles, and an excellent spray with one. When properly applied, the material (lead arsenate powder) should settle on the parts needing protection, and will give complete control against calyx worms.—G. F. W. Campanula pyraversi. By F. Lesourd (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. p. 124; 1 fig; 1 coloured plate).—This hybrid of Campanula pyvamidalis and C. versicolor is intermediate between its parents as regards foliage, colour, and arrangement of flowers. It inherits the prolonged period of flowering of pyramidalis; the flowers are fertile.—S. E. W. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 409 Campanula sulphurea Boiss. By W. B. Turrill (Bot. Mag. t. 8827; Dec. 1919).—A native of dry sandy places in Syria and Palestine, with intense yellow flowers, not quite hardy, and subject to the attacks of slugs.—F.. J. C. Canada Thistle, Eradication. By A. A. Hansen (U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 1002, pp. 2-15; 4 figs.)—The Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense, was introduced to the North American continent from Europe. It is chiefly distributed by the use of impure grass and clover seed. This pest may be eradicated by systematically destroying the top growth of the plant, using the sweep or knife type of cultivator, supplemented by the use of the hand hoe. Just before the thistle flowers, plough shallow, and later in the season use the disc harrow. The following spring plant a cultivated crop and see that no thistle tops survive. E. W. Capsid Bugs, Investigation of the Nature and Cause of the Damage to Plant Tissue resulting from the Feeding of. By K. M. Smith (Aun. App. Biol. vol. vii. no. 1, Sept. 1920, pp. 40-55; 7 figs., 1 plate).—-This research was to discover the cause of the damage done to apples, potatos, &c., by the capsid bugs, Plesiocoris nigricollis and Lygus pabulinus. It was definitely proved that mechanical means were not the chief agents of injury, but the injection into the plants’ tissues of some dilute poison. When the salivary glands of these harmful capsid bugs were placed on cut slices of potato, a violent reaction took place which killed much of the tissue surrounding the glands, whereas on an injection of glands from the harmless apple bug, Psallus ambiguus, the result was nil.—G. F. W. Carnation Stem Rot and its Control. By Geo. L. Peltier (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Iil., Bull. 223, Sept. 1919, pp. 578-607; 5 figs.)—This disease is caused by Rhizoctonia Solani Kihn (Corticium vagum B. & C.), and is widely scattered in Illinois. It may attack stem cuttings, seedlings, or mature plants, and enters the plant at a point just below the ground level. Decay follows and soon sclerotia in large numbers are formed on the decomposed mass. Since the disease is a soil disease, the best methods of control are obviously in completely disin- fecting the soil; but itis found that formalin, sulphuric acid, lime, Bordeaux mixture have but little effect upon the fungus. Steam sterilization is the only effective remedy. Atthe same time due care with regard to temperature and amount of moisture is essential if the plants are to be kept in a healthy condition.—A. B. Carnations. By H. Blin (Le Jard. vol. xxxiv. pp. 158-160).—-In the cultiva- tion of Carnations for cut flowers, good results are obtained in soils containing humus by the use of chemical manures. Before the Carnations are planted out, the soil receives 220 lb. of superphosphate and 150 lb. of potassium sulphate per rood; 45 lb. of sodium nitrate dissolved in water is applied in successive doses from April to October. During the flowering season the amount of potassium sulphate is increased and the mixture of superphosphate, nitrate and sulphate mixed in water and gradually applied to the plants to the great improvement in the size and colour of the flowers.—S. E. W. Catasetum. By J. Poupion (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 98-100; 3 figs.).— Amateurs find a difficulty in flowering Catasetum, but good results are obtained by paying attention to the following points. The Catasetum requires a period of absolute rest at a temperature of 50-55° F. Wateris withheld. In March the plants are taken out of their pots, the old compost is removed and withered roots and bulbs are cut off. They are repotted in ordinary pots half filled with pieces of charcoal and crocks and the remainder with sphagnum moss and polypodium fibre (1-2) and a little sand. They are placed near the glass in a house at 68—-70° F. When the roots show signs of growth, the pots are immersed in warm soft water. Spraying is prohibited. Towards the end of April the supply of water is limited as the flowering season begins. Exposure to direct sunlight is injurious. When the flowers are over the supply of water is increased, but it is stopped in November.—S. E. W. Caulophyllum thalictroides. By J. Hutchinson (Gard. Chron., Feb. 7, 1920, p-. 63; 1 fig.)—Calls attention to the probability of this and the Asiatic C. robustum being one species. Also describes the curious fruit produced by the early falling away of the carpel, leaving two seeds on long funicles resembling two-stalked fruits —FE. A. B. Cedar Apple Rust. By Cromwell (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Rep. 1918, pp. 127- 131).—The cedar apple rust requires two hosts for its life cycle. The spores 410 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. from the rusty spots on the apple leaves are carried by the wind to the cedar trees, where galls develop twenty months later. These galls yield spores which attack the apple trees, causing the leaves to fall off. Hawthorns and crabs are also attacked. Spraying has not been successful; the only remedy appears to be the removal of the cedars —S. E. W Celery Fly, Oviposition in the. By T. H. Taylor (Aun. Appl. Biol. vol. v. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 60-61; 1 text fig.)——-The habits of the celery fly are described, with special reference to the egg-laying process and the burrowing of the larva in the leaf tissues —R. C. S. R. Chemofropic Responses of Insects, Field Experiments on the. By A. D. Imms and M. A. Husain (Aun. App. Biol. vol. vi. No. 4, April 1920, pp. 260, 292; 1 fig.)——This paper is intended as a basis for further research into the chemotropic responses of insects. A bibliography and an historical review are given of the early papers dealing with this subject; the author’s experiments are detailed. Few insects besides diptera were captured, probably on account of the small size of the traps used. Beer and cane molasses proved to be the most success- ful baits. The authors point out the difficulties in this research, and the many factors to be taken into consideration.—G. F. W. Cherry Tree Grafting. By P. Lecolier (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 161-162).— Whip-grafting on the wild cherry is the most rapid method of renewing the cherry orchards destroyed by the Germans in Belgium. The Open should be carried out in the second half of September.—S. E. W. Chestnut Trees, Effects of Injection of Chemicals upon. By C. Rumbold (Amer. Jour. Bot. vol. vii. Nos. 1 and 2, Jan. and Feb. 1920, pp. I-20, 45-56; 2 plates). — These experiments were undertaken in the hope of discovering some remedy for the chestnut bark disease (Endothia parasitica Murr.) in eastern U.S.A. Ordinary methods of spraying and soil disinfectants were apparently without avail in checking this disease. A large number of substances, organic and inorganic, were injected into 156 ‘ Paragon’ chestnut trees during the growing season, and it was found that solutions of organic compounds were more readily ‘‘ absorbed ”’ than inorganic solutions, and usually the more concentrated the solutions of chemicals the more readily were they absorbed by the trees. In S.W. Pennsyl- vania, June was the best month for injection, as far as the rate of intake was concerned. The injected solution as a rule passed through the vessels of the youngest annual rings up and down the trunk in a zone whose width was usually little more than that of the injection hole. As a rule the injection was not harmful to the trees in the case of the alkali metals and organic compounds, but the injection of heavy metals was detrimental. A watery extract of chestnut blight canker was harmful, but healthy bark extract was not. Many of the bases produced characteristic colorations of the leaves. It was found that solutions of lithium salts injected in the spring months may have an effect upon ° the blight, in that the growth of the canker was checked and healthy callus was formed over the canker. Further experiments, however, are necessary to obtain conclusive results —A. B. Chrysanthemums, Varieties of. By Hort (Le Jard. vol. xxxiv. pp. 53-55, 61, 62, 70, 71; 4 figs.) —A list of the best varieties of Chrysanthemums classified in fourteen groups recommended by a committee of French specialists —S. E. W. Citrus, Effects of Alkali on. By W. P. Kelley and E. E. Thomas (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. California, Bull. 318, Jan. 1920, pp. 304-338; 2 figs.).—It is generally believed that citrus trees are especially sensitive to alkali, and this is thought to be due to excessive concentration of the alkali. The symptoms of alkali injury are a yellowing of the margins and tips of the leaves, followed by a shedding of the entire foliage. ‘Navel’ oranges are more sensitive than ‘ Valencia,’ and ‘ Eureka’ lemons more sensitive than ‘Lisbon.’ Generally lemon trees are more sensitive than orange trees. It was found that some irrigation waters were highly charged with alkali, and various tables are issued showing the analyses of some of the irrigation waters used in California. The use of mountain water is advo- cated and a plentiful supply can be obtained by use of dams and reservoirs.—A. B. Citrus Fruit Improvement. By A. D. Shamel, L. B. Scott, C. S. Pomeroy, and C. L. Dyer (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 813, June 1920, pp. 1-89; 22 figs.).— The lemon (Citrus Limonia Osbeck) is largely grown in California, which State is responsible for practically 90 per cent. of lemons produced in the United States. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. A4II The more important commercial varieties are the ‘ Eureka,’ ‘ Lisbon,’ and ‘ Villa Franca.’ The‘ Eureka’ variety originated from a seedling in Los Angeles about 1860. Many important strains have since been developed by propagation of bud varieties, and these may influence the habit of the trees’ growth, the charac- teristics of the foliage and blossoms, and the desirable qualities (colour, shape, size, texture, juiciness) of the fruits. The present paper was an endeavour to determine the behaviour of the trees of the different strains, and to isolate and propagate the superior varieties by careful bud selection. Exhaustive data of each tree were kept and the various characteristics developed after grafting. The results show that great improve- ments follow grafting by carefully selected buds which have been placed upon trees bearing large crops throughout a number of years. As a result of these investigations a department of bud selection has been established by the fruit- growers of the State whereby reliable bud wood from record lemon trees may be obtained by all growers.—A. B. Coccidae affecting Various Genera of Plants, A List of. By E. E. Green, F.E.S., F.Z.S. (Aun. Appl. Biol. vol. 5, No. 2, Oct. 1918, pp. 143—156).—Continued from vol.iv. p.239. From Laburnum-Phenacoccus to Pyrus-Lepidosaphes ulmi. HG. elle. Coccidae, affecting Various Genera of Plants, A List of. By E. E. Green, F.E.S., F.Z.S. (Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. 5. Nos. 3 and 4, April 1919, pp. 261-273). —Continued from vol. v. p. 156. From Quercus monophlebus to Zuccagnia- Lecanium. A number of observations conclude the list —R. C. S. R. Codling Moth in Walnuts, The. By H. J. Quayle (Mth. Bull. Dep. Agr., California, 9, March 1920, pp. 64-69; 2 figs.)—The mode of attack of this pest on Walnuts is described. The moth is recorded as attacking Walnuts in France, South Africa, and California, and appeared in the last two places almost simultaneously. The life-history is similar to that on the Apple. Larve hatching out in early spring enter the calyx end of the nut, and, until the middle of July, usually bore towards its centre. Those hatching out later, after the nuts have attained some size, enter where two nuts are in contact. Banding trees is only a partial check. Spraying and dusting with lead arsenate (preferably basic or neutral, otherwise injury is easily done to the trees) is effective where two applications are made.—G. F, W. Coelogyne integerrima Ames. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8856, Sept. 1920).—Native of Philippines. Flowers yellowish green, with a yellow scarlet- striped entire obtuse lip. It requires a tropical temperature.—F. J. C. Compidosoma tortricis, Sp. N., On a new Polyembryonic Encyrtid (Chal- cidoidea) bred from the Strawberry Tortrix Moth. By J. Waterston (Ann. App. Biol. vol. vii. no. 1, Sept. 1920, pp. I-5; 5 figs.).—During investigations into the life-history of the strawberry tortrix moth, Oxygrapha comariana, a small chalcid was reared which proved to be a new species. A detailed description is given in the text.—G. F. W. Conifers on the Riviera. By A. R. Proschowsky (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. p. 75). —The Aleppo Pine, Pinus excelsa, P. canariensis, P. Laricio, P. radiata, Picea Morinda, Cedrus Deodara, Cupressus sempervirens, C. lusitanica, C. guadala- pensis, C. macrocarpa, Cryptomeria japonica, Araucaria excelsa, A. Bidwilli, and Podocarpus, Cephalotaxus, Thuyopsis dolobrata, and the Junipers thrive on the Riviera in calcareous soil. Unfortunately Pinus canariensis and P. radiata are seriously damaged by the ravages of the procession caterpillar.—S. E. W. Coreopsis elegans. By M. Houssy (Le Jard. vol. xxxiv. p. 110; 1 fig.) — This hardy annual deserves a place in every garden. It is invaluable for cut flowers, as itis very floriferous. The yellow flowers have purple discs.—S. E. W. Cornus Kousa Buerg. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8833; March 1920).— A Chinese and Japanese species forming a flat-topped small tree. It is quite hardy, and the Chinese form figured has four white bracts surrounding the inflorescence, each 2 inches long by about 1 inch in diameter.—F. J. C. Cotoneaster serotina Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8854, Sept. 1920).—A small tree allied to C. turbinata and C. glaucophylla, but it has smooth berries and green leaves. It is perfectly hardy and flowers late, its panicles of scarlet fruits ripening about Christmas. A great acquisition. Collected by Forrest in West China.—F. J. C. 412 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cotyledon oppositifolia Ledeb. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8822; Dec. I919).—At one time called Umbilicus oppositifolius, this native of the Caucasus is hardy in English rock gardens. It produces branched spikes of yellow flowers in an open panicle on erect stems bearing fleshy, flattish crenate leaves.—F. J. C. Crataegus Wattiana Hemsl. et Lace. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8818; Sept. 1919).—-Attains size of asmall tree. Native of Baluchistan. Distinguished from C. sanguinea by truncate or cordate base of leaf (not cuneate), foliage and summit of ovary glabrous. Flowers white in May; fruits globose, clear trans- lucent yellow.—F. J. C. Cucurbits, Bacterial Wilt of. By F. V. Rand and Ella M. A. Enlows (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 828, May 1920, pp. 1-43; 9 figs.).—The study of the bacterial wilt on cucumbers, caused by Bacillus tracheiphilus (E. F. Smith), has been continued since 1915, and an exhaustive study of the relation of soil and insects to the distribution and control of the disease has been made by the authors. The disease occurs in thirty-one States and affects cucumbers, cantaloups, squashes and pumpkins, but not water-melons. Theseverity of the attack varies from a single plant to 95 per cent. of thecrop. Very little direct relation between percentage of infections and severity of the disease is due to weather conditions, but the chief carriers of the disease in summer-time are the striped cucumber beetles, Diabrotica vittata and D. duodecimpunctata. Infection of the plant is due to wounds on surface. The disease cannot winter in the soil. Cucumbers are the most susceptible and water-melons are the least susceptible to the disease. Control measures suggested are some strong insecticide and some protective spraying fluid for the plants.—A. B. Currant Grapes, Growing. By George C. Husmann (Am. Pom. Soc., 1917, pp. 66-69; 4 plates) —Their profitable growth in the United States has been demonstrated. Two conditions are necessary—they must be grafted on phylloxera-resistant stocks and incised while in blossom, the latter operation consisting in making two parallel incisions through the bark, around either the trunks, arms, or cones of the vines, and taking out the bark between the cuts. PE op Daphne tangutica Maxim. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8855, Sept. 1920).— R. Farrer distributed a Daphne under his No. 271, which, while related to D. retusa, is distinct in its longer narrower leaves, less markedly ciliate bud scales, and glabrous stigma. It flowers in spring and appears to be perfectly hardy, although not transplanting readily. The flowers are pinkish [and exceedingly sweet-scented].—F. J. C. Delphinium Pylzowii Maxim. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8813 ; Sept. 1919).— This plant has been known in cultivation since 1876, but was reintroduced by Mr. Farrer, who collected it in the Min-Shan range (JOURNAL R.HS. xlii- p. 332). It is a perennial requiring the same cultivation as D. grandiflorum, with dark azure-violet, pale rose, or rose-lilac flowers.—F. J. C. Derris as an Insecticide. By N.E.McIndoo (Jour. Agr. Res. 17, Aug. 1919, pp. 177-200).—An historical review is given of the discovery of Derris as an insecticide. Several species of Deguelia (Derris) are known, but only D. elliptica and D. uliginosa have proved sufficiently toxic and useful. Although these plants have long been known as a fish poison, it is only in recent years that its value as an insecticide has been discovered. It acts both as a contact and a stomach poison, but is useless as a fumigant. Experiments are described, with tables showing results of the application of Derris as a powder and liquid spray. Several methods of extracting the toxic property are given, and denatured alcohol proved a good solvent. The toxic principle is thought to be a resin, known as Derrid, and appears to kill insects by motor paralysis. In the dusting experiments described it was found that the nerve tissue of the insect was first affected, and only small quantities got into the mouth to act as a stomach poison. Derris powder was found efficient against several insects, including A phis rumicis L., A. pomi de Geer, and Myzus persicae Sulz.; but of no use against Red Spider, Mealy-bug, Cockroaches, etc. In proprietary washes, Derris extract is mixed with soft soap, and can be dissolved in water and used at once.—G. F. W. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 413 Desmodium cinerascens Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8805, June 1919).—Native of S.-W. China, and introduced by M. Maurice de Vilmorin in 1896. Itis quite hardy, forming a bush 3 to4 feethigh. It flowers in October, the inflorescence being several inches long and the flowers rosy-carmine.—F. J.C. Disporum pullum var. brunnea C. H. Wright (Bot. Mag. t. 8807; June 1919).— Introduced from W. Hupeh by E. H. Wilson through the Arnold Arboretum, this plant thrives in partially shaded situations in good sandy loam. The brownish tubular perianth has the segments spreading at the tips and so differs from the type.—F. J. C. Dusting the Orchard. By F. H. Dudley etc. (U.S.A., Maine, Bull., vol. 19, No. 3, Sept. 1920).—These papers comprise the views of four authors advocating the use of dust instead of liquid sprays. The advantages are time and labour saving, better transport, and cheaper upkeep. As with liquid spraying, a thorough application is necessary. ‘The opinion of all the authors is that there is a good future for dusting, and the opinion of many growers is favourable. Two formule are given: (1) sulphur 45 per cent., tobacco 4o per cent., and lead arsenate 15 per cent.; and (2) sulphur 85 per cent. and lead arsenate 15 per cent., and the ingredients so finely ground as to pass through a silk cloth of 200 meshes to I inch.—G. F. W. Dusting and Spraying Experiments. By W. C. Dutton (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Michigan, Bull. 102, March 1920, pp. 3-50; 20 figs.)—A detailed account of dusting and spraying experiments carried out during 1918-19. Although the cost of material for dusting is higher than for spraying, the application costs less. The operation may be done when the foliage is wet or dry, but cannot be performed satisfactorily if there is much wind. A driving spray is unsatis- factory, and drenching the trees should always be avoided. Dusting effectively controlled apple scab and biting insects, and gave as good results as when lime- sulphur and lead arsenate were used. Results are given of the effect of dusting apples, cherries, plums, peaches, currants, and potatos. Dry lime-sulphur did not control apple scab, so that it cannot be profitably substituted for lime-sulphur solution. Lead arsenate is thoroughly recom- mended on all kinds of fruit-trees, and although calcium arsenate proved efficacious on potatos it was unsatisfactory on fruit-trees—G. F. W. Eeology of Foliar Anatomy of some Plants of a Prairie Province in Iowa. By A. Hayden (Amer. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. No. 2, Feb. 1919, pp. 69-85; 5 plates).— The following is a summary of the conclusions arrived at: The leaves of prairie plants show a xerophytic tendency, as shown by the specialized palisade cells, thick-walled epidermis without trichomes, and the presence of water-storing tissue. The upland plants havea thinner epidermis than those of the lowlands. Of the alluvial basin leaves studied, 50 per cent. were bifacial and 124 per cent. were centric to subcentric, while of the upland plants 33 per cent. had bifacial leaves and 50 per cent. were centric to subcentric.—A. B. Ecology of Subterranean Anatomy of some Plants of a Prairie Province in Iowa.—By A. Hayden (Amer. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. No. 3, March 1919, pp. 87-105; 12 plates). —A study of the anatomy of the subterranean organs of prairie plants shows there is a tendency to the production of prominent mechanical tissue in plants of dry habitats and a reduction of parenchyma. In moist habitats the proportion of parenchyma is greater than that of the mechanical tissue. The vascular tissue is variable in quantity. The subterranean stem is predominant as an equivalent of the primary root, especially in moist lowland regions. It is more efficient than the root in propagation. Primary roots which show secondary thickening resemble stems in their concentric manner of expansion. The stem, however, has a pith area which serves as a reservoir for water and there- fore increases its efficiency for radial distribution. Bibliographies are appended to both papers.—A. B. Electricity for Heating Greenhouses. By A. Guion (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. p. 64.—Where a cheap supply of electricity is available the greenhouse may be heated by electric radiators, but for orchids and other delicate subjects it is better to use the thermo-syphon system employing an electric furnace for heating the water. —S.E. W. 414. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Erica Haroldiana. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8835; March 1920).—A Cape species related to E. nobilis, with greenish-tinged urceolate flowers rosy at the mouth, borne in short terminal panicles. It succeeds under cool greenhouse treatment, but is still very rare—F. J. C. Euonymus alatus Regel. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8823; Dec. 1919).— A widely distributed plant in North and Central China, Japan, etc., but not producing its purplish fruits very freely in this country. In spite of this, the shrub, which grows to about ro feet, is very valuable when planted in a sunny place in autumn for its rich red foliage. Easily distinguished by its winged stems from other species of the genus.—F. J. C. Explosives, Land Clearing by (continued). By C. W. Burrows (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. 381-390; 5 figs.)—Tree stumps can be split by small charges of gelignite. After an interval for drying the shattered wood can be destroyed by fire. Boulders and floating rocks can also be removed by gelignite. It is generally better to dig out post-holes without using explosives to soften the ground. The posts are firmer in the hard soil—S. E. W. Fig Growing. By W.A. Taylor (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 1031 ; 45 pp., 24 figs.) —The cultivation of figs and the best varieties for growing in the South Atlantic and Gulf States are described. Figs thrive on well-drained soil contain- ing plenty of humus and well supplied with moisture. The fine fibrous roots lie near the surface and are easily damaged by careless cultivation—S. E. W. Fertilizers, Injuries by Borax in. By O. Schreiner, B. E. Brown, J. J. Skinner, and M. Shapovalov (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Circe. 84, Feb. 1920, pp. 1-35; 25 figs.)—In 1917 some injurious effects of borax in corn fertilizers were noted in Indiana, and these effects were attributed to very small amounts of borax. Experiments were made, and this paper records some results obtained. As might be expected, differences in soil and climatic factors play an important part in determining the toxic limits of borax in fertilizers. The addition of a very small amount of borax under unfavourable weather conditions and local con- centration in the soil may produce unfavourable results in the crops. It was found that potatos, cotton, and other crops were similarly affected_by small amounts of borax in the soil—A. B. Floceulation. By Spencer U. Pickering (Woburn, 17th Report, 1920, pp. 77— 82).—-Investigations on the nature of the flocculation of clay by acids and alkalis and on the effects of frost on clay. The acids in the soil, which exist in the form of comparatively bulky hydrates, unite with the clay particles, thus increasing their size two or three times, and these composite particles—solid nuclei in a liquid envelope of weak acid—coalesce to form larger masses. With alkalis. the results are substantially the same. These adsorption compounds are easily decomposed, even by physical means, and heavy rain, by washing away some of the acid, causes deflocculation to a corresponding extent, and thus the effect of rain in making a clay soil less workable is explained. The action of frost is diametrically opposite to that of a flocculating agent, the breaking down of clods being largely effected by mechanical disruption. It also affects the ultimate particles themselves by depriving them of. their chemically combined water, resulting in a shrinkage of the particles, which there- by become more dense and subside more rapidly, thus forming a more compact sediment.—A. P. Fragaria, Some Notes on. By C. W. Richardson (Jour. Gen. x. pp. 39-46; July 1920).—In continuation of experiments already alluded to in these abstracts, the author records results of various seedling raisings and observations upon the genetics of the strawberry.—F. J. C. Fruit Packing. By W. J. Allen and W. le Gay Brereton (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. Xxx. Pp. 430-436, 517-522, 572-576, 652-656, and 721-725). A detailed account of the methods employed for packing apples, apricots, and peaches. S.E. W. Fruit Trees, Vigour in. By C. I. Lewis (Board Hort. Oregon, 1919, pp. I14- 120).—Orchard trees reaching an age of fifteen to twenty-five years frequently show a want of vigour, making little growth and bearing light crops. The application of 3-7 lb. of sodium nitrate to each tree one month before the buds appear has a wonderful reinvigorating effect on the growth and fertility —S. E. W. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 415 Fruiting, Studies in Biennial By R. H. Roberts (Am. Pom. Soc. 1917, pp. 28-33).—Biennial fruiting is not due to the constitutional habit of a tree, for flowering in successive years can be induced in a tree of this character by blossom removal, but it is considered to be owing to the absorption by a large crop of blossom of the reserve food usually stored in a tree, so that when blossom- bud differentiation should begin, about a month after flowering, the tree is in no condition to form blossom buds in readiness for successive bearing. The present investigations are far from completed, but the writer confidently expects by judicious modifications of cultural operations to overcome the biennial fruiting habit to a great extent.—A. P. Fruits, Vegetative Propagation of Tropical By P. J. Wester (Am. Pom. Soc. 1917, pp. 82-94; 8 plates)—Compared with, the improvements which have been effected in the fruits of temperate countries little or nothing has been done to raise better varieties of most tropical fruits, so many of the Jatter being of surprisingly good quality in their wild or semi-wild state. The writer thinks there are great opportunities for improving tropical fruits by asexual propagation of seedlings of exceptional merit, and he gives a list of about too species with the method of such propagation within the limits of his own experience.—A. P. Fungicide, A Copper Emulsion as a. By H. and L. K. Wormald (Aun. Appl. Biol. vol. v. Nos. 3 and 4, April I919, pp. 200-205; fig.)—Methods of preparing copper sulphates and soft-soap solution as a fungicide. Experiments in the laboratory and on growing potato plants in the garden are given. Pre- ventive action against blight (Phytophthora infestans) is exhibited by an emulsion containing the equivalent of 0-4 per cent. copper sulphate (CuSO,.5H:O) and 2 per cent. soft soap.—R. C. S. R. Gaultheria cuneata Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8829; Dec. 1919).—Originally called G. pyroloides var. cuneata, this native of Szechwan proves distinct from the Japanese G. pyroloides as well as from the Sikkim G. pyrolaefolia, to both of which it is allied. It is a low-growing, perfectly hardy evergreen, thriving in moist peaty soil, with narrowly obovate or oblanceolate leaves and a densely hairy ovary andfruit. The fruits are enclosed in the fleshy white calyx.—F. J. C. Grafting, Yema, of the Vine. By H. E. Laffer (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. I-36; 6 figs.).—As the operation of ‘ Yema’ grafting takes place when the fruit and wood are ripening, the scions can be selected from vines in bearing. The scion is stripped of its leaves, and a considerable amount of woody tissue is included in cutting the bud. The scion is then dovetailed into a corresponding section made in the side of the stock. This is clearly shown in the illustrations. The bud is tied in position with a few strands of raffia. The vine is mounded up with fine earth to a height of 9 inches. This is removedin spring, when the stock is cut back.. The stocks should be half an inch in diameter and the node of the scion should be of equal diameter.—S. E. W. Grapes, European, in Eastern America. By Dr. U. P. Hendrick (Am. Pom. Soc. 1917, pp. 46-51).—An experiment in grafting European varieties of Vitis vinifera on American stocks. Abundant growth has been made, and though the vines need winter protection, itis thought that their increased productiveness will more than make up for the cost.—A. P. Grapes, The Muscadine—their Culture and Uses. By Charles Dearing (Am. Pom. Soc. 1917, pp. 52-59; 12 plates)—Hitherto the standard varieties have been practically self-sterile, but a new race has been recently introduced, which is self-fertile and capable of setting as fruit 25, and even, in some varieties, 50 per cent. of their blossom buds, as against a normal 15 per cent. with the old varieties. Seven thousand seedling vines are now growing in the breeding plots, andimprove- ments are being effected in various directions.—A. P. Grass on Trees, Experiments on the Action of. By Spencer U. Pickering, M.A., F.R.S. (Woburn, 17th Report, 1920, pp. 1-6; 1 fig.)—Some experiments are described, supplementary to those published in previous reports, showing that the action of grass on fruit-trees is practically the same, whether the grass is grown in earth or sand, and is independent of the thoroughness with which the grass-roots are separated from the tree-roots (pp. 1-4). Half the plantation of Standard Bromley’s Seedling planted twenty-two years previously was grassed over with the result that the crops were reduced by 5 per cent. in the first season and by 50 to 90 per cent. in the second season, the subsequent removal resulting in no definite recovery of vigour during the third season (pp. 4-6) —A. P. 416 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Hamamelis vernalis. By L. Chenault (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. p. 47; 2 figs.)— This Hamamelis is widely distributed in the States of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Itis about 6 feet high. The leaves are bluish green on the upper surface and pale green underneath. In January it is covered with axillary groups of sweet-scented, reddish brown flowers.—S. E. W. Hardiness. By C. B. Waldron (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Rep., 1918, pp. 115- I119).—Selection does not appreciably affect the hardiness of plants. Early maturity is an important factor in adapting plants to a cold climate. Exposure to frost removes moisture from plant. cells and deposits it in the form of ice in the intercellular spaces. In order that a plant may survive the winter, it must retain sufficient moisture to enable it to resume activity in spring. Protection is afforded by wind screens and by mulching, which delays freezing about the roots. Hardy hybrids can only be produced when at least one of the parents is hardy.—S. E. W. Haworthia Chalwini Matloth et Berger. By C. H. Wright (Bot. Mag. t. 8828 ; Dec. 1919).—A curious columnar plant with fleshy purplish-brown white-warted imbricate leaves. Suitable for cultivation in the succulent house and native of S. Africa.—F. J. C. Hawthorns as Hosts of Apple, Pear, and Quince Pests, Wild. By W. H. Wellhouse (Jour. Econ. Entom. 13, Oct. 1920, pp. 388-391).—The author states that 374 species of insects are known to feed on Hawthorns, of which 210 species are found in the United States. Six species of serious pests of Hawthorn in the States may at any time be expected to become pests of cultivated fruits. Over one hundred species feed on both Apple and Hawthorn, of which a list of over twenty-five is given in the text. Not only do Hawthorns act as native hosts for insects, but also for cankers, blights, andrusts. It is suggested that either these plants be abolished as hedge plants, or that they be sprayed together with the orchards.—G. F. W. Heracleum persicum giganteum. By A. Van den Heede (Le Jard. vol. XXXIV. p. 133; I fig.) —The largest and most ornamental of the Umbellifere is Heracleum persicum giganteum. Its large digitate leaves exceed a yard in length and haif a yard in width. In spring the rate of growth is amazing ; it attains a height of 1o feet and is surrounded by an umbel of snow-white flowers, 3 feet wide. The plant thrives in deep rich soil and is easily raised from seed.—S. E. W. Hoheria populnea var. lanceolata Hooker. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8843; June 1920).—Hardy in the south of England, where it forms a graceful and attractive late-flowering tree, but needing a greenhouse near London. The foliage is narrower than in the type and the white flowers rather smaller. Bogic. Hop, Forms of, Resistant to Mildew. By E. S. Salmon (Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. v. Nos. 3 and 4, April 1919, pp. 252-260).—Certain seedlings of the wild hop are persistently immune to the attacks of mildew when grown in the greenhouse. Other seedlings under the same conditions and of the same parentage are very susceptible. Certain of the immune seedlings are also resistant in the open air under normal cultural conditions, while others are susceptible in the hop garden. The change inimmunity is apparently associated with the changes in temperature, BG, asa Hydrocyanie Acid, Fumigation with Liquid. By H. J. Quayle (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. California, Bull. No. 308, June 1919, pp. 393-407; 4 figs.) .—This highly poisonous chemical was first used experimentally in 1916, and on a commercial scale in 1917 for fumigating Citrus trees in California. It is a colourless liquid, less than three-fourths the weight of water (Sp. G. 0:6969 at 18°C.), boiling at 26:5°C., highly volatile, the gas being quickly given off from the surface of the liquid, and its use is therefore attended with very great danger to the operator. Pot generators kill best at the bottom of the tree, but the liquid at the top; 20 c.c. of liquid HCN oe. per cent.) equal 1 ounce of sodium cyanide as it is generally used.—G. F. W. Ilex verticillata A. Gray. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8832 ; March 1920).—This American deciduous holly is well known in English gardens. It is particularly valuable when it bears its bright scarlet berries (to induce the production of which it requires full exposure to the south). There is a variety with yellow fruit called chrysocarpa.—F. J. C. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 417 Inobulbum munificum. By J. Poupion (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 64-66; 2 figs.)—Inobulbum munificum Kranzlin and Dendrobium muricatum Finet from Noumea and New Caledonia areidentical. It thrives under the same con- ditions as D. senile. Finet’s opinion that there are two varieties of this orchid is incorrect.—S. E. W. Insect Powder. By McDonnell, Roark, and Keenan (U.S. Dep. Agr., Bull. 824, June 3, 1920, pp. 1-100; 4 plates).—Investigations were undertaken into the composition of insect powders on account of suspected adulteration. The Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes as insect powder an insecticide made from the powdered heads of the following: Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum) cinerariaefolium,Bocc., C. (P.) roseum Web. and Mohr., and C. Marshalli Aschers. (P. carneum M.B.). The history of the use of insect powders is given, and is followed by notes on the cultiva- tion and harvesting of the flowers, which are commercially grown in Dalmatia, Japan, Australia, Algeria, and California, the first three named being the most important for international trade. Adulteration is common, and substances, such as lead chromate, curcuma, yellow ochre, and flowers of Ox-eye daisy, etc., are substituted, the last named occurring as a mixture or alone. The ground stems of the plants constitute over 95 per cent. of the adulterants used, and they are of little use as an insecticide. Twenty microphotographs are given as an aid to detection of adulterants, but this method, as yet, is inadequate to make an accurate determination possible. Physiological and chemical means of detecting adulteration appear to be the comparison of the sample to be tested with a known genuine sample. A formula, developed from the data of several hundred samples tested, is given by which it is possible to determine in an insect powder the approximate amount of added Pyrethrum stems present. Pp. 83-100 are devoted to a very complete bibliography.—G. F. W. Insect Visitors to Fruit Blossoms, Noteson. By C. H. Hooper (Jour. Pomology, vol. i.no. 2, pp. 116-124).—Some few notes are given on insect visitors to orchard and bush fruits. It is intended as a preliminary list, sothat some scientific worker may take up this most important economic subject. According to D’Arcy W. Thompson’s translation of Hermann Miiller’s ‘“‘ The Fertilisation of Flowers,’’ the numbers of different insects visiting fruit blossoms are as follows: Apple (16), pear (31), plum and cherry (14), raspberry (17), black currant (1), red currant (5), gooseberry (13), strawberry (25), and black- berry (68).—G. F. W. Insecticide Investigations. By A. L. Lovett (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Oregon, Buil. 169, April 1920, pp. 5-55).—The results of spraying tests, started in 1914 by Professor H. T. Wilson, are described. With the help of fifteen tables and a concise summary, the results are made plain. Lead hydrogen arsenate (acid lead arsenate) has a higher killing power than basic lead arsenate, probably on account of its higher percentage of arsenic, and a higher proportion is assimilated by caterpillars ; but it is liable to burn foliage where free arsenious acid is present. All the arsenic is not assimilated by caterpillars, but a part of it passes through the digestive tract in the excrement. Three pounds of lead arsenate to 200 gallons of water was an effective spray for the early control of codling moth, and should be applied as a fine spray. Powdered forms are superior to paste forms, especially when one is far removed from the manufacturers. Much useful information is given of the value of ‘spreaders,’ the most efficient being casein, gelatine, glue, soap bark or saponin, and oil emulsion. Nicotine acts as a repellent for tent caterpillars, as they will not usually feed on foliage sprayed with it. The author recommends nicotine sulphate as an ovicide for codling-moth eggs, the addition of soap rendering it practically perfect in this respect. Gu... Ipomaea Pes-tigridis var. longibracteata Linn. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8806; June I919).—Native of Ugogo, etc., East Tropical Africa. The flowers, produced in a warm house, are infundibuliform, white, about 2} inches in diameter. The plant is an annual.—F. J. C. _ VOI. XLVI, 25 418 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Iris Hoogiana Dykes. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8844; June 1920).—Intro- duced by Mr. C. G. van Tubergen from Turkestan. It produces lavender flowers with a rich golden beard in May, and, like others of its section, requires to be lifted about the middle of July. —F. J. C. Iris Reichenbachia Heuffel. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8812 ; Sept. 1919) — Macedonia. This plant has proved quite hardy at Kew. It is dwarf, and produces its flowers, which vary from red-purple to greenish yellow, in May. It is easily distinguished when in flower from I. Chamaeiris by its sharply keeled spathe valves—F. J. C. Kochia scoparia var. trichophila. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8808 ; Sept. 1919). —This form of Kochia scoparia, which turns red somewhat suddenly in autumn, is now fairly well known in gardens for summer bedding, although introduced only in 1901 by Messrs. Cannell. A coloured figure, description, and history of the plant in cultivation are given—F. J. C. Lantana Fly. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr..Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. 665- 668; 1 plate)—The Lantana is a well-known pest in certain districts in New South Wales. It is attacked by the Lantana Fly (Agromyza lantanae) whose grubs destroy the fertility of the seed. Itis only recently that the fly has been observed in the neighbourhood of Sydney. It appears to be identical with the fly from Hawaii—sS. E. W. _ Larkspur. By C. D. Marsh, A. B. Clawson, and H. Marsh (U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 988, pp. 1-15; 6 figs.) —In the western states of Canada and the United States many cattle are lost by poisoning through eating larkspurs, although sheep and horses grazing on the same land do not suffer. The tall larkspur, Delphinium Barbeyi, abounds in the mountains of Wyoming, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, and D. cucullatum is prevalent in Montana. The low-growing varieties, D. Menziesii and D. bicolor, also flourish on the mountains, and the white-flowered D. vivescens is found in the plains east of the Rocky Mountains. The plants are most poisonous before they reach maturity. Cases of poisoning are rare after the middle of August. Cattle may eat 3 per cent. of their weight of larkspur with impunity. They should be kept out of the poison areas until the plants have matured, and the larkspur should be eradicated where it grows in masses. Sheep will destroy the low-growing larkspur, but will not touch the tall variety. The poisoned cattle fall down, suffer from constipation, and in severe cases die from paralysis of respiration. The poisoned animal should be kept as quiet as possible and turned with its head uphill. A subcutaneous injection of Physostigmin salicylate (1 grain), Pilocarpin hydrochloride (2 grains), and Strychnine sulphate, dissolved in 4 drams of water, is administered in the shoulder.—S. E. W. Larkspurs, Chemical Examination of Three Species of. By O. A. Beath (U.S. Agr. Exp. Sin. Wyoming, Bull. No. 120, June 1919, pp. 54-88; 11 figs.).— Three species of larkspurs (Delphinium glaucescens Rybd., D. Barbeyi Huth., and D. Geyeri Greene) are commonly found in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, at an elevation of 7,000 feet on mountain-sides. Because of their numerous green leaves appearing during the dry summer, live-stock frequently graze upon them. The plants being poisonous, great losses of cattle occur. Examination of the various species of Delphirium were made to determine the amount of alka- loids in the plant at various stages of its life-history. It was found that extracts of the leaves of D. Geyeri and D. Barbeyi were more active than those of the stems and flowers, and that extracts from immature plants were three or four times more effective than extracts from mature plants. The poisonous sub- stances could be completely extracted with water. Three distinct amorphous alkaloids are present in the plant as well as one crystalline alkaloid.—A. B. Laurocerasus schipkaensis and Pyracantha pauciflora. By F. Morel (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 80-81).—A hybrid of the Caucasian Cherry Laurel with L. schipkaensis is much hardier than the Caucasian variety. Plants raised from the seed of Pyvacantha pauciflora rivalled P. coccinea Lalandi in splendour and can resist severe frosts which are fatal to the latter —S. E. W. Lemons, Curing of (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. p. 639) —Lemons will keep for six months if they are vaselined and packed in paper cases.—S. E. W. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 419 Light Traps, Lepidoptera at. By W. B. Turner (Jour. Agr. Res. xviii. PP. 475-481, Feb. 1920; 1 fig.)—A further contribution to the author’s previous work in xiv. pp. 135-149. A description is here given of the trap. Collections were made on twenty-eight nights between May 14 and September 13, 1918, when 3,152 moths were caught, embracing over sixty species, of which 2,200 or 69°8 per cent. were males, and 952 or 30°2 per cent. were females, . Five tables are given enumerating the results, together with meteorological ‘data.—G. F. W. Lilium Farrerj Turrill (Bot. Mag. t. 8847; June 1920).—A beautiful species allied to L. Duchartrei, hardy, and distinguished by its linear lanceolate cauline leaves dispersed throughout most of the stem, and relatively small Martagon- like flowers, the white segments of which are spotted with dark-purple spots. Seed collected by Mr. Farrer in Kansu.—F. J. C. Liming Soil. By E. C. Shorey (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 921; 29 pp., 5 figs.) —It is well known that liming improves the physical condition of heavy soils, neutralizes acidity and facilitates the decomposition of organic matter. The lime can be applied in the form of quicklime, slaked lime, or as finely powdered chalk or limestone. Where the soil is light and deficient in humus, liming must only be carried on in conjunction with green-manuring.—S. E. W. Liparis macrantha Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t.8797, June 1919).—-A native of Formosa, introduced by Mr. H. J. Elwes and flowered at Colesborne, this species produces a long spike of brownish-purple flowers with segments 4 to # inch in length and very large for the genus. It thrives in conditions suiting Indian Calanthes. Pope. Logan Blackberry. By G. M. Darrow (U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 998, pp- 1-24; 11 figs.)—-The Loganberry is a variety of Blackberry, not a hybrid. It requires a deep, well-drained soil rich in humus. The young plants produced from the rooted. tips of the old canes require more care than ordinary seedlings or cuttings. They are planted 8 feet apart in rows 8 feet distant, and the canes are trained on a wire trellis. After fruiting, the old canes are cut down to the ground. Weak canes are also removed. The berries may be canned, dried, or made into jam. There is also a growing demand for the bottled juice, which forms a pleasant beverage when diluted with three times its bulk of water. The Laxtonberry and the Mahdi are hybrids of the Logan and the Raspberry. ae. ES Lonicera chaetocarpa Rehder. By W. B. Turrill (Bot. Mag. t. 8804; June 1919).—Related to L. hispida, of which it was regarded as a variety. It was introduced by Mr. Wilson from W. China, is hardy, and forms a neat rounded bush. It is one of the best of the shrubby honeysuckles, and bears primrose- yellow flowers somewhat like those of a Diervilla in June——F. J. C. Lonicera similis var. Delavayi Rehder. By W.B. Turrill (Bot. Mag. t. 8800, June 1919).—Originally described by Franchet as L. Delavayi, this native of S.W. China was introduced by MM. de Vilmorin. Its long-tubed yellow flowers are produced in late August, and, as it is a perfectly hardy evergreen climber at Kew, it should prove a useful addition to our gardens.— F.. J. C. Maize, Insect Pests. By W. B. Gurney (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. Ppp. 641-650; xxx. pp. 196-202 ; 15 figs., 1 col. plate) The most destructive of the insect pests of maize are described, with illustrations, viz. the Grain Weevil (Calandra oryzae), Angoumois Grain Moth (Ditrotroga cerealella), Yellow Maize Moth (Conogethes punctiferalis), and Corn Earworm (Chloridea obsoleta). The Pink Cornworm (Batrachedra rileyi) attacks the ears of the maize in the field and in store. It is not possible to control this pest in the growing crop, but 1t can be effectually dealt with by fumigating the harvested cobs with carbon di-sulphide. The inconspicuous moth is grey. The pink caterpillar is } of an inch long. ‘The Army Worm (Cirphis unipuncta) attains a length of 1} inches. It is dark brown or black in colour. The moth is rarely seen, as it flies at night. It has a light spot on the fore wing ; the prevailing colour is buff. Winter cultiva- tion of the soil exposes the pupz to birds and to frost. If in early spring the young caterpillars are discovered in the weeds and grass near the maize fields, the infested patches must be cut down and burnt. When the Army Worms move in mass in a definite direction they may be trapped by ploughing a steep furrow in the line of their advance. They can then be crushed or sprayed with oil emulsion. Ifthecaterpillars infest the crops, they may be destroyed by 420 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. scattering poisoned bait amongst the corn. The bait consists of white arsenic or Paris green and bran (1:16) made into a paste with molasses or water, to which minced oranges or lemons are added.—_S. E. W. Maize Pests. By F. H. Dudley (Dep. Agr. Augusta, Maine, Bull. vol. xviii. No. I, pp. 27—30).—The four most injurious pests to Indian Corn are the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis), the Bollworm (Heliothis obsoleta), the Common Cornstalk Borer (Papaipema nitela), and the Salt Marsh Caterpillar (Estigmeme acrola). The European Corn Borer hatches two broods annually. They eat their way into the cornstalks, where they winter. If all the corn fodder is fed out or put in a Silo and all weeds destroyed, this pest may be exterminated. As the Bollworm winters in the soil, deep ploughing in the late autumn will destroy them if the winter is severe. The Common Cornstalk Borer is hatched in spring from autumn-laid eggs in grass-lands. All grass adjoining the maize fields should be mowed and given to cattle or burned. The Salt Marsh Caterpillar, or Woolly Bear, can only be dealt with by hand-picking.—S. E. W. Malus rivularis Roemer. By W. J. Bean (Bot. Mag. t. 8798, June 1919).— The only species of crab native west of the Rockies, this is nearly related to M. Toringo. It produces ellipsoid fruits from which the calyx falls away, and is worth cultivating as an ornamental tree for them.” It was introduced by David Douglas, but has never become common although quite hardy and vigorous, In a wild state it grows in moist, deep, rich soil, forming a tree up to 40 feet. Rog oc: Mangos Cultivated in Florida, The Natural Groups of. By Wilson Popenoe (Am. Pom. Soc., 1917, pp. 70-81 ; 5 plates)—The principal diagnostic characters of six groups are described and the varieties belonging to each enumerated, their country of origin being shown.—A. P. Mesembryanthemum nobile Haw. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8814; Sept. 1919).— Native in Cape Colony. A greenhouse species with large golden- yellow flowers and few long fleshy glaucous leaves covered with green spots. Eee) AS Metrosideros. collina A. Gray. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8846; June 1920).—A Polynesian species hardy in Scilly, forming a tree up to 60 feet high, with leathery elliptic or roundish leaves about 1} to 24 inches long, and red flowers.—F. J.C. Museadine Grape Paste. By C. Dearing (U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 1033, pp. 2-13)—The pulp obtained as a by-product in making jelly is freed from seeds by passing through a colander. It is mixed with half its weight of sugar and boiled in a shallow pan with constant stirring until the mass is so stiff that it will not readily flow together when separated. It is then poured out on a marble or china surface to form a slab half an inchin thickness. After twelve hours it is cut in portions one inch square. The squares are rolled in powdered sugar and left todry. It may be coated with sugar icing or covered with chocolate. The plain paste may be spread on bread. Similar fruit pastes can be made from apples, pears, guava, strawberries, raspberries, and black- berries.—S. E. W. Mushrooms, A Brown Blotch Disease of Cultivated. By Sidney G. Paine (Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. v. Nos. 3 and 4, April 1919, pp. 206-219 ; figs.)—Symptoms of the disease are described. The causal organism is a small bacterial parasite which may possibly be identical with the organism which produces pear-blossom blight—R. C. S. R. Novelties. By M. Garnier (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 34, 35, 55, 56; 4 figs).— Amaranthus ‘ Créte de Coq chamoisée,’ flowers, brilliant salmon pink to reddish pink. Impatiens Balsamina ‘ Fleuri rouge,’ brilliant scarlet flowers, opening in July, double. Canna florifera, a fine large red-flowered variety raised from seed of C. ‘ Oiseau de feu.’ Single yellow Wallflower, a vigorous variety with large sweet-scented flowers. Gloxinia ‘ France,’ large garnet-red velvet flowers with a slender red-purple edging. Heliotrope ‘Souvenir’ is covered with umbels of large violet flowers throughout the summer. Sweet William ‘ Adrianople,’ brilliant colour. Petunia ‘ Roi des Parterres varié,’ numerous flowers, varying from white to purple. Single pink Pyrethrum, large-flowered, comes true from seed. Hybrid Rehmannia from R. angulata and R. Henryi NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 421 bears large white flowers with purple spots. Double Hollyhock, saimon yellow. Gloxinia-flowered Salpiglossis, height 24 to 3 feet, very floriferous red velvet flowers. Anemone-flowered China Aster, petals cream white, centre cream yellow. Cyclamen ‘Perle de Saint Germain mauve,’ fimbriated flowers re- sembling a Cattleya. Myosotis ‘ Elegant,’ double pink blooms which remain in flower a long time. Perpetual-flowering Carnation ‘ Rubis,’ bright red. Begonia semperflorens ‘Le Cygne,’ bears groups of white flowers with slightly waved edge. Dwarf Hybrid Petunia, compact habit and large flowers. Perpetual-flowering Carnation ‘Papa Auda,’ scarlet flowers on stiff stalks. Verbena ‘Manteau de Pourpre,’ rich violet purple. China Aster ‘ Maréchal Joffre,’ compact, semi-dwarf habit, bearing numerous small single flowers of a red-purple colour with a golden disc. Vegetables: Early Turnip ‘ Croissy,’ white roots, 8 inches long. Early Pea ‘Roi des Gourmands,’ curved pods. Potato ‘ Gros de Gatinais,’ large cropper, rich in starch. Dwarf Haricot ‘Métis beurre,’ yellow pods, is gathered green. Beetroot ‘Modéle red globe.’ Cabbage ‘Copenhague,’ solid round heads on short stalks, early. Butter Bean ‘Bountiful,’ long green pads, not stringy. Tomato ‘ Soleil levant,’ scarlet, smooth skin, does not crack. Cardoon ‘ Blanc amélioré,’ thornless, blanches quickly. Early Pea ‘Serpette Merveille’ is an improvement on ‘ Serpette Express.’—S. E. W. Nuphar polysepalum Engelm. By T. A. Sprague (Bot. Mag. t. 8852, Sept. 1920).—This yellow-flowered water-lily is a native of mountain lakes of Colorado, and has larger flowers than any other Nuphar and nine instead of six petaloid sepals. It is of slow growth and apparently difficult to establish, though it has now flowered at Glasnevin.—F. J. C. Odontoglossum cristatum Lindl. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8809; Sept. 1919).—Discovered by Hartweg when collecting for the R.H.S. in Ecuador about 1840. Introduced later by Linden. It is a more slender plant than O. crispum, and has yellow flowers about two inches across, with brown spots and flushed with brown at ends of segments.—F.. J. C. Olives, The Ripening and Pickling of Californian. By R. W. Hilts and R. S. Hollingshead (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull. 803, Jan. 1920, pp. 1-24; 5 plates).— The results of the investigations indicate that the best index of maturity for olives both fresh and pickled is the percentage of oil in the fruit. The minimum oil content of 17 per cent. is offered as a tentative standard for maturity for ‘Mission’ olives and other common varieties except the ‘Manzanillo’ (minimum 15per cent.), the ‘ Ascolano,’ and the‘ Sevillano.’, Because of the great variations in the composition of olives of the same variety grown in different localities, it is never practicable to set up definite and fixed minima for oil in mature olives, and the proposed standards must be applied with caution. The detection of gross frauds of immature olives being pickled and coloured to resemble ripe olives may be determined by using these tentative standards.—A. B. Onion Diseases and their Control. By J. C. Walker (U.S.A. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull., pp. 1-24; 12 figs.)—The various fungus diseases of the onion may be divided into those diseases met with in the beds, e.g. smut, mildew, leaf-mould, fusarium, root-knot ; and those important in storage and in transit, e.g. neck rot, soft rot, fusarium, black mould, smudge. In addition there.are various diseases due to insect pests. Onion smut (Uvocystis Cepulae) appears as the seedlings come above the ground, and causes brown to black blisters to form in the scales or leaves, and black powdery masses of spores are then produced. Most of the seedlings die in two or three weeks. If they can become 4 inches high they may survive, and if trans- planted may develop into bulbs. The control measures include destruction by fire and treatment of soil with formaldehyde solution. Onion blight (mildew) forms a furry violet mass on leaves and stem, and may spread over the whole plant, especially in damp weather. The causal organism is Peronospora Schletdeni), and is an external parasite. The control measures include suitable rotation of crops and efficient drainage. Leaf-mould (Macrosporium parasiticum) is of minor importance. Fusarium rot (/. spp.) attacks field plants but develops rapidly in storage onions. Root- knot is due to attacks of eelworms (Heterodera radicicola) and may be generally avoided by suitable crop rotation. Storage Diseases.—Neck rot caused by Botrytis spp. is most destructive and widespread in storage onions. The fungus is a mould which reproduces by 422 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. spores and sclerotia, and its ravages may be best controlled by avoidance of dampness. White onions are especially susceptible to this disease. Soft rot is a bacterial disease similar in its effects to Bacillus caroiovorus on the carrot. Black mould is caused by Aspergillus niger, and smudge (Colletotrichum circinans) is found chiefly upon white onions. In general, storage diseases are controlled by careful sorting, protection from rain after harvest, thorough curing, and storage in a well ventilated, dry ware- house at 32° to 35° F.—A. B. Onopordon illyricum var. Carduneulus. By E. Lemée (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. Pp. 5)-—This giant thistle (8 feet in height) was raised from seed collected in the neighbourhood of Salonica. For six weeks in late summer it bears innpmerable purple flowers. Its handsome appearance gains this hardy plant a place in parks or large gardens.—S. E. W. Passion Vine Longicorn Beetle. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. 37-39; 2 plates)—The Longicorn Beetle (Monohammus fistulator) has done much injury to the Passion Vine in certain districts in New South Wales. The beetles are dark brown in colour and are thickly covered with yellowish grey hairs. The average length of the beetle is one inch. The dull white pup are found in the stems and the swollen base of the vines. As the eggs are deposited on the main stems, it is suggested that painting the stems with lime-sulphur wash in late October may check the damage, or suspicious spots on the stems may be probed with an awl to destroy the larve.—S. E. W. Pavetta abyssinica Fresen. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8838; March 1920).—A native of Abyssinia and Uganda, this species bears an inflorescence, 5 inches across, of long-tubed white flowers. It reached aheight of 6 feet in the tropical house at Kew before it flowered. Its leaves are about 6 inches in length. d HG Peach Buds, Index of Hardness in. By E. S. Johnston (Amer. four. Bot. vol. vi. No. 9, Nov. 1919, pp. 373-379 ; 2 figs.).—Attention is called to two points in these observations. First, there is a marked seasonal increase in the water- content of fruit buds of the ‘ Elberta’ and ‘ Greensboro’ peaches, whether individual trees or averages are considered. Second, with the advance of the season, the differences between water-content of fruit buds of the above varieties become more marked, that for the‘ Elberta’ being the greater. The ‘Greensboro’ is con- sidered more hardy with regard to winter injury and to the fact that the ratio of water-content to dry weight of fruit buds is much less than that of the ‘ Elberta.’ Early spring is the critical time, since the water-content of the buds increases very rapidly.—A. B. Peach Tip Moth. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. 89I- 892).—Much damage to Peach trees is caused by the Peach Tip Moth (Laspey- vesia molesta). Bandaging the trees as for Codling Moth is more effectual than spraying.—S. E. W. Peaches. By H. P. Gould and F. Andrews (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 806).— This paper gives statistics of peach production in the different States of America and mentions the chief varieties grown.—S. E. W. Pear Harvesting and Storage Investigations in Rogue River Valley. By C. I. Lewis, A. E. Murneek, and C. C. Cate (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Oregon, Bull. 162, July 1919; 12 figs.}\—As a result of a statistical study of the increase in size of Bartlett pears it was found that this fruit increases gradually in linear measure- ments throughout the growing season, so that the ratio in volume steadily rises as the season progresses. A preliminary investigation has been made with a pressure test as a means of indicating the maturity of fruit at the time of picking, and it is thought that satisfactory results may be expected from its adoption. A steel ball seven-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, half imbedded in a block of hard wood, was used to puncture the fruit, the amount of pressure required to push the ball into the pear until the latter reaches the block being registered in pounds on a spring scale.—A. P. Pear ‘ Passe-Crassane.” By V. Enfer (Rev. Hort. vol. xcii. pp. 88, 89).—This pear succeeds when grafted on Quince and on the Pears Beurré Diel and the Curé. In pruning it is necessary to cut back to strong buds, but not to be too drastic.—S. E. W. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 423 Peas, Heat-Resistant Organisms in Cold-Packed Tinned. By KR. Normington (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Mich., Bull. 47, Nov. 1919, pp. 1-34).—A careful bacteriological examination of numerous tins of preserved peas which had ‘‘ swollen,’’ showed that all the organisms present were spore-forming bacteria, and these could with- stand 10 to 15 lb. pressure in the autoclave for ten to twenty minutes. Seven of the bacteria could cause peptonization in milk, and nearly all them could reduce starch tosugar. B. subtilis, B. ramosus, B. ruber, B. prodigiosus, and B. viscosus produced gas in peas but not in other media. A chemical examination of the spoiled peas showed the presence of creatininand ammonia. Most of the bacteria are soil bacteria and are probably introduced into the vessels from earth on the seeds or pods. Cleanliness is obviously the remedy for such losses. A short bibliography is appended.—A. B. Peas, The Black Hilum of. [Observations faites 4 Verriéres par Philippe de Vilmorin sur le caractére ‘Hile Noir’ chez le Pois.| By A. Meunissier (Jour. Gen. x. pp. 53-60; July, 1920).—Seven types of peas with a dark hilum were grown and the behaviour of the seedlings as regards this character is recorded. BUR. 6. Plant Growth, The Effeets of Certain Organic Compounds on. By M. J. Funchess (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Alabama, Bull. No. 191, June 1916, pp. 1o1— 132; 8 plates).—The causes of fertility or infertility of soils are usually explained in terms of plant food or physical condition of the soils. Unproductive soils were held to be deficient in some element necessary for plant growth, and this could be remedied by applications of fertilizers. In recent years, however, the theory that injurious substances harmful to plant growth, rather than deficiencies of plant food, are the actual cause of unproductive soils has been advanced by the Bureau of Soils, U.S. Dep. of Agriculture. These harmful substances are root excretions or products resulting from organic decompositions in the soil. Therefore, to restore fertility to such soils, the injurious compounds must be removed or rendered harmless. Experi- ments have been made and the following conclusions arrived at: (rt) Poor soils are not benefited by application of carbon black, pyrogallol, or calcium carbonate. (2) Coumarin and vanillin when added to soils are toxic to plants only in large amounts, and when these large amounts are applied at seedling time. (3) Nitrogenous compounds like pyridine and quinoline are beneficial rather than harmful, and the beneficial effects are increased if potassium and phosphorus are added. This is due to the increased effect of asparagin, nucleic acid, and nitrate of soda. (4) Normal soils are able to dispose of enormous quantities of organic com- pounds through physical, chemical, and bio-chemical action. (5) Soils very deficient in nitrogen are not much benefited by addition of lime, phosphorus, or potassium. Nitrogen alone is much more effective than a combination of these compounds.—A. B. Plants, Experiments with Soft-Wooded. By Spencer U. Pickering (Woburn, 17th Report, 1920, pp. 7-76; 2 figs.)—Soft-wooded plants were subjected to the action of the surface growth of grass and other plants, and the conclusion was arrived at that the deleterious effect of one crop on another is a general action applying to all plants alike, from which it follows that the growth of any plant must be affected to a certain extent by the toxin which it itself forms (pp. 7-29). The nature of the toxin is still unknown. There is no reason to assume that it is an exudation from the roots, but it may be a constituent of the débris of the growing roots, soluble and easily oxidizable to a plant food, but toxic before it is oxidized. ‘The effect of grass on trees is but a particular instance of the action of one crop upon another, and it has been demonstrated that trees have a similar effect upon grass and other crops, the action in the case of Brussels sprouts not being explicable by the shading of the ground or the exhaustion of the soil (pp. 32-36). The toxic action of one plant on another plays a prominent part in the behaviour of similar plants when massed together. With plants of the same age grown in pots it was found that the amount of plant growth produced where the mass of soil available was below a certain limit was independent of the number of plants grown, é.e. the weight of individual plants was proportional to the area occupied by them. If, however, some of the plants were younger than the others the total growth produced might be as much as 20 per cent. below the maximum possible in the limited mass of soil, a result held to be due to the action of toxicity produced by the older plants preventing the younger ones 424 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. utilizing all the nutrient present (pp. 37-58). Where the soil available per plant is not kept constant, as happens in the case of plots of plants in a field, the outside rows have been found to be stronger than the inside up to an excess of 100 per cent., a superiority not attributable, as generally supposed, to the extra food procurable, but to the fact that they were less affected by the toxic action of the neighbouring plants than were the inner rows (pp. 59-68).—A. P. Plants, The Upward Translocation of Foods in Woody. By O. F. Curtis (Amer. Jour. Botany, vol. vii. Nos. 3 and 7, March and July 1920, pp. IOI-124, 286—-295).—It is a general belief-that in shrubs and trees there is a storage of organic matter in the lower part of the trunk and in the roots, and that, as growth starts in the spring, this food becomes soluble and passes upward through | the xylem to the growing shoots and leaves. In order to determine definitely whether the upward translocation* of food takes place primarily through the phloém or xylem, the author conducted a series of experiments with Philadelphus pubescens, Pyrus Malus, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Crataegus sp., Acer Saccharum, and Fagus grandifolia, and arrives at the following conclusions: . Defoliated stems, from which a ring of tissue extending to the cambium is removed, cease growth. This cessation is due to the inability of the xylem to carry the necessary food which is required, not merely for the supply of energy and building fresh tissues, but to increase the osmotic concentration of the tissues to enable them to absorb water. This food consists of carbohydrates. If the stem above a ring is not defoliated the leaves are able to supply sufficient food to allow for considerable growth. If dormant stems are ringed the growth above the rings ceases soon after the starch supply is depleted and the greater the supply of starch above a ring the longer will growth continue. The carbohydrates stored in the xylem below the ring cannot be removed through the xylem but are transferred radially to the phloém, where they may be carried downward if there is no second ring below. The carbohydrates of the xylem between two rings remain there at least for some time after those above the upper ring and those below the lower ring have been mostly removed. Although large amounts of carbohydrates are stored in xylem tissues, there is no appreciable longitudinal transfer of sugars through these tissues—A. B Pleurothallis grandis Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8853, Sept. 1920).—A native of Costa Rica, with large curiously striped flowers, requiring an intermediate house and thriving in peat and sphagnum.—F. J. C. Pleurothallis punctulata Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8839; March 1920).—An epiphytic species from New Granada of which only one plant is known. Its curious flowers, through the twisting of the petiole, face the lower side of the grey-green leaves. It flowered along with Masdevallias at Kew.—F. J.C. Plum Trees, A “ Wither Tip’? of. By H. Wormald, M.Sc., A.R.C.Sc. (Aun. Appl. Biol. vol. v. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 28-59 ; figs.).—(a) General observations ; (b) the fungus under heads of—annual cycle, cultural studies, dimensions of the conidia, and identity of the fungus ; (c) inoculation experiments—of plum leaves, plum flowers, immature plums on trees in the plantation, and of apple flowers. The experiments show that the particular strain of Monilia cinerea obtained from plum twigs is less virulent as an apple parasite than the apple blossom strain itself. Control measures suggested are removal of diseased twigs and fruit, and spraying with a solution of I per cent. caustic soda and 1 per cent. soft soap as a winter wash ; but sprays arenot recommended. Removal and burning of diseased fruit and twigs is, however, imperative. A bibliography is appended.—R. C. S. R. ~~ Podophyllum Emodi var. chinense Sprague (Bot. Mag. t. 8850; June 1920).— Distinguished from the type by its much-divided leaves and rose-coloured flowers. Native of Kansu and re-introduced by Mr. Farrer.—F. J. C Poisonous Plants. By J. H. Maiden (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. p. 553).— Dichopogon Sieberianus and the Wild Onion (Bulbine bulbosa) are suspected of poisoning sheep.—_S. E. W. Pollination, Almond. By W.P. Tufts (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Calif., Bull. 306, figs.).—-Seventeen varieties of the Almond were tested, all of which proved to be self-sterile. Certain varieties were also found to be intersterile. A short list of pollenisers is given for a few varieties. .Bees were found of great benefit in assisting pollination, and a method of arranging the varieties in the orchard to facilitate cross-pollination is described.— A. N. R. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 425 Pollination, Plum. By A. H. Hendrickson (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Calif, Bull. 310, figs.).—Seventeen varieties of Plums and Prunes were tested as to whether they are able to set fruit when self-pollinated or not, of which thirteen were found to be self-sterile, three self-fertile, and one ‘‘ doubtful.’”’ Of the five European varieties included—Clyman, Tragedy, Grand Duke, Yellow Egg, and Ponds—the four first-named were found to be self-sterile, whilst Ponds is the ‘“‘doubtful’’ one. All five produced pollen abundantly, and were found to cross-pollinate one another successfully. No intersterility among plums or prunes was found. Both for cross-pollina- tion, and as an agency for distributing pollen among the self-fertile varieties, bees were found to increase the percentage of fruit-setting. —A. N. R. Pollination, Prune-, The Common Honey Bee as an Agentin. By A.H. Hendrick- son (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Calif., Bulls. 274 and 291).—Over a series of experiments the author finds that both the French and Imperial Prunes may be aided in setting fruit by the use of bees inthe orchard at blossomingtime. Tablesaregiven showing that the absence of bees in the orchard may mean a low percentage of fruit-setting with both of the varieties—A.N.R. Pollination of Bartlett Pear. By W. P. Tufts (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Calif., Bull. 307; figs.) —This report gives a full account of the experiments conducted to show to what extent the Bartlett Pear is self-fertile or sterile in different localities, and to discover the best varieties to interplant for cross-pollina- tion. It is found that this variety is self-sterile under foothill conditions, and also to a limited degree under valley conditions. All varieties tested gave satisfactory artificial germination of pollen, and it is shown that there is little variation in the amount of pollen produced by each one. No cases of inter- sterility among pears wasfound. The importance ofinterplanting is emphasized and varieties are quoted as being suitable for this purpose. One hive of bees to each acre of orchard is advised.—_A. N. R. Poppy, Flower colour and associated characters of the Opium. By H. M. Leake and B. Ram Pershad (Jour. Gen. x. pp. 1-20; July 1920).—A summary of observations and experimental breeding-results with the opium poppy, giving an annotated list of the factors which go to the making of flower and seed colour in that plant.—F. J. C. Potato Diseases in Hawaii. By C. W. Carpenter (U.S. Exp. Sin. Hawcf, Bull. 45, Jan. 1920, pp. 1-42 ; 15 plates)—The growing of Irish potatos in Hawaii, though an industry of great importance, has been largely discouraged in recent years by persistent crop failures and unfavourable marketing conditions. It is hoped that the island may become self-supporting in this commodity, and it is believed the potato crop-could: be doubled by the adoption of modern methods of cultivation. The various causes of crop failure have been largely due to poor seed, continuous cropping, unsuitable soils, and diseases and insect pests. The diseases found in Hawaii include the fusarium wilt, the late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Rhizoctonia Solani, Sclerotium Rolfsii, common corky scab (Actinomyces chromogenus), and the non-parasitic troubles—sun-scald, leaf- tip burn, hollow potato tuber, 'and sunburn of tubers. "The universal adoption of’seed selection and disinfection, crop rotation and spraying with Bordeaux mixture are recommended as means for a general improvement in the potato cultivation.—A. B, Potato Eelworm. By A. L. Lovett (Board Hort. Rep. Oregon, 1919, pp. 10I- 104; 3 figs.).—It is useless to plant potatos in ground infested with eelworms. For three years grow crops practically not liable to attack, such as barley, maize, peanut, pearl millet, rye, wheat, Timothy or winter oats—S. E. W. Potato Leaf-Burn. By E. D. Hall (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1918, pp. 335- 336).—-Much damage to the potato crop is done by leaf-burn, due to the attack of a small green hopper (Empoasca mali). Spraying the under surface of the leaves with kerosine emulsion is the best remedy.—S. E. W. Potato, Streak Disease of. By W. A. Orton (Phytopathology, x. p. 97, Feb. 1920 ; figs.).—The streaky appearance appears first in the upper leaves of normally developed plants and spreads downwards by the veinlets to the stem, which eventually collapses. The author suspects the disease to be of bacterial origin, but no organism has yet been found.—F. J. C. 426 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Potato Production. By G. Stewart (Utah Agr. Coll., Circ. 40; 54 pp., 20 figs.) —The cultivation of the potato in Utah is described. To avoid the great loss to the crop caused by Rhizoctonia, Fusarium oxysporum, scab, black stem- rot, early blight, tip-burn, and mosaic, the seed potatos, before sprouting, are immersed in a solution of corrosive sublimate (4 oz. to 30 gallons of water) for one anda half hour, or one pint of commercial formalin to 30 gallons of water for two hours. Theseed potatos should be selected from prolific croppers.—S. E. W. Potato Tuber, Disease of the: ‘Internal Rust Spot.” By Sydney G. Paine (Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. v. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 77-79).—A disease of bacterial origin. From one farm at Dunstable 90 per cent. of the crop showed the disease so badly as to render it unsaleable. The tubers are perfectly hard and appear sound except for a few brown patches on the skin and a certain appearance of ‘‘ scabbiness.’’ Discoloured tissueshows on cutting. Experiments ininoculation are described.— R. C. S. R. Potato Tuber Moth. By F. H. Chittenden (Board Hort. Oregon, 19109, pp. 107-110; 4 figs.)—Where fields are infested with the potato tuber moth it is advisable to cease growing potatos in the district for one year and cultivate leguminous crops. All weeds in the neighbourhood must be collected and burned. The seed potatos are fumigated with hydrocyanic acid in a specially constructed shed. Carbon di-sulphide may also be used at the rate of I oz. to a 96-lb. barrel or 3 lb. to 1000 cubic feet space. The exposure must not last more than twenty-four hours—S. E. W. Potatos, Genetic Studies in: the inheritance of an abnormal haulm type. By R. R. Salaman and J. W. Lesley (Jour. Gen. x. pp. 22-36; July 1920).— A prostrate variety of potato arose among seedlings grown at Barley. The anatomical peculiarities of the prostrate form are described and the genetical constitution is worked out. The variety breeds true to the prostrate habit, and it differs from the normal in at least two and possibly in three factors.—F. J. C. Primula bellidifolia King. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8801, June 1919). —A blue purple species of the Capitatae section with coarsely-toothed setulose leaves. Native of Sikkim and Bhutan, whence it was introduced by Messrs. Bees. It is quite hardy but unfortunately monocarpic.—F. J. C. Primula chionantha Balf. f.et Forrest. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8816; Sept. 1919).—Collected in Yunnan by Mr. G. Forrest in 1913. A robust farinose species with flowers in verticils or umbels, of a whitish colour, about an inch in diameter. It appears to be monocarpic but produces abundant seed.—F. J. C. Primula pulvinata Balf.f.et Ward. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8836; March 1920).—Discovered by F. Kingdon Ward in Yunnan at 11,000 ft. elevation. Asmall cushion plant with short 2- to 3-flowered peduncles and golden- yellow flowers. Its hardiness is at present in doubt, but it has succeeded in the same conditions as P.. Forrestit.—F. J. C. Primula spicata Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8821; Dec. 1919).—Found by the Abbé Delavay near Tali in W. Yunnan, and introduced by Mr. G. Forrest. It is unfortunately monocarpic, like most of its relatives, though hardy and easy to raise from seed. Itis nearly allied to P. chasmophila, but differs in the loose arrangement of the flowers, in the leaves, and in the farinose upper part of the peduncle and the calyx.—F. J. C. Pruning, Young Deciduous Trees. By W.P. Tufts (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Calif., Bull. 313, figs.)—This report deals with the early training of most kinds of fruit-trees in California. Light pruning is advocated, since it is claimed that lightly pruned trees come into bearing from one to three years earlier than heavily pruned ones; that they have stockier and stronger branches, and show greater all-round development. Summer pruning is also discussed, it is said that this form of pruning is weakening, and results in slightly smaller trees, but under certain conditions may hasten profitable production. Tables are given which contain much interesting data.—A. N. R. Rhododendron dichroanthum Diels. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8815 ; Sept. 1919).—Discovered by Mr. G. Forrest in Yunnan. Flowered at Caerhays in May 1918. Nearly related to D. neriiflorum, but the lower surface of the leaves is mealy and the stamens puberulous. ‘The corolla is purplish-red in the plate, but creamy or yellowish-rose forms have been found.—F. J. C. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 427 Rhododendron ledoides Balf. f. et W. W. Sm. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8831).—-This rhododendron belongs to the series Cephalanthum, and seed was collected by Mr. Forrest in 1913 at an elevation of 13,000 feet on the Tibet-Yunnan border. It flowered with Mr. J. C. Williams in 1917 at Caerhays. The plant reaches 2 feet in height, has the habit of a Ledum, and bears heads of small expanded pink flowers with a short tube.—F. J. C. Rhododendron lutescens Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8851; June 1920).—Leaves scaly, long acuminate, margins reddish, flowers sulphur- yellow ; a shrub up to 6 feet in height, introduced by Messrs. Veitch through Mr. Wilson. Hardy, except for late frosts —F. J. C. Rhododendron oleifolium Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8802, June 1919).—A native of Tali, Yunnan, where seed was collected by Mr. Forrest. Seedlings flowered when but two years old, the pink flowers being like those of R. racemosum, solitary in the axils of the leaves. It is distinguished from R. vacemosum by the longer, narrower leaves, by the soft hairy covering outside the corolla tube, and by the scaly style. The last two characters are not shown in the figure—F. J. C : Rhododendron praevernum. By J. Hutchinson (Gard. Chron. March 13, 1920, p. 127).—Description with Latin diagnosis of this new species, differing from R. sutchenense in having a glabrous midrib and large purple blotch in the corolla. Bs A. Bs Rhododendron serotinum Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8841; June 1920).— Introduced through France from China, where the Abbé Delavay collected the seeds, It is related to R. decorum, but the growth is straggly, the leaves un- equally cordate at the base, the corolla glandular outside and blotched within. It is hardy, and forms a gaunt sparsely branched bush up to 10 feet in height. Sie fe D) Rhododendron vernicosum Franch. By J. Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8834; March 1920).—Mr. Wilson collected seed of this species for Messrs. Veitch. It is related to R. Fortunei, but has smaller leaves unequally rounded at the base and a widely campanulate corolla tube. The flowers are pink and about 14 to 2inches in diameter. It makes a shrub up to 15 feet in height—F. J. C. Ribes Jessoniae Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8840, March 1920).—Discovered by Wilson in W. Szechwan. A bush up to g feet high, with leaves somewhat like those of the red currant and long erect many-flowered racemes of tawny red flowers, followed in the female plant (the species is dicecious) by pale rusty yellow fruits. It is perfectly hardy.—F. J. C Ribes niveum Lindl. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8849; June 1920).—A white-flowered gooseberry introduced by the R.H.S. through Douglas about 1826, perfectly hardy, and, though ornamental, not widely distributed. Fruit dark purple, small. Bush somewhat prickly, and reaching to about 10 feet. Fe JG Rosa glutinosa var. dalmatica Borbas. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8826; Dec. 1919).— Known in gardens as R. glutinosa, but distinct by its longer straight prickles, minutely hairy leaflets, and larger ovoid, not globose, fruits. It is a dwarf species.hardly more than 14 ft. in height, with flowers of the sweet-briar type and hairy scarlet fruits.—F. J. C _ Roses for Hybridation. By Cochet-Cochet and S. Mottet (Le Jard. vol. Xxxiv. pp. 100, 101; 2 figs.)—Rosa sericea and R. Moyesit are recommended as forming excellent subjects for hybridation.—S. E. W. Rust and Common Barberry. By L. H. Pammel (Jowa State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1918, pp. 401-408) .—Owing to the serious loss in cereal crops due to rust, the growing of barberry is prohibited in North Dakota. Berberis vulgaris, B. amurensis, and B. sinensis act as hosts to rust spores, but B. Thunbergii is immune.—S. E. W. Sabia latifolia Rehd. and Wils. By O. Stapf (Bot. Mag. t. 8859, Sept. 1920). —Hardy at Warley against a north wall, and bearing small red flowers in axillary clusters of two to four.—F. J. C. 428 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. St. John’s Wort ahd Insects. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. XXX. pp. 470-472; I plate).—In certain districts of New South Wales, St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a pernicious weed and is spreading rapidly. It is hoped that it may be kept in check by a Coccid (Icerya hyperici) which feeds on its roots and base of stems. The young female is =, inch long, ofa reddish-yellow colour. The dorsal surface is covered with a woolly secretion interspersed with fine hairs. The adult female is 3 inch in length. It varies in colour from orange yellow to brick red. The black antenne have ten joints. The legs are black; they are well developed and terminate in curved tarsal claws.—S. E. W. Salvia brevilabra Franch. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8848; June 1920).— First collected in West Szechuan by Souli¢, and later by Wilson, this herbaceous perennial of about 2 feet is hardy, has bullate, coarsely toothed leaves, and flowers with bluish-purple corolla rising from a reddish calyx.—F. J. C. i Satsuma Oranges in Japan. By T. Tanaka (U.S. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. C.P. and B.I., Circ. 5, pp. 1-10; 2 figs.)—The following varieties of Satsuma Oranges are cultivated in Japan :—‘ Zairai,’ the primitive variety, bears seedy fruit of an inferior flavour. ‘Ikeda’ has small round fruit with few seeds. It is a late variety and keeps well. ‘ Owari,’ introduced in 1877, has largely replaced the preceding sorts. It bears large fruit of good quality, is nearly seedless, and ripens early. ‘ Wase’ comes into bearing early, butis of weak growth. The fruit is large, with a conspicuous navel, and is usually seedless. The flavour is only fair and mildly acid. It ripens two weeks earlier than ‘ Owari.’ The fruit of ‘ Hira’ is large, flattened, of mild flavour, and usually seedless. ‘ Ikiriki’ is of vigorous growth. The fruit has a mild flavour and contains few seeds.—S. E. W. Satsuma Oranges in the United States. By L. B. Scott (U.S. Dep. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. H. and P., Circ. 1, pp. 3-7).—The ‘ Owari,’ ‘ Ikeda,’ and ‘ Zairai’ varieties of Satsuma Orange are grown in the States. Sufficient care has not been taken to segregate the different varieties in the orchards, and keep them distinct.—S. E. W. Seeds, The Influence of Physiological Condition of, upon the Course of Sub- sequent Growth and the Yield: Physiological Predetermination. By Franklin Kidd, M.A., D.Sc., and Cyril West, D.Sc., F.L.S.'(Ann. Appl. Biol. vol. v. No. 1, July 1918, ‘‘ The Effects of Soaking Seeds in Water,”’ pp. 1-10, 2 figs. ; No.’2, Oct.1918, Review of Literature, pp. 112-142; Nos. 3 and 4, Review of Literature, PP. 157-170, 3 text figs.) —-Consideration of results makes it clear that differences in the resulting plants from seeds differing in degrees of ripeness cannot be satis- factorily predetermined in the cases of single species—due to the fact that records of plants grown from mature and immature seeds are complicated by some period of storage. Immature seeds are less tolerant of storage in dry condition. Total yields from them are generally less than those from ripened seed owing to the fact that a smaller percentage of the latter fail to germinate. Experiments for com- parison of yield per plant show that the advantage in favour of the matured seed tends to disappear or to be reversed, but as a general practice the use of immature seed is not to be recommended owing to its poor storage qualities. Theconclusions drawn from a review of literature prove that the effects of parental conditions upon the seed are considerable ; the environment of the parent plant and the position of the seed on the parent plant are factors which play important parts, though the problem is complicated by hereditary factors. Soaking the seed in distilled water before sowing may have a marked effect on the subsequent plant-growth, but a germination test cannot be trusted to give a standard by which to judge the effect, and quite different results are obtained by treating closely allied plants by the same methods.—R. C. S. R. Septoria, Biological Specialization in the Genus. By W. S. Beach (Amer. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. No. 1, Jan. 1919, pp. 1-33; 2 plates, 13 figs.)—The author finds that certain species of Septoria are differentiated into biological forms, which in general are limited to one or to a few closely related hosts which they can vigorously infect. Certain species of Septoria vary considerably in mor- phological characters under different environmental conditions. Inoculation experiments show that Septoria malvicola E. & M. and S. Fairmani E. & E. are identical, and similar experiments show that the form S. Convolvuli Desm., parasitic on Convolvulus arvensis, is biologically as well as morphologically distinct from the type form of S. Convolvuli described upon C. Sepium, and that it is a new species.—A. B. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 429 Sigmatostalix costaricensis Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8825; Dec. 1919).—A species from the Andes flowered at Kew in October 1915, producing a spike of small green, red, and yellow flowers, and thriving with the Oncidiums.—F. J. C. Sinapis Juncea var. napiformis. By R. de Noter (Le Jard. vol. xxxiv. Pp. 157, 158; 1 fig.)—The tuberous Chinese Mustard (Sinapis napiformis) provides a useful culinary root resembling a turnip in shape. It can be raised from seed.— S. E. W. ; Snapdragon Rust. By Geo. L. Peltier (U.S.A. Agr. Exp. Stn. Iil., Bull. 221, Aug. 1919, pp. 534-548).—The rust of the snapdragon (Puccinia Antirrhini D. & H.) has been known since 1879 in California, but it is only in recent years that it has made an appearance in I[}linois. The disease attacks plants in all stages of growth, and becomes evident on leaves, pods, and stems, both outdoor and under-glass plants being affected. The fungus appears to be limited to the snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus Linn.) and its varieties, all of which are equally susceptible. Bordeaux and other spraying fluids are not effective in controlling the disease. The best control measures are attention to cultural methods, the destruction of all affected plants, and avoidance of excessive moisture.—A. B. Snow Flies. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxix. pp. 434-436; 1 plate).—The Snow Flies (Aleurodidae) are related to the scale insects and to the plant lice. The plump body and the two pairs of rounded wings are covered with white mealy dust. Infested foliage appears to be covered with spots. A new species. Aleurodes albofloccosa, is 4 mm. in length; the white hair, like filaments springing from the margin of the test, measure from finch to 4 inch in length —S. E. W. Soil Solubilities, Rate and Extent’ of. By Geo. J. Bouyoucos (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Mich., Tech. Bull. No. 44, June tI919, pp. 1-50).—The study of the rate and solubility of soils is obviously of great importance from both a practical and scientific standpoint. The questions of the velocity and amount of soil passing into solution, the application of the mass law, the solubility law, the difference in rate and extent of solubility under-various treatments and state of fertility are of fundamental importance. The author in the investiga- tion of the problems made use of a new method—the freezing-point method. The soils were washed to remove all the free-soluble salts until they had a freezing- point depression very close to that of distilled water. The rate and extent of soil solubility at various moisture contents were measured at different tem- peratures: (1) below freezing ; (2) 20°C. (room temperature) ; (3) 53°C. Seven different soils} were employed in this study: ‘one clay, two clay loams, two silt loams, one sandy loam, one sand. When“different soils were treated with N/10 Ca(NO,),, NaNO;, KNO;, KCl, K,SO,, (NH,).SO,, MgSO,, KH,PO,, CaH,(PO,),, and NaC,H,O,, and then washed until! all their free-soluble salts were eliminated and their water-content consisted of 1 of soil to -7 of water. it was found that at room temperature the rate of solubility was slow and gradual; and this continued for 50 to 120 days, except in the case of (NH,),SO,, where the rate was very rapid at the beginning, but it soon slowed down. The extent of solubility or the amount of material which dissolved was appreciable. The concentration of the soil solution depends upon the relative masses of the soil and water. Theamount of material that goes into solution seems to increase as the ratio of soil to water is increased up to about the optimum moisture content, and then it decreases.—A. B. Soil, The Destruction of Vanillin by Soil Bacteria in the. By William J. Robbins and A. E. Elizando (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Alabama, Bull. 204, June 1918, pp. 124-132).—The author in a previous paper has shown that the absence of toxic effects of a toxic organic compound added to soil depends upon the presence and action of suitable micro-organisms which destroy the toxic compound. In this paper it is shown that vanillin (an aldehyde which is harmful in water culture at a concentration of one part per million to wheat plants) is rapidly destroyed by the action of bacteria. These bacteria have no bad effect upon the growth of plants.—A. B. Soil, The Nitrification of Pyridine, Quinoline, Guanidine Carbonate, &c., in. By M. J. Funchess (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Alabama, Bull. 196, June 1017, pp. 65-82).—The following summary is given of the conclusions arrived at: Quinoline is nitrified most readily in soil with highest lime requirement. Lime retarded or inhibited the nitrification of quinoline; it also inhibits nitri- 430 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. fication of guanidine carbonate, but it helps the nitrification of dried blood, piperidine, nucleic acid, alloxan, and asparagine. Liming a soil which has been partially sterilized with carbon bisulphide greatly increases its power of nitri- fication. Vanillin is non-toxic toward nitrification of piperidine, moderately toxic towards nitrification of dried blood and pyridine, and inhibitory towards nitrification of quinoline. The toxicity of vanillin is counteracted largely by lime. Pyrogallol retards nitrification of all compounds, except quinoline and piperidine. Salicylic aldehyde completely inhibits nitrification of all compounds except piperidine. A short bibliography is appended.—A. B. Soils, Acid, The Development of Soluble Manganese in. By M. J. .Funchess (U.S.A. Agr. Exp. Sin. Alabama, Bull. 201, June 1918, pp. 37-78; 12 plates). —Acid soils from this experimental station are injured by addition of dried blood as a fertilizer, and this infertility is attributed to the formation of soluble man- ganese in the soil solution. The manganese is believed to be due to the action of nitric acid formed during nitrification when dried blood is used as a source of nitrogen. When ammonium sulphate is the source of nitrogen, nitrification is apparently unnecessary in order to increase the amount of soluble manganese in acid soils. The reduced growth is due to the direct action of manganese, and this acts upon the roots and to a certain extent upon the foliage. Water extracts of such soils are highly toxic to seedling plants. If, however, the man- ganese is precipitated into an insoluble form, the water extracts support a vigorous plant-growth. Precipitation by calcium, sodium, and potassium hydroxides are very effective in this connexion. The products of sulphofication are also effective in dissolving manganese in acid soils. Manganese salts applied to basic soils would be rapidly changed, the* manganese: passing out of solution. When applied to*acid soils, the manganese salts persist as such, and heavy application would cause injury. A short bibliography is appended.—A. B. Soils, The Cause of the Disappearance of Cumarin, Vanillin, Pyridine, and Quinoline in. By William J. Robbins (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Alabama, Bull. 195, June 1917, pp. 48-64; 2 plates)—The much-debated question as to the toxicity of substances to plants when grown in soils containing such, was inves- tigated in this present paper. Previous investigators have found that such toxic substances are decidedly harmful to plant growth if present in soils, while others hold that some such compounds, if present, soon disappear, and therefore have no toxic action upon plants. The chemicals used in this work were vanillin, cumarin, pyridine, and quinoline, and these were added separately to soils at a concentration of 1000 parts a million of air-dry soil. The first effect was to increase enormously the number of bacteria; the number of Actinomyces colonies in soils treated with cumarin, vanillin, and quinoline, however, decreases. Steam sterilization of the soil produces material toxic to the growth of wheat plants. Soil micro-organisms destroy the toxicity of the steamed soil. The effect on the growth of wheat, of vanillin, cumarin, pyridine, and quinoline in sterile soil, and in soils which have been sterilized, reinoculated, and incubated, were compared. It was found that the toxic effect persists in the sterile soil, but largely disappears in the reinoculated soils. Specific bacteria were isolated from the soils which utilize cumarin, vanillin, and pyridine as food sources. The bacterium feeding upon vanillin will in pure cultures destroy the toxicity of vanillin to wheat, and the bacterium feeding on cumarin under similar con- ditions will destroy the toxicity of cumarin to*wheat. The conclusion drawn is that the chief cause of the disappearance of the toxicity of cumarin, vanillin, pyridine, and quinoline in inoculated soils is due to the fact that they serve as food to definite species of bacteria. A short bibliography is appended.—A. B. Sorosporella uvella, a Fungus Parasite of Noctuid Larvae, Further Studies on. By A. T. Speare (Jour. Agr. Res. xviii. pp. 399-439, Jan. 1920; 6 plates). This entomogenous fungus is recorded and described for the first time in the States. An historical summary is given of this group of fungi, followed By a life- history and methods of cultivation on favourable media. The disease is easily transmitted to healthy insects, and under laboratory conditions a mortality of 60 to 90 per cent. was obtained. Two full-page sketches and six microphotographs complete ee ig: NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 431 Spray, Combined. By G. A. Meir (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. p. 624).— Codling moth, Woolly Aphis and Scale are destroyed in one operation by the following spray: soft soap, 8 lb.; tobacco extract, 4 pint; lead arsenate, 4 lb.; water, 80 gallons.—S. E. W. . Spray Gun. By W. J. Allen (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. 893-894. Comparative tests have proved that ordinary spraying is more effectual and cheaper than spraying with the gun.—S. E. W. Spray Gun versus Rod and Dust in Apple Orchard Pest Control. By L. Childs (U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Oregon, Bull. 171, July 1920, pp. 5-46; 17 figs.).—The results of four years’ experiments, 1916-1919, in dusting are described and tabulated. Scab and codling moth have been controlled by dusting—spray rods and guns giving almost identical results. 34 to 4 h.p. sprayers can only efficiently operate one gun at a pressure of 250 lb. Costs have been worked out of the difference between 34 and 10 h.p. machines, and it was found that with the lesser horse power the work could be done slightly cheaper, but not so economically or efficiently as with the higher horse-power machine.—G. F. W. Sprays Mixed. By A. A. Ramsay (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. vol. xxx. pp. 428, 429; I fig.}—Emulsified oils cannot as a rule be mixed with other spraying materials. Ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid must be used alone. The following mixtures are permissible : Liver of sulphur with soap, washing soda. Ammonia copper carbonate with tobacco extract. Bordeaux mixture with lead arsenate, Paris green, tobacco extract. Burgundy mixture with tobacco extract. Iron sulphide with Bordeaux, lime-sulphur. Lead arsenate with Bordeaux, lime-sulphur, atomic sulphur, tobacco extract. Lime-sulphur with iron sulphide, lead arsenate, tobacco extract. Paris green with Bordeaux, tobacco extract. Resin wash with kerosine emulsion, tobacco extract. Soap with alkali sulphides, Bordeaux, tobacco, resin wash, washing soda. Sulphur (atomic) with lead arsenate, Paris green. Tobacco extracts with ammonia copper carbonate, Bordeaux, Burgundy, lead arsenate, lime-sulphur, oil emulsions, resin wash, soap, washing soda. Washing soda with alkali sulphides, emulsified oils, soap, tobacco extract. 8S: EeW. Stanhopea costaricensis Reichb. f. By R. A. Rolfe (Bot. Mag. t. 8830; March 1920).—A species collected by Mr. C. H. Lankester in Costa Rica and flowered at Kew has been identified tentatively with Reichenbach’s Stan- hopea costaricensis. The flowers are large with buff-yellow sepals, marked with light-red somewhat ring-like spots, and with smaller spots on the petals and lip. The lip possesses a curious sac and there are two dark-red ‘‘ eye” spots on the lip.—F. J. C. Steam Sterilization. By E. G. Beinhart (U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 996, pp. I-15; 4 figs.)—In raising Tobacco plants from seed, it is a great advantage to sterilize the seed-beds as a protection from fungoid diseases. This is best accomplished by the steam-pan process. The steam-pan is an inverted shallow wooden box, 4 inches in depth, wide enough to fit in the sides of the frame of the seed-bed, e.g. 12 ft. by 6 ft. It is connected by a hose with a 20-h.p. boiler, and the pressure in the boiler must be maintained at tIoo Ib. After thirty minutes, the steam is shut off and the pan moved along the bed to thenextarea. The steamed area is covered with a blanket to conserve the heat. ~ The seed-bed before steaming must be well worked, the fertilizers mixed in the soil, and the whole comparatively dry. The seeds may be sown twelve hours after the steaming.—S. E. W. Stomata, Influence of Light upon the Action of. By J. Gray and Geo. J. Peirce (Amer. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. No. 4, April 1919, pp. 131-154; 18 figs.) —The study of the stomatal reactions of various cultivated and wild species by the authors have led to the following conclusions : (1) The stomata of barley, wheat, oats, and rye plants open with light and close with darkness. (2) Increase or decrease in the amount of light, when it has reached a minimum intensity, will have a corresponding effect upon the width of the stomatal openings. (3) The opening and closing being accomplished by the changes in shape of the guard cells of the stomata, a minimum amount 432 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of moisture in the soil is required by each species in order to produce and maintain the turgidity of the guard cells, without which changes in their shape are impossible. (4) The moisture, soil, and light requirements of the different species are essentially alike, though not identical. A short bibliography is appended.—A. B. Storage of Food Products. By C. J. Brand (U.S. Dep. Agr., Bull. 729: Ppp. I-10) .—Uniformity of temperature and ventilation are the chief desiderata in a storage warehouse for foodeproducts. Apples require a temperature of 31°-32°F., and a relative humidity of 85-90 percent. For potatos a temperature between 35° and 40°F. is required, with humidity 80-90 per cent. Daylight must be excluded. The potatos must not be stored on the earth floor but in bins with slat sides and bottoms. Onions are stored in shallow, slatted bins at 32°-36° F. Cabbages require a temperature of 32°-35° F., with 80-90 per cent. of humidity. Sweet potatos are first kept at 85° F., with thorough ventilation. After one to three weeks, the temperature is allowed to fall gradually to 50°—55°F. A dry atmosphere is essential._—S. E. W. Stranvaesia salicifolia Hutchinson (Bot. Mag. t. 8862, Sept. 1920).—Differing from S. undulata in its narrower leaves, quickly deciduous stipules and bracts, and red (not orange) fruits. At Kew it becomes a taller, less compact plant than S. undulata and is quite hardy.—F. J. C. Strawberry Cultivation... By J. Blanchouin (Le Jard. vol. xxxiv. pp. 62, 63). —Various methods are used for keeping the strawberry crop clean. Perhaps the most satisfactory is to apply a top dressing of long stable manurein February. The rain washes the straw clean before the fruit appears. Another good plan is to lay down wheat-straw before the berries form. On no account should grass cuttings, moss, or sawdust be used, and spent tan is not advisable, as it ee the plants if it is dug in after the crop has been gathered.—_S. E. W. Strawberry, Sterility of. By W. D. Valleau (Jour. Agr. Res. xii. pp. eae 669; March 1918).—The author finds that, though the number of stamens in the flower of the strawberry is variable, decrease in the number is in no way related to diceciousness. There is, however, a positive relation between the flower position, number of its parts, and the size of its fruits. The wild American species which are largely concerned in the cultivated ones are mostly dicecious. Fertility is found to decrease in the later flowers of an inflorescence, especi- ally in hermaphrodite forms. No evidence of physiological self-sterility was found. The degree of development of the stamens is followed. Plates show the different degrees to which development is carried in certain races of the straw- berry.—F. J. C. Strawberry Tortrix, Oxygrapha comariana Z., The Life-History of the. By F. R. Petherbridge (Aun. App. Biol. vol. vii. no. 1, Sept. 1920, pp. 6-10; 1 plate, 3 figs.).—Records the life-history of a microlepidopterous insect that occasionally causes serious loss to strawberry-growers. The damage is easily recognized, as the caterpillars bind the leaflets or several leaves together by means of threads. Two broods occur in a year, the winter being passed in the egg state. Natural enemies include a new species of chalcid, Compidosoma tortricis (q.v.), which destroys large numbers of the larve. The best means of reducing the pest is to cut off the foliage as close to the crown as possible in early September, when the pest is inthe second pupal stage, and burn it.—G. F. W Symphyandra asiatica Nakai. By W. B. Turrill (Bot. Mag. t. 8837; March 1920).—A Corean plant, of which seed was collected by Mr. E. H.- Wilson, nearly related to S. cretica. It attains a height of 24 feet and produces a lax branched inflorescence of five heliotrope flowers as large as those of Campanula Trachelium. Its hardiness has not been tested.—F. J. C. Thornecroftia longifolia N. E. Brown. By S. A. Skan (Bot. Mag. t. 8824 ; Dec. 1919).—A plant for the succulent house, not remarkable for beauty.—-F. J.C EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE met, FLrh FICULTURAL SOCIETY. GENERAL MEETING. JANUARY 13, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair. One hundred and eighty-six Fellows and three Associates were elected, and twelve Societies affiliated. GENERAL MEETING. JANUARY 27, 1920. The Right Hon. Lord LAMBouRNE in the Chair. Eighty-one Fellows and four Associates were elected, and five Societies affiliated. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. FEBRUARY I0, 1920. The Right Hon. Lord LAMBoURNE in the Chair. One hundred and seventeen Fellows and two Associates were elected, and nine Societies affiliated. The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read and signed. TheChairman, having spoken on the subject of the Annual Report (see below), moved its adoption. This was seconded by the Treasurer, who explained the position of the Society’s finances. The Accounts were adopted. The following names of President, Vice-Presidents, members of the Council and officers having been duly proposed and seconded and the list sent round in accordance with By-law 74, and no other names having been proposed, the following were declared elected by the Chairman : As President. Proposed by Seconded by The Rt. Hon: The Lord Mr. W. A. Bilney, J.P. Lt.-Col... F.. a & Lambourne, P.C., C.V.O. Balfour, M.A. As Treasurer. Mr. C. G. A. Nix. Mr. F. J. Hanbury. Mr. J. Hudson, V.M.H. The Rt. Hon. Lord Lam- (Mr. H. B. May, As Secretary. bourne, P.C., C.V.O. V.M.H. Mr. W. RK. Dykes, M.A., |Sir Harry J. Veitch, |The Rev. W. Wilks, L.-és-L. V.M.H. M.A., V.M.H. a VOL. XLVI. ii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. As Members of Council. Proposed by Seconded by The. Rt. Hon. Lord Balfour ‘The Kt. Hon. Lord’ Lam-" UtrGele rh. K.-S. of Burleigh K.G.C MG... bourne, P.C) C.V 20. Balfour, M.A. Mr. W.Cuthbertson, V.M.H. The Rt. Hon. Lord Lam- Mr. Henry B. May, bourne, P:C.; C.V.O. V.M.H. Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H. Sm Harry J: Veitch, Mr. W, A: Bilney, | -P: V.M.H Sir Albert K. Rollit,D.C.L., Mr. W. A. Bilney, J.P. —_—- Mr. J. Hudson, V.M.H. EL: Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., The Rt. @a; Lord Lam- .Sir Harry J. Veitch; V.M.H. bourne, P.C., C.V.O. V.M.H. As Vice-Presidents. The Duke of Bedford, K.G., Fk:S. The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Ducie, F.R.S. Sir John T. Dillwyn- Llewelyn, Bt., D.L.; J.P., V.M.H. The Duke of Portland, KG. PC. GiCV.G6. } Lowther, P.C. Sache tes Tha The Rt. Hon. Lord Gren- fell, F.M. Sir James Knott, Bt. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., WE TT. Sir David Prain, C,.M-G., | SA ere Nets ea Sir Harry J. Veitch, V.M.H. As Auditor. Mr. Alfred C. Harper. Ts Bay Oe, Cath «yn gb. Mr. E. A. “Bowles; M.A., V.dEE Fellows present spoke on various subjects relative to the work of the Society, Mr. Elwes particularly urging that the standard of the JouRNAL should be raised to one approaching the old Transactions of the Society. Mr. Oakes expressed the hope that there would be no avoidable delay in the publication of Pritzel, and that more money should be spent on the library. Mr. A. K. Bulley made the suggestion that an attempt should be made to naturalize on mountain-sides as many hardy plants as possible. The experiments should be made both on calcareous and on non-calcareous formations. The Secretary replied to the various questions raised. V.M.H. Medals were handed to Mr. McHattie, Mr. E. White, and Mr. S. T. Wright. The Lawrence Medal was handed to Mr. J. A. Nix. On behalf of the Veitch Memorial Trustees, Sir Harry Veitch handed the Veitch Memorial Medal to the Rev. W. Wilks, V.M.H., and Mr. W. Crump, V.M.H. Lord Lambourne, who in his speech had spoken with great feeling concern- ing the resignations of the late President, Field-Marshal Lord Grenfell, Sir Harry Veitch, and the Secretary, the Rev. W. Wilks, introduced the new Secretary, Mr. W. R. Dykes, to the Fellows present. The Meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the President for occupying the Chair. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1o109. jil REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR zozro. 1. The Year 1919.—The year 1919 is chiefly memorable for the receiving back of our own Hall after its occupation by the War Office for the Australian Imperial Force during the years of war. The President and Council have patiently borne with the inconveniences attaching to the use of the London Scottish Drill Hall, and are now able to rejoice whole-heartedly in having their own building restored to them again. 2. R.H.S. Hall.—The Hall and premises will require very considerable renovation and repair after their long occupation by the military, but the Council intend, for various practical reasons, to defer this until the August holidays, omitting one fortnightly meeting (August 10) for that purpose. The Standing Committees will meet on August Io on the first floor for committee work only. There will be no Meeting in the Hall itself. Diaries announcing this Meeting should be corrected. 3. The President’s Chair.—It was with no little regret that the Council heard in the early spring that the President, Field Marshal Lord Grenfell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., wished to lay down the reins of office. Appointed President in February 1913, through all the troubled years of war, Lord Grenfell’s military and other influence has been of inestimable value to the Council in directing the affairs of the Society. The Society owes a great debt of gratitude to Lord Grenfell for all he did for it at a period when he was already overburdened with pressing military duties. It was, moreover, no mere ornamental sinecure, but a great office that he was called to fill after it had been held for so long a term of years by the late Sir Trevor Lawrence. The Council, as'a mark of their appreciation, have caused a new medal to be struck in his honour, which will be known as the “‘ Grenfell Medal,’’ and will be awarded at, and after, the first meeting in January to exhibits of all kinds, and will rank in value between the Flora and the Banksian Medals. 4. The New President.—The Council had not one moment’s hesitation in asking the Rt. Hon, The Lord Lambourne, P.C., C.V.O., Lord Lieutenant of Essex, to accept the Presidency. Lord Lambourne has been long and widely known in Parliamentary circles, and is himself no mean horticulturist. For some few years he has been a Member of the Council, and from his very regular attendance has come to be familiar with allits affairs. His universal popularity, and his well-known devotion to all public duties, added to his position as a horti- culturist, make him an ideal President of whom the Fellows of the Society may be justly proud. 5. Resignations and New Appointments.—A_ resignation which every horticulturist throughout the world will regret very deeply is that of Sir Harry J. Veitch, Kt., V.M.H. Sir Harry was appointed to the Council in February 1888, and worked most energetically with Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., and Mr. Wilks at the first reconstruction of the Society at that most critical time ; but the pressure of his own vast business necessitated his resignation in the following year. He rejoined the Council in 1897, and has ever since been one of its most regular and useful members. He most kindly took over the burden of the Treasurer’s office during the absence of Mr. Charles Nix on war duties. Again Sir Harry feels compelled to withdraw, not now from the stress of business, but from increasing years. The Fellows may be assured that the President and Council have used every possible argument to retain so experienced a member, and one so universally respected and beloved, upon their body, but they feel that it would not be a fair reward for all Sir Harry has done for the Society in the past to urge him further in the present.- They have, however, asked Sir Harry to allow them to nominate him as one of the Vice-Presidents. Another noticeable event is the resignation of the Rev. W. Wilks, who has been Secretary of the Society since the Annual Meeting in February 1888, and the nomination of Mr. W. R. Dykes, M.A, Oxon., L.-és-L, Paris, as his successor. Mr. Dykes has for several years been one of the masters at the iv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Charterhouse School. He is the author of a magnificent monograph on the genus Iris, and is a thoroughly practical gardener. He is at present investi- gating the family of Tulips. The Council believe that in Mr. Dykes the Fellows will find a very able successor to Mr. Wilks, who will efficiently carry on the work of the Society under the direction of the Council. The Council are glad to say that they will still continue to have the assistance of Mr. Wilks, who has consented to be nominated for one of the vacancies on the Council. Another resignation which the Council had to accept with regret was that of Dr. Frederick Keeble, F.R.S., C.B.E., Director of Wisley Gardens. Soon after the commencement of the war the Council released Dr. Keeble for war- work in order that he might take up the Directorship of Horticulture in the Food Production Department of the Government. Discovering the utility of having a distinctly horticultural section of the Board of Agriculture; and, as a post-war development, the Government formed a separate department for horticulture, and appointed Dr. Keeble Secretary. He has also been appointed Sherardian Professor of Botany in the University of Oxford. His successor as Director of Wisley is Mr. Frederick J. Chittenden, F.L.S., V.M.H., who has, for many years, been working for the Society in the Scientific and Experimental Department at Wisley, and also as Editor of the JouRNAL and Secretary of the Scientific Committee.- The Council feel themselves happy in being able to retain the services of Dr. Keeble on the Wisley and other Committees. 6. Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies——Captain Arthur Hill, M.A., a Member of the Council, has been appointed to represent the Society on the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies in the place of Dr. Keeble, F.R.S., re- signed. This Society is doing a very useful work in the direction of co-ordinating the energies of the various Scientific Societies of this country. 7. War Relief Fund.—Substantial progress has been made with the Society’s War Relief Fund. The total amount received exceeds £40,000 made up of contributions from all parts of the Empire. The Fund is being managed by a special Committee, the Presidents being Lord Lambourne and Lady Northcote, C.I., the Council being represented by Mr. F. J. Hanbury, who acts as Chair- man, Sir Harry J. Veitch, Treasurer, and Sir Albert K. Rollit, who is Consul- General for Roumania. Considerable supplies of seeds and garden requisites have already been sent to Belgium and Roumania, whilst 33,000 packages of onion and. cabbage seeds suitable for autumn sowing were recently distributed in the devastated districts of France. Arrangements are now being made for the distribution of large quantities of fruit trees, seeds, and tools during the present winter and spring, the Committee being in communication with the Relief Committees of the Allied countries. 8. The R.H.S. Food Production Campaign.—The Society’s war-work on Food Production was closed on March 31, at the instance of H.M. Government, who considered that a further Grant in aid of it was no longer needed. The enormous labour which the Food Production Campaign involved will never be forgotten by those officers of the Society whom it more directly concerned ; but one of the most pleasant features of the war years, which assisted and encouraged the work, was the hearty spirit of co-operation which was shown to the Society in all parts of the country, and found its concrete expression in the Society’s Panel of Honorary Expert Garden Advisers, upon which over 2,000 names were enrolled. It was with no little pleasure that the Council recognized the work done by members of the Panel by bestowing upon each of them a Diploma worded as follows :— “ Diploma of Voluntary Service in Food Production. for patriotic assistance rendered during the Great European War, 1914- 1919, as a Member of the Society’s Panel of Garden Advisers.” This Diploma was welcomed by the Panel Members to a far greater degree than had been anticipated by the Council, and the letters acknowledging it have been filed and placed in the Library as very pleasing historical documents in the annals of the Society. . Chelsea Show.—It was with some hesitation that the Council entered the ( Chelsea Show in its programme for the year. The decision having to be REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1gji9. Vv made so soon after the signing of the Armistice, it was far from certain in those early days what success it would be likely to meet with, and how far possibilities of tenting and labour, and indeed, of exhibits also, would permit of the Show being held. But never in the experience of any Member of the Council can a Meeting be remembered which left behind it such a sense of solid success. Not only was the tenting to be had, but exhibitors responded magnificently with exhibits. The weather was perfect, the attendance was large, and the Show paid its way. The new Scientific Section proved to be such a source of un- failing interest that the special tent devoted to Education was filled from morn- ing until night with Fellows and others studiously examining the several exhibits with a manifest and encouraging interest. The lectures, also, were excellent and were very well attended. 10. Extra Fruit Meetings.—The Council have arranged to devote consider- able space to Fruit exhibits on March 9 and August 24, 1920. In March specimens of late-keeping Apples and Pears are invited, and on August 24, Plums and early varieties of Apples and Pears. They have invited the Canadian and South African Governments to exhibit any fruits in season on these two dates. The Council would also welcome a display of Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand fruits in their season. A new Division (Division VI.) has been added to the great Autumn Fruit Meeting on October 5, in order to encourage the smaller amateur growers to exhibit. The rules will be found in the “‘ Book of Arrangements ’’ under date October 5, page 61. 11. Cardiff Show.—It is nearly thirty-five years since an attempt was made by the Society to hold a Meeting in the Provinces. The last effort at Liverpool was so great a financial loss that the Council have always feared to reintroduce a Provincial Meeting, so that the Society’s educational exhibition work has been confined to London as a centre combined with the sending of deputations to provincial societies. Responding, however, to an invitation from the Lord Mayor of Cardiff, repeated by the Cardiff and County Horticultural Society, it has been decided to hold a great Meeting in that city on July 6, 7, and 8. Fellows’ tickets will, of course, admit. It is hoped that exhibitors—amateur and trade—will rally round the old Society on this occasion so as to make the Meeting a success in every sense of the word, and one worthy of the Society’s reputation. With such co-operation it cannot fail to be an influence for good in manifold directions. 12. The London Children’s Gardens.—The London Children’s Gardens were again inspected by two members of the Council, Mr. Bilney, J.P., and Mr. Hudson, V.M.H., and a most satisfactory and encouraging Report has been issued. 13. Examinations.—The Society has held the following examinations this year, viz.: The National Diploma Examinations ; The General Examinations in Horticulture (Seniors and Juniors) ; The Teachers’ Examinations in School and Cottage Gardening (Preliminary and Honours); and The Examination of Student-Teachers for the Glamorgan County Council. The arrangements under the new Board of Examiners, established in 1918, have worked well, and the Examinations have been considerably advanced in the standard of the practical knowledge they require. 14. Pritzel.—The typing on cards of all the references in the original Pritzel and also in the Kew Supplement was finished in May, the total number of cards being about 200,000. Several voluminous works which had purposely been excluded from the Kew Supplement (e.g., Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, and the Pflanzenreich) have also been gone through for the inclusion of the figures contained in them, with the result that many thousand more references have been added. Concurrently with this work the cards have been sorted according to the periodicals or books to which they refer: this was finished in September. In order to make the new Index as complete as possible, the Kew library has been systematically searched for omissions in the original Index and casual oversights of a later date, about 700 titles of books or periodicals being noted down for inclusion. As many of these titles cover several volumes, the number vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of additional references to the Index will be enormous, far greater, indeed, than was originally anticipated. It was also found necessary to collate the list comprising all the original and additional publications so far extracted, or ear-marked for extraction, with the catalogue of the Natural History section of the British Museum, so that gaps in the Kew Library might be discovered and filled. This very laborious work has also been brought to its conclusion. In August 385 circulars were dispatched to public institutions at home and abroad as well as to private botanists and horticulturists, inviting their sympathy and assistance in the endeavour to make the Index as complete as possible. It was suggested to them that on application they could receive a copy of the complete list of the works to be included in the New Index, in order that they might check it with their own annotations, and for the last three months the Pritzel staff has been engaged in getting this list into shape and stencilling it for distribution. The fact that many references in the original work have been found very difficult to trace, owing to imperfect or cryptic abbreviations, or because the titles quoted were those of papers published in periodicals, has complicated and retarded this part of the work very much. It is now, how- ever, practically «finished, and 100 copies of the List of Titles, which runs to about 4,000 entries, will very soon be ready for dispatch. As the titles would have had to be checked and standardized in any case, the progress of the work cannot be considered to have been impeded by this operation, except in so far as the stencilling is concerned. Having sorted the cards according to publications, their chronological or numerical sorting within each publication, preparatory to the final checking, became necessary. About a quarter of the cards have already been dealt with in this way. The checking itself has also been taken in hand. Among the works checked are some which, owing to the erratic way of the publication of their parts, have proved very troublesome and will require a final collation with the copies in the British Museum. The remaining task lies in the extraction of the additions, the conclusion of the chronological sorting, and the final checking of the cards, which latter promises to be the most extensive part of the whole work. Up to the present time £1,200 has been subscribed, £900 of which has already been spent in the preparation of the manuscript. The further printing and publication of the completed volume or volumes will require little less than another £2,500, so that it need hardly be added that more funds for the purpose are urgently needed if we are even to hope to begin printing next year. 15. Deputations.—A deputation from the Society, consisting of the President, the Rt. Hon. Lord Lambourne, C.V.O., Mr. F. J]. Chittenden, FL: S.3yoyeia, Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H., Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., and the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., V.M.H., visited the Birmingham Show on July 18. It was a magnificent exhibition and a memorable occasion, if only from the point of view that it was the first deputation from the Society after the war. An invitation from the York Gala has been accepted for a Deputation to visit the York Show on June 16, 17, and 18, 1920. Similar invitations have been received from Walsall and from Cannock, but these the Council have felt obliged to decline. 16. Sugar for Preserving.—On March 4 a deputation waited upon Lord Bledisloe on the subject of the provision of sugar to private growers of fruit for jam-making. They were most kindly and sympathetically received, and, as a result of the representations made, the position was considerably eased, and a sufficiency of sugar was forthcoming for jam-making during the season. 17. Hampton Court Gardens.—The Society was asked to nominate a repre- sentative to act on Sir Aston Webb’s Special Committee appointed to consider the restoration of the Hampton Court Gardens to their pre-war condition. Lieut.-Col. F. R. S. Balfour, M.A., a Member of Council, was nominated accord- ingly. It was a matter of general satisfaction that the Committee’s report justified the demands of the garden-loving public in desiring this restoration. 18. Wisley.—The past year has seen the gradual return of members of the Wisley staff from the war, and with it the resumption of some of those activities which have been almost in abeyance during a great part of the war period. The new Laboratory is not yet fully staffed, owing mainly to the natural hesita- tion of the Council to pledge the future financial position of the Society. The filling of the various vacancies on the staff has been a matter of the greatest REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR toro. Vil concern to the Council and the Garden Committee, who are most anxious to see this department in full working order; but they are also equally desirous of making no further advances than the existing income of the Society warrants, in order that when new posts are filled, or new appointments made, there may be no compulsory withdrawal. The recent great advance in the standard of wages and in the cost of goods of all kinds has naturally led to a great increase in the cost of the Garden beyond the pre-war standard, and has rendered more necessary than ever an adequate endowment of Wisley so that the work carried on there, important and valuable as it already is, may not be hampered by lack of funds. It is hoped not only that those whose business depends upon the growing of plants will furnish the funds necessary for the endowment of temporary or permanent research scholarships, so that matters of importance to the various horticultural industries may be thoroughly investigated, but that a permanent endowment fund sufficient to render the work at Wisley independent of all fluctuations in the Society’s annual income may be built up without delay. 19. Additional Land.—An exceptional opportunity, which the Council seized, occurred during the year of securing a sufficient area of land for the development of the experimental work at Wisley. It was evident that more land would be required in the immediate future for experiment in such pressing matters as substitutes for the rapidly diminishing supplies of stable manure, and also for the extension of the fruit-experiment work. The land purchased adjoins the Garden, being separated from it only by a road. Most of it is at present let to farmers, but as the leases fall in it can be used to extend the Society’s work. 20. Trials and Garden Work.—The floral trials, which have been in abeyance during the war, will be at once resumed. The vegetable trials have latterly been largely increased and have attracted much attention. The trials of lettuces, dwarf beans, early potatos, and parsley have been very extensive, the lettuce trials especially serving to draw attention to some valuable forms hitherto neglected in most British gardens. Full reports will appear in the JOURNAL. The extensive collection of Irises has been arranged according to the classifica- tion adopted by the Floral Committee in the last trial, and planted as a border on the hill-side. Progress is also being made with the development of the shrub and tree planting of Seven Acres Field, and with the planting of the Pinetum. A trial of washes against Rose mildew was carried out during the year. The exhibition of apples and pears set up in the Laboratory has attracted a con- siderable amount of attention from visitors. 21. Forrest Expedition—Mr. George Forrest’s plant and seed collecting expedition into Western China, in which the Society co-operates, has produced a quantity of seeds far greater than was ever expected even from this well- known collector. Very large numbers of plants have been raised and are growing on from the seeds collected in 1917 and 1918. Some of these have already been distributed among the Fellows, and others will be available in 1920 and the following years. The collections are particularly rich in shrubs and in Primulas; but many of the latter are far from ‘‘easy’”’ plants to grow, others, on the contrary, are very amenable to cultivation. Mr, Forrest’s expedition terminates in January, and the finds of 191g have still to reach us. 22. Experimental Work.—The return of Lieut. A. N. Rawes from Germany after the Armistice enabled considerable progress to be made with the orchard- pollination experiments which have been in progress for some time, and it is hoped to publish a further report upon certain aspects of them shortly. Experi- ments on the summer pruning of apples are being continued ; Dr. Darbishire is continuing his research upon the comparative composition of different varieties of potatos &c.; Captain Page, who took up his duties as head of the Chemistry Department in June, has commenced experimental work upon the important question of green-manuring ; Mr. G. F. Wilson has obtained some promising results in his experiments upon the onion fly, which will be continued ; experi- ments designed to ascertain the causes of the different yield-capacity of potatos are being continued ; the crosses of Rubi made three or four years ago have given no very satisfactory results, partly on account of their developing a certain amount of tenderness on the one hand and of partial sterility on the other ; but several of the results of crosses made by Dr. J. Wilson of St. Andrews University are being grown on, as also are Dr. Keeble’s seedling vines. Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 23. Silver-Leaf Disease.—Mr. J. Bintner has carried out at Wisley a number of inoculation experiments with silver-leaf disease during the year, and the Council appointed a Committee to consider what steps could be taken to battle with this pest. Much has been accomplished by various workers in this country, and arrangements are being made to publish a summary of what is known in the Society’s JOURNAL. 24. School of Horticulture—The number of young men now attending the second year’s course of training at Wisley has reached its pre-war level and negotiations have been opened at the instance of the Board of Education for the training of teachers in gardening. The number of students to be trained is limited by the lack of housing accommodation, and a Hostel for students is one of the most urgently needed requirements of the Society. 25. Training of Disabled Men.—Arrangements have been completed for giving twenty men disabled in the war a year’s training in market-gardening and fruit-growing, in connection with the Government land settlement scheme. They will be lodged in huts to be erected in the Gardens by the authorities concerned. 26. Gifts.—A scholarship, tenable at the Scciety’s Gardens for two years, has been most kindly founded by Sir James Knott, Bt. Its value is {30 a year, and it will be given biennially to men not exceeding twenty-two years of age who have secured a first class in the Society’s General Examination in Horticulture. The founding of scholarships at the Society’s Garden is one of the most useful ways in which friends of the Society, and of Horticulture, can help forward its educational work and the general progress of the gardening profession. To many promising young men the addition of a scholarship of this value is sufficient to make possible a thorough grounding in the rudiments of horticulture which would otherwise be beyond their reach. The Council are most grateful to Sir James Knott for this gift, and hope it may prove provocative of imitation, particularly in the direction of the establishment of Scholarships in Practical Research. The Society is greatly indebted to Sir Francis Burdett, Bt., for a magnificent Silver Challenge Cup which the Council propose to award to the best exhibit of Gladiolus made during the year. (See ‘“‘ Arrangements,” p. 58.) The Council acknowledge with many thanks a valuable engraving of Sir Joseph Hooker in the midst of Himalayan surroundings, kindly presented by Mr. Gerald W. E. Loder. The Council have also to thank Messrs. Bunyard, of Maidstone, for a Silver Cup to be awarded to the best newly raised Apple. (See “‘ Arrangements,”’ . 62.) 7 The conditions attaching to these and other Cups will be found in the ‘‘ Book of Arrangements ’”’ for 1920. A number of books, plants, and seeds have been presented to Wisley during the year, and our thanks are due to the kind donors. Special mention should be made of a handsome legacy from the late Lady Macleay, which included a beautifully bound complete set of the Botanical Magazine ; and of the gift of a large number of books, herbarium specimens, and excellent botanical lantern- slides, from the Rev. Professor George Henslow, V.M.H. Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H., has offered a prize of £5 to Wisley Students in 1920 and 1921. Money gifts to the Laboratory have also been received from B. Buxton, Esq., and J. Buchanan, Esq. The family of the late Mrs. K. Spurrell has presented that lady’s collection of Daffodils. These will be planted together and known as the ‘‘ Katherine Spurrell collection.’ 27. Dr. Rendle and the Society’s Meetings.—The Society is advancing with the general advance of the world in this time of after-war reconstruction, and among other developments the Council have an earnest desire to give greater importance and emphasis to the lectures delivered at the Society’s fortnightly meetings. Now that the Meetings are again held in our own Hall at Vincent Square, and the lecture room is again available, it is hoped that Fellows will attend the lectures more regularly and in greater numbers. An interesting feature introduced into the calendar for 1920 is the delivery of conversational lectures by the Society’s recently appointed Botanical Professor, Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., who will draw the attention of the Fellows present to any special points of interest in the plants and flowers to be found REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1og19. ix in the Meeting of the day. This is a revival of an old custom with which those who can remember the Society’s Meetings in the old days in the Great Hall at South Kensington will be familiar, when, punctually at 3 o’clock, the President and Council filed up on to the platform with the Lecturer for the day and a most interesting Meeting was held. The lecture then consisted either of an address on some particular horticultural subject or of a running comment by the Society’s Botanist, Professor Henslow or Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, on some of the specimens exhibited, pointing out their peculiarities, merits and requirements, and other interesting points connected or associated with them. Fellows will find a return to this old custom not only a pleasant change but also a most instructive one. They should also note that on the occasions of the lectures, if they have any point of difficulty they would like to bring up, or information they would like to give or to gain, if they would mention such matters at or after the discussion following the lecture and just before the close of the Meeting, they will be dealt with as far as possible at the time, or reserved for further report. 28. Afternoon Teas.—The Council have arranged for teas to be served at ts. a head in Committee Room No. 1 on the first floor on all Meeting Days from the Annual Meeting in February to the Chrysanthemum Meeting in November, both inclusive. It is hoped that Fellows will make use of this effort of the Council to provide for their convenience. 29. Library.—The Library has been kept up to date, but the year has been marked by a peculiar dearth of new Horticultural books and of good old ones coming on to the market. The additions, therefore, have of necessity been somewhat scanty. Amongst the new books are: ‘‘ De Vries’ Works,’’ Smith’s “‘ British Lichens,’’ Farrer’s ‘‘ English Rock Garden,’’ Cook’s ‘“‘ Applied Economic Botany,” the Duke of Bedford’s ‘‘ Science and Fruit Growing,”’ “‘ The Catalogue of the Massachusetts Horticultural Library,’ &c., &c. Amongst the periodicals kept up are: The Journal of Botany, The Journal of Heredity, Annals of Botany, Botanical Gazette, The New Phytologist, Journal of Genetics, Botanical Magazine (two copies), Revue Horticole, Bonnier’s Flora, and Annales des Sciences Naturelles —Botanique, &c., &c. 30. Garden Charts.—The Council wish to call the attention of Fellows to the Charts which they have prepared for the use of lecturers, teachers, schools, &c. The first series is now completed, but they have decided not to proceed with the second series until the first has been disposed of. The Charts are excellently well prepared, and, so far as is known, are superior to anything hitherto produced of a like nature. Great care and much time and thought have been given to their preparation, and a complete set should be in the hands of every educational body throughout the country. It will be found that the cost will represent money wellspent. Every horticultural society and allotment society should possess a set to hang in their Meeting Room for the reference and instruction of their members. Returnable specimen copies will be sent on application to the Secretary. 31. Smoking in the Hall.—The Council have been frequently approached by Fellows complaining of the increasing practice of smoking in the Hall. And they have as frequently ordered notices to be put up requesting gentlemen to refrain from smoking, which has never been allowed during the Society’s Meetings. The Council earnestly hope that no further occasion may be given for this complaint. 32. Obituary.—Each year the Council have to record the loss through death of some who have been the closest friends of the Society for a long number of years past. During the past year Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., V.M.H., whose gardens at Friars Park, Henley, were so famous throughout the country, if not through- out the world, was taken from us; Mr. George Bunyard, V.M.H., who has been one of the great pioneers of fruit-growing, and for many years a devoted Member of the Council, and Mr. Thomas Smith, V.M.H., of Newry, also passed away. Amongst others—Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bt., M. Maurice de {Vilmorin, M. Philippe de Vilmorin, F. du Cane Godman, Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bt., Viscountess Halifax, Lady Macleay, Miss F. S. Musgrave, E. Rochford, Lord Ravensworth, Lady Tate, Sir C. E. Tritton, the Countess of Bessborough, Herr x PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Van Waveren, Jesse Willard, T. W. Turner, Archdeacon Sinclair, Herr Van Tubergen, William Goldring, and R. H. Curtis who was always so kind in preparing our Wisley Weather Chart records. 33. V.M.H.—It is always a great regret to the Council to hear of the death of any holders of the Victoria Medal of Honour, though at the same time it affords them the opportunity of honouring others. To fill the vacancies caused by the above-mentioned deaths they have appointed Mr. J. W. McHattie, Superintendent of the Edinburgh Parks and Gardens; Mr. Edward White, the well-known British Landscape Gardener, and Honorary Secretary of the International Horticultural Exhibition 1912; and Mr. S. T. Wright, who for the past twenty-three years has been Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens and Shows. 34. Lawrence Medal.—The Lawrence Medal for the year has been awarded to Mr. John A. Nix for two superb Educational Exhibits of Fruits showing how much can be done without heated glass-houses. 35. Numerical Position—The following table shows the Society’s position with regard to numerical strength during the past year: Loss By DEATH IN I9gI19Q. FELLOWS ELECTED IN IQI19Q. . Su ae | age eae Life Fellows...... 6 eat OO 0 |) A-GHINeaS owas: ie Bee 76 tO Mt MFUITICAS... ¢.- nn5 ” Mapes T6100 2 Set Marae Seen eee 680"... 1,420 ste 2 Whe ao hah : ACO lea gome BT 2 OG | oh Aika hhbsha wACer 808: “5 O42 ra ae I Sed ap csmaiene P22 tas eas T20 2) O ASSOCIALES ese as OA fn 23.52 ae — et Pa Led SOCIetICS 767 (a 81 18 o 239 £357. 0 o | Commutations 31 — a = £6599s. 0d. 1770 £2,506 4) 3 POSS ses ates Seat eines NET INCREASEIN INCOME £1,873 4 0 Set. 4 GoIneas sc. onc : aaa ALAA 0 SAL 2 React ete O2 Scns 103 “A'- oO New ‘Fellows 2... 200.0 .-0s0sscg-ee ues I N MEY ee i age od F760; 12." Deaths and Resignations ...... 464 225 £336 0 Oo NUMERICAL INCREASE............1,306 Total on December 31, 1918* 12,914 ToTaL Loss 464 £097 * 076 Totalon December 31,1919 14,220 36. Committees, ete.—Again the thanks of the Council are extended to the members of the various Committees of the Society and to the Board of Examiners for the valuable work they have done. The Council take this opportunity of thanking the Committees for the patience with which they have borne the inconveniences unavoidably attached to their Meetings in the Drill Hall, and hope that these inconveniences will only linger in their memory sufficiently to make them value the more the comfortable conditions afforded in the Society’s own premises. The Council wish to thank most cordially the Territorial Force Association for lessening the difficulties of the Society’s situation by placing the London Scottish Drill Hall at the Society’s service during the war, and also to thank Captain Scott and his staff for the kindly consideration and assistance so willingly and so often extended. And, lastly, the Council desire to thank the various members of their own staff for the work they have so loyally done during the year, and the Press * In the Report for 1918 this figure was given as 14,632. This included 1718 Fellows who had during the War ceased to subscribe -ut who had not formally resigned. The names ofallsuch lapsed Fellows have now been removed and the figures brought into exact correspondence with the facts.—W. W. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR rog19. xi for their unfailing assistance in reporting and giving prominence to the work of the Society. By Order of the Council, . W. WILKS, Secretary. RoyvaL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER, S.W. January 1, 1920. Postscriptum.—The Conference on Saxifrages which had been decided upon before the outbreak of the war and which had on that account to be postponed will now be revived and will be held in May 1922. This early notice is given in order that ample time may be afforded for preparation to be made. The co operation of Amateurs and Nurserymen is cordially invited. Dr. ANNUAL REVENUE & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES— Ground Rent Rates and Taxes Water Rate . Electric Light Gas. a Salaries and Wages Printing and paren Publications Postages . Fuel. . Professional F ees. Gratuities Repairs and Renewals (including fr 50 for Hall Painting) Miscellaneous Expenses. INSURANCES . JOURNAL, PRINTING AND POSTAGE STAFF PENSION Less contributed by the Staff, ; as per scheme MEETINGS— Spring Meeting. Autumn Fruit and Vegetable Meeting Labour, Floral Meetings and Conferences Expenses, do. do. . Council, Committee and Deputation Expenses . Painting Orchid Certificates : : INSPECTION OF GARDENS. » PRIZES and MEDALS— Awarded at Society’s Meetings CONTRIBUTION to LINDLEY LIBRARY— Purchase of Books Expenses . SPECIAL EXPENDITURE— Contribution to Forrest Account Circular. L. Gentry EXAMINATIONS IN HORTICULTURE Less Received in Fees DEPRECIATION— Hall Glass Roof, Furniture, and aan for Meetings . P Foop PRODUCTION BALANCE, carried to BALANCE SHEET ose ee ee 690 oO Oo 574 13 11 LZ. 14 110 j ifas 31-18 Es 1,318 3,027 2 4 1,549 17 Oo 7O3 12/0 Seas Oe A Tey 60 *: 6-0 Ba S «ein ae SI...0 0 349 278 37215051 6,935 184 2,980 185: 16')26 os Pe oa 2,5SO\EO 27533 0 194 7 6 145 2 7 308: 27.3 Be Or, 1 - 3,140 212 465 AD ENO St 84.6 93 250° oo 252 450.2 462 S25 OS 242 1853 —_——_——_—— 82 380 543 9,415 So. oe 18 Io T9°..6 2h 13 4 13 4 14 10 7 OS es x 6 I5 I 2a 19 3 142 i 928 FOR YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER 1919. Cr. £8. a, bx Se By ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS ‘ P ° ° 19.137, 2 6 oe ENTRANCE FEES . i : : 7 Ag2 34° 6 ,, DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST . : ° Rea 4) Cis: any As do. do. Davis ‘TRust °: ‘ 5250 2,294 15 II ,, MEETINGS— Spring Meeting ; ; : ; MA IZSI BO, I Takings at Hall Meetings . : , ; 108 I0 Oo ———— 2,237 0 I JOURNALS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS— o” Advertisements . ; . : ‘ : 344-4500 Sale of Publications . s : : Plt se Et 1,666 15 8 »» PRIZES AND MEDALS " . . ; - 196 2° 6 ,, LIFE CoMPOSITIONS— z Being amount paid by Fellows now deceased. 84 0 0 »» RENT OF COTTAGES, WISLEY . : ° : iz0° 9 5 ,, INSPECTION OF GARDENS i é : ; 228 I9 Oo Dr. VINCENT SQUARE—BALANCE LIABILITIES. To CaPITAL FUNDS ACCOUNT— £ Sie oe Ss es As at 31st December 1918 . ‘ 46,651 15 2 Less Fees paid by Fellows now deceased 84 0 0 = —46,567 15> 2 ,» LIFE COMPOSITIONS, I9I9 . ; . : : 659 9 O »» SUNDRY CREDITORS : : - y , ; 647 1S »» SUBSCRIPTIONS, &c., paid in advance . : : 89h) 2) a8 », WISLEY SCHOLARSHIPS— _ : Balance 31st December_1918 . : : ; Se AC ee » RESERVE ACCOUNT—HALL PAINTING— Balance 31st December _ 1918 : - i231 Added 1919 . . : : x F “UT5O aig 6 1,273 13 4 »» DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS RESERVE ACCOUNT— Balance 31st December 1918 . : : . 3,264. 16-0 Added I9QI9 e e e e ° ° e 380 19 3 y map me rd »» LABORATORY PRIZE FUND— Balance 31st December 1918 ; ‘ 17-328 Dividends (Nicholson Memorial Fund) : : 2 ian 20" 17 a », WILLIAMS MEMORIAL FUND : : : 5) AO at » MASTERS MEMORIAL FUND P : 4 Serie = ty ae », SCHRODER PENSION ; ; : , ; 6 6 #8 ,, LINDLEY LIBRARY TRUST . : ; : Io. 0 0 » PRITZEL REVISION FUND . : : : 6 B4E "3S — 494 16 0 », GENERAL REVENUE ACCOUNT . ; 52,8909 5 I Less CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, Wisley : : < L5BO Mit 6 y wad Depts. .- ‘ * r46°°2 », WISLEY GARDENS’ EN- DOWMENT FUND . m2? vk Bika Less contributed by the Staff, as per scheme . | aie Me 144 5 9 7” . DEPRECIATION— Glass Houses, Plant and Materials Z > oO 5954 17 £8,234 9 2 ACCOUNT FOR YEAR ENDING 3ist DECEMBER 1919. Cr. So xn Me f S. By DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST . ; - . 1,045 1 5 », PRODUCE SOLD - : F é . 7 234 18 o »» STUDENTS’ FEES ; ; , ; ; : 136 10 Oo », DONATIONS . ; a ; } : : 30 10 Oo » BALANCE, being excess of Expenditure over Revenue. < “ é - : 6,787.-,9') 7 | / £8,234 9 2 VOL. XLVI. b Dr. WISLEY GARDENS—BALANCE LIABILITIES. £8. .a. ek tata To CaPITAL Funps AccounT— As at 31st December, 1918 - 32,932 13 6 Add Amount transferred to R. H. Society, 31st December, 1919 : 3 540 4 6 33,472 18 oOo »» ENDOWMENT TRUST FUND : ‘ : 28,972 7 II »» DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS— As at 31st December, 1918 . 9 Added, I9I9 ; : : - - ‘ 390 3 6 4,581 15 3 : £67027 1 2 TE Te SHEET, 31st DECEMBER 1919. Cr. AS SETS. By DWELLING HousEs— fo nS Oe eB. Oe As at 31st December 1918 . “a ; - 5,051 17 4 », GLASS HovusEs, RANGES, PoTTING SHED, &c.— As at 31st December 1918 . - : - 5,202 6 oO »» LABORATORY— As at 31st December 1918 . ‘ , 20,623 18° 2 a ere TE NEL i N.B.—The Wisley Estates are, under the Trust Deed, vested in the Society only so long as it is in the position to use them as an Experimental Garden. The value of the expenditure thereon depends therefore on the continual use of the Garden by the Society. sy SEaCK. Furr»). ‘ 5 : AAO ai, ‘ 250 0 O », MoTor DEPOSIT : ; : , ‘ ; 150 0 O », INVENTORY OF PLANT AND LOOSE EFFECTS— As taken by Mr. Chittenden . ; : ‘ 1,324 7 6 ,, LIBRARY ; ; 5 ; 3 : ; 2709 9 O », LNVESTMENT OF DEPRECIATION AND RENEWALS RESERVE ACCOUNT— £2,981 11s. 10d. 34% India Stock cost 6 LEIIE “2 OS £705 15s. 3d. 24 % Consols cost 415 8 10 £650 5 % WarLoancost . 607 17 oO 3,795 12 10 Add Cash for Investment, 1919 . ‘ é 486° 2 5 Tea Meet Ess »» ENDOWMENT TRUST FUND INVESTMENTS— Great Eastern Railway Company 4 % Deben- ture Stock £3,500 . 3,535 9 O Leopoldina Railway Company, Ltd. 5 % Ter- minable Debentures {2,000 . 2,000 O O City. of Moscow Loantg12. 44% Bonds £6, 000 5,730 O O Buenos Ayres Great Southern Railway Company 5 % Non-Cumulative Preference Stock £2, = 2,825 0 0 War Stock 44 % 1925-45, £5,000 . ‘ 5,000 O Oo War Stock 5 % 1929-47, 4350 ‘ 4.072) (73S Canadian Pacific Railway Company 4% Perpe- tual Consolidated Debenture Stock £4, 632 >, .3,8900°17° 6 Consols 24 % £3,229 5s. 6d. 1,889 2 6 London County Consolidated 38% "Stock : £135 8s. 4d... ° ‘ : i390." <0 ———— 28,972 7 II (In common with most pre-war Securities, the above have, for. sale purposes, considerably depreciated, but for revenue purposes they bring in the same income as before, less Interest on the City =———————— of Moscow Loan, upon which no dividend has been received £67,027 1 2 during the year.) be PERT AATE I have audited the books from which the foregoing Accounts are compiled, and certify that they exhibit a true and correct statement of the position on the 31st Dec. 1919. ALFRED C. HARPER, F.C.A., Auditor, (HARPER BROTHERS & FEATHER, Chartered Accountants), 35 Great Tower Street, London, E.C. 13th January 1920. Dr. ALFRED DAVIS Bequeathed to the Society in 1870 for Annual Prizes, LS ah othe Rise Sens Oe To Amount of Fund, 31st December 1918 ‘ E707 fea ,, Dividends received 1919 ; ; . pe ray ae, 52 10 7 WILLIAMS Raised by Donations in 1891 in Memory of Bo SP da ee OSckis ee To Amount of Fund, 31st December 1918 : : 204 2 5 204°)2 /5 » Balance 31st December 1918 . F = : 98 oid », Dividends received 1919 . eg 5 Y : 16-2622 48. 8 4 MASTERS Raised by Donations in 1908 in Memory of Dr. Masters u | ee ee Pee ae ee To Amount of Fund, 31st December 1918 5 - 542 17 Oo 342 17 0 » Balance 31st December 1918 . : : . 68 4 4 », Dividends received IgI9 . = 2 ; 7 20:0". 6 88 4 4 NICHOLSON Raised by Donations in 1908 in Memory of to Saas £- Stud, To Amount of Fund, 31st December 1918 . : 160 12 II » Dividends received 1919 . ; : : : 6 9 10 SCHRODER Provided by Royal Horticultural Society in Memory of the late Baron Ji Set £ 3s hee To Amount of Fund, 31st December 1918 F A 557 t4n6 », Balance 31st December 1916, 3 ; ‘ 6152s », Dividends received 1919 . a E a " I9 15 0 TRUST FUND. Cr. or in any other way the Council may determine. &. a. aoe Se? By Consols, £2,022 8s. 9d. . j é <.. 6056-3, 707°' 3 oe », Revenue and Expenditure Account . ° ; 5210 7 oO MEMORIAL FUND. B. S. Williams towards Prizes and Medals. By East India Railway Co. Annuity, Class B £7 . 168 0 o », New South Wales Government 4 per cent. Inscribed Stock (1942-62) £36 3s. 1d. : : ; 365-245 POA 2.0 » Balance in hands of R.H. Society . : : 48 8 4 MEMORIAL FUND. towards the Provision of one or more Annual Lectures. By Midland Railway Consolidated 24 per cent. Perpetual Preference Stock £400 . 5 290 13 6 », Midland Railway Consolidated 24 per cent. Perpetual Guaranteed Preferential Stock £400 252° 35-6 ,, Balance in hands of R.H. Society . = ‘ a 88 4 4 88 4 4 MEMORIAL FUND. George Nicholson for Prizes to Wisley Students. i Se oe ee By Tasmanian Government 4 per cent. Inscribed Stock (1940-50), £162 4s. 5d. : ; : 160 12 II », Cost of Prizes . ; : : 15 6 2 » Lransfer to Wisley Prize Fund. Fie. 4 6 9 10 PENSION. Schréder to pay to Gardeners’ Royal Benevolent institution for one Pension. £ Se ie £7 SR By Great Western Railway 4 Eee cent. Debenture Stock £500. ‘ : ‘ ‘ 557 14 6 ,, Gardeners’ Royal Benevolent fastitation i ; 20 », Balance in hands of R.H. Society. ‘ é 6 Dr. LINDLEY LIBRARY he adel Zi. Sano To Amount of Fund 31st December 1918 . 6;268 J2743 », Contribution from R.H. Society, 31st December 1919 ; , : : : ‘ 3 qo oe 6,350. 3° 3 To Balance 31st December 1918 . : ‘5 3 Io 0 Oo ,», Dividends and Donations received 1919 . 48 I9 6 », Contribution from R.H. Society, 31st December I9IQ : - A : 4 ; A 51 0 26 LroY 0; vo PRITZEL REVISION Fund to be raised for the Revision of Pritzel’s Iconum Bic Sue b> Sav tde To Amount of Fund, 31st December 1918. ; ; 859 2 2 », Balance, 31st December 1918 . , ‘ . OTA SE », Dividends received, 1919. : ; ; : 34 “2° 8 », Donations : 2 ; : ‘ s 1297) 7. 3 TRUST. Cr. By Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 3 per cent. Consolidated Preference Stock poe held x the Charity Commissioners . 1,458 15 7 » Value of Library, 31st December 1918 : - 4,809 6 8 », Purchase of Books, 1919 (See Report) ‘ F AGT 8 By Librarian’s salary . : . . I00 0 Oo », Balance in hands of R. H. Society : . é 10 0 Oo LTO" CO. @ ——= FUND. Botanicarum Index, Estimated cost, £3,000, | ae Fe £ sd By India 2} per cent. Stock £1,367 13 6 : sept ge Die) », Repayment of Loan to R.H. Society . : : 375 0 0 » Amount expended, I9QIQ. F F Gor | 7" 4 » Balance in hands of R.H. Society s : : 341 16 8 SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS. 31st December 19109. 24 % Consols £5,324 19s. 8d. % 3 % 34 % 33 % % 44 % 4 % 23% 4 % 5 % _34.% Local Loans £5,800 Dominion of Canada pores Stock papas 6 £2,000 ° ° e London County Consolidated Stock £2; 864 ris. Sd. India Stock £2,063 4s. Havana Terminal Debenture Bonds £8, Preference Stock £2,800 Central Argentine Stock {£600 India Stock £186 gs. Railroad ie aad Mortgage 300 = Central Argentine Railway, Limited, Consolidated Railway, ° Mortgage on.Freehold £1,000 War Loan, £9,550 . War Loan, £5,700 . Limited, Debentiire >? zs 5,081 6,006 2,000 2,884 2,024 8,946 2,907 537 109 1,000 9,274 4,977 £45,749 6-6 16 6 (oe) 6 10 16 4 oa) 3 6 15 10 ae oe) 18 2 2 3 “I GENERAL MEETING, XXV GENERAL MEETING. FEBRUARY 24, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL in the Chair. One hundred and thirty Fellows and thirteen Associates were elected, ard eleven Societies affiliated. A lecture on ‘‘ The Cultivation of Fruits under Glass with a Minimum of Fire Heat ’’ was given by Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H. GENERAL MEETING. MARCH 9, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL in the Chair. One hundred and fourteen Fellows and fourteen Associates were elected, and four Societies affiliated. A lecture on “‘ Fruits which can be grown under Glass without Fire Heat ”’ was given by Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H. GENERAL MEETING. MARCH 23, 1920. Rev. W. Wi1tks, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair. One hundred and twenty-one Fellows and three Associates were elected, and seven Societies affiliated. A lecture entitled ‘‘ Wandering down Old Garden By-roads’’ was given by the Rev. J. Jacob. GENERAL MEETING. APRIL 13, 1920. Mr. W. R. Dykes, M.A., in the Chair. One hundred and thirty-nine Fellows and nine Associates were elected, and eight Societies affiliated. A lecture on “‘ Plants of Interest at the Meeting’ Rendle, F.R.S., V.M.H. The Daffodil Meeting took place on this day, the classes being according to the published schedule. The Barr Silver Daffodil Vase was won by W. B. Cranfield, Esq. ? was given by Dr. A. B. GENERAL MEETING. APRIE: 27, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow Es, M.A., in the Chair. One hundred and twelve Fellows and one Associate were elected, and three Societies affiliated. A lecture on ‘‘ Magnolias ’’ was given by Mr. P. C. M. Veitch (see p. 315). GENERAL MEETING. May II, 1920. Sir ALBERT K. Roxuit, LL.D., in the Chair. One hundred and twenty-four Fellows and four Associates were elected, and three Societies affiliated. f A lecture on ‘‘ The Use and Relative Values of Trees in Great Britain ”’ was given by Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., V.M.H. XXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SPRING MEETING AT CHELSEA. JUNE I, 2, '3, 1920. List of Awards. ORCHIDS. Gold Williams Medal. To Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., for Orchids. Gold Medal. To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt. (gr. J. Collier), for Orchids, To Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, for Orchids. : To Messrs. J. & A. McBean, for Orchids. Silver-gilt Flora Medal. To Messrs. Cypher & Sons, for Orchids. To Messrs. Flory & Black, for Orchids. Silver-gilt Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Stuart Low & Co., for Orchids. To Messrs. Mansell & Hatcher, for Orchids. Silver Flora Medal. To Mr. H. Dixon, for Orchids. EXHIBITS IN THE OPEN AIR. Gold Medal. To Messrs. J. Piper & Son, for formal garden. To Messrs. Tucker & Son, for formal garden. To Messrs. Wallace & Co., for rock garden. Silver-gilt Flora Medal. To Messrs. Whitelegg & Co., for rock garden. To Messrs. J. Klinkert, for clipped trees, &c. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for ornamental trees, shrubs, and topiary work. Silver-gilt Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Herbert Jones, for Italian garden. To Mr. Clarence Elliott, for rock garden. To Messrs. J. Macdonald, for exhibit of Grasses. To Messrs. J. Piper & Son, for topiary and Japanese trees. Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To Mr. E. Dixon, for formal garden. To Messrs. Pulham & Son, for formal garden. To Mr. T. R. Hayes, for rock garden. To Messrs. Pulham & Son, for rock garden. To Messrs. Fromow & Sons, for Japanese Maples. To Mr. L. R. Russell, flowering and ornamental shrubs. Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. Herbert Jones, for formal garden. Sherwood Memorial Cup for the Best Exhibit in the Show. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for Rhododendrons. ‘* Daily Graphic” Cup, for the best Rock Garden. To Messrs. R. Wallace & Co. SPRING MEETING AT CHELSEA. EXHIBITS IN THE TENTS. Gold Flora Medal. a To Messrs. Allwood Bros., for Carnations. Gold Medal. To Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, for Begonias, Gloxinias, &c. To Messrs. J. Carter & Co., for flowering plants. To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Sweet Peas. To the Donard Nursery Co., for new and rare shrubs. To Mr. Amos Perry, for ferns and herbaceous plants. To Messrs. Rivers & Son, for fruit trees in pots. To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Calceolarias and flowering plants. To Messrs. Wallace & Co., for Lilies, Iris, Eremuri, &c. XXVIi To the Hon. C. V. O. Ward (gr. Charles Beckett), for collection of fruit. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for Rhododendrons. Stlver-gilt Flora Medal. To Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons, for Sweet Peas. To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Antirrhinums. To Messrs. Paul & Son, for Roses. To Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son, Ltd., for Roses. To Messrs. Webb & Sons, for flowering plants. Silver-gilt Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Artindale & Son, for Eremuri. To Messrs. Barr & Sons, for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., for herbaceous, Pzonies, &c. To Messrs. Bees, Ltd., for herbaceous and alpines. To A. P. Brandt, Esq. (gr. J. W. Barks), for Crotons. To Messrs. Ben R. Cant & Sons, for Roses. To Mr. J. Douglas, for Border Carnations. To Mr. Clarence Elliott, for alpines. To Messrs. C. Engelmann, for Carnations. To Mr. Elisha J. Hicks, for Roses. To Messrs. G. Jackman & Sons, for herbaceous plants. To Mr. T. Lewis, for Rhododendrons. To Messrs. Stuart Low & Co., for Carnations. To Messrs. J. Peed & Son, for Caladiums. To Mr. G. Reuthe, for herbaceous plants. To Mr. L. R. Russell, for stove and flowering plants. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for alpine and herbaceous piants. Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To Mr. J. C. Allgrove, for herbaceous and alpine plants. To Mr. R. Bolton, for Sweet Peas. To A. P. Brandt, Esq. (gr. J. W. Barks), for Pelargoniums. To Messrs. Cheal & Sons, for flowering trees and shrubs. To Messrs. Cheal & Sons, for herbaceous plants, &c. To Messrs. Cutbush & Son, for Roses. To Messrs. Cutbush & Son, for topiary trees. To Messrs. G. Gibson & Co., for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. Kelway & Sons, for Delphiniums. To Messrs. Laxton Bros., for Strawberries. To Messrs. J. Piper & Son, for Clematis and ornamental shrubs. To Mr. Maurice Prichard, for alpine and herbaceous plants. To Mr. R. Prichard, for alpine plants. To Messrs. W. H. Rogers & Son, for alpine plants. To Messrs. R. Tucker & Sons, for herbaceous plants. To the Government of Victoria (Australia), for Apples. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., for Apples. Silver Lindley Medal. To Dr. J. Macwatt, for Primulas. XXV1il PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., for Irises. To Mr. A. Dawkins, for Schizanthus. To Mr. G. R. Downer, for Lupines and Delphiniums. To Messrs. Fletcher Bros., for Rhododendrons. To the Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. E. Beckett), for Pelargoniums. To Messrs. Godfrey & Son, for Pelargoniums, Poppies, &c. To Messrs. B. Ladhams, for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. K. Luxford & Co., for Carnations. To Messrs. H. B. May & Sons, for ferns and flowering plants. To Mr. G. W. Miller, for herbaceous and rock plants. To Mr. J Stevenson, for Sweet Peas. To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Antirrhinums. To Mr. Charles Turner, for Roses. © To Mr. W. Wells, jun., for hardy plants. Silver Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Bakers, Ltd., for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. Barr & Sons, for Irises. To Messrs. Bide & Sons, for Sweet Peas. ~ To Messrs. R. & G. Cuthbert, for Azaleas. To Messrs. Cutbush & Son, for Carnations. To Mr. H. J. Damerum, for Sweet Peas. To Messrs. Harkness & Sons, for Lupines. To Mr. C. H. Herbert, for Pinks. To Messrs. Kent & Brydon, for Irises. To Messrs. Laxton Bros., for Lupines. To Mr. R. C. Notcutt, for flowering shrubs &c. To Messrs. J. Peed & Son, for Gloxinias, &c. To Mr. G. Prince, for Roses. To Mr. G. Reuthe, for flowering shrubs. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for Irises. To Messrs. W. S. Watney & Co., for Geraniums. To Aubrey Wootton, Esq. (gr. W. Lamson), for Pelargoniums. To Yokohama Nursery Co., for Japanese trees and gardens. Silver Banksian Medal. To Mr. H. Chapman, for Irises. To Mr. H. N. Ellison, for ferns and palms. To Messrs. Jarman & Co., for Pelargoniums and Violas. To Messrs. Low, Stuart & Co., Australian and greenhouse plants. To Messrs. J. Piper & Son, for alpine plants. To Mr. A. D. Thompson, for alpine plants. To Messrs. Whitelegg & Co., for alpine plants. To Messrs. Whitelegg & Co., for Lilies. Bronze Knightian Medal. To Messrs. S. Spooner & Sons, for Gooseberry and Currant trees in pots. Bronze Banksian Medal. To The Misses Hopkins, for alpine plants. To Mr. C. H. Taudevin, for alpine plants. SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL TENT. Silver Lindley Medal. To Professor V. H. Blackman, Imperial College of Science, for exhibit of apparatus used in investigating plant processes, &c. To Mr. A. Hosking, John Innes Hort. Institution, for fruit-trees in pots, showing the effects of cross-fertilization in cases of self-sterility, &c. To Mr. Wm. B. Brierley, Institute of Plant ‘Pathology, Rothamsted, for culture of Fungi living in the soil. To W. F. Bewley, Lea Valley Experimental Station, for diseases of Tomatos. To Mr. Ronald G. Hatton, East Malling Fruit Experiment Station, South- Eastern Agricultural College, for fruit stocks experiments, &c. [Many other exhibits were made by the Royal Horticultural Society.] DEPUTATION TO YORK GALA. | Xxix GENERAL MEETING. JUNE 15, 1920. Mr. H. J. PaGez, B.Sc., in the Chair. Three hundred and twenty-six Fellows and seventeen Associates were elected, and fifteen Societies affiliated. A lecture on “‘ Plants of Interest at the Meeting ’’ was given by Dr. A. B. henge; i". RiS.; VMI. DEPUTATION TO YORK GALA. THE following Deputation from the Council of the Society left London for York, viz. Messrs. Bilney, J.P., W. Cuthbertson, V.M.H., J. Hudson, V.M.H., H. B. May, V.M.H., and the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., V.M.H. In the evening they were most sumptuously entertained at dinner by James Melrose, Esq., the President of the York Society, at which the Very Rev. the Dean, and the Lord Mayor and the Chancellor of the Diocese, and several other local celebrities were present to welcome the deputation. The deputation were lodged at Harker’s Hotel. On Wednesday morning, at 10, the Deputation arrived on the show-ground and made awards as follows :— First-class Certificate. Odontoglossum X ‘ Doreen’ magnificum, from Messrs. Mansell & Hatcher. Award of Merit. Cattleya x ‘ Hesta’ magnifica, from Messrs. Mansell & Hatcher. Odontoglossum X ‘Emperor’ var. ‘ Constantine,’ from Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt. Iris ‘Camma,’ from G. Yeld, Esq. Gold Medal. Messrs. Mansell & Hatcher, for Orchids. Messrs. Armstrong & Brown, for Orchids. Sir Jeremiah Colman, for Orchids. Messrs. Alex. Dickson, for Sweet Peas. Messrs. Dobbie, for Sweet Peas. Messrs. Sutton, for Sweet Peas. Messrs. Allwood, for Pinks and Carnations. Messrs. Waterer Sons & Crisp, for Rhododendrons. Messrs. P. Gardner, for a rock-garden. Silver-gilt Flora Medal. Messrs. Cypher, for Orchids. Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, for Telia: Mr. H. Lakeman, for Border Carnations. Mr. W. A. Holmes, for stove and greenhouse plants. Mr. H. E. Leetham, for a water-garden. Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. Mr. J. Stevenson, for Sweet Peas. Messrs. Cypher, for a group of plants. Messrs. J. Backhouse, for a rock-garden. Mr. W. Wells, for Delphiniums. Silver Flora Medal. Messrs. S. Broadhead, for rockwork. Messrs. Harkness, for hardy flowers. Silver Grenfell Medal. Messrs. King, for Sweet Peas. Messrs. W. Artindale, for hardy flowers. Messrs. Harkness, for hardy perennial flowers. XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Silver Bankstan Medal. Messrs. Engelmann, for Carnations. Messrs. Bide, for Sweet Peas. Messrs. G. Gibson, for hardy flowers. Messrs. G. Longster, for hardy flowers. The Deputation, together with the judges, exhibitors, and the Dean and Chancellor, the Lord Mayor and Sheriff, and the Lord Mayor of Bradford, were entertained at luncheon on the show-ground; the President, James Melrose, Esq., in the Chair. After the President had proposed the King’s health, the Dean of York proposed the R.H.S., to which the Rev. W. Wilks responded. The health of the exhibitors and judges was proposed by T. G. Hodgson. Esq., Chairman of the York Society, to which W. Cuthbertson, Esq., responded for the former, and F. Jordan, Esq., for the latter. The Rev. W. Wilks subsequently proposed prosperity to the Grand Yorkshire Flower Show and Gala, which was responded to by N. T. Crombie, Esq. The principal guests then adjourned to the Committee tent, where coffee, &c., was served. GENERAL MEETING. JUNE 29, 1920. Mr. W. A. BILnEy, J.P., in the Chair. Seventy-nine Fellows and three Associates were elected, and six Societies affiliated. A lecture on “ Garden Roses’ P. 323). ’ was given by Mr. H. R. Darlington (see PROVINCIAL SUMMER MEETING, CARDIFF. JULY 7,-6, @,. 1920: The meeting at Cardiff was an experiment, for no previous provincial show had been held by the Society for more than thirty years. When, however, the Lord Mayor of Cardiff and the Cardiff and County Horticultural Society invited the Royal Horticultural Society to hold its Summer Meeting in that city, the Council had little hesitation in deciding to do so. All who went to Cardiff agreed that the display of fruit, flowers, and vegetables was excellent, and it was unfortunate that the weather was so disastrously wet that the attend- ance fell short of anticipation. The Society is greatly indebted to Queen Auguste Victoria and King Manoel, who journeyed down to Cardiff in order to open the meeting. Our gratitude is also due to Mr. and Mrs. Wyndham Clark, of Talygarn, for their hospitality on the first day of the meeting, and to the officials and other members of the local Society for their help and hospitality. The success of the arrangements was in no small measure due to the advice and help so freely given by the Lord Mayor of Cardiff, Mr. G. Forsdyke, who did all that lay in his power to make the meeting a success. The various lectures promoted by the Society during the meeting were well attended. The subject on the first day was “ The Cultivation of Fruit,’ on which papers were read by Messrs. Chittenden, Lees, and Basham. On the second day, Dr. Rendle gave a most interesting discourse on “‘ Plants of Interest shown at the Meeting,’”’ while on the third day Mr. W. Cuthbertson and Mr. H. V. Taylor read papers on various aspects of potato-growing. The awards made at the meeting were as follows :— Cubs. The Coronation Cup for the best exhibit. Awarded to Messrs. Allwood Bros. The Wigan Cup for Roses. Awarded to Mr. Elisha Hicks. The Gordon Lennox Cup for Fruit. Awarded to The King’s Acre Nurseries. The Cain Cup for the best exhibit by an amateur. Awarded to Reginald Cory, Esq. PROVINCIAL SUMMER MEETING, CARDIFF. XXXI Veitch Memorial Medal. For Fruit shown by an Amateur. Awarded to S. H. Byass, Esq. (gr. R. German). For Plants shown by an Amateur. Awarded to Lt.-Col. Sir George Holford (gr. A. Chapman). Gold Medal. To State of Victoria, for fruit. To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Sweet Peas. To Messrs. Sutton &-Sons, for Vegetables. To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Sweet Peas. To Mr. Ben Cant, for Roses. To Mr. Maurice Prichard, for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for topiary work. To Messrs. Piper & Son, for water-garden. To Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, for Delphiniums and Begonias. To Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons, for Orchids and foliage plants. To Mr. Herbert Jones, for formal garden. To Trevor Jones, Esq., for Gloxinias. To Mr. Amos Perry, for ferns and herbaceous plants. Silver-gilt Hogg Medal. To Messrs. Bunyard & Co., for fruit-trees. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. To New Zealand Government, for Apples and Pears. To Messrs. Toogoods, Ltd., for Vegetables. To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Potatos. Silver-gilt Flora Medal. To Mr. Prince, of Oxford, for Roses. To Messrs. Godfrey & Son, for herbaceous plants and Pelargoniums. To Messrs. Stuart, Low & Co., for Carnations, To Messrs. Dickson & Sons, for Sweet Peas, To Messrs. Bowell & Skarratt, for alpines. To Mr. M. C. Crossling, for Roses. To Mr. T. Lewis, for Rhododendrons, Kalmias, &c. To Messrs. W. Treseder, Ltd., for Roses. To the Donard Nursery Co., for rare trees and shrubs. To Messrs. G. G. Whitelegg & Co., for rock-garden. To Capt. J. F. Symonds Jeune, for rock-garden. Silver-gilt Grenfell Medal. To J. W. Pyman, Esq., for Streptocarpus. To the South African Government, for fruit. To Messrs. Webb & Sons, for Vegetables. To Mr. James Douglas, for Carnations. To Messrs. Godfrey & Son, for Pelargoniums. To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, for shrubs. To Mr. J. C. Allgrove, for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. Barr & Sons, for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, for Roses and Carnations. To Mrs. Neale, for Orchids. To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., for Orchids. To Messrs. R. Russell & Sons, for stove plants. Silver-gilt Bankstan Medal. To Messrs. Bakers, Ltd., for formal garden. To Messrs. Jarman & Co., for Roses and Sweet Peas. To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, for alpines. To Mr. J. Macdonald, for Grasses. Silver Flora Medal. To Mr. Stephen Treseder, for Roses. To Messrs. Walters & Son, for herbaceous plants and Roses. To Mr. C. Wall, for Carnations. To Mr. Vincent Slade, for Pelargoniums. To Messrs. J. Jefferies & Son, for Conifers. XXXli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Silver Grenfell Medal. To British South Africa Co., for Oranges. To the Rev. J. Pemberton, for Roses. To Messrs. Tucker & Sons, for herbaceous “and alpine plants. To Mr. C. W. Herbert, for Pinks. To Mr. W. Wells, jun., for herbaceous plants. To Messrs. H. & W. Evans, for formal garden. Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Rich & Co., for herbaceous plants. To Mr. J. J. Kettle, for Raspberries. To Messrs. Maxwell & Beale, for alpine plants. ' To Messrs. B. Ladhams, Ltd., for herbaceous plants. 5 To Mr. Clarence Elliott, for alpine plants. To Mr. H. N. Ellison, for ferns. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Mr. H. Clarke, for herbaceous plants and Violas. To Messrs. Reamsbottom & Co., for Anemones. To Mr. J. H. Isaac, for Sweet Peas. To Messrs. J. Klinkert, for topiary trees. Awards of Merit. To Coreopsis grandiflora, Perry’s var. Shown by Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield. To Clove Carnation ‘ Blush Clove.’ Shown by Mr. James Douglas, Great Bookham. To Begonia ‘ Lady Rhondda.’ Shown by Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon. To Begonia ‘ Lady Cory.’ Shown by Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon. To Sweet Pea ‘ Pink Pearl.’ Shown by Messrs. Dobbie & Co. To Sweet Pea ‘ Orchid.’ Shown by Messrs. Dobbie & Co. To Campanula Bellardii ‘ Miranda.’ Shown by Mr. Clarence Elliott. SCIENTIFIC SECTION. Lindley Medal. To Ministry of Agriculture, for an exhibit of Diseases and Pests and Fruit- stock experiments. To University of Bristol, Long Ashton, for experiments. Demonstrations. To Mr. W. H. Farmer, for bottled fruits. Silver Grenfell Medal. To Mr. S. Nicholas Hobby, for British timbers. [The Royal Horticultural Society also made an extensive exhibit.] GENERAL MEETING. JOLY +13, 1920. The Rev. W. Witks, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair. Ninety Fellows were elected and two Societies affiliated. A lecture on ‘‘ Plants of Interest at the Meeting ’’ was given by Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S., V.M.H. GENERAL MEETING. JULY (277 F920: Mr. F. J. CHITTENDEN, V.M.H., in the Chair. Seventy-three Fellows and one Associate were elected, and two Societies affiliated. A lecture on ‘‘ Green Fly’ was given by Mr. J. G. Blakey. GENERAL MEETING. LICHFIELD. XXXIl1 AWARDS MADE BY THE DEPUTATION TO THE CENTENARY EXHIBITION, AUGUST 2, 1920. Messrs. F. J. Chittenden, V.M.H., W. R. Dykes, M.A. (Secretary, R.H.S.), H. B. May, V.M.H., and Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., V.M.H. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. To Col. F. Swinfen Broun, Swinfen Hall, Lichfield, for fruit and vegetables. Silver-gilt Flora Medal. To Col. F. Swinfen Broun, Swinfen Hall, Lichfield, for flowers and plants. Silver Knightian Medal, To W. W. Worthington, Esq., Maple Hayes, Lichfield, for fruit and vegetables. Silver Flora Medal. To A. W. Thorne, Esq., Short Butts Lane, Lichfield, for flowers. Silver Grenfell Medal. To A. B. Grove, Esq., Sutton Coldfield, for flowers. To G. Courtiour, Esq., Lichfield, for plants and vegetables. To J. Sherratt, Esq., 506 Station Road, Burton-on-Trent, for roses. Silver Bankstan Medal. To W. W. Worthington, Esq., Maple Hayes, Lichfield, for sweet peas. Bronze Knightian Medal. To Miss Salt, Starcroft, Lichfield, for vegetables. To F. Allsopp, Esq., 25 Wheel Lane, Lichfield, for vegetables. To F. D. Winterton, Esq., Rock House, Lichfield, for vegetables. - Bronze Banksian Medal. To J. Burton, Esq., Lichfield, for plants. To G. Barnes, Esq., 25 Wheel Lane, Lichfield, for vegetables. To G, Ellett, Esq., Sandfields, Lichfield, for vegetables. To Mary Button, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Rose Sillitoe, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Doris Johnson, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. Certificates of Diligent Interest, To Mary Button, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Florence Sillitoe, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Gladys Johnson, St. Michael’s School, for wild flowers. To Doris Johnson, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Rose Sillitoe, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Cedric Lees, Boys’ Central School, for wild flowers. To Mark Gregory Russell, Christ Church School, for wild flowers. To William Egan, Boys’ Central School, for wild flowers. To Vera Corbett, St. Mary’s Senior School, for wild flowers. To Elsie Keen, Christ Church School, for wild flowers. To Stephen Lees, Boys’ Central School, for grasses. To Walter Warren, Boys’ Central School, for grasses. To Winnie Foote, Christ Church School, for grasses. To Nellie Thorpe, Christ Church School, for grasses. GENERAL MEETING. AUGUST I0, I920. Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair. Twenty-three Fellows were elected. VOL. XLVI. XXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. GENERAL MEETING. AUGUST 124, °TO20. Mr. C. G. A, Nax ta the Chair. Nineteen Fellows were elected. The exhibition of hardy British-grown flower bulbs was held at this meeting, Mrs. Wallis Toller, The Anglesey Bulb Farm, and Mr. George Monro being the prize winners. GENERAL MEETING. ; SEPTEMBER 7, 1920. Mr. W. R. DvkKEs, M.A., in the Chair. Thirteen Fellows and one Associate were elected. The open competition for the Foremarke Challenge Cup for Gladioli took place at this meeting, the winner being Messrs. Artindale, with Mr. G. Cave and Mrs. Churcher second and third respectively. The Cory Cup for Dahlias was not awarded. GENERAL MEETING. SEPTEMBER 21, 1920. Mr. W. R. DykEs, M.A., in the Chair. Two Fellows were elected. A lecture on ‘‘ Potato Problems’”’ was given by Mr. W. Cuthbertson, J.P., V.M.H. The Vegetable Meeting took place this day, the arrangements being accord- ing to the published schedule. The Sutton Challenge Cup was won by the Hon. Mrs. Greville, Mr. J. Jones of Ammanford being second. The Champion Challenge Cup was won by C. A. Cain, Esq. GENERAL MEETING. OCTOBER 5, 1920. Sir ALBERT K. Roirit, LL.D., V.M.H., in the Chair. One hundred and six Fellows and two Associates were elected, and three Societies affiliated. A lecture was given by Mr. E. A. Bunyard, F.L.S., on “‘ The Winter Study Cie ruitlrees.” The Twenty-fourth Autumn Meeting for British-grown fruits was held this day, the arrangements being according to the published schedule. The Affiliated Societies Cup was won by the East Anglian Horticultural Club; the Bunyard Cup was not awarded. GENERAL MEETING. OCTOBER I9, 1920. The Rev. W. Wivks, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair. Fifty-four Fellows and two Associates were elected, and one Society affiliated. A lecture on ‘‘ Plants of Interest at the Meeting ’’ was given by Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S., V.M.H. ; GENERAL MEETING. XXXV GENERAL MEETING. NOVEMBER 2, 1920. Mr. E. A. BUNYARD, F.L.S., in the Chair. Forty-four Fellows and two Associates were elected, and one Society affiliated. A lecture on “‘ Fruit-tree Stocks—Cherries, Plums, and Pears’ by Mr. R. G. Hatton, M.A. > was given GENERAL MEETING. NOVEMBER I6, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair. Forty-nine Fellows and three Associates were elected, and four Societies affiliated. A lecture on ‘‘ Sugar Beet’’ was given by Dr. F. V. Darbishire, M.A. GENERAL MEETING. NOVEMBER 30, I920. The Rt. Hon. Lord LAMBoURNE in the Chair. Forty-three Fellows and one Associate were elected, and two Societies affiliated. ‘GENERAL MEETING. DECEMBER 14, 1920, The Rt. Hon. Lord LAMBouRNE in the Chair. Fifty Fellows and‘two Associates were elected, and three Societies affiliated. XXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. JANUARY 13, 1920, Mr. E. A. BowLes, M.A., in the Chair, and seven members present. British planis.—Mr. Fraser showed preserved specimens of Senecio squalidus, a plant well known for long as growing upon Oxford walls, but now spread to other places, including London. He also showed a hybrid between S. squalidus and S. viscosus, originally from Ireland, and Mercurialis annuus, a weed of culti- vated gardens in several parts of south and east England. Pleione pogonoides.—Mr. Elwes said that he had been cultivating plants under this name, but had found them to be identical with Pleione humilis, so far as he had been able to discover. Oncidium x incurnephorum.—Mr. G. Wilson showed on behalf of Messrs. Charlesworth a hybrid between Oncidium corynephorum, a species with a scandent habit, and O. incurvum. The hybrid lacks the climbing habit. Fruits of Davidia—Mr. Bowles showed twin fruits of Davidia involucrata from the garden of Mr. Christie at Framlingham Pigot, Norfolk. The inflores- cences producing these twin fruits had three bracts, and the phenomenon had occurred in earlier years as well as in IgIQ. Two forms of berry on Holly.—Mr. Bowles also showed a piece of holly bearing a red berry on an otherwise yellow-fruited plant. Cypripedium insigne twin-flowered.—Mr. Smith of Hatchford Park Gardens, Surrey, sent several specimens of Cypripedium insigne having two flowers on a scape. The plants producing them were particularly vigorous and the flowers lacked nothing in size. The plants had been manured occasionally with sulphate of ammonia. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 27, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., in the Chair, and thirteen members present. Various Plants.—Mr. H. J. Elwes showed from his garden and commented upon Petasites alba, a high alpine, and P. japonica from Kamtschatka ; Lysionotus warleyana, the curious capsules of which take six months to ripen ; Cotyledon roseatum, a nearly hardy plant, flowering in mid-winter, and with brightly tinged foliage; the hybrid Iris persica x sindjarensis, the only Juno Iris which persisted in his garden; Rehmannia Henryt from Ichang; Aeschyn- anthus lobatus, the corolla of which remains in ‘ bud’ until the calyx tube is well developed, as is the case in Columnea; Pleione humilis in two distinct forms ; Tanaea penangiana, an uncommon orchid, and Heeria vittata, a nearly hardy plant from Sikkim. Alder catkins —Mr. Bowles showed catkins of a distinct Alder, Alnus cordaia, and drew attention to the differences between that species and A. glutinosa. Viburnum fragrans——Mr. Bowles also showed flowers of this new species from China; he remarked that the plant was not only very sweetly scented but floriferous, and that, although it produces its flowers in January, it will with- stand frost uninjured. . The Functions of the Committee.—Mr. Elwes raised certain points in connexion with the work of the Committee, and after discussion it was resolved ‘‘ That this Committee desire to express the hope that the plants now reaching Great Britain from Forrest’s collections shall be adequately described and illustrated in the Society’s JouRNAL, and they wish also to express their willingness to do their utmost towards this end.” SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY I0, 1920. ‘Mr. E. A. Bow.es, M.A., in the Chair, and four members present. Willow Seeds.—Mr. J. Fraser remarked upon the part played by the wind in the distribution of the seeds of the willow. a Primula Juliae x elatior—Dr. Rosenheim showed specimens in illustration of the following note: A reciprocal cross was made between P. Juliae and P. elatior -~ SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. XXXVI1I in Spring 1917. Only the seeds obtained from P. Juliae as the female parent - were fertile. Sixty-eight seeds were sown, of which twenty-six germinated ; of these twenty flowered for the first time in 1919. The foliage in all cases shows the characters of both parents (petiolate and rounded, P. Juliae; puckered, P. elatior). Theinflorescence was of the P. Juliae type in ten plants, and of the P. elatioy type in the other ten. While all the plants of the P. Juliae type had pink flowers, those of the P. elatior type had yellow inflorescence in six cases and pink in four cases. Seedlings of the F2 generation are being grown on. The plant shown is one of the early flowering Fi generation, showing flowers of P. Juliae character. (Plants in the open have been in flower since December.) The only known crosses of P. Juliae x elatioy seem to be chance seedlings found at Kew, which have the inflorescence of P. elatior. Snowdrop Seedlings —Mrs. R. O. Backhouse sent flowers of seedling snowdrops illustrating the second generation of the cross G. plicatus x G. nivalis. The flowers were exceedingly fine and presented great variation, some being like fine examples of G. Elwesi1, and others of the nivalis or plicatus type, while one approached G. Meiviilet. Early-flowering Crocus vernus—Mrs. Backhouse also sent seedlings of Dutch Crocuses selected for earliness, and now in full flower. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 24, I920. Mr. E. A. BowtEs, M.A., in the Chair, seven members, and Mr. JARDINE, visitor, present. Comparison of Juglans and Pterocarya Nuts.—Mr. J. Fraser showed specimens in illustration of remarks upon the development of the seeds of Juglans and Pterocarya and compared the two seeds. Narcissus eelworm.—Mr. Jardine exhibited a series of seedling plants, some of which had been attacked by the Narcissus eelworm. He had watered the soil with a solution of one part of corrosive sublimate in 3,000 of water, afterwards applying nitrate of soda. The plants had grown away vigorously subsequently, and Mr. Jardine believed the eelworms to be destroyed. The Committee desired to see the bulbs later on, since the extent of the attack is not readily seen in its early stages in the leaves at this season of the year. Types of Black Currants——Miss Bunyard showed a series of drawings of black currants to illustrate the various types met with in that species. The Committee thanked Miss Bunyard and complimented her upon their clearness and excellence. Various plants.—Mr. G. W. W. Blathwayt sent a number of flowers from the open garden at the Cottage, Porlock Weir, Somerset, including Acacia dealbata, A. jsalcata, Coronilla valentina, Daphne odora, and Leptospermum scoparium. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Blathwayt. Bulbous plants.—Mrs. Backhouse sent a further series of Snowdrop seedlings and Chionoscillas with the parents Scilla bifolia and Chionodoxa sardensis. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 9, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow tes, M.A., in the Chair, seven members, and Messrs. CRANE, JARDINE, and Rev. J. Jacos, visitors, present. Primula crosses.—Messrs. Baker of Wolverhampton showed a cross between Primula acaulis and P. Juliae with dark purplish-red flowers and leaves like those of Primula Juliae, and also Primula Juliae x P. elatior with pinkish flowers, very similar to the form shown by Dr. Rosenheim a few meetings since. Variegation of stem in Freesia——Rev. J. Jacob showed a variety of Freesia with orange flowers, the lower part of the stem of which showed alternating bands of darker and paler green. These were deferred for further examination. Pruning &c. of seedling fruits—Mr. A. Worsley gave an account of his observations upon the growth of seedling fruits of various kinds, including apples, pears, plums, peaches, and apricots, and remarked upon methods of prun- ing such seedling trees and upon the characteristics of certain seedling fruits as compared with their parents. Veltheimia viridifolia—Mr. Blaythwayt of Porlock sent a specimen of this interesting Cape bulb. It is nearly hardy but not quite, frost being fatal to it. XXXVIli_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 23, 1920. Mr. E. A. BowLEs, M.A., in the Chair, and eleven members present. Leersia oryzoides —Mr. J. Fraser showed specimens of this very rare plant from its British localities. Propagation from Orchid flowering-spike—Mr. J. Wilson showed pieces of flowering spikes of Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, &c., showing propagation from these. Sir Everard im Thurn remarked that the formation of vegetative shoots from flowering spikes of orchids growing in a wild state was frequent. Proliferous Primrose.—Mr. Chittenden showed specimens of primrose having at the apex of the scape a flower with perianth pieces of the form of bracts, from the axils of which flowers had developed. Various Flowers —Mr. H. J. Elwes sent a list of many plants now in flower in his garden: Anemone ranunculoides, A. fulgens, A. blanda var. scythinica, next to Chionodoxa, the most lovely weed and the most harmless in the garden ; very varied forms from Algeria of A. coronaria; Adonis vernalis; Corydalis thalictrifolia, also a weed but a very pretty one; C. Allionit; Cavdamine trifolia; Draba imbricata; Daphne Mezereum var. alba; D. Blagayana; Iberis petraea ; Gentiana acaulis; Isopyrum thalictroides; I. grandiflorum; Megasea sp. from China (pink-flowered), M. afghanica?; Parrya Menziesii; Primula marginata, P. Juliae, P. rosea, P. denticulata, P. Loczti, P. Auricula, P. x marven; Pulmon- aria angustifolia; Shortia grandiflora; Sanguinaria canadensis; Trillium grandifiorum, but a very early one only, the common form being not yet up; Erythronium Nuttalianum; Galanthus Ikariae (the others over flowerirg) ; Fritillaria Imperialis var. inodorva; F. Siehana; Muscari, several sp.; Korol- kowia Sewerzowi ; Iris stylosa, better than ever before; Ornithogalum, several sp.; Tulipa Kaufmanniana; Puschkinia scilloides ; Tecophilaea Cyanocrocus. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 13, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., in the Chair, and twelve members present. Certificate of Appreciation —_A Certificate of Appreciation was unanimously recommended to Mrs. Backhouse for her work with Daffodils. Various plants —Mr. H. J. Elwes showed plants as follows :—Plants in a Cotswold garden 530 feet above sea level. During forty-eight years I can never remember a spring so early and so free from east wind and frost as the last month has been. The number of flowers out and coming out is quite unusual, and as I may never see the like in April again I will mention a few of the most beautiful and less common. The three flowering shrubs, though not at their best most beautiful, are Berberis Darwinii, which was nearly killed three years ago; Viburnum Carlesii, which has not as yet gone through a real Cotswold winter; and Prunus nana, perhaps the choicest and neatest little bush that ever came here from Bitton. Anemone scythinica is seeding itself everywhere, and is one of the most beautiful and least harmful weeds in cultivation. Anemone alpina from seed, not yet fully established, but seems to like a rich border ; Corydalis bracteata, another beautiful weed which comes up everywhere but not very easy to pull up ; Daphne Mezereum and var. album, which comes true from seed, and comes up in many places butis not long-lived here ; Daphne Blagayana, nearly over (keep on earthing up the young growths) ; Euphorbia polychroma, Myrsinites, and pilulifera, all pretty, early, and hardy border or rock plants ; Armeria caespitosa ; Sedum Palmeri and Sedum Treleasit, both very pretty and doubtfully hardy; Geum Rossi, a New Zealander, pretty but not very floriferous ; Androsace sarmentosa, the earliest of its section and one of the best; Paeonia Mlokosewitschi, the best and earliest yellow peony ; Paeonia Cambessedesii, the best and earliest purple prony ; Paeonia cretensis, the best and earliest white peony. None of these are fully out, but the buds show colour; a frost would ruin them now, but they are so good and rare that they are worth protection. Ourisia macrophylla, close under a north wall, shows precocious buds; it isdoubtfully hardy here. Smilacina paniculata, a wonderfully strong plant already in bud and four feet high. This was raised from seed that I gathered at Niagara Falls. Avrnebia echioides, a month before its usual time. Dentavia pinnata, a very beautiful plant; but the white variety is even better. Can anyonesend me the latter, whichis commonin Cornish gardens? Stylophorum japonicum, a good doer in my garden; Jeffersonia dubia, a very pretty plant, which, however, does not thrive in my soil and does at Kew; Epimedium sp., which I have under the name of sulphureum ; Potentilla alchemilloides, a pretty ! SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. XXX1X dwarf white rock plant from the Pyrenees ; Primula Loczi1, more curious than beautiful. In aframe Ramondia Nataliae, which is not so goodas R. pyrenaica. Haberlea Ferdinandi and H. virginalis, pure white and very pretty. Among Megaseas the most showy is a fine form of the old Siberian M. cordifolia, which is much more floriferous on the top of a dry rock as I saw it in the Altai Mountains than in a border. A pretty pink one which I raised from Chinese seed would, as Mr. Bowles thinks, be called ‘ Stracheyi,’ if it came from the Himalayas. Bulbous plants in flower are too numerous to mention. Among the best are Scilla lilio-hyacinthus and its var. alba, which I owe to the late Mr. Boyd of Faldonside. Why it is uncommon I know not, for it increases fast and is very hardy. Muscari macranthum, best perhaps in a frame where its very fragrant flowers are more numerous than outside; a plant which I have had for forty years, and which has very large bulbs which do not increase like most of the Muscaris. Tulipa dasystemon, a free-flowering and pretty little species, has a better constitution than any tulip I know except T. savatilis, which spreads and increases much more freely than it flowers ; Coelogyne flaccida. Veronica x lobelioides.—Mr. Fraser showed specimens of Veronica x lobelioides (V. ‘Blue Gem’) and commented upon the history of this plant, which was sent to Kew on April 28, 1862, by Mr. J. A. Henry the raiser, and to Messrs. Veitch, with the statement that its parentage was V. decussata x V. speciosa. It was awarded F.C.C. in 1862 when shown by Mr. Warren, a nurseryman of Salisbury. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 27, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow.eEs, V.M.H., in the Chair, and seven members present. Wihite-berried Aucuba.—Mr. Arkwright showed branches carrying many berries of the white-fruited form of Aucuba japonica. _ Primrose ‘ Evelyn Arkwright.—He also showed flowers of this fine primrose, and said that all the seedlings of it which he had seen, as well as the original plant, were pin-eyed. Chetvanthus x —He also showed flowers of the hybrid Cheiranthus, which has been before the Society on several occasions, and drew attention to the prevalence of purple buds in this form, whereas those in some others of similar ancestry had yellowish or paler buds. Hybrid Ivises—Mr. Dykes showed a series of hybrid Irises which he had raised, and briefly commented upon their peculiarities. In Ivis Alberti the veining stops short upon the falls, and this character is handed on to its offspring. When crossed with I. pallida the early-flowering characteristics of I. Alberti are retained. J. Korolkowi x I. atrofusca gave a fine deep red-purple flower. Seedlings of I. stolonifera produced flowers with either a blue or a yellow beard. He showed also I. stolonifera x I. lutescens and I. Susiana x yellow lutescens, the latter distinctly showing the veining characteristic of J. Susiana. I. flavescens is said to be a garden form of I. variegata, but it has been confused in gardens with I. imbricata of Lindley (which has also a purple form), a very distinct plant in its spathes &c. JI. Korolkowi x purple chamaeiris gave a tall flower-spike with flowers having falls curiously curved under. Chinese plants—Mrs. DuCane Godman and Col. Stephenson Clarke both sent flowering plants of some of the Chinese plants raised from seeds of Mr. Forrest’s collecting—Primulas in the one case, Meconopsis in the other. Hybrid Rhododendrons.—Mr. Magor of St. Tudy sent hybrid Rhododendrons, three of which showed inheritance mainly from the pollen parent’s side, viz. Rhododendron ?, probably a natural hybrid between R. chartophylium praecox or yunnanense x rubiginosum (Forrest No. 5874); R. x ambkeys (R. ambiguum x R. Keystt); R. x yuncinn (R. yunnanense x R. cinnabarinum); and R. x oreocinn (R. oreotrephes x R. cinnabarinum). The last three were raised by the exhibitor. Votes of thanks were unanimously accorded to the exhibitors of these and the foregoing plants. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, May 11, %920. Mr. E. A. Bow Es, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, seven members, and Mr. MARSDEN JONES, visitor, present. Carnation foliage malformed.—Mr. W. C. Worsdell showed some Carnation leaves with curious horn-like lateral outgrowths, the origin of which was doubtful. ; aes dag bulb in leaf-axil—He also showed a tulip with a bulb in the axil of the leaf. xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sports from root-cuttings—Dr. Bateson showed a Pelargonium raised from a root-cutting of the variety ‘ Ascot,’ which has a rolled-back petal with magenta spots on a white ground, whereas the plant raised from the root-cutting had a flat petal, larger than the parent, with a large purplish spot. Of four root- cuttings raised at Merton three had proved different from their parents. Cheivanthus x Marshallii—Mr. Marsden Jones showed a branch from his pale-budded hybrid with pale flowers similar in colour to those of C. alpinus, but of the size of the hybrid. He also showed some hybrid Tulips. Iris Seedlings —Mr. Dykes showed seedlings of Iris ‘ Kharput’ having a long fall and of J. germanica with inflorescence branching from the base with an herbaceous spathe. The habit, evergreen character of foliage, and partially herbaceous spathe of I. germanica, have led Mr. Dykes to conclude that I. germanica is not a really wild plant, and the nature of the seedlings suggests that I. aphylia is one of the parents, but the other parent is unknown. Rhododendrons.—Mr. Magor, of Lamellen, St. Tudy, sent: the following rare Rhododendrons: R. campylogynum, collected by Forrest on the Tali Range, a dwarf undershrub, the seedlings raised by Mr. J. C. Williams; R. apodectum, also of Forrest’s collecting, raised by Mr. Magor, from the Shweli-Salween Range, a shrub of 4 feet to 6 feet ; R.ledoides from Yunnan, a shrub of 2 feet ; and R. sp. ?, related to Azalea indica, from the Chutong Hills. The last two both raised by the exhibitor. Mr. M. Yorke sent a plant called R. Edgarianum, which bore dark violet-purple flowers and was strongly aromatic. The Secretary was desired to send votes of thanks to the exhibitors of these interesting plants. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE I, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., F.L.S., in the Chair, and five members present. Wheat-ear Carnation.—Mts. F. E. Longhurst sent a shoot of Carnation of the variety ‘ Congress,’ showing the well-known ‘ wheat-ear’ formation in a marked manner. Various plants —Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., showed examples from his garden of Blandfordia superba, a seedling Eremurus with sessile flowers; Dzanella tenuissima, which bears deep indigo-blue berries; Littonia modesta; Paeonia decora (= P. lobata, but the nomenclature of these species appears to be involved) ; P. Broterifrom Portugal; Evia ornata, the leaves of which appear to be normally orange, a native of Borneo ; Tricyrtis latifolia, which Mr. Hales stated had grown outdoors at Chelsea uninjured for seven years; Habranthus sp., which failed to flower until mulched with leaf-mould, after which it grew and flowered well. Aquilegia hybrid——Mr. Marsden Jones showed a hybrid between Agquilegia vulgaris and A. canadensis, showing the characters of both, which he had named A. X vulcan var. Phyllis. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 15, 1920. Mr. J. W. ODELL in the Chair, and three members present. Hen and Chickens Marigold.—Mr. Chittenden showed a Marigold (Calendula) with subsidiary stalked capitula arising from the base of the main capitulum as in the ‘ Hen and Chickens ’ Daisy. Hybrid Lilies ——Mr. A. Perry showed several hybrid Lilies raised by him, namely, Lilium x Perryi (L. Washingtonianum x L. Roezlit) and the reverse cross, L. x Bowlesianum (L. Roezlit x L. Washingtonianum), and L. x Bal- fourianum (L. Roezliti x L. pardalinum). A Certificate of Appreciation was unanimously recommended to Mr. Perry for his work in raising these hybrids. Tilia with four cotyledons —Mr. J. Fraser showed a seedling of Tilia platy- phyllos with four cotyledons. He considered this condition to be due to the coherence of two embryos. He found it growing upon Leatherhead Downs. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 29, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow tes, M.A., in the Chair, and eight members present. Gall on Yew.—Mr. J. Fraser showed galls on yew due to Cecidomyia taxt. Silver-leaf on Sloé.-—He also showed a specimen of silver-leaf on sloe, collected from a plant wild on Fetcham Downs. * Stool shoots of Populus canescens.—Mr. Worsley drew attention to the large foliage of stool shoots of Populus canescens, some of the leaves measuring up SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. xli to 9 inches in diameter. He also drew attention to what he considered a case of infectious variegation in ivy. The green shoot of an ivy had become varie- gated when growing near one of Hedeva Helix var. argyroneura in his garden. Inheritance in Sweet Peas—Mr. W. Cuthbertson showed crosses. between the Sweet Pea ‘ Etta Dyke’ (which has an open keel) and ‘ Constance Hinton.’ In F,, all the progeny had open keels and were white, while F, gave about one to three of a decided pink colour. ‘ Etta Dyke’ is white. ‘ Constance Hinton’ white with buff edges aud dark leaf axils. The cross ‘ Etta Dyke’ x ‘ Nora Unwin’ in F’, gave all whites with compressed keels, and F, gave all whites. “Constance Hinton’ x ‘ Nora Unwin’ gave in F, all whites, but showing buff in the standards, and all with compressed keels, and in F, pinks as in the first case (‘ Etta Dyke’ x ‘ Constance Hinton ’) Trifolium stellulatum.—Mr. H. Roberts showed a plant of T. stellulatum raised in his garden at Oxted through several generations from seed originally collected at Hythe. The plant had reached large proportions. Onthesuggestion of the Floral Committee a Botanical Certificate was unanimously recommended to this plant. Double Papaver orientale-—Mr. Bowles showed a flower of Papaver orientale in which the petals were three-ranked and in which the capsule had split and had developed petals from the interior. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 13, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., in the Chair, and six members present. Various Fruits —Mr. Bowles showed fruit of Evodium gruinum to illustrate the action of the awn in burying the seed. He also showed fruit of Vibuynum fragrans, now fruiting in his garden. Mr. Farrer had reported the fruit of this shrub to be edible, but it is very small. White-fruited Eldey-—Mr. Fraser showed examples of the white- fruited form of the common elder which he had found growing wild near Ashtead Common, Surrey. Hybrid Lily—Mr. Dykes showed a hybrid between Lilium speciosum x (L. sulphureum? x L. regale). The flower as shown had no particularly remarkable characteristics. Leaf Division at Will—Colonel Rawson showed a Tropacolum tuberosum stem, the leaves of which, he stated, had been divided at will by selective screen- ing, thus repeating the experiment of a previous year. In addition, leaves which opened three-lobed had been made four-lobed within three days, and if two leaves developed at the same node they were not necessarily divided alike. He also showed petals of a Hugh Dickson Rose, whose change of colour to an indigo-crimson ‘“‘ had been traced to the reduction in the water supply by a caterpillar living among them.” SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 27, 1920. Mr. E. A. See in the Chair, with three members and Mr. E. H. WILSoNn (visitor) present. Fertilization of Arum maculatum—Mr. Marsden Jones showed a series of photographs illustrating the part played by two-winged flies in carrying pollen to stigma in the common wild Arum. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, AUGUST 24, 1920. Mr. J. W. ODELL in the Chair, with five members present. The late Dr. J. G. Baker——The Committee learned with great regret that their oldest member, the only survivor of the members of the original Scientific Committee formed in 1865, Dr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., had passed away. They unanimously desired the Secretary to convey to his family their condolences and an expression of the great regard in which Dr. J. G. Baker’s life-work and personality were held. Astelia nervosa—Mrs. C. Brown sent an inflorescence of this New Zealand plant, which is rarely seen in cultivation, and a leaf. The latter was over six feet in length, and the former had apparently ripe fruit as large as small peas xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of an orange colour, but as usual in staminate inflorescences of this plant, containing no seeds. Flowering of Lilium philippinense.—Mrs. Brown also referred to the rapidity with which seedlings of L. philippinense reach flowering size. Plants raised from seed flowered within fifteen months of the germination of the seeds. Various Plants —Mr. H. J. Elwes showed a number of plants from his garden, including Campanula Vidaliu, a rather tender species with a stem somewhat woody at the base, an unnamed species of Allium collected by Captain Bailey in Tibet, which spreads by means of rhizomes, and is related to A. Wallichianum ; Urceocharis Clibranit which is said to be of hybrid origin, but which bears a somewhat close resemblance to a plant sent home from South America by Forget ; Roscoea Humeana, a Chinese species which Mr. Elwes regards as a finer plant than R. purpurea; and Phlomis spectabilis, an uncommon species. ¢ SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 7, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow Es, M.A., in the Chair, two members and Dr. R. GATEs present. Starch Roots in Oxalis—Sir Archibald Hepburn sent a tuber of Oxalis adeno- phylla with a starch root such as is formed in many species of Oxalis. Hybrid Oenotheras—Dr. R. R. Gates showed a series of hybrid Oenotheras and commented upon them as follows: This is a series of hybrids between Oenothera rubricalyx and certain wild species. O. rubricalyx is distinguished by having deep red instead of green buds. A single plant of this type appeared in my experimentalcultures as a mutation in 1907, and allred-budded Oenotheras in cultivation are, without exception, descended from this plant and various crosses subsequently made with its descendants. O. rubricalyx was a mutation from O. rubrinervis, which in turn was derived in the cultures of de Vries from O. Lamarckiana. In its offspring this rubricalyx plant behaved at first as a simple Mendelian dominant, giving 3 red-budded to 1 green-budded offspring. In later generations a complication was introduced in the appearance of 15:1 ratios in addition to 3: 1, indicating the appearance of a second factor for red. A pure race was also obtained by inbreeding, and in 1912 Messrs. Sutton acquired seeds of it (partly crossed with O. grandiflora) and introduced it into horticulture under the name ‘ Afterglow.’ Although evening Primroses have been in cultivation since 1614, this orna- mental red variety has appeared but once, showing the great rarity of this mutation. In crosses this character of red buds always behaves as a dominant though differing somewhat in the details of its behaviour in species crosses. Among the numerous hybrids with other species and varieties which have been made in my experiments, the following were shown :— (1) O. Hewettiu x O. rubricalyx, F,. O. Hewettii from Colorado is an exceptionally tall species with large flowers. This hybrid has very good horticultural characters, and an F; generation will be grown for further study and to select a race which is pure for dark-red buds. (2) O. rubricalyx x O. Hewettit, Fy. The buds are a clear red, and the plants have a fine pyramidal habit of branching. (3) O. Novae Scotiae x O. rubricalyx, Fy. O. Novae Scotiae (Gates) was recently described from Nova Scotia. It has very small flowers and in the F, hybrids the size of petal is intermediate. The red buds, however, give a very ornamental effect, and the F, generation will no doubt yield plants with larger flowers. (4) O. rubricalyx x O. biennis, Fy. A number of families from this cross, inbred for three generations, yield uniform offspring with dark red buds, differing somewhat in size of flower. (5) Various hybrids of rubricalyx with green-budded forms give races with uniformly pale-red buds. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 2I, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow tes, M.A., in the Chair, with four members present. Corm of Cyclamen.—Mr.H. J. Chapman sent a corm of Cyclamen neapolitanum to illustrate the large size these corms attain. It was planted forty years ago, and had grown and flowered well ever since, and now measured 8 inches in diameter. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. xiii Geranium pratense—Rev. W. Wilks showed flowers of a lilac shade with many darker veins marked as they are in G. striatum. In other characters this plant appeared to resemble G. pratense and had been found some time since in Wensleydale. Acidia in Cabbage——Mr. Rainbow sent a very perfect funnel-shaped leaf of red cabbage measuring about 6 inches in length and 2} across the open mouth. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 5, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow es, M.A., in the Chair, with seven members present. Eleutherococcus Henryi.—Mr. R. C. Notcutt, of Woodbridge, sent fruiting branches of this interesting Chinese Araliad from his nursery at Woodbridge. Various Plants.—Mr. Elwes showed flowering plants of Calliphruria subeden- tata for comparison with the supposed hybrid Uvceocharis Clibranit to which it bears a great resemblance; Rhyncanthus latifolius; Hedychium yunnanense (a very sweet-scented species); H. Greenii, which appears identical with H. Elwesiu ; Tricyrtis subhirtella. Germination of Lonicera Hildebrandtit.—Mr. Sidney Morris had been experi- menting with seed of Lonicera Hildebrandtii with the following results :— Dates of Sowing. . Dec. 17, 1919, in sandy loam in heat, 12 seeds. : . No germination. 2. ,, 29, I919, same compost under cooler conditions, 12 seeds 3. Jan. 14, 1920, with pulp attached, same compost, 12 ‘seeds. These decayed much more quickly : 4. Jan.20,1920. Exposed for short time after removal from ovary and placed in propagating frame 5. Feb. 10, 1920. Cleaned seeds taken from plant Nov. 1919 and kept in store till sowing time. They were much shrivelled. Sown in atthe sand, 12 seeds ; 6. Feb. 25, 1920. Taken from plant ‘at pruning time. The capsules were very dry. Sown in brisk heat by placing on hot-water pipes . ‘ 7. Sept. 16, 1920, 12 seeds of present season, taken from plant, cleaned and sown same day in sandy loam and placed inheat. On the fourth day the radicle was descending. Five appeared above the soil on September 29, 1920 . 5 germinations. Lan! SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 19, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow Es, M.A., in the Chair, with seven members present. Proliferous Onions—-Mr. J. Fraser showed onions which he had raised from onion bulbs produced in 1919 at the apex of a flowering sport of onions. These had flowered and had themselves produced a number of small bulbs among the flowers. Tricotyledonary Apple Seedling —He also showed a seedling apple which had produced three cotyledons, but in which the leaves occupied a normal position. Vegetation of Kew Green.—Mr. Fraser also produced lists of plants which he had found on Kew Green, including forty which he considered native there, twenty-three woody plants (including Dates, Oranges, Locust, Plane), which had been introduced by various agencies, and eighty-eight herbaceous plants which he did not regard as native. Proliferous Scabious.—Dr. Voelcker showed flower-heads of Scabiosa atro- purpurea, each of which had produced a leafy shoot from the centre of the capitulum. _Fasciated Chrysanthemum.—Mr. Bowles showed from Mr. Dunton, Penn, Wolverhampton, a curious flattened fasciated growth of the common Chrysan- themum, spreading from a round basal point into a fan-like structure about 4% inches across. Certificates of Appreciation were recommended to Miss Breeze, of the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, for work done in investigating the heredity of blight xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and wart resistance in potatos; and to Pantia Ralli, Esq., for work in raising Brassolaeliocattleya x citrina, the result of a cross of a Brassolaelia with Cattleya citvina, producing a lemon flower with a fringed labellum and a downward tendency of growth. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 2, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bow Les, M.A., in the Chair, and seven members, with Mr. E. A. BUNYARD and Mr. CRANE, visitors, present. White and Grey Poplars—Mr. J. Fraser showed specimens to illustrate the differences between these two species, especially referring to Populus alba var. nivea, recognizable by its small catkins, of which only the female form is known in England, the male occurring in the Channel Islands, and to the thicker and more clumsy branches of P. canescens, the catkins of which are long. Both species show parallel variations in the amount of tomentum. Pear-shaped Sport of Apple-——Mr. Bunyard showed an apple of the variety “Houblon,’ remarkably like a pear in shape, similar to sports which had been shown at previous meetings and to the pear- apple, in which variety, however, the form is constant. Variation in Leaves of Raspberry—Mr. Bunyard also showed a piece of a raspberry cane giving rise from a sucker to a flat-leaved spring growth, whereas the principal canes were almostismooth and the leaves curled and crinkled. Such canes were generally regarded as seedlings or rogues, and destroyed, but it was not clear whether they were different, because one was juvenile, the other aged, or produced at a different season, or whether we have to deal with a chimera. Variation in Apples—Mr. Crane showed fruits of Cox’s Orange Pippin from different trees, to illustrate the remarkable range of variation seen in this: fruit. One was very highly coloured and the other orange, sometimes with red streaks, sometimes without. Both were from orchard-house trees. Apple-blossom Weevil—Myr. Chittenden showed, on behalf of Mr. G. Fox Wilson, a photograph of some Apple-blossom Weevils on an apple branch, to illustrate the efficient manner in which their colouring hides them. Many pass summer and winter there hidden, others are found Among the roots of grasses. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 16, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., in the Chair, and five members present. Fruit of Feijoa Sellowiana.—Mr. E. A. Bowles showed specimens of this highly aromatic fruit from Mr. Woodward’s garden at Nice. This Myrtaceous shrub is not very hardy in England, but where it grows it flowers freely. Weevil Galls of Turnips.—Mr. Chittenden showed, on behalf of Mr. G. Fox Wilson, photographs of galls on roots of Turnips, caused by the weevil Ceutor- vhynchus sulcicollis. The galls had been bitten through and the larve which they contained eaten by mice and birds. The late Mr. Reginald Farrey—The Committee unanimously desired to express their condolence with the late Mr. Farrer’s parents in the loss which they and horticulture have sustained through his untimely death in Upper. Burmah. v SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 30, 1920. Mr. E. A. BowLEs, M.A., in the Chair, and six members present. Mints.—Mr. J. Fraser showed a series of hybrid mints and their varieties, comparing his specimens with the published descriptions. Variation in Eucalyptus citriodova—Mr. Worsley showed leaves of Euca- lyptus citriodora from seedlings, some of which were of the common citriodora type, with glandular leaves and a cup-shaped base to the blade, the other with almost glabrous leaves, little odour, and almost without the cup-shaped base to the blade. These two forms had appeared upon seedlings, but he had now found both on one plant. Momordica cochinchinensis.—Fruit of this plant, the seeds of which contain a very quick-drying oil, were sent from Kew. ° SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. xlv Cypripedium insigne ‘ Oddity.—Mr. C. J. Lucas sent a specimen of this curious form, which constantly produces flowers with three labella, two petals having become lip-like. Plants in flower.—To illustrate the recent mild weather, Mr. Marsden Jones sent a list of sixty-one native plants which he had seen in flower at the end of November. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, DECEMBER I4, 1920. Mr. E. A. BowLEs, M.A., in the Chair, and six members present. Variation in Pyrus Aria—Mr. J. Fraser showed specimens of forms of Pyrus Aria which he had collected from various wild localities—one near P. salicifolia from Farthing Downs, Coulsdon, and P. intermedia, A. Ley, from Breconshire. The late Mr. Spencer Pickering—A vote of condolence with the relatives of our late member, Mr. S. U. Pickering, was unanimously passed. xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. JANUARY 13, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fifteen members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To Mrs. Leveson-Gower, Wokingham, for fruit. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for winter vegetables. Silver Banksian Medal. To Col. W. Davies, Slough, for fruit. To F. M. Vokes, Esq., Southampton, for fruit. The following awards recommended by the Sub-Committee to Garden Swedes on trial at Wisley were confirmed. Award of Merit. No. 8. ‘ Superlative Garden Swede,’ from Messrs. Barr. No. to. ‘ Yellow Garden Swede,’ from Mr. A. Dawkins. No. 14. ‘ Nayler’s Ruta Baga,’ from Messrs. Thorburn, New York. No. 20. ‘ Acme,’ from Messrs. Gartons, Warrington. No. 22. ‘ Nonsuch Purple Top,’ from Messrs. Watkins & Simpson. Highly Commended. No. 18. ‘ Abundance,’ from Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Belfast. No. 24. ‘ Eclipse Purple Top,’ from Messrs. Dickson & Robinson. Commended. No. 12. ‘ Premier,’ from Messrs. Dickson & Robinson. Other Exhibits :— Mr. R. Bullock, Slough : Apples. Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone: Apples. Mr. C. W. Clarke, West Hagley: Apple ‘ Clarke’s Seedling.’ Miss Horrocks, Bordon: Apple ‘ Lord Haig.’ Mr. W. Jarvis, Deddington : Apple ‘ Xmas Pippin.’ Mrs. Miller, Marlow : preserves. R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley : Apple ‘ Christie Manson.’ Mrs. Wallace, Ware: Apple ‘ Lord Allenby.’ Messrs. Westmacott, London: South African preserves. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 27, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and fifteen members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Hogg Medal. To C. A. Cain, Esq., Welwyn, for Apples. Silver Knightian Medal. To J. B. Fortescue, Esq., Maidenhead, for Apples. Silver Banksian Medal. To H. L. Robson, Esq., Guildford, for Apples. Other Exhibits :— Messrs. Colwill, Sidmouth : Apple * Earl Haig.’ Mr. Guile, Newport : Apple ‘ Belmont Sas Mrs, Miller, Marlow : preserves, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY I0, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and fifteen members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. xlvii To the Government of the Union of South Africa, for South African fruits. Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for hardy winter vegetables. Silver Banksian Medal. Mr. Gardner, Claygate, for fruit. Other Exhibits :— Mr. T. Giles, Salisbury : stewing Pears. Mr. G. Gurney, Newbury : Apple ‘ Newbury Seedling.’ Mr. Jordan, Lingfield : Onion ‘ Autumn Triumph.’ Mr. Kettle, Corfe Mullen : seeding Apple ‘ Lloyd George.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 24, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and sixteen members present. Award Recommended :— Silver Knightian Medal. To Sir M. Turner, Havering, for fruit. Other Exhibits :— Mr. Charrington, Limpsfield: Apple ‘ Limpsfield Seedling.’ Mrs. Culpeper-Clayton, Watton: Apple ‘ Dr. Harvey.’ Mr. Horsland, Tewkesbury : Apples. Messrs. Laxton, Bedford : Apple ‘ Laxton’s Superb.’ Lady Ludlow, Luton Hoo: Pear ‘ Catillac.’ Mrs. Miller, Marlow : preserves. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 9, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and twenty-four members present. Awards Recommended :— | Gold Medal. To Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone, for Apples. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. To C. A. Cain, Esq., Welwyn, for Apples. Silver Hogg Medal. To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for Citrons. Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for Apples. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for vegetables. Silver Banksian Medal. To Col. Biddulph, for Apple ‘ Cox’s Orange Pippin.’ To Lady Drummond, Warwick, for Apples. To Mrs. Pulman, Bisley, for Apples. Bronze Grenfell Medal. To Miss Holland, Uppingham, for Apple ‘ Bess Pool.’ xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Award of Merit. To Apple ‘ Alfriston’ (votes 9 for), from Mr. W. Crump, V.M.H., Malvern Link. This variety is an old one, raised by Mr. Shepherd at Uckfield, Sussex. The tree is a strong grower and on some soils a fruitful sort. Fruit very large, usually quite green, but occasionally flushed on the sunny side. Now so well known as scarcely to need a description. Other Exhibits :— Messrs. Chivers, Cambridge : Apple ‘ Cropper.’ Mr. Grace, Finchley : Apples. Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech : Rhubarb. Mr. C. W. Parker, Faulkbourne : Apples. South African Fruit Company, London : fruit. Messrs. Veitch, Exeter: Apples ‘ D’Arcy Spice’ and ‘ Newton Pippin.’ Mr. A. G. Villas, Taunton : Apples. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 23, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and twelve members present. Award Recommended :— Silver Banksian Medal. To Mr. F. Streeter, Straffan, for Apples. Other Exhibits :-— Mr. C. A. Bayford, Malvern: Apples. Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech : Rhubarb. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 13, 1920. Mr. A. H. Pearson in the Chair, and fifteen members present. ' Award Recommended :— Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for vegetables. The awards recommended to Dwarf Beans for forcing at Wisley by the Sub-Committee were confirmed. Other Exhibits :-— Mr. E. Hills, Worcester: Apple ‘ The Rhydd Seedling.’ Mr. G. Pyne, Topsham: Apple ‘ Orotava.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 27, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and nineteen members present. Award Recommended :— Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for vegetables. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MAY II, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fifteen members present. Award Recommended :— Silver Banksian Medal. To Sir Montagu Turner, Havering, for late keeping Apples. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. xlix FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE I, 1920, at Chelsea. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and nineteen members present. The following awards recommended to Round-Seeded Spinach at Wisley by the Sub-Committee were confirmed: First-class Certificate. No. 27, ‘ Triumph Improved,’ sent by Messrs. Barr. Award of Ment. . No. 6, ‘ Victoria,’ sent by Messrs. Cooper Taber. No. 23, ‘ Long Standing Round,’ sent by Messrs, Sutton. Highly Commended. No. 30, ‘ The Carter,’ sent by Messrs. Carter. Commended. No. 12, ‘ Viroflay,’ sent by Messrs. R. Veitch. No. 18, ‘Common Round or Summer,’ sent by Messrs. Barr. Exhibits :-— Mr. N. H. Gabb, Worcester: Apple ‘ Sandlin Duchess.’ V. W. Yorke, Esq., Tewkesbury : branches of blossom of Apple ‘ Reliable.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 15, 1920. Mr. W. Poupart in the Chair, and twelve members present. The awards recommended to First Early Peas at Wisley by the Sub-Committee were confirmed (see p. 382). Exhibits :— W. F. M. Copeland, Esq., Southampton: Apple ‘ Duke of Beaufort’ and Apple ‘ Chateley’s Kernel.’ Mr. P. H. Cousens, Swanwick : Strawberry ‘ The Duke.’ Mrs. Leveson-Gower, Wokingham : Apples. R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley : Peas. Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst : Strawberries ‘ Hatfield Victor’ and ‘ Hatfield Premier.’ V. W. Yorke, Esq., Tewkesbury : Apple ‘ Reliable.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 29, 1920. Mr. E. A. BuUNYARD in the Chair, and eleven members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for Red: Currants and Strawberries. The awards recommended to Second Early Peas at Wisley by the Sub- Committee were confirmed (see p. 382). Other Exhibits :— . Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen : Raspberries. Messrs. Laxton, Bedford ; Strawberry ‘ Laxtonian.’ R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley : Peas. VOL. XLVI. d ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 13, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and fifteen members present. No awards were recommended on this occasion. Exhibits. Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen : Raspberries. C. E. Powell, Esq., Binfield : Raspberry ‘ Binfield Seedling.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 27, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and fourteen members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett, V.M.H.), Elstree, for vegetables. Award of Merit. Subject to naming and confirmation after trial at Wisley an Award of Merit was proposed (votes 12 for, 1 against) to an unnamed Melon from Mr. A. Perry, Tendring Hall Gardens, Colchester. Other Exhibits. Mr. J. C. Allgrove, Langley: Apple ‘ Delicious’ and Apple ‘ Ontario.’ Messrs. Ryder, St. Albans: Broad Bean ‘ Multiple.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST IO, I9g20. Mr. OWEN Tuomas, V.M.H., in the Chair, and five members present. No awards were recommended on this occasion. Exhibit. i Mr. J. M. Fleming, Hadlow: seedling Runner Bean. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 24, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirteen members present. — Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To J. A. Nix, Esq. (gr. Mr. Neal), Crawley, for a collection of fruit. Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. Spooner, Hounslow, for fruit. Award of Merit. To Apple ‘Laxton’s Peerless’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Laxton, Bedford. Fruit of large size, deep round, handsome even outline; eye closed, setin a Shallow basin; stalk one inch long, thin, set in a small cavity ; skin green, dotted with brown spots on the exposed side, and suffused with a faint brown tinge. Flesh very firm, crisp, acid, and excellent for cooking. Trees in the Society’s Gardens at Wisley have cropped well for four years successively. Tree is a moderate sturdy grower. rk To Apple ‘ The Premier’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Laxton, Bedford. Fruit of medium size, roundish conical; eye closed ; stalk short, stem about one inch long, not very deeply inserted; skin highly coloured and rather greasy; flesh whitish, firm, crisp, juicy, richly flavoured. A promising dessert variety, said to be a free bearer and combining the good qualities of both parents, viz. ‘Mr. Gladstone’ x ‘ Worcester Pearmain.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. li To Melon ‘ Victory’ (votes 1o for, 3 against), from Mr. W. Earp, Bayham Abbey Gardens, Lamberhurst, Kent. Fruit very large, globular in form, brownish-white in colour, heavily netted. Flesh scarlet, very deep, with a small seed cavity, melting and very juicy, and rich pleasing flavour. Raised from Earp’s Seedling 9 x Sutton’s Seedling J. The plant is stated to be a moderate grower, free setter, and good bearer. Other Exhibits. Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye: Tomato ‘ Rotherside.’ Miss E. Grigsby, West Drayton: variegated Cucumbers. Messrs. Ryder, St. Albans: Bean ‘ Rajah.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 7, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and eleven members present, Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, for fruit trees in pots. Silver Banksian Medal. To the Leigh-on-Sea Vacant Land Cultivation Society (Sec., Mr. J. Salsbury), for vegetables. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for fruit. Cultural Commendation. To Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye, for Apple ‘ St. Everard.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 21, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and fifteen members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To Messrs. Dobbie, Edinburgh, for vegetables. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Onions. Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for fruit. Other Exhibits. Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone: Strawberry ‘ St. Fiacre.’ Mr. H. Johnson, Putney : Cucumber ‘ Favourite.’ Mr. F. Sage, Impington : Cucumber ‘ Histonian.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 5, 1920. BRITISH FRuIT SHOW. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To C. A. Cain, Esq., Welwyn, for fruit. To Kepper Vinery Co., Kepper, for Grapes. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. ' To Sir William Cain, Walgrave on Thames, for fruit. To Mr. H. L. Robson, Guildford, for Apples. Silver Banksian Medal. To Mrs. Sauer, Bourne End, for Apple ‘ Rev. W. Wilks.’ lii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Award of Merit. To Apple ‘ Herring’s Seedling ’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. J. R. Pearson, Lowdham. An excellent dessert variety of large size. Its colour is red, and it has a short stalk and a deep open eye with reflexed segments. The tree is upright in growth, anda heavy cropper. To Apple‘ Histon Cropper ’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Chivers, Histon. A large conical apple with a closed eye and a short stalk. Its skin is green flushed with red, and spotted. To Apple ‘Tythby Seedling’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Chivers, Histon. This apple was granted-a provisional Award on November 18, rg1g, and the award is now confirmed after inspection of growing trees by a depu- tation from the Committee. The awards recommended to Second Early Potatos at Wisley by the Sub- Committee were confirmed (see p. 390). Other Exhibits. Mr. F. Ashman, Wokingham: Apple ‘ Ashman’s Seedling.’ Mr. T. P. Edwards, Southgate: Apple ‘ Northern Height.’ Mr. G. T. Good, Bushey: Apple ‘ Good’s Bushey Grove.’ Messrs. Laxton, Bedford: Apples. Mr. W. Mason, Cirencester: Potato ‘ The Victory.’ Mr. E. Parsons, Worcester: Apple ‘ Queen Mary.’ Messrs. Seabrook, Chelmsford: Apple ‘ Excelsa.’ Mr. R. Stawa~i, Hertford: seedling Apple. +4 Mr. C. Turner, Slough: shallot and onion cross. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER IQ, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nrx in the Chair, and twelve members present. Awards Recommended ;— Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. To F. C. Stoop, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Carpenter), Byfleet, for Apples. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Cabbages. Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for vegetables. Cultural Commendation. To R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, for Potatos. Other Exhibits. Messrs. House, Westbury-on-Irym : Raspberry ‘ Heytor.’ Messrs. Laxton, Bedford: Apple ‘ Laxton’s Ideal.’ Mr. E. J. Vinten, Canterbury : seedling Apple. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 2, 1920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twelve members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To Messrs. Barr, Taplow, for vegetables. Silver Banksian Medal. a To W. Maurice Gay, Esq., Sion, for Apple ‘ Belle de Boskoop.’ Other Exhibits. Messrs. Brown, Peterborough: Apple ‘ Ketton Beauty.’ Mr. H. Jones, Letchworth: Apple ‘ Sunrise.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE. liti \ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 16, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. N1x in the Chair, and twelve members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. Bees, Liverpool, for Potatos. Silver Banksian Medal. To Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett, V.M.H.), Elstree, for Capsicums. Other Exhibits. Mr. J. Fielder, Southampton: Apple ‘ Fielder’s Ruby.’ Ministry of Agriculture, London: Potatos. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 30, 1920. Mr. C. G. A. Nix in the Chair, and twelve members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To Messrs. Dobbie, Edinburgh, for Potatos. Other Exhibits. Mrs. Barwell, Billingshurst: fruit. Mrs. Miller, Marlow: preserves. Miss Sewell, S. Kensington: preserves. Mr. W. Tayler, Godalming: Apple ‘ Joybells.’ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, DECEMBER I4, I920. Mr. J. CHEAL, V.M.H., in the Chair, and eleven members present. Award Recommended :— Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To Sir Montagu Turner, Romford, for fruit. Other Exhibits. Mrs. Miller, Marlow : ‘ Moyleen’ Crataegus jelly. Miss Sewell, S. Kensington: ‘ Elmhurst’ preserves. liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FLORAL COMMITTEE. JANUARY 13, I920. Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-three members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To C. A. Cain, Esq., Welwyn, for Euphorbias. P Silver Flova Medal. To Lord Lambourne, C.V.O., Romford, for Carnations. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for dwarf Conifers and alpines. Silver Banksian Medal. . To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. Bronze Flora Medal. To Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen, for Violets. To Messrs. Luxford, Harlow, for Chrysanthemums. To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons. To Messrs. S. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations and Azaleas. Award of Merit. To Chrysanthemum ‘ The Favourite ’ (votes unanimous), from Messrs. Godfrey, Exmouth. A pure white Decorative variety of good form and medium size. Other Exhibits : Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye: Tulipa Kaufmanniana var. ryensis. Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants. Messrs. Sander, St. Albans: Azalea ‘ Fred. Sander.’ Sir Philip H. Waterlow, Bt., Wrotham : Begonia ‘ Lady Waterlow.’ FLORAL COMMITTEE, JANUARY 27, 1920. Mr. E. A. Bowes, M.A., V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-six members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver-gilt Flora Medal. To Messrs. Sutton, Reading, for Primulas. Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas. Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations and hardy plants. To Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, for Carnations. To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations and Azaleas. To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants. To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines. Bronze Flora Medal. To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons. To Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen, for Violets. To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. FLORAL COMMITTEE. lv Other Exhibits :— Messrs. Barr, Taplow : alpines. Capt. M. Drummond, Southampton : Chrysanthemum ‘ Nancy Perkins.’ Messrs. C. Elliott, Stevenage : alpines. Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants. Mr. F. C. Stern, Goring-by-Sea: Saxifraga Burseriana Gloria lutea. Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, Twyford : hardy plants. FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY I0, 1920. Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-six members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas. Silver Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for alpines. Silver Banksian Medal. To Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, for Carnations. To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines. . Bronze Flora Medal. To Messrs. Barr, Taplow, for alpines and Cyclamen. To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations and hardy plants. To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations. To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants. To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Misses Allen-Brown, Henfield, for Violets. To Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen, for Violets. Award of Ment. To Galanthus nivalis, Atkins’ variety (votes 17 for, 1 against), from Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., V.M.H., Shirley, Croydon. A tall growing Snowdrop with a beautiful long bud and large light-green spots. It is one of the earliest varieties to flower. Cultural Commendation. To W.R. Dykes, Esq., M.A., Godalming, for seedlings of Iris Rosenbachiana. Other Exhibits ; Mr. G. W. Blathwayt, Porlock : various plants grown in the open. Messrs. Bunyard, Maidstone : alpines. Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : alpines. Mr. R. Prichard, West Moors : alpines. FLORAL COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 24, 1920. H. B. May, Esq., V.M.H., in the Chair, and twenty-five members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To C. A. Cain, Esq., Welwyn, for Begonias and Cyclamen. Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons. lvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Silver Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas. Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Carnations and forced shrubs. .To Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, for Carnations. To Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen, for Violets. To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations and Cyclamen. To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines. 3 To Messrs. Waterer, Sons & Crisp, Twyford, for alpines. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for alpines. Bronze Flova Medal. Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Bath, for Violets and Primroses. Messrs. Bowell & Skarratt, Cheltenham, for alpines. Cultural Commendation. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for strain of Helleborus orientalis hybrids. Other Exhibits :-— Mrs. Backhouse, Hereford : Snowdrops and Scillas. Mr. G. W. W. Blathwayt, Porlock : shrubs from the open. Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants. S. Morris, Esq., Norwich : Hymenanthera crassifolia, F.C.C. 1892. Messrs. Piper, Langley : hardy plants. J. B. Stevenson, Esq., Ascot: Rhododendron Berkleyt. G. M. Vereker, Esq., Salcombe: Magnolia Campbellii, F.C.C. 1903. a FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH Q, 1920. Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirty members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver-gilt Flora Medal. To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. To Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, for Carnations. Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for hardy plants. Silver Grenfell Medal. To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for forced shrubs. To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants. To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for rock garden. Silvey Banksian Medal. To C. A. Cain, Esq., Welwyn, for Carnations. To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses. To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations. To Messrs. Hay, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen, for Violets. To Messrs. Luxford, Harlow, for Carnations, To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for forced shrubs. lo Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines. B FLORAL COMMITTEE. lvii Award of Merit. To Freesia ‘ Quakeress’ (votes 20 for, 1 against), from Rev. J. Jacob, Whit- church, Salop. A large-flowered Freesia of a pale lilac-mauve shade witha pale cream blotch. To Freesia ‘ Rosebud’ (votes 18 for, 1 against), from Rev, J. Jacob, Whit- church, Salop. The flowers of this variety are large and open, whitish inside, and tipped and streaked with rose pink. To Helleborus ‘ Ena’ (votes 15 for, 6 against), from Adeline, Duchess of Bedford, Chenies. This fine dark maroon variety and the one referred to below were selected from a good strain of Helleborus punctatus hybrids. To Helleborus ‘ Gertie’ (votes 15 for, 4 against), from Adeline, Duchess of Bedford, Chenies. This variety is of similar form to the above, but of a light claret colour and prettily spotted. To Primula denticulata magnifica (strain) (votes 16 for), from Messrs. Baker, Wolverhampton. A particularly vigorous and Jarge-flowered strain of this well- known Primula. The colours vary from white through various shades of lavender and mauve, to rosy lilac. To Rhododendron calophytum (votes unanimous), from Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston. A Chinese species of great beauty. The large, open, bell-shaped flowers are white, heavily flushed with pink, with a deep crimson blotch at the base. They are borne on reddish pedicels about three inches long in trusses of about twenty blooms. The long lanceolate leaves are dark green. Botanical Certificate. To Androsace longifolia (votes unanimous), from S. Morris, Esq., Norwich. Other Exhibits :— Messrs. Artingdale, Sheffield : Primulas. Messrs. Chapman, Rye: Freesia ‘ Moonlight.’ Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : shrubs. Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants. . Mr. R. A. Malby, London: Sempervivum rubicundum x S. Comollii. Mr. G. Prince, Longworth : Roses. ; Mr. Stevens, Farnham : Chionodoxas. Mrs. Tuke, Chiswick : Camellias. FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 23, 1920. Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., in the Chair, and thirty members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. E. Beckett, V.M.H.), Elstree, for alpines. Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Whitelegg, Chislehurst, for rock garden. Silver Flora Medal. To Messrs. Cutbush, Highgate, for Azaleas and Magnolias. To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons. To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants and Azaleas. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas and stove plants. Silver Grenfell Medal. To Mr. G. H. Dalrymple, Southampton, for Freesias. Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. To Messrs. Baker, Wolverhampton, for hardy plants. To Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, for Carnations. lviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses. To Messrs. S. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations. To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. Bronze Flora Medal. To Messrs. Piper, Langley, for terrace garden. To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Messrs. Bowell & Skarratt, Cheltenham, for alpines. Award of Merit. ; To Clematis Meyeniana (votes unanimous), from Capt. B. H. B. Symons- Jeune, Henley-on-Thames. A handsome sub-alpine, evergreen species raised from seed collected in Western China, by Mr. E. H. Wilson. The foliage is more pointed than that of C. Arvmandti, and the white flowers are more star- shaped through borne in similar axillary clusters. The plant is hardy and very vigorous, making 10 to 12 foot growths in a season. It is as free-flowering and vigorous as C. montana, and the blooms are very sweetly scented. To Freesia ‘ Golden King ’ (votes 19 for, 1 against), from Mr. G. H. Dalrymple, Southampton. The flowers of this variety are of a deep golden-apricot colour, very sweetly scented and of large size. To Freesia ‘ Robinetta’ (votes 18 for, 2 against), from Mr. G. H. Dalrymple, Southampton. A deep rose-pink variety blotched with gold and very fragrant. To Freesia ‘ Yellow Prince’ (votes 21 for), from Mr. G. H. Dalrymple, Southampton. A deep golden-yellow variety blotched with orange. The flowers are very large in size and have a very pleasing perfume. To Ivis bucharica aurea (votes 21 for), from W. R. Dykes, Esq., M.A., London. This is a very interesting hybrid raised between I. bucharica and I. orchtoides. ‘The flowers are of a bright clear yellow colour. Other Exhibits :— Mrs. Berkeley, Spetchley, Worcester : Polyanthus ‘ Spetchley Strain.’ Mr. H. S. J. Canttug, Leyton: Auricula ‘ Glory of Leyton.’ Messrs. H. Chapman, Rye: Freesia ‘ Radiance.’ Messrs. Cheal, Crawley : alpines, shrubs, &c. Misses Hopkins, Shepperton : hardy plants. Mr. J. J. Kettle, Corfe Mullen : Violets. Mr. P. Rosenheim, East Molesey : Primulas. FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 13, 1920. Mr. H. B. May, V.M.H., inthe Chair, and twenty-three members present. Awards Recommended :— Gold Medal. To T. H. Lowinsky, Esq. (gr. Mr. Dibble), Sunninghill, for Rhododendrons. Silver Floral Medal. To Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath, for Carnations. To Messrs. B. R. Cant, Colchester, for Roses. To Messrs. Cuthbert, Southgate, for Azaleas &c. To Messrs. Cheal, Crawley, for flowering shrubs. To Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for hardy plants. Silver Grentell Medal. To Mr. J. Douglas, Great Bookham, for Auriculas. To Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, for Carnations. To Hon. Vicary Gibbs (gr. Mr. Beckett), Elstree, for Gardenias. To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendrons. To Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for Azaleas. FLORAL COMMITTEE. lix Silver Banksian Medal. To Viscount Astor (gr. Mr. Camm), Taplow, for Celsia cretica ‘ Cliveden var.’ To Messrs. Cutbush, Barnet, for Roses. To Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses. To Messrs. Low, Bush Hill Park, for Carnations and green-house plants. To Messrs. May, Upper Edmonton, for ferns and flowering plants. To Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. Bronze Floral Medal. To Messrs. Bowell & Skarratt, Cheltenham, for hardy plants. To Messrs. Reamsbottom, Geashill, for Anemones. To Mr. J. Sweet, Whetstone, for Cytisus racemosus ‘ Sweet’s Double.’ To Messrs. Tucker, Oxford, for alpines. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for hardy plants. Cultural Commendation. To Viscount Astor, Taplow, for Celsia cretica ‘ Cliveden var.’ To Messrs. Gill, Falmouth, for Rhododendron Nuttallit, F.C.C. 1864. First-class Certificate. To Cornus Nuttallit (votes unanimous), from J. Osborne, Esq. (gr. Mr. W. A. Cook), Weybridge. This beautiful tree or shrub from the Pacific coast of North America is very rarely seen in flower in this country. The leaves are obovate and from 2 to 4 inches long. The involucre measures about 4 inches across, and consists of usually four to six obovate, whitish bracts, which are the chief beauty of the plant. Award of Merit. To Auricula ‘Bookham Blue’ (votes unanimous), from Mr. J. Douglas, Great Bookham. A very free-flowering and vigorous alpine variety with big trusses of large deep-blue flowers. To Cardamine pratensis lilacina plena (votes 16 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Ladhams, Southampton. A good semi-double form of this well-known native plant with lilac flowers. : ) To Carnation ‘ Wivelsfield Claret’ (votes 15 for, 2 against), from Messrs. Allwood, Haywards Heath. The flowers of this perpetual-flowering variety are large and full, and of arich claret-red colour. The edges of the petals are serrated and crinkled. The calyces are non-bursting, and the flower has a very decided clove perfume. To Dapnne Cneorum alba (votes 8 for, 4 against), from Messrs. Tucker, Oxford. A pure white form of this fragrant-flowered dwarf shrub. To Bryanthus aleuticus (votes 10 for), from Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston. A dwarf evergreen shrub belonging to the Ericaceae and sometimes called Phyllodoce. The flowers are cream-coloured and bell-shaped, like those of Andromeda. To Bryanthus nipponicus (votes unanimous), from Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston. This is similar in habit to B. aleuticus, but its flowers are white and very abundant. The plant is a native of the mountainous regions of Japan. To Primula marginata var. ‘Linda Pope’ (votes 15 for), from Dr. J. Macwatt, Dun. A very fine variety bearing trusses of lilac-mauve flowers nearly one inch across with a white eye. Most of the trusses have about eight flowers. The calyces are mealy, and the leaves are large and much cut at the edge. To Rhododendron ‘ Don Ernesto’ (votes 10 for), from T. H. Lowinsky, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Dibble), Sunninghill. fol. ] Lonpon.—RoyaL AGRICULTURAL SocIETY OF ENGLAND. Catalogue of the library. London, 1918. 8vo. (9) Lyon, T. L. Soils and fertilizers. New York, 1918. il. pl. 8vo. (1) MacGREGoR, J. Gardens of celebrities and celebrated gardens in and around London. London [1919]. pl. col. pl. la. 8vo. (1) MarTIN, J. M. Botany for agricultural students. ist ed. New York, Lar il. 8vo. I ‘ BOOKS PRESENTED, PURCHASED, OR REVIEWED. Clli Mattiou, P. A. De plantis epitome utilissima . . . nunc primum diligenter aucta, and locupletata, A. J. CAMERARIO .. . aecessit, praeter indicem quam exactissimum, liber singularis de itinere ab urbe Verona in Baldum montem ... auctore F. CALCEOLARIO. Francofurti ad Moenum, 1586. il. 4to. (3) feeteniin. J. Treatise on the grape vine. London, 1876. sm. 4to. (3) MessEL, L. A garden flora, trees and flowers grown in the gardens at Nymans, 1890-1915. With illustrations by A. Parsons. Foreword by W. RoBIn- son. Notes by M. MesseL. London, 1918. pl. 8vo. I MicnHaux, A. Histoire des chénes del’Amérique. . . . Paris, 1801. pl. fol. (3) MiLLER, W. What England can teach us about gardening. New York, I1gII. pl. col. frontis. la. 8vo. (3 MirRBEL, C. F. B. General observations on vegetation; translated from the French ...to which are added, numerous and extensive notes.... London, 1833. sm. 8vo. (2) Moore, W. G., and Smitu, A. Three crops a year. {£500 worth an acre. Romance of the ‘“‘ wonder plot.’’ London [1920]. 8vo. (1) Muntinc, A. Phytographia curiosa . . . collegit et adjecit F. KIGGELAER. Lugduni Batavorum et Amstelaedami, 1702. 245 pl. fol. (3) Norris, J. The school gardener. With preface by H. Parsons. London [r919|. 4... -firontis...\“8vo: : (1) NuTTALL, G. CLARKE. Beautiful flowering shrubs. With 40 illustrations from autochromes by H. E. Corke. London [1920]. pl. la. 8vo. (z) OgEpER, G. C. Icones plantarum sponte nascentium in regnis Daniae et Norvegiae . . . florae danicae nomine inscriptum ; editae ab ejus operis auctore, G. C. Oeder ( [and afterwards] O. F. Miller, M. Vahl, J. W. Horne- mann). Havniae, 176[{1]-1810. vols. 1-8. pl. 1-1440. fol. Parp&, L. Arboretum national des Barres. Enumération des végétaux ligneux . . . qui y sont cultivés. .. . Paris, 1906. 2 vols. pl. plans. 8vo. (3) PeLtettT, F. C. SBeginner’s bee book. Philadelphia and London, tIg1g. il. frontis. 8vo. (x) PEMBERTON, J. H. Roses: their history, development and cultivation. 2nd ed. London, 1920. il. pl. col. frontis. 8vo. (z) [RoBERT, N., Bosse, A.,and CHASTILLON, L. DE.] [Recueil des plantes, dessinées et gravées par ordre du roi Louis XIV.] [Paris,1701.] 3 vols. la. fol. (3) SALISBURY, F. S. Some haunts of Worcester flowers. Worcester, 1920. il. 8vo. I) SAMOUELLE, G. The entomologist’s useful compendium; or an Egestacean to the knowledge of British insects. ... London, 1824. pl. col. pl. 8vo. : SARGEAUNT, J. The trees, shrubs, and plants of Virgil. Oxford,1920. 8vo. (1) Sears, F. C. Productive small fruit culture. A discussion of the growing, harvesting, and marketing of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries, andgrapes. Philadelphia and London, 1920. il. col. frontis. 8vo. I) SEWARD, A.C. Fossil plants. A text-book for students of botany and ica vol. 4. Cambridge, 1919. il. 8vo. 1) SHAW, J. Plans, elevations, and sections; with observations and explanations, of forcing-houses, in gardening. Whitby,1794. pl. fol. (3) SHOOLBRED, W. A. The flora of Chepstow. London, 1920. map. 8vo. (4) STAWARD, R. Practical hardy fruit culture. London, 1920. il. pl. col. pl. 8vo. I) STERNBERG, C. GRAF VON. Revisio Saxifragarum iconibus illustrata. Ratis- bonae, 1810. 25 pl. fol. (3) Supplementum. Decas I. Ratisbonae, 1822. 10 pl. fol. (3) Stone, H. A guide to the identification of our more useful timbers. Being a manual forthe use of students of forestry. Cambridge, 1920. pl. 8vo. (1) Sutman, A. E. Some familiar wild flowers [of Australia]. Sydney, n.d. 65 pl. 8vo. (I Australian wild flowers. 2nd ser. Sydney,n.d. 60pl, rIcol.pl. 8vo. (r) SuTTON & Sons. The culture of vegetables and flowers from seeds and roots. 15th ed. repr. London, 191g. il. 8vo. (10) Garden lawns, tennis lawns, croquet grounds, putting greens, cricket grounds, bowling greens. 13thed. London, 1920. il. 8vo. (1) SWEDEN, THE CROWN PRINCESS OF. The garden that we made. London fro20]. il. col. pl. to. (1) SWEERT, E. Florilegium .. . tractans de variis floribus et aliis indicis plantis, ad vivum delineatum, in duabus partibus et quatuor linguis concinnatum. Francofurti ad Moenum, 1612. 2 pts. [in I vol.]. r1o pl. fol. (3) Ccly PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Tuomas, G. C., Jr. The practical book of outdoor rose-growing for the home garden. Garden Edition with an additional chapter on the latest develop- ments. Philadelphia and London, 1920. pl. col. pl. 8vo. (x) —— Edition de Luxe. Philadelphia and London, 1920. pl. col.pl. 8vo. (1) Tuomas, H. H. Practical amateur gardening. London, &c., 1920. il. col. frontis. 8vo. (1) _THORNTON, R. J. A new family herbal; or popular account of the natures and properties of the various plants used in medicine, diet, and the arts. London, 1810. il. 8vo. (2) TUCKERMAN, W. P. Die Gartenkunst der italienistchen Jenaissance-Zeit. Berlin, 1884. il. pl. 8vo. (3) W., H.C. Wild flowers of Switzerland ; or a year amongst the flowers of the Alps. London, 1883. 16 col. pl. fol. (3) WesstTER, A. D. National afforestation. London, I919. 8vo. . (1) WELLS, W. The culture of the chrysanthemum for exhibition, decoration, cut-flower, and market. Rev. and enl. [by H. WELLS]. London, 1920. il. 8vo. (1) Weston, R. Botanicus universalis et hortulanus. . . . (The universal botanist and nurseryman. ...) London, 1770-77. 4 vols. pl. 8vo. 3 Winn, W. Timbers and their uses. A handbook for wood-workers, merchants, and all interested in the conversion and use of timber. London, Ig!9. il. 8vo. (1) WOLSELEY, VISCOUNTESS. Gardens, their form and design. Illustrated by Mary G. Campion. London, Ig1g. il. frontis. 8vo. (1) Woop, S. Modern window-gardening treated under aspects north, south, east, and west; ... and practical information for amateur gardeners on the best modes of growing remunerative crops of fruit and vegetables. London, 1884. 8vo. 3 WRIGHT, J. Profitable fruit-growing for cottagers and small holders of land . . . [with an appendix by W. P. WricuHT]. 11th ed. London, 1920. il. 8vo. (1) DONORS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, BOOKS, ETC. cv DONORS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, BOOKS, &c., TO THE SOCIETY’S LABORATORY AND GARDEN AT WISLEY DURING THE YEAR 1920. ALDERSEY, H., Chester. Phlox ‘ Aldersey.’ ANDREwS, A., Plymouth. Antirrhinum ‘ Plymouthia’ (see p. 357); Broccoli ‘ Drake’s Drum.’ ARTINGSTALL, Messrs., Ormskirk. Broccoli ‘May Queen’ ; Potato ‘ Lathom Queen ’ (see p. 390) ; Cabbage ‘ Early Lathom.’ BaLFour, Colonel F. R. S., London. Seeds from Farrer’s Expedition ; seeds from China; miscellaneous seeds. - BarRKER, Professor, Long Ashton. Reports for Library. BARR, Messrs., Covent Garden. Dwarf Beans; Antirrhinums (see p. 357) j Coreopsis ; Broccoli ; Potatos (see p. 391) ; Tomato ‘ Albino ’ (for trial 1921) ; Cauliflowers ; Cow-wheat. BARRETT, Sir W. F., Chertsey. Seed Dievama pulcherrimum. BARTHOLOMEW, A. C., Reading. Collection of seeds. Berry, A., Cambridge. Seeds Agquilegia alpina, Papaver alpinum for dis- tribution. BoTANIC GARDEN, Brooklyn. Collection of seeds. BoTANIc GARDEN, Cambridge. Collection of seeds. BoTANIC GARDEN, Edinburgh. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for dis- tribution and garden. Botanic GARDEN, Glasnevin. Collection ofseeds. Plants raised for distribution and garden. Botanic GARDEN, Kew. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for distribution and garden. BoTANIC GARDEN, Lyons. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for distribution and garden. BoTANIC GARDEN, Melbourne. Australian seeds. BoTaNnic GARDEN, Uppsala. Collection of seeds. Bower, H. P., South Kirkley. Stephanotis seed. Bowtes, E. A., M.A., Waltham Cross. Habenaria sp.; Sedum from Tunis; Orchis incarnata; plants for rock garden, &c. Brown, Mrs., Brighstone. New Zealand seeds; bulbs of Lilium philippinense. Bryant, C. H., Hassocks. Metal flower-buckets for trial. BurPEE, Messrs. W., Atlee, Philadelphia. Broccoli ‘ St. Valentine,’ Tomato ‘Early Jewel’ (included in 1921 trial) ; Turnips; Antirrhinums (see p. 357). Button, C., Upminster. Seeds from Palestine. CARTER, Messrs., Raynes Park. Dwarf Beans; Broccoli; Potatos (see p. 391) ; Turnips ; Cauliflowers. CHANDLER, A., Haslemere. Sweet Pea ‘ Haslemere Blue.’ Included in trial. Criucas, J. L., Ormskirk. Broccoli; Cauliflowers. CooPER, TABER, Messrs., London. Peas (see p. 382); Turnips; Broccoli; Spinach ; Cauliflowers. Cousens, P. H., Swanwick. Strawberries (included in the trial). CRANFIELD, W. B., Enfield Chase. ‘ Shirley’ Foxglove seed for distribution ; Polygonum cymosum, planted in garden. Davipson, W., Darlington. Cauliflower ‘ St. O.’ Dawkins, A., Chelsea. Broccoli; Peas (see p. 382); Cauliflowers. DE VILMORIN, M. J., Paris. Seeds for rock garden. Dicks, Messrs., Manchester. Peas (see p. 382) ; Turnip ‘ Manchester Market’ ; Broccoli ‘Monarch’; Cauliflowers. Dickson & RoBinson, Messrs., Manchester. Dwarf Beans; Cauliflowers. Divers, W. H., V.M.H., Hook. Grafts of Apple ‘ Crofton Scarlet.’ DossiE, Messrs., Edinburgh. Antirrhinums (see p. 357); Potatos (see p. 390) ; Cauliflowers ; Sweet Peas (for trial 1921). Duncan & Daviess, Messrs., New Plymouth, N.Z. Seed Pomaderris elliptica. Epwarps, A. J. C., Ealing. Apple grafts. ELEy, C., East Bergholt. Seeds Hypericum niudiflorum, Azalea prunifolia. ELLioTT, C., Illinois, U.S.A. Sweet Peas (included in trial). ELLIOTT, Messrs., Stevenage. Campanula Bellardit ‘Miranda’ (planted in garden) ; collection of plants for the rock-garden, FINNEY, Messrs., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Broccoli. CvVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FLETCHER, H. M., Loughton. Seed alpine Calceolaria ; Dianthus seedlings. FRASER, es Ucluelet, British Columbia. Strawberry ‘ Progressive.’ GOULD, A. ae Santa Barbara, California. Seed Centaurea americana. GRIGG, H. W., Crown Hill R.S.O. Ilex Oldhamt. Grove, A., Henley-on-Thames. Moraea spathacea. GUTHRIE, Messrs., Ladybank. Potato ‘ Cults’ (see p. 391). HAtes, W., Chelsea. Seed Antirrhinum glutinosum. Hansury, Lady, Ventimiglia, Italy. Collection of seeds. Plants raised for distribution and garden. HARDING, Mrs., Plainfield, N.J., U.S.A. Collection of Pzeonies. Planted in garden. HARKNESS, Messrs., Bedale. Seed Lupinus polyphyllus. Harris, C. P., Chelmsford. Gooseberry ‘ Harris’ No. tr. HAWKER & BotTwooD, Messrs., London. ‘ Dyoweed’ weedkiller for trial. HAzELBy, T. W., M.P.S., Ringwood. Seed of Acacia from East Africa. HENDRIKSEN, R., Reeuwijk, Holland. Strawberry (included in trial). Hitt, A. W., Kew. Seed Aquilegia pyrenaica. Hitt, H., Whipton. Broccoli ‘ Hill’s Victory.’ Hitz, Mrs., Linxton. Apple shoots. Hinton, Dr. H. T., Heytesbury. Sweet Peas. Included in trial. Homes, E. M., Sevenoaks. Seeds Carum gracile; Picrolima Kleineana. ‘ HoimeEs, W. G., Tain. Peas (see p. 382); Potatos (see p. 391) ; Broccoli } Spinach. Hooper, H., Lingfield. Grafts of Apple ‘ Forge.’ HoRNIBROOK, M., Abbeyleix. Collection of Campanulas and Saxifrages ee rock garden. House, Messts., Bristol. Autumn-fruiting Raspberry ‘ Heytor.’ HU. O1L CHEMICAL Co., Hull. ‘ Homco’ soluble paraffin for trial. HuNTER & Gow, Messrs., Liverpool. Sample of ‘ Hungowcide’ for trial. JENSEN, Messrs., Copenhagen. Cauliflowers. JEwson, W. E., "Wisbech. Potato ‘ General Townshend’ (see p. 391). JOHNSON, Messts., Boston. ‘ Boston’ Spinach. JONES, E. MARSDEN, Malpas. Geum hybrids; Lathyrus hybrids; seed Helian- themum Brewert ; A quilegia vulcan var. ‘ Phyllis ’; Euphorbia portlandica. Jones, H. L., Preston. Pea ‘ Royal Standard’ (see p. 382); grafts of Apple ‘ Lord Stradbroke.’ Ketway, Messrs., Langport. Peas (see p. 382); Broccoli; Spinach; Cauli- flowers. Kemmis, Mrs. A. J., Midhurst. Seed Passiflova foetida. Kemp, H., Fareham. Seeds Alsenosmia linaritfolia. KENT & BrybDon, Messrs., Darlington. Cauliflower ‘ Alpha.’ KiNG, Messrs. E. W., Coggeshall. Sweet Peas. Included in trial. KINGSMILL, Mrs., Eltham. Books for Library. KNIGHT, C., Haslemere. Cyrtanthus lutescens. Lacaira, C. C., Petworth. Seeds of Echium ; Ivis collina. Laxton, Messrs., Bedford. Peas (see p. 382); Strawberries for trial. Lerroy, Major L. E., D.S.O., London. Collection of seeds. Lopjoit, W. G., Hounslow. Grafts of Apple ‘ Harlow Pippin.’ LopER, Sir EpmMuND G., Bt., Horsham. Rhododendron Loderi. Planted in arden. ibe G. W. E., Ardingley. Seeds Lilium Szovitzianum (for distribution) ; Eccremocarpus scaber ; collection of shrubs (planted in garden). LoFtrHousE, T. AsHton, Middlesbrough. Daphne Mezereum alba, Saxifrage ; planted in garden. Lomas, Mrs., Cranleigh. Michaelmas Daisy. LONGFIELD, H. F., Douglas, Co. Cork. Seed Drimys Winteri. McDona Lp, Mrs., A. J., Eddleston. Seeds from banks of the Nile. Maacor, E. J. P., St. Tudy R.S.O. Seed Primula nutans ; seedlings Primula sikkimensis ; Primula Littoniana; Primula Menziesii; Primula nutans; Lilium F449; Primula Forrestii. MAKEPEACE, N. C., Emsworth. Seeds of Californian tree. MAaRTINEAU, Mrs., Sunningdale. Potato ‘ New Zealand’ (see p. 391). MAUGER, Messrs. PP ’ Guernsey. Potatos (see p. 391). MAXWELL, Mrs., Beauly. Seed Chionodoxa Luciliae gigantea. MAxwELIL, Sir H. E., Bt., Wigtown. Seed Iris sp. from Thibet. MENNELL, Mrs., Mooncoin. Potato ‘ Honeybrook Hustler’ (see p. 391). MippLEHURST, H. , Liverpool. Lancashire Hardy Broccoli. Mo treno, P. AS Shere. Vine cuttings. Morris, S., Norwich. Seed Euonymus intermedius. e DONORS OF SEEDS, PLANTS, BOOKS, ETC. CcVil Morse, Messrs., San Francisco. Antirrhinum ‘ Katherine Morse’ (to be in- cluded in pot trial). Murpuy, Messrs., Leeds. Nicotine substitute. MuscRAVE, C. T., Godalming. Plants for garden; seeds of Anemone vernalis. NEWDEGATE, Sir FRANK, K.C.M.G., Hobart, Tasmania. Seeds. Nix, C. G. A., Crawley. Rhododendron calophytum, R. galacteum for wild garden ; seed Viburnum phlebotrichum. NutTTING, Messrs., London. Peas (see p. 382); Broccoli; Cauliflowers. OaTEs, Mrs., Gestingthorpe. Book for Library: ‘‘ Matabelé Land and the Victoria Falls.’ Parsons, E. J., Worcester. Apple ‘Queen Mary.’ Planted in garden. PEARSON, Messrs., Lowdham. Strawberries. Included in trial. PERCEVAL, Lady, Wimbledon. Old Journats for Library. Perry, A., Colchester. Melon ‘ Anstrutheri.’ Puiitipps, Lady, Pembroke. Seeds from South America. PouPpart, W., Twickenham. Dwarf Bean ‘ Secretts.’ RAINE, J., Headcorn. Seed of Cantaloup x Cassaba. RENNY ForBEs, Messrs., London. Artificial manures for experimental purposes. RosBeErts, H., Oxted. Seed Trifolium stellatum. Distributed to Fellows. Ross oF BLADENSBURG, Sir JOHN, Rostrevor. Collection of seeds; plants raised for distribution and garden; cuttings of Abelia longituba. SALMON, C. E., Reigate. Carex. Sanps, W. E., Hillsborough. Potato ‘Sir Edward Carson’ (see p. 391). SCARLETT, J. W., Musselburgh. Broccoli. SHADBOLT, E. I., Pirbright. Seeds of climbing brown bean. SHARPE, T., Westbury. Seed of Assam jungle plant. Sitcock, H., Southampton. Leucothoé Daviesit. Stimpson, Messrs., Birmingham. Antirrhinums (see p. 357); Peas (see p. 382) ; Turnips ; Broccoli; Spinach; Cauliflowers. SMILEs, T. E., East Sutton. Cuttings of Red Currants. Failed to root. SomERSET, A., Worthing. Walnut; White Elms. SowmaNn, A. J., Preston. Antirrhinum cuttings (see p. 357). SPEED, H. J., Evesham. Cauliflower ‘Summer Favourite.’ STANBURY, W., Walton-on-Thames. Auricula seed. STERNS, Messrs., London. Sternwash for trial. STEVENSON, T., Uxbridge. Tomato seeds. STOKES, Messrs., Trowbridge. Antirrhinum ‘ Hillside Beauty’ (see p. 357); Campanula ‘ Hillside Blue.’ STUART & MEIN, Messrs., Kelso. Antirrhinum ‘ Mein’s Crimson Glow’ (see P- 357) ; Swede ‘ Laing’s Dwarf-top’ ; Cauliflower ‘Mein’s Little Snowflake.’ SUTTON, Messrs., Reading. Peas (see p. 382); Broccoli; Spinach; Turnips ; Cauliflower plants ; Cauliflowers. SYDENHAM, Messrs., Birmingham. Turnips; Spinach; Broccoli; Coreopsis ; Cauliflowers. E TAPS J). uns. -Potatos (see p. 391). THE CLOcHE CLIP Co., Guildford. Clips and alpine protectors for trial. Tuompson, A. A., Ellesmere. Seed Ephedra distachyon. ToLitey, E. R., Whimple. Seedling potato (see p. 391). TooGoop, Messrs., Southampton. Dwarf Beans; Broccoli; Peas (see p. 382) ; Turnips ; Spinach ; Cauliflowers. Troup, R. D. R., Bridgwater. Ivis kashmiriana ‘ Ranikhet’ var. TURNER, C., Slough. ‘Hyslop’ and ‘ Dartmouth’ Crabs; Apple ‘ Arthur Turner’; Pyrus Malus ‘ Montreal Beauty.’ VEITCH, Messrs., Exeter. Dwarf Beans; Broccoli; Spinach; Turnips; Peas (see p. 382); Potatos (see p. 391); Antirrhinums (see p. 357) ; Coreopsis ; Cauliflowers ; Strawberry ‘ La Perle’ (included in trial). VEITCH, Sir HARRY, V.M.H., London. Books for Library. WARREN, Miss V., Canterbury. Bulbs of Narcissus ‘ Beatrice Barlow.’ WATKINS & SIMPSON, Messrs., Covent Garden. Antirrhinums (see p. 357) ; Broccoli; Spinach; Turnips; Peas (see p. 382); Coreopsis; Cauli- flowers. WEBB, Messrs., Stourbridge. Antirrhinums (see p. 357) ; Cauliflowers. Wiaston, W. J., Ashtead. Collection of seeds. WILks, Rev. W., M.A., Shirley. Grafts of Apple ‘ Evargil’ ; Dryas octopetala ; Rose * Mermaid’ ; seed of small white Passion flower ; Ajuga reptans purpurea alba; Orchis praetermissa; seed Anemone sulphurea ; seed Shirley Poppies and Shirley Foxgloves (for distribution 1921); seed Cistus laurifolius x C. purpureus; Polypodium calcareum; Lastrea dilatata; seed Pyrola rotundifolia ; seed Papaver pilosum. CVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. WILLIAMS, J.C., Gorran R.S.O. Rhododendrons; seed Magnolia Wilsonit. WILmoTT, Rev. R. H., Worcester. Primulas. Winn, G. H., Duffield. Sweet Pea ‘Mrs. George Winn.’ Included in trial. Woonpcock, F. C., Walmer. Sweet Peas. Included in trial. Woopwarb, C., Wolverhampton. Broccoli. WoopDWARD, Mrs., Colchester. Grafts of Apple ‘ Nolan Pippin.’ WysBurN, Miss, Barnet. Seeds from Australia and China. NATIONAL DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, 1920. | CEX NATIONAL DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, 1920. THE Examiners report that the candidates who passed the examinations reached a very fair standard of excellence and in some cases a high one. Too many, however, of those who entered failed to appreciate the importance of attention to details and of thorough familiarity with the matters with which they may be called upon to deal; while others, even though familiar with principles of good practice, failed to apply them when-confronted with new conditions. In the main, the outdoor work was satisfactory, but many showed small acquaintance with the technique of grafting, and the knowledge of summer pruning was distinctly poor; even so common and essential an operation as staking was done in an unsatisfactory fashion by many, who either tied the plants so as to make them lose their natural habit, or used stakes far too heavy and conspicuous for the purpose. In the work at the potting bench, again, inattention to such elementary points - as the thorough mixing of the ingredients of a potting compost, the proper choice of pots, firm planting, and so on, was too often apparent. Candidates for this, the premier Horticultural Examination, should realize that the standard set is one commensurate with the idea that the possession of the National-Diploma in Horticulture should be the hallmark of the best practi- tioners of the horticultural profession. While its attainment:is not beyond the power of any who will devote attention not only to gaining a knowledge of the principles of horticulture, but also to acquiring technical skill in applying them practically, it is not to be acquired lightly or without due and prolonged prepara- tion. Reading alone, no matter how painstaking, nor practice alone in one or two sets of conditions, is sufficient preparation. A broad and deep knowledge of principles and a close acquaintance with details of practice, together with the power of carrying them out in a craftsmanlike manner, are all called for. If candidates will realize this there will be a smaller proportion of failures and the © future of horticultural progress will be assured. The following candidates secured the Diploma : Section 1.—General Horticulture. Abbis, H. W., 1 Richmond Road, Exeter. Dedman, J. M., tog New Barn Lane, Rochdale. Herring, Miss L. K., Horticultural College, Swanley, Kent. Hudson, C. E., East Anglian Institute of Agriculture, Chelmsford. Jones, Miss D. R., West Heath, Ham Common, nr. Richmond, Surrey. Section 8.—Horticultural Teaching. Kent, W. G., County Education Office, Kingston-on-Thames. Perry, P. B., Horticultural Department, Holmes Farm, Kilmarnock, N.B. Simmonds, A., 66 Old Tovil Road, Maidstone, Kent. The following have passed the Preliminary Examination, and are eligible to take the Final Examination following their required six years’ experience in gardening : Channing, S. J., Norton Manor Gardens, Sutton Scotney, Hants. Christian, W. H., Piel View, Public Park, Barrow-in-Furness. Gethen, H., Mondamin, West Mersea, Essex. Hemming, Miss M. H., Studley College, Studley R.S.O., Warwickshire. Jarrett, J., Bradford, Victoria Avenue, Wellington, Salop. Millar, Miss L. L., Heatherdown, Hythe, Hants. Morgan, L. E., Queen’s Park, Victoria Avenue, Crewe. Rudge, A. T., Spread Eagle Hotel, Gailey, nr. Stafford. Syer, Miss K. L., Charlton, East Sutton, Maidstone, Kent. Townsend, F. G., Bradwell Training School, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. Tuck, W. H., The Homestead, Stoke Ferry, Norfolk. Wilson, G, F., R.H.S. Laboratory, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey. W. R. Dykes, Secretary. INDEX. The references in ttalics ave to figures and tllustrations. Oe Acacia dealbata, xxxvii falcata, xxxvii Acidia in cabbage, xlili Adonis vernalis, xxxviii Aerido-vanda x Mundyi, A.M., lxxxiii Aeschynanthus lobatus, xxxvi _ Alder catkins compared, xxxvi Allium sp. from Tibet, xlii Wallichianum, xlii Alnus cordata, xxxvi glutinosa, xxxvi America, S., plants introduced from, 346 Androsace longifolia, B.C., lvii sarmentosa, XxXxXvili Anemone alpina, xxxviii blanda var. scythinica, xxxviii coronaria, XXXVIil fulgens, xxxviii ranunculoides, xxxviil ‘ St. Bavo’ strain, A.M., Ix Antirrhinums at Wisley, 1920, 357 Apple ‘ Alfriston,’ A.M., xlviii blossom weevil, xliv ‘ Cox’s Orange,’ xliv ‘ Herring’s Seedling,’ A.M,, lii ‘ Histon Cropper,’ A.M., lii ‘ Laxton’s Peerless,’ A.M,, 1 pear-shaped, xliv “The Premier,’ A.M., 1 tricotyledonary seedling, xliii ‘ Tythby Seedling,’ A.M,, lii Aquilegia hybrids, xl Armeria caespitosa, xxxvili Arnebia echioides, xxxviii Arum maculatum, fertilization, xli Astelia nervosa, xli Aster ‘ Elsa,’ A.M., Ixxiv ‘Grace Sweet,’ A.M., Ixxiv ‘ Maggie Perry,’ A.M., 1xxiii ‘ Perry’s White,’ A.M., xxiii ‘Queen, .of the Lilacs,’ A.M., Ixxiv ‘ Rachael Bullard,’ A.M., lxxiii Asters, perennial, at Wisley, 368 Aucuba, white-berried, xxxix Auricula ‘ Bookham Blue,’ A.M., lix Azalea ‘ Dr. Oosthoek,’ A.M., 1xi Baker, the late Dr. W. G., xli Balance Sheet for 1919, ii Begonia, ‘ Peace,’ A.M., Ixii Berberis Darwinii, xxxviii x ferax, A.M,, lxxvii Blandfordia superba, xl Book Reviews, 398 Books added to Library, xcix Brassocattleya x ‘Gatton Lily’ var. ‘ Triumph,’ F.C.C., Ixxxiv x ‘Ilene’ var. grandis, F.C.C., xxix x ‘ Lisette,’ A.M., xc x ‘Maroniris’ var. ‘ Canary,’ A.M., Ixxxix x ‘Olympus’ var. ‘ Nena,’ A.M., xc x ‘Rosita’ var. ‘ Harmony,’ A.M., xci x ‘ Sofrano,’ A.M., xcii x ‘Wm. Pitt,’ A.M., xciii Brassolaeliocattleya x ‘ Amber,’ F.C.C., xe x ‘ Blenheim Orange,’ A.M., Ixxxix x ‘ Cissie,’ A.M., xciv x citrina, xliv x “Joan >) pyar: A.M., lxxxv x ‘Muriel’ magnifica, F.C.C., ‘ Excelsior,’ ei x ‘ The Baroness,’ Fasey’s var., A.M., xciii x ‘Tucuman,’ Fasey’s. var., A.M., xc Bryanthus aleuticus, A.M., lix nipponicus, A. M., lix Bulbs, British grown, exhibited, xxxii Calendula, ‘ hen and chickens’ form, x! Calliphruria subedentata, xliii Campanula Vidalii, xii Cardamine pratensis lilacina plena, A.M., lix trifolia, XXXViii Carnation, ‘Edward Allwood,’ A.M., Ixxix foliage malformed, xxxix ‘ Laddie,’ A.M., Ixxviii ‘Lady Inverforth,’ A.M., Ixii ‘Lord Lambourne,’ A.M., Ixxiv ‘Mrs. T. Ives,’ A.M., Ixvii ‘ New White Clove,’ A.M., lxv ‘ Renown,’ A.M., lx wheat-ear, xl INDEX. Carnation ‘ White Pearl,’ A.M., lxxiv * Wivelsfield Claret,’ A.M., lix Cattleya x Abekeniae, A.M., xc x Cowaniae alba, F.C.C., Ixxxiii x ‘Diana’ majestica, A.M., Ixxxviil x ‘ Dolorosa,’ A.M., xcii x ‘ Heliodor,’ F.C.C., Ixxxix x ‘ Hesperus,’ A.M., lxxxvii x‘ Mérope,’ The Dell var., A.M., xciii x ‘Mira’ var. A.M., xci x ‘Mr. Jas. Watson,’ The Dell var., A.M., lxxxi x ‘ Picotee,’ A.M., xciii x ‘ Royal Purple,’ A.M., xc x ‘Snowflake’ var. ‘ Noel,’ A.M., Ixxxv x ‘ Tityus,’ Fasey’s var., A.M., Ixxxv x triumphans, Blenheim var., A.M., lxxxix Cecidomyia taxi, xl Certificate of appreciation awarded, XXXVIlll, xli, xliv Cheiranthus hybrids, xxxix Marshallii, xl China Aster ‘ Hawlmark Terra Cotta,’ A.M.,, Ixx Chionoscillas, xxxvii Chrysanthemum ‘ Blanche du Poitou,’ A.M.,, Ixxiv ‘ Brilliant,’ Ixxii ‘ Christmas Wonder,’ A.M., Ixxix fasciated, xlili ‘ Hollicott 1920,’ A.M., Ixx ‘ Hollicott, Beauty,’ A.M., 1xxiii ‘ Majestic,’ A.M., Ixxvi * Major Chichester,’ A.M., Ixxvii maximum awards to it at Wis- Sey, lxix ‘Mrs. George Munro,’ A.M., Ixxvi ‘Norman Chittenden,’ A.M., Ixxvil ‘ Pink Profusion,’ A.M., Ixxiv ‘Pourpre Poitevin,’ A.M., lxxvi ‘ Sorcerer,’ A.M., lxxvi ‘ The Favourite,’ A.M., liv ‘ Winter Glow,’ A.M., Ixxix Clematis Meyeriana, A.M., lviii tangutica obtusiuscula, A.M., Ixxvi Clivia ‘ St. Nicholas,’ A.M., lxi Coelogyne flaccida, xxxix Columnea gloriosa purpurea, F.C.C., Ixxiv y3 Committee meetings, Floral, liv Fruit and Vegetable, xlvi Narcissus and Tulip, xcvi Orchid, Ixxx Scientific, xxxvi its functions, xxxvi Coreopsis, awards made at Wisley, Ixxv Cornus Nuttallii, F.C.C., lix Coronilla valentina, xxxvii Corydalis Allionii, xxxviii bracteata, xxxviii thalictrifolia, xxxviii ‘The Prince,’ cxi Cotoneaster frigida, A.M., Ixxvi Henryi, A.M., Ixxiii salicifolia floccosa, A.M., Ixxvii Cotyledon roseatum, xxxvi Crocus vernus, early flowering, xxxvii Currants, black, types, xxxvii Cyclamen corms, large, xlii Cymbidium x albanense, Joicey’s var., A.M., lxxxi Cypripedium x ‘ Bacchus,’ A.M., xciv x ‘Florence Spencer,’ Chard- war var., F.C.C., lxxxiii x ‘ Forest King,’ F.C.C., xciv x ‘ Frontline,’ A.M., xcii insigne ‘ Oddity,’ xlv twin-flowered, xxxvi x Memoria ‘F. M. Ogilvie,’ Chardwar var., F.C.C., xciv ‘ Excelsior,’ A.M., xcv x ‘ Warrior,’ A.M., xciv x ‘Memoria F. M. Ogilvie,’ F.C.C., Ixxxi Dahlias selected for trial at Wisley, Ixxii-lxxiv Daphne Blagayana, xxxviii Cneorum alba, A.M., lix Mezereum alba, xxxviii odora, XxxXvli Darlington, H. R., on garden roses, 323 Davidia involucrata fruits, xxxvi Delphinium ‘ Blue Bird,’ A.M., Ixv ‘ Blue Queen,’ A.M., Ixvi ‘ Pannonia,’ A.M., lxv Dentaria pinnata, xxxvili Dianella tenuissima, xl Dianthus Allwoodii ‘ Harold,’ A.M., lxii ‘ Jean,’ A.M., Ixii ‘ Robert,’ A.M., lxii ‘ Rufus,’ A.M.,, lxii Draba imbricata, xxxvili _ Eleutherococcus Henryi, xliii Epimedium sulphureum, xxxviii Eria ornata, xl Erodium gruinum fruit, xli Erythronum Nuttallianum, xxxvili Eucalyptus citriodora, foliage varia- tions, xliv Euonymus europaeus A.M., Ixxvi nanus, A.M., Ixx Euphorbia Myrsinites, xxxviii pilulifera, xxxviii polychroma, xxxviii intermedius, Farrer, R., the late, xliv Feijoa Sellowiana fruit, xliv Flora, the native, xliii, xlv Foremarke cup awarded, xxxiv Foxglove ‘ Shirley Strain,’ A.M., xvi Freesia ‘ Apogée,’ A.M., Ix ‘Golden King,’ A.M., Iviii ‘ Quakeress,’ A.M., lvii ‘ Robinetta,’ A.M., lviii CXli Freesia ‘ Rosebud,’ A.M., lvii variegation in, xxxvii ‘ Yellow Prince,’ A.M., lviii Fritillaria Imperialis var. inodora, XXXVIil Siehana, xxxviii Fruit exhibition, xxxiv Gaillardia ‘Downer’s Double,’ A.M., lxv Galanthus hybrids, xxxvii Ikariae, xxxviil nivalis, Atkins’ var., A.M., lv Gentiana acaulis, xxxviii Farreri, F.C.C., Ixxii Geranium pratense, xliii Geum ‘ Lady Stratheden,’ A.M., Ixiii ‘ Orangeman,’ A.M., Ixiii Rossi, XXxXvlii : Gladiolus ‘ Atlanta,’ A.M., Ixviii ‘ Banner of Hope,’ A.M, lxix ‘ Duke of Bedford,’ A.M., Ixix ‘E. J. Shaylor,’ A.M., lxix ‘Golden Dream,’ A.M., Ixx ‘ Hermione,’ A.M., lxviil ‘ Kelway’s Masterpiece,’ A.M., Ixx ‘ Kelway’s Monarch,’ A.M., Ixx ‘Mary Pickford,’ A.M., lxix 7: ‘ Painted Lady,’ A.M., lxviii®. , ‘ Princess Radziwill,’ A.M., lxx ‘ Snowdon,’ A.M., Ixx ‘Yellow Beauty,’ A.M., lxix Haberlea Ferdinandi, xxxix virginalis, xxxix Habranthus sp., xl Hedychium Elwesii, xliii Greenii, xliii yunnanense, xliii Heeria vittata, xxxvi Heliopsis scabra ‘ Orange King,’ A.M., be. Helleborus ‘ Ena,’ A.M., lvii ‘ Gertie,’ A.M., lvii Holly, variation, xxxvi Iberis petraea, xxxviii Iris Alberti, xxxix ‘Ann Page,’ A.M., Ixiii aphylla, xl ‘ Balaruc,’ A.M.,, lxiii bucharica aurea, A.M., lviii chamaeiris, xxxix flavescens, xXxxix germanica, xl hybrids, xxxix imbricata, xxxix Kashmiriana ‘ Ranikhet,’ B.C., Ixii ‘ Kharput,’ xl Korolkowi, xxxix lutescens, xxxix ‘ Yellow-hammer,’ A.M., Ix pallida, xxxix persica x sindjarensis, xxxvi ‘ Prospero,’ A.M., xiii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Iris stolonifera, xxxix stylosa, xxxviii Susiana, xxxix Xiphium ‘ Voerman,’ A.M., lxiii Isopyrum grandiflorum, xxxviii thalictroides, xxxviii Jeffersonia dubia, xxxvili Juglans, xxxvli Kew Green, its vegetation, xliii Korolkowia Sewerzowi, xxxviii ¢ Laeliocattleya x ‘ Bombardier,’ A.M., Ixxxviii x ‘ Alborak,’ A.M., xxx x ‘Eunice’ var. ‘ Snowdon,’ A.M., Ixxxiv x fulva, A.M., xcili x ‘Ivanhoe’ superba, F.C.C., XCli x ‘Mrs. Willoughby Pember- ton,’ F.C.C., lxxxvi x ‘Momus,’ A.M., xciii x ‘San Juan,’ The Dell var., F.C.C., Ixxxvii ‘Schroederae gloriosa, F.C.C., XCV Lavatera Olbia rosea, A.M., Ixviii Leaf division at will, xli Leersia oryzoides, xxxviii Leptospermum scoparium, xxxvii Lichfield centenary show, xxxili Lilium x Balfourianum, xl x Bowlesianum, xl Brownii kansuense, F.C.C., Ixvii Farreri, A.M., Lxiii hybrids, xl, xli x Perryi, xl philippinense, xlii pseudo-tigrinum, A.M., lxviii Littonia modesta, xl Lonicera Hildebrandtii, germination, xliii Lysonotis warleyana, xxxvi Magnolia acuminata, 318, 319, 322 auriculata, 320 Campbelli, 317, 321 conspicua, 316, 317, 320, 321 alba superba, 316 amabilis, 316 Brozzoni, 316 rosea, 316 cordata, 319 Delavayi, 315 denudata purpurascens, 320 fragrans, 319 Fraseri, 320 fuscata, 320 glauca, 319 Thompsoniana, 319, 321 grandiflora, 315, 320, 322 ferruginea, 315 hypoleuca, 318 Kobus, 318 INDEX. Magnolia x Lennei, 317 macrophylla, 319 obovata, 316, 317 officinalis, 320 parviflora, 319, 320, 322 purpurea, 316, 322 pyramidata, 320 rustica, 321 rubra, 317 salicifolia, 318, 322 Sargentiana, 320 x Soulangeana, 316, 320, 32I nigra, 317 Norberti, 317 speciosa, 317 stellata, 318, 320 rosea, 320 Thompsoniana, 321 tripetala, 318, 319 x Veitchii, 321, 336 Watsoni, 318, 321, 322 Wilsonii, 320 Magnolias, 315 Malva Alcea fastigiata, A.M., xxi Meetings, Annual General, i Cardiff, xxx Chelsea, xxvi Daffodil, xxv General, 1 Megasea afghanica, xxxviii cordifolia, xxxix Sp., XXXVili Stracheyi, xxxix Melon ‘ Victory,’ A.M.,, li Mentha vars., xliv Mercurialis annuus, xxxvi Michaelmas Daisies at Wisley, 370 Miltonia x Bleuana var. ‘ Reine Elisa- beth,’ F.C.C., Ixxxii x ‘Memoria Crown Princess Margaret,’ A.M., Ixxxvi Miltonioda x Harwoodii ‘ Excelsior,’ F.C.C., Ixxxvii Momordica cochinchinensis, xliv Montbretia ‘ James Coey,’ A.M., Ixix ‘ Joan of Arc,’ A.M., lxix Muscari macranthum, xxxix Sp. XXXVIil Myosotis ‘ Bluebird,’ A.M., Ixxviii dissitiflora ‘ Roll of Honour, A.M., 1|xii Narcissus, ‘ Firetail,’ A. M., xcvii ; ‘ Honeysuckle,’ A.M., xcvii ‘ John Evelyn,’ A.M., xcvii ‘ John Mansfield,’ A.M., xcvii ‘ Magnificence,’ A.M., xcvi ‘Mrs. Leonard Harrison,’ A.M., XCVvi * Orange Glory,’ A.M., xcvi triandrus calathinus, A.M., xcvi Narcissus eelworm, xxxvii National Diploma, cix Nerine ‘ Aurora,’ F.C.C., lxxiv ‘ Hera,’ F.C.C., Ixxiii ‘Mascotte,’ A.M., lxxiii Nigeria, pioneer work in, 336 Notes and Abstracts, 405 cxill Odontioda x cardinalis, F.C.C., xcii x ‘Dauntless,’ ‘Blue _ Bird,’ A.M., Ixxxvii x ‘ Decia,’ A.M., lxxxv x ‘ Dora,’ P.C., lxxxvi x ‘Gatton Glory,’ F.C.C., Ixxxvi x ‘ Gladys,’ F.C.C., Ixxxvi x ‘ Joan,’ Warnham Court var. A.M., Ixxxiii x Joiceyi, A.M., lxxxiii x “Jono. Pitt’s..var., XCiV x ‘Leon Perrin,’ A.M., lxxxiv x ‘ Nada,’ Ralli’s var., F.C.C., xx x Pittiae, F.C.C., lxxxi Odontoglossum x ‘ Adula,’ A.M., lxxxv x ‘ Bonaparte,’ A.M., lxxxv x ardentdora, A.M., xcv x ‘Conqueror,’ Fasey’s var., A.M., |xxxii x crispo-Solon, A.M., lxxxi ‘ Kenneth,’ A.M., lxxxvi ‘Diamond,’ A.M., Ixxxv ‘ Dorothy Arkle,’ A.M., Ixxxi ‘Dusky Queen,’ A.M., xci ‘ Eldorado,’ A.M., lxxxvii ‘ Everest,’ F.C.C., lxxxiii F.C.C., xXx XXX XK X ‘Fabia,’ Frant Court var., A.M., Ixxxv Ralli’s var., A.M., Ixxxv x ‘Glow,’ Broadlands var., A.M.,-Ixxxv x ‘ Henry VIII,’ A.M., lxxxii ¥ “iy mens> Pit. baad x ‘ Joy,’ A.M., lxxxiv x ‘ Miguelito,’ A.M., Ixxxix “Migs. «.sTasy A.M., xcl x ‘Red Admiral,’ A.M., xciii x ‘Rosina magnifica,’ A.M., XCiv x ‘St. George,’ Ralli’s var., F.C.C., xciii var. ‘ Albion,’ Ixxxvi x ‘Sir Harry Veitch,’ A.M., xci x ‘ Thwaitesiae,’ A.M., Ixxx x ‘Victory’ var. F.C.C., Ixxxvii Odontonia x Bedfordiae, A.M., lxxxvii x ‘ Dora,’ P.C., Ixxxvi Oenothera ‘ Afterglow,’ xlii ‘ Golden Glow,’ A.M., red-budded, xlii rubricalyx, xlii Oncidium corynephorum, xxxvi x incurnephorum, xxxvi incurvum, xxxvi Onion, proliferous, xliii Orchid propagation, Xxxviil Orchis foliosa, A.M., lxxxvi Ornithogalum sp., xXxxvili Ourisia macrophylla, xxxviii Oxalis adenophylla, starch roots, xliii Fasey’s var., Wood,’ A.M., Fasey’s var., ‘ Supreme,’ Ixvii CXiv Paeonia Broteri, xl Cambedessedesi, xxxviii cretensis, XXXVIil decora, xl lobata, xl Mlokosewitschii, xxxviii Paeony ‘ Souvenir du Professeur Cornu,’ A.M., Ixii Papaver orientale, double, xli Lord Lambourne,’ A.M., Ixiii Parrya Menziesii, xxxviii Parsley at Wisley, 395 Peas, early, at Wisley, 382 second early at Wisley, 385 Pelargonium sporting from root cut- tings, xl Petasites alba, xxxvi japonica, xxxvi Phlomis spectabilis, xliii Phlox ‘ Aldersey,’ A.M., lxxi ‘ Alpha,’ A.M., lxviii ‘Dr. Charcot,’ A.M., lxix ‘H. J. Jones,’ A.M., Ixix ‘Mrs. H. J. Jones,’ A.M., Ixix Phyllodoce, see Bryanthus Picea Albertiana, Ixiii Pickering, the late S. U., xlv Pink ‘ Mrs. G. Walker,’ A.M., |xili ‘Victory,’ A.M., |xili Pleione pogonoides, xxxvi humilis, xxxvi Pricei, A.M., lxxxiii Plum pollination, 352, 353 Pollination in orchards, 353 of Arum, xli Polygonum campanulatum, Ilxxiv Polystichum angulare divisilobum plu- mosum densum, A.M., Lxiil robustum, A.M., Ixiii Populus alba nivea, xliv canescens, xliv stool shoots, xl Potato wart disease, xliv Potatos, first early compared, 351 second early at Wisley, 390 Potentilla alchemilloides, xxxviii Praeger, R. L., on the genus Sedum, I Primrose ‘ Evelyn Arkwright,’ xxxix proliferous, xxxviii Primula ‘ Aileen Aroon,’ A.M., Ixii Auricula, xxxviii denticulata, xxxviii magnifica, A.M., lvii Juliae, xxxviii x acaulis, xxxvii x elatior, xxxvi, xxxvii Loczii, xxxvill, xxxix marginata, XxxvViil ‘Linda Pope,’ A.M., lix x Marven, xxxviil rosea, XXXVili Pruning seedling trees, xxxvii Prunus nana, xxxvili Pterocarya, XxxvVii Pulmonaria angustifolia, xxxviii Puschkinia scilloides, xxxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Pyracantha yunnanense, Warley var., Ixv Pyrus Aria, variation, xlv salicifolia, xlv _ firma, A.M., Ixx Ramondia Nataliae, xxxix pyrenaica, xXxxix Raspberry, variation in foliage, xliv Rawes, A. N.; on pollination in orchards, 353 Rehmannia Henryi, xxxvi Report for 1919, ili Rhododendron apodectum, x1 calophytum, A.M., lvii campylogynum, xl ‘Don Ernesto,’ A.M., lix ‘Donna Anita,’ A.M., lix ‘Donna Florenza,’ A.M., lix Edgarianum, xl hybrids, xxxix ledoides, xl ‘ Richard Gill,’ A.M., lix © ‘The Don,’ A.M., lix Rhyncanthus latifolius, xliii Root cuttings, sporting from, xl Roscoea Humeana, A.M., xlii, lxiii purpurea, xlii Rose ‘ Glory of Hurst,’ A.M., Ixxii ‘Mrs. Curnock Sawday,’ A.M., Ixv Roses, garden, 323 Sambucus nigra, white-fruited, xli Sanguinaria canadensis, xxxviil Saxifrage ‘ Monica,’ A.M., Ixii ‘Tumbling Waters,’ A.M., Ixiii Scabiosa caucasica, ‘ Diamond,’ A.M., Ixxii ‘Pride of A.M., Ixxii Schizanthus roseus compactus, A.M., Ixili Scilla lilio-hyacinthus, xxxix alba, xxxix Sedum, genus, I index of species, 309 Palmeri, xxxvili Treleasei, xxxvili Senecio squalidus, xxxvi viscosus, XXxxvi Shortia grandiflora, xxxviii Sidalcea ‘ Rose Queen,’ A.M., Ixvii Silver-leaf in sloe, xl Sloe, silver-leaf, xl Smilacina paniculata, xxxvili Sokoto gardens, an account of, 336 Sophrolaeliocattleya x ‘ simi 4 A. MM, xc x ‘ Forma,’ A.M., xciv x ‘Laura,’ A.M., lxxxviii x ‘Meuse’ magnifica, F.C.C., i Ixxxiii Streptocarpus, ‘ Cuthbert’s Flowering Strain,’ A.M., lxx Stylophorum japonicum, xxxvili Swedes, awards to, xlvi Exmouth,’ Giant a tesa at INDEX. CXV Sweet Pea ‘ Colne Valley,’ A.M., Ixvi ‘George Shawyer,’ A.M., Ixiii ‘Hawlmark Lavender,’ A.M., Ixiii ‘Le Mahdi,’ A.M., lxv ‘Mascot’s Helio,’ A.M., Ixviii ‘ Mildred Howard,’ A.M., Ixv ‘New Verdun,’ A.M., lxvi ‘ Picture,’ A.M., |xiii ‘ Tangerine,’ A.M., |xili Sweet Peas, inheritance in, xli Tanaea penangiana, xxxvi Tecophilaea Cyanocrocus, xxxvVili Thalictrum dipterocarpum album, A.M., lxviii Tilia platyphyllos with four cotyledons, l b Tricyrtis latifolia, xl subhirtella, xliii Trifolium stellulatum, B.C., xli Trillium grandiflorum, xxxviii Tulip ‘ Advance,’ A.M., xcviii ‘ Alcmene,’ A.M., xcviii ‘ Dido,’ A.M., xcviii * Firenze,’ A.M., xcviii Tulip with bulb in leaf-axil, xxxix Tulipa dasystemon, xxxix Kaufmanniana, xxxix saxatilis, xxxix Turnip gall weevil, xliv Turrill, W. B., on plants introduced to horticulture from Chile, &c., 346 Urceocharis Clibranii, xlii, xliii , Vanda coerulea ‘ King of the Blues, F.C.C., xcii Variegation, transmission of, xli Vegetable exhibition, xxxiv Veitch, P. C. M., on Magnolias, 315 Veltheimia viridifolia, xxxvii Veronica decussata x speciosa, xXxxix x lobelioides, xxxix Viburnum Carlesii, xxxviii fragrans, xxxvi, xli fruiting, xli Vitex Cienkowski, 337 Vuylstekeara x Brewii, A.M., lxxxvii x ‘Memoria Joseph Charles- worth,’ F.C.C., xci x ‘Mrs. Pitt,’ A.M., Ixxxviii Willow seeds, xxxvi Wisley Laboratory, contributions from, 353 plants, &c., presented, cv Yates, Mrs. R. L., on Sokoto gardens, 336 Yew, galled, xl York Gala, xxix Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & Co. LTD, Colchester, London & Eton, England | TRE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY | Vincent Square, Westminster, London, S.W. 1 Privileges of Fellows. 1.—Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election, and is invited to become a Fellow. 2.—Candidates‘for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society. 3.—Ladies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society. 4.—The Society being incorporated by Koyal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liability whatsoever beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions. 5.—Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained from the Offices of the Society, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. 6.—If desired, the Secretary will, on receipt of a letter from a Fellow of the Socisty suggesting the name and address of any lady or gentleman likely to become Fellows, write and invite them to join the Society. FELLOWS. A Fellow subscribing Four Guineas a year (or commuting for Forty Guineas) is entitled— 1.—To ONE Non-transferable (personal) Pass and FivE Transferable Tickets admitting to all the Society’s Exhibitions, and to the Gardens. 3.—To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society. 3.—To the use of the Libraries at the Society's Rooms. 4,—To a copy of the Society’s JOURNAL, containing the Papers read at all Meetings and Conferences, lac ee trials made at the Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new or rare plants, &c. 5.—To purchase, at reduced rates, such fruit, vegetables, and cut flowers as are not required for experimental purposes. 6.—To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such surplus or waste plants as may be available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 35 miles from London (by the A BC Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share. 7.—Subject to certain fees and limitations, to obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice on such subjects, by letter from the Society's Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.1.C. 8.—To have their Gardens inspected by the Society’s Officer at the following fees :—One day, £3. 3s.; two days, £5. 5s.; plus all out of pocket expenses. 9.—To pe at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &c., for trial at the Society’s ardens, 10.—To recommend any ladies or gentlemen for election as Fellows of the Society. A Fellow subscribing Two Guineas a year (or commuting for Twenty-five Guineas) is entitled— ~ 1.—To OnE Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets. 9.—To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above. A Fellow subscribing One Guinea a year, with an Entrance Fee of £1. Is. (or commuting for Fifteen Guineas) is entitled— 1.—To OnE Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the non-transferable personal Pass), and the privileges mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as above. [Bond fide Gardeners earning their living thereby, and persons living permanently abroad, are exempt from the payment of the Entrance Fee. N.B.—Each Transferable Ticket or Non-transferable personal pass will admit three persons to the Gardens at Wisley on any day except days on which an Exhibition or Meeting is being held, when each Ticket or Pass will admit One Person only. The Gardens are closed on Sundays, Good Friday, and Christmas Day. ASSOCIATES. An Associate subscribing 10s. 6d. a year is entitled— 1.—To ONE Non-transferable Pass, and to privileges as mentioned in Nos. 3, 4, and 9. N.B.—Associates must be bond fide Gardeners, or employés in a Nursery, Private or Market Garden, or Seed Establishment, and must be recommended for election by Two Fellows of the Society. INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS Azaleas Begonias ... Boilers Bulbs Chrysanthemums Colour Photography Dahlias Fertilizer ... 1a Fruit Bottling Apparatus Fruit Trees Garden Ornaments © -Glasshouses Greenhouse Plants Hardy Flowers Heating Apparatus Horticultural Buildings Huts Insecticides Lawn Sand Orchids Rock Plants Roses Seeds | Statuary Sundries Turf Loam Vines Weed Killer Cuthbert, R. & G., iv. Blackmore & Langdon, xi. Kinnell & Co., v.; Richardson & Co., vii. Cuthbert, R. & G., iv. ; Jones, H. J., x. Davis; V . Ps: viz Jones, H. J., x. Prentice Bros., xv ; S. Metropolitan Gas Co., i. Fowler, Lee & Co., xii. Barnham Nurseries, vii; Bunyard & Co., inside back cover; Cheal & Sons, xii; King’s Acre Nurseries, 11; Rivers, T., & Son, i. Crowther & Son, iv. Tucker, W. Duncan, & Sons, xi. Veitch, R., & Son, ix. Cheal & Sons, xii. } Kinnell & Co., v ; Richardson & Co., vin. Boulton & Paul, xu. Blay, G., xiv. Cooper & Nephews, vi. Barbour, A. J., & Co., viii. Charlesworth & Co., xv ; McBean, J. & A., iv. Veitch, R., & Son, ix. Barnham Nurseries, vii; Bunyard & Co., inside back cover; Burbage Nurseries, vy; King’s Acre Nurseries, 11; Veitch, R., & Son, ix. Carter & Co., inside front Cheal & Sons, xi; Ryders, x ; Sutton & Sons, back cover ; Webb & Sons, it. Crowther & Son, tv. Bunyard & Co., inside back cover ; Ryders, x. Johnston, A. B., xvi. Rivers, T., & Son, in. Acme Chemical Co., xii; Barbour, A. J., & Co., viii; Cooper & Nephews, vi; Tomlinson & Hayward, vii. Ryders, x. caver $ rawr > eae vvvw vw > an vo oor wn ‘Ae dsp 3s9q 10} dND UAATIS pue TIWOQAW G'109 ADVI Pepremy “OZET ‘MOUS PIUlquiogD s,Ayo190g [eanyNo1WIOH “JOGINGUNOLS weysulWdig pue S,A}91I0D0g vog JOOME [BUOIFEN 92 9S JIQIYUXS SSqqoAM *sassom aL] . ‘9 Nos ON qgaM “Suly. 2D SC. O} UIUISQI9G ~ ‘suepIVy bicolour, per packet 1/6 and I/- SUTTON’S PURPLE QUEEN, rich ruby, per packet 1/6 and I/-. » SUTTON’'S FAERIE QUEENE, - primrose or pale citron flowers. pe packet 1/6 and 1/-. SUTTON’ S EASTERN QUEEN, apricot, per’packet 1/6 and I/-. SUTTON'S SUPERB MIXED. his strain is unsurpassed for variety — of colour, size and robust habit, per packet 2/6 and 1/6. SUTTON’S | EARLY-FLOWERING WALLFLOWERS. Commence flowering in the Autumn, bursting into full bloom with the advent of Spring. SUTTON'S PHENIX, rich chest-— nut brown, per packet 1/ 6. SUTTON’S YELLOW PHENIX, per packet 1/6. ) ) ae ye 2