SSasg-an ae cad ee Se ee Ui SUSE tLe ie a enbete er JOURNAL OF THE Roval {astituion of {jornwall VOLUME XIII. \egGai & 1895-6-7-8. TRURO: PRINTED BY LAKE AND LAKE; Lrp., PRINCES STREET. 1899. ae a a si List of Presidents. Rr. Hon. Viscount Exmourn, G.C.B., &c. Sir CuHarctes Lemon, Bart, M.A., F.R.S., M.P. ue a as ae W. Manser Tweepy, Esq. CHARLES BaruHam, M D. ats Sir E. Smirke, Kt., M.A., ie Warden Avucustus Smiru, F.G.S., M.P. . Sir E. Smirke, Kt., V.W. J. JorpE Rocsrs, M.A., M.P. W. Jory Henwoop, F.R.S. Rt. Hon. Lorp Str. Levan James Jaco, M.D., F.R.S. JonaToan RasHLeicnH, Esq. ae W.CoprexLanp Bortase, M.A., F.S.A. .. Lorp BisHop or Truro (Archb. Benson, D.D.) Rr. Hon Eart or Mount Epccumee, Lord- Lieut. .. A. PenpDarves Vivian, M.P. Rev. W. Iaco, B.A. Joun Tremayne, M.P. ; Epwin Donkin, F.R.S., F.R.A. S. Sir Joun Mac ean, Kt., F.S.A., F.R.S.A. Joun Davies Enys, F.G.S. Rt. Hon. LeEonarp H. Courtney, M.P. Rev. S. Baritnc-Gou tp, M.A. Genfoood HAedalists:—Rev. W. Jaco, B.A. J. H. Coxuins, F.G.S. TuurstTAn C. PETER. 1818-30. 1830-57. 1857-59: 1859-61. 1861-63. 1863-65. 1865-67. 1867-69. 1869-71. 1871-73. 1873-75. 1875-77- 1877-79. 1879-81. 1881-83. 1883-85. 1885-87. 1887-89. 1889-91. 1891-93. 1893-95. 1895-97. 1897-99. 1890. 1893. 1896. GOO FZ 111 CONTENTS (Seriatim). PAGE List of Officers ae : at ie , 1 List of Proprietors, Meciners and Asaaciates i Aes bee 3 Spring Meeting (1895) ae me Re a i 9 Address by J. D. Enys, F.G.S., Presiient (1895) es re bal 10 Third Anuual Joint Meeting of Cornish Scientific Societies ... ie 19 Annual Excursion (1895) ae nee Gee ee we 21 Annual Meeting (1895) ; Ae : ns 5H vee 23 Obituary Notices ... ie a isi ie He aus 23 Balance Sheet a Aa “ae eS 500 ie 38 Meteorological Tables (1895) ate 39 Some Notes on Pelagic Life occurring in Ralmontn Har yon, ih pldanone to the Fauna of the District, “by RUPERT VALLENTIN ... 43 Further Killigrew MSS. relating A the Kiliigrew Monument at Falmouth, by Howarp Fox, F.G.S 3 52 The Exploration of Carn Brea (illustrated), oa THURSTAN C. ParEr ee 92 Notes on Ancient Coins, by J. D. ENys, F.G.S. 103 Rude Stone Moments on Bodmin Moor (illustrated), by A. Thy Lewis, F.S.A. bie 107 Notes on the Effects of a Dry Shana on Trdes, by i 1D). Envs F.GS8. 114 Reminiscences of Dr. L. H. Potts, by HAMILTON JAMES ae a 116 Bulbils and Gemme, by F. H. TDG ee re a: 121 Notes on Basaltic Columns in West Devon, by T. CLARK a oe 128 Specimens of Tin-Stones from Durango, io J. H. Coutns, F. G. 8. a, 129 Corrigenda bigs ee co es x sa 130 Spring Meeting (1896) at en aa A te 131 Third Award of the Henwood Medal Aa ee on 135 Fourth Annual Joint Meeting of Cornish Scientific Sonichics ie ace 136 Annual Excursion (1896)... ne ie Eee Bee Be 138 Annual Meeting (1896) Hee e aa ies at 141 Presentation of the Elamocil Medal... i: 3 EE es 146 Gifts to Museum and Hae bap ay at ae 3 152 Balance Sheet ae a Beet Me ieee sh Pe 154 Meteorological Tables (1896) Ba 155 On Some Ancient Remains at Guatemala Gilaetnated)s by A. it, Lewis, 159 Functions of Colour and Smell in Fungi, by F. H. DAVEY ... te 162 Notes on the Bulb-Mite (illustrated), by F. H. DAVEY as ae 168 Notes on the Dry Summer of 1896, by F. H. DAVEY ... 171 A Brief Account of an Attempt at Oyster Cultivation at Taian ; in 1895-6, by RupERT VALLENTIN se 180 Some TRnmrnlg on an Se ain ouster Hatchery, inp ‘RUPERT VALLENTIN 186 A Summary of 2 Logbooks ikea at Casali neganttane the Gratin of Lobsters, Cr ayfish and Crabs in 1895, by RUPERT VALLENTIN ... 191 1V CONTENTS. On Prospecting for Gold and the General Promotion of Mining in Cornwall, by RICHARD PEARCE, F.G.S. : Bo ee Celia Fiennes in Cornwall, by H. M. Wuituey, F.G.S. Falmouth Packet Heroes (illustrated) RE Obituary Notices ... pee = Spring Meeting (1897) President’s Address Fifth Annual Joint Meeting i Coreificih Sofiantiac Gontelien Annual Meeting (1897) , Balance Sheet i Meteorological Tables ah Notes on the Parliamentary EReionsy of Taro! A. Dy "1295- 1467, by P. JENNINGS ... The Supposed Priests’ Eid Bleed at Gallen, Beabee (ilustrated), ip H. MicuELtL WHITLEY, F.G.S. Notes on the Fauna of Falmouth for the Warns 1895- B, by RUPERT é VALLENTIN A Letter of Elizabeth Talore, contribntedl hy the Rt. Hon. ‘LEONARD H. Courtney, M.P. Contributions to the TRaaadae of ine Natural EEGs of the mousten and the Crab, by J.T. CUNNINGHam, M.A. .. The Adventures aad Misfortunes of a Coanidamen 100 Senne 286, com- municated by FRANCIS J. STEPHENS .. On the Origin and Development of Ore- Povonee in the ‘West BE f Bngland, by J. H. Coutins, F.G.S. Acclimatisation of Exotics in Coral by F. TH Davey The Parliamentary Election in Truro, A.D. 1832, sae P, JENNINGS Cornubiana (2nd Part), by S. RUNDLE a2 Spring Meeting (1898) a President's Address Annual Excursion (1898) Sixth Annual Joint Meeting of Cornish Selontite Slagievies Annual Meeting (1898) Meteorological Tables Balance Sheet ee The House of Godolphin (illustrated), by G. E. Hapow Fac Some Natural History Records (illustrated), by F. H. DAVEY... The Men Who Made the Cornish Mines, by J. B. CORNISH Description of the Carland Barrows, by Rev. R. PRIOR Cinerary Urns from Gunwalloe (illustrated) A Catalogue of Saints connected with Cornwall, and iat of Ghecches an Chapels dedicated to them (with Map), by Rey. S. BARING-GOULD - Fauna Notes for 1897, by RUPERT VALLENTIN : St. Clether Chapel and Holy Wells (illustrated), by Rev A. H. “Manan. The Cornwall Domesday and Geld Inquest, by H. MicHELL WHITLEY, INDEX TO VOL. XIII. — —~——- Acclimatisation of Exotics in Cornwall, by F. H. Davey, 233; 3138. Adventures of a Cornishman, by F. J. Stephens, 221; 278. Agar, Wheal, Rock-drilling at, 19. Ambros Jeninens, MS. at Enys, 14. Ancient Coins, Notes on, J. D. Enys, 103. Ancient Remains at Guatemala, DN, Wp Lewis, 149; 159. Annual Thommtong, 16th August, 1895, 21; 10th September, 1896, 138; 16th August, 1898, 387; 397. Annual Joint Meeting of Cornish Scien- tific Societies, (8rd) 16th July, 1895, 19 ; (4th) 26th. August, 1896, 136; (5th) 18th September, 1897, 224 ; ” 232 ; (6th) 27th September, 1898, 380 ; 397. Annual Meeting (77th) 12th November, 1895, 28; (78th) 17th November, 1896, 141 ; (79th) 23rd November, 1897, 227 ; (80th) 22nd November, 1898, 392. Ashburnham’s Lord, Book of the Gospels, 151. Associates, List of, 7. Award of the Henwood Gold Medal, 1896, 135 ; 145. Babington, Charles Death of, 24. Baily, W. E., Reception of Excursionists, 388 ; Lynwood Museum, 388. Balance Sheets, 1894-5, 38 ; 1895-6, 154; 1896-7, 288; 1897-8, 406. Baring-Gould, The Rev., Recently dis- covered Pottery in Harly Dwellings, 382; Funereal Urns, 32; Ethnology of Cornwall, 224; Harly History of Corn- wall, 358; 390; Camps in Cornwall, 391; Catalogue of Saints connected with Cornwall, 439. Barrow, Rillaton, 21. Barrows, The Carland, Rev. R. Prior, Cardale, F.R.S., Basaltic Columns in West Devon, T. Clark, 128. Basset, Arthur F., Gift of Flint Imple- mee &c., from Carn Brea, 28; 145; Bennett, Col., in 1646; 18. Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, Collectanea Cornubiensia, G. C. Boase, 228. Boase, George Clement, Death of, 228. Bodmin Book of the Gospels, Rev. W. Iago, 149. Bolitho, William, Junr., Death of, 23. Bolitho, MMS Like Surnames. in Cornwall, 226. Books Purchased, 35. Borlase, W. Copeland, Motto on Hurling Ball, 18. Borlase, Dr., The Cornish Language, 17. Botathen Ghost, 222 Bray, G.S., Gift i Panel, 307. Brown, T. Foster, 224; 232. Bulbils and Gemme, F. H. Davey, 121. Bulb-Mite, Notes on the, F. H. Davey, 168. Burgess, W., Air Compressing and Rock- Drilling, 20. Cadgwith Log- books, R. Vallentin, 191. Cambrian Archzological Association, Visit to Cornwall, 16th August, 1895, ; 3l. Cardew, Cornelius, E., M.1I.C.EH., Gift of Books to Library, 2380. Carland Barrows. Describes of the, Rev. R. Prior, 356 ; Carlydnack Camp, wer. S. Rundle, 350. Carn Brea, The Exploration of, Thurstan C. Peter, 92. Carnarton Moor, Panel found at, 357. Carwinion Water, Caves at, Rev. S. Rundle, 352. Catalogue of Saints connected with Cornwall, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 439. Celia Fiennes in Cornwall, H. Michell Whitley, F.G.S., 184; 200. Chegwidden Tom, Perranporth, 234, Cheesewring, 22. Chivell, W., Death of, 24. Chilcott, J. G., Death of, 393. Cinerary Urns from Gunwalloc, J. D. Enys, F.G.S., 395; 400; 438. Clark, T. Basaltic Columns in West Devon, 128; Rock Section-cutting, 144. Coinage of Tin, J. D. Enys, 12. Plundering of Penzance Vi Coin of Cyprus found near Truro, J. D. Enys, 105. ; Collis, J. H., F.G.S., Specimens of Tin- Stones from Durango, 129; 133; Origin and Development of Ore Deposits in the West of England, 221; 283. Collins, Miss, Gift of Seals, 12 ; 27. Cornish, J. B., Origin of Cornish People, 225; The Men who made Cornish Mines, 391; 430. Cornish Domesday and Geld Inquest, H. Michell Whitley, 356; 548. Cornish Dedications, Rev. S. Baring- Gould, 439. ork Matters, Notes on, J. D. Enys, Cornish Mining in 1896, R. A. Thomas, 136 Cornwall, The Early History of, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 358. Cornwall, Ancient Bishops of, by Bishop Stubbs, 151. Cornubiana, No. 2, Rev. 8. Rundle, 350. Corresponding Members, List of, 7. Council, List of, 1; 30; 146; 233: 398. Council, Reports of, (77th) 23; (78th) 142; (79th) 228; (SO0th) 393. ou Miss Quiller, Cornish Holy Wells, Courtney, Right Hon. Leonard H., M.P.., Election as President, 30; 141; Dis- persion of Cornishmen, 211 ; Statistics of Cornwall, 217; Population of Cornwall, 220; Letter of Hlizabeth Trelawney, 272. Courtney, Miss, M.A., Lamps, 149. Courtney, W. P., Bibliotheca Cornubien- sis, 228. Cripplecreck. 181. Crossbills, Phenomenal Appearance of, F. H. Davey, 429. Crosses of Cornwall, A. G. Langdon. 149 Cunningham, J. T., The Lobster and the Crab, 233; 274. Davenes J. C., Presidential Chair, 10 ; Davies Gilbert, and Jonathan Horn- blower, Correspondence between, 14. Davey, F. G., Acclimatisation of Exotics in Cornwall, 233; 318; Bulbils and Gemme, 121; Discovery of Nitella Hyalina in Loe Pool, 400; Function of Colour and Smell in Fungi, 31, 162; New British Plants, 425; Notes on the Bulb-Mite, 134; 168; On the Dry Summer of 1896, 148; 171; On the Past Spring (1893), 400; 423; Phen- omenal Appearance of Crossbills, 429. Debell, John, 278. INDEX. - Devon and Cornwall Institution, Inter- change of Privileges, 30. Discovery of Nitella Hyalina in Loe Pool, F. H. Davey, 400. Dispersion of Cornishmen, Rt. Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., 211. Douay College, Pictures at, 222. Dolcoath Mine, Visit to, 232. Drim Camp, Rev. S. Rundle, 350. Duty of Cornish Engines, W. Sisson, M.1.M.E., 186. Harly Stone Crosses of Cornwall, A. G. Langdon, 11. Harly History of the Steam Engine, J. D. HWnys, 14. Harly History of Cornwall, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 358 Hast Pool, Meeting at, 233. Effects of a Dry Summer on Trees, J. D. Enys, 114. Enys, J. D., F.G.S., 9; Presidential Address, 10; Index to History of St. Gluvias, 11; Rings found at Glasney and Falmouth, 12; Coinage of Tin in Cornwall, 12; The Old Game of Hurling, 17; Gifts of Books, 28; 144; Falmouth Packets, 31 ; Ancient Coins, 103; Tin Mould, 148, Glass Lamp, 148; Gift of Portrait of William Gwavas, 229: Gifts of Trout from Loe Pool and British Association Report for 1896, 230; Gift of an Old Deed to Library, 391 ; Gift of Tinder-Box and Crusie, 394; Cinerary Urns from Gunwalloe, 400; 438. Enys, Mistletoe from, 235. Etknology of Cornwall, Rev. S. Baring- Gould, 224. Kustice. G.W., F.G.S., Gifts to Museum, 229. Exchanges with other Societies, 36. Excursions, Annual, 16th August, 1895, 21; 10th September, 1896, 188; 16th August, 1898, 387; 397. Exotics in Cornwall, Acclimatisation of, FE. H. Davey, 233; 318. Falmouth, Old Records of, J. D. Enys, 13. Falmouth Packet Monument, 31. Falmouth Packet Service, 204. Falmouth, Fauna of, Rupert Vallentin, 234; 264; 356; 533. Fisher, H. W., Tinners of Cornwall, 20. Flint Implements, T. C. Peter, 28 ; 143. Fogou at Bolleit, 388. Folk-Lore, Rev. S. Rundle, 358. Folk-Lore and Superstitions in Cornwall, Nevill E. Norway, 234. Foster, 0. Le Neve, 183. INDEX. Fox, Howard, F.G.S., Killigrew MSS., 52; Re-Survey of Cornwall, 136; Rosehill, 136. Fox, Miss “Anna Maria, Death of, 227. Franks, Sir A. ne) 13355 Interest in Cornish Antiquities, 222. Function of Colour and Smell in Fungi, EF. H. Davey, 162 Gear Camp, Rev. 8. Rundle, 351. Gerrans, J., Gifts to Museum, 394. Giddy, Davies, Force of Steam, 17. Gifts to Museum, 27; 33; 152; 285; 398. Gifts to Library, 54; 153; 286; 399. posolehin House of, G. E. Hadow, 356 ; 40 Golden, Mr. Tregian of, 221. Gold in Cornwall, R. Pearce, 132 ; 195. Good Friday, Christening of Dolls at Carnmarth on, 235. Grege, R. A., List of Presents, 134; Annual Report, 142; Technical Classes, 144; Meteorological Observations, 144; 389. Grenville, Sir R., at Golden, 253. Guatemala, Ancient Remains in, A. L. Lewis, 149 ; 159. Gunwalloe, Cinerary Urns from, 438. Gwavas, William, Portrait of, 229. Gwennap, Christening of Dolls at, 285. Hen G. H., House of Godolphin, 356 ; 407. Hamilton, Rev. W. A., Indian Butter- flies, 393. Harvey, Rev. y ee Mullion Church, 139 Heard, E. G., Helegan, oe fe Rev. S. Rundle, 352. Helm, Dr., Death ‘of, 393. Henwood Gold Medal, 31; Award of, 185 ; 145 ; Presentation of, 146; 397 Hiding Places at Golden in Probus, H Michell Whitley, 221; 252. Holland, Miss, Gift of Gonstable’s Staff, 143. Holy Wells, Miss Quiller Couch, 1'. Honorary Members, List of, 6 Hopwood, W, C.S., Shafts and Shaft Sinking, 391. Hornblower, Jonathan, Inventor of Steam Engine, 15. Hurling, The Old Game of, 17. Hut Circles at Kynanre, 140. Iago, Rev. W, Inscribed Stones of Cornwall, 11; Bronze Ring, 12; Rillaton Barrow, 21; Invitation to Cambrian Archeological Association to re-visit Cornwall, 22; Design for Presidential Chair, 30 ; Archdeaconry Records at Bodmin, 31; Henwood Gold Medal, 81; Heroes of the Old Falmouth vil Packet Service, 31; 204; List of Cornish Bishops, 32; ‘Che Destroyed Spire of Bodmin Church, 134; A Killigrew Memorial Brass, 134; A Brass in Gloucestershire, 134 ; Religious Houses of Bodmin, 136; Bodmin Book of the Gospels, 149; Priests’ Hiding Places, 221; Stone from Lepers’ Hospital at St. Lawrence, 357; Dawns Myin, 387. Illustration Fund, Subscribers to, 6. Jago, Dr., On Hurling Balls, 18. James, Hamilton, Reminiscences of Dr. L. H. Potts, 31; 116. James, Sir Henry, 143. Jeffery, H. Martyn, F.R.S., Executors of the Late, Gift of Books, 231. Jennings, P., Notes on Parliamentary History of Truro, 221; 243; 401. Parliamentary Election in Truro, 1832, 234. ; : Journals, No. 40, 29; No. 41 and No. 42, 145; No. 43 and No. 44, 396. Keam, T. V , Gift of Articles of North American Indian Manufacture, and of fossiliferous Red Sandstone from Arizona, 27. Killigrew MSS., relating to the Killigrew Monument at Falmouth, Howard Fox, 52. Killigrew, Sir Peter, Grant of a Fair, 14. King Arthur’s Hall, A. L. Lewis, 108. Kynance, Hut Circles at, 140. Langdon, A. G., Early Stone Crosses of Cornwall, 11; 149. Lanherne, Visit to, 221. Lanhydrock, Tin Image at, 222. Lewis, A. L., F.C.A., Rude Stone Mon- uments on Bodmin Moor, 107; 134; 149 ; Leaze Circle, L07 ; King Arthur’s Hall, 108; 161; Stannon Circle, 108; pent Remains at Guatemala, 149 ; Library, New Catalogue of, 29; 144; 230; Gifts to, 28; 84; 144; 153; 236; 396 ; 399. Life Members, List of, 2. Lobster and the Crab, The, Cunningham, 233 ; 274. Jo a Lobster Se Remarks on, R. Vallentin, 134; Loring, Mrs., Gift et “Ceylon Butterflies and Moths, 230 ; 398. Luxulyan Church, Moorish Tiles from, 149 ; 235. Lynwood asa Visit to, 3888. Maclean, Col., Maclean, Sir ae Death of, 10; 24; Otterham, 25; 145 Vill Malan, Rev. A. H., St. Clether Chapel and Holy Wells, 400 ; 41. ae Rey. R. Top St. Buryan Church, 38 Mayne Cuthbert, Rev. W. Iago, 221; H. Michell Whitley, 253. Members, Corresponding, List of, 7. Members, Honorary, List of, 6 Members, Life, List of, 2. Members, Subscribing, List of, 3. Meteorological Observations, 29; 144; 231; 396. Mcheorological Tables, 39; 155; 239; 402. Men who made Cornish Mines, J. B. Cornish, 391 ; 480. Merry Maidens, 387. Millett, G. Bown, Death of, 142; 209. Minerals of Cornwall, E. W. Newton, 224. Mining Record Office, C. Twite, F.G.S., 225. Moor, Rev. Canon A. P., Gifts of Books, 144’; 230; 355; 395. Mullion, 139. Mundy Peter, MS. of, 18. Museum, 7; Progress of the, 27; 142, 231; 393; Admissions to, 26; 142; 232 ; 394; Gifts to, 27; 33; 143; 152; 229 ; 235; 398. Natural History of the Lobster and the Crab, J. T. Cunningham, 274. Natural History Records, Some, F. H. Davey, 423. Nature Printing, HE. A. Witinsch, 9. Neen H. W., Minerals of Cornwall, Nix, A. P., Gift of Hgzs, 142. Nermey A. H., The Falmouth Packets, Norway. Nevill, E., Folk-Lore and Superstitions in Cornwall, 284. Notes on the Dry euauer of 1896, F. H. Davey, 148; 171 Notes on the Past Spring (1898), F. H. Davey, 400; Numidian Coin nee at Carn Brea, J. D. Enys, 13. Oates, Capt. W. J., Gold and Silver Ores from Peru, 395. Obituary Notices: Lord Swansea, 23; William Bolitho, Junr., 23; E. A. Winsch, F.G.S. 5 24; Charles Cardale Babington, FR &.. ‘24 W. Chivell, 24; Sir John Maclean, 24; Henry Sewell Stokes, 26; R. N. Worth, 142; 208; G. Bown Millett, 142; 209; G. C. Boase, 228; Robert Tweedy, 393; J. G. Chilcott, 898; Dr. Helm, 393, é INDEX. Officers, List of, 1; 30; 146; 233; 398. Oliver, Mrs., Gift of Crusie and Chill (Lamps), 144, Origin and Development of Ore Deposits in the West of England, J. H. Collins, 221 ; 283. Osborne, James, F.G.S., Gift of Ancient Roman Vases, Lamps, '&e., 2'7; Moorish Tiles from near Seville, 143 ; 235. Otterham, Sir John Maclean 25. Oxford, Bishop of, 150. Oyster. Cultivation at Falmouth, R. Vallentin, 149 ; 180. Parkyn, Major, F.G.S., Report of Council, 23; 140; 141; 389. Parliamentary Election in Truro, 1832, P. Jennings, 234; 343 Parliamentary History of ‘Truro, P. Jennings, 221; 243; 401. Pearce, Prof. Richard, Gifts to Library, 28 ; Donation towards New Catalogue, 29 ; Gift of Tin-Stones from Durango, 129; On Gold in Cornwall, 181; Gift of Eggs, 142; Prospecting for Gold in Cornwall, 195. Pearce, Richard, Penzance, Hurling Ball, 18. Belagie Life, Falmouth, R. Vallentin, 3. Pengwedna, Barrow at, Rev. S. Rundle, 351. Penny-come-quick, alias Smitheck, 14. Penryn, Mayor of, Petition for a Fair, 13. Peter, Mrs. Gifts to Museum, 143. Peter, Thurstan C., Flint Implements, 28; 143: Exploration on Carn Brea, 31; 92; Award of Henwood Gold Medal, 135 ; 145; Presentation of Henwood Gold Medal, 146 ; Superstit- ions in Cornwall, 235; 356 ; 357; Gifts to Museum, 395. Pilchard Fishery i in 1500, J. D. Enys, 14. Population of Cornwall, Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., 220. Potts, Reminiscences of Dr. L. H., Hamilton James, 116. Presidential Chair, 30. Prehistoric Remains in Cornwall, Rev. S. Rundle, 234. Presidents’ Addresses, J. D. Enys, 10. Rt. Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., 211. Rev S. Baring-Gould, 358. Prideaux Place, Roman Sepulchral In- scriptions at, 222. Priests’ Hiding Places at Golden, H. Michell Whitley, 252. Prior, Rev. R. Description of the Carland Barrows, 856, 485. INDEX. Proprietors, List of, 2. Queen, Her Majesty the, Patron of the Institution, 222; 60th Year of Her Reign, 222. Rare Silver Penny of King Stephen’s first coinage, J. D. Enys, 106. Rashleigh, Rev. J. K., Gift of Moorish Tiles from Luxulyan Church, 235. Records of Falmouth, Old, J. D. Enys, 138. Religious Houses of Bodmin, Rev. W. Tago, 136. Reminiscences of Dr. L. H. Potts, Hamilton James, 116. Reports of the Council, (77th) 23 ; (78th) 142; (79th) 228; (80th) 393. Re-Survey of Cornwall, 136. Rillaton Barrow, 21. Roberts, Capt. James, Gifts to Museum, 229. Rocks in the Falmouth District, On some, FE. J. Stephens, 136. Rogers, Capt. R.A., Gift of Urns from Gunwalloe, 395; 400; 438. Roman Inscriptions, Rev. W. Lago, 222. Rude Stone Monuments on Bodmin Moor, A. L. Lewis, 107; 134. Rundle, Rev. S., Prehistoric Remains in Cornwall, 234, Cornubiana, 35U. Se, Rey. J. H., Mullion Church, 139. Scientific Societies of Cornwall, Annual Joint Meetings of, 19; 136 ; 224; 232 ; 390 ; 397. Share, H. H., R.N., Gift of Lander’s Portrait, 229. Sharp, Mrs., Gifts to Museum, 27. Shephard, Mrs. Meliscent, Gift to Museum, 395. : Sibly, Mr., Stone from Lepers’ Hospital at St. Lawrence, 397. Sisson, W., M.I.M.E., Duty of Cornish Engines, 136. Smith, G. J., Luncheon at East Pool, 20. Smithsonian Institution, 396. Stannon Circle, A. L. Lewis, 108. Statistics of Cornwall, Rt. Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., 217. Steam Hngine, Harly History of, J. D. Enys, 14. Stephens, F. J., Discovery of Fossils and Formation of Granite, 20; On Certain Rocks in the Falmouth District, 186 ; Adventures of a Coruishman, 221 ; 278; Submarine Rock Fragments South of the Lizard, 224. Stokes, Henry Sewell, Death of, 10; 26. Stubbs, Bishop, Discovery of another Bishop (Daniel) of Cornwall, 32; 151. 1X St. Clether Chapel and Holy Wells, Rev. A. H. Malan, 400; 541. St. Crowan, Hut Circle at, Rev. S. Rundle, 351. St. Elvan’s Camp, Rev. 8. Rundle, 350. St. Gluvias, History of, J. D. Enys, 11. St. Manaccan, Camp at, Rev. S. Rundle, 1 351. St. Sithney, Amphitheatre at, Rev. 8S. Rundle, 351. Spring Meetings, 28th May, 1895, 9; 16th June, 1896, 181 ; 25th May, 1897, 211; 2nd June, 1898, 355. Submarine Rock Fragments South of the Lizard, F. J. Stephens, 224. Subscription to Institution, 7. Subscribers to Illustration Fund, 6. Swansea, Lord, Death of, 23. Tangye, Sir Richard, Gift of impression of Sir Walter Raleigh’s Seal, 229; Gift of Notes to his Cromvwellian Collection, 229 ; Loan of Tinder Boxes and old Sulphur Matches, 235. Technical Classes, 29; 144; 232; 396. Thomas, R. A., Notes on Cornish Mining 136. Tin, Coinage of, in Cornwall, 12. Tinners of Cornwall, H. W. Fisher, 20. Tin Stones from Durango, J. H. Collins, 129. Tooke, William, M.P., 340. Tregian, Mr., at Golden, 221. Trelawney, Elizabeth, Letter of, 272. Treloar, Alderman, Ludgate Hill, Past and Present, 395. Trevail, Silvanus, 133. Trevaskus Mine, 391. Trevithick, Letters of, 17. Trewoofe House, 388. Tweedy, Robert, Death of, 393. Twite, C., F.G.S., 133; Re-Survey of Cornwall, 136 ; Formation of a Mining Record Office, 225 United States Government, Gifts of Valuable Books by the, 28; 230; 395. Vallentin Rupert, Remarks on Pelagic Life in and near Falmouth Harbour, with additions to the Fauna of the district for 1894,43; Oyster Cultivation, 149; 180; Remarks on an Experimen- tal Lobster Hatchery, 134; 186 ; Cadgwith Logbooks, 191; Notes on the Fauna of Falmouth, 234; 254; 306 ; 533. Viscount Falmouth, British Village at Kynance, 188 ; 145. Visitors to Museum. 26 ; 142 ; 232 ; 394. Vivian, Col., Visitations of Cornwall, 25 Vivian, John Ennis, 345. x INDEX. Vivian, Sir R. Hussey, M.P., 347. Whitley, Rev. D. G.. Paleolithic Age in Whitley, H. Michell, I'.G.S., Celia Cornwall, 226. Fiennes in Cornwall, 134;200 ; Priests’ | Woolf, Mr., Duty of Engines in Corn- Hiding Places at Golden in Probus, wall, 15. 221; 252; Cornwall Domesday and |} Worth, R. N., Death of, 142 ; 145 ; 208. Geld Inquest, 356 ; 548; Architectural | Wunsch, BH. A., F.G.S., Nature Printing, History of St. Buryan Church, 387 ; 9; Death of, 24. Exeter Domesday Book, 401. ILLUSTRATIONS. Plan of Carn Brea site Judgment Seat, Carn Brea _... ah es Part of North Wall, do. Circle No. 4 do. Hut Circle, No. 10 do. Ase Juvelin and Arrow Head Gear fea Gan Brea ... Hearth and Cooking Holes, Carn Brea ... Plot of Circle 14 do. King Arthur’s Hall Stannon Circle Falmouth Packet Heroes Cuthbert Mayne’s Hiding Place, Elites Roa Bhatia os Cross at Helegan, Crowan Sketch Plan of Godolphin House Nitella hyalina - Cinerary Urns from Gunwalloe Map of Dedications to Saints of Cornwall St. Clether Well and Chapel previous to restoration East End of do. do. St. Clether Baptistery The Holy Well St. Clether Chapel and do. do. } The Well Chapel, St. Clether, restored ... 100 102 108 206 252 422 428 438 439 541 542 544 545 546 Hay: pie re aie aaa’, z ¥ PRINCES STREET, Contents. List of Officers sie #3 up List of Proprietors, Members and Associates Spring Meeting (1895) se a Address by J. D. Enys. F.G.8., President, cine Third Joint Annual Meeting of Cornish Scientific Pee ; Annual Excursion (1895) Annual Autumn Meeting ee Balance Sheet . : Msiseulocnaltt Tables ai oe Ae ey Ka Some Notes on Pelagic Life occurring in Falmouth Harbour, with additions to the Fauna of the ae by Rupert Vallentin .. Further Killigrew MS. relating to the Killigrow Monu- ment at Falmouth, by Howard Fox, F.G.8. ane The Exploration of Carn Brea (Illustrated), by Thurstan C. Peter, Member of the Council of the Institution Notes on Ancient Coins, Py hed OF oe F.G.8., Vice- President Rude Stone Monuments on Bodmin Moor ileal iy A. L. Lewis, F.S.A., Treasurer eee Institute Notes on the Effects of a Dey ee on a dy Bales Enys, F.G.8., Vice-President ‘ Reminiscences of Dr. L. H. Potts, one of the first - Secretaries R.1.C., by Hamilton Je ames, Member of the Council RT. C. i Sir og Bulbils and Gemmex, by F.H. Davey .. 5 Notes on Basaltic Colums in West oe by T. Clarke, Assoc. R.I.C. .. Specimens of Tinstones from Dae Hy J. A. Collins, Obituary Notices a Bh EF ss an a Corrigenda ... Be ats wie ee s vs Title Page and Index of Vol. XII. _ ia) 108 107 114. 116 121 128 129. 23-6 130 JOURNAL OF THE foal fostittio of {jornwall OL WA NOROE Part t.—7Sg6. TRURO PRINTED: |BY LAKE AND LAKE,. Lrp., PRINCES STREET, 1896. 9 Seri Royal Institution of Cornwall, FOUNDED 1818. Patron. THE QUEEN. Vice=Patron. H.R.H. tHe Prince or WALES, DUKE oF CoRNWALL, K.G., &e. Trustees. Lorp RoBARTES. Sir C. B. GRAVES-SAWLE, Bart. Mr. F. G. Enys. Cou. TREMAYNE. COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1895-96. President. THE Rigut Hox. Leonarp H. Courtney, M.P. Vice=Presidents. Ven. ARCHDEACON CornisH, M.A. | Rev.W. aco, B.A., L.Sxc.S.A., Lon. Rey. Canon Moor, M.A., M.R.A.S. | Mr. E. Dunxin, F.B.S., F.R.A.S. Mr. Joun Davies Enys, F.G.S. __—-Wreasurer. Mr. A. P. Nix, Truro. Secretarics. Magor Parkyn, F.G.8., Truro. Rev. W. Iago, B.A., Westheath, Bodmin. Other Members of Council, Mr. W. KH. Baty. Mr. THURSTAN C. PETER Mr. Howarp Fox, F.G.S8. Rey. A. R, Tomiinson, M.A. Mr. HAMILTON JAMES. Mr. Ropert TWEEDY. Mr. F. W. Micuett, C.E. Rev. D. G. WHITLEY. CHANUELLOR Pau, M.A. | Corresponding Secretary for East Cornwall. Rev. W. Lago, B.A,, Westheath, Bodmin. Joint Editors of the Journal Rey. W. Jaco, B.A. Masor Parxkyn, F.G.S. Librarian and Curator .of Museum. Me. R. A. Grece, Royal Institution, Truro. D MEMBERS. «Proprietors : (The following or their qualified Representatives). Viscount Falmouth. Lord Churston. Lord Clinton. Lord Robartes. Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., F.R.S. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. Sir C. B. Graves-Sawle, Bart. Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart., Sir William Williams, Bart. Sir S. T. Spry. Baynard, William. Boase, G. C. Buller, J. H. Carlyon, E. T. Carpenter, John Chilcott, J. G. Clyma, W. f. Edwards, Miss Enys, J. S., F.G.S. Fox, Charles. Fox, KR. W., F.R.S. Gregor, F. G. Hartley; W. H. H. Hawkins, J. H., F.R.S. Hawkins, C. H. T. Hendy, James. Hogg, John, M.D. Hogg, Mrs. Iago, Rev. W., B.A. Jenkins, Rev. D. Leverton, Mrs. FOR: Leverton-Spry, E. J. Michell, Edward. Michell, W. Michell, Col. Milford, J. J. Nankivell, J. J. Nankivell, J. T. Paddon, W. H. Parkyn, Major, F.G.S. Potts, Miss Rogers, Francis. Rogers, Rev. H. St. Aubyn. Rogers, Rev. R. Bassett, B.A. Rogers, Capt., R.A. Rogers, Rev. W., M.A. Rogers, Reginald. Spry, Mrs. Stokes, H. S. Tweedy, Robert. Tweedy, E. B. Tweedy, W. Tweedy, R. M. Tweedy, Charles. Tweedy, Miss Tweedy, Miss C. Vivian, John Ennis. Wightman, Col. Williams, R. H., M.R.C.S. Williams, B. Willyams, H. Willyams, A. C. Gite Nembers. Parkyn, Major, F.G.S., Hon. Sce. Foster, C. Le Neve, D. Sc., FE.R.S. Fox, Kobert. Collins, J. R. Waren, lal, lel. Truro. Llandudno. Falmouth. Bodmin. Tregavethan, Truro, MEMBERS. 3 Subscribing Members. H.R.H. Tue Prince or Wates, Duke or Cornwatt, K.G., £20 SUBSCRIBERS Viscount Robartes, The Right Hon. Lord Tremayne, John.. Williams, John Charles SUBSCRIBERS OF Baily, W. E. eds Baring-Gould, Rev. &, M.A. Barrett, Henry Barrett, John. Basset, Arthur F. Bawden lane Beauchaump, E. Beauchaump . Bellamy, F. J. Boase, G. C. Bolitho, Col... ae Bonython, J. Langdon. — Bourke, Rev. Sub-Dean,. M. Ne Bray, G. S.. Bryant, James Bullen, W Burnard. Ronee us Carlyon, F. H., M.D. Chilcott, J. G. Clyma, W. J. CollinsyDighy = —- Cornwall, Ven. echdeacon ok, J. R. Cornish, M.A. Cozens, F. A. .. Daubuz, jie Claude = 9s Davey, Geo., F.C.S., M. Be J)onaldson, Rew. Canon M.A. . Dorrien-Smith, T. A.. Dorrmetomy die Dunkin, Edwin, F.R.S., eae, Enys, F.G... OF TWO GUINEAS. Falmouth, Col. The Right Hon. Tregothnan, Truro. Lanhydrock, Bodmin. Heligan, St. Austell. Caerhays Castle, St. Austell. ONE GUINEA. Lynwood, Paul, Penzance. Lew Trenchard, N. Devon. Robartes Terrace, Vruro. 71, Lemon Street, Truro. Tehidy, Camborne. 1, Upper Lemon Villas, Truro. Trevince, Scorrier. Dolvean, Falmouth. 36, James Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W. Poltair, Penzance. Adelaide, South Australia. The Rectory, Truro. Redruth. 6, Parkvedras Terrace, Truro. 15, Parade, Truro. 3, Hillsborough, Plymouth. Lemon Street, Truro. Gwendroc, Truro. to, St. Nicholas Street, Truro. Newton Ferrers, Callington. The Vicarage, Kenwyn. 19, King Street, Truro. Killiow, Truro. Claremont Road, Redruth. Lanhydrock Terrace, ‘lruro. Tresco Abbey, Isles of Scilly. Colchester Villas, Truro. Kenwyn, K idbrooke Park Road, “Blackheath, S.E. Enys, Penryn. 4 MEMBERS. Enys, John D., F.G 8. Enys, Miss . ae Estridge, Rev. Sub. _Dean . Fisher, Herbert W., Vice Se of the Stannaries Flint, Rev. S. R., M.A. Fortescue, J. Bevill Foster, Lewis C. Foster, R., M.A. Se Fox, Howard, F.G.S... Freeman, W. G. Furniss, Mrs. J. C. Gilbert, C. Davies Gill, W.N.. Gill, John, F. Cz S. -Graves-Sawle. Sir C. B., Bart, as Gregory, Charles Grylls, W.M. .. Harvey, Rev. Canon, M. A. Harvey, Robert .. Harvey, J. Boyd lale@aimel, Io Ge oe Helm, G. H., M.D. .. Hodgkin, Thos. .. lla, ewes Won Isic’ 6 Jago, Mrs. .. James, Hamilton James, John Jennings, Amos... Jennings, P. ; Jones, Samuel. Jun. oe Julian, James Keam, ‘I. V. So King, F., M.R.C.S. King, 2 Maa: Lake & Laika, Lit, Miesers, Langdon, A. G.. Layland- Barratt, Lewis, Rev. F. .. Lawrence, Edwin, M. P. borane Leverton-Spry, E. J... Michell, F. W., C.E... Enys, Penryn. Enys, Penryn. The Rectory, Truro. Tg, Second Avenue, Brighton. Nansawsan, Ladock. Boconnoc, Lostwithiel. The Coombe, Liskeard. Lanwithan, Lostwithiel. Falmouth. Penryn. Lemon House, Truro. Trelissick, Truro. Comprigney, Truro. Helston. Penrice, St. Austell. 80, Lombard Street, London, E.C. Falmouth. The Sanctuary, Probus. 1, Palace Gate, London, W. Tondt, Bridgend, Glamorgan. Boscawen Street, Truro. Marazion. ~ Banwell Dene, Newent. on- Tyne. Westheath, Bodmin. Robartes Terrace, ‘Truro. Lemon Street, Truro. Colchester Villas, Truro. Victoria Square, Truro. St. Day, Scorrier. Redruth. 74, Lemon Street, Truro. Keam’s Canon, Arizona,U.S.A. 75, Lemon Street, iruro: Falmouth. Princes Street, Truro. 17, Craven Street, Strand, W.C. 39, Lennox Gardens, S.W. St. John’s Vicarage, Truro, 13, Carlton House Terrace, London, S.W. St. Keverne, Helston. Kedruth. MEMBERS. 5 Millett, G. Bown, M.R.C.S. Moor, Rev. Canon, M.A., PVEReAT Se EARa Gas: Moore, Kev. Canen, M.A. Mount Edgcumbe, The Right Hon. the Earl of Nalder, F. Nix, Arthur P. Norway, A. Planlione Norway, Nevell E., M.R.C.S. .. @sbore, |: shew. Gas-2- Parkyn, Col. Geo. J... Paull, Mrs. . ey Pasace, Samuel .. Deemee, IR, CLS, EUR Waes- Seagull Pearce, Gilbert B. Pease, Wim. Peter, Thurstan C. Pinwill, Capt. Prideaux-Brune, C. cu Rashleigh, Jonathan .. Renfree, P. A. .. . Rodd, Francis R. ; Roe, ING Ike Sos M.A. Rogers, Capt., R.A. Rogers, Joseph . Rogers, Ralph Baron. Seargeant, C. .. Sharp, Edward, M.R. C. S., Smith, Col. G. J. oe Smith, Lady Protheroe Smith, W. Bickford .. Soentlay Is le : Stephens, Rev. P, Sun M.A. St. Germans, The Right Hon. the Earl of St. Levan, The Rt. Hon. Lord.. Swansea, The Rt. Hon. Lord .. Tangye, George... Tangye, Sir Richard . Thomas, John Thomas, Henry .. Chapel Street, Penzance. The Vicarage, St. Clement's. Treneglos, Kenwyn. Mount Edgcumbe, Devonport. Falmouth. : Mount Charles, Truro. 16, Somerset Road, Ealing, London. Newquay, Cornwall. 5, Clifton Villas, Truro. Plen, Newquay. Bosvigo, ‘Truro. Pentreve, Truro. Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. The Beeches, Hayle. Lostwithiel. Redruth. Trehane, Probus. Prideaux Place, Padstow. Menabilly, Par Station. Redruth. Trebartha Hall, Launceston. Lanteglos, Camelford. Penrose, Helston. Glenserth, Truro. Penalverne, Falmouth. . River Street, Truro. 18, Lemon Street, Truro. Treliske, ‘Truro. Tremorvah, Truro. Trevarno, Helston. Hillside Villa, Truro. The Rectory, St. Erme. Port Eliot, St. Germans. St. Michael’s Mount, Marazion. Singleton, Swansea. Cornwall Works, Birmingham. Glendorgal, Newquay. 25, Kensington Palace Man- ~ sions, London, W. Tolgarrick, Truro. 6 MEMBERS. Tomlinson, Rev. A. R., M.A... Tregoning, C. E. Tremayne, Col. ; Trevail, Stile, M. So ‘A. Tripp, C. Upton, M.A. Truro, the Lord Bishop of Truro, the Chancellor of the Dic: cese of, R. M. Paul, M.A. Tweedy, Robert.. .. Vinter, H. W., M.A., E.G.S. Vivian, Gehan Bendannes! C.B. Vyvyan, Rev. Sir Vyell D., Bart. Wade, W. Cecil.. a \WihitleyssKev. DD aGae Williams, M. H. Williams, S. Williams. B. Worlledge, Rev. Chancellor,M.A. Worth, T. St. Michael Penkevil, Probus. Princes Street, Truro. Carclew, Perran-ar-worthal. 80, Lemon Street, Truro. The Grove, Addlestone, near Weybridge, Surrey. Trenython, Par Station, Southleigh, Truro. Truro Vean House, Truro. Truro College, Truro. Bosahan, Helston. ‘Trelowarren, Helston. Victoria Chambers, Plymouth. Baldhu Vicarage, Chacewater. Pencalenick, Truro. 2, Moss Grove Villas, Whit- worth Park, Manchester. Westbourne Villa, Truro. 4, Strangways Terrace, Truro. Lemon Street, Truro. Subscribers to Sllustration Fund. Boase, G. C. ee Gilbert, C. Davies Harvey, Robert .. Rashleigh, Jonathan .. St. Levan, Lord .. London. TVrelissick, Truro. 1, Palace Gate, London, W. Menabilly, Par Station. St. Michael’s Mount. Gonorary Members. Collins, J. H, F.G.S. Dickinson, Joseph, F.G.S. Moissenet, Leon Rowe, J. Brooking, F.L.S. Whitley, H. Michell, F.G.S. 15, Broad Street, Avenue, London, E.C. South Bank, Pendleton, Manchester. Chaumont, Haute Marne, France. Castle Barbican, Plympton. Trevella, Eastbourne. MEMBERS. 7 Corresponding Wembers. Dunkin, E.H.W. .. .. .. 3, Therapia Road, Honor Oak, S.E Rattisonsiss Re, vHsGass ase ae) 5p Tabard hoes Road, Hampstead, London, N.W. NVionthwwherNe EGooe 0 blymouth. ; Associutes. Clarks athomase..) sane -o) Mitchell ull terraces inure! Colessihomas, Gb o4)) 4.) 4.) Victonialstreet, Wondon: James, J. H. .. .. +.» .. Lruro Vean Terrace, Truro. Hobbaihomeasenal- ce eee Devore Michell Sable re i or. ose. le Swansea: Pearce knGsoe lee aoe Denver, Colorado. WsSsAe ithomas jlosiah) 92) 42) a lrezenna,. Camborne: Williams, R. H., F.G.S. .. .. Cuddra, St. Austell. The Honorary Secretaries will be obliged if the Members will notijy errors or necessary alterations in this list. The MUSEUM is open to Members and their families every day except Sunday, between the hours of Ten and Four o’clock during the winter, and between Ten and Five o’clock in the summer. The Museum is open to the public, free of charge, on WEDNESDAYS, from Eleven until Four. On other days, au admission fee of sixpence is required. A Subscription of One Guinea entitles the Subscriber to all the public- ations issued by the Institution, to admission to the Museum, for himself and family on every day of the week (except Sunday), and to the Meetings of the Society ; and to ten transferable Tickets of admission to the Museum whenever open. ok iwwge Wind Wopal Enstitution of Cornwall. —_———— SPRING MEETING, 1895. ooo The Spring Meeting was held on Tuesday, May 28th, at the rooms of the Institution, Truro. The chair was taken by the President, Mr. J. D. Enys, F.G.S., who delivered his address. The following papers were then read :— ‘The Fauna of Falmouth Harbour for 1894,” by Mr. Rupert Vallentin. ‘‘Further Killigrew MSS. relating to the Killigrew Pyramid or Monument at Falmouth, and other matters,’’ by Mr. Howard Hox. h.G.S. ‘‘ Bulbils and Gemme,” by Mr. F. H. Davey. ‘‘ Basaltic Columns in West Devon,” by Mr. T. Clark. ‘“The Rude Stone Monuments of Cornwall,” by Mr. R. N. Worth, F.G.S. Mr. E. A. Winsch, F.G.S., gave an exposition of a new method of nature printing discovered by himself. He said a year ago he gave some particulars on the subject, but then it was quite possible to take impressions of the under sides of the leaves, but as to the upper sides it was entirely impractical and unsuccessful. Since then, taking a hint from photographers, and their refinements in the manipulation of gelatine, he had succeeded in perfecting the process by means of which both sides of the leaves could be printed perfectly successfully, as shewn by specimens exhibited. On the primrose leaf the convolutions were so produced that the fine lines which were hardly percepti- ble in nature, came out well. He had quite recently hit upon the process, and he hoped between this and July to be able to show at the Falmouth Institution something more perfect. On the motion of Mr. J. G. Chilcott, seconded by Canon Donaldson, a vote of thanks was passed to the authors of papers, and donors to the museum and library. 10 THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. In addressing the members of this Institution for the second time, I cannot but regret that my first duty is to report the losses by death sustained by us during the past year. First that of our late President, Sir John Maclean. The Royal Institution of Cornwall has long enjoyed the benefit of Sir John Maclean’s researches, in the many and interesting papers he has contributed to the Journal, as well as in the volumes of his works in our library. These speak for themselves of an immense amount of research and ability in compilation, though I fear that a History of Cornwall on the lines of Sir John’s History of the Hundred of Trigg Minor would take up more time and demand more energy than could be well afforded by most of those interested in the County and its history.. Then in the death of Mr. H. Sewell Stokes, Cornwall has lost a son by adoption if not by descent, and the Institution a staunch supporter. His poems and other works were greatly valued by Tennyson and Longfellow. Of his public life, we, as a society, cannot speak, but we know he was held in high esteem by every section of society in the county. The Chair which I occupy for the first time, as the Presiden- tial chair of the Royal Institution, has an interesting history. When the old church of St. Mary’s was taken down, (with the exception of the south aisle, now embodied in the Cathedral, ) the old fittings were sold, and Mr. J. C. Daubuz purchased the carved work of the Mayor’s seat, and presented it to the Royal Institution. It is rather interesting that in the picture hung at the end of this room, the Mayor’s seat is shown in one position in the church, whilst in an old engraving of the interior of Truro church it is shown in another. Its date, I should say, would be before 1681-85. Ifso, in the year 1895 I am occupying the same seat, under different circumstances, that one of my ancestors occupied when Mayor of Truro in those years. I have recently found an an old drawing of my father’s, showing an alteration for the improvement of the old Mayoral chair at Truro. The parts of the present chair which are ancient, are the top and two side portions; the rest is new. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 11 There are two important books, (one of which is in the press) which I trust will be published shortly, namely, Mr. A. G. Langdon’s work on the Harly Stone Crosses of Cornwall, and the Rey. W. Iago’s on the Inscribed Stones of Cornwall, both of which are of the highest interest to Cornishmen. Some of the engravings of the crosses in Mr. Langdon’s work I have pleasure in submitting for your inspection, and am glad to say they come up to my idea of what such illustrations should be, that is, showing the kind of stone used for the crosses, and faithfully detailing the rude carvings on them. Over 300 of these engrayv- ings will appear in Mr. Langdon’s book, all of which are reduced to the same scale. A work on the Cornish Holy Wells, by Miss Quiller Couch. has recently been published, much of the information for which was collected by Dr. Couch, of Bodmin, some years ago. It is of great value to those of antiquarian tastes, as it not only shows the locality and state of the wells, but also their former conditions and usages. Referring to my former address, where I suggested a complete index to the various County Histories, I now give an example of such an index, which I believe would be of great value to Cornish students, and have chosen my own parish of St. Gluvias as an illustration. Ist edition Carew, 1602 [p. 53 (vol. 2) Faires], p. 150 (vol. 2), onda | L228. 200 (vols 2): 3rd ,, 1759, p. 151 (vol. 2). Ain leh, p. 364. Hals, 1750, p. 144. Hals in Gilbert ene ie. ‘ 1838, p. 92, vol. 2 Lysons, 1814, vol. i, p. 118. Drew and Hitchens, 1824, p. 289. Davies Gilbert, 1838, vol. ii, p.92. Norden, 1728, p. 49. Parochial TERI oar published by Lake, 1868, Wal Te [Os es C. 8. Gilbert, 1820, vol. ii, p. 785. I much regret the delay in the publication of the last number of the Journal, and may state that the following number is being 12 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. put together, and the council trust to have it in the hands of our members in a short time. Since our last meeting, no matter of particular interest to our society has come under my notice, but I have brought for your inspection an interesting silver ring, dug up near the site of the old college of Glasney, at Penryn; it bears a letter S with branches of what may be palm on each side, and is well cut. I have also obtained a short account of a small gold ring, found some time since in a parish abutting on Falmouth Harbour, the only mark on it being a fleur-de-lis. I regret that this ring is lost to Cornwall, having passed into a large collec- tion of rings out of the county. It was pronounced to be a very early sample of a rare kind of French ring. The Rev. W. Iago exhibited to us a short time since a bronze ring, with the head of a serpent, found by a lady; it was embedded in freshly formed sandstone, under the cliffs in Trevone bay, near Padstow, but I regret to say this ring was broken in taking it out. I have taken no particular subject for study this year, but have made a variety of notes ou Cornish matters which have come under my observation, the reading of which may be interesting to many. Notres on CornisH Martrsrs. Miss Collins, of Bodmin, has presented a most interesting set of the original matrices of the seals of the archdeacons of Cornwall, and others, amongst them that of the Leper Hospital of St. Laurence, near Bodmin. This matrix, with a brass candlestick, was bought in one lot at a sale, for a small sum. COINING OF TIN. In the years 1661 to 1671, Christopher Bellot, of Bodmin, and Samuel Enys obtained (through Lord Arundel it would seem) the coinage of tin for the county of Cornwall, and the account books show the amount of tin coined during those years. I have selected from these books such extracts as I thought would be of interest, and a list of such persons as have descendants or representatives still existing in the county. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 13 William Gregor, John Beachamp, W. Cornish, R. Lobb, James Hearle, William Oppy, Thomas Cox, Elias Heard, W. Rosewarne, —. Grills, S. Hext, Edward Tremayne, Thomas Nankivell, John Borlase, R. Freeman, Francis Buller, Daniel Moyle, Jonas Rowe, Robert Hawkin, Henry Williams, Thomas Tonkin, Richard and Thomas Enys, Richard Roscrow, Sir F. Godolphin, John Saint Aubyn, John Rogers, Charles Ustick, Thomas Bolitho. 1662. The tyn coyned "Xmas 4-year £1098 05 00 2Qnd 4-year... ; 56 1508 17 00 1663. Se Sp op we 50 a 2428 02 00 2nd 4... 56 ee 2504 04 I1 A journey to Totiden cost a iil () Back cy ee te 3 1 0 My horse meate aay 56 3 2 0 My chamber cost 56 113 0 April 14th, 1664.. 12 07 10 13 weeks, my expenses in meate, 33 10 10 drinke, coach and boat hire Journey in 1667 up O0 4 9 6 Down Se : 50 4 5 6 Horse meate ar ve 5 2 6 138 17 6 OLD RECORDS OF FALMOUTH. That the old name by which Falmouth was known was Pennycomequick is substantiated by the following two notices: first from the Record Office, date Nov. 1660, Charles 11, vol. xx1r. ‘‘The Mayor of Penryn, Cornwall, petition that no grant of 14 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. fair or market be made to Sir Peter Killigrew without their knowledge, as he has threatened decay by his causing, by his interest, the Custom House and a weekly market to be removed to Penny-come-quick, alias Smitheck. The second comes from a MS. at Enys, of the coynage dues, under date of 1663, Feb. 14. ‘¢ Ambros Jeninens, of Pennicomquick.”’ PILCHARD FISHING IN 1500. Some years since, I found some interesting documents relating to the Pilchard industry in the Record Office in London, and also in an old MS. letter book preserved at Enys Under July 17th, 1591, at the Record Office was an order made in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ‘‘that no more Fumadoes* were to be made, so that the Queen’s enimays might not be supplied with provisions, and be able to remain on the coast.” This looks like a report that the loyal Cornish supplied the enemy with food, or that the Queen’s advisers feared the enemy would take it by force. Another order was “‘that no fish should be removed from the place of landing it till after 2 or 3 tydes, so that the inhabi- | tants should not be deprived of their 1st chance of fresh fish.” Same date, 1591, ‘‘Pilchards yield £16 per ton in the straits to the merchants.” ‘“‘In Charles IT reign, pilchards were brought by land from St. Ives, to be shipped at Penzance, at twice the cost of conveying them by sea, in consequence of the amount of French and Turkish vessels that rendered it dangerous to carry them by sea. THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE STEAM ENGINE must always be of special interest to Cornwall, as she claims some of the earliest inventors, and I have therefore no hesitation in reading some extracts from a correspondence between Davies Giddy, afterwards Davies Gilbert, and Jonathan Hornblower, extending over a period of 14 years, from March, 1790 to 1814. The letters are in my possession, having been given to my father, J. 8. Enys, by Mr. D. Gilbert, and the correspondence is fortu- nately complete, as Mr. Davies Gilbert had his letters returned * The Casign on fair maids used for queanisel ale henils : is no doubt derived from this word, meaning smoked pilchards. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 15 to him by Miss Hornblower on the death of Jonathan Hornblower in 1815. There are about 60 letters of J. Hornblower and 50 of Davies Gilbert. The first letter, dated March 25th, 1790, makes an appointment to meet Mr. Davies Gilbert at Tincroft, and the following note made by Davies Gilbert, in 1815, when recording Hornblower’s death, alludes to his appointment. “Feb. 23rd, 1815. On this day died Mr. Jonathan Hornblower, of Penryn, inventor of the steam engine with two cylinders.” ‘““T became acquainted with this gentleman in 1790, when I met him at Tincroft mine in Illogan to talk about purchasing a model steam engine for Oxford; and for several years after I frequently assisted him in making experiments, and especially in calculations.” ‘“‘T most earnestly recommended him to try the condensation of strong steam raised by a quick fire.” ‘““T founded my opinion of strong steam on the principle that about 1000 thermometrical degrees of heat being rendered latent by the conversion of water into steam, it seemed to me very improbable that the capacity of steam could be so great as to require a 1000 degrees more to double its elasticity. These recommendations were made about 1793.” “In 1815, Mr. Woolf is actually performing 38 millions by this means, when 20 years ago the average duty of engines in Cornwall was about 14 millions.” ‘7 first got acquainted with Mr. Jonathan Hornblower in consequence of his having applied the expansive power of steam by the application of a second cylinder about twice the capacity of the first. He constructed a working model, which I wished to have purchased for a lecturer at Oxford. I met Mr. H. ata mine in Camborne, where he had put up a large engine on this principle, and he was very much surprised when I gave him the power of his second cylinder as compared with the first, supposing the vacuum perfect and friction evanescent.” I quote the original description of this engine from a printed bill got ready to be introduced into the House of Commons to secure an extension of his patent for this engine, 1792. Original patent dated 13th July, 21 Geo. ur, or 1780. 16 Ist. 2nd. ord. 4th. oth. 6th. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. ‘“‘T use the vessels in which the steam is to act, and which in other steam engines are called cylinders.” ““T employ the steam, after it has acted in the first vessel, to operate a second time in the other, by permitting it to expand itself, which I do by connecting the vessels together and forming proper channels and apertures whereby the steam shall occasionally go in and out of the said vessels.” “‘T condense the steam by causing it to pass in contact with metallic surfaces, while water is applied to the opposite side.” “To discharge the engine of the water used to condense the steam, I suspend a column of water in a tube or vessel constructed for that purpose, on the principles of the barometer, the upper end having open communication with the steam vessels and the lower end immersed into a vessel of water.’ ‘‘To discharge the air which enters tke steam vessels with the condensing water or otherwise, I introduce it into a separate vessel, whence it is protruded by the admission of steam.” ‘“‘That the condensed vapour shall not remain in the steam vessels in which the steam is condensed, I collect it into another vessel, which has open communication with the steam vessel, and the water in the mine or river.”’ Lastly. ‘‘In cases where the atmosphere is to be employed to act on the piston, I use a piston so constructed as to admit steam round its periphery, and in contact with the sides of the steam vessel, thereby to prevent the external air from passing in between the piston and the sides of the steam vessel.” In an enclyclopedia published at Edinburgh, Hornblower describes his first model of a double acting engine as having been made in 1776, and which worked well, but was not carried any further in deference to his father’s advice, relative to mechanical difficulties in his use of a lid to the steam vessels. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 17 This article was written by J. Hornblower, assisted by Davies Giddy, as is recorded in a letter of Oct. 22nd, 1792. In a letter of Davies Giddy’s, dated May 27th, 1792, is drawn a diagram of the force of steam as exerted at different parts of the stroke of the piston, which is almost the same as that now used. I have a diagram of the 90-in. engine working at Wheal Grenville, drawn in May, 1894, for comparison. The letters of Richard Trevithick to Mr. Davies Gilbert, commencing about 1804, are also of interest, and I can only regret that the answers to them were not preserved, as, judging from those to Hornblower, they would have shown the same kindly readiness to help in making calculations for the practical experimenter. Most of Mr. R. Trevithick’s letters have been published by T. Trevithick, C.E., his son, in the life of his father, but I have many that have not been published. THE OLD GAME OF HURLING formerly so common in many parts of the county, but now chiefly confined to the district round St. Columb, has left some interest- ing remains in the silver balls used in these matches. Whenever I have had an opportunity to examine them, I have found them made of wood covered with two plates of silver fastened to the wood with nails, having heads formed, in one case, like roses, and generally of about the same size. One I have lately seen differs from all others in being pierced through by a hole about an inch across. The silver plate on one side covering the hole remains, and is engraved with a circle marking the hole, and a pattern showing an open flower in the centre pierced with small holes; on the other side the silver has been broken away, but the pattern was different as shown by small remains of foliage engraved round it. One side has ‘‘ God save the King;” the other half has inscribed round it, ‘‘ Play fare, bee merry and wise, that of your sport no harm arise.”’ From MSS. of Dr. Borlase on the Cornish Language, &c., I extract the following— : 18 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. ‘‘Motto on a hurling ball— Theram ky do why an Belema, De Guare gen Bonogath da. I do bestow on you this ball, In goodwill for to play withall.” After the plundering of Penzance by Col. Bennett and his troopers, sent from Pendennis during the Commonwealth, in 1646, a procession was formed through the streets of Penryn preceded by 3 men, each carrying a silver hurling ball tied to his sword. Thisis recorded by Peter Mundy in his MS., now in the British Museum. One ball has recorded on it the name of the place where it was used. Dr. Jago, in a paper in our Journal of Oct., 1866, mentions several hurling balls, and exhibited one which was an heirloom in the family of the late Mr. Richard Pearce, of Penzance. It bore the date of 1704, preceded by the following inscription :— “Paul Tuz whek Gware tek heb ate buz Henwis.” Mr. Richard Edwards, of Penzance, gives the following as an approximate translation :—‘“‘Fair play without malice is called good play.” Mr. Copeland Borlase also, in a former Journal, quotes from a MS. of Dr. Borlase, (which is now in my possession) a motto on a hurling ball :— Gware tég yn guare whég. Fair play is good play.—(Zonkin MS.) Hurling balls exist at Newton Ferrers, Enys, Penrose, Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society’s Museum, Lanhydrock, and in the possession of R. Couch of Penzance, and others. 19 THIRD ANNUAL JOINT MEETING OF THE CORNISH SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. The Scientific Societies of Cornwall—The Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, The Royal Institution of Cornwall, The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, and The Mining Association and Institute of Cornwall,—held their annual joint meeting on Tuesday, July 16th, 1895. The principal item in the day’s programme was a rock-drilling demonstration at Wheal Agar mine. This was arranged by the Tuckingmill Foundry Company, who have recently erected at Wheal Agar a splendid specimen of Mr. McCulloch’s new compound air-compressor, of which some interesting particulars will be found in a later portion of this report. The Foundry Company are the makers not only of this engine, but of the ‘“‘ Rio Tinto” and “ Little Hercules” rock drills, of which Mr. McCulloch is also the inventor and patentee. The ‘‘ Rio Tinto” is a drill of world-wide fame, having come out of many important competitions with flying colours. The ‘Little Hercules,” a more recent invention, is claimed by Mr. McCulloch to represent a great improvement on the ‘‘ Rio Tinto.’’ It is much lighter and shorter, and to show that it combines with these advantages the still greater advantage of increased speed capacity, was the principal object of the demonstration which took place on Tuesday. A large company assembled at Wheal Agar, and watched the proceedings with the greatest possible interest. The drills were tested on large blocks of the hardest granite, and were worked at an air pressure of seventy pounds to the square inch. Mr. William Thomas, secretary of the Mining Association and Institute, acted as adjudicator, and the results as given by him were as follow :— In the first case the ‘‘ Rio Tinto”’ bored five inches in a minute ; whilst ‘‘Thelittle Hercules” bored 12% inches in 57 seconds, each with a 14 inch bit. A horizontal hole, five feet four and a half inches long, was next bored by ‘‘The Little Hercules” in eight minutes fifty three seconds. The time occupied in this trial from start to finish, including stoppages, was 18 minutes, and the bits varied from 23 inches down to 14 inches. In the next 20 MEETING OF CORNISH SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. demonstration, ‘‘The Little Hercules” bored a vertical hole, two feet eleven inches deep, with bits varying from 23 inches to 13 inches. The running time in this case was six minutes thirty eight seconds, and the full time occupied, including stoppages, nine and a half minutes. The performances of the little machine were regarded by all present as being highly satisfactory, and hearty congratulations were tendered to Mr. George J. Smith, the principal of the foundry, and Mr. McCulloch who superin- tended the demonstrations. After inspecting the air-compressor, the company adjourned to East Pool account-house, where they were entertained at a luncheon by Mr. G. J. Smith ; after which the following papers were read at Carn Brea account house. _ “ Recent discoveries of fossils at Nelly’s Cove Porthallow,” and ‘‘Some modern ideas as to the formation of granite,’ by Mr. F. J. Stephens. “The Convocations of the tinners of Cornwall,” by Mr. H. W. Fisher. “Keonomy and speed in Air-Compressing and Rock- Drilling,” by Mr. W. Burgess. The reading of these papers concluded the business of the meeting. 21 THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. The annual excursion of the members of the Royal Institution of Cornwall took place on Friday, 16th August, and the Cambrian Archeological Association, holding its meeting at Launceston, (having been invited to visit Cornwall by the former society), it was decided to join the excursion of the Cambrian Archeological Society to the Cheesewring. The members of the Royal Institu- tion came to Liskeard and drove out first to Kilmar, the tor beyond the Cheesewring, and then met the excursion of the Cambrian Association at the Cheesewring Hotel for luncheon. The Cheesewring and the prehistoric remains near it were explored, after a capital luncheon at the Cheesewring Hotel. Mr. Harris, superintendent of the Caradon Railway, added much to the interest of the visit by his explanations and local informa- tion. A visit was first made to what is known as the Rillaton Barrow—so named from the manor on which it is situated—in which a remarkable gold drinking cup was found in 1837. Mr. Iago produced an enlarged drawing of it. It is 82 inches in height, and the bullion value of it is £10. Mr. Harris stated that before the cup was found there was a curious legend current in the neighbourhood. Whenever hunters came round that way, the Arch Druid would receive them sitting in his chair, and would offer them drink out of a golden goblet; and if there were forty or fifty of them, they could all drink from the cup without emptying it. One day a party were hunting the wild boar in the Widdecombe Marsh, to the west of the Cheesewring, and one of their number took an oath, or laid a wager, that if the Druid was there then, he would drink the cup dry. They thereupon saw the locks of the priest floating in the air, and hastened up to him. The hunter drank of the cup until he could drink no more, and was so enraged at his inability to finish it that he dashed the wine in the face of the Druid, who immediately disappeared. In connection with this legend, it is curious that within a quarter-of a mile of the traditional seat of the Druid this gold cup was found, 29 THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. The Cheesewring itself was described in the guide-book specially prepared for the visit as having ‘‘the appearance of several separate cheese-shaped blocks of granite of gigantic size piled one on the top of the other, and in imminent danger of top- pling over in consequence of the blocks at the bottom being of smaller diameter than those above.” This, however, was found to be hardly the case now. The quarry beneath has been worked almost up to the ground on which the Cheesewring stands, and when they were blasting near it, the directors of the quarry thought it advisable to put a number of granite blocks to support the overhanging blocks of the Cheesewring. The stone circles known as ‘‘the Hurlers”’ were also visited, as well as the Longstone and Trethewy Cromlech ; the members then returning to Liskeard. Before leaving, Mr. Iago, at the request of Canon Moor, gave the Welsh Society a hearty invitation to visit Cornwall again at some future time, Bodmin being especially named as the next suitable centre. 23 Roval institution of Cornwall. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1895. The Annual Meeting of the Royal Institution of Cornwall was held on Tuesday, November 12th, at the rooms of the Institution. The President, Mr. J.D. Enys, F.G.S., in the chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting having been read and confirmed, Major Parkyn, F.G.S., Hon. Sec., read the following REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. In submitting the 77th Annual Report to the Members of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, the Council are gratified in being able to speak of the continued good work carried on by the Society, and the prospects indicative of more extensive operations and increased usefulness. By the accession of new members the losses occasioned by death and removal are more than made up. Nothing is perhaps more likely to conduce to the permanence of a Society such as ours, than the possession of valuable property, and we have in our museum and library a combination probably unsurpassed in any of the provincial towns. Several valued members have been lost by death during the past year. Lord Swansea, better known to Cornish people as Sir Hussey Vivian, who formerly represented Truro in Parliament, died towards the close of last year. He was a very old member of the society, and was always ready to render it any service in his power. It may be interesting to state that the building in which we are now assembled is built on the site of a former residence of the Vivian family. By the death of Mr. Wm. Bolitho, Junr., the society has lost a warm and generous hearted friend, whose presence was looked forward to at these annual gatherings with much pleasure, and he always made an effort to be present. He did much towards bringing about an annual combined meeting of the four learned societies of the county, and he took an especial interest in these meetings. 24 ANNUAL MEETING. In the death of Mr. E. A. Wiinsch the society has met with a great loss, for he was not only one of the most constant and efficient members, but a valued contributor to the journal. His genial presence was ever welcome, and the keen interest he took in the proceedings of the meetings was shown by the zeal with which he entered into the discussions. By the death of Charles Cardale Babington, F.R.S., the society has lost one of its most distinguished honorary members, whose numerous and valuable writings have become text books for students of natural history. A few years since, when on a visit to Cornwall, he stopped at Truro; and spent some time in examining the collections in our rooms, with which he expressed himself highly pleased. Mr. Chivell’s death is also to be regretted, for he always showed a willingness to further the interests of the society. The late Sir John Maclean, Kt., F.R.S.A., F.S.A., who died (aged 84 years) on the 6th of March last, had served the office of President of this society from 1891 to 1893. He had previously been elected an Honorary member, and at the time of his death was a Vice-President. His loss is sincerely regretted. His literary talents were widely known, and his geniality endeared him to those who were associated with him. He was born in the parish of Blisland, near Bodmin, oa the 17th of September, 1811, at Trehudreth Barton, the residence of his father, Mr. Robert Lean. Having traced his ancestry to the Macleans of Scotland he resumed that name (which had been shortened in Cornwall by the dropping of the prefix Mac.) As Mr. Lean he was appointed, through the influence of the first Lord Vivian, to a position in the War Office, and after some years became keeper of the records of H.M. Ordnance in the Tower of London. He was also Deputy Chief Auditor of army accounts down to 1871, in which year a special Act of Parliament was passed pensioning him on the abolition of his office. He also at that time received the honour of Knighthood at the hands of the Queen at Osborne, on January 14th, 1871. ANNUAL MEETING. 25 He resided for many years at Pallingswick Lodge, Hammersmith, London, and afterwards at Bicknor Court, Gloucestershire. Eventually he lived at Glasbury House, Clifton, where he died after having become one of the leading literati of Bristol and Gloucestershire, President of the Archzeo- logical Society of the district, and Hditor of its Journal. Throughout a long period of his life he devoted himself to writing on matters historical and Suuquarian, with special reference to Cornwall. The columns of the Cornish Bibliotheca and Collectanea, by Boase and Courtenay, contain long lists of his publications. He wrote upon church matters in years long gone by, and also published a life of Sir Peter Carew, taken from the original manuscript in Lambeth Palace Library. This he illustrated with preface, introduction, and notes. Hislargest work was the Parochial and Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor, Yornwall, in 3 large volumes, in which he was assisted by the local investigations of Rev. W. Iago, who also furnished him with nearly all the illustrations of antiquities appearing in the book, either executed by autographic-transfer process, or drawn for the engraver upon the wood, as acknowledged throughout the work. In 1874 Col. Vivian published the Visitation Pedigrees of Cornwall, and acknowledged in his preface the valuable co-operation he had received from Sir John Maclean in the numerous contributions signed J.M. Sir John’s life was not spent in seclusion. He was an ardent churchman and a strong conservative. He was in the habit of rising early and of donning a surplice in church before proceeding to his office in the morning. He wrote on Church Guilds and a variety of subjects, and took an interest in active work. Inhis History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor (which Deanery has since been altered indirection and extent) he treated of 20 parishes. Afterwards finding that Otterham ought perhaps to have been included in his book, he wrote its history separately, and contributed it to our Society’s Journal. 26 ANNUAL MEETING. He and his brother, Col. Maclean, of New Zealand, married sisters—Blisland ladies, descended from the ancient family of Billing, long resident at Lank in Cornwall.* Sir John and Lady Maclean adopted their joint niece, Miss Blanche Maclean, through whom Lady Maclean has lately forwarded, in response to our request, an excellent portrait of our late President, which the society cannot fail to regard as a highly acceptable present. By the death of Mr. Henry Sewell Stokes, of Bodmin and formerly of Truro, this society has lost a very distinguished member. Not only had he filled legal and municipal offices with the greatest credit, attaining to the chief positions connected with them, but his literary work was of a very highorder. His poems relating to many persons and places in Cornwall—as well as those which are descriptive of other subjects—have become so familiar to us all that it is almost unnecessary to give their titles. _‘‘The Vale of Lanherne”’ was his principal poem, but his other writings were equally excellent. He took the greatest interest in the work of this society, with which he was connected for very many years, and presented to it a valuable collection of documents and manuscripts, formerly belonging to the late Dr. Taunton of Truro. His amiability and upright conduct, caused him to be publicly honoured, and his memory is held in the greatest respect. The Museum continues to be a source of great interest, attracting a large number of visitors, not only for purposes of curiosity but also for instruction. The number of students visiting the museum to obtain knowledge is continually increasing, and they are afforded every facility for prosecuting their studies. Numerous visits have been made by pupils from the elementary schools, and the Curator has explained the construction and action of the various meteorological instruments to the students from the training college. The numbers admitted during the year, were :— Admitted Free a. a 2601 Members and friends Re 251 By Payment as 3 361 3213 * Trigg Minor, Vol. 1, p. 390. ANNUAL MEETING. 27 In the Museum the work of renovating and re-labelling the specimens has been continued. The interiors of the whole of the cases have been cleaned, and several, in which the linings had become very unsightly, have been painted. It is proposed gradually to doaway with the paper linings in the antiquarian room and have all the interiors painted, by which means the specimens will be shown to much greater advantage. The thanks of the society are once more due to the many generous donors, from whom gifts have been received since the last annual meeting. Amongst these should be mentioned Mrs. Sharp, of Kensington Gardens, London, who has been a constant benefactor to the museum for a number of years, Her gift includes a number of curiosities from India and Barbadoes. Mr. Osborne, recently of the Rio Tinto Mines, Spain, who has at various times given articles of great scientific and antiquarian interest, this year sends several old Roman vases, a tear bottle, and a Roman lamp, which he obtained from some of the graves in the old Roman workings in the Rio Tinto Mines. A case containing the seals of Archdeacons Moore, Short, Sheepshanks, Phillpotts, and Hobhouse, as well as those of the Lepers’ Hospital, St. Lawrence, Bodmin, and John Harris, Dean of St. Burian in 1717, presented by Miss Collins, at the request of her father, the late Mr. John Basset Collins of Bodmin, is especially worthy of mention. Mr. T. V. Keam, a former inhabitant of Truro, who a short time since presented a number of articles of North American Indian manufacture, has given two specimens of a fine-grained red sandstone from Arizona, containing the impressions of some two-toed animal. These are of special value as they were obtained by Mr. Keam himself, after a great deal of trouble, from a stratum of sandstone underlying some 600 feet of green, white, and red sandstones and shales, which was previously supposed to be unfossiliferous. Professor Woodward considers they are of comparatively recent date, geologically, and Mr. Keam intends to have the neighbourhood examined by a practical geologist, so we may expect to receive some further information respecting them. 28 ANNUAL MEETING. Mr. Thurstan C. Peter, by permission of Mr. Arthur Basset, the lord of the soil, has presented to the museum the first instalment of his ‘‘finds,” from Castle Carn Brea in Illogan parish. It includes a considerable number of neolithic flints and stone implements, the scrapers and arrow-heads being of exceptionally delicate workmanship. Among the larger implements were some celts, one very neat specimen, much corroded by weather, being of gabbro. A bronze fibula, and a Roman Denarius of A.D. 70, were the only relics of later times, with the probable exception of a granite quern. The largest ‘‘find”’ presented to the museum was a complete cooking-hole from one of the Carn Brea inter-boulder dwellings. - Efforts are continually being made to complete the sets of volumes of the Transactions of the Societies with which we are in exchange, and during the past year success has attended these efforts. Since the last annual meeting valuable additions have been made to the library by the purchase of the latest editions of a large number of standard scientific works, thereby giving the members an opportunity of consulting the writings of the most eminent men of science of the present day. Our Society continues to be greatly indebted to our president, Mr. John D. Enys, for his continued gifts of valuable books. Professor Richard Pearce, (so well known as a former teacher in our mining school, and by his valuable gifts to the society since, ) keeps his name green in our memories by transmitting to us, from time to time, papers of great interest which he has contributed to scientific societies in America. The government of the United States of America is continually enriching our library by the gifts of most costly and valuable publications ; the American section of our library is therefore most complete. The library has been freely used by members and visitors, and advantage has been taken of its well-stored shelves by friends outside the county. The growth of the library has continued in a remarkable degree which has necessitated the provision of extensive new shelf accommodation. The additions, indeed, have been of such nature as to render the old catalogue useless. The Council has, therefore, entered into arrangements for a new catalogue ANNUAL MEETING. 29 which is now in course of preparation, and which, it is hoped, will be completed in the spring of next year. It might be added that Mr. Richard Pearce, F.G.S., already mentioned in this report, has sent a generous donation towards the expense of the new catalogue. A considerable sum has been spent in the course of the year in binding the transactions of the various societies with which we are in exchange. Part 1 of vol. xii of the Journal has appeared since our last annual meeting. The Editor, Rev. W. Iago, B.A., contributes two papers, ‘“‘Duloe Circular Enclosure,” and “Inscribed Stones of Cornwall;” our President, Mr. J. D. Enys, F.G.S., ‘‘Amalgamation of Societies in New Zealand ;” Capt. Josiah Thomas, ‘‘ New Californian Stamps at Dolcoath Mine;” Mr. EH. Kitto, F.R.Met.8., ‘‘ Climate of West Cornwall;’? Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., ‘‘ Origin and Development of Ore Deposits ;’’ Mr. R. N. Worth, F.G.S., ‘‘Rude Stone Monuments of Corn- wall;”’ Rev. Canon Rogers, ‘‘ Recovery of a Lost Ring.” It must be generally conceded that this collection of papers forms an excellent number of the Journal, and the Council feel that it fully sustains the reputation of the publication. The Meteorological observations have been taken with the accustomed regularity, and reports furnished to the Registrar- General, the Sanitary Committee of the Cornwall County Council and the press. The generous gift of our President, of a Jordan sunshine recorder has enabled us to make the observa- tions complete, and much interest has been evinced in this and the other instruments by visitors, to whom they have been exhibited and explained by the curator. The Council are pleased to report that the technical classes held under the auspices of the Institution are in a flourishing condition, and that substantial work is being done in them is proved by the successes gained at the late examinations of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington. During the last session the classes were attended by 113 students, 53 of whom presented themselves for examination, with the following result :—2 passed Ist class, and 13 2nd class, in the advanced stage; 22 1st class, and 16 2nd class, in the elementary stage. 30 . ANNUAL MEETING. This bears very favourable comparison with the rest of the country. During the present session 10 classes are being held and well attended, and the whole of the benches in the laboratory of the Institution are occupied by students in chemistry. This report would be incomplete without including in it an allusion to the Presidential Chair, which has been brought into use since the last annual meeting. The most interesting portions of it were secured ata sale, which took place at the time of the demolition of a great part of the old S. Mary’s Parish Church, these were generously presented to our society by Mr. J. C. Daubuz. The Rev. W. Iago was consulted as to the best means of ensuring the preservation of the relic and furnished a design for a handsome chair to be used by the Presidents of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Arrangements have been made whereby there shall be mutual interchange of privileges between our Society and the Devon and Exeter Institution. As the result of these arrangements should any of the members of the Royal Institution of Cornwall be on a visit to Exeter or the neighbourhood they will be able to use the rooms of the Exeter Institution, and will be entitled to enjoy all its privileges the same as the resident members, and this no doubt will be much appreciated. Of course the members of the Devon and Exeter Institution will be entitled to the same privileges when visiting this neighbourhood by making use of the rooms of our Society. The President Mr. J. D. Enys, F.G.8., having to the great advantage of the Society, filled the office for two years, the Council have much pleasure in proposing as his successor, THE RIGHT HON. LEONARD H. COURTNEY, M.P. As Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year :— Ven. Archdeacon CoRNIsH, M.A. Rev. W. Iaao, B.A. Rev. Canon Moor, M.A. EDWIN DUNEIN, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. J. D. Enys, F.G.S. Treasurer :—Mr,. A. P. Nix. Secretaries :—Magor PARKYN, F.G.S., & Rev. W. Iaao, B.A. ANNUAL MEETING. ol Other Members of Council :— Mr. W. E. Batuy. Mr. THURSTAN C. PETER. Mr. Howarp Fox, F.G.S. Rey. A. R. Tomiinson, M.A. Mr. HAMILTON JAMES. Mr. RoBeRT TWEEDY. Mr. F. W. MicHett, C.H. Rey. D. G. WHITLEY. CHANCELLOR Patt, M.A. | The President said he desired to thank the members for electing him President two years ago, and he would congratu- late the Society upon having secured so distinguished a Cornishman as the Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., as his successor in the chair. He was sure they were all pleased to learn that Mr. Courtney had accepted the office, as he would be an honour to the Society, and they might look forward with confidence to some able addresses which he would deliver from the chair. Having referred to the losses which the Society had sustained by deaths, he referred to the visit of the Cambrian Society this year. They, he said, visited the east and north of the county, and were everywhere received with the greatest cordiality and kindness. They were desirous of visiting the Bodmin district, and that, he hoped, they would do before long. The visit had thrown light on their Cornish antiquities, and they were able to be of mutual benefit one to another, the great object of that and kindred Societies. They must in examining their own antiquities do so in connection with the cognate antiquities of Wales and Brittany. The following papers were then read :— “The Archdeaconry Records at Bodmin, Cornwall,” by Rev. W. Iago, B.A. ‘¢ Hxplorations on Carn Brea,” by Mr. Thurstan C. Peter. “The Functions of Colour and Smell of Fungi,” by Mr. T. H. Davey. ‘Reminiscences of Dr. L. H. Potts,” by Mr. Hamilton James. The Rey. W. Iago having called attention to the Henwood gold medal, which would be open for competition next year, referred to the movement being organised in Falmouth to erect a monument to the Heroes of the old Falmouth Packets. The Falmouth people had organised a fund for the purpose, and as Mr. Enys represented the county in the matter, he hoped the fund would not be confined to Falmouth. 32 ANNUAL MEETING. The Rev. W. Iago said Mr. Baring-Gould had informed him that he had examined pottery recently discovered in some early dwellings, and had at last found what he had so long looked for in hut-circles, distinctive patterns almost identical with the adornments of the funereal urns. The designs were similar to the zig-zag and herring-bone patterns upon them. Mr. Iago also referred to the fact that Bishop Stubbs had discovered another Bishop of Cornwall,—Daniel, mentioned in an interesting letter written by St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. He had made inquiries with regard to the difference between the list of Cornish Bishops which appeared some years ago in the R.I.C. Journal, and that now in the Diocesan Calendar, and he had come to the conclusion that the latter was the more correct. Mr. Iago expressed regret that it was the last occasion on which they would meet, at all events for a time, Mr. Enys as their president. If such a thing as re-election of presidents were allowed, he felt sure Mr. Hnys would be re-elected. No man had ever sat in the chair who had done more for the society or made himself more agreeable or helpful. The Rev. H. R. Jennings proposed a vote of thanks to the officers of the institution, and moved that the gentlemen named in the report constitute the Council for the ensuing year—Mr. T. L. Dorrington seconded, and it was carried. Mr. Osborne proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. J. D. Enys. the retiring president.—Mr. John Bryant seconded, and it was was agreed to, unanimously. The President, in acknowledging the compliment, expressed his thanks to all who had assisted him to carry out the duties. He had given his best attention to the work, and had, he hoped, been able to do a little in contributing towards the collection in the Museum. He had commenced a collection of Seals of the Boroughs of Cornwall, which he hoped would be continued. There would be some difficulty in recovering the seals of extinct boroughs; but he hoped nevertheless to be able to get even these. It had been a great pleasure to him to occupy the chair, as the first president who had taken his seat in the well-known Truro relic, presented to the Institution by Mr. Daubuz. A vote of thanks to contributors of papers and to the donors ANNUAL MEETING. 30 to the Museum and Library, proposed by the Mayor of Truro (Mr. E. Roberts), and seconded by Mr. W. Bullen, closed the proceedings. On the motion of Mr. John Barrett, seconded by Mr. Blenkinsop, it was resolved that the Report be received, adopted, and printed. PRESENTS TO THE MUSEUM. Two pairs of HindooShoes .... 0... wee eee we 3 Indian Coins from Travancore... ee ve | Agate Marbles | English Jubilee Coins .. We ke Small Egyptian Gods fon aris was suey awe eee Berry from Mahogany Tree, Barbadoes... ... ... «.. f Mrs. Sharp, London. Horse knicker Berries .. Pods of Calvary Clover Crab’s Eye Vine Pods, Bacoades Nutmegs with mace around them ‘ Ticket of admission to Paris Exhibition of 1889 ce 4, Roman Vases, a Tear Bottle, and a Roman ee from Roman Graves in Rio Tinto Hse Roman Poll-pick ... i) 7 =| ied Reaiscal Walking-stick made from sas fecoanteal with copper from old Roman workings, Rio Tlnto... Natural Crystals of Sulphate of Copper from Rio Tinto J Mr. J aed Geborne; Sample of Mica from the eee. ae peace 3 district, South India ... .. Mr. Martin. Lantern for holding Rushlights... ... ... : Mr. Michael. Part of a iguern from a poles in Towan Farm, St. Austell Mr. F. G. Hammer. Mr. T. C. Peter, by permission of Mr. Arthur Basset. Mr. T. Collins, Redruth. Flint Implements, &c., from Carn Brea .. Part of Basaltic Column from near Tavistock Rev. Canon J. H. Moore. Water-colour Paintings, executed by Chinese : Framed Ehstoerap of interior of Old Grammar pce 2h Mr. W. Bullen. Truro Miss Collins, by desire of late Mr. J. Basset Collins. Col. C. B. Rashleigh. Case of Seals of Archdeacons, &c., of Cornwall . Impression of Lostwithiel Borough Seal... Impression of Launceston Borough Seal - Impressions of Fowey, rw and ies: 0 Borough Mr. J. D. Enys,F.G.S. Seglstera sve tere thers 34 ANNUAL MEETING, Impression of Truro Borough Treasurer’s Seal) sc), Mr. A. P. Nix. Specimen of Sprudel Stein from pele Marble Mr. W. G. Thorpe, quarries, Newton Abbot .. a F.S.A. Specimen of Swimming Grab ... .. ... ... ... ... Miss Paull, Bosvigo. Rarer fs baci Mr. W. Bennett, pecimen of Sargassum bacciferum thre LO TH i 1 Df aay areca SMe Reape See lh, els a ee Mr. H.Meadows King. SERUSHSDLS: Bc x aw ees Mee Ni ere, ot Mr. R. G. Read. Tinprcssions of Two-toed Animals in Beuigiane from weds Me oa rizona ... Raab ccte Gana am eee ‘Aniconel Particulars of the noted Diamonds of the world... Mr. J. T. Letcher. Deed of Bodmin Borough 7445 anne Mr. J. D. Enys. Portrait of Prof. John Couch Adams ... ... ... ... } Mr. COO eee GIFTS TO THE LIBRARY. A suspected new mineral from Cripple Creek... Vein Structure in the Enterprise Mine ... Recent History and Present Status of Ghomistee GoloradelScieniiae The Volcanic Rock of Alum Hill, Boulder County _ ... Society. Determination of Bismuth in refined lead .. .. | Notes on precipitation of the precious metals from cyanide solutions ..._ . ae Gouna Compendium of Brett and Little’s Electric Telegraph British Association Report, 1895 Paris, Life of Sir Humphrey Davy .. 5 Addresses to the Bee poe and 1 Papen by I Device Gilbert, Hsq. .. von J| The Buller Papers... ... Ghia ates: ees Mrs. Pole-Carew. “God is,” ‘‘ God is Love,” ‘“‘The Square of the = J Common Trees of English Park and Wood, 8 vols. aos) - Mr. J. D. Enys, F.G.S. Mr. Edward Dingle, The Typal use of the 22 letters of the Hebrew Alphabet Tavistock. A Final Effort on Physics Selected Fac-similies of National Man cnts of Great Britain and Ireland & Ran Woes oe Mr. J. George, Truro. Photograph of fragment of Urn found in Duloe Circle Mr. E. H. W. Dunkin. Ancient Map of Cornwall .. .. . .. .. .. ... Mr. Thos. Worth. The Universe, or the infinitely great and infinitely little Mr. C Darwin’s Journal of a Voyage round the World ..._ ... ; poo Scareeanis List of Plans of abandoned Mines (6 1DyD, (OLIE Report of Mines ... ee ‘ is 6 Neve Foster, ANNUAL MEETING. 35 Greenwich Observations... ... .. .. «. ++ +) Lords Commissioners Cape Catalogue we of the Admiralty. Cape Meridian Gi aioe Messrs. Picturesque Devonshire and Cornwall ... ... ... .. } Netherton & Worth. Mr. Jos. Baxendell. Mr. T. C. Peter. Borough of Southport Meteorological Observations ... Redruth Parish Registers ... Journal of Central Australian Exploring apo al 5 Elder Scientific rr 55 Seat South Australian Maps accompanying Journal ares Ke Branch of Proceedings Royal Geographical Society of Rectrdinaia Handbook of instructions for the guidance of officers | of the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition... ... J A! Mr. W. H. Teitkins, Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. The Nullabor Plains F.R.G.S8. Portrait of Sir John Maclean ... ... 0. we Lady Maclean. Mr. H. Crowther. Mr. J. H. Collins. Biology of Spericum Cornecum Illustrations of Cornish Fossils... Copy of Translation of Penzance Borough Charter ... Mrs. Wade. Occurrence of Tellurium in oxidised form with gold ... Dr. Rich. Pearce. Guide to Edible Cornish Fishes... ... ... ... .. ... Mr. E. W. Rashleigh. SEROOGE du Comité Géologique, St. Petersbourg The Russian Bulletins ” ” oo se goo; «000 «=(0DDSs«ia Government. » > 3p 99 supplements The Government of Publications of the Geological Survey of U.S.A.... ...( the United States of of America. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums ... } aes Papers read before the Devonshire Association ... ... Mr. R. N. Worth. BOOKS PURCHASED. British Petrography—(Teall). Geology, 2 vols.—(Prestwich). Manual of Palsontology, 2 vols.—(Nicholson & Lydekker). Annals of British Geology, 3 vols.—(Blake). Darwinism—(Wallace). Report of Scientific Results of Voyage of Challenger. Story of the Heavens—(Ball). Treatise on Chemistry, 3 vols. —(Roscoe & Schorlemmer). Fragments of Science, 2 vols.—(Tyndall). Study of Sociology, 2 vols.—(Spencer). Manual of Geology—(Phillips). i 36 ANNUAL MEETING. Great Ice Age of North America—(Wright). Symons’s British Rainfall. ; Ancient Holy Wells of Cornwall—(Couch). Atlas and Gazetter. Nature. Zoologist. Knowledge. Directory of Truro. Monograph of Paleontographical Society. Bs ,, Ray Society. EXCHANGES WITH OTHER SOCIETIES. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Philadelphia. Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland} London. Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club Bath. Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club... Belfast. Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club... : Cockburnspath. Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical See Birmingham. Boston Society of Natural History ... Boston, U.S.A. Bristol and Gloucester Archzxological Society Gloucester. Bristol Naturalists’ Society ..| Bristol. British and American Archeological Society of Rontem Rome. Cambrian Archzological Society London. Canadian Institute Toronto. Colonial Museum of New rieclesndl Rh Colorado Scientific Society ... Cumberland and Westmoreland Association for the Advancement of Literature and Science Geological Survey of New South Wales... Der K. Leop-Carol Deutschen Academie du Naturfor scher Devonshire Association eo Hastbourne Natural History Society Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Essex Field Club ... Geologists’ Association Geological Society of maiiberahl Geological Society of Glasgow ... Geological Society of London Greenwich Observations ae Liverpool Literary and pEderephial iBecicty) Wellington, New Zealand. Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Carlisle. Department of Mines Sydney, Halle. Tiverton. Eastbourne. Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Buckhurst Hill. London. Edinburgh. Glasgow. London. Greenwich. Liverpool. - ANNUAL MEETING. Liverpool Engineering Society .. Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club Liverpool Polytechnic Society : London and Middlesex Archzological Soci Bey Manchester Geological Society ... Meriden Scientific Society .. Mining Association and Teetinte of Ohare Mineralogical Society of Great Britain ... Missouri Botanical Gardens i Natural History Society of Glasnow: New York Academy of Sciences North of England Institute of Mining a Mechanieal Engineers Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society Philosophical Society of Glasgow Plymouth Institution ... Powys-land Club ... He Quekett Microscopical Club Rochester Academy of Science ... Royal Astronomical Society oe Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society... Royal Dublin Society .. ‘ : Royal Geographical Society of AnStealiah Royal Geological Society of Cornwall Royal Geological Society of Ireland... Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Royal Institution of Great Britain ... Royal Irish Academy .. ; Royal Physical Society of aetna Royal Society of Edinburgh Seismological Society of Japan... Smithsonian Institntion Society of Antiquaries, London Society of Arts £5 Société Mineralogique de ance F Somersetshire Archzological & Natural History Soniety Sussex Archelogical Society ne Wagner Free Institute of Science Y Cymmrodorion Society Yorkshire Geological and Bolptechave sence Zoological Society of {London 37 Liverpool. Liverpool. Liverpool. London. Manchester. Meriden,Conn.U.S.A. Camborne. Cambridge. Missouri, U.S.A. Glasgow. New York. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Halifax, Novia Scotia. Penzance. Glasgow. Plymouth. Welshpool. London. Rochester, New York, U.S.A. London. Falmouth. Dublin. Adelaide. Penzance. Dublin. Dublin. London. Dublin. Edinburgh. Edinburgh. Yokohama. Washington. London. London. Paris. Taunton. Lewes. Philadelphia. London. Halifax. 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Aren1go,7 “Te “08 6 *9z 22 ‘96 “G3 “GG ‘SL “ST “FL “IT ‘OL 6 ‘8 ‘Z‘9 “480TH | “8G “2G ‘es “ZT ‘G ‘6 ‘GT TeH “18 -99 ||6- TPS "86°26 ‘92 ‘GG “ZL “OT 'G Moug °ZS SI “FL ‘GS “S07 ‘S18 Arenuee fe aes | | £014 SUIBIS UL JUSIOMUBOW “SHUVWaAa TIES ULleI TOI A UL skep JO ‘ON “qq 00H “ae JO 400F DIQno B JO ‘samoy FG UL TTBS “soqour 4so9 Ba.) Ul [[ejurery “SSHNIGQOOTO TITVANIVY PUN PENT ‘eurysuns Aired ose10ay ‘auoys UNS 044 Woh uo skeq jO ON JO S1n0yY [BIOL -"anodva jo 9010J O14SV[e UvOTT ‘a1aydsouye jo Ajipruny uvoyy [BUOTzIppe UBIO ‘ourysung 4ySlIg “Ile 9} JO WOIZVAINyWES 10} portnbed USt3M “ITB JO JOOFOIQNS B UT INOdBA FO IY SIOM UI TABLE 4. 43 SOME REMARKS ON THE PELAGIC LIFE OCCURRING IN AND NEAR FALMOUTH HARBOUR, WITH ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF THE DISTRICT FOR 1894. By RUPERT VALLENTIN, The year 1894 will long be remembered as one of the most unfavorable we have experienced for many years. The uniform low temperature of the sea during the spring and summer of that year, had an appreciable effect both on the quantity and variety of those forms of life which are usually to be obtained in and near Falmouth harbour. In spite, however, of these drawbacks many interesting forms were observed, and on several occasions animals new to the district were secured. Perhaps the most striking feature during the past year was the absence of Aurelia aurata from this district. During every spring for the past five years, Kphyroe have always formed one of the most prominent larval forms in tow-net gatherings; and later, during calm summer evenings, the adult medusz can be seen drifting almost motionless in the tide-ways. I have been unable to discover whether the absence of this species has been recorded elsewhere during the past year. At any rate, on the Essex coast during last August these Meduse, according to Mr. H. C. Scorby,”* occurred in ‘countless thousands,” and at Plymouth they seem to have been equally as abundant. Noctiluca miliaris was also absent from tow-net gatherings during the whole year, although repeated efforts were made after easterly winds to capture them; and as a natural consequence the autumnal displays of phosphoresence were not observed as on previous years. On the 5th April a single specimen of Rhizostoma pulmo was detected being carried up the main channel of the harbour by the flowing tide. After that date these Meduse steadily increased in numbers, till during August and September they attracted the attention of even the most casual observer. In *These numerals refer to Bibliographical list at end. 44 PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. many of the sheltered corners, with which Falmouth harbour abounds, the common sea-weed, Chorda filum, flourishes during the summer months, the long filaments of which extend to the surface of the sea at high-water, but form large tangle-beds when the tide is out. Whenever these meduse happened to drift within the reach of these filaments they became hopelessly entangled and after a time slowly decayed. During that time one had no difficulty in observing a dozen or more specimens in all stages of decay in places where these weeds abounded. The last specimen of Rhizostoma pulmo noticed in this district was on the 25th of October. I will now pass on and make extracts from my note-books recording the various forms of interest collected in tow-net gatherings, and also gathered during low-water in various places in the district. April. When I recommenced my observations on the 2nd, I found that the Gelatinous alga had already re-appeared, and by the 9th it was so very abundant that tow-netting was almost impossible. During this time the surface temperature of the sea remained very uniform, being the same as on previous years, namely 52°F. Frequently during this month specimens of Campontia cruciformis were caught in the tow-net, but all my efforts to trace the further developmental stages of these larvae were as unsuccessful asin former years. On the 26th, Evadne nordmanii and COentropages typicus were noticed in the surface-net gathering for the first time. May. During this month the weather was very unsettled, and as the prevailing winds were from the north, the surface gatherings were neither very rich nor very varied. Again the surface temperature of the sea remained almost unchanged, being 52°F on the 2nd and 52°9 on the 29th. On the 15th after a brief calm, large numbers of Hormiphora plumosa were detected in the sea along the outer edge of the Eastern breakwater, and in the gathering of some of these a very interesting medusa was secured. At the first glance I was inclined to imagine that this specimen was mature, but closer examination shewed that the gonads were not visible, and so the PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. 45 individual was in an immature condition. Being unable to identify this specimen by any of the books in my possession, I wrote to my friend Mr. Garstang, who kindly replied as follows: ‘Your specimen is either a young Pelagia perla Slabber, or the Pelagia stage of our common Chrysaora, probably the latter. Our specimen is exactly like your drawing and is without any trace of gonads.” Be thisas it may, the medusa in this stage is rare, for we have only each secured a single specimen up to the present time. I may, in conclusion, mention that my specimen measures 14-m.m. in diameter. By the 21st, the Gelatinous alge had almost vanished, and so tow-netting could again be resumed. Owing to the continuance of northerly winds surface-netting was abandoued, and the tow-net was worked three feet from the bottom in the main channel in the harbour with some success. In the gathering made that morning, Podon intermedius and Evadue nordmant occurred in profusion. Attached to the umbrella of a species of Leptomedusa was a parasitic larval actinian, which serial sections clearly shewed to be identical with that figured and described by Prof. Haddon.” This specimen measured 3-m.m. in length. From that day till the 18th of the following month I secured on different occasions about twenty additional specimens, and in addition to examining the structure of some, by means of serial and optical sections, I made attempts to raise a few to the adult condition. These efforts were, however, unsuccessful,—for, being unable to obtain any Leptomedusee after the end of June, I tried to feed them with raw meat, but could not induce the actinians to eat it, and so the specimens miserably perished without undergoing any material changes whilst I had them in my possession. June. During the early part of the month, examples of Bolina hydatina occurred in abundance in the harbour; some of the specimens measuring upwards of 5'4¢.m. inlength. On the 4th the only form of interest collected by the surface-net was a single Tira octona, Flemming. On the 7tha single Bouganvillia Britannica was noticed in the surface-net gathering made that morning. A dead specimen of the same species of Radiolarian —A. Elastica—which occurred in such profusion in this district 46 PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. last year, was detected in the gathering made on the 13th. The next day while drifting in my canoe during a brief calm, I noticed Sarsia gemmifera in abundance beneath the surface of the calm sea. On the morning of the 18th, while dipping medusze from the sea along the inner edge of the northern breakwater, I observed a single gonozoid of Cladonemma radiatum swimming in its peculiar manner beneath the surface. Hitherto this species has only been observed in small pools of water near the dry-docks when left uncovered by the tide; and to find a specimen swimming freely in the sea and in a locality where the water was between three and six fathoms in depth was interesting. Since then I have noticed several more specimens of the same species under similar circumstances in various places in the tidal docks. During the morning of the 21st a single living example of Saphenia mirabilis was captured in the tow-net. My friend, Mr. Cunningham,” captured large numbers of this species of Leptomedusa on the night of the 16th of July, 1891, in the neighbourhood of the Eddystone lighthouse. The same species has also been observed in the Firth of Forth by Dr. Shethill Wright in 1859. These specimen measured an inch in diameter; those secured by Mr. Cunningham ‘ were not so large, the largest being only about 12-m.m.” in diameter ; and my single individual measured 14-m.m. across the umbrella. After having made a careful drawing of my specimen, I placed it in a jar of sea-water, through which a slow current of water continuously passed, with a view to study its further development ; but I was unsuccessful, for after two days confinement it died, and since then I have not been fortunate enough to capture any more specimens. On the 25th the following forms were detected in the surface-net gathering made that morning: — Willsia stellata and Sarsia prolifera, occurring in profusion, and with them a few examples only of Bolina hydatina. Prof. Edward Forbes gathered considerable numbers of the first-named species in 1836 in Penzance Bay. Sarsia gemmifera was also noticed in shoals, but on the other hand S. tubulosa were only sparingly present. In the gathering made with the net, worked three feet from the bottom in the deep water in the main channel of the harbour on the same morning, a charming specimen of Saphenia dinema was discovered; it measured 5-m.m. in height and PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. 47 3-m.m. in diameter. Mr. Garstang) records the capture of this species at Plymouth, and Prof. Forbes secured it on the coast of Cornwall during 1846. I think the species is rare, for I have not met with any more individuals before or since. July. On the Ist, after some very unsettled weather, I started at4a.m. to make some surface-net gatherings in the bay. The first gathering was made across the rising tide from near the Black-rock to the Lighthouse. In this gathering Sarsia prolifera and Cyphonantes occurred in abundance, a fair number of the medusiform stage of Obelia gelatinosa were also present. Copepods were very sparingly present, but the larvee of various species of decapod crustacea were fairly numerous. The next gathering was made one and a half miles south-east of the lighthouse at 5.30 a.m., with the following results: Centropages typicus, Clausia elongata, and Dias longiremus were fairly numerous, but only a few of the preceding forms were observed. On the 19th, in the gathering made three feet from the bottom in the main channel in the harbour, Coryceus anglicus, Muggica atlantica, Evadne nordmanii, and Podon intermedius were noticed; a few dead specimens of Acantrometra elastica were also observed. On the 25th, examples of Coryczeus anglicus and Podon intermedius were captured in the surface-net. The surface temperature of the sea on that morning was 60-9 F. On the 30th, large numbers of Coryczus anglicus covered with the frustules of a species of diatom, which I have been unable to identify, occurred in the bottom tow-net. Dr. Murray” records a similar instance in the surface-net gathering made near Hawaii, but does not mention to what species of copepod these diatoms were attached. I have, on several occasions during the winter months of previous years, detected examples of the same diatom attached to the various appendages of Clausia elongata ; but in those cases the diatoms were hard to view, owing to their being so few in number and not covering the individual “ like quills upon the fretful porcupine ”’ as in the present instance. August. Onthe 2nd, an example of Coryceeus anglicus with ova attached was secured in the surface-net. On the 7th, Evadne nordmanii and Podon intermedius occurred in profusion in a surface-net gathering made three miles south-east of the 48 PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. lighthouse, and several examples of both species were noticed to have the single large winter egg inthe brood-pouch. Hitherto, these winter eggs have invariably appeared about the end of September, and at Plymouth Mr. Bles) records the capture of similar examples ‘‘ about the middle of September.”’ Possibly the early appearance of these winter eggs was an indication of the exceptionally severe weather we were to experience later. Both these species vanished from the tow-net after the 10th of October for the year. A few Monstrilla rigida, Oithonia spinifrons, and a single specimen of Muggicea atlantica were found in the same gathering. On the 18th, Actinotrocha, the beautiful larvee of Phoronis, were abundant in the surface-net, and they continued to form one of the most prominent objects in tow-net gatherings during the present and following months. In the same gathering quantities of a species of Peridinium were taken. Froma careful examination of numerous specimens I am of opinion that these were P. tabulatum. This species along with Prorocentrum micans can be usually obtained in profusion during the early part of the autumn in the upper portions of Truro river and Penryn creek. Curiously enough, the cuirass of the latter species was often found in abundance in the stomach and intestine of oysters from both places, together with the remains of diatoms and other rubbish. The larve of various species of decapod crustacea were very abundant in surface-net gatherings during thismonth. On the 19th a surface- net gathering was made outside the harbour at 5 am. A single Pilidium was the only interesting form observed in that gathering The next day, an opportunity occurred for an expedition to the neighbourhood of the Black-head. The first gathering was made near the Manacle buoy, and in the bottom tow-net Muggioea atlantica occurred in shoals. Strange as it may appear, in a surface-net gathering made about five miles south of the Black-head no forms of life could be detected. The net was towed immediately beneath the surface of the sea for twenty minutes and then hauled on board, and the contents of the tin at the extremity emptied into a large glass jar and examined. As I was unable to discover any rents in the silk net, I concluded that surface life in that locality was practically nil. Off Helford river, on my return, the rare larva of PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. 49 Amphioxus lanceolatus was secured in seventeen fathoms of water. This single specimen measured 3-m.m. in length and was furnished with fourteen gill-slits. In the same gathering a very singular veliger larva of a gasteropod mollusk was detected. The velum was divided into four distinct ciliated lobes, and near the extremities of each were patches of red pigment, which may have served for visual purposes. In addition to these pigmented patches, the eyes were well defined at the base of each of the tentacles. A larva of a gasteropod mollusk almost identically like mine is figured by Professors Korschelt and Heider.” This illustration is copied from a paper by Mr. J. P. MeMurrich,®) which, however, I have not had the opportunity of consulting. Untortunately, this is the only specimen of this larva I have been able to secure. During this time the larva of an interesting species of Terebellide, inhabiting a transparent tube, was observed very frequently in surface-net collections. September. This month was exceptionally fine, but the pressure of other work prevented my devoting much time to the study of marine life, and so my remaining observations are very fragmentary. On the morning of the 11th, the surface temperature of the sea was 60:3 F, and on the 27th, it was 59'9 F. During this month the pluteus stage of various species of Echinoderms proved abundant. Copepods and other forms appeared to be more plentiful than in previous years in surface- net gathering, this perhaps being due to the high temperature of the sea during the month. Muggicea atlantica continued to be fairly abundant till the end of the month. October. On the 2nd, at 6°30 a.m., the surface temperature of the sea had fallen to 57-9 F. In the surface-net gathering made at that hour, a great increase was noticed in the specimens of Coryceeus anglicus, the females in numerous instances having ova attached. On the 4th, a few examples of the infusorian Perdinium tabulatum were observed in the surface- net gathering made on that morning. On the 10th, the surface temperature of the sea was 58°9 F. In the surface-net, specimens of Sagitta were very numerous. The last surface-net gathering for the year was made on the 23rd. In this gathering Coryceeus anglicus, Muggicea atlantica, Sagitta, Cyphonantes, 50 PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. Centropages typicus, and Calanus finmarchius were all fairly numerous. Amongst the rarer forms may be recorded one advanced larva of Actinotrocha, and a single specimen of Monstrilla rigida. Protozoa. In the early part of May I filled a large collecting bottle with mud and water from Penryn creek, and on examining some of the sediment the next day with the microscope, I was pleased to detect some of the finest examples of the common Amoeba I have ever seen. Nemertines. Early in July a fisherman, whom I occasion- ally employ, brought me a specimen of Lineus marinus, which measured fourteen feet in length. This specimen had been found in a mass of Laminaria and other weeds which were growing on the buoy which supported his mooring chain. Hitherto I have only found this species underneath stones which were exposed at low water, and to find a specimen in such an unusual place and where the water was never less than twelve feet in depth, seemed to me exceptional and worth recording. Annetips. In addition to finding numerous specimens of Phoronis attached to the shells of dead oysters, I found a very fine colony of these worms, during July, occupying a small area of the vertical granite wall at the base of the Hastern breakwater. Myxicola steenstrupi was very abundant on a small patch of mud exposed at low-water spring-tides in front of my hut. On the mud flats at Helford this species is exceptionally abundant during the spring and summer of every year. Potyzoa. Clusters of Bowerbankia imbricata were unusually abundant on the under surfaces of the beams of timber with which the eastern breakwater is built. Fine - specimens of Bugula flabellata and Pedicellina were dredged, during July, in the main channel of the harbour. Motuvusca. During my shore hunting expeditions and dredging trips to various places in the district, I have been particularly struck by the absence of Nudibranchs during the year. Not more than six specimens of Afolis papillosa have been seen during this time; and the sides of the coal-hulks, which I have found in previous years such excellent collecting grounds, have been practically deserted by these mollusks. On PELAGIC LIFE, FALMOUTH. 51 the 19th of June, quantities of Goniodoris nodosa, ranging from 2-4 m.m. in length, were dredged in the main channel of the harbour. On the 2nd of May, two large Aplysia, measuring 10 and 18 c.m. in length respectively, were secured with a landing net from a bed of Zostera; and, on the same day, four specimens of Doris johnstonii were found by me while shore hunting. A few specimens of Aplysia were dredged, during June, in the main channel of the harbour, but these were small, the largest individual not measuring more than 2-c.m. in length. Early in the spring, during the exceptional tides, large quantities of oysters were found attached to stones in various parts of the harbour; a clear indication that an exceptional heavy fall of ‘‘spat’’ had taken place during the previous year. Pisces. On the 7th of May, on the under surface of a large flat stone exposed during low-water, a mass of ova deposited by Gobius niger was discovered. These ova were spread over a large area, measuring 16 by 12 c.m., the eggs being crowded together. Microscopical examination shewed that the embryos were in an advanced stage of development. Two adult fish of the same species were found in a small pool of water which had been covered by this stone, so perhaps these fish were guarding their eggs, after the fashion of the fifteen-spined stickleback. REFERENCES. (1). Scorsy, H. C. Nature. 13th September, 1894, No. 1298, Vol. 50. (2). Happon, Anrrep ©. The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, Vol. V. (N.S.), April, 1887. (8). CunnineHamM, J.T. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, New Series, Vol. IL, No. 2, November, 1891. (4). Garstana, WALTER. Ditto ditto Vol. III, No. 3, Oct. 1894. (5). Murray, JOHN A Summary of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1895. (6). Burs, Epwarp J. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, New Series, Vol. II, No. 4, 1892. (7). KorscHExt, EH. & Lehrbuch der Vergleichenden Hutwicklungs- HEIpDER, K. } geschichte der Worbellosen, Thiere, 1892. (8). McMurricu, J.P. Stud, Biol. Lab. Johns, Hopkins’s University, Baltimore, Vol. III, 1887. 52 FURTHER KILLIGREW MSS. RELATING TO THE KILLIGREW PYRAMID OR MONUMENT AT FALMOUTH, AND OTHER MATTERS. By HOWARD FOX, F.G.S. In the third volume of your Journal, 1871 (pp. 269—282) Mr. R. N. Worth gave some particulars of the family of Killigrew, and the “‘ principal portions OO nee history written by Martin Killigrew, in 1738. In 1884, Mr. ie H. Tregellas published in his ‘‘Cornish Worthies,” (vol. ii, pp. 115—195), a graphic account of the ‘« diplomatists, Sane courtiers, and poets,” for whom the family of Killigrew were famous. In the ninth volume of your Journal, 1887 (pp. 182—2i6) Mr. H. M. Jeffery, F.R.S., your then Vice-President, gave a series of valuable papers ‘‘On the Karly Topography of Falmouth, Budock, Mylor, and the river Fal,’’ illustrated by maps of different periods of time; a ‘‘ Notice of Arwenack House;’’ ‘‘ References to Glasney College;’’ ‘‘ Tables showing the Pedigree of the three branches of the Killigrew Family,” together with the completion of a manuscript of which Mr. Worth had given an abstract. Mr. Jeffrey also added a copy of a second manuscript, reprinted from the Western Daily Mercury of Nov. 21, 1878. I have, through the courtesy of Mr. John D. Mitchell, resident agent of the Earl of Kimberley at Falmouth, been allowed to see a packet of letters written by Mr. Martin Killigrew in London during the years 1786—1738. These letters are, with one exception, addressed to Mr. Abraham Hall, at Falmouth, who succeeded Martin Killigrew in the stewardship of the Arwenack Estate in 1735.* Mr. Worth’s article gave one of these letters, viz.: the one dated ‘16 Aprill, 1837,’ in full, and some characteristicsentences from a few of the other letters. The paper on which these * Martin Killigrew was steward during the years 1700—1735, KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. 00 letters are written is, in some cases, crumbling to pieces with age, and some of them are consequently imperfect. I have copied out such portions of their contents as appeared of sufficient interest, for publication in your Journal. The letters are mostly writtenby Martin Killigrew’samanu- enses, one of whom, his clerk Snoxell, left London ‘“‘ with his wife and boy servant’ in March, 1737-8, on a vessel called the “Rice,” for Falmouth, to become landlord of an Inn belonging to the estate. Martin Killigrew, in a letter to Mr. Hall, dated 14 March, 1737-8, thus refers to their departure. “The Col? (‘‘Col. West”) and youngest daughter showed their Condescending Civility to Come a Sunday morning to wish ’em a good voyage, and invite’em to Lodge at Arwenack” * * * ‘‘and in putting them to sit with you in Arwenack Seat at Church, you will find theire behaviour in Nothing to disgrace You, and Oblidging them beyond a feast, for that without ever hearing them Cant a word of Religion, you will finde ’em truley silently pious, and the Wife (as a rarity) to have no Will or inclination but her Husband’s; a man in figure more like the Clerke of a parish then Innkeeper, but hath a foundation of Common Sence, w™ I shall hope (by your assistance) will Carry him his business.” Martin Killigrew evidently revised the letters after they were written, as there are occasional corrections in the spelling, and frequent additions and postscripts in his own very small but clear handwriting. The letters throw much light on various matters; for instance, Mr. Killigrew writes to Mr. Hall on Nov. 12, 17387: ‘‘QOn Tuesday the 8 was agreeably Surprised with the Sight of Mr. Laroche, who from Mr. Elliott’s (‘‘Port Eliot’’) to Bristol, Cross a terrable country, and Staying with his Brother there two Days, made this Town (London) in 8 Days, w™ looks more like flying than rideing, But he is a light Weight.” Mr. Killigrew records the ‘‘marryage’’ of his great niece Mary at Lainston (Hants) on the 14 July, 1737, to Mr. Merrill ‘‘an Auckward Country Squire at first Sight, yet upon Exami- nation, Nothing to be Objected to his Person : But his Intulects are Charming, And in all respects, much to my Likeing, as Iam 54 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. sure he will be to yours: University and Temple Education : You must Magnify his having Studyed the Law, to give your people an aufull impress" of him.” In a letter written at this time, Martin Killigrew thus describes his own health :— ‘‘ As to my health, it is without Alteration, as good as Can be Suposed at 71. I cafot say my firmness at the Hour of Death will Exceed that of others in the Like Case; But at present, the thoughts of Leaveing this World, are farr from being Disagreeable to me, relishing nothing in it; and yet Affected with Disagreeable Insidents happening, So that when the time Comes of your hearing of my being released, your friends? must make you rejoyce at it; Still with all my resigna- tion I submitt to my Doctor and few friends Solicitation, In going to Plow every Day, to suport, a Wretched Life, that is, at 8 a Clock I go 3. miles to Kingsinton garden ; In Extent 3 Miles round, w™ I Compass with the help of two restings, At an Amuseing Book; A Progression of 3. Miles 6 in a Coach, and 3 on foot; my Mornings I Dedicate to my friends and business, more then you can Suppose, of other peoples, I still cheerfully Undergo.”’ Perhaps the most interesting sentence in any of the letters occurs in one dated 25 August, 1737, as follows: ‘‘T am Upon Leaving behind me Somthing Historically of the ffamily, the Memory of w So Dear to me; And before the Days Grow too Short, If you will give Your Selfe the trouble of takeing Pen, Inke, and Paper, with you, Some Sunday in the Afternoon to Budock Church, And take from the Monum* in the Chancell, the Necessary, You will Oblige me, And in return Expect a Duplicate of what I so make out, Composed of Inci- dents, which Otherwise, You must Live and Dye Ignorant Off.” On Feb. 11, 1737-8, he writes ‘¢Tell Mrs. Hill that if her Son the Seaman be inclined to the Church of Roome, I will Use my interest for making him a Cardinal.” The letters, however, are mostly about matters connected with the Estate and accounts. He instructs Mr. Hall how to resist the encroachments of the Corporation ; when and how to KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 50 present to that body his (Martin Killigrew’s) resignation of the Recordership of Falmouth, &c., &. His instructions about the erection of the Killigrew Monument or ‘“ Pyramid,” as he called it, are of peculiar interest. On the 29 March, 1737, after giving minute instructions as to the foundations for the Pyramid, he writes— ‘Without having my foolish Vanity Exposed, I may tell you, that in having this projection Carried into a just Execution, as it ought and I hope will be, I pretend to Insist that from the sheltered position and MDurableness of the Stone (Manual Violence Excepted) the thing may stand a beauty to the Harbour without Limitation of time, and You and your Posterity have the honour of the Architecture.” On the 19" of the following month, April, he refers to the pyramid as ‘‘ a darling thing I am never to See, but Shall have much pleasure thereby in liveing tu y® being duly informed of its being raised and finished to perfection according to y* Modell and my directions.” Again on July 16 of the same he writes— ‘“‘T have already Charged you in the most Special mafer and must now repeat it, and Shall rely on your Care therein, that there be no Inscription in or about the Pyramyd or the whole Grove No, not so much as the Date of the Year: Hoping it may remain a beautifull embellishment tothe Harbour, Long, Long, after my Desireing to be forgott, as if I had never been.” To complete the reference to the Pyramid, I must quote one from Mr. R. Thomas’s ‘‘ History and Description of the Town and Harbour of Falmouth,” (J. Trathan, 1827, p. 109, note) as follows : “The following concerning this pyramid appears in a manuscript written in 1736. ‘‘This Pyramid as it is termed, but rather ought to be Monument for that { understand it was put up in honour of the Harbour ; the original and still nursing Mother of the town, and by her alone supported from its infancy against the mighty. And likewise in honour of the great Sir Walter Raileigh, who sometime about the latter end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, by stress of weather, being put into the harbour and elegantly 56 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. entertained at Arwenack by the late Sir John Killigrew, the only house then standing upon the place ; saying that the goodness of the Harbour was such, as to be defective in nothing, but the want of shelter for seafaring men; and put Sir John upon building to such purpose, as in which he and his posterity had the well known success.” The Pyramid or Killigrew Monument was originally built in the Grove adjoining Arwenack House, it was removed in 1836, to the top of the hill towards the Bay, and in 1871 was again taken down and erected in Arwenack Green, opposite Arwenack House, where it now stands. Mr. Mitchell has kindly furnished me with the following account of its final removal, which is copied from a book now at the Manor office. ‘“A Document relating to the Killigrew Monument was written on parchment and sealed up in a bottle, and then built into the interior masonry of the said monument (about half way up) on its erection on Arwenack Green opposite the Manor office on the 19th July, 1871. The Document read as follows :— The Killigrew Monument. “This Pyramid was originally built in the Grove near Arwenack, A.D. 1737—1738 from the design and at the cost of Mr. Martin Killigrew (son-in-law of the second and last Sir Peter Killigrew) who was sometime Recorder of Falmouth, and for several years Steward of the Arwenack Estate ; His original name was Lister,—he was born in 1666 at Liston, Staffordshire and whilst a Captain or Lieutenant at Pendennis Castle, under John Karl of Bath he became acquainted with the Killigrews, and upon his marriage, with Ann, Sir Peter’s youngest daughter, he took the name of Kiligrew ; He survived all the members of the Arwenack family with the exception of his grand nieces, through the younger of whom, the present and first Earl of Kimberley, inherits the Arwenack Estate. The object in the erection of this Pyramid does not appear very clear unless— (which is not improbable) it was intended as a family monument of the Killigrews ; Mr. Martin Killigrew in several letters to Mr. Abraham Hall, the then Steward at Arwenack, gave full KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 54- instructions in detail as to the manner in which the Pyramid was to be built, but said nothing of the object he had in its erection, except what is contained in the following extracts from his letters, —viz.”’ [here follow the extracts already given from letters dated 29th March, 1737, 19th Aprill, 1737, 16th July, 1737. | ‘“‘The original cost of the Pyramid, including its erection under the superintendence of John Ragland, mason, was £455. 1s. 113d., as appears by the following extract from ‘“ Mr. Ab™ Hall’s account with Martin Killigrew Esq” from Ladyday 1738 to Lady Day 1739.” ‘By the gross cost of the Pyramid erected in the Grove at Arwenack as per an account thereof sent said Mr. Killigrew, and by his Order here charged in one article £455. 1s. 114d.” “The entire height of the Pyramid is 40 feet, and its base 14 feet square. It remained in the Grove from the date of its erection there until 1836, when ‘“‘ (during the Stewardship of Mr. John Pollard) it was removed for the purpose of making room for building the row ot houses known as ‘ Grove Place ;’—at the same time the Grove of fine Elm Trees which formed avenues radiating in all directions from the Pyramid, except towards the Harbour, was swept away.—The Pyramid was then erected under the superintendence of Mr. Josiah Devonshire, Builder, near the top of the hill towards the Bay, in which position, however, it never showed to advantage. Since its erection on that site the feature of the neighbourhood has entirely altered—the Cornwall Railway has been con- structed close to its base. Public Docks have been formed only a short distance off, a carriage drive has been made around Pendennis Castle, and buildings have sprung up on every side. In carrying out the latter, the apparent height and importance of the Pyramid were considerably diminished—it became almost entirely hid, and obstructed the view from the windows of the houses in its immediate vicinity, more particularly those belonging to the house built by Capt. Saulez, R.N. (Lansdowne House) on the site of whose back garden it stood until June, 1871, when by order of the Right Honourable John First Earl of Kimberley, it was removed to Arwenack Green in front of the Old Manor House, where it 58 KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. is now being erected by the said Mr. Josiah Devonshire, during the Stewardship of Messrs. Smith, Roberts, and Paul, Solicitors, of Truro. Joun J. SKINNER, Resident Agent. JosIAH DEVONSHIRE, Builder. Joun D. MitcHEt1, Manor Bailiff. Dated Manor Office, Arwenack, 19 July, 1871.” If ever this Pyramid is again taken down, a second bottle will be found containing the names of the workmen who erected it in Arwenack Green. These workmen did not see why they should be outdone by their masters, so they collected some foreign coins of small value and put them in a bottle with a paper, on which their own names were written. This second bottle was built into the Pyramid higher up than the first one, and no mention was made of it by the workmen until the Pyramid was completed. The following extracts from Mr. Martin Killigrew’s letters will be better understood by the reader, if he is familiar with that portion of the Killigrew pedigree given below. Sir PETER KILLIGREW=Frances Twisden. ob. 1705. | | George Killigrew=Anne Richard Erisey=Frances Killigrew, Martin ieee killed 1687. | St. Aubyn | ob. 1736 ob. 1745, Killigrew. l S.p- Major Dunbar=Amye Col. John West= Mary Erisey Killigrew. George Dunbar. | | John Merrill=Mary Killigrew Hon. C. Berkeley= Frances Killigrew, mar. 1737. Mar. 1743. List oF M.S. Letters. 1736, 7 Oct. Instructions how ‘to prevent y°® Incroachm* of ye Corporation. 1737, 29 March. Minute instructions as to the foundation, &c., of the Pyramid, ‘‘the thing may stand a KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 09 beauty to the Harbour without Limitation of time.” 16 April. Instructions as to reception of Col. West and party at Arwenack. 19 April. Instructions touching the erection of the Pyramid, ‘‘a darling thing I am never to see,” Architect’s usual charge, &c. 26 April. ‘‘Preferableness of Moore Stone to Portland Stone for y° Pyramid.” 3 May. This letter is missing. 2 June. Re Col. West’s visit to Arwenack, erection of Pyramid, &ce. 25 June. ‘‘I value not my being loaded with Curses.” 12 July. Surrender of Recordership to the King, should have been to the Corporation. 16 July. ‘No Inscription” to be “in or about the Pyramid.” ‘As to my health, &c.” Mr. Merrill ‘‘ An Auckward Country Squire to be Marryed ye 12th” to Mary Killigrew. 19 July. ‘ Y° Marryage of your Mrs. and Landlady Mary to M* Merrill” took place ‘‘on y® 14 Curr*.” ‘“No person has yet fixed on’’ for the other Daughter Frances. 6 Aug. Touching the Pyramid. Dishonest practises of Jews with Bank Bills. 25 Aug. ‘‘Can Do without the Use of a Banker.” Touching a Mapp of the Estate ‘‘I am upon leaving behind me Something Historically of the ffamily.”” ‘‘ Expect a Duplicate of what I so make out.” 30 Aug. Touching a successor to M™ Bowne an outgoing tenant. 1 Sept. The promising tenant ‘may bogle at the Distance.” Re Merchants Keyage Bills, &c. Re M’ Hall’s future Salary. 60 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. », 6Sept. Touching a Bodmin Man as tenant for M™ Bowne’s House, under a landlord who never refuses to do every thing for the Accommoda- tion of a Reasonable Tenant,”’ » 80Sep. ‘‘Custome” to be expected at Mrs. Bowne’s House, ‘the Signe” of which to be ‘the Spread Eagle to the Vulgar” “yet in fact y° Killigrew Armes.” Work on the Pyramid to be discontinued during the Winter. ‘‘Salt board Order for the shiping ffish at St. Maws.” ‘Do not you bless yourselfe that You are not Sadled with a Wife.” », 18 Oct. Touching M* Laroche’s visit to Falmouth. ‘‘ Between you and I, Mr. Agent behaves like a right Raskell.” », 22 Oct. Mr” Laroche at Arwenack. » 38Nov. ‘Signe of Pearces Taverne’’ tv be ‘the King’s Arms.” ‘“‘ Preposterous’’ of Ragland to raise the scaffolding of the Pyramid ‘up to 50 foot high.” », 12 Nov. Mr’ Laroche’s journey from Port Eliot to London in 8 days ‘‘more like flying than rideing.” Men still employed on Pyramid ‘to hold on from morning till night without going to dinner.” » 19Nov. Touching M* Hall’s Mother’s ‘“ Indiscreet bableing.” ‘Check the nonsense” of the workmen about the Pyramid. » & Dec. Re furnishing ‘‘ Pearce’s Taverne.” », 24 Dec. Re ‘War w Spain.” ‘Christmas Coynage Tin, &e.”’ 1737-8, 21 Jan. The word “ Sterling” out of use. Has recommended M* Hall to M* Merrill as a Suitable Steward, Snoxell to succeed M" Bowne. ; » 11 Feb. ‘Tell Ms Hill that if her Son the Seaman be inclined to the Church of Roome, I will Use KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 61 my interest for making him a Cardinal.” ““T am a Great Enemy to the showing of Teeth; ever lett yours be felt before they are seen.” », 18 Feb. Touching the presenting to the Mayor and Corporation his Resignation of the Recorder- ship of Falmouth. The middle of ‘“ y* next Month May” be ‘proper to proSeed on y° pyramid.”’ », 4Mch. ‘The Noyse of Warr, w™ Spain,” ‘brave News for Falm°” 14 Mch. Snoxell and wife left the Thames for Falmouth, Col. West and daughter saw them off. They are to sit in the Arwenack Seat at Church. Snoxell to be Steward for M* Laroche who ‘‘is the person pitched upon for y° Office as Recorder.”’ 21 Mch. Snoxells safe at ‘‘Cows in y° Ile of Wight.” ‘“Y* Cornish Bill is thrown out by a majority of 10” in the House of Lords. The first letter of the Series is in Martin Killigrew’s own very small hand-writing. It appears to have been written to someone acting as Steward during M* Hall’s illness, SO TS rie. After acknowledging y* fav’ of yours of y° 28 past, I have only to trouble you with y* Enclosed. It was from my being pressed in point of time, that I instructed M* concerning this forfiture without Consulting you tho of w® you have since been Advised Y 8 = * * * * M Hall is down with y® Ague, But as he hath had it before I hope it will not hold him long. If it be true what I hear by chance, that Cap* Culverden Comes in Maire of ffalm® this year: It is to be observed that tho he be a quiet and no enterprising man, yet he happens to Inhabit a House from y° circumstances whereof an Eye ought to be had to his behaviour, or rather to that of others. The House hath been ever deemed to be halfe in y° Corporation, and 62 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. y° other halfe in y® parish and so Taxed and Rated. But y° Street Dore uncontestedly without and beyond y° limitts of y° Corporation. If y® Sergents carrying the Maces into y° House, and out of it on occasions y® Corporation will from thence claim y° privelege of y°® Street Dore, &c. In w™ case, however improbable it may be (?) should happen y* attempt M* Hall ought to be cautioned to have an Hye thereto, and if Necessary to place himselfe and y° other Constable with their Staves in y° Street Dore, as of their right and to prevent y* Incroachm‘*. This I could not justify to myselfe y® being Silent on to you, but to M* Hall shall be Silent. Still if you have not a Care, by a few such Steps as these you will soon git as bad a Name at ffalm°® as I have had, But insist that all y° cause given by me hath been from my having had a closer Kye to y® Estate, then in former times, and in consequence to y® Corporation, whose interest will be found diametrically opositt to y° Interest of y° Estate. I am Sir, Charles Street, St. James’s, Your most humble Serv‘, 7 Oct.°, 1736. Mart. KiLiicRrew.”’ “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my Last of the 10 past, S cs * ¥ Now again as to the Pyramid; fearing I shall tire you with my tedious Instructions in the case: But to proceed in such an affair as one ought requires previous thought and necessary provitions: Your objection to the Carrs breaking up the ground ought to be provided against: As thus: You provide old shipe planke of the thickest; You lay a platforme of it, of about Six foot wide, and square about the Bassis of the Pyramid, fastened down to two Sleepers, at each End of each Square Side; The Said Sleepers in the ground, so that the planke may rest flatt upon the ground, the Sleepers to bear no weight, only to keep the planks together: Upon w® platform the Carr will easily be got about the Pyramid, as you want to lay the Stones: from the working shed, to the S* Platform, with the same sort of plank you make two gutters, not above one Inch or two wider then the thicknesst of the Wheels, with a Ledge on Each side to keep in KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 63 the Wheels, Near upon, but not quite so high as the Axel Tree: Kach gutter to be fixed in its place, from being Carried aside, by Driving Stakes in to the ground of about a foot Long, and within two feet of Hach other: W™ method will greatly felicitate the motion of the Carr, with the greatest weight ; you ’ minding that you have Iron Boxes in the Wheels, as for your Sand Botts: you mentioned a Bassis of Cliff Stones, But how you can lay a plain even table of Such Stones, I cafot understand, and hold it ufecesary you first raming the ground over and over mighty well for the Bassis of the Pyramid, whereby you will see you have a good Solid Foundation: you gitting home from gillinvase some Loads of that Sand, the courser the better, then sift it, lay by the finest for after Use in the Morter as I shall Direct: the Courser of the Stones you cover with them the Levell’d foundation before you begin to Ram, then beat them well down into the ground, Ditto, a second and third Coat of the same w* will produce you a fine even Solid Table, whereon to lay your foundation of the Pyramid: you gitting a Large heavy Rammer made for y* purpose and buy two or three Several Scives, Courser and finer, for use of Lime as well as this Sand ; so soon as you have the Model, and with Ragland you are Masters of putting it together, and taking it to peices, you will have those you Contract with for the Stones to Inspect it, And take the Several Numbers and Dimentions of the Stones, Up to the height of the Seat Inclusive, in Order to his providing them in the rough so much of the worke, And so on from time to time, you having the Carr and Sheds ready for Use, And Contrive matters so as the worke may not be, ata stand in any respect whatever. Without having my foolish Vanity Exposed, I may tell you, that in having this projection carried into a just Execution, as it onght and I hope will be, I pretend to Insist that from the sheltered position and Durableness of the Stone (Manual Violence Excepted) the thing may stand a beauty to the Harbour without Limitation of Time, and You and your Posterity have the honour of the Architecture ; Should the Workmen know my Designe of painting it, they would Depend thereon, for Covering ie Defects by pues and heme w I would by all means avoid. - * 64 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. One Word more on the Pyramid, It is necessary to Note that if you Suffer the Workmen or any other to make any the Least Variation in the Dimentions of the Stones from the Modell, my projection must thereby be entirely laid aside And the Modell of no longer Use, but the worke Carried on without Book, of w™ you ought to have a Special regard in your Contract with the Stone Cutters. e pale * & St. James’s, Yours, 29% March, 1737. Mart. KitiicREew.”’ Although the following letter, dated ‘(16 Aprill, 1737,” is given verbatim both by Mr. Worth and by Mr. Tregellas, it will save the reader the trouble of reference and make the letters complete to insert it here in the due order of its date. It is written by Martin Killigrew personally in his own very small hand writing. “M Ab™ Hall. Yours of y° 28 past fully to my Satisfaction came to hand indue time * y i es * * % It is but by guess, I have to tell you, that you are not to expect to see y® Col’ till about y* End of y° first week in May, who bringing with him y® young gentleman in question must add considerably to y° flurry you will be put in, from his being a person of great Consideration as I hear, tho I know not so much as his Name, and as Litle any particular of his circumstances ; But supose you must be advised by y° Col® as to your providing accomodation for their Returne. Two Bed Chambers for y° gentlemen, you will put in y* best order you can: a Roome for y? serv® to Hat in; The best Cook your Town affords: Some choise good Hambs and a provision of fatt chicken; Wine you must Leave M* James to provide: And if any fine green Tea be to be had, you must Secure Some of it as what y° Col° is most nice in, and Drinking much off: Two of y° Largest Tea Potts you can borrow, He using them both at a time: Nice and knowing beyond y® common in providing a Table, So that your Mother will only have to receive his Orders Every Morning on that head: The Stable put in y° best order you can, provided with KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 65 Hay and Corne: If I do not greatly mistake, this flurry cafiot continue above three weeks, for that their impatience will be greater to git back to Bath, then it is to see ffalm°. You are Still in time to see that your Closett and Books be put in y°* best Order you can, And nothing to be seen there belonging to other peoples business, But only to y° Estate: You will finde y°® Col° quick of Comprehention and as ready at figures as can be suposed. At y°® same time you observe to them y° Great Sums I have raised from y*® Estate, you will do me y® justice to note y° improvem® I have made upon it: And that ye times are now dead, as thro out y° Kingdome, yet as they have been good, it may reasonably be hoped they will be so again ; And that in the main you doubt not of giving a yearly Demonstration (by y° Rentall) of y® increase of y° Estate. When Diner is over you git back to your closet, and as you see it proper, you return with your pen in your Har making the Col° Sensible he is wanted above, whereby he may git rid of impertinent Comp’ if such be with him. Nor can I see in respect to time, y° Col® can do more in business then from day to day, giving you orders which you will take in writing and at parting take his hand to them, you giving him a Duplicate. You willbe able to borrow Glasses Llinen Spoons with some handsome pieces of plate, in every thing to make y° best figure you can: and if you can, borrow a better Horse than your own, you ought to do it relying upon y° Col generosity (His greatest fault) you will be nothing eut of pocket upon this occasion. As from me, pray your Mother to trouble y° Col° with as Litle of her Conversation as her business will admit off: I thinke enough at a time to a man of your accute parts. St. James, Yours, 16 Aprill, 1737. Mart. KiniicREw.”’ “Mr. Ab™Hall . Since my last of y® 16 I havo yours of y® 11" and 14% both on y® same Sheet : ee * * * * but would have you forbear making Oath to them [‘‘accounts for 1736’’]; as also to forbear y* remitting me any more Money till you have my Orders so to do, for that though I will not have any 66 KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. money p* before hand, you must keep your Self in Cash on my account; for y* enabling you readily at all times to pay (as you shall see reasonable) on account of this Pyramid: a darling thing I am never to See, but Shall have much pleasure thereby in liveing to y® being duly informed of its being raised and finished to perfection according to y® Modell and my directions. I vave my projection of wheel carryage and leave it to you to slide up y° stones and Ragland shall agree and in like your laying a good Basis of Cliff Stones marks in y® Modell for the Cramps ia some particulars was not meant as exclusive of y° rest, but only to show you y’ manner, for that every Stone must be cramped to y° next, the two upper rowes next y® (?) Capp, to be cramped with Copper, all y° rest with Iron these of Iron when exactly fitt and ready to be fixed into y° stones; you have a pott of hott pitch standing by and with a pair of pinchers for y* purpose dip the cramp in the pitch and lay it in its before the pitch is cold and when you have half a dozen or more cramps 80 fixed: then you Lead them; y° thickness of y® cramps, I allow to be done, as you shall be advised ; the greatest architect, Builder or Undertaker here, never askes more than 5 p* Ct upon y° Gross Cost: A price generally setled, as not to admit of a question, so that my friend Ragland is more than a litle out of the way in his demand; Mr. Laroch offers me his favorit undertaker from Lostwithiell who hath built him Mills and (?) Wears upon the River to great satisfaction ; this man you may have at 4 p* Ct and 7* a week in respect of his being from home which I shall readily come into if I cannot have Ragland on my owne Terms ; such as shall give me absolute Comand over his personal attendance; and laying his hand to all sorts of this work, so long as any worke shall be going on, in y°® premises; as well y° giving out from y° Modell Dementions of y°® stones, nombring them with Charcole from y° like on y* Modell ; seeing y* stones wrote to true dementions and true joynts; conveying em up to y° worke, placeing ’em and cramping ’em, seeing y° labourers do there duty, and minding y° scaffolding that it be strong and proper, from whence you see he must have no business out of town nor attend his other affairs in town, but at hours my people KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 67 are not at work; his attending the Stone Cutters at Constantan by your directions or approbation, giving you in every Saturday a weekly acco’ inclusive of his own wages y° labourers dues, for your paying them; * bi ¥ 8 7 = You are Silent as to your having planted the new Hedge with quick Setts. Toll from my W™* Tenants must be carryed to my account, and not Sumoned to Arwenack Court. Yours, St. James’s, Mart. Kituicrew. 19% Aprill, 1737. Snoxell writes me I shall have him again next firyday and you must See I want him. M.K.” (Ditto to Ditto 26 Apl.) * # % * # % + % “‘T have a letter from advising y® preferableness of portland to Moore Stone for y* Pyramid Chiefly in respect that I must not expect close and good joynts from y° Latter, and in answer I write that I shall rely on your care and y° Workmen’s skill in y° case and shall not go from y* Moore Stone. Yours, St. James’s, Mart. KiLLicREw.” 26” Aprill, 1787. “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 3™ past I have yours of the 9* and 26™ of the Same, and for the reason you give me for your silence the same Occasioned mine: But now the Grand Flurry is over, I shall hope to hear trom you as ay personal interest may require, &c. &c. i es = S i Col? being so communicative have lett you into what passed between them and as sure it must be Charming to Hip and the rest of the Cufing inward Men, to see so frank and open a gentleman amongst them: Your Sister I was in no pain about but your Mothers loving to have her share of Discourse, made me apprehend for her, But from what the Col? Writt me, and you now, I hope all pas’t very well on that head: You are Silent how matters past at M* Walmsley’s Christening. * * * % - % # % 68 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. The present Duke of Bedford a prudent thoughtfull man possessed of a Large Estate in this Town, w™ hath been Leased out, to the Sundry Tenants, ever since Henry the Eights time, Seeing his apparent Interest in the Case, hath now Lately made a Publick Declaration, that he will make no further grants in his S* Estate, « * * * eS * and whereof you will have a Provition of Morter ready for use ; and it must be with this morter that you make your Liquid Lime of Such a Consistency (and not Less) as will admitt of its Searching and filling all Cavities, and w® filled to Day, will be found sunk to Morrow, and to be refill’d: In this as well as the rest of the worke, Raglands Hye and Judgm* will be constantly wanting, and shall have a Dependance thereon: true joynts, close Laid, with little Lime, and well cramped is what I shall hope to hear from you upon: The taking away the two quarters of Trees next the Sea; I believe I shall come into: but that is a Matter of no haste. St. James, Yours, 2° June, 1737. Mart. KILLIGREw.”’ (Ditto to Ditto 25 June 1737) * * * # # # % * “The Pyramid not requiring quicker Paym* shall Content me, And by w% Method you will be in Condition, to make the Col° more or Less, some Remittances from time to time. ¥ * ¥ * * * * x I value not my being Loaded with Curses, As to be sure I must be from this, and the restriction upon Lands. Butas I am not to know it, you forbear using my Name to Bluet. You of course advise y® Col°® from time to time of your paying me for so you must word it in your acc’. St. James’s, Yours, 25 June, 1737. Mart. KILLIcREw.” “Upon Col° West’s and Daughters affairs Exclus” of my own. M: Ab™ Hall. The Survey Book being Still with me in Order to my parting with it, Compleat to the time of delivery (of w™ you KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 69 may Expect to be advised) It will be Necessary that you Send me the Littoral Entrys from your Survey Book, of all Leases as well at Rack as ffine, grant’d Since I gave up the Estate. % * % % # # * * Ditto the Clause of the Town Charter, showing in Consideration of whome it was granted, as also therein the Kings Acknowledging S* Peter to be Lord of y* Manour. The Surrender of my Recordership being made to the King, w™ should have been to the Corporation, I have Cancell’d it, and am Desired to forbear, such new Surrender, till next Spring: I suppose with a view of Mr. Merrill Succeeding me therein, of w™ you will take your time to Accquaint the Mayor and Gentlemen of the Corporation. + # # % * # * * The Col? will have a Copy of this my Letter And it is to him, that you must make answer to it. Being Desirous of no further trouble in such Matters then may be for the Necessary Service, of all parties w™ may be relyed on so Long as my poor Capacitys Subsists’: and in such Respects shall have much more Capable Successor in M* Laroche which Intermediation may be more or Less of Use, in respect of its being the Interest of the Estate, that y° Tenants should be kept in the Notion, of the two Lords having but one Mind; w™ is Enough on So nice a Subject to a man of your Acute Understanding. St. James’s, Yours, July 12, 1737. Mart. KiILuicREw.” “M* Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 12" Currt I have yours of the 7* of Same Advising of your having Carried to my Cred* £100 :—as part of my annuity to Lady Day 1737 w® I Enter as the third Article of your Debt for the Curr* year: You keep and Charge me in a Particular Acc* for the Pyramid, as you lay out the money, but in our gen" ace you charge me with nothing thereof, till the Same is Compleat, And then in one Gross Sum, from Such Particular Acct whereby you see I mean nothing but 70 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. method ; you say the Cramps are putting in, but for want of your Discribing the working the Stones for them, you give me pain for that if you cutt y® proper Cavaties for the Cramps, after the stones are Laid in Morter such working must Loosen the Joynts, never to be repair’d, a matter of the greatest consequence in the Building; Nor do you say, you pitch the Cramps at laying inn, to prevent rust ; I leave it entirely to your Discreasion the advanceing Money to the Stone Cutters as you see proper, and approve of taking Lead from our Tenant Steel: I have already Charged you in the most Special Mafer and must now repeat it, and shall rely on your Care therein, that there be no Inscription in or about the Pyramid or the whole grove No, not so much as the Date of the Year: Hoping it may remain a beautifull imbellishm* to the Harbour, Long, Long, rie: my Desireing to be forgott, as if I had never been. = * # % % # % % he to my health, it is without Alteration, as good as Can be Suposed at 71, I caiiot say my firmness at the Hour of Death, will exceed that of others in the Like Case, But at present, the thoughts of Leaving the World, are far from being Disagreeable to me, relishing nothing in it: and yet affected with Disagreeable Insidents happening, So that when the time Comes of your hearing of my being released, your friends? must make you rejoyce at it; Still with all my resignation I submitt to my Doctor and few triends Solicitation, In going to plow every Day, to Suport, a Wretched Life, that is, at 3 a Clock, I go 3 Miles to Kingsinton Garden ; In Extent 3 Miles round, w* I Compass with the help of two restings, At an amuseing Book; A progression of 9 Miles 6 in a Coach, and 3 on foot; my Mornings I Dedicate to my friends and business, more then you can Suppose, of other peoples, I still Chearfully undergo. * * # # % % Fryday the 8 both families went down to Lainston M* Merrills House, there to be Marryed y° 12™ as was proposed and I hope was performed accordingly, tho’ as yet I have no advice of it: In proper time you will have Direction from the Col° or me, for your writeing M”* Merrill, an Auckward Country Squire at first Sight, yet upon Examination, Nothing to be objected to his KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. 71 person: But his Intulects are Charming, And in all respects, much to my Likeing, as I am sure he will be to yours: University and Temple Education: You must magnify his having studyed the Law, to give your people an auful impress” of him. St. James’s, Yours, 16 July, 1737. Mart. KiILiicREw.”’ (In M.K’s own hand.) “M* Ab™ Hall. Since my Last of y® 16" Curr’ I have y°® two paquetts with your Acc* and considering your being in Cash, and to be further in Cash from my Annuity for answering y® Expence of y° pyramid &c. I should be glad you would (as soon as you can) Remitt Mess™ Hoare and Arnold for my Acc’ The amount of y° Ballance of your Acc* or there abouts; w*" will be y® more agreeable at this time, In respect of my being got about £:200: in my Said Bankers Debt: occasioned by my meeting with a Security to my Liking Somthing above my present Ability. By this post I have a Letter from y°® Col° of y® Marryage of your M™ and Landlady Mary to M* Merrill, being had and consumated on Thursday y* 14 curr’ whereby you have got a New Master, I hope for your joynt lives: He about 4 years younger then you are: The Col? proposes y* staying at Lainston to y° 30 curr* to call at my Dore y° 31% at night, and y° next Day for Bury: Next post I shall write him, when I will desire him to Instruct you by letter; How and in what mafer, you shall make your first address to M* Merrill, As what I know y° Col? will better like Should come from him then me. The Scripture is point blank against you, and indeed M* Hall’s temper and good Sence will be all but necessary to Suport your Station of Serving two Masters. M*™ Merrill y° mothers way of thinking and mine, seems to square better than hers and y° Col? and I dare promis for her Son in your favour. The other Daughter to be marryed Sooner or Later before it be Long is probable, tho no person as yet fixed on: She is a young woman of admirable good sense, and from a particular circumstance, Under special obligation to me, and rely upon it I will have a 72 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. Close Eye to your Interest with such Husband: Not forgitting that y° Col? hath a greater value for you then myselfe if juditiously speaking that can be. St. James’s, Yours, 19% July, 1737. Marr. KiniicrEw.”’ “M* Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 19 past - a Eh * Ragland must trim a thin Board, just to the thickness of the Lime in the joynt between the Stones, then two stones put together, with that Board between, the Stone cutter workes his Cavity for the Cramp: then gitts a cramp to fitt it: And by that one Cramp he makes Cavities in all the rest of the Stones, of the same row all round, still the Board between as he cutts, then he gitts the whole number of Cramps, made exactly to that one, the Stone Cutter worked by: By w™ means you have all your Cramps and Cavities ready at once, before you begin to Lay the Row, that is four square; I pay for the Squareing the Core or inward Stones, And shall be glad you will make me Sensible, that reasonable Close Eye is had thereto, for that otherwise, I shall pay for what I have Not, And moreover be at much more then Necessary Charge, in filling up with Liquid Lime. We have Jews here, Imployd by the like Honest Men in Holand, to buy up at Discount, Bank Bills Clandestinly got, and send them over, perhaps to the Same person, who returns them back to the Defrauder here: In the name of his Correspond* the Dutch Merch* He Demands Paym* at the Bank, where he is put to Answer, how he came by the Bill, who Answers, He had it from his Correspond* in Hollond, and Produces his Letter Not knowing more of the Matter: The Stop Continues, And the Merch*t in Holand, is put to Answer upon his Oath, Who Swears that he took it in Trade, and Paid a Valuable Consid®™ for it, but cafiot remember of whome; Now how trifleing So ever this Answer is, Yet it must be Accepted, And the Bill Paid, Not only in Holand, but also here amongst our Selves to w™ the Bank readily comes into, for that otherwise, Bank Bills, could not have KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 73 a general Currency ; from whence you See, how much more Care ought to be taken of Bank Bills then Bills of Exch® or promis- sary Notes; the Meritts hath been often Determined both at Law and in Equity, the Possessers Oath Still Clearing the Matter. # # # * * # # * So much hath been said in your fav’ to Mr. Merrill, as well by the Col° as me, and knowing the young Man and his Mother as I Do, I have not the Least apprehentions to y' Prejudice. They will be in Town (as usual) some time in October for the Winter: you make ready a Rentall for 1737 for Mr. Merrill, But Directed for Mr. Laroche, who for a Day or two at most, you may Expect to see at Arwenack, about the end of y°® next Month, I hearing the Col? Invite him to lye at y* House. I must not Omitt to tell you, that the Col® Expressed himselfe to me in very Strong Terms, the Years Rent being Compleatly Due at Lady Day, ought to be as Compleatly got in by Midsum*: To which I Replied, that in the most florishing times, I neve could Do anything like it, And from thence, the more Doubt your performance, in these Distressed times; which Hint is sufficient, for y" Writing the necessary on the Subject, when you see proper, Not forgitting to mention that as an Att™ it Lyes in your Way to be Vexatious to Tenants in Arrear, but as such Methods may be Detrimental to the Estate, Upon List of Arrears sent Up you shall hope for Special Orders from time to time in y° case. St. James’s, Yours, 6th Aug., 1737. Mart: KILLicREW.” “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 6% Curr'I have yours of the 13% of the same: And in Answer I shall begin on the Subject of my Bankers: you say you have their Voucher for the last Remittance, you made them on my acc* so that you can Suffer Nothing by having had to Do with them, nor have I any Cause to Complain of them, as Bankers, but as they still grow great and Considerable in their Business; I take it in my head, that such 74 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. trifleing Customers as I am now become, must be treated with inward Contempt w™ being so or not isnot Matterial, Since I see by the help of Snoxell I can Do without the Use of a Banker: So that for the future, however remote the time may be, You will make me Remittances Directly to my Order. # # % % % # # * The Mapp you have rec* I hope in good Condition, with the Copy here, Exact and more beautifully Done on Vellum, Cost Col® West near five pounds; and at the Col°* Cost, You must . Carefully gitt it Laid upon a Dry Slit Deal Back, well glewed together, tack’t on with very Small Tacks, Framed in a black Moulding, with two good Rings for hanging it up, and to be taken Down with Safety w™ I know must be the often practice: You Observe Breast Works thrown up at Gillanvase and the Swan Pool head, w* were Occationed from the Apprehentions of the Spanish Invation w™ was attempted in 1588. As also this Mapp makes a great Complement to Penryn. I observe what you Write of Mrs. Bowne’s quitting at Lady Day * * * You will in the first place make the Agent Sensible, that the Lords of the Estate, will expect that the Post Office be not removed from the House, Unless he hath a mind to give them and himself trouble in the Case: In the next place TI shall be in hopes you may Secure Mr. John Russel’s Interest for my House; not Doubting but that you and Mr. James will Exert yourselves in the Matter all you Can, for the finding out a Promising Tenant; You from friendship, and he from his own Interest: By Advertisemt and otherwise, You may be sure I will not be Idle here; But as yet, those I have Moved in the Matter treat the projection, in respect of Distance; as going to the West Indias: I have in M™ Erisey, a Steady friend at Plymouth, where perhaps or at the Dock, things not being so florishing as they have been, Some Proper Person may be found : I Shall Write to her this Post About it, refferring to you in the Matter. I am Upon Leaving behind me Somthing Historically of the ffamily, the Memory of wis so Dear to me; And before the Days Grow too Short, If you will give your selfe the trouble of takeing Pen, Inke, and Paper, with you, Some Sunday in the KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 75 afternoon to Budock Church, And take from the Monum* in the Chancell, the Necessary, You will oblige me, And in return Expect a Duplicate of what I so make out, Composed of Incidents, which otherwise, you must Live and Dye Ignorant off. St. James’s, Yours, 25th Aug., 17387. Mart. KitiicRew. Mr. Merrill writes me that his Wife dayly improves in her health upon Marryage: On or about y°* 3‘ of y® Next month, They propose y° being at Bath for six weeks.” (This P.S. is in M.K.’s hand-writing). “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my Last of the 25th Curr’ I am in hopes I have mett with avery proper Man and Wife to Succeed Mrs. Bowne: The Man from his Youth bread upas Botler in great ffamilies, where good Eating and Drinking was the Chief Business: His Wife a Cook in the like, and the same ffamily, where She ever Brewed, and is Mrs. of the Art, As well as Cookery, Both in the Prime of their Age and from Wales. Now in Order to the proceeding with them, I must pray you will be at the trouble, of going over the House with Mr. James Carefully Viewing it in all its Circumstances, then retire to Mr. James’s House, and whilst things are fresh in your Memories Set Down the Number of Rooms in it: Distinguishing how many Bedd Chambers, And those again, better and worse, for the providing Bedds accordingly: Stable roome for how many Horses, what Laught for Hay and Straw, with particulars of the Several Sorts of Household Goods may be Wanting. In all w you will much oblige me, And I shall hope with the Soonest: And as Bear and Ale Cannot otherwise be had ready for Dra‘ at their going into the House Mr. James in his sloop, may git it, and bring from Exeter, of both Sorts, brewed with Dochester Malt. My. Laroche had lately a Letter from the Col° wherein he mentions, that he Designed to Write me, so soon as he heard from you; Sure You are not backward in Writing. 76 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. As you are fully impowered to pay, And I being Contented with Such distant times, I shall expect that in your next letter after Michaelmas Day, you advise me of your having Credited Me in acc* for the Second Hundred Pounds of my Annuity due at Ladyday last past. St. James’s, Yours, 30th Aug., 1737. Mart: KILLicREW.”’ “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my last of 30th past, I have reason to Apprehend that the Promissing Tenant, and his Wife Especially, may bogle at the Distance, so that you can have no Dependence on them: Of w" I hold it proper you Should know with the Soonest that your Industry in the Case may not Slacken. I should have been glad, that in Appraising the ffish Utensils, those belonging to the Markett might have come in your mind, pray let me know what they are, and their Value. If you have not sent the Col° the grosse of the Merchants Keyage Bills, I hold it time you Should do it; And Considering Mr. Merrills Interest Commences not till Midsummer, Should you not Oblige Such Merch* to pay home to that time: It will Save you trouble in Makeing out your Acc* for 1737. In Consid™ of your having the trouble, of transacting with Distinct Interest in the Estate, I shall take upon me to propose, their each of them allowing you £20 salary. St. James’s, Yours, 1st Sept", 1737. Mart: KiILiicREw.”’ “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the Ist Curr‘ I have yours of the same Date by this Post ; te * * < * * * In Case Mr. Laroche Should send you over the Bodmin Man, to see the House, I pray You will be at the trouble of going with him, showing him, that you aske no More Rent, then Mrs. Bowne pays, who, now, would be glad to Stay at the Same KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 77 Rent, Under a Landlord, who never refuses to do every thing for the Accomadation of a Reasonable Tenant. St. James’s, Yours, 6th Sept’, 1737. Mart: KILiicREw.” “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 6th Curr*t I have yours of the 4 and 22* of the Same and thank you for being so particular as to Mrs. Bownes House without w” I could have had no Notion of the Matter : G * Y = ce cy i # oe The Town Custome cafot be Sup’osed Considerable to this House, I own, And as for the Passengers to and from Lysbon and Spain, My friend W™ Richards hath Undertaken, that none of them Shall ever Enter our House: Your Great Men the Like, As to all Masters of Ships, And the Agent Secured the Post House to M™* Bowne: Punch and Drams, however Comon in every other House, If my Tenant attempts the least thing that Way, he shall directly be sadled with the penalty of the Law, besides other oppositions as opportunity offers innumerable; ¥ ¥ * # * ¥ * % Desire Ragland by Guess of Hye, to give you the Dimen- sions of M™ Bowne’s Signe, and let me have it: If you have no objection, I intend, my Signe shall be the Spread Eagle, To the Vulgar, apparently such, and nothing Else, yet in fact y° Killigrew Armes, w™ will but only imbellish the Spread Kagle, and send for the Dimentions, Designing to have it done here, more Durable and to advantage, then with you nor can I enter into the Notion of your getting Bear and Ale Brew’d at Home for opening the House, But must desire Mr. James will think ot helping us out in this matter, by gitting it in the Spring from Exeter, and to be now speedily Brew’d: good as can be made at such price, as the Retailer may git something by it; Upon condition of his being the Tenants only Wine Merchant * u * * % # * % * % Cap* Steel seems well acquainted with my Weakside, and so I pray you will tell him: So long time as a year and a halfe, He had a price in £12 and refused and then you —™ Lays out 78 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. the best part of One Hundred Pounds upon the Tenem’ and now Condesends to Comply with such my Demand, when most Landlords, in like case, would near Double the ffine upon him: But tell him that the Raskally fellow, that he hath heard so much off, and never seen, or like to see, Will accept of his Twelve Pounds, so that you may forthwith Draw him a new Lease, * % % # % % % So That your Stone Cutters should worke as most for their advantage, I have nothing to object, But besides the Dead Winter being no proper time to rear the Worke: Theimploying so many attending Labourers in the very short, wett, darke Days, I cannot come into it: (?) ould have the pedestal now raised to its full height with the soonest: filled chocks with Liquid Lime, then covered with straw with some stones to keep it fast: the Scafolding Struck and laid up till Lady Day against which time (if they please) the Stone Cutters may be ready to put up the Pyramid: and flatter myselfe you cafiot in point of good sense, contradict me in what I supose: You never told me to what height you raised the scaffolding. You ought to try at getting a copy of the Salt board Order for the Shiping ffish at St. Maws, and send it the Col’ with y observations thereon, without w™ nothing can be said to it. In seeing Mr. Heams behaviour, do not you bless yourselfe that You are not Sadled with a Wife, Sure youmay: Somthing more of the Sort to Divert, will be obligeing, Hopeing to hear from you every other week: How goes Punch and Draming in your Town, Where I am apt to believe No Notice is taken of the prohibition. Mich™* Day being past I shall count in proper time, of an additional credit with you for £150. I shall be glad to see a List of my arrears to Lady Day 1737. Hopeing it may not be Great. St. James’s, Yours, 30th Sept., 1737. Mart: KiLiicrEew.” (In M.K.’s own Handwriting). “Mr. Hall. By this post I have your paquett of y® 13 Curr‘ But not at Leasure to say a word in Answer to it, being obliged to referr KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. 79 to my next. The present Cause of this is to enclose to M* Walmsley,* w" I would not delay for his Encouragm' who it seems shares with you in y° ill qualities of y° people you are placed amongst, tho I think affecting his meak Speritt more than yours. By what I understand from M* Laroche, Her Husband doth not set out from Bodmin for y® West till y° 20% from whence I am in hopes that y® Letter I sent you to meet him at ffalm° of y® 11th and should come to your hands y® 15" He will finde with you on his Arrival at Arwenack; a Letter very fully Instructing him for his behaviour with y’ Agent on my behaltfe: We are certainly in time, And I will not neglect your hinte of preventing a Surprise upon y° Post office here: Between you and I, Mr. Agent behaves like a right Raskall, in using y° pretence of y° opposition of y° Town, when in varying y° question, He would be very angry, Should any one pretend y° thing is in y° Diposal of y® Board here or be any waye influenced by an Interest from y* Town: you will Instruct M* Laroche if this Letter comes in time, concerning this shuffle of y*° Agents, who must show him y® Agent, That he makes a poor figure in y°* pretence; that we do not value y® opposition and ak should it come to that, He may chance to see it disposed off, Independent of him; Have a New Dwelling to Seek, and perhaps some arrears of Rent to pay, more then he may think off: And that upon such sham opposition, we shall look upon him to be at y° bottome of it, and must be Expected to be treated accordingly. St. James’s, Yours, 18th Oct®, 1787. Marr: KIniiarew.” “Mr. Ab™ Hall. By this post 1 have yours of y® 17 curr’, Whereby I hold my Selte to be fortunate in having my Letter hit M* Laroche so patly at Arwenack as it did; and own my being to blame in not writing it sooner tho I thinke he hurryes to git out of y° country sooner, then he told me he thought he should = * 3 * * * * * * * * St. James’s, Yours, 22nd Oct", 17387. Mart: KILiicREw.”’ *Tneumbont of Falmouth, 89 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. “Mr. Ab™ Hall. Yours of the 13% Ourr’’ (? past) * * * “are all before vive 22k 1 * % % % % * (After instructions as to the furnishing of Pearces Taverne cheaply he writes)” As Also that the Signe Shall be the Kings Arms: But Quere, whose is the Signe Post.” “T note what you Write of the Pyramid: and shall long to hear of its being cover’d up for the Winter, much fearing that Mr. Ragland Computes the Greater Expence, the more his profit, for that otherwise he would not have done so preposterous a thing as to raise scaffolding Up to 50 foot high, before ever he laid a Stone, and all in the Way of the Worke instead of Use; and Defy him to show where it was ever done faster than the Building required. The Surveyors here say I must Expect to hear of its falling down; for that it could be put up so precipitately with no other view, then the Having it twice to put up, AndI Supose, Boarded allthe way upto the top: In proper time I shall take Notice to him, of such his Doing, But would not have you take any Notice to him of whatI say; But as from yonr Natural reflection: And begg you will let me have a Line of the going on of the Worke Every week till you shutt it up. His Draught of the Proposed Building at Pearces, I have had under Consideration, and I shall keep it before me, till better at Leasure to observe to you thereon; And thanke you for the hint of Stone Worke And have a Notion, We may raise Stone in Trevethan Beaken ffields, such as will Work within two foot thickness * * * % % - Be silent as to y* Signe, Least we be forestalled in it, and a word will be acceptable, How Mr. W. supports in y° pulpit, y° Attacks made upon his Doctrine. St. James’s, Yours, 3° Nov.”, 1737. Mart: KIiicRew.” “My. Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 3¢ Curr‘ &e. * * * * On Tuesday the 8 was agreeably Surprised with the sight of M' Laroche, who from M' Elliotts to Bristol, Cross a terrable KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 81 Country, and Staying with his Brother there two Days, made this Town in 8 Days, w™ looks more like flying than rideing, But he is a light Weight: and at first Word without my asking a question or he knowing any thing of my haveing ordered the Pyramid to be shut up, He run Out upon the Surveyor (Ragland) for not putting a Stop to the Worke a Month Since; protesting with firmness. that the day men attending the Work canot Harn 4° a Day. I begg you will be a Little round with Ragland in the Case, and for the Little time they have still to Worke, see that they hold on from morning till night, without going to Dinner.—From Curiosity and to see how far the thing was worth accepting Mr. Elliott of Port Eliot got a particular of the gross and Nett Produce of the Office, from the late officer his Kinsman, w" Mr. Laroche Saw and Examined And amongst the other outgoings, he Noted a Yearly London journey Chargeing for it only £10: 53 is = “4 = * we Snoxell the Copyer of this Letter, hath £30 a year upon it, by My Will, Yett Sitts Hasey in the thing. * * * % * * * * When You know them you will not be Uneasey at the Contents of my Letter to Your Mother, Purely Calculated for y’ Service; w™ having no Effect upon her, I know how to push her further, and shall do it, if necessary: Such Wildness of behaviour not being to be Endured. * % * # % % # % Since y® above M* Laroche tells me That by y°* Last post y° Secretary to y° Post Masters writt y° Agent a posetive Injunction, Not to remove y® post office from y® House, As what I supose y°® Agent desires. St. James’s, Yours, 12 Nov’, 1787. Mart: KILLicREw.”’ ‘“M* Ab™ Hall. I am again to Aske your Pardon for my Writing So Strongly to your Mother, but realy and in truth without prejudice, Necessary, whose Ungovernable and Indiscreet bableing must 82 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. hurt you more or Less: And Shall be glad to know how farr, what I do Write, makes Impression upon her. Since my last of the 12“ Curr' I have yours of the Same Date, * * * * Es % # # I am glad to understand You like the Stonecutters perform- ance, Hopeing the Seat about Pyramid is also to y" liking, and have Nothing to Object against y’ advancing them thirty pounds more on their men shutting up the work, and soon after X’mas ten pounds more, if you hold it Safe. But to carry on the Worke now, they cafiot pretend it to be reasonable. In the general, as you have, and are like to have to do with Workmen it will Lye with you to Distinguish and check their Nonsense, when offered, and the pretence of the Tackle is grossly of that Sort, for that tho’ the use thereof be Necessary the fixing of it from height to height, as the scaffolding is carry’d up, is all that is ever Done. This Pyramid and other Charges lately come upon me, will make it convenient to me the putting off the proposed New building to another year; Besides the Consid™ that every piece of Timber, Sparr and Board in the Scaffolding, will be of Use in Such new Building. * = * “ ¥ Without being at the trouble of a Cover, when you have only a Single Sheet to send, Direct to Mr. Laroche: who will soon be familiar with y" hand and Seal: But in case of his Opening Such y* Letters, his So doing can have no ill Consequence Hither to You or Me. St. James’s, Yours, 19 Nov’, 1787. Marr: Kiniicrew.”’ (Ditto to Ditto Dec, 3, 1737 touching Pearce’s Taverne &c.) (POSTSCRIPT.) “Since Closeing the foregoing, I have yours of the 23 Past Unopened: In Answer, Mr. Ragland hath Learned to talke, of his Neighbour Vivian; However you make me Hasey In what you Say of the Pyramid. I note what you say, of M™ Read’s Goods to be Sold, The Tenant’s Answer is, That there is little to KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 83 be hoped of a Bargain from Such a Woman as I represent her : ffeather Bedds Duly Examin’d to be good Especially Tickens, 10° a Pound down to 6*a Pound, According to their Several Goodness: Good London-made Pewter at 2*-hand he can have here to his Likeing at 10° a Pound; It is at most 4. Bedds he would have of Hers: And if She will do any thing to the purpose She must forthwith Sett about makeing out an Inteligent Inventory of Her Goods, Discribeing Each Particular, Charging the Same with the Lowest Penny She will take for them in particulars, So that the Tenant in Sight thereof, will have only to mark with his Pen, what he will have, W* Method if She will Come into, Pray Send me the Inventory, with the Soonest * * * * * % * Yours, Mart: Kitiicrew.” (In handwriting of a fresh clerk). “Mr Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the third current &c. # % % % You have herewith Receipt and Duplicate for my year’s Annuity to and Ending at Lady Day, 1737 to which I Refer, and which not in form to Your Liking, upon your transmitting me a more proper Draught it shall be mended. My Tenant’s Back is up again, upon your saying the best bed Chamber is short of 7 Foot High. I tell him he must put his best bed in the 2nd best Chamber which is nine foot, but he wants the Dimensions of this Second best Chamber and if a Chimney and how many Windows. It may be sometime before M™ Read’s Son in Law finds out that, this Juncture, he may as Kasily git to be an Admiral, as a Leiftenant: And as for a War w Spain or any Nations whatever, I much fear our Circumstances are Such, as that no provocation can Induce unto Action w I write from the notions of those who ought to know more of the matter than I Do; But as War is what your people have Reason to Long for, You will not Discourage their hopes from what I write. % * # + * * * * 84 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. By the Last Post I had a Letter Duble from M* Walmsley, to whome I now Answer, that for the future, if he Delivers any letters to youfor me you have a Method of Sending them Post free. M*™ Bowne being moved shall be glad to know what right she may have to Remove the Signe Post, If She hath or does so; and if left, whether sound and of substance to carry a Valuable Signe, and as High placed as the Wall of the house will bear. I must also pray you will remind me again about Tinships, viztas to the preferable, and the probable time of their being up w the Christmas Coynage Tin: The tenant tells me that I may Count on his being Compleatly ready for the Voyage by the Middle of February.” (In M.K.’s own and small hand.) “By y® way, have you yet got a Clerke: You see by this Letter I have got a Second, present business requiring two, This in merrym’ St. James’s, Yours, 24 Dec., 1737. Mart: KiInicREw.”’ ‘“M Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 24 past, I have yours of the 29 of the same and 12 Currt W* M? Col* Pye’s Ex* of the 10" Curr* at thirty Days in your Favour upon the Comiss™ of Salt Duties for Thirty five Pounds fourteen Shillings Endors’d to me, and Value by you paid y° said M* Pye: w™ S* Bill is Accepted, and Carry the Amount to your Credit, as if I had rec* the Money. The said Bill Imports the old, and out of use here, word Sterl? w* is Amendedly Supplyed by Saying, the Sum of; w I only Note to you for your Amending your Own Stile. I have Deliv’? y* Draught to M* Merrill for his power to you, w you may Expect from him Engrosed and Executed, but as it is to pass (probably) through my hands you will Do well to send me, Between M* Merrill and you, The like Articles as you Gave the Lady’s on your having their power; My Niece Merrill came into me the Other Day, making the figure of a Ship under a full Main Sail, She Reckons for Aprill, and when up proposes the KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. 85 going again to the Bath, where her husband is toleave her and go on to you, from whence you Cannot Expect to see him till towards Midsomer; How the Col’ may stand Disposed in the case I know not, who is Expected in Town in a few Days. By M Merrille’s Discourse I rather Guesed than understood that our Friend Webber had found means to Attack him, by way of M* Kallard his Attorney, hinting as if his Intrest at ffalm° might require a Steward of Consumate Experience amongst the people, w™ I Answer’d on your Subject in Demon- stration, I believe Something beyond w* you would have Done yourself; I mean from your Modesty, Not Otherwise; and having had some Insight into Mr. Kallard I undertook the Young Gentleman ou his Subject, whom I obliged to own that ever since his Father’s Death M* K. by his behaviour had made his Mother very uneasy especially on the Article of coming to Acc’ w® she could never (no not to that Day) bring him to, well then says I, is not such a man’s Character of others to be suspected; upon the whole he went away well Satisfied on your Subject. Since you did not claim 3*-44 in y® case of the Ship, as your Master out of a Question would, to whom could it be so Justly Due y° remaining Money as the Tenant. T note M™ Bown’s foolish Attempt about the Post office, and thank you for your Diligent Care in the thing; on w you ought to make M* Agent a Civill Speech from M* Leroche and me. But by the way, you seem not to reflect on the Severall Occasions w™ may require My having Money in your hands, p"ticularly in regard to the New Tenant who will carry w™ him an unlimited Cred‘ from me, upon you; so that I Desire you will not think of remitting me any more Money, till we see farther w* Occasions you may see for it at Home, to my use; I must hope Cap* Steel had Assured his lost Sloop; have still humanity Enough left to be really sorry for his loss in the life of the Unfortunate poor Young Man, having no thurst after Money by such means, and Considering his loosing his Children so Young, why should he not wait a little to see how the Infant in question thrives, for that I should, in his case: but for coming into a future provisional Bargain in case of Mortality within 2 years, I must pray to be 86 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. Excused; I must own my general practice was such to a Greater Extent of time, and without Exception from the year 1704. — W* Judith Wickham as in fol° here 304, down to your time full thirty years, and that without giving any tenant Cause to Complain of my Shuffling w™ them in the Matter; And though I never had the least thanks from any one Tenant so benefitted my having (done so) sitts easy w™ me, but now am Grown too heavey for such Volatill out of the way practice, Conclude St. James’s, Yours, 21st Jan”, 1737.* Mart: KILiicrew.” [* It must be remembered that prior to 1752 the year in England was consid- ered to begin, not on the first of January, but on the 25 of March. ] “T must not make a Secrett of it to you that Snoxell succeeds M* Bowne. His wife to be bread under my Wife and Sisters care from her being 7 years old; Mistris of y°® french Tongue, Having lived several years in that Kingdome and travelled it over from North to South up to Savoy: good sober and modest as your Sister w" is saying all with y° advantage of knowing more of y° World.”’ “Mt Ab™ Hall. Since my last of the 21 past, eo * * * ¥ k * Especially the Title w" I think ought to run thus; Acct Currt from Lady day 1786 to Lady Day 1737, Exclus’ between A. Hall the Accomptant, The Hon? Col° John West, for and on behalfe of his Daughters, M™ Mary Killigrew, since Wife of John Merrill Esq" and Frances Killigrew; The next Line under, you say the S* A. H. D® and on the other side, pr Contra Ored* so that one sheet of paper will still do the thing: % * * % * * * % Tell M™ Hill that if her Son the Seaman be inclined to the Church of Roome, I will use my interest for making him a Cardinal, And for Serving him in the Paquetts is as much out of my power, and at best a poor affair: But if he aims at coming to anyihing in his proiession he ought to Stick to the Turkey Trade. * w * * # * KILLIGREW MANUSORIPTS. 87 It is judging right of their interest, w°* Induces the Col° and M* Merrill, their being fond of new Comers, to Setle at ffalm°: and you will do well to be large to them on his subject, in respect of his substance, practice and ffamily. Iam a Great Enemy to the showing of Teeth ; Ever lett yours be felt before they are seen; Webber will give you frequent opportunities to wrap him over the fingers, in your way of practice, Especially in your keeping a good Understanding with Russell, from whence, if the Man be not Voyd of Comon Sence, he must see, you are lett into the Secrett of his base and Underhand behaviour towards you. ¥* * * * * * * % St. James’s, Yours, 11 ffeb”, 1737. Marr: Kituicrew.” “M" Ab™ Hall. Since my Last of y® 11" Curr‘ I have y™ of y° 9* of y°same and now write y" so soon again Chiefly in regard to y* Inclosed Resignation w™ you will manage at your own discreation, by Showing it to those you most Confide in before you present it to the Mayor, or not: or first tell y° Mayor you have Such a wrighting, But as it is directed to him and the Body, you hold y' Self Oblidged to pray he will call a hall, for your presenting it, previously makeing privat interest for their petition it’s being deliver’d you to send up, you will Show the Inclosed petition of 1680 without saying how y"came by it, asa President for a new one if they think fitt. The question Lyes how I came by it, as thus, upon y° Death of y° then Recorder M* Rogers, Predisessor to Mt Cocker and his Master governing y® Town as s¢ Cocker since in your time for y° afronting St Pet™ Killigrew sent the s* Petition to a soposed Enemy in ord* to his getting himself appointed Recorder, who had genorousity enough to Desist and Send it to S Pett who got himself Appointed Recorder, at presenting my Resignation, you present M* Merrille’s Service as by his ord* Intimating that upon y° Coming up of y° Petition he intends to do himself y® Hon" of praying their Approbation By a Letter, of his using y° proper-means for his succeeding ag Recorder, I now M’ Pye if not moving for sending the Petition 88 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. to M Edgcombe, He will Insist on a delay for y® haveing his directions in y° Case, But however impertinent, asa thing of not the Least Value, we have been beforehand w™ him that way. As you soposed, Rice arrived before your Lett’; Snoxell has seen him who said he would come and view y° goods next week and Could not Speak to the Carrying them till he had seen them ; w hath something of an air of Stoutness; If you Cane Conveniently gett y° Names of y° Lond" Traders coming yearly to falm° I shall be very glad to have them. I agree w™ you, In that the midle of y* Next Month may be proper to proseed on y° pyramid, and Believe you will as readily agree w™ me to the posability ; as a parting kick of the Britch, those great men may object to y® Resignation for want of Forme, Stile, or Seal, to All w we must submit, and informe You self from them so as to send me a Dra* of their Worship’s pleasure in y° Case. St. James’s, Yours, 18% ffeb”, 1737. Mart: KiLiicrew. Upon discoursing M* Merrille since y°* above, perhaps it may be thought advisable here to desire M* Laroche to Stand Recorder, so that you may forbear naming Hither, only promis a Letter to them for their approbation of y* intended Recorder ; Mr. Laroche gos on with vigor and hopes of success as to y® Assizes at Bodmin.” “Mr Ab™ Hall. * * * ¥ * * * * The Abstract of 1736 w™ proper title, and Closed inteligably Specially Showing y°® Nature of y° Ballance inclusive of Arrears, will Satisfy the Col° w™ all your sending a Draught of w™ his Daughter frances and Self must Signe to y® duplicate. The quarters Rents to Midsomer Last 1737, M* Merrille agrees to his non intrest. With this if not before, the Noyse of a Warr w® Spain must reach you w*" the Suposition that France will come into it ; brave News for Falm° in w™ Case Oake’s house would not stick at £200 but am willing to Let y° house go to John Givin in One hundred and Forty pounds, provided he Close’s w™ you KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 89 befor the Warr is proclaimed, and of what his Spare Cash skall be Short (if you approve of it) I shall be Contented w* his Single Bond but w Comon Interest from the Delivery of his Lease, He to take on from next Lady day.” ¥. % x * % % * % (In Mart. Killigrew’s own very small writing as follows :) “T have got a Kinsman of Coll. West’s for a Clerke in Snoxell’s place, very young and Raw in business; but shall hope * to make him sufficient for mine. * % % + * St. James’s, Yours, 4 March, 1737. Mart: KILLIcREW.”’ ““M? Ab™ Hall. Since my last of y® 4" Currt I have Yours of y* 6 of y° Same, and shall begin in Answer on y* Subject of Snoxell; who w" his Wife and boy Serv’ were Shipt Board Rice last Sunday in Ord’ to fall down the River Early Next Morning y* Wind Standing N.E. I compute it may take up three days to Tide it down so as to Clear the North foreland, and from thence about two days to reach Falm®. From whence there is a posebility you may see him before this Lett* reaches you; tho as posible I may be wide in my Computation; The Col° and youngest daughter showed their Condescending Civility to Come a Sunday morning to wish ’em a good Voyage, and invite ’em to Lodge at Arwenack till they could get a Bedd up at one: with thanks I excused for them, - ‘S + & 2, * * and in putting them to sit w you in Arwenack Seat at Church, you will find theire behaviour in Nothing to disgrace you, and oblidging them beyond a feast, for that without ever hearing them cant a word of Religion, you will finde ’em truley silently pious, and the Wife (as a rarity) to have no Will or inclination but her Husband’s; a man in figure more like the Clerke of a parish than Innkeeper, but hath a foundation of common sence, w™ I shall hope (by your aeristance) will Carry him hi >» siness. * bi wv i * You turn over all the Tenants in the Late Kdward Pearce’s Tenem* of Houses to Jn° Laroche Esq* to whome I make over y° 90 KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. same, From that time; Transferring from my name to his, In y’ Arwenack . at the same time acquainting the Te (?) nants Laroche Hath appointed y° said Snoxell his Steward you haveing from thence nothing more to do therewith, and Also acquainting the Town Officers of such my making over. % * * % * % * * I was Surprised to see the petition Come up so readily, a good worke over, y° rest will ly w" us, and shall not forgett y° Engagm‘ you are under of a Lett" to the Mayor &c. for their approbation of a Recorder w you may expect by the first Convenient Opportunity, not M* Merrill but M* Laroche is the person pitched upon for y° Office and presume y* Boldest amongst you will not Except against him; but this hint you keep to yourself : * = - * * * * I agree w my Friend M* Pye, a Recorder without a Deputy is a meer useless ud and a Matter will not be forgot ¥ * i. x * e * * * But you not still so Kasey in the office w™ out advantage yet I from the first projection calculated that you must be Easey in being made sensible that the office would be a great means of afferming you in your Stewardship for Life; w™ you must be sensible I have muchin my minde. You will beso good as to Consider how much Snoxell ought to give Lanxon For his trouble of Looking affter ye office for y° quarter: * % * * x % x x % St. James’s Yours, 14* March, 1737. Marr: Kiuicrew.”’ (In M.K.’s own hand writing). “Mt Ab™ Hall. By this post I have yours of y* 16" Curr‘, and however not well at Leasure to answer it by this day’s post; yet in regard to y° probability of J° Gwin’s bein in haste as to his proposition, I answer in y*® Case, that his Secrett shall be safe with me, * + * * # * ¥ KILLIGREW MANUSCRIPTS. 91 T have a letter from Snoxell of y* 18" advising that after some bad weather they were Safe at Anchor, and his wife on Shore at Cows in y° Ile of Wight, and as y°® wind stands and blows hard, must conclude ’em still there : = - % % % % * % % % I have showed what you write about Mason and Penwarne to M* Merrill w* he seems to take in good part, But believe from what I know of my friend Kallard, it will not be an Kasey mater to Acomplish anything that way. As to y® Lodging Snoxell and wife on their arrival must referr to my Last of y* 14" Curr’. As I formerly advised you, this day y® Cornish petition comes on in y° Upper H w™ if comitted for a Second reading, is all that can be hoped from y* days worke, And yet if so carryed, Iam Strongly of opinion y° Bill will be thrown out, So flagrantly notorious are private view and interest taking place of y* most apparent publick good. What I have to add on y* Subject of Leasing, shall be in few words; I have ever observed a difference from 10, to 15 Pt C* between concluding off hand and delays; Duties, Heriots, and raising rents a small matter upon reversionary Leases naturally must come easy; That y° Lords are not willing to grant in these dead times, is a good showing horne to raise a ffine from such as you finde really disposed to take. And more I shall not trouble you with at present. St. James’s Yours, 21** March, 1737. Mart. KILLIGREW. Is Emmett and wife got home again, of w™ I make a doubt. M* W™ y* Admin” when in Towm made me Sensible of their being but poorly used by their own Soliciter, your friend. Just now I have word that y* Cornish Bill is thrown out by a Majority of 10. So as that poor M* Laroche is released from any further trouble in that matter w® hath been very great to him and some Expence.”’ 92 THK EXPLORATION OF CARN BREA. By THURSTAN C. PETER, Member of the Council of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. The surface of this fine Cornish hill* has been described by Borlase, who found traces of Druids there (as everywhere else), also by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, whose Hssay on the Hill in the Transactions of this Institution (1860) is well known to most of us, and whose map of the hill is on the Museum Walls; but it was not till 1895 that the surface was broken by pick and shovel with a view to finding what relics of antiquity lay beneath. Had this been done before so much of the surface had been destroyed by seekers for tin, the results would, doubtless, have been even richer than they are. The exploration and excavations occupied from March to October, 1895. About 100 diggings were made in different parts of the hill, the majority on the summit at the eastern end. This portion of the hill has been carefully planned, as we proceeded, by Mr. Sampson Hill, of Redruth, and photographs of the various points of interest have been taken by Mr. J. C. Burrow, of Camborne, and myself. I purpose, when I can find leisure, to print copies of these photographs and insert them in a volume, together with a written Diary of the Exploration, which will, I think, be of value as a record for future reference in the Royal Institution of Cornwall Library. The map, too, will be handed to the Institution. It is also my pleasing duty to hand over to your Museum (with the consent of Mr. Basset, by whose kind permission the exploration was made), the collection of celts, flints, pottery, and other ‘“finds”’ brought by me from the hill. These are not yet completely sorted, but I hand you to-day} a considerable number, and shall send others as and when I have the leisure necessary for their arrangement, an operation that takes much time owing to the necessity for washing, and to the quantity of ‘‘ waste’ flints with which they are mixed. * With coins, bronze celts, &c., found in it. +26 Nov., 1895, | & > Prat %, OF see yl mL pet ON mil one) a ig he eto . { Mr ee a 5; * ee ee ost ye NES ogee ia cS f 7 eae Pail ar i See sO ed ge a Cc = 6 HITS + meee ® : | | pS inca Wane Bence Fumre Pramas Ur Men On Sunence Bare Kates peo ~, ae any . (5 REFERENCESa»: Hmecenee ~ One enmone HEARTH ourech” oe Morramy KowmD CIOHMET se WR TEER, 8 8 ta 15) PLATE VOL. XIJI. 43447 ‘D *J, 49 0n04¢ mos “TIVM JO LYuvd aNv . /Lv3g LNSWwoanr ’ mossng °3°L hq oj0yg mory “TAIVAA HLYON JO LYVd PLATE Il. VOL. XIN. THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. 93 It will be observed on the map that there are on Carn Brea two separate enclosures—one around the present medizeval castle, and the other extending from just west of the castle to just west of the monument—the latter area itself being subdivided at its western end by a wall running, roughly, north and south, and enclosing what is still known as the ‘‘ Old Castle.”” These walls appear also in Sir Gardner Wilkinson’s map in the Institution’s possession, and it is worth remarking that though Mr. Hill and myself have included many things in our map that do not appear in Wilkinson’s, and differ slightly from him in the arrangement of the southern walls, yet, where the maps have the same thing marked, there is nowhere a variation in position amounting to more than about one foot—a practical testimony to the correct- ness of both maps. The walls bounding the eastern enclosure are of varied construction—sometimes of small stones piled, sometimes of stones from 18 inches to 33 feet fixed on end, and fairly close together, and on the north side for the most part of small stones placed between the large earth-fast rocks, which, at this point, drop vertically for several feet. In the illustration, of what Dr. Borlase calls the ‘‘ Judgment Seat,” a part of the wall is shown. These upright stones are what he calls ‘‘ pillars.” It will repay the trouble to compare this illustration with that contained in the learned Doctor’s ‘‘ Antiquities of Cornwall.” Within this enclosure are several very interesting interboulder huts—7.e. huts, two or more sides of which are formed of naturaliy placed boulders, with a suspicion in one or two cases of their having been slightly ‘‘slewed’’ round into a more con- venient position. The divisions between the huts of the main cluster are rows of low stones which do not show above the surface, and were only found by observing the patches of dried grass after the heavy frost of the winter of 1894-95. These interboulder dwellings mostly had in them hearths or cooking- holes, or both. In No. 17 hut was a neat cooking-hole with a covering stone lying close by. In No. 24 was a very beautiful specimen of a cooking-hole, which I have removed bodily for the Museum. Three sides are formed each of a single granite stone— the south side is built of smaller ones. The only stone in it BYR pena ood @ trillent, with the legend qos rrer TR. POT. ( aa varies 2! abs aml shrine ag--seree heing of the roug! >) “sepulebeat, that is, 2 we now msg leer allowed to. recogniz i fay veetangular. Flinte end pottsiy were found all over its surf "|, angles, which in two cases were fenced in by a semici oe T left bebind formed the Thottoa ‘ond ie ting toms weight, earth-fast. For this, I- os halitag | ‘soother Carn Broa stone of the same kind. The wo ia ‘those holes was of oak, birch, hazel, and alder. Close. is, this hole (24) were remains of what I suppose to have be ; iy , the granite eovering-stone, but it was ee broken by the - ree of the wall ‘af the western enclosure falling on it, that —— to be confident, An. mG iaterboulder btepec to oy chovisg & inureate head and the tered IMP CAESAR " VESPASI J, aya. tee @ the. Peiane’ of the people)—the reverse showing m1 _.., Neptase etasding right with foot on prow of a ship, holdin an | Cagea) Boe Seal slaves with Tritmician aye } The pottery aad ote go fine Gat experi have theaght itte be wheel-m + tromght ethers aifier teem theo, sewn of if domestic, and som .- > them ae different. The letter, thw sequdelural, was mostly fc nk iin the plese of grownd om the «vith-eastern elope of th ss aijoining the interbowldee hits, Noe 31 to 37 (except 3: < 44onthe map. Here the growed ie divided by rows of | ss stones into plots of different shapes and sizes, but all roug’ > put. the pottery prinaipally nem or under the stones is small stones of 4 to 7 inches, at alwut a foot from the point eh stone at the angle. In no case did we find charred wood. this pottery: Whether these enclosures are: graves or hu ) ‘wot venture an opinion. . Still further south, between N is sai 48, are similar divisions (not shown in. detail on plan tbe results ot angi and shovel here were A onic wh ; 1 ' 2 ' mosing ~) £ £9 o70yg v moe] ‘y ON 31019 Ww = ¢ A ao THE EXPLORATION OF GARN-BREA. 95 The most interesting of the interboulder huts was No. 25— on the very summit of a boulder group, and to which our attention was called by a long patch of dead grass. This proved to cover a flat rock-table, around which were scattered several pounds of flint-chips, while in one pile were found nine perfect and apparently unused grattoirs or scrapers, and an Scraper from Circle No. 25. (Actual size). incomplete one ; in another, some good flakes suitable for cutting, and, in a third, some not very good arrows. From this hut, too, comes a very beautiful gabbro celt. The pottery consisted of only two or three very minute portions. There were in the hut two depressed hearths containing charcoal, and a triangular cooking-hole. From the discoveries I am inclined to think that this was a factory. Form of Celt from Circle No. 25, about 2 actual size. Passing now tothe Huts’ Cireles, I would point out that the wall of this enclosure crosses that of the eastern one, apparently passing over it—a fact which, in conjunction with other evi- dences, makes me think that the eastern enclosure contains the 96 THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. vider settlement, but the evidence is by no means conclusive, and many competent persons who have been on the hill with me, and have critically examined the “ finds,’’ entirely discredit such a view. Many of the circles on Carn Brea are clear and distinct— how much so, may be seen from the photographs of the two illustrated; but the majority were only traced by long and anxious search for the dead herbage covering the buried stones. It will be seen from the map that I have traced about 60 such WN LN) A Oy, Wh, aS ap DW 9 . ponwE 2 0% é SS” Peeces oo” 5, 9 ° o 2p, 2.90% Circle No. 11. Scale ts of an inch to 1 foot. Stones not shaded are on end. Shaded stones flat. A. Platform 11 inches above floor. B. Space enclosed by small stones on floor level. C. Concave hearth in sub-soil hardened by fire, contained charcoal. The cavity is 7 inches deep at edge and 93 inches in centre. D. Platform 10 inches above floor level. E. Double row of stones 8 inches high. PLATE IV. VOL. Xill. 0f0ug vB M044 “MS ONIXOO1 OL “ON 3704ID LNH THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. 97 circles, though I have only excavated those where numbers are marked —[{ Where a number is marked without a circle around it, it merely indicates a speculative exploration which, though it sometimes gave flints and pottery, did not, either by surrounding stones or traces of a floor, show evidence of a circular or other dwelling. | There appear what seem to me clear traces of a settlement at the far western end of the hill. and of scattered huts in various parts. These I have not explored at all, having, as already stated, confined my attention to the two enclosures at the eastern end. Of the circular huts which I have explored, very few con- tained in their structure anything of especial interest. Two of them, Nos. 3 and 8, have walls composed of double rows of stone,—the others are of single rows. In No. 10 is evidence of what seems to have been an approach-passage, similar to those not infrequent on Dartmoor, while the lane in front of it between the other huts, and its position at the corner of some high rocks, suggest that it was occupied by some chief or other person of importance. Circle No. 66 shows evidences of what was either a porch entrance or a smaller chamber, adjoining the main hut. Circles Nos. 11 and 14 showed evidences of very thoughtful arrangement. Of these, I send plots that I prepared at the time, and which will, I think, repay examination. No. l4isa fair instance of the difficulty of tracing some of the Carn Brea huts. It will be observed that with the exception of a single stone (‘‘h” in plan) there is no stone in the whole circumference. Our guide, in working, was a circular depression which I con- jectured (and, as it proved, rightly conjectured) was the result of stones having been pulled up and carried off for hedging, gate- posts, &c. It will be noted that this circle adjoins a gate-way, and it is perhaps no rash conjecture, especially considering its size, to suppose that the structure was once a guardhouse. Inthe gateway itself, at a depth of 3 to 4 feet, was found a large quantity of charred oak,—the remains, perhaps, of a palisade or gate. (Have not similar remains been found at Castle-an-Dinas ?) The hearths and benches of this interesting circle, which I left complete in the evening, were destroyed before 5.30 the next 98 THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. morning—no doubt by some of those who, fancying that no one could be foolish enough to dig unless he was finding treasure, haunted us during the whole summer, and destroyed much that would otherwise have been of permanent interest. One day I Flint Arrow Heads from Carn Brea (actual size.)! found they had removed the turf from another circle, for the sake of destroying the cooking-hole—a procedure that almost justifies language that would relight the fire. Except in Nos. Flint Arrow Heads from Carn Brea (actual size). 5 and 8, the hearths in the circle-huts were little worth notice— mere depressions containing charcoal. In circle No. 8 it was in the centre of the dwelling, oval, 3-ft. 2-in. in length, and 2-ft. in PLATE V VOL: XII. Malad “DL, &9 sojoyg mot Vinee UaANd Hee ‘yaug NYVD woud Sav3H MOYYY ONY NITZAVE ‘ 1a melee oes 2 papper Hg ST my ae zt i THE EXPLORATION OF OARN-BREA. 99 width, and faced round with small stones, and floored with clay. In circle No. 5 it was of more elaborate design. From a small hearth, about 3-in. below the floor, a channel runs to a square cooking-hole, 11 inches deep, the walls of the whole being of low stones, their tops level with the floor, with 3 larger ones, rising above the floor-level, in a semicircle at the end of the hearth. (See illustration). : Flint Spear Heads from Carn Brea (actual size.) Of the ‘‘finds” in these circle-huts and elsewhere on the hill it is unnecessary to speak. I have sent a selection of the best, and they speak for themselves. I would merely draw attention to the great delicacy of the workmanship in most of our Carn Brea flints—especially the scrapers and the arrows, and the almost absolute similarity of the specimens to those which one sees in collections from the Yorkshire Wolds, a 100 THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. similarity in connection with which I may remind you (for what it is worth) that Icknild Street began in Yorkshire, passed through Dorsetshire (whence came our raw material), and ended in Cornwall. Quartzite and Flint Arrow Heads from Carn Brea (actual size.) On the card containing four javelin heads, and marked A, can be seen in the first arrow of the third row, and the second arrow of the last row, good specimens.of (what is by no means uncommon) arrows that have been broken and reflaked to make them complete again. Worked Flints from Carn Brea (actual size.) On the card marked B is a neat circular knife (see illustra- tion), exactly suited for such a handle as Lubbock pictures in an example from Nussdorf; and a small flint much abraded at VoL. Xili. HEARTH AND COOKING HOLE IN DWELLING 5. From photos by T. C. Peter. ‘e re THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. 101 the end, which may well have been set in a horn socket, as was the case with some of the Swiss Lake specimens. But I would especially draw attention to the small piece of ground flint from excavation No.31. Ground flints are not common in England, but it is certainly remarkable that out of the many thousands of specimens we have found on Carn Brea, only two show the slightest evidence of having been ground. The knives, from Nos. 45 and 47, and the fragment of a saw, from excavation No. 34, are also worthy of notice. On the card marked C are several very pretty things. The little tool to the right of the top line seems adapted for knife, cutter, and scraper; next is a bronze ring, probably a fibula (apparently late Celtic or Roman), then a ring (from No. Flint Knife found at Carn Brea 24) which is evidently brass and (actual size.) modern,—then a _ neat little muller of grit, from dwelling No. 17 (see illustration), well adapted . for rubbing pigments—then a : neat circular hammer-stone with finger and thumb depressions, similar to specimens of the same from some of the Swiss Lake Small Muller of Grit from dwelling dwellings. 0. 17 (actual size) The spindle-whorls, broken celts, &c., need no explanation. The pottery I make no comment on, it is a subject on which I am “deeply, darkly, wonderfully” ignorant, and as experts, 102 THE EXPLORATION OF CARN-BREA. to whom I have submitted specimens, are widely divided in their opinion as to whether some of it is or is not wheel-made, and what portions are sepulchral and what domestic, or whether there is any difference, I may well be allowed to refrain from an expression of opinion. I have a large quantity to send, as soon as I have time to sort and arrange it. Among other interesting specimens is the water-worn scoriaceous nodule, which at first sight appeared to be a highly vesicular artificial slag, but which further examination proves to be otherwise. Query, is it a volcanic stone carried home from the beach, as a charm, by a Carn-Breaite attracted by its curious character ? I would like to add, that the interest the people of Redruth and Camborne and the neighbourhood generally, have taken in these specimens, while on exhibition in my own house, at the Robert Hunt Museum, and when I have taken them and explained them as well as I could in public, convinces me that the County Council might do worse than subsidise the Royal Institution of Cornwall, and so provide them with funds that would enable them to have occasional local exhibitions in the various Cornish towns. The British Museum is always ready to assist by loan collections, and the result would soon be to create an intelligent interest in our antiquities and history, that would do more to protect our ancient monuments from destruc- tion, than can ever be hoped from legislation Once get the public to feel that these things are theirs, and they will them- selves protect them. Notrt.—The drawings of the implements are by Mr. Worthington G. Smith, the blocks being kindly lent by Mr. R. Burnard, of Plymouth, whose property they are. The numbers under them refer to the map, and indicate the position where found. VOL. Xiit. (a.) (b.) (c.) (d.) (e) (fF) Q) (h.) PLATE VII. W PLOT OF CIRCLE, No. 14. Platform 10 inches above floor. Space enclosed by stones—level with floor on Nast, and sloping to 3 inches below floor on West. Concave depression, 6 inches deep in centre ; contained charred wood. Level with floor ; contained charred. wood. Wall of small stones, 10 inches above floor. Platform, of which f! 14 inches above floor, and f? and f* about 10. inches above floor. ‘Charred wood here, but no signs of fire on floor or stones. Stone, part of hut’s circle. - 103 NOTES ON ANCIENT COINS. By J. D. ENYS, F.G.S., Vice-Pres, R.1.0. On a Numipi1an Corin found at Carn-Brea, Date, Second Century B.C. Mr. Howard Fox of Falmouth placed a bronze coin in my hands in 1894, which I took to the British Museum to be identified. After some time spent in examination, it was found to be a coin of Micipsa, King of Numidia, B.C. 148-115. The special interest of this coin to the Royal Institution consists in the fact that it was found on Carn-Brea some years since, and, as Numidia was a colony of Carthage, the coin is classed as a Phoenician one, and, as far as I am aware, it is the first coin of the kind found in Cornwall. Mr. Howard Fox has presented it to the Museum at Truro, and I have had a photograph taken of it at Bodmin under the superintendence of the Rev. W. Iago, who has kindly sent me the following particulars of King Micipsa and his country :— “* Numidia,—situate on the Northern Coast of Africa,—is about midway between Pheenicia and Cornwall. According to the late Sir William Smith, LL.D., we find the name of the region thus given:—(Novpidia, 4 Nopadia, and Nopasdixy,—Numidia; Nopuds,—Numida; plural Nopddes, or Nopades AiSvesx—Numide: SFE EE OS ES hae es eS a FS SS = 2 = < SSS = ees nes < ote ee — - & 2 2 = 5 & as iS Cn ; A ‘ S S <, za Pi 5 = ’) e@ 2 oe Bc = Wy) \ } 2 2 z- Bae ee ae E ! I \ ~§ “8 = f = {h) dave \ S : << \ Al est — == S =e SN Hy ays ' Wray OM seas —Sy —— ——— o—~ ——_ —_—— ——— Se —— —— SSS —— —— So Ss SS= SSS Ny a) SU Kian De My AJ w SOND See ee A ea ——_— —S ———_ = = rd s + a a So = ~ Ses Se ToT —.—_ —.- oe —_—_———_\~ 2 - < ym ~ a EZ z 7 — 22 A as Ae ee ee ee i yee B= B 5 EE) =e ==)\l(e! SS SS eS SS OSS SS { —— —— ——- — SS > Se a 8 ES we DS Q\ Wao) SO Se wi ZIG =F BES RE, SS eS & == V5 SS WS a \ a (fe — (EZ i i } ‘ WA I \ | ( | ( ) GOD CODE IDE / = = Sa OSS eS a ny Z=S [A ZA LE (GSS SSeS === FE Le EOI LED SS — Z SECTION A-B RUDE STONE MONUMENTS ON BODMIN MOOR. 109 70 stones and fragments, of which 33 are upright, but none of them exceed five feet, and some of them are not more than two feet in height. The diameters are 138 feet from east to west, and 1254 feet from north to south, there being a peculiar flatten- ing of the northern side, in which respect it resembles Long Meg circle in Cumberland. On measuring the distances between four out of the five circles on Bodmin Moor upon the level surface of the six-inch Ordnance map, a remarkable result is obtained, those distances being (within a working error of one per cent.) in the following proportions :—2, 3, 74, 8, and 8%, and working out into even numbers of an Egyptian or Royal Persian cubit of 25-1 inches, as do the diameters of the circles themselves. These latter (after correcting Mr. Lukis’s errors in plotting his own measurements), are :— Fernacre .. 146—7 feet =70 cubits of 25:1 inches. ae ip ; 138 feet east to west 66 PP s : 1253 ,, north to south—60 na mi Trippet Stones 1043 ,, =50 A a Stripple Stones 146—7 feet =70 3 if Tieaze .. .. 883% feet =40 ‘ ie The distances between the circles are, as nearly as can be ascertained from the six-inch Ordnance map :— Trippet Stones to Soe 4180 feet—19982 cubits of 25:1 ins. Stones (practically 2000) Stripple Stones to Fernacre 15730 feet=7520 __,, (practically 7500) Fernacre to Stannon .. 6275 feet=3000 _,, Stannon to Trippet Stones 16400 feet=7840 __,, af (for 8000, 2 per cent. error) Trippet Stones to Fernacre 16880 feet—8070 __,, (for 8125) Stripple Stones to Stannon 16850 feet—8055 __,, (for 8125) It must not be forgotten that the above distances are measured as on the level, while the ground is very irregular. But if measured over the surface without regard to its irregu- larities the apparent errors, which with one exception, are all 110 RUDE STONE MONUMENTS ON BODMIN MOOR. short measurements, would be largely reduced. The one exception is in the distance between Stripple Stones and Fernacre which thus measured would be in excess of the proportion above stated (73). The conception of such a proportioned arrange- ment and the measurements necessary to carry it out, even with the degree of accuracy attained, would seem only possible for someone accustomed to the works and ways of a higher state of civilisation than that of the people who lived in the stone huts, and probably erected the stone circles, but the use of an oriental measure would indicate intercourse with a more civilized people, and the fact that the 25.1 inch cubit does not, so far as I know, appear in connection with any other circles, seems to suggest that that intercourse may have been of a casual rather than of a fre- quent character. It may therefore not be unreasonable to suppose that someone from some country bordering on the Mediterranean may have visited Cornwall, perhaps three thousand years ago, as a merchant, explorer, or refugee, or possibly as a slave carried there for sale, and that, being there, he was employed by the local chief in the construction of his public works, and made use of a measure which he happened to have with him. Still, as all these coincidences of measurement and proportion may be accidental, I do not wish to build any theory upon them, but I think it will be admitted that they should be recorded. There are, however, some other facts regarding the positions of the circles relatively to each other and to the hills around them, concerning which I have formed a very decided opinion. It will be seen from the Ordnance map, and can be verified on the spot, that the Stripple-Stones circle, Garrow-Tor, the Fernacre circle, and Rough-Tor, are all in a direct line, nearly due north and south ; and that the Stannon circle and Fernacre circle are in a direct line with Brown-Willy, at a right angle to the first line, that is nearly due east and west, while the Trippet Stones circle and Leaze circle are in a line with Rough-Tor, 11 to 12 degrees east of north. A difference in the situation of any of these circles, of one or two hundred feet, would put them quite out of these lines, but there is no apparent reason why they might not just as well have been put anywhere round about as RUDE STONE MONUMENTS ON BODMIN MOOR. Ill on the particular spots they occupy, indeed, I think a better site might have been found for most of them, therefore 1 cannot imagine that these three lines of circles and hills can have been formed accidentally in placing only five circles; in other words, I see no escape from the conclusion that each of these circles was placed on the exact spot it occupies, because that spot was in a certain direction from the hills I have mentioned. I say from the hills rather than from the other circles, because the only circles.-that are visible from each other are the Stripple Stones and Trippet Stones. In support of this conclusion I may add that I have found a similar relation between circles and hills elsewhere. At the Meinieu-Hirion circle near Penmaenmawr two large stones in the valley, now prostrate, but probably once upright, direct the eye toward a hill in the line of the Midsummer sunrise. A straight line drawn in the same direction, from the Mitchell’s-Fold circle in Shropshire, to the ‘‘ Hoarstone”’ or Marshpool circle, passes over Stapeley Hill, midway between the two circles, and termi- nates in a group of three low hills to the north-east of the ‘ Hoarstone.” At the Swinside circle in Cumberland a straight line may be taken in the same direction from the top of Black- Combe, the most prominent hill near it, through the circle to a group of three low hills to the north-east of it. The circle near Keswick in Cumberland is so placed, that Skiddaw and Blencathra, the two highest mountains round, are, respectively, 34 to 35 degrees west and east from north of it, Blencathra pre- senting the appearance of a triple summit; these are too far north to have any connection with the sunrise, but would direct attention to the revolution of the Great Bear round the pole-star. The relative positions of the circles and the hills, as stated above, are facts which anyone may verify, either at the circles or from the Ordnance maps. As to the meaning of the facts, it is open to everyone to form his own opinion. The relation of the ‘‘ Friar’s Heel,”’ and, indeed, of the whole structure of Stone- henge, to the rising sun at Midsummer is well-known, and it is my opinion that, while outlying stones were used as skymarks on flat horizons like that at Stonehenge, the hills themselves were used as skymarks in hilly countries. It is true that hills 112 RUDE STONE MONUMENTS ON BODMIN MOOR. may be found in directions which do not appear to have any meaning, as well as in those which have, but, although the circle- builders could not remove those hills, they could ignore them, and their presence would help to conceal from the uninitiated (as it still does) the selection of those hills on which the gaze of the worshipper was to be fixed. To pursue the subject further in its general bearings would extend this paper beyond its proper limits, but I may mention that in Egyptian theology we have the Eastern Solar Mountain, where the sun rises, and where he is saluted by the powers of the East.* Other particulars as to the connection between circles, hills, and the sun, may be found in the Archeological Journal, Vol. xix, p. 136. With regard to the Bodmin Moor circles, I may say, in conclusion, that the line drawn due north through the Stripple Stones and Fernacre circles was probably intended to point to the polestar, and that the line due east through the Stannon and Fernacre circles to Brown-Willy, evidently was meant to indicate the equinoctial sunrise, while hills due south (of which there are instances here and elsewhere), were kept in view as directing attention tothe sun at noon. The sun shining between the granite peaks of Rough Tor, as it must at some time in the year, would present a very impressive appearance to anyone viewing it from the Stannon circle; and the triple peak of Brown-Willy, seen from the same spot, as shown in my sketch, may be compared with those in other places mentioned previously. Garrow is in the line of midsummer sunrise from the Leaze circle, and three smaller tors are in the same line from the Stripple Stones. The lines of direction from the Trippet stones and Leaze circle to Rough-Tor are probably in connection with some star or stars, being too far north for any reference tothe sun. Rough Tor is the only one of the hills which is visible from all the circles on Bodmin Moor, and may therefore be considered to have been the sacred hill of Kast Cornwall, though not quite so high as Brown Willy. There are no hills of any great note to be seen on the west side of these circles. * P, Lepage Renouf (President) in Proc. Soc. Biblical Archeology, Vol. 18, page 7. RUDE STONE MONUMENTS ON BODMIN MOOR. 1138 I am not aware that any interments have been made in any of the circles, but, if any have, they would not have precluded the use of the circles for other purposes, any more than burials in churches have prevented their being chiefly used as places of worship. 114 NOTES ON THE EFFECTS OF A DRY SUMMER, ON TREES. By J, D. ENYS, F.G.S.. Vice-Pres. and Ex-Pres. R.I.C. A short time since I sent a paper to the Penzance Natural History Society on the above subject, and now repeat what I then wrote, with some additions. The dry summer of 1893 had a damaging effect, as far as my observations went, on Holly-trees throughout Devon, Dorset, and Cornwall; indeed had it not been for the wet summer of 1894 a much larger number would have died. The hill on the Falmouth and Truro Road opposite Killiow shews the effects of the drought in a marked manner,—many of the hollies have died, and all shew scant foliage, though this is gradually getting thicker.* The Ash trees in 1894, with few exceptions, had very little foliage, while every Plane-tree 1 have seen had the foliage cut back. In the case of the Plane-trees, I think the effect was caused by the early frost of January 4th, or the late frost after the leaf had broken forth. The dry summer of 1893, however, had been good for the Oak trees, and resulted in a large crop of acorns, whilst in 1894 there were scarcely any ; but the amount of seed on the Beeches in 1894, was more plentiful that I can remember before. Again, the frost of Jan. 4th caused the loss of nearly all, if not all, the Eucalypti globosi, or Australian Blue Gums. Some indeed are shooting up again, such as the fine tree at Penmere, near Falmouth. ‘This tree, about 70 feet high, which has produced good seed, is now a brown stem with shoots coming out of it some 20 or 30 feet up the trunk, and though it may recover, it can never be the tree it has been for the last 30 years or so. *The Hollies now, in Feb. 1896, shew the full effect of the damage done, and, except that most of them have a thick lot of shoots at the bottom, are not likely to recover their former beauty for a long time. Between Marazion and St. Erth a similar amount of damage can be noticed. On the high ground in the Parish of Mawnan the long shoots of the Hazel were all cut back at the time of the frost and east winds of 1895, EFFECTS OF A DRY SUMMER ON TREES. 115 A large number of the Dracena, or Cabbage trees, have also been cut down, or cut back for some distance. One Dracena Australis, grown from seed sent home by myself from the South Island of New Zealand, in the year 1861, which was about 17 feet high and had numerous heads, has been cut back half way. TI have been told that tying the heads together so as to protect the centre from the frost saved many of them from destruction; this seems reasonable enough, as it is the centre which first suffers from frost. In the year 1862 a heavy frost occurred in the South Island of New Zealand and thousands of these plants were killed, the centre of every shoot having been caught by the cold, and the plants looked as if something had eaten out the heart of each head. In the early part of 1895, the Loe Pool near Helston, was frozen over so as to bear, and even at Tresco in Scilly, the Abbey pond was also frozen over. The Benthamia, or as it is now called, the Cornus, has suffered much, and in some places the specimes have been killed, but those that escaped are full of seed. 116 REMINISCENCES OF DR. L. H. POTTS, ONE OF THE FIRST SECRETARIES OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF ; CORNWALL. By Mr. HAMILTON JAMES, Member of the Council R.I.C. The list of Cornish Worthies is a long one, and there are others, who had made Cornwall their temporary home, that have left the imprint of their footsteps on the Cornish sands, and — amongst them stands prominent the name of Lawrence Holker Potts, M.D., one of the first secretaries of this Institution, as well one of the most active of the originators of the Society. I had hoped that I might have obtained much original -matter from some of those still living, who were his contempor- -aries,—not knowing or not realising at the time, that it is now sixty-seven years since the Doctor left Truro,—for in my early youth his name was quite a household word ; and now because of man’s forgetfulness, and that his memory may be green amongst us, I have gathered together such facts as I have been able, from such meagre references as are to be found in our early reports, but more largely from an able article in the Mining Almanac for 1851, by Mr. Hyde Clarke, (compiled from various sources, mostly scientific), Mining and Herapath’s Journals, Parliamentary Reports, West Briton, and other papers. He was born in Pall Mallin 1789, the son of a medical man destined for the same profession, and was happily placed with the celebrated surgeon Brodie. He joined the Hunterian School of medicine, then enjoying the highest reputation, and, with his abilities, having such opportunities, it is not surprising that he attained a considerable reputation for his skill. His first connexion with our county began in 1812, on his appointment as full Surgeon to the Royal Devon and Cornwall Miners’ Militia, but while thus engaged, he did not neglect his studies, and although he attained such eminence in his profession, his heart was often in his workshop or laboratory ; I quote from Mr. Hyde Clarke’s article, ‘‘he was not one of those men who REMINISCENCES OF DR. L. H. POTTS. 117 think that education is to be got at school or college, and the process of learning left off on quitting the guidance of a master, he thought that all that was good is to be learned at all times, and usefully employed. On the other hand his application to study was often too severe, and there is much reason to believe that he laid the foundation of future disease, and undermined his constitution by too great exertion, and above all by taking too little sleep.”’ On the peace of 1814 his regiment being disbanded, his attachment to many friends he had in it, induced him to settle in Truro, and commence practice here, and on the 5th January, 1818, I find his name at the first meeting held for forming this Society, and the important announcement, that Mr. L. H. Potts and Mr. W. M. Tweedy be appointed secretaries ;—with two such secretaries, no surprise is felt that our society grew and prospered. The authority I have quoted before, Mr.Hyde Clarke, states, that in 1818, in conjunction with Mr. Tweedy.and some other gentlemen, Dr. Potts originated the Royal Institution of Cornwall, which has been the means of doing much good to the county, and in the opening lecture Col. Willyams alluded to his services, and congratulated the county on the chance that had brought Dr. Potts into it, As much time as he could spare from his professional duties he devoted to this Institution, he delivered a course of lectures on chemistry and natural philosophy, and volunteered gratui- tously to analyse any mineral or other matter which ae be sent to him for that purpose. The next reference to him in our Reports, after his appointment as secretary, is in the first list of presents received’ for the establishment of a Museum, when I notice his gifts are of the most varied character, consisting of a study of heads by Kranack, a viper, a flying fish, shells, horns of a moose deer, corals and corallines, an echinus, a crystal, and various minerals, a silver coin, and ancient pottery; subsequently in 1824 he presents insects and uranite from Wheal Buller, and Mrs. Potts also figures in the list (he having married a Cornish lady possessing probably similar tastes to his own) as she gives shells, asterias, Labrador felspar, jasper and agate. 118 REMINISOENCES OF DR. L. H. POTTS. In 1824 he was re-elected lecturer on chemistry and experimental philosophy, his old instructor Brodie (afterwards Sir Benjamin) being made an honorary member; he. also delivered lectures on phrenology. There are many stories told of the doctor, one is about a ghost, there have been many ghosts in Truro, but this was a particular one in his time, a very common sort of ghost, which annoyed the inhabitants by breaking windows and ringing bells. The Mayor and Corporation could not fathom the mystery. At last a boy at the barracks was supposed to have been frightened into a fit by this ghost, the doctor was summoned, and having his suspicions as well as a great contempt for ghosts, turned up the eyelid of the boy, and finding the pupil sensitive to light (a fact not generally known at the time), the doctor sent for a cane, and applied it so vigourously, that the boy soon roared for mercy and confessed that he alone had committed the mischief supposed to have been done by the ghost, which was eminently satisfactory to the good doctor, but not received with equal pleasure by our worthy Mayor and those who had given credence to the affair. He also invented a tube containing reflectors, with a hole in the side, on looking through this hole, what was taking place on the other side of an eminence could be seen, and [ have been told that nervous people in the next street, engaged at their morning toilets, were rendered uneasy, with the knowledge of the existence of such an instrument, and complained of it. I have seen such an instrument shown by Mr. Robert Hunt at the Polytechnic. I have reasons for believing that he was on terms of intimacy with members of my family, as well as those of my wife’s. I have heard my late uncle, Mr. John James, state that he considered Dr. Potts was the cleverest man that ever came into Truro. Doctors’ prescriptions were in those days kept by the chemist, and I remember seeing an old tea chest, half full of those mysterious productions, most of them having the, then familiar, initials L. H. P. At Polsue, where my wife’s relations resided, there were many reminiscences of the doctor, one was a little wooden model a a a ee nd —~ REMINISCENCES OF DR. L. H. POTTS. 119 of a machine for raising water to irrigate the farm, and, showing there was nothing too insignificant for the doctor’s ingenuity, a little apparatus for moulding butter (so as to avoid touching with the hand), the print of which was an elegant swan; which I have often seen. In the same house was a puzzling jug, known as the doctor’s jug, and presented by him, which was surrounded with holes on the lower part of the neck, out of which the nut brown ale or whatever liquid it contained, gushed over the would-be drinker unacquainted with the secret of of putting his finger on a particular hole; so we may conclude the learned doctor loved a joke. He was happy in his family; in his children he found great assistance in his pursuits, and when infirmities overtook him, their help was invaluable ; his eldest daughter, Miss Ethelinda, has been well-known to many in Truro. For purposes of study, he rose at 2 a.m.; probably to get through some of the work on which he was engaged and enable him to be free to see his patients. In 1828 he left Truro for Bodmin, where he continued his researches, and the inventing of applicances for the relief of suffering humanity, having been appointed Medical Super- intendent of the County Lunatic Asylum. Amongst his inventions was a boat propelled by muscular power, which excited much interest on our river; a building he erected at Bodmin for patents, was long known as the doctor’s folly ; but these, as well as many others of his inventions, were simply in advance of their time. In 1838 he removed to Blackheath for the purpose mostly (except his health) of developing his inventions, which were assuming gigantic proportions; a list of them would fill a volume. I will only mention one, and that is the pneumatic pile-driving process, the greatest boon ever bestowed on engineering science. He was a great collector, and continued to enrich our museum long after he had gone to reside at Vanbrugh Castle, Blackheath. A choice cabinet of minerals was presented by him to Prince Albert, who took much interest in his inventions. 120 REMINISCENCES OF DR. L. H. POTTS. Though once possessed of an ample fortune, these vast undertakings in which he indulged exhausted his means, and what was never a robust constitution, was broken down by his life of incessant toil with too little time allowed for sleep, and on the 28rd March, 1850, an end came to his labours, in the midst of hopes of the realisation of many of his most ambitious projects. To us he will be best remembered as our energetic member ; to the world, as an inventor. A building erected by Dr. Potts in Bodmin, as a gymnasium (it is said) for his children,—and probably for his own use also, in connection with his inventions, (perhaps the ‘‘folly”’ already mentioned) became in course of time a Roman Catholic Church. A Tower was added, and afterwards lowered. It is now St. Mary’s Priory, and a new church or chapel has been built, adjoining it on the south-west. This is used by the Canons Regular of the Lateran, Rome, the resident priests of the Priory,—the people of the neighbourhood being admitted to the services. As I wish but one merit to attach to these few remarks, and that is brevity, I will not add more, but hope it will not be considered that I have exalted Dr. Potts unduly in his connexion with this Institution, as I am fully aware of the splendid services rendered by other members in the past; are we not reminded of them on these walls, and I sometimes fancy they are looking down approvingly on the efforts of even the feeblest amongst us, and it is a matter of regret that Dr. Potts’s portrait is not amongst them. BULBILS AND GEMM. By FRED. H. DAVEY. It is a characteristic of the present age that it delights in crisp definitions and clearly-defined distinctions. Distracted at the magnitude of the field of knowledge which stretches before us, we try to minimise our ignorance by pegging out the universe into delightfully small parcels; and foiled in our attempts to solve the mysteries of life, we have commissioned our Huxleys and Spencers to state our difficulties in formulas couched in the most recondite philosophic phraseology. Our eagerness to sum up questions might well suggest to the impartial observer that we hurry so much as to be guilty of constructing a cosmogony with- out first caring to see whether our pieces have structural affinity. Notoriously is this the case in matters biological. As long as we are dealing with things which can be heard with the ear, seen with the eye, and touched by the hand, we are not likely to go far astray ; but, when we grapple with the intangible and have to work largely with the eye of faith, itis to be feared that even the greatest rush to strange extremes. A school of philosophers has arisen in these later days which has parcelled off the ultimate functions of all forms of life into growth and reproduction, and therefrom they construct remark- able definitions. Albeit the most powerful microscope has failed to warrant the distinction, we are asked to believe that living organisms, whether animal or vegetable, are composed of germ- cells and germ-plasm, and somatic-cells and somatic-plasm. If the facts of the case were corroborative of this nice distinction, it would be of little moment whether or not the microscope has revealed the presence of a plasm which subserves reproduction as distinguished from that which elaborates purely vegetable or animal tissue; but in the light of present knowledge we may gravely doubt, whether, when we talk of the two kinds of plasm, we do not set up a distinction which nature does not recognise. If there be such a clear line of demarcation, it is rather remarkable that under certain conditions the somatic-plasm 122 BULBILS AND GEMM. will answer all the purposes of reproduction, and the germ- plasm is seized upon to increase the bulk of the individual. May we not rather conclude that, in the vegetable kingdom at least, the ultimate physiognomical expression of certain portions of the ‘‘ physical basis of life” is dictated by the caprice of environment? For, talk as we may, proto-plasm is but ‘“‘the clay of the potter,’ to be moulded, baked, and painted as external conditions shall demand. On the trend of the vegetable kingdom, since the first speck of naked protoplasm emerged from the cosmical fire-mist, we need not appeal to the philosophies. In this respect nature is her own interpreter. Paleontological evidence, together with what we see in the warp and woof of the earth’s present carpet, tends to the conclusion that the one purpose, which has ever dominated the vegetable kingdom, has been the entrusting of the care of the species to a distinctive set of organs. To put itin other words, concomitant with the struggle for self, there has been a mysterious and marvellous stretching-forth to ensure the life of others. And when we compare the perfected mechanism in an orchid or primrose with the reproductive processes in lowlier forms of life, who shall say the struggle has not been a pre- eminently successful one? Long and tedious has been the march to this goal, and possibly even now the climax has not been reached, for as the author of ‘‘The Vestiges of Creation” gravely asks whether our race is ‘“‘ but the initial of the grand crowning type,” which shall be ‘‘superior to us in organization, purer in feeling, more powerful in device and act,” so may we query whether our most specially-devised flowers are but the fore- shadowings of a still more perfected set of reproductive organs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, however, many examples occur, even among plants which rank in the hierarchy of development, of a complete failure to produce seed. Most of the mechanism is present, but, through some apparently slight defect, the end for which the energies of the plants have been converg- ing for untold ages has been signally thwarted. And yet the struggle of plants to perpetuate their species is rarely of no avail, for Nature never tires of variety, and her resources are truly infinite. Let the soil combine with climatic caprices, and BULBILS AND GEMM. 123 both co-operate with hereditary idiosyncrasies to oppugn the production of seed, Nature still pursues her own course and plants reproduce themselves with none the less regularity. And of all the strange devices she has called into action to ensure this end, none, perhaps, are of a more positive character than bulbils among phanerogams, and gemme among cryptogams. Between them and the sexual organs the strongest sympathy prevails, and whether the plant shall produce the one or the other would seem a problem to be solved in the light of the action of environment upon irritable protoplasm. Passing the more important British bulbil and gemme- bearing plants under review, the first notable one to suggest itself will be the Celandine of our wayside, whose charms Wordsworth has enshrined in one of his inimitable idylls. On an open bank where the sun kisses them, the livelong day, one may search the leaves in vain for bulbils, for the simple reason that, under conditions so favourable to the development of seed, bulbils are not required, and so none are formed. On the other hand should the Celandine grow in a shady place the flowers will be few and sickly and rarely capable of developing healthy seed. The foliage, however, will be rank, and to compensate the failure of seed, innumerable bulbils will be formed in the axils of the leaves. For tive years the writer has kept in view a small patch of Celandine so situate as to be hidden from every direct ray of sunlight. During this period he has never known a single seed to be developed, while of bulbils he could gather annually enough to fill a pint measure. Our eastern counties have a congener of the Lady’s-Smock of our own meadows, which, as its local name,—Bulbiferous Bitter- cress,—signifies, bears bulbils in the axils ofitsleaves. By these bulbils alone does the plant reproduce itself, for, interesting to relate, although the plant flowers with comparative freedom, seed are but rarely formed. Here, as with the Celandine, we see that, defeated in her purpose of producing seed, Nature has taken a shorter cut to the same end. The energy which should have been spent on the maturation of the ovary and its ovules has taken an entirely different expression, and the germ-plasm, if there be such a thing, obeys all the laws and fulfils all the purposes of the somatic-plasm, and vice versd. 124 BULBILS AND GEMM. But perhaps the most pertinent evidence of the sympathy which prevails between bulbils and flowers is furnished by the Lily tribe. Most amateur gardeners may know that the quaint old Tiger-lily, a favourite with our grand-parents, propagates itself by bulbils, and produces seed but rarely; but to what extent the presence of the one is connected with the absence of the other may not be equally apparent. Evidence is not wanting that the old-time ancestors of this lily, bore perfect hermaphrodite flowers, and that the repeated demands of certain conditions of environment have eventuated in the abortion of the pistil in some flowers, and of the stamens in others, the result being that pollen has to be transported from the stamens of one flower to the pistil of another in order to bring about a fertilization of the ovary. Now, if the pollen ripened simultaneously with the attainment of functional activity by the pistil, and its transit to the pistilliferous flower were guaranteed, fertilization would be insured and seed would follow. But, knowing as we do, that a rise or fall of temperature, the absence or presence of certain elements in the soil, and a high or low vitality at the critical time of flowering may ripen the stamens and pistil at periods sufficiently removed to preclude fertilization, we can easily see that the production of seed is a very uncertain affair, and that, oftener than not, none will be formed at all. Considering this, need we ask for weightier reasons for the presence of such purely vegetative organs of reproduction as bulbils? This same Lily-tribe has other excellent examples of bulbil- bearing plants. The genus Allium alone, which, by the way, furnishes us with such useful culinary herbs as the onion and leek, contains no fewer than five. What in these instances most forcibly strikes the student is that, unlike the foregoing plants, the bulbils in these several cases appear at the extremity of the flower stalk among the flowers, if there are any, which, however, is not always the case. If there are bulbils the flowers are fewer pro rata, and again and again does it happen that the entire umbel of flowers is replaced by a head of bulbils. More cogent evidence than this in support of Charles Letourneau’s dictum, —‘“The faculty of reproduction....is only a simple extension of the nutritive property,’’*— it were difficult to find. Hlsewhere the * Biology, p. 30. BULBILS AND GEMMA. 125 same author remarks :—‘‘Growth is only an excess of nutrition, and generation is only an excess of growth. Growth and gener- ation have for cause a superabundance of nutritive materials.”’* Among cryptogams the situation is analogous. The funda- mental rule is,—many spores few gemme; many gemmee few spores. Take the mosses. Antheridia and Archegonia, the functional equivalents of the stamens and pistils of flowering plants, are the prevailing mechanism by which these lowly types of plant life perpetuate themselves, but, like the stamens and pistils of flowering plants, they are not invariably responsible for reproduction. Aulacomnium palustre, which keeps company with the sphag- num mosses on our moorlands, in some seasons develop spores by the usual sexual process, while at other seasons spores are left severely out of the question, their purpose being fully met by gemme, which are borne on stalks at the extremities of the branches. Lord Justice Fry, himself a very capable muscologist, says—‘‘The question whether the plant shall adopt the one mode of reproduction, or the other, seems to depend, in part at least, on temperature, a high temperature tending towards the production of the gemme, and a lower temperature towards spores.”’} Orthotrichum phyllanthum, another moss which is tolerably cosmopolitan in its distribution, favours the vegetative method of reproduction to a still more marked degree. Once or twice only has it been found bearing spores, while of gemme it produces large numbers at the apices of the leaves. Leptodontium, Grimmia, Tortula, Bryum and Tetraphis, are other mosses which, either on the midrib, at the apices, or in the axils of the leaves, and in terminal cups bear gemme, and on which spores are only occasionally found. Proceeding to still lower types of vegetation, the relation of gemmee to the sexual modes of reproduction becomes strikingly exemplified in the frondose liverworts. Repeatedly has the writer noticed that some years are years of gemme, while others are years of sexual organs. The two, in short, are never borne in large numbers on one plant at the same time. One kind, * Thid, p. 309. + British Mosses, Knowledge Series, pp. 23, 24. 126 BULBILS AND GEMMA. indeed, (Zunularia) perpetuates itself in this country by gemme alone, the spore-bearing form never having been found.* On the other hand Pellia epiphylla, common on damp banks and by water-courses, bears spores to the entire exclusion of gemme.f Incidentally, the writer may mention that his personal observa- tions on the common Marchantia, grown in stove-houses, show that a high and humid atmosphere favours the male form, which under these circumstances is always in excess of the female. This is an interesting supplement to Professor Henslow’s assertion—‘‘ A relatively high temperature favours the.... androecium, while a comparatively lower one the gynecium.’’{ _ This, then, is the evidence. Like the arms of an octopus, the subject stretches away in other directions, and many sub- sidiary studies are involved. Indeed it will be clearly seen that an equally great problem lies behind the whole. It is easy, and to a certain degree interesting, to say that, defeated in her purpose of ripening seed and spores, Nature has taken another and shorter cut to the same end by allowing the reproductive energy to express itself in the form of bulbils and gemmez; but the inquisitive student asks for more. To him it is of supreme import to know how and why nature has been frustrated in her purpose to develop seed; and on other points he raises equally pertinent questions. In a great measure these have been answered elsewhere, and by competent writers, hence it would be without the province of this paper to go into details. The works of Miller, Darwin, Dr. Masters, and Henslow are lucid expositions of the action of environment upon irritable protoplasm. These writers have made it abundantly clear that temperature, soil, and insects are powerful agencies in modifying the structures and transmitting the form and colour of flowers, exacting a change here and another there, and intensifying the whole through succeeding generations until what at. first seemed trivial and fitful aberrations from the type, culminate in distinct and fixed variations. * A course of practical instruction in Botany, by F. O. Bower, D.Sc., F.L.S. 1891, p. 362. + lbid. ft The origin of Floral Structures, p. 237. BULBILS AND GEMM. 127 True to the note struck at the very outset of this paper, and to the striking evidence afforded by a review of the principal bulbil and gemme-bearing plants of Britain, we sum up the question. Between the functionally reproductive and the functionally vegetative cells of plants, the closest sympathy is manifested; so much so that when we consider how, under certain circumstances, the vegetative cell is capable of doing that for which the germ cell was destined, we begin to think that if there is such a distinction as germ-plasm and somatic-plasm, the two are so inextricably interwoven as to be capable of giving rise either to a sexually reproductive cell, or a purely vegetative one. Letourneau states the position very nicely when he says— ‘Vegetal physiology is still so confused, the division of labour in the plant is so ill-distinguished, that it is not easy to mark out therein functions very different from each other. Everything is connected, everything blends, everything forms the link of a ehain.’’* If it be accounted logical to judge of the properties of a body or organism by the phenomena it presents—and Professor Huxley can be cited for the position—one of two facts must be forced on us by a consideration of the foregoing statements. Hither the existence of the two kinds of plasm is a position difficult to maintain, inasmuch as it fails to meet many exigencies of plant life, or the two under the influence of environment are capable of more than one physiognomical expression. Of the two, the former carries greater conviction. After all that has been written, we cannot forget that the germ-plasm is a purely hypothetical quantity. No one, not even those who hoped to have explained many of the deeper problems of life by it, has at any time been fortunate enough to have ocular demonstration of its existence. Postulated to account for the phenomena of heredity, the two distinct plasms cannot be maintained when one has under consideration many of the reproductive contrivances to be found in the vegetable kingdom. * Biology, p. 89. 128 NOTES ON GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. BASALTIC COLUMNS IN WEST DEVON. By THOMAS CLARK, (Associate of the Royal Institution of Cornwall). This peculiar structure, I believe, has not hitherto been recorded as having been found in England. The fragment exhibited was discovered by Mr. Collins, The College, Redruth, in a railway cutting between Marytavy and Tavistock, on the London and South Western Railway. He says, the columns are irregular hexagonal prisms, and are about two, or two and a half feet, across; they are dipping south, at an angle of about 20° from the perpendicular; and are found near the junction of the Devonian and carboniferous strata, and with other igneous formations, and intercolated with schistose rocks of a dark shaly character, through which veins of quartz, iron pyrites, and manganese pass. The minerals, of which this fragment of basaltic column is composed, are sanidine, labradorite, calcite after sanidine, mag- netite much changed, hornblende, few needles of apatite, and some serpentineous matter probably after olivine. It is its sanidine felspar which gives it a claim to be placed in the tertiary extrusions, and also the fact of its being found on the lines of the north and south volcanic fissures of that period, the remnants of which are so conspicuous in the Western Tslands of Scotland, Isle of Man, N.E. of Ireland, Snowdon, and, now, near Tavistock, West Devon. This is another link in the chain of evidence connecting the Lizard basic rocks with the Irish and Scotch Tertiary eruptions, and further confirms my former views on the basic rocks of the Lizard district. : NOTES ON GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 129 SPECIMENS OF TIN-STONES FROM DURANGO. By J. H. COLLINS, F.G.S. (Geological Gold Medallist R.1,C.) The specimens of tin-stones from Mina del Diablo, Durango, Mexico, marked A and B, were handed to me for the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall by Mr. Richard Pearce, F.G.S., in the year 1893. They have been called pseudomorphs of cassiterite after hematite and magnetite, but would be more properly described as simultaneous crystallizations; the ferrugi- nous component predominating, in quantity and in crystallizing force. The A variety has been well-described and figured by Professors Genth and Vom Rath, and by L. Y. Pirsson.* The B variety presents an entirely different appearance, which I have rudely represented in the sketch which accompanies speci- men ©. Here it appears that crystals of hematite have been formed in presence of a large quantity of silica, which I believe was at the time in a gelatinous condition; and around the crys- tals so formed, cassiterite in the radiated and imperfectly crystalline form known as ‘‘ wood-tin,” has been abundantly deposited, so as entirely to enclose the hematite. * Genth and Vom Rath, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 23, 1887 ; Pirsson, Am. Jour. Sc., 1891, p. 40. CORRIGENDA, &c. SS Page 11, line 18, for “‘ Miss,” read ‘‘ the Misses’? Couch. Page 12, line 28, ‘‘ bought... fora small sum,’’ add, ‘‘ by a former possessor.” Page 14, line 1 of foot-note, for ‘‘ word,” read ‘‘ term.” Page 18, line 18, for ‘‘ Edwards,” read ‘‘ Edmonds.” “Paul Tuz,” &c., signifies ‘‘Men of Paul,” &c ; and for ‘‘Gware tég yn guare whég,” read ‘‘ Guare tég yw guare wheg,”’ Page 21, Annual Excursion: add date, ‘‘ 1895.” Page 22, line 13, for ‘‘ Trethewy,” read ‘‘ Trethevy.” FOUNDED 1818. ee Patron, Tue QUEEN. _Viceeatton, erates. - Lorp RoBARTES.. Sir COmiae GRAVES- SaWLE, oat Me. F. G. Enys. Cou. a -@OUNGIL FOR THE YEAR 1895- 96. t : : “President. Tue Riewr Hos. “LEONARD. H. Courtney, M. P. Vice-Presidents. 1N ARCHDEACON CoryisH, M.A. | Rev.W.1aco, B. aot Canon Moor, M.A., M.B.A.S. | Mr. E, DUNEIN, F.B.S.,. f Mr. “JonN Davins EN, E.G.S. a Treasurer. a Mr. oe PB} - Nox, Truro. Secretaries. a * Maror PaRkyN, E.G. s, Truro. Ray. Wi. Taco, B.A, Westheath, Bodmin. tet ‘Other members of touncit, Ma. W. E. Baty. | Mr. Tuurstan C. PETER. Mr. IE Fox, B. G. Ce | Rey. A. R. Tomuryson, M.A. ees | Mr. Ropert TWEEDY. VIR. F. W. Micke, C. He nes D. G. WHITLEY. HANCELLOR PAUL, M. Aa te eta te totes Ceomeiosnn Secretary for ‘East: Cornwall. Rey. W. Lago, B. Ae Westheath, Bodmin. Joint Editors of the Journal REV. W. Laco, B.A. Masor PaRKXN, E.G.S. “gibeatian. and Curator of @useum. MR. R. A. GREGG, vou, Feseion, Truro. Wontents. Spring Meeting, 1896 Third Award of the Henwood Medal Fourth Joint Annual Meeting of Cornish Societies The Annual Excursion, 1896 78th Annual Meeting (1896) Presentation of Henwood Medal Gifts to Museum and Library Balance Sheet Meteorological Tables (1896) On Some Ancient Remains at Guatemala Loa by A. L. Lewis, F.S.A. - Me The Functions of Colour and Smell in Fong i 1 es 3 Davey vt : Notes on the Bulb-Mite ees by F. H. oe a Notes on the Dry Summer of 1896, by F. H. Davey .. A Brief Account of an Attempt at Oyster Cultivation at Falmouth in 1895-6, by Rupert Vallentin Some Remarks on an ee Lobster Ege? by Rupert Vallentin .. ae ; A Summary of 2 Log Books kept at Clea in recording the Capture ot Lobsters, ee and Orabs in 1895, by Rupert Vallentin On Prospecting for Gold, and the General Promotion of Mining in Cornwall, by Richard Pearce, F.G.S. Celia Fiennes in Cornwall, by H. M. Whitley, F.G.S8... Falmouth Packet Heroes (illustrated) Obituary 180 186 191 195 200 204 208 JOURNAL OF THE Reval {ostitutio of {/ornwall VOLUME XIII. Part T.—18096. | TRURO, © PRINTED BY LAKE, AND LAKE, Lrp., PRINCES STREET. 4 1897. ae le ie he 131 Koval tnstitution of Cornwall. SPRING MEETING. — The Spring Meeting was held in the Museum Buildings, Truro, on Tuesday, 16th June, 1896, Mr. John Davies Enys, F.G.S., Ex-President, in the Chair, (the Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.A., M.P., the President, being unavoidably absent). Amongst others present were :—The Ven. Archdeacon Cornish, the Revs. Sub-Dean Estridge, Canon Moore, A. E. Crowder, D. Whitley ; Messrs. Richard Pearce, F.G.S. H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Denver, Colorado; J. H. Collins, F.G.S. ; C. Twite, F.G.8.; J. C. Daubuz; G. B. Millett, M.R.C.S.; HE. Sharp, M.R.C.S8.; 8. Trevail, F.R.I.B.A.; Hamilton James, F. A. Cozens, F, H. Davey, W. J. Clyma, B. Williams, J. Osborne, T. Worth, Mrs. Donaldson, Mrs. and Miss James, Mrs. and Miss Share, the Misses Coode, Blenkinsop, Burrell; Major Parkyn, F.G.S., and Rev. W. Iago, Hon. Secs. ; and Mr. Gregg, Curator. The Chairman expressed regret at the President’s enforced absence ; and then announced that as soon as the forthcoming number of the Society’s Journal were issued, the Henwood Gold Medal could be awarded. He then submitted, for the consider- ation of the Meeting, some notes which he had made, on certain appearances of trees and shrubs, produced by the peculiar character of the recent season. He also offered a welcome to Mr. Pearce, who had once more come amongst his old friends, the Members of the Society. MR. PEARCE, OF DENVER, ON GOLD IN CORNWALL. Mr. PrEarce said he would show them two or three specimens of minerals from the Cripplecreek district of Colorado—a district lately come into special notice. By the depreciation of silver, mining in Colorado had been reduced to a comparatively low con- dition, and miners had turned their attention from silver to gold. 132 SPRING MEETING. One result was the discovery of gold in an entirely new district :— the gold did not occur in native form, but in connection with tellurium. The discovery, as in many other cases, was made by a man who knew nothing about minerals or assaying. He struck on something which he thought might be sent to the assayer, and to his astonishment it proved to contain gold. He (the speaker) had seen granite, which under ordinary circumstances would be thrown away, containing 4-ozs. of gold to the ton; it had in fact been impregnated with gold by thermal waters. Prospectors were just now very busy all through the Rocky Mountains trying to discover, if possible, other Cripplecreeks. Cripplecreek was only five years old, and was already a place of some 15,000 inhabitants with three railways running into it. Its output of gold in 1895 was worth eight millions of dollars. After moving among the miners of Cornwall, he had come to the conclusion that there was plenty of room for prospecting in this county to-day. Thirty or forty years ago he did a great deal of work in hunting up the minerals of Cornwall, and it struck him that, since that time, nothing had been done in the way of making any new discovery, and search had scarcely been made for any deposit in new districts. Tt distressed him very much as a Cornishman to hear of the depression that existed; but he thought that if he might be allowed to say so, it was due more particularly to the slow and indifferent habits of the Cornish miners themselves. He said this without the slightest hesitation—they wanted modern ideas and modern systems of working introduced into their mines, to make them successful and profitable. Only on the previous day he went to the bottom of Dolcoath, a depth of 440 fathoms, and there saw what he had never seen before, an enormous vein of rich tin—shewing externally a lode of forty odd feet. They had that enormous lode but hardly any means of getting at it, or of treating it when they had gotit. In the Butte district of Arizona they returned 120 tons of copper from 2,000 tons of stuff, every day, from a lode no richer than that which he saw at Dolcoath. It behoved them to introduce more spirit into their Cornish engineers, and to get them to adopt modern ideas and modern systems of working which were so successfully carried out in other countries, Gold had been known to occur in Cornwall, SPRING MEETING. 133 and it had seemed to him that the conditions should induce them to attempt prospecting for gold; they had in that museum a magnificent nugget from the Carnon streams, grains and nuggets had also been found in other districts, yet no one had ever made much effort to get at gold in Cornwall. He thought Mr. Collins would agree that they had the proper geological conditions for gold. Silver had occurred in large quantities in North Dolcoath, yet they had simply gone on with the ordinary routine for getting tin and copper. He thought Cornish miners would be perfectly justified in going further, to see what this old county was capable of yielding. Mr. J. H. Cottrs said he agreed with all Mr. Pearce had stated about Cripplecreek, because, although he had no personal knowledge of the district, one of his sons had inspected a number of mines there. With regard to Cornwall there was a difficulty in the way of Cornish mining which he believed did not exist in any other part of the world. Capital could be got in London, (which was the great mining centre of the world), to any extent, for any part of the world except Cornwall! Capital could scarcely be got in London for Cornish mines, and it was difficult to find the reason why. Perhaps it was because many had been very ready to call attention to any dark shadow on Cornish mining, while there had been few to put forward the bright side. The bright points were, however, easy to find. Every one of our leading mines had a history that would bear investigation. If they compared the amount put into it with the amount got out of it, they would find a result that could hardly be paralleled anywhere else. - Soon, he hoped, there would be a change, but at present that was the reason they could not develop Cornwall as they could other parts of the world. It gave him very great pleasure to come there again, to form one of a trio of old teachers in Cornwall. Mr. Pearce and Mr. Twite were both teaching in Cornwall before he (Mr. Collins) was, and when he came, there was a fourth, Dr. Le Neve Foster. He was glad to know that they had all met with success. Mr. TReEvatt, supported the views which had been advanced, and advocated scientific study of the matter. He also congratu- lated Truro on its being about to possess a Technical College. 1384 SPRING MEETING. -: Mr. Grace, the Curator, read the list of presents received for the Library and Museum. The following papers were then read, but not . their authors :— ‘“Rude Stone Monuments on Bodmin Moor,” written by Mr. A. L. Lewis, F.C.A., Treasurer of the Anthropological Institute. ‘‘Celia Fiennes in Cornwall,” contributed by Mr. H. Michell Whitley, F.G.S., Hon. Member. ‘Notes on the Bulb-mite,” submitted bya Mr. F. H. Davey, Ponsanooth. ‘‘Remarks on a Lobster-hatchery,” sent by Mr. Rupert Vallentin. ; The Rev. W. Iago then made some remarks on “The Destroyed Spire of Bodmin Church,’—also, on ‘a Killigrew memorial brass,”—and on ‘‘ A brass in Gloucestershire display- ing a crest which represents a miner carrying, by means of a holder, his ighted candle in his mouth.” These were illustrated by rubbings. \ Mr. Iago next shewed a diagram explanatory of ‘the arrangement of Dates in Old Wills and Parish Registers,” and mentioned how a lack of this knowledge had recently caused much uncertainty in an Assize case, and had risked the finding of a true verdict, as the dates under discussion seemed to shew that a man had been married before his Banns were out, and had died before the date on which he had made his Will. The Archdeacon of Cornwall moved, and Mr. G, B. Millett seconded votes of thanks to the readers of Papers, and to the donors of gifts to the Library and Museum. “Mr. Daubuz and Mr. Twite respectively proposed and seconded a vote of thanks to the Chairman. _These propositions were carried unanimously and suitably acknowledged. Pps eeteyte ner Woe 135 AWARD OF THE HENWOOD GOLD MEDAL, 1896. For the third time, in pursuance of the direction contained in the Will of the late Mr. William Jory Henwood, F.R.S., of Penzance, a former President of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, it became the pleasant duty of the Council to award a Gold Medal—intrinsically worth more than Ten Guineas—to the writer whose contribution to the Institution Journal should, in their opinion, after a consideration and comparison of the papers printed by the society during the three preceding years last past, be most worthy of such a reward, the limitations of qualification being duly regarded. The prescribed notice having been given, a Council Meeting was specially held in the Society’s Library, on Thursday, 6th of August, 1896, which was attended by more than the required number who were entitled to adjudicate. Those present were - Mr. Enys, F.G.8., ex-President, who was voted to the chair, The Ven. Archdeacon Cornish, M.A., The Worshipful Chancellor Paul, M.A., Rev. Canon Moor, M.A., M.R.A.S., Mr. F. W. Michell, C.E., Mr. Hamilton James, and the Hon. Secretaries, Rev. W. Iago, B.A., and Major Parkyn, F.G.S. The papers written by any of those taking part in the award were first excluded, and some other papers were regarded as not being within the rules for competition according to the Will of the Donor of the Medal. Hight subjects only, all relating to Cornwall, were specified as eligible for winning the Medal. After all had been fully considered, a ballot was taken, with the result that, according to the general opinion, the medal had been pre-eminently deserved by Mr. Thurstan Collins Peter of Redruth, for his valuable Paper on “‘The Exploration of Carn Brea,”’—admirably illustrated, and (with permission from Mr. Basset of Tehidy) accompanied by such of the original relics as were suitable for deposit in the Museum. Accordingly, the Henwood Gold Medal for 1896, was awarded to Mr. Peter for his paper treating of Cornish Archeology, and thereupon an invitation was sent him to attend the ensuing General Meeting of the Society, in the Autumn, in order that he might receive it, by presentation in due form. 136 FOURTH JOINT ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CORNISH SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, 1896. The Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, The Royal Institution of Cornwall, The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, and also The Mining Association and Institute of Cornwall, held their associated Annual Meeting at Falmouth, on Wednesday, the 26th of August, 1896, (in connexion with the 64th Annual Exhibition of the Polytechnic) in one of the rooms attached to the Polytechnic Hall. The room was crowded by an attentive audience, Mr. J. D. Enys, F.G.S., being in the chair (in the absence of the President, Mr. Bolitho, M.P.), and the following papers were read :-— 1.—‘‘On Certain Rocks in the Falmouth District,” by Mr. F. J. Stephens (for the R.G.S.C.) 2.—‘‘The old Religious Houses of Bodmin, and how the people walked in Procession from one to another, when a Cleric had fought a Shoemaker,” by EO. W. Iago, B.A. (for the R.1.C.) 3.—‘‘The Diminished Duty of Cornish Engines and possible remedies,” by Mr. W. Sisson, M.I.M.E. (for the R.C.P.8.) —‘‘ Notes on Cornish Mining in 1896,” by Capt. R. A. Thomas (for the M.A. & I.C.) Discussions took place on some of the subjects, and with regard to the Geological maps it was agreed, on the motion of Mr. Twite, seconded by Mr. Howard Fox, that the Government be urged to undertake and publish a re-Survey of Cornwall. By the kind and hospitable invitation of Mr, Howard Fox, F.G.8., the beautiful gardens of his residence, Rosehill, were inspected, many tropical growths and Botanical varieties being examined with great interest. At 6 pm. the members of the Visiting Societies were handsomely entertained at dinner by their hosts, the R.C. Polytechnic Society, and later in the evening there was a Conversazione in the Polytechnic Hall. MEETING OF OORNISH SOIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 137 The Members of the Truro Society feel that their thanks are due to the secretary (Mr. E. Kitto) and other members of the Falmouth Society, for the excellent arrangements made, and for the pleasant manner in which they were received personally, and as a Society. The Papers read at the Meeting have since been issued in the Polytechnic Society’s Annual Report for 1896. 138 THE ANNUAL EXCURSION, 1896. On Thursday, the 10th of September, 1896, an excellent programme tempted a certain number of the Members of the Royal Institution to set out towards the southern promontory of West Cornwall to investigate a portion of the Lizard district. The weather had been very threatening, and this reduced the number of adventurers below that which had been expected. Nevertheless, a very fine and enjoyable day was experienced. One great attraction, in addition to the beauties of the sea and land and pure breezes, was the fact that Viscount Falmouth had very kindly given permission, and had provided facilities, for the Society to explore, by excavation, an ancient settlement which had been brought prominently into view by the accidental burning of the vegetation which had previously tended to conceal it. On being informed by Rev. W. Iago that the Council desired an opportunity of examining the spot, Lord Falmouth immed- iately telegraphed and wrote from Pirbright Camp, in reply, to state that he had no objection, and that he had sent a telegram to the Tregothnan estate office for the purpose of arrangements being made, adding—‘‘I hope your exploration may prove interesting. If I were only free to do so, it would be a great pleasure to me to be present.” On being afterwards informed of the day’s doing, his Lordship further wrote: ‘I am very pleased to hear that the excavation of the mounds was a success, and should have been much interested to have seen the huts developed.’ In addition to this, permission was also kindly given for the depositing, in our Society’s Museum, of such relics as were found. The expedition assembled, in the first instance, at Helston, arriving by train in the morning. There were present Messrs. J. D. Enys, F.G.S., Thurstan ©. Peter (to whom was recently awarded the gold medal for his account of the Carn Brea: Exploration), Rev. D. G. Whitley, Capt. Bryant and Mr. J. Barrett (Lord Falmouth’s agents), Messrs. H. Barrett, J. THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. 139 Bonython (of Adelaide, South Australia), Cornelius Cardew (Loco. Supt. Madras Railway,—great grandson of the late Rev. Cornelius Cardew, D.D., whose name is so familiar in Cornwall, founder of the Cardew prize at the Truro Grammar School, &c.,) F. W. Michell, C.K, E. G. Heard, E. F. Whitley, J. Osborne, Major Parkyn, F.G.S8. (Hon. Sec.), several ladies, and Mr. Gregg (Curator). A char-a-banc conveyed the party to Gunwalloe Cove. Gunwalloe Church, amongst the Towans by the sea, is an ancient edifice of considerable interest. Mr. Enys pointed out many of its peculiar features. The church, in A.D. 1291, was mentioned in the taxation. ‘The tower has a pyramidal roof, is low, without pinnacles, and is detached, perhaps for concealment from sea pirates. A writer who was present tells us that ‘the coves on this part of the coast are conspicuous for their beautiful, firm, yellow sand fringed by jagged rocks at the foundations of bold cliffs facing westward ; a fair swell was on the sea, and the green waves tumbled picturesquely on the shore.” The bells are of medizeval date, and have Latin legends (see Dunkin’s “Church Bells of Cornwall.’’) In the churchyard, Mr. Enys said, there is, or was, on a stone, an inscription which rang the changes on the words ‘‘We shall die all,”’....‘‘Dre all we shall..&c.”’ These words occur in other places also, and we may observe that they were generally placed, as here originally perhaps, in a punning manner, on a sun ‘‘di—al.”” The church of Cury is not far off. Mullion was next visited. A former Vicar, Rev. E. G. Harvey, who came from St. Mary’s, Truro, since deceased, did much to preserve ancient carved bench-ends, &c. The Rev. J. H. Scholefield, the present vicar, assisted the members of the expedition in the examination of the old remains and the stained glass, &c. It was stated that one of the figures in a window (St. Joseph) has a restored head which is a portrait of the late Vicar, Mr. Harvey. The East Window of the North Aisle is in memory of the late Lord Robartes of Lanhydrock, who owned much land in the parish. There are also some quaint inscriptions, &c. in the church. 140 THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. Having lunched out-of-doors at Mullion, the excursionists drove to the downs near Kynance Cove, to the spot where the old British hut-cireles were to be examined. One who was present thus describes them :—A fire, destroying the thick furze, had occurred about a month before, and had brought into view more than had previously appeared. Two or three of the circles are shewn on the Ordnance Map, but several others are now visible. They are on the waste land of a farm occupied by Mr. Richards. Altogether, the rude walls or enclosures of about 15 huts were disclosed, and there is a great oval or quadrangle with dwelling places, apparently, all round it. Two of the circles were excavated to floor level. Pottery, clearly Celtic, was found, also a piece of iron; several stones not belonging to the neigh- bourhood, and a great quantity of sea pebbles, were discovered. No hearths or fire-places were found, but excavations may yet reveal them. Few of the huts are really circular, many being oblong. Mr. Thurstan Peter, (of Carn Brea experience), pointed out the characteristics of this village, or settlement, of a remote age. On reaching the charming Cove at Kynance it was found that the incoming tide prevented a full inspection. Helston was then again sought, and reached about 7 o’clock. A high tea was enjoyed at the Angel Hotel. Mr. Heard afterwards described the excursion as interesting, useful, and profitable, and said they were indebted to Major Parkyn and his friends for the excellent arrangements. In reply Major Parkyn said that he regretted the absence of his friend and co-secretary, the Rev. W. Iago, who had given his assistance in preparing the programme and by communicating with Lord Falmouth, but, being in London, was reluctantly absent from them that day. They were also much obliged to Mr. Enys, who did much to further the interests of the Institution in many ways. They were grateful to Lord Falmouth for permission to explore the British Village, and to the Agents for assistance. Mr. Michell, C.E. seconded the expression of thanks to his Lordship, and Mr. Peter was also thanked for his explanations. The party returned from Helston by the 8 o’clock train, to Truro and other destinations, well pleased with the agreeable events of the day. 141 Koval Institution of Cornwall. —_—_—_—_$_<_o—___—_— 78th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING & COUNCIL’S REPORT, AND 8rd PRESENTATION OF HENWOOD GOLD MEDAL. On Tuesday, the 17th of November, 1896, the Annual General Autumn Meeting, of the Members of the Institution, was held in the Society’s Rooms, Museum Buildings, Truro. Hopes had been entertained that the President, the Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.A., M.P., might have been present, especially as the Henwood Gold Medal was to be presented, but unfortunately he was not able to attend. Mr. J. D. Enys, F.G.S., the Ex-President, kindly consented to occupy the chair, and besides the Hon. Secs., Major Parkyn, F.G.8. and Rev. W. Iago, B.A., there were present :—The Right Rev. John Gott, D.D., Lord Bishop of Truro, the Ven. J. R. Cornish, M.A., Archdeacon of Cornwall, the Revs. Chancellor Worlledge, M.A., Canon Moor, M.A., M.R.AS., S. Rundle, M.A., A. R. Tomlinson, M.A., and D. G. Whitley ; Messrs. H. and J. Barrett, A. Blenkinsop, J. Bryant, J. G. Chilcott, T. Clark, W. J. Clyma, T. W. Cornish, F. Cozens, F. H. Davey, R. Fox, H. James, T. F. Letcher, W. Penrose. T. C. Peter, H. H. Share, R.N, E. F. Whitley, B. Williams ; Mesdames Cornish, Paull, Share, and Whitley; the Misses Blenkinsop, Chilcott, Enys, James, Moor, Peter, Share, and Tomn (2); and the Curator Mr. Gregg. Letters regretting absence were read, from the President, and from the Revs. Sir V. D. Vyvyan, Bart. and Canon Moore; Messrs. R. Harvey, K. Dunkin, F.R.S., J. H. Collins, F.G.S., and Howard Fox, E.G.S. The Minutes of former proceedings having been read by Major Parkyn, and confirmed, the Curator read the following :— 142 ANNUAL MEETING. 78th ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council have much pleasure in being able to report favorably on the position of the Society and the work accomplished during the past year. Although the roll of Members is annually affected by losses through death, resignation, and removal,—depletion from these causes has not materially lessened its numbers. The Council record with sincere regret, the deaths of Mr. R. N. Worth, F.G.S., and Mr. G. B. Millett, M.R.C.S., both for many years connected with the Royal Institution of Cornwall and other kindred Societies, and whose services were so greatly valued by them all; their presence at the Meetings will now be greatly missed. In the Museum a very considerable amount of interest continues to be manifested, not only by persons in the neighbourhood but by increasing numbers of tourists during their visits to the County. The Curator has pointed out the various objects of interest and instruction to the pupils of several schools. The mineral and shell specimens are much used by students, and every facility is afforded them. Surprise is frequently expressed at such a fine and valuable collection. The eggs presented some time ago, by Mr. R. Pearce and Mr. A. P. Nix, have been arranged in the cases prepared for them at the farther end of the shell-room, and proper spaces have been left for such as are not yet represented. It is hoped that, in time, these spaces may be filled and the collection be completed. The interiors of the cases have been thoroughly cleaned, and their contents renovated as far as possible ; re-labelling of Specimens, in indian ink, being continued. There have been many additions and much re-arrangement. The number of persons admitted during the year has been as follows :— Public admitted free uy 2928 Members and Friends ae 203 By Payment dic ae 361 3492 ANNUAL MEETING. 143 During the year many valuable gifts have again been presented to the museum, the following being especially worthy of mention. Mrs. Peter, of Chyverton, has kindly given two handsome models in plaster, one of the district of Sinai and the other of Jerusalem. The former is a graphic representation of this deeply interesting neighbourhood, and contains a number of scriptural references. The latter is an exquisitely finished piece of workmanship, constructed on a scale of 34 inches to the mile, and shows the contour of the country, whilst the different geological formations are indicated by the use of different colours. It is of especial value, as it was constructed by the Ordnance Survey Officers under Lieut. General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., who was so eminent an authority and who was at one time connected with this county. Miss Holland presented a very interesting relic of old Truro, viz.: the staff of the constable of the Parish of St. Mary, in the time of William IV. ‘The handle is turned and painted black, while the head is square in section and painted red, picked out with gold. Two of the rectangular sides bear the royal arms, while on the others are inscribed ‘‘ W.R.” surmounted by a crown, and ‘‘ W. Hobbs, parish of St. Mary’s.’' Mr. James Osborne, to whom the museum is indebted for many valuable gifts, has presented amongst other objects a number of Moorish tiles from a Palace near Seville in the South of Spain.* They comprise a number of such as were used for the decoration of walls. These were placed so as to extend to a height of from 4 to 6 feet from the floor, and formed a border or dado ; these tiles show the ability of the Moors in arranging colours and designs for decorative purposes. Mr. Thurstan C. Peter has sent another consignment of flint implements obtained during his explorations of Carn Brea. Mr. John D. Enys, one of our most generous donors has obtained, from the Parish of Laneast, near Launceston, a mould once used for casting ingots of tin, and, from the collection of the late Mr. G. B. Millett, of Penzance, a glass lamp. * One of the tiles in the Museum, from Luxulyan Church, is of exactly similar make, design, and color, and was therefore probably brought to Luxulyan from Spain, 144 ANNUAL MEETING. Mrs. Oliver, sister of our President, the Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, has presented an ancient form of lamp called a Crusie from Newlyn near Penzance, also a Chill, another form of lamp, from St. Martin’s, Isles of Scilly; and has forwarded with them from Miss Courtney a glass lamp which belonged to one of her ancestors four generations back, also from the Isles of Scilly. In the Technical Classes good work has been done, under the auspices of the Institution; the examination results can be best judged by a comparison with those all over the Country, the standard has been raised considerably, and the comparison is not unfavorable to Cornwall. An additional class has also been established, through the kindness of the Mining Committee of the County Council. It is being taught Rock-section cutting, by Mr. T. Clark, whose skill and experience, in such work, are well known. The regular Meteorological observations have been taken by the Curator, as usual, and copies furnished to the Registrar General, the Sanitary Committee of the County Council, and the local papers. It is gratifying to find that the results of these labours are much appreciated, and are embodied in their reports. The Library, by the great accession of books in the ordinary way, by gifts from old and valued members, especially Canon Moor of St. Clement’s, and Mr. J. D. Enys, and by exchanges with various learned societies, has now become a most important feature of the Institution, and has during the past year received the serious attention of the Council. For many months past the work of re-arrangement, and the making of a new catalogue (which had become absolutely necessary from the great increase), have been in progress, and it is hoped that these labours will be completed before the close of the year. They will be productive of very great convenience, as members will be enabled more easily to obtain the books they require, without trouble or loss of time. Those members who are in the habit of using the library know well the valuable collection of the publications of learned societies both at home and abroad, for the obtaining of which, exchanges are effected. The library is almost daily receiving ANNUAL MEETING. 145 additions to its shelves, not only from various parts of this country but also from the continent of Europe, from our Colonies, und from the United States. During the past year, two numbers of the Journal have been issued, Nos. 41 and 42. From these it will be seen that the Society is not likely to fall back from its position of usefulness, as various important facts and investigations are recorded, and others are noted as in progress. The papers printed in both numbers are of varied interest, treating of Archeology, Geology, Biology, Botany, Modern History, and other branches of Literature and Science. Two of those who wrote excellent papers in the Journals passed away, by death, viz: Sir John Maclean, F.R.S.A. and Mr. R. N. Worth, F.G.S. Very important explorations on Carn Brea having been made by Mr. Peter, with the sanction of Mr. Basset of Tehidy, full particulars and excellent illustrations of the discoveries appear. The objects found, throw great light on the prehistoric condition of Cornwall, and these now enrich the Museum of the Society through Mr. Basset’s kindness. The Henwood Gold Medal which is awarded triennially according to the will of the late Mr. Wm. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., has been awarded to Mr. Thurstan Collins Peter, of Redruth, by a fully constituted meeting of the Council which was held after due notice on the 6th of August last. His paper on the exploration of Carn Brea appeared in the 42nd number of the Journal, and was considered the best qualified to win the Medal of all those which had been contributed during the last 3 years. The Presentation of the Medal to Mr. Peter will take place in the course of the present proceedings. Lord Falmouth very kindly afforded facilities for an interest- ing examination of ancient remains on his property near Kynanee, and, during the Autumn excursion, a British Village was consequently explored, with satisfactory results. The Council recommend for approval the following list of Executive Officers, for the ensuing year, 1896-7, 146 ANNUAL MEETING. President. Tur Ricut Hon. Leonarp H. Courtney, M.A., M.P. Vice=Prestdents. Ven. ARCHDEACON CornisH, M.A. | Rev. W. Jaco, B.A.,L. Sc. S.A. Bev. Canon Moor, M.A., M.R.A.S. | Mr. E. Donkin, F. B.S., F.R.A. Mr. * Joun Davies Enys, F.G:S. Treasurer. Mr. A. P. Nrx, Truro. Secretaries. Mason Parxyn, F.G.S. Truro. Rev. W. Iaco, B.A., Westheath, Bodmin. Other Members of Council. Mr. W. E. Batty. | Mr. THurstan C. PErer. Mr. Howarp Fox, F.G.S. Rev. A. R. Tomuinson, M.A. Mr. HamILton JAMES. Mr. Ropert TweEeEpy. Mr. F. W. Micuetn, C.E. Rev. D. G. WHITLEY. CHANCELLOR Pau, M.A. Corresponding Secretary for East Cornwall. Rev. W. Iaco, B.A., Westheath, Bodmin. Joint Boitors of the Journal. Rev. W. [aco, B.A. Masor Parkyn, F.G.S. Pibravian and Curator of Museum. Mr. R. A. Greac, Royal Institution, Truro. It was proposed, seconded, and unanimously resolved that the Report be received and adopted. Tho further business of the Meeting then proceeded, includ- ing the presentation of the Gold Medal, and the reading and discussion of Papers. PRESENTATION OF THE HENWOOD MEDAL. The Cuarrman said he had been unexpectedly called upon to preside at that meeting, and his first duty would be to hand the Henwood Medal to Mr. T. C. Peter. He was sorry, not that he had to present it, but because the president (Mr. Leonard Courtney) was unable to be there to hand it to Mr. Peter himself. The medal had been awarded to Mr. Peter for his paper on ‘‘ Excavations at Carn Brea.” Both Dr. Borlase and Sir G. Wilkinson had published interesting accounts and plans of Carn Brea many years ago, and Mr. Peter had now taken the matter up in a systematic manner, during a favourably dry season, and had engaged very careful men to help him to do it ANNUAL MEETING. 147 (applause). He spoke with pleasure of those men, because he had seen them at their work. They were reliable and competent and shewed great discernment—they were not content with merely finding things, but they came to Mr. Peter to ask what the things were which they had found. He desired to present Mr. Peter with the Gold Medal on behalf of the Institution, and at the same time, beg him to accept for his little daughter (whose sharp eyes had helped him so materially in his explora- tions,) an arrow-head which he had brought home from abroad and which was now mounted for her, in silver, as a brooch. (applause). Mr. Peter (having received the presents amid loud plaudits from the beholders) said he was intensely surprised as well as — gratified at receiving the medal. He did not contemplate such an honour when he began to write his paper. Mr. Enys had referred to three of his fellow workers, without whom he could not have had the patience to carry out these explorations (hear, hear). He did not like solitude, and without the company of his little daughter and her sharp eyes, he should not have found many of the circles at all (hear, hear). They studied a great many things together—she and he—but lately their studies had been devoted to ‘‘The History of the Snow Queen.” He was glad Mr. Enys had referred to the two men as he had. One of the men had gone to Africa and had since died in a hospital there ; the other had come home, and he did not hesitate to say that if he could have fitting opportuntity he would make one of the most accomplished geologists in Cornwall (applause). This man had brought home from South Africa many objects (not simply pretty), and his observations shewed that he appreciated their peculiar characteristics of manufacture in a very intelligent way. He desired to say before closing that he did not think that the Institution was sufficiently appreciated by the general public (hear, hear). The people whom they were pleased to call the lower classes only wanted a little encouragement to be of great service to them as well as to themselves. For example, they knew that lately a beautiful cross had been found at Crane, near Camborne. How was it found ? Simply by the Camborne Students’ Asgoci- ation, into which were admitted the mine girl and the artisan, as well as those in a higher position, and all were on the same 148 ANNUAL MEETING. footing (applause). A working man, a blacksmith, went to mend a well; and but for the fact that he had had the privilege of having had his attention drawn to that sort of thing, he would have mended the well with the stones that were now rescued, and which were to be placed in Camborne Churchyard. When one interesting stone had been moved, a second was found beneath, and thus they had recovered two ancient crosses, neither of which was previously known to have existed (applause). He hoped the time would come when that Institution would take steps to popularise itself in every town in the county, when its Museum collection would be recognised as a county collection, and opportunities would be given for exhibiting many of the objects in every town with proper explanations. Then he hoped they would have a host of subscribers, and be able to buy up a street or two for such scientific purposes as those in which they were engaged. Papers on various subjects were then presented, and discussions took place. Mr. F. H. Davey, of Ponsanooth, contributed a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Dry Summer of 1896.” After it had been read by one of the Members of the Council, the Chairman remarked on several unusual incidents caused by the dry weather, and the other peculiarities of the past season. At Enys the camellia was blooming in October in the open air, also the red rhododendron in October instead of in December, while several other kinds of flowers and berries had come to maturity long before the usual time, including those of the hawthorn or May, the blackthorn and holly. WNarcissi had been brought over exceptionally early from the Scilly Isles, blackberries and mushrooms had been very plentiful, and many trees had suffered loss of foliage. Other products were also peculiarly affected. Certain mackerel had been brought into Newlyn at an unusual time, which were regarded as Spring fish,—and it had been stated by Mr. Cornish that in Mount’s Bay the temperature of the sea had been lower than usual. The Chairman next pointed out ‘‘ Various modes of obtain- ing and maintaining a light,” as illustrated by a Roman lamp from Alexandria, and several curious appliances which he ANNUAL MEETING. 149 exhibited, and which bore such names as chill, crusie, &c. They were indebted, he said, to Miss M. A. Courtney, and to her sister Mrs. Oliver, of New Zealand, for some of them. He had also brought into the group, rush-lights and their various burners and lantern, a tinder box, &c., and a remarkable appar- atus from Burmah, by which a light could be obtained by the friction caused by a sharp blow of the hand. The next subject to which he would direct attention was the exact similarity of a Tile found in Luxulyan Church, to the Moorish Tiles given to the Museum by Mr. J. Osborne, and brought from Spain. He also shewed a very fine cauldron apparently Roman. Before concluding his remarks, the Chairman called atten- tion to the issue of Mr. A. H. Norway’s book on the History of the Falmouth Packets, and the heroic officers and men who served in them, and fought many a gallant action, and in whose honour it is proposed to erect a memorial at Falmouth, a fund being formed for the purpose. He added that he looked forward to the issue of an illus- trated volume by the Rev. W. Iago, onthe ‘“‘ Inscribed Stones ”’ of the County, which has long been in preparation ; a work on ‘“‘ The Crosses of Cornwall” having meanwhile been issued by Mr. Langdon. Mr. A. L. Lewis, F.C.A., who on a former occasion had given a paper on ‘‘ Rude Stone Monuments on Bodmin Moor,” now sent some notes on ‘“‘ Ancient remains in Guatemala,’’ which he thought bore considerable resemblance to ‘‘ King Arthur’s Hall,” in Cornwall. Mr. Rupert Vatuentin, of Falmouth, contributed certain particulars relating to ‘‘ Oyster Cultivation,” detailing experi- ments tried in 1895-6. Rev. W. Iago, B.A., described a most valuable and interest- ing historical manuscript which relates to Cornwall, and has never yet been published with perfect accuracy. It may be described as ‘‘ The Anglo-Saxon Record in the Bodmin Book of the Gospels.” He had lately devoted considerable care to the making of a correct copy of all its Latin and Anglo-Saxon entries, and hoped to publish it in the Society’s Journal. Mr. Enys had kindly met a large part of the expense which had been 150 ANNUAL MEETING. incurred in obtaining photographs of the entire record, which had been taken under his (Mr. Iago’s) direction, by permission of the Authorities of the British Museum, who had the precious volume in their charge. It is probably the oldest manuscript in existence relating to Bodmin and Liskeard, both of which places are named in it. The writing itself is from eight hundred to a thousand years old, and is of considerable value from every point of view. The oldest part of the book is a vulgate copy of the Gospels, with Harmonies of them and other introductory matter, &c., written of course by hand, and containing curious orna- ments drawn by the writer, who probably was Irish. It has vellum leaves, and wooden covers overlaid with crimson-stained leather. The covers were once encrusted with jewels, surround- ing probably a silver-gilt representation of the crucifixion. The jewels, &c., have long ago disappeared, for the book was, doubtless, ‘‘ appropriated ” at the dissolution of the great Priory of St. Mary and St. Petroc, Bodmin. _But its ‘‘ despoiled nut- shell”? still contains the ‘‘ kernel,” which is beyond the price of rubies and fine gold, viz.: the Holy Gospels, and the record of religious acts performed by Kingsand Bishops, Dukes, Duchess, Portreeves, Hundredsmen, &c., and the Clergy of St. Petroc’s ‘‘ Monasterium.” They bought male and female Serfs, and manumitted them for the good of their own, and of one another’s souls, in the sight of God and before all the Saints “ of the Welkin,” that they should remain ‘for ever sackless;” and they recorded the names of themselves and of the Cornish slaves so treated, and many particulars, with prospective bless- ings and curses, in this remarkable book ; using its margins and blank pages for a Register, but not writing a word of all these on any page of the actual Gospels themselves. St. Petroc’s Altar and his treasured hand-bell, and certain relics, are mentioned, and many an Anglo-Saxon King of England, and Duke and Bishop, connected with the western provinces. The record is of such importance, Mr. Iago stated, that although versions of it have been given, by Davies Gilbert, Wallis, Prior Oliver, Pedler, Whitley Stokes, and others, it is well worth further elucidation and study. The Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Stubbs, has published a very valuable notice of it, and Mr. ANNUAL MEETING. 151 Iago stated that he had been in correspondence with his Lordship in reference to it,—all reliable means being adopted for clearing up doubtful passages. Mr. lago acknowledged the great courtesy he had received from the Bishop of Oxford, and stated that his Lordship had presented him with an abstract, which he had kindly written out for him,* of St. Dunstan’s letter stating what part Dunstan had taken in consecrating a Bishop for the Cornish See,——and what property in Cornwall belonged to the Bishops of the West in and before his own day. Mr. Iago had also had correspondence with Dr. Stubbs about the ancient Bishops of Cornwall, Crediton, &c., as given in Carne’s and other lists, and had been convinced that the most correct list is that which so great an authority as Bishop Stubbs has himself contributed to the Truro Diocesan Kalendar,—which list may be seen in the current number of that comprehensive publication. Mr. Iago illustrated his account of the venerable book and his contents by means of a large sized drawing which he had made of it, in the British Museum, and photographs of the ancient hand- writing. A somewhat similar Book of the Gospels, known as Lord Asbburnham’s, on the-cover of which the crucifix and jewels remain, was figured in the “ Illustrated London News” of June 20, 1891, and is valued at £10,000. At the close of the Meeting, votes of thanks were passed to those who had been benefactors to the Library and Museum, and had contributed Papers, &c. Also to Mr. Enys for presiding. Tea, coffee, and other refreshments were afterwards served in the outer Library. * The Bishop of Oxford has since been go kind as to forward to Mr. Tago, a copy of ‘‘ Anecdota Oxoniensia,”—containing a full version and critical account of St. Dunstan’s letter, by Professor Napier. 152 ANNUAL MEETING. GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Impression of Seal of Truro Cathedral ... ... ... ... Chancellor Worlledge. Back of large Turtle Sb, tPA Se ate) aa Two-Babyelurtlesic is ici ese een Oselies Wosuc ous Mr. W. W. Prynn, Two Turtles’ Hees Sand ees al GED Lee Upset ia tegce © ince Surgeon, R.N. Two Sea Swallows’ Eggs Constable’s Staff of St. Mary’s Parish, Trot, i in 7 ihe i time of William IV... Bt Mis ELA Two Sea Swallows’ Eggs from “the Isle of iecsnaen Bottle marked in Gold ‘‘W. Moseley, Truro, 1772”... j Mr, Hamilton James Plaster Model of District of Sinai ss. Mrs. Pate Plaster Model of Jerusalem frum the Ordinaries Survey 5 Ghiverton: by Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S. Natural Crystals of Sulphate of Copper van old Boma pal Workings in Rio Tinto Mines, Spain Collection of Moorish Tiles from a Moorish Palas near Seville, in the south of Spain sen Mr. Janes yee Five Spanish Knives eee Spanish Revolver ... Malay Kris ‘ : ye pen, aS DES Saee Hg lotmiheatra yes, oMkene cot ced ekdey eee (bees .. Mr. Hamilton James. Mr. Wilberforce Penrose. Cidaris Papillara, pipe sea urchin a a Mr. Thurstan C. Peter, Four Copper Coins by permission of Flint Implements from Seen at Carn Brea ok p00 RO 90 800960 Mr. A. F. Basset. donation) Crusie, an ancient form of lamp Chill, be) 9 ” Impression of Seal of Marazion Mrs. Oliver. Mr. Lean, late Mayor of Marazion. Neolithic Implements and Celts from Yorkshire ..._ ... Mr. H. Crowther. Specimen of Gold Ore from Australia ... ... ... .... Mr. T. L. Dorrington. Heron... .. .. .. - Major Parkyn, F.G.S.° Two specimens Thsetiaetays ee occurrence 208 lil in the ist Dr. Richard Pearce, ores of the Cripple Cr reek district (America) .. F.G.S. Mashonga Waist Belt (S. Africa) 2. 0... ee nee Pondo Mealie Dish 5 | Pondo Pillow s Quern and Stone from Carn Been, Omani, L ae Thurstan C. Peter. Map of Carn Brea i Two Mullers from St. Issey is Mould for Casting Tin Ingots, from Taseast Glass Lamp from the collection of the late Mr. G. Bown Millett, M.R.C.S....00.. 0. Four Celts found Gai a sie a Guinee Re Mr. W. C. Borlase’s Sale aioe late, Neues Glass Lamp used in Scilly some generations ago ..._ ... Miss Courtney, Mr. . Enys, J.D F.G.S. eee, (ey ANNUAL MEETING. 158 GIFTS TO THE LIBRARY.’ Lectures on Fisheries, &c., at the zo mhery Exhibition, ut Cornwall County Council, per Truro, 1893 Mr. BE. W. Rashleigh, Prophecies fulfilled during the 19th Century... ... ... | Mr. Edward Dingle. ee ene Ancient History from the Monuments of Singigee see } Mrs. Peter, Chyverton. General Index to the roth. Notices of the ove Astronomical Society ... Concretions of Chalcedony Ae Opal in Woon ani Rhyolite in Colorado as The Dyke on the Columbian Vein in Ward district, Colorado ... ... British Association menor 1895. Marine Biological Journal ... Colorado Scientific Society. Mr. z. z. ae Messrs. Donald Currie & Co. i ] . } Mr. Josep piceinsen, = Tantallon Castle, the Story of the Ship and Canal River Valleys... Mr. ae Bee Hutton. Mr. H. Worriigton Smyth Messrs. Bros. Co. Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A The Vaccination Question ... Notes on the Geography of the Upper Mekong The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents ... Four Centuries of popes: Beaded in the West of Mr. rs Collins, England 29 Numbers of the Peompnical i panel ie : Rev. Canon Moor. Symbolic Logic : Mr. Lewis Carrol. Publications of the Gesell Survey of U. 8. A. ... . Government of U.S.A. Greenwich Observations... an i oy --- 2 Lords Commissioners Cape Heliometer Observations... ay ie Ae of the Admiralty. On Pearceite, a Sulpharsenite of Silver ... ee coc Dr. Richard Pearce, On the Crystallization of Polybasite 3 F.G.8. Old Documents a Miss Stokes, per see } Rev. W. lago. ———————————————————————————————————————— a OEMS G OL LLcer Dh, @) ey oy us “- guluremer souspeg ‘‘ 9 9L 2 209 cup a a og mosanoxy ‘ ee sormpung 0gtI “ ‘ ‘ sestedxm umesnyy ‘ 008 BoE ao) 9 SR NS eS 2 CONSOLE EO) es arene. 09 ose saredoyy puv s[emouey “ 9 FLY o) by a GLC. 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