ee He Vehisipoitene B= . = on Se. Mths tebe tpn Sneed ewe . Wot Gace f pbb ndabekaeeant = tans FA a5: ete fntedaPeaetty ial vy ey an ay ne Wiese ASS ‘alee raion tt i Maines hh Ha etd aie eed SANK zs ny 1 het i : Ute} Bye i Hey A ean ska RN Sais ee Ne ine i Batty Bae al? a fr JOURNAL Aopal Anstitution of Cornwall, NOs. IL. 0 ewes lhe (Uh f¢) GR OR Os . PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY. CONTENTS OF VOL. III. The Papers marked thus (*) are illustrated. No. IX. Fiftieth Annual Report, and Report of the Forty-ninth Annual General Meeting, November 22, 1867; Mr. Smirke, V.W., in the Chair. Page. Communications from Mr. Freeth, concerning the ‘‘ Long Stone,” Menabilly ; from Mr. Charles ow on a Spider’s Nest, from Orense, and a curiously perforated piece of Slate; and from Mr Enys, on the Geology and Climatology of the globe .. Photographs from Mr. Rogers, of a ‘“ disciplinarium” and other antiquities; and observations on the use of the ae xiii Sahl AUB! Giplhimemniemma 55 56 o0 50 05. oc 09 Go 700 OO Ancient Counters, Jetons and Tokens .. .. «- «- «- Xili Ancient Tin-works and Tin Produce cae Xiv Chronicles of Cornish Saints—S. Petrock > RE. Ji pine. M. Ie 1 *Enclosures at Smallacombe aa : . J. ©. Buieut, F.S.A. 10 Bishop of Exeter and Mr. Charles} JonarHan Coucn, F.L.S. 17 Godolphin *Charter of Queen Teeabere ie ie Hospital of St. Lawrence de Ponteboy *Gold Cup found on the Manor of illaton \ ith Supplementary Notices of other Gold ae Coaualle aie ne nae EH. Surnge, V.W. .. 34 Correspondence (Anno 1700) peteeen ei \ E.Suirxe, V.W. .. 21 Way, F.5.A.) Rare Plants in the ne enuourhood of Gullinstiosn coaose 49 Ornithology een reer 66 oo oo JO), Lalinrestis Im G5) OY Natural Periodic EHenomenas in 1867 oo. 56 WE, Os Comet go. de) Bb METEOROLOGY : Remarks on the Meteorology of 1867 .. C. Barna oo 00) © BS) Metcoroloctcalenablesi re) nn es qiitls esc Mee leit silt eri iiss OS C@hronolesicaly Memoranday1867 +0). mele) wi os we oe. | 6S No. X. Report of Spring Meeting, May 22, 1868; Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, in the Chair. Cornish Relics, from Rev. Edward Duke .. .. .. «- «- xi beats bay MNES! Aon be be 6 160. son pon oat Hos Souueck7 hg CONTENTS. Page. The Gulf Stream .. sje, Sin Vielcuy (oleh perc mmetete c(t let cic aman Xe] Whe TaoeoOn: veis so were: Mere” asic co vsles ai eicll Tepe ater an hea XVII John de Trevisa .. .. . ever stele. exw tlefet elie cya ieee emmeReOGIIXe Memorial Stone at Ruan Hany hoene do 9 xix Monumental Crosses, &c. Reacts 60 05 ca oo Ws Autumn Excursion, to the neighbourhood of amend dG) 6 Xx1 Fifty-first Annual Report, and Report of 50th Annual M seen Nowemner 30, 1868; Dr. Barhamin the Chair .. .. OB Onl oo) 100 LONE Inscribed Stones at Liskeard and Pendanves 66 a5 XXxili Cinerary Urns at St. Breoke.. , 56 00 1160 00 oo 2OOuNY A Rubbing from Tresco sales Church. 960 60 06 OO oo OORhy Meteorology .. .. ater Sos, She. 1S 5b. 60) 00 ORY Traces of the Romans in Coreall SARIN. to DOOOT Celtic RAnains in Algeria” S.Ct.) a ee) CHARTERS /HOX merlin samndi Chronicles of Cornish Saints.—S. Constantine Rev. J. Apams, M.A. 82 Chronicles of Cornish Saints.—S. Samson .. Rev. J. Apams, M.A. 89 *IPTOLS | OLOSSy ve lunele tie Seo enoons Lad R OCI Non) poo) BY) «Supposed ‘“‘ Saxon Slab,’ He a Bodmin! oe ee REV. Wi LAGO) BAvee) Od *@litt=@astle of Kenidzhek 22>." 5.29.6) pee de OY Biren SES eAy Os Green Book of St. Columb <2 2. 9 ss: 2 RN WORTH je nero Ornithology .. .. 50. DO . KE. Hearte Ropp .. 1138 A new British mechan a, ae occurrence of : Sphenotrochus Wrightii o Cr WieteaiNei Bikes; M6 Natural Periodic Phenomena, in 1868 se ee Ee ON COUCH Mi. tree mlelS, METEOROLOGY: Remarks on the Meteorology of 1868 ..C. BarHamM.. .. .. 123 WIGieoRolloeaerl MAINES: soe Go 66 do “do | = 00000 5 128 Chronological Memoranda, 1868 BC ice iste t MN Saree lerslieravets 133 Norwich Meeting of the British Association .. = as eeee 140 No. XI. ‘Report of the Spring Meeting, May 18, 1869; Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., &¢., in the Chair. The Chairman’s Address included statistical information concerning the Fisheries and the Vegetable Products of Cornwall ;—notices of an examination of ‘‘the orthoclase and albite felspars, as well as the white and black micas of our western granites,” and of analyses of Cornish gold ;—and observations on the alleged waste of copper ore in the 17th and 18th centuries, on the ancient method of mining, and the precipitation of copper from mine-water. UMass; IbpKeYCOKR Go OG 6a. 06 ao 90 80 60 60 co jd Waix SKU UNRCLIEKOE ES G5 Go op 06 OO 00 oD 00 oo oo OSE Glacial Actions ‘Corman 27.110.) Vey taret te cyei iretoun abeys iil iret apiexexexal Cornish Fossils Pe eee OM ain. Put. OO. 9 aq Zoot Meteorology .. .. eval tl alehtalbeve piston ROK Autumn Excursion, to Doleoath Mine Gna ‘Cann Bren sles sateiee 4 RRefetl, Este PRK Vi CONTENTS. Vi Fifty-second Annual Report, and Report of 51st Annual General Meeting, November 15, 1869; Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., tees in the Chaanisc) ate i oy Bb . p. XXxvii Obscene fing on ike Pate of the Giese: on the alleged waste of copper ores; and on bronze celts .. .. 5. ollitl A letter from Mr. Albert Way, on the supposed ‘“ aicont MY Slab at Bodmin, and on some Cambrian and other Antiquities xlvi John de Trevisa .. -- «+ Mr. J.Jopm Rogers... 147 Chronicles of Cornish Suints. ig) David -. «. Rev. J. ApaAms, M.A. 155 *Mylor Church, its Crosses, Frescoes, &c. .. Rey. W. Taco, B.A... 162 Appendix to a List of Obsolescent Words, &c.T.Q. Couch .. .. 173 Dialects of Devon andCornwall .. .. .. . KR. N. Worte .. .. 180 Glacial Action in Cornwall .. .. .. .. . N. Waittey, F.M. S, 184. Natural Periodic Phenomena, in 1869 ob oo dhe @-CowG: bo oo UY Notes ana Queries (Henry Grenfield) .. .. .. pan0dr 190 IDolleorila Whte>og “G5 oo 950.60 co oo 96 OSM ULonwis5 6h ulgil Oiaminolosy Go on 00 66. do 900 9 60) do JD, JBbaNEIA Io). GS Ils) MerErrorouoey: Remarks on the Meteorology of 1869 .. .. C. BARHAm do oo 20H) Wikeyeomolorericeil MISES Go 65 o0 60 vou. booeoe 206 Chronological Memoranda, 1869 .. .. .. .. 900000 211 Exeter Meeting of the British Association.. .. = = = ...ee. 220 Notice of the late Mr. Jonathan Couch. No. XII. Report of Spring Meeting, May 17, 1870; Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.RS., F.G.S., &¢., in the Chair. The President’s Address contained observa- tions on the state of the Cheesewring ;—on the legislative protection of sea-birds ;—on the fishery and vegetable products of Cornwall ;—0dn the detrital matter deposited in the valley of Carnon and its subordinate glens ;—and on schemes for lighting mine shafts and levels. Aeris Wir COmmenegays o46 o6 66 co do. 6b) 65 Go. 00 DO wAl Inscmbed) Stone at Stowlord!) 29 jn) 2 6s) ae 8 ee KVL Wicueorolloayy Ot ISO 65 60 00. 60 06 06 G6 56 ooxoeiantl Romain CONN 64.59 00 50 900 00 06 oo 66 66 co ZOIDS The Planet Jupiter... .. . 90 90 90 00) BOOK “ Upton Castle,” and an Aenea earner BO 56 oo oo BeOx Autumn Excursion, to Tintagel, &c. .. .. 50 00. ESO 53rd Annual Report, and Report of 52nd @sovanael Gener ‘ll Mectine: November 15th, 1870; Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., in the Chair .. xi Burial of Clergy .. on og ahah Inscribed Stones at eastle Gott pane Slanentce ipadee 50 oo. Zalyaul The Kelly Tablet in Tintagel Church... .. .. oo oo Sadhvi Antiquities on Michaelstow Beacon ad on Reeentor 60 oo hatin “imme go) oo co 05 GO 460 66 66 66 oo 66 co pAbbx v1 CONTENTS. Page. Tintagel Castle do. ‘oc ele) eles) Voie) ele EVEVc Uend ee WALT KEN SOND So *Inscribed Stone at Stowtord| wel ee | cle) Mel) Wis Ce BORTASK a imeeazoO *Stannary Roll, 34th Edward I, (with Ob-) Sir Jonn Macumay, servations by Sir Edward Smirke) iol cleus: SHA RCC ier Geology and Bren Oe of Cornwall and Devonshire . .. .«. ae PENGELLY, F.R.S. ,&c.260 The Family of Killigrew fe oc) 60 dodsin INS \iondeD 65° oo FRY) Subterranean Temperature in ine Clifford Sir F. M. Wituiams, Amalgamated Mines a emUnate simecvoral cfs Joys, INES Gs 65 BB Ornithology .. eo) oe 6, HW, EDRAREE RODD) oie 280 Natural Periodic EHOnOmeran in 2 1870 ae clot aie PLAS COUCH, By SeAte eam OM METEOROLOGY : Remarks on the Meteorology of 1870 .. .. C., BARHAM.. .. .. 299 Meteorological Tables .. .. «. «- «. s60000 303 Chronological Memoranda, 1870 .. .- «2 «2 = ww eee 308 Liverpool Meeting of the British Association .- = ease ee 315 Henry Grenfield.—Truro Grammar School .. — ese es 316 Slaughter-Bridge Inscribed Stone .. 2 + se wee 318 DocuMENTS :— No. Page. Charter of Queen Elizabeth to the Horetal of St.) Ix 21 Lawrence de Ponteboy.. : J Letter written in 1583, coneernine Tintagel Cnrtlon 90 XII 233 Stannary Roll, (temp.Hdw. I) «. «. «2 of «2 oe XII 242 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.* No. Page. SHnclosunessat semallacombelscem cis sic lll vest ciel) olen XG 14, 15, 16 Plan of Enclosures at Smallacombe .. .. oo. 00 JDK 16 ®Seal of the Hospital of St. Lawrence of Bearer 50 6a ADK 32 Gold Cup found in a Barrow on Rillaton Manor.. Gold Armlet found at Cuxwold .. Ix 48 Armlet found at Tredinney, and Manmillary Brooch found near the Lizard .. *Stone Circles near the Chumeoriiag ae x xxiii *The Prior’s Cross .. .. Bon babs set besow oO x 102 Ancient Slab in Bodmin Chari 50 x 106 Cliff-Castle at Kenidzhek . x 108 Three Plates illustrative of Paper on A Mislon Gnerne Pl. 1. Crosses, Heraldry, and Architecture.. XI 172 Pl. 2. Frescoes . 5 Pl. 3. Fresco at Lanivet Church ; Two Plates illustrative of Glacial notion in Cornwall .. Pl. 1. Sections ‘of Drift, “under Porthgwidden XI 186 Cove, and Godrevy Farm, St. Ives . iP 2: Section from the sea to Zennor Carne *Monumental Stone at Worthyvale .. .. o. «- XII xixix *Inscribed Stone at Stowford .. AG ie S XII 236, 237 Heliotype Fac Simile of Stannary Roll . 50°90 0 XII 246 * The Illustrations marked thus * are in the letter-press. The others are to follow the pages indicated. § on ? 2 Big sae Sas é a 2 ocala tee j Gi ‘ 8 ) x : i } is . . Da ' e i, ACh ar é i ‘| ry ly ae rar no : =e ¢ x fan bd ' : i fat * at 5 ¢ \ 4 Ss tS A ar 4 “+ 4 “ / {is 1 : i Dy ‘ eri hy a Pt eaGie 1 A, Ey os 4 a : ie 4 ae ne Y : f he a ea =% ‘ are ys py Rais { 5 | Th t ‘ hi 34 . } t wad x { 15 hig ? t By 7 vat . a 7 a 1G bee eS LON Rt \ ‘ i a “a 4 1 4 . hadi, “. Cvglale: JOURNAL Ropal Anstitution ot Cornwall. FIFTIETH. ANNUAL REPORT, a oa No. IX. AGE RPE eo A8 6: Sis TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. c= 1) L868: « CONTENTS.’ The Papers marked thus (*) are wlustrated. I.—Curonictrs oF CornisH Sarnts.—S. Perrock.—Rev. JoHn Apams, M.A. GN It.—* Noricre or Enctosures at Smattacompe.—J. T. Briext, EOLA. : » II].—Corresponpence (Anno 1700).—Jonatuan Coucn, F.L.S., &e. . IV.—*Cuarrer, Sr. Lawrence pe Pontesoy, Bopuin.—E. SMIRKE AND ALBERT Way. V.—*Some Account oF tHE Discovery oF a Gotp Cup In CoznwaLt.—Epwarp Smirke, V.W. ViI.—Rare Puants in tHe Neie@HpournooD oF CALLINeTON. VII.—OrnirHotocy or Cornwatt, 1867.—E. Hrarty Ropp. VIJI.—Naturat Periopic Puenomena, 1867.—T. Q. Coucu. Merrorotoey, 1867.—C. Barnam, M.D. CHrRonoLogicaL Mrmoranpa, 1867. , THE PIPrrETM ANNUAL REPORT ROYAL INSTITUTION CORNWALL. aCe \ INSTITUTED ON THE FIFTH OF FEBRUARY, 1818. | TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1868. hi ae RNG i ay : ¥ % d ; A } inh ee, it Nat Royal Sustitution of Cornmall. Patron. THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron. H.R.H. Taz PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &c., &c. Trustees. SIR CHARLES LEMON, BART., F.R.S., &. T. J. AGAR ROBARTES, M.P. SIR C. B. GRAVES SAWLE, BART. J. 8. ENYS, F.G.S8. ° 1V Honorary Members. Hon. W.F. Strangways, 31, Old Bur- lington Street, London. Wm. Haidinger, F.R.S.H.,&c., Vienna. Thomas Hawkins, F.G.S8., &c.,Hermit- age, Whitwell, Isle of Wight. Rev. T. G. Hall, M.A., Prof. Math., King’s College, London. Rey. Canon Moseley,M.A.,&c., Bristol. J. H. Gray, F.R.S. and F.L.S., British Museum. Sir Gardner Wilkinson,D.C.L.,F.B.S., &e. Chas. Cardale Babington,M.A.,F.R.S., &e., Prof. of Botany, Cambridge. Rey. H. L. Barnwell, M.A., Ruthin, Denbighshire. W. L. Banks, F.S.A., Brecon, South Wales. Rey. H. Longueville Jones, M.A., Brighton. Edwin Norris, Sec. R.A.S., Wichael’s Grove, Brompton. Corresponding Members. Edward Blyth, Calcutta. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Jonathan Couch, F.L.8., Polperro. Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, Hornacot. John Hockin, London. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Min- ing Records, School of Practical Geology, &c. Col. Sir Henry James, R.H., F.R.S., M.RB.LA., &c., Director of the Ordnance Survey of England, South- ampton. Rey. R. Lethbridge King, Sydney, Australia. Col. Lambrick, Royal Marines. Henry Me. Lauchlan, London. Capt. Napleton, Bengal. S. R. Pattison, F.G.S., London. C. W. Peach, Edinburgh. Thomas Turner, Manchester. Associates. J.T. Blight, Penzance. W. Carkeet, Sydney. C. Chorley, Truro. George Copeland, Truro. W. Dawe, Delhi, Hast Indies. Joseph Dickinson, H.M. Inspector of Coal Mines, Manchester. Edward Hookham, London. Thomas Lobb, Perranwharf. W. Loughrin, Polperro. S. H. Michell, Swansea. R. Pearce, jun., Swansea. Capt. N. Vivian, Camborne. Capt. Williams, St. Austell Consols. Vv Proprietors. Viscount Exmouth. Lord Clinton. Lord Churston. Sir T.D. Acland, Bart., F.R.S., F.G.S. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., F.R.S. Sir John W. Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. Sir C. B. Graves Sawle, Bart. Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart., F.R.S., F.G.S8. Sir Wm. Williams, Bart., Tregullow. Sir 8. T. Spry. Andrew, Henry. Baynard, William. Boase, H. S., M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Claverhouse. Buller, J. H., Downes. Carlyon, H. T. Carpenter, John. Carthew, Mrs. Chilcott, J. G. Clyma, W. J. Kdwards, Miss, Newquay. Enys, J.S8., F.G.S., Lnys. Fox, Charles, Trebah. Fox, R. W., F.R.S., Falmouth. Gregor, F. G., Trewarthenick. Hartley, W. H. H., Rosewarne. Hawkins, J. H., F.R.S.,F.G.S., Bignor Park. Hawkins, C. H. T., Trewithen. Hendy, James, Trethurffe. Hogg, John, M.D., London. Hogg, Mrs. Jenkins, Rev. D., St. Goran. Leverton, H. Spry. —= Michell, Hdward. Michell, W., Newham. Michell, W. E., Newham. Nankivell, J. T. Nankivell, T. J., Melbourne. Paddon, W. H. Potts, Miss, Brighton. Robartes, T.J.Agar, M.P.,Lanhydrock. Roberts, Joseph, Southleigh. Rogers, W., Falmouth. Rogers, F., Plymouth. Rogers, Rey. St. Aubyn. Rogers, Rey. R. Basset, Gunwalloe. Rogers, J. Jope, Penrose. Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan. Rogers, Reginald, Carwinion. Sambell, Philip, junr., Falmouth. Spry, HE. G. Spry, Mrs. Stokes, H. S., Bodmin. Tweedy, Robert, Tregolls. Tweedy, H. B., Falmouth. Tweedy, W. Tweedy, R. M., Falmouth. Tweedy, Charles, Redruth. Tweedy, Miss. Tweedy, Miss C. Vivian, John Ennis. Whitford, Miss. Wightman, Lieut.-Col. George. Williams, R. H. Willyams, H., Carnanton. Willyams, A. C. Life Members. Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Fredericton.| Martin, J. N., C.H., Assam. Coulson, W., London. James, John. Rogers, Capt. F., R.N., Plymouth. Annual Subscribers. Henderson, J. Henwood, W. J., Penzance Hext, F. J., Tredethy .... Hill, T. J., Grampound £ Tue PRINCE oF WALES.... 20 The Town Council of Truro 20 Bannister, Rev. Dr., St.Day 0 Barham, C., M:Ds........ 1 Bickford, J.8., Tuckingmill 1 Blee, Robert ..........0. 1 Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon .. 1 Bond, W. H., Falmouth .. 1 Budd, J. Palmer, Ystalyfera 1 Carew, W. H. P., Antony.. 1 Carlyon, Edmund, St. Austell 1 Carlyon, Major, Tregrehan 1 Carne, The Misses, Penzance 1 Carne, Rev. J., Penzance.. 1 Carne, W.N., Rosemundy 0 Carus- Wilson, H. §....... 1 Childs, R. W., London... 1 Christoe, W. H. seats late il Collins, Rev. C.M.Edward, ) 1 Trewardale.......... Coode, T., Pond-dhu...... 1 Coode, Edward, St. Austell 1 DixsWer Guan wees icin 1 Demme Voicoucdanoco0000 0 «Enys, J. 8., Hnys ...... 1 Falmouth, Viscount...... 2 Fortescue, Honble. G. M., ! 1 EBOCONNOG) warciacvsicpsece Ferguson, Henry T....... if Ferris, T., Swansea ...... 0 Ford, Rev. Preb., Bath.... 1 Foster, R., Castle ........ 1 «x Fox, C., Trebah ........ 1 * Fox, R. W., Penjerrick .. 1 Freeth, G., Duporth...... 1 Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick 1 Gwatkin, Mrs., Pare Behan 1 Jolpnomlhnown ds So uo so 0adcu6 1 Teleenel ln Ce Ghaccuodmo0s 1 0 1 0 1 Hockin, Williams........ 1 Hosken, R., Penryn ...... 1 Jalon) IND My old oo ao KG Send Isle, Weide oaoondodte 0 Jago, James, M.D. ...... il +James, John .......... 1 Aernlretnkty Wielsberay domods 0 TOD IB ee dy ean aye 0 * Lemon, Sir C., Bart..... 2 IDIOM IG Jel paee oboe o bb 1 n — BPH HORRER HEE HERE EEO OO: i — Se OR ERE H OR OR RP EP RR HERP He OR HF NRPORFF fF COOoooooeoe Ss Seo SCC ClO S SiS: S'SS1S1 19] S19 :O'1O COs. cocosocosesooocooCoooOo * Nankivell, J.T. ........ Netherton, x) R. Norris, Edwin, London Pascoe Sakae Mevacor 1 Pearce, R.,jun., Swansea... 1 Phillpotts, Rey. T., Porth- 1 GWidden | ae ceive rete Rashleigh, W., Menabilly 1 Remfry, G. F. 1 Richards, T., Redruth .... 1 * Roberts, Joseph if Roberts, Mrs. 0 Rodd, HE. H., Penzance.... O * Rogers, J. J., Penrose 1 * Rogers, Reg., Carwinion 1 1 i eoeceececee ce a Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan Sawle, Sir C. B. Graves, Bart., Penrice’...... } Slight, Rev. H.S......... Smith, Sir Montague, London 1 St. Aubyn,J.,M.P.,Pendrea 1 0 ee Smirkes Hr) ViWiels ss orate lois 1 Smith, Augustus, Tesco \ 1 Abbey, Scilly........ if Shammily 16k, Gooobogoudoo 1 Smith, Dr. George, Trevu 1 Sel es sevcsiae ves heresas 0 Solomons Ds (scenes sere 1 + Stackhouse, Miss E..... i Mier dggono odode oo 0 Taylor, R., Langdon Court, 1 Plymouth Treffry, Rev. IMU so cokouasb0067 Tregelles, Mrs. .......... Tremayne, J., Heligan Tremenheere, Seymour, London Tucker, EK. B., Greatwood Tweedy, 1 Mrs., Alverton * MT Weed, Tie: 21220 ejcle sien e * Tweedy, E. B., Falmouth * Tweedy, W. * Vyvyan, Sir R. R., Bart. 1 Watier Reyna grericereere 1 Vivian, H. H., M.P., Pare 1 Wern * Williams, Sir W., Bart., Tregullow eeccecesc ee ee ORHEHEE BF Ne eecrcerceceee eeeceecese eres ee ae wn He OHH REE BP EOE REE Be PRP RP OOP HB RHE ff HERE EE RPRH: BE FP PR ORPHREE BF NDR FEF HF Oo eooocoocoooooco ooo cocoocooeocooocjeoceoeqc eo eoeoeoeesoeo & escocoooooe Vil BS Gs Ck AS Glo VATE dtm tie din oh aber i al) 1) \Wallinewang,, di, Wis” Ge olb dc Mee edy DEO Winey TING siyaisre syshisepere Ib il ©) \wwallllbienmnyss, Shy Ws Sooo oooodc lO Wilantiiieng Je ea adea sons 010 0] * Willyams, H.,Carnanton 1 1-0 Williams, F. M., M.P., | fia scat Wrench, Rev. P. EH. ...... 010 6 Goonuncaas eee Fe Those marked with* are Proprietors ; with + are Life Members. The MUSHUM is open to Members and their families every day, except Sundays, between the hours of Ten and Four o’clock during the Winter, and between Nine and Six o’clock in the Summer. The Museum is open to the public, free of charge, on the Afternoons of Monpay, WEDNESDAY, and Sarurpay, from Noon until dusk during the Winter months, and until Six o’clock in the Summer months. On other days, and previous to Twelve o’clock on the above days, an admission fee of Sixpence is required. An Annual Subscription of Five Shillings entitles the subscriber to ad- mission to the Museum on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, and to attend all the meetings of the Society. A Subscription of Ten Shillings further entitles the subscriber to intro- duce to the Museum and meetings all the bond fide resident members of his family. A Subscription of One Guinea entitles the subscriber to all the publi- cations issued by the Institution, to.admission to the Museum, for himself and family, on every day in the week, and to the meetings of the Society; aud to ten transferable tickets of admission to the Museum whenever open. \ « The ‘“‘ JouRNAL OF THE Roya InsrrruTiIon oF CoRNWALL” will be for- warded free of charge to the members subscribing One Guinea Annually. To others tt will be supplied on payment, in advance, of Three Shillings a year ; or the several numbers may be obtained from the Curator, or from a Book- seller. FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, Held on Friday, November 22nd, 1867. At this meeting there were present: Mr. Smirke, V.W., the President ; Dr, Barham and Rev. T. Phillpotts, two of the Vice- Presidents; Mr. Tweedy, Treasurer; Dr. Jago, one of the Sec- retaries ; Major-General Sir William Hill, K.S.I.; Mr. Humphry Willyams; Rev. N. F. Chudleigh, Rev. H. S. Slight, Mr. W. J. Henwood, Mr. Chilcott, Mr. W. Naylor Carne, Mr. H. Andrew, Mr. A. Paull, Mr. W. Tweedy, Mr. A. P. Nix, Mr. Pascoe, Mr. N. H. Lloyd, Mr. H. M. Whitley, Mr. Hudson, and a number of Ladies. The Chair having been taken by the President, and the Council’s report having been read, It was resolved unanimously, 1.—That the Report now read be received, adopted, and printed. 9.—That the thanks of the Society be given to the Officers and Council for their services during the past year ; and that the following gentlemen form the Council for the ensuing year :— Mr. ROGERS, President. Vice-Presidents. Mr. SurrxKe, V.W., Mr. Joun St. Aupyn, M.P., Mr. Auaustus SMITH, Rey. T. PHILLPorts. C. BarHam, M.D., Mr. Twenpy, Jreasurer. Jamis Jaco, M.D., AnD Mr. WHITLEY, Secretaries. Assistant Secretary, Mz. H. M. WHITLEY. o Ix Other Members. Mr. H. ANDREW, Mr. ALEXANDER Pavtt, Ruy. Joun Carne, M.A., Mr. G. F. Remrry, Mr. Wriuuiams Hockin, Mr. Roperts, Mr. JoHn JAMES, Mr. W. TweeEpy, Mr. A. P. Nix, Mr. 8. T. WinuraMs. 3.—That the cordial thanks of this Meeting be given to those gentlemen who have favoured the Society with Papers or other Communications in the course of the year, and also to the Donors to the Library and Museum. 4.—That the thanks of this Meeting be given to Mr. Smirke, for the ability with which he has presided over the proceedings of this day. THE COUNCIL'S REPORT. In presenting to you the customary retrospect of the past year, your Council have the satisfaction of being able to regard it as a period of progress rather than stagnation, though not marked by unusual success. In relation to the future, some points in our present arrangements will be submitted to your consideration. The Income of the Institution has slightly ex- ceeded the Expenditure ; the balance in the hands of the Treasurer having been £29. 14s. 4d. for 1866, and being £34. 2s. 1d. for 1867. The Mortgage Debt is now reduced to £245. 19s., and the yearly charge on this account to about £10. However satisfactory the comparison is between this state of our affairs and that which existed thirty years ago, when the debt was £1500, and the interest on it £60 a year, it is much to be wished that every liability of this kind should be cleared off; and contributions are still requested to the special fund opened last year for this purpose. By far the heaviest item of expence has been incurred on ac- count of the Journal, the total expenditure on which exceeds £100, whilst the proceeds of its sale are not much more than a quarter part of that sum. Your Council cannot feel warranted in advising a continuance of so large an outlay under this head. The experiment has been fairly tried for four years, and, as far as the quality of the publication is concerned, there has been much reason for satisfaction. The contents of the Journal, and the man- ner in which it has been edited, have been highly approved by very competent judges beyond as well as within the limits of this County ; and it cannot be doubted that it has materially increased x the sphere of action of the Institution, both in regard to the number of persons who have been interested in its proceedings, and to the extent of research on its special subjects. It was hoped, when this extension of our publications was resorted to, that the number of subscribers to the Jowrnal would be sufficient to reimburse, or nearly so, the charges incurred over and above those heretofore occasioned in printing the Annual Reports and the Communications read at our Meetings; and the sale of about 300 copies would have done this. But with only 100 Subscribers, the loss entailed is so heavy, that perseverance in the same extent of publication would not be consistent with a due regard for the other purposes to which a fair share of the income ought to be applied. Your Council would therefore suggest that, for the present at least, one Number only of the Journal be issued annually, in addition to the Report ; and that the charge to Subscribers be reduced to 3s. a year. Should their number materially increase, it will be easy at any future time to revert to the half-yearly issue. Mr. Chorley, the ability of whose editorship has been referred to already, is willing to continue his services at a proportionate reduction of the slender remuneration he has hitherto received. Under this ar- rangement, taken as a whole, it can hardly be doubted that gain to our funds, rather than loss, will result, in comparison with the old system ; whilst it may be hoped that most of the advantages of the recent form of publication will be preserved. You will have just received the 8th Number of the Journal, completing the Second Volume. We feel assured that you will consider it fully equal to its predecessors, and will cordially join us In tendering our best thanks to those who have contributed to its pages and illustrations, or to the preceding Number. The history of the Institution during the past year, in its other relations, does not call for any lengthened remarks. The Museum has received several valuable accessions; among them must be noticed as deserving special acknowledgment, a large col- lection of articles from various parts of the world, chiefly in illustration of their social conditions, presented by Mr. Rashleigh, of Menabilly. These, with the other donations then received, were exhibited at the Spring Meeting, and are mentioned in the current Number of the Journal. The re-arrangement of some parts of our collection, and the substitution of new specimens for damaged ones, have been long called for ; and a liberal expenditure should be allotted to these objects as soon as it can be afforded. The visitors to the Museum have not been quite so numerous as in some preceding years; but free admission has been given to between six and seven thousand (6442). The Microscopie Soirées, whose first introduction was referred Xi to in the last Report, have been lately resumed; and there is reason to hope that, through the co-operation of new and younger workers with the old ones, they will not only be useful as well as attractive in themselves, but will be developed gradually into more general meetings of our members for the cultivation of many subjects embraced by this Institution. Under this head, your Council are glad to be able to recommend to you the appointment of Mr. Michell Whitley to the office of Assistant Secretary. You will welcome a worthy scion from so good a stock, who is willing to bring the fresh energies of early life to the service of the Society, to which your senior officers, however good their will, are often prevented from attending, by more imperative duties. It is but due to Mr. Newcombe, your Curator, to mention the | assiduity and accuracy with which he records and reduces the Meteorological Observations. Some extension has been given of late years to the yearly summary of facts in this department, es- pecially in the way of comparison with other localities in Corn- wall and elsewhere. Fuller knowledge on this subject may be expected through the establishment of a Government Observatory at Falmouth. It is matter of congratulation that no obituary notice is called for on this occasion. No member has been lost to us during the ear. : One parting we have to regret. Mr. Smirke, who kindly yielded to our request that he would fill the chair for a second year, has now completed the term to which our laws limit the holding of the Presidency. You will join us in thanking him not only for the attention he has given to the ordinary duties of that office, and his own valuable communications both oral and written, but also for the zealous kindness with which he has turneul to ac- count for our benefit his special facilities of access to the Prince of Wales and the archives of the Duchy of Cornwall, particularly in relation to the Golden Lunule now in our cabinet, and the perhaps unique Gold Cup shewn here in August. Your Council indulge the hope that at some future time Mr. Smirke will again be at our head. Meanwhile, we have no doubt you will share the satisfaction we feel in being allowed to nominate Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, as his successor. In him, you are well aware, the Institution will have as its President one who is in- terested in and conversant with its objects, particularly in regard to Antiquities,—who has aided it constantly by donations and by his pen,—and whois the son of one of its founders and earliest and most zealous supporters. Under his direction we may feel confident that the Institution will go on and prosper. Xi A letter was read from Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, in which that gentleman consented to accept the Presidency in succession to Mr. Smirke. The following Papers were read : Notice of Early Enclosures at Smallacombe, near the Cheesewring, Cornwall_—By Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A. Chronicles of Cornish Saints. (IL—S. Petrock). By Rev. John Adams, M.A. Correspondence (Anno 1700) between the Bishop of Exeter (Trelawny) and Mr. Charles Godolphin.—From Mr. Jonathan Couch, F.LS. Communications were read, from Mr. Freeth, Duporth ; Mr. Charles Fox, Trebah ; and Mr. Enys, Enys. Mr. Freeth’s note enclosed a photograph of the “ Long Stone” near Menabilly Lodge, and stated concerning it, that Borlase had given the inscription the wrong way, and that Mr. Michell, the photographer employed by Mr. Freeth, stated that he could see no sign of any cross or inscription on the side unrepresented in the photograph.—Mr. Freeth added that he hoped to send a photograph of the cup and other articles found near St. Austell in 1774, from the Plate in Archewologia, Vol. 9. He had ascer- tained that there was no such Cup among the Communion Plate at St. Austell, as had been traditionally reported, and he had no doubt that it was in Mr. Rogers’s possession. Mr. Charles Fox’s communication had reference to presents by him, viz.—The Nest of a Spider, from near Orense, in Galicia ; and a Curiously Perforated piece of Slate. Concerning the Spider’s Nest, Mr. Fox writes : ‘The texture of this curious little building, which in its shape reminds one of the hut of a Hottentot, is very different from that of the lustrous spinning of the Spiders of Corrientes, of which I presented a specimen on a previous occasion. But the former can also spin threads resembling in ap- pearance those of the Silkworm. We have yet to learn how the young spiders escape from their closely woven prison, and the nature of their food in this early stage.” Of the perforated slate Mr. Fox writes : “The accompanying piece of slate was taken from the slated west end of a cottage in the parish of St. Cleer. During a thunder-storm in 1866 a man observed what he describes as a ball of fire rushing along the road to- wards the house, in which it dislodged, close to the ground, large granite stones, and made a rent 14 foot in diameter. Many of the slates, of which Xi the lowest row was about five feet from the earth, were pierced with holes, as in the one now presented to your notice. They looked as if a volley of large shot, of different sizes, had been fired at them. It may be seen that some of the holes are quite round, and that they are larger and without any “burr” on the inner side. Is it not probable that they were occasioned by drops of rain which conducted the electricity to this flat, uniform, and not highly conducting surface? The mistress of the cottage and her child, hap- pily, were in the adjoining house, where the lightning stripped off the gild- ing of some picture-frames. Her own furniture was destroyed.” Dr. JAGO read a note from Mr. Enys, explanatory of a diagram setting forth his views on the geology and climatology of the globe. The PRESIDENT stated that Mr. Rogers had sent photographs of various interesting objects exhibited by him at the Spring Meeting ; among them a “disciplinarium,” in relation to which he stated that recently he became acquainted with the fact that in Lichfield Cathedral was a curious monument, representing the body of an armed Knight lying at full length on an altar-tomb, but without clothing on the upper part of the body. The repre- sentation of the Knight in such a state was an enigma to people ; but he believed that the true explanation of the matter was that the Knight wished it to be conveyed to posterity that he had sub- mitted, or had been ready to submit, to flagellation for some offence or sin that he had committed. Similar monuments had been found abroad. Formerly, when any person had drawn blood in a church, whether by accident or otherwise, he was required to submit to such discipline, and without it could not receive abso- lution. Even in the present day the practice existed in some parts of the continent. This seemed to be a very probable ex- planation of the remarkable monument in Lichfield Cathedral. Rev. T. PHILLPoTTs said that at Rome, at the present time, there were services for discipline in certain churches, during the last week of Lent; the lights were put out, and persons sub- mitted their bodies to flagellation. At the Church of Saint Francis Xavier some friends of his witnessed the discipline, and they described it as being pretty severe. Dr. JAGo added that Blanco White, who left the Roman Church, stated that such practices were not uncommon in Rome, and that the punishment was by no means merely nominal. From Mr, Cumcorr were exhibited a considerable number of Copper Tokens, formerly issued in this county. Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL stated that among the presents on this occasion were two ancient Counters. One of these, presented X1V by Mr. George Clyma, was found in a garden adjoining Kenwyn- street, Truro, where similar objects of antiquity had previously been discovered. The other, presented by Mr. William Dix, was found in Newlyn churchyard. They were interesting objects, and nothing of the kind had hitherto been placed in the Museum. They were termed “jetons,” and were of brass; and Mr. John James, of Truro, who was a collector of such objects, had enabled him to illustrate them by lending him other jetons, in great variety. Most of them appeared to have been manufactured at Nuremberg; and it was probable that many of them had been used by religious houses. The specimen presented by Mr. George Clyma was found near the site of the ancient Priory of St. Dominick. On its obverse was a reichs-apfel, or monde and cross (‘mound of sovereignty”) ; and on the reverse were three crowns and three fleurs-de-lis placed circularly round a rose—a type which seemed to have been common in Germany.*—The specimen pre- sented by Mr. William Dix was of similar character. The PRESIDENT remarked that in the British Museum were similar objects, obtained from Bodmin. He did not think that the fleur-de-lis showed, necessarily, any connection with France ; it was a frequent device. Mr. Blight’s Paper concerning some ancient rectangular build- ings at Smallacombe, near the Cheesewring, induced Dr. BARHAM to mention that similar remains, (described by Mr. Kelly, of Yealmpton, in a former Number of this Jowrnal) had been found near the upper part of the river Yealm, where there were also remains of ancient tin-workings. These buildings, which were of considerable but unrecorded antiquity, were supposed to have been smelting-houses ; and near them were found some granite moulds for tin-blocks. The PRESIDENT remarked that it was in one of four barrows near the Cheesewring that the Gold Cup was found, which he ex- * We learn from Snelling that there were at Nuremberg mills for the making of Jetons or Rechen Pfennings (reckoning pennies), and that this business was one of those called in Germany gesparred, or locked up; that is, that those who were brought up to it could not follow their calling in any other place. Snelling adds: ‘It is very probable that most parts of Europe ‘‘wherein they were used were supplied with them from hence; but whether ‘those with the fleur-de-lis were intended for France, those with the lyon ‘of St. Mark for Venice, and those with what the Germans call the Reichs ‘« Apfel, or Monde and Cross on one side, and on the other side three fleurs- ‘‘de-lis and three crowns placed circularly round a rose, were designed for “Germany ; or whether all the sorts were sent promiscuously, we cannot “tell; but, however, at present they are frequently found together.” XV hibited at the meeting of this Institution in August. But the other three Barrows had apparently never been opened. With regard to that neighbourhood generally, which at the present time was not very populous, it was remarkable for the numerous and rather important discoveries which had been made there, especially of gold and silver ornaments.—On the subject of ancient tin works, Mr. SMIRKE observed that there were very few indications of old stream works except in the neighbourhood of Dartmoor ; but the records of the 13th century afforded a remarkable test as to the value of tin raised in Devon and Cornwall, and that test continued to the present day ; the bishop of the diocese being en- titled to a small due on tin raised in these counties; the fee in respect of Devon tin being much larger than that on tin raised in Cornwall. There were no public records relating to tin earlier than the 12th century; and it was not until the 13th and 14th centuries that much tin produce was recorded. But from un- doubted data which could be traced back to the reign of John, it could be shown that the county of Devon produced a larger quantity of tin than Cornwall; and there were strong indications that at an earlier period the coasts of Devon were as likely to have been resorted to by foreigners—Pheenicians and others—as were the coasts of Cornwall; and most probably Dartmoor was the great source of the tin obtained in Devon. Although there were now but few mines of importance in the neighbourhood, he had recently seen considerable indications of tin having been formerly obtained near Torquay. Mr. HENwoop observed that when the coiages were in ex- istence, the duty paid on tin raised in Cornwall was at the rate of 4s. per 120 Ibs., while in Devon the duty was only ls. 63d. per 112 Ibs. Whether that difference existed originally, or was sub- sequently introduced for the purpose of encouraging mining in a particular district, he could not say; but certainly the difference was very considerable. Dr. BARHAM remarked that if the amount paid by Devon was so much greater than that by Cornwall, while the rate of dues in Devon was so much lower, it would show that the quantity of tin raised in Devon must have been very much larger than that raised in Cornwall. Mr. HENwoop apprehended that the duty was in substitution for lords’ dues, and that lower dues had been allowed in some dis- tricts, in order to encourage mining. The PRESIDENT said the stannaries of the two counties were united in the time of Earl Edmund, and it was pretty clear that he made certain alterations with regard to dues, but whether by way of reduction or not, he could not say. XVI Mr. HENwoop said it was possible that the cwt. of 112 lbs. might have been a more modern standard ; but he had no means of knowing with certainty whether 112 Ibs. or 120 lbs. was the original cwt. Yet so radical a difference, he thought, could never have been accidental. The PRESIDENT thought that by looking into ancient records, a determination of the question might be arrived at. Dr. BARHAM stated, in relation to the discovery of mining antiquities near the Cheesewring and on the Yealm, that, some years since, a stone tin-mould was found near Trebartha, in the parish of Northill; and in the same neighbourhood were found some small tin-ladles, made of Polyphant stone. Such facts, he thought, were confirmatory of the opinion that a great deal of tin was formerly raised in East Cornwall and in Devon, and, probably, exported near the mouths of the Yealm, and other rivers on the south coast, having islets adjacent to them. Mr. Henwoop directed attention to a Paper by Mr. Pattison, in the last Number of the Journal, in which were recorded the discoveries, by M. Mallard, a French mining engineer, of slags in the neighbourhood of ancient stream-works in the province of Limousin ; and these slags, on being analysed, were found to con- tain “notable quantities of tin.” It was therefore probable that at least some portion of the tin anciently exported at Marseilles was obtained in that French province. Dr. BARHAM had hoped that Mr. Hustler would have been present at this meeting, and have favoured them with a further account of the tin mines in Galicia, in Spain, where he was con- ducting extensive operations, and where his mining experience had led him to the conclusion that Cornwall was not, in ancient times, the only place where tin was obtained. It appeared, from a statement by Pliny, that there was in Spain a great deal of superficial tin; and probably in all stanniferous districts, mming was preceded by stream-works. On this occasion the following objects were exhibited : From Mr. Alecander Paull: A Rubbing of the Inscription on the Rialton Stone. From the Rev. G. L. Woollcombe: A Tracing of Frescoes in Sennen Church. From Mr. N. Hare, Jun., Liskeard: 38 Rubbings from Memorial Brasses in Cornish Churches, principally in the eastern part of the county. The following have not been previously mentioned in our Journal : Callington: Nicholas Assheton and Margaret his wife, c. 1465. He was one of the King’s Justices, and, in 1436, M.P. for Cornwall. XVil Cardynham: Thomas Awmarle, rector, c. 1400. Mr. Hare states that the late Dr. Oliver informed him that ‘‘ Thomas de Awmarle was appointed ‘to the living of Cardinham, on the 22nd September, 1356, and must ‘‘have died about 1401, his successor being appointed the 23rd March “ensuing.” * St. Columb: Sir John Arundell, Knt., of Lanherne, receiver of the Duchy of Cornwall, and two wives: Ist, Hlizabeth (Grey) daughter of the Marquis of Dorset, and 2nd, Katherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Greenvill, 1545. He was made a Knight of the Bath, 10 Henry VII; Knight of the Garter, 17 Henry Vil; and a Knight Banneret, 5 Henry VII. Sir John Arundel, 1590, and wife Anna (Stanley), daughter of the Earl of Derby, 1602.+ John Arundel, Esq., (son of the preceding), t and his wife Anne (Jarnegan), c. 1633. Tllogan: ‘+ James Bassett Hisqvire,” and his wife Jane “y® daughter of Sir Frauncis Godolphin, Knight,” with ‘5 Sonnes and 5 Daughters.” 1603. Landrake: ‘‘idward Cowrtney esquyer seconde son of St Will™ Cowrtney Knyght of Powderam.” 1509. * In Haines’s Manual of Monumental Brasses this Brass is mentioned among a few ‘‘in which the clerical character is apparently relinquished ” ; and it is added: ‘‘ Thomas Awmarle, vector, c. 1400, at Cardynham, Corn- ‘wall, had his brass laid down in his lifetime; the figure has the tonsure, “but the costume is that of a civilian, with a short sword suspended at the ‘side. By the 2nd Constitutions of Abps. Stratford and Bourchier, 1343, 61463, the clergy were restricted from wearing gilt or highly ornamented ‘¢swords and purses at their girdles.”—Again, Haines refers to the inscrip- tion on this brass as containing a peculiar invitation to pray for the soul of the deceased: ‘‘ Rogo vos fratres orate pro me et ego pro vobis in quantum possum.” \ + Haines states that this brass was engraved c. 1630, and he mentions it with others when speaking of examples which shew that costume is not always a sure indication of date. ‘In the beautiful brass at Little Horkesley, “ Hissex, of Sir Thomas Swynborne, 1391, and his son Sir Robert, 1412, the ‘father is represented in a suit of armour which he might actually have worn, ‘although the brass was engraved at his son’s death. Similar instances are ‘at St. Columb Major, Cornwall, 1602 and 1633; Lambourn, Berks, 1372 and ‘¢¢, 1410. In these three monuments, which were placed by children to their ‘‘ parents, there is a manifest propriety in the alteration of the costume; but ‘“‘there are some brasses in which a much earlier costume than that worn by “the deceased is adopted without any apparent reason.” t This military brass is one of those mentioned by Haines, in illustration of his remark that: ‘‘ About the commencement of the reign of Charles the “First the tassets were either obtusely pointed or else worn longer and the “ genouilliéres united to them; cuisses and jambs were disused, and the legs “‘»rotected by heavy jack-boots, with tops, spurs, and spur-leathers; the ‘hair was worn long, and plain collars and wrist-bands superseded the rufis ‘and frills.” B XVill Madron: ‘‘John Clies, marchant, twice Maior of Penzance,” and his wife ‘* Blanche, the onely davghter of Heugh Trevanion Esq.,” with one son and five daughters. 1623. Mawgan in Pydar: George Arundell and wife. 1573. — Cyssell Arundell, ‘‘that syrved Quene Mavry’s grace.” 1578. Mary Arundell. 1578. (George, Cyssell, and Mary, were son and daughters of Sir John Arundell and Elizabeth his wife, whose Memorial Brass is in St. Columb Church.) ——— A Priest, in cope. c. 1420. A Civilian, ‘ de Tregonon generosus.” c. 1580. St. Mellion: Peter Coryton, Esq., and wife Jane, daughter and heiress of John Tregasoo, with 24 children (17 sons and 7 daughters). 1551.* Menheniot: Ralph Carmynow. 13887. He was Sheriff in 1379, and M.P. for Cornwall, 1384, 1386. Heis said to have been pulled over a clitf by two greyhounds and thereby killed. C. S. Gilbert, vol. 2, p. 56. Quethiock: Richard Chiverton, 1617,+ and his wife Isabell, daughter of Digory Polwhele, of St. Erme, 1631, with five sons and five daughters. Stratton: Sir John Arundell, + of Trerise, with his two wives, and ten child- ren. 1561. (The marginal inscription on Sir John concludes. as follows: ‘‘ whose soul now resteth wyth the faythful Chrystians in our lorde.’’) Besides Rubbings from Ancient Brasses, Mr. Hare sent one, from a medallion tablet in Liskeard Church: “In memory of Ed- ward Hoblyn Pedler, son of William and Sarah Pedler, who died 24th August, 1863, aged 61 years.” Mr. Pedler was author of “The Anglo Saxon Episcopate of Cornwall.” * Haines remarks: ‘Such a convulsion in the habits and feelings of the ‘people as took place in England at the time of the Reformation, would ‘lead us naturally to expect a great change in the Ecclesiastical Emblems, “and the phraseology of the Inscriptions. . . . . At St. Mellions, ‘¢ Cornwall, on the brass of Peter Coryton, Hisq., and wife, 1551, some animals ‘“(a lion, talbot, &.), which form part of their armorial bearings, are sub- “‘ stituted for the symbols of the evangelists.” + This brass is mentioned by Haines with one at Launceston, c. 1620, and others in various parts of the kingdom, in proof of his statement that after the middle of the 16th Century brasses ‘‘are occasionally to be met ‘“‘with which were engraved by provincial artists, and are little better than ‘miserable caricatures of the deceased.” t This brass is mentioned amongst others by Haines, as illustrating the military equipment just after the middle of the 16th Century: ‘the breast- ‘‘plate is now generally without placates, and has the tapul or projecting ‘‘edge formerly in fashion; the mail skirt has an indented edge, frills are ‘“‘worn at the wrists, and the skirt of taces is divided at the lower part by an ‘arched opening between the tuiles.” ————————————————————————— XX ==—— — a a a a SSS as O 61 SHGF "°°" "******* oNnp Mou yunomY -T ysnSny =a “LOST 0 0 Sener 0 0 SSEF a= 0 6L GFR tt eomereg 0 O & YSroTysey ‘sap “WOR oy puv “uA, eli Crea Oo beh 200s * > esnonyorrs e8esq2077 Uo 48020307 0 0 LT ‘****90UetDg fo [euIMor ATIO}IenyH 06 & ‘''°** Apotoog [BMY MoTNAOFZ [eXoy 0 0 LT ‘'** Ayoto0g [worsoporo9jo~ YstyTAg OT T ‘''°** *Aqoto0g [vorydessojn0eleg () yk ar PERG oT oC DODO SO COMMS Maer fees Gilet) aereeeceeenoresates eae SEY = SOTID UNS 6 61 9% Bune pur ‘sz10doy ‘speurnor Jo oeg RB (Rie AR 225? [eurnor SUIpT pur SUIpULIg 0 FLZ omreninmrelc sim oieerscvelieivelieaicnts S00,7 (SIOPISTA 8 &@ L ‘** S[ooivg Jo edviaieg pues soseysog OO OG eee ee AeAg Tope mOnp AON, 0 STF °"''*:** Atou0Ne 9 pue SuyUTg 0 ST OL ***"'****sttodraosqng jo savoaty 8 TE (ji 2090009000 oo gerirenbnr wemncan ny 0 0 06 **** [louNoD UMOT oma, oI OM Hg Poe Goce coco nA ATASHE MONCH TING) 0 0 06 S2TBM Jo s0ULLG om AH (ONG i? GUE Q 89800805000 n000b boon oo Rami larE 0 F §8 “°°"°***** suoTydrzosqng penuny YL G \“""**** eomBInsUy omg pur soxvy, Aq ‘Te Ane V 71 66 *"**** Junodoy 4sv] Wor couvfeg oF, ‘Te Ame 50) os) 2 “L981 a 3) ie “LOB8T 1 ‘yyeoria07y fo uoynyysiyy pedowy uy ype junosze m homsvane ‘Gvomy poqoy “26 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. No. IX. APRIL. 1868. I.—Chronicles of Cornish Saints: II.—S. PETRooK. By the REVEREND JOHN ADAMS, M.A., Incumbent of Stockcross, Berks. Read at the Autumn Meeting, November 22, 1867. HE traces which remain of Petrock’s life are very few and fragmentary, but nevertheless they are remarkably interesting and suggestive. They remind us of a scene which may sometimes be witnessed on a calm summer’s morning from the lofty crags of the Cornish cliffs. Clouds of dense fog float up from the Severn sea, submerging the narrow combes, mantling the slopes of the hills, and streaming away inland like columns of white smoke. Coast and sea are alike obscured ; wherever the fleecy clouds rest, everything beneath is completely hidden ; but there rises here and there above the mist, a hoary rock or a gorse-clad hill-top, sharp and distinct in outline, and radiant with the glory of the morning sun. So itis with the life of old S. Petrock. Over most of it the impenetrable mist of ages has fallen, and we cannot roll away - the darkness, or guess what it conceals. But, nevertheless, isolated incidents remain,—incidents full of life and interest, which are B83 2 CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. well worth contemplating and investigating, even though they are too meagre to be woven into a connected biography of the Saint. Leland gives us in his Itinerary the following outline from a Life which he had seen : ‘¢ Petrock was by birth a Camber. ‘* He studied twenty years in Ireland. ‘He returned from Rome to his own monastery in Cornwall.” * In this brief sketch we have a summary of the few historical facts which have been handed down to us of Petrock’s life, stripped of the traditional fancies in which they were clothed. Let us en- deavour to illustrate and fill up the scanty outline with such probable and consistent materials as older writers than Leland furnish. I. As to Petrock’s nationality. Leland says he was by birth a Camber, a word which may designate a native of either Wales or Cornwall; and, accordingly, he is claimed by both countries. Some of the Welsh writers insist that he was born, of princely parentage, in Wales; whilst all other authorities regard him, to use the words of the Church historian Fuller, as “the Captain of the Cornish Saints.” That he had some connection with Wales must be admitted, from the fact that he is the titular saint of two Churches + in that principality ; but that he was not a native of Wales is evident from an authority which no Welshman will question. Their own Bonedd y Saint tells us that he was the son of Clement, a Cornish prince. Suasius calls him a Cimber, whilst John of Tinmouth, Capgrave, and Ussher, assert that he was a Cumbrian, and all agree that he was born towards the end of the 6th Century ; but, inasmuch as he is commonly styled by the cog- nomen Corinius, which is equivalent to Cornubiensis, these writers themselves think that the word “Cumber” is a misprint for “Camber,” as Leland has given it. We may assert then that * ‘““Eix Vita Petroci. ‘«Petrocus genere Camber. ‘“‘Petrocus 20 annos studuit in Hibernia. ‘« Petrocus reversus est ad suum monasterium in Cornubia. ‘“ Petrocus obiit prid. non. Junii.” Vol. VIII, p. 52. + Lianbedrog in Carnaryonshire, and Llanbedrog in Pembrokeshire. CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. 3 Petrock was a Cornishman, and the son of Clement, a prince or chief. Ina MS. Life, attributed to John of Tinmouth, and pub- lished in the Acta Sanctorwm,* we are further told that the people wished him to become their chief, but that he resolved to abandon an earthly, in order that he might the better seek after a heavenly crown. Thereupon he withdrew from the world, and lived in the seclusion of a monastery. We are not told precisely where this monastery stood ; but as he is said t to have occupied a hermitage in the valley at Bodmin, and as we know that a conventual estab- lishment associated with his name existed in subsequent times near the site of the present parish church, there we may conjecture the scene of his retirement to have been. Beside the copious fountain which still flows in that pleasant valley, we may picture to ourselves the young recluse, deepening his religious ardour by devotion, and acquiring day by day a firmer grasp of the faith of Curist. After the lapse of some years he left his hermitage and went to Ireland, to study theology under the eminent teachers who flourished there in that early age. The most famous school in the island at that time was at Clonard, in Meath. It was founded by 8. Finian, A.D. 520, and it soon became a kind of University for the whole country. “The fame of his good works,” it is said, “drew many great men to him from divers parts of the “Jand, as to an admirable sanctuary of all wisdom, to learn in his “school the sacred scriptures and the ecclesiastical institutes.” { ® June, vol. I, p. 400. \ + Leland’s Coll: I, 75. t Colgan, Feb. 28. It is by no means improbable that Finian spent part of his missionary life in Cornwall. Though the conjecture may be somewhat hazardous, I venture to suggest that he may be the same person as 8. Gwythian, and the founder of the Church so called in the Hundred of Penwith. #F and G are sometimes convertible letters; e.g., Fingar is called also Guigner (hence Gwinear). De Primordiis, cap. XVII. No one, I believe, has yet identified the name of Gwythian with any historical personage. Even Whitaker, who was gifted with no ordinary ingenuity and powers of research, passes it by in silence. Dr. Oliver, it is true, informs us that the saint of Gwythian is S. Gothianus; but can any one tell us who 8. Gothianus was? Traces of the same saint may be found in close contiguity to the hermitages of Petrock and his friends Sampson and Constantine. There was discovered, about fifty years since, in a sand-hill near the present little Church of 8. Enodoc, an old chapel, supposed to have been dedicated to 8. Gwythian, corresponding in general character and masonry with one found, also buried in the sand, in the parish of Gwythian. Haslam’s Perranzabuloe, p. 82. 4 CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. Thirty years of Finian’s early life had been spent in Britain. He is mentioned as an associate of the famous S. David at Menevia, and he was the founder of the Church of Llanffinan in Anglesey. On his return to his native land, he was accompanied by many British Christians, who were afterwards held in great veneration for their sanctity, by the Church in Ireland. As the time of his return corresponds with the time of Petrock’s migration to Ire- land, we may suppose that our saint was one of the companions of Finian alluded to, or, at all events, that he was attracted to Treland by him, and pursued his studies under his guidance at Clonard. II. During the twenty years which Petrock spent in Ireland, we catch but one glimpse of him,—a glimpse however which is very suggestive, and which enables us to form some opinion of his character and position. In the Life of 8S. Coemgen, one of the most illustrious among the Irish Saints, we read that his parents, who were Christians and of princely birth in Leinster, committed their son to 8. Petrock for instruction when he was seven years of age, and that he remained with him five years.* The mon- astery at Clonard had at that time many teachers and students, famous in their generation for sanctity and learning. It is said that no less than 3000 scholars studied there in the course of S. Finian’s presidency.t The selection therefore of Petrock to be the teacher of such a pupil stamps him as a man of mark amongst his contemporaries in Ireland. Tlf. The next incident which Leland mentions is Petrock’s return from Rome to his monastery in Cornwall. Ussher and Capgrave, following the memoir attributed to John of Tinmouth, place the visit to Rome after he had returned to Cornwall and spent thirty years there ; they speak also of his making a pilgrim- age to Jerusalem at the same time. But it seems more likely * Ussher, De Primordiis. t ‘“Trium virorum millium “Sorte fit doctor humilis; ‘¢ Verbi his fudit fluvium, “Ut fons emanens rivulis.” From the Hymn ‘“‘ dd Laudes” in the office of S. Finian. Colgan, 401. CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. 5 that he should have undertaken this long journey in middle life, on his withdrawal from Ireland, than in oid age, after his thirty years sojourn in Cornwall. In visiting those celebrated cities, Petrock only followed the general custom of his generation. It was the great aim of every Christian in those days to visit the tombs of eminent saints and martyrs, and especially to gaze on the scenes consecrated by the SAviour’s life and death. Augustine tells us * that the whole world flocked to Bethlehem to behold the place of CHRIST'S nativity; and, from a remark which we find in one of Jerome’s Kpistles,t it would seem that the British Christians were specially addicted to this religious vagrancy long before Petrock’s time. ‘Heaven stands open,” he says, with a touch of irony, “in Britain as well as at Jerusalem” ; and in another place he says, speaking of pilgrimages, that “the Britons, though divided from the rest of the world, quit their western sun and go in quest of a climate which they know nothing of, unless by re- port and the history of the Bible.” + From Jerusalem, we are told, Petrock proceeded further east- ward until he reached India, and spent seven years there on a solitary island; but the narrative of this remote journey is so blended with improbable and supernatural stories that nothing historical can be deduced from it, besides the fact that he was ab- sent a long time and travelled beyond Palestine. “All far countries,” says Fuller, in allusion to this narrative, “are Hast Indies to ignorant people.” On his return to Cornwall, Petrock landed at a port called Loderic, or Laffenac, since from him wamed Petrockstowe, and, by contraction, Padstow. Great calamities had befallen his native land during his long absence. Saxon armies had well nigh quenched the independence of the British chiefs, and had ravaged the country from the banks of the Tweed to the borders of Dartmoor. King Arthur had, it is true, during many years kept the pagan hosts at bay, and had in some degree restored the supremacy of the British power; but that hero was now gone, and his successor, Constantine, had been obliged to wage war with the two sons of Mordred, who claimed the throne, and # Vol. I, p. 561. {+ Epist: 13. Ad Paulinum. { Epist: 17. 6 CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. had induced the Saxon invaders to espouse their cause. Cornwall, though still the stronghold of British power, was beset on all sides by the foe. Rapacious bands hovered about the fords of the Tamar, and piratical ships kept the coasts in constant alarm. Moreover, the country itself was full of insurrection and strife, for petty chieftains were everywhere struggling for supremacy. One of the mightiest among them in the west seems to have been a certain Tendurus, who is described, in the Life ascribed to John of Tinmouth, as a man of fierce aspect and savage manners. There is a Constantine also mentioned, not however as a chief, but as a rich man, who is restored to health by the prayers of Petrock, and who afterwards becomes a Christian teacher. Leland designates Tendurus as Theodorus, and says that both he and Constantine were chieftains of renown, and that they aided Petrock by their generosity and piety, giving him a suitable site for the monastery which he built.* Perhaps this Constantine may be identical with the tyrant of that name whom Gildas vehemently denounced for his life of iniquity ; for we are told that after he had slaughtered his rivals, the sons of Mordred, he was seized with remorse, and re- signed his throne that he might spend the rest of his days in seclusion. We are also told that in his old age he became a pat- tern of Christian virtue, and a preacher of the gospel in distant lands. That he resided in Cornwall for some time after his con- version may be inferred from the fact that a Church in the county fT has from time immemorial been associated with his name, marking probably the place of his abode and Christian labour. Moreover, there is a trace of his connection with the district in which Petrock himself resided. In the parish of 8. Minver, which originally belonged to Padstow, there were, when Hals wrote his history, the ruins of an old Chapel dedicated to 8. Con- stantine, and near it “A Well strong built of stone and arched * “ Regnabant eo in Corinia seculo, duo reguli, fama celebres, Theodorus et Constantinus; quorum cum liberalitate tum pietate adjutus, locum con- dendo aptissimum monasterio accepit, cui nomen patria lingua Bosmanach a monachis inditum.” De Script. Brit: 61. + Constantine, in the Hundred of Kirrier. From the notice of the Church in Domesday it seems to have been, as Polwhele says, one of more than ordinary note. ‘S. Constantinus tenet dim: hidam terre, que fuit quieta ab omni servicio T. R. E. Sed postquam Comes terram accepit, reddidit geldum injuste, sicut terra villanorum.” CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. 7 over.” It is not improbable therefore that the change which Gonp’s grace wrought in Constantine was brought to pass by the instru- mentality of S. Petrock, and that he occasionally occupied a cell on the sands of the northern shore, to hold frequent intercourse with his spiritual guide. At the time, however, of Petrock’s re- turn, the country in the immediate neighbourhood of Padstow seems to have been in the hands of pirates. A band of Saxon plunderers,* taking advantage of the defenceless condition of the inhabitants, had made a descent upon the northern coast and were in possession of a tract of land contiguous to the port. It was the season of harvest, and those pagan robbers were reaping the corn that grew on the hill slopes beside the river Alan. Seeing a strange vessel enter the river, they rushed down to the shore, intent on plunder ; but, finding no booty worth seizing, they re- viled and scoffed at the Saint and his company. Petrock inquired of them if any Christian remained in the province ; and they told him of one Sampson who dwelt in a hermitage not far distant, and who was in great repute for his zeal and sanctity. Thither Petrock betook himself, and found the holy man living in great poverty, and labouring with his own hands in an adjoining field. This Sampson was, no doubt, the famous disciple of S. Iltutus, who became Bishop of Menevia, and afterwards of Dol in Brit- tany. We gather from his memoirs that he was much addicted to the life of a recluse; and there is local evidence confirmatory of this incidental mention of his residence in Cornwall. The parish of Golant was in ancient times called by his name, and there was formerly an old Chapel called 8S. Sampson’s standing on the spot now occupied by Place House, at Padstow. This Chapel was no doubt built on the site of his Oratory, and was probably the spot to which Petrock was directed by the Saxon pirates. In returning to his native country with a band of fellow- labourers, Petrock’s object was to establish a Monastery in Corn- wall. He had seen the value of such institutions in Ireland. S. Patrick’s famous establishment at Armagh, as well as Finian’s at * ‘Jam loca illa oceupaverat Saxo, Britannosque inde fugaverat; vel qui cum Porto nuper, vel qui cum Cerdicio venerat prits ; unde sequitur in Capgravio; Egressis de nave discipulis, messores illic operantes amaré illis" locuti sunt.” Alford: Annales Ecclesie, Vol. 2, p. 10. 8 CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. Clonard, must have been examples to him of their wonderful power and success. Whatever the subsequent faults of Monasteries may have been, they were in earliest times the chief agencies in civilizing and evangelizing the people. ‘They were instructors of the ignorant, refuges for the oppressed, and almoners to the needy, as well as centres of Christian life and light in the midst of heathen darkness. The place above all others dear to Petrock’s memory must have been the hermitage of his early days at Bod- min; and thither he proceeded to plant the first and most re- nowned monastery that has ever existed on Cornish soil. What changes must have swept over his native land since, in years long past, he had sojourned there! Everywhere, except in Wales and Cornwall, Saxon paganism had trampled down the British Church, and idol temples had sprung up, with their unhallowed rites and sacrifices. Even in the strongholds of British power, the tide of invasion could not, without severe struggles, be stem- med back, or the ministrations of religion be kept alive.* Many disciples, iliustrious for learning and sanctity, were as- sociated with Petrock in his arduous work, but the names of only three have been handed down. They were Credanus, Medanus, and Dachanus.t Of the first two nothing certain is known; but Colgan, in a brief memoir of “ Dechanus” or “ Deganus,” states that he was born at the end of the 6th Century in the borders of Lagenia (in the west of Ireland), that he was a man of high re- pute, first as an Abbot, and afterwards as a Bishop, in Ireland, and that he was a nephew of Coemgen, Petrock’s pupil.t The * Rudburn asserts that the Cornish submitted to the humiliation of paying tribute to the Saxons in the time of Cerdic, in order that they might be allowed to observe their religious rites without molestation. “Cerdicum sepius cum Arthuro conflixisse, pertesum Arthurum cum Cerdico deinceps prceelia inire foedus cum illo pepigisse, et concessisse Cerdicum Cornubiensibus ut sub annuo tributo ritum Christiane religionis observarent.” Chronic: lib. 2, cap. 1.—Ussher de Primordiis, cap. xiii. + Leland tells us that they were all buried at Bodmin. ‘ Extat Petroburgi libellus de sepultura sanctorum Anglorum, ex quo liquet Credanum, Me- danum, et Dachanum, viros sanctitate vite illustres, et Petroci imitatores, in Bosmanach fuisse sepultos.” De Scrip. Brit: 61. t Colgan, Vol. I, 584. I am inclined to think that Coemgen also accompanied Petrock, and that he is the Saint from whom the Church of S. Keverne takes its name. Lan- igan tells us that Coemgen signifies ‘‘ pulcher genitus,”’ and is pronounced, CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. II.—S. PETROCK. 9 monastery which those holy men helped to establish occupied the site of Petrock’s former cell, and must have been an institution of considerable magnitude as well as zeal, for no less than twelve ancient Churches in Devon and Cornwall owe their foundation to it, and are even now called by, or associated with the name of S. Petrock.* After his death, his memory was gratefully revered ; and when centuries had gone by, and superstition had mingled with the simplicity of the early faith, a beautiful shrine in the parish Church of Bodmin marked the place of his interment, and pilgrimages were wont to be made to it for the adoration of his - relics. In such estimation were they held, that in the year 1177 a Canon of the Abbey of Bodmin, by name Martinus, stole the bones of the Saint and carried them to the Abbey of Mevennus in Brittany ;+ and, so great was the loss supposed to be, that Roger, the Prior of Bodmin, went with his brethren to King Henry I, and implored him to aid them in recovering the sacred body. The King granted their request. A band of armed men were sent to the Abbey of 8. Mevennus, who insisted on the restoration of the body; and the Abbot and Monks were com- pelled to take an oath on the relics belonging to their Church, that they had not retained any part of the remains, but had re- stored them unaltered and complete. They were doubtless brought back to the scene of the Saint’s early devotions and final labours, and restored to their early tomb; and, though no vestige of the sepulchre now remains, the place will always preserve the memory of the holy man, and Cornwall will evermore enrol his name amongst the greatest and best of her Christian heroes. in Irish, ‘‘ Kevin.” Ecc: Hist: of Ireland, Vol. 2, p. 46. The name, in fact, is sometimes written ‘‘ Keivin.” Leland and Whitaker assert that he was identical with Piran; but Dr. Borlase argues that he must have been a different person, chiefly on the ground that different parents are ascribed to them. He adds also that in Domesday Perranzabuloe is called Lanpiran ; whereas S. Keverne is called Lannachebran, i.e., Lan-a-Chebran, the Church of Chebran. There were formerly considerable ruins to be seen near the parish Church of S. Keverne, at a place called Tregonin, which, according to tradition, were the remains of an old Chapel and Priory. Leland’s Itin: III, 24.— Whitaker's Cathedral of Cornwall, II, 10.—Borlase, 388. * They are, in Cornwall: Padstow, Bodmin, Little Petherick or S. Petrock Minor, and Trevalga; and in Devon: West Anstey, South Brent, Clannaborough, 8. Petrock, Hollacombe, Lidford, Newton 8. Petrock, and Petrockstow.—Lobineau informs us that Petrock is the titular saint of a Church in France also. + Roger de Hoveden. Benedictus Abbas. Vi.—Notice of Enclosures at Smallacombe, near the Cheesewring, Cornwall.—By J.T. Buicut, F.S.A. Read at the Autumn Meeting, November 22, 1867. N many of the moors and hill-sides in Cornwall—on those tracts still uninvaded by the plough, and which at first sight appear never to have been the scene of human toil, but to retain the native wildness in which they were created—it will be found, on closer examination, that amidst the gorse and heather and such stunted herbage as the barren soil affords are traces of numerous small enclosures, mostly of circular or elliptical form, with remains of fences branching off from them in many directions—the first rude idea of a homestead with sur- rounding folds for the security of cattle and sheep. These archaic dwellings appear to have been almost always in groups, showing in those primitive times the gregarious and social habits of man. They tell us also that then, as now, the greatest enemy of man was man—that, at least from the visible world, there was no other creature so much to be feared, or from which it was necessary to have such means of protection. Hence we find that whilst many of these hut-groups were themselves strongly fortified by massive walls, the greater number were generally situated on the slope of a hill, the summit of which was crowned by a castle or fortifica- tion, easy of access from the dwellings below, and to which the inhabitants could retire in times of danger. Whether one tribe molested another, or whether all the inhabitants were subject to the incursions of a common foe, is perhaps not very evident from these facts; though it is clear that the country was at times occupied by opposing forces. Just as in many parts of Wales, where there were native strongholds, a Roman Station was planted at some neighbouring advantageous position from which the enemy could be watched. But the extent of these ENCLOSURES AT SMALLACOMBE. ll early Cornish settlements, and the care with which they were constructed, are proofs that there must have been long intervals of comparative peace, whoever the enemy may have been. We find no traces of agriculture; but folds extending over many acres show that our forefathers had here led quiet pastoral lives. Tracts now presenting the most dreary appearance of desola- tion were the scenes of active life, of which the sole evidences that remain may be, perhaps, a rude circle of stones, or a low earthen bank, at first scarcely discernible as the work of art, encrusted with lichens and overgrown by herbage, yet imper- ceptibly crumbling away and again becoming one with the earth from which it had been formed. Although this may be said to be the general condition of the earlier cytiiaw in Cornwall, some examples of primitive habita- tions still exist in comparatively good preservation, enabling us to make out distinctly the arrangement of the structures and the manner in which they were built. By examination of a great number of examples in different parts of the kingdom, some clue may be obtained as to the differ- ent peoples by whom they were constructed, or to what extent the habits of tribes in various parts resembled or differed from each other. Even in Cornwall I have found a marked distinction between the primitive hut-dwellings of those who occupied the eastern, and those who occupied the western, lands. In West Cornwall the prevailing type consists of a massive encircling wall, in its breadth containing several small chambers, whilst.in the centre is a large open area. The Chysauster huts are constructed on this plan. In East Cornwall I have not yet found an instance of these wall-cells; each hut is generally unattached, forming a separate building of itself, though occasionally having two circular compartments leading one into the other. In Wiltshire the ancient inhabitants formed, as the basements of their dwellings, excavations in the ground; thus rendering it unnecessary to carry walls to any great height. Boughs of trees and sods of earth composed the roofs. The cyftiaw in many of the Welsh fortifications were constructed in like manner. First, a shallow pit was seooped out, and then stones set around the upper edge at once gave almost sufficient height to the structure. This method has not yet been observed in Cornwall, though 12 ENCLOSURES AT SMALLACOMBE. other hut-dwellings in Wales are in their arrangement analogous to some of the Cornish. The plans of early enclosures at Llan- llechid in Carnarvonshire, given in Vol. XII of Archeologia Cambrensis, might almost serve for those of Chysauster or Bodin- nar. Fortified enclosures in the Northumberland moors also have a strong resemblance to those of West Cornwall. There are many rectangular structures, and many not assuming any definite plan in their arrangement, unquestionably to be at- tributed to a very remote period. In fortifications, walls were frequently built in accordance with the natural formation of the ground ; rocks and steep banks were made available as part of the work. In the hut-dwellings, however, there was generally some uniform design. Circular and rectangular walls are some- times found together. A remarkable example of this combination occurs on an estate of Lord Boston, at Penrhos Lligwy, in Angle- sey. It has been most ably described by the Rev. W. Wynn Williams in the 13th Volume of Archeologia Cambrensis. The Bosphrennis hut also has a circular and an cblong chamber ; and traces of ancient angular buildings may be seen in an adjacent croft. Scotland affords examples of early dwellings both rectangular and circular. As an instance of the former, it will be sufficient to refer to the remains of a “Crannog” on the Isle of the Loch of Banchory (see Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. VI, Part I). Of the circular “brough,” or house, of Click- imin, near Lerwick, a plan is given in the Journal of the British Archeological Association, 1866. The builders of circular walls were at the same time acquainted with the advantages of the rectangular plan for certain purposes, as shown by the kistvaens within round barrows. Still, it would appear that, for habitations, the circular was the prevailing form. When the Romans introduced their rectangular work and straight lines, these would, of course, be imitated by the natives in their own rude way of building; and although it cannot be said there were no square buildings in this country when the Romans came, investigation has proved that, as a general rule, it is safer to con- sider the rectangular structures as being erected during, or after, the Roman occupation. The most interesting example of a rude sort of rectangular ENCLOSURES .AT SMALLACOMBE. 13 walling, apparently designed to enclose places of habitation, that I have yet seen in Cornwall, exists at Smallacombe, near the Cheesewring, in the parish of Linkinhorne. In the month of August last, I spent a day in examining these remains, to attempt a description of which has been my object in writing this paper. The locality abounds in primeval antiquities ; and the Cheese- wring Carn itself is the site of an early fortification, of which the ruined walls may yet be traced. On the west side of the Cheese- wring a valley, extending northward, leads away into the moors of Altarnun and Northill. A small stream, a mere rivulet, finds its way along this hollow; and there are numerous evidences of its course having been worked for tin—probably at periods far apart. On the west side of this rivulet, and about two miles from the Cheesewring, at the base of a hill and extending some way up its slope, are the remains of early habitations on the spot known by the name Smallacombe. The enclosed spaces mostly approach to a rectangular form ; but a greater squareness is given to many of the angles by the erection, in more modern times, of structures on and adjoining the old works. This fact is at once apparent ; and any one, even with but slight acquaintance with primeval structures, would see at a glance that there are here the remains of buildings of two different periods. In later times advantage had been taken of the ancient massive walls as excellent foundations on which to raise buildings for some purpose not easy to explain, though pos- sibly as places of abode. The spot is approached on the south, for the length of about 50 yards, by a well paved, or rather flagged, roadway, leading to what appears to have been the principal entrance (A in the plan), which is 6 feet wide, and carried through a wall 12 feet thick, This opens into a space (B) about 20 feet square, protected on the east by a wall now 5 feet high and 12 feet wide; on the north end occur the modern additions * in the form of a chamber (C), 9 feet by 27 feet internally, with walls 2 feet thick, of dry masonry, consisting of small stones built with much care and with some at- ® The black lines in the Plan mark the modern additions to the old work. Cc 14 ENCLOSURES AT SMALLACOMBE. tempt at courses. This walling has much the appearance of that of some of the early chapels in Cornwall. The building also runs east and west; which arrangement, however, may be merely the result of accident. Eastward of, and adjoining this chamber is a cell (D), about 6 feet wide and 9 feet long. Two others (E, F), of the same length, but each only 3 feet in breadth, are joined on to the western end. Northward of the eastern cell, and in continu- ation of its east side, a wall is carried along for the length of 33 feet on the old rampart, and terminates (at G) in another rectan- gular chamber (H), 24 feet by 6 feet. Some parts of the walls of this, with the rectangular chamber and its cells described above, constitute all the more recent work. : Returning to the west of the entrance (A), from which point the ground rises considerably, there is a small cell (1) between walls of immense breadth ; above which an area (K) runs from north to south 22 yards, from east to west 10 yards. This opens into another (L) extending from east to west 30 yards, from north to south 15 yards. Both these enclosures are bounded on the west by a wall from 10 feet to 12 feet thick, and of which internally only the basement stones, rough blocks set on end, remain. Opening into the first of these areas, on the south side, is a gate- way (M), 7 feet wide. To the east of this the wall is continued for about 8 yards; then, turning northernly, it has a projecting cell (N), 6 feet by 3 feet, as if to form a guardroom to the en- trance (A) first described. Outside the great western rampart there appears to have been a narrow pass (O) into the second area (L), and this was covered by another rampart, or kind of outwork (P), of a curved form, and of the extraordinary breadth of 15 feet, carried on northward to protect also the western end of an enclosure (Q), measuring 12 yards from north to south, 20 yards from east to west, of an ir- regular form ; its south wall being a tolerably straight line, the north side curving outwardly. The walling of this enclosure is OUNYL OHLIT 'FMNYT “TIVMNY OD MWS C BULOYUIYUVT JO YSILDYI Ay Up WY XQ ‘39 WNOOVIIVWS 2VSAUNSOTONS 2° NV Id (ah aie esti : ne ENCLOSURES AT SMALLACOMBRE. 15 of a very primitive type. Great blocks were set on end, with smaller stones built in between. In some parts where rocks oc- curred in situ, they were permitted to remain, and the masonry jomed on to them. On the north side, one block of this kind is curiously buttressed by two others placed against it. It appears +y “en [a SERS ri to have been naturally in a leaning position, and was thus sup- ported to bear the weight of superincumbent masonry. North of this enclosure are others, less defined in shape, occu- pying a considerable portion of ground, and known as the Parcs.* About 25 yards from the principal entrance (A), and immedi- ately adjoining the paved way on the east side, are the remains of a dome, or bee-hive, shaped structure (R), the external diameter of the base measuring 15 feet. Its present height is 4 feet, but the upper portion has fallen in. There is nothing to indicate the pur- pose of this building; possibly it may have been raised over a spring, since dried up. This mode of building with stones over- lapping has been found elsewhere in this neighbourhood. Sir Gardner Wilkinson has, in the Keports of this Society, deschibed some as existing on the east and west sides of Brown Willy, and has given figures of them in the Journal of the British Archeological Association. Sir Gardner says: “I am disposed to think them of later date than the hut-circles, and, like those in Ireland, of Christ- “jan time.” This conclusion had been arrived at partly from the excellent condition of the examples which had been examined ; but the overlapping masonry, as a principle in the rude architecture of the times, is to be seen in some of those structures attributed to the earliest period of which we have remains of places formed for habitation. I have, however, seen bee-hive structures of stone, * Pare (Cornish)—field, or enclosure. C2 16 ENCLOSURES AT SMALLACOMBE. built not a hundred years ago, which at first sight might very well be taken for some of the most primitive character. Near the southern extremity of the paved way, on its west side, (at S), are the foundations of a rectangular structure, 12 feet by 18 feet; and others of similar form and dimensions occur on the hill-side still further south. The situation occupied by these remains is not one that would have been chosen for military purposes, as the hill rises rather steeply to the west, thus affording an enemy great advantage in an attack. But the exceedingly great breadth of the walls, on this side in particular, favours the supposition that the place was to some degree fortified; as, for the mere purpose of enclosing spaces, walls one-third the thickness would have done as well. The east wall of the northernmost enclosure (L) presents a curious and unusual section ; internally it is perpendicular masonry, but outside it assumes the appearance of a sloping bank. This would be contrary to military arrangement ; but probably it was covered by the - great east rampart, on which the more modern walls are built, extending farther northward than they do at present. It would appear as if this place of settlement was chosen for some special purpose on this particular spot ; certainly not for a military post, though it was necessary it should be protected ; and the traces of ancient stream-works for tin seem to indicate the nature of the employment of the people. The name ‘“Smallacombe” (the place has also been known as Fageleford) would imply a Saxon cocupation of the valley ; but re- search by digging within the enclosures might supply more satis- factory proofs of the date of the buildings than may be obtained from the present appearance of the walls. . These interesting remains are the joint property of T. S. Bolitho, Esq., and of Richard Foster, Esq. 17 III.—Correspondence (Anno 1700) between the Bishop of Exeter and Mr. Charles Godolphin—From Mr. JONATHAN Coucn, F.LS., &e. Read at the Autumn Meeting, November 22, 1867. HE following letters are characteristic of the times and of the men. The officers of Loe (Looe) referred to appear to have been of the Custom House, who had passed the wine free of duty; and as no tradition refers to the circumstance, it is probable they were not finally dismissed. The writer is evidently very angry. M’ Charles Godolphin “St Had I written my Lord Godolphin w’ I wrote to you I am sure so greate severity had not fal" upon y° officers at Loe as I heare you are now bringing on y”, & y‘ too with such hast & eagernesse as will make y® punishment of y* censure quicker y” y° Justice of y® Tryal. & y* Officer Borlace must be chid for de- priving y™ board one post of y° pleasure of descharging y™ all at once, tho they had not in y* interim time to prepare y™ answers for him. if it be a satisfaction to you to act so hastily as\not to allow me notice & time to make some enquiry (since I heare my name was mention’d by y* informers) much good may it doe you. t’was y® least peice of civility I should have pay’d you in y® same circumstance, & truly much lesse y" I expected from you. how- ever men may fare w' some of y" board y* worse for being my friends, I did not beleive till now my concern for y™ had been wholly insignificant, tho’ you gave me good grounds of doubting w” you blew so hard y° first storm against y™ at y® council board. Had I chosen by applying to favorites, I could before have skreened y*® Loers, & now too from y* hardships. I am not so little with some persons but y* I could have obtain’d y‘ from y™ w% T hop’d to get more easily by y* friendship ; but I neither did nor will apply to y™ but wil either receive no favor or from c3 18 CORRESPONDENCE.—ANNO 1700. such persons whose honb' principles to y™ country & church makes it also an honor to receive y™. I thanke God I long for no kindnesses y' bring a blush w'* y™, & will not think of getting anything for my services to my Country til I see honest men true to y° interest of these-Kgdoms & Government, & none else en- courag’d. I did not at first offer myself & my family, my interest everywhere to my L* Godolphin as a person y* really wanted or ambitiously courted so greate & so sure adependance. I have no expectations to gratify, & wil have no dependance, but w* I think fit for a man of just honor to own. I devoted myself to his Lor? becaus I found him to be a person of greate wisdom & integrity, & y' as to y® public our principles suited tho’ our fortunes & stations did not. I was as humbly his L’* servant w" he was no minister, as I can be now he is, & I hope wil be for y* K’gdom’s sake these fifty years. but I ask nothing of him, or anybody for myself my whole aime is & has been to serve my Country by serving y® onely greate y' is those who are truly good without pro- posing to myself greatenesse or advantage by y™ my expence is without end, my trouble infinite, & y"fore I can’t but look on it as very hard to find my labors expence & pains meet nothing but slights & contempts, nay w is worse persons hated for being my friends, & discharged for ever from all businesse for designing upon y* prospect of y® war breaking out to offer six hogsheads of wine to me & to my 2 bro™ & to lodge y™ in y*® merchants cellar openly till they could see whither we could get y® boards leave to accept at y® first price without paying such exorbitant duty for such a trifle as y‘ is, it being to be spent in our own houses. Lord w' a greate bribe in y® state to have granted me y* Maj’ Gen' & Brig" 6 hogsheads of wine Custom free! there were I heare more, but they were all proffer’d to other Country gentlemen on y* same terms who are likewise of y* parl™. if I mistake not I may be law claime 2 tuns custom free for y® use of my own hous, yet as soon as [ heard it I declar’d y* | would have nothing to doe w' y® wine, & while my bro™ & y® gentlemens answer was getting y° inform- ation was made. heares y® greate cheate designed by these ignorant fellows who thought we had interest enough, & likewise y* we would have us it for getting such a vast sum w by y® concern you expresse seems indeed such as would have ruin’d all our under- takings ; but now you have brought this greate Cargoe to an entry CORRESPONDENCE.—ANNO 1700. 19 surely y° war may goe on. had we any Guynns in our port they had gone off w'* 10,000 of y* spoyls of his Country in his pocket. where was y’ Zeale in prosecuting him; who tho’ mark’d by y° parlm’ & turnd over to a tryal yet I heare was acquitted w™ y° honor of being vewatiously & maliciously prosecuted. but at last you are pleas’d to sugar all up w™ a complement y* I may name other men but I love my friends too well to have y™ known to be such, & so to be immediately removd. if there can be no other favor for these men upon this mistake y‘ they thought we had greater interest y" we have, pray consult w™ you please for y® re- commending others in y*™ places who if they are disaffected at y° bottom to y® government & y® church wil be sure to sit y* longer there, because they’l find friends enough to help y™ out upon worse occasions. these men have so much increas’d y* Kings revenue as might plead for y™ were they not guilty of yt un- pardonable crime of being my friends. this is an extraordinary stroak for y’ Nephew at Loe, & an Infallible way to get him y* concurrence of all y® gentlemen of y*® County, w® six at least & perhaps not y° meanest of it could not get pardon for y® folloy rather y" y°® design’d fraud of y* Officers. Tam Y humble Serv* A, 1h, (N.B. Of course JONATHAN EXereEn). London, 15 Feb’ 1702. My Lord, Yo' Loedp* of the 8 came not to my hands till after the Warrant was signed at the Treasury for supplying the vacancys at Looe by the persons I mentioned in my former letter; one of these that is, Paxton the same whom yo" Ldp was pleased yo’ self to recom’end to M* Strongs Succession, and the other, that is 20 CORRESPONDENCE.—ANNO 1700. Gillard mentioned to our Bord for severall yeares last past by a Gentleman, who I had reason to believe would no more propose any body for an employment at Looe that he thought was unac- ceptable to yot Ldp than I should myself, and therfore, my Lord, you must allow me to thinke my self very unfortunate, that when I was contriving to obliege you, it should prove to yo' dissatis- faction. I must call it my contrivance, for [ was not spoke to for Gillard upon this occasion, and that you may be fully satis- fyed of this I am no longer concernd for him nor what becomes of him,—the rather because the day after this remove was ob- tayned and when I am sure it was impossible for him to know that any thing of that kind was intended, at least by me, I re- ceived a letter from him signifying his desire to return to his family till some opportunity should offer for his being employed nearer home and proposeing to quit his employment in the west in favour of a particular person whom he named, and who ought to miss it, as he has done, because I doubt Gillard was to have had some consideration for the surrender. I shall doe my self the honour to wayte upon yo" Ldp as soon as you come to town to give you all the demonstrations in my power that you have a most faithfull humble Serv‘ in C. GODOLPHIN. IV.—Charter of Queen Elizabeth to the Hospital of St. Lawrence de Ponteboy, Bodmin, A.D. 1582. PATENT ROLL 25 ELIZABETH, PART 9, DE CONCESSIONE SIBI ET SUCCESSORIBUS PRO MAGISTRO, GUBERNATORE, FRATRIBUS ET SORORIBUS HOSPITALIS ELIZABETHE REGINE, SANOTI LAURENCII DE PonTEBOY IN ComrratTu Cor- NUBIE. LIZABETH, &c. knowe yee that We, of our especiall grace, certen knowledge, and mere mocion, consideringe howe godly a thinge it is to releave the poore and such as are nedye, and especyally such as the hand of God hath visited with sicknes, in such sorte as without greate daunger to other of our subjectes they may not conveniently procure and gett there livelyhood ; and beinge enformed that at a place called St. Lawrence de Pont- boy, in the parish of Bodman, in our county of Cornewell, there hath bene of longe tyme a greate company of lazer people estemed by the name of pryor and brethren and systers, but never by us or any of our progenitors so incorporate ;* and whereas dyverse persons of their charitable disposition have gyven unto the said leprous people dyverse landes and tenements by that name of cor- poracion, which they of longe tyme by cullour thereof enjoyed, and at this present therby mainteine the nomber of six and thirty leprouse people, to the great availe of all our subjectes inhabitinge theraboutes within our said County of Cornewell, We, to the end the said charitable acte may remaine inviolate and may not be de- feated hereafter, but suche number of leprous people mainteined as heretofore hath byn, of our grace especiall, certeine knowledge, and mere mocion, for us, our heires and successors, doe gyve and * Lysons observes that they are called by that name in a deed bearing date 29 Hen. VIII. Magna Brit., Cornwall, p. 36. De CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. zraunt, and do by these presents notify and declare, that our will and intent is that the said lazer people, and all other which frome henceforthe shalbe in the said house called St. Lawrence de Pont- boye in Bodman, shalbe called and knowen by the name of the Hospitall or Almeshouse of Elizabeth, Quene of England, of St. Lawrence de Ponteboy in the parishe of Bodman, and shall frome henceforthe for ever be and consiste of a Maister or Governor, and nyne and thyrtye poore men and women beinge leprous people ; and we doe furder graunte for us, our heires and succes- sors unto the said lazer people that they shalbe incorporate and made a body corporate for ever by the name of Maister or Governour, and the brethren and sisters of the said Hospitall, and to remaine and continue one bodye by that name incorporate for ever, and by that name shall and maye sue and be sued, and otherwise doe, performe and receyve all and everye other thinge that any bodye corporate maye doe, performe or receyve ; and also knowe ye that we have nominated, elected, and appoynted one Lewis Shessell to be the present and first Maister or Governour there, and that the rest of the poore people that are at this presente in and of the same laser howse shalbe the firste brethren and sisters there. And furder our will and plesure is that it shall frome tyme to time be in the free eleccion of the Maister or Governour, brethren, and sisters, lyvinge or remayninge, or of the moste parte of them, to make choise or eleccion frome tyme to tyme, as often as any of the brethren and sisters shall dye or de- parte the said Hospitall, to elect and chuse others in the place or steed of the person or persons soe dyenge and departinge the said Hospitall, to be of their corporacion and fellowship, so that the full nomber of fortye, and no more, be there contynuenge ; and likewise upon the death or departure of every Master or Gover- nour of the said Hospitall, that the brethren and sisters, or the moste parte of them remayninge, shall frome tyme to tyme make choyse of a newe Maister or Governour, and that suche choyse shall remayne good and stable, and the person so by them or the moste parte of them elected shalbe and continewe their Maister and Governour. And also the said Maister, brethren, and sisters shall twise every daye assemble themselves together and use suche prayers as are nowe appointed in the Churche of England, and shall in their said prayers pray for the prosperous estaite of us, bo oe) CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. our heires and successors. And furder we, of our especiall grace certen knowledge, and mere mocion, for us, our heires and sueces- sors, do graunt and confirme unto the said Maister or Governour, brethren and sisters of Elizabeth, Quene of England, of St. Law- rence de Ponteboye in Cornewall, and to their successors, all that the mansyon howse de Ponteboy, alias St. Lawrence de Ponte- boye, wherein the said lazer people nowe dwell, with thre farthinges land and twoe mylles, parcell of the possessyons nowe or lately belonginge, or reputed to be belonginge to the said lazer howse, wherof the one is scituate nere unto Benduye, with all water courses, leetes, libertyes and hereditamentes to the said mansion house, mylles and landes in any wise belonginge or apperteyninge ; and also we, of our especiall grace, certaine knowledge, and meer mocion, doe furder gyve and graunt unto the said Master and Governor, brethren and sisters and to their successors, all that one farthinge land with all his rightes, members, and appurtenances which the said Hospitall sometime held of one Symon the sonne of one John Alcred, scituate, lyenge, and beinge in St. Lawrence aforesaid nere unto the said Hospitall, and which were lately also parcell or reputed parcell of the possessyons belonginge to the said lazer house, and one Faire to be kepte in a feild adioyninge to the said Hospitall, called the Faire feild or Faire close, and in other convenient places adjoyninge to the said Hospitall, lyenge without the towne of Bodman in the said County of Cornewall, everye yere for ever, to be kepte at the feaste of St. Lawrence by the space of thre dayes, that is to saye, on St. Lawrence eve, St. Lawrence day, and the morowe upon St. Lawrence daye, With all courtes of pypowders, proffitts, commodityes, incidents and ad- vantages whatsoever to the said faire belonginge or appertaninge, or cominge, risinge or happening, for or by reason of the same.* And furdermore we, of our especiall grace, certen knowledg and meer mocion, for us, our heires and successors, do gyve and graunte by thes presents unto the said Master or Governor, breth- * Lysons states that James I, a few months after his accession, granted to the Hospital a weekly market on Wednesdays, and an annual fair, with a court of piepowder, onthe festival of St. Luke. The market has been long discontinued, but the fair, for cattle, &e., held August 21, is still kept up; there is also another fair for cattle, at St. Lawrence, October 29 and 30. Magna Brit., Cornwall, p. 36. 24 CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. ren and sisters and their successors, all those twoe tenements and one garden with thappurtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, here-_ tofore also parcell or reputed as parcell of the possessions belong- inge to the said lazer howse, and are scituate, lyenge and beinge between the tenements of the heires of one John Beare, late of Pengelly deceased, of the northe parte, the greate ryver on the southe parte, and the moore of the heires of the said John Beare on the weste side, and the Quenes highway on the easte side, sometime in the tenure of one John Averye or of his assignes ; and also all the mill of Pendewaye with the beade to the said myll belonginge, together with a smalle pece of enclosed land which lyeth betwene the water which descendeth from the said mill towardes the great water, on the North side, and the greate rocke where the water issuethe from the beade of the said mayll, and extendeth downewardes towardes the greate water, on the Southe parte, heretofore also parcell, or reputed as parcell of the possessyons of the said lazer howse, and sometime in the tenure of one Thomas Trote or of his assignes; and also all thos twoe griste mylles, and one mesuage with thappurtenaunces in St. Law- rence aforesaid, late parcell also, or reputed as parcell of the pos- sessyons of the said lazer howse, nowe in the tenure or occupacion of one John Balhatchett, Richard his wife,* and one James Sturgin, or of some or one of them, or of their or some or one of their assignes ; and also all that one mesuage and garden with thappurtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, late parcell also, or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, now, or of late, in the tenure or occupacion of Thomas Cleise, Christian his wife, and Thomas Cleise their sonne, or of some or one of them, or of their some or one of their assignes ; and also that one howse and a garden in St. Lawrence afforesaid, late also parcell or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, which Raife Cleise now or late held at the will of the said leprous people ; and also that one howse, and a garden in St. Lawrence aforesaid, late parcell or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, which one Alice Greybin now, or of late held of the said Hospitall at will; and also all that mesuage with * Sic in the original. CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. 25 all and singuler his rightes, members, and appurtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, late parcell or reputed as parcell of the pos- sessions of the said lazer howse, nowe or of late in the tenure of John Lowe; and also all that one mesuage or tenement, with all his rightes, members, and appurtenances in St. Lawrence afore- said, late also parcell, or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, nowe, or late in the tenure of Richard Jenkin at the will of the said Hospitall ; and also all that one mesuage or tenement in St. Lawrence aforesaid with all his rightes, mem- bers, and appurtenances late also parcell, or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, now, or of late in the tenure or occupacion of William Rawe at the will of the said Hospitall ; and also all that one mesuage or tenement with his ap- purtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, late also parcell, or reputed as parcell of the possessyons of the same lazer howse, now, or of late in the tenure, manurance, and occupacion of one John Kember at the will of the said Hospitall; and all that one mesuage or tenemente with his appurtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, late also parcell, or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, now, or of late in the tenure, manurance, or occupa- cion of one John Renawden at the will of the said Hospitall ; and also all that one chamber with his appurtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, parcell also or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, nowe or of late in the tenure or occupacion of one Peter Nicholas, at the will of the said Hospitall; and all that one howse or mesuage in St. Lawrence aforesaid late also parcell or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, now, or of late in the tenure of one Richard Piper at the will of the said Hospital ; and also all that one tenement with his appurtenances in St. Lawrence aforesaid, late also parcell or re- puted as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, now, or of late in the tenure, manurance, or occupacion of one Johan Garland, widowe, at the will of the said Hospitall; and also all that one tenement with thappurtenances in Bodman aforesaid, late also parcell or reputed as parcell of the possessions of the said lazer howse, now, or of late in the tenure or occupacion of one Walter Hooper, at the will of the said Hospitall; and also all that annuall or yerely rent of twoe shillinges and eighte pence, yssuinge and goinge out of the landes and tenementes in St. Tin- 26 CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. gelly,* now, or of late in the occupacion of Benedict Harry, late also beinge parcell, or reputed as parcell of the enheritance of the said lazer howse; to have and to hold all and singuler the said mansion howse, landes, tenementes, and hereditaments, mylles, faires, rents, revercions and services, and also all and simguler other the premisses, with the appurtenances, and everye parte aud parcell therof, unto the said Master or Governor, brethren and sisters, of Elizabeth, Quene of England, of St. Lawrence de Ponte- boye in Cornewall, and to their successors for ever, to the onely proper use and behoofe of the said Master, Governor, brethren and sisters, and their successors for ever, to be holden of us our heires and successors, as of our duchy of Cornewall, in free socage, and not in capite, by fealtye only, and suche yearly rents as here- tofore have bene answered and payed for the same premisses or any parte therof, for all manner of services and demaundes ; and we doe nevertheles ordeyne, will, and straightely command the said Master or Governor, brethren, and sisters of the said Hospitall, and their successors, that they, and their successors for ever shall provide and mainteme a good and convenient minister to say the divine service now used within the Churche of England, within the Chappell of the said lazer howse, and to minister the sacra- ments there, as heretofore in her majestyes tyme the same hathe moste commonly bene used. Provided alwaies neverthelesse, if at any tyme hereafter any controversy or suite shall happen to growe or be betwene the said Master or Governor, brethren and sisters of the said Hospitall, and any other person or persons, for, touch- inge or concerninge any lease, or leases, estate or estates, hereto- fore maid, or pretended to be made, of any of the premises before by these presents graunted unto the said Master or Governor, brethren or sisters of the said Hospitall, and that informacion thereof be gyven, or complaint thereof made to the Lord Tresorer of England and the Chauncellor of the Exchequer, for the tyme beinge, if therupon the said Master or Governor, brethren and sisters of the said Hospitall, do not from time to time stand to ob- * Mr. T. Q. Couch, of Bodmin, informs us that St. Tingelly is an estate near St. Lawrence, now called Stephengelly; and that he has seen several old entries in an account book, in which the name is St. Gelly. St. Lawrence (Mr. Couch adds) receives nothing now from St. Tingelly; but a small conventionary rent is paid by it to the manor of Rialton. CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. 27 serve, performe and keep such order and direccion as shall in that behalfe be made, taken, or sett downe by the same Lord Tresorer of England, and Chauncellor of the Exchequer, for the tyme beinge, that then, and frome thenceforthe, thes our letters patents for and concerninge onely suche parte of the premises for the which the same order and direccion shall not be observed, performed or kepte, shalbe utterly void and of none effecte, anythinge before in thes presents conteyned to the contrary not- withstandinge. In witnes wherof, &c., Witnesse our selfe at Westminster, the ninthe daye of Marche. [A.p. 1582.] Per breve de privato sigillo, &e. THE foregoing Charter, or Letters Patent, has been already referred to by Professor Babington in an interesting notice of the Lazar House of St. Laurence de Ponteboy, in Cornwall, printed in the Journal of the Cambrian Archeological Association, vol. ix., third series, p. 177. At the time of that publication, the writer had not found the original charter of incorporation, nor seen the enrolment of it in he Patent Rolls, of which the foregoing is a verbatim copy. We are indebted to’ Mr. Burtt for his Galena as- sistance in making search at the Record Office for the document, which we have thus been enabled to bring before our readers. The present affords a favorable opportunity of offering some ob- servations on this ancient charity, and adverting to some\other documents connected with its history and its subsequent dissolu- tion in 1810. Dr. Oliver, Monast. Dioc. Exon., p. 15, in a general notice of Chapels and Hospitals that existed in Bodmin, observes—“S. Laurence, of this house even Tanner knew little more than Le- land, who calls it ‘a pore hospital or lazar-house beyond the bridge, about a mile,’ dedicated to S. Laurence.* Bishop Stafford, on * Leland, Itin., vol. ii, £. 77. Compare also vol. iii, f.2. ‘From Bod- myn to 8. Laurence, wher a poor Hospital or Lazar House is, about a Mile. Here I passid over a Stone Bridge, and under it rennith a praty Broke that cummith out of the Hylles from ‘South Kste,” &e. A marginal note supplies the following evidence of a benefactor to the Hospital :—‘‘ One of the Pever- ‘ells gave a little Annuite onto this House.” The Peverels were the founders of the Grey Friars’ Monastery, Bodmin. 28 CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. Oct. 11, 1395, granted an indulgence ‘ad sustentacionem pauperum leprosorum Sancti Laurencii juxta Bodminiam.’ Again, in Lacy’s Register, vol. iii, fol. 125, March 5, 1435, is a similar indulgence to S. Laurence.” These appear to be the earliest notices of the Hospital. No other record of its existence has come to my know- ledge previously to that which is to be found on the certificates of colleges, hospitals, chantries, free chapels, &c., in the counties of England and Wales. An abridged copy of those relating to Corn- wall and Devon is inserted in the Supplement to Dr. Oliver’s Monasticon of the Diocese of Exeter, p. 483, under the head of “Chantry Rolls.” The abstract, furnished at my request by my friend Mr. Cole, then one of the assistant keepers of public re- records at Carlton Ride, was supplied to Dr. Oliver as a contribu- tion to his important edition of the Monasticon of that diocese. The name of the founder in that report is left in blank, and that blank has never been supplied. At the date of the report (about 37 Henry VIII), the charity is said to be for the maintenance of ‘nineteen Lazare peple, tow hole men, tow hole women, and one pryste, to mynystre unto them in a chappell adjoyning to the sayd hospital not farre distant from the paryshe churche ;” the yearly value of the possessions is there stated to be £4. 14s. 14d., and the value of the ornaments, jewels, plate, goods, and “ catalls,” to be 30s. The next instrument is the above Charter of Elizabeth. It recites the existence for a long time past of a great company of lazar people by the name of “ Prior, brethren, and sisters,” at the place called St. Lawrence de Pontboy, in the parish of “ Bodman,” who had never theretofore been incorporated by the Queen or her progenitors. The Charter then declares them to be a corporation by the name of the Hospital or Almshouse of Elizabeth Queen of England of St. Lawrence de “ Ponteboy” in the parish of “ Bod- man.” The number of lepers at the time of the charter is stated to be 36. By the new incorporation, the style of the body is to be “the master or governor, brethren, and sisters” of the Hospital, and there are to be in all forty persons ;—viz., 39 “poor men and women, leprous people,” and the master. The brethren are to be elected by the general body, and the master by the brethren and sisters. All the late possessions of the body specified therein are granted to the new body, to have and to hold to them and their CHARTER, ST, LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. 29 successors for ever, of the Queen, her heirs and successors, “as of her Duchy of Cornwall—in free socage and not in capite.” The choice of a minister to perform divine service in the chapel is vested in the new body. For the results of this new incorporation, we have to obtain information from the proceedings in the Court of Chancery re- ferred to in the memoir by Professor Babington. The original proceedings, and the decree, are among the records of that Court, but the official copies of the decree, and other orders of the Court, in the possession of the local authorities at Truro, are no doubt authentic, and may be safely relied upon ; and these testify that, at the date of the final order and decree, the whole estab- lishment had degenerated into a disorderly pauper asylum, under no control, self-elected, and retaining no vestige of the original scope and object of the charity, as administered either before or under the charter of Elizabeth. The proceedings before the Master in Chancery show that there was not a single member of the body having any right or title to admission into the Hospital. The practice had been to sell annuities for lives, make leases, and grant undivided shares in the property and profits, to any one who was disposed to buy, and without the slightest apparent regard to the intention of the charity. The final decree annuls and cancels all the outstanding grants of this irregular character, and the charity in effect became extinct and incapable of re-establishment, for want of a full complement of leprous patients, and a competent elective body. Tn the suits pending in Chancery, the object of the gentlemen who, in the name of the Attorney-General, instituted the pro- ceedings, in 1803, was to obtain a transfer of the property to a hospital then lately established at Truro and supported only by voluntary contributions, and which had no special reference to leprosy or any one class of disorders. On the other hand, it was contended that if the charity had wholly failed in its object, the corporation was in effect dissolved, and consequently its possessions had relapsed to the representatives of the original founders (if any could be found), or escheated to the Crown, or to the Duchy of Cornwall,—inasmuch as the tenure in the above charter is of the Crown in right of the duchy, then vested in the Crown. With regard to the duchy right (which, in D 30 CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. the event of an escheat, would have been supported by the lan- guage of the charter), the Prince was made a party to the suit, and notified his personal assent to the scheme ultimately sanctioned by the Court. This “scheme” adopted partially the proposal of the gentlemen who had promoted the suit; but, in conformity with the principle of cy pres, that is, of adhering, as nearly as possible, to the general intent of the founders, the Court exacted from the Managers of the County Hospital, as a condition of the transfer, an engagement to receive any patient of the class con- templated by them—namely, leprous patients. The words of the engagement were “that all leprous persons that may offer them- selves for that purpose, shall (without any recommendation of a Governor) be admitted into the infirmary in preference to any other cases, and provided with proper treatment and accommoda- tion in the infirmary, so long as their disorder may require.”—— 13th August, 1810. It is remarkable that, shortly after the publication of Professor Babington’s notice, an application was actually made by an emi- nent living surgeon to the officers of the infirmary to receive such a case of leprosy. I only mention this incident, because I heard a friend and member of the Institute refer to it as a proof of the value of archeological inquiries. ‘The application was, in fact, suggested aliunde. Let me add a word on the name of the original site of this Hospital. It lies at a short distance to the west of the church and town of Bodmin. A stream runs through the village or site of St. Laurence into the larger river that flows down to Padstow. The documents of the Hospital show that there were several mills belonging to it. Mr. Babington reads the name on the seal as ““Penpoy,” and sees in it a latent Cornish meaning, which he pre- fers to the reading in the charter. I suspect the seal, if rightly read, to be a blunder of the seal engraver, and that a wooden bridge at St. Laurence may have given name to the site of the ‘“‘Mansyon howse de Ponteboy,” as Twiwood, or Twyvel-wood,* * As this Paper has been passing through the Press, I have availed myself of an opportunity of examining, at the Registrar’s Office, Truro, the Map of Liskeard, and annexed Schedule of Lands, prepared, some 25 years ago, for the Commissioners appointed to ascertain Duchy Boundaries. Doublebois is there called ‘* Doubleboys otherwise Twyvelwood”; and, having much faith in Mr. McLauchlan’s accuracy, I think the latter reading is probably correct.—Martin’s Map calls it ‘‘ Twilwood.”—H. 8. CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. ol between Bodmin and Liskeard has given the name of “ Doublebois” to the Railway Station at that place. My Cornish friends in those parts feel no difficulty about this designation ; and though I cannot undertake to say whether they will now see a bridge of wood, I think that if, on their next visit to Cornwall, my Cambro- British friends would bend their steps to the pretty bridge and beautiful woods of Dunmear and Pencarrow, they will at least thank me for having suggested so pleasant a stroll on a summer's evening. EDWARD SMIRKE. By the courtesy of the Cambrian Archeological Association we are enabled to place before our readers a representation of the seal of the dissolved Hospital of St. Laurence de Ponteboy, first published in their Journal in 1863.* The existence of the matrix appears to have been forgotten until the meeting of that Society in Cornwall in 1862; during a visit to Bodmin on that occasion the seal was shown in the Guildhall. Professor Babington, in his memoir before cited, observes that it is well deserving of a place in some permanent museum, and such suitable depository might, as we believe, be found either at Truro or Penzance. He remarks that the seal is apparently the most ancient proof of the existence of the Hospital that is extant ; the entries in the bishops’ registers at Exeter, previously mentioned, had escaped his notice whilst compiling his interestnmg memoir. The matrix, as he supposes, was probably made in the fifteenth century, and even perhaps not long before the year 1500. We entirely agree in the condlusion expressed by our friend that the seal at the first aspect seems much older than that period ; and, whilst admitting the possibility that its somewhat unartistic design may have been due, in some degree, to its having been executed by some provincial workman in a remote district,t the fashion of the lettering, with certain other * Archeologia Cambrensis, vol. ix., third series, p. 177. j As further examples of old seals, unskilfully reproduced in a move modern matrix, the reader may be referred to the present seals of Helston and St. Ives, and the lost seal of the Deanery of St. Burian, in Cornwall; Wells, in Somerset; Bideford (bridge trustees), in Devon; Wokingham, in Berks; &¢., &c. The very grotesqne seal of West Looe, called in more formal documents Porthpigham, or Portbigham (Cornub. “‘ Lesser port”), ia Cornwall, is also clearly of this character, and affords a like instance of a varia- tion in the spelling of the name, which is therein spelt ‘‘ Portuan.”—H. 8. D 2 32 CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. details, seems to suggest the inference that the seal may have been _ copied from amore ancient matrix. The device, as will be seen Seal of the Hospital of St. Laurence of Penpoy, or Ponteboy, Bodmin. Original size. by the woodcut, is a figure of St. Laurence, holding a gridiron, ‘and the Book of the Gospels, appropriate to his office of deacon. A cusped and crocketed canopy appears ‘over the figure, and be- neath is a small distorted figure kneeling in prayer. The legend is S+ SCL: LAVRENCIL BODMONS DE: PENPOY.* The name Pen- poy, as Professor Babington has truly pointed out, has a much more Cornish appearance than its form of Ponteboy,f in the Patent of Queen Elizabeth. He expresses the hope, in which we fully accord, that our Cornish friends may investigate the different * The name of the place, it will be observed, has a mark of contraction over the last letter. It has been suggested that the word may perhaps be read Bodmonensis, in extenso. Mr. Smirke, however, proposes to read— Bodmonis.—The name was written with very arbitrary variation in spelling. The earliest form seems to have been Bodmon; we find Bodman, and Bod- minian, frequently, and also Bodenham, even at a late time.—A. W. + My. Couch writes: ‘I have made enquiries for the word Penpoy, which wag afterwards Normanized into Pontebois ; but both names are now dead.” CHARTER, ST. LAWRENCE DE PONTEBOY. 33 forms of the name, and give us some explanation of the anomaly in the changes that it seems to have undergone. I may notice, in conclusion, that the seal, as I am informed by Mr. Smirke, had been given by Lysons in the Supplementary Plates of Cornish Seals, rarely found in copies of the Magna Britannia. Its repetition (from the original), through the kind- ness of the Cambrian Association and of our friend Professor Babington, cannot fail to prove acceptable. I would also acknow- ledge my obligations to R. Bray, Esq., Town Clerk of Bodmin, and to Mr. Couch, of Bodmin, for an impression from the matrix. ALBERT WAY. b4 V.—Some Account of the Discovery of a Gold Cup in a Barrow in Cornwall, A.D. 1837.—By Epwarp Smirke, Vice-Warden of the Stannaries.* i gives me great pleasure to avail myself of the gracious per- mission of Her Majesty, and of His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall, to submit to the inspection of this Society a remark- able cup of gold which was disinterred from a barrow or tumulus of earth, as long ago as the spring of 1837, on the waste of the Duchy manor of Rillaton, in Cornwall. I have a perfect recollection of the discovery, having been at that time in frequent communication with certain officers of the Duchy, who kindly described to me the circumstances under which the cup was found. IT have since also personally received from one of those officers, Mr. George Freeth, of Duporth, in Cornwall, a full confirmation, from his own knowledge, of the contemporaneous statement of the then mineral agent of the Duchy, Mr. Colenso, who was instructed by the late auditor, Sir George Harrison, to make careful inquiries on the spot and to embody the result in a written statement of facts. The information so obtained is entirely worthy of reliance. It was contained in three letters written on the 10th, 19th, and 20th of May, 1837, of which this paper may be taken as a fair abstract. Shortly before that time, some labourers, in search of stone for building an engine-house on a mine on the manor, thought they could more easily obtain some from a large mound of earth and stones which had been standing from time immemorial, with three others, on a part of the moor about half a mile from the well-known masses of granite locally called the ‘“‘ Cheese-wring.” The mound or barrow was about thirty yards in diameter. * Reprinted from the Archeological Journal, by permission of the Royal Archeological Institute. ' DISCOVERY OF A GOLD CUP IN CORNWALL. 35 After removing part of the superincumbent earth and stones, they came upon a vault or cist of rough masonry forming an oblong four-sided cavity, consisting of three vertical stones on each of the longer sides, of one stone at each end, a large flat one below, and a large flat covering stone above. The length of the whole vault was 8 ft., the breadth 34 ft., and the height about 3 ft. None of these granite blocks had any visible tool-mark on them; but they were regularly arranged, the upper stone bemg about 5 ft. below the surface of the mound. The vault extended in length from N.N.E. to $.8.W. In the opinion of Mr. Colenso, the mound had been already disturbed, and the central part of it had been thereby somewhat depressed ; but I do not understand from this that the vault or cist itself had been apparently dis- turbed ; on the contrary, a sketch by Mr. Freeth represents both the horizontal and vertical stones as in their proper position. At the northern end of the vault were found human remains, consisting of the crumbling portions of a skull and other bones almost pulverised. Within the vault, and about 34 ft. from this north end, were found two vessels lying near each other, one being of earthenware, the other and smaller one being the gold cup before us. When first observed, there was a small flat stone, about 16 in. square, leaning diagonally against the inner west side of the cist, apparently (as my informant suggests) for protection of the vessels, of which the earthen vessel was unfortunately broken by the tool used in disengaging it from this stone. \ Mr. Colenso states in his letter that the earthen vase must, in his opinion, originally have contained the gold one, which pro- bably fell out of it when the larger earthen one was broken ; but neither he nor Mr. Freeth saw the two in sitw in the vault; so that the opinion was founded on the description of it by the workmen. Some other articles were also found in the cist, and were sent up to London with the cup, but they are not now forthcoming, This is to be regretted; for, on the old principle of “ noscitur a socio,” these other relics, found in company with the cup, might have thrown light on the age or date of the cup. They were how- ever seen by Mr. Freeth, now the only attesting witness of their nature and aspect. They were sent up in four packages or boxes, 36 DISCOVERY OF A GOLD CUP IN CORNWALL. containing the following articles, as described in the letter accom- panying them, viz., portions of the fictile vessel called by the writer the “urn”; a small bit of “ornamental earthen ware” ; something like a metallic “rivet” ; and other undescribed articles, as well as small portions of the human bones already mentioned. With these were also enclosed what remained of a spear-head or sword blade, which was about 10 in. long when first seen in the vault, but was afterwards broken by removal. The cup was forthwith sent to King William IV by Sir George Harrison; but the demise of his Majesty within a week or two afterwards will sufficiently account for the temporary disappear- ance of the treasure. In all probability the contents of the boxes were not sent to the Palace with the cup. Sir George himself did not long survive, and my friend Mr. Freeth’s memory is now the sole depository of the secret of those lost relics. He speaks of them with a natural distrust of his recollection after an interval of thirty years, and in relation to objects at that time, in them- selves, of little ostensible interest. He remembers the fragments of metal, and of the blade; and also the fragments of pottery, of a “reddish brown” color; and he has some recollection of some pieces of ivory, and of a few glass beads. Such is all that I can offer to supply the place of the miscel- laneous contents of the cist, other than the cup, which has alone been preserved for our gratification and instruction. In order further to identify this cup, you will bear in mind the accession of our Queen, and her subsequent marriage,—events of such engrossing importance as to leave little room for thought or inquiries about the cup. It is easy to understand that the dis- cernment of the Prince Consort distinguished this golden spoil, at a subsequent period, from other royal plate. The record of its finding was brought to light and annexed to the relic ; and it now has its place of deposit, at the wish of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, in the Swiss Cottage of the Queen at Osborne. This highly curious cup,—so far as I am aware, unique,— measures in height 34 in.; diameter at the mouth 32 in.; at the widest part of the bowl 3} in. The handle measures 1} in. by in., greatest width. The weight of the cup is 2 oz. 10 dwts. ; its bullion value about £10. The handle, which has been a little erushed, is attached by six little rivets, three at the top and three DISCOVERY OF A GOLD CUP IN CORNWALL. 37 at the bottom, secured by small lozenge-shaped nuts or collars. This appendage, it should be observed, seems, at least in its present state, fit only for means of suspension, barely affording sufficient space for the smallest finger to be passed through it. Indeed, the cup does not stand firmly on its base, and I have doubts whether it was intended to do so. On the bottom of the cup there are concentric ribs or corrugations, like those on the rest of it, around a little central knob about } in. in diameter. Thus the corrugated fashion of work extends over the entire sur- face. The prevalence of this corrugation in early gold ornaments may have been caused by some constructive advantage ; as we see in the frequent use, in our own times, of thin wavy sheets of metal for temporary and other buildings, whereby a greater degree of strength is obtained with economy of metal. This, in objects of gold, would of course be a cogent consideration. With regard to the mode of manufacture of such a cup I have had the advantage of obtaining the valuable opinion of Messrs. Garrard, who carefully examined and weighed it. They found in it no sign of solder, nor any rivet used except for attaching the handle ; and they considered that a like cup, of the same material, might be produced without difficulty out of a single flat lamina of thin gold, hammered or beaten into a similar form. They recognised it as belonging to a type of Scandinavian antiquities that had occasionally been brought under their notice. I mention this because some practical gentlemen, to whom I showed it last summer, considered the workmanship to be of a character which it would not be easy to reproduce without a mould. Since the re-discovery of this very remarkable treasure-trove, I have looked in vain-for any like cup, of the same material, to which so early a date can be assigned (at least since the well- known prize won by the valiant “Carodac!”); and have been kindly aided in my search by friends more learned than myself in the history of such art. Mr. Way has pointed out to my notice a cup of amber, of a character not dissimilar, found near Brighton several years ago. It was found in connection with remains of a so-called Keltic character, and is figured in the Sussex Archawo- logical Transactions, ‘and also in the Archeological Journal, vol. xv, p. 90. The small handle has some resemblance to that of the present cup, but the material distinguishes the two. The general 38 DISCOVERY OF A GOLD CUP IN CORNWALL. outline or form of the gold cup is by no means rare, and might find a type in more than one period of early art, especially in fictile ware. I observed several such earthenware vases from Boulogne in the late Paris Exhibition, in the inner circle, which _ might pass for fac-similes of the present cup (except the handle), with like annular horizontal undulations of the surface. There is an armlet, found in Lincolnshire,* which, both in respect of material and of workmanship, might be a counterpart of the cup, but for its application to the purposes of a personal ornament, instead of a cup. Indeed the corrugation of thin gold seems to be a mode of metallurgy that has been resorted to in various analogous objects in that metal, which have been referred to as early, or Keltic, manufacture, quite unconnected with Phe- nician, Roman, or Saxon work. We have an example in the gold corslet found at Mold, in Flintshire, which is now in the British Museum,t together with some other small portions of like suleated, or punched lamine of gold in the same glass case with the corslet. The diadems, or gorgets, of gold, figured in Sir W. R. Wilde’s Catalogue of the Gold Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Trish Academy,< also afford examples of a like treatment of gold laminze for the purposes either of ornament or of increased strength. For the latter purpose, those who have observed the growth of shells of deep-sea mollusks, must recollect how often the like purpose of protecting their brittle envelopes seems to be effected by annular folds or corrugations of the outer material. But I will not further pursue this consideration, in the hope that my friend, Mr. Way, who can speak ex tripode archwologico on the subject of English gold-finds, may be tempted to give us the benefit of his own observations in subsidium to the present im- perfect references. One of the letters of Mr. Colenso above referred to, calls the attention of his correspondents to the three other untouched barrows, adjacent to the one in which the cup was discovered ; and suggests that what the miners call a cross cut might be productive * See plate annexed. ; This remarkable relic is figured in the Arche@ologia, vol. xxvi, p. 422, and in Archeological Journal, vol. xiv, p. 292. t See especially the ornaments figured, ibid., pp. 22, 23, and 24. DISCOVERY OF A GOLD CUP IN CORNWALL.’ 39 of further discoveries of interest in that unexplored ground. As yet I have not heard whether this useful hint has awakened the curiosity of our Cornish co-adventurers in this field of metal- lifodme enterprise. Considering that this Northern district has already produced the lunettes of Padstow and of St. Juliot, to say nothing of the lost orpertoy of Looe Down, of which I reminded my Cornish friends in October, 1866,* I cannot forbear to hope that they will find out some “Stannary process” for facilitating the exploration of the other Rillaton tumuli. I cannot refrain from mentioning here, that, during the presi- dency of the Prince Consort over the Duchy Council, an incident occurred which may supply a laudable example to lords of manors elsewhere. When an application was made, in my own recol- lection, by the contractors of some great works near Plymouth, for a lease or liberty to quarry granite, at a tonnage or royalty, in Rillaton manor, the council prohibited the removal or quarrying of any within a certain prescribed distance from the Cheese-wring. That colossal pile of tabular slabs of rock,—so often visited as a geo- logical phenomenon ; or as a picturesque object ; or as a Druidical altar or idol, according to the more favourite local opinion ;— standing in the midst of the Caradon copper mine district a few miles north of Liskeard, has thus been protected from demolition. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTICES, RELATING TO THE GOLD CUP FOUND IN A SEPULCHRAL CIST NEAR THE CHEESE-WRING, AND ALSO TO SOME OTHER GOLD RELICS IN CORNWALL. Iris remarkable that amongst the numerous objects of gold found in Great Britain none should have occurred, as I believe, of the like description as the cup which, by the gracious favor of her Majesty, we are now permitted to publish. The precious relics heretofore brought to light have been exclusively of the nature of personal ornaments. In Ireland, as Sir W. R. Wilde informs us,t * Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, vol. li, pp. 138, 139. + Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Royal Irish Academy, by Sir W. RB. Wilde, Metallic Materials, p. 355; Antiquities of Gold, p. 1. 40 DISCOVERY OF A GOLD CUP IN CORNWALL. it is supposed that the native gold was the metal with which the primitive inhabitants were first acquainted, and a greater number and variety of objects of gold have there been found than in any other country in North Western Europe. These likewise consist, for the most part, of articles connected with personal decoration, and it is remarkable that they have rarely occurred, as in other countries, with sepulchral deposits. Ancient Annals* give us even the name of the artificer by whom gold was first smelted in the woods of Wicklow, three centuries before the Christian era, and affirm that by him were goblets and brooches first covered with gold and silver in Ireland. Banqueting vessels of the precious metals, as Sir W. Wilde states, on the authority of the Annals, were not unknown to the early Irish; he points out, moreover, that some golden cup-shaped vessels in the Copenhagen Museum, which have been found suspended in tombs, strikingly resemble, when viewed in an inverted position, certain Irish relics of the same precious material and workmanship, noticed by Vallancey and other writers as regal caps or helmets.t The fashion of the golden petasus—like a helm or cap with re- curved brim and conical apex, seems little adapted, it must be admitted, to any use as a “banqueting vessel”; the style of decoration is doubtless that with which we are familiar alike in early Scandinavian relics, and likewise in those of the sister Island. Gold cups of thin metal, ornamented with ribs and parallel lines, rows of small knots and concentric circles, that seem to be for the most part hammered up, are not infrequently found in Denmark and other northern countries ; these vessels, although in their general form dissimilar to the cup found in Cornwall, present the same peculiarity of being round-bottomed. 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Uled YQIM Sieg 9€-1¢ | c8-T | OTT | 69.2 LL. | G0-1 | GL-¥ | FS. 19.€ | £8-6 | GO-F | G3. | OG: | Z9BT°*° °° °° 8 °° BQuUODT[OO TT °°) ‘AoYy ‘pug, s,puey ‘uouuag “459 (2) “Ul aniave ‘Ul “ul “aL “ul “ul “Ul “Ul “ul “ul “Ul “Ul “Ul : = ¢ aoe ‘a0q | ‘AON | “909 | ‘qdag jqsnsny| Ajne | oune | Avy | fidy | your | gaz uue LSVA OL SAM WOWd SNOILVIS ‘sYJUoTy uLaaas ayy burysinbuysip ‘suowynyy awuos 1of sabnsoan yonuun oyn ypn “LgRT Ue yomutog ur jof-urnay 68 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 1867. January 1. The Western Morning News publishes an Article entitled: ‘‘Highteen Hundred and Sixty-Six in the West of England.” January 2. The Cornish Telegraph publishes an ‘‘ Abstract of the Weather at Penzance and its neighbourhood, for the year 1866.” January 3. The Cornwall Gazette publishes an Abstract of a Lecture on ‘‘ Cornish Names,” by Rev. Dr. Bannister. January 4. The West Briton publishes a Letter signed ‘‘ Tre,” on ‘Cornish Words and Names.” January 18. West Briton publishes a Letter, signed ‘Pen Pol,” on ‘“‘Tre, Pol, and Pen.” January 22. Death of Sir William Snow Harris, F.R.S., at Plymouth, aged 76. January 24. Cornwall Gazette publishes an Abstract of a Lecture on ‘¢The Cornish Nationality” by Rev. W. 8. Lach-Sezyrma, delivered at the Plymouth Institution. January 25. West Briton publishes a Letter on ‘‘ Cornish Names,” from Rev. Dr. Bannister. January 25. A specimen of the Iceland Gull (Larus Islandicus) killed in Plymouth Sound. January 25. Annual Conversazione of the Torquay Natural History Society. There was exhibited a large case of fossils recently exhumed from Kent’s Cavern, under the auspices of the British Association. January 25. Mr. Spence Bate, F.R.S., F.L.8., &c., delivered a Lecture at the Truro Institution, on ‘“ The Flint Flakes of Devon and Cornwall, and their relation to History.” Mr. Bate was of opinion that the use of flint was retained long after the use of metal was known, owing to the scarcity of the latter; that probably the flint flakes of Devon and Cornwall were of the same age as those found in the barrows containing cremated human bones; and that there was no evidence to show that they were not coeval with the period which immediately preceded the introduction of Roman civilization into this country. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 69 January 29. Western Morning News publishes a Letter from Rey. W.S Lach-Sezyrma on ‘‘Cornish Nationality,” suggesting the establishment, in Cornwall, of annual meetings (eisteddfodau) of Cornish and other Celtic or Cymrian scholars. January 30. Cornish Telegraph records that a very excellent quern had recently been found in the trench of the Fogou at Treveneague; and that it had been added to the pottery of various kinds, the spear-head and other iron instruments, the flint arrow-head and nodule, the two mullers and the tin- crusher, the celts and stone hatchets, bones, &., already found there and in the possession of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society.— Also, that this* Society had obtained a specimen of the Pintail Duck, from Mr. James Trembath of Mayon, and of the Great Crested Grebe. January 31. Cornwall Gazette publishes a Letter on ‘‘ Cornish Nation- ality,” from Rev. Dr. Bannister. February 2. Western Morning News publishes a Paper on ‘‘ Plympton in the Olden Time,” recently read by Mr. F. Hine, to the members of the Plymouth Institution. February 6, 13, and 20. Cornish Telegraph publishes, from Good Words, papers by Mr. Robert Hunt, F.R.G.S., on ‘Tin Mining in Cornwall, and its traditions.” February 8 and 15. West Briton publishes Letters on ‘ Tre, Pol, and Pen,” from T. H. Kdwards and Rev. Dr. Bannister. February 9. Members of the Penzance Natural History and Anti- quarian Society visit the recently discovered Fogou at Treveneague, in St. Hilary; and also a Jews’ House, in the valley beneath. February 13. Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society. At a meeting of the Council, a notice of the Fogou at Treyveneague was pre- sented; and it was reported that a specimen of the Sordid Dragdnet had been procured. February 14. Cornwall Gazette publishes a Letter, from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke,” on the “‘ Priory of Truru, or Triuerue.” February 20 and 27. Cornish Telegraph publishes Letters on Rock- Altars, from ‘A Cornish Villager,” and ‘“‘W.B., St. Mary’s Terrace, Pen- zance.” February 26. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Annual Meeting at Redruth; Mr. Basset of Tehidy presiding. Mr. J. St. Aubyn, M.P., elected President for the ensuing year. February 27. The Church of St. Mary and All Saints, Plymstock, opened, after restoration. March 1. West Briton publishes letters, from ‘‘ Tre,” on ‘ Cornish Words,” and ‘‘ John Rounseyell,” on ‘‘ Tre, Pen, and Pol.” 70 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. March 8. West Briton publishes letters, from Rev. Dr. Bannister, on ‘‘Cornish Names,” and ‘‘ T. H. Edwards,” on ‘“‘ Tre, Pol, and Pen.” March 13. Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Council Meeting. Reported presents of Coins from My. Samuel Higgs, jun., and Mr. Caldwell. March 20 and 27. Cornish Telegraph publishes a description of ‘‘ Mor- wenstow,” and an account of ‘‘Thomasine Bonaventure, or the Cornish Shepherdess of the 15th Century who became Lady Mayoress of London” ;— the former from The Gentleman’s Magazine, and the latter from All the Year Round. March 28. Cornwall Gazette publishes ‘‘ Meteorological Observations on the Recent Gales,” by Mr. Nicholas Whitley. April 3. Died at Goodamore, Plympton, Mr. Henry Hele Treby, a scientific and practical meteorologist. My. Treby was a descendant, and the last male representative, of the ancient and important family of that name, who have for ages been connected with the neighbourhood of Plympton, and intimately associated with its history. They were, in conjunction with the Farls of Mount Edgeumbe, possessors of the ancient and now disfranchised borough of Plympton, and always returned one member to Parliament. April 4, Annual Meeting of the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society; Mr. A. P. Prowse presiding. It was pro- posed to publish in the Society’s ‘‘ Transactions,” the following Papers: ‘A Sketch of the Life of Sir William Snow Harris”; ‘Plympton in the Olden Time,” by Mr. James Hine; ‘Continuation of the list of Lepidoptera of Devon and Cornwall,” by Mr. J. J. Reading; ‘‘ Continuation of the Flora of Devon and Cornwall,” by Mr. J. W. N. Keys. April 18. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter on ‘‘ Cornish Nomen- elature,” from Rev. Dr. Bannister. April 22. A Purple Crested Heron (Ardea purpurea), in immature plumage, killed at the Lizard. April 24. Cornish Telegraph publishes an Article on ‘‘ Trewoof (in the parish of St. Burian) and the Legends of the Lovells.” April 26. West Briton publishes a letter on ‘‘ Cornish Names,” from Rev. Dr. Bannister. April 26. West Briton records the recent capture of a specimen of the Little Bittern, at St. Hilary. May 1. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter, signed ‘Old Celt,” on ‘‘Cornish Drolls and Droll-tellers.”’ May 1, 8, and 15; June 5, 12, and 26; and July 3. Cornish Telegraph publishes ‘‘ Chronological Memoranda relating to the town of Penzance ;” by Mr. J. 8. Courtenay. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 71 May 4. A Woodcock, in fine condition, captured at Cannalidgey, St. Issey. May 6. An extraordinary agitation of the sea, between 5 and 7 a.m., at Penzance. May 8 and 22. Cornish Telegraph publishes ‘‘.A Cornish Droll; Betty Toddy and her gown”; by ‘‘ An Old Celt.” May 8. Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Meeting of Council. The reported presents included: Flint spear-head and bronze celt found at Leah, Sancreed; Querns found at Morvah and Tredavoe; frag- ment of granite basin, one perfect quern, fragments of three other querns, several mullers, a spindle-whorl, a slate disc, two whetstones, a flint nodule, water-worn quartz pebbles, charcoal, charred stone, bones, and pottery, found in the remains of an ancient structure accidentally destroyed by work- yen in the course of some improvements of the Vynyeck at Boscawen-Un. —The Secretaries reported the occurrence of the Dorse, or Variable Cod, in Mount’s Bay. May 9. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter on ‘‘ Monumental Brasses,’’ from Mr. H. Michell Whitley. May 14. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Spring Meeting; Mr. Smirke presiding. The following Papers were read: Modern Practice of Alchemy ; Mr. Jonathan Couch, F.L.S., &c. Ornithological Occurrences in Cornwall ; Mr. HE. Hearle Rodd. Notice of Willsia Cornubica, a new species of naked- eyed Meduse; Mr. C. W. Peach. On some Saxon Silver Ornaments and Coins found at Trewhiddle, St. Austell, in 1774; Mr. Rogers, of Penrose. Chronicles of the Cornish Saints (I.—St. Cuby); Rev. John Adams, M.A. On the Cell-growth of Plants, &c.; Mr. Enys, of Enys. Notice of a Barrow with Kist-yaen, on Trewavas Head; Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A. On ‘Jews in Cornwall”; Rev. Dr. Bannister.—Observations made on Flint Flakes, and other subjects. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Nol VIII.) May 22. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter from ‘‘ W. B.,” on ‘‘ The Celtic Monuments of Bolleit.” May 23. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from ‘Christopher Cooke,” on ‘‘ Old Cornwall,” recording the Cornish Monoliths, mentioned by Dr. Borlase in his ‘‘ Antiquities of Cornwall.” May 30. Re-opening of the Church of St. Michael, St. Minver, after restcration. June 5, 12, 19, and 26. Cornish Telegraph publishes a legendary story : “The Smugglers and legends of Penrose” (in Sennen). June 5, 12, and 26; and July 3. Cornish Telegraph publishes Papers by Mr. William Pengelly, F.R.S., ‘On the Insulation of St. Michael’s Mount, Cornwall.” CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. ~T bo June 14 and 28; and August 2. West Briton publishes a series of Articles entitled ‘‘ Cornubiana.” June 20. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke”’ on “ Cornish History.” June 26. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed ‘‘ W. N.,” London ; on “The Fires of Midsummer Eve.” June 27 and July 19. Western Morning News publishes ‘“‘ Historical Notes of Tywardreath,” by a former Curate of the Parish. July 8. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed ‘‘ Old Celt,” on ‘Cornish Cousins, &.” July 10,17. ‘‘ The Piskey’s Vengeance ; a Midsummer Night’s Legend ” ; published in Cornish Telegraph. July 11. Re-opening of Altarnun Church, after restoration. July 16. The parish Church of Lanteglos-by-Camelford re-opened, after restoration, on the anniversary of St. Julitta’s martyrdom, A.D. 305. July 23. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Literature, Science, and Art. Sixth Annual Meeting, at Barnstaple; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., &c., president.—The following Papers were read:—Devonian Folk Lore; Sir John Bowring, LL.D., F.R.S. Some popular local superstitions ; Mr. J. R. Chanter. The part taken by North Devon in the earliest English enterprizes for the purpose of colonizing America; Mr. R. W. Cotton. The Priory of St. Mary’s, Pilton; Mr. Townsend M. Hall, F.G.S. The Remains of Ancient Fortifications in the neighbourhood of Bideford; Mr. J. A. Parry. The Ancient History and Aborigines of North Devon, and the site of the lost Cimbric town of Artavia; Mr. J. R. Chanter. The Antiquity of Man in the southern districts of England; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., &ce. The Temper- ature of the Ancient World; Professor Daubeny, F.R.S. The opening of an ancient British Barrow at Huntshaw; Mr. H. Fowler. The results of the opening a Barrow at Putford; Rev. J. L. May. The Hvidence of Pre-historic Man found in Constantine Bay, Cornwall; Mr. C. Spence Bate. The Car- boniferous Beds adjoining the northern edge of the granite of Dartmoor; Mr. Ormerod, F.G.S. The Raised Beaches in Barnstaple Bay; Mr. W. Pen- gelly, F.R.S., &c. Prison Discipline; Mr. E. Vivian. The Distribution of the Devonian Brachiopoda of Devonshire and Cornwall; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.RB.S., &c. The Annelids of Devon; Mr. EH. Parrett. The Parasitism of Orobanche Major; Mr. HE. Parrett. Murchisonite Pebbles and Boulders in the Trias; Mr. W. Vicary. The Flotation of Clouds and the Fall of Rain; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., &e. St. John’s Church, Torquay; Mr. E. Vivian. The Longitude of Places, and the application of the Electric Telegraph to determine it; Mr. Jerwood. The Deposits occupying the valley between the Braddon and Waldon Hills, Torquay; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., &e. Some Mammalian Bones and Teeth recently found in the Submerged Fovest at Northam; Mr. H. 8. Ellis. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA, (fs) July 24. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed ““W. B.,” on “West Country Words.” August 8. Cornwall Gazette records that Rock Markings similar to those observed in Upper India in 1855, and subsequently in Scotland by Sir J. Y. Simpson, Bart., and in the Isle of Man and West Cornwall by Mr. Blight, had-recently been discovered by Mr. Henwood on the highest rock of the Cheesewring hill. August 14. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed ‘‘ Perambulator,” Carn-Galyer; on ‘‘ The Pheenicians in West Cornwall.” August 14, 21, 28; September 4, 25; October 2, 23, 30; November 13, 20; December 4, 11, 18,25. Cornish Telegraph publishes a Series of Articles entitled ‘‘An Excursion from Penzance to Land’s End,” from ‘ Old Celt.” It includes notices of the following localities, &c¢.:—Mousehole, Mansion- house and Ghosts of the Keigwins; Dolly Pentreath, alias Dolly the Spring Peter Pindar, Price, and Praed, at Trevethow; Trevella Carn; Nancy Tre- noweth, the fair daughter of the Miller of Alsia; The Penberth Smugglers and Algerine Pirates; Lamorna Cove and Granite Works; The Dwellers of Chenance, &c., &. August 16. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Special Meeting; Mr. Smirke presiding.—Exhibition, by the Queen’s permission, of an Ancient Gold Cup found near the Cheesewring, in 1837.—A Memorandum read, from Mr. Thomas Cornish of Penzance, on rock-markings at the Cheesewring, discovered by Mr. W. J. Henwood.—(See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Nos. VII, IX.) August 23. Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. 35th Annual Hxhibi- tion; Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, presiding.—The following Papers were read :— Report of proceedings in Dredging Excursions on the South-east Coast of Cornwall, in 1866; Jonathan Couch, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &&. Roman Coins found at Pennance Farm, near Falmouth; Thomas Hodgkin. Bubbines from Cornish Monumental Brasses; N. Hare, jun. August 26. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Annual Meeting at Falmouth; Sir William Williams, Bart., president. August 26. Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Mr. W. P. Dymond and Mr. Alfred Lloyd Fox appointed Honorary Secretaries, on the resignation of Dr. Le Neve Foster. September 4, and following days. Annual Meeting of the British Associ- ation, at Dundee; the Duke of Buccleuch, President.—Among the Papers read were the following :—Third Report of the Committee for the Exploration of Kent’s Cavern; Mr. W. Pengelly. Mammalian Remains from the Sub- merged Forest in Barnstaple Bay; Mr. H.S. Ellis. Naked-eyed Meduse ; Mr. C. W. Peach. The Fructification of Griffithsia Corallina; Mr. C. W. Peach. Fossil Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone of Caithness and Sunder- land; Mr. C. W. Peach. Report on the Fauna and Flora of the Southern Coasts of Devon and Cornwall; Mr. C. Spence Bate. 74 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. September 6. Opening of New Public Rooms at Camborne. September 10. Opening of New Public Rooms, including Library, Geo- logical Museum, &c., at Penzance. September 12. At a Meeting of the Bucks Archeological Society, the Duke of Buckingham, Lord President of Council, spoke of the destruction of valuable antiquities through neglect, and suggested that these remains should be under the care of local authorities, and the supervision of a responsible Minister of the Crown. September 13, 18, and 25. Cornish Telegraph publishes communications from **An Old Inhabitant,” “Old Celt,” and ‘*An Hx-Inhabitant,” on ‘‘ Dolly Pentreath and her last resting-place.” September 18. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter by ‘Old Celt,” on «¢The Penzance of our Grandfathers.” September 19. Cornwall Gazette contains an Account of Vestiges of Ancient Tin Workings in the Loe Pool Valley. September 20. West Briton publishes ‘“ Botanical Notes,” by Mr. Thomas Cragoe of Penhellick, near Truro. September 26. Egloshayle Church re-opened, after restoration. September 27 and December 6. West Briton publishes articles entitled “‘ Cornubiana,” &¢., concerning the parish of St. Germans. October 2. The Church of St. Sennen, Land’s End, re-opened, after restoration. October 3. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘ Christopher Cooke,” giving an account of Mr. Charles Bennett, who, blind from his childhood, was organist of Truro Church more than 40 years, and died in February, 1804. October 4, 18, and 25. West Briton publishes letters from ‘“'T. Q. C.,” and “A,” concerning the birth-place of Bishop Trelawny, and the song ¢* And shall Trelawny die?” October 8. Philleigh Church re-opened, after restoration. October 10. Calstock Church re-opened, after restoration. October 11. Woodcocks shot, at Trewince, Gerrans, and Carn-Galver, near Penzance. October 15. Penzance School of Art. Exhibition of Pictures and Presentation of Students’ Prizes, at St. John’s Hall, Penzance. October 25. West Briton publishes a communication from ‘‘ Curiosus,” on ‘Jetwells,” an ancient house near Camelford; and on means of pre- serving representations of antiquities. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 15 October 30. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed ‘‘ W. N.,” on ‘« The Noyes and Mousehole.” October 30. Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Top Stone of Quern from Hendra, Breage; and Fragment of Stone Hammer, from Hea Moor; presented at a Meeting of the Council. November 5. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Annual Meeting at Penzance; Mr. Charles Fox, President. The following Papers were read: —On a recently discovered Raised Beach at Chyandour; Mr. T. Cornish. ‘Ancient Ivon-works in Cumberland and Westmoreland; Rey. Edward Jeffreys, Vicar of Grasmere. The discovery of water-worn Flints in undis- turbed clay near the new Hsplanade Wall, Penzance; Mr. S. Higgs, jun. Notice of a peculiar formation of Granite (resembling a pillar and a wheel) found in the Garden Mine, Morvah; My. 8. Higgs, jun. Notes on the Perseberg Iron Mine, near Philipstadt, Norway; Dr. Le Neve Foster. Some points of resemblance between iron at the Crown Rocks, Botallack, and in a Swedish Mine; Dr. Le Neve Foster. Motion in Space, and the formation of detrital and its subsequent consolidation; J. S. Enys, F.G.8. Coloured Sectional Drawings exhibited by Mr. Whitley:—of Raised Beaches, under Godrevy Farm, St. Ives Bay ; at Hope’s Nose, Torquay ; and at Porthgwidden, St. Ives; and of Vertical Beds and Arched Strata at Hartland. November 6. Cornish Telegraph publishes a statement concerning ‘‘The Noyes and Mousehole.” November 6, 14. Western Morning News publishes Articles on ‘‘ Cornish Fisheries.” November 13. Western Morning News records a recent capture of Lophius Piscatorius in Penryn River. November 15. West Briton publishes a letter from Rev. J. J. Wilkinson, Lanteglos-by-Camelford, concerning ‘‘The Holy Well at Jetwells.” Also a letter from ‘‘ Delta,” on Bishop Trelawny, &c. \ November 22. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Annual Meeting; Mr. Smirke, President, in the Chair. The following Papers were read :—Notice of Harly Enclosures at Smallacombe, near the Cheesewring; Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A. Chronicles of Cornish Saints (II1.—S. Petrock); Rev. John Adams, M.A. Correspondence (Anno 1700) between the Bishop of Exeter (Trelawny) and Mr. Charles Godolphin; from Mr. Jonathan Couch, F.L.S., &c. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. IX.) November 29. West Briton publishes a letter from ‘‘ Curiosus” on ** The Well at Jetwells.” December 1. A flock of Swallows observed flying about at Newlyn, near Penzance. December 2. Western Morning News publishes a letter from Mr. W. K. Bullmore, M.D., recording the recent capture, near Helston, of a Red-footed Falcon (Falco rujfipes). TJ (ep) CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. December 6. Oxford Local Examinations. Presentation of Prizes and Certificates at Truro, by Mr. Augustus Smith. e December 6. West Briton publishes a letter signed ‘‘ Trepolpen,” on ‘*The Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall.” December 10. Foundation Stone of New Public Buildings at Truro, laid by Mr. Augustus Smith. December 13. Death of Rev. Hender Molesworth St. Aubyn, of Clowance, aged 69. December 20. West Briton publishes a letter from Mr. W. K. Bullmore, M.D., recording the enclosure of a mummified specimen of the Scabbard Fish, in the mesentery of a Cod Fish purchased at Falmouth. Myr. Bullmore published the following account of this phenomenon: ‘ In the early part of last week my friend Mr. W. P. Cocks, of Falmouth, purchased at his door an unusually fine specimen of the common Cod-fish. It was evidently well fed, and to all appearance in every respect healthy. Orders were given to the servant to remove with care the stomach and its contents, and to save the same for her master’s inspection. On examination, the organ appeared perfectly developed, and well filled with miscellaneous remains; its walls were of the usual thickness, and its mucous membrane quite normal. At- tached to the stomach was a large portion of the mesentery, and, strangely enough, enveloped in its folds was a young mummified specimen of the scabbard fish, nearly four inches in length. The prisoner was perfectly preserved, and of the consistency of horn, shewing very plainly that it must have been entombed for some considerable length of time. The arteries in the immediate neighbourhood were of the usual size, and the surrounding tissues all in perfect health. There were no signs whatever of present or past inflammation, nor, in fact, any of the evidences generally observed to indicate the presence of a foreign body of this magnitude. The question very naturally suggests itself: how did this scabbard fish get into the peri- toneal cavity of the cod; and how comes it that after so protracted a stay there were no signs of inflammatory action. A careful examination failed to reveal anything like a cicatrix either of the stomach or intestines.” December 21. Western Morning News records the recent discovery of an ancient road beneath the site of the New Public Rooms at Truro. December 26. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘ Christopher Cooke,” on ‘‘ Cornish Cromlechs,” &c. December 26. A letter in the Western Morning News, signed ‘J. C. Blewett,” Lostwithiel, publishes copy of Royal Warrant for fishing in the viver Larren. NETHERTON, PRINTER, TRURO. Ce ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. ' «FOUNDED 1818. : Patron: THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron : " H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &c., &c. Trustees: SIR CHARLES LEMON, Bart., F.R.S., &c. T. J. AGAR ROBARTES, M.P. SIR C. B. GRAVES SAWLE, Bart. J. S. ENYS, F.G.S. Council for the Year 1867-8: President: Mr. J. J. ROGERS. Vice-Presidents: Mr. SMIRKE, V.W. Mr. JOHN St. AUBYN, M.P. Mr. AUGUSTUS SMITH. Rev. T. PHILLPOTTS, C. BARHAM, M.D. Treasurer: Mr. TWEEDY. Secretaries: JAMES JAGO, M.D., and Mr. WHITLEY. Assistant Secretary : Mr. H. M. WHITLEY. Other Members: \ Mr. H. ANDREW. | Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. Rev. JOHN CARNE, M.A. Mr. G. F. REMFRY. Mr. WILLIAMS HOCKIN. Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. JOHN JAMHES. Mr. W. TWEEDY. . Mr. A. P. NIX. Mr. S. T. WILLIAMS. Local Secretaries: BODMIN :—Mr. T. Q. COUCH. PENZANCE:—Mkr. J. T. BLIGHT. TRURO:—Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. Editor of Journal:—Mr. C. CHORLEY, Truro. — Librarian and Curator of Museum:—Mr. W. NEWCOMBE, Truro. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, AND TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE CURATOR. WPFIHE CORNISH FAUNA: A Compendium of the Natural History of the County. PARTS I anp I].—Containing the Vertebrate, Crustacean, and Part of the Radiate Animals, and Shells. By JONATHAN COUCH, F.L.S., &c. Price 3s. PART III.—Containing the Zoophytes and Calcareous Corallines, . By RICHARD Q. COUCH, M.R.C.S., &c. Price 3s. HE SERIES OF REPORTS of the Proceedings of the pone with numerous i llustrations. - IST OF ANTIQUITIES in the West of Cornwall, with References and Illustrations. By J.T: BLIGHT. Price Is. APS OF THE ANTIQUITIES in the Central and the Land’s End ii Districts of Cornwall. Price Is. ARN BREA (with Map). By SIR GARDNER WILKINSON, D.C.L., ) ¥.R.S., &e. Price 1s. DDITIONS TO BORLASE’S NATURAL HISTORY OF CORN- WALL. From MS. Annotations by the Author. Price 2s. 6d. OURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. Numbers I to IX are on Sale, price 3s. each. JOURNAL Roval Institution of Cornall, | | _FIPTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. No. X. APR. (2816.9! | , TRURO: JAMES BR. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. . 1869. CONTENTS. eee . The Papers marked thus (*) are wlustrated. : I.—Cerxrtic Remains in AtcEerta.—CuHarues Fox. II.—Curonictes or Cornish Sarnts.—S. ConstantInE.—REv. ee - Joun Apams, M.A. . TI1I.—Curonicites oF Corniso Saints.—S. Samson.—Rev. JoHn Apams, M.A. TV-¢ Tur Prror’s Cross.—T. Q. Coucu. V.—* Ancient Stas in Bopmin Cuuscu.—Rev. W. Taco, B.A. VI.—* Tue Crirr-Castte or KestpzHex.—J. T. Buieut, F.S.A. VII.—Tue Grern Boor or Sr. Corums.—R. N. Wort. _ VIII.—OrnitHoroey or Cornwatt, 1868.—E. Hearne Ropp. IX.—On a New Barirish Escoara.—C. W. Pracu, A.L.S. © X.—Nartvurat Periopic PHenomens, 1868.—T. Q. Coucn. Merrorontoey, 1868.—C. Barnam, M.D. CHronoLoaicAL Mrmoranpa, 1868. Norwich Mrerines oF THE BritisH Association, &c. THE FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, _ INSTITUTED ON THE FIFTH OF FEBRUARY, 1818. 0 Abie Ole JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1869. Royal Sustitution of Cornwall, Patron. THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron. H.R.H. Tut PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &c., &c. Trustees. SIR CHARLES LEMON, BART., F.RB.S., &c. T. J. AGAR ROBARTES, M.P. SIR C. B. GRAVES SAWLE, BART. J. S. ENYS, F.G.S. o iV Honorary Members. Wm. Haidinger, F.R.S.E.,&e¢., Vienna. Thomas Hawkins, F.G.S.,&c.,Hermit- age, Whitwell, Isle of Wight. Rev. T. G. Hall, M.A., Prof. Math., King’s College, London. Rey. Canon Moseley, M.A.,&c., Bristol. J. H. Gray, F.R.S. and F.L.S., British Museum. Sir Gardner Wilkinson,D.C.L.,F.R.S., &c. Chas.Cardale Babington,M.A.,F.R.S., dc., Prof. of Botany, Cambridge. Rey. EH. L. Barnwell, M.A., Ruthin, Denbighshire. W. L. Banks, F.S.A., Brecon, South Wales. Rey. H. Longueville Jones, M.A., Brighton. 4 Edwin Norris, Sec. R.A.S., Michael’s Grove, Brompton. Corresponding Members, Edward Blyth, Calcutta. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Jonathan Couch, F..8., Polperro. Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, Hornacot. John Hockin, London. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Min- ing Records, School of Practical Geology, &e. Col. Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., M.R.1.A., &c., Director of the Ordnance Survey of England, Soutk- ampton. Rey. R. Lethbridge King, Sydney, Australia. Col. Lambrick, Royal Marines. Henry Me. Lauchlan, London. Capt. Napleton, Bengal. S. R. Pattison, F.G.8., London. C. W. Peach, Edinburgh. Thomas Turner, Manchester. Associates. J. T. Blight, Penzance. W. Carkeet, Sydney. C. Chorley, Truro. George Copeland, Truro. W. Dawe, Delhi, Hast Indies. Joseph Dickinson, H.M. Inspector of Coal Mines, Manchester, | Edward Hookham, London. Thomas Lobb, Perranwharf. W. Loughrin, Polperro. S. H. Michell, Swansea. R. Pearce, jun., Swansea. Capt. N. Vivien, Camborne. Capt. Williams, St. Austell Consols. Vv Proprietors. Viscount Falmouth. Lord Clinton. Lord Churston. Sir T. D. Acland, Bart.,F.R.S., F.G.S. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., F.R.S. Sir John W. Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. Sir C. B. Graves Sawle, Bart. Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart., F.R.S.,F.G.S. Sir Wim. Williams, Bart., Tregullow. Sir §. T. Spry. Andrew, Henry. Baynard, William. Boase, H. S., M.D., F.B.S., F.G.S., Claverhouse. Buller, J. H., Downes. Carlyon, HE. T. Carpenter, John. Carthew, Mrs. Chilcott, J. G. Clyma, W. J. Edwards, Miss, Newquay. Hnys, J. S., F.G.8., Hnys. Fox, Charles, Trebah. Fox, R. W., F.R.S., Falmouth. Gregor, F. G., Trewarthenick. Hartley, W. H. H., Rosewarne. Hawkins, J. H.,F.R.S.,F.G.S.,Bignor Park. Hawkins, C. H. T., Trewithen. Hendy, James. - Hogs, John, M.D., London. Hogg, Mrs. Jenkins, Rev. D., St. Gorran. Leverton, H. Spry. = Michell, Edward. Michell, W., Newham. Michell, W. E., Newham. Nankiyvell, J. T. Nankivell, T. J., Melbourne. Paddon, W. H. Potts, Miss, Brighton. Robartes, T. J. Agar, Lanhydrock. Roberts, Joseph, Sowthleigh. Rogers, W., Falmouth. Rogers, F., Devonport. Rogers, Rey. St. Aubyn. Rogers, Rey. R. Basset, Gunwalloe, Rogers, J. Jope, Penrose. Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan. Rogers, Reginald, Carwinion. Sambell, Philip, jun., Falmouth. Spry, E.G Spry, Mrs. Stokes, H. S., Bodmin. Tweedy, Robert, Tregolls. Tweedy, H. B., Falmouth. Tweedy, W. Tweedy, R. M., Falmouth. Tweedy, Charles, Redruth. Tweedy, Miss. Tweedy, Miss C. Vivian, John Ennis. Whitford, Miss. Wightman, Lieut.-Col. George. Williams, R. H. Willyams, H., Carnanton. Willyams, A. C. Life Members. Right Rey. Lord Bishop of Fredericton.| Martin, J. N., C.E., Assam. Coulson, W., London. James, John. Rogers, Capt. F., R.N., Totnes. Annual Subscribers. £ Yor Prince or WALES .. 20 The Town Council of Truro 20 Bannister, Rev. Dr., St. Day Barham, ‘al, M.D. 5 Bickford, J. gS. , Tuckingmill Blee, Robert .. Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon o9 Bond, F. Walter, London Budd, J. Palmer, Ystalyfera Carew, W. H. P., Antony Carlyon, Edmund, St. Austell Carlyon, Major, Tregrehan Carne, The Misses, Penzance Carne, W. N., Rosemundy Carus- Wilson, HK. 8. fe Childs, R. W., London. . Christoe, W. H. Me Collins, Rev. C.M. dard Trewardale .. Coode, T., Pond-dhu Coode, Edward, Pollapit Tamar, Launceston . ‘ Cornish, Rev. J.R., M. A. Dix, W. G. Dungey, J... * Hnys, J. S8., Enys Falmouth, Viscount a Fortescue, Honble. G.M.., Boconnoce aa Ferguson, Henry T. .. Ferris, T., Swansea 6 Ford, Rev. Preb., Bath.. Foster, R., Castle .. ies * Fox, C., Trebah * Fox, R. W., Penjerrick.. Freeth, G., Duporth Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick Gwatkin, Mrs., Pare Behan Hamilton, Jie 3 Harding, Lieut- Col. W., Mount Radford, Exeter Heard, HE. G. 5 Henderson, J. Henwood, W. J., Panera Hext, F. J., Tredethy Hill, T. J., Grampound Hockin, Williams 0 Hosken, R., Penry any Hudson, F. T. % Hughan, W. J. Jago, James, M.D. James, Hamilton at ; James, John .. ats BEBOP EHH OHOHM BH PERE EP RHEH OR SD NDHORH HB HH BPH ORP EERE HERR RHEHE CMe Re RB Re BE HR HERPROO-. — eA e Bee eee HOH D NH ORH HB He eH HP e a Bee oe HEH OHO F EH Cococoooocooocse co oscoscoeocec*|eor co cooeoesco coo FS SsoceoscocoosceosooseosscooF Jenkins, W. H. va VO; dg Joo 5 * Lemon, Sir Gs, Barun 30 blo Nee * Nankivell, Mrs. J. T. Ste Netherton, J. R. ae Nix, Arthur P. ais ay Noakes, G. Me é Norris, Edwin, London Pascoe, 8. Paull, A. Sie 5 Pearce, R., jun., Swansea Phillpotts, Rey. T., Porth- gwidden .. Rashleigh, W., Menaditly Remfry, G. F. ; Remfry, H.O. .. Richards, Hib Redruth * Roberts, Joseph Roberts, Mrs. Rodd, E. H., Penzance. « Rogers, J. ie TOGO * Rogers, Res., Carwinion Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan Sawle, Sir C. B. Graves, Bart., Penrice . Slight, Rev. EES : Smith, Sir Montague, London St. Aubyn, J., M. P, ,Pendrea Salmon, W. W. au Smirke, E., V.W. bi Smith, ‘Augustus, Tresco j Abbey, Scilly 50 Smith, P. P. Smith, W. Bickford, “Red- brook, Camborne Snell, J. ae Solomon, T. + Stackhouse, Miss EL Tannahilld: 2. Taylor, R. ’ Langdon Court, Plymouth Treffry, Rev. Dr., Place, Fowey 00 \ Tregelles, Mrs. velinuenrate Tremayne, J., Heligan Tremenheere, Seymour, London Tucker, E. B., Trevince ate Tweedy, Mrs., Alverton * Tweedy, R. axe 66 «Tweedy, W. .. * Vyvyan, Sir R. R., Bart. t HH PEE eee DOO! FPORRFE fF NFR KB OFMO HH FP HOR BR HH PE HOORH HHH FP PREP RP REP RPE Noo eet ORM Eo eH HB HE BOE Ee BP HPP RP OORRPHRHEHE HF — RORERH HB PH eH fF coooo cooo cooocoeocoocococcecseocoecocoececoso ©& coooecooscooano™ MP., Glenafon, South Wales MG -Vautier, Rey. R. . 1 Vivian, ist ELS MP., Pare 1 Wern * Williams, Sir W., Bart., 1 Tr ee Waters, J £ Vivian, Arthur ed 1 ee Vil Whitley, N. Be Whitley, H. M. A Williams, F. M., “MM. P.,} Goonvrea .. 50 Williams, J. M. Williams, S. T... * Willyams, H., Carnanton Wrench, Rey. P. E SSO oo o COrHRE eis a Those marked with * are Proprietors ; with + are Life Members. Subscribers to the Illustration Fund. th Barham, C., M.D... ue Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon Broad, R. R., Falmouth .. Carew, W. H. P., Antony Carus- Wilson, H. S. 50 Chilcott, J. G. .. Coode, E., Pollapit Tamar, Launceston a Ferguson, Henry T. Fox, Charles, Trebah Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick 0 Glencross, Rey. J., Lusx- 0 stowe, Liskeard d Henwood, W. J., Penzance 0 Jago, James, M.D. Sow) James, J ohn : SOO Oo COS oO SiS: 0 Nix, Arthur P. 0 Norris, Edwin, London 0 Pascoe, S. .. ae 55 Paull, A. 0 Rashleigh, W., Menabilly_ 0 RAMAN WN NA Nn a nonnana«n? Remftry, G. F. 60. O00 Roberts, J. 0 are Rogers, J. J., Penr ose Ditto (Donation) Rogers, Rev. Saltren : Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan St. Aubyn, J., M.P., Pendrea Smirke, E., V.W. se Smith, Augustus, Tresco Abbey, Scilly } Smith, P. P. a 3b Tremenheere, H. Sey- mour, London } Tucker, C., Hxeter Tweedy, R. Tweedy, W. Whitley, N. Whitley, H.M. .. Williams, F. M., M.P., Goonvrea a Willyams, A. GC. SCOooCoOSeSSo oO ooo Oo COSoOCCC SF eo o ocooooo 0 O&O & cooorooo® ray NN ANNI AXA anawonn«nZ R COREE E OFM? 20090 56 oo — a eo on Vill The MUSEUM is open to Members and their families every day, except Sundays, between the hours of Ten and Four o’clock during the Winter, and between Nine and Six o’clock in the Summer. The Museum is open to the public, free of charge, on the Afternoons of Monpay, WEDNESDAY, and Satrurpay, from Noon until dusk during the Winter months, and until Six o’clock in the Summer months. On other days, and previous to Twelve o’clock on the above days, an admission fee of Sixpence is required. An Annual Subscription of Five Shillings entities the subscriber to admission to the Museum on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, and to attend al] the meetings of the Society. A Subscription of Ten Shillings further entitles the subscriber to intro- duce to the Museum and meetings all the bond jide resident members of his family. A Subscription of One Guinea entitles the subscriber to all the publi- cations issued by the Institution, to admission to the Museum, for himself and family, on every day in the week, and to the meetings of the Society; and to ten transferable tickets of admission to the Museum whenever open. The “JOURNAL OF THE Roya Institution oF CornwaLu” will be for- warded free of charge to the members subscribing One Guinea Annually. To others it will be supplied on payment, in advance, of Three Shillings a year; or the several numbers. may be obtained from the Curator, or from -a Book- seller. ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL SPRING MEETING, 1868. THE Spring Meeting of the Institution was held in the Council Chamber of the Town Hall, on Friday, the 22nd of May ; the President, Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, in the Chair. The PRESIDENT, after apologizing for not having prepared a formal address, expressed the regret which he was sure was felt by all present, for the loss which the Institution had sustained in the death of Sir Charles Lemon, one of its Trustees. He was elected to the Chair after the decease of the first president, Lord Exmouth ; during a long period he continued to hold that office, and through- out his long life he cherished and supported the Institution in every possible way. He was liberal in the contribution of valuable additions to the Museum; while to its serial literature he fre-— quently furnished Papers of the character which might be expected from such aman. Especially were the members of this Institution bound to notice the prominent part which Sir Charles Lemon took in connection with the Institution, in endeayouring to found a school at Truro for the scientific instruction of miners. The nature of the effort made by Sir Charles Lemon might be ascertained by reference to the Report of this Institution for -1840; and he (the President) thought it was due to Sir Charles Lemon’s memory that they should now recall what he really did. It was in 1838 Sir Charles Lemon first proposed to assist in the establishment of means whereby miners in this County might obtain more scientific instruction than had been previously within their reach ; and for the promotion of that object he proposed to provide by will a sum not less than £10,000, or, if more were wanted, he would enlarge his bequest to the extent of £20,000. Part of the scheme at that time submitted by Sir Charles was that a small contribution in aid of the proposed Mining School should be levied on ores raised in the County. Whether from fear of that small tax, or from a repugnance to the scheme itself x on the part of mine agents, the noble offer made by Sir Charles Lemon met with no adequate response, and after the School had been carried on experimentally for a period of two years, it was found that the proposed pecuniary support would not be afforded, and in 1840 that scheme was abandoned. ‘This Institution, how- ever, never lost sight of the importance of establishing such a school, and efforts were made, first in 1843, and again in 1854 and 1856, when, in consequence of representations made to the Board of Trade, Dr. Lyon Playfair was sent down into the county to make inquiries ; and the result was that he reported to the Board of Trade that it was not probable that sufficient support would be given to a central mining school, to justify the Govern- ment in sending down trained masters, or In paying the cost of training masters in London. But this Institution itself made the attempt, by obtaming pledges of annual subscriptions for three years, for the purpose of trying a new experiment. That resulted in the establishment of a centre of scientific instruction at Truro ; and, after that period of three years had elapsed, a plan for establishing local classes was organised by this Institution, and successfully worked for a further term of three years ; after which it was merged, in 1860, in the present Miners’ Asseciation, mainly set on foot by Mr. Hunt. The scheme new in existence was differ- ent from that which Sir Charles Lemon sought to found, and also from that which this Institution endeavoured to establish ; but, still, the origin of the existing Miners! Association might fairly be traced to the attempt first made by Sir Charles Lemon ; for it was entirely due to the plan which that gentleman originated that the County had been led to view the whole matter more favourably than it had formerly done; and it was gratifying to find that, in spite of the depression in the County during the last two years, the Miners’ Association was rather more flourishing now than it was three years ago. He felt that it would have been unjust to the memory of Sir Charles Lemon if he had said less of the services which Sir Charles had rendered to this Institution by his talents and his purse, and of the debt of gratitude which was due to that gentleman from the county of Cornwall (applause).— Within the last day or two this Institution had sustained another severe loss, in the death of the Reverend John Carne, vicar of Merther, who made promise of becoming a most valuable member of the Institution, particularly in the department of archeological investigation. Mr. Carne had contributed several valuable and interesting Papers which displayed considerable critical ability and careful research, and it was deeply to be lamented that he had been taken from them at so early a period in his career of useful- ness. Xl The PRESIDENT then referred to some of the objects exhibited on the table, and particularly to the National Manuscripts of England and Scotland, photo-zincographed by Colonel Sir Henry James, through whom these handsome volumes had been pre- sented to the Institution Library by the War Office. The PRESIDENT also directed attention to two precious Cornish relics which he was allowed to exhibit by the kindness of their owner, Rev. Edward Duke, who had entrusted them to his care ; one a bowl, of block tin, the other a brass jewelled collar. The bowl was believed to be unique. It was dug up in 1793, in the course of stream working, in St. Stephens in Branwell, passed into the possession of Mr. Philip Rashleigh, of Menabilly, was ex- hibited to the Society of Antiquaries, in 1807, by Mr. Reginald Pole Carew, and in Paris at the last Exposition. Nothing was known of its date or use, and Mr. Duke would value any sug- gestion which might throw a light upon either.* The second of these two relics was a collar, or other circular ornament, of brass, rudely ornamented on its surface, and set with small jewels, which form the centres of ornamentation. The jewels had never been tested, and it was satisfactory to see, on comparing the collar with a careful contemporary drawing, that it was in precisely the same condition now as when found. The collar was exhibited, with the tin bowl, both in London and Paris. Mr. Albert Way considered these two relics to be among the most in- teresting objects of antiquity: ever discovered in Cornwall, and the thanks of the Institution were due to Mr. Duke for allowing its members to see them so favourably. Mr. Rogers next referred to the present position of the Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, which was intended to comprise a list of all the books, pamphlets, and other publications in any way relating to this county. This proposal, which was started in 1863, had been very favourably received and liberally supported, but it had been found that the collection of the materials for the work involved a much greater amount of trouble, and that its publication was attended with much greater expense, than had been anticipated. It had, therefore, become necessary either to increase the subscriptions or to modify to some extent the design of the work. He believed that the Council of the Institution were of opinion that the latter plan might be adopted; but * Whilst these pages are passing through the press, the President has received a letter from Mr. Albert Way, mentioning a vessel of pewter (?), like the Cornish vase, in the Ely Museum. He also invites attention to some highly curious relics lately found near Plymouth, recommending com- parison of the peculiar type of decoration with that of Mr. Duke’s collar. xX whichever course should be resolved upon, it was highly desirable that the work should be proceeded with as expeditiously as possible. ; Tn conclusion, Mr. Rogers referred to the excursion which the Council thought it would be desirable to make in the course of the ensuing autumn, in the neighbourhood of Liskeard, for the urpose of archzeological investigation. Dr. JAGO read the Lists of Presents: DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Crustaceans: Palinurus homarus, Cancer pa- gurus. Maia Sqmimaday:.. ae). sic a-loi lorie siete) Mr. W. Loughrin, Polperro. Stone Crab (Lithodes Maia) from Northumber- Mr. Jonathan Couch, F.L.%., Wenn Gligsrorerelstaueotetelietel chelssene\eueretetaltensievonv inst cuetetaye &c., Polperro. HIGMENECIS, LEMIOTA - 1s, . 6 eseie ile «eres el ater Ditto. HMSSCUS ROME Taille stelevererceden se shelctel taistolels Mr. Treloar, Brazil. Waxtail (Urocerus juvencus) captured in Truro, NUE UN “Go o6 boanddooasodbuDEsaoooN Mr. H. Andrew, Truro. IGunvehi NIELS Wats Aaa second OS OdeS Oo CO aadO0aO6 Mr. G. Read, Truro. Lumpsucker, caught at Newquay............ Mr. E. 8. Carus- Wilson. SG aNITOTIS Oe yee icte Seperate ahem Blak fans oai tle Mr. J. W. Kernick, St. Ives. Thigh Bone of Rhinoceros, from Iiford, Essex Mr. N. Whitley, Truro. Flint Implements and Shattered Flints, from the Valley of the Somme, Salisbury Plain, Eastbourne, Isle of Wight, and Thetford .. Ditto. Flint Flakes, from various parts of Devon and Chrampailh So coeeouduoucucodoododbdo0dG.o5 Ditto. Fossil Beads and Roman Coins, from gravel DUEST Ababa ACO Uld yay (snejevere sloker ele ctslovere e chele Ditto. Fishing Net, made by natives of Woolli, at the mouth of the Clarence River, from root- Mr. W. Bawden, New South fibres of the Fig-tree (Ficus macrophylla) .. Wales. Fibre of Ficus macrophylla ..... AA eene at Ditto. Dilly Bag, made from fibrous bark of the Kurrajong (Hibiscus heterophylla) ........ Ditto. Fishing Line, made from fibrous bark of the Gi Nettle-tree (Urtica gigas) ................ Ditto. Bundle of Kurrajong fibre, used by the natives for fishing-lines, and for ropes to be im- MKT GoooeosU DUGG OnDOUaHOOGOS Ditto. Relic of the Arctic Expedition. Songs of the North. No.4. Appeal to the Seamen and Marines of the Expedition. Sung by Lieut. R. D. Aldrich, at the close of the Royal Mr. J. W. Burgess, Perran- Arctic Theatre, March 4th, 1851 ......000% arworthal. XH Signet used by Thomas Collins, Prior of Hy VATORC AGG Gas icdarsc salthe More aie eaves Impressions of some Roman Coins found, in a collection of more than 1000, at Pennance Farm, Falmouth, of the reigns of Emperors between A.D. 194 and 342................ Mr. Albert Way, F.S.A. Mr. Michell. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Fac Similes of “‘ National Manuscripts,” Parts I, If, and TI; and of ‘National Manu- seripts of Scotland,” Part I. Presented by authority of the Right Honorable the Sec- retary of State for War................+: Diagram showing the Temperature of the Sea and Air across the Atlantic; with Paper on the Temperature of the Sea, and its influence on the climate and agriculture of the British Seas.—By Nicholas Whitley, F.M.S. ...... The Origin of Civilization, and the Primitive Condition of Man.—By Sir John Lubbock, BARC RISE] See Os Gaya wielarersiovalsueisiieasterccoleneosiale cee Address delivered to the Section of Primeval Antiquities, at the London Meeting of the Archeological Institute, July, 1866.—By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., &c...........- The Mineral Resources of Central Italy.—By Wid 12, UOAME 6s oudo eb becoogeonemucosdebod The Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devonshire. Report of Annual Meeting at HMalimoublr AT OUSE USGA ateterrate ciel leletlel ere iele Annual Report and Transactions of the Ply- mouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society, 1866-7 .......... Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Dnvenatunessanad Ant S66 ne sesh telelelniete > 34th Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 1866. Srl. | Chino) Cb INK So sede eabiodbac The Anthropological Review, and Journal of the Anthropological Society of London. INORG ISS IS) OS OnE eG Hee os ae aouaa noe Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society, 1866 .............. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- Clow, AUN Go Soa osae Dee MA ey tiauyN ahmed LavSy as aus Transactions of the Historic Society of Lan- cashire and Cheshire, 1866 <....2......5.- Journal.of the Liverpool Polytechnic Society From Col. Sir Henry James. From the Author. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Mr. R. Hunt, F.R.S. From the Institution! From the Association. From the Society. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. X1V Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Treland, 1864-65. IDO, | MK sogcobocdooonasc460060006 From the Society. Proceedings and Papers of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archeological Society, USEC an dullSG Te veweycevciretolelsicvee ciciele mate crete Ditto. The Annual Report of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, for 1866-67 ........ Ditto. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Ditto. Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow S666 cede s cnclelcictelercieie eters ole Ditto. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, 1865 Ditto ditto, 1866 Ditto ditto, TSG TA ate eiciacieek Ditto. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series. Nov., 1859, to PANO AUS GO Mate eretewastereravarcrevs oralsreteieesie tere vele ces Ditto. Transactions of the Loggerville Literary SGN? cocabddoccododcuNcoOD Dubs OD00K0 Mr. W. Sandys, F.8.A. 2 Portrait of Dr. Joseph Hallet Batten, D.D., F.R.S.; sometime Fellow of Trinity College, Presented by his son, John Cambridge, and Master of the College at Hallet Batten, Esq., Sec- Haileybury; a native of Penzance, educated retary of the Royal Geo- at the Truro Grammar School............ logical Society of Cornwall. Fuint IMPLEMENTS, &C.—MR. WHITLEY exhibited and com- mented upon the “ Flint Implements” and Flakes which he had presented for the Museum; remarking that they were obtained from the Drift Beds of Devon and Cornwall, from Salisbury Plain, from the Chalk Downs near Eastbourne, from near Thetford, and from the Valley of the Somme. He was of opinion that a large proportion of them were undoubtedly natural products; others had been chipped into form, ground, and polished, and they bore evidence of use. These were obviously the work of man. There Was one specimen which was of great interest; it was a large and perfect Flint Flake, but the edges had been ground into form and sharpened, and without doubt it had been worked by human hands since its original formation. Some of the natural specimens Mr. Whitley pointed out as being remarkably perfect in their knife-like appearance, with marks as of chipping, and with the so-called “percussion bulbs.” He had also found, six feet deep in chalk, a bunch of “flint cores” like those from which flakes were said to have been wrought; but, evidently, they had never been handled by man, but were shattered in situ. Mr. Whitley also exhibited some of the so-called “fossil beads,” from St. Acheul, and which were said to have been manufactured and worn as as ornaments by pre-Adamite man. It was however now ac- knowledged by geologists that these “beads” were of natural formation, being fossils of the chalk; and Mr. Henwood had promised to send him a similar formation in flint. Dr. JAGo asked Mr. Whitley whether he had not to some ex- tent modified his former views on the subject of flint-flakes. The fact of other things being found near them on the surface was of little moment ; but it was matter of great interest whether they were of purely natural formation, or the effect of human handi- craft; and he should like to know whether Mr. Whitley still adhered to his former statement—that he doubted their having been made by, human agency. Mr. Wuittey here exhibited, from his collection, two imple- ments which he said had undoubtedly been made by the hand of man; but one of these clearly belonged to Sir Charles Lyell’s “Second Stone Age,” and the other was found on the surface. But in those which he had brought from the Valley of the Somme, where he had examined similar objects by hundreds, there was no evidence whatever that they had been made or in any way used by man. He adhered decidedly to the opinion which he expressed two years ago,—that the so-called flint implements of Lyell’s “First Stone Age” had been formed by natural causes, and not by the hand of man; and that in the “Second Stone Age” there were flint flakes of natural formation which had been manipulated and used by man; while there were other flint implements of un- doubtedly human make. THE GULF STREAM.—Mr. WHITLEY next exhibited and ex- plained his Diagram shewing the temperature of sea and air between the Bank of Newfoundland and the west coast of Treland. He observed that a vessel, crossing the Atlantic, from Newfoundland, on passing out of the Arctic current, got im- mediately into warm water. He was of opinion that no well- defined branch of the Gulf Stream flowed into the Frigid Zone ; but under the influence of the South-west wind, the heated water was drifted northward over a large portion of the North Atlantic Ocean. Eastward from the Bank of Newfoundland the temper- atures of sea and air increased; but it was not until about the middle of the Atlantic that they became equal; and on nearing the coast of Ireland the sea lost some portion of its warmth. On the coasts of Cornwall and Devon the temperature of the air in January, owing to the Gulf Stream, was equal to that on the South of France.—After some remarks from Dr. Barham and Mr. Charles Fox, Mr. Whitley observed that near the end of the Bank the sea attained a depth of five miles; and the cold water, XV1 being heavier than that which was warm, sank below the Gulf Stream, which proceeded eastward with but slightly diminished temperature. With regard to the mildness of climate on the coast of Norway, Mr. Whitley held it to be due to a drift current from the Gulf Stream, which after striking that coast became a true ocean current and kept the sea open as far as to Spitzbergen. THE LAocoon.—Mr. H. M. WHITLEY, assistant secretary, read the following letter from Mr. Walter H. Tregellas, of Iver Cottage, Bromley Common, Kent : ‘Dear Sir; I have the pleasure of sending you herewith a copy of a wax impression from the Prior of Tywardreath’s seal, which has lately re- ceived so much attention. The circumstances of the case are briefly noted on the accompanying descriptive card, for which, as well as for the wax im- pression, your Institution will be indebted to that distinguished and most courteous archeologist, Mr. Albert Way. The interest which attaches to the seal is mainly due to the possibility of its having been used by the Prior of Tywardreath, who had ‘transactions with the Apostolic See under Leo X,’ before the discovery of the celebrated group of Laocodn and his sons on the Hsquiline, in 1512; and to its being an accurate representation of the sculpture before it had been mutilated and subsequently inaccurately re- stored.* Mr. King, who says itis an article of faith with him that ‘no fine gem work was without a more celebrated prototype in statuary,’ argues from the internal evidence of the seal that it may perhaps be ascribed to the two centuries commencing with the era of Lysippus and Pyrgoteles,— that Lysippus, it is presumed, of whom we read that Alexander gave him the sole right of making his statues, 326 B.C. Myr. King thinks that, in all probability, it is the only true representation extant of that marvellous sculpture which you will remember Pliny refers to as ‘opus omnibus et pic- tori et statuariz artis preferendum.’ As having been the private signet of the taseful Cornish Prior, Thomas Colyns, it seemed to me that a copy of it was well worthy of a place in the interesting Museum at Truro; and I have had great pleasure, and little difficulty, in procuring it for the acceptance of the Royal Institute of Cornwall; to whom I beg you will be so good as to present it, as from Mr. Albert Way.” Mr. SMIRKE said that the impression exhibited by Mr. Tre- gellas, and now in their hands, was an electrotype from a wax seal, found by himself, attached to a document of the date of Henry VIII, and purporting to be sealed by the last Prior of the Cornish alien Priory of Tywardreath in this county, of which very few vestiges now remained. It clearly represented the antique group of Laocoén and his two sons, now forming one of the most valued objects in the Museum of the Vatican at Rome. It is known from contemporaneous history that the date of the * For the nature of the errors, see Archeological Journal, No. 93, 1867 ; p. 53. XVll discovery of the group in the vineyard of Felice de Frédis was the year 1506, in the papacy of Julian II, when it was disin- terred in a state of partial mutilation. It was remarkable that within a period so lately after as twenty years, a very admirably executed gem, or intaglio, representing that group should be found in the hands of a monk at a small and obscure religious establish- ment on the shore of St. Austell Bay.—This document, when ex- amined by him about sixteen years ago, was in a collection of very curious and early muniments of that Priory, in the possession of Lord Arundel, of Wardour, by whose father it had been lent to the late Dr. Oliver, when engaged in compiling his Exeter Monasticon. It was shown by him (Mr. Smirke) to many friends, both sculptors and antiquaries, and was exhibited by him at Truro, at the meeting of the Cambrian Archeological Association in 1862; but it attracted little notice until it was shown by his friend Mr. Albert Way to Mr. King, a very learned amateur of glyptic antiquities, and the author of several important works on the subject of ancient gems.* The group, as represented on the seal now exhibited, varied in material points from the present statues in the Vatican. By comparing it with a photographic copy of the Vatican group, the right arm of the principal figure in the seal was found to be bent back towards the head or neck of the figure, and to grasp the serpent at a part close to that side of the head ; whereas the same arm, in the Vatican group, is stretched far off the head, where it seems to be pulling the serpent’s tail away from the head. Now it was well known that this right arm was found broken off and wholly wanting in the original when it was first disinterred. The restored arm, at Rome, has been attributed to Michael Angelo ; but there was little or no ground for this cur- rent opinion ; and it was now believed that the “restoration” was effected by a contemporary artist of less celebrity. Certain it is that the arm, as restored in the 16th century, has long been con- sidered a mistaken attempt to reproduce the original and authentic design ; and the more intelligent critics of the present day are strongly inclined to regard the attitude of the elder figure on the seal of old Prior Collins as more natural and probable than the one displayed for centuries at Rome, with which they were all familiar. Whether this be the more probable conjecture is a matter which must be considered still ‘sub judice.” Mr. King was dis- posed to think that the gem used by the old Prior represented an * A Paper on the Seal was contributed to the Jowrnal cf the Arche@o- logical Institute, Vol. 24 (1867), by Mr. C. W. King, M.A., Trinity Coll., Cambridge. B XVil earlier and more genuine form of this group, and not the one found underground in 1506; and that gentleman thought that the intaglio by which the impression was produced was a work of higher art than could have been produced by an engraver of the date of the 16th century, to which it had been more naturally referred ; and for this he assigned technical reasons, which (Mr. Smirke observed) would be unintelligible to most of his hearers. He confessed, however, that he was inclined to entertain a differ- ent opinion from that held by Mr. King, and he attributed to the seal a date later than 1506, and thought it to be a work of some engraver of the “cinque cento” period ; but he could not profess so extensive a knowledge of this style of art and so cultivated a judgment on it as Mr. King. No doubt the seal was a remarkably fine work of art; but whether it represented a piece of earlier Greek sculpture, or was meant to be a copy of the then newly- discovered Vatican group, with such variation only as the oblong oval form of the seal itself made it necessary to adopt, was an inquiry on which he must leave to others to form their own judgment. He hoped hereafter to assist in the formation of that judgment by depositing a careful, enlarged, copy of the seal, which might be collated with the cast of the Vatican group that had long been in the Museum of this Institution. ~ Rev. T. PHILLPorts remarked that in former times it was customary to strike commemorative medals. Julus the 2nd might have struck such a medal representing the Laocoén Group, and one of these might have been procured by Prior Collins, who might have had the design engraved on his seal. If there had been an ancient intaglio, in all probability it would have been known, and Michael Angelo would have had no difficulty in under- taking the restoration of the group. Mr. SMIRKE had never heard of any such commemorative medal struck on the occasion of this discovery, though there ex- isted several proposed restorations of the group, and also an engraving from a drawing, by Raphael, of the group in its mutilated form. Mr. CHARLES Fox then gave a summary of a Paper, which he presented for publication in the Journal, on Celtic Remains in . Algeria. The following Papers were read : Ornithological Occurrences in Cornwall. By Mr. E. Hearle Rodd. The Cliff-Castle of Kenidzhek. By Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A. XIX Chronicles of the Cornish Saints. (III.—St. Constantine). By Rev. John Adams, M.A. JOHN DE TREVISA.—A Paper on “ John de Trevisa,” an eminent Cornish ecclesiastic in the 14th century, was presented by Mr. Rocers, and he gave a summary of its contents.—With reference to a statement by Fuller, that John de Trevisa translated the Bible into English and that his translation was far superior to Wicliffe’s, Mr. SMIRKE stated that, about ten years ago, he made inquiry of Sir Frederick Madden, a gentleman who was likely to be the best informed on the subject, being the joint editor, with Mr. Forshall, in 1850, of Wicliffe’s Bible. Sir Frederick informed him that they were satisfied that there had been no complete translation of the Bible by John de Trevisa. That Trevisa was intimately acquainted with the original text of the Bible there could be no doubt; but, at that time, the Roman Catholic Church, which was not in the habit of altogether withholding the Bible from ordinary readers, preferred the use of Lectiones, i.¢., “ Lessons,” as we call them in our Church service. Volumes of such lessons were called Jectionaries, of which old copies are often found in theological libraries. It was not at all improbable that John de Trevisa had translated some of these Jlectiones, or had circulated texts from them ; and hence probably originated the error of sup- posing that he translated the entire Bible. Rev. H. 8. Sticur exhibited a rubbing from an ancient memorial-stone in the Church of Ruan Lanyhorne, and stated that, in the opinion of competent judges, it belonged to the 13th century. The stone itself was originally of the shape of a coffin- lid, but its lower half has been broken off, and lost. Enough remains however to show the figure complete (in alto rilicvo) as far as the waist; and it is very interesting. The features, ap- parently those of a man in the prime of life, are particularly pleasing. There is some appearance of the hair having been cut away to the clerical tonsure, leaving only a circle of about two inches in width around the head. The dress seems to be that of the amice, or cope, fastened at the neck by a buckle, and leaving the arms free, at least below the elbows. The hands hold, in front of the breast, what the best judges consider to be a chalice. The carved trefoil work around the head, and extending down as far as the elbows, is quite perfect, very free, and ornamental, and is said to be the surest guide to the date of the monument. The measurement of the part of the stone still remaining is, three feet in length by twenty-two inches in breadth at the widest part ; its thickness about six inches. It is believed to be Caen stone. B2 XX Dr. BARHAM mentioned that Dr. Winn (formerly of Truro) had forwarded, through Mr. Chilcott, an account of the remains of a remarkable marine monster, which he saw in Cochin China during his visit to that country last year. The account was as follows : ‘‘ Whilst exploring the coast of Cochin China, I went to a spot rarely visited by Europeans, where I was so fortunate as to get a sight of the re- mains of a most extraordinary animal. The skeleton was in a sort of temple, and appeared to be an object of worship to the natives. I could not obtain a correct notion as to the length of the animal, as the head was piled up on the ribs and vertebree. The whole was surrounded by a brick wall and covered with silk and matting. The natives say concerning the animal, that the eyes are very large, the skin black and smooth, the tail resembling that of a lobster, and the back surmounted by two pinions. The Captain and Mate of the ‘‘ John Bull” visited it at my request, and saw me measure the skeleton. The head is 16 feet 4 inches in length to the end of the beak, and 4 feet 4 inches in breadth. The socket of the eye is about 3 feet in diameter. The face (all solid bone) 4 feet 6 inches in breadth. The rib 8 feet 9 inches in length, and 5 inches in diameter. The tusks are flat, and the extremities slightly curved inward.” Dr. BARHAM said the animal would appear to be one of the cetacea ; and if, as was stated, Dr. Owen had seen the account and considered that the animal was distinct from any known species, much interest would attach to it. THE PRESIDENT then requested attention to numerous draw- ings, executed by his brother and himself, types of monumental crosses discovered at Bakewell Church, Derbyshire, in 1842, in the removal of the central tower and transept after they had been struck by lightning. He failed to discover the spot in which any of these objects had been originally placed ; but it was clear that they had been built into the tower walls subsequently to their being used as monumental slabs. Their dates were of the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. THE PRESIDENT next invited subscriptions to the Illustration Fund proposed to be established in connection with the Journal of the Institution. On motion by the PRESIDENT, seconded by Dr. BARHAM, thanks were voted to the Mayor of Truro, for his kindness in granting the use of the Council Chamber for this meeting. On motion by Rev. T. PHILLPoTTS, seconded by Mr. PAscog, thanks were voted to the President for the kindness and ability with which he had presided over the meeting, and for the zeal which he had always evinced in supporting the objects of this Institution. XX1 PEE AU UN SE xCU RST ON: A NUMEROUS party of members and friends of this Institution, on Monday and Tuesday, the 10th and 11th of August, made excursions to objects of much antiquarian interest in the neigh- bourhood of Liskeard ; in which town they received most cordial sympathy and active assistance from the municipal authorities, and from the officers and other members of the Liskeard Insti- tution. About one o’clock on the Monday, about 120 ladies and gentlemen started in vehicles of various kinds from the Parade, in Liskeard, and proceeded, by way of Luxstowe, to the village of Trevecca, where, in the Friends’ Burial-Ground, rest the remains of the late John Allen (author of a History of Liskeard and its neighbourhood), whose memory is much esteemed among local antiquaries. Thence to the summit of St. Cleer Down, where, the weather being remarkably fine, an extensive prospect was en- joyed of varied and interesting scenery; and to St. Cleer Well, the Baptistery of which was satisfactorily restored in the year 1864,* under the superintendence of Mr. Henry Rice, architect. Mr. Rice now exhibited to the excursionists drawings which showed the ruinous state in which the structure had remained during many years. He said he thought the roof of the building had fallen in and thrown out the sides; but the old sills now re- mained exactly as they were found, not having been injured or misplaced by the fall. He was of opinion that there had been no central arch in the former building, and that the roof was self- supported. The pinnacles were old, and also the coping; the pillars he had again inserted. No date was found anywhere. The Cross adjoining had always occupied its present position.— The dimensions of the building (as given by Mr. N. Hare) are: length eleven feet ; width nine feet eight inches; height thirteen « The restored building bears the following Inscription : Restorep A.D. 1864, To tHe Mimory OF THE LATE Rey. JoHN JOPH, 67 YEARS VicaR oF Sr. CLEER, BY HIS GRANDCHILDREN. BS = XXi1 feet nine inches. The tops of the pillars are enriched with the guilloche ornament.* A brief visit was paid to St. Cleer Church, of which, in 1862, in anticipation of an intended visit from the Cambrian Archwo- logical Society, the late Mr. Pedler wrote as follows :— ‘The parish church has evidently been built at various times. The tower, which is a finely proportioned granite structure, 100 feet high, is probably of the last century; the south aisle some centuries older, and the north wall of very remote date. In this there is a doorway recently opened, with a circular heading surrounded with the chevron ornament, the usual characteristic of Norman work.f An opinion prevails that through this door the novitiate was taken for baptism to the neighbouring baptistery of St. Cleer Well.” The party next proceeded, by way of Redgate, to Doniert’s Monument, or “The Other-Half Stone,” an account of which was read. by Capt. Alms, of Bodmin, from Mr. Spence’s “ Iter Cornubi- ense” ; in which it is recorded that in August, 1849, the members of the Plymouth branch of the Exeter Diocesan Society visited this monument, and, with assistance from South Caradon Mine, raised Doniert’s Stone from its sunken position, and dug down by the side of the larger obelisk, to ascertain the truth of the report by the historian Hals.—After reaching a depth of about fourteen feet, a hole was discovered in the side of the shaft, which led into a cruciform vault, eighteen feet in length from east to west, and sixteen feet from north to south, the width of the vault being about four feet; the sides were perpendicular, and the roof circular, and all smoothed with a tool and as level as the rough nature of the naked rocks would permit. Nothing was found. “The Hurlers” (three Circles of upright stones)—so called, from a superstitious tradition that they were men metamorphosed into stones for playing on the Lord’s Day,—and the “ Cheese- wring,” or ‘“‘ Wringcheese,” were next visited; and also, at the summit of the adjoming hill, an ancient circular vallum, composed of loose stones, with eastern entrance. Concerning “ the Hurlers,” Mr. Blight explained that the smaller circles, here as elsewhere, originally surrounded places of sepulture in their centre; the * The Well, as it existed—a “ picturesque ruin ”’—before its restoration, is represented in Blight’s Crosses, vol. 2. + Parker, in his ‘‘ Introduction to the Study of Gothic Architecture,” speaking of the chevron as a common Norman ornament, says: ‘it is found at all periods, even in Roman work of the third century, and probably earlier; but in all early work it is used sparingly, and the profusion with which it is used in late work is one of the most ready marks by which to distinguish that the work is late.” XX1il whole being covered with a cairn, or heap of loose stones, the use of the circles being merely to mark out the shape of the cairn. The large circles were probably erected outside the cairn, as a fence.—The visitors were gratified to find that not a stone had been removed since Borlase wrote of them in his “ Antiquities,” 120 years ago. Their number now, as then, was 22.* Descending the old cairn, a short visit to the habitation of Daniel Gumb, built of granite boulders that have now fallen into a ruin. On one of the stones was still the inscription, “ D. Gumb, 1735”; and upon the surface of another which had formed the roof, was a diagram, intended probably to illustrate a problem of Euclid. Time did not allow of the purposed visit to the interesting remains at Smallacombe ;+ and after the Cheesewring had been photographed with numerous visitors and natives grouped about its base, the party hastened to South Caradon Mine,—some in carriages, whilst others, preferrmg to make a short cut on foot along the railway, visited the barrow, at Stowes Mine, in which was discovered, in 1837, the unique Gold Cup { which, by permis- sion from the Queen, was exhibited by Mr. Smirke at a special meeting of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, in August, 1867. || In the Account-house at South Caradon the excursionists par- * This remark applies, of course, only to the three circles visited. Mr. Blight, in his recently published “‘ Notes on Stone Circles,” speaks cote. of two upright stones of a fourth circle — distant about 120 yards : north-westerly from the group of ® op00° three circles. He says: ‘Three } were placed in a line running about N.N.E. by 8.S.W. The northern- most is 37 yards from the centre ii 0°? O, one, from which to the southern- most the distance is 31 yards. 120 yards N.W. of these are two stones of the fourth circle. The spaces between the uprights must have 7-7, ee, PAs averaged about 10 feet when the # A o ° Pa S circles were complete. Their height 4 ° e : 5 B is from 2 feet to 5 feet 6 inches. “---°% Peeler "o0-° The diameter of the north circie is 97 feet; the centre one, 136 feet. There are no traces of internal works.” { An illustrated notice of the ‘“‘ Enclosures at Smallacombe,” by Mr. J. T. Blight, is published in the Journal of the Royal Institution of Corn- wall, No. IX. t Now in the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, at Truro. || See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Nos. VIL and IX. XX1V took of luncheon; and on a proposition from Mr. Rogers, the President of the Institution, seconded by Rev. G. L. Church, thanks were cordially voted to the Manager and other authorities at the mine for kindly allowing the party to assemble there, and especially to Mr. William Rule, who had ably superintended the preparation of the luncheon. Mr. J. S. Dymond acknowledged the compliment on behalf of its recipients. After an inspection of some of the workings of this successful copper mine, the carriages were once more filled, and the excur- . sionists proceeded to Trethevy Cromlech,—the largest of Cornish Cromlechs, the covering-stone being fourteen feet ten inches long by nine feet wide. It has never been opened, so far as is known, and it appears to remain in its original completeness, except that the end stone at the west has fallen inwards so as to cover the floor of the interior, and, because of its large size, to render ex- cavation beneath it impossible. From the cromlech, a narrow paved lane, about a furlong in length and about six feet wide, leads to Tremar Coombe. It is impassable, except to pedestrians and to pack mules. It is suggested that possibly there might have been a British village at the head of this lane, and that re- mains of British dwellings may be found in the vicinity. This was the last object visited on Monday, Roundaberry being abandoned in favour of the tea and conversazione to which the excursionists had been invited by the Literary Institution at Liskeard. This took place at about eight o'clock, in the Town Hall; the Mayor, Mr. J. C. Isaac, presiding, in the absence of Mr. J. C. Corin, president of the Liskeard Institution.—A general resumé of the day’s excursion was given by Mr. Rogers, after which Mr. Whitley made a few remarks, descriptive of St. Cleer Church ; and Mr. Smirke made some observations on Doniert’s monument, expressing his belief that it was a genuine memorial stone, of ancient date, commemorative of a Christian prince. Mr. J. T. Blight addressed the meeting on cromlechs, special reference being made to the one at Trethevy, which was entirely of granite ; and as this kind of stone could not have been obtained within a mile, there must have been considerable labour in the transit of the material and in the construction of the building. By means of drawings on a black board, Mr. Blight explained the generally accepted mode by which such massive stones were raised to their position ; and he made some remarks also on the supposed use of artificial holes in cromlechs. There was exhibited at this Conversazione the “ Liskeard in- scribed stone,” which, some few years since, was removed from the wali of the Grammar School, situate on what is called the Castle. The late Mr. Pedler, in his Programme for the Cambrian XXV Archeological Association in 1862, states that this place was once the chief manor-house of the Duchy Manor of Liskeard, and probably had been the site of a Roman Station; a portion of wall still existed which might possibly be Roman. The inscrip- tion was in Roman capitals, cut in relief, and extended to three or four lines; but, with exception of a single letter here and there, and a few letters at the beginning, it was all obliterated. Pol- whele read the inscription as “ Olim Marti nunc arti,” conceiving the memorial to be modern and to contain an allusion to the change of purpose which the place had undergone ;* and Dr. Car- dew, who was educated at this school, had given a somewhat similar explanation, conjecturing the words to be olim arz nunc ANE Mr. Pedler, however, considered it a Roman memorial. The first word was clearly olim, and the second might be con- jectured to be Murtinus, the name of a Roman governor of Britain near the middle of the 4th century.t—Mr. SMIRKE said he would not venture to give a definite opinion as to the inscrip- tion ; but, the words appearing to have been cut in relief, he was inclined to attribute to it no very great antiquity. Mr. N. Hare writes: “This stone, which measures two feet ten inches by nine inches, has lately been replaced in the building from whence it was taken. It has either been broken in half, or consists of two separate stones joined together. But what seems hitherto to have been overlooked is this: that the first contains only three lines of ten or twelve large Roman letters, whilst the second half has four, if not five, lines of fifteen to eighteen letters, these latter being much smaller, except that one or two large ones may be distinguished at the beginning of words.” ] SECOND DAY’S EXCURSION. On Tuesday morning, notwithstanding unfavourable weather, a considerable number of the excursionists proceeded from Lis- keard by train to Saltash, where they were joined by friends from Plymouth ; and the united party was conducted by the Reverend * Dean Ramsay, in his ‘‘ Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character,” says: ‘‘ John Clerk’s” (afterwards Lord Eldin) ‘‘ vernacular version of the motto of the Celtic Club, is highly characteristic of his humour and his prejudice. He had a strong dislike to the whole Highland race, and the motto assumed by the modern Celts, ‘ Olim marte, nunc arie,’ Clerk translated ‘Formerly rubbers, now thieves.’ ” + See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. I. XXV1 Edward Polwhele, vicar of St. Stephens by Saltash, to the church of that parish—a large building possessing some points of archi- tectural interest, and a few curious monuments. The edifice appears to comprise remains of an original cruciform building of the Norman period, as shown in the two lower stages of the tower (situated at the north transept), in a south transept arch, and in a blocked south door to the nave. The rest of the building is of subsequent periods. The parish register is said to be one of the earliest in England ; it commences with the Ist of January, 1545,* and its earliest entries appear to have been copied from a former register. It is still in its original binding. It records that in 1549, the year of Arundel’s Rebellion, a serious epidemic prevailed; the deaths rising monthly, from 7 in April to 71 in July, and falling to 0 in November. Trematon Castle was next visited ; the party being conducted by Admiral Tucker over all the remains of this interesting relic of the Earldom of Cornwall. Its present appearance is very un- like that represented in Lysons’ print only fifty years ago. Then the whole mound on which the Keep stands was quite bare, now it is ornamented with trees on all sides, planted by the father of the present occupier of the modern residence, whilst a flower garden adorns the only level portion of the ground adjoining the Keep. The Gate-Tower was the first part visited. This remains to the present day as it was originally built, with a few most trifling alterations, i.e, in the roof, the windows, and fireplaces. All substantial parts are unaltered since the beginning of the 14th century, the period to which the ornaments of the chimney- pieces very clearly assign it. Lysons cites a survey of the Duchy in 1337 which describes “a hall, kitchen, and lodging-chamber, built by Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, and an ancient chapel within the gate.” Assuming, therefore, that this gate-tower is the one there referred to, it was probably erected by Edward III, between the date of his resumption of the castle into the hands of the Crown in 1275, and 1337, the date of the survey. The building consists of a double arched gateway of ample size for a carriage entrance, guarded by a portcullis both within and without, a porter’s lodge below, and two stories above, approached by a new- elled stair entering from the wall which connects the gate with the keep above. Each story contains only one room, with fire- places of the same date; there it is believed the prisoners arrested within the Honor of Trematon were kept. The shafts * The Gerrans parish register begins in 1539, the first year of registra- tion, under Henry VIII; that of St. Michael Penkivel begins in 1547. XXXVI and capitals a the chimneys are very nearly perfect m each chamber, and are ornamented with the peculiar erect form of con- ventional foliage which betokens French rather than English work. The Keep surmounts the mound and is built with excel- lent mortar, in a form neither circular nor oval, but in irregular curves, which appear to have followed the natural figure of the summit of the rocky mound. MH I HoocoocooooOND oO OOH a) rj ‘vy “yyearua07) fo LOUNPY Sty jedory dy} Ypar yunosw ww ‘aaansean kL ‘gaan k paqoyy “Agl JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. No. X. APRIL. 1869. 1.— Celtic Remains in Algeria.—By CHARLES Fox. PUBLISHED some years since, observations on the cromlechs of Algeria, which were communicated to me by my late valued friend, Henry Christy, who was the first to investigate the so called Celtic remains in that region. I have recently, with Dr. Boujot, examined some near Guyotville, about fifteen miles west of the city of Algiers. Only a very few of the dolmens (or cromlechs) remain undisturbed. They are on a high plateau, on the border of the Ouadi H’ Kalaah, and were once much more numerous. Mons. Berbrugger, a distinguished Archeologist of Algeria, informed me that several years ago he saw as many as a hundred there, and, about the centre of the group, what looked like an altar with three steps. At that period a thicket of wild shrubs made a close examination more difficult than it is now, since a colonist has roughly cultivated some patches of the ground; but he has also removed very many of the sepulchral remains. The few still visible are slabs (without marks of tools) 44 to 5 feet in length, resting—in some instances very irregularly —on four rough upright stones, less than 3 feet in height. Here and there, gaps below the cover are occupied by shapeless blocks of stone. The colonist led us to his hut, that we might see some bones which he had found a few days before in a dolmen, undis- turbed previously. These were parts of three crania (one of them of a child) in too friable a state to admit of much 78 CELTIC REMAINS IN ALGERIA. handling. The longest tibiz were shorter than those of a man of average height. The skulls appeared to Dr. Boujot and myself to be dolicho-cephalic ; one of them was very thick in the oceip- ital region. A small lower jaw was toothless and thin, from absorption by age. One imperfect calvarium reminded us of the Engis skull, which, my friend Dr. Tuke informs me, resembles one of which he has a plaster cast, supposed to be that of the Vener- able Bede. There were no signs of cremation, and no flint implements ; a fragment of coarse pottery and a wire-like piece of bronze, about 24 inches in length, having an obscure pattern worked on it, were found with the bones. On the opposite side of the ravine, there are many artificial caverns; some have fallen in, others have their entrances obstructed by rubbish ; they prob- ably were tenanted by the race that erected the dolmens for the reception of their dead. I could distinguish, far to the west, near the sea, the tomb of Juba II, 150 feet in height, which, like that of Syphax, seems to preserve (as M. Detourneux remarks) the traditional and national character of the sepulchres largely distributed throughout Algeria. M. Berbrugger shewed me a bronze fibula, in good preservation, found in one of the Guyot- ville dolmens. Mr. Ferrand, of Constantina, confirmed what H. Christy had told me, that the coin of the Empress Faustina,* which they found in one of the eighteen cromlechs (or dolmens) near that city, which were examined by them, lay with human bones in the black earth, and that in all probability the grave had never been disturbed. Was it the obolus for Charon, de- posited between the teeth of the deceased? Colonel Feybé, of Bona, sent to the Scientific Institution at Algiers, twenty crania, which he had obtained from dolmens and similar tombs in that neighbourhood. On the eve of my departure from Algiers I had not time for more than a very cursory inspection of them, or of some of the proof sheets of Colonel Feybé’s Memoir on these skulls, which he was about to publish. There are varieties in their characters, although mostly dolicho-cephalic: some have rather angular bosses on the parietal bones. Facts seem to lead to the conclusion, that through successive ages, different races * In the time of Avitus, Emperor of the West, the tax gatherer would receive no coins but those of Faustina or the Antonines. CELTIC REMAINS IN ALGERIA. 79 —or at least tribes—of men in North Africa erected those struc- tures, (whether for burials or religious ceremonies), which in Great Britain, Ireland, and France, are ascribed to the Celts. If Druid- ical Vates were consulted by the Romans in Yorkshire, as late as the era of Severus, and in Gaul during the life of Diocletian, one cannot be surprised that those customary modes of burial should continue in use amongst the people whose ancestors had implicitly observed them, even until after the Christian Era, and that frag- ments of Roman columns should be built in with concentric layers of other stones, in steps, having on the summit slabs placed vertically to enclose the dead. These Bazinas (as the Arabs call them) are sometimes ten or twelve yards in diameter. Lieut. Payen has seen in Mount Aures and the Hodna thousands of cylindrical towers of regular beds of stone, generally surmounted by a large flat stone, under which, in the central kist, skeletons and utensils are found. The Arabs call these towers “ Chouachat.” At Mount Daourouch, the hill sides are pierced with little chambers, generally cubic; the entrances to these were evidently shut by slabs or wooden doors; some still contain human bones and a greasy foetid earth. Circles of stones, menhirs as well as crom- lechs, all of which specially remind us of similar monuments in this county, Wales, &c., are innumerable in Algeria. M. Detour- neux shewed to me his “Two Letters to Monsieur Desors,” describing some of them, with accompanying sketches. He speaks of a dolmen at Tarf, resting on hewn stones, in the centre of a circle of rough ones, set upright; outside these is another circle of squared flat stones, which touch each other. Mons. Den Bion says the stones in avenues and squares are found by thousands on the N. Hast of the Hodna mountains and in the Bou Arredj section, and that. Berber letters, such as are still used hy the Touaregs, are seen on stones. He gives a copy of an inscription of four lines on a stone six feet high, the largest of a circle of seven, existing on the Cheffa plain, near the road to Bona. In another instance the inscribed stone is a solitary one. If the Berbers or Kabyles, 700,000 in number, who are the Highlanders of Algeria, no longer use a written language, or construct such monuments, they still erect ‘‘menhirs ”—upright unhewn stones—as memorials of certain events. Highty years ago they set up a stone named Tizi Ouquemmon, to celebrate the abolition of women’s right to 80 CELTIC REMAINS IN ALGERIA. inherit, in the confederation of Aith Iatin. The Kabyles are not nomade, like many of the Arab tribes, but reside in huts, are diligent tillers of the soil, and have many workers in the metals and in pottery. The warlike Touareg tribes of the desert speak the same language, with a less admixture of Arabic words, and preserve some Berber inscriptions, viz., on a shield and bracelet. Its affinity with any known language is very obscure. Colonel Hannoteau, who has been living for several years at Fort Napoleon, in the centre of the curvilinear range of the lofty Jebel Jurjura mountains, has published a grammar of the Kabyle vernacular ; a hasty inspection of it confirms one in the opinion expressed by Max Miiller, that its connexion with the Semitic, or any other family, remains to be defined. The women are not veiled; their arms «are tattooed, and on their foreheads may often be seen a mark, said to be that of the cross, a sign of the supposed religion of their ancestors before the Arab invasion. But as some of the stelee which have Berber inscriptions have the form of the Phe- nician votive or sepulchral stele, (of which I have seen many in the museum of Constantina, with the crescent of Ashtaroth), it is possible that the frontal mark may be the outline figure of a wor- shipper of Baal, as the sun, with both arms upraised. It is unquestionable that these emblems of Carthaginian worship were carved on christian tombs, (vide stones of Enchir ain Hechna), as well as DM, the “ Diis Manibus” of the Romans. The sun and moon were invoked as judges, in oaths. In a Church at Carthage, which had been a temple of Astarte, Pagan ceremonies and worship were observed. Augustine says that the heathen, when asked to embrace christianity, replied, ‘‘ Why should we leave the gods whom the christians worship with us.” But, unmixed with these reminiscences of heathenism, may be seen the christian monogram on sarcophagi, carefully preserved by the French. I observed the letters of one in relief, ten inches in length, cut on each end. Ao / OTL 70 SO 3B gnog~ “ENUWVD YONNTZ OL WIS 3HL WOUd NOILOAS HOLANGS S914 Glacaal. Actiow tw Cormmdll, ee es Ss es i os i) ENE Saat G wk 187 VIIL—A Calendar of Natural Periodic Phenomena: kept at Bodmin, for the year 1869.—By THomas Q. Coucu. “Tl semble, en effet, que les phénoménes périodiques forment, pour les tres organisés, en dehors de la vie individuelle, une vie commune dont on ne peut saisir les phases qu’en V’étudiant simultanément sur toute la terre.” —Quetelet. N.B.—The names printed in Italics indicate plants and animals marked for special observation. fl. means flowers ; fol., foliates; defol., defoliates. The time of flowering is to be noted when the flower is suffi- ciently expanded to show the anthers ; of foliation, when the leaf- bud is so far open as to show the upper surtace of the leaves; of fructification, at the period of dehiscence of the pericarp, in de- hiscent fruits; and, in others, when they have evidently arrived at maturity ; of defoliation, when the greater part of the leaves of the year have fallen off. SS January 2. Hazel (Corylus avellana), fi. — Potentilla fragariastrum, fl. 4, Wild Primrose (Primula vulgaris), fi. 5. The Little Bat (Vespertilio pipistrellus), active. 12. Cardamine hirsuta, fl. 14. Elder (Sambucus nigra), fol. This and other natural appearances of unusual precocity, such as the full flowering of the Garden Strawberry, show the unusual mildness and forwardness of the season. 26. Pilewort (Ranunculus ficaria), fl. — Frog (hana temporaria), spawns. 27. Daphne mezereum, fi. 28. Sulphur Butterfly (Gonopteryx rhamni), seen. 188 NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. February 3. Lent Lily (Narcissus pseudo-Narcissus ), fl. 9. Chrysoplenium oppositifolium, fi. — Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), fol. 12. Larch (Larix Europea), fol. — Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia), fol. — Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), fi. 15. Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), fruits. 23. Stellaria holostea, fl. 27. Dog violet (Viola canina), fl. March 6. Whitethorn (Crategus oxycantha), fol. 8. Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea), fl. 25. Horse-chesinut (Aisculus hippocastanum ), fol. — Birch (Betula alba), fol. April 1. June lL. Bh 6. ds White Butterfly (Pieris brassice.), seen. Adder (Pelius berus), seen. Sycamore (Acer pseudo-plaianus ), fol. Oxalis acetosella, fl. Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), heard. (Seen several days before). Ash (Fraxinus excelsior ), fol. Swallow (Hirundo rustica), seen. Corylus avellana, fol. . Luzula campestris, fl. . Oak (Quercus robur ), fol. . Orchis mascula, fl. . Syringa vulgaris, fl. . Swift (Cypselus apus), seen. . Corn Crake (Crex pratensis), heard. . Whitethorn (Crategus oxycantha), fl. . Bugle (Ajuga reptans), fl. Elder (Sambucus mgra), fl. . Salmon-peal (Salmo trutta), ascends the Camel River. Earth-nut (Bunium flexuosum), fl. . Mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia), fi. . Fox-glove (Digitalis purpurea), fl. . Bees swarm. Hieraceum pilosella, fl. Horse Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), fl. Honeysuckle (Lonicera peraclymenum), ft. Stellaria graminea, fi. NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. 189 June 8. Hay Harvest begins. 9, Valeriana officinalis, fl. 10. Horse-fly (Cistrus equus), seen. 15. Wheat im ear. 22. Milfoil (Achillea millefolium), fi. — HEpilobium roseum, fl. 30. Betony (Betonica officinalis), fl. July. The White Butterfly (Pieris brassicee), which was remark- ably abundant last year, is this year very scarce. 14. Oats cut. 24, Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea), fl. August 10. Serratula tinctoria, fl. September 9. Elder (Sambucus nigra), ripens fruit. — Man. Measles (Morbilli) prevails. In consequence of long drought, the leaves assumed very early their autumnal tints, and dropped their leaves prematurely. By the end of August the sycamore, horse-chestnut, ash, and broad- leaved elm had in some situations lost their leaves; defoliation was most irregular, and no notes were kept of it. October 1. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), seen. 6. Immigrant Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), appear in flocks. 13. Locust (Locusta migratoria), several specimens caught in this neighbourhood. They were tolerably vigorous. The wind for some days before blew about E.S.E., but not boisterously. There are many previous records of their appearance among us in scattered numbers about this time. — — Man. Fever (Synochus) prevalent. 19. Swallow (Hirundo rustica), seen. November 6. A brilliant meteor seen. The Spring was very mild and forward. The grass was un- usually plentiful, and vegetation generally in a state of prema- turity. Butter was however very dear. Several farmers have, independently of each other, accounted for this by the infecundity 190 NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. of the cow, and the consequent deficiency of milch animals. The previous hot and arid summer may have here had influence on both sexes. This forwardness was much damaged by a bleak, wet, and windy March. The cold and rough weather of April and May almost completely destroyed the apple-crop, although the blossoming was fine. The potato crop was scanty and most irregular. Hay, generally good and well saved. Wheat, not equal to 1868 either in sample or quantity. Barley, an average crop, and generally well harvested. Oats, generally light in quantity and poor in quality, affected by the dry July, and here and there much rusted. The mangold and turnip crop, which at an early period looked bad from want of moisture, by the latter rains, turned out a full average. The crop of onions was deficient and the bulbs very small, NOTES AND QUERIES. Henry Grenfield. Is anything known of this writer, who was a native of Truro? I have a volume of his poetry, entitled “God in the Creature, being a Poem in Three Parts,” &. London, printed for George May, and are to be sold at the Peacock, in St. Paul’s Churchyard. MpcLxxxvr. The Epistle dedicatory is ad- dressed to the Mayor, Recorder, Justices, Aldermen, and Capital Burgesses of the “Reformed and Loyal Corporation” of Truro ; in which Ancient Corporation, he says he “ first drew breath.” 10 (0), (C; 191 VIII.— Description of the operations at Dolcoath Mine—By Mr. JOSIAH THoMAS, the Managing Agent. O* the 31st August last the members and friends of the Royal Institution of Cornwall honoured us with a visit to this mine ; and having accompanied them with much pleasure through the various surface and dressing operations, I have since been asked to write a short description of the mine for the pages of the Journal,—a request which I gladly accede to in pleasant re- membrance of the day. The chief geological features of the district, as well as the general character and composition of the lodes in this mine, having been. so clearly and correctly described by Mr. Henwood * in the * The ancient mine of Dolcoath is wrought at the foot of Carn Entral and Camborne-beacon, granitic hills surrounded by slate at the surface, but is probably connected downward with the body of granite which extends from Illogan and Camborne to Constantine, Wendron, and Crowan. In the southern and central parts of Dolcoath, the granite, which con- sists of the usual ingredients, and presents the ordinary structure—is generally overlaid by greenish, deep blue, or brownish slate, of thick lamellar structure ; and this is, in one case, interlaid by a thin, but rather extensive, bed or floor of granite. Both granite and slate are intersected_by broad bands of felspathic and quartzose porphyry (elvan-courses), which display marked changes of char- acter in passing from cne rock to the other; their usual direction is about N.E.—S.W., and, in Dolcoath, at least they dip towards the N. The principal lodes bear 10 degs. to 30 degs. N. of E.—S. of W.; the main lode of Dolcoath, however, takes much the same direction as the elvan- courses, whilst lodes of a second series (the caunter lodes) range from 10 to 30 degs. S. of H.—N. of W. In the southern part of the mine the lodes mostly dip (8.) towards—but in the northern part they decline (N.) from— the granite. In width they vary from a mere parting between opposite (walls) faces of rock to at least 20 feet ; but on an average they are perhaps 8 or4 feet. Their principal ingredient is quartz ; but slaty or granitic matter, as the neighbouring (country) rock is of slate or granite, also abounds, as well as larger or smaller quantities of other earthy substances. Most of the rarer Cornish Minerals have been, from time to time, found in the lodes of Dolcoath. Near the surface earthy brown iron ore, iron pyrites, and earthy black copper ore were mixed with vitreous copper, copper pyrites, and several of the less plentiful ores of copper, and in such parts crystallized minerals were often obtained ; but in some places, particularly in the eastern parts of the mine, much tin-ore was procured. At greater depths, however, the ores of copper were so abundant that Dolcoath was for some time the richest copper mine in Cornwall, and for a far longer period its returns were 192 DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATIONS AT DOLCOATH MINE. paper furnished to the excursionists, it will not be necessary to add much on those points. I may remark, however, that although all the lodes which have been extensively worked have produced large quantities of copper ore, yet only the main lode and those lodes to the south immediately connected with it, and which fall into it, have been rich for tin. The other lodes which are smaller, or not connected with the main lode, have nowhere, so far as explored, produced tin enough to be profitably worked. It would probably be difficult to find a richer piece of mining ground than this. The sett, which is about 550 fathoms in length, has already produced copper and tin ores to the value of five and half millions sterling; being about £5000 for every yard, or nearly £140 for every inch in length. The mine too is still in a prosper- ous condition, and bids fair to continue so for many years to come. I believe at the present time we are working to a greater depth, second to those of the Consolidated mines only. After a while the deepest works began to give gradually diminishing returns of copper ore; and notwithstanding the appearance of tin-ore in them, they were at length suspended. After a considerable interval, the superintendency devolved on the late manager, who resumed operations at greater depths, and brought them to a successful issue. Dolcoath having been formerly the richest copper mine, is now the most productive tin mine in Cornwall. It may not be unworthy of remark that the upper part of this deeply-seated tin-ore, like the shallower portions of the copper deposit above it, afforded an abundance of crystallized mineral. Ores of cobalt and bismuth have been obtained in small quantities from the principal southern and central lodes; whilst in the northern part of the mine Entral south lode has afforded a large amount of silver. But the lodes as well as the rocks are traversed by another system of veins (the cross-veins). These usually range from N. to 8., to perhaps 30 degs. S. of E., N. of W.; and dip, whether E. or W., at a considerably higher angle than the lodes or the elvans. With the exception of the cross-course which divides Dolcoath from Cook’s-kitchen, they measure from less than an inch to about three feet, and average, say one foot and a half in width. Their principal ingredients are quartz and clay; but on passing from one rock to another their mineral character—like that of the lodes—undergoes a change, and they assume a certain resemblance to the rock adjoining. Where two lodes of different series interfere, the one of them which intersects at one level is, sometimes, itself intersected at another. The lodes interfere with numerous cross-veins, which produce simple intersections in some, but displacements (heaves) in other places. Such, however, we have not opportunity to describe here. The works of Doleoath are about 550 ims. in length, by 150 ,, in breadth. In 1758 they were some 88 ,, in depth, ” 1788 ” ” 183 ” ” ” 1824 ” ” 240 ” ” And now they are ........ 34014; 5 DESORIPTION OF THE OPERATIONS AT DOLCOATH MINE. 193 and raising a larger quantity of tin, as well as making greater profits, than any other tin mine in the world. The total length of levels driven on the lodes, together with cross-cuts, is about fifty miles, in addition to twelve miles of shafts and winzes. Our present rate of sinking and driving is about a mile per year. The ground generally, especially in the deeper parts of the mine, is very hard, and but little stuff can be broken except by blasting. The average cost of driving an end 8 feet high and 6 feet wide (our usual size) is upwards of £20 per fathom. Where the lode throughout is of similar quality we usually set it to be raised at a certain price per ton of stuff (veinstone and crude ore), the condition beg that the men breaking it are only to be paid for that which will produce at least three-fourths per cent. of tin ore. The total average cost of breaking the stuf and sending it to surface in this manner is about five shillings and sixpence per. ton. Where the lode varies much in quality, requiring selection and greater care in working, we usually set it to be worked on tribute. The mine has been producing of late about 87 tons of black tin (or tin ore) per month, or 1050 tons per year; in order to obtain which we raise and stamp about 1000 tons per week, or 52000 tons per year; so that the average produce of our tin stuff as raised from underground is as near as can be two per cent. of tin ore—or, in other words, only oMe part in 50 (except a little arsenic) is of any value, the other 49 parts being worthless. To work so deep a mine (nearly 2000 feet from surface) and to raise so large a quantity of tin from so hard a rock is necessarily attended with great labour and expense. There are two steam engines, respectively of 85 and 60-inch cylinder, employed in pumping water for draining the mine, and three steam whims drawing suff (but of these one only works occasionally). There are also two steam engines employed in stamping and one in working the “man engine” for lowering and raising the miners. Our man-engine* consists of a single-rod working 12 feet * Loam, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, II, p. 35. Phillips, ibid, p. 43; IV, p. 57. Jones, ibid, V1, p. 63. Basset, ibid, VIII, p. 59. Gordon, ibid, IX, Part II, p. 6. Lemon and others, ibid, p. 12. 194 DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATIONS AT DOLCOATH MINE. stroke, which in some respects is preferable to a double-rod engine; for although a longer time is occupied in ascending and descending, yet it can be erected at a much less cost and is attended with less danger than the double-rod. About 30 minutes are occupied in as- cending from the 212-fathoms level (240 fathoms from surface), but it is in contemplation to erect a more powerful steam engine shortly by which the rod can be worked faster, and the ascent accom- plished in much less time. We find the man-engine to be a great improvement on the old system of climbing ladders ; for not only can the miners do more work, but older and more experienced men can now work in the deepest parts of the mine who could not otherwise have done so. Our stuff is drawn to the surface by kibbles and wire ropes. The kibble will contain one ton of stuff, and the ropes are made of steel wire, 34 inches in circumference. One steam whim draws from two shafts at the same time, there being one kibble in each shaft; so that whilst the empty kibble is being sent down in one shaft the full kibble is being drawn to surface in the other. Under some circumstances “skips” would undoubtedly be preferable to kibbles, but our shafts being so small and deep, considerable time and expense would be required to make the change, and we have therefore endeavoured to make the best of our present circum- stances. In ordinary working we can easily draw with one steam whim from the bottom of the mine 6 tons per hour.* On being drawn to surface the rocks are “spalled” or broken into small pieces of two to three inches in diameter, to prepare it for being stamped. The large rocks are broken into smaller pieces by men, but the “spalling” is principally done by girls with small steel sledges, at a cost of about fourpence halfpenny per ton. A strong and experienced girl will spall from 2 to 3 tons of hard tin- stuff per day. We have made some trial of Blake's Patent Stone Breaker, which we believe will be found more economical in some Taylor, ibid, X, p. 65. Lemon, Francis, Richards, and Jennings, ibid, XI, pp. 15—27. Francis, ibid, XIII, p. 22. Puckey, ibid, XIX, p. 38. Moissenet, Annales des Mines, Fifth Series, XV, pp. 1—45. Mining and Smelting Magazine, I, p. 366. Leifchild, Cornwall, its Mines and Miners, p. 155. Epitome of Evidence collected by the Royal Commissioners on Mines, pp. 24— 33. Twite, ibid, Appendix B, pp. 296—7. * Moissenet, Annales des Mines, Sixth Series, I, pp. 155—272. Mining and Smelting Magazine, II, pp. 161, 225, 272, 350; IV, pp. 19, 88, 151, 327. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATIONS AT DOLCOATH MINE. 195 situations, and where the tin stuff to be operated on is of similar quality, requiring little or no selection. The particles of tin being generally small, it is necessary to reduce the stuff to a very fine powder before the worthless parts can be separated from it. For this purpose two steam stamps are employed, one of them of 120 heads and the other 60, besides 20 heads worked by water power in the winter months. In ordinary working each of these heads of 6 cwt. is lifted 10 inches high 70 times per minute, and each head will stamp about one ton of hard stuff in 24 hours, and proportionately more according to the softness of the stuff. Much of the stuff is stamped fine enough to pass through a grating containing 150 holes to a square inch ; but when the particles of tin are larger, rougher grates are used. Our dressing operations * are all performed by the aid of the “buddle” and the “ kieve” ; trunks and frames of all kinds, which were so extensively used a few years since, being entirely dispensed with. The form of buddle we have adopted is that generally known as the “centre cone buddle,” its extreme diameter being from 16 to 22 feet, and the diameter of the cone or centre from 5 to 8 feet, according to the nature of the stuff to be dressed. On the top of the centre is a funnel with an iron plate attached for distributing the stuff equally over the centre, and also three or four arms for brooms or sweeps, which, together with the plate and funnel, are made to revolve by machiery driven by a water-wheel, whilst around the buddle is a trench filled with water, into which, whilst the buddle is being worked, the tails or worthless parts of the stuff are thrown to be washed rey after being separ ated from the tin in buddling. The “stirring” and “ packing ” in the kieves are also performed iy water power. As arsenic is either mixed or combined with most of our tin ores, it is necessary to calcine the ore in order to separate the tin. This is effected by three of Brunton’s Calciners, which need not be particularly described, as they are in general use throughout the county. ‘The arsenic being driven off in fumes, is deposited in flues above, and thé tin stuff left behind is again dressed in . buddies and kieves, to free it from the remaining waste. When * Moissenet, Annales des Mines, Vifth Series, XIV, pp. 77—276. Mining and Smelting Magazine, 1, p. 16. Pearce, ibid, IV, p. 79. H 196 DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATIONS AT DOLCOATH MINE. ready for sale, our tin ores will produce nearly 70 per cent. of metal. Attention is paid to the health and comfort of the various work-people employed in the mine. A large house is provided for the miners to change their clothes, in which there 1s a constant supply of hot water for washing, and a man always in attendance to keep up fires and dry the underground clothing when necessary. There are also four dinner houses in various parts of the mine, each provided with a large slab and cooking apparatus, and a plentiful supply of hot water for those of the surface labourers who wish to provide themselves with tea. Most of the dressing floors are roofed, in order to protect the work-people from the sun in sum- mer and from the rain and cold in winter; so that the dressing operations can be carried on with advantage to the proprietors and comfort to the work-people, in almost any weather.* * Lady Basset, of Tehidy, adopting a suggestion offered by Dr. Carlyon (Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, TI, 1835, p. 42), has maintained for some time at Dolcoath a kitchen, from which every man and boy employed underground has, on reaching the surface, whether by day or night, been supplied with half-a-pint of hot soup. It was prepared at one spot only, but some was taken toa distant part of the mine for distri- bution. It is made of faces and houghs of beef stewed with small squares of Swedish turnip; and pepper and salt are at hand, so that each person may flavour it to his taste. The digesters in which it is made ready are emptied about twice in the week, when the meat is found to be almost en- tirely dissolved. ‘‘I tasted it, and found it very palatable, . . . and several men and boys who had just come from their work below, said they found it very restorative.” It has chiefly been supplied in the winter months; but it is continued as late in the spring as the men wish it. Mr. Pethevick, the Manager, states that the number of men at Dolcoath is 404, and of boys working underground, 47. The account is as follows :— DOLCOATH MINE SOUP ACCOUNT. Half-pints delivered to men and boys. 1839, January . . 2,598 1840, January . . 2,640 1841, January . . 3,256 February . 2,837 February . 2,245 February . 3,579 Manche oniotl March ee. 28236 March .. 4,092 8,186 7,121 10,927 The average expenditure per month) Paid for the Soup .. .. £115 0 ey gO Debs aba GBs oo f Si » Qeliveryof it 3815 0 £5 10 0 1841. ABSTRACT OF ONE WEEK’S DELIVERY. April 1st, delivered in the day to 94men 2 boys; in the night to 75 men 3 boys. 2nd, ” ” 88 ” 6 ” ” 77 ” 3 ” 3rd, ” ” 87 ” 5 ” ” 5th, ” ”? 82 bed 5 99 ” 77 bed 5 ” 6th, ” ” 86 ” 6 th) ” Ct ” 2 ” 7th, ” ” 84 ” 5 ” ” 87 9 2 ” He also says, ‘‘ As the time since the introduction of the delivery of soup in DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATIONS AT DOLCOATH MINE. 197 In bringing this imperfect sketch to a close, I may perhaps be allowed to express the hope that this old and productive mine may long continue to be a source of wealth to the proprietors, and the chief means of support to the large labouring population of the neighbourhood. the mine is short (three years), we must not speak positively as to its effect as a preventive of consumption; but we have all remarked that our men are not laid up with colds in the manner they used to be; neither have we had but two cases of miners’ consumption within the last three years.” Barham, Report on the Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in the Mines of Devonshire and Cornwall, pp. 16, 84, s. 18 (Abridged). 198 ITX.—NaturAL History.—WNotes on the Ornithology of Cornwall from May, 1869.— By E. HEARLE Ropp. THINK my last annual chronicle of the production of rare and interesting birds in Cornwall—up to May last, when your Spring Meeting was held—recorded that the “Spoonbill” had been observed on Tresco Ponds, Scilly, during some days previ- ously. From that time, for several months, I find nothing of any note in my Journal; certainly nothing of any special interest turned up, neither do I see in the pages of the Zoologist any notes from other ornithologists which will add to the already extensive list of Cornish British Birds. There is a beautiful little bird, the “ Dartford Warbler,” which is found locally distributed in different parts of England, and which I have been looking out for during the last thirty years in Cornwall, being convinced that, from one or two well authenticated instances of its ogcurrence in the neighbourhood of Penryn many years since, similar localities in most parts of West Cornwall, viz., furzy heaths, offered the same attractions and chances for it as the Penryn country. The past year has been the first to reward my curiosity, and I am glad to record the first that has come under my notice, from a specimen or two captured on the grounds of the Rev. J. Daubuz, at Killiow, in your immediate neighbourhood. This took place, I think, in the fall of last year. Since that period, and in the autumnal months, several were observed at Trevider, a wild furzy valley in the parish of St. Buryan; and I have no doubt that there was a pretty general distribution of them throughout, at least, the West of Cornwall. This little warbler is one of the most diminutive of our soft-billed birds, and is remarkable alike for the uniform and peculiar vinous-purplish tint of the whole plumage, as also for its slender and elegant shape, with an elong- ated tail, which rather adds to its elegance. Some time after your last Spring Meeting a male and a female “Night Heron” were obtained from the neighbourhood of Hayle. ‘The Night Heron has occurred on several occasions in Cornwall, in the Land’s End, the Lizard, and the Scilly Isles dis- ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. 199 tricts. Those obtained from Hayle were adult-plumaged birds. The Female varies in her adult plumage from the Male, only in a duller tone of plumage. There are characters in this species which shew an affinity to both Herons and Bitterns; and the Night Heron may with propriety be regarded as a connecting link between the Ardeade and the Nycticoracide. The plumage of the immature Night Heron is so dissimilar to that of the adult that our older authors regarded it as specifically distinct, under the name of the “Gardenian Heron.” The colour of its plumage in this state may be described as a lavender brown studded all over with distinct and large white spots. From this period nothing of any great interest occurred to my notice throughout the past Summer. The opening Autumn pro- duced on our Eastern Moors, from Kilmar to Brownwilly, large flocks of Ring Ouzels in their southern migratory flights; flocks of thirty or more were observed on the Mountain Ash, which they sought for the sake of its berries. Although the Ring Ouzel’s migratory movements are every year observed, it must not be for- gotten that a great number remain on the Dartmoor and Bodmin- moor ranges of hills, and breed. In the following month of October the Lizard district gave us. a very good specimen of a rare and beautiful British Bird in the “Tittle Bustard.” The plumage was entirely plain underneath, shewing no traces of the crescentic black markings which charac- terize the bird in its Summer pluntage on the throat and breast. There is one curious character in tone of colour which pervades the base of the plumage of this species throughout, and that is a delicate roseate tint which is equal in intensity to the pink tone of colour in the breast of the Roseate Tern. The Lizard district has thus afforded specimens of the two British species of Bustard, within a recent period, viz: the Great Bustard and the Little Bustard, both rare and valuable British Birds. Amongst the Raptores, a very perfect and adult specimen of the Common Kite, which is the first that has come under my notice in the last 40 years, came into my hands, having been observed about the Moors near Trebartha, in the early part of the winter. There are I think, two specimens in your Museum, presented by the late Mr. Jackson of Looe, and which were reported to have been killed in the eastern part of the county. H3 200 ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. This species may always be known from the other birds of prey by its forked tail, which is plainly distinguishable when the bird soars to a great height, and which is continually the case. At these high elevations the Kite may be seen wheeling on motionless wing in wide circles, the forked tail being very distinguishable against the clear sky. For the size and weight of its body, the enor- mous expanse of wing and length of tail fully explain its powers of sustained flight. Amongst our larger raptores this is by far the most beautiful in plumage. No hawk was better known in the large woodland districts of the central part of Devon when I was a school-boy at Buckfastleigh, than “ the fork-tail’d kit,” as it was commonly called ; but since that period they have gradually decreased in numbers, and are now amongst our rarest birds. They used to be ranked amongst the ignoble birds of prey, as dis- tinguished from the high-couraged or nobler Falcons. They may be regarded too as one of Nature’s scavengers, and unworthy of persecution, as they prefer offal and carrion to living prey, except when disabled or helpless objects-present themselves. Amongst the smaller birds of prey, we are often visited in the winter (and the winter only) by one of the smallest of our Falcons, viz: the “Merlin.” It is a true Falcon, and inferior to none in courage and sagacity. When they become old, the brown plumage yields to another and very different tone ; the upper parts are of a fine clear blue, the shaft of each feather having a distinct black line. This is the state of plumage which induced Bewick to figure the bird as a distinct species under the name of the “ Stone Falcon.” A perfect specimen in this state of plumage was obtained this winter on the grounds of the Hon. and Rev. 8. Lawley, at Trevayler. The late severe frost, although of short continuance, afforded to this district a good supply and variety of wild fowl. Amongst the Ducks we had the Scaup, Golden Eye, Shieldrake, Tufted Duck, and Pochard, besides the commoner species. If the frost had continued in its intensity, probably we should have had the different Wild Geese, Wild Swans, and other hyemal species ; but the Brent Goose was the only Wild Goose that came under my notice. We were visited by the Red-breasted Merganser, in its adult plumage; it is generally observed in its perfect and orna- mental plumage in the Summer; but I am inclined to lean to ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. : 201 the opinion that, although this state of plumage may be regarded generally as the Summer plumage, very old birds may probably retain this plumage perennially. The Grebes too, which were generally distributed in the South and Western Counties of England during the late winter, have the same seasonal change of plumage, losing their tufts and ruffs im winter. I may here mention that a good deal has been said in the papers about the appearance of the Sclavonian or Horned Grebe as a rare bird ; but in the different inlets and creeks of Falmouth Harbour, where rushes and reeds offer a suitable retreat, such as St. Just Creek, under Mesack, the Lamorran Creek, the Tresillian River, the Fal up to the morass and rushes under Trewarthenick, the various species of Grebe, from the Great Crested to the little Dabchick, may be seen every year and throughout the year. The only species of Duck which appears in the Southern Counties in the Spring and Summer is the little Garganey, or Summer Teal. It is only occasionally that they make Cornwall a resting-place on their journey to the Eastern and Midland Counties to breed; but the Penzance Museum has been favoured, this Spring, with beautiful specimens presented by J. Symons, jun., Esq., of Mayon House, near the Land’s End, where they were shot on the 30th of March. ‘ There is no other ornithological occurrence that suggests itself to me as being worthy of notice this year. x 202 REMARKS ON THE METEOROLOGY OF 1869. Ir will be convenient to follow the course adopted in former years, by giving first a summary view of the character of each month separately, as illustrated by the returns from the several stations in the county, and ap- pending any more general remarks which may seem called for. January was a mild and wet month. At Truro only four nights were frosty, and the lowest temperature was 28°; at Falmouth, 36. The rainfall (6°84 inches) was one fourth above the average of the last 20 years; and it was in excess at the other stations, except Helston, where the fall was only 3°56, the average being 4:18. At Penzance the fall was 6-93, the average being 5°33. The smallness of the fall at Helston, an intermediate station, is very remarkable. The difference was in great part due to its escaping some very heavy rain; thus on the 4th, while 1-23 was measured at Truro, there was only :04 at Helston; and on 28th, 1:25 at the former place is con- trasted with -73 at the latter. The number of days on which rain fell (from 20 to 23) was about the average for the month at all the stations. There were very heavy gales at the end of the month, with thunderstorms ; some wrecks occurred on the shores of Mount’s Bay, and much damage was done near Penzance by the breaking of the waves over the Greens, east and west. February maintained the same character; the quantity of rain (8°88 inches) being again one fourth above the average, and the number of rainy days (21) equally inexcess. The forwardness of vegetation was noted every- where. The blossoming of peaches and pears at Helston, on the 10th, is recorded by Mr. Moyle; and Mr. Tripp mentions that two vipers were killed on the 23rd, near Altarnun. With March a colder and drier season commenced, and continued, with about a week’s interruption in April, till the beginning of May. There were five frosts at Truro, twenty-three at Altarnun. At this place, My. Tripp notes for the 20th, “ Bright, cold day, wind N.E. At 4.30 p.m. thunder ; immense hailstones fell for four or five minutes; one, when measured, of circular shape, was 3-4ths of an inch in diameter; the others appeared mostly of the same shape and size”; and for the 27th he records ‘‘ three inches of snow, with hail, thunder, and lightning during the day.” Snow fell at Truro on the same day. The Mining Journal relates a strange occurrence at Carnyorth Mine, St. Just, during an awful thunderstorm. The lightning struck the engine-house, cleaving the spring-beam, a balk of timber 9 inches square, knocking the stair to pieces, with the windows, roof, and stack. The fluid went down the shaft, at 50 fathoms striking H. Boyns in the arm, and rendering H. Lanyon speechless. They thought a gun had been fired at METEOROLOGY. 203 them. On finding the arm not broken, they proceeded up with great diffi- culty. The lightning went down altogether 300 fathoms, and ran along the tramroad 300 fathoms more, striking R. Angwin in the foot, and W. Tresise in the chest. All the men underground received a severe electric shock. The ozone was suffocating. No death occurred, nor injury to the ironwork of the’ engine. A man called Archer, working at the stamps engine, was knocked backwards, and the arms of the round buddle machine were knocked away. Mr. G. J. Symons refers to two similar cases, recorded by De Fonvielle, in his popular work, Thunder and Lightning (p. 172, English ed.), one of which occurred on the 26th of May, 1845, at Freyberg, the other on the 5th July, 1855, at Himmelsfurth. The rainfall in April was only 1-3rd the average at Truro. There was a burst of summerlike weather between the 8th and 14th, the temperature rising above 70° through the country. May had, at Truro, a rainfall (5-42 in.) double the average, and the number of rainy days was 1-3rd greater than usual. The proportion was much the same at Helston and Bodmin; and the excess was still more marked at Altarnun, where 7:45 inches fell in 24 days. It was a cold and very unseasonable month. On the 10th a house was struck by lightning at Plymouth, and much damaged; and on the 17th, 18th, and 19th, destructive thunderstorms were very general up the country. In June the rainfall (26) was 1-9th the average at Truro, and only on seven days was there anyrain at all. But, though fine, the weather was un- genial; less so, however, than in many parts, especially in the midland and northern counties. On the 15th there was a thunderstorm in London; and snow on the Cumberland Hills and in Scotland. July was marked by continued dryness; the rainfall (35 inch) was only 17th the average at Truro. The temperature rose considerably on the 8rd, and the month was warm throughout, and everywhere. At Penzance the therm. did not rise above 74, but it\reached 86 at Helston, 79 at Fal- mouth, 81 at Truro, 79 at Bodmin, 90°5 at Altarnun, and 85 at Liskeard. It is remarked by Mr. Richards, for Penzance, that although the season was so dry, the prevailing winds were 8.W. to N.W, usually the moist quarter. Barley was cut at Helston on 16th, oats on 17th. August again was unusually dry; the rainfall at Truro (-48 inch) was less than 1-5th the average. In his note for Bodmin, Capt. Liddell records ‘ un- exampled drought, which lasted 15 weeks.” The highest temperature was 86 at Helston, 74 at Falmouth, 85 at Truro, 84 at Bodmin, 88 at Altarnun, and 86 at Liskeard. It was on the whole a very fine season for harvest; wheat was cut at Helston on the 3rd. The long continued drought ended on the 3rd of September, and this month was very wet, stormy, and mild. There was rain at Truro on 24 days, the aver- age being 15-7; and the rainfall (4:46 in.) was one fourth in excess. The gale on the 11th is recorded as ‘‘terrific ” throughout the county. This was attended with a fall of the barometer of nearly an inch in 12 hours (to 28°87) at 43 feet above the sea, and arise equally rapid to its previous height. Mr. Glaisher remarks for the country generally, that from the 9th to 20th violent 204 METEOROLOGY. gales raged from the 8.W., causing great destruction to life and property. On numerous occasions pressures were registered above 30 lbs. on the square foot. At the Falmouth Observatory, 10 lbs. was the highest average pressure recorded for 12 consecutive hours. Myr. Richards mentions that, on the 29th, “from 6 to 9a.m., Mount’s Bay was visited by an extraordinary action of the tide, which rose and fell five feet in about as many minutes, several times.” Onthe same day thunderstorms were very general in Cornwall and further east, and they occurred in the midland counties on the following day. The rainfall in October was 2°27 inches at Truro, less than half the average amount, although there were 19 more or less rainy days,—just the usual number. The first half of the month was generally fine and genial, and the temperature was very high for the season, reaching 75 on the 9th at Truro and Bodmin; the greatest heat, Capt. Liddell remarks, ever recorded there in October; at Altarnun it reached 79°5. On the 17th the weather suddenly changed, and there were gales from the north with heavy rain. On the 18th, Capt. Liddell notes that 35 in. fell at Bodmin in 18 minutes, and Mr. Tripp states that, on the same day, 96 in. fell at Altarnun between 4am.and9am. On the 2nd he records a mock sun, red with prismatic colours, near sunset; and on 6th, a large meteor followed by aurora. November must be accounted a rather wet month, the quantity of rain (4:81 in.) being above the average, and the number of rainy days, 23, being nearly one quarter in excess. The rains were very heavy on the 27th and 29th. Capt. Liddell notes that the river flood on 27th was the greatest since Oct., 1847. The temperature fluctuated much and rapidly: thus the 10th, 11th, and 12th days were very cold, whilst the four following were re- markable for warmth. As a whole, the month was nearly 2 deg. above the average. The minimum at Helston was 34, at Falmouth 36, at Truro 27, at Altarnun 23. A splendid meteor, stretching from east to west, leaving a luminous band visible for nearly 20 minutes, was seen throughout the county and beyond it about 7 p.m. on the 6th. December had a rainfall (5°62 inches) more than one-fifth in excess of the Truro average, and the number of more or less rainy days (22) was also greater than usual. There were two cold periods, the first less marked, from the 1st to 8th, when the lowest temperature at Truro was 28, that at Altarnun being 13; the second commencing on the 20th, and culminating on the 27th and 28th, when the cold was very intense. The minima were as follows :— at Penzance, 25; Helston, 23; Falmouth, 25; Truro,10; Bodmin, 18; Lis- keard, 18; Altarnun, 85. At Greenwich it was 21:3. The interval between these cold periods was rather mild, but very stormy and wet. Hail was un- usually frequent, it was registered on nine days ; snow.on four other days. Mr. Glaisher states, for Greenwich, that upon the whole quarter of 92 days, the temperature was below the average to the amount of 1°15 daily. The characteristic features of the last summer season may be accurately appreciated by an examination of the following table, which presents a numerical comparison of those six months in 1869 with the same in a long series of years, in regard to the important qualities of amount of sunshine, proportion of dry weather to wet, and the quantities of rain which fell. METFOROLOGY. 205 Actual Weather at Rainfall. hseurati ) a.m. -m. Obscuration of Sunat9 a.m. & 3 p.m Bact, 3 seven 8 io a é Quautity Number of Sunshine, Gleam. Cloud. Dry. Wet. in inches. days with rain 18 yrs. 1869. |'8 yrs. 1869. |18 yrs | 1869. ||17 yrs.) 1869. |17 yrs. 1869. |!29 yrs , 1869. 20 yrs., 1869. 15°7 | 24 Atprill.. 231-8) 38) |) 6:6) 4 216 ||) 18) 7671") Sl | 1359) 9 lor aes cee 33-2 98 (|) sy Aer MN) HOPG) | 7s |) We |] 0) | 2°77 | 5:42 a0 | 20 June....|347| 44/83] 8 liv0| 8 || 796] sy |10-4! 3 I-88) 26) Ts vall ay, July ....|35'8| 42 | 81 | 8 lisa] 1 |[s43| 00 | 87| 3 lloas| a5 ae7| 9 August ..|363| 46 | 79 | 5 |a7s| 11 || s24| gs | 10-6 “5 | ae “8 | aul eae Beetenned os6| 35 | 73| 4 |241| a1 || 70-4! 81 ang #40207 | ae | 3°23 | 4°46 80°5 ' 83°3 | 11:1 ' 8-0 6:0 20°05’ 16-2 Means .:.! 33° 2°67 11:99 | 13°7 It is hardly necessary to point out the very unusual continuity of splendid weather through June, July, and August. Had the early spring been seasonable, the crops and fruit would no doubt have been more abundant; but vegetation, prematurely pushed on by the mildness of Jan- uary and February, was rudely checked in March, to the general blighting of wall trees, and the serious injury of all forward plants. The above monthly summaries exhibit in a strong light the great differ- ences of climate found within the limits of the county. This becomes very remarkable where the places concerned are only a few miles apart. Thus, while the summer heat at Helston and Truro was 85 or 86, it was only 79 at Falmouth ; and whilst the thermometer fell to 10 in December last at Truro, it was not below 23 at Helston, and 25 at Falmouth. It has been asserted by a recent writer that the proximity of the sea does not affect the temper- ature of the land adjacent, except when the wind is blowing over the water towards the shore. This is probably neaxly true in regard to the continent and the eastern districts of England; but it does not apply at all strictly to our peninsular county; for example, in the case just mentioned, where Fal- mouth escaped so entirely the extreme cold noted at Truro, the wind was steadily north, or from land to sea. In fact this difference is constant in all very intense frosts. A large proportion of the rain gauges in Cornwall were inspected last year by Mr. Symons, and we are indebted to him for valuable suggestions in regard to them and other instruments. He has published an interesting estimate of the Rainfall at the Isles of Scilly, which he computes at about 33 inches; but further observations are required. It is matter of much satisfaction that the velocity and pressure of the wind is now accurately registered at the Falmouth Observatory. I would refer to an interesting table and diagram of results in the Report of the Cornwall Polytechnic Society for 1869. C. BARHAM. METEOROLOGY. 206 TABLE No. 1. ‘pardde uaaq oary (10.04) Satteredeg 10) pur (300.04) tor1y XaptyT Loy suotqyoo1400 ary, *1aYSte[D “AW Aq “yotMusery pur ‘molieg Ay ope ‘piepuejs 2 sf pasn Jajautoieg ey ‘S1oywarasgG [eLoY ol[} Ye LajaWIOIeg pivpurys or YIM paredutos *[AAd| VAS UVIU AAOYR J99J EP JO MOT}VAD[A SIT AOJ I9}JIWOIVY ay} Jo ssutpeat 9} [[@ 0} poppe aq prnoys ‘ut 60:0—"SMUVIN AW EEE Te 1F9-62 | 40g. | 896-62] F00- | 126-62 SL 81} OS. | 9] OG. | FST. | £ez-1 | et | 018-63] ¢ | Z9F-0€ | F9S-62| Sez. | 682-62] £00. | 264-62 G68 12} 10-1 | 12| Sr. | FEL. | Z0E-1 | Zz | S8I-62] 81 | Z8F-0€ | 22-62 | S8z- | 800-02] F00- | Z10-0¢ 06 86L| 09. | GL] FE. | SLO. | 90.1 | 91 | FEF-62] oz | 66F-0¢ | IFL-62| Fee. |¢20-0¢] 900. | 180-08 6L 8 IL} 08. | IL] €9- | 911. | 60G-L | IT | 228-82] 1 | 988.08 | 686-60! IzF. | 018-62] 700. | P1862 Se] of. | PF eI. | #80. | 096-0 | 6 | 028-62} 91 | 088.08 | SIZ-62 | 9SF. | 691-08) F00-. | EL1-0E Il 8 01] SI. | 6 €l- | 1F0. | 409-0 | 92 | £08-62} OL | OLF-0g | £99-62 | EFF. | 960-0€] 200. | 860-0¢ 91ST} OS. | GL] Gs. | 90. | SF8.0 | St | 1€S-62| of | FLE-08 | 262-62] Sg. | 8OI-0¢] 100. | 60L-0¢ ae aye 1) 2} 9F. | 660. 1681-1 | Z | 290-62] 1¢ | 9S2-0¢ | S9F-62 | OTS. | L262] 200. | SL2-6% ysE | go. |p 66- | 020. | 96.0 | 91 | 046-62} ZL | SEs-0E | 989-62 | 66d. | $86.62] 00. | 886-62 61881} 69. | st] IP | OTT. | €FO-1 | ZT | 86262] 9 | 108-0€ | ZE9-62| 2s. | 268-62| 200- | 798.62 oR T 18- | 1 OG: | OZI. | F7S9-T | T | 898-82] ef | Z1¢-0¢ | 882-62 | 92z- | F10-0¢| E00. | Z10-.0¢ 923¢ 6G. | ¢ 6 | O€T- | O8G-1. | 8Z | 898-84] 8 | SFF-O | 29-62 | 86Z- | 0&6-62] FOO. | F&6-60 ul “dL “UL “UL “UL “UL “UL “Ul “ul ‘Ul “UL tu @ Ba BS = 2 = ee 2 | $8 ES a 2 2 | oe joes | 8 mo eo Lo ats 5a pa oo b= Big a= S} ee | es eee eedeclo |) Ge lee (se ale ne. |oesearla ce ose sees 4 g BS 26 é 5 : 616-66 | 296.66 | £46.6¢ | ** sueayy 664-62 | £94.62 | 608-62 | *** *00q 1Z0-0€ | 100-08 | €10-0€ |"*** ‘sony GOT-0€ | ZL0-0€ | 490-08 |**** “390 118.66 | 808-62 | #Z8-62 |" "°° “3dag 981-0€ | 891-08 | 99T-0€ |" ysnSny €OT-0€ | 860-08 | £60-08 |---* Aju FIL-0€ | 801-0€ | 90T-0¢ |**** ounr 62-62 | 694-62 | $44.62 |"*°* AeT 166.62 | 926-62 | £66.62 | *** Tudy 698-62 | 6F8-66 | P28-62 |°* yours T€0-0€ | 800-08 | [10-0€ |: &renaqa,y 916-62 | 9£6.62 | 6F6-6a | Arenuee “ul “Ul “ut ‘ud 6 ‘ud ¢ ‘Ul'e G “TWOTY ao tee "6981 ‘POAS] BOS UBoUT 9A0ge 499} Cf UIDISID “YALANOUVA AHL AO SNVEUW ATHLNOW 2 a nT eee eee een eee ee eee “yonusoy) fo uoyngysug qohory ayy qv qdoy swajsiboiy wof ‘G98T “wah og sof “YW FG buoy “N {LI OG (oT We ‘olnay, wo suoynasasgg qoorbojosonayy fo hanuungy i (=) GN METEOROLOGY. TABLE No. 2. —seSeee purryaisan fq are sqing <1q pur jaq piepuryig yz, *AJaa1y sussed me oy yor YSnosyy ‘pays Uapoom v UTUONNINSUT [Eko oy Jo J ¥-E1|G-19| 1-1 [€-65] 9-6] 0.694) 0-6 [6.9F| 9.6 1S-€F| Oo | 6.06 L2G] G1 e-eclloerl Los OF | 86 | OL | ST | 9S || 4-01/0.1F] 9- |9-1F | €-9€ ]0-4F || 8-€ | 0.88] 6-1 16-6¢] 1. |0.0F/8.1%1 2%. |o.zF ll #.6¢|6.0F Te | cl | 46 | T | 89 | T-FL|8.9F| b | 6-LF|S.0F |€.FG || 9.F |F-Eh| €-% |Z.ch] ¢. |Z 9Fl0.8F/ GS. |¢.gFllg.EP) FOF 46 | 0€ | 8€| 6 | $2 16-01) T.¢¢] 0-1 | L-FS| 2-8F |9-69]| 0.9 |Z-ZF| 0-€ |Z 0G] Z. |F-1¢]z.¢¢] 8. 1¢-F¢]lo.0¢l0.z¢ 0¢ | 6 | OF | T | 04 4.11] 8.46] €-1 | 1-65] €-€¢ |0-¢9 || 9.¢ | 2.46] 8.1 | ¢.9¢] 2-1 |2-2¢]¢.8¢| 2.1 |0.09|18.c¢]0.z¢ 9F | 4 | 6 | 9% | $8 |/%6T | F.09] 4-1 | 1-9] 9-9 | 2-14 || FZ |6.F9| 2-6 |9.8¢| F.1 |0.09}¢.z9| 1-6 | F.F9116.9¢] T.6¢ OF | OL) IF | OL | T8 || €-81}2.09| 6.1 | 1-29|0-€¢ | €-14]| 8-9 |8.G¢| F-€ |Z-6¢]| €.1 |¢.09] 9.29] % % |8-F9 112.86] 0.09 8 | 1 | 8€ | 22 | 94 |] £.81|¢.¢¢] 8.1 | €-26|0.8F| 4-99 || 3-2 |6-6F| 9-€ 19.69) 0.2 19-6611 Ze] 0-€ | 1.09 || F.¢¢ | 9.66 ee | 12 | oe | £0 | 49 |iz-etl¢.1¢| 2.1 |0'ss| 4 9F| F-65| 2-9 |¢.cr]| L-€ |9.8F] 16 | 2.061 Z.1¢] €.2 |0.F¢ |] t.6F 16.06 OF |G | GE | 22 | C4 110.ET/6.06, S-1 | F-2¢ | 6-FF| 6-69 || 9.S |F.SF| 8% |Z-8F| F-1 |9-6Fl0-Te] Gs 13.e¢l|8.ZF | 2.6F 8¢ | OT | 4% | SI | SS |/8.11)/6.1F| 0-1 | 6-2F/0-2¢/8-8F |] 8.¢ |S-8¢] 6.1 |F.0F| Z- |T-IFl¢.z¢] G1 18.cF|]2.0F | 0.2% ve | 6T | OF | GS | F911 1.6 |c.gF| F |9.8F| 1.FF|S-ES|| 2.2 |F-Fr| 2 1¢.9F| b 16-9619 8F) 9. |2-6F|| F 9F|6.LF 86 | T | 8 | IE | 9S || 9.8 |6.97| 3. | 1-4F| 8.2F| F-1¢]| 8.% |¢-F| F-1 16-CF| T- l0-9Fle.zp| F | 2-2F || 0.97 | ©-LF Oj. |} © Pere |[en0. 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TABLE No. 4. f ‘Moug -sz ‘27 ‘og ‘er ‘Ar ‘IreHT ‘62 ‘8a ‘Iz H ‘Oc ‘61 ‘2 ‘I Satu cor ‘or ‘pt ‘at ‘it WSO1g “B98 91 JO [AAaT UZdUE 941 DAO 13aJ OGT ST ‘OINIT, rau ‘yea Ww Noge 42 ‘UOT NITsUT [VAOY ay JO JoOI ayy UO pooryd st omIy, ye asnes u “oe 9] ‘Urey alquyreim J -om oe ‘st ‘41 ‘or ‘cr ‘el ‘areg tz ‘Ie ‘0d ‘ol ‘tt “el ‘ar ‘F*e ‘IteH “82 ‘42 ‘92 ‘cg ‘moug "8% ‘4c ‘96 ‘ce ‘ZI “GF ‘cg “Aso1g "82 $e ‘ure aTqeHIvUAay “sl ‘Fog *8e ‘Le ‘F Savy 02 ‘eH “G6 “Fa ‘es ‘BT ‘4L ‘at ‘11 “so1g 0G ‘Ite, “Sz ‘6% ‘ee ‘81 ‘Zt ‘ax ‘tt “asorq “82 “12 ‘F ‘alvy “12 ‘Ol ‘ey ‘*9 ‘st vol0g BIOINY ‘67 ‘WII0IS Jopuny “St SIL SuLey a[qeyiewmay “se ‘Si ‘FL ‘El ‘SE SLL ‘aity “6 ‘S07 “cg ‘pivay you rtapunyy, ‘uaas Suruyysry ‘e ‘UlPY a[yeywmay “el “Fr fet faiey “Si ‘udas MOT[VMG ‘GI ‘pieay ooyong “Zr ‘91 ‘owen + *e Ie “Lo LE NEEL “8 *eL Gt “Or 6 841 SaIRQ 2G ‘0G “EL oor “G1 ‘IT ‘Ol SH0q "18 ‘08 ‘8a ‘G ‘IPD “Gz ‘92 F eT, “F Sultoyg dapunyy, gz ‘F “L ‘Urey ajyryremey “6g "+e “es §t Ysorg “SMUVNTY [91 0.82 61 | FZ 61 | TZ cL | 18 6 | 18 G | 88 € | 06 € | 48 06 | €4 6 | 18 €I | 08 66 | 69 Fe | 69 = 4/9 ca |e asnes ulereyy, *pnojo jo wy @ YSnor1] ayy [el ayy, *paimdosqo are asay} Jo Auvut Moy St ISTA ST YSIp S,UNS ay} UST paplodal st wes[H “puno1S ay wody 190} OF 1t}0U pur ‘s}1ed wo} OJuT AYs ayy Zurpratp kq pazeulrjsa st ssautpnolo 0-FS) T-C)1-0€]| F-F j0.¢¢¢]/4z8.| 3g | 8-0 | 2-8 306) £8-GE/23-LE || F-9|69] 9-9] 8.9][ °° SureyT L9G | 12 |] T-¢ |Z.Ges}eez.| eg | 6.0 | 9.2 || 91 | 20-1] ez | $2.¢] 39.¢ 0.4/3:9/¢.2] 0-L))°°°* 99d | 69 | 4 | ¥2 |] 6.€ /0-2F9/682.| 9g | $-0 | €-E |] 26] 96-0 | €% | 6f.F | 18-F]]z.21¢.91¢.2/6.2|| “°° “AON 4G 16 | £2 || 9.7 [€-0Fc/FEE.| 0g | 6-0 | 8-€ || ST | 09-0 | GT | 47.2] 22-2 || 2.9/0-9|F.9/8-Z1'°°* 390 TS] | GE | 8.¢ (8. 2EG12F.| 4g | £.0 | £-F || SL | 0-1 | ¥% | 06.4 | 9F-F Ilz.9] 6.6) ¢.2/ 8-9 |["°° “ades oh |S | OF || €-9 |€-Tesi9cP., gg] I-L | 1-¢ |] 1] 11-0} OL | 8¢-0| 8-0 |/¢.4/9-¢19.7/9-F °° Jsnsny eh | 8 | GP || 1.9 |€-0Sc|err.| £4 | G.T | 6-F | G%| 1-0] 6 | ¢¢.0| ¢8.0 Il T.¢/6-Eleclo.gll'*** Atac 8€ | 8 | FF || 8.F \1-Lec\Tcs.|.¢7 | €-1 We | FL} 80-0| 4 | 62-0 | 93.0 ||¢.g¢| 3-9] 9.¢| 2-¢|[°°°* ounce 89 | 4 | 8% || ZF |9 FZG/OTS-| 08 | 6-0 | G-E || € | 08-1] 02 | 22.6] zp.¢ | 1-2/6-9]0.2/ G-Zilr°°* Ser 8h | VF | 8€ | 0.F 8-CFe|66e | 08 | 8-0 | F-€ || ST | 62-0] SI | 12-1] 26.0 || 2.6] LS} 2.9] 29 ||te: lady PG | 9 | €€ || T-¢ |Z-cee|ezz.| eg | &-0 | 9-3 || 9T | 19-0] St | 1-2 | oF.2 | F.911-9]0-Z/ 3-9] °° GoaeTT 4G |S | ¥2 || 8-€ |0.9FG|94z.] 64 | 1-1 | 6% || OL | S¥-0| 12 | cP.¢ | gg. | -2'2-9/¢.2| 8.2|| Arenaqog GZ |6 | 9L || 1-F \€.0€¢|862.| £6 | €-0 | F-€ || 83 | SZ-1 | 02 | £6.¢ | 9.9 0.8|0-8|2.8| 8-2 |) Avenuer Pons | ee | ee || RUT ees UE "sus | °UL “UL “UL “UL [aioe o>| gs eS] 5 ily y |Z Pope dB Psi Sale ee legs| ee | Pees! B |e is We | ais Se Pipes Ores] Beall eel eas Ese| F ° Peale es es 28 |/fe% 2 |e laez a TONLE | ene | “TWOP Se) Sai ee | Geass pec | ays e8 sm g OE : c2 £8 asain SOT aE EOULY *“SSANTGNOTO “NOS Ee o5 S ee se aie “VIVANIVU GOVAYGAV SI SS EAN Se STS US a nyse tJ eso Ns eo || ee | Eee | MHHLVaAM “6981 METEOROLOGY. 210 TABLE No. 5. ‘0141p ‘ovWIp ‘outp “a OLS 93 GLE “IN 8SS oytp “UT OT oytp "lg §=—opnIP omip = MT YT Op ug ~~ ontp op U9 YS OP ‘Wg — op (2) (y) (4) *JOAI BAS AAOGR “4f OG ‘PUNoIS oAoqe “ulg “AY [ “AojomeIp “urgasuryg uiey (/) “O1NID 0141p ‘on41p “oqnp “93 812 “Wy 99 “93 SLL “"W V6 0441p ‘T «(OuID UTE) «(ontp (a) 0441p NGF Op “ULOL Ip (Pp) 0431p ‘44g o;Ip ‘UlG op = (a) 0441p ‘3g oontp «“UrZ— op = (4) *JOAOT BAS DAOQL “IJ NGS ‘PUNOIS aaoqe ‘UI OT WY p ‘ajawMeip “urg oseny urey (7) 916 Iz 61 16 8I 8 ST ol ial 91 1¢ 1G 06 | 8981—F9BI * ‘steed ay Jo aSvidAy S16 06 GG IZ GS L G Il ¥G Il 8I 96 OG | GO8T tr ttre tts UreL qyim she €6-19 2-4} $9.4 | 91-L£ | LE.9| €8.— | hE] 12-6 | 06-6] €1-€ | €6.F | 1-4} 26-8 | S98IT—FORT° “saeok aay jo ose10Ay 29-09 | £6-4| 19-9 | €£F | 68.8) 82-2] 09. | 90.1 | SPL] 31-2 | 99.0 | €6.9 | £2.6 Joost bsq ‘ddig 9 *D ‘oBeasvol a UnUIEyTY (2) G06 1G £6 6I FG 6 OL 6 02 II ial GS 03 | 698T°* 7" tte tS Tured qyTm sheg LL9F| 869] oFF | Le | 9£-6] 66. | 10-1] EF. | 20-8] S81 | 6.8 | 6I-S | 42.9 | 698T°** +’ UPUaL "Sg “ATM “pseeysry (7) L.€16 0€% | 1-16 | 1-06 | €-L£1 | 291 | 8.41 | 8.41] 3-FL | O.FT | G-ZT | 2.81 | 0.2% |-cc +++ Stead Aquamy yse] Jo oseJ0Ay 91% | & te |) SA Ot or CG | Koil | OG (CG SOO 8 tin esi ee eee My ae Se ZL.ch 16.4 | ¥¢.— | 6LS | $9.6 | 6¢.¢| £6.21 zo. | 008 | 62-2 | 6-6 | 28-2 | F8¢] °° savak AQuomy ysey Jo o8visAy FP-PV| 89-9 | 66-7 | 94-€ | £8-G | Bs. 96. re. | 82-9 | 161 | G8-% | 96-6 | 98-2 | GOST “N'Y ‘IPP!LT “¢ “WoD ‘ulmpog (4) igal ZT 91 al 9T 9 € 9 At OT al LI ZL | OBL te ued aM skeq L¥.66| G6-¥ | 6.€ | 89-1 | €9-F | 94. | O€. eg. | 0€-9 | SEL | 28-1 | €8.F | 28.F | GOST -°°°°- O8prisary, ‘ayy ‘Aenbman (S) SLT 66 0Z SI 06 L ¢ 6 61 OL cI 0Z BI | Gost tote tte ured qytm shed 11-68} 49-9 | #Z.¢ | 16-2] 88-4] ce. | SF. | 9c. | 98-F | ch-I | 00-2 | 06.¢ | $9.9 | BogL*T**t 8s? «FICO “¢ “ATY ‘sousy 4S (a) 1-€61 b-06 | 9.81 | G61 | 4-SI | 9.¢, | 4-21 | Z.zt | O-FL | PET | FLT | 2ST | 0.12 | °°: savod Aquomy qsey] Jo o8e19ay 606 GG £6 61 ¥G OL 6 L 0G al cl 1G Z| GO8l occ ed gi shed OL-1F PLY | 62.b | 6-6 | 6-8 | poz] £82] 9¢.c| 24-6 | FL-2] €L-¢ | 62-6 | 92g | **°* savad Aqua] yse[ JO aSeioay 68-L6 | 69-9 1 18.6 | 12.0 | 9F-F | op. | GE. gz. | FS | 6. | oF% | 88 | $8.9 | GOgTUsog Jo UOINANSUyT [esoY ‘omry, (p) 6-681 G61 | 0.41 | 1-8t | 4-S1 | o¢t | 8-2. | Fat] T-ol | 6-11 | F-91T | @-ST | v.00 | -°7° saeodk quam 4yseT Jo ose10AW Z61 6G GG 81 1Z 8 L 8 61 iA 91 61 €Z | G98l°° o> led YIM She 69.96 84-2 | Gr.¢ | 2¢.F | $6.2 | of.z| OF.g | 2-3 | FES | OF-S | 6O.€ | £62] BLP | cc°* savod Aquamy yse] Jo a8eioay 09.c¢ | [€-F | $9. ; 69.2 | 4h) LL. cr. | cc. | 60-7} 021] $8.2 | €8-6 | 966 | GogT°t*: “bsaE ‘eI “a “IN ‘UOISTAHT (9) 86. 1F 16-6 | 0.7 | 62-—| 7&-E 1 46.2 | 8z-Z | FO-3 | 08-2] 61-2] ZE-E | 1F-€ | ee.¢ | *r+++-suvad uaas[a Ysel JO oseIAAY G0-6€ | 69-9 | 06-F | ¢E.z | €8-F | Og. G9. oc. CIL.F | SFL | 28-2 | 86-€ | €6.9 | GOST ‘SPABUOIY "A “AA “AIM, SoouRzUed (9) 181 £6 61 8I 61 L L 8 9T OL tall 02 1Z | 698T°s* oc tree ules yg she GP-FG | SC.F | 8F-2 | £8-1 | 81-6] Ge. | OF. | 9G. | 46-6| 89. | 02-3 | EST] 88S | G98T°°°°* °°" °° ~AQuodTTOO M TT x) ‘Ady ‘pug sparry fueuueg “ag (v) 3 4 $ 2 e: “u “ul aUL ‘UL “aL “ul ‘UL a ~ 7 Gas ae AOR 3G Saas nenany ine oune | Aepy | qudy | yore | cqaq | ‘ue ISVA OL ISAM WOUL SNOILYLS ‘suonyg) auos Lof sabiosanD hiyyguow ni hjwooh ayy yun “E9QT uw qumuUlogy we jjof-uiney 211 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 1869. January 1. The Western Morning News publishes an Article entitled : “(1868 in the West of England.” ; January 6. The Cornish Telegraph publishes an “ Abstract of the Weather at Penzance and its neighbourhood for the year 1868”; by W. Hosken Richards. January 6, and subsequently, passim. Cornish Telegraph publishes, in continuation from the preceding year, a Series of Articles entitled “ The Excursion,” by ‘Old Celt”; including the Tin-Streamer’s Story ; Witch- eraft; the Witch of Zennor; the History of the Sailor; Margaret’s Feast ; the Privateer’s Adventures, &., &¢. January 8. Annual Meeting of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P., President, in the chair. Lord Eliot, Colonel Tremayne, Rev. Saltren Rogers, Mr. John Freeman, and Capt. W. Teague elected Vice-Presidents. Mr. Glaisher and Mr. Frank Buckland elected Honorary Members. January 14. The West Briton, in a notice of the Restoration of Wen- dron Church, states that, ‘on uncovering the face of the wall in the north transept, a series of holes with occasional corbels, was discovered at a uni- form height of about six feet from the oor, and it has been suggested, with some appearance of probability, that it was in this portion of the building that the stage was erected periodically in medizyal times, for the perform- ance of miracle plays.” January 27. Death of Mr. Richard Foster, of Castle, Lostwithiel. January 28. Cornwall Gazette states that a magnificent eagle had been .seen twice within the last few days at Tregothnan.—It also records the recent discovery of a fossil reptile, about 20 inches long, at Trebarwith Downs, Tintagel. February 4 and 18, and March 4. Letters in the West Briton, from ‘‘Cornubiensis,” ‘N,” and “H. H. Drake,” concerning the Hext pedigree and the families of Tredenham, Hawkins, and Scoble. February 9. Death of Mr. Jobn Francis Basset, of Tehidy, aged 37. February 24. Cornish Telegraph records that, a short time ago, a young I 212 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. man working in the 180-fm. level east, in Botallack, about half a mile from. the sea, after blasting a hole in a hard rock of secondary granite, about eight inches off from a lode composed of quartz and iron, and five feet thick, discovered a substance jutting up three inches above the rock he had blasted. It was flexible, and, cutting it out with achisel, he found it was a vegetable sub- stance, about four inches in length and 13 inch in diameter; and it had the smell and appearance of common ore-weed. March 9. Destruction of the ‘‘ Tolmén” (or Maen Rock), in the parish of Constantine, near Penryn. Communications on the subject in the West Briton:—March 11, 18, and 25; April 8, bearing signatures, ‘‘ Constantine,” and ‘‘ W,” Truro; and June 3 (copied from the Times) from Mr. W. Hosken of Penryn, on whose estate the Tolmén was destroyed. Mr. W. Hosken writes: ‘I distinctly state that I have always felt too great a pride in this ancient monument to wantonly throw it down, and each member of our family, to whom the estate belongs, very deeply regrets the loss of this fine object of interest. Had it not been for a direct breach of duty on the part of a servant, the rock would have been even now adorning the estate.” March 18. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘‘F. G. §.,” Hel- ston, on the destruction of the Constantine Tolmén; and letters on the same subject subsequently, viz: April 1 and 15, from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke,” of London; and April 8 and 22, from “S. J. Wills,” of Sithney. March 19. Death, at Newquay, of Mr. William Michell, of Newham, ' Truro, Registrar of the Stannaries of Cornwall and Devon. March 25. Cornwall Gazette records the recent discovery, in the church- yard at Padstow, of remains of an ancient cross, supposed to have been fixed at the time when the church was first built, and, on that supposition, more than a thousand years old; and to have been broken during the occupation of Cornwall by Puritan soldiers. March 25. West Briton publishes a letter from ‘‘ W. Hewett,” Fowey, urging the necessity of measures for preservation of rock antiquities, at Carn Grey, in the parish of St. Austell, and Elman-tor, in Lanlivery. April1. Mr. Thomas Gill of St. Austell, in a letter in the West Briton, gives assurance that ample provision had been made for preservation of Carn Grey Rock. April 14. Cornish Telegraph contains the following: The interesting pile of rocks situated at Carne, St. Mewan, known as the Beacon, has been much defaced by large portions of it being removed by the proprietors of the China-Clay Works, to be used by them as “grinders.” It is stated however that Mr. Hawkins, through Mr. Trethewy, his steward, has stopped the further destruction of the rocks. April 15. Cornwall Gazette and West Briton publish a letter from Mr. H. Michell Whitley, on the ‘‘ Preservation of Antiquities.” April 15. West Briton records that ‘in consequence of Sir John CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 213 Lubbock’s appeal on the late destruction of the great Tol-maen, in Cornwall, the Council of the Hthnological Society have appointed a Committee to in- vestigate the pre-historic monuments of these Islands, and the measures to be taken for their preservation.” April 15. West Briton publishes a Letter from ‘S. Treyail,” Luxulyan, urging the preservation of the ‘logging rock,” at Tregarden Down, in the parish of Luxulyan. April 22. West Briton published a letter signed ‘‘ Cornubiensis,” con- cerning the Carlyon pedigree and the connection between the Seymour, Tredenham, and Scobell families. April 22. Mr. T. Q@. Couch publishes in the West Briton a letter on “The Preservation of our Antiquities.” In it he states: ‘‘In my own neighbourhood, when an antiquity has been threatened, I have been able to save it by merely acquainting the owner or the steward of the fact. In this way the curious circles at Caerwen, in Blisland, and the Romano-British stone at Well-town, in Cardinham, were saved. The latter is now restored by Mr. Robartes to its original position, and surrounded by rails. I know that some of our wayside crosses have fallen at the requirement of late highway improvements. It is desirable that these and similar objects should stand on their original sites, but it is better that they should be removed to some near place of safety than utterly destroyed. April 30. Death of Sir Arthur William Buller, M.P. for Liskeard, aged 61. May 6. West Briton publishes a letter signed ‘‘ Beta,” on the ‘ Preser- vation of Antiquities.” It suggests that in Cornwall, ‘‘ so parcelled out into parishes, unions, &., there could be no very great difficulty in obtaining in- formation of the localities, and descriptions of every antiquity or interesting natural object existing at the present time.” By this means, a map might eventually be constructed, on which atthe antiquities of the county might be laid down in their true positions; ‘and by engaging and interesting a number of persons in different parts of the county, a sort of guardianship or association for the protection of such valuable objects would be established.” May 6. Annual Meeting of the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society ; Mr. Spence Bate presiding. The following Papers were read: On the occurrence of some rare plants near Plymouth ; Mr. T. R. A. Briggs. On the influence whch temperature has on the rate of mortality in Plymouth; Dr. Albert Hingston. May 13. West Briton publishes a letter signed ‘‘Curiosus,” on ‘ An- tiquity Destruction.” The writer suggests that, by communication with clergymen, registers and charts of antiquities and other objects of interest in the several parishes in Cornwall might be prepared, and these being printed for circulation or sale, would be a sort of check on the proceedings of future intending destructionists. it 214 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. May 18. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Spring Meeting; Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., &., in the chair. The Chairman delivered an elaborate address, mainly on subjects connected with mining in Cornwall ; and the following papers were read: Notice of Enclosures which existed at Boscawen-fin; Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A. Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall; Mr. E. Hearle Rodd. Indications of Glacial Action in Cornwall ; Mr. Whitley, F.M.S. An Inquiry into the association of the dialects of Devon and Cornwall; Mr. R. N. Worth. Chronicles of the Cornish Saints (V.—S. David); Rev. John Adams, M.A. Extracts relating to Cornwall, copied in the British Museum; Mr. Jonathan Couch, F.L.S., &c. Observa- tions made concerning the Laocodn; Sculptured Rocks; Glacial Action in Cornwall; Cornish Fossils; Meteorology, and other subjects. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. X1). May 20. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke,” concerning ‘“ John Busvargus (1598—1637) and his goods and chattels.” May 26. Cornish Telegraph publishes a notice of ‘ Enclosures which existed at Boscawen-tin, in St. Buryan; by Mr. John T. Blight, of Penzance. May 27. West Briton publishes a letter signed ‘‘ Cornubiensis,” on ‘Cornish Antiquities”; with references to the Dawney effigies in Sheviock church, and to an ancient carved oak screen in St. Austell church, the latter containing the escutcheon of the ancient Cornish Knights, the Ercedecknes, joined with that of the old Crusader, Sir Jordan de Haccomb. May 27. Mr. Thomas Q. Couch publishes in the West Briton a letter on “ Provincial Words.” ‘June 10. West Briton publishes a letter from ‘‘ Curiosus,” on ‘‘ The Destruction of Antiquities,” and especially on ‘‘ the destruction of Cornish Churches under the plausible plea of restoration.” June 17. West Briton publishes a letter from ‘‘H. H. Drake,” St. Austell, on ‘‘Cornish Antiquities,” with especial reference to the shields of L. Ercedekne and Haccomb in St. Austell church. June 24. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘ Christopher Cooke,” London, concerning ‘‘ Margaret Keigwin” and the ‘curious ring,” with a miniature of Charles the First, described in the Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 836—7. July 3. Cornwall Gazette records a recent visit to the Cheesewring by | Captain Simmons, agent for the Duchy of Cornwall, in company with Mr. John Freeman and his two sons and partners, the lessees of the Cheesewring Quarries; and the adoption of means for preservation of this natural curiosity. ' July 8. West Briton publishes an account of Carn Marth, by ‘ Tre.” July 18. Western Morning News publishes an article entitled ‘‘ Life in the Two Counties”; and afterwards, under the same heading, descriptive CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 215 accounts of various places in Cornwall and Devon, viz :— Truro: July 15, 16, 17, 19, and 20. Exeter: July 31, and August 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12. Liskeard: August 14 and 17, and September 2. Torquay: September 21, 23, 28, 30. Penzance: October 11, 22, 28. Tavistock: November 3, 4, 8. Falmouth : November 15, 17, 18, 22. Helston : November 24, 26. Totnes: December 7, 18. Dartmouth : December 27, 30. July 15. Mr. John Bellows, of Gloucester, publishes in the WE Briton a letter on ‘‘ The real meaning of the word Marazion.” July 20. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Highth Annual Meeting, at Dartmouth; Mr. G. Bidder, C.H., President. The following Papers were read: —The Submerged Forest at Blackpool, near Dartmouth; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Notice of the discovery of Scaphoilite at Chagford; Mr. G. Wareing Ormerod, F.G.S. On Statistics as applied to Social and Scientific Questions; Sir. J. Bowring, LL.D., F.R.S. The Literature of Kent’s Cavern, Torquay, Part II; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On a Chart of the Excavations in Kent’s Cavern; Mr. E. Vivian, M.A. Notice of Two Molars of Hippopotamus major, stated to have been found in Kent’s Cavern; Mr. G. Wareing Ormerod, F.G.S. On the alleged occurrence of Hippopotamus major and Machairodus latidens in Kent’s Cavern; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On the origin and appropriation of Stonehenge; Rev. R. Kirwan, M.A. On the Govern- ment Schools of Science and Art, with special reference to Devonshire; Mr. EH. Vivian, M.A. The Foraminifera of Devonshire; Mr. Parfitt. On the practicability and advisability of holding Industrial Art Exhibitions at the yearly meetings of this Association; My. J. Phillips. The Rainfall in the St. Marychurch road, Torquay, during the five years ending 31st December, 1868; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. July 22. Rev. Dr. Bannister publishes in the West Briton, a letter on the meaning of *‘ Carnmarth.” July 22. West Briton publishes a letter from ‘‘ Inquirer,” Liskeard, on the word ‘‘ Marazion,” &c. July 28. Cornish Telegraph records the recent discovery of a Silver Penny, temp. Edward I, on the Longships, by Mr. Smith, the principal officer of the Longships Lighthouse. August 4. Cornish Telegraph publishes a communication on the subject, from Mr. J. J. A. Boase; it comprises “Robert de Brunne’s’Account of the alteration of the Coinage by Edward I, in 1282.” July 28. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed “KH. M.,” on “‘ Antiquities in Cornwall,” especially in the parish of Gulval. i 3) 216 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. July 28. Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Meeting of Council. Among the reported presents were :—A quantity of dust (probably organic) dredged at above 1100 fathoms in the Atlantic by H.M.S. Porcupine ; from Mr. Jonathan Couch, F.S8.A. Querns and Rubbers, from Bollowal, in St. Just; Mz. Alfred Chenhalls. Two balls, resembling cannon-balls, one an amalgam of some sort, the other iron, found at Lanjisal Cove; Mr. John Symons. Queen’s Majesty’s Commissioners there, it is Enacted, Whereas there have XIX strained tin streamers from works prejudicial to navigation ; but these provisions, if not repealed, have long fallen into desuetude ; nor do they seem, when in force, to have applied to copper-mining. Yet, even now, the principal proprietor of mines in the adjoining county requires his tenants to intercept all sand, gravel, and mud escaping from their works ;* and the influence of this measure on been heretofore two sundry Statutes and Acts of Parliament at Westminster, one in the Twenty seventh Year, the other in the Twenty third Year of our King Henry the Highth: In the which said Statutes it hath been ordained, that no Person....should labour any....Tin-Works called Stream-Works, within the County of Cornwall, nigh to any of the fresh Water Rivers there, ....unless the Digger, Owner or Washer, did make sufficient Hatches or Ties in the End of their Buddels and Cords, and therein put... .all their said Stays, Gravel or Rubbel....there to be wholly and surely kept, on and from the fresh Water Rivers aforesaid, upon certain Penalties mentioned. To the end that the contents of the aforesaid several Statutes....may be the better hereafter performed, It is further Hnacted over and besides the Penalties....already ordained....for any Person or Persons for any Offence done contrary to the Provis‘on of the said Statutes, and that Person or Persons so offending be thereof duly convicted either by Verdict of Twelve Men or more, by his or their own Confession, or any other lawful Way or Means, for the first offence shall....incur the penalty of Forty Marks, to be levied by Fieri facias of his Goods and Chattels....; and if the Party do oftentimes offend, and be thereof convicted....that then he is to lose all such Interest and Estate as he hath in the said Works; and if the Party or Parties so offending as aforesaid, be not able to pay the Penalty of Forty Marks, that then the said Party or Parties shall be committed to the Prison of Lostwithiel, there to have their Imprisonment for one Year, without Bail or Mainprize. And be it also furthermore Enacted, That if the Steward of the said Stannary-Courts of Cornwall....do not at each Law-Day....give ‘those Statutes and Ordinances to the Jury of the same Court, that then the said Steward shall for his Negligence~incur the Penalty of Five Pound at each Time so offending, to be levied by Fiert facias.” Prarce, Laws and Customs of the Stannaries, pp. 154—5. * “ And shall dig and construct for the interception and cleansing of the mineral-water coming from the dressing-floors or any of them before such water shall fall or be permitted to flow (directly or indirectly) into the River six several pits each not being less in dimensions than thirty feet in length twenty feet in breadth and four feet in depth and of such construction in all respects as shall be best adapted for purifying and cleansing the said mineral-water, and in. case of such pits being insufficient or inefficient for that purpose will take and carry out such further or other necessary and reasonable means as may be required for the efficient purification of the said mineral-water before the same falls or is permitted to flow into the River , the choice of the proper means for that purpose and any incidental question in relation thereto or of the use of such means if not settled by agreement between the parties to be settled by arbitration under the provision hereinafter in that behalf contained.” Extract from Mineral Lease by His Grace the Duke of Bedford; Report ‘of the Salmon Fishery Commissioners, VIII; p:-20. XX the condition of neighbouring rivers,* is shown by the increase of salmon t in them. Mr. Foster of Lanwithen, one of our members, has been, and still is, zealously cooperating with Her Majesty’s Commissioners ; and, I ‘believe, he has been eminently successful in arresting much of the sand and mud which had long been finding their way into the Fowey; no less to the injury of the navigation, than to the prejudice of the salmon, which, we know, appear in condition there at a period different from that at which they reach maturity in most other places. In Sweden, at the beginning of this century,{ and in the Himalaya some fifteen years ago,|| the labourers obtained light (and sometimes were almost suffocated) when at their work, by smoky flames from burning splinters of resinous pine. In Brazil, oil, expressed from nuts of the Palma Christi, is commonly used by the miners. § An experiment, made at Balleswidden, near Penzance, during several months of 1856-7, attracted at the time much less atten- tion than might have been expected, and is now almost forgotten. Coal-gas was made at the surface, and conveyed down one of the shafts to a depth of more than one hundred and twenty fathoms, through a two-inch wrought-iron pipe; from which branches, varying from three-quarters of an inch to one inch in diameter, were laid—in some cases for at least one hundred and seventy fathoms—along the several (Jevels) galleries; and similar tubes extended, occasionally as much as ten fathoms above the levels, to the various (backs or pitches) parts in progress. Flexible pipes, * “At Wheal Crelake we find that, if the inflow of the water be rather slow, the first, second, and third pits cleanse it pretty effectually. The pits nearest to the Dressing-floors require to be emptied about once in six weeks .- The whole set of six pits, with launders at each side for regulating the ingress of the water, cost rather less than Twenty five Pounds.”—Josian Pavuu, Esa., Chief Mineral Surveyor to His Grace the Duke of Bedford, MS. + ‘‘ At the Devon Great Consols several acres of catch pits for the cleans- ing of mineral waters, have been made and are in daily use. The water which falls into the Tamar from these mines may be considered harmless to fish. Since the close of the last [1869] fishing season, salmon have ascended the Tamar in greater numbers than for twenty years before.”—Ibid. Between fifty and sixty years ago I saw a salmon killed in the Dock at Perran Wharf, on Restronguet-creek. t Clarke, Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, X, p. 187. || Traill, Asiatic Researches, XVI, p. 138. § Burton, Explorations in the Highlands of the Brazil, I, p. 250. XX1 of gutta-percha, were, on occasion, carried to individual labourers ; but, where four men worked together, a single jet of gas gave light enough for them all. “In the shaft, levels, and pitches it answered [so] exceedingly well as to leave no doubt of its serving all the purposes for which it was intended.” * It was computed that the works were lighted by gas one-third cheaper than by candles.t These have been our losses, and the objects of our labours, during the past twelve months; other matters of, perhaps, equal importance invite attention, but we have scarcely time to consider them now. Dr. JAGO read the Lists of Presents :— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. A large collection of Botanical Specimens.... Bequeathed by the late Miss Emily Stackhouse. Roman Coins, found near Caerhays Castle, viz : Gallienus (A.D. 260—268) .... Six Claudius 2nd (A.D. 268—270). . Sia WiGhORbMeS sooccoaacc00d00000 Six io INRAICHIS, Sis 000000050000000 Six Presented by Mr. J. M. Wil- WEGACMIS, TNs oo cda6ocesa00000 Six liams, Caerhays Castle. Organic Remains from Delabole Quarry .... Mr. Whitley, F.M.S. Typical Pebbles, from the Pebble Bed (Trias), BudleighySaltertom ey my -\lrertecitee lao Mr. Pengelly, F.R.S., &e. Top-Stone of Quern, or Ancient Hand Mill.. Mr. H. M. Whitley. Part of a Chipped Flint Celt, from Birling = Gap tSUSSEX iaqesttese e-teleretsity aecelcietewia creusioiers Ditto. Title Deed of a Mine, Cape of Good Hope .. Ditto. Hel Sparitomeb reas enmrers ajieiciisiciieyelclelein st: Mr. W. Tyack. Pink Marble, with Crystals of Sahlite, a variety of Augite, from Tiree, one of the Hebrides. Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S. Cranishaaromporinnocwmceeie ere Mr. John Dunstone. Egyptian Mummy of the sacred Ibis ........ Mr. G. F. Remfry, Truro. AX, Whoiaaioahy Jekenaxélss oo cooooo oD Od CD oO DOKODa DS Ditto, * * Report of Captains Tredinnick, Clemens, and Trahair, Cornish Tele- graph, 20th May, 1857. ; For this statement—compiled from Books kept at the mine—I am indebted to Mr. Alderman James of Penzance, a considerable shareholder in Balleswidden. t Usurpers, temp. Gallieni, in Gaul and the western provinces. XX1l Unburnt Brick of Sesostris, stamped with his cartouche, from the Memnonium, Thebes.. Mr. G. F. Remfry, Truro. Specimen of Stone from the royal quarries under Jerusalem, of which Solomon is said to have built the Temple ................ Ditto. BGR Sodoodoeobos ue gcosdououond ouen.og 90 Ditto. Printed Paper for Blind Readers, from Mrs. Thompson’s Syrian School, Beirtit........ Ditto. CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE ALBUM. A coloured drawing of a variety of Galanthus nivalis, found at Altarnun, Cornwall, March, IBD GooobdoodoccuccsuusedausudooKoor From Miss Tripp, Altarnun. Etchings :—} ) 1. Deer’s-Horn Pick, found in the Car- non Stream Works............ 2. The (Penryn) Mayor’s Cup........ From Miss Annie Shilson, 3. Menacuddle Well, St. Austell...... Tremough. 4, Senar Cromléb ; Lanyon Cromléh ; Mén-an-Tol; Chin Cromléh; and : MoltralCromlchirnena eeeen ae J * Accompanying this Contribution was the following note: ‘‘ Enclosed is a sketch, made by Miss Tripp, of a variety of the Snowdrop found this year by her for the first time; she ventures to offer it to the portfolio of the Royal Institution, as she has been told that a variety of the Snowdrop is extremely rare. Ii such things are acceptable, it will give Miss Tripp great pleasure to send from time to time any other that may come in her way— either drawings of them or specimens—as they will be much more useful in a public than in a private collection.” The peculiarities of this specimen are: On the three outer petals is a notch-shaped green spot, somewhat fainter than that on the inner, but re- sembling it; and the seedvessel and stem are of a yellower shade of green than in the ordinary variety. { Miss Shilson writes as follows: ‘‘ Miss Shilson forwards to Mr. Whitley a donation to the Royal Institution of Cornwall, of four of her sketches which she has just had printed. Of the ‘‘ Deer’s Horn Pick” and ‘‘ Mayor’s Cup” she has written and enclosed an account; ‘‘ Menacuddle Well” is one of the oldest Baptistery Chapels; and of the fourth sketch (Cromléhs and Mén-an-tol) a full description will be found in Borlase’s Antiquities of Corn- wall.” ‘‘Drrr’s Horn Pics. This valuable relic, the property of R. W. Fox, Esq., was found lying on a bed of tin, between 30 and 40 feet below the surface, in the Carnon Stream Works, at the head of Restronguet Creek, near Devoran, Cornwall, about 70 years ago. A human skull, stags’ horns (one of which measured three feet), skulls and other bones of various animals, together with a wooden shovel, around which a piece of decayed string still remained tied, were also found there at a great depth; thus rendering it apparent that this bed of ore was known and worked at a very early period. The pebbles from which the metal was extracted, were em- bedded about 36 feet below the surface, in a compound of marl and marine XX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Parochial and Family History of the Deanery) of Trigg Minor, in the County of Cornwall. Para Loewen eng anioG boob od da oo cmooeT Presented by the President. Ditto. Part II, 1870 (Bodmin). By John } Maclean, Esq., F.S.A., Member of the Royal Archeological Institute of Great | Britainy andelmelaagt: WN yl. ltsiererereiecnel= J Notarial Instrument dated A.D. 1322, relating to Saint Nectan’s Chapel, in the parish of St. Winnow, near Lostwithiel, Cornwall. By John Maclean, F.S.A. (From the Archzo- largo dowuc@en)) ss osccocodoccc bo ccoo0don From the Author. On the Chemical and Mineralogical Construc- tion of the Dhurmsalla Meteoric Stone. By the Rey. Samuel Haughton, M.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. (From Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 85, LS GO) Pree rer Merely sett lcts spentenelevan terateucasieiere From the Author. Notes of a Comparison of the Granites of Cornwall and Devonshire with those of Leinster and Mourne. By the Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.8., &c. (From Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 108, NIG) oc agicoodeesanceoccouscounaGDUbO OS From the Author. On some Elementary Principles in Animal Mechanics (No. Il). By the Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D. Dubl., D.C.L. Oxon., &e. (From Proceedings of the Royal Society, IN@s INE) UTD) oo bo oouGoodauDodKooo0Kd ‘... From the Author. substances; hence it appears that the whole area over which the Carnon stream extends, was originally covered_by the tide, against which an em- bankment was formed in order to secure the ore which lay below. The late workings began in 1785, and were continued for several years, until the riches of the vale were exhausted, so far as the sea could be driven back.” ‘‘ THE Mayor’s Cup. This silver cup, very massive, and more than two feet high, was presented to the Corporation of the Borough of Penryn by Lady Jane Killigrew, whose “ great misery” seems to have originated in her own base conduct. According to Hals, whilst this country was engaged in a war with Spain, two Dutch ships belonging to the Hanse Towns, always free traders in times of war, were driven into Falmouth Harbour by contrary winds. They were laden with merchandise, the property, it was thought, of the Spaniards. To secure some part of this valuable booty, Lady Jane, attended by a party of ruffians, boarded the vessels, murdered the Spanish merchants, their owners, and seizing two hogsheads of Spanish pieces of eight, carried them on shore and converted them to her own use. For this offence her accomplices were taken into custody, tried, condemned, and executed ; whilst her ladyship, through the interest which she was enabled to make, found means to evade the sentence of the law, and, amid the exe- erations of the unhappy wretches whom her artifices had brought to the gallows, she fled for protection to the inhabitants of Penryn. Lady Jane was divorced from her husband, and died in the year 1648.” XXIV A List of British Birds, as a Guide to the Ornithology of Cornwall, especially in the Land’s End District ; with remarks on the capture, habits, &c., of some of the rare species, and species new to Britain ; and an Appendix, with a list of some of the rarer and interesting British Birds observed at Scilly since 1843. By Edward Hearle Rodd, THIS Gea betcha ab sesic opener ebay aiatesiccs saveriarcave notapate Neves (once Archeologia Cambrensis, Third Series, Nos. 49—44, 1865; 45—48, 1866; 49—52, 1867; 53—56, 1868; 57—60, 1869. [Carent, Nos. Bil Chey eek 440. 45) SogcnobcusuaccandooogKL The Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devonshire. Report, 1869 .............. Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Vol. II, Part I, 1867. IDAHO AVOlls IUDE IE Sea sigaeo de oooadcladca ss The Journal of the Historical and Archeo- logical Association of Ireland. Third Series, Vol. I, January, 1869, No. 5; and July, SG OSINOSushicttelsusiercrenac Hoh snetayevers oneialeenaeieree The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archeological Association of Ireland. Fourth Series, Vol. I, January, 1870, No.1 ...... The Anthropological Review. No. 28, January, ISO, WO; ZU), “Noma, USO) Goassctadenace 37th Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 1869................ Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society. Vol. III, Part X, 1870. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London.* Second Series, Vol. IV, Nos. III, IV, V, and VI; from March, 1868, to June, ISS) Goaoos A eavatallerctee etc ereierc oleasde aerator ete ners Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society. Vol. 1, Part Ii], 1870 .......... Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. Vol. III, Part. II, 1869 ........ Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Treland. Vol. II, Part I, 1867—68.; Fourth Session. Ditto. Vol. II, Part 2, 1868—69. (New Series). From the Author. From the Cambrian Arch#o- logical Association. Mr. R. Hunt, F.R.S. From the Association. Ditto. Ditto. From the Anthropological Society. From the Society. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. * No. IV contains ‘‘ An Account, by William C. Borlase, Esq., of the exca- vations and discoveries made in subterranean chambers of Chapel Euny, in the parish of Sancreed, Cornwall, between the years 1863 and 1867.” + Containing ‘‘ Notes on parts of South Devon and Cornwall, with Re- marks on the True Relations of the Old Red Sandstone to the Devonian Formation. By J. Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S.” XXV Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic Society. From November 20, 1869, to March, 1870 (including Annual Report for 1869)........ From the Society. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lan- cashire and Cheshire. New Series, Vol. IX, Session 1868—69 ...... doooooodoCObOudE Ditto. Laws and Rules of the Royal Geological Society Oi Cormaypalll, WEGS) secobcsccsqdcodsonduoce Ditto. From the University of Christiania :— De Vi Logic Rationis in describenda philosophie historia ad Eduardum Zellerum Professorem Marburgensem celeberrimum EHpistola quam scripsit Marcus Jacobus Monrad Professor Christianiensis. Programmatis nomine edidit Academia Regia Fredericiana. Memoires pour servir 4 la connaissance des Crinoides Vivants, par Michael Sars, Docteur en philosophie et médecine, Professeur de Zoologie a V Université de Christiania. Hitudes sur les Affinités Chimiques, par C. M. Guldberg, Professeur de mathématiques appliquées 4 ? Heole Royale @’ artillerie et de génie de Nor- | vége, et P. Waage, Professeur de chimie et directeur du laboratoire de chimie a l Université Royale de Norvége. Traité Elémentaire des Fonctions Elliptiques par Dr. O. J. Broch, Pro- fesseur de Mathématiques 4 l’ Université Royale de Christiania, membre des Académies des sciences A Trondhjem, Christiania, Stockholm, et Copenhague, membre de la société physiographique de Lund, et de I’ institution géologique impériale et royale 4 Vienne. Boiumbreen i Juli 1868, af S. A. Sexe; med Tresnit. i Le Glacier de Boium en Juillet 1868, par 8. A. Sexe; avec gravures sur ois. Norges Ferskvandskrebsdyr. Forste Afsnit Branchiopoda. I. Cladocera Ctenopoda (Fam. Sidide & Holopedid#). Af Georg Ossian Sars. Cand. Philosoph. En Anatomisk Beskrivelse af de paa Over- og Underextremiteterne forekommende Burse Mucose, stottet pma egne iagttagelser og ledsaget af tegninger efter udforte preparater. Prisbelonnet Afhandling af A. 8. D. Synnestvedt, Stud. Med. Om Siphonodentalium Vitreum, en ny sleet og art af dentalidernes familie, af Dr. Michael Sars, Professor ved Christianias Universitet. Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer ved Dr. Michael Sars, Professor ved. Christianias Universitet. Undersogelser over Christianiafjordens Dybvandsfauna, anstillede paa en i Sommeren 1868 foretagen zoologisk Reise, af G. O. Sars. Beretning om en i Sommeren 1865 foretagen zoologisk Reise ved Kysterne af Christianias og Christiansands Stifter, af G. O. Sars. Beretning om en botanisk Reise i Omegnen af Famundsoen og i Trysil. Af H. L. Sorensen, stud. real. Ezechiels Syner og Chaldzernes Astrolab. Af C. A. Holmboe. The following Papers were presented -— Copy of a Letter in the British Museum, concerning the state of Ports in Cornwall, in 1593-5.—From Mr. Henry Lee Rowett, London. C XXV1 Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall, from May, 1869.—By Mr. i. Hearle Rodd. Notes concerning the Leech (Hirudo) ; Velella limbosa, Lam. ; Medusa, Linn.; Holibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris), Flem. ; Physalia pela- gicu, Lum. ; Scyllea pelagica, Linn. ; Spawn of the Doris tuberculata, Cuv.; Larus minutus, Pallas; and of various species of Entozoa.— By Mr. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Recent Observations on Subterranean Temperature in the Clifford Amalgamated Mines.—By Sir F. M. Williams, Bart., M.P. Stannary Rolls, temp. Edward I, and observations thereon.—F rom Mr. J. Maclean, F.S.A. An Inscribed Stone in the Churchyard of Stowford, Devon.—By Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, Castle Horneck. Notes on the Geology and Archeology of Cornwall and Devonshire. —By Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On Boiler Explosions—By Captain Williams, St. Austell. Concerning Mr. Maclean’s Paper, Mr. SMIRKE remarked that it was interesting as containing one of the earliest records of the number of ingots or slabs of tin brought to be coined, or stamped, in each of the Coinage Halls in the County of Cornwall, in the year 34 Ed. I (A.D. 1305) ; with the total weights of the tin, and certain sums of money attached thereto ; but, whether this last column represents the pecuniary value of the tin, or the duty on it payable to the Earls, or to the Crown during a vacancy, is not very clear until the relative quantities, as compared with the moneys in the last column, shall have been carefully considered. Before the stamp was applied (which has always been that of the Earl Edmund), the practice was to assay the metal ; and the stamp was then considered by the dealer as a certificate of its purity and a license to export it to foreign parts. The last Assay Master, at the time of the abolition of this duty in 1838, was Mr. Hen- wood, our existing President of this Institution. An original “cuneus,” or stamp, is in the Stannary Court.—Another feature of interest in the document before us is the list of names in the first column. Whether these be merchants, or landowners, or the names of the companies producing the blocks for weighing or coinage, is open to inquiry. The general aspect of them is of an aristocratic character; and some of the names are familiar to a student of Cornish biography. The PRESIDENT thought that this communication from Mr. XXVIl Maclean, taken in connection with the laws and regulations which formerly governed the coinage of tin, would throw considerable light on the extent to which tin had been wrought in various parts of the Stannaries at different times. The earliest he recol- lected mentioned Chagford, Ashburton, Tavistock, and Plymp- ton, as ancient coinage towns in Devon; those in Cornwall being Liskeard, Lostwithiel, Truro, and Helston. Mr. SMIRKE observed that at the time referred to in Mr. Maclean’s communication, Bodmin was one of the coinage towns, with Lostwithiel, Truro, and Helston. Liskeard was not men- tioned. The PRESIDENT added that the times anciently allotted for the coinages in Cornwall were: at Liskeard two days; at Lost- withiel six days; at Truro twelve days; and at Helston six days. At some subsequent period Penzance was made a Coinage Town, the coinage there lasting two days ; and still later—in the reign of Charles II, he believed—the time was extended to six days. When he was appointed Assay Master in 1831, no inhabitant of Chagford, Ashburton, or Plympton, had any notion that tin had ever been coined at either of these towns; and all recollection that the coimages had ever been held in any other part of East Cornwall than Liskeard seemed to have died away. It appeared therefore that tin was anciently produced in very great quantities in the eastern part of Dartmoor; that at a later period the produce had almost, or altogether, disappeared there, but had enormously increased in the western part of Cornwall. In 1835, when changes were made in the Coinage Towns, it was no longer necessary to hold coinages at Chagford, Ashburton, and Plymp- ton; but small quantities of tin_were still coined at Tavistock and Liskeard, whilst Lostwithiel no longer required the privilege ; at Truro, however, no alteration of time seemed necessary. Helston was but slightly frequented by tinners, but Penzance became increasingly important, and it was necessary to establish a coinage at Hayle. In process of time, therefore, the produce of Dartmoor and of East Cornwall had materially declined ; whilst, at the same time, the mines of West Cornwall became increas- ingly productive. On the reading of Mr. W. Copeland Borlase’s account of the Inscribed Stone at Stowford, Mr. SmirKE said he was very glad that this Institution had an opportunity of publishing an authentic copy of this inscription ; inasmuch as an imperfect rubbing from the original had been undecipherable by archeologists in London last year. Most of the inscriptions in the West which had been deciphered are supposed to have been the work of Romanized C2 XXVIll Britons. But this one is a veritable crue; and obligations were due to Mr. Borlase for having produced it for inquiry. Mr. WHITLEY exhibited and explained his diagrams to illus- trate the connection between the direction of the prevalent N.W. wind of the Spring of 1870, and lines of equal pressure of the barometer. It was shown that this invasion of Cold came from the Norwegian mountains as a N.E. wind, passed southward over the middle of the British Isles, and fell on Cornwall as a N.W. wind ; and that the curves of the course of the wind corresponded very closely with the isobarometric lines; that this coincidence also held good in the severe cyclonic storms which had _ lately swept the southern and eastern coasts of England; and that the lowest reading of the barometer was at the centre of the cyclone. A Map of the Storm of the 22nd August, 1868, was exhibited, showing the course of the wind bounded by sharp curves of equal barometric pressure. Dr. BARHAM made some remarks concerning causes of the deflection of the wind described by Mr Whitley, and on the effects of the different rates of motion of the Earth in different latitudes— a subject requiring fuller investigation; and then proceeded to exhibit diagrams illustrating peculiarities of the Cornish climate. The large extent of sea-coast possessed by Cornwall, in compar- ison with other counties, the exceptional warmth of the sea, and the backbone of hills running east and west throughout the length of the county, served to illustrate most of the great general causes of climate, whilst they would account for considerable differ- ences among various districts of the county. Cornwall had been looked at as a whole, and had had the character of being exception- ally mild ; but, in fact, several parts of the county were not less cold than the East of England. Much discrimination between the districts of Cornwall must therefore be exercised in regard to its climate. At Truro, for instance, but a few feet above the sea level, the thermometer fell in December last to 13°, whilst at Falmouth, only eight miles off, the lowest temperature was 25°. Such a difference is one of life or death to many plants which flourish in one place and perish in the other. Animal life, feeble from disease or the two extremes of age, may also be nipt by such severe cold. Another peculiarity of this county was the remarkable differences between different places as to amount of rainfall ; as, for instance, between Helston and Truro; the smaller amount of rain registered at Helston being on some occasions accounted for by the proximity of the high land of Tregoning and Godolphin hills. The influ- ence of St. Agnes Beacon in causing heavy rainfall often escaped by Newquay—otherwise similarly situated—furnished another XX1X instructive example.—In answer to a question from Mr. H. O. Remrry, Dr. Barham said his diagrams referred to the preceding year only; but they coincided fairly with usual conditions. He added that, a few years since, Professor Daubeny published a list of plants which flourished at Grove Hill, Falmouth, and at Scilly, but which would not grow at Greenwich ; and yet there were parts of this county where, with a north-easterly wind, the temperature was as low as at Greenwich. From considerations of the differences of temperature existing in Cornwall, Dr. Barham inferred its advantages in regard to botanical pursuits and also for sanatory purposes. He also stated that at Scilly, where tropical plants thrive exceedingly well, the temperature scarcely falls below 29 or rises above 80, and he suggested for consideration by Geologists whether any great increase of so equable a temperature would be necessary for the flora discovered in our coal beds. Mr. PENGELLY stated that his own results, especially from the North of Devon, were quite in accordance with those of Dr. Barham in regard to the great differences of the rainfall produced by local causes is places very near to each other. Mr. R. W. Fox remarked that plants, Benthamias for instance, had suffered much at Grove Hill in December last; harsh winds being often more destructive than mere lowness of temperature. Dr. BARHAM gave an account of the Roman Coins presented to the Institution by Mr. Williams of Caerhays Castle. They were 30 in number, and were part of a much larger collection accidentally found by workmen, in the vicinity of Caerhays Castle, in the autumn of 1869. The entire collection comprised coins of 13 emperors or so-called emperors who were in power between A.D. 253 and 276; besides two specimens, of uncertain date, and indistinct. They were found in a tin jar; that tin had been analyzed by Mr. R. Pearce of Swansea, who stated that he had detected in it traces of iron and copper, but that its quality was as good as that of common tin of the present day. This Insti- tution had been favoured with 30 of the coins; being.six distinct types of each of five rulers,—two of them being emperors, and the others being some of the “tyrants” raised to the imperial purple by the soldiery, and enjoying but brief periods of rule. The coins were a valuable addition to the numismatic collection in the Museum, and were illustrative of the ancient history of Cornwall. It had been suggested by Mr. Albert Way that it was very desirable to bring together all means of illustrating the state of Cornwall during the period of Roman sway in britain ; and it was hoped that Mr. J. Jope Rogers, who had given special C3 XXX attention to the subject, might collect the documentary evidence relating to it.—Some Roman coins were discovered not long since on land near Falmouth, the property of Mr. Robert Were Fox. He feared they had been irrecoverably dispersed ; but should any of them come to light again, they would be very acceptable to the Institution. They were chiefly of or about the date of Constantius, and were in excellent preservation.— Mr. R. WERE Fox said the coins referred to were found in a field belonging to his grandson, and were more than a thousand in number; but they were all dispersed before he heard of the discovery. Mr. H. M. Wuitiey exhibited and explained drawings of Jupiter, taken by him during the past opposition, with his 63 in. Silvered Glass Reflector ; and drew especial attention to the ruddy colour of the planet’s equatorial zone. He also exhibited sketches of the Lunar Craters, Linné, Messier, and Plato, and stated his reasons for considering changes in the first two mentioned craters doubtful ; whilst with respect to the latter, he considered that the question of lunar activity would be considerably elucidated by continuous and careful observation of the spots on its floor. Dr. BARHAM next brought before the meeting a communication, dated February, 1870, from Mr. 8. R. Pattison of London, con- cerning a ruin named “ Upton Castle,” in the parish of Lewannick ; together with a subsequent communication on the subject, from Mr. Rodd of Trebartha, the proprietor of Upton Farm. Dr. BARHAM also read notes, and exhibited a small plan, from Mr. Edward Coode, of Polapit Tamar, concerning an ancient earthwork in Northcot Wood, on the east bank of the Tamar, in Northcot Hamlet, Devon. Thanks were voted to the Chairman; to the contributors of Papers and other communications, and to the donors to the library and museum; and also to the Mayor of Truro for granting the use of the Council Chamber for this meeting. Mr. WHITLEY stated that the Society's Autumn Excursion this year would be to Bodmin and Tintagel. XXXI THE AUTUMN EXCURSION. The Autumn Excursion, this year, occupied two days, and embraced objects of antiquarian and scenic interest, in consider- able number and variety, in the north of Cornwall. Bodmin having been appointed the place of rendezvous, about 9 a.m., on Monday, the 8th of August, the large majority of the excursionists arrived at the Bodmin Road Station ; and, on their approaching the town, the travellers were arrested in their pro- gress and summoned to make appearance at the Guildhall of the ancient borough. Obedient to the hospitable behest, they pro- ceeded thither, and partook of a supplementary breakfast, presided over by ladies of Bodmin. Vehicles of various kinds were soon in readiness; and, pro- ceeding on the Camelford road, by way of Michaelstow, the positions of British Camps at Penhargard and Lower Helland, Dunmeer and Pencarrow, and the road leading to the Roman Camp at Tregear, were indicated by local ciceroni of the party ; Dunmeer Camp being visible on the hill, as were also the en- trenchments on Michaelstow Beacon. Within these entrench- ments, we were informed, are fragmentary remains of St. Michael’s Chapel or Oratory. After a very pleasant drive, the party arrived at their first halting-place, the Rectory of Lanteglos-by-Camelford, where, after courteous reception by the Rector, the Reverend J. J. Wilkin- son, and Mrs. Wilkinson, they inspected, under Mr. Wilkinson’s guidance, the Church, recently restored by that gentleman, with admirable taste and at considerable cost. The building, evidently at one time cruciform, now consists of chancel continuous with nave, south aisle, north transept, and tower; the north wall, tower, and transept being portions of the ancient structure. The upper portion of tracery in the east window presents an excep- tional feature in the repetition of a peculiar figure carved upon the font. In the churchyard a lady drew attention to a memorial stone, of recent date, bearing the unusual Christian name “ Ulata,” which, it has been conjectured, may bear relation to some ancient name—possibly that of the saint, “ Ulette,” to whom the XXX11 chapel within the fortress at Tintagel is recorded to have been dedicated ; just as the Cornish name Jennifer is believed to repre- sent the “Guinevere” of Arthurian times.* In the Rectory grounds adjacent were noticed two ancient crosses and a fine old Norman font, of somewhat goblet-like shape, and with cable and zig-zag ornament. “Castle Goff”’—an ancient entrenchment, near the Rectory, and the Inscribed Stone adjoining, were next visited and inspected. The Camp comprises a larger and a smaller ring; a plan and description of it by Mac Lauchlan, were published some years since by this Institution.t A sketch of the Stone, with part of its inscription, has been published by Blight, in his ‘“ Crosses, &c., of East Cornwall.” The stone, of granite, is well formed, and tapers from a broad end (cut away, with shoulders, to form a tenon for a socket) to a squared top; it is tolerably well placed, both for preservation and for inspection, leaning, as it does, somewhat like a flying buttress, against the southernly wall of a farm building. The Inscription, forming three lines, occupies the upper face and one of the lateral edges of the stone. The words appear to be in mixed Roman and Saxon characters. A sketch and rubbing were taken by the Reverend W. Iago, and compared with those made by Mr. Blight and Mr. Maclean. The result will appear as a wood- cut, with translation, in a forthcoming Number of Mr. Maclean’s “ Trigg Minor.” By the courteous and considerate hospitality of the Reverend J. J. Wilkinson and Mrs. Wilkinson, the excursionists, with visitors at the Rectory and friends from Camelford—altogether about 70 in number-—partook of an elegant yet most substantial and invigorating luncheon, served on the lawn in the very pictur- esque grounds wherein the modern manse—a building possessing much architectural beauty—is situate; and, on a proposal from # In the ‘“‘ History of Christian Names,” by the author of ‘‘ The Heir of Redclyffe,” ‘‘ Landmarks of History,” &c., there occurs, in a chapter treating of ‘“‘Names of Cymric Romance,” the following concerning the name ‘‘ Gwenever ” :—‘‘ Guenever was her full English name, contracted into Ganivre, or Ganore, a form that occurs in old Welsh registers. Jennifer, as they have it in Cornwall, is still frequent there; but nowhere else in our island has the name been followed.” In another chapter, which treats of ‘‘ Modern Names from the Latin,” occurs the following :—‘‘ That V is easily changed to Y, was plain in the treatment received by Violante, who was left to that dignified sound only in Spain; but in France was called Yolande, or for affection, Yolette; and in the confusion between y and j, figures in our old English histories in the queer looking form of Joletta.” + Vide Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1850. XXXII the President, seconded by Dr. Barham, the heartiest of thanks were accorded to the generous host and hostess. The house contains the library and portrait of Doctor Daniel Lombard, bequeathed by that learned but simple and eccentric gentleman (0b. 1746) to his successors in the Rectory. In the Probate Registry Office at Bodmin is a small book containing a list of the books in this library. Delabole Quarries were next visited; Mr. Hockaday, the man- ager, conducting his numerous visitors over the extensive works, and exhibiting the modes of quarrying and raising these sedi- mentary rocks—among the earliest in geological age—and of adapting them to modern requirements. In raising the quarried slate, the use of guide chains, stretching from “ poppet heads” to the bottom of the pit, has lately been abandoned, and the slate is now drawn in trucks by steam-engines, up inclined planes to the top of the rubbish heaps, where the process of manufacture is - conducted. From Delabole the party proceeded to what may be deemed the chief object of the excursion, Tintagel, where the vicar of the parish, the Reverend Prebendary Kinsman, Constable of the Castle, assumed the office of guide over the remains and site of the so-called Arthur’s Castle and its surroundings,—its courts, its ruined chambers and walls, its chapel (with remains of stone altar * and Norman ornamental moulding, and chancel-arch indi- cations), its rock-cut graves outside the chapel, curious groups of rock, &c., &c.; while the extensive coast and inland scenery, in all the glory of magnificently fine weather, was in itself a perpet- ual yet uncloying feast. The parish church was also_visited. It was in course of restoration, and has since been re- opened. It contains several windows skilfully coloured by the vicar. Some of the windows are of only one very narrow light, deeply splayed. The plan of the building is cruciform, and formerly each transept was ap- proached beneath a pointed arch, similar in height and character to the arches at chancel and nave; but in the restoration, these transept arches have not been restored, and the fine quadrangular group of arches no longer exists; the transepts are entered through square openings. In the church are some ancient slabs without inscriptions, but * Mr. Worth was/of opinion that a large stone slab found near the chapel was incorrectly assumed to have been the altar slab; his reasons being that it was not found in situ, but outside the structure, and that it wanted the five crosses which were almost invariably found on pre-Reforma- tion altar-slabs. XXXIV having each a cross wrought on them. One such is beneath a recess in south wall of chancel; and within the chancel, beneath the altar, there is in the floor a brass representing, in semi-effigy and habited in costume of her time, the mother of John Kelly, who, according to Oliver's Monasticon, was Dean of Crantock, 1430-37. The inscription, extended, is as follows :— Hic jacet Johanna Bona Mater Johannis Kelly Decani Collegats Sancti Carenteci cujus anime propicietur Deus. Amen. The churchyard is of great extent; and outside, on the head- land, is a low circular mound enclosing a small space, as if for wrestling or for a beacon. Not until very “late in the gloaming” did the numerous ex- cursionists congregate for evening refection—a very substantial “high tea,” provided by the Institution, and laid out, by the Reverend Prebendary Kinsman’s permission, in the School-house at Trevena—the town-place of Tintagel parish ; and after tea, the party resolving itself into special general meeting, were thus addressed by the President, preliminary to other proceedings :— “Ladies and Gentlemen: Notwithstanding this meeting consists wholly of members and friends of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, we may not all be aware that, for more than half a century it has devoted itself to illustrating the Natural History and to preserving and describing the Antiquities of the County. It possesses an extensive, carefully arranged, and well-kept Museum, rich in the rocks, minerals, shells, fishes, and birds of Cornwall, as well as in productions of various parts of the world. It has published— beside illustrations of the Fauna of Cornwall, by the Messrs. Couch—several volumes of Reports and Journals, which contain an enormous amount of valuable information regarding the Geology, Natural History, and Statistics of the County. Our extended series of Meteorological Observations—carried on under the superintendence of my able and excellent predecessor and kind friend, Dr. Barham—will, I believe, bear favourable com- parison with any other in the West of England. Our Museum and Library are open at all reasonable hours ; and it may save me further remark on the opinion generally entertained of them, to say that we have annually about 7000 visitors. We invite atten- tion to our collections, and we believe that those who examine them will not be disappointed.—For some time past, objects of interest have been visited occasionally by the members and friends of the Institution; and of late—without, I believe, any formal resolution on the subject—an autumnal excursion seems to have XXXV become a part of our routine. In 1868 we visited the ancient Cathedral of Cornwall, the Cheesewring, the Hurlers, the Caradon Mines, and other objects of interest in the neighbourhood of St. Germans and Liskeard. In 1869 our excursion was to Carn Bré, and to the ancient and still famous mine of Dolcoath, which is believed to have yielded ores of tin and copper to the value of 53 millions sterling,—at the rate of £10,000 per fathom, or £140 per inch in length.—Several of our best friends—who have zealously aided us, as well in our preliminary arrangements as in the labours of to-day—have repeatedly urged on us the propriety —perhaps I should have said the necessity—of a visit to ‘Tintagel. The wisdom and the kindness of their propositions have from the first been thankfully acknowledged ; the delay has been owing to no indifference—for we have all been anxious—but to the distance of Tintagel from a railway station. However, ladies and gentle- men, here we are; and if so feeble and inefficient a representative may venture to speak in your behalf, we are delighted with what we have seen, and grateful for the kindness and courtesy with which we have been received.” The President then called on the Reverend J. J. Wilkinson, who read an elaborate and interesting Paper on “Tintagel Castle.” We shall avail ourselves of Mr. Wilkinson’s permission, given in compliance with a request from the President, to publish it in our Journal ; and therefore, for our present purpose, we merely state that Mr. Wilkinson expressed his opinion that a British fortifica- tion had existed on the site, and that probably King Arthur used it for warlike purposes ; but the building whose site and remains they had now inspected was moreikely erected in Norman times, and perhaps by Richard (King of the Romans), Earl of Cornwall ; * time and weather having used it more roughly than some other of the ancient castles in Cornwall, as, for instance, Restormel and Launceston. Mr. Smirke thought that the castle, if Norman, must be of a very early class; and he referred to the connection of Tintagel Church with an Alien Priory, that of Fontevrault. On a proposition from the President, thanks were cordially voted to the Reverend Prebendary Kinsman, the Reverend J. J. Wilkinson, and Mr. Smirke, for their interesting and instructive remarks ; and soon afterwards the excursionists parted for the night, ————_— * Godwin, F.8.A., states in his “‘ Archeologist’s Handbook,” that Tin- tagel Castle was built by William the Conqueror, and that Richard, Earl of Cornwall, here entertained Dayid, Prince of Wales, in his rebellion against Henry III, 1245. XXXV1 and betook themselves to the various lodgings assigned them by the Committee ad hoc; some partaking the kind hospitality of the Reverend Mr. Kinsman, some that of the Directors of the Delabole Company, whilst others were lodged at Trevena, or posted at outlying stations, such as Trebarwith, Trenow, Bossiney, Boscastle, &c., all bearing with them their President’s Envoy : “To all, to each, a fair good-night, And pleasing dreams, and slumbers light.” The following morning, the excursionists assembled at Tre- thevy, for the purpose of seeing St. Nighton’s, or St. Nectan’s, Kieve, which has been characterized as perhaps the most pic- turesque and secluded waterfall in England. Those of the party who proceeded thither from Trevena, had the opportunity as they passed through Bossiney, of noticing the barrow, marked by a flag-staff, whereon the writs for elections of members of parlia- ment were wont to be proclaimed to the independent freemen ; and we were informed that, in two farm-houses in the vicinity, are preserved the mace and seal of the ancient borough of Tintagel ; these relics of departed dignity being retained by the ex officio holders of them at the time when the borough was disfranchised. Of less note, but presumably of greater antiquity, another object was pointed out by the Rev. W. ‘Tago near the “Rocky Valley” through which the streamlet from the Kieve descends precipitously seaward: it was an old quern, placed on the garden hedge of a cottage near the road. Arrived at Trethevy,* advantage was taken of the earliest meeting this day, of the excursionists en masse, to vote most hearty thanks to the Reverend Prebendary Kinsman, for his courteous and most assiduous attentions to the party on the previous day. ‘They then placed themselves under the guidance of Mr. Goard, the intelligent warden of the waterfall and its precincts; and highly gratified were all by the singularly beau- * Norden, Topographical and Historical Description of Cornwall, p. 88; Lysons, Cornwall, cexix; C. 8. Gilbert, Historical Survey of Cornwall, i, p. 173; Bond, Topographical Sketches of East and West Looe, p. 216; Hitchins and Drew, History of Cornwall, i, p. 174; Beauties of England and Wales, ii, 389; Davies Gilbert, Parochial History of Cornwall, i, p. 193; Redding, Illustrated Itinerary of Cornwall, p. 61; Pattison, Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, xxxii, (1850), p. 31; Pedler, Reports of the Penzance Natural History Society, i, p. 435; Allen, History of Liskeard, p. 5, Pl. ii; Blight, Ancient Crosses, éc., in the East of Cornwall, p. 130; Complete Parochial History of Cornwall, i (1867), p. 205; Henwood, Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 8, p. 661. XXXVI11 tiful and romantic scenery to which he conducted them. To some few it was an additional charm that they found the Maiden-hair Fern growing there, as in a native habitat. On returning to the Guide’s Elizabethan dwelling, it was found that the thoughtful kindness of Mr. and Mrs. Wilkinson had provided good store of elaret-cup and lemonade, seltzer water, and other refreshing bever- ages, which were soon dispensed to appreciative recipients by amateur almoners. Among objects of antiquarian interest near Trethevy was observed an old well, with a pyramidal superstructure ; and, (also forming part of the premises occupied by Mr. Goard) a building, now a farm-outhouse, which was formerly a Chapel ; it has a single-lancet light, with cusped trefoil head in the east end ; and in the south-east corner of the chancel the remains of, apparently, a piscina; and the chancel is raised, about one step, above the general floor level. The chapel has both a north and a south door; the latter being of wood, arched, like those at the Governor’s House, St. Lawrence, near Bodmin. At the dwelling-house there is a recently constructed court-yard with embattled walls, in various parts of which Mr. Goard has inserted such stones of architectural character and ancient date as he has found in the vicinity of his dwelling. ‘Thus, there are seen here, a chamfered cross, of four equal limbs, and also a trefoil-headed recess, which may have been either a piscina or a window-head. Around the doorways and other parts of the recent erections are pieces of carved oak with running pattern of stems and foliage— portions of wall-plates from the roof of Minster Church, during its renovation ; and, also from this church, are some carved ribs, a boss, and other portions of its rogf, now piled in a shed. Dr. Oliver, in his “ Monasticon,” states that in Tintagel parish the church is dedicated to St. Marcelliana or Materiana, and that there were in the parish, chapels of St. Pieran and St. Denis, which were licensed May 8, 1457. It has been suggested for inquiry, whether the ruined and desecrated chapel at Trethevy, was St. Nighton’s, or St. Piran’s, or St. Denis’s; and also, whether some ruins near the cascade formed part of St. Nighton’s Oratory. These ruins are now spoken of traditionally as remains of a cottage in which two ladies once lived in mysterious seclusion; and Mr. T. Q. Couch draws attention to the fact that a similar legend exists in other parts of Cornwall, and, especially, that it is told, with little variation, in connection with ruins at Polperro and near Padstow. A chapel in the parish of St. Winnow, Cornwall, was dedicated to St. Nighton, as were also churches in Devon, at Ashton and Wellcombe. At Hartland also, Githa, wife of Earl Godwin, believing that through the holy man’s intercession her XXXVI hushand escaped shipwreck, founded a monastery in his honour, and for a long time it was alleged to possess his relics. The etymology of the word “Trethevy,” and the fact that the well-known cromlech in the eastern part of the county is simi- larly named, induced Mr. Couch to make inquiry for like remains in the vicinity of the northern Trethevy. He was hereupon con- ducted to “King Arthur's Quoit,” but found it simply a broad flat stone by the side of the road. The name “ quoit,” however, Mr. Couch suggests, would render it probable that the stone formed part of a place of sepulture ; and he adds that Mr. Goard informed him that in deeds of his estate mention is made of a grave-yard. From Trethevy the next stage was to Boscastle, and on the way thither fine views were obtained of the churches of Trevalga and Forrabury,—the latter, “the silent tower of Bottreaux,” recalling to memory the superstitious yet pious legend which has been poetically recorded by the Reverend J. 8. Hawker, of Mor- wenstow. Time failed for the purposed visit to Forrabury Cliffs ; but long did the excursionists remain in enjoyment of the extensive views from Bottreaux’ bold headlands ; while some few among them were interested in noticing the singularly bold and beautiful contortions of the exposed rock-sections. The old scarped and partly terraced mound on which once stood the Castle of the Bottreaux was seen from the road, but was not visited. Luncheon was excellently and comfortably served, at the “Wellington Hotel,” in Boscastle town. Here too the healths were drunk, of the President; of Mr. (now Sir Edward) Smirke; and of Mr. Michell Whitley, secretary of the Excursion, who had taken so lively an interest in its success, but was unfortunately absent, in consequence of domestic affliction ; and much interest was taken in the following articles which Mr. T. Q. Couch exhibited from his Collection : 1. A Glain Neider (serpent of glass), snake ring, anguinum, or Druid’s bead, found near Fowey. An excellent specimen of white glass, with a band of yellow, snake-like, convolutions around it. 2. A copper ornament containing, within an arched enclosure, a crucifix with a kneeling figure on either side: Saint Mary the Virgin and Saint John. It is of excellent workmanship, and was turned up by the plough at Lampen, near the church of St. Neot, Cornwall. Celts found in East Cornwall. 4, An old carving in ivory, rich and interesting. (Vide Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. V1., October, 1866). o XXX1X ou Horn Book, as used in Cornwall, c. 1760. A deeply gilt figure from a crucifix, of excellent workmanship, found at St. Cadix, on a creek of the Fowey River, when build- ing the present house from ruins of the little religious cell of St. Cyric and St. Juliett (Vide “ Lysons,” p. 317). 7. A countryman’s Pocket Dial (age unknown), described in the “ Reliquary.” 2 8. Several rings of stone or clay, named by antiquaries “ancient spindle-whorls,” and by the country-folk, “pisky grinding- stones.” From Boscastle the party journeyed to Slaughter Bridge, near Camelford, the traditional locality of Arthur’s last battle against the traitor Mordred, where he received his mortal wound, and whence his remains were removed to the mystic Avallon. At Worthyvale, near at hand, but in a recess difficult of approach, the very interesting Romano-British monumental stone, described by Borlase, was examined; and, it was believed by one of the party, that an important correction was made in its ordinary reading: “Catin hic jacet—filius Magari.”* The restoration of the monolith to an erect position was promised, as a reward and record of this visit. * Mac Lauchlan, Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1850; Parochial History of Cornwall, iii, p. 365; Borlase, Antiquities of Cornwall, pp. 595—6. : The Reverend W. Iago, who subsequently took a rubbing of the stone, has favoured us with a drawing of it on wood, from which we are enabled to present the following impression ; and we avail ourselves of the opportunity of stating that, we are informed, the Rey. J. J. Wilkinson, in a copy of the inscription which he supplied to some of the excursionists previous to their visit, gave the first letter as L. iy 4 NEA. 5 yd is xl At Camelford, the party enjoyed the hospitality of the Mayor —Mr. Male—at the Guildhall ; but, unhappily, in consequence of indisposition, His Worship, who had accompanied the party from Lanteglos, was unable to partake the refection he had generously provided. He was represented by the Reverend J. J. Wilkinson, who is an alderman of the borough; and Mrs. Wilkinson pre- pared a plentiful “brew” of claret-cup, in a huge font-shaped bowl of Kilkenny marble, presented to the Corporation, in the last century, by a parliamentary representative of the borough. On its front is engraved a camel, with a label proceeding from its mouth, inscribed : ‘stoop low, drink deep.” There were also exhibited, the last charter of the borough, ¢emp. Charles II. ; its ancient seal, and its 17th century silver mace, its upper part adorned with a crown rim above the rose, thistle, fleur-de-lis, and harp, all crowned. The mace is thus inscribed: Ex dono Ambrosij Manaton Armig. Anno Dom. 1669. The Mayor’s health was heartily drunk, as was also that of “Mrs. Wilkinson and the Ladies ””—a toast which was happily acknowledged by Mr. W. C. Borlase. Shortly afterwards, reluctantly compelled, for want of time, to forego intended visits to the important camps at Michael- stow Beacon and Pencarrow, the majority of the party returned to Bodmin, where they found awaiting them, in the Guildhall, a refreshing tea, provided, as the breakfast of the previous day had been, by their hospitable lady friends in the old County Town. Thus happily terminated a most pleasant and instructive two days’ excursion, through a well chosen district, and under circum- stances which must awaken pleasurable reminiscences in all who partook its enjoyments. A few days after the Excursion, at a meeting of the Council of the Institution, under the presidency of Mr. Henwood, it was resolved : That the thanks of the Institution be communicated to the principal parties who promoted the success of the late Excursion ; especially to the Ladies of Bodmin (through Mrs. Stokes); T. Q. Couch, Esq. ; Rev. J. J. and Mrs. Wilkinson, Lanteglos ; J. Hock- aday, Esq., Delabole; the Directors of the Delabole Company (enclosed to Mr. Hockaday); Rev. Prebendary Kinsman ; the Worshipful the Mayor of Camelford ; Rev. W. J. Kirkness; Rey. William Iago, Westheath ; and Captain Liddell, R.N. xli FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, Held on Tuesday, November 15th, 1870. This Meeting was held in the new Lecture Room of the Institution, and there were present: Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., President ; Mr. J. St. Aubyn, M.P., Dr. Barham, Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, Rev. J. R. Cornish, Dr. Jago, F.R.S., Rev. W. Iago, Mr. W. H. Jenkins, Mr. Alexander Paull, Mr. H. O. Remfry, Mr. Reginald Rogers, Rev. H. 8. Slight, Mr. E. G. Spry, Mr. Tweedy, Mr. Whitley, Mr. H. M. Whitley, Rev. J. J. Wilkinson. The PRESIDENT, on taking the chair, said: Ever since the establishment of our meetings in the spring, we, for want of sufficient accommodation of our own, have been indebted to the courtesy of successive mayors of Truro for the use of their com- modious and beautiful council chamber on such occasions. When the members of the Cornwall County Library withdrew from us, however, it became matter for consideration how the rooms thus vacated might be most advantageously appropriated. Atter careful review, therefore, your Officers and Council concluded that the requisite measures would best be carried out under the super- intendence of your resident officers and some of the most experi- enced members of the Council. The alterations and arrangements now complete seem to accomplish all we can at present desire. I believe, therefore, in occupying this room for the first time, we shall all concur in expressing our warmest approval of all that our sub-committee have accomplished, and in offermg them our best thanks for the zealous and efficient manner in which they have executed their trust. The Council’s Report was read; and it was resolved unani- mously, that it be received, adopted, and printed. The following Resolutions were passed unanimously :— That the thanks of the Society be given to the Officers and A 3 xl Council for their services during the past year; and that the following gentlemen form the Council for the ensuing year :— President, Mn. HENWOOD, F.B.S. Vice-Presidents. Str Epwarp SuirKe, Mr. H. 8S. TrReMENHEERE, F.G.S., Mr. Roserts, Lievut.-Cou. TREMAYNE. James Jaco, M.D., Oxon, F.RB.S., Mr. Tweepy, Treasurer. Mr. Warittey and Rev. J. R. Cornisu, M.A., Secretaries. Assistant Secretary, Mr. H. M. WHITLEY. Other Members. Mr. H. ANDREW, Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL, C. Baruam, M.D., Canta, Mr. G. F. RemMrry, Rev. Dr. BANNISTER, Mr. EK. SHaAkP, JUN., Mr. W. Corenanpd Bortast, F.8.A., Rev. H. 8. Sticut, M.A., Mr. JoHN JAMES, Mr. W. TweEepy, and Tur Mayor or Truro. That the cordial thanks of this Meeting be given to those gentlemen who have favoured the Society with Papers or other Communications in the course of the year, and also to the Donors to the Library and Museum. That the thanks of this Meeting be given to Mr. Henwood for the ability with which he has presided over the jseeeees of this day. THE COUNCIL'S REPORT. Tn presenting the Fifty-Third Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall to the Annual Meeting, your Council feel assured that you will be gratified to hear that they meet you to-day with the conviction that at no previous date has the Institution shown clearer signs of healthy progress than during the past year. The Specimens in your Museum are increasing beyond the means of displaying them adequately, though there have been particular years in which more valuable additions have been made. The Spring Meeting was of a genial and animated character, and many valuable papers were contributed. The two days’ Excursion to Tintagel was joined in by about 70 ladies and gentlemen, being as many as accommodation could have been provided for in the district, and was both enjoyable and instructive. xiii The Meteorological Observations, extending over a long period, have been daily continued by your Curator, and now form an~ unbroken series of recorded facts, from which all the main elements of the climate may be deduced. For some time past it has been found necessary to issue only one number of our Journal a year; we are thus prevented from publishing at length many valuable communications with which we are favoured. We trust, however, that this restriction is but a temporary one, and that the increase in our members will shortly enable us to resume the issue of two numbers yearly. At our last Annual Meeting the Council were instructed to take such steps as they might deem desirable for rendering avail- able to the general purposes of the Institution the rooms about to be vacated by the Cornwall County Library. This duty was undertaken by a sub-committee, under whose superintendence folding doors have been substituted for the partition wall, a second stove has been procured, gas pendents have been in- troduced, and shelves have been prepared for receiving many of the books which have been hitherto inconveniently lodged in the Lecture Room. These alterations, which will supply every accom- modation necessary, as well for ordinary requirements as for general meetings, have been effected without drawing deeply on the funds of the Institution. The removal of the Library has diminished our income by twenty pounds a year, and has deprived our Curator of his salary as Librarian; it has therefore become necessary to increase his income from the funds of the Institution. With this increased expenditure to meet, it will be satisfactory for you to know that the balance %m the hands of the Treasurer has increased from £76. 12s. 2d., at the commencement of the financial year, to £107. 15s. 8d., at its close; and that six new subscribers have been elected during that time. On the other hand, a considerable sum will be required to meet the alterations of the room, and there still remains a mortgage debt of about £150. Since our last Annual Meeting, the Council of His Royal High- ness the Prince of Wales have courteously invited your officers to meet an eminent engineer at the Cheesewring, and to suggest means for its preservation. To these communications they have replied, that when they had brought the perilous condition of that remarkable natural curiosity under consideration of the proper authorities of the Duchy and of their competent surveyors, they believed they had fulfilled their duty to the County. One of the objects brought under notice during our late excursion, was the inscribed stone mentioned by Carew, Borlase, D 2 xliv and Mac Lauchlan. Since Borlase’s time it has been torn from the protecting masonry which supported it, near Slaughter Bridge, and now, lying prostrate in the neighbouring marsh, it seems almost to invite the destroyer. A representation of its condition has been made to the proprietor of Worthyvale, in which it lies, and we trust another year will not pass without steps being taken to ensure its safety. During the winter months your Council propose to hold evening meetings at the Society’s Rooms. These meetings will, amongst other advantages, afford opportunity for the consideration and dis- cussion of topics which for want of time can be but imperfectly _ treated at our Annual Meetings. The Institution during one fourth of its existence has had the benefit of Dr. Jago’s services as one of your Secretaries, but he now desires to withdraw. He will still favour us by undertaking other duties, and we have nominated him one of your Vice-Presi- dents. But we cannot permit his retirement from the office he has hitherto held to pass, without an expression of the high sense we entertain of the zeal and ability he has so long devoted to us. The Council recommend the election of Colonel Tremayne as a Trustee in the room of the late Sir C. Lemon, Bart. The Council recommend that Mr. Wm. Pengelly, F.R.S., whose knowledge of the Antiquities and Geology of the West of England will render him a valuable addition to your Society, and Mr. John Maclean, F.S.A., the Author of “A History of Trigg Minor,” of much antiquarian research, and an able contributor to our Journal, be elected as Honorary Members; that Mr. Walter H. Tregellas, who has already furnished us with valuable inform- ation, be elected a Corresponding Member; and that Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., and Mr. Nicholas Hare, Junr., be elected Associates. During the last year we have had to regret the loss of Sir William Williams, Bart., of Tregullow, one of our oldest members, who for a period of more than 40 years was a steady supporter of this Society. The total number of visitors to the Museum during the year ending July, 1870, is as follows—free admissions, 5,881; by tickets, 150; at sixpence each, 224. Total, 6,255. Dr. JAGO read the Lists of Presents :— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. A Sword with Sheath, and a Quiver of Arrows, From Capt. George D. Broad, used by Savages of the Island of Formosa R.N., Falmouth. Jd Syowae, saxoren Clavilkt Sogq6occ aleve elolsbe spore -.. Capt. Caddy, Wendron. Flint Axe, from Denmark ................ Mr. B. M. Wright, jun. Fragments of a Sword-Fish, and of wood in which its beak was broken off after piercing 23 inches of sound English oak—a plank of the John and Mary of Truro, then sailing iniiherbristol Chanmelleynemedeeeas +s-. Capt. J. Dunstone, Port Loe. Silver Medal commemorative of the Peace of Uhineaolate, din IB} 2. 5oe¢o04nce006 eocceeses REV. J. 9. Wilkingon. Two Silver Coins of Parthia ........ Bisieieie Ditto. Jamestown Weed, grown in Cornwall in 1870, from seed gathered in 1867, on the banks of James River, near Jamestown, Virginia, UES ro aistarenrcsvecisiesiesstetete wevefetehatetsters ee...» Mr. T. Cragoe, Penhillick. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philo- sophical Magazine, and Journal of Science. Fourth Series. From No. 234, January, From Mr. Henwood, Presi- 1868, to No. 268, November, 1870 ........ dent, 1870. Mineral Statistics of Victoria, for the year HS G6 Oe teiccevosiels Me Aercherarey canister rerstas ste cteuanto’s Ditto. Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Regis- trars (Victoria). For Quarter ending 31st December, 1869. ditto, 31st March, 1870. ditto, 30thJune, 1870. Ditto. Address delivered at the Spring Meeting of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, on the 17th of May, 1870. By William Jory Hen- wood, F.R.S., Member of the Geological Society of France; sometime Her Majesty’s Assay-Master of Tin in the Duchy of Corn- wall; President of the Institution........ Ditto. Parochial and Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor. By John Maclean, Hsq., F.S.A., Member of the Royal Archeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, etc. Parts Land If......... dances dsonUmod oe Ditto. The Life of Sir Thomas Seymour, Knight, Baron Seymour of Sudeley, Lord High Admiral of England and Master of the Ord- nance. By John Maclean, F.S.A., Member of the Royal Archeological Institute of Great wan Aael Ibwellenawl Ss ooououoouonDonK ... From the Author. He * On the obverse is a bust of the Queen, with laureated head, and the ordinary regal legend. On the reverse, Britannia, with an olive branch in her right hand, stands on a low sea-shore between figures emblematical of agriculture and commerce; the legend, ‘‘ Compositis venerantur armis.” D3 xlvi Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir George Carew. Edited by John Maclean, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, &. .......... Letters from George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615—1617. Edited by John Mac- lean, F.S.A., Keeper of the Records of H.M. Ordnance in the Tower of London, Editor of the Life of Sir Peter Carew, Knt....... History of the Town and Borough of Devon- port, sometime Plymouth Dock. By R. N. \WWGHUD, coco G0CoUs0DND0 00000 so900 000 660 A Familiar Description of the Old Delabole Slate Quarries. By John J. F. Turner.... On Gold-Mining and its prospects in Nova Scotia. By Henry Youle Hind, M.A. Four Years of a Country Friendly Society. By the Rev. F. C. Hingeston - Randolph, M.A., Rector of Ringmore, Devon........ A MS. List of 247 Species of Plants indi- genous to the county, exhibited at Truro that UG) 6G0660 Sietchetorcdeisrecaisicreteitioreciatets Siavetele Tllustrations and Reproductions (MS.) ...... Journal of Anthropology, No. I, July 1870 Ditto, No. II, October, 1870 Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1869. Part II, March—June Part III, November and December. Collections of the Surrey Archeological Society. 1870, Vol. V.—PartI........... Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. — June 17 to December 9, 1869. Ditto, December 9, 1869, to April 26, 1870. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Viol eA wall 6 OlexaveretereKoreresofefelleiole enereneteictetcieleiel ete The Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic Societye— May lSiO wa erevetheeterereretettelstelaiers Proceedings of the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club, for the year 1869—70......seeecees The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archeological Association of Treland.—Vol. I.—Fourth Series. April, 1870. No.2 Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. (Devonport, July TSO) NOG NY JER IL Gab asoodnoDO0ND From the Editor. From the Editor. From the Author. From Mr. Whitley. From Mr. James Tennant, E.R.G.S., &c. From the Author. From the Misses M. L. and F. Jenkins. Mr. Fuller, Camelford. From the Anthropological Society of London. From the Society. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. From the Club. From the Association. Ditto. xlvil Annual Report and Transactions of the Ply- mouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Vol. IV, Part I. WGP—7/0) Soasc000g0000G0d00000000000000 From the Institution. Monthly Report of the Deputy Special Com- missioner of the Revenue, in charge of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. From the Smithsonian Insti- Numbers 1, 2, 3.—Series 1869—70........ tution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, for the year 1868. Ditto. The Rev. H. S. Sticut called attention to a remark in Mr. Hawker’s “ History of Morwenstow,” that it was a custom to bury the clergy with their feet towards the west and the laity with their feet to the east; and asked if any one present could give instances of such a custom having been observed.—The Rev. W. IAGo said the custom had been observed at Tintagel and Bodmin, as shown by figures on the tomb-stones. The idea was, that when Christ appeared in the East, all those who laboured with Him in the holy offices of the Ministry would approach with Him, and thus rise with their faces to the west, whilst the laity would rise with their faces to the east.—Mr. H. M. WHITLEY stated that Boutell’s “History of Slabs” also mentioned the custom, but he added that the custom was not invariable.—The PRESIDENT said it used to be followed in Ireland, so that, it was said, the priest should rise with his face to the congregation—Mr. St. AUBYN mentioned that on St. Michael's Mount one of the priors was buried with his feet to the east. ~ In the evening, after tea and coffee in the Truro Concert Hall, and the enjoyment of performances by Mr. H. G. Trembath on its fine organ, there was a numerously attended Conversazione in the Institution Lecture-Room, under Mr. Henwood’s presidency ; and various interesting subjects, for the most part having relation to the Excursion in August, were made the themes of conversation and discussion. Rev. W. Iaco, of Bodmin, spoke of the Inscribed Stones at Castle Goff and Slaughter Bridge, and of the Brass Tablet in Tintagel Church, commemorative of the mother of John Kelly ; of all which he exhibited rubbings and drawings. Concerning the Castle Goff stone, Mr. Iago said there could be no doubt it was in memory of a Saxon Christian—the inscription recording xlvili that it was erected by two men, A‘lseld and Genered, for the good of Elwyn’s soul; and he added that he had discovered that Elwyn was a Saxon landowner in the district at the time of the Conquest ; and that men named Atlsig and Guenneret were mentioned in the ~ Bodmin Manumissions. Concerning the stone at Slaughter Bridge, Mr. Iago spoke of the emendation which he had been enabled to confirm in the ordinary reading of the inscription, and which we have already recorded.*—Dr. BARHAM considered that the de- ciphering the first letter as L, instead of C, as in Borlase and other authorities, was highly important, as indicating that the person whom the inscription recorded was a Romanized Briton ; whereas Carew read it as referring to “Arthur.” It was satis- factory, Dr. Barham added, that the proprietors of the estate where the stone was now lying, were willing to assist in its erection on a suitable site in the vicinity.—Rev. J. J. WILKINSON, in refer- ence to a recent tradition mentioned by Mr. Iago, that there was formerly at the head of the Castle Goff stone a Cross, which had been removed by a former Vicar of Lanteglos, stated that there was now in the Vicarage Grounds a Cross, of apparently suitable size for its alleged former position. He would make inquiries on the subject, with the view of aiding the preservation of both shaft and cross. Mr. T. Q. Coucu exhibited, from his private cabinet, various objects illustrative of social history in by-gone days, and he offered observations upon them severally. They included beside those we have already recorded (see pp. xxxvill, xxxix), an ancient Knife, and an Apostle Spoon, found at Trelawne, in 1860. Mr. WHITLEY described, with illustrations by means of draw- ings and plans, the remains of an ancient encampment and other antiquities on Michaelstow Beacon, and the hut circles on Roughtor ; mentioning also a stone circle, 140 feet in diameter, which he had no doubt was anciently a temple in connection with the British village in its vicinity ; and he added that there was a logan-stone near it. In the course of some ensuing discussion, Dr. BARHAM spoke of the beehive form of construction of the huts near Michaelstow ; and he commended to the patronage of his audience, various drawings of these and similar antiquities in that district, which had been made by Mr. Fuller, of Camelford, an artist who had unhappily lost his sight by cataract—Mr. Coucu said he could point out, in the neighbourhood of Roughtor, a tolerably perfect * See ante, p. XXXix. xlix hut, now existing, of the beehive form, and built with stones overlapping from circumference to centre-—Mr. HENWooD men- tioned that Mr. Blight and Mr. Edmonds had described an- tiquities of this kind near Penzance, and that some had been discovered more recently by Mr. Cornish of that town. Kcclesiological descriptions of the churches at Lanteglos and Tintagel were given, respectively, by Rev. J. J. WILKINSON and Mr. MicHELL WHITLEY ; and Captain WILLIAMS, of St. Austell, described the workings of the Delabole Quarries, in relation to their geological strata and the catastrophe of last year; after which discussion took place—mainly between Rev. J. J. WILK- , INson and Mr. WHITLEY—concerning the origin and antiquity of Tintagel Castle ; the contest being chiefly on Mr. Wilkinson’s theory that what is called “The Island” was always really an island, and that the present isthmus between it and the mainland is not the last vestige of a more substantial communication form- erly existent, but the result of falling débris from each side. 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No. XII. APRIL. 1871. -L—Tintagel Castle—By Rev. JOHN JAMES WILKINSON, Rector of Lanteglos juxta. Camelford. Read at Trevena, Tintagel, August 8, 1870. ee decayed fortress, says Carew, “more famous for his an- tiquitie than regardable for his present estate, abutteth on the sea ; yet the ruines argue it to haue been once no vnworthie dwelling for the Cornish Princes.” Its origin is buried in obscurity. Borlase was of opinion that thé ancient Britons had here a place of defence before the invasion by the Romans, and that the present buildings are of too mean a construction to have been the work of the latter people. Norden, who surveyed these buildings and left us a drawing of the place as it was in 1585, states that “it was somtime a statelye impregnable seate, now rent and ragged by force of time and tempestes; her ruyns testefie her pristine worth; the view wherof and due obseruation of her situation, shape, and condition, in all partes, may moue commisseration that suche a stately pile shoulde perishe for wante of honorable presence. Nature hath fortefied and arte dyd once beautefie it in such sorte, as it leaueth vnto this age wounder and imitation ; for the morter and ciment wherwith the stones of this Castle were layde, excelleth in fastnes and obduritye the stones themselues ; and nether time 226 TINTAGEL CASTLE. nor force of handes can easelye seuer the one from the other.” Leland, in 1538, speaking of Tintagel, says: “This Castelle hath bene a marvelus strong and notable forteres, and almost situ loci inexpugnabile, especially for the dungeon that is on a great high terrible cragge, environed with the se, but having a drawbridge from the residew of the Castelle unto it. There is yet a chapel standing withyn this dungeon, of S. Ulette alias Ulanne. Shepe now fede within the dungeon. The residew of the buildinges of the Castel be sore wether-beten and yn ruine, but it hath beene a large thinge.” In another place he says—‘The Castel had be lykhod iij wardes, whereof 1j be woren away with gulfying yn of the se: withowte the isle renneth alonly a gate house, a walle, and a fals braye dyged and walled. On the isle remayne old walles, and yn the est parte of the same, the grownd beyng lower, remayneth a walle embateled, and men alyve saw ther, yn a postern, adore of yren. ‘There is in the isle a prety chapel, with a tumbe on the left syde.” “ Halfe the buildings,” says Carew (1602), “were raised on the continent and the other halfe on an iland, continued together (within mens remembrance) by a drawebridge, but now diuorced by the downefaln steepe cliffes on the farther side ; which, though it shut out the sea from his wonted recourse, hath yet more strengthened the late iland ; for in passing thither you must first descend with a dangerous declyning, and then make a worse ascent, by a path, as euerie where narrow, so in many places, through his sticklenesse occasioning, and through his steepnesse threatning, the ruine of your life with the failing of your foote. At the top two or three terrifying steps giue you en- trance to the hill, which supplieth pasture for sheepe and conyes : upon the same I saw a decayed chappell.” “ Under the iland runs a caue, thorow which you may rowe at ful sea, but not without a kinde of horrour at the uncouthnesse of the place.” Norden, (1584 or 5) describing the ascent to the island, says, “by a verie narrow rockye and wyndinge waye vp the steepe sea clyffe, vnder which the sea waues wallow, and so assayle the foundation of the ile, as may astonish an unstable brayne to consider the perill, for the leaste slipp of the foote sendes the whole bodye into the de- uouringe sea; and the worste of all is higheste of all, nere the gate of entraunce into the hill, where the offensiue stones so ex- posed hange ouer the head, as while a man respecteth his footinge TINTAGEL CASTLE. 227 he indaungers the head ; and lookinge to saue the head indaungers the footinge, accordinge to the olde prouerbe, ‘ Incidit in Scyllam qui uult vitare Charybdin.’ He muste haue eyes that will scale Tyntagell.” “Moste parte of the iland buyldings are ruyned.” The first mention of Tintagel is about 1150, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, to whom we are indebted for the marvellous exploits of King Arthur. He makes some one describe Tintagel thus: “ It “ig situated upon the sea, and on every side surrounded by it, and “there is but one entrance into it, and that through a straight “rock, which three men shall be able to defend against the whole “power of the Kingdom.” Whether the account of King Arthur be true or false, this description of Tintagel is sufficiently accurate to prove that there was a tradition of a fortress here belonging to the British Earls of Cornwall. This I conceive to have been little more than a rude fortification of earth, strengthened by the stone on the spot, after the manner of Treryn and other Cornish Cliff Castles, and relying for protection principally on its insular position. Probably the Cornish Princes had here all along a place of defence, which, when the great Castle-building age came, was chosen as the site of the building whose ruins now remain. Had a Castle existed here during the Conqueror’s reign, it would have been mentioned in Domesday, like Launceston and Trematon. From the omission, we must conclude that it was either a rude Cliff Castle, and as such not entitled to be named among Norman Castles, or that if it had ever been more, it had then become entirely dilapidated. Both the ruins and the description of them given by Leland, Carew, and Norden, are to my mind convincing proofs of their Plantagenet origin. The Castle, like others of that period, consisted of two baileys or courts. The outer bailey or base court was on the mainland, surrounded on the right (EH and N) by a wall, outside of which was a moat, ‘a fals braye dyged and walled.” On the left, a line of rocks, strengthened with masonry, where requisite, separated the court from a_strip of high ground running along the cliff, north and south. The gate-way was surmounted by a tower. Adjoining the east wall were stables for eight horses. On the high ground was a very strong semicircular wall, at least seven feet thick, 298 TINTAGEL CASTLE. reaching from the gate tower in a southernly direction, along a steep crag, to the cliff. In the south corner stood a small watch tower, probably the height of the great wall. Part of a room, with a chimney in the wall, still remains ; steps are traceable which led to the top of the tower, whence the view must have been very extensive both by land and by sea. From this point a wall extended to the chasm between the main and the island. Between this wall and the cliff was a terrace. It has nearly disappeared by land slips, which have carried with them great part of the wall. Leaving the outer court, we come to a chasm, of at least 200 feet wide, which was formerly so narrow as to be spanned by a drawbridge. All who described the Castle in by-gone days speak of it as built partly on an island. The island is now become a peninsula, by the gradual falling in of the sides, especially on the land side, which is more exposed. This has formed an isthmus 70 or 80 feet in height. ‘A considerable quantity fell in March, 1846, carrying with it a large piece of the north wall, which still over-hangs the path to the peninsula.”* I have had no difficulty in tracing, through the débris, the island edge of the chasm down to the beach where the tide once flowed, thus confirming the state- ments of former writers. The drawbridge appears to have fallen early in the 16th Century ; as Leland, in 1538, speaks of it as existing, and Carew and Sir Richard Grenville say it was then in men’s memories. For some years after its fall, the chasm was narrow enough for elm trees laid across to form a bridge. Within the inner bailey stood the keep or principal part of the Castle, in which was the “ Great Hall” ; the timber of which was taken down between 1330-1337, by order of John of Eltham, the then Earl of Cornwall, because the hall was ruinous and the walls thereof of no value. Adjoining the north wall (the ruins still remain) were “six ruinat rooms, which were lodgings.” They could have been re- paired in 1583 ata small cost. Here was the residence of the Constable and Chaplain; and here too, after the Castle became a prison, were kept John of Northampton and the Earl of Warwick. * 32nd Report, p. 41. TINTAGEL CASTLE. 229 The Chapel (54 feet by 12) Leland says was dedicated to S. Ulette or Ulianne. It has been unroofed and in ruins for several centuries. In 1855 I explored the interior and removed the rub- bish from the altar, which is built of slate and mortar, with a granite slab. In the chancel were graves lined with slate, of no great depth. One of them contained some dark mould, but no bones. The position of the screen is marked by hollows in the walls. Several pieces of freestone, of billet moulding, and one similar to the impost of the Transition Norman Chancel Arch in the Parish Church, with a carved triangular stone, with mouldings of the same period, were likewise observed. The Chapel, beyond a doubt, was built about the middle of the 13th century; and there is nothing to shew that it is of later date than the rest of the Castle.* Norden says (as already mentioned) that the “morter and “ciment wherwith the stones of this Castle were layde excelleth “in fastnes and obduritye the stones themselues, and nether time “nor force of handes can easelye seuer the one from the other.” This is a perfect description of Norman mortar. I need not remind you that mortar now-a-days is made by slaking lime with water, then mixing it with earth or fine sand, and making it into a thick paste with more water. It is then left for days or weeks till wanted ; and when dry it is little harder than a mass of clay. The Norman plan was to grind the lime as it came from the kiln, and after mixing it with coarse sand or gravel, to exclude it from the action of water until it was used. When wanted, it was mixed very freely with water, and poured, in a sort of semi-fluid state, into its bed, loose rubble being thrust in amongst it. In the course of a few days the mortar would be hard enough to resist a battering ram. Nothing can exceed the firmness of Norman masonry. It is, if possible, harder than the unhewn rock. About twenty years ago it was necessary to breach the walls of the White Tower in London, in order to introduce a tram-way into it, for the convey- ance of ordnance stores. It took a party of sappers and miners six weeks to effect their purpose. I do not imagine that the Castle ever had a large garrison, as *1 Ric. III (1483) John Leicrofte was presented by the King to the free Chapel of Dyndagell alias Tyntagell. 230 TINTAGEL CASTLE. it was, from position, quite safe against any number of invaders. When Earls resided here, they would bring their own retainers with them; but as they possessed several large and more import- ant Castles in the County, Tintagel was, I imagine, kept more as an impregnable fortress in time of danger than as a residence. By whom then was it built ? In the year 1225, Richard, brother of King Henry III, was created Earl of Cornwall. He was a great benefactor to this County, from which he derived much of his wealth. He enlarged or rebuilt Restormel Castle, built Liskeard Castle, and every- where left traces in Castles, free boroughs, and markets, of his energetic rule and of his desire to improve the County. From the mouldings in the Chapel, from the architecture generally, and from never having been able to find the Castle historically men- tioned before, I have every reason to believe that soon after his creation he erected the Castle whose ruins we are considering. In the year 1245 Earl Richard is said to have entertained here his nephew David,* Prince of Wales, then in rebellion against Hen. III. Edmund, son and successor to Earl Richard (1272 to 1300), was the last of the Earls who occasionally resided in Cornwall, chiefly at Launceston, Restormel, and Liskeard. He did not keep a large staff of dependants at Tintagel. In 1291 he appointed by deed, dated at Liskerret, his “dearly beloved familiar servant, John, called le Barber, for life Constable, with a salary of sixty shillings and eight pence per ann., and one mark (13/4) yearly for his robe.” The Chaplain’s fee for celebrating divine service was 50 shillings per annum, and the wages of a door-keeper anda watchman, six marks and eleven shillings (7.e., 90 shillings), and for their robes yearly one mark. The same staff kept the Castle for many years; but in 1337 there was no Constable, the priest who officiated at the Chapel having custody of the Castle, for which he received no fee. The Castle, then in a very dilapidated state, is described as “a certain Castle, sufficiently walled, in which were two chambers beyond the two gates, in a decayed state; one chamber with a small kitchen for the Constable in good repair; one stable for * Matt. Par., ii, 125, Tintaiol. TINTAGEL CASTLE. Dail eight horses decayed; one cellar and bakehouse ruinous. The timber of the great hall had been taken down by command of John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall (1330-1337), “because the hall was ruinous and the walls thereof of no value.” It may appear strange that Tintagel should have become dilapidated so soon; especially if, as I suppose, it had not existed more than a hundred years. We must however remember that the same holds good of Restormel, Liskeard, and other Castles which have been erroneously described as seats of the British Earls, and yet were built about the same time as I suppose this to have been. After the death of Earl Edmund, in 1300, all the Cornish Castles, except Launceston, ceased to be kept up; and in the survey of 1337 were described as “out of repair.” Hence, when William of Worcester, Leland, Norden, Carew, and others speak of them, they use much the same language of all. Truro Castle, built by one of the Norman Earls, Leland speaks of as ‘“‘ now clene down”; and William of Worcester, in 1478, as “dirutum.” Lis- keard Castle, says Leland, is “now al in ruin: fragments of waulles yet stand.” Restormel he calls “sore defaced”; and Norden talks of “the planchings rotten, the walls falldowne, &c. “The cannon needs not batter, nor the pioneer to undermine, nor “nowder to blow up, this so famous a pyle, for tyme and tirrannie “hath wrought her destruction.” If these Castles, in compara- tively sheltered situations, had so soon become ruins, the only wonder is, that Tintagel, exposed to every blast and storm from the Atlantic, should have lasted so long. Before 1385 the Castle must have undergone some repair, for in that year we find it a state prison, in which John of North- ampton, Lord Mayor of London, was imprisoned ; “condemned thither,” says Carew, “as a general penetenciary, for his unruly maioralty.” In the year 1397, Thomas, Earl of Warwick, was a prisoner for treason, here according to some, but in the Isle of Man, according to Baker and others. He was released in 1399, and recovered all his manors (Carnanton, &c.,) which had been forfeited. From the time when this Castle became a prison, a small annual sum was granted for repairs until the reign of Queen Eliza- beth, when it was discontinued by Lord Treasurer Burleigh, as “being a superfluous expense to the Crown” ; and ever since, the E 252 TINTAGEL CASTLE. ruins have had to contend with storms and the ravages of time, with no other assistance than their own innate strength. The custody of all the Castles, Manors, and other property of the Earls, was committed to the Sheriff of the County, who was annually appointed by the Earls, and required to render an account of all sums received and expended. Whenever the revenues of the Earldom reverted to the Crown, the King ap- pointed the Sheriff, commanding the Sheriff of the preceding year to deliver up the County, with the Castle of Launceston and all its appurtenances, without delay, and the Earls, Barons, Knights, and freeholders of the County to receive him as their Sheriff, and his bailiff in other things. In most histories of the County we find certain noblemen, as Thomas de la Hyde, William de Bottreaux, and others, named as Constables of this Castle ; whereas they were the Sheriffs for that year, and as such, custodians of all the Earl’s Castles. For instance, in 1307, Piers Gaveston was appointed Earl of Cornwall and Sheriff in fee, and obtained all the Castles, &c., of which Edmund, the late Earl, had died possessed. Under him Thomas de la Hyde was Sheriff; and, as such, custos of all the Castles, for which he rendered a debtor and creditor account. He appears to have died in the same year as the Earl, in 1313; and between the Earl’s death and his own we find he had the fees or wages of the staff of this Castle for 40 days, viz., 2d. a day to the Constable, 3d. to the Porter and Watchman, and 5/7 to the Chaplain for officiating during the said time: the same rate of payment as had been made since the appointment of John le Barber by Earl Edmund. During the reign of Richard II much of the property of the Duchy became alienated for a time. Tintagel Castle and Manor, with other Castles and Manors, were given to John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, married to the King’s sister Elizabeth, who sur- vived him. After he was beheaded, she married Sir John Corn- wall; who, with her till their deaths, by permission of Henry Duke of Cornwall, held the Castle, &c., when they reverted to the Duchy- Captains or Constables continued to be appointed until the reign of Elizabeth. John Upcote was Captain in 1485; Sir John Carewe, Knight of the Body, was appointed Captain or Constable on the 27th August, 1509. He died in 1512, and was succeeded by Sir Anthony Utright. After him John Nevill was appointed to be TINTAGEL CASTLE. 233 Constable, and to have a meadow called Halemere, in the Lordship of Tyntagel. The following interesting letter was written in 1583, by Sir Richard Greynvile, who had been directed by the Council to visit the Castle, and report on its state and condition as a place of defence. ‘‘My dutie to your honor humblie remembered; the xixth of December. I received your honor’s letter, with direction to view the state of the Castell of Tyntagell; I presentlie rode thither, and sending for him that hath the charge thereof, went up into it. At the entry of the [land there is a dore and certayne walls standing, with some ruinat roumes w® were lodgings, and may yet with some small charges be repaired and made fite to be dwelt in. From the utter great gate on the maine ther hath ben, within the memorie of some that dwell thereby, a drawbridge, w" is now gon, by reason that the seas have undermined and fretted out some pte of the workes whereon the bridg stoode, and taken away that means to pass into the Ile from the utter part of the Castell; so as now the way to the Ile being by the side of a rocke, on a very steepe clife over the sea, is very daungerous, and such as a man shall find narrow footing to passe up by. This place wt" on fowler may easily be defended. From the sea ther ar two landing places; against the one of them is a wall w'a gate in it, called the Iron Gate (because there was a gate of iron there); this wall is of length on hundred and twenty foote, in thickness five foote, garrated, now somewhat ruinat; w4 was in old time sufficiente for the defence of that place. By the workes without this wall (being the landinge place) foure or five of the greatest sortes of shipps may with most windes ride, and lay their sides to the workes, and land anie com- panie of men; the water being ther at the lowest ebb five fathom deepe, and the ground in this bay before the reckes faire and sandy for a moringe. This place may well be fortefied for the defence of the landing by some re- pairinge of the wall, a rampier of turffe to be made on the inside of the wall for thickening therof with a couple of little bulworks; at the endes of that wall two peace of ordinaunce, though they were but fowlers, would sufficiently defend the landing ther; but sinse the utter pte of the landing rocke is not two hundred foote without the said wall, so as anie bigg shippinge with good artillery may com so nere as to beat down both the said wall and the bulworks, it were very convenient that in each of the bulworks with the foulers there were a better peace placed, as demiculverins, sacars, or such like, which should be sufficient to defend the place and harborough, so as no ship should be able to approche the place for landing there. The other place to land at is not so easie, because the ground is fowle and rockey without it, so as a ship cann have no ancor hold ther, and the clifes so uneasie to be mounted, as five or six men may keepe down a great number. The whole Iland is so fortified by nature, as on anie occasion it is to be defendede with twentie or thirtie men. The Ile, it seq’, as it is now left, is a dangerous receptacle for anie evill affected person that shall attempt to take it ether by land or by sea; for he E 2 234 TINTAGEL CASTLE. who now hath the charge of the Castell and the Ilande is on John Hendey, a very tale young man, and on that is thought to be evill affected in religion : his father now dead, who had the charge before him, was accounted a papist, and accused and long imprisoned in gayle for sedicius wordes against her Mate, This yong man’s mother knowen to be a papist, and not caring for her bands wherein she stoode bounde to her Maties use to appeare before us at the Sessions as a recusant, for not comming to the Church, forfeiting the same, hath forsaken her house and this countie, and is gone to a house of S* John Arrundell’s, in Dorsetshere, called Chydiock, wher she and mani such ar receaved and harbored, and wher this John Hendy hath of late ben with her, coming and going this Michelmas term last to and from London where he hath had accesse to S' John Arrundell; no cause known. The estate that St John Arrundle hath in this Tland is but thre or four yeares now to come, the reversion therof (as) here is graunted to Mr. Arthur George: the profit that ariseth to S' John is nothing; for Hendy payeth no more to him then the same rent w St John payth to the Queen’s Matie. Now wheras your honors will me to certifie whom I think meet in these partes to be appointed by your honors to take the charge of the Ile, being well affected in religion and to her Matles service, and that part of the countrey is so barren of such gentlemen of ani account, for it is verie well knowne to my very good Lord the Erle of Bedford, as I know none more fitt dwelling nerest to the place then Mr. George Greynvile, now Shreiffe of the Countye, whom I assure your honors to be a gent well inclined to religion and to her Maties Service. On the Iland there is nether ordinance nor ani other kind of munition ; nether doth ther anie apperteine therto as laminformed. For your honor’s better view understanding of the nature and qualitie of the Ile and the situ- ation therof, I have, as well as I could, drawen a plotte of the same, and sent it heerwith unto your honors, having added the new bulworkes wen I before. thought convenient to be made for the defence of the landing at the wall of the iron gate. The charge of the bulworks, rampiers, and repairing of the ruined walls will, as I judge, be made for on hundred marks or there about. For the ordinaunce, as the three foulers, two sacars, or demiculverins, wt? a dozen or twenty muskets, would be sufficient munition; the wch is not to be gotten in these ptes; w°t I leave to your honor’s consideration. And this is as much as at this present I could do in performans of your honor’s direction here in being readie at all comaundment with a faythfull hart to be employed in anie service of her Matic, whom I beseech God preserve and defend from traytrous -practizes ; and praying God also to preserve your honors, I most humblie take my leave. Rediford, this xxviitt of December, 1583. Your honor’s most humblie at commandment, R. GREYNVILE. From this time I have been unable to obtain any historical account of Tintagel. During the Civil Wars and the Common- wealth, the position was not of sufficient importance to be a hone F TINTAGEL CASTLE. 235 of contention between the rival armies. Indeed after the general use of fire-arms the place ceased to be of any value, except as a subject of interest to antiquaries and lovers of the picturesque. Old people remember when the walls were more extensive than at present, and the chasm much narrower than it has become by the falling in of the cliff on both sides. Under the tasteful care of the Constable, the Reverend Pre- bendary Kinsman, it is safe from the hands of idle depredators ; and had he substantial help from those interested in its preserva- tion, he would be enabled to arrest the progress of decay, without in any way altering a feature of the original building. b os for) Il.—An Inscribed Stone in the Churchyard of Stowford, Devon.—By WiLuiAmM C. BorLAsE, Castle Horneck, April, 1870. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 17, 1870. ‘Om entering the little churchyard of Stowford, the eye of the stranger is attracted by a monumental pillar, standing on the top of the hedge, to the right of the entrance gate. This will be found, on closer examination, to be a hard sand-stone, about 5 feet in height, and as thick in the centre as a man can span, but gradually tapering towards the top, where it is as round and smooth as a boulder washed by the sea. On the flat side is engraved a remarkable inscription, the characters of which are unlike those of any alphabet with which I am acquainted. Owing to the impervious nature of the stone, the letters have been preserved in what seems to be almost their original state ; INSCRIBED STONE IN THE CHURCHYARD OF STOWFORD. 237 and the regularity and care which has been displayed in their formation, points plainly to the fact, that they are no chance productions of a sculptor making trial of his tool, but the set characters of an acknowledged system of caligraphy, carrying a clear and distinct meaning to the people of a distant age. The small drawing which I made on the spot, a few weeks ago, was not sufficiently correct to be worthy of a place in your Journal ; but so very interesting did I consider the stone, that I made an attempt to obtain a more correct one; and through the kindness of the Rev. W. W. Martyn, Rector of Lifton, have now in my possession a rubbing, in which every letter is most clearly and correctly delineated. The following is a copy of the inscrip- tion, the letters averaging from 3 inches to 7 inches in height :— ASE TET Whether this inscription belongs to the transition period between the Roman and the early English letters, or whether they are to be found among any of the ancient Irish alphabets, and belong to a system, whose characters are well known to the Antiquary at the present day, I am not in a position to say. The three last letters wquld seem rather to point to the former theory, and the four first to the latter ; that the first letter on the left is repeated again in the fourth I think there is no doubt ; and the similarity of the second, fifth, sixth, and seventh, to Hebrew characters, led me at first to imagine that it was to that language they must be referred; but a more minute inspection seems only to increase the difficulties of such a supposition, and I therefore leave the task of deciphering them to the many readers of our Journal, who are more competent to undertake it than myself; and shall be quite content to have given them an accurate representation, of what I think they will agree with me in considering on¢ of the most remarkable of the Inscribed Stones of Damnonia. Ul.—Stannary Roll, 34th Edward I. (1305-6), with Introductory Remarks thereon, and on other similar Rolls. By Str JoHN Mac ean, F.S.A., &c., &e., An Honorary Member of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. NY information, however imperfect, upon the subject of Tin, the great staple of the County in early times, can scarcely fail to be of interest to the members of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. We therefore submit an abstract of one of a small class of documents, preserved in the Public Record Office, among the Miscellaneous Papers of the Exchequer, entitled ‘‘ Nomina Villarum,” adding a brief description of the others. The County of Cornwall, with the Stannaries and all the Minerals, were, by Charter dated 15th Henry III,* granted by the King to his brother Richard, King of the Romans and Earl of Cornwall, and remained vested in the Earls of Cornwall until the death of Earl Edmund, in 28th Edw. I. Accordingly, we find that the earliest Stannary Roll is met with in the accounts of Thomas de la Hyde, of the Stewardship of the Earldom of Corn- wall for that year Tt (1300-1), in which the total amount received for the coinage of tin was £1120. 13s. 5d. The names of the owners, the number of the pieces,} and the weight of each “laste,” together with the total weight belonging to each owner at each weighing, and the sum of the toll, are shewn on the Roll. For the following year we have another similar Roll, extending to the 21st Sept., 30th Edw. I.|| (1302), in which the sum shewn to have been received for dues is £1472. 17s. 5d. We are unable to find any other Roll for several years, which may be accounted for from the Stannaries having been granted ® Charter Roll, 15th Hen. III, m. 4. See also Hist. of Trigg Minor, p. 29. + Pipe Office, Sheriffs’ Accounts, No. 378. + The pieces would seem to have averaged in weight from 120 lbs. to 130 lbs. At a later date the pieces weighed from 300 to 400 lbs. (Speculi Brit. pars., p. 18, Harl. MS., 6252). - || Pipe Office, Sheriffs’ Accounts, No. 380, Roll 4. ) STANNARY ROLL, 34TH EDWARD I. 239 to farm. We find of record, that the King owed a sum of £750 to one William Servat, for wine supplied for the King’s use, and all the issues of the coinage of the King’s tin growing in Corn- wall were assigned to the said William, for the full term of one year thence ensuing ; and it was provided that if the said William failed to collect 700 marks from the said coinage dues, the balance should be paid to him in the wardrobe.* In 33rd Edw. I. Thomas de la Hyde, John de Treddewy, Philip le Wenche, Thomas de Lostwell, Henry de Pridias, Philip de Medros, and John le Toller, paid a fine of 100 marks to the King, to have the King’s Charter for liberties granted to the miners working in the Stannaries in Cornwall. In the 34th year of this reign we have another Roll, apper- taining to the shrievalty of Thomas de la Hyde.t An abstract of this Roll we have the pleasure of laying before the members of the Institution, as a specimen of these documents. We have shewn the totals only of the tin weighed by each merchant or owner, at the several weighings, and the sum of the dues thereon, giving the names of such merchants; which are, we consider, of no small interest, as shewing the old Cornish families which at this early period were dealers in this great commodity. Some of these names are still extant in the County. For the better illus- tration of the Roll, we have had a small portion executed in fac- simile,{ which will shew all the details alluded to above. This particular portion was selected because it shews a remarkable way of writing the name Truro—Zruuuru. It occurs, contracted in two different forms in the two first lines in this specimen, and in several other places on the Roll. This Roll commences on Wednesday next after......... and ends on Wednesday in the feast of St. Matthew the Apostle (Sept. 21). It consists of 14 membranes of vellum, about 4? inches in breadth, written on both sides. The other Rolls resemble it in * Originalia Rolls, 32nd Edw. I, No. 133. + Pipe Office, Sheriffs’ Accounts, No. 374, Roll 2. t+ This is an excellent fac-simile, representing the original most per- fectly, both in the tone of the vellum and colour of the ink. It was executed by the Heliotype process, by Messrs. Edwards and Kidd, 22, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. We consider it far superior in clearness to the photozinco- graphic process. 240 STANNARY ROLL, 34TH EDWARD I. character. All are in good preservation, and are perfectly clear and distinct throughout. During the period over which this Roll extends, the gross weight of tin coined was 863,234 lbs., and the coinage fees £1726. 9s. 43d. We find another Stannary Roll of the time of Edw. I.* The year to which it should be assigned is uncertain, but it is believed to apply to the 35th and last year of the King’s reign. It is with the account of Thomas de la Hide, Seneschal of Cornwall. The weight of all the tin was 520,330 lbs., and the receipt for coinage £1040. 17s. 5d. The next Roll is for the period from the feast of St. John, Ist Edw. I, to Michs., 2nd Edw. II (1308).t The tin weighed was 343,218 lbs., and the coinage dues £686. 10s. 11d. And there is another from Michs. 2nd (1308), to 5th Aug., 3rd Edw. IT (1309). In this period the weight of the tin coined was 468,694 lbs., and the sum received for dues £937. 11s. 6d. We do not find any other Roll until 6th Edw. II, when there is a Roll shewing the tin weighed between the feast of St. Scholastica the Virgin, 6th Edw. II (Feb. 10, 1312-13), to Michs., 7th Edw. II (1313). || In this period the weight of the tin accounted for was 582,481 Ibs., and the sum received for coinage £1164. 19s. 24d. From the feast of the Purification of St. Mary the Virgin, 7th Edw. II (Feb. 2, 1313-14), to the feast of the Decollation of St. John Baptist, 8th Edw. II (29th Aug., 1314), § the tin weighed, as shewn by this Roll, was 803,541 lbs., and the money received was £1607. 1s. 84d. Another small Roll is attached, shewing receipts for toll, amounting to £380. 17s. 4d., but the weight of tin is not clearly stated. There is a further Roll, rendered by Thomas Lerchdekne, for the period from Michs. to the feast of the Epiphany, 8th Edw. IL. In this time the weight of tin accounted for was 43,040 Ibs., and the sum received £86. 1s. 73d. From this time these detail Rolls appear to cease. * Pipe Office, Sheriffs’ Accounts, No. 385, Roll 2. + Pipe Office, Sheriffs’ Accounts, No. 377, Roll 3. } Pipe Office, Sheviffs’ Accounts, No. 377, Roll 4. || Idem, No. 380, Roll 6. § Idem, Roll 5. 4 Idem, Roll 7. STANNARY ROLL, 34TH EDWARD I. 24] In 10th Edw. II the King granted * to Stephen de Abyngdon, his Butler, the coinage of the tin in Devon and Cornwall ; and in the 20th year of his reign the King assigned to William de Somer- hill, of Asperton,t to collect to the King’s use the whole of the gold which may be found in the mines already opened, or here- after to be opened, in the two counties. Edmund Earl of Cornwall (0d. 1300) is said to have granted sundry privileges to the Stannaries, in consideration of which, the Lords of the seven tithings in Blackmoor, by whose means the Charter was procured, consented to pay unto the Earl one halfpenny for every pound of tin which should be wrought. “This Charter,” it is added, “is recorded in mens’ memories, but extant it appeareth not.” + It will be observed from these Rolls that the profits arising from the mines amounted to from £1000 to £1500 a year—a large sum in those days; but it would appear from the caption seizin of the Duke of Cornwall, 5th May, 11th Edw. III (1337), that the revenues from the Stannaries had considerably increased in amount. The Commissioners returned the profits of the Courts, of the four Stannaries together, as £20; and the coinage as being worth per annum 3000 marks; but that year, from the abundance of tin, 4000 marks. || * Originalia, 10th Edw. IT, Roll 17. } Idem, 20th Edw. I, Roll 2. t Speculi Brit. pars., Harl. MS., 6252, p. 16. || Vice vy. Thomas, Smirke, Appx., p. 21. STANNARY ROLL, 34TH EDWARD I. 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Avuuseysog ep artXory sny.teqoy 6c os ““ PR6'T OG oe sé OG ee sas BLOLVSAV A, BJOUBS Ip SNAII[VAA (a ee oe 9z29'2 66 ee ee Tg eo ee oo eo ee qn, SOuUUBIO r? & o6 “Zone “ oe bee Coie mae eetcke cin CR BLO COTES NO GON! 6 axe “ Qgo'z «6 oe OF ht ce ee ee 6BpAMOLT, OP SNBTOTIIN WnLOLIBvUep BUMING = °* 11] olg'9 TUSURIG BuULUIng bed ztood (Ys) 00 sae wee oie douespaT Snpimned “BIqt] O9L IF -ayeqoid “pg ‘SOL ‘Ese stjavd sn{ny suruing “ Bo “ 908'F ‘ “ ye °° °° °° wUftUIpog ep snisepvury «s os “© gg), “ oe ao) G0 60-00 INOT[IV], YT Snyreqory cue es 66 0g9‘L 66 oe 66 eg eo ee eo eo oe JO[IBIG uUBpy 3 oe 46 ReFG 66 oe 66 SF eo oo eo eo UAPIVAL souUByoO Lr ‘muviudupog pudy viepuog 257 STANNARY ROLL, 34TH EDWARD I. > S> om sH oD cf re re S i re Lal SONOOnAAWArSO a | “BIql] FEs'egg tusarzg vurutng (pessoput) "pe 86 “9SLIF WAOTNYoI TANTUUIO BIMUINE wVqorT "PEP ‘SOL ‘Le styaed snfny vmurng <3 ee 3 860‘T oe ee (19 z i 8 co oe eo oo reydueg ey | TmUepy 0 x oo ce 9&F 6e coe 66 G eo eo eo eo preqyumoig SNy.19q ory 0 i 00 66 FSP 66 eo 66 7 oo eo oo ee BUysoq SNUILOTT IIMA. T @ a “218 “ *- OF op ss ee ee s+ sho40D snydinpery T s 60 “ geg “ oe Ag 09 99 OR 00 00: wuiniaine CINE ELOST Z oe “ gon'T “ e aT cc ee ee 8° “qofasuy souULyOr zg js eo 66 Peet oe eo 66 IL eo oo eo oe BTTeqareyg SNLUL[OTTIIM, Z ‘ aie 6c ZLOT OG ae 66 OL eo eo ee ee reyduiag al mepy Z : OG “ OKO'T 6s 60 Ole dae ee oie eT AM CTT IUULT OTN T ¢ Ae 6 998 66 eo ye 9 eo OD eo eo °* SATOL ST[OVIOITAL G 06 “ ggetg « oe “G6 °° °° °° 4ukmoxy, ep snuvydoig e “ oe “ 266'T “ oe Os pit se ee ss Kouunosog ep snjreqory Q UWhioleusep vung °° VII] SEs Tusueyg vuIUNg ** @edg "* ** worIvdrey BjoULg op WIepy ‘TPOysody ley VP] TOUVY 04SeJ UT IInoJEP orp tusuRIg vropuog “SIGIT 8Z8'8S “eyeqoid “pig ‘sgl “Loy stjavd snf{ny vmung T i a3 ~ OL es ae a) co ee se voutdonte snprvory G ee 66 F89'S (73 eo 66 TL eo eo ee ° *Uvs10}0q ep snoliue py, T = ue “ 80¢ GR eG) st ese i Soosong, Sn1esON, ZI a «9509 “ a 87 aoe = oukoniepsnprvory Fd “ oe “ 9F0'T 2 oe 6 eee he uOsiag, BnITa0 ON, Z ‘ O° “ 86FT os ge ne Ch Na etna og OPTEM SHUILOTTTIAA 0 s a “80S ss ah eee, OD 00 OF eruakoys p STe eRe (OY p L : oe « ggg‘e ‘“ ee OBS 1h 2.2 00 5 OD 500 esaLy, op snzesoyy OT OO “< ZQz'c “ oe “ oF se ee se yestosteg ep sniesoxy IT winioleuep suming °° Sig Zig lusuyjg euung -* a@oodp ** ** °* °* pavudeyy snpaivuleg 1 Further Observations wpon the foregoing document.—By Str EDWARD SMIRKE, late Vice-Warden of the Stannuaries. T the meeting of this Society, in May, 1870, I had the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the meeting a curious document, or rather series of documents, relating to a well known tax or charge on all tin produced and smelted for local use, or for exportation, in the two western counties of England, in which that metal has been immemorially worked. The origin of this tax, and the ground of the claim to a perception of it by the Crown, or by Earls or Dukes of Cornwall when those dignities became the recipients of this ancient endowment by a grant from the Crown, is very obscure ; and as we are now as well acquainted with the history of it as we are ever likely to be, this obscurity is not likely hereafter to become less. The document had been sent to the Society by Mr. (now, Sir John) Maclean, with valuable comments, which are now partially embodied in his prefatory notice of it. This impost, known down to as late a date as the first year of the present reign, is, and always has been, known in those counties as the “ coinage” duty ; and derived its name from the ‘ cuneus,” or stamp used by the royal or other authorized legal recipient of the dues, and imprest upon the smelted metallic block or ingot, after it had been fused in a proper mould, and assayed by the officer of the Crown, or of the Earl or the Prince, to whom that duty was granted. The use of the word “cuneus” and of the word cunagiwm, as applied to stamped coins, is familiar, and of undefined an- tiquity ; but the use of it, as applied to such produce of tin in the western mines, is, I think, only found in the public records of England since the Conquest. The earliest occurrence of the word in this sense has not been yet found in any original document before the 12th century. The various charters of our early sovereigns, whereby the community of the miners engaged in this branch of local industry was organized, and the franchises which were conferred upon them by those charters, have been elsewhere described with sufficient fulness in a work printed by me in 1843, OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FOREGOING DOCUMENT. 259 of which the library of this Institution is in possession of a copy, presented to them by me, some 17 years ago. Whether the peculiar claims of the Crown or its grantees were founded on the supposed existence of precious metals (i.e. gold or silver) in the ore, or on a much larger claim to the exclusive prerogative of the sovereign to all subterranean metallic ores, is a question which may be the subject of reasonable conjecture, but not, in my opinion, of any conclusive decision. Medival sover- eigns acted on the principle, current among their own doctors of the Law :— ‘Quicquid in occultis abscondit terra cavernis Jure quidem nostrum est; populo concessimus usum”; and this larger claim is, in fact, the one now generally asserted by the law of most of the continental countries of our hemi- sphere, though it has long lost its hold in the United Kingdom. IV.—WNotes on the Geology and Archeology of Cornwall and Devon- shire.—By W. PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S. ® Read at the Spring Meeting, May 17, 1870. OLITICAL Geography frequently takes its form, in a great degree at least, from Physical Geology. Nations cut off from great rivers by narrow strips of territory, are usually suspected of absorptive tendencies, and of hankering after their “natural boundaries” ; and ‘Mountains interposed Make enemies of nations, who had else Like kindred drops been mingled into one.” Cowper’s Time-Piece. Geological formations, however, pay but little respect to Politi- cal Geography. Whether the men on the opposite banks of the Tamar choose to be represented in the British parliament by the same, or by different men, the rocks on which they dwell un- doubtedly represent one and the same great portion of Palzeozoic antiquity. He who would understand the Geology of Cornwall or Devonshire, must, instead of restricting himself to either County, often make incursions into the other, and, indeed, not unfrequently go much further afield. Though this truth is so obvious as to require neither argument nor illustration, the most important recent fact with which I am acquainted in connexion with the oldest rocks of the two Counties, bears so directly on it, and is of so much interest in itself, that I am tempted to introduce it here, even at the risk of making the Introduction to my brief paper of somewhat inordinate length. It is well known that, through the labours of Sedgwick, Murchison, Lonsdale, and Godwin-Austen, the Slates, Limestones, and associated rocks of Cornwall and Devonshire—the oldest rocks common to the two counties—have for upwards of thirty years been held to form a distinct group—termed the Devonian,— and to be of the age of the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and GEOLOGY AND ARCHAZOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. 261 Herefordshire. The following, however, were difficulties in the way of the unqualified acceptance of this chronology :—The Old Red rocks and the Devonian beds differed greatly from one another in the materials of which they were composed, and, more serious still, though each abounded in fossils, the two suites were utterly unlike. There were in the north, to use the language of the late Hugh Miller, “fossil fish by the ton and the ae loxd ”;* whilst ihe: southern rocks, especially the limestones of iDercorelle, were replete with fossil sponges, corals, crinoids, trilobites, and mollusks. So far as was known, however, none of the fossils of one locality, had been found in the other. The difference in the composition of the rocks implied, of course, a corresponding difference in the character of the two old sea-bottoms which they represented, and this of itself would probably be a sufficient explanation of the absence of the Devonian invertebrates in the Old Red formation; but it might have been expected that it would not apply to the fish. It is not easy to see why they, being free-swimmers, should fail to find as genial a home in the southern as in the northern area. Be this as it may, their remains were not forth-coming in the deposits of the south, and this constituted the chief amongst the difficulties alluded to. As long ago as 1843 the late Mr. Jonathan Couch discovered near Polperro certain fossils such as he had never seen before. He at once submitted them to Mr. Peach, then resident at Fowey, who believed them to be fish remains, and described them as such in a paper read to the British Association, at Cork, in the year just named. They naturally attracted a large share of attention, and several geologists devoted much time to their elucidation. At length, in 1851, Professor Mc Coy, having subjected such speci- mens as he could command to a microscopic investigation, pro- nounced them to be sponges merely, and the case was supposed to have collapsed. I had made a large collection of them, had traced them from Talland Sand bay to the Rame Head, and had found them in the parish of St. Veep on the left bank of the Fowey, at Bedruthan Steps in North Cornwall, and at Mudstone Bay in South Devon. To this collection I added from time to~ time as opportunities offered, believing that, whether sponges or ® “ Foot-prints of the Creator,” p. 2. 962 GEOLOGY AND ARCHAOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. fishes, the fossils were good indices in geological chronology. Whilst accepting the decision of Professor Mc Coy as probably final respecting such specimens as he had seen, I stated in 1852, to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, that I had found at Hannafore Point, near Looe, a specimen such as he had not seen. This, in 1857, was submitted to Mr. W. H. Baily, who at once identified it as a fish defence-spine ; and as such I described it in a paper read to the British Association at Leeds in 1858, when the identification was confirmed by Sir P. Egerton, F.R.S. In 1862 I read to the same body, at Cambridge, a paper descriptive of a scale of Phyllolepis concentricus, an Upper Old Red Sandstone fish, found by my son, Mr. A. Pengelly, in my presence, on the northern shore of Torbay. The ichthyolitic character of the two fossils just named was admitted by all paleontologists, but Mc Coy’s decision respecting the “ Polperro fossils” remained unreversed and, so far as I know, unquestioned until the 12th of March, 1868, when the Rev. W.S. Symonds, F.G.S., resident in Herefordshire and familiar with the Old Red Pteraspidian fishes of that county, was examining my collection of the so-called ‘Polperro sponges.” On having his attention called to a fine specimen of great size, he exclaimed “That’s Pteraspis,” and at once urged that it should be sent to Professor Huxley for examination. This was accordingly done, and in a few days I had the gratification of learning that that distinguished palzontologist had fully confirmed the identification by Mr. Symonds. As was first asserted by Mr. Peach, the Polperro fossils are remains of Fishes, not Sponges ; and the difficulty spoken of has disappeared. Arrangements have recently been made for describing and figuring the Polperro fish in an early Volume of the Transactions of the Paleeontographical Society. The case before us then may be thus briefly stated :—To as- certain the place of the Devonshire Slates and Limestones, go into East Cornwall and collect fossils, and, having taken these into Herefordshire, in order to their identification, it will be found that they fully confirm the belief that the rocks in question belong, like the Old Red Sandstones, to the interval between the Silurian and Carboniferous systems.* * For the History of the Discovery of Fossil Fish in the Devonian Rocks of Devon and Cornwall, see Trans. Devon. Association, Vol. ii, pp. 423 —442. GEOLOGY AND ARCHAZOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. 263 It is probably very unusual, and, no doubt, most undesirable to bring a paper before a society for the purpose, not of communi- cating, but of soliciting information: to have, in short, no higher aim than that of calling attention to desiderata and unsolved pro- blems. But, be this as it may, my present object is to ask my friends in Cornwall to devote attention to certain questions, in- teresting in themselves, and calculated to throw light on certain points, more or less obscure, in the geology and archeology of Devonshire. Joints :—Thanks to the President of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, and others, it has long been known that the granites and older rocks of Cornwall and Devonshire are traversed by joints which pass in definite directions through all the rocks alike, whatever their age or material. In the latter county, at least, they form two principal systems, which, speaking roughly, may be called the ‘“east-and-west joints” and the “ north-and-south joints.” It cannot be doubted that they are superinduced, that all those of either system are of one age whatever the rock they traverse, and that the age of each system must be less than that of the most modern rock they pass through. Now, as we know that the granites of the two south-western counties are more modern than the great Coal period, it follows that both the east- and-west and the north-and-south joints came into existence in post-carboniferous times. To this extent, I believe, the joint phenomena everywhere concur ; ‘but beyond it, there is not, so far as I am aware, any evidence, save in one limited locality. The excepted district 1s the southern shore of Torbay, where the two systems of joints intersect the Devonian limestone, and one another. In the same locality the comparatively modern New Red Sandstones, or Triassic rocks, are well developed—the form- ation to which the well-known red colour of the cliffs of south- eastern Devonshire is due. Now, it happens that, instead of being in contact, as they all were originally and many of them are still, the walls of many of the joints of both systems are some distance apart, and the spaces between them are filled with New red sand- stone dikes, of which those running north and south are of a slightly, but appreciably, darker red than those having an east- and-west direction. It is not possible therefore to avoid the con- G 264 GEOLOGY AND ARCHAOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. clusion that both systems were in existence before the close of the Triassic era. A further inspection shews that where the dikes intersect,—and the instances are by no means few—those having a north-and-south direction always cut through the east-and-west system: a fact from which it may be safely inferred that the former are more modern than the latter, that the joints they occupy are of different ages also, and that whilst those running east and west may perhaps be pre-triassic, the transverse system came into existence during the New-Red era. The facts just enunciated are well seen in vertical sections ; but a ground-plan or bird’s-eye view discloses something more. It then appears that the east-and-west dikes—those intersected—are faulted, and traversed by longitudinal veins of carbonate of lime, which come up to, but stop short of, the north-and-south dikes. Their continuity is interrupted by the latter, but is immediately resumed on the other side. Here, again, we may draw a few per- fectly trustworthy inferences: First, that a considerable interval of time elapsed between the formation of the east-and-west dikes and that of those which cut through them ;—an interval sufficient for the former to become coherent, to be themselves, as well as the rocks containing them, jointed and faulted, to be fissured longitudinally without affecting the integrity of the walls along the various divisional planes, and for the fissures to be filled with calcareous matter by precipitation. And, second, that it is im- possible to deny that in some cases at least, joints are due to an agency utterly unlike desiccation.* Whilst there appears to be no flaw in the logic by which the foregoing conclusions are reached, it would be of great interest ‘to get some additional facts,—facts which probably not only exist, but are abundant in a county which, like Cornwall, is rich in veins and dikes; and, if it may be done without presumption, I venture to commend the subject to, and to request the co-operation of, the geologists of the county. The Lower Silurian Fossils of Cornwall :—As long ago as 1837, Mr. Peach discovered fossils in the quartzites near Goran Haven.t «See Trans. Devon. Association, Vol. i, 1863, pp. 31—43. +See Trans. Royal Geol. Soc. Cornwall, Vol. vi, pp. 317—326. GEOLOGY AND ARCHAOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. 265 It is well known that they proved to be of Lower Silurian age, but 1t may be doubted whether the lode then struck has been so thoroughly worked as it deserves, or whether all the bearings of the subject have been fully recognized. There is in the New Red Sandstone formation immediately west of Budleigh Salterton, in south-east Devonshire, a remarkable bed of pebbles, of which by far the greater number are quartzites, commonly of a dull reddish colour. In 1863, Mr. W. Vicary, F.G.8., announced that these quartzites contained fossils, and the late Mr. Salter, F.G.S., described them as Lower Silurian species, which had their analogues in rocks of the same character, not in the typical Lower Silurian country of Britain, but in Normandy ; whence, as he believed, the pebbles had travelled.* From that time to the present, the subject has again and again come to the surface, and there seems no little reluctance to accept so large a gift from our ‘‘natural enemies.” There can be no doubt that, come whence they may, their appearance as a part of the Devon- shire Trias is a very remarkable phenomenon. Conglomerates— more correctly, Breccias—are very prevalent amongst the red rocks from Torbay to the Exe; but the stones which compose them are not well-rounded, are not quartzites, and the fossils in them are not Silurian but well known Devonian forms. At Budleigh Salterton comes a sudden irruption of a vast horde of beautifully rounded and even polished quartzites, containing fossils known to be of Lower Silurian age, but differing from those of the same period found in British rocks. The bed is about 100 feet thick, extends inland for about nine or ten miles along a line parallel to the valley of the Otter, and by its outcrop forms the high ground a few miles west of that. river. Some years ago, with Dr. Scott and Mr. Vicary, I visited Goran to inspect the Lower Silurian rocks and fossils there. We succeeded in finding a few specimens, but by no means good ones. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the rocks, as well as the organic re- mains they contain, have so strong a resemblance to those at Budleigh Salterton that I have never been able to lose sight of the probability—to use no stronger word—that the parent rocks *See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol 20 (1864), pp. 283—302. G 2 266 GEOLOGY AND ARCHZOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. which yielded them are as likely to be in Cornwall as in France. The Anglo-Saxon may be less unwilling to be under obligation to the Cornubii than to the Gauls. The ancient possessors of the soil have aright to be generous to those who have come to share their home. I shall be delighted to hear that some energetic young Cornishman is devoting himself to the elucidation of the Goran quartzites and their contents. Flints on the existing Beaches of Cornwall and West Devon :— It is well known that there is at present no deposit of flint any- where in Cornwall or in Devonshire west of the basin of the Teign. That, with a few local and easily explained exceptions, our beach materials travel up channel, or from west to east, might have been predicated from the contour of the coast and the prevalence of south-westerly winds. That such is the case is rendered evident by the fact, that, eastward from the Exe inclusive, bars of sand and shingle extend from the western towards the eastern side of every river in south-eastern Devon and south-western Dorset ; that the rivers themselves are jammed against their eastern banks, where, if sufficiently powerful, they force a passage to the sea ; that pebbles can be traced eastward, but not westward, from their parent beds; and that the famous Chesil Bank, nearly eleven miles long, which connects the “island” of Portland with Dorset- shire, is entirely made up of materials from the west, amongst which the Budleigh Salterton quartzite pebbles occur in consider- able numbers, after having performed a journey of fully fifty miles. Beside the foregoing facts, there is another, which with them in view, is not easy of explanation. I allude to the occurrence of flints on, at least, almost every existing shingle beach along the entire sea-bord of Cornwall and West Devon. This fact appears to be of considerable standing, for it is equally true of the Raised beaches of the two counties. Nevertheless, in the earlier era, represented by the ancient beaches, the direction of transportation was up channel as at present, for at Easter last (1870) Mr. Vicary and I found Budleigh Salterton pebbles in great numbers in a well developed Raised beach at Portland Bill. Whence the flints on the western strands were derived is a problem that still awaits solution. He who will ascertain their GEOLOGY AND ARCHZOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. 267 relative abundance on both the modern and the ancient beaches of Cornwall will do good service; and he who will carefully dredge the English Channel, to ascertain whether or not there are in it any submarine outliers of gravel containing chalk flints, will, I had almost said, do a better. The Megalithic Monuments of Cornwall :—Recent discoveries have so closely connected Geology with Archeology as to render it difficult to say where the one ends or the other begins. Nothing can be more certain than that, instead of having an unexplored ter- ritory between them, they overlap. Man was certainly, in Britain, the contemporary of many animals which had become extinct before the times of history and even of tradition ; he occupied this land at a time when many of our valleys were much less deep than they are at present; when the ancient forests so frequently laid bare on our tidal strands were in vigorous growth, and sheltered the mammoth and his contemporaries; he probably collected shell-fish on what are now our Raised beaches ; at his advent here he was ignorant not only of the use of any kind of metals, as such, but also of the art of polishing his stone imple- ments in order to increase their efficiency ; his most powerful tools were flints chipped into shape but left unpolished, but in addition to these he converted bones into “harpoons” or fish-spears, awls, pins, and eyed-needles. The foregoing facts must be my apology for suggesting a line of inquiry respecting the Megalithic Monuments of Cornwall. That they are very old must be admitted ; but there is reason to believe that but few, if any, of them go into a more remote an- tiquity than that which archeologists term the Age of Bronze, in Britain. Possibly a few of them may be Neolithic ;—that is, they may go back to the age when polished stone implements were the most powerful man had yet invented—but it may be regarded as certain that all of them fall very far short of that still earlier Paleolithic time when our predecessors, as has been already stated, used flint tools formed by chipping merely. The great stone structures, as we all know, are frequently ascribed to the Druids, just as we sometimes assign supposed anomalies in Meteorology to irregularities of the Gulf Stream ; in Physics, to Electricity ; in Astronomy, to the tail of a comet ; G 3 268 GEOLOGY AND ARCHZOLOGY OF CORNWALL AND DEVON. and in Geology, to Convulsions. That, however, to which I wish to call attention at present, is their popular names, which appear to be very full of meaning and worth much more than the Druidical hypothesis. For example: It is well known that remnants of megalithic circles exist near Liskeard and Penzance ; the former are known as The Hurlers, the latter as The Merry Maidens ;—the former, because they were men, who, playing at Hurling on Sunday, were transformed into stones as a punish- ment for their crime, and to deter Sabbath breakers ; the latter, because they were young women, who, dancing on the sacred day, were petrified for the same reasons. Now, it may be assumed that whenever these structures were reared they were for some well-defined purpose, and that they represented a wide-spread feeling and, at least, a national usage ; yet their present popular names must have been given them since the introduction of Christianity into the same districts, since they are obviously intended to check the desecration of the Christian Sabbath. The acceptance of the names, however, proves either that the populace had utterly lost sight of, or their fathers had never known, the real history of the monuments. In other words, in a district in which the Baal fires are still lighted, and the rites of Flora, though perhaps maimed, are still observed, the purpose of the great stone monuments was Jong ago utterly unknown ;—a fact implying either a great number of intermediate generations, or that the race who raised the stones had been supplanted by men of a different language and religion; and forming a strong argument, in either case, in favour of the great antiquity of the remains. The more we familiarize ourselves with the full meaning and chronological value of the monuments of the Bronze and Neolithic Ages, the further, without doubt, will the Paleolithic men, whose handiwork we find in our ossiferous caverns, retire into the remote past. The task of collecting the popular names of the great arche- ological remains of this county, together with the legends connected with them and the beliefs and usages which they betoken, would probably not be very onerous; but it seems calculated to aid greatly in certain lines of enquiry which at present occupy a large share of attention. 269 V.—The Family of Killigrew.—By R. N. Wortu, Plymouth. ie the History of Cornwall by Hitchins and Drew, mention is made of a certain manuscript history of the Killigrews of Arwenack, who occupied so important a position in the county in the 16th and 17th centuries. A copy of that manuscript having fallen into my hands, I was led, finding that it contained much novel matter, written In a quaint and characteristic fashion, to prepare an abstract for publication, in the belief that it would be a valuable contribution to the historical collections of the county, and an interesting memorial of a family, now, in the direct line, extinct. The principal portions are accordingly here presented in what may be regarded as nearly their pristine form, nothing of consequence being omitted. The original is not known to exist, and the copy had been somewhat modernised.* The Author of this History was Mr. Martin Killigrew, son-in-law of the second and last Sir Peter Killigrew, sometime Recorder of Falmouth, and for several years Steward of the Arwenack Estate. He appears to have been born in 1666, at Liston, in Staffordshire, and to have first made his acquaintance with the Killigrews whilst a Captain or Lieutenant at Pendennis Castle, under John, Earl of Bath. His name originally wag Lister, and he took that of Kall grew upon his marriage with Ann, Sir Peter’s youngest daughter. He survived all the Arwenack family with the exception of his grand-nieces, through the younger of whom Karl Kimberley inherits the property. The history was written in 1737 or 1738, as appears by a Letter, dated August 25th, in the former year; in which he says, “I am upon Leaving behind me Something His- torically of the Family, y° memory of w is so Dear tome.” He was then in fair health of body for his age (71), and took regular exercise in “ Kingsington Garden”; but appears to have been * I have been “favoured by the Rev. C. M. Edward Collins, of Trewar- dale, with an extract from a letter written by his Grandfather, Mr. George Browne, in 1791, in which the writer states, ‘‘I have the history of the Killigrew family, of Arwenack.” Possibly this manuscript, which is now not to be found, was the original. 270 THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. rather low-spirited, since he says, “at present y° thoughts of Leaving this world are farr from being disagreeable to me, relishing nothing in it, and yet affected with Disagreeable Incidents happening.” At this time he built the Pyramid which now stands near the Railway, at Falmouth, as a kind of family memorial. As Steward he used to make yearly journeys from London to Falmouth. He was evidently a shrewd capable man, with strong feelings, and a keen sense of humour. During his Stewardship there was continual warfare between the Killigrews and the Corporation of Falmouth, in which he bore a stout part, and of which he has left a very curious record behind him. The soldier indeed seems to have clung to him through life: for he says in one of his letters to Mr. Abraham Hall, his successor in the Stewardship, “I value not my head being loaded with curses” ; calls an opponent “a right raskell,” and advises Hall, “I am a great enemy to the showing of teeth; ever let yours be felt before they are seen.” Yet he gave the old Town Hall to the Corporation, and likewise presented them with their maces. In his record of the Corporate proceedings, he tells an uncommonly good story of the manner in which he once overreached his opponents. He had half engaged a Curate for the parish, whose salary he had offered to pay, and who on his road down to Falmouth got drunk at Penryn, and whilst lying in the gutter there was robbed by the boys of a very necessary article of wearing apparel. Feeling it would never do to appoint such a person himself, yet having compassion on his miserable plight, he told the poor fellow to go to the “King’s Arms,” and there to abuse him for his “barbarous usage... without limitation.” This was done ; the bait took ; the Parson got the ap- pointment from the Rector; and Martin records with great glee how “the next Sunday he preached, and that at me, to my face without sparing.” As a specimen of his Letters, I may quote the following curious production :— Mr. Apu. Hatu. Yours of ye 28th past fully to my satisfaction came to hand in due time. But as yours in course by this post is not come to hand, and Snoxell * being down in Hssex, and having Litle to say of business, shall deferr making you answer till his returne. * His Clerk. “I = THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. 2 It is but by guess I have to tell you that you are not to expect to see y° Col° * till about y® end of y® first week in May, who bringing with him y® young gentleman in question, must add considerably to y® flurry you will be put in from his being a person of great consideration, as I hear, tho’ I know not so much as his name, and as Litle any particular of his circumstances. But supose you must be advised by the Col° as to your providing accomodation for their Retinue. Two Bed Chambers for ye gentlemen you will put in y® best order you can; a room for y® Servs to Eat in; The best Cook your Town affords; some choise good Hambs and a provision of fatt chickens ; Wine you must leave Mr. James to provide; and if any fine green Tea be to be had, you must secure some of it, as what y° Col? is most Nice in, and drinkes much off. Two of y® Largest Tea Potts you can borrow, He using them both at atime. Nice and knowing beyond y® comon in providing a Table, so that your mother will only have to receive his orders Every morning on that head. The Stable put in ye best order you can, provided with Hay & Corne. IfI do not greatly mistake, this flury cannot continue above three weeks, for that their impatience will be greater to get back to Bath than it is to see Falm?°. You are still in time to see that your Closett & Books be put in y® best Order you can, and nothing to be seen there belonging to other people’s business, but only to ye Estate. You will finde y® Col° quick of comprehention, and as ready at figures as can be suposed. At ye same time you observe to them y¢ great sums I have raised from y® Estate you will do me y® Justice to note y® improve's I have made upon it. And that tho’ times are now dead as thro’out y® Kingdome, yet as they have been good it may reasonably be hoped they will be so again, & that in y° main you doubt not of giving a yearly demonstration (by y® Rentall) of y® increase of ye Hstate; when Diner is over you git back to your Closet, and as you see it proper, you returne with your pen in your Har, making y® Col® sensible he is wanted above, whereby he may git rid of impertinant Comp" if such be with him. Nor can I see in respect to time y® Col’ can do more in business than from day to day, he giving you orders w2 you will take in writing, and at parting take his hand to them, you giving him a duplicate. You will be able to borrow glasses, knives, forks, and spoons, with some handsome pieces of plate, in everything to make y® best figure you can; & if you can borrow a better Horse then your own, you ought to do it. Relying upon y® Col° generosity (His greatest fault), you will be nothing out of pocket upon this occasion. As from me pray your Mother to trouble y* Col° with as Litle of her conversation as her business will admit off. I thinke enough’ at a time to a man of your accute parts. Yours, St. James’s, 16th Aprill, 1737. MART. KILLIGREW. Y * Col. West, husband of the last Sir Peter’s youngest granddaughter, of whom more anon. The ‘‘young gentleman” is apparently Mr. Merrill, subsequently the husband of the Colonel’s eldest daughter. NS) THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. Martin Killigrew, in the commencement of his History, observes that the Killigrews were “of the most ancient of our people” ; and that Richard, Duke of Cornwall and King of the Romans, gave them “y* spread eagle with the border of Cornwall” as their arms.* They held the manor of Killigrew until the time of Henry VIII, “ tho’ some time before they had marryed y* daughter and Heir of Arwenack, and had removed their Residence thither.” When Pendennis Castle was built by King Henry, John Killigrew was made ‘“‘ Captain therof,” and so continued until he died, in 1567, “having rebuilt Arwenack House, y° finest and most costly then in y® county,” and being possessed of an estate of £6000 a year, “his lands in those parts extending from Arwenack to Hel- ford Passage.” Sir John Killigrew, his son, succeeded him both at Arwenack and at Pendennis, and died in the 26th of Elizabeth, having placed his two younger sons, Thomas and Simon, at Court, where they “made their Fortunes.” The History then proceeds :— “John, y° eldest Son of y° said Sir John Killigrew, marryed Dorothy, daughter of Tho’ Monck, of Poderidge, in y* County of Devon, Esq., Ancestor to Gen' Monck, Duke of Albemarle, by whom he had 9 Sons and 5 Daughters; who, tho’ a father of so many Children, was so negligent of his Affairs, a fine Gentleman, a Gamester, and so profuse in his Way of living, as to leave his eldest son, y® last Sir John Killigrew of y® name, a very shattered Estate. The said last Sir John Killigrew, a sober good man, to his utter undoing, marryed y° daughter of an ancient and honor- able family, now in y® peerage, in respect to whom I forbear the name; making herself infamous, and first debauched by y* Governor of Pendennis Castle.t “In y® said Sir John’s younger days, S' Walter Raleigh, * Hals took the arms to indicate the descent of the family from the Duke through his concubine, Joan de Valletorta. The arms of Falmouth, derived from those of the family, are—a two-headed eagle displayed, charged with a castle on each wing and a rock surmounted by a pole on the body. + Hals also gives this lady—the daughter of Sir George Fermor—a very bad character as a widow, stating that she went on board two Hanse-town vessels, in Falmouth Harbour, with a numerous gang of ruffians, and murder- ing two Spanish merchants, took thence two barrels of pieces of eight. Retribution awaited all the criminals but the chief; the whole party being tried at Launceston, and executed, with the-exception of ‘“‘ Lady Jane,” who escaped by the influence of friends, one being the Governor of Pendennis. Davies Gilbert says, ‘‘ this terrible story cannot possibly be true, in the man- ner or to the extent in which it is related.” THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. 273 homeward bound from y* Coast of Guinea,* put into Falmouth, where he found only one poor Litle house upon y* ground where y° town now Stands; who, being refreshed at Arwenack, and his people in y* said Poor house, gave him a notion of y® usefulness of more houses for y* accomodation of seafarmg Men putting in there ; who, returning to Court before his late fatal disgrace, laid such his projection (by memorial) before King James y® Ist, where- upon Sir John founded a petition in y° case for a Royal license to build 4 houses at y° place for y* better accomodation of shipping, it being not otherwise lawful to put up such buildings; who met with much opposition therein from y° Penryn Interests—so early were they jealous of y° growing Smithick, nicknamed Penny-come- quick. But after several London Journeys and very great Expense, he obtained such license for buildings, w® are now increased be- yond y* license, and by y* troubles of Charles 1st coming on, connived at, or not minded, when y* prerogative of y® Crown was disregarded. “But this worthy gentleman, y* last Sir John Killigrew, was hardly got over this difficulty, when he fell under a much greater Affliction, as aforementioned, the Prostitution of his Wife; who caused herself to be called, or unaccountably was known by y° name of, Lady Jane. Arrived to that shameful degree, Sir John, in point of honor and for quietness of mind, found himself under a necessity to prosecute a divorce from her in y* Archbishop’s Court, which lasted so many years and so very expensive, as quite Ruined his Estate, to y* degree of his being often put to very hard Shifts to get home from London upon y* frequent recesses of y® process, but at length obtained y* Divorce in all its formal Extent ****. This woman in such long contest was in no degree protected by her family, but supported and cherished by y* town of Penryn, from their jealousy and hatred of Arwenack, as specially appears to this day, by plate by her given to the Mayor and Cor- poration of Penryn, when she came into her Jointure, as an acknowledgment for such their protection.t Sir John did not * Guiana. a + This cup is still in the possession of the Corporation of Penryn. It is of silver, will hold about three quarts, and is inscribed:—‘‘ From Mayor to Mayor of the town of Penryn, where they received me in great misery. Jane Killygrew, 1613.” Q74 THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. long outlive such his divorce, dying in 1632, whose Widow came into her Jointure * * * who lived so possessed to and in y° year 1648, when dying, Sir Peter Killigrew, y° first of y° name and y° next eldest Brother of Sir John of y® said 9 Sons, succeeded as of Inheritance to y° said poor reduced Estate ;* bred under y° then Earl of Bristol in Spain, and at home at Court, a fine Gentleman, a Gamester in his youth, when he had nothing to lose, and ever a merry and a desirable Companion, even in those times of dis- traction and cruel mad factions, still in essentials preserving his loyalty to his Prince, but at y° same Time well with all y* great Men of y* opposite faction. Whilst a younger Brother, and nothing but his wit and agreeable temper to live on, he fell in with one of y° Sisters of y® Lord Lucas of Colchester, when he was refused, on account of his not being able to make her a Jointure; which impediment coming to y® knowledge of y® then Wm., Earl of Pembroke,t freely and voluntarily, of his own ever noble and generous disposition, jomtly with his Brother Philip, by their deed bearing date y° 13th May, in y* 5th year of Chas. Ist, between them of y° Ist part, and y° said Sir Peter Killigrew and Dame Mary his wife of y® other part, did grant and demise. [Then comes a list of “lands, tenements, parcels of ground, meadow, and pasture” near Cardiff, ““amounting to a good £300 a year,” granted to Sir Peter and his wife by the said Earl of Pembroke]. “ As aforehinted of y° said Sir Peter Killigrew, preserving entire and at heart his loyalty to his Prince, he had opportunity of giving a strong instance, of w" he often discoursed with tears in his Eyes, in y® presence and hearing of his Son and Lady Killigrew, [his] Daughter-in-law, from whose mouths I had y°® story as thus : King Charles being under force brought to Hampton Court, and in treaty with y*® Parliament, and Sir Peter being apprized of y* bad intentions of Oliver to his Majesty, he got admittance to y° King, showed him y* iminent danger he was in, and that he had provided horses and a Ship upon y® coast of Sussex, and with his head would answer y* carrying him off, provided his Majesty w? keep y° secret especially from his two favorites,t then by Sir Peter * Its value had been reduced to £80 a year. + This was the friend and patron of Inigo Jones and Ben Jonson, the Pembroke of the famous epitaph on ‘ Sidney’s sister.” + Evidently Berkeley and Ashburnham. THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. 275 named to y® King, and now by me suppressed in respect to their families in being. The King agreed to y® proposal, saying he would go to bed as usual, and when all was quiet would rise again, and be ready to take horse at y* time and place appointed in y° night, at’ 2 o'clock. Sir Peter was punctual on his part, and waiting till daylight, got off, but not without some suspicion and after questioning. These two favorites the night following carried off y° King as my Lord Clarendon tells, &c.* “Tord Lucas, Sir Peter’s Brother-in-law, being secured by order of Parliament, Sir Peter solicited his Lor disks s being ad- mitted to bail, with success, and became bound to y* Government for his Appearance in £6000, w Bond was forfeited, by his Lordship getting off beyond sea, leaving Sir Peter to struggle against y°® penalty of y°® said Bond, more than sufficient to have ruined almost any other man in these times; but his Interest was such among the reigning Men of y* Faction, as to get clear of it in y°® end. [Here follow some references to the relatives of Sir Peter’s wife, who “was of a very ancient and honorable family in Essex,” and who “lived not many years after her marriage to Sir Peter Kilhgrew, leaving him only one son, y® last Sir Peter, and one dare nies who died young; breeding his son at Oxford, and thence sent him to, and kept him in France, to y° time of y*® Res- toration.” | “In the year 1648, after holding y* whole of this reduced Estate in Jointure 16 years from Sir Peter, y* said infamous Lady Jane died ; when of inheritance he entered upon it, bringing to it about £12000 of personal estate ; which inheritance, however small, he was fond of and cherished, but came not time enough to prevent y® malicious and envious Governor of Pendennis from burning his fine house of Arwenack, upon Sir William Waller’s (Oliver’s General) coming to besiege y° Castle.t One of y° first * This is a curious story; but there are circumstances in its favour. Charles, after escaping from Hampton, did go to the coast as if expecting to meet a Ship. Could Sir Peter have been misunderstood as to time and place ? Hume seems to favour Clarendon’s idea that the King’s going to the Isle of Wight was not entirély voluntary ; and considers Ashburnham, if not treach- erous, imprudent. + Tonkin says he burnt it himself, setting fire to it with his own hands, that the enemy might not find shelter in it. Hitchins and Drew erroneously credit ‘‘the manuscript history” with this story. 26 THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. things Sir Peter set about was to show y*® then Government their Interest for y° good of y* Revenue, that y* Custom House ought to be removed from Penryn to his town of Smithick, in w*" he y° more readily succeeded in granting a Lease of a 1000 years to Jennings, y® Collector of y* Customs, whereon was built y® late Corker’s house.* From y* said Commonwealth, or rather Govern- ment, he obtained a patent for a weekly market and two fairs, as also a patent for y* passage of ferry from Smithick to Flushing— both perpetuities—having before purchased y* Barton of Trevethan. And it must be owned, very unthinkingly, to equal in figure y° Rival Town of Penryn, he obtained y* Charter incorporating y° village of Smithick by y® name of Falmouth, and not only built y° Church there, but at a greater labor and expense, obtained an act of Parliament for y° taking y° present parish of Falmouth out of and from y* then parish of Budock, and in compensation to y° Parson of Budock, charged y® Corporation of Falmouth with a perpetual annuity of £3, payable to y® said Parson of Budock ; to y° payment of w annuity y° body and personal members of y°* Corporation expressely by the act are liable to, and none other, altho’ they fraudulently take y* money out of what is yearly raised for y® Poor. “The second Sir Peter also had a younger brother, William by name, bred a Soldier from his youth, in y* Service and long wars of y* States of Holland against y* Spaniards, was their General and y° Commander-in-Chief of y* Troops they sent in aid of y° Dane against y® Swede, gained a complete victory over them, took all their baggage and many hundreds of good horse; w™ y® King of Denmark, much wanting, bought them of y° said Gen' Kalligrew, to y® amount of upwards of £3000, and took y* King of Denmark’s Broad Seal for y° money, paying his Officers and Soldiers out of his own pocket for their Shares of y° said Horses, but could never obtain any y° least satisfaction from y* King of Denmark, upon or from such his Broad Seal. The Service over, he returned to his Masters, y° States of Holland, continued in their service many years, was of service and support to many of his Countrymen during the Exile of King Charles y° 2nd, as by letters of thanks I have seen under y° said King’s hand. At w™ time, so being in * Mulberry Court. THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. MET Esteem with y° Princess of Orange, y* General Killigrew intro- duced his Sister Elizabeth into her service, from whence Count de Kinski, of y° Empire, marryed her. Upon a prospect of War with y° Dutch a few years after y* Restoration of Charles 2nd, y° said King, with y* rest of his subjects in y® service of y* Dutch, called over y® said General Killigrew, gave him a Regiment of foot—Sir Charles Littleton his Lieutenant Col'—and by patent created him a Baronet, and for failure of Heirs Male, y* honor descending to Sir Peter Killigrew, his nephew, son of y° first Sir Peter; and who, dying a Bachelor in 1678, left his said Nephew what he had composed, more of honor than of real substance. “In 1667 Sir Peter Kiligrew died on ye Road at Exeter, leaving his son, Sir Peter Killigrew, with his Estate, about £7000 in money. Having in 1662 happily marryed Frances, daughter of Sir Roger Twysden, of East Peckham, in Kent, one of y® finest women of her time, mistress of good sense, and endowed with virtue and beauty, and was y® greatest worldly happiness of Sir Peter’s life to y® time of his death. Who no sooner found him- self in his said Estate, but Ambrose Jennings, y® said Collector of ye Customs, dec“, and Bryan Rogers, his son-in-law, possessed of his house in Falmouth, also by cunning sinister means took pos- session of y° Corporation, bringing his own Litle Creatures into it as Aldermen and Burgesses, and for more than twenty years, to y® time of his death, nosed and sat hard on all occasions upon Sir Peter’s interest in y® heart of his Estate, and greatly to ye detri- ment thereof; Sir Peter residing‘much at Court, and leaving all his domestic affairs to Draper, his Steward, who sacrificed and betrayed his Master’s Interest to y® said Rogers in all things re- lating to y° Corporation, and y® Estate to y* Tenants, for Bribes, of wt there are scores remaining to this day, at y°® end of 50 years. Soon after Sir Peter’s coming into y® Estate afs’, ye said Rogers, by y® help of Dennis Russell, an Attorney, and one of his Aldermen, drew in and influenced Sir Nicholas Slaning, an easy unthinking Gentleman, to attack Sir Peter in his Inheritance, in claiming a certain field in Pristloe, of about 20s. a year value ; W at y° end of about 10 years contest at Law and in Equity, y° field remained with Sir Peter, to y® damage of about £3000 to ye said Sir Nicholas, and £1000 to Sir Peter; who, tho’ his bent was to speculative learning, he was indefatigable in defending and 278 THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. pursuing his interest in obvious things; who with y® money his Father left him (fortunately) purchased y*® Barton of Tregenver, y’ Barton of Trescobeas, and Howard’s part of Treganeggy * * * *. “Tn or about y® year 1670 Sir Peter left London, and settled with his family at Arwenack, in order to y° more closely looking into the Interest of his Estate there; and in particular for y° better accomodation of y® Revenue of y* Customs, he set about building a Public Quay there, in w™ projection and carrying it on to success, he met with very great opposition from y® towns of Penryn and Truro, in w y® said Mr. Rogers played his Aldermen and y® whole Corporation of Falmouth upon Sir Peter* * * *, Besides y® building of y° said Quay, w*" was very costly, he was obliged to pursue a Commission out of y° Exchequer for establish- ing y® Limits of y*® Port, with y*® approbation of y® then Lord Treasurer Danby, and that at a very great Expense, Labor, and many London journeys; when also was judged necessary, y° ob- taining an Act of Parliament for fixing y® pitiful Duties to be paid him by y° Merchants on their imports and exports of their goods from such his Quay * * *. Y° said public Quay, projected and established with y® Custom House upon it, was y* putting a full stop to ye Clandestine trade y* said Rogers had till then carried on; and had not y° Revenue of y® Customs (upon y*® coming in of King William) been in a shameful manner prostituted to Par- liament interest, as it more and more continued to be, y® benefit of y® said Public Quay would have answered all his labor and cost BERS “‘ About y® latter end of y® year 1683, having some few years before buried an infant son called Peter, he found all his ready money gone, and got into debt more or less; and in family charged with an only son, just come of age, a fine and hopeful young Gent, and two daughters, Frances and Ann, remarkably good and dutiful children, and his Estate yielding him not more than a reasonable subsistence, common prudence put him upon y° thoughts of marrying his son, in order that from such Wife's portion in money to make provision for his two daughters, on settling his whole Estate upon his son. And soon had an oppor- tunity of effecting y® same, by marrying him to y® daughter of a most worthy and honorable Gent, his neighbour,* and in all * This was Sir John §t. Aubyn. Martin Killigrew’s character of the lady THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. 279 human prudence, a promising and suitable match, with a portion of £5000, four of wt Sir Peter took, and allowed y® son to take ~ y° other £1000 to himself with a rent charge of £300 a year, and a jointure of £350 a year to y® Young Lady, free of all taxes. Consumated in May, 1684, but proved a very unhappy Match, from y® young Lady’s taking more after her mother than her father, bringing much Sorow at Arwenack House, and whose ill temper occasioned her husband’s seeking and keeping Company abroad more than otherwise he would have done. With y° like good prospect, y® next year, 1685, Sir Peter marryed his daughter Frances * to y® full as unfortunately as he had marryed his son, who, on y® 20th March, 1687, was most basely murdered by a stab in his back, in a Tavern at Penryn.t “This loss of his only son, and hopes of his family (in a way of speaking) broke Sir Peter Killigrew’s heart, so as never after to take delight in anything but his Lady and two daughters, all three remarkably good and tender of him to his dying day. But Mr. Rogers, Lord of the Corporation, took all advantages of such Sir Peter’s deplorable case, and raised perpetual Vexations to him amongst his tenants * * * *, “About y® latter end of y® year 1688 Sir Peter’s daughter Frances, being cast off in a very unaccountable manner by her husband, Sir Peter took her home, with her only child Mary, and seeing no hopes of issue Male from that Marriage, nor any com- fortable hopes from his other Granddaughter by his late Son, Ann by name, from her education under her wretched Mother, Sir Peter then first entertained y* thoughts of marrying his youngest daughter, Ann, to a young Gentleman, a Soldier of Fortune, induced thereto from y® great intimacy which had subsisted must evidently be taken cum grano. He was a man of strong prejudices, a bosom friend of George Killigrew, and since his account of the manner in which the latter was killed is hardly borne out by other evidence, it is quite possible that the bad temper (if it were so) of the wife arose from the conduct of the husband, instead of, as he puts it, the reverse being the case. ® To Mr. Richard EHrisey. + He was killed in a duel with one Vincent, a barrister, who was tried for the offence at Launceston, and acquitted, but died not long after, ac- cording to Hals, of an atrophy, caused by the sad event preying on his mind. Hals further states, that the death of young Killigrew was considered by the people of the district as a judgment upon the family for the murder of the Spanish merchants by Jane Killigrew, already noted. H 280 THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. between his late son George, and y® said young Gent, wt match was consummated upon y® 23rd of February, 1689, and w% was but in one respect unfortunate, in a very essential circum- stance, wet was of there being no issue of y® said marriage ; for that in all other respects it was a remarkably happy match, and to y® apparent comfort of Sir Peter, his Lady, and his daughter Frances, and y® said Ann, y® said Gent proving a dutiful and painstaking son to Sir Peter and his Lady, a good and kind brother-in-law to y® said unhappy Frances, and as good a husband to y® said Ann, to y® day of all their deaths, he having y°® mortifi- cation to survive them.* Then soon after Sir Peter had so married his said daughter Ann, he with all his family retired from his said troublesome Estate, and y® daily vexations created him therein (by y® said Rogers) to reside at London, leaving his Estate and Concerns in Cornwall under y® care and management of Mr. Quarme, Parson of y® Parish, a good living w" Sir Peter had given him, a man of acute parts and firm in Sir Peter’s Interest in opposition to y® encroachments of y® said Rogers.” [Martin Killigrew goes on to narrate somewhat tediously, how Sir Peter, after some years soliciting at the Treasury for justice to be done him as to Pendennis Castle—till then held on a long lease, at £2000 fine and £12 10s. yearly rent—got the Government to take a lease for 21 years, at £200 a year, without a fine, and retired to Ludlow in 1697. Whilst there he discovered that Mr. Quarme “had become a busy and ungrateful person.” The obnoxious Rogers had died a “‘ mere begger,” about 1693, and had been succeeded by one Robert Corker, who, after being originally “a, poor boy kept in charity,” had been taken apprentice by Rogers, and “proving an acute insinuating young man,” had made use of his opportunities to assist in his master’s ruin. After Rogers’s death Corker became master of the Corporation, having, to effect his end, “insinuated himself into a good understanding with Mr. Quarme,—a vain glorious empty busy man,t to the degree of entirely sacrificing Sir Peter's interest and estate to ye said Corker’s ambitious views.” Quarme was therefore dismissed in * This was Martin Killigrew himself. } Elsewhere Martin says that Mr. Quarme was the first who levied the Rector’s rate outside the borough. THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. 281 1700, and one “ more trustworthy,” 7.¢. Martin himself, put in his place. Sir Peter died in 1704, and was buried at Falmouth]. The History proceeds :—“ Frances, Lady Killigrew, his widow, returned to and lived at London with her children, becoming her character as a wise and good woman; who, tho’ absolute mistress of y® whole Estate, assumed nothing to herself from thence, but shared only the necessaries of life with them, and died in April, 1711, and was buried at Falmouth, with Sir Peter, aged about 70. From whose death Frances and Ann, with y® husband of y® latter, continued to live together. In June, 1711, Mary, daughter of y° said Frances, marryed herself,* and died at York, of the small- pox, in January, 1715, leaving issue two daughters, Mary and Frances. Ann, Sir Peter’s youngest daughter, died, after a seven years’ lingering sickness, in Charles street house (where she was born), in 1727, without issue, and was buried at Falmouth, with the foregoing family. Frances, Sir Peter’s eldest daughter, lived in tolerable good health till y® beginning of March, 1736, and then died, when by virtue of Sir Peter Killigrew’s settlement of 1699, y° forementioned two granddaughters of y* said Frances entered upon y® Estate without contest and not impaired. Thus you see an end of a Family in y® elder house, ancient and honorable and as unfortunate.” Concerning the younger branch of the family, the writer says that Thomas and Symon, sons of Sir John Killigrew, 2nd Gover- nor of Pendennis Castle, were in great esteem with Queen Elizabeth, and acquired a great Estate. Str Robt. Killigrew was at ye head of the 2nd branch, “‘ Vice Chamberlain to King Charles y? first’s Queen,” and left his great possessions to his eldest son, Sir Wm. Killigrew :—“ several younger sons making great figures in y® world, and four fine daughters, famed for their Wit and Beauty, and from thence preferred in marriage, one to y° Earl of Yarmouth, another to Lord Shannon, a third to Berkeley, Lord Fitz-Harding, and y? other to Godolphin of Cornwall. Y° said younger sons of y* said Sir Robert making their way at Court by their Wit, w% for want of prudence, was y® ruin of y® second branch of this family, still excepting, with just regard to his memory, Henry, one of y® youngest Sons of y® said Sir Robert, bred to y® Church and of great « To Colonel John West. 282 THE FAMILY OF KILLIGREW. Esteem therein, Governor to y® Earl of Devonshire’s son, since by King Wm. created Duke of Devonshire, also Preceptor to ye late Duke of York, King James y® 2nd, by style Dr. Killigrew, Master of y® Savoy and Prebend of Westminster, who had two sons, Henry and James, both bred to y® Sea. His Son Henry, a man of strict honor, by long service arrived to command y® Fleet of England under King Wm., in y® late War with France, well known by y® name of Admiral Killigrew, whose younger brother James, at 21 years of age, was honored with y° command of 5 men of war in y® Straights ; where about y® height of Leghorn he met with and engaged 2 capital French men of war, bigger than any of his, and yet, tho’ two of his Captains proved Cowards and would not come to his assistance, he took one of y® Frenchmen and sunk y® other, but at y° expense of his own life, and that of most of his ship’s crew, so glorious an end did y® same James Killigrew make; w* two coward captains for y® present from y° death of their said commander escaped Punishment; but some years after, upon a second like misbehaviour, were condemned and shot at Plymouth. Kirby was y® name of one of them.”* The writer concludes by merely mentioning some of the other junior members of the younger house, among them Thomas (second son of Sir Robert), the celebrated wit of Charles the Second’s Court, two grandsons and a great grandson of whom were the “last of the Killigrews” at the time the history was written. With them Martin frankly avows he wished to have nothing to do—“to whom I am a stranger or desire to be so thought,’— wickedly adding, that they had not “one penny of estate from amongst them all,” except about £500 a year, which had come through a marriage. * Wade was the name of the other. They were shot in Plymouth Sound, in 1702, for cowardice in Benbow’s action with Du Casse, in the West Indies, and were buried in Charles Church, Plymouth, 283 VI.—Recent Observations on Subterranean Temperature in the Clifford Amalgamated Mines.—By Stn FREDERICK MARTIN WILLIAMS, Bart., M.P., F.G.S., &., &e. Read at the Spring Meeting, 17th May, 1870. HE district in which the Clifford Amalgamated Mines are worked has been frequently described,* but never better than by Mr. Warington Wilkinson Smyth, F.R.S., who says, “The constituent rock of this region is mostly the clay-slate or killas, which, abutting against the granite dome of Carn Marth, dips away from that hill towards the east, and has not been unbottomed in the deepest mines about to be mentioned, although there can be no reasonable doubt that the granite would be found occurring again beneath it. The clay-slate is intersected by dykes of elvan or granitic-porphyry, coursing in an east and west direction ; by lodes or mineral-veins, having on the whole a very similar line of strike ; and by cross-courses or non-metalliferous veins, running north and south. The more notable mines of this district have been Poldice, Wheal Jewell, Tins Tang, Wheal Squire, the Con- solidated Mines, the United Mines, and Wheal Clifford, worked with various success to depths of from 1,000 to 1,900 feet from the surface. Certain of them are at present in abeyance; others ® Borlase, Natural History of Cornwall, p. 206; Pryce, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, pp. 8, 9, 11, 12, 192, Pl. vii; Berger, Geol. Trans. O.S.,i, p. 72; Phillips (William), ¢bid, ii, p. 156, Pl. vi; Williams, ibid, iv, p. 143, PL. vii, Fig. 1; Thomas (Richard), Survey of the Mining District from Chasewater to Camborne, pp. 1—76, Geological Map and Sections; Carne, Cornwall Geol. Trans., ii, pp. 44—128, Pl. 2, 3; ibid, iii, p.81; Hawkins, ibid, ii, pp. 225— 230, Pl. 4; Henwood, ibid, iii, pp. 324—31, v, pp. 69—92*, Pl. vil, viii; Boase, ibid, iv, pp. 290—1, 305—7; Fox, Phil. Trans. (1830), pp. 407—9,—10, 11, 18, 14; Dela Beche, Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, pp. 93, 176, 305—6,—39,—40; Burr, Quarterly Mining Review, No. vii, p. 20; Hopkins (van) Geology and Terrestrial Magnetism, pp. 46—50, Pl. viii; Thomas (Charles) Remarks on the Geology of Cornwall and Devon, pp. 4, 19; Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, v, p. 329; Barnett, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, xxxyii, pp. 53—6. H3 284 TEMPERATURE IN THE CLIFFORD AMALGAMATED MINES. have lately received new appellations ; and thus the so-called “ hot spring,” met with a few years ago in the United Mines, is now, by a different arrangement of the Setts, included in the group known as the Clifford Amalgamated Mines.” * The lodes of the United and Clifford Mines consist in great measure of quartzose and slaty matter, associated, however, with larger quantities of yellow copper ore than have been obtained from any other tract in the County of equal extent, as well as with smaller proportions of many other minerals. During the last half-century the undermentioned temperatures of the streams entering them, were ascertained at intervals, by different observers :— Depth. Temperature. Depth. Temperature. Depth. Pemperavare: 140iims) ee 67-T 83-5 97-78 ier ye | Vor | 195 fms, |... 2)86-5¢)| 251-61. eee 114] (74-4 | 88: + 93-4 “a 77+ [ 93-5¢ |255__,, 109-4 ere t1 aLO0) ee mee 88-+ 116-4 83+ 84-4060) eee 106-** 190 eee SRT loa 80:50 1070 122°|| ) 92-4 92-74 Beside these, however, many observations have been made on the temperatures of the rocks, the lodes, the cross-courses, and the air; but for such I beg permission to refer to the publications of the several observers. When unhappily it became necessary to abandon the deeper works, I thought that as opportunity for re-examining them might * Smyth, Reports of the British Association, xxxiv (1864), Part ii, p. 70; Mining and Smelting Magazine, vi, pp. 1983—6. t Fox, Cornwall Geol. Trans., ii, pp. 20—3, Table 1. t Henwood, ibid, v, p. 398. § Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, xiv (1837), p. 1. || Smyth, Reports of the British Association, xxxiv (1864), Part ii, p. 70; Mining and Smelting Magazine, vi, pp. 193—6. q Fox, Reports of the British Association, xxvii (1857), p. 98. _ ** Francis (junr.), Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, xiv (1837), p. 9. TEMPERATURE IN THE CLIFFORD AMALGAMATED MINES. 285 not occur again soon, it would be desirable to preserve some permanent record of the highest temperatures observed. The following are the results of Captain Gilbert’s observations, made in compliance with my request :— At the 224-fm. level, 279 fathoms from the surface, at about 120 fms. west of Clifford shaft, the water rising in the bottom of the level maintains a temperature of 123°°5. At the 245-fm. level, 300 fms. from surface, the temperature of the water is 125°, the hottest spring we have ever observed. I hope this notice, short as it is, will be received as a proof of my warm interest in the Royal Institution of Cornwall. 286 VIL.—Naturat History.—Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall from May, 1870.—By E. HEARLE Ropp. Ne very long after your last Spring Meeting we had, during the vernal migration, a very interesting immigration of large numbers of Golden Orioles, a species at all times very rare in the British Isles, and very often appearing at only long intervals. I have several times, however, had to record the annual appear- ance of this Bird at Scilly; and of late years their visits to those Islands have been so regular, and at a period of the year when they might be expected to remain and breed, that I have fully expected to have been able to report the interesting fact ; but in every instance when the male and female had paired and resorted to thickets well suited to their nests, they abruptly took their departure, and were not afterwards seen or heard of. Last year, in the month of April, the groves of Trevethoe, in the parish of Lelant, were visited with an assemblage of these beautiful birds, varying in the intensity of their plumage from difference of age and sex, in flocks of eight up to twice or thrice that number, according to information kindly conveyed to me by Lieut.-Col. Manners, the resident occupier of the place. I prepared him, however, for their departure as abrupt and sudden as their advent, and which was the case. The bird possesses such a brilliant blaze of yellow over the whole of its body, that it is next to impossible that any specimen can escape notice; and the symmetrical pro- portions of its shape and general elegance of form, with its finely contrasted colours of yellow and black, entitle it to be re- garded as one of the most attractive of our British birds. This fight of Orioles extended to the Scilly Isles, and several were seen at Trescoe, Samson, and St. Mary’s Islands, about this time. Amongst our Predatory Birds there appears to be a remark- able increase in the comparatively newly discovered species of the family of Harrier, viz., Montagu’s Harrier. There are only three British species, and the last was identified, and its specific value pointed out, by our celebrated naturalist, Montagu, and it is named after him “ Montagu’s.” The “ Ash-coloured Harrier” is ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. 287 another name for the bird. This species is now of frequent oc- currence, and is more frequently met with, at least in this county, than the other two, viz., the Common Harrier and the Marsh Har- rier. Several were obtained from the Lizard district last Spring ; and one, on the property of George Williams, Esq., taken with several others, showed a character in its plumage which seems to be a peculiar feature in this species, viz., the prevalence of an uniform dark liver colour over the whole body of some specimens. A great number of specimens in this dark plumage are recorded in the Zoologist for 1870 ; and so numerous have been the examples in this aberrant form of colour, that they seem to establish a different “race,” without however being specifically distinct. I shall give an extract of what I reported of Mr. Williams’ bird as applicable to our present proceedings :— “This Harrier may be regarded as a species quite as plentiful as the Common or Hen Harrier of late years in the Land’s End district. We get them in Cornwall in all stages of plumage, but more frequently in the immature state than the adult; in the former state the whole of the under plumage is of an uniform fawn colour. An adult male and female were killed on the pro- perty of George Williams, Esq., at St. Keverne, this week, and with them was a second female, a variety with an uniform sooty- black plumage throughout,—the second of the kind that has come under my notice. The tone of this colour is so intense that the bars of the tail are only just perceptible. Both the females were far advanced in the development of their eggs. The adult female has the breast intermixed with dirty white and rufous blotches. This appears to be the adult ordinary female plumage ; the upper plumage more or less brown, with a broken patch of white on the wing coverts. The dark bird was caught in a trap, first baited with a rabbit ;—this attracted her notice, but she abstained from pouncing upon it. The keeper thought that a viper would be a more attractive lure, and having killed one, placed it on the trap. The bird on seeing it immediately pounced on the reptile and was captured. It is always well in the pursuit of Natural History to watch the economy and the compensating qualities in predatory creatures ; and this little fact is mentioned to show that amongst our birds of prey, which by game-keepers and game-preservers are branded as vermun, results beneficial to mankind may be traced 288 ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. and proved as well as the contrary. Ought we not to pause before we try to exterminate every creature that we deem unexception- ably damaging ?”—WMay 4th, 1870. The “Little Bittern,” a highly-prized rare British bird, has appeared both here and at Scilly, in the last year or two; and in the last week of May the Land’s End afforded a good specimen of a female bird, two adult males having been obtained previously, one from Scilly and another from St. Hilary. This species is the smallest of the Heron family, and is a most elegant and rare British bird. We had some other Spring visitants not usually seen in the Land’s End district, viz., the “Garganey,” or “Sum- mer Teal,” the only Spring visitor of our Ducks, and then only for a few days, in their passage from the Continent to more northern climes, to breed and rear their young. This little Duck is not surpassed for its elegance of shape and the beautiful ar- rangement of the fine shades of brown and yellow in semicircles on the breast. It is the smallest of our Anatide, our Common Teal being a trifle larger. We do not very often observe the two British Godwits in their Spring plumage, as they generally com- mence their northern flight before the assumption of the nuptial livery. A specimen, however, of the rare species, the “ Black- tailed Godwit,” in Summer plumage, was sent from Scilly last April. The Autumnal migration brings a large number of these wading birds on our southern shores, but they are mostly young birds of the year in their unadult plumage. Speaking of adult- plumaged birds, I may mention that amongst the numerous speci- mens of Red-breasted Mergansers that have come under my notice for the last 40 years, they have all been birds of the year appar- ently, until this year, when two specimens, in splendid adult plumage, came under my notice, and were obtained from the Land’s End and Marazion Pool. During the very severe part of our past winter two specimens of the “ Goosander” were obtained from Trengwainton ponds. Amongst the British Owls a very good specimen of the ‘“Scops-eared Owl,” the smallest and rarest British species, occurred in the plantations at Trevethoe very recently, and is the second example I have heard of in the County, the first having been sent to me from Scilly, and is the grey-toned plumaged bird which forms one of the plates in Gould’s “ Birds of Great Britain” ; the grey-plumaged specimens denoting the males, and the rufous-toned specimens the female. ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. 289 The Scilly Islands have been visited during the past Autumn by sportsmen and naturalists, who have contributed information on the ornithological resources of those Islands, which will be worthy of record in your Journal. You are already a good deal indebted to those Islands for a large amount of information on subjects of Natural History; nature has favoured these Islands with many advantages for the furtherance of scientific pursuits, both zoological and botanical, not only from their climatic in- fluence, but from their maritime and extreme southerly and westerly position. My Journal for October has the following note : British Sandpipers at Scilly.—The elegant form of our Sand- pipers (Totant) renders them always agreeable visitors, whether on the margin of water or on the wing. There is a shyness and wild- ness in their natures which add to their interest with naturalists and sportsmen. The “Common Sandpiper,” “Green Sandpiper,” “ Redshank,” and “ Dusky Sandpiper” (the ‘Spotted Redshank” of Bewick and Gould), have all appeared in their southern or autumnal migration, at the Scilly Isles during the last fort- night. I believe there is little or no seasonal change of plumage in the common, green, or wood Sandpipers of a re- markable character; but in the Redshank and Dusky Sand- pipers the change of plumage is striking, especially in the Dusky Sandpiper, which in summer becomes almost sooty black from pale cinereous in winter. The Dusky Sandpiper in its first year, previous to the autumnal moult, shows a plumage well represented by Bewick in his figure of the “Spotted Redshank.” When they moult, this spotted plumage gives way to an uniform cinereous brown on the back, with the underparts almost white, instead of being marbled over brocoli-brown as in the young bird. I mention this to induce further observations from those who may obtain specimens at this time; for in a fine specimen just sent from Scilly I observe the moult commenced and a few cinereous feathers cropping out on the spotted back, showing the assumption of the winter plumage. Scilly has been remarkably rich in her family of Stints (Tringa) this year. Besides the common species, those Islands have afforded specimens of the “ Buff-breasted,” the “Pectoral,” and “Schinz’s” Stints, all rare species, and all fully worthy to be recorded in your Journal. A particular description of these birds would be 290 ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. unavailing, as they are to be found in the works of all the British authors on Ornithology. The “Hooded Crow,” “Pied Flycatcher” (a species confined to the Midland Counties, and only observed in Cornwall occasion- ally in the migratory season), and “Spoonbill,” were observed at Scilly in the last autumn; the latter in company with Common Herons, which seem to frequent a particular island or rock to the north-east of Trescoe, called Hedge Rock, for what particular reason does not appear. The Spoonbill appeared to be quite as- sociated with the Herons, and feeding with them I suppose on small fish. The general form and structure of the Spoonbill seem to point to the Ardeide till we look at the beaks of the two species or rather genera. And in the Spoonbill we see one of those remarkable modifications of forms which nature now and then shows, proving at the same time how an organ totally differ- ent in form and character in two birds can be made applicable to the one and the same purpose of procuring the like description of food. VIUI—A Calendar of Natural Periodic Phenomena: kept at Bodmin Jor the year 1870.—By THomas Q. Coucu, M.R.C.S., F.S.A. ‘‘Tl semble, en effet, que les phénoménes périodiques forment, pour les étres organisés, en dehors de la vie individuelle, une vie commune dont on ne peut saisir les phases qu’en l’étudiant simultanément sur toute la terre.” —Quetelet. N.B.—The names printed in /falics indicate plants and animals marked for special observation. fl., means flowers ; fol., foliates; defol., defoliates. The time of flowering is to be noted when the flower is suffi- ciently expanded to show the anthers ; of foliation, when the leaf- bud is so far open as to show the upper surface of the leaves; of fructification, at the period of dehiscence of the pericarp, in de- hiscent fruits; and, in others, when they have evidently arrived at maturity ; of defoliation, when the greater part of the leaves of the year have fallen off. The spring of 1870 was generally cold and dry, with occasional frosty mornings until late; and, as a consequence, the grass was thin and backward. Such a spring, followed by an exceedingly hot and arid summer, was very disastrous to agriculture. Hay wasa lighter crop than I have ever noticed, many farmers being unable to cut any, and there was scarcely more than a quarter of the usual yield anywhere, except in some of the better land resting on the granite. The corn-crake was heard late, which I attribute to the stunted grass not giving it the usual shelter. This bird, as well as the cuckoo, arrived in very scanty numbers. Three or four rainy days in the middle of May made a wonderful advance in field and garden; but the dry cold weather so injured the wheat, that in some places it was ploughed down as hopeless, and the ground sown with barley. At harvest the wheat crop was thin in 292 NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. the ground and very short in the straw, but generally well filled in the ear and well kerned, but in our district much under the average. Barley was generally a good crop, both in sample and yield. Oats gave a slight crop on light soils, but in good ground about an average produce. The turnip crop suffered severely from unpropitious weather and the ravages of the fly, so that many fields had to be resown, and in the end the result was hardly worth the labour, the plants being very sparse, and the roots small. The mangolds were above an average in some instances, and good as a rule; showing that an exceptionally dry summer does not harm them as it does the turnips, but is rather favourable to their growth. Potatoes were generally good, both in quantity and quality, with a comparatively small number of diseased tubers. There was an abundant crop of apples. Woodcocks and snipes were very scarce. January 12. Laurustinus, fl. — Potentilla fragariastrum, fl. 19. Cardamine hirsuta (Hairy Lady’s Smock), fl. — Galanthus nivalis (Snowdrop ), ji. 30. Frog (Rana temporaria), spawns. February 2. Corylus avellana (Hazel), ji. 11. Aurora borealis, seen. 14. Primula vulgaris (Primrose), fl. 22. Ribes grossularia (Gooseberry), fol. March 5. Sambucus nigra (Elder ), fol. — Lonicera periclymenum (Honeysuckle), fol. 10. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus (Daffodil), jf. 16. Ranunculus ficaria (Pilewort), ji. 18. Sulphur Butterfly (Gonopteryx rhamni), seen. — Man. Measles and lung diseases prevalent. 19. Tussilago farfara (Colt’s-foot), fl. — Crategus oxycantha (White-thorn), fol. 93. Woodcock shot. 25. Viola canina (Dog Violet), fi. — Glechoma hederacea (Ground wy), fl. — Veronica Chamcedrys (Germander speedwell), fl. — Veronica agrestis (Rural speedwell), fl. 29. Pieris brassicee (Cabbage butterfly), seen. 1) ito} Oo NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. March 29. Wheatear (Saxicola cenanthi), arrives. 31. Rosa canina (Dog rose), fol. April 4. Stellaria holostea (Stitchwort), fl. 5. Oxalis acetosella (Wood-sorrel), ji. — Adder (Pelius Berus), seen. 6. Acer pseudo-platanus (Sycamore), fol. — Usculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut), fol. — Swallow (Hirundo rustica), seen. 10. Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), fl. ll. hibes mgrum (Black currant), fol. 13. Cochlearia anglica (English Scurvy-grass), fl. — Ligustrum vulgare (Privet), fol. — Ranunculus hederaceus, fl. — Larix europea (Larch), fol. — Draba verna, fl. 14. Snake (Natrix torquata), seen. — Fraxinus excelsior (Ash), fi. — Anemone nemorosa, fl. 15. Adoxa Moschatellina, fl. 18. Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), heard. — Fragaria vesca (Wild Strawberry), fl. — Betula alba (Birch), fol. — Primula veris (Cowslip), fl. — Caltha palustris, fl. 19. Vaccinium uliginosum, fl. — Corylus avellana (Hazel ), Fol. — Orchis mascula, fl. — Cytisus scoparius (Broom), fol. — Hyacinthus non scriptus (Bluebell), fl. — Ranunculus acris, fl. — Tila europea (Lime tree), fol. — Cardamine pratensis, fl. 21. Ranunculus flammula, fi. — Orobus tuberosus, fl. 22. Sorbus aucuparia, fol. 25. Quercus pedunculatus (Dwarf Oak), fol. 26. Fumaria officinalis, fi. 27. Geranium pusillum, fl. 28. Allium ursinum (Wild Garlic), 7. 994 NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. April 29. Juglans regia (Walnut), fol. 30. Syringa vulgaris, fl. May 3. Polygala vulgaris, fl. - — Ulmus montana, (Wych Elm), fol. 4, Betula alba (Birch), fi. — Luzula campestris, fl. — Anthoxanthum odoratum (Vernal grass), fl. — Asculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut), fi. — Potentilla anserina, fl. — Pedicularis sylvatica, fl. — Lotus corniculatus, fl. — Viola lactea, fl. 5. Orange-tipped butterfly, seen. — Tormentilla officinalis, ff. — Carex dioica, fl. — Eleocharis pauciflora, fl. — Ajuga reptans (The Bugle), fl. 6. The Swift (Cypselus Apus), seen. — Arum maculatumn, fl. — Ulmus glabra (Elm), fol. — Alnus glutinosa (Alder), fol. — Nasturtium officinalis, fl. — Cherophyllum temulentum, fl. — Plantago lanceolata, fl. 7. Fraxinus excelsior (Ash), fol. 8. Cytisus scoparius (Broom), fi. 9, Gnaphalium germanicum, fl. — Acer pseudo-platanus (Sycamore), fi. 10. Pedicularis palustris, fi. — Lysimachia nemorum, fi. — LErysimum allhiaria, fi. — Smyrnium olusatrum (The Alexander), fi. 11. Cytisus laburnum (Laburnum), fl. 12. Ulmus campestris (The common Elm), fol. — Geranium molle, fl. — Crategus oxycantha (Hawthorn), fl. 14. Anchusa sempervirens, fl. 16. Veronica beccabunga (Brook-lime). fl. — Cotyledon umbilicus, fl. NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. May 16. Veronica polita, fl. — Lepidium Smitha, fl. — Myosotis versicolor, fi. 17. Lotus major, fl. 18. Hypocheeris radicata, (Cat’s Ear), fl. — Potentilla verna, fl. — Hieracium pilosella (Hawkweed), fl. 19. Potentilla repens, fl. 20. Sedum anglicum (White Stonecrop), fi. — Medicago pusilla, fi. — Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove), jl. — Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet-briar), fl. 21. Veronica serpyllifolia, fl. — Scandix Pecten-Veneris, fl. 22. Sisymbrium officinale (Hedge Mustard), fl. — Galium aparine (Goose-grass), fl. — Galium mollugo, fl. — Poa procumbens, fi. — Rumex acetosa, fl. — Urtica dioica (Nettle), fl. 23. Bunium flexuosum (Pig-nut), fl. — Corn-crake (Crex pratensis), heard. — Sorbus aucuparia (Mountain Ash), fi. — Myosotis palustris, fl. — Ornithopus perpusillus, £. — Papaver hybridum (Poppy), fi. — Asperula odorata, fl. 24. Sambucus nigra, (Elder), fi. 28. Fragaria vesca (Wild Strawberry), ripens fruit. 30. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, fl. — Polygonum bistorta, fl. 31. Melampyrum pratense, fl. — Hrica cinerea (Heath), fi. — Achillea millefolium (Millefoil), fi. June 1. Rosa canina (Dog-rose), fl. — Viburnum opulus (Guelder-rose), fi. 2. Silene inflata, fl. — Stellaria graminea, fi. — Lonicera periclymenum (Honeysuckle), fi. I 295 296 NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. June 3. Menyanthes trifoliata, fl. 3. Lathyrus pratensis, fl. — Crepis tectorum, fl. 5. Vicia Cracca, fi. — Valeriana officinalis (Valerian), fl. — Orchis maculata, fl. 6. Vicia sativa (Common Vetch), fi. — Epilobium roseun, fl. — Melittis melissophyllum (Bastard Balm), fl. 7. Rubus fruticosus (Blackberry), fl. — Veronica officinalis, A. — Thymus Serpyllum (Thyme), fi. — lLychnis Floscuculi (Ragged Robin), fi. — Hypericum humifusum (St. John’s Wort), fl. 8. Prunella vulgaris, fl. — Convolvulus sepium, fl. — Lapsana communis, fl. — Stachys sylvatica, fi. — Solanum dulcamara (Bitter-sweet), fl. — Iris pseud-acora (Yellow Flag), fi. — Malva sylvestris (Common Mallow), fi. — Orchis Morio, fl. — Orchis latifolia, fl. 12. Habenaria chlorantha, fl. — Jasione montana, fl. —— Senecio lividus, fl. — Frica tetralia, fi. 13. Sedum acre (Yellow Stonecrop ), fi. — Ligustrum vulgare (Privet), ji. 16. Scabiosa arvensis, fi. 17. Juncus conglomeratus (Rush), fl. 18. Scrophularia aquatica, fl. — Tila europea (Lime-tree), fl. 19. Erythrea Centaurium, fl. 20. Hypericum perforatum, fl. — Anagallis arvensis (Pimpernel), fl. 21. Papaver Rheeas (Poppy), fl. — Senecio Jacobeea, fl. 22. Anagallis tenella, fl. NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. June 22. Bartsia viscosa, fl. — Spergula arvensis, fl. — Hordeum vulgare (Barley), fi. — Betonica officinalis (Betony), fl. 24. Sonchus oleraceus, (Sow-thistle), fi. — Centaurea nigra, fl. — Hypericum pulchrum, fl. — Agrimonia Eupatoria (Agrimony), fl. — Linum catharticum (Flax), fl. — Verbascum Thapsus, fl. 25. Anthemis nobilis (Camomile), fl. — Evupatorium cannabinum (Hemp Agrimony), fi. — Bartsia odontitis, fl. — Ononis procumbens (Rest Harrow), fl. 27. Circa lutetiana, fl. 28. Teucrium Scorodonia (Wood Sage), fl. July 3. Verbena officinalis, fl. — Carduus nutans (Thistle), fl. — Linaria vulgaris, fl. 9. Spireea ulmaria (Meadow-sweet), fl. 11. Euphrasia officinalis (Eye-bright), fi. 25. Solidago virgaurea (Golden Rod), fi. — Clematis Vitalba (Traveller's Joy), fi. 29. Inula dysenterica, fl. 30. Serratula tinctoria, fl. August 5. Calluna vulgaris, i. 9. Sorbus aucupariu (Mountain Ash), ripens fruit. 12. Viburnum opulus (Guelder Rose), ripens fruit. 15. Rubus fruticosus (Blackberry), ripens fruit. — Arum maculatum, ripens fruit. — Tamus communis (Briony), ripens fruit. — Calamintha Nepeta, fl. — Lonicera periclymenum, ripens fruit. 20. Corylus avellana (Hazel), ripens fruit. 23. Prunus spinosa (Sloe), ripens fruit. — Sambucus mgra (Elder), ripens fruit. — Rosa canina (Dog Rose), ripens fruit. — Scabiosa succisa, fl. 26. Crategus oxycantha (Hawthorn), ripens fruit. 12 297 298 NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. September 1. Mentha sylvestris fl. 6. Sambucus nigra (Elder ), defol. 10. Acer pseudo-platanum (Sycamore), defol. 14. Asculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut), defet. 22. Fagus sylvatica (Beech), defol. — Quercus pedunculata (Oak), ripens fruit. 27. Fraainus eacelsior (Ash), defol. 28. Quercus pedunculata, defol. 29. Corylus avellana (Hazel), defol. October 6. Ligustrum vulgare (Privet), ripens fruit. — Tila europea, defol. 7. Sorbus aucuparia (Mountain Ash), defol. 11. Ulmus montana, defol. 12. Ulmus glabra, defol. November 25. Vinca major (Periwinkle), fi. December. The Rotche or Little Auk (Mergulus melanoleucos) caught at Withiel, five miles from a tidal river. 9. The Mountain Finch (Fringilla montifringilla), caught. 299 METEOROLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1870. In accordance with our usual practice, we append a brief statement of the characteristics of the several months at different stations. January.—The year opened mildly after the severe frosts of the previous month, and there was no material change till the 18th. The weather was similar throughout the country. At Greenwich the average excess of temp- erature, during this period, was 63° daily. It blew very strongly on the 7th and 8th over most part of England, generally from S W. From the 18th to the 30th it was commonly dry and cold; not intensely so, however; the minimum at Truro, Bodmin, and Liskeard, being 25°, at Falmouth 30°, and at Helston 34°; at Altarnun it was 17°; the night of the 22nd was every- where the coldest. At Greenwich the temperature during these 12 days was 5° below the average. In the north of England the effects of continued, if not very intense, cold were felt on the 28th,—Lake Windermere was so frozen over that the steamers were unable to ply. This had not occurred since 1854. Rydal Water, Grasmere, and Derwent Water, afforded excellent skating. On the 380th a cyclonic gale occurred at Penzance and at Dublin; it commenced from S.H. and veered to W., with heavyrain. The fall at Truro, °65 inch, was the largest daily quantity of the month. At Penzance °61 inch fell in 12 hours. The total rainfall of the month was only about one-half the average at Penzance and Helston, three-fifths at Truro, and not much less below the usual amount at Bodmin, Liskeard, and Altarnun. February.—The beginning of the month was mild and wet, with fresh winds from §.W. to N.W. At Penzance 1 42 inch was registered on the 6th. The average temperature up to the 8th was 4° in excess at Greenwich. On the 9th a sudden change took place, and the weather became very cold, and continued so, with little exception, till the 25th. The highest temperature at Penzance was 25°, and the 12th was the coldest day experienced there for ten years, the maximum for the day having been 29:5; and this was one of the four days during that period when the thermometer kept below freezing point. At Helston the minimum was 28°, at Falmouth 25-5°, at Truro and Bodmin 23°, at Liskeard 20°, and at Altarnun 16°. At the last place there were 27 frosts on the grass. The coldest day everywhere was the llth. The heavy rains early in the month raised the total fall nearly one-third above the average. March was decidedly dry, the number of days at Truro on which rain fell (9), being little more than half the average, and the quantity was a good deal less than usual. The temperature was low, the wind having a N. and E. element on 21 days. There was frost on 7 nights at Truro, on 23 at Altarnun. According to Mr. Glaisher’s estimate, there was a deficiency of 1° daily on the whole quarter of 90 days, and the harshness of the weather generally was unfavourable to agricultural work, and arrested vegetation. it 3} 300 METEOROLOGY. April was a remarkably dry month everywhere south of Greenwich, and particularly so in this county, the total rain in the thirty days being at no station one third of an inch,—at Sennen it was only :03, and at St. Agnes °06, two days only having witnessed a shower. But the weather was marked by great extremes of temperature, ranging at Truro from 26° to 67°; the first seven nights were frosty there; and at Altarnun the minima varied only from 25° to 20° during that week. The comparative equability of Falmouth was illustrated; the lowest temperature having been 36°5°, the highest 58°2¢. The days were often warm. The same character of season obtained up the country, but there was more heat by day and less cold by night. Capt. Liddell notes for Bodmin that ‘the long drought was severely felt.” May was divided into two periods, the first half rather cold and showery, the latter generally fair and warm. There was a marked difference between the western and eastern divisions of the county in regard to the quantity of rain as compared with the average for the month: it was much less than usual in the former, whilst it equalled or even exceeded the mean in the latter. Notwithstanding this, Capt. Liddell remarks that in the neighbour- hood of Bodmin ‘‘the springs were never known so low in May before”; but Mr. Tripp says, that at Altarnun ‘nearly three inches fell in the week beginning on the 10th, and the effect of this welcome supply on the parched and stunted vegetation was marvellous.” At Helston the range of temper- ature was from 35° to 77°; at Falmouth from 38° to 66°; at Truro, from 32° to 74°; at Bodmin, from 31° to 73°; at Liskeard, from 34° to 83°; and at Altarnun, from 26° to 81:50. June was a very dry month everywhere, and drought was severely felt. At Penzance the heat was over 70° on two days; at Helston the range was from 43° to 84°; at Falmouth, from 48° to 75°; at Truro, from 38° to 82°; at Bodmin, from 47° to 76°; at Liskeard, from 44° to 87°; at Altarnun, from 32° to 83°; and at Greenwich, from 41°4° to 90:2°. On the 16th there were thunderstorms throughout the country, from Helston to North Shields, in many places violent. The close of the month was colder and unsettled. Mr. Glaisher states the temperature of the 41 days from the 12th of May to the 22nd of June, as 33° daily above the average; and he says that the rainfall in this quarter (1:13 in.), was the smallest on record for these three months. July was a very fine summerlike month. The rainfall was considerably below the average at all the stations; but whilst it fell on only 6 days, half the usual number, at Truro, just the average number (15 and 13 respectively) were more or less wet at Bodminand Altarnun. There was a thunderstorm at Truro on the 8th, one of the hottest days of the year. The range of temp- erature was at Helston from 48° to 84°; Falmouth, 52°7° to 74:2°; Truro, 46° to 84°; Bodmin, 51° to 83°; Liskeard, 46° to 88°; Altarnun, 37° to 87°. At the Greenwich Observatory the lowest temperature was 44°8, the highest Soe7 08 August was also a fine month, with only a few unsettled periods. The number of days on which no rain fell was one-third greater than the average at all the stations, and Bodmin was the only place where the quantity was METEOROLOGY. 301 in excess, owing probably to some very heavy local showers,—the quantity was 1-28 inch on the 22nd. The highest temperatures were at Penzance 720; Helston, 84°; Falmouth, 76°3°; Truro, 81°; Bodmin, 75°; Liskeard, 83°; Altarnun, 84°. At Greenwich it did not rise above 81°. Mr. Glaisher remarks that the period of fine and warm weather, which commenced on the 4th of July, and continned until August 18th, 46 days, ‘‘ exercised a great influence on the growing crops, which up to this time were in doubtful condition.” The excess of temperature was more than 33° daily. September was also marked by the characteristic dryness of the summer ; the quantity of rain having been only one-half, and the number of days on which it fell much less than the average at all the stations. _ The first ten days were unsettled and showery, but the rest of the month was almost un- interruptedly fine. The temperature was, however, rather below the average. — There were strong breezes about the equinox, but no gale. On the 24th a fine display of aurora borealis was witnessed from Guernsey to North Shields. The highest temperature at Falmouth was 679, at Truro, 74°, the lowest 50° and 36°, respectively. Mr. Glaisher states that, on the whole quarter of 92 days, there was an excess of nearly 1° daily on the average. The weather was as favourable as could be desired for all farming operations, but the grass crop was rendered very deficient by the drought. October was fine for the first few days, afterwards very unsettled, and the rainfall was greatly in excess of the average, especially at the eastern stations. At Truro the quantity was 5:79 inches, at Bodmin 7:98, at Altarnun 10:55. Whilst on the night of the 10th, the coldest of the month, the lowest temperature at Falmouth was 42°5°, it was 31° at Truro, and 220 at Altarnun, where the heliotrope, fuchsia, &c., were much cut by the severe frost. There were thunderstorms on the 8th, 9th, and 19th; the last was heavy. and in the neighbourhood of Penzance it did some damage. Aurore Boreales were seen on several nights; the display on the 24th was probably the most magnificent which has ogeurred for many years; it was seen at Malta, Italy, Syria, &c. The deep blood-red colouring was noticed extensively. November commenced very fine and bright, with easterly winds and high barometer, and so continued for a week. The weather then became unsettled. The rainfall, and the number of rainy days, were about the average. On the 10th a fine morning was followed by a thunderstorm, with rain, hail, sleet, and snow, which fell heavily, even at Falmouth. On the 22nd there was another thunderstorm, and it blew heavily from W. to 8.W. on that and the following day, when the ‘‘ Jane and Mary ” was wrecked at Chyandour ; and a traveller met his death on Laneast Down, in consequence of his horse being frightened by the lightning. Mr. Glaisher divides the month into two periods, one of eold, extending from the Ist to the 19th, during which the average daily deficiency of temperature amounted to 4$°, and another of the following ten warm days, when the daily average excess of temperature was 43° nearly. December was characterised by two cold periods, separated by ten mild days in its midst. At Truro there was frost on 16 days. and snow on 11. At Altarnun there were 26 frosts. The last ten days of the year were intensely 302 METEOROLOGY. cold. Even at Penzance, the thermometer at night was from 4 to 8 degrees below freezing point. At the other principal stations the range of tempera- ture was as follows:—At Helston from 23° to 58°; Falmouth 24° to 554°; Truro, 14° to 56°; Bodmin, 15° to 53°; Liskeard, 16° to 60°; Altarnun, 8° to 54°. At this last place the mean temperature from the 23rd to the 3lst was 24:5°; the mean of the minima for the same time being 16:6°. Mr. Glaisher gives 1° as the minimum at Taunton on the 31st, the lowest among 57 locali- ties. The quantity of rain, and the number of rainy days, were both every- where less than usual. An accurate estimate may be formed of the most important peculiarities of the brilliant summer of 1870, from the following table :— Obscuration of Sun at 9 a.m. & 3 p.m. Actual Weather at Rainfall. 9am.,3pm., & 9p.m. 1870. o RK Sunshine. | Gleam. Cloud. Dry. Wet. Se ee 19 yrs.) 1870. |19 yrs., 1870. ]19 yrs., 1870. |/18 yrs.) 1870. |18 yrs.| 1870. |/2l1 yrs,| 1870, |2l yrs. 1870. April....| 32°4 | 44 | 6-4 6 || 21-2) 16 76°S| 88 | 13-2 2 2°62) al8) also) 5 May ....| 344] 36 gonna E20 Salil oD) 81'4] 89 | 116 4 PED MN WT |) A1B327/ li June ....|35°04| 42 | 8:2 6 |16°76, 12 80°0 | 87 |10°0| 3 2°28 | +32 |12:3| 4 6 Jib Gacall BHAe |) BEY 1 Ue) 5 | 182] 18 || 84:4) 86 8°6 | 2°29 | 1°49 | 12°4 u August ..| 37°2| 53 | 7°5 @ 2) eyes) @ 82°9| 90 |101) 3 2°55 | 2°25 | 13°4 | 9 September] 29°5| 46 | 72) 5 23°3| 9 79'S) 87 10°2 | 3 || 3°14 | 1°49 | 156] 12 Means ..| 34°71 | 43°3] 7°6 | 5°5 |19°51 12:2 || 80°9) 87°8 | 10°6 | 3°6 || 2°60 | 1°26] 13°61 7:8 ae a ——————— Tt will be readily seen, that in regard to each of the three great elements of weather here numerically exhibited—the amount of sunshine, the number of dry hours, and the quantity of rain—every one of the six months, from April to September, was distinctly finer than the average of a long series of years. It may be added that in no summer season of the still larger period of 33 years, since 1838, when the observations at this Institution were first recorded, has the rainfall in the summer half-year been so small. Thad the pleasure of referring in the last summary to the important addition to the means of attaining an accurate estimate of the climate of Cornwall, placed within our reach by the establishment of the government observatory at Falmouth, where continuous observations are recorded by self- registering instruments. To these, a rain gauge, affording a similar contin- uous record, has recently been added, and will give precision to our knowledge in that department. It is still more satisfactory to find these materials already turned to account in the most useful way by Mr. Dymond, in a laborious and excellent analysis of many of the results, especially in relation to horary variations, just published with the Report of the Cornwall Polytechnic Society, where it will be available to most of our members. 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TABLE No. 2. 304 *IOYsteH ‘AW Aq pajoas109 uaaq aavy pus ‘vaquie pue ryy019a Ny oO 6 O 13 1 oa) é a ao x ao aq io.0) ao mr wt Wey =) Is cf ie) e9 Pe or) =; 4 x co oH Se nN — co ° oO Ne} on Ney °15 9 on ce) oN =) é~ oe) Ge) ° “qiad Ad jo uvaw aniy, *PULIXBU ay} 118 Jo Uva jo ueaW *UILLUITUT PAY “UINUITX? JL ‘asuRl Uva, *dute} ueowm pajdopy “yjuoU a4} OF Wo0l}IAIIOD *duiaq uvaut ajyeurxoiddy "tray y, AIq AOTEq WLod Mad *AIp MOTAq “UOT 39M “uotTyR10deaa jo ‘dura} uray “qIng 39M qing 79M ‘qrng s1q qing 7M ‘yurod sep uvaTAL *95uvI [RUINIP IOs | | UOTIIIIOD UGA *aSUBI [PUINIP IOJF UWOT}IIIIOD Uea aur [[e Jo uray 2 < lor) “ALOTOSaV “ONIUALSIOGY ATAS “HULANOYUDAH S,NOSVIN “YALANOWYAHL AHL JO SNVAW ATHINOW “OL81 hime me me 305 METEOROLOGY. 3. 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