atfetctsaie rae a _ m =e Sede ¥ : . i" 3 i . as thaap dad air dpuinr< tise tin es aie * ‘ 5 ; - 5 “ > A9wK hittin tbe fag~ ih ident vindetetphekitaicisietiine ae RRO ee Rpm hehe hat oe Ge Voto th na) eke te OP eS EE Oe ne et Oo th 0 Se Ce ee Be Mm bt c os ACS sete oe bn et re Nott ee i yetintteth og mbes & ete Mphaltns stab ae E Hal te Deion" JOURNAL Royal Institution of Cornwall, ~~ Sl l8 io. 0 TRURO: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY. my Pe fen) CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. The Papers &c. marked thus (*) are illustrated. No. XIII. Report of Spring Meeting, May 23, 1871; Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S8., &c., President, in the Chair. The President’s Address comprised statistical and other information concerning the Cornish Fisheries, and the Vegetable Produce of West Cornwall; and (with great copiousness of details) on the Metalliferous Deposits, Mines, Mining, and Steam- _Engines, of the County. Page. Ivory Casket, Skyppet, and Forcer, &... . OO Ixx Weather Forecasts Rainfall and Moisture The Poll-Tax of 1377, and aoe ee df Cornwall 50 Ixx Recent Solar Phenomena... lxxi 00° 60 Ixxi Coe arp aon Ree KX Autumn Excursion, to the district west of Pavsanos BOA OO LOD ROO eb ogh 54th Annual Report, and Report of the 53rd Annual General Meeting, November 14th, 1871; Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., President, in the The Insulation of St. Michael’s Mount .. *Observations on Tintagel Castle .. .. Chair. : PELO Val Or CHUL CH veto atey ail slay clin atolin ele) ielonttei-) maarom meio mT RXKIIE Mortality amongst Miners... .. .. <2 os co ce ‘oo IXxxiii Submarine Forests .. RA OURO OA) SAT vii Pitchblende (Oxide of pony oe ee xci Nuremberg Counters, Copper Tokens, saa Brass Coins 50 xcii EASED 00 Go Go 00 do 0600. 06-60 Xciii Conversazione :— Isoyrnlleyate WEE) G5 55 66 66. oO 00) oO bo dO Fishes of West Cornwall .. .. «se 2 ce ce ce Inscribed Stones... .. Sua britetayh i reraih wietsim ete tote *Alabaster Carving at Mabe aya tare ies W. Pencetty, F.RB.S.,’ F.G.S. ee §«©.XCViii Sir Joun Maczzan, Poll Tax Account for Cornwall, A.D. 137 7ee FSA. 56 Xcix 50 Xci1x Pa t) 1 27 Rev. PREBENDARY Kinsman, M.A. 42 iv ‘CONTENTS. Page. H, Micurru Wutt- LEY, C.E. a 46 *Fresco in Ludgvan Church .. .. .- ..- ##W.C.Boruasz,F.§.A. 650 tihe Be ees Wall- Paintings at t Ind} Ruy, W. Iago, BA. 853 *Inscribed Stones in Ghenanie te See ee RE VenW UACO. p> sAbeamEEDS «Earthwork in Northcot Hamlet .. .. .. Mr. ee Polapit 72 Upton Castle Ble) Bien ce) Jeo Uae esc sie) USL. PATTISON EEC aS Smads *Antiquities in Hast Cornwall... .. .. -. R.N. Worth... .. 75 H, Micuenn Wart- Sub-Marine Forest at Market Strand Falmouth “Hee, Cli5). 77 JoHN 1 hae, F.R.S., E.S.A, *Notes on Tintagel Church .. 2 oo oe On a Weapon of Stone found at Pelynt .. 78 Extraordinary Phenomenon in the Waters of | R. Hpmonps, Ply- the Mediterranean .. f mouth. 79 On the occurrence of Connie in Tin Oren) of R. Pearce, F.G.S., Cornwall .. aie &e. 81 On the incrusted Parinee of a block of 36 “ows & J. 4H. peepee E.G.8., Bt 6g oe G0 ba 6a" 0 83 Ornithology.. .. 06 00 00.00. dB Hee Ropp. .. 85 On Pustulopora OE - 50. 00 -. eo ©, W. Praca, A.L.S. 88 Natural Periodic Phenomena in 1871 o. ee TT. Q. CovcH, F.S.A. 90 Meteorological Notes for 1871, and Meteor- Zhe Binzitr 2 eos ological Tables .. .«. 65. 06 Chronological Memoranda, 1871 90-00 50900500 104 Edinburgh Meeting of the British Aesociation SQ00000C 112 No. XIV. Report of Spring Meeting, May 18, 1872; Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P., Presi- dent, in the Chair. The President’s Address comprised remarks on the ‘‘Mines Regulation Bill,” and on Sir John Lubbock’s Bill for better preservation of historical monuments and objects of antiquity; and also concerning the produce and price of pilchards. The Cheesewring AOEECONM TGapoon) Gorn OO) FOOL 00. Go XX Guns Wiemprnoll og § Go. 0d. do. 06-00 00! 00. 0m dc Xxi Cornish and Irish Languages .. .. ce «2 cf co oe XXli Inscribed Stone near Burnt-house .. .- «2 «2 oe eo XXiii Surface Temperature of the Sea .. 2 ce ce oo «we XXili Raniceps trifurcatus, &C. +. e+ «os os «8 of ee «. XXIV JEW oo «Go. po. 00 G0 100 00 00 60 00 oo XXV WIaKOWOWa?o0 60> G0 00.00.00 00 50''06 60 co XXV Autumn Excursion, to antiquities &c. in St. Columb Major, St. a Mawgan, St. Columb Minor, Cubert, and Perranzabuloe SexVAL 65th Annual Report, and Report of 54th Annual General Meeting, November 19th, 1872; Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P., President. Education in Science... .2 ee «ee eo se 22 co ov xli CONTENTS. Vv Conversazione : Page. Prehistoric Antiquities at Trevelgoué .. 2 «2 o os xly inlays) con, Cory 56°45 60 co. 00 60400. 00 AO xiv Inscribed Stones, &c.. 00° 60 “0G oO) oa: co xlvi *State of Ports in Cornwall, 15931595. os H. L.. Rowrtt. .. 115 Manor of Penyrane and Advowson of St. ) Sir Joun Macuzan, IBIMMNOCK..0) ele wie SE SEAN auc: 118 Similarity of Cornish Rook-Names, &e. ie Irish 1G. H. Krnaway, Words .. .. 50 M.R.I.A., &e. 133 Chronicles of Gomian Saints: —s. Been -» # Rey. J. Apams, B.A. 140 Fairies and Giants of Cornwall so. po 00.” Wo Anis, ES Aga lr alee! Original Use of the Mén-an-tol .. .. .. EH. H. Wise Dunxin. 152 OldeMinineyPatents .. 0.0) ewe He) Ne. Whenksh Coes Mem. 155 uantities and Prices of Pilchards ornonied : from Cornwall, 1815—1871 .. \w. Ropers. -. .. 159 - Ornithology .. .. -- eo 4. Hearne Ropp. .. 161 Natural periodic TnernaAeE, 1872... e- «-- TT. Q. Coucu, F.S.A. 164 Meteorological Notes for 1872, and Meteor- ological Tables .. .. = ht Barna. .. .- 168 Chronological Memoranda, 1872 SGisehoae coe 90006000 176 Waiis and Strays 66-00. 60 66 00 00 YY O@LCh oc 50 50 ales No. XY. Report of Spring Meeting, May 16,1873; Dr. Jago, F.R.S., a Vice-President, in the Chair; in the absence of the President, Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P. The Chairman’s Address made reference to Sir John Lubbock’s Bill for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments; to the appointed meeting, at Hxeter, of the Royal Archeological Institute; -and to the late Mr. Edwin Norris, an eminent linguist. Detrital Tin Ore; the ancient Tin Trade of seonet xii and weights of Jews’ alanis) AMIN 5G 56) c y Temperature of the Air and Sea at Falmouth in 187 Dei Nare xiii Differences of see “at grass” and at a higher elevation .. . dO) OD!) G0) Moon) oG | D0 } nid Ornithological Tneidenes Betas eiclulctel) Tnetey mcsrealiers aare sil rere XV A Quadruple Rainbow .. .. . xvi 56th Annual Report, and Report of 55th Asmamell Gener Meera! November 18th, 1873; Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P., - President,in the Chair .. . 00. 06) 66. 00% “06 XVii MSS. connected with DaEEeHeH beretoriee of Cornwall .. XXV Suggested Collection of Autographs and es ee Soe SXVAL Roman Coins found at Scilly .. .. 50. 60 oo 2Oaptl Athaseyeneyiniar WWI G6 66:60. Go. 00. 06 Go an on peayrl Parish Registers .. .. «ss «eee -Conversazione :— Ancient Stone Memorials in West Cornwall... .. .. .. XXvViii Nature and Laws of Storms. Surface Temperature .. .. xxix vi CONTENTS. The Tin Trade of Cornwall in the reigns of Elizabeth and James orate with that ee 2 SEN yeama S.A., &. of Edward I. israileisin tele weriteters : ; W. jJ. HeENwoop On the Detrital Tin-Ore of Co sists aces p rowall F.R.S., F.G.8., &e. On the Occurrence of Wood-tin ore at Wheal Vor. W. AnreaLt. On Dynamite, in its sanitary aspect .. .. Dr. Hupson. .. John de Trevisa (Supplemental Notice)... .. J.J. Rogzns, Penrose. @Romano-British, or Late Celtic, Remains at Trelan Bahow 4 Chronicles of Cornish Saints. = Gaming. Rey. J. Apams, M.A. eThe Common Seals of Comal Set Pn nanenteys R. Nora Corr. ri J.J. Rogers, Penrose. Natural Periodic Phenomena in 1873 .. .. T. Q. Covcu, F.S.A. Meteorological Notes for 1873, and Meteor- C.B ological Tables .. ... a - DARHAM. oe Chronological Memoranda, 1873 oe alelume sleletetatetate DocumMENTS :— No. Poll Tax Account for Cornwall, A.D. 1377, with Schedules of Indentures, &c. .. .. «oe «- Letter showing the State of the Ports in cour XIV wall, 1593—5 do Page. 187 LOT 255 257 262 266 272 278 295 300 308 Page. XIII 30 et seq. 116. ing the M 12) Concerning the Manor of Penvrane and sa XIV 124130. OR Dio IOS G5 60. Go) oo 60 85 Ob Quantities of Pilchards exported from Cornwall, \ XIV 1815—1871 en ee oe eo ee ee eo eo 159. © LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.* No Page Alabaster at Mabe .. .. Bb. oo. bo. {e-4a 0! c. *Sketch Plan of Tintagel Castle and Cove. 5 do oo 2Gnat 43. Lm, Ex BONE G6 a6. 66 oo. bo, 06 oo eA0EE 44, Fbintacole@hureny ein cele) wae cel ee, cele Ditton te (Plat), sys. es veo sees } xm 2 Fresco in Ludgvan Gia 50 08 XII 50. Fae-simile of the 1423 Woodeut of St. Ghristo- } XIII 56. TDA? oo 06. bo O61», 06 Oo 00. od 6 Inscribed Stones :— *Phillack . 56 ae Medetene ele asl) aes XU 60. *Men Soryfa, Madron 46 (G0 06. 00. 06 XIII 67. *St. Breock ..... © 56 00 xii 70. Inscribed Stones, at St. Breccks Tintagel, ios) XT 70. Plan of Harthwork in Northcot Hamlet .. .. XIII 72. *Antiquities in Hast Cornwall .. .2 .. o- XU 76. Polyzoa .. «- 60 OC XIII 88. A Plott of all the Coast ‘of Comeall and Devon} XIV To face p. 115. AMER) 50 60° 6a 66) G0 .G0.. 50-00 90 -*Skeleton discovered at Perran-ar-worthal .. XV 206. *Skull of Skeleton discovered at aceon KV 208. worm 65 64 ca oo 6 *Inlaid Fibula of Bronze: from Treloy, St. x XV 220 Columb Minor.. .. .. «- i *Tin Pan and Cover, from Treloy, St. Colum} XV 291. Minor 00 00. 866s OO OG) 66 Bronze Mirror, found at Trelan ,,. .- .. «-« XV 266. Seals (Millbrookia, &c.).. .. «2 «2 «+ XV 278. Diagrams (Meteorological) .. .. «2 «- «+. Means of Minima, &c., 1872.. .. «s. -- XV 314 Lowest Temperature of nights, as registered at grass, and nine feet above the surface * The Illustrations marked thus * are in the letter-press. The others are to follow the pages indicated. age one M E = A pele ek Os ere ee a sets Herpes x JOURNAL OF THE Aopal dustitution of Corntwall, WITH THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT, No. XIII. ACP Reali? ol 8. 728 Sanne EaSREEEEIEREEREIEE TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1872. CONTENTS. The Papers marked thus (*) are Illustrated. I.—Iwsutation oF St. Micnazt’s Mount.—W. Pence tty, F.R.S., F.G.S. Ti.—Porn Tax For Cornwatt, 51 Epw. III.—Sir Joun Mactan, ¥.S.A. TII.—*Osservations on TintaceL. Castie.—Rev. PaeseNDARY Kinsman, M.A. IV.—*Nores on Tintacen Caurce.—H. M. Wartttey, C.E. V.—*Fresco in Lupevan Courco.—W. C. Bortassz, F.S.A. VI.—*Sr. CuristopHer Watt-Parntines, &c.—Rey. W. Iago, L.8. Soc. Ant., Lonp. Vil.—*Inscripep Stones 1n ConnwaLt.—Rev. W. Iago, L.S. Soc. Ant., Lonp. VItI.—*Eartuwork in Norrucor Hamiet.—H. Coopr, Polapit Tamar. IX.—Upron Castrz.—S. R. Parrison, F.G.S. X.—*Awnriquities In Hast Connwatt.—R. N. Worts, Corr. Mem. XI.—Svs-Mazrine Forest at Fatmourx.—H. M. Waiuttey, C.E. XII.—A Woapron oF Sronr Founp at Prtyst.—J. Evans, F.R.S., F.S.A. XIIL.—Puenomenon in tur Meprrerranran.—R. Epmonps. XIV.—Occurrence or Cozatt in Tin Ores—R. Pearce, F.G.S., &c. XV.—Own tHe Incrustep Surrace or a Brock oF Jews’ Trn.— J. H. Coxtins, F.G.S., &c. XVI —OrnitHotocy oF CoxnwaLt, 1871-2.—E. Huarte Ropp. XVII.—*On Pusrunropora Cravata.—C. W. Praca, A.L.S. AVil{t.—Narvrat Pertopic PomNomena.—T. Q. Coucn, F.S.A. Mereorotoey, 1871.—C. Baruam, M.D., Canvas. CuronotocicaL Memoranna, 1871. HpinpureH Meerine of tar Bririsa Association. THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. INSTITUTED ON THE FIFTH OF FEBRUARY, 1818. TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1872. ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. FOUNDED 1818. Patron: THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron : H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &c., &c. Trustees: LORD ROBARTES. SIR C. B. GRAVES SAWLH, Barr. J. 8. HNYS, F.G.S. LIEUT.-COL. TREMAYNE. Council for the Year 1871-2, President : Mr. JOHN St. AUBYN, M.P. Vice-Presidents: Mr. ROBERTS. Lizvut.-Con. TREMAYNE. Mr. H. 8S. TREMENHEERE, F.G.S. | Mr. W. J. HENWOOD, FE.R.S. JAMES JAGO, M.D. Oxon., F.R.S. Treasurer : Mr. TWEEDY. Secretaries: Mr. WHITLEY, and Rev. J. R. CORNISH, M.A. Assistant Secretaries: Mr. H. M. WHITLEY, and Mr. W. G. DIX. Other Members: Cc. BARHAM, M.D. Canras., Mr. A. PAULL, Rev. J. BANNISTER, LL.D., Mr. W. J. RAWLINGS, Mr. W. COPELAND BORLASE, Mr. H. O. REMFRY, F.S.A., Mr. EH. SHARP, Jun., Rey. E. N. DUMBLETON, Mr. W. TWEEDY, Rev. W. IAGO, L.S. Soc. Anz. Lonp., And THE MAYOR OF TRURO. Thocal Secretaries: BODMIN:—Mkr. T. Q. COUCH, F.S.A. TRURO :—Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. Editor of Journal :—Mr. C. CHORLEY, Truro. Librarian and Curator of Museum:—Mr. W. NEWCOMBE, Truro. Honorary Members, Wm. von Haidinger, F.R.S.E., &e., Vienna. Thomas Hawkins, F.G.S., &c.,Hermit- age, Whitwell, Isle of Wight. Rey. T. G. Hall, M.A., F.R.S., Prof. Math., King’s College, London. J. E. Gray, F.B.S. and F.L.S., British Museum. Sir Gardner Wilkinson, D.C.L.,F.R.S., &e. Chas. Cardale Babington, M.A.,F.R.S., &e., Prof. of Botany, Cambridge. Rey. E.. L. Barnwell, M.A., Ruthin, Denbighshire. W. L. Banks, F.S.A., Brecon, South Wales. Edwin Norris, Sec. R.A.S., Wichael’s Grove, Brompton. Warington Wilkinson Smyth, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., London. MajorGen. SirH.James, R.H., F.R.S., M.R.I.A., &c., Southampton. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S., Lamorna, Torquay. Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., Pallingswick Lodge, Hammersmith. Corresponding Members. Edward Blyth, Calcutta. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, Hornacot. John Hockin, London. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Min- ing Records, School of Practical Geology, &. ; Rey. R. Lethbridge King, Sydney. Australia. Major Gen. Lambrick, Royal Marines. Henry Me. Lauchlan, F.G.8., London. Capt. Napleton, Bengal. S. R. Pattison, F.G.S., London. C. W. Peach, Hdinburgh. W. 4H. Tregellas, Holly Cottage, Brom- ley, Kent. Thomas Turner, Manchester. R. N. Worth, Plymouth. Associates, J. T. Blight, F.S.A., Penzance. W. Carkeet, Sydney. C. Chorley, Truro. J: H. Collins, F.G.S., Falmouth. George Copeland, Tuckingmill. W. Dawe, Delhi, Hast Indies. Joseph Dickinson, H.M. Inspector of Coal Mines, Manchester. N. Hare, jun., Liskeard. Edward Hookham, London. Thomas Lobb, Perranwharf. W. Loughrin, Polperro. S. H. Michell, Swansea. R. Pearce, jun., F.G.S., Swansea. Capt. Josiah Thomas, Dolcoath. Capt. Williams, Charlestown Mines. Proprietors. Viscount Falmouth. Lord Clinton. Lord Churston. Lord Robartes. Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., F.R.S.,F.G.S. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., F.R.S. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. Sir C. B. Graves Sawle, Bart. Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart., F.R.S., F.G.8. Sir Wim. Williams, Bart. Sir S. T. Spry. Andrew, Henry. Baynard, William. Boase, H. 8., M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Dundee. Buller, J. H. Downes. Carlyon, H. T. Carpenter, John. Carthew, Mrs. Chilcott, J. G. Clyma, W. J. Edwards, Miss, Newquay. Enys, J. S., F.G.S., Anys. Fcx, Charles, V’rebah. . Fox, R. W., F.B.S., Penjerrick. Gregor, F.G., Trewarthenick. Hartley, W. H. H., Rosewarne. Hawkins, J.H., F.R.S., F.G.S., Bignor Park. Hawkins, C. H. T., Trewithen. Hendy, James. Hogg, John, M.D., London. Hogg, Mrs. Jenkins, Rev. D., St. Goran. Leverton, H. Spry. Michell, Edward. Michell, W. Michell, W. EH. Nankiveil, J. T. Nankivell, T. J., Melbourne. Paddon, W. H. Potts, Miss, Brighton. Roberts, Joseph, Southleigh. Rogers, W., Halmouth. Rogers, F., Plymouth. Rogers, Rev. St. Aubyn. Rogers, Rev. R. Basset, Budock. Rogers, J. Jope, Penrose. Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan. Rogers, Reginald, Carwinion. Sambell, Philip, jun., Falmouth. Spry, EH. G. Spry, Mrs. Stokes, H. 8., Bodmin. Tweedy, Robert, Zregolls. Tweedy, H. B. Tweedy, W. Tweedy, R. M., Falmouth. Tweedy, Charles, Redruth. Tweedy, Miss. Tweedy, Miss C. Vivian, John Ennis. Whitford, Miss. Wightman, Lieut.-Col. George. Williams, R. H. Willyams, H., Carnanton. Willyams, A. C. Life Members, Right Rev.Lord Bishop of Fredericton Coulson, W., London. James, John. Martin, J. N., C.H., Assam. Rogers, Capt. F., R.N., Totnes. Annual Subscribers. £ Tur Princk or WALES .. 20 The Town Council of Truro 20 1 Bannister, Rev. Dr., St. Day Barham, C.,.M.D. .. Basset, G. L., Tehidy Blee,. Robert : Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon| Bolitho, Richard Foster, “Ponsandane Bond, F. Walter, London Borlase, Wm. Copeland, Castle Horneck .. Budd, J. Palmer, Ystalyfera Carew, W. H. P., Antony Carlyon, Edmund, St. Austell Carlyon, Major, Tregrehan Carne, The Misses, Penzance Carne, W. N.. Hos ned Carter, R. H. Carus- Wilson, E. Sh. iaiion Childs, R. W., Wiondon Ghristoe, W. H. ‘ Coode, T., Pond-dhu Coode, Edward, Polapit Tamar, Launceston. . Cornish, Rev. J. R., M.A Criddle, W. J. Pai Dix, W. G. a Dumbleton, Rev. E. N. Dungey, Rev. J., Ladock Dymond, W. Dy Falmouth * Enys, J. S., Anys Falmouth, Viscount Fortescue, Honble.G. M., Boconnoc .«.- sa Fereuson, Henry T. Ferris, T., Swansea Fisher, Herbert W., V.W.., London é Ford, Rey. Preb., Bath Foster, RS, Lanwithen * Fox, G.. "Trebah 5 * Fox, R. W., F'.R.S., Pen- jervick oe Freeman, J. D., Falmouth Freeman, W. G. .. Penryn.. Freeth, G., Duporth . Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick Hamilton, J. .. Harding, Lieut.-Col. W.., Mount Radford, Exeter lalepyeel, 1Di5 Gra!) 6s Henderson, J., Ne “paint 6 co i : 3 POR RE eR SB BEEP HE HORHE REE BP eB YP PHP EHH OO eS e COM FP Bee ee BH Eee YH OF DD NERF ORHB HEH 2 PRE HE HPOR EHR Ee HB Se ep pee Sone Gooce o oCco ooo 6c CcooCceoScSoSo Ss SoSoCcoSoCoCcoSosiSc So So Coc coococooce z COM RF BREE EE BP Pee HE OF DY NH Henwood, W. J., F.R.S., Penzance Hingeston- Randolph, Rey. F. C., Ringmore } Hockin, “Williams. . Hoge, Lieut.-Col., M.P., London 00 j letuiGlsora,, 18 ANS 1 bc . Hughan, W. J. Iago, G. W. S., London 36 Tago, Rev. W., B. A., West- heath, Bodmin Jago, James, M.D., F.R.S. James, Hamilton .. ate + James, John .. 60 Jenkins, W.H. .. NG Job, J. B. a ae Mount Hdgeumbe, The Earl of Ae * Nankivell, Mrs. J. T. aor Netherton, af R. 00 Nix, Arthur P. ; Pascoe, 8S. oe o0 Paull, A. 5 Bo Paull, J. R., Bosvigo 36 Pearce, R., jun., Swansea Phillips, W., Falmouth Phillpotts, Rev. T.,Porth- guwidden .. Rashleigh, Jonathan, Mena- bitly .. Haynes W. J. Downes, Hayle } Remfry,G. F. .. Remiry,, Hi. O02... Richards, T., Ream uth * Roberts, Joseph Roberts, Mrs. Ae Rodd, H. H., Penzance * Rogers, J. J., Penrose .. * Rogers, Reg., Carwinion Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan Rowland, Rev. W., Mlushing St. Aubyn, J.,M.P., Pendrea ° Salmon, W. W. als Sawle, Sir C. B. Graves, Bart., Penrice le y Sharp, Edward, jun. .. Slight, Rev. H. 8... OO Smirke, Sir E., London Smith, Sir Montague, London Smith, Augustus, Z'resco Abbey, Scilly 90 } a = Tbe aL Be a — KB ORK HEHEHE = CORRE BH EMO ee — — Seas Ss onemn Soot mmm me mo OMS easeams Cceoermee Ee mee = Ee ey Ey to BPR Ee Be OR ORR EOOREPHEHE fF Ee co oooo co cooocooocec ooe°o°fo © So S oooooooo © moooo ©o ooo fo SS i) ; 5) kb Gls £ Smith, P. P. 1 1 0O| * Tweedy, R. 1 Smith, W. Bickford, "Red-) eos Tweedy, W. .. 0 brook, Camborne .. Vautier, Rev. R., Kenwy yn 1 Snell, J. 4 0 5 O}| Vivian, Hon. Cap ti. seh Solomon, 1, yak iene Mepe tao) 1 Stackhouse, Miss L. a Wisin LG) M.P., Glenafon .. \ Tannahill, J. .. 0 5 O| Vivian,H.H.,M.P., Park- 1 Taylor, R. ,LangdonCourt, 1 0 WO 06 Plymouth * Vyvyan, Sir R. R., Bart. 1 Treffry, Rey. Dr., , Place,\ 110 Waters, J., Whitehall. . 1 Fowey .. Whitley, N 1 Trelawny, Sir J. Salus-) 110 Whitley, H. M. 0 bury, Bart., M.P... f Williams, SirF’. M., Bart., 1 Tremayne, J., Heligan 2 2 0 M.P., Goonvrea a Tremayne, Lieut. -Col. at 140 Wilkinson, Rev. J. J., 1 Carclew Lanteglosby Camelford Tremenheere,H. Seymour, | 11 0} Williams, J.M., Caerhay ys 1 London a Castle : Tucker, H. B., Trevince -. 1 1 0} #* Willyams, H., ‘Car nanton ge Tweedy, Mrs., eAiven ton 110 Those marked with * are Proprietors ; with + are Life Members. Subscribers to the Illustration Fund. a5 (So Gl, £ Barham, C., M.D... -- O 5 OO} Remfry, G. F. ae Soe) Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon 0 5 0} Roberts,J. . : 0 Broad, R. R., Falmouth .j» O 5 O}| Rogers, J. J., Penrr Ose 0 Carew, W. H.P., Antony. 0 5 O Ditto (Donation) 1 Carus-Wilson,E.S.,Zruthan 0 5 O| Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan 0 Chilcott, J. G.. 0 5 0} St.Aubyn,J.,M.P.,Pendrea 0 Coode, E., Polapit Tana) 0 B® Smith, ‘Augustus, he 0 ai) Wanncscton : Abbey, Scilly : Ferguson, Henry T. -- 0 5 O | Smith, P. P. 0 Fox, Charles. Trebah.. (0) Tremenheere, EL Sey- 0 Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick 0 5 O mour, London .. | Glencross, Rev. J., ee 05 0 Tucker, C., Exeter 0 stowe, Liskeard .. Tweedy, R. 0 Henwood, W. J., F.RB.S., DRO Tweedy, W. 0 Penzance .. Whitley, N. 0 Jago, James, M.D., F.R.S. 0 5 O°} Whitley, H. M. 0 Nix, Arthur P. : 0 5 O| Williams, SirF. M., Bart., 0 Norris, Edwin, London OQ 5-0 M.P., Goonvrea . ‘} ParillvAL s 0 5 0 Willyams, A.C., Bodrean 0 Rashleigh, W., Menabilly 0 5 0 SB pron ay a OO ANNAN A arn anonaa?Z — nh oc coeoo oO oO CoC Coco oCo Soe The MUSEUM is open to Members and their families every day, except Sundays, between the hours of Ten and Four o’clock during the Winter, and between Nine and Six o’clock in the Summer. The Museum is open to the public, free of charge, on the Afternoons of Monpvays, WEDNESDAYS, and SaturDays, from Noon until dusk, during the Winter months, and until Six o’clock in the Summer months. On other days, and previous to Twelve o’clock on the above days, an admission fee of Sixpence is required. An Annual Subscription of Five Shillings entitles the Subscriber to admission to the Museum on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and to attend all the Meetings of the Society. A Subscription of Ten Shillings further entitles the Subscriber to intro- duce to:the Museum and meetings all the bond fide resident members of his family. A Subscription of One Guinea entitles the subscriber to all the publi- cations issued by the Institution, to admission to the Museum, for himself and family, on every day in the week, and to the meetings of the Society; and to ten transferable tickets of admission to the Museum whenever open. The ‘‘ JouRNaL oF THE Royau InstiruTIon oF CornwaLL” will be for- warded free of charge to the members subscribing One Guinea Annually. To others it will be supplied on payment, in advance, of Three Shillings a year; or the several numbers may be obtained from the Curator, or from a Book- seller. ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. SPRING MEETING, Sle Tus Meeting was held on Tuesday, the 23rd of May, in the Library of the Institution. The Chair was occupied by the President, Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., &¢., who de- livered the following Address :— Our progress during the past year has been successful beyond example ; we have not a single loss to deplore ; and the numerous volunteers to our ranks prove the increase of general interest in our pursuits, whilst they ensure the usefulness of the INSTITUTION for years to come. Since our last Spring-meeting the third part of Sir John Maclean’s Parochial and Family History of Trigg Minor has ap- peared. It illustrates the Parish of Saint Breward (Simonward) ; and even exceeds—if it be possible to exceed—in interest the first two parts, which are devoted to Blisland and Bodmin. Every- thing published by this Gentleman has a double claim on our attention ; not only because he is a native of Cornwall; but that, for years past, the Journal of this Institution has been enriched by his labours. It will be the agreeable duty of my successor to congratulate Dr. Bannister on the appearance of his Glossary of Cornish Names, which even now is about to issue from the press. We must all earnestly hope that its success will repay him for the time and research which we know he has bestowed on it. The members of this INSTITUTION must ever feel a paternal A ‘e0 ll interest in the Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, which under the unflagging industry of Mr. G. C. Boase and Mr. W. P. Courtney is making satisfactory progress; some years, however, must elapse before we can rejoice with them on the completion of the most valuable work, for the faithful execution of which they prove themselves so thoroughly qualified. Some thirty years ago the (LONDON) INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS offered premiums for Memoirs of Trevithick* and of Woolf ;+ but hitherto they have been unclaimed. It seems not yet to be generally known that before Woolf's mission to London he had been already employed by Trevithick in Cornwall. A biography of the great engineer—of whom a bust now stands before us—is, however, in preparation by his son, Mr. Francis Trevithick, of Penzance. I have been permitted to see many of the proof-sheets; but it would be unfair, both to the author and to my successor, if I were to forestal the important matter which is in store for us. I feel myself the faithful interpreter of your sentiments in saying that Miss Fox could have offered this INSTITUTION no pre- sent more acceptable than the bust of the honoured and venerable father of Science in Cornwall, with which she has this day favoured us. Mr. Burnard, by whom the busts of Mr. Fox and Mr. Tre- vithick were executed, himself presents the bust of Dr. Borlase which at length decorates our room. It has been recently announced { that the Irish fern Tricho- munes radicans was—as long ago as 1866—discovered by Mr. Fox, at Saint Knighton’s Kieve, a spot we examined with so much pleasure last year. ' Amongst other rare visitors during the late severe winter several wild swans—the survivors, probably, of a larger flight which had previously met an inhospitable reception on the moors near Roughtor—alighted in Marazion marsh about the beginning of January. One of them was soon killed, but two others—re- gardless alike of a well-frequented railway station within rifle- range, and of the visitors their presence attracted—remained with us for three months. On the approach of spring and the appear- ance of the water-lilies, however, they left us. + “Richard Trevithick was born [at Illogan] on the 13th of April 1771, * * * and died at Dartford, in Kent, on the 22nd of September 1832.” Epmuonps, Land’s-end District, pp. 257, 266. + Arthur Woolf was baptized at Camborne 4th November 1766 (Cam- borne Parish Register), ‘‘died in Guernsey, 16th October 1837.” Mr. Joun Hocxine, C.E., MS. Pouz, Treatise on the Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 53. t Dymond, Nature, iv., p. 8. il The Pilchards cured at, and shipped from, the undermentioned ports during 1870,* were NGWOMA dé cecoboodbO0C 6123 A Aer ATa Trot ea eg 3, 7594 4,372 hogsheads on the north coast, Mount’s-Bay .......... 1,2892 East of the Lizard...... 306 pes» HORI cp The Sean Fish were about 1,300 Le 6,0574 =|, being the entire pro- op LDiehinn “3p mers Pape ias 15TR 4 duce of Cornwall ; the prices ranged from 64s. to 92s. 6d. per hogshead. Some 400 hogsheads of herrings,—taken and cured in the same manner as pilchards, realized 52s. per hogshead.t The Mackerel fishery is now in active progress; accounts to the present time, therefore, serve for comparison with corre- sponding periods in other years, but cannot comprehend returns of the entire fishing season. During the twelvemonth which ended on the 30th of April{ 3,301 tons of the fish—approximately valued at Twenty Pounds per ton§—were taken by the West Cornwall Railway from Penzance and St. Ives. || The home consumption of pilchards, mackerel, and other fish I have been unable to ascertain. The numbers of boats engaged and of persons employed, to- gether with the estimated value of both nets and boats used in the fisheries on our coasts, are Sean (Pilchard) Fishery. Seans. Boats. Persons. Value of nets & boats. WON COME GooocoGdKC BTS creek ADIN ERE G92) Ve aoe £74,900 SOM by -GogoodHnoO Gaeiegs cUOSRi ee (OLS cciare 21,960 Totals .... 379 619 1510 £96,860 * The Fishery of 1870 yielded Summer fish (caught before the 15th Sept: .... 2813 hogsheads. Autumn ,, ( ;; a Ist Nov.) .... 3,3462 a Winter ,, ( after He ) eee. 2,4292 aa Summer fish realized about.........- ee.- 64s. Od. per hogshead. Autumn ,, WEEE We lsat erovetekoyechotateysieye 78s. Od. 33 Winter ,, fromepreeec 82s. to 92s. 6d. BouitHo, Pilchard Circular, 9th Feb: 1871. Fox, Pilchard Circular, 25th Feb: 1871. }¢ Fox, Pilchard Circular, 25th Feb., 1871. + 983 tons of mackerel—for the most part, taken within comparatively short distances of Scilly, were taken from Penzance and Saint Ives by the West Cornwall Railway between the 1st and the 21st of May 1871. § This estimate has been obligingly procured for me by Mr. William Roberts of Chyandour. || For this—as well as for the immediately preceding—statement, I am indebted to Mr. J. D. Sheriff, C.H., Engineer of the Cornwall and West Cornwall Railway. A2 1V Drift Fishery. Boats. Persons. Value of nets. Value of nets & boats. NGAI, GOH Goocoo ID o665 GBB code ZS YK) sssoac £42,900 Som Sooo do 44S oo GollB) oos5) BOSH coodon O70 Mota siren 635 2,462 £52,155 £139,690 In the two fisheries, therefore, 1,254 boats are engaged ;— 3,972 persons are employed ;— and a capital of £236,550 is invested in boats and nets. The following columns show the numbers of seans and boats in use, the numbers of persons employed, and the amount invested, at different places, in the Sean (Pilchard) Fishery. Coasts. Localities. Seans. | Boats.|Persons. We Remarks. (| PortTsaae. 32. 3.3... 2 8 18 | £1,000 ldlmrahyiM 6 bo ooo Fo05C 1 4 18 415 Mother Ivy & Trehidy.| 4] 12 40 | 1,410 INGEN, cooaKoco50Kd 9 | 465 162 | 5,000 PerranwPorbl selec AN ALD, 72 1,200 North < | Saint Agnes .......... 2 6 36 600 Saint Ives..... 4500000 es |) BY) 260 | 62,700 Gurnard’s-Head ...... 25 to 24 800 1 of the Sean- Sennen ....... eeesea|s 5) |) 2551) 62) | aly 775) eteerer mata L | steam-engine. falebenberthyyej i. ./s\e1 —_—_—_—__—__ waonmeg jofeuoy| wom |] ora | pansy | ane || gad? | gSe, | HO || to | wo. | emo out ‘HOVNNOL ‘SUGGWON SLLOd ‘STVLOL Jo syvog ut poXsojduy ||. : SNOSUAd ‘SLVOG re cH —! Teaur0g JO S}tod [e108 OY} UI OSN oF por04s1S0r WoT} eTOA 37B0q JO SLOG MINT POUOHMOUALOpUN OY} FVT} POMOYS ‘JUoUUBI[Aeg FO Lopxo Uv 0} UANIOEY v ‘G98| ‘requieded 381g oy} UG Viil 3,633 tons of Brocoli, and 2,591 of Potatoes were sent by railway from West Cornwall during the year which ended en the 30th ult.* In the fertile parish of Gulval and its immediate neighbour- hood there are now under culture— about twelve acres of onions,t elehtor ten 5, asparagus,— four _ pease,— three or four __,, carrots,— twelve sy strawberries,— seven raspberries, — twenty-five Hs gooseberries ; besides black currants, which thrive under the apple trees.t * For these particulars,—as well as for information that from the 1st to the 21st of May 221 tons of new potatoes were despatched in like manner, —I have to thank Mr. J. D. Sheriff C.H.; Engineer of the Cornwall and West Cornwall Railways. ; ‘From the neighbourhood of Roscoff two million Ibs. (893 tons) of onions are said to be sent to England only.” Patiiser, Brittany and its By-ways, p. 111. + For these interesting details I am indebted to the Reverend W. Wriothesley Wingfield, M.A.; Vicar of Gulval, and Chairman of the Guar- dians in the Penzance Union. “My. Thomas of Gulval estimates the extent and value of the Market- garden produce near Penzance as follows : Acres Waces Parp. VALUE OF CROP. Crop. a nions —o >is -_S @# tion. Peracre. Total. ||Per Acre. Total. IBTROGOIN ~gooqaaco 500 £4 | £2,000 £20 | £10,000 PRoiatoeseaeenrcie. 500 9 4,500 50 25,000 OmoOnds coco 6600 80 10 800 40 3,200 Asparagus ....0- 7 10 70 60 420 Gooseberries .... 50 8 400 30 1,500 Raspberries.....| 10 8 80 40 400 Black currants .. 25 8 200 35 875 £8,050 £41,395 Bourrno (W:) Address to the Western Cottagers Gardening Society (Cornish Telegraph) 31st August, 1870. Tee is now largely manufactured in the neighbourhood; principally for use in packing the mackerel sent to distant markets; but it has been sug- gested that the ground in which brocoli are planted, during summer, may be more cheaply and effectually moistened by the gradual thawing of slightly- covered bits of ice, than by watering the surface. The practice, however, is by no means a general one. Ix During the present year Mr. John Arthur Phillips—whose researches as a scientific miner do honour to Cornwall—has submitted the slates of Polgooth, Polmear, Dolcoath, Botallack, Delabole, and other parts of the County to careful microscopic examination and chemical analysis ;* a course of enquiry invol- - ving enormous toil, but which must some—lI fear at a distant—day ensure practical results of enduring value. Mr. Hunt’s periodical accountst of the produce of our quar- ries and mines, are so generally known and so justly appreciated that they call for no remark from me. As my labours amongst our metalliferous deposits have re- commended me to your notice, I feel it a duty to offer some account of our acquaintance with them. The metalliferous series of Cornwall comprehends—granite,— slate, possibly of more than one period, associated, in some places, with hornblendic rocks,—and elvan which occasionally appears in seemingly isolated{ masses, but usually forms broad (courses) dykes intersecting both granite and slate. The granite occurs in four principal—beside in several smaller—bodies ;§ slight differences of composition are not un- common ; but—excepting in particular districts—felspar, quartz, and mica are the principal ingredients; everywhere, however, schorl is more or less abundant. In some localities, at least, the felspar and the mica are of two kinds;]|| and in certain parts of the County the mica is replaced by talc. An ordinary granitic basis often includes large, coincidently-placed crystals of felspar ;** and these contain, not uncommonly, both mica and schorl.tt+ Microscopic cavities,—sometimes empty, but more frequently containing either liquid or gaseous matter,—have been detected * Lond: Edin: and Dublin Phil: Mag: xli., pp. 87-107. + Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (Mineral Statistics), 1870. + Thomas, (R.) Survey of the Mining District from Chasewater to Cam- borne, pp. 17, 49. Webb and Geach, History and Progress of Mining in the Caradon and Liskeard District, pp. 33, 36. § Boase, Cornwall Geol: Tran: iv., p. 362. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 148. || Haughton, Proceedings of the Royal Society, xvii., pp. 209-211. q Fitton, Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, iii., pp. 189-104. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 236. Henwood, Ibid, v., pp. 17, 44, 115-119. ‘Tt is reported that [Mr. Cookworthy] ... not far from 1755, .. . first discovered [China-stone] in Saint Columb Church, or rather in the Tower, which is built of stone from Saint Stephens.” PripEAvx, Relics of William Cookworthy,.p. 4.. ** Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 17, 145; viil., p. 682. ++ De la Beche, Report, p. 190. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v. _p. 145. Sorby, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xiv., p. 475. es in all three principal ingredients of Cornish granite.* The granite of Cornwall is, for the most part, coarse-grained, but in this re- spect it differs considerably in different places; for example, that of the Saint Just and Saint Ives districts has a much coarser texture than any other, whilst at Tregoning and Godolphin it is usually finer. Moreover the coarse-grained rock is often traversed by veins of a like substance but of finer texture. Sometimes also isolated spheroids of schorl rock are embedded in it. Two series of joints, which intersect nearly at right-angles, divide the granite into rude quadrangles; others, of intermediate directions, sub- divide it into triangles ; and a bedding—approximating, in various places, to the contour of the surfacet—often gives the rock a somewhat gneissose character. The slate, in a general way, rests on the granite at an angle of perhaps 20°-45°;{ but in some cases the junction is nearly vertical ;§ and in other the rocks interlie near their boundaries. || Not uncommonly, however, just on the line of junction, the granite becomes extremely fine-grained ; the slate, on the other hand is massive, and can be distinguished from the granite, merely by its darker colour. Veins of granite frequently penetrate the slate, and masses of either rock are sometimes embedded in the other.** One district, indeed,—a distant one from any yet known body of granite,—affords numerous rude granitic spheroids completely isolated in the slate.tt It is by no means easy to describe the mi- neralogical composition of the slates, as the proportions of their various ingredients are seldom constant over any considerable tract. It may, perhaps, be stated that felspar, chlorite, mica, schorl * Sorby, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xiv.; pp. 488, 500; Figs. 111, 112, 118, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120. + Mac Culloch, Geol: Trans: ii., p. 71. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 366. Hnys, London and Edinburgh Phil: Mag: ii., p. 322. Whitley, Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, xxxii., p. 31. Henwood, Corn- wall Geol: Trans: v., p. 171; viii., p. 672. + Thomas, (R.), Survey of the Mining District from Chasewater to Cam- borne, p. 10. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 151. Thomas, (C.), Remarks on the Geology of Cornwall and Devon, p. 19. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 151. || De Lue, Geological Travels} iii., p. 293. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: O.8., ii., p. 153, Pl. vii., Fig. 8. Thomas, (R.), Survey, p 10. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 148; viii., p. 658. Webb and Geach, History and Progress of Mining, &c., p. 67. q Davy, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 20. Forbes, Ibid ii., p. 258. Carne, Ibid ii., p. 326. Edmonds, Ibid iii., p. 332. Boase, Ibid iv., p. 391. Henwood, Ibid v., pp. 150-151. ** Forbes, Ibid ii., pp. 254, 256. ++ Henwood, v., pp. 36, 72, 157. Salmon, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, xvii., pp. 517-522. XI \ and hornblende are their principal constituents.* Near the granite they are mostly of green, brown, purple or violet hue; but at greater distances from it they are frequently of grey, *plueish- grey, deep blue, brownish-yellow or buff colour ; “and some of these, in distant parts of Cornwall, enclose organic remains.T - Certain slates are crystalline and cleave imperfectly, others show a thick-lamellar structure, many are highly fissile, and all are, more or less, interlaminated and veined with quartz. Intercalated bodies of hornblendic and felspathic rocks occur as broad bands of considerable range{ in some, but at isolated masses in other§ places. The planes of cleavage almost always dip from the granite, the various layers of slate thus mantle round the slopes of the granitic hills;|| but their laminz seldom dip so rapidly as the * Careful analysis of killas from various Cornish mines afforded the following results ;— Tron in MINES. Silica. | Alumina.] various Lime. Soda. Water. states. 50:8 19:8 6°53 1:2 1195) 3°2 IPOWOOU viele ~~ «00 \ to to to to to to §3°2 21 18°5 1:8 4:9 4-1 49-2, 22: 6:5 Polmear .ccc--s i to ts to \ 2-1 0:7 \ to 49-3 (29-1 6-6 20°7 4-3 1:9 3°3 Dolcoath «+ ' 67°3 { to to to to Heil 20°9 4-6 2-1 3-4 32°9 16°7 15:3 4- 0°6 371 Botallack....... to ' to to to to to 40-2 24° 20°8 5- 3°6 11-1 Potassa and titanic acid occurred in every case, but always in minute pro~ portions; magnesia also was ever present, but generally in small quantities ; except at Botallack where it amounted to from 6:4 to 11:6 per cent. Phosphoric acid was detected at Polgooth and Botallack; but the oxide of manganese and manganoso—manganic oxide were discovered nowhere but at Polgooth, and sulphur was found at Botallack only. Puruuies, (Joun AntHuR), Lond. Edin. and Dublin Phil: Mag: Fourth Series, xli., pp. 87-95. + Dela Beche, Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, pp. 82, 351. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 125, 158; Viii., p. 700. Peach, Ibid, vii., p. 104. ‘t Pryce, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, p . 76. Rogers, Cornwall Geol: Trans : aie pp. 218-220. Boase, Ibid, iv., pp. 208, 210, 306, 311. De la Beche, Re- port, pp. 79, 100. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans : Vili., p. 671. § Henwood, Reports of the Royal Institution of Cori naval, XXxiii., p. 39; Cornwall Geol: Trans : vili., p. 701. Giles, Ibid, vii., pp. 201, 205, 206. || Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans : iv., p. 365. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 144. _ Von Cotta, Ore Deposits (Translated by Prime), p. 403. xii line of junction between the different rocks. Joints maintaining different directions intersect the several varieties of slate; but whether they meet at similar angles to the joints which traverse the granite,* is, perhaps, matter for further inquiry. Elvan is, for the most part, disposed in veins or (courses) dykes, which sometimes measure a few feet only, but are commonly several fathoms, in width; occasionally also—though much less frequently—it occurs in isolated (bunches) masses.t Elvan-courses traverse granite as well as slate without interruption ; and, in one, well-known, instance, two Jodes, at least, are intersected by an elvan.t Elvan-courses frequently conform, both in direction and in dip to one series of joints in the rocks they penetrate ;§ but they rarely interlie the cleavage-planes of the slate.§ Off-shoots from them now and then—but less frequently than branches from. the Jodes—extend into the adjoining strata.|| Whilst in the slate they generally consist of compact felspar and quartz, mixed at times with schorl and—perhaps less frequently—with mica ; en- close buff, pink or dove-coloured crystals of felspar and double- pointed crystals of quartz which sometimes seem to have suffered attrition. During their course through the granite, felspar and quartz still prevail, mica and schorl abound, and imbedded crystals are still numerous, but the basis is mostly of finer grain than in the slate. In both rocks, however, the elvan is usually coarser and more porphyritic towards the middle than at the sides. Near the surface—especially in the slate series—concentric envelopes of ferruginous matter occasionally enwrap masses of rock which differ in no respect from the ordinary elvan which surrounds them.{ Joints without number traverse the elvans in all direc- tions, dividing them into small blocks of irregular shapes.** In some varieties these joints are faced with schorl; in other, with * Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., pp. 428-429. De la Beche, Report, pp. 272-274. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 168-174, Table 99; viil., pp. 673-674. + Borlase, Natural History, p. 92. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 95. Thomas, (R.), Report, pp. 17, 49. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 80. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 166; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 166; vill., p. 660; Pick and Gad, p. 52-54. Ante, p. 9. +t Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 151; Pl. v. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 128; Table lxxxv. § Henwood, Ibidv, p. 165. Holl, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxiv., p. 415. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 166. q Dela Beche, Report, pp. 173-192. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 160-168. ** Borlase, Natural History, p 92. Thomas, (R.), Report, p.17. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 401.. Henwood, Ibid v., p. 164; viii., p. 652. Xill ferruginous matter; and not uncommonly with felspathic clay. ’ Quartzose portions of the elvans contain microscopic cavities gene- rally similar to—but in some respects different from—those found in quartz where it is an ingredient of the granite; yet, like them, empty in some, but containing either liquid or gaseous matter in other places.* Throughout the Mining districts the elvans usually ~ bear a few degrees N. of E.—S. of w.;f but in other parts of Corn- wall they sometimes take a nearly meridianal{ direction. Their dips—averaging, perhaps, from 40° to 60°—are less than those of the Jodes which intersect them,§ but greater than the dips of the cleavage planes of the slates they intersect. The serpentine is traversed by veins which, at intervals, con- tain native copper ;|| but scarcely in sufficient quantity to give the rock a place in the metalliferous series. Tin-ore occurs in granules disseminated through, and in short, thin, veins intersecting, as well the granite™ as the elvan ;** and * Sorby, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xiv., pp. 485-488, Fig. 104-111. + Carne. Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 99; i1., p. 79. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 17. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., (1836), p. 83, De la Beche, Report, pp. 174, 178, 180, 182. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 160; vili., pp. 660-661. + Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 74, 75. Dela Beche, Report, p. 179. § Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 99; ii., p. 80. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 160, 161. || Rashleigh, British Minerals, i., p. 31, Pl. xvii., Figs. 3, 8. Majendie, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 33. De la Beche, Report, p. 98. Greg and Lett- som, Manual of Mineralogy, p. 304. Garby, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vii., p. 88. ~G Borlase, Natural History, p. 160. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 81. Jars, Voyages Métallurgiques, iii., p. 190. De Luc, Geological Travels, iii., p. 348. Berger, Geol. Trans., O.S., i., p. 120. Sedgwick, Trans: Cam- bridge Phil: Soc: i., pp. 104-105; Geol: Trans: iii., p. 453; Address to the Geological Society, Phil: Mag: and Annals, ix., p. 284. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 92. Von Oeynhausen and Von Dechen, Phil: Mag: and Annals, v., pp. 241-242. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., pp. 239-240. Hawkins, Ibid, p. 476. Davey, Ibid, pp. 484-485. De la Beche, Report, pp. 190, 346, 347. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 15, 20, 53, 94, 119, 122, 132, 146; viii., pp. 664-666. Similar deposits of tin-ore in the granite of other countries have been described by—Jars, Voyages Métallurgiques, iii. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 39,40. Manés, Annales des Mines, viii., (1823), pp. 513, 515, 520; 1x., pp. 283-287, 463-466. Tremenheere, (G.B.), Cornwall Geol: Trans: Vi., pp. 73, 74. Van Diest, Banca, (Translated by Foster), pp. 53, 62. Von Cotta, Ore-deposits (Translated by Prime), pp. 106, 123-124, 382. Gold-like tin-ore is disseminated through the granite of various countries. Herbert, Asiatic Researches, i., p. 236. Murchison, De Verneuil, and Von Keyserling, Geology of Russia, i., p. 483. Clarke, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xi., p. 403. Selwyn, Ibid, xiv., p. 536. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii., p. 175. ** Borlase, Natural History, p.91. Rashleigh, British Minerals, ii., XIV less mixed with the rock but aggregated on similar lines, and thus forming veinules equally minute in the slate.* Copper and several of its ores impregnate the granite,t elvan,t and slate§ im much the same manner as tin-ore impreg- nates them, but less frequently. Neither the particles which are scattered through the rocks nor the minute veins which intersect them are, however, of much —if, indeed, they are of any—economic importance. In Cornwall the principal repositories of metals and ores are the Jodes,|| which consist in great measure of quartz; but—ex- tending, without let or interruption, through every rock of the metalliferous series, and partaking the mineral character of each in its turn—always contain more or less felspar also. Notwith- standing the works. in adjoming mines{ often extend for con- siderable distances on Jodes in corresponding directions, it is by no means certain that any one individual lode has been traced for more than about a mile in length. In fact, every lode throws off (so to speak) into the adjoining rocks branches and. strings in such abundance that instead of a single champion-lode,** it and its con- geners form rather a complex and irregular net-work of veins. Often, too, the lode first discovered dwindles to a mere line, whilst some of its off-shoots enlarge, and equal, or even exceed, both in size and richness, the vein from which they have separated. It is, perhaps rather more common for lodes to split as they are followed eastward, than the contrary. It is by no means unusual for them to divide immediately at their intersection by a cross- vein ; on one side of which they appear united, but on the other in several branches. The lodes and branches which thus traverse the rock,—although they are not accurately parallel,—may, on a p. 5., Pl. ii., Figs. 1,2. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 140. Carne, Ibid, ii., p. 79. Dela Beche, Report, p. 175. Henwood, Cornwall Geol. Trans., V., pp. 31, 37, 38, 85, 164-165. * Rashleigh, British Minerals, ii., p. 6, Pl. ii, Fig. 5. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: li., p. 84. Boase, Ibid, iv., pp. 251-253, 440. De la Beche, Report, pp. 316, 317. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 101, 135, 238-240; Pl. xi., Figs. 1, 2, 3. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 73. + De la Beche, Report, p. 182. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 73, 98, 239. || Borlase, Natural History, pp. 142, 147. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 77-95. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 126-133. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 51. Boase, Ibid, iv., pp. 439-442. De la Beche, Report, p. 318. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 174-1753 vili., pp. 675, 705-706. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, pp. 26, 412. q Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 175. ** The larger lodes are provincially called Champion-lodes. XV large scale, and as a general fact be regarded to coincide in direc- ’ tion; but they dip at diverse angles, and sometimes different ways, and thus often intersect. Such intersections are neither peculiar to one rock, nor to veins affording merely one kind of ore ; for some occur in granite, other in slate, several yield tin- ore only, many afford copper-ore alone, and a few contain both. © The results of these interferences are as various as the conditions under which they occur; sometimes they unite and continue to- gether for considerable distances, but at length separate; not uncommonly one is displaced (heaved) horizontally or (thrown) vertically by another; and now and then both seem disordered, and to have lost their distinctive characters near the point of their intersection. As a general fact the lodes which contain a mixture of tin and copper ores are wider than those which afford either ore alone. Moreover /odes maintain a greater average width in slate than in granite, and within one hundred fathoms of the surface than at greater depths.* On passing from one rock to another, and from riches to poverty, the widths of /odes frequently change ;f under ordinary circumstances, however, each individual lode commonly maintains a characteristic breadth.t The direc- tions of the Jodes,§ in different mining districts, are neither per- fectly identical, nor—owing to slightly unconformable flexures in confronting parts of neighbouring Jodes—are those of even the same district strictly parallel. Indeed, central parts of the county, are traversed by—so to speak, two systems—the Champion-lodes and the Cauwnter-lodes, each of which maintains its own normal * Todes which yield the ores of tin and copper average 4:7 feet in width; a 6 EINE OLE hater) or otct oy shaver sk che By BO) on ay Ig i copper-ore .......... za 220 ieee . 3 in granite.........- COO ODUD SOC UmO OS 3 Sole 3 ar LY SAL ese AGA Wie oy Manat era 35 Sah iy 5% at less than 100 fathoms deep...... oy 3-9. 53 BUM ONS Le We col uninmT A Milast t ksteh ete tare 3° ep + Borlase, Natural History, p. 152. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 79. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 116. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 19. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 88, 95, 105. Boase, Ibid, iv., p. 444; Primary Geology, p. 171. Taylor, Reports Brit: Ass: (1833), p. 4. Burr, Mining Review, ii., p. 217. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 84. Phillips, (Prof.), Geology, (Lardner’s Cyclopxdia), p. 129. De la Beche, Report, p. 343. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 241-2438; Vili., p. 677. t Ibid, v., p. 241. : § Borlase, Natural History, p. 145. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 80. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 113. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 19. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 85. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Poly- technic Society, iv., p. 83. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 302-309. Buckland, XV1 range ;* and in the westernmost region the Jodes show a certain de- gree of divergence.t But notwithstanding there is scarcely a point of the compass towards which some lode or other does not trend ;+ and that—whilst the Jodes in many tracts have, amongst them- selves, an approximate coincidence—their mean directions in the several districts are materially different ;§ the average bearing throughout the County is about 5° N. of E—s. of w.,§ a range not materially different from that of the granite which appears at intervals between Dartmoor and the Land’s-end; and, perhaps, not altogether unlike the course of a line drawn through the centre of Cornwall.|| The lodes—presenting as many flexures in their downward as in their onward course{l—vary in dip from even less than 45° to 90°, and, perhaps, average about 70° from the horizon.** Instances of /odes dipping oppositely in different parts of their range—though not unknown—are infrequent.}{ In. Bridgewater Treatise, ii., p. 108. Burr. Practical Geology, p. 286. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 174, 250-254; viii., p. 674, 704. Hopkins, (H.), Geology and Terrestrial Magnetism, p. 47. Whitney, Metallic Wealth of the United States, p. 206. Thomas, (C.), Geology of Cornwall and Devon, p-5 Moissenet, Annales des Mines, 6me Série, ii., pp. 161-171. Webb and Geach, Caradon and Liskeard District, p.5. Von Cotta, Ore Deposits, p. 407. * Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 85. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 83. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: Wy 195 eos + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 251, Table ciii. + Ibid, v., Table ciii. § The mean direction of the lodes in the different districts of Cornwall, is SAIN eT Stimpetarelereteters etetere stedsteveb ei 35° 8. of H.—N. of W. SalMGeviesiearaes cielsie!s sretevers eiteren eres 8° §. of H.—N. of W. Marazion ...... cisusteicious sie iatevestes 1° N. of E.—S. of W. Giwil C B YSN OCC lace reifols sexe seisieicre sierevere teks 2° 8. of E.—N. of W. Helston ...... cobgcaob oO dCONOGOE 16° N. of H.—S. of W. | Charm Nore, C4E566000006000005 -.-. 20° N. of E.—S. of W. Rear tla se saercireieicievereeteiele albnereotis 22° N. of E.—S. of W. SAlMiMACIN OS Merceevenciototercrelel telerik: 22° N. of E.—S. of W. SamntpArs tellers cjersrepelereverereereroteroeve 13° N. of E.—S. of W. Caradonenerier SABI Bivlecedsiameveesete 18° N. of E.—S of W. MavaStock Cowes staveterervercisie sere ote 9° N. of E.—S. of W. Ibid, v., p. 250; viii., p. 674. || Boase, Ibid, iv., p. 362. Dela Beche, Report, p. 309. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 251. q Borlase, Natural History, p, 152. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 80. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 115. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 19. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 89, 92, 97, 106, 8322. Fox, Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 85. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 245-249; viii., pp. 674, 704. «* Ibid, p. 247. ++ Thomas, (R.), Report, pp. 33, 44,54. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: li., p. 97, 98. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 247. XVI1i obedience, without question, to some law yet unrecognized—the veins—whether Jodes* or cross-cowrses*—dip much more frequently towards, than from the granite; and—as well in the United Statest as in this country{—the veins which maintain a direction nearly meridianal,§ are, on the whole,—whatever their mineral char- acter—more highly inclined than such as range transversely|| to them. odes intersecting dissimilar rocks obliquely to the lines of their junctions, are sometimes slightly deflected,1 and occa- sionally pass for short distances between them ;** but they suffer no interruption, and soon resume their normal directions. Gene- rally speaking the junctions of different rocks occupy corre- sponding positions in both sides (walls) of lodes ;++ but this is not always the case; for the identical rocks which confront in the opposite cheeks of divers lodes during much of their horizontal and vertical range, occupy widely different positions,—whether they form the northern{{ or the southern,§§ the upper'||| (Aanging- wall) or the lower] (foot-wall)—sides of the selfsame lodes in * Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 246, 277, Tables cii., cv.; viii., pp. 675, 682. Postea p. 28. + Ibid, viii., p. 408. + Thomas, (R.), Report, pp. 19, 21. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 86 Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 247, 277; viii., pp. 408, 675, 682, 704, 715. § Ibid, v., p. 277; viii., p. 408, 682, 704. || Thid, v., p. 247; viil., p. 408, 675, 715. Postea p. 28. q Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 85. Hen- wood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: V., p. 201. ** De Luc, Geological Travels, iii., p. 293. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: li., p. 155. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 43. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 93, 104, 105, 318, 319. Hawkins, Ibid, ii., p. 378. Henwood, Phil: Mag: and Annals, x., p. 360; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 192, 196-201; viii., pp. 657-660. De la Beche, Report, p. 332. Boase, Primary Geology, p. 176. Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, i., p. 388. Webb and Geach, Cara- don and Liskeard District, p. 67. ++ De Luc, Geological Travels, iii., p. 293. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 72. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 201. Thomas, (C.), Geology of Cornwall and Devon, p. 19, Pl. iii. Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, i., p. 385-388, Pl.. v. +t Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 45. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 379. Henwood, Phil: Mag: and Annals, x., p. 362; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 198, 200; viii., p. 657. §§ Ibid, v., pp. 196, 197, 198, 200. \l|| _Toéd, v., pp. 81, 196, 197, 198. qq Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 45. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 379. Henwood, Phil: Mag: and Annals, x., p. 362; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 198, 200; viii., pp. 657, 659, 660. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 93. ‘‘The strata are highest on the (ledger) lower side of the vein, and lowest on the (hanger) upper side.” Puiuuies, (JoHN), Geology of Yorkshire, ii., p. 111. B Xvill other parts of their course. Moreover, portions of similar rocks occupy different positions on the opposite boundaries of many-lodes ; whilst numerous beds and veins, of unlike character, appear in one side only but have no existence in the other.* Both in structure and composition the lodes are closely related to the rocks immediately adjoining them. Their structure, like that of the rocks, seems in some measure dependent on their mineral characters. Where their composition is most uniform they consist chiefly of quartz; and there—as in the homogeneous clay-slates—a jointed structure fre- quently prevails ;t but in the more mixed and heterogeneous— which also form the largest portions of the /odes—this character is less common. The quartzose parts are often traversed by joints having the same directions as the Jodes themselves; which are thus divided lengthwise into subordinate veins, plates, or combs. These joints, however, do not long continue distinct and apart, for like joints in the rocks, they curve, unite, separate, and again fall together ; thus dividing the substance of the /odes into irre- gular plates or slices, which generally thin-off above, below, and at the ends, whilst the thicker portions of some adapt themselves to the thinner portions of others. When the lodes comcide in direction with the joints of the rocks, they appear to be bounded by smooth walls ; but when the joints disappear, and—as in many, if not in most, cases—there is a gradual transition between the vein-stones and the containing (Country) rocks, the walls are said to be rough. The lodes not only afford instances of a jointed struc- ture parallel to their strike, but they are frequently traversed by cross-joints also;§ and examples of thick lamination, or horizontal bedding are not uncommon. Near the separation between the lodes and the Country the joints are frequently filled with (flucan) unctuous clay;|| and this—hke the (Slickensides) glossy surfaces of copper-pyrites, iron-pyrites, galena and other ores—is often scored with curved, crooked and unconformable striz, which —within short distances—not only dip differently—often indeed * Boase, Primary Geology, pp. 174-178. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 50, 196, 197; vili., pp. 702-703, Fig. 32. + Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 95. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: Von 19> U7 t Boase, Ibid, iv., p. 448; Primary Geology, p.179. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 90. De la Beche, Report, p. 339. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 179-182; viii., pp. 680-681. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 416. § Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 95. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 64, 120. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 181. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 93. || Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 93. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 90. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 181. < X1x oppositely, but frequently interlace whilst intersecting the vein- stones.* Portions of many lodes—from enclosing bodies identical in character with the rocks immediately adjoiming them—have a brecciated appearance. These are not uncommon in granite and elvan ; but they are more conspicuous in the slate, and especially - in the fossiliferous strata of East Cornwall. In some instances they form short vein-like bodies, in other they occur as angular masses ; occasionally they are sharply defined, whilst, frequently, they seem connected by almost imperceptible transitions with the ingredients which surround them. Here and there they are en- veloped in successive accretions of quartz, each distinguished. by some peculiarity of structure or hue; and small cavities studded with minute botryoidal concretions of agatine structure sprinkled with various crystals occur at intervals between them. When they consist of slaty matter the planes of their cleavage often— though not always—coincide with those of the neighbouring rock ; but where they are composed of granite or elvan their re- semblance to the other vein-stones is so close that their relations cannot be so well ascertained.t Between these—of which many are of scarcely more than microscopic dimensions,—and the masses (horses) which—widening from mere lines to many feet or even fathoms, and frequently attainmg great length and depth—may be said rather to split, than to be contained in, the lodes,t it is difficult, if not impossible to draw a distinction§ ; in all, however, the mineral characters are identical with those of the immediately contiguous rocks. Moreover, when such phenomena occur at the contact of different rocks,|| the planes of their junctions in the en- closed (horses) exactly confront their counterparts in the (Country) sides (walls) of the branches of lodes by which they are enclosed. In almost every part of Cornwall certain Jodes contain at intervals * Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 161; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 53, 172, 181-182. + Carne, Phil: Trans: xevii., p. 294; Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 61,94. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 128. Rule, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 225. Boase, Ibid, iv., pp. 283, 287, 291. Taylor, (J.), Reports of the British Association, iil., p. 20. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: So- ciety, iv., p. 84. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 322-325. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 210-212; vili., pp. 712-714. Salmon, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xvii., p. 519. t Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 96. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 128. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 441; Primary Geology, p. 179. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 108. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 155; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 176, 188; Vilil., p. 712. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 412. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 211. || Sedgwick, Trans: Cambridge. Phil: Society, i., p. 122. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 189. B 2 xx rough spheroidal and globular masses of either granite,* slate,t elvan,t quartz,§ galena,|| copper-pyrites,7 or tin-ore,** “which are frequently enveloped in successive accretions, either of the same,*t}§ or of different,}+ substances. Moreover in masses of uniform composition, one extremity is sometimes of schistose structure, whilst the other is made up of successive hemispheroidal layers.tt In many cases, however, no aggregation of successive, concentric, layers seems to have taken place” since the spheroidal masses assumed their present forms.§§ Cavities (vughs), of larger or smaller dimensions, occur, in some part or other, of every lode; and beside these, the quartz of some veins contains microscopic cavities, which number “ upwards of a” thousand mil- lions in one cubic inch.|||| In their composition the lodes always partake the nature of the immediately contiguous rock ;4 4 and thus in the granite and elvan felspar prevails ;§[§ yet in both quartz is * Edmonds, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iii., p. 332. Carne, Ibid, iii., p. 238. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 166; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 40, 183. Salmon, Quarterly Journal of the Geol: Society, XvVii., p. 518. e + Carne, Phil: Trans: xevii., p. 293; Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 94. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 166; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 40, 183. De la Beche, Report, p. 322. Boase, Primary Geology, pa 115. + Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 166; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 38, 87, 183. 4 § De la Beche, Report, p. 322. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: p. 183; Table vi. || Ibid, viii., p. 703. q Ibid, v., p. 183. ** Carne, Ibid, iv., p. 100. Honey Report of the Miners’ Association, 1867, p. 55. ++ Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 184. ++ Carne, Phil: Trans: xevii., p. 293; Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 94; iit. p. 100. Henwood, Edin: "New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 166; Corn- wall Geol: Trans: v., p. 183. Salmon, Quarterly Journal of the Geol: So- ciety, Xvil., pp. 517-522. Henty, Report of the Miners’ Association, 1867, p. 55. §§ Sorby, Quarterly Journal of the Geol: Society, xiv,, p. 474. \||| Carew, Survey of Cornwall, £.10. Borlase, Natural History, p. 148. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iii., p. 80. Boase, Ibid, iv., p. 442. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 85. Dela Beche, Report, p. 318. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 190. Von Cotta, Ore- Deposits, p. 412. qq Jars, Voyages Métallurgiques, iii., p. 194. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 88. Henwood, Ibid, v., pp. 186, 226; viii., pp. 675-680. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 212. Xxi also abundant,* and in the slate it predominates.t Between the lodes and the rocks they traverse, however, a transition, or—so to speak—an assimilation often takes place so gradually that no ab- solute line of demarkation can be drawn. Large portions of the _lodes which intersect the fossiliferous slates of East Cornwall, con- . sist of very white{ crystalline quartz abounding in drusy cavi- ties lined with crystals. The superficial parts of many—perhaps of most—lodes abound in earthy iron-ore of pale-yellow, brick- red, or dark-brown hue, mixed with quartz of, more or less, granular character (gossan).§ And whatever may be the principal produce of the Jodes elsewhere tin-ore is not uncommonly sprinkled through these ingredients.|| When tin-lodes traverse the granite their most productive vein-stones are pale-greenish or brownish- red felspar, confusedly crystalline, but rarely in distinct crystals, mixed with quartz and schorl; sometimes, however, schorl and quartz are abundant ingredients; and now and then quartz prevails; the tin-ore generally occurs in crystalline granules, which seldom exceed the size of pease and are usually of almost microscopic smallness ;1 but, for short distances, minute strings of cussiterite and schorl occasionally intersect the other constituents.** * Berger, Geol: Trans: i., p- 176. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 87, 95. Boase, Ibid, iv., p. 441. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 98. Dela Beche, Report, p. 340, Fig. 62. Henwood, Corn- wall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 185, 226, 229; vill., p. 675-680. Von Cotta, Ore- Deposits, p. 412. + Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 87, 95. Henwood, Ibid, v., pp. 184, 228, 229; vill., pp. 677, 706; Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 156. De la Beche, Report, pp. 340-341, Fig. 63, 64. + Microscopic cavities in the quartz of veins ‘‘are the chief cause of the very unusual whiteness of the mineral?” Sorpy, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xiv., p. 474... § Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 88-89. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans : ii., p. 117. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 95, 122. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 95. De la Beche, Report, p. 326. Hen- wood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 204-208, 226-227; viii., p. 676-678, 707. Thomas, (C.), Geology of Cornwall and Devon, pp. 5, 19. || Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 117. Thomas, (B.), Report p. 20. Carne, Cornwall! Geol: Trans: ii., p. 102, Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 85. Dela Beche, Report, p. 326. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: V., pp. 205, 226; vili., p. 677. Von Cotta, Ore- Deposits, p. 413. q Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 226. ** Jars, Voyages Métallurgiques, iii., p. 190. Sedgwick, Trans: Cam- bridge Phil: Society, i., p. 108; Geol: Trans: iii., p. 483; Phil: Mag: and Annals, ix., p. 284. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 84, 92. Von Oeynhausen and Von Dechen, Phil: Mag: and Annals, v., p. 241. De la Beche, Report, p. 346, Fig. 67. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 288. _ Hawkins, Ibid, iv., p. 476. Henwood, Ibid, v., pp. 15, 119, 226. B 3 Xxil Tin-lodes when in slate consist mostly of quartzose slate (capel),* chlorite, quartz and schor! in thin alternations, frequently mixed with quartz, and usually much contorted ;f the tin-ore is inter- spersed amongst these substances even more minutely than where it is associated with granitic minerals; and is, almost invariably mixed with larger proportions of other ores.{ The Jlodes which yield copper-ore in granite almost always contain gossan near the surface, and sometimes to considerable depths.§ The quartz they include is, perhaps, scarcely so (sugary) granular minutely divided as in the slate, but it opens in small irregular masses which crumble under a slight pressure. The numberless cavities which penetrate this slightly coherent ingredient often contain earthy brown iron-ore, felspathic clay, earthy black copper-ore and mala- chite, at greater depths fluor is not an uncommon vein-stone, earthy black copper-ore is frequently succeeded by vitreous copper, and this by copper-pyrites || One of the principal districts was anciently wrought for the tin-ore it afforded near the surface ; but downward the tin was gradually replaced by copper, of which, in fact, it proved to be one of the richest and most extensive reposi- tories in Cornwall ;§ yet deeper, however, tin-ore re-appeared,** and for sometime it has been almost the only product} of the neighbourhood. The lodes which yield copper-ore in slate contain— large quantities of soft, drusy, yellow or pale-brown, earthy iron- ore,—blende occasionally to some amount,—tin-ore frequently, though in small proportions,—and masses of galena at intervals ; iron-pyrites is often abundant. Their earthy ingredients are mostly quartz (which in favourable situations is often friable), mixed sometimes with (prian) felspathic clay, less frequently with chlorite, and now and then with fluor. Near the surface these * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 90. Phillips. (W.), Geo’: Trans: ii., p. 119. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 87. Boase, Ibid, iv., p. 448. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 156; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 183, 220. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 87. {+ Conybeare, (J. J.), Annals of Philosophy, v., N.S., p. 189. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., pp. 244, 250. Henwood, Ibid, v., p. 228. + Ibid, v., p. 228. § Ibid, v., p. 227. || Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 88, 91. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: i., p. 25; i., pp. 117,119 Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 95. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., pp. 95, 96. Dela Beche, Re- port, p. 326. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 206, 207, 227; viii., pp. 678-680. 4 Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., pp. 252, 256, 259; ii., pp. 428, 430, 432, 434, 436; iii., pp. 342, 344, 346, 348, 351. ** Carne, Ibid, ii., p. 102. Henwood, Ibid, v., Table li. ++ Thomas, (J.) and Henwood, Journal of the Royal Institution of Corn- wall, iii., pp. 191-197. Hunt, Mineral Statistics, 1867, p. 5; 1868, p. 5. XX1i are generally sprinkled with iron-pyrites, earthy black copper-ore and malachite, which are succeeded by vitreous copper, and at length all are replaced by copper-pyrites.* But notwithstanding the ores of tin and of copper usually affect different Jodes, and indeed different rocks,+ they are intimately mixed} in some of the largest and most productive mines. The ores of lead § mostly occur at some distance from the granite; and are limited to groups of Jlodes traversing schistose rocks, which are some- times fossiliferous. || Notwithstanding the rarity of symmetrical arrangement in the constituents of lodes, one ingredient (the leader), or an admixture of ingredients, sometimes maintains a certain continuity for considerable lengths and depths; but at least as frequently the various components are irregularly mingled. It has been already stated that compact portions of the lodes are chiefly siliceous; and that sometimes they may be entirely of quartz; yet now and then the whole substance is metallic. The alteration from poverty to riches, however, is seldom a sudden one; for on the outskirts of rich bodies of ore, granules, small masses, and short thin branches impregnate the vein-stone.™ The * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 88, 91. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 117, 119. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i1., p. 95. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 97. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 326-327. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 226, 228; viii., p. 676. Smyth (Perey) Metallurgy, i., pp. 313-314. + Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p.75. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxil., p. 157. Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 190-194; viii., p. 680. De la Beche, Report, p. 327. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 418. + Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 92. Klaproth, Fossils of Cornwall, pp. 21, 42-58. Berger, Geol: Trans: i., p. 167. Phillips, (W.), Ibid, ii., p. 154. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 20. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 95. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 207; viii., p. 677-678. § Borlase, Natural History, p. 210. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 58. Klaproth, Fossils of Cornwall, p. 30. Polwhele, Cornwall, iv., p. 134. Berger, Geol: Trans: i., p. 173. Lysons, Cornwall, ccix. C. 8. Gilbert, Corn- wall, i., p. 259. Hitchins and Drew, Cornwall, i., p. 624. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 120; i1., pp. 112,118. Michell, Manual of Mineralogy, pp. 9,14. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 193. Davies Gilbert, Corn- wall, iii., p. 47. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 101. De la Beche, Report, pp. 284, 287, 610-612. Hunt, Mineral Statistics, Passim. Allen, History of Liskeard, pp. 421, 422, 425, 426, 431, 432. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp 54, 108, 140, 193, 255, 268; viii., pp. 707-711, 720; Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, XXXI1l., pp. 39-43. Giles, Cornwal! Geol: Trans: vii., pp. 200-207. Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, li., pp. 78-84, 211- 218. Webb and Canale. Caradon and Liskeard District, pp. 16-24, 26-27, 36-38. || Nearly, if not quite, forty years ago, an neni was discovered by the late Mr. W. Mansel Tweedy—sometime President of the Royal Institution of Cornwatl,—in slate adjoining the lode at Goonhavern in Perranzabuloe. 4 Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 208-210; viil., pp. 679, 708. XX1V proportions of tin and of copper obtained by the smelter from crude vein-stone extracted by the miner were respectively -esti- mated in ; 1778, proportion of tin in ore 0-020381* proportion of copper in ore 0-020000* 1862, 5 0:013000+4+ ” 0:0212504§ 1869, the ores of the most productive tin-mine afforded ...... 0:013000,+|| their weight of metal.q It is a remarkable fact that in all dodes, whatever may be the nature of their produce, the parts most highly inclined are always the most productive.** Most bodies (courses), as well of tin, as of copper-ore have within their respec- tive lodes an endlong dip or shooi,tt which usually approximates * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 186. + Moissenet, Annales des Mines, 6me Série, i1., p. 252. + The tin-ore of Cornwall affords on an average (13 parts in 20) 0.650000 its weight of metal. gs The mean percentage of metal obtained from the copper-ores of Cornwall is (64) 0:061250 its weight. Hunt, Mining Statistics, 1857-1867. || Thomas, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, ii1., p. 198. q On the southern shore of Lake Superior—the vein-stones of— The Northwest mine afforded .. 0:013600 their weight of native copper, Clift 96 y»- «- 0:163000 53 ins Waurrtney, Metallic Wealth of the United States, p. 271. Dg Henwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viil., p. 485. At Chanarcillo in Chili the vein-stones of the Colorada mine during 1855- 1856 yielded from 0-012964 to 0:012966 their weight of silver. Henwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii., p. 97. In North Wales, the vein-stones at Clogau yielded from 0-000002 to 0:045765 and averaged 0:000048 their weight of gold. Henwoon, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii., p. 641. Table xxii. At Berezovsk in the Ural the vein-stones wrought from 1745 to 1841 yielded on an average 9.000013 their weight of gold. : Mourcuison, Dr Vernevit and Von Keysurtine, Russia in Hurope, i., p. 476. Their weight of Gold. In Nova Scotia, various vein-stones yielded from 0:000025 to 0-000032 >, Virginia, 6 5 » 0°000005 ,, 0:035659 », Brazil, the vein-stones of Catta Branca ,, 0:000007 ,, 0:000019 in - Morro Velho’ ,, 0:000010 ,, 0:000036 i ‘ Agoa Quente ,, 0:000001 ,, 0-016988 & An Don Pedro », 0:000008 ., 0:002364 a - Gongo Soco », 0:000001 ,, 0:521173 Henwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii., pp. 179-384. Table xxii. ++ Thomas, Report, p. 20. Henwood, Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 158; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 231; viil., p. 705. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 87. Burr, Mining Review, ii., p. 169. De la Beche, Report, p. 324. ++ Henwood, Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 157; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 193. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 95. De la Beche, Report, p. 336. XXV to the contour and bedding of the neighbouring granite* and to the inclination of the cleavage-planes in the adjacent slates.+ In each of our several mining districts the lodes are productive on similar lines taken at right-angles to their respective directions ; hence the phrase “ore against ore;”{ but as the directions of - the lodes vary in different districts, the directions of these pro- ductive lines are not always the same.§ odes and branches are often rich at their junctions; particularly if they interfere— whether horizontally or vertically—at acute angles.|| And where joints in the rock unite with them on the line of their dip they are sometimes productive. ‘The separation of veins and joints— on the contrary—tends to poverty. odes of soft or granular character, on encountering rocks of more than ordinary hardness, split into branches ;4| or 1t may be said—with perhaps equal accu- racy—that the entire body, as well of lode as of (country) rock as- sumes, for some distance, a veined structure. On the other hand, similar appearances sometimes attend the passage of lodes through unusually soft strata.** Generally speaking, however, hardish rocks are more congenial to tin, than to copper, lodes.tt Both in granite and in elvan a well-defined porphyritic structure is a most unpromising character ;{{ whilst a gradual blending of the in- cluded crystals with the basis is, in both rocks, considered an en- couraging circumstance.§§ ‘Transverse joints appear to exercise an * Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 94. Boase, [bid, iv., pp. 350, 366. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 158; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 45, 194; vili., p. 672. De la Beche, Report, p. 336. + Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 95. De la Beche, Report, p. 336. : * Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iii., p. 78. Henwood, Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxil., p. 157; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp 215-219. Fox, Reporis of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 88. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 215-234. || Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 103. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 115. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 100. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 87. Burr, Mining Review, iii., p. 176. De la Beche, Report, p. 233. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 233. Von Cotta, Ore- Deposits, p. 420. q Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 104. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 17. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 331-332. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 212, 221; viil., p. 677. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 419. ** Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 2138. tt Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 95. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 117. De la Beche, Report, p. 836. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 226-229. - The harder are much richer than the softer portions of the great auri- ferous deposit at Morro Velho in Brazil. Ibid, viii., pp. 199-206, Tables Vii., xxii. t{ Ibid, v., p. 225. Thomas, (C.), Geology of Cornwall and Devon, p. 16. §§ Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 225; vili., p. 663. XXV1 unfavourable influence on the produce of lodes ; bodies (courses) of ore sometimes terminating abruptly at a joint.* The cleavage- planes of the slates are almost invariably contorted whenever the rock is quartzose; in such cases it is usually fissile, and the la- minee are highly inclined ; either of these conditions is accounted inauspicious. On the other hand, when the planes of cleavage are free from curvature and moderately inclined, and when the rock is of thick-lamellar structure, the Jodes which traverse it may hold out fair promise. The fissile slates are frequently hard ; whilst the thick-bedded varieties are usually much softer. For several years past the chief produce of two, almost ad- joining tin-mines of great importance has been obtained trom deposits,{ of which examples are yet unknown in other parts of Gorwalll They all anastomose with lodes ; and these, in the two most notable instances, bear 17°—25° S. ‘of EN. of W., one being nearly perpendicular, the other generally dipping S. At their contact with the lodes, to which these repositories are respec- tively united, one of them measures no more than a few inches in height and width, but the other is some fifteen fathoms in vertical extent and about five feet wide. From this contact one bears about 35° 8. of E.—N. of W., the other perhaps 25° 8. of E.— N. of W.; in their devious ranges, however, one preserves a certain parallelism with,—and occasionally touches and enriches, —a (lrawn) cross-vein; whilst the other takes the course of,—and now and then grazes—a lode, which is sometimes productive, not- withstanding its approximation to the strike of neighbouring cross- veins. In different parts of the considerable distances throughout which both have been explored, they vary from a few inches to at least sixty feet, as well in width as in height; thus lacking that great vertical range which is so essential a character of all Jodes, and resembling rather the pipe-veins§ of Carboniferous districts, in that they are bounded above, below, and on both sides, by barren (Country) rocks. Both decline towards the S. Dy § the one about ten, the other nearly eight, degrees. Their principal earthy constituents are quartz, schorl, and felspar ; their matrix, how- * Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 93. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 25, 225. + Carne, Jbid, iii., p. 81. Dela Beche, Report, p. 336. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 225. Thomas, (C.), Geology of Cornwall and Devon, p. 20. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 419. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 21-24, Table xvi., Pl. ii., Fig. 4,5; Ibid, vii., pp. 179-184, Table i., Pl. viii., Fig. 1, 2,3. Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, iii., pp. 139-148, Fig. 11, 12, 13, 14. § Forster, Section of the Strata from Newcastle to Cross Fell, pp. 246 to 249, 256. Wuuitney, Metallic Wealth of the United States, pp. 413-414. XXV1 ever, contains the first two in larger, but the last in smaller, pro- portion than the vein-stones of adjacent tin-lodes. The bunches, threads, vein-like masses, and other off-shoots from all sides of both, together with their numerous reticulations in the contiguous rock, form no unimportant addition to their produce. Between- them and the containing granite a gradual assimilation sometimes takes place; but from one to the other, the passage is often abrupt and mmediate. Metallic matter is, perhaps, distributed less uni- formly in them than in the neighbouring Jodes; but portions of both have been exceedingly rich. Similar, but smaller, off-shoots spring from the lodes of several neighbouring mines; but those (the so-called Carbonas*) of the Saint [ves Consolidated + and of the Providence mines only have been wrought to advantage ; of these only, the produce during the last forty years has, however, realized more than one million and a half sterling. Masses of felspathic, schorlaceous, and quartzose matter, more or less mixed with tin-ore,{ are sometimes isolated in the granite of the same region. A numerous and an important, though generally an unpro- ductive, class of veins, is known as Gwides§ in one district, as Trawns\| 1 another, and—as quartz or clay is their chief consti- tuent—as Cross-courses™ and Flucans** elsewhere. Now and then * This term—an unknown one in any other part of the County—was applied, some sixty years since, to a similar formation wrought in the ad- joining mine of Rosewall-Hill. Whether the prevalent opinion that it was a cant word then current in the neighbourhood, is, or is not, correct we have now no means of ascertaining; but there seems little doubt that it was first employed by persons who were unacquainted with the ancient language of Cornwall. + Fine specimens of blistered copper-pyrites and magnificent crystals ' of vitreous copper are still obtained from this deposit. + Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 31. Henwood, /bid, v., p. 20. Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, v., p. 261. § Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 109, 323. Henwood, Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p..159. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 93. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 19. q Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 98. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 21. Phil- lips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 184. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 85, 107. Henwood, Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 159; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 278-281, Table 106; viil., p. 681. Fox, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 83. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 301, 303, 305, 306, 307. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 407. ** Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 100 Berger, Geol: Trans: i., p. 165. Phillips, (W.), Jbid, ii., p. 134. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 24. Carne, Corn- wall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 85, 114. Hawkins, /bid, p. 229. Henwood, Jbid, lii., p. 329; v., p. 257, 262, 266; viii., pp. 715, 716; Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 159. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol; Society, iv., - pp. 83, 88. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposiis, p. 407. XXVill one of them is intersected by a metalliferous vein,* but generally they make their way through rockst and lodes alike and without interruption.t Their mean direction throughout the County is about 8.E.—N.W.;§ a course not materially different from that of one of the most distinctly developed series of joints in the rocks.|| The average inclination of such as maintain the general range is, perhaps, 80°;41 whereas of those which bear nearly E. and W. it scarcely exceeds 60°;** moreover—whatever rela- tion (if any) may subsist between their directions, and the amounts of their inclinations—they dip more frequently towards than from the granite.tt They are wider in granite than in slate; and at great than at small depths.{{ As the cross-veins affect the structure and partake the nature of the adjoining rocks, they become more quartzose whilst traversing the slates which abound in strings * Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 110. Henwood, Proceedings of the Geol: Society, i., p. 405.; Reports of the British Association, vi., Part ii., p. 74; Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxii., p. 163. Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 287-289; vii., p. 183; viii., p. 685. + Sir H. T. De la Beche’s Report, pp. 297-298, describes and figures a displacement of the granite by the great cross-course near J'reskerby; but neither the Ordnance Geological Map, coloured by him at the same time, nor Mr. Thomas’s Geological Map of the Mining District, published seven- teen years earlier, shows anything of the kind. * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 98. Berger, Geol: Trans: i., p. 165. Phillips, (W.), /bid, ii., p. 134. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 21. Carne, Corn- wall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 108. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 83. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 297, 303. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 256; viii., p. 682. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 417. § The mean directions of cross-veins in the different districts are—in Saint Just.... 26° N. of E.—S. of W. | Redruth, &c... 35° S, of H.—N. of W. Saint Ives.... 38° 8. of E.—N. of W. | Saint Agnes .. 39° HE. of Sim W.of N. Marazion .... 41° S. of H.—N. of W. | Saint Austell.. 21° 8. of H.—N. of W. Gwinear, &.. 43° K. of Si—W. of N. | Menheniot, &c. 3°N. of H —S. of W. Helston ...... 21° S. of H.—N. of W. | Caradon...... 13° HK. of S.—W. of N. Camborne, &e. 34° EK. of S.—W. of N. | Callington.... 43° S. of H.—N. of W. HeEnwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 279; Table 106; viii., pp. 681, 715. || Lbid, v., p. 279, Tables 99, 106; viii., pp. 673, 681. q Ibid, v., p. 277; Viii., p. 682. a* Jbid, viii., p. 715; Ormerod, Quarterly Journal of the Geol: Society, 5 O67 hq 105 PAT Tea p. Nc ++ Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 277; vili., p. 682; Ante, Dale tt Cross-veins in granite average.............. 4-9 feet in width; a » Slate wh Sopbcoseagoods BI) Gn 99 ‘is at less than 100 fms. deep average 4:0 ,, * ” », more ,, » Sees y 6s » HeEnwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 276, Table 104; viii., p. 685, 715. XXIX (Country branches) of quartz than they are elsewhere. Such portions are frequently intersected by undulating joints, which—approxi- mately coinciding, as well with them as with similar divisions of the strata, in direction—divide them into subordinate veins of vari- able thickness. The faces of these joints,—like the faces of joints in the lodes,*—are often scored with unconformable strie. More- over they, not uncommonly, split into branches as well vertically as horizontally; and these sometimes dwindle, but frequently they reunite; occasionally also cross-veins are developed at certain depths only, and disappear both vertically and horizontally within very short distances. The cross-veins partake the nature of every rock,—and indeed of every vein—they traverse; and thus in granite—notwithstanding the occurrence of quartz at intervals— their principal ingredients are granitic ;{ and, when these are coarse and porphyritic, the crystals of felspar often assume some- what coincident positions ;§ in homogeneous slate, on the contrary, they, not uncommonly, consist of slaty clay, and then are called flucans ; || such parts of them—even when very soft—are, fre- quently of the same structure—whether fissile or thick-lamellar —and the planes of their cleavage incline at the same angles as in the adjoining (Country) rocks ;{ occasionally, however, both the slates and the cross-veins are, more or less, siliceous, and under such conditions small spheroidal masses—made up of quartz and of slate in alternating laminee—are, at rare intervals, imbedded in the latter ;** moreover considerable portions of many cross-veins consist of quartz, sometimes of massive character, but not un- usually crystallized in irregular prisms disposed horizontally, at right angles to the strike of the walls and joints.tt In the vici- nity of cross-veins, the rock is often thinly sliced by narrow strings of quartz.t{ Silver and copper together with many ores of both * Ante, p. 18. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 66, 89, 381. + Ibid, v., pp. 257, 264; viii., p. 682. § bid, viil., pp. 682-683. || Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 134. Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 24. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 107. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 85. De la Beche, Report, p. 318. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 266. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 407. q Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 263-264, Tables xxxiv., Xxxvii., [xix. x« Tbid, p. 262, Table lxxxvii. ++ Fox, Phil: Trans: cxx., p. 406. Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 89. De la Beche, Report, Fig. 62, 63, 64, 65. Phillips, (Prof.), Cabinet Cyclopedia, Geology, ii., p. 182. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 261. tt Ibid, v:, pp. 257, 260, Tables lxix., xevi. XXX these, and of several other metals* occur in cross-veins ; but they are mostly—though by no means universally—tlimited to such portions of them as (heave) sever neighbouring /odes in which similar metals and ores prevail.+ Many of our richest repositories of lead-ore have, however, the same directions and mineral characters as the prin- cipal cross-veins. Both the rocks and the /odes are intersected by the cross-veins, of which the quartzose portions afford almost the only uninterrupted natural channels for the circulation of water underground; whilst those parts which consist only of (/lucan) clay are, on the contrary, so thoroughly impermeable that they are often chosen as the boundaries of (Setts) mining-leases. ¢ The Slides have been observed, hitherto, in the police rocks of certain districts§ only. Their direction—which approximates, but is not accurately parallel to, that of the dodes—averages less than 20° N. of E.—S. of W.;|| but they incline differently; their width ranges from less than an inch to more than a foot, and slaty-clay is their only ingredient.4] * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 48, 50. Hitchins, Phil: Trans: Ii., (1801), p. 159. ee (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 135, 148. Carne, Corn- wall Geol: Trans: ii., pp. 112-113. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 90. De la Beche, Report, pp. 288-301, 304. Henwood, Corn- wall Geol: "Trans: v., pp. 267-278 ; vii., p. 183, Table i.; viii., pp. 111, 112, UID, Waldlo Williams, (R. H.), Repor ts of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, XXxix., p. 32-33. Salmon, Mining and Smelting Magazine, ii., pp. 78-83. Webb and Geach, Caradon and Liskeard District, pp. 18-24. Von Cotta, Ore-Deposits, p. 417. + Berger, Geol: Trans: i., p. 166. Phillips, (W.), Ibid, i1., p. 149. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., p. 89. Henwood, lori: wall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 270-273 ; vii., p. 183. + Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 100. Phillips, (W.), Geol: Trans: ii., p. 134. * Thomas, (R.), Report, p. 24. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 115. Fox, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, iv., pp. 116, 182. Bacuanth Bridgewater Treatise, i., p. 546. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: V., p. 258. § Ibid, v., p. 283 ; Vili., p. 686. | Proportionate numbers of slides, coursing in different directions : Teyrojororankorn (PIL GS oscoocance direction 250 HK. of S.—W. of N. 33 Oraiieiercveketeteresterete “6 N.E.—S W. 5 Ogilhatereteras stelstaustere A s 35° N. of E.—S. of W. 5 Op2imeatcneitisticrerets ve a 25° N. of E.—S. of W. 8 Ogdieverercce vides s, E.—W. 5 OP eee cueatareers r S.E.—N.W. a (el eadoocaa ates 3 25° HE. of S.—W. of N. IPC ae esl ssepsicteveveicis, austen 17-1 +) L6:3mteet AIS cir syere tae ae When lodes affording the ores of different metals are intersected by cross-veins, the results are * Lopes LopEs (heaved) displaced towards the NaTURE OF ORES | intersected, Ee contained in the lodes.} but not' | ~ (heaved) Right Left Greater | Smaller displaced. hand. hand. Angle. Angle. iin OLE Vs ereeteilerer 0:18 0:56 0:26 0°52 0:30 Tin & Copper-ore| 0°37 0-44 0-19 0:56 0:07 Copper-ore ...... 0-18 0°52 0°30 0:74 0:08 The lodes yielding tin-ore are, on an average (heaved) displaced... 15-4 feet; 5 5 the ores of both 14:6 tee tin and copper.. 2 ge mY es “8 a copper-ore ...... 175 be) 99 The intersections of Jodes by cross-veins of different mineral character afford the following results t+ LopEs Lopes (heaved) displaced, towards the | . intersected, Nature of cross-veins. ee SEER (heaved) | Right Left | Greater | Smaller displaced. hand. hand. | Angle. Angle. Quartz (cross-courses) 0:29 0-44 0:27 | 0:59 0-12 Slaty-clay (flucans) ..| 0-18 0°55 0-27 0:70 0-12 The mean distances to which the lodes are (heaved) displaced by cross-veins of different kinds+ are— Amount of (heave) displacement, towards Nature of the cross-vein. a —_—__—__, Right hand.| Left hand. ees eae Quartz (cross-cowrse)..... 12:3 feet | 7-1feet | 9:3 feet | 16°3 feet Slaty-clay (flucan)....... 24:4 ,, UGK} G5 Maller |) PADRE oy * Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 286-287. ¢ Ibid, v., pp. 291-292. XXxXill The mean distance to which Jodes in general are (heaved) dis- placed by cross-veins * Of less than one foot in width, is ........ eee comteetis », More ,, x3 BUENA MST ON ciDaat sis iavetays 2a Onss fi The mean distance to which Jlodes averaging Less than two feet in widtht are (heaved) displaced is.. 9:1 More ” ” ” ” ” HH, OO | 24-6 ” The mean distance to which Lodes of more than two feet § are displaced (heaved) by cross-veins of more Hara, ONE) NOES wale Dosogoucoddbabe soaneesooebouaee e-.. is 28°3 feet; Lodes of less than two feet are displaced (haved) by cross-veins of more WALT OZ 1OOG WHC soossooodc once aoobdooGu0 D0 Gd soUbdC is 16-1 feet ; Lodes of more than two feet are displaced (heaved) by cross-veins of less HART, CAG HOO WAG Sacoucca=cq0c0 0D o0nbED HAUS OG DN OUED is 17-0 feet ; Lodes of less than two feet are Giepiaced (heaved) by cross-veins of less than OMG TOOW WHEE. coogascooosvccoouoageno Leng oUMbUOGaUaeE is 4°8 feet. The results consequent on the intersections of oppositely- inclined Jodes by oppositely-dipping cross-veins are observed in the undermentioned proportions. || - LopEs, dipping N. Lopgs, dipping S. RESULTS OF INTERSECTION. a Cross-veins | Cross-veins | Cross-veins | Cross-veins dipping EH. | dipping W. | dipping E. | dipping W. Lodes intersected simply.. 0-15 0-40 0:15 0:23 v een a 0-52 0-42 0.56 0-56 + aiphial Yovstioh | oes | ors | om | oa ~ aignaal | om | ose | ore | ovo a ycsninced ee 0-14 0-18 0-09 0-07 The several proportions of simple intersections, and of dis- placements of lodes by cross-veins—whether towards the right or * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p 98. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 298; vili., p. 685. + Two (heaves) dislocations of 30 and of 45 fathoms respectively are excluded from this computation. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 299. g Ibid, v., p. 300; viii., p. 685. Ibid, v., p. 303; viii., pp. 683-684. C XXX1V left-hand—the greater or smaller-angle,—and the extent of dis- placement under different angles of incidence, are —* ‘ Lopes, (heaved) displaced towards the LopEs Extent of incidence, |,,2mPy { ye * | intersected. Right-hand. | Left-hand. Wee at se ment. 0°—10° = = = — = -—- 10°—20° x x = x oa 6:0 feet. 2:0°—30° 0:01 0:03 x 0:03 x eons 30°—40° 0-01 0:92 0:02 0:02 0:01 24:2 ,, 40°—50° es 0:04 0-03 0-05 0-02 |32-4 ,, 50Q0—60o 0:03 0:03 0:03 0:05 x LO Ae 60°—70° 0:05 0:06 0:05 0-11 0:01 24 70°—80°. 0:04 0:14 0:07 0:15 0:06 WE) 4 80°—90° 0:09 0:18 0:07 0:22 0:04 14 Sie Proceeding from general results to particulars.—One instance, at least, is on record of a lode and a cross-vein each alternately in- tersecting the other twice, at different depths in the same mine.+ The general rule is that the displacement of the same lode by the same cross-vein is in the same direction (towards the same hand,t though to unequal distances at different depths ;§ yet cases are not unknown of the same Jodes being heaved towards the right-hand at one, but to the left at another, spot;{ indeed the contour of the parts of (heaved) displaced lodes in contact with opposite (walls) sides of (heaving) displacing cross-vems have often but a slight— and sometimes scarcely any resemblance.|| Most of the dodes tra- versed by the same cross-ven are either simply intersected or heaved the same way ; nevertheless one, here and there, is some- times displaced in the opposite direction; such exceptional cases, however, amount to only 0-037 of the whole number observed.% The same Jodes are frequently intersected by several, nearly parallel, cross-veins ; but—though only a few fathoms apart—they sometimes suffer different (heaves) displacements.** The elvans traverse the same districts as the Jodes, and—owing to slight differences in direction and dip—are frequently inter- * Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 99. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: li., p. 228. Henwood, Jbid, v., p. 301. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 326. + Ibid, v., pp. 313-314. § Ibid, v., pp. 308-309; vii., p. 182; viii., p. 717. || Ibid, v., pp. 877-379, Pl. xii., Fig. 15-20. q Ibid, v., pp. 320-324; vil., pp. 182-183; viii., pp. 683-684. ** Ibid, V., pp. 316-320; vii., p. 183; viii., pp. 683-684, 717. XXXV sected by them. The cross-veins cut through both ; but whilst— in one part or other of their vertical range—they heave hundreds of the Jodes, they displace scarcely half a dozen of the scores of interlying elvans which they intersect in the selfsame mines.* Of vertical intersections we possess only sixteen examples ; a number insufficient to afford grounds for safe conclusions. It is, however, not unworthy of remark that the (Leaps, Throws) dis- placements. of fin-lodes by slides are upward and towards the smaller angle; whilst copper-lodes present either simple intersec- tions or leaps downward towards the greater angle.t} Whether exploratory works are opened in (cross-cuts) drifts through the (Country) rocks for recovering lodes which have been (heaved) displaced by cross-veins, or on the courses of the lodes themselves in search of the ores they contain, they must —of necessity—be directed immediately towards, or as imme- diately from the object of pursuit. But, although it is im- possible to overvalue general rules for the guidance of the miner, it must be confessed that neither practice nor theory has yet supplied any of general application. A more extended ex- perience, and a more careful array of facts seem our only resource. But when the vast variety of ever-changing circum- stances is considered, we can only hope that our conjectures will at length attain greater probability ; and that—if they fail of absolute certainty—they will, at least, lead us nearer to the truth. As no undertaking can be advantageously, or, perhaps even safely, carried on without knowledge of its current financial operations ; it is important that the speculator should learn the general results attending mining proceedings on a large scale. * Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 151, Pl. v. Williams, Geol: Trans: iv., p. 142, Pl. vii., Fig. 1. Thomas, Mining Review, No. viii., (1836), p. 275. Boase, Primary Geology, p. 54. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 67, 90, 91, 104, 127. In one well-known case a cross-vein which is heaved by a lode heaves two other lodes ; the several portions of one of them being contained in slate on one side of the cross-vein but in elvan on the other. The elvan itself is simply intersected. Henwood, Reports of the British Association, vi., Part ii., p. 74; Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 325. The displacement of two lodes by an elvan at Polgooth, described, in 1791, by Captain Phillips to Mr. Hawkins (Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., pp. 151-152, Pl. v.), was carefully examined by me in 1831, (Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., pp. 128, 327, Pl. ix., Fig. 10). + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v., p. 332. C 2 XXXVi It has been stated*—on authority represented to be un- questionable—that during nine years past ‘ The dividends in Cornish mines have amounted to .... £1,379,936 », calls % Ss 2,696,800 3” The vicissitudes of mining, however, are proverbial.+ That the parties engaged in any branch of productive industry should know the proportions in which its proceeds are shared, can admit of no question. Some five years since my friends and acquaintances amongst the Lords, Adventurers, Managers and Pursers of the largest, deepest and most productive tin, copper and lead mines wrought in Cornwall, during the present century, _kindly furnished me (for another purpose) with accounts of the *« Years. Dividends paid. Calls made. 1S 6 Dieter clasts rere atareiavs a EEONIE) Shan oacooc Mororete £370,020 OP aclodbagouoounc aD TOM GS9) sekerdvelerstanta tooo 402,034 Ar Oare aia telcuesereteeetele UTALO OT a cverose(olelatereieisreleuee 409,940 LRG AIAG ce COROT UDB oocodoccoocaudcd 321,552 Gare Siciaetetsisvetsce tone scare QOS 69 arwcererelele eis ee acer 431,881 We vetetatave ej'sta acevele lore ace) PLUG’ 6 GS ariets eretemeote daooce AY) Sitrrerechersteverere anoq ALIO.BEY) Goaduccngcdcococs USB Ney! DQivscicielets wlovsyers eiclereres! Wel OO ol Shunrepetetiere SoBGGd0000 181,960 MST Oln ster cersiotstede ctereielerers) 1 uD OIG EY vereretcte sets seretetere vers 194,500 Nine years ...... £1,379,936 £2,696,790 West Briton, (Vol. ux1., No. 3157,) 12th January, 1871. + ‘Huerie likelyhood doth [not] euer proue a certaintie: for diuers haue ‘‘beene hindered, through bestowing charges in seeking, ana not finding, ‘¢and many vndone in finding and not speeding, whiles a faire show, tempt- ‘ing them to mvch cost, hath, in the end, fayled in substance, and made “the aduenturers Banckrupt of their hope and purse. . . . There are, “that leauing [the trade] of new searching doe take in hand such old “« Stream and Loadworks, as by the former aduenturers haue beene giuen “‘ouer, and oftentimes they find good store of Tynne, both in the rubble ‘cast vp before, as also in veins which the first workmen followed not. ‘““From hence there groweth a diuersitie in opinion, amongst such Gentle- ‘¢men, as by iudgement and experience, can looke into these matters.” Carew, Survey of Cornwall, f. 9. ‘“ A striking increase in the value of property occurred with respect to “ Downhill, a small coarse tenement in Saint Cleer, which had been pur- *‘ chased thirty years before for £200. . . By the discovery of mineral “odes, and the opening of West Caradon Copper Mine in this barren spot, “‘the proprietors have received for the last twelve years, without any risk, ‘Can income of more than £2,000 a year, as dues on the ore. The land- “owner of South Caradon, an equally barren surface, has benefitted to a *« still greater extent.” ALuEeN, History of Liskeard, p. 397. ‘« When the Colorada lode (Chili) was small its only ingredient was cal- ‘‘eareous-spar, but during its enlargement this was mixed with the chloride ‘of silver and vitreous silver-ore, and great part of it was so thickly inter- ‘““twined with (bar-silver) native-silver that,—too tough for extraction with “the ordinary mining tools, and too porous to be blasted with gunpowder— ‘it was cut out, bit by bit with chisels.” Hrnwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii., p. 91. ), and profits of their works. 2,283,281 1es XXXVIL MRE. Saobogod0e ” Wieldedtores which realized... vs sseceeecscic- sscecees oe Slo 15S 205. Expended on labour .............. £7,388,776 produce, working-costs, dues (Royalt ourteen of them*— F Cr) S i} @ A) “ATX 97907, ‘1G-2hh ‘dd “mA :swouy +2029 Ynmu109 ‘AooMNaTt oD “89800 04} 09 Tenboun a CHO sourUuL out Jo STLINyorL OY} TOYA ‘pue] oy} Jo (sxoyortdord) sproy oy Aq poysmnburpea Aprequnjoa ywoojog ye Sa LVE SEF JO pux ‘sour suspuorg oyy IV 000 FF Woqe Jo oarsnpoxo ‘syuewAed Tengow oyy syuosotdor 90G‘G1F OU, ro as “163°L0LTF 0} 4800 SUIYIOM OATYTO OY PUL + OFOGOPF OF ‘os ‘STeIIoywUL Jo ‘ Lgz‘POS' TH 07 poyunoure SSS Moqey FO 4809 oy} poamoord uoog oavy saefnoryted Yons POryM Surzoodsor sourUL 1994 Moz oyy. Jo—oaryy A[aoO oy} Uy Sd psoas SS eae OF9'9GLSF | G9S°LOF‘OLF | 909°62LF | LG0'ZL9'6H| OFOCOPF |19s‘ros‘ 1H] eoa‘Set‘elyF | seis STOOD} : : 099'F13 820'929 SAL'89 098 TAP = — 889661 8.12 “* 980\] [BOY 4SCOT oe 61h 68 TLL 691 816 6S 668 LTL a a 096 648 6.40 "7" * LVOYSOy TILON ee 000° 081 919 SLT 699 OF 176° LE1 a SS 91986 CGI | een cea * slammed) + 8 8F0'86 VOL S6T POL OL 000‘64T, Eas = ZOT‘E63_ G.9L “** sfostog) pagry Boke 6r0 L6P &PP 809 T 6ST 18 066° 16S T Saas Sa 48h 660° 1Z “SOUT P2Peprlfosmop ae Teg 661 869 Gg | 869 TL GLT'F09 = co a 680 'GTL, iNT sda POGTV TROUM ets S18 696 610 768 GG6 OIL | 799 PIL} == Sao 6&8 180 & 100 Fas jan Wek ue a Yyeoopoyy Sn 91g 8h 1g8 966 082 FL TL0‘°BIE — == L98°G0b 96 “Terese somOplAaotgy on 811 78 189 8&0 G09 &% 980°90% = ares GOP 'STS, OF Ry eg youTreyog. 3 LLG 113 610 082 1c6 79 880 919 == — 9€¢ 100 L 08 “** toprrey Yynog oe) P08 1g6 PES 9G. 1&6 96 606 926 aaa = 8EE‘0B2 SADE ype eee ee UVOAVSOLL, : a 966641 8E9 GIST | LF0'86 16G'PPL'T | 90L 182 | G88'906 | FE9°aar‘T LE “""* sjosuop Aamo as 828891 805'966 BBE'0E 98L‘99G SIP 62 S9L98L | 9E8'FSP 8-16 | WOJOY [VOT 99 aa 866 691F |, LHL LOST GSO LSF |PLG'9GCF | QIG'GSF | gec‘ole#F | G16‘osrF G91 “Jossuq [ROM 489 "a ea : 4 ot : (sonpedoy)} "83809 o” : ‘gonpor, “sive sie) ‘sTo1n4 TOAD V Wed song Suppo | ‘STerogepy | TOUT ae * ome (=) em 09 sygorg | ee ny (aa ete S| eee IEMA AL => . . g a ‘IO LIGNIAXT sydtooey Spollog IMGs = ae Se ee a a ee ee ee 2 a ‘Ammyuoo yueserd oy} SULMp [[VMUIOD UI seUT| eAoNpord SIpuns Jo sLIGOUg pur SLSOD ‘Mondoug , xs} ee CO a A XXXVI The extreme and mean proportions* of these several particulars are— Objects. Highest. Lowest. Means. IANO, dS baGod00Gdo00 dovoyogogeoo bE 0:6375 0:4106 0-5615 Machinery, &¢. ....... oeodode seoooD 0°1592 0:1746 0°1735 WGN COMS. 6 655ddoc00d0hooKocuKS 0:8349 0:4529 0-7350 Dues (Royalties)................--.- 0:1360 0:0364 0:0555 Total expendature))./2)./.... vce eicieieicls 0:92.78 0°5033 0-7905 IBrotiispepeeeeeceesciiilesicieeiricie 0:4967 0:0822 0:2095 Total proceeds of ore sold .......... 7 * The following columns show the proportions in which the produce of mines yielding various metals and ores is appropriated in different other countries. MINES of aR AE AISA OT STE ON Eee LTT aN Apportionments. Copper Ore, in Native Sopper Silver and | @ojqin in ¢ its Ores, iBherail Devon. Treland. Cuba. eed in Chili. y Labour...... 0:4588 — — ——. — 0°2950 Materials, &e.| 0°1345 | —— —- —- —_ 0:3460 WorkingCosts 0:5933 | 0°6115 | 0:7866 0:6675 0:4239 0°6410 Dues & Duties) 0-782 | 0:0389 | —— — — 0:1026 Total Ex-\ | 9.6715 | 0-6504 | 0-7866 | 0-6675 | 0-4239 | 0-7436 penditure f Profits. 2... 0°3285 | 0:°3496 | 0:2134 0:°3325 05761 0:2564 Totalproceeds| 1° 1- i 1 1- ile Henwoop, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii., pp. 208, 289, 440-442, 458-459, Gol. Tables, V., Vil., iX., Xiv. The Government of Russia receives from the washers ( Streamers ) ‘of Impe- rial gold-sands in Siberia the undermentioned (Rents and Dues ) Royalties. Annual produce. Tracts wrought in 1851 ; Russian poods. classed according to produce, Royalties reserved. Thess than 1........ 8300 silver roubles (£48)........2-cceecees ao CU Between land 2.. 5 per cent. of the entire produce . pooodoS 29 ue Drandweno) eee LO a PO RMS SiG.30.6.0 ai ue 5and10.. 15 56 3 ois) bialeietets 16 17 n on 10 poods.... pe olny aioe e nee: ae eG PAD 9 55 on 15 poods .... 1/70 eT AARON Ue ane ne eee Le ae Deni. on 20 poods .... Pz0iendzaeias | | Clann ee ee ee ha 25 Be on 25 poods.... i 25 and 30.. 43) oh on all cee ae Dnt Blea al (28 He on 30 poods.... pe peomdOl ee eve a, ve eer 34 au on all the rest.. 32 a on 50 poods.... More than .... 50.. ee i Snail eiecet \ ponudacooKT 2 The Russian pood is 43°878 lbs. Troy. Utauyaty, Annales des Mines, 5me Série, iii., pp. 821-830. » 40 and 50.. au Y or all he cael tae 3 XXX1X Regarding early copper-mining in Cornwall, it may not-——even now—be too late to recover additional information ; for, during the past year, I have been favoured by a friend* with original records of the qualities and prices of copper-ores sold in this County at periods earlier than those mentioned by either Borlase. or Pryce. Of this remarkable document I hope to supply some account hereafter. On the Pary’s mountain in Angleseat at Dolfrwynog and Cae Mawr in Merioneth,{ and near Glandore in Cork,§ beds of peat are largely charged with metallic copper; nothing of the kind, however, has yet been discovered in Cornwall. As the water-charge is always a heavy item of expenditure in mines, ingenuity ever has been, and still is, exercised to diminish it. The adit, the windlass, the hand-, and the rag and chain-pump, the whim and the water-wheel, were all adopted in turn.|| At length, however, mines were deepened beyond the power of men and of horses to drain them and opened where water was unavailable; the only resource of the miner, therefore, was the steam-engine. 4] The earlier (atmospheric) steam-engines on the mines of Corn- wall have been minutely described ;** but of the numbers set up,{}t * Mr. Henry Williams, of Alma, near Truro. + Pennant, Tour in Wales, iii., p. 61. + Henwood, Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, xxxviii., p. 41. Ramsay, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, ii., p. 45. § Weaver, Geol: Trans: v., N.S., p. 27. || Carew, Survey of Cornwall, f.11. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 145 -152. Dela Beche, Report, p. 547. Combes, Annales des Wines, 3me. Série, v., p. 363. q Borlase, Natural History, pp. 170-174. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 153-160, 307-313. ** Borlase, Natural History, pp. 172-174. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: 153 -160. Farey, Steam-Hngine, 190-204. “The present fire-engine is now of about seventy years’ standing.” Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: (1778), p. 153. “The first steam-engine in Cornwall was erected on Huel Vor, a tin mine in Breage, which was at work from 1710 to 1714.” Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iii., (1827), p. 50. “Tt could not have been. many years after 1720, that the first engine was erected in Cornwall, at Huel Rose, seven or eight miles from Truro.” Reppine, Yesterday and To-day, i., p. 128. : f+ Nineteen engines have been particularized ;—viz— At Ludgvan-lez.. one of 47 inches cylinder. | Pitt-lovarn? ......- two. ‘,, Herland..... one Olas, . Polgooth ...... so6os Ome, Ome) 5, GA, st Godolphin. .....+.. one >, Chacewater one ,, 64 i Bullen-garden..... one. Oi 55 1 | “4 IDO CHD coco 600000 one. », North Downs. two ,, — IF QING 5 ob 60 bO0RcS two. UP GOU sis recaiele:« one 5, 361 5, ie Bosproudl......... one. by CAM TOR? Bo OUND fp | x Wheal Virgin..... . one. xl and of their performance the details are few. It seems, however, that they were rarely loaded more than eight pounds on the inch,* —that the pressure of steam in the boiler seldom exceeded one pound above the atmosphere,}|—that,—although some were worked fifteen or sixteen {—the two best averaged about six strokes per minute,§—and that the duty of these, during August and Sep- tember 1778, averaged (7,037,800 Ibs. lifted one foot by—84 lbs. —a bushel) 9,383, 7133 per hundred weight (112 Ibs.) of coal.§ In this experiment 14,080 bushels of coal were expended ; in 1792, however, the same mine (Poldice) was drained thirty-two fathoms deeper by one of Boulton and Watt’s engines, which consumed in a corresponding period 8,824 bushels only, and per- formed a'duty of 26,708,515 per (84 Ibs. bushel, or 35,611,540 per cwt.|| The first of Boulton and Watt’s engines erected in Cornwall was on the Chacewater mine in 1777;% three others were in course of erection during 1778 ;** fourteen were at work in 1780 ;tF twenty-one had been already set up in 1782, when one of New- Borlase, Nat: Hist: pp.173-175. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 154. Farey, Steam Engine, p 190. Gilbert, Phil: Trans: exx., p. 122. Redding, Yes- terday and To-day, i., pp. 128-136. “Thirty-six years ago, this county had only one fire engine in it; since which time above three score have been erected. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: (1778), xiv « Ibid, pp. 155, 159. + Borlase, Natural History, p.172. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 156. Farey, Steam-Hngine, p. 202. + Borlase, Natural History, p. 173. Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: pp. 155, “159. § Wilson, Comparative Statement, p. 8. Gilbert, Phil: Trans: cxx., . 124. : It is remarkable that Messrs. Watt, Boulton, Tremayne, Williams, Williams, and Brown, the Reporters, mention neither the force of steam employed, nor even the dimensions of the engines. || Wilson. A comparative statement of the effects of Messrs. Boulton and Watt's Steam-Engines with Newcommen’s and Mr. Hornblower’s (Truro, 1792), p. 8. q Pryce, Mineral: Cornub: p. 318. Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, pp. 230, 235. There still existed, in my youth, a tradition of the clamour which arose when—from inaccuracy of balance—the engine stopped on completing its first (indoor) down-stroke ; the, scarcely evitable, defect, was, however, recti- fied in a few minutes. ** “At Ting- Tang, Owanvean, and Tregurtha Downs,” Pryce, Mineral ; Cornub : p. 313. Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, pp. 224, 230, 242, 244. ++ Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, p. 275. xli comen’s (atmospheric) engines only remained in the Coutity ;* and in 1790 this had disappeared. The dues payable to the patentees on engines actually at work) £4 390 amounted in 1782 to ; The dues to which the patentees would become entitled on 9.000 engines in course of erection, would realize in 1782 \ g The dues payable to the patentees on engines already erected, would realize in 1784 ee are aaa } 12,000 a year.{ Particulars of the performance during fourteen expe- riments on nine engines erected in Cornwall, “by Boulton and Watt between 1783 and 1792—ranging from 10-1 to 13°3 (per bushel or from 13:4 to 41:7 per ewt.) —averaged 22°5 per bushel, or 30° per cwt. of coal expended.§ In 1793 seventeen engines, which had been set up by Boulton and Watt, performed an aver- age duty of lifting one foot 19°5 millions per bushel, or 26° per hundred weight “of coal consumed. || In 1798, however, the per- formance of “twenty- -three engines ranged from 6° to 29-6, and * Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, p. 327. + Farey, Steam-Engine, p. 383. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 21. t Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, pp. 317, 393. Duration of | Diameter of | Dut Dut § Mine, Year. | speriment.| Cylinder. |84lbs/bushel.| owt Wheal Virgin, EL 1783 — —= 22,930,414 | 30,573,885 Poldice, H.....-- os — — 21,304,762 | 28,406,349 op) |) oBoeon 1784 — a= 21,630,795 | 28,841,060 Brees iss 1786 — 21,652,429 | 28,869,905 PARP Neicha'oie' 1792 |4 Months. — _| 26,737,339 | 35,649,785 Dolcoath ......+.- 1784 — 22,646,554 | 30,195,405 54 eee 1785 —— — | 22,396,891 | 29,862,571 TYeSAvedn + .0-+. 28 Days. | 28 inch. | 20,304,265 | 27,072,358 /Pathfiode sdneeee 1785-1786 | 2 Months. 29,225,750 | 38,967,666 Ale and Cakes. . 1786 1 Month. —— _/81,338,850| 41,785,133 Wheal Maid ....| 1789 Nese 26,116,034 | 34,821,378 3, Se 1790 "s 25,231,695 | 33,642,260 Wheal Jewell....| 1791 | 8 Days. apes 10,102,269 | 13,469,692 Seal Hole....... 3 20 inch. | 13,938,986 | 18,585,314 Witson. A comparative statement of the effects of Messrs. Boulton and Watt's Steam- Engines, with Newcommen’s and Mr. Hornblower’s, (Truro, W. Harry,) 1792. For a sight of this rare and interesting pamphlet I am obliged to Mr. F. W. Michell, C.E., of Trewirgie, near Redruth; and for the register of the author’s burial at Falmouth, on the 4th of July, 1820, at the age of 72, I am indebted to Mr. Alfred Fox, of Glen Durgan, near Falmouth. || Gilbert, Pail: Trans: exx., p. 125. xin averaged 17°6* millions per bushel, or between 8:1 and 39°5 per hundred weight of coal used. : Boulton and Watt did not obtain the lead in Cornwall with- out strenuous opposition from resident engineers and proprietors of mines.f In course of the numerous contests in which they. * “Tn May, 1798, returns were made by the agents in various mines, of all the particulars respecting twenty-three engines, from which I then deduced their respective duties.” Diameter Dury — cae Ahly of Cylinder ; Per (84 1bs.) | ber wt, of Observations. z inches. - bushel (Glam. of Coal. 1 Single ... 20: 10,015,000 | 13,353,333 9 Be ae 21- 16,385,000 | 21,846,666 It was believed that the Bila 45° 29,668,000 | 39,557,333 | \ returns respecting these DN Ae 36° 28,212,000 | 37,616,000] ( engines must have been inaccurate. 5 Double... 42> 18,193,000 | 24,257,333 6 Single... 63° 15,290,000 | 20,253,333 7 Double... 45: 15,180.000 | 20,240,000 8 Single... 45: 15,571,000 | 20,761,333 ‘ 9 fe ele saa ae « 15,090,000| 20,120,000 | (02 the same mine. Tc ae eho be 14,384,000| 19,178,666 11 Double... 42- 18,740,000 | 24,986,666 12 Sinelemae 42: 15,532,000 | 20,719,333 13) eee |) 236: 18,465,000 | 24,620,000 ‘ 14 pee |e = | 12,228,000/ 16,300,588) 7 ae aay eee eee UE Seuss y tereyie 30° 14,050,000 | 18,783,333 Ghanian, Cee can 20: 12,366,000 | 16,488,000 17 Double... 14°75 6,097,000) 8,129,333 18 Single... 30- 13,931,000 | 18,574.666 19 sat ieiaers a 19,739,000 | 26,318,666 D(Niwomeen ap ce, 6- 24,514,000 | 32,685,333 ONE Reread Lact cease 21- 13,215,000 | 17,620,000 DOr Oates 20: 15,034,000 | 20,045,333 23/4, ..--| #8 _|/27,503,000|36,670,606| (PE 9 ae alae 17,671,000 | 23,561,333 |General average in 1798. GitBert, Jbid, pp. 125-126. ‘Tn 1798 an engine at Herland—found to be the best in the county,— was doing 27 millions.” Taytor, Records of Mining, i., p. 154; Quarterly Mining Review, ii., p. 39; Annales des Mines, 3me. Série, ii., p. 56 + Gregory, Mechanics, ii., pp. 381-386. Farey, Steam-Engine, p. 389. Gilbert, Phil: Trans: exx., p. 125. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 154. Arago, Life of James Watt, p. 56. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, pp. 36-40. Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, pp. 234, 239, 257, 259, 278-281, 296-298, 303-304, 320, 419-420. xii . were engaged, many most ingenious novelties were brought’ for- ward by all parties.* Bull’s “device, to place the steam- cylinder immediately over the engine-shaft, and to connect the pump-rod with the piston-rod, without intervention of a (bob) beam,+ was adopted in several instances ; and is not yet forgotten.t Horn- - blower§ the most dangerous—because he was the most indefati- gable, the ablest, and the most strongly-supported—of their antagonists, obtained, in two cylinders, the same results only which they had already accomplished in a single cylinder; Boulton and Watt therefore claimed dues from all the mines|| on which Hornblower’s engines had been set up. As the contest was so keen, there can be little doubt that the performances of the several machines were sharply scrutinized; yet the duty of but one—out of fourteen which had been erected—is on record ; of this, however, we have separate accounts from parties in the opposite interests ; One representing is duty to have been 14°8 millions } per bushel [19-7 millions per cwt.] .....-..-... f The other representing the duty to have been 16:6 millions per bushel [22-1 millions per cwt.] .... of coal consumed. of coal consumed. * Gregory, Mechanics, ii., pp. 378-379, 381-388, Pl. xxx., Fig. 7, 8, 11, 12. Farey, Steam-Engine, pp. 384-393, 673. Pole, Cornish Pumping En- gine, p. 37. Smiles, Lives of Boulton and Watt, pp. 298, 304, 306, 309, 334 -335. + Lean, Historical Statement, p. 8. + ‘An engine on this construction has lately been erected at a mine at Creegbroaz, south of Chacewater..... 2 “The inverted construction has also been lately adopted.... at the Gravesend Water Works, and also in Belgium.” Poue, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 37. § Jonathan Hornblower, who died at Penryn in 1815, was fourth son of Jonathan Hornblower, and grandson of Joseph Hornblower, a native of Bromsgrove or its vicinity, who—about 1725—visited Cornwall in order to set up (at Wheal Rose some seven or eight miles from Truro) the first of Newcomen’s (atmospheric) steam-engines. Reppine, Yesterday and To-day, i., pp. 128-136. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, pp. 28-29, 71. || List of Engines on Hornblower’s construction... from the original in the hand-writing of Mr. Wilson (of Whitehall in Kenwyn) Messrs. Boulton and Watt’s financial agent; viz—Tincroft, Wheal Unity, Tresavean, Wheal Margaret, Wherry, Wheal Pool, Wheal Providence, Baldice, (? Baldue), - Wheal Tregothnan, East Pell, Lostwithiel, Wheal Towan. Pour, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 39. q Hornblower’s engine at Tincroft had one cylinder of 27, the other of 21 inches diameter; the stroke, in the former was 8, in the latter 6 feet, and in the pump 5 feet 10 inches; it worked rather more than seven strokes per minute, consumed on an average 22 bushels of coal per day, and lifted a column of water said to have weighed 5,541 Ibs.; thus performing a duty of 14:8 millions per bushel [or 19-7 millions per ewt.] of coal consumed. Farry, (Wruson), Steam-Hngine, p. 387. (Abridged). According to Tre- vithick and Morcom [Manager of Wheal Towan] the same engine performed xliv but neither bears favourable comparison with the engines of Boulton and Watt.* ; Until the latter part of the last century lifting-pumps (bucket- lifts) only were in use ;t but, about 1796, they were replaced by forcing-pumps (plunger-lifts),t in shallow parts§ of the United, and several neighbouring, mines,|| which were still superintended by Murdoch, the ingenious, able, prompt, and popular representa- tive of Boulton and Watt in this County. Observations by different persons in various mines§] show that the actual, bears to the calculated, discharge of water by the pumps, a mean pro- portion of 0:917 to 1. At the expiration of their patent Boulton and Watt withdrew from Cornwall, and the Mining Companies gave their machinery in charge to former foremen of the patentees,—to resident Engi- neers who in some cases had acted independently of, and in other had. transgressed the patent,—or to Mining-agents who had be- come acquainted with the principle and operation of the steam- in April 1792, a duty of 16°6 millions per bushel [or 22-1 millions per ewt. ] of coal. Wilson, Comparative statement of the effects of Messrs. Boulton and Watt’s Steam-Engine, with Newcommen’s and Mr. Hornblower’s, pp. 12-15, 17-19. (MS. of the late Davies Gilbert, Hsq., D.C.L.; M.P.; P.R.S.) Pos, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 37. + Ante, pp. 41, 42, Notes. + ‘ but—in some cases at least—their per- formance was not entirely satisfactory.{ About 1812§-1813,|| however, he returned to Cornwall,4] and shortly afterwards he was appointed to Wheal Abrahum,** Wheal Vor,tt and Wheal Unity, at all which he erected (Hornblower’s) engines with two cylinders. The first of two engines set up at Wheal Abraham maintained, for some years, a very ‘high frequently, indeed the highest—place i in * “Mr. Woolf has found, by actual experiment, setting out from the ‘boiling point of water, or 212°, at which degree steam of water is only ‘equal to the pressure of the atmosphere, that in order to give it an in- “ creased elastic force equal to five pounds the square inch, the temperature ‘must be raised to about 22732°, when it will have acquired a power to ea- ““nand itself to five times its volume, still be equal in pressure to the atmos- “‘ here, and capable of being applied as such to the working of steam- ‘engines, .. . and with regard to various other pressures, temperatures, ‘*and expansive forces of steam . . . as in the following table,”— Pp 8 Pounds per Degrees of Expansi- square inch. heat. bility. fend \ ( Del ahsk ( Ver? S585 hg | 32 | Sor cleo Ses Cues aS Ss 6 dao 2304 og 6 8 S) al | > 7 Te S 9393 o fo) 7 soo ue ge 4 1 lS mang £272 8 as ma) | S&S 8 alse Boas | D | se. | ac | 238 9 | eas SO ws 2 10 Zi jf PaO. ona 10 Se] as) 5 PSN oan 7 Has 15 Pe SisHx gq 15 a 502 oo a4 Tn Se Os | oD eee | oR ess 20 | §83, wie 3, > Qo 2 od i = 2 oO Sage | 2 | 24 267 a3 a 25 | 23 ais gone 0 pests 273 ee ey | BO no 9°6, SBes | a | BS am | ee | 35 | gees ~ ial - S BESS | 40 | BR | 282 3B & 40) BSS5 Grecory, Mechanics, ii., pp. 395-396. Rrzs, Cyclopedia, xxiv., Article, Steam- Engine. + Rees, Cyclopedia, xxiv., Article, Steam-Engine, (N). Farey, Phil: Mag : and Annals, vili., p. 308. + “T bave been favoured by Mr. George Rennie with some notes of “trials made by his father in 1807 upon Woolf's engines at Meux’s Brewery ‘Cand at Reid’s Distillery, whereby they appear to have been doing much less ‘“‘ duty than Watt’s engines of the same period.” Pour, Cornish Pumping- Engine, p. 55. § Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 351. || Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, vili., p. 308. Pole, Cornish Pump- ing-Hngine, p. 55. q Not in 1810. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 155. ** TLean, Historical Statement, p. 15. ++ Ibid, p. 31. xlix the Engine Reports;* but the others scarcely surpassed ordinary single-acting engines, made at the same time. Hornblower’s com- bined-cylinders were last worked in Cornwall by Woolf, at Wheal Alfred, about 1824;+ but their performance was surpassed by that of an ordinary single-engine on the same mine.t The en- gines at Wheal Abraham, Wheal Vor, and Wheal Unity, were supplied with the tubular cast-iron boilers, for which Woolf had taken out a patent ;§ but—from unequal expansion—both their joints and tubes were so frequently broken, that they were advan- tageously replaced by the cylindrical boilers of Trevithick.|| We owe to Woolf’s experience in London the high finish, and the careful working,{] of our engines; but whether their proportions have been improved since Watt’s time may, possibly, be ques- tioned. Before Trevithick left England for Peru,** in 1816, he either sold}} his patent (non-condensing) high-pressure engine or granted a licence for using it ; and Sims{t—whose practice exceeded that of any other engineer in Cornwall—forthwith unitea it with the ordinary single (condensing) engine, admitting steam from the boiler beneath the pole of the former, and thence expanding it above the piston—in the larger and longer cylinder—of the * Lean, pp. 31, 32. Taylor, Records of Mining, 1., pp. 156, 157. Quar- terly Mining Review, ii., pp. 41, 42. Annales des Mines, 3me Série, ii., pp. 59, 60. + Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 37. Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, viii., p. 312. This engine is figured in the Engineer, (6th May, 1870), xxx., p. 277; (8rd March, 1871), xxxi., p. 139. + Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, viii., p. 312. Henwood, Ibid, x., p. 100. Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 63, 64. Husband, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, xxiil., p. 77. Notwithstanding Mr. Taylor was principal agent of Wheal Alfred at the time, his memoir, on the Duty of Steam-Engines (Records of Mining, i., pp. 149-165) makes no mention of this circumstance. § Gregory, Mechanics, ii., p. 403. Rees, Cyclopedia, xxxiv., (N.), Pl. v., Figg. 4,5. Phillips and Darlington, Records of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 87. The Engineer, (6th May, 1870), xxx., p. 277. || Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 36. Pole, Cornish Pump- ing Engine, p. 61. q Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 36. Pole, Cornish Pump- ing Engine, p. 56. ** Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i., p. 217, ++ Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 58. ++ William Sims was born at or near Chacewater on the 29th of De- cember, 1762, and died at Whitehall, in Kenwyn, on the 16th of October, 1834. To the courtesy of this intelligent and excellent gentleman, I owe much information, which it might now be impossible to obtain, regarding the early application of steam-power in Cornwall. D l latter ;* thus reversing the mode of application previously adopted in combined- cylinders by Woolf and his predecessor Hornblower. Notwithstanding an engine on this construction at Treskerby sometimes took the first place on the Report,+ scarcely half a dozen of the kind were erected.t Sims, however, was always averse to the use of very highly-elastic steam.§ About the same time Jeffree and Gribble—with the advantage of advice from Sims||—erected, at Dolcoath, the largest single- acting engine, until then, seen in Cornwall;§ which—like that set up some years before at Wheal Prosper**—was worked with steam of moderately high pressure in Trevithick’s cylindrical boilers ;tt and it immediately performed, and for several years continued to perform, exceedingly high duty.{t In 1820 a seventy-inch, and two ninety-inch single-acting en- gines were placed, by Woolf, on the Consolidated Mines ;S§§ all which were supplied with Trevithick’s boilers, but the fires within them were much shallower than those previously used in the neigh- bourhood; their performance, however, never equalled that of the . engine at Dolcoath. Waitt’s first patent|||| provided that all vessels containing dense steam should be enveloped with non-conductors of heat; a pre- caution which was, probably—to a greater or less degree—ob- served at the erection of every engine. For many years, how- ever, the coverings of the cylinders, steam-pipes, and boilers were as much neglected as the fittings of the stuffing-boxes and joints ; and—for want of the special arrangements which are now pretty general—the wet working-dresses of the miners were dried on the * Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 37. Pole, Cornish Pump- ing Engine, p. 58. f + Lean, Historical Statement, p. 48. + Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 37. Pole, Cornish pee ing Engine, p. 58. g Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 58. || This statement is made on the authority of the late Mr. Sims himself. q Henwood, Edin: Journal of Science, x., p. 45. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 156. Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, Viii., p. 312. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 56. #* Ante, p. 47. +t Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 61. tt Henwood, Edin: Journal of Science, x., p. 45. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., pp. 156-158. Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 32, 42, 56. §§ Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 37. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 157. Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, viii., p. 312. Lean, Historical Statement, p. 353. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 57. Smyth, Coal and Ooal-Mining, p. 187. Taylor, Farey, and Pole mention only the two last, Lean speaks of but one, of these engines. [||| In 1769. Fanny, Steam-Engine, p. 316. hi naked or imperfectly protected vessels,* in and through which dense steam was generated, conveyed, and worked. At length the emulation excited by the Hngine-Reports compelled attention to the prejudicial influence of this exposure; and the use of non- conducting substances was resumed, with corresponding benefit ; yet without suspicion of the extent to which they could be advan- tageously applied. . In 1825, Grose|—one of Trevithick’s pupils— commenced at Wheal Hope} in Gwinear, the system of protection from which he,—and others subsequently—realized most im- portant results. The duty performed there, by an engine of sixty inches cylinder, having averaged— In 1825 ........ 40°8§ millions per bushel; 59-2 millions per cwt. 6p USB SGanoace 45-4 is ; 54:6 50 59 of USB Co edoaus 47:3 Hn an 56-4 e A AES 2.83 ie, oyeietaisiice OPS) 55 i 84: ‘5 The improvements thus begun were yet more preeueilly omied out, by the same engineer, on an engine of eighty inches cylinder erected at Wheal Towan4 in the latter part of 1826. At first, when protected, in the ordinary manner, with two, three, or four inches of ashes and saw-dust,—it realized nearly 50 millions* * per bushel (59-5 per ewt) ; afterwards, however, the protection was increased from four to ten, and again from ten to twenty inches in thickness, and at each increase the duty proportionally im- proved.tf An engine of ninety inches cylinder, which had been * Head, Quarterly Review, xxxvi., p. 89. Report of Commissioners appointed to inquire into the condition of Mines in Great Britain, p. xxii; Epitome of Evidence, pp. 91-94. + Samuel Grose was born (of Cornish parents) at Nether Stowey, in Somer- setshire, 15th of March, 1791, and died at Wall, in Gwinear, 12th June, 1866. { Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 158; Annales des Mines, 3me Série, ii., p. 63. Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, vili., p. 318. Henwood, Jbid, x., p. 100. Lean, Historical Statement, p. 57. Pole, Cornish Pumping Eng gine, Pp. 63. § Henwood, Edin: Journal of Science, x., p. 48. || Lean, Historical Statement, p. 78. q ‘‘ A remarkable improvement in the duty of steam-engines has of late “taken place in two instances on mines in Cornwall.... The first engine in “which this improvement appeared was one erected at Wheal Hope, of ‘¢ 60-inch cylinder, working single as usual.... [An] engine afterwards built “by Captain Grose.... [has exceeded] by nearly 50 per cent. what had ‘hitherto been attained.... This great improvement is in progress of being ‘‘applied to other large engines in the same district.” Phil: Mag: and Annals, ii., p. 309. The Engineer (6th May, 1870), xxx., p. 277. ** Observations on the performance of a Steam-Engine at Wheal Towan, by W. J. Henwood, Truro, Brokenshir, 1828. Edin: Journal of Science, ix., p. 159. Herschel, Natural Philosophy, (Cabinet Cyclopedia), p. 59. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 158; Annales des Mines, 3me Série, ii., p. 63. Lean, Historical Statement, p.57. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 63. ++ Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 57. D2 li set up by Woolf at Wheal Alfred in 1825—and had there per- formed from 30°8* to 41:9*F per bushel (36-7 to 51:1 per -cwt.) —ceased to work there in 1826; was removed by him to the Consolidated Mines in 1827, and—by adopting the means which had been already so successfully adopted at Wheal Hope and Wheal Towan§—attained, (during three months,) a higher duty than any other engine in Cornwall. The following columns show the performance of these excellent engines during the ay pro- gress|| of protection by non-conductors of heat ;— WHEAL TOWAN. CONSOLIDATED MINES. Wilson’s Engine,—Grose Wheal Fortune (Woolf’s) Engine, DATE. Engineer. Woolf Engineer. Per (94 lb.) Per hundred Per (94 1b.) Per hundred bushel. weight. bushel. weight. 1827—January . ..| 48-9 millions] 58°3 millions} —— — » February ..} 51:8 5 61:7 59 —— — ” March eoce 53°5 9 63°7 ” ar eae ae Pea AT tosreies Gil Gian. TBO a —— — oo WEN, coeco8 60°6 us 72:2 2 — — UMC siaeronts Giles, CEH op TF Sar op Owihy Sooccs 6272 iene TAL 59 — — » August ....) 61:7 a 73°5 56 —. — » September.} 60:1 ,, TAI gg — — October Olcan an, 73° 9» 63-7 millions| 75:9 millions | ,5, November .} 56:1 Ps 66°8 90 67° 3 79:8 35 » December .] 57:7 ,, OY og PES | U4kee a6 1828—January...} 64:4 3 76°7 50 59°2 % 70°5 5 », February ..| 73° a 87° 99 62-9 a 75° “ ee Marchinvaiece:2tcn 4.5 100: an 62,3 TAD) aa * Henwood, Edin: Journal of Science, x., p. 48. + Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 158. Lean, Historical Statement, p. 56. Farey states 42°6. Phil: Mag: and Annals, viii., p. 312. t Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iii., pp. 348, 351-353. Henwood, Phil: Mag: and Annals, vii., p. 324. Farey, Ibid, viii., p. 313. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p. 158; Quarterly Mining Review, ii., p. 44; Annales des Mines, 3me Série, ii., p. 64. This engine—probably by a merely clerical error—is represented as still at work on Wheal Alfred throughout 1828; whereas it had been already removed to the Consolidated Mines, “and, in fact, its performance there was recorded, in 1827. Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 57, 58, 64, 69. § Farey, Phil: Mag: and Annals, viii., p. 813. || Phil: Mag: and Annals, ii., p. 309. Henwood, Edin: Journal of Science, x., pp. 46, 48; Phil: Mag: and Annals, vii., pp. 101, 102. Taylor, Records Wi Mining, i., pp. 158, 159; Quarterly Mining Review, v., pp. 44, 46. Annales des Mines, 3me Série, ii., pp. 64, 65. Lean, Historical Records, pp. 57-62, 69, 87, 93-94. : q At this time an experiment conducted by Engineers, Captains, and Pitmen of other mines gave during twenty-six hours and a half an average duty of 63°6 millions per bushel (75:8 per ewt.) Henwood, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 101. Taylor, Records of Mining, i., p.159. Lean, His. torical Statement, pp. 58, 59. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 64. hii Date. WHEAL TOWAN. CoNnsOLIDATED MINES. 1828—April...... 87: millions. |103°7 millions} 57-2 millions} 68:1 millions so alle, BGeeios * — , 67°5 a 80:4. ROWE UNC do evan 76:1 - 907A ee 61:5 = 73:3 55 ~y dulhy Soccer 75°83 a5 90:3 ey 65:4 3 717-9 43 INF EWE 66.50] | SED op OA an Bil) 6 10 Gp » september.} 816 _,, DIB os 62:8) eure ERS op Pe OCCODET ee Nl sGleS) 755 92 Ais OPT TESS op » November.] 74:2 ,, 88:4) = 60:8)" ;; (CRE ss ;, December .} 73°6 3 87:7 i 63° 3 751 af As the means employed by Grose, and the sharp competition which for a time prevailed between his engines and the engine which Woolf had removed from Wheal Alfred to the Consolidated Mines, formed a theme for keen discussion by all parties interested in mines; protective measures were generally adopted at once, and the average performance throughout the county immediately advanced,t in a manner unequalled in any similar interval of the sixty years during which the reports have been continued. For four years, however, the engine at heal Towan maintained the * A trial made at this period by several Engineers, Captains, Pitmen and others afforded for twenty-six hours a mean duty of 87:2 millions per bushel (103-9 per cwt.) of coal. Henwood, Edin: Journal of Science, x., p- 37; Phil: Mag: and Annals, x., p. 102. Taylor, /bid, vii., p. 425. Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 59-61. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 65. During an experiment on the same engine by Mr. (now Sir John) Rennie and myself in April 1830 the duty by Computation of the load, velocity, and consumption oF) fuel amounted to 92°6 millions per bushel or 109-9 + of coal consumed. [DEP OW coon do co 00o0 Ds 00d CD dD OOOO OO SD DDODOODC ED Computation of the quantity of water delivered by the pumps amounted to 83-6 millions per bushel or at hos coal consumed. [DSP GWilio coco oooococd UCDO DD ObOO ODDO OUaD DONS ONORNN Phil: Mag: and Annals, x., p. 102; Trans: Inst: Civil Engineers, i1., p. 58. Ante, p. 44. An earlier notice of this experiment was published, by Mr. Taylor, from notes furnished by me to Mr. R. J. Neville, then the principal adven- turer in Wheal Towan. Phil: Mag: and Annals, vii., p. 425. - In 1831 this engine was tried for a third time, when the coal consumed was both measured and weighed. The result obtained was 86:5 millions per bushel ;—or 96°9 ” per ton of coal. Henwoop, Report of the British Association, vi., Part ii., p. 129; Trans: Inst: Civil Engineers, ii., p. 58; Edin: New Phil: Journal, xxvii., p. 50. “Tn one engine [at Wheal Towan the lecturer] had succeeded in raising ‘125-7 million lbs. of water one foot high with one bushel of coal.... The ‘average performance of the engine is from 70 to 80 millions,” GaLLoway (Ex1zaH) Lecture 21st February, 1833. Proceedings of the Plymouth Insti- tution, 1813-1833, p. 65. + Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 57,59. Postea, pp. 58, 59. D 3 liv | first place ;* but it ceased to perform, under ordinary circum- stances,t the same duty it had performed in 1828. 2 * Lean, Historical Statement, pp 61, 87, 93, 94. + In 1831 experiments were made on the best of several engines in which various modes of economising the force of dense steam were adopted by different engineers. The engines selected for trial were— East Crinnis of 76 inches cylinder, erected by Sims, which during the year had performed a duty of 64:6 millions ; Wheal Towan of 80 inches cylinder, erected by Grose, which during the year had performed a duty of 76-6 millions ; Binner Downs of 70 inches cylinder, erected by Thomas, which during the year had performed a duty of 52: millions; The boilers, steam-pipes, steam-nozzles, and cylinders of all three were covered with at least sixteen inches in thickness of ashes or saw-dust; and this was, in fact, the only protection applied to any part of the engine at Hast Crennis ; the cylinder together with its cover and bottom were enclosed in a case or jacket, which communicated with the boilers, at Wheal Towan ; and flues, from small separate fires, passed beneath the steam-nozzle, over the cylinder cover, and wound spirally round the cylinder at Binner Downs. These are, perhaps the earliest, if, indeed, they are not the only, Cornish trials—save the one experiment made with a single bushel of coal (Wicksteed, Trans: Inst: of Civil Engineers, ii., pp. 61-64)—in which all the fuel con- sumed was both measured and weighed. At Hast Crinnis.. 34 bushels weighed 3,005 lbs , or 88°3 lbs.) per bushel mea- Wheal Towan.50 _ ,, ue BOOB dg) gg 1HOOR 55 \ sured from the Binner Downs 60 _ ,, 3 BABI oy) gy SBE heap. The duty performed amounted at— Hast Crinnis .... to 73-9 millions per bushel, or 93°3 per ewt. of Coal ; Wheal Towan .. ,, 86:5 a es a O19) + 3 Binner Downs .. ,, 73:8 89:2 At Wheal Towan each bushel of "coal evaporated 16- 91; each ewt. 18: 92 cubic feet of water. Taking the coal, grease, and oil consumed at their market prices, the en- gine at East Crinnis lifted ...... see. 870 tons . Wiesel! LOW 35" congcanqoe LAUSD 54) ee date) Guainaiaste Binner, Downs 5, ...2...--- 1,006 ,, S- During all these experiments diagrams were frequently taken with the Indicator ; the pressure of the steam used, the temperature of the conden- sing-water and of the hot-well, together with many other particulars, were all frequently and carefully noted Henwoop, Hdin: Journal of Science, x., p. 41. Report of the Brit: Asso- ciation, vi., Part ii., p. 129; Trans: Inst: Civil Engineers, ii., pp. 49-60; Pl. iv., Fig. 4-11; Hdin: New Phil: Journal, xxvii., pp 42-52; Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, xx., p. 20. Parkes, Trans: Inst: Civil Engi- neers, 1i., pp. 257-294, Pl. ix., x. Combes, L’Kaxploitation des Mines, iii., pp. 542, 562, Pl. lxii, Fig. 4, 5. ‘“Myr,. Henwood’s . . . Series of Indicator diagrams.... . are the earliest on record.” Envs, Trans : Inst: Cwil Engineers, ii1., p. 455. From this time forward the bushel of Welsh coal has been taken to weigh 94 lbs. Enys, Reports of the Royal Corn: Pol: Society, v., p. 72. Wicksteed, Trans: Inst: Cwil: Engineers, ii., p. 61. Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 99, 135-138, 140. Husband, Pr oceedings of the Inst: Civil Engineers, xxiii., p. 79. lv An engine of eighty inches cylinder, erected by Richards, at Wheal Vor,* now took the lead ; by lifting, In 1832—91:4 millions per bushel ot or 108°9 millions per cwt. of coal, and », 1833—85:3 __,, Fy ei Bhvgg LONG 2 In 1834,§ West erected, at the Fowey Consolidated Mines, an engine of the same dimensions, in which he embodied all previous improvements,—modifying them by the results of his experience during several years as an assistant to Grose,—at Wheal Towan. During this year it realized a duty of 97:8 millions|] per bushel, or 116-5 per cwt. and in 1835 ‘ Bea Oy eu7, ayo AM PA » 114: 30 In 1836, however, an engine of similar dimensions set up by Eustis at Wheal Darlington attained the first place; having per- formed 95-4 millions** per bushel, or 113-7 per cwt. of coal. In 1837+} the engine at the Fowey Consolidated Mines regained its * The dimensions of this engine, and a diagram taken by an J/ndicator placed on it, are given by Henwood. Trans: Inst: Civil Engineers, ii., pp. 54-55, Pl. iv., Fig. 11. f Lean, Historical Statement, p. 95. + Ibid, p. 96. § In 1834 a detailed description of a Cornish Pumping-Engine in its present form was first published by Combes; with illustrations by Hocking, who had designed it for the Consolidated Mines. Annales des Mines, 3me Série, v., pp. 367- 370, 593-608, 616-621, Pl. xi., Fig. 1-7. || It has been represented that during a trial, superintended by the Pursers, other Accountants, Captains, and Pitmen of various mines, this engine performed a duty of 125-1 millions per bushel, or 142°5 per ewt. of coal. A single bushel of the coal they used was found to weigh 94 lbs. Luan, Historical Statement, pp. 97-101. Parkes, Trans: Inst: of Civil Engi- neers, ill., pp. 62-63. Pour, Cornish Pumping Engine, pp. 66, 67. Smyth, ~ Coal and Coal-Mining, p. 187. Tt has been inaccurately stated that this duty was maintained during an entire month. Brarpmore, Proceedings of the Inst: of Civil Engineers, Xxiii., p. 83. The dimensions of this engine, and various details relating to it, have been published by Wicksteed. Haxperimental enquiry concerning the Cornish and Boulton and Watt Pumping Engines, p. 25. Combes, L’Hxploitation des Mines, iii., pp. 677-678. - @ Lean, Historical Statement, p. 113. **® Tbid, p. 133. At Loam’s engine on the United Mines during the same year 195,646 cubic feet of water were converted into steam by the combustion of 11,916 bushels, being at the rate of 16-4 cubic feet per bushel, or 19°5 per ewt. of coal. Lean, Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, iv., p. 34. ++ Lean, Historical Statement, p. 134. At this time an engine, of fifty inches cylinder, at Holmbush near Callington was reported to have raised 102°7 million lbs. one foot by the consumption of a single bushel,—which weighed 94 Ibs.—or at the rate of 122-4 millions per ewt., of coal. Wuicxstrsp, Trans: of the Inst: of Civil Engineers, ii., pp. 61-64; Haperimental enquiry concerning the Cornish and Boulton and Watt Pumping Engines, p. 26. Combes, L’EHxploitation des Mines, ili., pp. 678-679. int precedence; but it had declined in duty to 85- millions per bushel, or 101-3 per ewt. 5 In 1838 the Wheal Darlington engine again took the lead with 78-1+* millions per bushel, or 93° per ewt ; ,», 1839 ,, Fowey Consolidated Mines engine regained the first place 77-8* millions per bushel, or 92°7 per ewt; ,, 1840 ,, Wheal Darlington engine once more assumed the lead with 81:7* millions per bushel, or 97:3 per cwt. Both these, however, were excelled by an engine, of eighty-five inches cylinder, erected by Hocking and Loam at the United Mines,t which performed in . IGVOL ooodus 101:9* millions per bushel, or 121-8 per ewt. 1GY) %Gc006 TOA op 5 », 128-1 Be of coal. eV oob000 COESY op os », 114:5 fs The system of combined cylinders—modified by placing one’ above the other, and admitting the steam above the smaller and upper, and allowing it to expand thence beneath the larger and lower piston§ was introduced, for a third time, at Carn Brea and Great Saint George, by James Sims;|| but notwithstanding the high duty of from 88- to about 100° millions§] was reported this form of engine again failed to secure favour, and its use has been discontinued.** With improvements—if any have been made—since 1843,{+ T am unacquainted. * «The boilers [of Taylor’s engine at the United Mines] were made ““smaller in diameter than usual, and of stronger plate, so as to stand a ‘higher pressure of steam”... Also, an extra number of boilers was pro- vided, . . . and the strength of the working parts. . . was augmented to withstand the strain. . . at the commencement of the stroke. It was first reported in December, 1840 at........ 74:9 millions. in July, 1841 it passed.. 100-9 saad September, 1842 A 107°5 39 1843 » 1s ae Pott, Cornish Pumping Engine, pp. 68-70. + Combes, L’ Exploitation des Mines, iii., pp. 524, 541, 553, 555, Pl. lxii., Fig. 1. { Phillips and Darlington, Records of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 62. § Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, pp. 69, 135-1387. Combes (Piot), L’Exploitation des Mines, iii., pp. 615-16. Husband, Proceedings of the Inst: of Civil Engineers, xxiii., p. 77. || James Sims (second son of William Sims) was born at Treskerby in Gwennap, 29th January, 1795, and died at Redruth, 30th October, 1862. q Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 69. Combes (Piot), L’EHaploita- tion des Mines, iii., p. 616. ** Husband, Proceedings of the Inst: Civil Engineers, xxili., p. 77. ++ From 1843 to 1858 my time was mostly passed in other countries ; since then it has been entirely occupied with other subjects (Cornwall Geol: Trans: Viii., pp. 1-xxxii., i-vil., 1-916). lvl As long as Boulton and Watt were paid in proportion to the savings they effected, it was necessary to ascertain the perform- ance of their engines ; but when—at the expiration of their patent —they quitted Cornwall, the miners—believing this necessity to have ceased—no longer registered the duty, and it immediately ~ began to decline. Whatever notice may have been taken of this untoward consequence, several years were permitted to pass before active measures were taken to arrest it.* In 1811, however, the evil had so materially increased that the managers of several extensive mines determined to resume the system which had served, at once, to determine the claims of the patentees, and as a check on their enginemen.t Capt. Joel Lean—from his acquaint- ance with mining machinery in general and with the steam-engine in particular—was forthwith appointed Registrar and Reporter of duty,{ and he and his descendants§ have ably discharged the duties of the office from that time to this. When an engine has, of a sudden, greatly exceeded its previous performance, and at once overleaped several competitors, special trials have sometimes taken place ;|| these—when made by qualified persons—have in all cases confirmed the accuracy of the Feporter,{1 but less experi- enced practitioners have now and then published much greater results.** The following columns show the number of engines reported and their average annual duty as recorded by the original Regis- trar, as well as by his son, and grandson, from 1811 to the present * Lean, Historical Statement, p. 10. + ‘‘ The first who appears to have been sufficiently alive to the subject, ‘‘was the late Captain John Davey, of Gwinear, who was the principal ‘““manager and engineer at Wheal Alfred; and accordingly the first report ‘appeared in 1811, containing three engines at work on that mine, the ‘average duty of which was about twenty millions: these engines were “at that time reckoned the best in the county. Other mines quickly ‘followed. In August of that year eight engines were reported, with an ‘average duty of 15:7 millions; and in December, the number had in- ‘“ereased to twelve, average duty seventeen millions.” J/bid, p. 10. t Ibid, p. 11. § Joel Lean,....the first Registrar,.... died at Camborne in 1812; Thomas Lean (his son), the second Registrar, was born at Ludgvan 8th February, 1784, died at Crowan 1st June, 1847; : Thomas Lean, jun., (son of Thomas), the third Registrar, was born at Crowan 26th April, 1827. a l Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 20, 31, 58-61, 97-101. Ante, pp. , 5A. q Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 58-61. Ante, pp. 53, 54. ** Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 97-101. Anite, pp. 53, 55. lvili . 3 f Ibs. weight lifted one foot high by f given quantities of (Welsh) coal illions o in m1 time, expressed the consumption o GIG SP 8-6b | 8-IP G-1¢ EP $39 | 6-&b G.0¢ | Gr G-0¢ L-GP S-1G “EP LAG | €-&p 9-19 | P-SP GIG | &-8h 9-1¢ | b&b 1:0 | 9-Gb P-6G | G-bP PIG | G-&P 6-bS | I-9F 8-¢ “OF 9-€¢ “Gb 1:25 | 6-Lb 6:69 | L-6b 09 -0¢ }4Mo |} Teysnq Tg 10g “ALONG x SOULS my JO OC UI ‘aged 8-19 | 6-1¢ L1G 9-69 | P-E¢ 9¢ £9 | 8-69 8@ 1-69 | 6-2¢ 86 1-€9 | 6-69 0€ 1:99 | &-G¢ Lg U:S9 | 9-FS L& “19 | 6-99 SP L-b9 | 6-bS LY GQ | Gorg 0g 8-49 | &-bg bG ‘69 | 8-G¢ (G5 8S | 1-8 19 “9G LP 8¢ GGG | 9-9F 19 6:9¢ | 8-LP Ig 6:99 | 8-Lh GG Gregg | 9:-9F 9¢ 9-&G GY 6S L1G | ¥-S 8¢ tqmo | Toysnq Borat Wd | . sours uy jo Toq umn yy “ALA ‘oye G1¢ | &-8h 9-6F | LIP Grr | 1-2 G8 | 1-G& €-9E | G-0€ I-8§ GE 1-88 | §-8Z 9-8 | 6-86 PVE | 6-86 1:68 | 6.86 I-7E | 1-8Z €-18 | €:96 G:0€ | b-96 G-1E | $-96 PLG £6 b-bG | G06 GFZ | 9-06 G&G | G61 6-6 | €-6I1 D-06 “AL tomo |4-Toeysnq 10g Tod “ALOG y SOULS -ugy Jo oq UINN, . 109eq, x Column 2; 1811-1838. Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 10, 139. 1839-1840. Pole, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 70. 1841-1860. Morshead, Proceedings of the Inst. of Civil Engineers, xxiii., p. 46. 1861-1870. Lean, Hngine Reporter, Passim. Computed from corresponding periods in Lean, Historical Statement, pp. 10, 139. 1839-1870. + Column 3, 1811-1838. Column 4. + This column has been courteously supplied by Mr. Lean, the present (and third) Registrar and Reporter. 6-69 LFV GG G:9F : 1-09 F-09 9-19 L1G "4MO Tousug. 10g 10g ALAg VG 66 G§ && ‘SOULSU] jo TOC TUN NY 898 LG8l 9981 GG8T ‘oye JO SoSVIOAV TRNUU OY} OIV SUTMOT[OF OTL], ‘TOAOMOY OOM “OUIT} OUO 4B UOT ‘sassoTT Aq UO pozsodor U9eq PLY] YOTILM SoUTSUE [B1AAEG A LYS | 6:97 69 6G ##1-OL 8-89 6°02 G-64 “4M lb Tousug, 10g 10g ALN 6 Ol Gl iat *SOULSUDT 898T LG8T 998T S81 GTL 8-69 1-89 LLG L-L9 8-94 9°99 6-G¢ yay | [bp Tousng. Od log ALOQ 1-09 P-0S Stes FG8T 8:09 ‘1g && S981 8-69 L-6G 6¢ 6G8I 1-69 “6g Siig 1981 “YAO PUNE | -soursug og 10g jo oweq xuaq TOq UI NT V9 V-69 6:69 6-GG G-69 G-6G “69 6-69 “qMO *Joysng. 0g Jog ALA 0g OS8I OV 6F8I GP 8FsI ii LYV8I “‘SOULSUGL go oe IoquIn NT ‘sqlodny IIIyy YO ‘Ioyjour ye ouMOIG “AP Aq po.teqstsot i ad AN 44 P [ §T SI ia! 1G *SOULSUAT jo oq UIT PS8T S981 681 Tg98T "oqVq 6-69 169 6B OS8T 6-09 9°0¢ 06 6F8T 8-19 61S LT 8P8T 6-29 8-69 LT LY8T 44 | b PUSNE | -soursaq Iog 0g jo -oneq aung ToquIn Ny || ‘StLOT}BA.TOSqO AT YUOUL sty WOT, poonpop S‘sesvioae [eNUUL pAOYe SUTINTOO SUTAOTIOF OIL], ['ouMoa«gq writ “ay Aq ‘ggg ‘Avyy [QUN penuyuos pue ‘yPFeT ‘Areniqeq ul ‘poousurutoo SUM !][VMULOA Jo syed yeryueo UT souTUL WO—|AToAISNTOXe Jou ynq—ATISOUL poy1oM SOULSUY-Wee4G Jo ooUVUTIOpZIed PUL SIOQUINU OY} 0} SUIZLIOA ,.Sq10doy] Jo Soles puodes VW + It comprehended several engines in Devonshire as well as in Hast and * The Cornish Engine Reporter. West Cornwall. I am indebted to Mr. Browne’s courtesy for the use of all his papers. d from corresponding periods in column 4. *x*® Phillips and Darlington, Records of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 63. + William Browne—a native of London, long resident at Saint Austell— was born in 1801. § Observations on engines in Devonshire, have not been used in ob- taining these averages. q Compute Ix The numbers—of mines wrought in Cornwall,—of the engines by which they were drained,—and of such of these as were re- ported on by the Registrars, at various times, are shown (approxi- mately) in the following columns ;— MINES. Engines (Pumping). Dates. § | —— av vem re | —————__~ Tin. Copper. Lead. Total. | At Work. | Reported. 1S1GNe ——— | 42% es) | |, GG IGA || = eek a eee | ore 1838) |) ——= a | Gs || eos | Bie 1848 83]| 23\| | ee ABA 1858 | 137** | 157]| 46]| 340 —— | aaa 1868 | 1054+ | so¢¢ | 17+4 | 20244 25+ It is manifest that results derived from the small number of engines lately reported, cannot represent an average performance throughout the County. Various causes—the more frequent use of diagonal engine- shafts,tt—the increased depth of the mines,§§—the wear of the * Hxclusive of mines which yielded less than ten tons each, and of such ~ as sold ores by private contract. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii., p. 429. + Ante, p. 58. + Exclusive of mines which yielded less than fifty tons each, and of such as sold ores by private contract. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv., p. 492. § Henwood, /bid, v., pp. 464-475. || For these particulars, I have to thank Mr. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records in the Royal School of Mines; and Mr. Henry Williams, of Alma, near Truro. q Ante, p. 58. ** Hunt, Journal of the Bath & West of Engla nd Agr raceme XVi. +t Hunt, Mineral Statistics, 1868, pp. 5-7, 19-21, 36. nhateyice The practice of sinking the engine- shaft, for the whole .... or for ‘a part of its depth, in a direction inclined or diagonal to the course of the “lode instead of perpendicularly, has increased of late years.... In August, “©1841, of 53 engines reported, 27 drew their load perpendicularly ; 22 drew “perpendicularly from the surface to the intersection of the engine-shaft ‘‘with the lode, and below that point diagonally; and 4 drew diagonally ‘from the surface. Of 24 engines reported in August, 1860, 7 drew per- “pendicularly ; 10 partly perpendicularly and partly diagonally; and 1 “diagonally. Thus in.... 1841, 51 per cent. of the engines reported, drew ‘perpendicularly ; but in August, 1860, only 28 per cent.” Morsurap, Pro- ceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, xxiii., p. 47. ‘Diagonal shafts were more in use now than formerly.” HusBanp, Ibid, p. 75. “Oblique rods. .. run against friction-rollers; [they], however, not only ‘sive much friction, but are expensive and troublesome to keep in order.” Por, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 120. gg “In... 1840 the [entire] length of the lifts attached to each engine ‘‘ faveraged 144-3 fathoms; in..1860 it was 173°5.” MorsHEap, Proceedings ‘of the Inst. of Civil Engineers, xxiii., p. 48. lxi - boilers, engines, and pit-work,* the lower tension of the steam used, and the (consequently) diminished amount of expansive working,t—the inferiority of the coal now used when compared with that in use formerly,{—and the change of interests—from resident proprietors, studious of economy, and seeking profit from - legitimate mining only, to speculative strangers taking advantage of fluctuations in the share-markets and indifferent to everything * “The performance of Cornish engines, compared with what it was ““some few years ago, has fallen off from 20 to 25 per cent. This was, no “ doubt, partly attributable to the machinery getting older and from corro- * sion of the pumps.” Lean, West Briton, lxii., (No. 3,185), p. 3. + ‘‘As the load increases by the increased depth of the mine, the *“ machinery becomes weaker by age and wear, and hence, when economy is “most wanted, it is least attainable.” Ponr, Cornish Pumping Engine, p. 134. ‘ Formerly the practice of working expansively was carried to a greater ‘extent than it is now.” Morsueap, Proceedings of the Inst. of Ciwil Engi- neers, XXiil., p. 48. «“‘The Cornish Engine had afforded numerous examples of the success- “ful use of high-pressure steam and large expansion, perhaps half a century “ before the same advantages were secured for rotary engines.” Putpps, /bid, p. 74. “The principal advantage lay in the Cornish, or Trevithick’s, boiler and “the use of high pressure steam.... Practically expansion had not been “ ¢arried out in Watt’s engines in Cornwall, even by Watt himself.” Hus- BAND, Jbid, pp. 76, 81. Ante, p. 45. Note || + “The variation in the quality of coal, even from the same pit, is “‘oreat; and the economy of attending to this will be found to vary from “ one-twelfth to one-fifth of the consumption.” Browne, Cornish Engine Reporter, No. 8. The weight of water evaporated from a temperature of 212° by 1 Ib. of Welsh Coal (mean of 37 samples) was found to be.... 9°05 lbs. Neweastle ,, ( = 17 Spit) % Nase Orone ies Lancashire ,, ( " PAS) a Mens seed on 5 Socio UTES aap Scotch eg (ecie iss Syeeearesnan ShiresmeNe ports Si Omens E.R.S., &e. Annual Report and Transactions of the Ply- mouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Volume IV. Part TS OOS Ore aeraatorclereale wurde eee ayers From the Institution. The Journal of the Royal Historical and Ar- cheeological Association of Ireland. Vol. I. Fourth Series. July, 1870. No. 3. Ditto October, 1870. No. 4. Ditto January, 1871. No. 5..... From the Association. — Journal of a oopology: Vol. I. No. HI. From the Anthropological deimoeway, USL Gosacsooac06c6 dosd6oo0008 Society of London. Transactions of the Ticiote Society of Lanca- shire and Cheshire. New Series. Vol. X. Session 1869-70. ........ Cdo0coDaGoub D000 From the Society. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series. Vol. TV. No. IX. | : Aprilv2G ato une lG 1S 70s a cpeerneretertcrstlars Ditto. The Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic So- ciety. From February 25 to May 20, 1871. With Memorial to John Hick, Esq., M.P., Chairman of the Parliamentary Select Com- mittee on Steam Boiler Explosions, from the pe Polytechnic Society; February 27, 187 DT eh eratey eles te avec omiitonehtolebatelitaycte hetale - From the Society. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, for 1870. New Series. Vol. V. Ditto. From Major H. G. Raverty, Bombay Army :— Notes on Kohan, Kashgar, Yarkand, and other places in Central Asia. By Lieut. H. G, Raverty, 3rd Reg., Bombay N.I., Assistant Commissioner, Multan. 1857. An Account of Upper and Lower Suwat, and the Kohistan, to the source of the Suwat River; with an account of the tribes inhabiting these valleys. - By Captain H. G. Raverty, 3rd Regiment, Bombay N.I. lxix An Account of Upper Kash-Kar, and Chitral, or Lower Kash-Kar, together with the independent Afghan State of Panj-korah, including Tal-ash. By Capt. H. G. Raverty, 3rd Regt., Bombay N.I. The Gospel for the Afghans; being a short critical examination of a small portion of a version in the Pushto or Afghan Lanenage, and a com-. parison between it and the original Greek, from which it is said to have been made. 1864. By Capt. H. G. Raverty, 3rd Regt., Bombay N.I. On the Language.of the Si-ah-posh Kafirs, with a short list of words; to which are added specimens of the Kohistani and other dialects spoken on the southern border of Afghanistan, &. By Capt. H. G. Raverty, 3rd Regt., Bombay N.I. A Dictionary of the Pukhto, Pushto, or Language of the Afghans; with Remarks on the originality of the Language, and its affinity to other Oriental Tongues, &¢., &e. By Major H. G. Raverty, Bombay Army, Retired List; Author of a Grammar of the Pushto Language; The Gnlshan-i-Roh, or Prose and Poetical Selections in the Pushto or Afghan Language, &c., &c. A Grammar of the Pukhto, Pushto, or Language of the Afghans; in which the Rules are illustrated by Examples from the best writers, both poetical and prose; together with Translations from the Articles of War, and remarks on the Language, Literature, and Descent of the Afghan Tribes. By Major H. G. Raverty, Bombay Army. Selections from the Poetry of the Afghans, from the 16th to the 19th Century, literally translated from the original Pushto; with notices of the different authors, and remarks on the mystic doctrine and poetry of the Sufis. By Major H. G. Raverty, Bombay Army. Thesaurus of English and Hindustani Technical Terms used in Build- ing and other useful arts; and Scientific Manual of Words and Phrases in the higher branches of knowledge, &c., &e. By Major H. G. Raverty, Bom- bay Army. The following Papers were presented :— On a Weapon of Stone found in a Stone Barrow at Pelynt.—By Mr. John Evans. On Pustulopora clavata of Busk, from the Wolf Rock, near Penzance. —By Mr. Charles W. Peach, A.L.S. Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall, from May, 1870.—By E. Hearle Rodd. On the Poll-Tax of 1377.-—By Sir John Maclean, F.S.A. On the Manor of Penvrane and the Advowson of St. Pinnock.— By Sir John Maclean, F.S.A. On the insulation of St. Michael's Mount.—By Mr. W. Pengelly, E.RS., F.G.S. On Jews in Cornwall.By Rev. J. Bannister, LL.D. Notes on the occurrence of Cobalt in connection with the Tin Ores of . Cornwall.—By Mr. Richard Pearce, F.G.S. E 3 lx Description of a Fresco in Ludgvan Church ; from the original drawing by Dr. Borlase—By Mr. William C. Borlase, Castle Horneck. Notes on some Antiquities in East Cornwall.—By Mr. R. N. Worth, Plymouth. A few observations on Tintagel Castle—By the Reverend Pre- bendary Kinsman, M.A., Constable of the Castle. On an extraordinary phenomenon in the waters of the Mediterranean. —By Mr. Richard Edmonds. Rev. ‘W. [Aco gave an account, historical and descriptive, of an interesting and valuable Ivory Casket, the property of the Corporation of Bodmin; of a Skyppet, discovered in Bodmin: Church ; and of a Forcer, made of cwir bowilli, found at Lanivet. Mr. Iago illustrated many of his statements by means of diagrams ; and he also exhibited drawings of four Tallies found at Lanivet, which he compared with an ancient Exchequer Tally. (Mr. Iago promises to furnish, for our Journal, a written communication on the subjects which he had now, orally, brought before the Insti- tution ; and we gladly avail ourselves of his offer.) On the reading of Sir John Maclean’s paper, “On the Poll- Tax of 1377,” the earliest recorded census of the population of Cornwall, Mr. PENGELLY observed that formerly the term “ Corn- wall” frequently included the country so far east as the Axe, and Totness was continually mentioned as being in Cornwall.—Rev. J. R. CornisH, however, explained that, in Sir John Maclean’s Paper, the Hundreds in Cornwall were severally mentioned, and thus the ‘ boundaries of the County in 1377 were identified with those now existent.—It appeared that in 1577, the recorded number, in Cornwall, of persons above the age of 14, omitting the clergy and non-fraudulent beggars, was 34,274; which, adding the pro- portion for children under 14, would make the total population 51,524. At the time of the first official census, in 1801, the population of Cornwall was 189,278,—an increase since 1377 of about 267 per cent.—Dr. BARHAM thought the parish registers were not sufficiently made use of as means of ascertaining the population in early times. By studying them a very near approxi- mation could be obtained, and it would be seen how diseases, of which we have now no experience, occasionally swept over the country. In the 17th century, the inhabitants of Tavistock de- serted the town, where a plague had broken out, and encamped on Dartmoor ; 642 persons, out of a population of propa 5,000, having been carried off by the disease. lxxi Mr. AvuGusTuUS SMITH, after referring to observations made by him at former meetings of this Institution* on the subject of Weather Forecasts, urged that in the daily weather reports issued by Government the notice of temperature should not be limited to 8 o'clock in the morning, but should include the maximum and minimum of the previous twenty-four hours. To show the inac- curacy of the present system of Storm Warnings issued from the Meteorological Office, Mr. Smith stated that in November last, 46 storm drums were hoisted, and of these 11 only were hoisted previous to the gale, 10 with and after the gale, and 25 for which no gale whatever came. During the six months from September 1870 to February 1871 inclusive, 451 drums were hoisted, and of these only 94 were raised previous to the gale, 137 were hoisted at the time of the gale, and 220 warnings were followed by no gale; while 112 gales, with wind having a force of 8, came with- out any warning whatever from the Meteorological Office. These results were exhibited in Tables which had been constructed by Mr. Smith; and he observed that there was less atmospheric disturbance in Scotland than in the South and West of England, and that the climate of Scilly was more equable throughout the year than was that of Penzance; the temperature at Scilly bemg higher than that of Penzance in the winter, and lower in the summer. The omission therefore of Penzance from the weather tables daily published, as showing the difference of temperature between these two localities, was very much to be regretted. Dr. BARHAM made some observations on the subjects of rain- fall and moisture. In illustration of his remarks, he exhibited diagrams, from 1726 to the present time, representing the per- centage of rainfall annually, and urged the importance of obtaining secular averages, by means of recorded observations continued through long series of years. It was not unfrequently considered that records, for periods of ten or twenty years, were practically sufficient ; and engineers, engaged in the projecting of water-works, had been in the habit of adopting for their guidance the rain-fall in the three driest seasons within such periods. But a careful examination of such diagrams as were here exhibited would show that a reliance on records of rainfall within such brief periods was fallacious. For instance, it was seen that in a continuous period rei See 46th Annual Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, pp. XX1-XXVil. See Journal, No. II, pp. iv, vi. » 47th Annual Report, p. xi. » Journal, No. IV, p. ix. » Journal, No. VI, p. ix. Ixxnl of 13 years, from 1739 to 1751 inclusive, the rainfall in many parts of England was much below the annual average ; and there- fore, water-works with supplies based on averages for shorter periods and in more recent times, might, at some future period, prove seriously insufficient.—Dr. Barham next remarked that, generally, the total rainfall throughout the year was too much relied on, without due consideration of the monthly fall. It was especially important to ascertain the amount of rainfall at the period of the year when vegetation was mainly affected by it. On this subject, diagrams were exhibited showing the results of ob- servations at Bodmin, Altarnun, Truro, Penzance, and Helston ; and it was remarked that at Alternun, 500 feet above the sea-level, the amount of rainfall for the year was 59, as against 40 at Truro; but at Altarnun the great bulk of the fall was in the winter. months ; the summer rainfall being often less at Altarnun than in the lower districts mentioned ; and this smaller rainfall in summer on the higher station was combined with a considerably higher temperature than that of the western localities. One result of this was that the cultivation of cereal crops was very successful in that district, notwithstanding that its total rainfall in the year was much in excess of the other districts. On the summit of Dart- moor again, the summer rainfall was but little more than at Ply- mouth ; its excess was in the winter, when it was, comparatively, of little consequence except as a storage supply for the future. In regard to vegetation, it was of very little consequence whether the rainfall was twenty or thirty inches in the winter months, if during the summer there was a fair degree of heat and but little rain. It was also to be observed that the humidity of any district was not to be measured by the amount of rainfall; the diagrams showed, for example, that at Truro, although in April last the amount of rainfall was less than two-tenths of an inch, that month was really one of considerable moisture; whilst in May, when the rainfall was nine times as great, the humidity of the month was actually diminished.—The amount of dryness in the air was of great im- portance, not only with regard to vegetation, but also as affecting » the physical and mental qualities of human beings; thus the changes effected in the constitutions and the physique of Anglo- Saxons resident in America, were greatly due to the dryness of the climate, especially in the States bordering the Atlantic. With reference to the importance of securing records of highest temperature, Dr. Barham stated that there were already sufficient data for showing the general maxima of temperature in different parts of the county ; and it was worthy of remark that not only was the maximum less in Scilly than at Penzance, Helston, and Truro; but even between two places so near to each other as lxxill Truro and Falmouth there was in this respect a very noticeable difference ; at Falmouth in the winter the temperature was 10 de- grees higher than at Truro; whilst in times of great heat, Fal- mouth was from 5 to 10 degrees cooler than Truro. Dr. Barham also invited attention to the differences of direc- tion in the wind at the same time within short distances, as an important factor in local changes of weather. Mr. HoskEN RICHARDS expressed concurrence with Mr. Augustus Smith with regard to the necessity of recording tem- perature at various times in each day, and not merely at 8 in the morning. In the course of any one day there might be great vicissitudes of temperature, and yet the observations made at 8 a.m. on successive days might show little if any difference. Mr. Richards further remarked that in the Board of Trade tables there were certain columns, such as those concerning the amount of cloud and the force of wind, which were useless unless based on observations made with thoroughly proved and reliable instru- ments. Dr. JAGO made some observations onrecent solar phenomena :— Though several descriptions of the solar haloes and parhelia of April 5th last have been contributed to newspapers and other periodicals, phenomena of the kind are so very rare in these parts that perhaps you may not deem this occasion inopportune for one of the Members of this Institution to relate how they displayed themselves to his eyes; especially as there are parti- culars in which his description will differ from those published in Symons’s Meteorological Magazine for May, as collected from news- ‘papers and its own correspondents; and that in the Western Chronicle of Science for April—both now lying before you on the table. From these it may be gathered that, from about 3 p.m. until, or nearly until, sunset on April 5th, peculiar solar appearances were observed throughout, at least, the four most westernly counties of England. At Truro the barometer was at 30 inches; the thermometer, within twelve hours, ranged between 62 and 38 de- grees; the air was dry. In the afternoon a gentle northerly draught prevailed, to be succeeded in the evening by a strong east wind and a cloudless sky. Very similar meteorological conditions are reported from the other places where the phenomena were wit- nessed. As far as I am aware, nothing uncommon was to be seen when I returned to my house at 3 p.m.; and it was not until 5 o'clock that I was apprized by my wife that an intelligent domestic, who had been out, had been admiring, for an hour or more, a strange sight which, she reported, was still visible, though in a less bril- liant guise. On my going into my garden, on the west side of lxxiv the house, I found the solar haloes, and they continued unchanged, essentially, until a few minutes previous to their waning. - The sky was clear, except that a solitary mare’s tail, a lucid and gauzy cloud, was, almost imperceptibly, creeping eastwards, across the haloes, so that an indiscriminating eye might readily have associated it with them. Lest some trees at the back of my garden, and the large Infirmary buildings beyond, might conceal a part of the phenomena from my sight, I started hastily, armed with only a black-lead pencil and a large sheet of paper, to place myself westward of these obstacles. I made an unpremeditated sketch, which I present to the In- stitution; but I regret that, from my being unprovided with a sextant, the angular distances indicated must be regarded as only approximately correct. The time is 6 Greenwich, or 5.40 C local. The sun S, an hour before sunset, is 15° above the horizon H H. s and n are two short oblong vertical patches of light, south and north respectively of the sun, but slightly further from the horizon, each manifesting, though * only in a blurred manner, the prismatic SS eA colours withthe leastrefrangible nearest R R to, and the most so furthest from, the ; Sun. Above was a bow, whose plane was parallel, or thereabouts, to the hori- zontal, exactly like the ordinary rain- bow, with, as in the patches of light, but very distinctly, the Red R BR next, and the Violet V V most remote from the Sun. Speaking of the objects already described as if limited to their middle lines or points (as the case may require) the bow constituted about one- sixth of a circle, whose centre C H H plainly lay in the azimuthal plane Reduced from Sketch. passing through the Sun, though I could not settle in my mind whether C was coincident with my zenith, or lay slightly to the west of it, so difficult was it to decide from so small an are. I estimated that the imaginary lines CG and SG were equal, and either of them twice as long as Ss or Sz. I also thought it probable that a circle described from G as a centre, and of radius GS, might pass through n and s. Thuss and 2 would be regarded as coloured parhelia, at the intersections of these two imaginary, though to me invisible, circles. Be ee C Ixxv Thus, had I no other guide than my own observations, I should have surmised that the phenomenon was an incomplete variety of the circumzenithal halo accompanied with mock suns (parhelia), such as are frequently seen in cold climates, and which have been shown by mathematicians to be producible by crystals of ice, of definite forms, floating in the air (it must have frozen in the higher air on April 5th), and as have been imitated by M. Bravais by means of prisms and other crystal-like forms of glass.—The halo had dissolved before the sun had set, as if dispelled by a brisk east wind. The full moon of that day, rising as the sun was setting, became visible from the drawing-room windows of my house soon after it had surmounted the horizon, as the crest of the hill to the east of them is only a little above their level ; and it was watched thence by my wife until 10°30 p.m. (whilst I had several out-of-door looks) for any unusual lunar phenomena; but none appeared. A word, however, by way of comparison, about observations recorded elsewhere. It is plain from the description in the Western Chronicle of Science, that the Editor was absent from his residence on Harbour Terrace, Falmouth, on April the 5th; and therefore the data for the diagram he gives were not obtained by himself in that neighbourhood ; nor is there any hint as to where, or by whom, they were obtained, any further than that it repre- sents what was ‘“‘seen by many observers throughout the west.” This diagram places two parhelia at the extremities of a dis- cernible horizontal diameter of a visible bow constituting five- sixths of the circumference of a circle described round the Sun as a centre, and whose radius equals (not being merely half of) the inverted bow of one-sixth of a circle above. There are other points im the description that are not coincident, and some that are coincident, with mine. It is also subjoined that at 7°30 p.m. the moon seemed to be at the intersection of the arms of a reddish cross. It would have been interesting to know whether all the solar phenomena mentioned in the Chronicle, forming a completer system of haloes than any one described in Symons’s Magazine, were observed at one place, or if they are summarized from different sources of information. However this may be, that the phenomena were dissimilar as seen at places widely apart is clear from the accounts in the Magazine. At Bideford, for example, they were limited to a prismatic horse-shoe halo around the Sun. At Sherborne, only “pillars” of light pro- jecting from the Sun were seen. From the Western Chronicle of Science we learn that the meteor- ological incidents of April 5th were not confined to Haloes; for we are informed that two mirages were seen by a lady from Harbour Ixxvi Terrace, Falmouth ; a “reversed” image, high in air, of a ship far out in the bay, and a “reversal,” in less perfect form, of the houses in Flushing (situated two-thirds of a mile from the Terrace and 100 feet beneath it). These reversed images being, as I should fancy, at the observer's eye, 140° apart, and the objects seen re- versed being some miles asunder, there must have been, widely spread, an abnormal state of the atmosphere ; whether the effect was rendered by an unusual reflection at reflecting strata floating in the air above the objects reversed, as is conceivable from the information supplied to us; or, as is more likely, perhaps, and as the Editor seems to think, from unusual refraction,—in which case, they would be examples of simple vertical refraction. Familiar as I have been with the coast about Falmouth, it has never been my good fortune to witness a mirage there—nor indeed have I seen one anywhere ; but the notice of these mirages has brought to my recollection that at one of our Annual Meetings (See Journal, No. I, 1864, p. 58) there was read an account of a very remarkable mirage seen from those shores under very different meteorological conditions ; and I take the liberty of re- ferring to it, in connection with the instances just spoken of, on account of the interest attaching to the mode of production of such phenomena, whether in these regions or else-where; and ~ because, I believe, it can be shown, conclusively, that this mirage was due to asingular combination of vertical and lateral refraction. About 6 o’clock one evening in the middle of July, 1863, the air was oppressively warm and close, and no sky could be seen anywhere, for compact clouds concealed it, and covered with a brassy hue the setting sun. At this time, as Mr. Nicholas Michell (the author of many poems) relates, he and his wife were standing oa the hill on the Falmouth side of Swanpool, looking (eastward— away from the sun) into the bay towards Pendennis Castle, when there appeared to rise from the surface of the water, commencing about a quarter of a mile from where they stood, and through an ex- tent of about half a mile in length and a quarter of a mile in breadth, a portion of Truro and Calenick Rivers (an every-day scene to him in his boyhood). The slopes of Park fields were depicted, and, as the tide was low, the mudbanks and tortuous channels in Truro and Calenick Creeks were depicted as a ‘“ perfect landscape.” At low tide, Swanpool Hill is about 100 feet above the sea level. The landscape was translated seven miles due south, over hills, in the parishes of Kea, Feock, and Mylor, of (say) 270 feet above that level, (unless, stranger still, it was carried along the sinuosities of the river and round Pendennis) and dropped behind Pendennis Castle, which, at its highest point, is fully 250 feet above low water. It is not conceivable, as the account suggests, Ixxvil that “the clouds threw down the picture”, for reflecting clouds would have placed the picture above themselves; and, to say nothing about inversion by reflection, it is obvious that, were there no intervening hills, any mirror that should place the picture where it was seen would have the spectator at its back.” The rays of light radiating from the points of the objects imaged must have deviated by refraction horizontally through an angle of nearly 90°; and vertically, first downwards, after cresting the Kea hills, through many degrees to the level of the spectators’ eyes ; and even below that level, afterwards to ascend as if coming up, at a little distance out, frum the bay beneath their feet ; so that here were considerable vertical refractions, the one succeeding the other, in opposite directions. Altogether I doubt if there is on record a more extraordinary instance of unusual atmospheric refraction. Such phenomena are so very uncommon with us that, on turn- ing over (truly with no great care) our Reports and Journals, I found only one other notice of a mirage; and, as.I am on the subject, I will say a few words about it, by way of taking stock of all we have published in that way. Besides, if a real mirage, as therein described (See Report for 1841), it was a very curious one,—perhaps unique. Through the spray and mist of Perran Porth the setting sun was seen, in part, through a slit (so to speak) in a cloud, and it looked red; while several red images of it were seen transiently flitting about near it ; not one red image appearing except in proximity to the sun. Besides these, however, there were unusual green images, which were much more abiding than the red ones, and were visible even against the dark cliffs at a distance from the sun. Now when we know that ordinary luminous impressions upon the retina only last one-third of a second of time before they fade away to re-appear as more persistent spectra of the complementary colours, bright enough to be visible when dark surfaces are looked at ; and when we remember that green is the complementary colour of red, we are led to suspect that the observer by regarding the sun with unsteady eyes, received from it detached luminous impressions upon his retina, the lingering spectra of which they transported against the cliff when the eyes were turned that way. It is not quite impossible that several images of the sun might have been produced by unusual refraction ; but the green ones leave no doubt in my mind that we have here an ocular illusion, and no mirage at all. There is nothing astonishing in the fact of even an accomplished scholar, with no knowledge of physiological optics, thus being de- ceived ; and it is well always to bear such a possibility in mind when reading accounts of rare optical phenomena, such as those concerning the Halo and accompanying appearances on the 5th Ixxvill Apvil. For mstance, whenever we look at a remote luminous dise with the pupil of the eye partially covered by the eyelids, the watery fluids along their margins occasion upward and downward beams of light to issue from it, and a casual observer, whose at- tention had never been drawn to this contingency, might readily, when in expectation of strange phenomena, accept these beams as of such a nature. Thanks were voted to the contributors of Papers and other communications, and to the donors to the Museum and the Library. Thanks were also voted to the President, who had so ably filled the Chair on this occasion; and reference was made in very laud- atory terms, to the elaborate works which he had just published as volume VIII of the Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. There were present at this Meeting :—The President, Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.8., &c.; Dr. Jago, F.R.S., a Vice- President ; Rev. 3. R. Cornish, one of the Secretaries; Mr. H. M. Whitley, Assistant Secretary; Dr. Barham, Rev. Dr. Bannister, F.S.A., Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, F.S.A., Mr. John James, Mr. Alexander Paull, and Rev. H. 8. Slight, Members of the Council; and Mr. R. H. Carter, Mr. J. G. Chilcott, Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Rev. E. N. Dumbleton, Mr. G. Freeth, Mr. E. Hawke, Rev. J. T. ey, Rev. W. Iago, Mr. Hamilton James, Mr. W. H. Jenkins, Mr. J. B. Job, Mr. H.. Spry Leverton, Captain Liddell, R.N., Mr. Latimer, ‘Mr. W. Pengelly, F.B.S., EG. Sours Were Rawlings, Mr. Rendall, (Wadebridge), Mr. Hosken Richards, Mr. Reginald Rogers, Rev. Saltren Rogers, Mr. Augustus Smith, and many, Ladies. Ixxix THE AUTUMN EXCURSION. The Excursion, this year, took place on Monday and Tuesday the 14th and 15th of August ; and it comprised objects of anti- quarian, geological, mining , and picturesque interest in the district west of Penzance. The rendezvous on the first day was at the Penzance Railway Station ; and at this place, about 11 a.m., there was an assemblage of nearly a hundred ladies and gentlemen, the latter including about 40 non-residents in Cornwall who had been attending a Meeting, at Plymouth, of the British Medical Association, and who, previous to their arrival at the Railway Station, had visited St. Michael’s Mount, and, on invitation from Mr. Congdon, of Marazion, had breakfasted, (by the kind permission of Sir Edward St. Aubyn) in the mansion on its summit. In vehicles of various kinds, the numerous party proceeded through Penzance, and onward, by way of Street-an-nowan, over hills which commanded a succession of magnificent seaward views, to Trewoofe, where they inspected the Fogou; and thence journeyed to Bolleit, visiting successively “The Pipers,” the “ Dawns Myin,” “Treryn Dinas,” and the “Logan Rock ;” after which they pro- ceeded to Land’s End, and partook a very acceptable and substantial refection, in the course of which, various complimentary toasts were given and acknowledged. The party, in various groups, then passed a pleasant hour in rambling about the cliffs and in the enjoyment of their extensive and variedly interesting scenery ; and then drove, through Sennen and St. Just, to Botallack and its farfamed mine. Its surface works were viewed with great interest ; and, time not permitting of descent into its shafts and levels, much information respecting the operations subterranean and submarine, was given by Captains Henry Boyns and Nicholas Hocking and other agents. The party were then conducted to the Account House, where tea was hospitably provided by Mr. Stephen Harvey James, and, under supervision by the Misses James, the welcome repast was thoroughly enjoyed. Thanks to Mr. James, and to Captain Henry Boyns and his colleagues, were tendered by Mr. Henwood, the President, on behalf of the Insti- tution ; and Dr. Steele, of Clifton, in speaking for the Members of the Medical Association present and for other strangers, gave the health of the Misses James and the Ladies. ~ Ixxx Lurid clouds approaching with the closing darkness, a sudden start was made for Penzance; and, during the journey thither, there was one of the finest displays of summer-lightning, com- monly termed ‘collebrands” in that district, that was ever wit- nessed. Flash succeeded flash at the rate of half-a-dozen a minute; some of them being compounded of sheets and forks and coruscations of the most brilliant character. The second day’s start was made, at halfpast nine, from Causeway-head, Penzance; the first part of this day’s excursion being, by way of Madron, to Lanyon Cromléh ; but although the weather was favourable, the atmosphere was not sufficiently clear to enable the party to enjoy the fine panoramic landscape of which Lanyon Hill is the centre. Dr. Barham gave an interesting account of the supposed origin and purpose of Cromléhs, and described the probable mode by which their ponderous capstones had been raised. After giving expression to differing theories as to the purpose of this and similar structures, the excursionists moved on about half-a-mile to Lanyon Bridge, where, as had been prearranged by programme, they divided into several parties, the objects of interest on all sides being so numerous. Some proceeded to inspect the Men-an-tol, the Menscryfa, and the ancient ‘crellas,” - or huts, at Chysauster; others passed on to the Beehive Huts and fallen Cromléhs at Bosphrennis; whilst those of decided geological tastes took a long walk to Polmear Cove, to see its in- teresting junction of granite and slate. Others, remaining in their vehicles, proceeded slowly on to Treen, in Zennor, and thus had ample opportunity for admiring the wildly picturesque scenery of hills and jutting headlands, with here and there a secluded cove and primitive hamlet, and, near Carn Galvar and in Parmear, habitations whose modes of construction seem to indicate remote antiquity. An exhilarating drive over Zennor hills brought the excur- sionists to St. Ives, where the church was inspected, with admira- tion of its fine carved-work and other details; while some of the visitors strolled into the churchyard, to enjoy, from its terrace- like seaward walls, a good view of the harbour. In the mean- time, the Mayor, Mr. J. M. Kernick, had invited the party to the Town Hall that they might see and admire the antique loving-cup given to the corporation by Sir Francis Basset, who procured for the borough its first charter of incorporation. From St. Ives the excursionists proceeded to the beautiful grounds of Tregenna Castle, where a sumptuous collation, hospitably pro- vided by the President, was served on the lawn, with permission from Mr. Stephens. Various toasts were given, including that of Ixxxi - “The Royal Institution of Cornwall,” which was duly acknow- ledged by the President ; and, after further interchange of courte- sies, the party left for the Hayle Railway Station ; and so ended two memorably pleasant days, the satisfactory arrangements and conduct of which were largely due to the energetic leadership of the President, Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., and to the very effi- cient aid rendered. by the Assistant Secretary, Mr. H. Michell Whitley. Amongst those present were Mr. Henwood, the president ; the Rev. J. R. Cornish, hon. sec. ; Mr. H. Michell Whitley, hon. asst. sec.; Rev. W. Wilkinson and Mrs. Wilkinson; Rev. W. Iago, Bodmin; Dr. Jago; Dr. Barham; Mr. J. Olver and Miss Olver; Miss Pooley; Miss Tregarthen; Mr. Bottrell; Mr. Ralfs; Miss Roberts; Mr. F. Barham and Miss Barham; Mr. Wm. Cornish; Mr. Lanyon; Capt. Scott; Mr. Truscott; Mr. Hamilton James, Mrs. James, and Miss Gatley; Mr. W. Phillips, Mr. Phillips, and Miss Phillips; Mr. H. 8. Leverton; Mr. T. Cornish; Mr. H. Carlyon; Mr. 8. H. James and the Misses James; Mr. Moffat ; Mr. and Mrs. Norton; Mr. W. C. Borlase; Mr. C. C. Ross; Mr. R.H. Williams; Mr. R. H. R. Nicholson, Hull; Dr. and Mrs. Rogers; Dr. Taylor, Cardiff; Mr. Francis Truscott, Falmouth; Mr. F. R. Anderson, Hessle ; Mr. A. C. Roberts, Plympton; Mr. J. Woodman, Exeter; Mr. Mason, Bath; Mr. James R. Colthurst, Bristol; Mr. George Lanyon, Falmouth; Mr. Steele, Clifton; Mr. J. G. Hall, Swansea; Mr. Probert, Merthyr Tydvil ; Mr. William Cornish, Fal- mouth ; Dr. Chadwick, Leeds; Mr. J. W. Baker, Derby; Rev. G. L. Church; Dr. Philipson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; Mr. Charles Harper, Bath; Mr. John H. Phillips, Manchester; Mr. P. R. Cresswell, Dowlais; Dr. George P. Rugg, London; Dr. John C. Langmore ; Dr. Worthy; Dr. Howatt, Glasgow ; Mr. and Mrs. Turton, Wolverhampton ; Dr. Clark; Dr. and Miss Tilt, London ; Mr. Stamford Felce, London; Dr. Gervis, Ashburton ; Dr. Wade, Birmingham; Dr. Wood, London; Dr. Crossby, Nice; Dr. Underhill; Mr. Andrew Davies, Swansea; Dr. de Berdt Hovell, London; Mr. Bartlett, London; Dr. Ceely, Aylesbury ; Surgeon- Major Atchison; Mr. Ernest Hart, London; Mr. Dick, Penair ; -Dr. Victor Tagialaki ; Mr. James Pollard, Torquay ; Miss Higgs and Miss J. Higes; the Worshipful the Mayor, and Mayoress, of St. Ives; Dr. J. B. Montgomery ; Mr. Hosking; Capt. and Mr. W. J. Pooley; Capt. Hollow; &c. lxxxii FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, Held on Tuesday, November 14th, 1871. This Meeting was held in the Institution Lecture-Room, and there were present: Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., President ; Mr. J. St. Aubyn, M.P., Dr. Barham, Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, Rev. J. R. Cornish, Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Mr. Henderson, C.E., Dr. Jago, F.R.S., Mr. H. Spry Leverton, Mr. W. J. Rawlings, Mr. Tweedy, Mr. W. Tweedy, Mr. Whitley, and Mr. D. G. Whitley. The PRESIDENT, in opening the meeting, said that for some considerable time after this Institution was founded, one general meeting in the year sufficed ; as well for the transaction of ordinary business as for reading the communications which had been pre- sented. But at last these became so few that they amounted to no more than four pages and a half for one entire twelvemonth (1854). At length, however, it was considered that Spring would be a much more agreeable season than Winter, for all who favoured the meetings with their presence, and especially for those from a distance. In 1860, therefore, the first Spring Meeting was held. The experiment was perfectly successful, and, to the present time, their prosperity had regularly and uninterruptedly advanced. The communications with which they were favoured began immediately to increase, and—without at all declining in quality or in interest—they had gone on increasing. In 1863 it was deemed advisable to alter their mode of publication; and he believed that the three volumes of the Journal of the Royal Insti- tution of Cornwall, since issued, would bear favourable comparison with the publications of any other Society in the West of England. For the commencement of a fourth volume there was already a supply of excellent materials, so ample that the Council had been compelled, with courteous permission from the authors, to reserve some of them to future opportunity. lexxiti TREVALGA CHURCH.—Dr. BARHAM read a letter, dated 11th November, which he had received from Sir John Maclean: ‘A few weeks ago, I visited the ancient church of Trevalga, in the Deanery of Trigg Minor. On the north side of the chancel is a small Chapel, 11 ft. by 10 ft., of the First-Pointed period. It is now in a sad con- dition though untouched, materially, since the date of its erection. It is lighted by an elegant double-lancet in the Hast, and by a single-lancet in the North wall. In the South-Hast angle is a small round-headed piscina, and at the angle of the splay of the Hastern window is a large bracket, on which formerly stood the image of the saint to whom the chapel is dedicated. There remains also what appears to be a ledge at the bottom of the window, which would lead one to suppose it to be the remains of the old Altar-slab, except that an external examination shews that the window has been walled up about a foot above its original base. My design, however, in writing is to call attention to another feature in this interesting Chapel, which is, perhaps, unique, at least in Cornwall. Observing that some part of the whitewash, with which the walls are thickly coated, had been peeled away, shewing colouring underneath, the Rector, the Rey. W. P. Roberts, courteously gave me permission to examine it further, and finding that the whitewash of ages easily separated from the wall, aided by the hard surface underneath, in large flakes, with the assist- ‘ance of a long screw-driver I soon stripped off sufficient to disclose the whole design of the ornamentation. It is undoubtedly co-eval with the building, and the colours are as bright as when laid on some 600 years ago. The design is exceedingly simple, and very effective. The Arches of the windows are painted in masonry, in Indian red and bright orange, the divisions being white jointed with black lines. This ornamentation of the arches is sup- ported by a column painted at the angles in red lines, with an orange capital foliated with black. The Eastern window is further enriched by a foliated coronal in red. The walls are ornamented throughout their whole surface, in masonry, with red lines, the horizontal lines being single and the perpen- dicular double, whilst the divisions are enriched alternately by red scroll- work and black cinquefoils. The head of the Hast window is ornamented with a quatrefoil within a striped border of black, white, and orange. The whole surface of the walls is of a pale grey colour. The church, which is of considerable antiquity, is, generally, in a very dilapidated condition; and an effort is being made to raise funds for its. restoration. It is a work which commends itself to all who love our ancient churches; and if that restoration be carried out in the spirit of a real restoration, viz., replacing what is decayed, stone for stone and wood for wood, in all their details, and replacing what is lost, so that it may be re- stored, as nearly as possible, to the condition in which it left the ancient builder’s hands, it should receive the cordial support of all Cornish men. At all events, the ancient and interesting work of art which I have above described, ought to be replaced in the restored Chapel.” MoRTALITY AMONGST MInERS.—Dr. BARHAM explained a num- ber of diagrams which he had prepared to show the relative mor- tality amongst miners compared with that of the general popula- tion of the country, a subject which he had lately dealt with at Plymouth. The diagrams conveyed to the eye an accurate notion of the mortality at various ages, compared with persons engaged in other occupations. He considered it a subject fairly within the F2 lxxxiv province of that institution, especially in conjunction with the two other great County Societies, to discuss, and, if possible, to find some remedy for the evil. Mr. Tremenheere, the other day, at the Geological Society's meeting at Penzance, suggested that they should have a body of teachers at Penzance, to give lectures and instruction on scientific subjects, but Dr. Barham thought Pen- zance would not be able to support such a body of teachers. The better way would be for the different scientific institutions in the county to unite and each have a teacher, who would have classes in each town or central place, and with the support which they might obtain from the Government the scheme might be practic- able. .The diagrams he exhibited were derived chiefly from the report of the last commission which sat on the subject, and the results arrived at by Dr. Farr, the Registrar-General. These results for Durham and Northumberland showed that mining or working underground was not of itself by any means necessarily the cause of great mortality. Up to a certain age there was not much difference in the health of the miner and that of the general. population, but when they came up to the ages between 40 and 60 there was a very great difference in favour of the general population. There were many more deaths from what was called consumption, amongst the miners in Cornwall than in any other mining district in England, but at an early age there were fewer than in any other district. He thought it was his duty to bring this matter before the meeting, with the view of ascertaining more exactly what the cause of this increased mortality was; and whether from such bodies as that some suggestion might not be thrown out which might moderate the evil. He thought science could not ke better applied than in lessening such an evil as that. With regard to heart disease, he should say that it was not more fatal amongst miners than amongst the population generally ; and with reference to accidents, they were less numerous in Cornwall than in other mining districts, and only slightly more frequent than amongst the population generally. A certain proportion of the miners quitted the employment after a time, and took to farming and other pursuits ; for these, and for emigrants, some cor- rections must be made in our estimates from mortuary registers. Taking the general mortality amongst miners now, it was little if at all improved compared to what it was when the first commission was held on the subject. The CHAIRMAN said, perhaps it might not be out of place to mention a circumstance or two noticed by his friend and neighbour, Mr. Higgs of Penzance, who was long a considerable—if not indeed the principal—manufacturer of mining-candles in the West, Ixxxv “Mr. Higgs had told him some 20 or 30 years ago, a considerable alteration was made, by the use of better grease and by the substitution of white cotton wick of smaller size than the brown wick (made, Mr. Henwood believed, of hemp or flax) which had pre - viously been employed. Objection to the difference of price—which amounted to some 3d. or 6d. per dozen—was, however, made by -the miners, and much prejudice on the part of the workmen had to be overcome; to the present time, indeed, the thick wick was preferred in some places. Mr. Higgs added that, owing to this alteration in the quality of the candles, and to improved ventila- tion, there had not been a single sufferer from miners’ consumption, on the Club of either of the several mines of which his firm had been the pursers, for nearly twenty years. Mr. St. AUBYN said the mortality of miners was a subject in which he had taken a deep interest, having, in conjunction with his late colleagues, Mr. Davey and Mr. Kendall, been a member of the Commission appointed in 1862 to enquire into that partic- ular subject. It had been a matter for regret that the pressure of public business had not allowed the recommendations of that Commission to be followed up by an Act of Parliament. The Mines Regulation Bill, which would be before Parliament next Session, was intended to meet, as far as possible, some of the evils to which Dr. Barham had referred. It was generally agreed, he believed, by all who had looked into the subject, that accidents might be prevented, to some extent, by legislation ; but in reference to miners’ diseases it was never very clearly ascertained whether those diseases arose from bad ventilation, or from climbing from great depths, or probably from a combination of the two. The provisions of the Mines Regulation: Bill, so far as it related to metalliferous mines, would attempt to deal, he did not know how far successfully, with the case of accidents; but nobody had been able to frame a clause, which would work, in an Act of Parliament, with regard to regulating ventilation. It had been impossible to produce anything more than a generally worded clause, to the effect that proper ventilation should be provided; and therefore any any assistance in that direction from gentlemen connected with this Institution, or others, would be of great value when the measure came to be considered next Session. He hoped the pro- visions of the Bill, so far as related to accidents from explosions in tamping, falling down shafts not properly protected, and so on, would prove useful. Mr. RAWLINGS suggested that there should be some means of ascertaining the number of miners that annually left a district. FS Ixxxvi Dr. JAGO remarked that Mr. Rawlings’s suggestion was perti- nent, even if confined to men moving from one home district to another, and especially so if extended to men leaving the country. For the results of Dr. Barham’s elaborate statistics could only be accepted as needing no correction on the assumption that emigra- tion proceeds equally and alike among all the classes compared in them. In the absence of statistics bearing on this special point, he could only say that he had been led to believe that the Cornish miner has a peculiar propensity to try his fortune abroad. Some twenty years ago, he heard the experienced manager, in this county, of the greatest mining firm in the world express his astonishment at their readiness to venture into any land or any climate whatever; for the firm was beset with volunteers when- ever they wanted hands, and of course sent out none but those in the prime of life and of certified health. Again, it has been a standing complaint of our oldest mine-agents that a new impedi- ment has arisen to home mining operations in that the ablest men get allured away into the many metalliferous fields that modern “ prospecting” has brought to light, leaving them to work their mines with boys, invalids, and old men. Thus, according to their statements, the majority of the missing men—say of from 25 to 40 years—have not died at home, but have gone abroad, whilst an undue proportion of youths are counted in our mines. Finally, the miner, in hopes of making a fortune abroad, and often going into places unprepared for households, in most instances, if married, maintains his wife and family at home ; and should he ever return, with his hopes realized, he ceases to be a miner. The obvious effect of all this is, in so many ways, to exaggerate the gloomy conclusion of Dr. Barham’s statistics as to the deleterious nature of metalliferous mining. His own experience of miners’ com- plaints confirmed generally that of Dr. Barham. For instance, he did not think miners more prone to heart disease than agricul- tural labourers. He would not, however, dilate on this subject, but content himself with observing that he was inclined to suspect that in the hurry of harassing medical practice, such as that of most mine surgeons, the practitioner, in certifying of the cause of death, a service for which the State left him unpaid, was often so brief or careless as to deprive statistics founded on such certifi- cates of much of their apparent value. The following Papers were read :— Note on a Sub-Marine Forest at Market Strand, Falmouth.—By H. Michell Whitley, C.E. On a British Celt found by Mr. J. Jope Rogers, near Helston.—By Mr. Albert Way, F.S.A. Ixxxvii On an Urn found at Angrouse, in Mullion —By Mr. W. Copeland Borlase. In relation to Mr. H. M. Whitley’s discovery of a Sub-marine Forest at Falmouth, Mr. HENwoop stated that, about 35 years . ago, after a tremendous gale, the submarine forest in Mount's Bay was very much exposed, and large trees were thrown up on the shore; but that which he particularly wished to mention was that at Tolcarne, west of Penzance, an ancient canoe was driven ashore. What its original position might have been there was no means of ascertaining. He saw it on the beach, and it was some eight or ten feet long, and quite black, just like bog oak. It was hollowed out of a single tree, and he had some impression that there were remains of a broken paddle in it. There was a thwart, and above it a small fragment of a broken mast, and when that was taken out, a coin was found under it, which was believed to be Roman. The canoe would hold three or four persons; he did not know what had become of it. Dr. Boase was with him at the time. He was not aware that the discovery had been recorded, and he mentioned it now in order that the fact might not die with him. Dr. BARHAM referred to the mention by Festus Avienus, in his poem describing the voyage of. Himilco, of the use, on the tin coasts, of small canoes, or coracles, covered with skins. Mr. RAWLINGS said he remembered that, on the occasion referred to by Mr. Henwood, there was washed ashore a consider- able quantity of decomposed leaves and other vegetable matter, and that some fifty or sixty loads of it were sold as “Mount’s Bay Guano.” THE COUNCIL'S REPORT. The Council have much pleasure in congratulating the members of the Institution on its present condition, and also on its future prospects. During the past year twelve new annual subscribers have been elected, whilst the losses by death have been only four. Amongst these losses, however, Mr. W. Rashleigh, has to be enumerated, who for many years has been a frequent donor to the Museum. The Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts shows that the total receipts, including a credit balance brought forward from last year of £107. 15s. 8d., were £281. 3s. 2d., whilst the expenditure was £244, 15s. 5d.—The present credit balance is therefore Ixxxviil £36. 7s. 9d.—The expenditure includes the cost of fitting up and furnishing the rooms vacated by the Cornwall Library and Reading Room, which amounted to £88. 10s. 9d. | ‘The Council have the pleasure of informing you that they have received a donation of £10 from G. F. Remfry, Esq., towards the paying off of the Mortgage Debt. The present condition of the Museum has received the atten: tion of the Council. They suggest that, as far as the funds per: mit, some of the specimens should be replaced, and certain cases cleaned and refitted. They also desire again to remind the possessors of antiquities and other objects illustrating the history of the county, of the great boon which they would confer on all interested in Cornwall by depositing them in a public Museum, where they would be always available for the advancement of science. In many parts of the county highly interesting remains of antiquity are still unexplored. The task of exploring them, however, can be but inadequately carried on by a single person only; and the articles obtained during such explorations are scarcely less available to the public in their old repositories than they are when transferred to private collections. During the year ending with July, 1871, the following num- bers of visitors were admitted to the Museum. Admitted free, 8,558 ; by ticket, 140; by payment, 112. Total, 8,810. Amongst the valuable additions to the Museum made during the past year, is especially to be noticed a block of Jews-house tin found in Tremellack Moor, in the parish of Madron, which has been purchased for the Institution. Mr. Collins has commenced going through our collection of Minerals, with a view to making a complete catalogue, giving their localities, &c., as far as possible. He has already gone through five of the cases in the long room, and hopes to complete his work in the course of a few months. The two-day’s excursion to the Land-End District was joined by between 80 and 90 ladies and gentlemen, and will rank amongst the most successful undertakings by the Institution. A large number of gentlemen who had been attending the Meeting of the Medical Association at Plymouth during the preceding week came down to ~ join it, and, whilst they contributed greatly to its success, found its guidance very valuable in visiting the principal antiquities of the West Country. In consequence of the hospitality of our Pre- sident in entertaining the party in the lawn of Tregenna Castle, kindly placed at his disposal by the proprietor, the financial state- ment of the Excursion shews the handsome balance of £15. 6s. 9d. in favour of our funds. The Papers which have been contributed during the year to lxxxix our Meetings and Journal will be found to contain a large amount of exceedingly valuable matter, bearing especially on the Mineral produce of the County, and on its Natural History and Antiquities. The Council have again had under consideration the question of the issue of a second number of the Journal in each year; but. after careful investigation they have decided on recommending that it be postponed until the increase in the number of annual subscribers shall clearly warrant it. They offer this advice with great regret, as the number of papers contributed in each year is much in excess of the capacity of a single number. Two Conversaziones were held during the past winter and were fairly attended. They afforded opportunities for the discussion of some objects of interest for which the ordinary meetings could not have afforded time. The Meteorological Observations, which date from 1838, and which increase in value every year, have been continued as usual by the Curator, Mr. Newcombe. : Since the last Report was issued the books belonging to the Institution have been removed from their former inconvenient situation to this Room in which we meet, which has been duly prepared to receive them; and, including as they do, the Transactions of various Societies, and other scientific publica- tions, they form a valuable collection available to members for reference. The Council hope gradually to extend this depart- ment, and they would be glad to receive donations of books bearing on scientific and antiquarian subjects, especially any relating to the county. On the table in the outer room are placed the current numbers of magazines and other publications, and on Monday Evenings both rooms are open until 10 o'clock p.m. | Mr. R. N. Worth, who has on many occasions favoured us with valuable communications on subjects relating to the county, has been elected a Corresponding Member. ~The Council recommend that the office of a Second Assistant Secretary be created, and that Mr. William George Dix be elected to fill it. They cannot allow the President to retire from office without expressing their very high sense of the services which he has rendered to the Institution. Although living at some distance from Truro, he has personally discharged his duties with the most unremitting assiduity, whilst the Addresses delivered by him during his term of office will rank, from their high intrinsic value, and the original research which they display, amongst the most valuable of our publications. His great work on Metalliferous Deposits and Subterranean Temperatures, published under the auspices of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, has ap- XC peared during his term of office as President of our Institution. They have great pleasure in proposing him for election as one of the Vice-Presidents of the Institution. The Council are exceedingly glad to be able to propose John St. Aubyn, Esq., M.-P. for West Cornwall, as Mr. Henwood’s suc- cessor in the office of President. The Council’s Report having been read by Rev. J. R. CoRNISH, it was resolved unanimously, that it be received, adopted, and printed. The following resolutions were passed unanimously :— That the thanks of the Society be given to the Officers and Council for their services during the past year; and that the following gentlemen form the Council for the ensuing year :— President, Mr. JOHN Sr. AUBYN, M.P. Vice-Presidents. Mr. Roperts, Lirzvt.-Con. TREMAYNE, Mr. H. S. TrRemENHEERE, F.G.S., Mr. W. J. Henwoop, F.R.S. James Jaco, M.D., Oxon., F.RB.S., Mr. Tweepy, 7reasurer. Mr. Wuittey and Rey. J. R. Cornisu, M.A., Secretaries. Assistant Secretaries: Mr. H. Micnent Waititey and Mr. W. G. Drx. Other Members. C. Baruam, M.D., Cantas., Mr. A. Pauvtt, Rev. J. Bannister, LL.D., Mr. W. J. Rawiines, Mr. W. Coprnanp Boruase, F.S§.A., -Mr. H. O. Remrry, Rev. E. N. DumMBueron, Mr. H. SHarp, JUN., Rev. W. Lao, Mr. W. TweEepy, and Toe Mayor or Truro. Bodmin, Mr. T. Q. Coucu. R 1es. Local Secretaries Truro, Mr. ALEXANDER PavLu, Mr. WHITLEY read the Lists of Presents :-— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Five Specimens of Aberdeen Granite; Cairn- gall, Corrennie, Mull, Rubislaw, and Stir- IMraaiintl! go sadoodagbopooonscoacud osee-. Mr. Robert Sheriff, Glasgow. X¢l Four Specimens of Perforated Limestone, : ALOU NOG AVjelel cletalsielaisjatierel-ie* evclelel cleisie/ < Mr. G. F. Remfry, Truro. Fibrous Gypsum, from Penarth. ........ a) Scheifer Spar, from Botallack .......... if Rey. Saltren Rogers. Pitchblende, (Oxide of Uranium) from Russel District, Gilpin County, Colorado Territory* Mr. Richard Pearce, F.G.9. Bismuth, from Doleoath Mine. ..........) Bismuthinite, from Hast Pool Mine...... Smaltite, GGGO! ee cise sare hsQtomys Si ave Wolfram, from Prospidnick Mine, Sithney > Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S. Pyrites in Chlorite, GhnHKS GocduuGGKC Foliated Chlorite, dittomeeeree 5000 Allophane, from Chariton, Kembipercleiateeictey), Kchinus lividus, dredged up off Portloe .... Mr. G. W. Dix. Fossils from Slate Rocks adjoining the Copper Lode of Knockmahon Mine, County of \Wyenieiae, 550b0000000000800050 00000000 Mr. James Webb. A Sword, from Taku Forts, Pei ho River.... Mrs. Dix. * In relation to this present, Mr. Henwoop said: Many of us recol- lect the attempt to establish a Mining School in connexion with this Insti- tution, and the admirable manner in which Mr. Pearce instructed his pupils in Chemistry. Every one foresaw that, sooner or later, he was certain of distinction; and this, I am happy to say, he has attained at a comparatively early age. Though no longer a resident in the neighbourhood, he still re- members us, and never omits an opportunity of affording us his valuable aid. During the past summer Mr. Pearce has been engaged in inspecting valuable mines of silver and gold in Colorado, one of the United States of America; and whilst there, he recognized amongst the rejected rubbish the ore of pitchblende—the Oxide of Uranium. The miners informed him that it occasioned them much inconvenience, without any advantage ; and they were astonished to learn that it was worth, in this country, some hundreds of pounds (I believe Mr. Pearce says £400) per ton. A specimen of this ore, presented to us by Mr. Pearce, lies on the table. Pitchblende, though by no means an abundant ore in Cornwall, has long been known amongst us; the late Mr. Carne mentions it in his description of the mines of St. Just; and, from the immediate neighbourhood in which he found it, some little quantity has lately been sold. More than twenty years ago, several hundred- weight of it were sold from the Providence Mines, near Saint Ives; but it realized no more than about £30 per ton. The almost adjoining mine of Wheal Trenwith had afforded some quantity of it more than thirty years since; and a somewhat remarkable occurrence brought it to light. A parcel of copper ore from that mine greatly disappointed the expectations of the miners, who thought they hada large proportion of valuable black copper ore. The smelter who bought it was disappointed, for the copper he ex- tracted from it proved of inferior quality ; and he sent a sample of this metal to my kind, esteemed, and excellent friend, the late Mr. John Michell, of Calenick, who detected a ‘mixture of uranium. On ascertaining from what mine the ore was obtained, and having specimens of the ore sent him for inspection, he detected pitchblende in the ore of Wheal Trenwith. This incident is recorded in the fiith volume of the Cornwall Geological Tramsac- tions. XCil A Pile from a Crannoge discovered in 1869, in Llangorse Lake, Brecknockshire.......... Rev. H. N. Dumbleton. A Lumpsucker ...... coccccccccccccvcccve Mr. T. Cornish, Penzance. Nest of the HEsculent Swallow (Hirundo) esculenta. Linn. and Gemil .......... Chrysalis of the Saturnia Atlas, Schr., Bombyx Atlas, Lat.; from China ...... Argonauta Argo, Lam. ; from the Mediter- TAN CATES CAM eee oe eteeiaete sfaialeveserevenats Haliotis tuberculata, Lin. ; from the Chan- MEUM AMS ene ers ris sieccleve relieve ke errerere arate Calyptrea Sinensis, Dish.; Helford flats .. Gorgonia verrucosa, Dr. Cole (young) ; Black Rock, Carrack Road .....e...s0- Sertularia nigra, Pallas; Trawl refuse.... } Mr. W. P. Cocks. Asterina gibbosa, Penn; Rock pool, Gwyl- ihn) WEES GooocooaocKbod Jo0g0500000000 Purpura Lapillus, Lin. ; et Nidi ; Gwyllyn AVIS Oleirevene icetia awerstioieieiatatate tevsteie iereteuscotevebevs O06 Buccinum reticulatum, Lin. ; e¢ Nidi ; Gwyl- Ika, WESO coooodbo0ecccdcdec0DNCC0NG00 Tobacco Pipe, with oysters, sessile barnacles, serpule, &., attached; dredged in Car- MMe IMORI Sondoodooneobodoodos da0d00 Penguin’s Egg, from Ichaboe; found in guano, 60 feet below surface, 1847...... J 51 Coins, Counters, and Tokens (British and Intonetean)) SodoéddeocodobeuncdosduGsoC .-- Major Vivian, Tregavethan. 9 Roman Brass Coins, found at Long) Bridge, near Marazion, in 1793 ........ down the Carminow Aisle of Mawgan 2 Nuremberg Counters,* found on sma | Mr. Rogers, Penrose. Churchiydune wl SG cease silerapsietas * Accompanying these was a note to Mr. Rogers from Mr. Albert Way, in which he writes: ‘‘I have received the MS. and the two pieces safely, and return you thanks for the account of so singular a discovery. The coins, . which I return, are not coins, but Nuremberg Counters, of the innumerable types of pieces used until latein the xvi century for casting accounts on the ‘ Counter,’ or ruled board, a term preserved universally, though scarcely ever understood. The two which you have sent are not of rare types. One exhibits a man at his Counting-board, at one end of which is his Account- book open; at the other, a bag of money. He is probably casting some very simple reckoning on his Abacus Table; and he did it quite as easily as with ciphers, such as we now use. On the other side of this piece is the Alphabet; and these Counters may have served to teach children their letters. They were usually in sets of 30. The Type, with many varieties, occurs not uncommonly: one figured by Snelling, in his Jetons, pl. 3, is very similar, but not the same as that before me. It is dated 1553. The other is of the more common Nuremberg type, with the imperial orb, or mound of sovereignty, the Reichs Apfel, and the name of the maker: ‘HANS SCHULTES ZU NUREMBERG;;’ the reverse has the usual device of crowns and fleurs de lys, and the legend: ‘GLICK KVMPT VON GOT IST WAR.’ * * * The types are very numerous, for these Counters were 7 Copper Tokens*.....cccccccseccccsves ) : GopBiavs) Coins, (1666) sos s.-oc. sc ces: y Mr. Rogers, Penrose. CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE ALBUM. A Photographic Likeness of Mr. W. P. Cocks, of Falmouth. Photograph (full size) of a Double-looped ‘“ Palstave,” of brass, found in July 1871, From Mr. J. Jope Rogers, at Penvores, near Helstont.....e..sseee Penrose. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philo- sophical Magazine, and Journal of Science. Fourth Series. From No. 277, July, 1871, From Mr. Henwood, Presi- to No. 281, November, 1871. ........... ‘ dent, 1871. struck in Germany with devices and heraldry suited to the country for which they were destined respectively. Neither of these pieces can be older than 1500-1550, and they have therefore no connexion with the entombed Car- minows. It is curious that we never re-pew or restore or displace parts of old churches without finding some of these arithmetical appliances, which have slipped between the joists of the flooring or otherwise. I will not venture to infer that during dull sermons the wakeful parishoners made their reckonings of their gains during the previous week. But so it is.” * Of four of these, each has on its obverse a steam-engine and whim, with date, 1811, and legend: ‘‘ Cornish Penny; ” and on the reverse, a Fish, between blocks of Tin and Copper, with legend: ‘‘ For the accommodation of the County.”—A fifth is similar to the preceding, except that the legend on the reverse is: ‘‘ Payable in cash notes at Scorrier House.”—A sixth has on one side the words ‘‘ Penny Piece,” with encircling legend: ‘‘ Success to the Cornish Mines,” and date 1812. On the other side are the Dunstanville Arms.—The seventh has on its obverse the words ‘‘One Penny” and ‘“ Bir- mingham and Swansea;” and on the reverse: ‘‘Token 1811,” and ‘ Rose Copper Company.” + Hach of these Coins bears on the obverse the name ‘“‘ ANTHONY COCKE” encircling three birds; and on the reverse: ‘‘OF REDRUTH, 1666.” In 34 of the number the legend on the reverse encircles the letters A. C.; whilst in the remaining 55, the encircled letters are non and the birds are on a shield. t Ina note accompanying this present, Mr. Rogers writes: ‘‘I send, by book-post, a Photograph, full size, of a very fine brass celt, of the type now called a Palstave. It was found in July by an intelligent young man in my employ, on the farm of Penvores, Mawgan in Meneage, near Helston, three feet deep in clay. Its size is 53 in. long; weight 143 oz., avoirdupois. Two- looped palstaves of this type are of the greatest rarity in England. In a recent number of the Archeological Journal (No. 108, pp. 230-237) two similar ones, though of slightly different figure, are given as found in Spain; and they have occurred in Portugal. Another is in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, and is figured in the Catalogue of that Museum, p. 382. Lord Talbot de Malahide possesses a second Irish specimen, figured in the Archeological Journal, vol. ix, p. 194. This was long considered unique. Mr. Albert Way tells me of two others, one found in Somerset, the other in possession of Rev. T. Hugo. This important find deserves to be recorded in _ your Journal. The Photo will perhaps find a place in your Scrap-book.” XCclV Mineral Statistics of Victoria, for the year From Mr. Henwood, Presi- BT Olsvetete tars iaicteloterereteveleretelsrctalevelutere’sis Mabaeters dent, 1871. Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Regis- trars (Victoria. For Quarter ending 31st March, 1871. Ditto. Ditto 30th June, 1871. Ditto. Address delivered at the Spring Meeting of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, on the 23rd of May, 1871. By William Jory Hen- wood, F.R.S., F.G.S.; Member of the Geo- logical Society of France; sometime Her Majesty’s Assay Master of Tin in the Duchy of Cornwall; President of the Institution. . Ditto. A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon, with Instructions for their Dis- crimination, and Copious Tables of Locali- | ties ; by J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Lecturer and Assistant Secretary of the Miners’ Associa- tion of Cornwall and Devon; Secretary to the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; Associate of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, and of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, &., &c., ® ..... Siasieioue So0d0 Ditto. Notice of John Knill, of Gray’s Inn, 1733- MGT cle cicieeclelsisiclo ciclo emisisijele sesiciecne “rom Mr. Rogers) Penrose. Glossary of Cornish Names, Ancient and Modern, Local, Family, Personal, &c.: 20,000 Celtic and other Names, now or for- merly in use in Cornwall: with derivations and significations, for the most part con- jectural, suggestive and tentative of many, and lists of unexplained names about which information is solicited. By the Rey. John Bannister, LL.D., Vicar of St. Day ...... From the Author. = t ® Concerning this book, Mr. Henwood said: Amongst the books pre- sented to us since our Spring Meeting, there is one which it would be almost criminal in me not to mention,—the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon by Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Secretary of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. It has been in my hand only a single day, and that day busily occupied by other matters ; moreover, if I had more time, I may not perhaps have the knowledge necessary to offer a fair criticism of it, and, still more, time would not now permit it, if other conditions had been more favourable. So far as I have been able to judge, it contains a very great amount of most valuable detail, skilfully arranged and, after enormous labour, presented in a most lucid and easily accessible manner. If I may so far presume, I should without hesitation recommend it to every one desirous of acquainting him- self with the mineral productions of the two counties; as, in my humble judgment, it reflects the highest credit on the Author. As a work printed within two or three hundred yards of this room, I hope I may be excused for remarking that Messrs. Heard may well pride themselves on this excel- lent production of their press. XCV Tho Western Chronicle of Science. Edited by J. H. Collins, F.G.S., &¢., &c. Vol. I. Nos. 6-10, June — October, 1871 ........ On the Megalithic Remains in Mid-Kent. By E. Hadlow Wise Dunkin ........... 90000 Cardiff Free Library. An Address on the De- livery of the Annual Prizes to the Students of the Cardiff Schools of Science and Art, November 30, 1870, by G. T. Clark, Esq... Annual Report and Transactions of the Ply- mouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Vol. IV. Part II. UWS cegdaocoo0a0dgaac00cs oco0d0000 The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archzological Association of Ireland. Fourth Series, "April, lSAly Ney Boooadc Ditto, July, 1871, No.7...... The Journal of the Anthropological Insti- tute of Great Britain and Ireland...... Vol. I, No. 1, January—July, 1871 .... — No.2, October, 1871.......... Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, for the year HIS 6 Deverereverstarec\avsverovel eke ele arcs rsyecesecs, aieie etaerae The Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic Society, October 21, 1871 ..........-0%. Transactions of the Geological Society of \ Glasgow. Vole Party Tliley MSGi ccyerers cleleiey eters eters Nolen Part Tel 868s. sao crcicetre sree \ Wolly IMU, Jebha, IO UR) Solos Boosudeac Vol. II, Supplement, 1871. On the Carboniferous Fossils of the West of SJQQMEING.” Goondonooned0DSOdoODaDGODOdS ) Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, for the year 1871. Part I, January—March ........ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series. Vol. V, No. 1, November 17 to December 8, 1870........ Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society. Part XI, Part I of AVOLTINVOM TIVE: AUST eal cic ees sieve) aved svaiecoer ene Collections of the Surrey Archeological So- ciety. Vol. V, Part II, 1871........... 5 Report of the Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding Of Yorkshire, 1869 ....cce.cccccees Ditto, ditto, TOT OM a ane ees From the Editor. From the Author. From Mr. F. T. Hudson. Brom the Institution. From the Association. From the Institute. From the Smithsonian Insti- tution. From the Society. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Xcvi Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Vole VEL UNosnlS68269 eects sieiciaie 2, biatete From the Society. s WoO, WALL, Woe I WSS Sacoacgoco00 WOl, Wail, INO; INH, WBVO-Wlbsssoooococe Reports of the Cornwall Polytechnic Society, Wl, ih URBBHIBBIS (6 oocooosos500000000 Wola SMD, TAGS Ooocccacoodooa00KdC Proceedings of the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club, for the year 1870-71 ......0. From the Club. Ditto. Books relating to Cornwall, presented by Mr. T. Q. Couch, Bodmin® :— “God in the Creature” and other Poems. By Henry Grenfield. MDCLXXXVI. Dedicated to the Mayor, Recorder, and Justices of the Borough of Truro. + Collections, illustrating the History of the Catholic Religion in the. counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, and Dorsetshire. In Two Parts, Historical and Biographical. With Notices of the Dominican, Benedictine, and Franciscan Orders in England. By the Very Rev. George Oliver, D.D., Canon of the Diocese of Plymouth. A Letter to a Friend, containing some matters relating to the Church, By a Cornish Vicar, 1857. Outline or Skeleton Maps of the Diocese of Exeter. Part I, containing, in thirteen plates, the Archdeaconry and County of Cornwall. 1825. The Pirate, and other poems. By Frederick de Kruger, jun., Mariner, Dedicated to Vice-Admiral Sir C. V. Penrose, K.C.B., G.C. St. F. and M., and G.C. St. M. and G., of Ethy House, Cornwall. The Truth of Christianity proved from ancient prophecies. By the Rev. Robert Walker, M.A. 1834. Jeffery the Seaman, being a Narrative of his feelings and sufferings during his abode on the Desolate Island of Sombrero, where he was left by the inhuman order of his Captain. Together with a Journal or Diary during the eight days he remained there, interspersed with strictures and comments on the conduct of Captain Lake. Miscellanies in Verse and Prose, English and Latin, by the late Anthony Champion, of the Middle Temple, Esquire. Published from the original manuscripts by William Henry, Lord Lyttelton. 1801. The Works of Francis Gregor, of Trewarthenick, Esq. (A Presentation copy to the late Mr. Jonathan Couch, from Mr. Flindell, the publisher.) Arena Cornubie: or, the Claims of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests to the Sea Coast and Banks of Tidal Rivers in Cornwall and Devon, ’ examined and considered by J. W. Pycroft, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.A.S., Reg. Soc, Sept. Antiq. Hafniw Socius, ete. 1856. * Presenting these books, Mr. Couch expresses his desire to aid, by further contributions, the formation of a good County Library in connection with this Institution. + See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. XII, p. 316. t See the History of Polperro, by the late Jonathan Couch, F.L.S., and Thomas Q, Couch, F.S.A., page 93. X¢eVil The PRESIDENT, on retiring from the Chair, in favour of Mr. St. Aubyn, the President-Elect, said, he desired to offer in public, as he had done in private, his warmest acknowledgments to the Officers and Council with whom he had had the pleasure of acting, for the invaluable advice and assistance with which they had kindly favoured him; without which, indeed, he should have been quite unequal to the duties which it had been the pleasure of the members of this Institution to assign to him. And to the ladies and gentlemen who, at these meetings, had borne so patiently his many short-comings, and had looked rather to that which he wished, than to that only which he had been able, to perform, he presumed to offer his sincere and grateful thanks. To the end of his life he should remember that the highest honour he had ever received, had been in his native neighbourhood, and from friends who had known him from his youth. Mr. St. AUBYN said, when their Secretary communicated with him on the subject of the business of the day, he said something about the kind wish of the Council that he should undertake the duty of President; but he replied that it was his opinion that the duties of President would be much better filled by somebody pos- sessing greater scientific attamments than he possessed, and he was in hopes they would have found some gentleman possessing those qualifications, and who would fill the office. He had added that if no better man could be found, and he was afraid from what had passed they had failed in that, he could only say that if it was their wish that he should accept the office, he should be most happy to do so. He could not be insensible of the great dis- advantage that any person must labour under in succeeding Mr. Henwood, a man of European reputation, and who had reflected credit on that Institution by being its President for the last two years. For this it owed him a deep debt of gratitude, as well as for the services rendered. At the close of the meeting, thanks were cordially voted to Mr. Henwood for the ability with which he had presided; and the Ex-PRESIDENT in returning his warmest thanks for the courteous vote they had accorded him, said their approval was, to him, the highest of all possible rewards. In the evening, a Conversazione was held in the new Lecture Room, and it was very numerously attended, especially by Ladies. Among the gentlemen present were:—Mr. J. St. Aubyn, M.P., President ; Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., Ex-President ; ‘Dr. Jago, F.R.S., a Vice-President; Dr. Barham, Rev. J. R, G X¢CV1il Cornish, Mr. T. Cornish (Penzance), Mr. W. G. Dix, Rev. E. N. Dumbleton, Mr. Heard, Capt. Henderson, Rey. W. Iago (Bodmin), Mr. H. Spry Leverton, Mr. A. P. Nix, Mr. A. Paull, Mr. J. R. Paull, Mr. W. J. Rawlings (Hayle), Mr. E. Sharp, jun., Mr. M. H. Smith, Mr. Tweedy, Capt. Veitch, R.E., Mr. Whitley, C.E., and Mr. R. N. Worth. The special object of the meeting was to listen to descriptions of some of the characteristics of the district visited during the Autumn Excursion. Mr. WHITLEY read a Paper descriptive of the physical geo- graphy of that locality, in the course of which he traced its geolo- gical history, and advanced arguments in support of his views with regard to the occurrence of drift in the western counties. Captain HENDERSON read a very interesting Paper upon the famous Botallack mine, illustrating his descriptions by means of his admirable maps and sections of the sett and its workings. Mr. Henderson stated that he was under great obligation to the West Briton of the 24th of August last for much of the information which he had obtained respecting Botallack mine, and the work- ings thereon. From the account there given he made some interesting extracts. The mine was situated at and near the junction of the granite and killas, the latter being represented by rock of a very compact character. The granite had generally produced tin with a little copper; the killas large quantities of copper with some tin. In all, the ores of seven metals had been raised there ; with perhaps a greater variety of minerals generally than in any other mine in Cornwall. The principal lode was called the Crowns, which was a guide or crosscourse. On it the famous Boscawen shaft, which extended under .the sea, was situated ; and at the junction with it of the other lodes the great mineral riches of the mine had been developed. ‘The deepest levels of the under-sea part of the mine were so free from water that one hour’s work a day with a bucket sufficed to keep them perfectly dry. In Wheal Cock, now a part of the Botallack sett, a miner had followed up the lode so near the sea that he drove his pick right through. The water rushed in, but he was not at all alarmed, and stopped the hole with a plug of wood, which, after fifty years, still remained. Botallack was divided into 200 shares, held by 84 adventurers, all resident in the county. .It employed 700 hands, and had 156 heads of stamps (108 steam), and 14 steam engines. 40,000 tons of stuff were drawn to the surface every year, of which 27,000 were more or less available. Seven miles of levels and stopes were driven every year. In the quarter ending June last the expenditure was £8,212, and the XC1X receipts £9,718. When the present company, about 36 years since, took on the mine it had only been worked to the 100- fathom level. The Button lode he said had already produced a clear profit of £24,000. He referred in a. graphic manner to the immense perils miners underwent in the colirse of their operations underground, and pointed out that the Boscawen diagonal shaft was at an angle of 30 degrees, as steep as the roof of a house. When a breakage occurred there some years since no wire rope was in use, but a steel rope was afterwards introduced, and no mishap had occurred since. He was glad to learn that the Government was likely to undertake the inspection of metalliferous mines. He knew many ends that were being worked in this county where the miners were inhaling poison at every breath they drew, and where a candle would not burn within twenty feet of the spot where the men were working. He thought that there ought to be a limit to this kind of work. He had inspected a mine in the western district lately, where two young men, tempted by a very high price, were working in an end full of deadly gases, and the men were occasionally absolutely gasping for breath. He hoped the time was not far distant when every mine a hundred fathoms deep would be compelled to have a man-engine, which would conduce much towards the health of the miners. At Botallack the miners were spared the labour of ladders by the use of a skip. Mr. T. Cornisu, of Penzance, next read a Paper on the fishes of West Cornwall. Yarrell described 226 species of British fishes; Couch raised the number to 296. Of these upwards of 50 are fresh water ; 20 others are littoral, and found everywhere on the coast. Of the remaining 218 species more than 150 have been found in the Mount’s Bay district. Of these Mr. Cornish has with his own hands taken 101, from the mackerel midge to the basking shark, and has observed other 30. Several of the rarer kinds were described by Mr. Cornish, examples of some were shewn, and a fine specimen of the Lump Sucker fish was presented by him to the Institution. The Rev. W. Iaco, of Bodmin, one of the most zealous of Cornish antiquaries, gave a most interesting resumé of the anti- quities visited during the excursion, illustrating his remarks by a number of excellent drawings. One of the most valuable points was a corrected reading of the men scryfa.* In the course of his observations, Mr. Iago stated that all the Inscribed Stones in Cornwall, figured by Dr. Borlase, were still in existence, and * For detailed description of this and other Inscribed Stones, see Rey. W. lago’s illustrated account in R. I. Journal, No. xiii. G2 Cc more had been discovered since his day. One, recorded by him, as situate four miles east of Michell, had during many years been lost sight of, but had recently been re-discovered by Mr. Iago, and apparently in its original position. Mr. Iago also gave his ren- dering of an inscription, hitherto considered illegible, on the Inscribed Stone which had been used in the foundations of Phil- lack Church; and, further, exhibited and explained a drawing, he had made, of a mediseval carving in alabaster, discovered in the church at Mabe. The length of the earlier papers prevented much discussion, but the proceedings altogether were of the most successful and enjoyable tharacter. We will close this account of the Conversazione with a de- scription and illustration (by Rev. W. Iago) of the carved relic last referred to. ALABASTER CARVING AT MABE. Mr. Iago writes,—“This fragment, kindly shewn to me by the Vicar of Mabe, (the Rev. A. A. Vawdrey), was discovered with many others in a built-up Aumbry in the Chancel, during the restoration of the church. There are several subjects represented —this one shews the painful martyrdom of an early Bishop. His name has not yet been ascertained.—The figures around him are carved from the same block—all being in high relief (but rather unequally placed), gilded and colored. None of the eyes are closed—although at first some appear to be so, from the fact that the painted pupils have been rubbed off. An executioner, at one side, pours a black stream from a ladle, upon the Martyr's head ; hot pitch or molten lead seems tobe intended, as oil would have been tinted yellow; this renders it unlikely that St. John can be signified. Drops of the dark liquid appear on the Saint’s body. A second tormentor holds him down with an instrument, or burns him, with its heated blade, upon the breast. Part of a third executioner is seen below—the remaining portion of him and of his weapon, which was thrust through or against the side of the cauldron, having been broken away. There was probably a fourth on the other side—most likely stirring the fire beneath the cauldron in which the Martyr stands; but the alabaster there no longer exists. Behind are bearded personages—A King, crowned, and robed in ermine, bearing a curved sword or scimitar —/(perhaps to signify that the tortures of the victim were com- pleted by decapitation). On his left stands a hooded monk-like figure holding what seems to be a roll or scroll. He may be meant for a heathen soothsayer or idolatrous priest, the King’s ill-adviser —instigating the infliction of the sufferings. Alabaster af Mabe , Corninall . Wieat kt cl The background, between the figures, is gilded. The mitre is of white and gold, but green within. The Saint’s hair is golden ; the King’s hair and his companion’s, black; the executioner’s, red. The coats of these last are blue with gold border stripe. The exterior of the cauldron is red, the interior black. The in- struments of torture have red handles, black bowl and blade. The countenance of the Martyr is perfectly placid. The visages of the torturers, distorted. In treatment and workmanship this group is very similar to that of the flaying of St. Bartholomew, also carved in alabaster, found some years ago in the Church of Lostwithiel. In costume and general design the figures also closely resemble those existing in the stained glass window of St. George’s Martyrdom in St. Neot’s Church; the saint there de- picted, being, like this one, finally beheaded by the King’s com- mandment—after passing through a scene thus labelled ‘“ Hic pomtur in furno cum plumbo.” The dedication of Mabe Church is at present unknown. This carved group—or one of the others—may afford a clue. Hals suggested a derivation of the name; others give St. Mabe, but Dr. Oliver failed to trace out the Patron Saint. Mabe and Mylor (St. Melorus*, Martyr), were formerly one benefice. ‘The nearest Sunday to St. Matthew’s Day, Sept. 21, is the Parish Feast at Mabe, alias Lan-Mabe, La-Vabe, or Lavapper. These name-forms seem based on one like the following (1) Mabena, Maben (St. Mabyn)—figured in window at St. Neot’s, with crown and palm- branch—daughter of King Brechan. (2) Mebered, Mewbredus (Patron Saint of Cardynham), also in ancient glass at St. Neot’s, holding a head as emblem of decapitation, and thus invoked “ Sancte Meberede, oro pro nobis.” (3) Vepa alias Vepus (in whose honor St. Veep church seems originally to have been dedicated). It is said that hot pitch was poured from ladles on St. Cyriac’s head. (Callot, &c.). He was, however, a Deacon—not a Bishop as here shewn, (see Butler, Aug. 8); but another Cyriac alias Quiriacus was, it appears, Bishop of Jerusalem (Der Heyl: Leben) (N. and Q. 1871, viii, 268), and suffered under Julian the Apostate, being immersed in a cauldron of boiling oil, and finally, by the Tyrant’s order, thrust through the back with a sword, (Comm: Oct. 28). Respecting Cyriac, Cyret, and Julitta, Dr. Whittaker made much confusion (C.C. i, 197-9). Dr. Oliver (Mon. D. Ex.) was surprised at his errors, and corrected them. St. Nicephorus, we are told, was tormented through holes in a tub. 'W. Taco, B.A., (LS. of the Society of Antiquaries, London). * Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Vol. 3, pp. 162-3. : G3 —————— : “aHUASVENT, ‘ACHAML LYAAOU 6 L 9gF eoveeoese ere oe ese eeeeeeee esos ee oouUvlyeg ‘TL81. G & 86s 6 & T86F 6 pb (oe oat eee see seomepea 9 0 0 teceeeeeseQuor ‘morsmmoxy Aq ssory 6 OL 88 Wooy MoN SUIYSTUmM,y pur suloiTy 0 ltée ste cceseeeeeeeeesegsoog SuIpulg SF (OO seeers aga osvs JO] WO JSotoqUT O OT se** gouolog jo Teudnog ATA0jABn+ 02 8 seeeee KQ100g [wANyMoAOF [BAY 00 T sse+ KQTD0G [BOISOTOLOOJOT, YSTHIG 0 I T seccceeece veers sees Kn9T000 AVY Z ST 0 ee 0 obec oe 0) 0\ 0 ee wee 010 oe 0 6 solapung 8 GL? Pees ens OF TTD LOTS UOT VETS LULL FOOOOD DOO S050 0.0005 00 Ghia iaiy 8 §&1 8% (eee [eUINOL SUTVIPY pur suryurag 0 ¢ 8 socerereccecee puny Worerysny[T L&9 **sToorvg JO esvlaIvD puv soseysog 9 OL SL °**'*Syodey puv [euInor fo o[vg 26 seeeeese ss KroTOTRIG pu SUTULIG 9 91% sete eee reeeeeeess SOQ SIOUSTA Il €& 6 sreerecececees sostiodx@ Unesn 0 0 06 “occ [lounop UMOT, oma, 0991q OS Othe ee AreTVY 8,10;8InNO 0 0 02 SeTRM FO 90ULG OU} “HUH IC Z ele we ee rece eee eeeeeeeeeees srrIpdoty 9 GT 90I seereeeeeoeestrordimosqng [BNULY 8 9 9 vcrees gouvinsuy oly pu soxug, Aq “Te Atue 8 GT LOL ‘*'''* FUnoooY ysl Wor coupe OL “TS Aque Fi) 32 “TLST P38 ‘TL8T == SLD 1y “yjeannia07) fo WOYNyAS UY jedoy ayy YA yuo wi digaoon ye paqour “AGL JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. No. XIII. APRIL. 1872. I—The Insulation of St. Michaels Mount, Cornwall. By W. PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 23, 1871. HOUGH the “Mount” can never fail to be an object of great interest and of pride to Cornishmen, I might, in ordinary circumstances, have hesitated before venturing to make it the topic of a communication even to this Institution, seeing that I have already read three distinct papers on it to as many scientific societies—the British Association, at its meeting at Birmingham, in September, 1865; the Royal Institution of Great Britain, on April 5th, 1867; and the Devonshire Association, during its meeting at Barnstaple, in the following July. The first was never printed by me or with my knowledge ; but, as will presently be seen, a notice of it, and by no means a correct one, appeared in some newspaper. A full abstract of the second, prepared by myself, was printed in the Proceedings of the Royal Institution ;* and the third was printed in eatenso, in October, in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association. On November 25, 1867, Mr. Max Miller, the eminent Pro- fessor of Comparative Philology at Oxford, read to the Ashmolean Society a paper on “The Insulation of St. Michael’s Mount,” * Procecdings Roy. Inst. Great Britain, Vol. v, p. 128. { Vol. iii, pp. 129-161, 1867. 2 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. which, during the present year, he has printed in his Third Volume of “Chips.”* It was avowedly written to refute a conclusion to which the newspaper seems to have made me come and distinctly enunciate at Birmingham in 1865, but which, as is shown by the manuscript still in my possession, instead of advocating, I declared to be utterly untenable. The erroneous conclusion first ascribed to me by the newspaper, and then treated as mine by Professor Max Miiller, was subsequently reiterated by a critic - in the Saturday Review ;+ and, as it is well known to be diffi- cult, if not impossible, to overtake a misrepresentation, there can be little doubt that it may again and again be given as an instance of the danger of hasty conclusions. Such are the circumstances which have induced me to write this, my fourth, paper on The Insulation of St. Michael's Mount. In order to a clear understanding of the precise point on which Professor Max Miiller supposed himself to be at issue with me, it may be well at this stage to give a brief summary of my Bir- mingham paper, read in 1865. Having described the Mount and its position, I formally enunciated the following assumptions :— lst—That the Old Cornish Name of the Mount was Cara Clowse in Cowse. 2nd—That the Name had been. correctly translated as The Hoar Lock in the Wood. 3rd—That the Name was appropriate when it was first given. 4th—(On the authority of Dr. Boase{ and Dr. T. F. Barham§)— That Florence of Worcester expressly stated that the Mount was formerly five or six miles from the sea, and enclosed with a very thick wood. Though fully aware that each of these assumptions might turn out to be untrue, I supposed them to have at least a fair amount of evidence in their favour, and therefore came to the inevitable conclusion that the insulation of the Mount must have taken place after the introduction of the old British language into Cornwall. No geologist can for a moment doubt that at a geologically very * Chips from a German Workshop, by F. Max Miiller, M.A., Vol. iii, pp. 830-357, 1870. {+ January 14th, 1871, p. 56. + Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, Vol. ii, p. 134. § Ibid, Vol. iii, p. 105. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 3 recent time the Mount was permanently a peninsula ; or fail to see that its present insulation must be ascribed either to the mere wasting of the coast of the mainland by the action of the waves, or to a more or less general subsidence of the district, attended, per- haps, by such wasting. There is no other alternative. As it was the object of my paper to prove that the latter was the true cause, I proceeded first to show that the rival hypothesis—insulation by encroachment without subsidence—could not be entertained ; having been led to this conclusion by a personal visit to the spot and a careful study of its physical geography and geology. It was obvious that though the cliff at Marazion—the nearest point of the main- land—was but little calculated to resist the unbroken action of the waves, it was so effectually protected by the Mount from the only quarter whence very destructive seas could be sent—from S.W. to S.E.—that its recession would in all probability be so slow as to be scarcely appreciable. This conclusion was fully confirmed by the evidence of all the inhabitants with whom I conversed, as they assured me that in their time there had been no wasting of the cliff. It cannot be doubted, however, that the Marazion plain did formerly extend further towards the Mount, and it may possibly have reached it in some very remote antiquity. The _ former was evident from the fact that the plain terminated, not in a slope, but in a low vertical cliff, consisting of a sub-aerial accumu- lation of clay and angular stones. The cliff, moreover, was partially protected by a wall: but, on the other hand, though the space between it and the houses was very narrow, the wall itself was so slender as to show that it was neither intended, nor expected to be called on, to resist powerful attempts at encroachment. In fact, it seemed to be a protection against sub-aerial agencies rather than against violent waves. Moreover, several parts of the cliff were entirely undefended, and these had by no means retreated, even to the extent of a single inch, more than those protected by the wall.* * During a visit to Marazion since this paper was written, I observed the following fact, strongly confirmatory of the belief of the natives that if the cliffs recede at all they do so at a very slow rate. A house standing, it was said, on 60 feet by 60 feet, was in course of erection, on a narrow tongue of the sub-aerial material, having the sea-clifi no more than 12 feet from it on the west, and from 30 to 40 feet on the east. On my remarking that the site seemed a very precarious one, especially for so large and valu- able a house, the workmen assured me that there was no risk whatever. 4 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. During the visit I encountered an intelligent native, who, though in his eighty-third year, was still active both in mind and in body, and who stated that within his recollection there had been no encroachment on any part of the cliff under the shelter of the Mount; but he added that at a short distance eastward “the sea had destroyed a great deal of land.” On going with him to the spot, he pointed out an isolated rock on the tidal strand, which he said was so far in, and concealed by, the cliff when he was a boy of eight or ten years of age, that the portion of it which projected barely furnished him with a foothold from which, when bathing, the had frequently jumped into the sea at high water. From the data thus furnished I came to the conclusion that, where entirely unprotected by nature or art, the retrocession of the cliff had not exceeded twenty feet in seventy-five years; and that to suppose the Marazion cliff, from which the Mount cut off all destructive waves, had retreated at the average rate of ten feet in a century, would be to take a very high estimate. Taking this as a measure, and remembering that the distance from the main- land to the Mount is 1680 feet, it followed that the hypothesis of insulation by mere encroachment would require us to fix the date of the insulation at nearly seventeen thousand years ago. In other words, we should be at liberty to believe that about 150 centuries before the Christian era the permanent connexion of the Mount with the mainland was severed, but that immediately prior to that date it might have been a hoar rock at the end of a wood. To suppose it in, that is surrounded by, a wood, a further demand must be made on antiquity, such as would have sufficed for the wasting of the land from the sea-ward to the land-ward margin of the Mount. In short, on the assumptions laid down at the commencement, the hypothesis of insulation by mere encroach- ment appeared to demand the belief that at least twenty thousand years ago Cornwall was inhabited by a people who spoke a lan- guage which prevailed in the same district to within a very few centuries of our own time, and, from its similarity to the Welsh, might be said to be still spoken by a large population within our own island. Believing this conclusion respecting the antiquity of the old Cornish language to be totally untenable, I at once rejected it, and, with it, as a matter of course, the hypothesis of insulation by encroachment alone ; remarking of the latter that it squandered time most lavishly. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 5 Turning next to the hypothesis of insulation through sub- sidence—the only alternative consistent with the assumptions made at the beginning—I proceeded to show that there had been a general eal movement of the land in geologically very. recent times, and, as evidence of it, described the submerged forests so prevalent on both the north and south coasts of Devon and Cornwall, especially noting the fine and well-known descrip- tion which, in 1822, Dr. Boase gave of the example in the Mount’s Bay.* I dwelt at some eae lh on the fact that, whilst mere encroachment necessarily destroys and removes the land it wastes, subsidence may leave intact the soil it overwhelms; and, con- versely, that when an old vegetable soil is found undisturbed beneath the sea, when the stumps of trees are found projecting vertically through and perpendicular to it, when roots and rootlets ramify from the trunks horizontally through the soil, when the plants are all of kinds still indigenous to the districts, and when such phenomena are met with in numerous localities throughout a wide area, there can be no doubt that there has been a general, tranquil, and in a geological sense, a very recent subsi- dence of the land. Next, I pomted out that whilst, on the one hand, this change of level could not have taken place within the last 1,900 years, since, about 9 B.C., the Mount was described by Diodorus Siculus in terms which apply admirably to it at present; on the other hand, the vegetable and animal remains in the forests showed that it was what a geologist would call a very recent event. In short, the evidence then before us, was such as to compel the belief that the insulation of the Mount had taken place before the Christian era, but such also as to permit the belief that the event might have occurred not very long before that time. The paper concluded thus :—‘“ A careful consideration of all the facts of the case, as well as of the related phenomena, points decidedly to the conclusion that, since Cornwall was inhabited by a race speaking the British language, St. Michael’s Mount was a ‘hoar rock in a wood,’ and that its insulation resulted from a general subsidence of the country.” *“ Observations on the Submersion of part of the Mount’s Bay; and on the Inundation of Marine Sand on the north coast of Cornwall.” By ‘ Henry Boase, Esq., Trans. Roy. Geol. Soe. of Cornwall, vol. ii, p. 129, et. seq. 6 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. After reading the paper just sketched, I devoted a considerable amount of attention to the literature of the question, as well as to the physical phenomena in Devon and Cornwall to which it was related ; and was enabled to state in the Royal Institution lecture, in 1867, that the tradition of the Mount having been five or six miles from the sea and enclosed in a very thick wood, was first mentioned, not, as I had been led to suppose from the writings of Dr. Boase and Dr. T. F. Barham, by Florence of Worcester, who died in A.D. 1118, and no where mentions the Mount, but by William of Worcester, who visited Cornwall about A.D. 1478, or 360 years further from the period to which the tradition pointed, thus rendering the tradition itself of little or no value; that the alleged old Cornish name assumed so many forms, and there was so much uncertainty about its exact import, as to render it impro- bable that it had any value as evidence ; and that the submerged forest in Mount’s Bay was known much earlier than I had sup- posed, as it was mentioned by Leland (1533-40), who also spoke of the similar forest in Torbay. The printed abstract of this lecture, prepared by myself, closes with a Recapitulation containing the following passage :—“ Nine- teen centuries ago it” (the Mount) “possessed a safe harbour, so that its insulation must have been effected long before. It was at one time unquestionably ‘a hoar rock in a wood,’ but in all pro- bability it had ceased to be so long before any language now known to scholars was spoken in the district. Prior to its insula- tion was the era of the growth of the forests now submerged along our entire sea-bord,” &c. In the paper read at Barnstaple, in July, 1867, I was able to make the following further corrections :—that the British name of the Mount was neither first mentioned by Carew in 1602, as was commonly believed, nor did it in its earliest known form contain any reference or allusion to a wood, since Norden mentioned it, probably in 1584, and Camden certainly in 1586, both giving it as Careg Cowse, which the first translated Grey rock, and the second rupis cana ; that the name occurs in two different forms in Carew —Cara Couz in Clowze and Cara-Clowse in Cowse—each of which he translates in the same way—The hoary rock in the wood ;—and that, _ as there was no Pope Gregory in the year 1070, there must be some error in the following statement made by William of Wor- THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. U cester :—‘‘ Pope Gregory, in the year 1070,” granted to “the Church in the Mount of St. Michael in Tumba in the county of Cornwall . . . . that all the faithful who enriched the Church with their benefactions and alms, or visited it, should be forgiven a third part of their penances.” “ These words,” he continues, “were found in ancient registers lately discovered in this Church,” and “they are publicly placed here on the doors of the Church.”* Returning now to the first of these papers—that read to the British Association, at Birmingham, in 1865—it will be remem- bered that the point of my argument was, that the hypothesis of the Insulation by mere encroachment could not be admitted, be- cause it led to the conclusion that twenty thousand years ago the old British language was spoken in Cornwall, which was absurd. Unfortunately, the newspaper reporter, failing to see that I was using the reductio ad absurdum, witha delightful innocence, sup- posed, and informed the world, that I had contended for the twenty-thousand years antiquity of the Cornubo-British language. No one who reflects on the facts that scientific language is neces- sarily technical, and that newspaper reporters are rarely familiar with it, since it is seldom required in their profession, will be unprepared for errors of this kind; and every one who has watched newspaper reports of scientific papers or lectures must be ac- quainted with many examples of it. The first intimation which reached me of the error in the news- paper report of my paper was through the Rev. Dr. Bannister of St. Day, Cornwall, who, being so good as to send to Notes and Queriest a reply to questions I had asked in its pages, concluded thus:—“TI should like to ask Mr. Pengelly if he was correctly reported in the newspapers, which made him say at the Birming- ham Congress that ‘20,000 years ago Cornwall was inhabited by a Cornish-speaking people.’” Thinking the matter of little or no public interest, I sent Dr. Bannister a private reply, containing the true state of the case. The unfortunate newspaper report appears to have fallen into the hands of Prof. Max Miiller, who, less cautious than Dr. « Ttineraria. ¢ 3rd Series, Vol. xi, pp. 357-8. May 4, 1867. 8 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. Bannister, at once, and without question, accepted it as correct; as he says, “In his paper read before the British Association ... . Mr. Pengelly adduced that very name” (Cara clowse in cowse) “as irrefragable evidence that Cornish, 7.¢., a Celtic language, an Aryan language, was spoken in the extreme west of Europe about 20,000 years ago.”* So startling a statement was undoubtedly calculated to rouse so eminent a philologer, and, accordingly, he set himself to work to demolish it, not, however, before he must have known that I had been incorrectly reported, or, if not, had recanted, for it is obvious that before writing his paper he had in his possession a copy of the authorized abstract of my Royal Institution lecture in April, 1867, since he avowedly quotes it, though not quite. correctly, at the commencement of his paper. Indeed, he states that “In his more recent paper Mr. Pengelly has given up this position” (the 20,000 years antiquity of the Cornish language), “and he considers it improbable that any philologer could now give a trustworthy translation of a language spoken 20,000 years ago.” + Notwithstanding this, however, he proceeds in his work of demo- lition, and, it must be confessed, with such eminent success as to render it impossible, if any one ever did hold the heresy, for him to do so again. For myself, [am heartily delighted to find that the conclusion which from the first I held to be utterly untenable, has been pronounced by the distinguished Oxford Professor to be one “which would completely revolutionize our received views as to the early history of language and the migrations of the Aryan race.” t ; ; Instead of following the learned Professor step by step through his paper, it will be sufficient in this place to state, in passing, that he recognizes the Mount as the Iktis of Diodorus Siculus, remarking that it “was at last admitted even by the late Sir G. C. Lewis” ;§ accepts the charters of Edward the Confessor (1044),]|| and of Leofric Bishop of Exeter (1088) ;{ declines the assertion of Sir Henry James that there are trees growing on the Mount in sufficient numbers to have justified the ancient descriptive THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 9 name of the ‘ Hoar rock in the wood’;* and addresses himself mainly to the following topics :—(1) The dense forest mentioned by William of Worcester as having at one time surrounded the Mount, (2) the alleged British name of the Mount, and (3) the translation of the said name. The results of his investigations on the last three points may be best given in his own words :— “‘ And here we find— (1) That the legend of the dense forest by which the Mount was believed to have been surrounded existed, so far as we know, before the earliest occurrence of the Cornish name, and that it owes its origin entirely to a mistake which can be accounted for by documentary evidence. A legend told of Mont St. Michel “(in Normandy)” had been transferred ipsissimis verbis to St. Michael’s Mount, and the Monks of that priory repeated the story which they found in their chronicle to all who came to visit their estab- lishment in Cornwall. They told the name, among others, to William of Worcester, and to prevent any credulity on his part, they gave him chapter and verse from their chronicle, which he carefully jotted down in his diary.” ‘*(2) We find that when the Cornish name first occurs it lends itself, in one form, to a very natural interpretation, which does not give the meaning of ‘Hore rock in the wodd,’ but shows the name Cara cowz in clowze to have been a literal rendering of the Latin name ‘Mons in tumba,’ originally the name of Mont St. Michel, but at an early date applied in charters to St. Michael's Mount.” (3) We find that the second form of the Cornish name, viz., cara clowse in cowze may either be a merely metamorphic corrup- tion of cara cowz in clowze, readily suggested and supported by the new meaning which it yielded of ‘grey rock in the wood ;’ or, even if we accept it as an original name, that it would be no more than a name framed by the Cornish-speaking monks of the Mount, in order to embody the same spurious tradition which had given rise to the name of ‘ Hore rock in the wodd.’” T The Critic in the Saturday Review, already mentioned, whilst looking on the Professor's “explanation as perfectly successful,” * pp. 331-2. T pp. 355-6. 10 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. takes exception to his recognition of the Mount as the Iktis of Diodorus, and to his acceptance of the charters just spoken of: stating that “the Charter of Edward the Confessor referred to in p. 343 is quite impossible, and, if there be degrees in impossibility, those quoted in p. 339 are more impossible still. In them Bishop Leofric and Queen Matilda are made to sign charters some years after their deaths, and Leofric is made to act by authority of Gregory the Seventh, who did not become Pope until after Leofric was dead.”* The question of the Mount and the Iktis will be noticed in the sequel. The passages in Professor Max Miiller’s paper which have decided me to write once more on the subject, are the follow-— ing :—Having referred to the notices of the submerged forest in Mount’s Bay, by Borlase in 1757, Carew in 1602, and Leland (misprinted Lelant) in 1533-40, and having pointed out that the first “tells us that these forest trees were not found round the Mount, but midway between the piers of St. Michael’s Mount and Penzance, that is to say, about one mile distant from the Mount,”+ he thus proceeds:—“It is quite possible that the remains of trunks of trees may still be found on the very isthmus between the Mount and the mainland; but it is, to say the least, curious that, even in the absence of such stringent evidence, geologists should feel so confident that the Mount once stood on the main- land, and that exactly the same persuasion should have been shared by people long before the name of geology was known. There is a powerful spell in popular traditions, against which even men of science are not always proof, and it is just possible that if the tradition of the ‘hoar rock in the wood’ had not existed, no attempts would have been made to explain the causes that severed St. Michael’s Mount from the mainland.” Again: “The only question which, in conclusion, I should like to address to geologists, is this. As geologists are obliged to leave it doubtful whether the insulation of St. Michael’s Mount was due to the washing of the sea-shore, or to a general subsidence of the country, may it not have been due to neither of these causes, * Sat. Rev., Jan. 14, 1871, p. 56. f p. 334. t p. 335. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL’S MOUNT. 11 and may not the Mount have always been that kind of half-island which it certainly was 2,000 years ago ?”* The spirit of the passages just quoted will, it is believed, be found in'the following queries :— I. If the tradition of the “hoar rock in the wood” had never existed, would geologists have ever entertained the idea that the Mount was once permanently a part of the mainland ? IJ. May not the Mount have always been that kind of half- island it is at present ? III. If at some early period it was severed from the mainland, _ have not geologists been obliged to leave it doubtful whether its insulation was due to the mere wasting of the sea-shore, or to a general subsidence of the country ? These queries I will now attempt to answer.t I. It is, of course, not improbable that the tradition spoken of first called attention to the geological causes to which the present geographical character of the Mount was due; nor, on the other hand, is it impossible that the tradition may be a somewhat rudely philosophical interpretation of observed geological facts. The earliest mention of the tradition was that by William of Worces- ter, and was made in 1478, according to Dr. Oliver.t Leland, the next author who noticed the Mount, writing about fifty years after, mentions the tradition of loss of area—without, however, alluding to any supposed change in the geographical condition of the semi- island—and states, that “In the bay betwyxt the Mont and Pensants be found neere the lowe Water Marke Rootes of Trees yn dyvers _Places as a token of the Grounde wasted ;’§ and thus furnishes, whether he understood it or not, good geological evidence of sub- sidence and an early continental sedition of the Mount. It cannot be denied that the tradition, as before hinted, may, perhaps, have * pp. 356-7. + Awriter inthe Westminster Review, in a brief notice of Prof. Miiller’s papers on Cornwall, says, ‘“‘In the paper on the Insulation of St. Michael’s Mount, we should have been glad to have heard something more of the geo- logical evidence. We should also like to know what Mr. Pengelly . may have to say in answer from that point of view. . . . . Many of the questions which Mr. Max Miiller has raised can only be solved by the joint labours of the philologist and geologist.”— West. Rev., No. Ixxvii., January 1871, pp. 277-8. + Monasticon. § Itinerary, vol. vii., p. 118, 3 ed., Oxford, 1768. H 12 -—«S THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL’S MOUNT. had this submerged forest as its primary basis; but if it can be shown that the tradition is older than any knowledge of the forest, the fact will in no way detract from the value of the latter as evidence. II. It is but fair to state that, Professor Max Miller makes no pretensions to geology, and that he does “not venture to touch the geological arguments.”* It is not surprising therefore that the question he puts to Geologists, as such,—‘‘ May not the Mount have always been that kind of halfisland which it certainly was 2,000 years ago ?”—must be met with a clear and an unquali- fied “No.” In order to a full appreciation of the grounds on which this answer rests, it will be necessary to give here a some- what detailed account of the geology and geography of the Mount. It is well known that the Mount is an island at every high water, and, with rare exceptions, a peninsula at every low water. Its distance from Marazion cliff—the nearest point of the mainland—to spring-tide high-water mark on its own strand is 1,680 feet, as Col. Sir Henry James kindly informs me. The tidal isthmus consists of the outcrop of highly inclined Devonian slate and associated rocks, and, in most cases, is covered with a thin layer of gravel or sand. At spring tides, in still weather, it is at high water twelve feet below, and at low water six feet above, the sea-level. In fine weather it is dry from four to five hours every tide ; but occasionally, during very stormy weather and neap tides, it is impossible to cross for two or three days together. The Mount is an isolated mass of granite, measuring at its base about five furlongs in perimeter, as I am obligingly in- formed by Mr. J. P. St. Aubyn; and rising to the height of 195 feet above mean tide, according to Sir H. De la Beche.t At high water it plunges abruptly into the sea, except on the northern or landward side, where the granite comes into contact with the slate, into which it sends veins and dykes, as may be well seen on each side of the harbour. Here there is a small plain occupied by a village, adjacent to which is the harbour, built in 1726-7, and, as Mr. Johns, the harbour master, has been so good as to write me, capable of receiving ships of 500 tons burthen. * p. 356. + See Report on the Geology of Cornwall, &c., p. 15, 1839. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 13 The country immediately behind, or north of Marazion, consists of Devonian strata traversed by traps and elvans, and attains an elevation of about 200 feet. The town stands on a small plain terminating in a cliff from twelve to twenty feet high. Judging from this cliff, the plain is a sub-aerial accumulation of fragments of rock derived from the adjacent hill, and embedded, without any approach to regularity of arrangement, in a yellowish clay, forming probably no more than from 30 to 40 per cent. of the entire mass. The most important points in the foregoing description, in - connexion with our present enquiry, are, Ist. The materials of the Mount. 2nd. The relative level of the isthmus and the sea. Ist. The Mount consists almost entirely of granite; a rock which all modern geologists hold to be of Plutonic or Hypogene origin: in other words, a rock which was not, and could not as such, have been formed at the surface of the earth, but was elaborated beneath an overlying mass of rock of some other kind, which was stripped off by subsequent denudation before any part of the granitic mass could have been exposed at the surface of the earth. The thickness of this superimcumbent mass it is probably impossible even to guess, but Mr. Sorby has, by a very refined method, estimated the pressure under which the St. Austell granite was formed as equivalent to 32,400 feet of rock vertically, that of the mean of the Cornish granite to 50,000 feet, and the granite of Ding Dong Mine near Penzance to 63,000 feet.* As this pressure was in all probability due to the expanding power of heat beneath or within the granitized mass, it is not necessary to suppose the overlying rocks, the function of which was resistance, had a thick- ness even distantly approaching these figures. Nevertheless, it must have been very great, and the denudation by which these rocks were removed must have been commensurate. Should it be objected that, since its solidification, the granite has been thrust up through the rocks which formerly overlaid it, the veins and dykes which, as already stated, it has sent into the surrounding strata, will immediately furnish a conclusive reply in the negative. They can be seen extending in unbroken continuity * See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. xiv, p. 458, &¢., 1859. H 2 14 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL’S MOUNT. from the central mass into the beds they have invaded, and thus show that the latter have participated in every movement the granite may have undergone. The geologist, therefore, so far from having the least doubt that there was a time when the Mount was not that kind of half- island which it is at present, cannot but recognize an era when it was completely and deeply encased, and the space between it and the lofty hill behind Marazion was filled, with a very different kind of rock. 2nd. We turn next to the relative level of the isthmus and the sea. From the description already given, it is obvious that if the district were raised 13 feet the isthmus would be constantly above . the sea-level, and the Mount a permanent peninsula; whilst, on the other hand, if the district were lowered to the extent of but 7 feet the isthmus would always be under water, and the Mount for ever an island. To prove that the district was once at a greater height above the sea than it is at present, it is only necessary to appeal to the submerged forest long known in Mount’s Bay. As has been already pointed out, such a forest is conclusive evidence of subsidence ; and it is difficult to suppose that Leland—the first author who mentioned it—could have failed so to regard it. Indeed, he tells us that “ Ther hath been much land devourid betwixt Pensandes and Mousehole. Ther is an old Legend... . a Tounlet in this Part (now defaced and) lying under the Water.”* In other words, a townlet or village, not destroyed by the mere encroachment of the waves, but permanently overwhelmed. We have already seen that he elsewhere mentions “as a token of the Grounde wasted” the occurrence of the “Rootes of Trees, in dyvers Places betwyxt the Mount and Pensants, near lowe Water Marke ;” hence, even if the trees originally grew at the sea level, and even if there are none further sea-ward, the district must have been during the growth of the forest 18 feet higher than it is now—an elevation which must have kept the isthmus permanently dry, even if there had been no soil on it, and have deprived the Mount of its present semi-insular character. The detailed description of this forest by Dr. Borlase, who carefully investigated it in January, 1757, confirms Leland’s state- * Itinerary, Vol. iii, p. 17. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 15 ment, for he says that the portion of it which he examined was 300 yards below full tide mark, and at high water its upper sur- face had 12 feet of water on it.* For the most minute description of it, however, we are in- debted to Dr. Boase, who carefully studied it in the winter of 1825. From his account we learn that the trees were of hazel, alder, elm, and oak; that about a foot below the surface of the bed, the mass was chiefly composed of leaves and hazel nuts in a good state of preservation, the nuts, however, having lost their kernels; that in the bed were found fragments of insects, espe- cially the elytra of beetles displaying the most beautiful colours ; that the fishermen asserted that at low water the forest was trace- able all the way to Newlyn pier, west of Penzance; that he was of opinion, from the material brought up by ships’ anchors, that it extended sea-ward to, at least, Gwavas lake, the well-known roadstead ; and that, having observed similar vegetable remains east up among the pebbles at Lamorna Cove, four miles, in a straight line, S.S.W. from Penzance, he thought it very probable that a wood once covered the whole of the valley which now forms Mount’s Bay.t In short, if Dr. Boase’s opinion is even but par- tially correct—and we shall presently see that it is fully borne out by corresponding facts elsewhere—the Mount, during the forest era, must have been a “hoar rock in a wood;” and it may be repeated that it is possible that the tradition so frequently men- tioned was primarily based on the only philosophical interpreta- tion of which the submerged forest was capable. We have seen, however, that Prof. Max Miller demurs to this argument ; objecting that he has not been able to discover any proof of the presence of vegetable remains between the Mount and the mainland,{ and that it is, to say the least, curious that, even in the absence of such stringent evidence, geologists should feel so confident that the Mount once stood on the mainland.§ The only aspect of the question in which this objection ap- pears to me to have any force whatever, is that of supposing that the subsidence, unquestionably proved by the submergence of the * Natural History of Cornwall, pp. 221-3. + See Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, vol. iii, p. 166, &c. t p. 334. g p. 335. HS 16 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL’S MOUNT. forest, was a mere local slip, in which neither the Mount. nor its isthmus participated. To this aspect we will now give atten- tion. We know that a forest of the kind extends continuously from about midway between the Mount and Penzance to Newlyn, and probably sea-ward at least to the well-known roadstead known as Gwavas Lake; that there are indications of another— if, indeed, it is another—as far west as Lamorna Cove; and that a third occurs at Porthleven, seven miles E.S.E. from the Mount ;* hence, were there no further evidence of this kind, it seems impossible to conclude that the subsidence was so local as not to include the Mount. The evidence, however, is far from being so limited, for similar forests are known to exist on all the shores of all the British seas and channels. In 1829, Mr. Colenso, when | describing in considerable detail the Stream-works at Pentuan in Mevagissey Bay, stated that at the top of the “tin ground,” nearly fifty feet below spring-tide high water, stumps of trees, including oaks, were found having their roots in their natural position, and traceable to their smallest fibres even so deep as two feet ;T and in the same year Mr. Henwood described the Carnon section on a branch of the Fal, and mentioned a vegetable bed containing moss, leaves, nuts, and remains of mammals, at a depth of nearly seventy feet below the high-water level.t It is well known that such forests present themselves at Millendreth, near Looe, in Kast Cornwall; and in the Lower St. Columb valley,§ as well as in Padstow harbour, in the north of the county. In Devonshire, too, they are equally well known, as they occur at Bovisand in Plymouth Sound, at Thurlestone Sands in Bigbury Bay, in Salcombe Harbour, at Blackpool near Dartmouth, in Torbay, and in Bideford Bay. They are met with also near Bridgewater and Porlock in Somersetshire, on several parts of the coast of Wales, on the coast of Cheshire, and near Hull. In short, it is difficult to say where they have not been seen. Some of them are but rarely exposed to view. Thus, the Thurlestone example was seen and described in the spring of 1866, by the Rev. P. A. Ilbert, rector of the parish, who, though he had * Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, vol. i, p. 236. + Ibid, vol. iv, p. 29, &e. + Ibid, p. 57, &e. § See De la Beche’s Report on Cornwall, &c., p. 405, 1839. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 17 resided there 25 years, and had interested himself in the local geology, had never previously seen or heard of it, though he had frequently noticed that lumps of what proved to be the forest clay were cast up by the waves, and had been much puzzled to account for them. There isa local tradition, however, that an old wood once stood on Thurlestone Sands; and this, in all probability, rests on no other foundation than the submerged forest thus very rarely exposed.* Again, the splendid instance at Blackpool was seen in 1802 and in 1865, by persons who described it to me; but there is reason to believe that it remained completely buried beneath the sand during the entire interval. It was exposed again in Feb- ruary 1869. These forests have been described by so many observers that their literature is quite voluminous. Having devoted a large amount of attention to these descriptions, and having had opportu- nities of carefully studying the examples at Millendreth, Blackpool, Torbay, Bideford Bay, and the really magnificent one between the Mersey and the Dee, I am prepared to state that they uniformly present the same phenomena. They are everywhere composed exclusively of plants still indigenous to the several localities ; the stumps of the trees rise vertically through, and at right angles to, the soil, in which the roots and rootlets ramify horizontally ; and there is an entire absence of any indications of local slips. With such a body of fact before us it may be safely concluded that they are the remains of forests in situ ; that they were carried to their present level by a general, uniform, and tranquil subsi- dence of, at least, Western Europe, including the British archi- pelago—a subsidence, in fact, similar to that at present in pro- gress in West Greenland,—in which we may feel confident St. Michael’s Mount and its isthmus participated, the former being thereby converted into the half-island we now see it. Ill. The answer to the third question has been already and obviously indicated, and need not be enlarged on. There may or may not have been some portion of soil on the isthmus, and this may or may not have been occupied by trees; but this, in either * See Trans. Devon. Assoc., Vol. i, pt. v, pp. 77-9, 1866. + Lbid, vol. iii, pp. 127-9, 1869. 18 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. case, would in no way affect the conclusion arrived at :—The in- sulation was due, not to the mere wasting of the sea-shore, but to a general subsidence of the country. Should the further question be asked, “‘ What was the date of the submergence?” it must be admitted that at present no defi- — nite reply can be given. There are several facts, however,—such as certain statements and allusions in human history, the deposits overlying the forests in some localities, and the amplitude of the existing foreshore—which, on being considered, render it impos- sible to avoid the conclusion that the date was far removed from our own times. I. According to Leland the Mount in 1533-40 was in the same condition as, and was no larger than, it is at present;* William of © Worcester’s estimation, in 1478, of the distance from the main- land to the Mount differs little from the distance now ;| Bishop Lacy’s encouragement to the faithful in 1425 to complete a cause- way between Marazion and the Mount for the protection of life and shipping,t denotes that the exposure was as great then as it is in our day; and as the Confessor’s charter in 1044 (assuming it to be trustworthy) describes the Mount as juata mare—next or by the sea—it may be safely concluded that the insulation had taken place more than eight centuries ago. The earliest known passage, however, supposed to be deserip- tive of the Mount, is the famous and oft-quoted one in Diodorus Siculus, about 9 B.C.,§ to the effect that the Britons who dwelt near the Land’s End, by reason of their intercourse with merchants, were more civilized and courteous than the others were; that they were the people who dug the tin out of the ground, and cast it into square pieces like a die; that they carried it to a British island near at hand called Iktis, for at low tide all was dry be- tween them and the island, and they conveyed over in carts an abundance of tin in the meantime; and that the merchants ex- ported it thence to Gaul, through which they carried it on horses’ backs to the mouth of the Rhone. It is difficult to see how any. one can fail to recognise the * Op. cit. Vol. vil., p. 118. + Op. cit. + See Oliver’s Monasticon, p. 28. § Bkev., ch. i. THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 19 Mount in this description. It occupies the position and possesses all the peculiar characteristics mentioned ; it was capable, and must have been the only spot in the district that was capable, of affording the requisite shelter; it is in the very midst of the most productive tin country ;* and besides it there is no other semi- island to which the author can be supposed to have referred. Nevertheless, many writers, so far from concurring in this view, have advocated the pretensions of other spots, such as one of the Scilly Isles, the Wolf Rock, the Black Rock at the entrance of Falmouth harbour, St. Nicholas or Drake’s Island in Plymouth Sound, and even the Isle of Wight. Time will not allow me here toreply to the objections which have been urged against the Mount, nor to dispose of the numerous pretenders. Indeed, it cannot be necessary to do either, as little can be added to the well-known paper on the question by Dr. T. F. Barham.{ It is, perhaps, worthy of remark, however, that those who have studied the Geology of Cornwall espouse the cause of the Mount, whilst most of those who fail to do so appear to have come to the ques- tion with their minds imbued with a belief in William of Wor- cester’s statement that there were 140 parish churches submerged between the Mount and Scilly, and accordingly hold that the sub- mergence took place, not only since the time of Diodorus, but since the introduction of the parochial system into Cornwall. It has been already stated that Professor Max Miller holds the Mount to have been the Iktis, and that his admiring critic in the Saturday Review demurs to his doing so. The latter remarks, “We should like to know Professor Miiller’s authority for the statement that the identification of the Iktis of Diodorus with St. Michael’s Mount ‘was at last admitted even by the late Sir G. C. Lewis.’ We are specially anxious on this point, as it was the argu- ment of Sir George Lewis in the Astronomy of the Ancients which first convinced us that the Iktis of Diodorus was not St. Michael’s Mount.”+ The so called argument of Sir G. C. Lewis is contained in the following passage :—“ Timzus mentions an island of Mictis, within six days sail of Britain, which produced tin, and to which * See Dr. Smith’s Cassiterides, p.114. 1863. } See Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, vol. ili, p. 86, et seq, 1825. Also Trans. Devon. Assoc., vol. 11, pp. 142-55. 1867. t p. 56. 20 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. the natives of Britain sailed in coracles. The Mictis of Timzus and the Ictis of Diodorus are probably variations of the name Vectis, by which the Roman writers designated the Isle of Wight.”* It would not have occured to me to have spoken of this pass- age as containing an argument, or, indeed, anything more than a suggestion. Be this as it may, the passage has been generally, and perhaps not unreasonably, understood to express its author's belief that the Iktis was the Isle of Wight. It does not appear to be so well known as could be wished, that in 1862, Col. Sir Henry James called the attention of Sir G. C. Lewis to the sense in which his words were understood, as well as to the views of Dr. T. F. Barham respecting the Iktis and the Mount, as set forth in the paper already mentioned; and that his reply, dated June 16th, 1862, contained the following statement: “The passage in my volume was not intended to convey the meaning which you attributed to it. All that I meant to say was, that the names Mictis and Ictis were variations of Vectis, and arose from a con- fusion of that name. My impression was that both accounts were fabulous, and arose from the tendency to multiply islands .... The coincidence of the account of Diodorus with St. Michael’s Mount is, however, so close, that it cannot be accidental, and the circumstances mentioned by Dr. Barham, satisfy me that it was the port from which the tin was shipped for the coast of Gaul.” + Though, as we see, the author of the Astronomy of the Ancients never entertained the idea that the Iktis was the Isle of Wight, that idea has been, and still is, held by many; but on what grounds it is difficult to see, except, perhaps, the comparative proximity of the island to the continent. To suppose the Cornubians took their tin by land to the Hampshire coast, is to suppose the exist- ence of bridges and good roads, and such an absence of enmity between the British tribes, as to imply a comparatively high civilization, utterly incompatible with the indirect statement of Diodorus to the contrary. The reason assigned by the old Sicilian * An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients. By the Right Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, p. 453. 1862 + The entire Letter from Sir G. C. Lewis to Sir H. James was printed in the Forty-fitth Annual Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1863, pp. 34-5, at the request of the latter, in the -belief that it would “ prevent future writers from quoting the high authority of Sir George Lewis to any contrary opinion.” THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 21 for the superior civilization and courtesy of the dwellers near the Land’s End, was their intercourse with merchants—an advan- tage which must have been enjoyed by the Vectians in a much higher degree than by the Cornubians, if the Iktis were on the coast of Hampshire, instead of that of Cornwall. Moreover, there is no reason to believe that in the time of Diodorus the Isle of Wight was a peninsula at low water. What evidence there is on the point, is decidedly in the opposite direction. Thus, Bede, who died in 735, calls attention to the same remarkable tidal phenomena in the Solent by which it is at present character- ised.* The accounts which have reached us of its conquest by Vespasian in 43 A.D. do not so represent it ; and it is noteworthy that in the earliest traditions respecting the spot it is regarded as an island: Thus, the following is the sixty-seventh of the Historical Triads of Britain :-—“‘The three primary islands attached to the Isle of Britain—Orkney, Man, and Wight. At a subsequent period the sea broke through the land, and Anglesea became an island ; and in a similar manner the Orkney Isle was broken, and many islands were formed in consequence, and other parts of Scotland and Cambria became islands.” + Without insisting on the his- torical value of the Triads, attention may be called to the fact that a tradition, which ventures back to a time when Anglesea was part of the mainland and the Orkneys were one and un- divided, recognizes the earliest condition of the Wight as that of an island. ' Nor are we without evidence that the relative level of sea and land in other parts of Britain has remained unchanged from the earliest times of history. Mr. Whitley informs me that whilst he found the old Roman embankment at the Wash, from two to four miles inside the outer fringe of the Marsh lands, from the gathering of warp on the outside; it is on the same level as the new embankment built outside to exclude the tide. He pro- perly regards this as strong evidence that no change in the level of the land has taken place since the Roman occupation.t Again, every reader of Scott's Marmion will no doubt re- * Heclesiastical History, Bk. iv, Ch. 16. + See Notes and Queries, 4th §. vol. ili, p. 23, January 2, 1869. t Private letter, August 6, 1867. 22 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. member the following description of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, on the coast of Northumberland :— ‘‘ The tide now did its flood-mark gain, And girdled in the Saint’s domain : For, with the flow and ebb, its style Varies from continent to isle; Dry shod, o’er sands, twice every day, The pilgrims to the shrine find way ; Twice every day the waves efface Of staves and sandalled feet the trace. Canto II., Stanza 9. This description appears to have been as appropriate in the seventh Century asin the present day, for Bede states that in 635 A.D. the elders of the Scots sent Aidan to be bishop of Northumberland, at the request of the pious King Oswald; and that ‘“‘the King appointed him his episcopal see in the isle of Lindisfarne, as he desired. Which place, as the tide flows and ebbs twice a day, is enclosed by the waves of the sea like an island; and again, twice in the day, when the shore is left dry, becomes contiguous to the land.* When it is remembered that Bede was born in the year 673, on the coast between the Tyne and Wear, almost within sight of Lindisfarne ; that he spent his entire life from seven years of age in the abbeys of Wearmouth, and of Jarrow on the Tyne, where he died in 735; that he was an ecclesiastic and a writer of eccle- siastical history ; and that all the churches from the Tyne to the Tweed, and many of those from the Tyne to the Humber, had their beginning from the Monastery in Holy Island, it cannot be doubted that he had every opportunity and motive to make him- self perfectly acquainted with the history and condition of a spot which he must have held sacred. We may safely conclude, then, that there has been no change of relative level of sea and land on the coast of Northumberland during the last thirteen centuries ; and that Bede was not aware of any tradition of a different con- dition of the Holy Island. II. Though it is not possible in many cases to ascertain the thickness of the materials deposited on the ancient forests so fre- quently mentioned, thanks to the careful observations which have * Heclesiastical History. B. iii, Ch. 3. (Bohn’s Hd.) THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 23 been made and recorded respecting the stream tin works in Corn- wall, we have information on the question of a most trustworthy character, and well calculated to impress the mind with the vast- ness of the time which has elapsed since the subsidence. Thus, at Carnon, Mr. Henwood found the vegetable bed resting on the “tin-eround,” and.lying beneath a series of distinct beds of sand and silt, having a total thickness of more than 43 feet, and all of them, with the exception of the uppermost bed of river sand and mud, three feet in thickness, containing marine shells.* Again, Mr. Colenso found at Pentuan the old forest rooted in the “tin-ground,” and overlaid with detrital matter 64 feet in ageregate thickness. This accumulation, too, was made up of dis- tinct beds of sand, silt, and vegetable matter; every portion of which had been deposited since the subsidence, for an oyster bed was found on the top of the ‘“tin-gronnd,” the shells being still fastened to some of the large stones and the stumps of the trees.} When it is remembered that beds of sedimentary origin, like those just mentioned, can no more be deposited at a rate exceeding that at which the pre-existing rocks are abraded, than a wall can, on the whole, be built faster than the stones are quarried or the clay is dug for making the bricks, it will be felt to be impossible to regard the strata under consideration as representing a few centuries merely; and, though we are not, and never may be, able to evaluate them in years, we cannot but feel that they bring us face to face with an enormous amount of time. Should it be objected that a deposit of great thickness may, by a change in the direction or velocity of a stream, be removed. from one place to another and re-deposited in a comparatively short time, it may be replied that the objection is in itself un- doubtedly valid, but that it does not, and cannot, apply to the cases before us, as, in each, the successive beds were perfectly distinct and of dissimilar materials, and, at. all levels, contained marine shells, which, and particularly the flat ones, Mr. Colenso states were frequently found in rows or layers. They were often double and closed, with their opening part upwards, as if the fish had lived and died where their remains were found. * Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, Vol. iv., p. 57, et. seq., 1829. + Ibid, p. 29, e¢ seq. t Op. cit. 24 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. III. We have seen that the entire country, prior to the sub- sidence, stood at least 70 feet higher than at present ; consequently the cliffs now assailed by the waves during storms at spring-tide high-water, were then at some distance beyond their reach, or, more correctly, they have been formed by wave action on sites to which the breakers then had no access; whilst the rocks and shoals on which the waves then broke at spring-tide low-water, are now in the quiet depths of the sea. Hence the breadth of the existing foreshore—that is, the entire distance between the line of breakers in the most tempestuous weather at the lowest retreat of the tide, and the cliffs which the waves attack in similar weather at the high water of spring tides—may be taken as the space over which the cliffs have slowly retreated, inch by inch, since the last adjustment of the relative level of sea and land. It cannot be necessary to remark that this amplitude of the existing foreshore differs much in different districts, for it depends on the materials of which the rocks consist, their structure, the aspect of their exposure, and the prevalent winds. Though the coast from the Prawle to the Start in South Devon is undoubtedly exposed to the almost unchecked fury of the waves sent up channel from the Atlantic, yet, when it is remembered that the rocks of that district are crystalline schists, than which none probably are more capable of resistance, it will be seen that the fact that even they have so far retreated since the submergence of the forests as to form a foreshore fully a quarter of a mile in breath, is one which, to the man of science, betokens that the era of the subsi- dence must have been in remote pre-Christian times. Remote, however, as was this era when measured by the units employed in human history, it must have been very modern as a geological event, for, as we have already seen, the plants of which the forests consist are, not only recent species, but such as are still indigenous in the several localities; hence the period of their growth—a period necessarily more ancient than that of their submergence—fails to take us back to the times of extinct vegeta- tion, or to a climate differing much, if at all, from that which at present obtains. It must be borne in mind, however, that this by no means proves that the animals of the period and districts have undergone no change, for, to say nothing of the influence of man in the THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. 25 extermination of at least the larger animals, it is well known that extinction did not result from convulsion, catastrophe, or sudden change; and that lowly organized. species are, as a whole, much less affected by changes in external conditions than are those- of complex organization. Hence, the value of what may be called the Life of a Species is by no means a constant quantity ; and there can be no & priori reason why, though the forests were composed of such plants as now exist in the same localities, the animals which found food and shelter in them may not have been, at least in some instances, extinct species. Indeed, an examina- tion of the ossiferous contents of the forests proves that this was the fact, for, to go no further, there have been found in the Torbay forest remains of the red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild hog (Sus scrofa), horse (Equus caballus) long-fronted ox (Bos longifrons ), and mammoth (Llephas primigenius)—the last, if not the last two, being certainly extinct. The evidence of the mammoth is a fine, adult, left, lower molar, dredged out of the peaty mass where there is never less than 30 feet of water. Remains of the same species were also discovered in 1849, in the submerged forest at Holyhead.* Though the era of the submergence was, as we have seen, certainly some thousands of years before our time, those who have kept themselves acquainted with the recent progress of Anthro- pology, will be prepared to hear that it took place since the advent of man in Britain. As long ago as 1829, Mr. Henwood recorded the discovery of human skulls in the forest at Carnon,t} and in 1852 an antler of a red deer, fashioned into a tool, was found nine feet deep in the Torbay forest, and at the same depth below spring-tide highwater. { The connexion of the forests, however, with the Antiquity of Man by no means ends here. They, ancient as they undoubtedly are, must be very modern in comparison with the men whose tools have been found in Windmill Cavern at Brixham, and Kent’s Cavern at Torquay. The entrances of these Caverns are in the sides of lime-stone hills, at a height 100 feet in the first case, * Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10 Ed., Vol. I., p. 545. 1867. + Op. cit. t See Trans. Devon Assoc., Vol. i, pt. iv, pp. 36-38. 1865. 26 THE INSULATION OF ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT. and from 60 to 70 in the second, above the bottom of the adja- cent valleys in the same vertical plane; and the implement- bearing deposits which they contain were carried into them when the bottom of the valleys was very little below the entrances. In other words, since the existence of Man in Devonshire, the Brixham Valley has been deepened, by excavation or re-excava- tion, as the case may be, to the amount of at least 100 feet ; and the Ilsham Vale, adjacent to Kent’s Hole, to the extent of upwards of 60 feet. But as the bottom of the former, so far as it is known, is not the limestone of the district, nor, in the ordinary meaning of the term, rock of any kind, but an undoubted portion of the submerged forest of Torbay, it is obvious that the time expended in excavat- ing the valley below the level of the cavern, fills but a part of the interval which separates the era of the Cave Men of Devon- shire from the present day. In order to obtain the whole, we must add to this part the time represented by the lodgement of the blue forest clay of Devon, or the tin-ground of Cornwall; to this again must be added the period in which the forests grew; to this a further addition must be made of the time during which the entire country was carried down at least 70 feet vertically, by a subsidence so slow, and tranquil, and uniform that it no where, throughout the area of Western Europe and the British Islands, disturbed the horizontality of the old forest soil; and, finally, we must also add the time which has elapsed since—a time which, of itself, thanks to the description of St. Michael’s Mount by Diodorus Siculus, we know certainly exceeded 2,000 years, and which the volume of the stratified deposits overlying the forests, as well as the amplitude of the existing foreshore, warrants our believing exceeded it by a very large amount. To me, the Insulation of St. Michael’s Mount in Cornwall has its chiefest interest in this connexion. It is the first, or most modern, of a series of trustworthy stepping-stones leading back- wards towards the far reaching Antiquity of the Human Race. Il.—Poll Tax Account for the County of Cornwall, 51st Edward III, A.D. 1377, with remarks thereon by SiR JOHN MACLEAN, F.S.A., Honorary Member of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 23, 1871. Wises: the beginning of the present Century no regular system of numbering the people was adopted in this Country.* In medizval times the most profound ignorance existed upon statis- tical subjects, so profound that when in the forty-fifth year of King Edward III. it was found necessary to grant the King a subsidy of £50,000 it was directed to be collected by an assess- ment of 22s. 3d. upon every parish, on a presumption that the parishes in England amounted to 45,000, whereas they were hardly a fifth of that number; and this amazing mistake was not discovered until after the parliament had been dissolved.t Even at the end of the 18th Century a controversy of some duration had ex- isted as to the increase or diminution of the population, and in the year 1800 an Act of Parliament was passed “ for taking an account of the population of Great Britain, and of the increase or diminution thereof.” This was carried into effect in March, 1801, in so far as it regarded the enumeration of houses, families, and persons. This Census forms the basis of our Population Returns, and the process having been repeated at the seven subsequent decennial periods (the eighth enumeration having recently taken place) affords us the means of comparison of the extent of the growth of the population = In America and France enumerations were made a few years earlier. In the former Country in 1790, and in the latter the following year. We are aware of the table given by Davies Gilbert in which is shewn the population of the County in 1700 and 1750. The authority for it was unknown, however, to that Author, and until the numbers shall have been authenticated, they cannot be relied upon. (Vide Hist. Cornw., Appx. ii, Vol. iv, p. 178). . + Hallam’s Middle Ages, Vol. ii, 179. I 28 POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. during each term, and of estimating its effect upon the national - resources during the period of seventy years.* : It has frequently been lamented by statisticians that we have no earlier data from which to draw deductions. Such is the case as regards direct information, but a document which we have recently found in the Public Record Office affords, so far as the County of Cornwall is concerned, the means of ascertaining, with close approximation to the truth, what was the number of the people, as well of the entire County and of each of the Hundreds, as also of each Parish in most of the latter, inthe year 1377. This is an account of a Poll Taxt which was granted in the 5lst Edward III, for the maintenance of the war with France and for the defence of the realm. It was assessed at four pence for every lay person, both male and female, exceeding the age of fourteen years, non-fraudulent beggars only excepted. Certain persons were appointed Collectors for the whole kingdom, who appointed the Constables of every parish, or two honest parishioners, to collect the tax and return the amount to them by Indenture{ upon oath, * It was hoped when this paper was written that before it was printed the result of the Census of 1871 would have been arrived at, in which case the numbers and computations would have been based thereon. We regret to say, however, that at the time of going to press the enumeration for Cornwall has not been completed. + A Poll Tax was never popular, and was resorted to in cases of urgency only. This is the earliest of which we have any knowledge. A similar one was granted five years afterwards (4 Rich. II), which imposed a payment of three groats upon every male and female above 15 years of age, beggars excepted. It was found so oppressive upon the poor that it met with con- siderable resistance, and was obliged to be modified, and in some measure graduated according to the means of the people. A rich man was not to pay more than 60 groats for himself and his wife, and a poor man not to pay less than one groat; labourers and servants to pay according to their circumstances. (Rolls of Parl. iii, 90). i As late as the year 1641, upon the assembling of what is called ‘the Long Parliament,” an Act was passed for levying a Poll Tax for the purpose of paying off and disbanding the armies. Curiously enough this was based upon the same principle which governed that of 4th Rich. II, to which reference was made in the proceedings. Graduated rates were fixed, extend- ing, in great detail, to all ranks and conditions of men. It was enacted that a Duke should pay £100, a Marquis £80, and so on down to ds. “for any one who can dispend £20 a year.”—All other persons above 16, such as receive alms only excepted, 6d. a head. Recusants double in all. (Parl. History, Vol. ix, p. 376). t Many of these Indentures continue in existence, as we shall presently gee; some, it is true, in a very faded condition, others as bright and clear as when written, and all have their seals appended. We give one as a speci- men: POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. 29 shewing the number of persons chargeable and the amount received in each parish. By adding to the number thus given the approxi- mate number of persons of and below the age of 14 years, which, according to statistical experience and calculation, should exist,® we arrive at the aggregate number of the population within the district. Notwithstanding that this record does not enter into detail of the nature of the employment of the several persons or their social condition, and is deficient ef much valuable information contained in the modern Census Returns, itis, we think, a docu- ment of great curiosity and of no small interest, especially in this Census year. It relates, however, to the laity only. The Clergy, doubtless, otherwise paid their quota of the sum required, but the Clerical Subsidy Returns for this period are not in existence—The number of Clerics in the County, however, at the date in question must have been comparatively small, and, taken together with the beggars, would produce no appreciable effect upon the aggregate population. On the day on which the Census was taken in 1861 the total population of Cornwall, exclusive of the Scilly Islands, was 366,959, and upon the basis of the whole population of England the proportion of children under 14 years of age to the total number is °3348. This will give the population in Cornwall under 14 as 122,858, and the number aged 14 and upwards as 244,101 = 366,959. In 1377 the population of the County (exclusive of Clergymen and beggars) exceeding 14 years of age was 34,274, as shewn by the Poll Tax Account, and, assuming the birth rate at that date not to have differed much from that of 1861, we should, for children under 14 years of age, add thereto 17,137, making the total population of the County in 1377 51,411, In 1801 the number of people in the County was 189,278, but no record has been preserved of their relative ages. Hee indentura testatur quod Herveus Treuaswithen et socii collectores eujusdam subsidii quatuor denariorum Domino Regi concessi in parliamento suo in xv° Sancti Hillarii anno regni Regis Hdwardi Tertij a conquestu angliz LjP° recesserunt et habuerunt de Waltero Carnsuyou et Waltero Banadlek subcollectoribus subsidii predicti de parochia Sancti Landy in hundredo de Kerrier per sacramenta sua de lxix hominibus et feminis laicis excedentibus etatem quatuordecim annorum de eadem parochia xxiij solidos. Datum apud Penryn die Lune proximo post festum Sancti Marci anno supradicto. * The proportion of children under 14 years of age to persons 14 and ‘upwards is -5003. 12 30 POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. In the comparison of these numbers we find that in the whole period of 484 years from 1377 to 1861 the increase in the popu- lation in Cornwall was 613°777 per cent. In the period of 424 years from 1377 to 1801 the increase was 268-166 per cent.; being an average increase of 6°355 per cent. for each period of ten years ; and for the period of sixty years between 1801 and 1861, the increase was 93°873 per cent. or an average of 15-646 per cent. for each decennial period ; whilst the corresponding increase during the same period for the whole of England was 15-333 per cent. It will thus be seen that up to 1861 the growth of the population in Cornwall had exceeded the average ratio, but it is apprehended that upon making up the Returns of the Census just taken it will be found that, from various causes chiefly local, the increase has — been changed into a loss. The following table will shew the distribution of the population into Hundreds at the three dates to which our enquiry extends : Name of Hundred. 1377. 1801, 1861. IVC B Ti atelevevorare wisiae 7,117 12,931 24,367 MH aiSb aero crepe tisleitove iss 8,776 24,445 47,689 Driog vee. dasiss 3,678 8,764 | 14,531 Wiesnewth! siecle « 3,060 5,654 8,151 SUrattomipercveierercter 2,186 6,257 7,787 IPO wid Giaerielereteteeree 9,029 .| 36,434 71,361 IPVGEP cacoco0d00ds 5,966 16,625 27,978 ; Ponwithe ee cee eer 6,689 | 43,226 | 102,963 {calle eae IKCETICT icietercioterevers 4,910 34,942 62,132 51,411 | 189,278 | 366,959 Of these nine Hundreds, to the Poll Tax Account are annexed the files of Indentures, more or less complete, relating to six, from which we have compiled the Schedules marked from A to F., and upon these it seems desirable to offer a few brief remarks. Hundred of West. Schedule A 8%. Of the twenty-four indentures mentioned in the Account twenty-two are found upon the file. The parishes for which they are wanting are St. Cleer and St. Neot. The number of persons assessed to the Poll Tax in these two parishes was 700, and con- POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. 31 sequently the aggregate population must have been about 1050. It should be noticed, however, that the separate assessment of the Manor of Liskeard, from our want of knowledge of its extent at the date in question, in some measure disturbs the accuracy of the parochial comparisons: and the same remark will apply to the other schedules in which separate manorial assessments occur. Hundred of East. Schedule B. 84. The assessment of this Hundred was returned upon twenty- nine Indentures, of which twenty-eight remain upon the file. These, however, leave the present parishes of Callington, St. Dominic, Laneast, St. Thomas, Tremayne, Tresmeer, Trewen, Rame, and St. Stephens by Saltash unaccounted for. Some of these: eg. St. Stephens by Saltash (if not taxed under the town) was probably included in the great Lordship of Trematon, and most of the others, if they existed at the time, were chapelries pertaining to other parishes: ¢.g. Callington to Southill, Tremayne to Egloskerry, and Trewen to South Petherwin. We find, how- ever, that the Churches of St. Dominic and Rame were separately taxed in Pope Nicholas’s Valuation of 1288 to 1291. The parish or place to which the missing Indenture related must have had an assessable population of 84, and, consequently, the aggregate number of inhabitants was 126. The ink upon the Indentures pertaining to this Hundred has become so very faint that it was with the greatest difficulty we could decipher the writing. eR Hundred of Trigg. We regret to say that the indentures relating to this Hundred are wholly lost. Hundred of Lesnewith. Schedule C. 84. The full number of nineteen indentures is found on the file pertaining to this Hundred. One of them, however, (No. 15) is not Cornish, and has been placed upon the file in error. Upon No. 18, the name of the parish is wholly illegible, though we have deciphered the number of persons taxed. The three parishes which cannot be identified are Advent, Lanteglos, and Forrabury. The towns of Tintagel and Botreaux Castle were separately taxed. _ Under the latter, probably, was included Forrabury and part of 13 32 POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. Minster. The missing indenture, which it is likely related to Lanteglos and Advent, must have contained 125 taxable persons, and the population of the parish would have been 186, which we have accordingly inserted. Hundred of Stratton. Schedule D. 84. The thirteen indentures relating to this Hundred are complete. Hundreds of Powder and Pyder. The indentures for these Hundreds are wanting. Hundred of Penwith. Schedule E. 84. There were originally 26 indentures for this Hundred, but twenty-two only remain. The parishes for which they are missing are Camborne, Redruth, Ilogan, and either St. Levan or Gwithian ; the other being annexed to a parish; St. Levan to Burian, or Gwithian to Phillack. The growth of the population in this Hundred has been greater than in any other, being 1440-783 per cent. from 1377 to 1861; whilst for the whole of the county the increase for the same period was 613-777 per cent. only, but it is apprehended that a considerable decrease will appear upon the new enumeration. ia Hundred of Kerrier. Schedule F. 84. to) The whole number of indentures pertaining to this Hundred have been preserved, and the writing.on them is ‘as clear and bright as when written, though the ends of some have decayed from damp. We fail, however, to identify some of the ancient names with those of modern parishes. Several of the places mentioned were doubtless Chapelries belonging to other parishes : whilst Mabe and Manaccan remain unappropriated. Falmouth had at that date no separate existence, having, of course, been taxed under Budock, from which parish it has been separated in modern times. BL A Particule Compoti Willielmi Bruyn Chivaler, Radulphi Clegher, Henrici Trefuswethen, Ricardi Rosogon et Willielmi Boneface Collectorum cuiusdam subsidii quatuor denariorum de quolibet homine et femina laico etatem quatuordecim annorum excedenti infra regnum Anglie domino Regi Edwardo POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. 333) tertio post conquestum per Communitatem Anglie in parliamento suo apud Westmonasterlum anno regni sui Lj° concesso. Videlicet de huiusmodi subsidio de huiusmodi hominibus et feminis infra Comitatum Cornubie proveniente ut infra. Tidem onerant se de lxxix li xxd receptis de huiusmodi subsidio infra hundredum de Westwefleschire prout patet per xxiiij Indenturas inter ipsos, collectores et constabularios ac duos homines de probioribus hominibus cuiuslibet ville infra dictum hundredum existentibus factas super hune computum liberatas continentes. MMMMDCCxlv. personas. OK Kt de iiij xvij li x8. ilijd receptis de huiusmodi subsidio de Est Wefleschire ut patet per xxix Indenturas inter ipsos Collectores eb. . . . . . . . . de probioribus hominibus cuiuslibet ville infra dictum hundredum pro V™ DCCClj personas. Ht de xl li xvijs. iiijd. de huiusmodi subsidio in hundredo de Trigges- chire ut patet per xiiij Indenturas super hune computum liberatas pro MM iiij° lij personas. patet per xix Indenturas super hunc computum liberatas pro MM xl personas. ut patet per xiij Indenturas super hunc computum liberatas pro MCCCClvij personas. _ Et de C li vj s iiij4 de huiusmodi subsidio in hundredo de Poudre ut patet per xl Indenturas super hune computum liberatas pro vj™. XIX personas. _ Kt de lxvj li v s viij4 receptis de huiusmodi subsidio in hundredo de Petreschire ut patet per xxiij Indenturas super hune computum liberatas pro MMMDCCCClxxvij personas. Et de lxxiiij li vj s iiij4 huiusmodi subsidio in hundredo de Penwith ut patet per xxvj Indenturas super hunc computum liberatas pro MMMMCCCClix personas. Et de liiij li xj s iiij4 de huiusmodi subsidio in hundredo de Kerrier ut patet per xxviilj Indenturas super hunc computum liberatas pro MMMCClxxiiij personas. Probatur personarum xxxiiij™ CClxxiiij. sciiiane Lotale \ denariorum Dixxj li. iiij s. viij4. POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. 1377. 34 69 OCS ae weege ee COUSU UTE att ; LIL 8 TT FP Itt °° ** WeyUrpreD 6 . 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G89 8PS OFG O9T y SIZ |°° °° “** Yoraaemory we see 8 FOUBMBT a a L¥G 66 ao || GEO Ge eo 2° Pe. uelnmpeimag a So 8 82 Ch OmITT: «“ OT 6L TST LOT OPC peal aes ont ey AU S a6 SoG oe ae ee OULLT ‘S u 6 : 666 786 €6L 68 a ei) one ae eee CLOLTTOTAT tS cs eee Auvyeyy TUB sg 8 GV86 0€0% 671IT | 992 y GI SL |< °°. °° SuvUttoy 48 a ss 8 TUBULLOL) THOUBS aS L $961 68h 096 OFG © @ i Wes 28S So MSS, GOON os eee ee eee NAY BRSO INL es 9 GO" 00 104890 OTS) 18 +862 19 Oly 8 919 jee fq suoydeyg 49 Jo [sueg \ -unvT ‘TUvydeyg TpoURY, op vIqooIwg | g 6906 S87L SP 60S CaOe Sale eee LOTS OO eG) = Yo rngpeyeuunodnapE ley, C18 O19 O8T OGT O08 Gales UR Z Ome TORU SILG fig |e ee ee TUUSUBIIRODRCLUOO LG IaaiaG OS OFE Poe TMG ale wees eee UoyeUlery, JO louvpy °° °° «°° Woyomory, op WintAeUV_ | Z 0604 COTL 908 | 70G 08 gs ['t wf "* °° Ho0jsTeO Jo ystyd j** "* °° °° YOO op BVIqoorw” | T “Dp 8 & spy fo pawpunpey -a.uyosaya Isif {0 pavpunEeT us) 0 w g = ES Bg me B rd “IST ES oe r = s 5 5 g g a ‘xeq, 10d ‘om “ystreg jo euleN WLopoyy ‘om “Ysteg jo oulenN yuopuy So 3 = = s 5 8 re 8. g fo JUNOULY 2 2. 5 8 x; e é 8 d WINGHHOS ‘TORT Ul poyerounus yon § ‘TOTYBISIULA OF APOITO poqt1wosv St TOM ‘pesveroap AT[BNUTITOD SBT 4T oyVP TOIT OOS “TEST UL ‘E99 ‘WINUIIXBUL S}L poyover Ystavd sty} Jo uoryejndod oyy, ft ‘qstued yey} tepun pepnput st uorzepndod ayy yo aor oy} ATnyU99 quoserd oq} FO SUINYOY UOTWVIoTINUY oy} UL pus ‘ppg ‘d ‘wn«IvUON SOUOISMbDUT of} UL MOUUTAA “YG IopuN pouorjuout st ouudidsey jo jodvyD oy, + a0 pz0oey OY} 4B SeINjUepUT JO OT] oY} JO YAVUL Aoysisoy oy} ST SIG, « —————— 19e7% | S62 | LTTL | SpLb | 8 T 62 8 oo eolee eolee ecfoo ee eolee ee eo oe ee § puv[sT 90077 FOCT 906 { ee eo ee 109N 49 3 ee eo ee ee 109.7 aS! cc Te6E TLL OgoT 004 Vv €§T II ee ee e * 19910 4g a3 ee ee ee ° * 021) “as! 6€ POLL TAX ACCOUNT FOR CORNWALL, A.D. +1377. 36 qsrlorog ot} ‘st 0} BoLtpps Uy 689°LF L8&T 66L BLT 8rT 60T. 169 996 VVG 698 6066 FSGS TL9 €6S6 SIZ 169 67 FIL 006T SET L888 8G 1993 918 L6SLT LEZ Org CEP GFV'TZ . 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RZ O> Eyeses ein Tendgban Chyuyeh. FRESCO IN LUDGVAN CHURCH. Bl in dressing her locks ; under her are some fish, and, nearer to the Eastern corner of the painting, a man of a very dwarfish propor- tion drawing out a fish by a line; opposite to this, at the Western corner is a Monk in his Cowle, fishing lines in his hands; signify-" ing perhaps the Regulars’ incroachments on the Parochial Ministers, the Monks of the Mount taking away the tythe fish from Ludgvan. On St. Christopher’s shoulder is the Bambino or little Christ, a world in his hand, and on his head a party coloured kind of Tur- bant. Ona label round his head ‘Dux geres mentem, quia tu fers cuncta regentem.’ On the Eastern part of the arch of the door is a dog (of the greyhound kind) with a fish in his mouth, intimating that the Priests should not be deprived of their tythe fish by the fraud of their parishioners, least, like this dog, (pursu- ing his proper prey the hare), by having a fish in his mouth may be incapable of obtaining it, forasmuch as that fraud in one small point may prevent and deprive us of a greater and more natural blessing which we might otherwise expect. Above the door is a small Parochial Chapel or Chantry, and several such there were formerly in this parish ; at Trewoll one; at Colurrian (called St. Thomas’s chapel) one ; and at Ludgvan-Lez a third ; if there were no more; in the door one of the Clergy, his garment white and seeming a surplice on which a scarfe; he holds in his hand a sacred wand or stick, at the end of which is suspended the holy cista or box in which the Host was carried on solemn occasions from the Altar to particular parts of the parish. Over the cista is a bird to represent the Holy Ghost as a Dove hovering over the sacrifice of the Host ; above the Priest’s head flies a label with the following verse in the same text letters as before ‘Miror res minima carnis sit Cleris ademta,’ intimating the Priest’s surprise at the parishioners defrauding him of his provisional tithes and sustenance when from him they had so much more valuable food, even that of the Host. At the Western end rises a Tree or Stalk of flowers, (mostly of the shape of sun-flowers). On the largest flower perches an owl in peaceable gravity, at which some birds of prey fly in a hostile manner, as if to pick out his eyes. At the foot of this flowering shrub is a fox retiring in great haste with a stolen goose on his back. Below this is the stem of another tree or shrub of like flower as before. The fox is here brought to condign punishment; he ¢ 52 FRESCO IN LUDGVAN CHURCH. has a string about his neck, and six geese are busily employed with their bills in drawing him up and hanging him on the tree. There isno doubt that this last important emblem was to shew the parishioners the fatal consequence of depriving the Parson of his tithe Geese.” (Paroch: Mem: p. 10; Account of Ludgvan Pish., p. 31). Whatever may be the views taken of Dr. Borlase’s interpreta- tion of this picture, I have thought it worth while to transcribe it in full; he finishes his account with the following sentence :— “Tt must be confessed that such Fooleries scarce deserve a place here without apology, much less a place in the house of God ; but in times of ignorance, Devotion will be always jostled, and dis- graced by superstitions, not to say profane triflings.” After this I need hardly say the painting was very properly embedded in Pro- testant white-wash, and has never since seen light. Castle Horneck, May 22nd, 1871. 53 VI.—On the St. Christopher Wall-Paintings, at Ludgvan, Mylor, kc. By the Rev. W. Taco, B.A., WESTHEATH, Bopmin, (Z.S. of the Society of Antiquaries, London). M® Wm. Copeland Borlase having invited me to make some observations upon the subject of his paper—“The Ludgvan Fresco, described and drawn by the late Dr. Borlase,’ I would remark, that the position of the St. Christopher,—a little to the east of the north door, agrees with that of the fragmentary group discovered at Mylor in 1869, of which, at the time, no definite explanation could be given. The subject, so far as the main figure is concerned, is the same in both cases; for the Saint’s beard, arm, hand, and fructed palm-tree staff, together with the feet and skirt of the Divine Infant, may be distinctly recognized.* The Rey. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph on seeing the Mylor Diagram when published, conjectured that the dim outlines might possibly admit of such an explanation—and his surmise was correct. St. Christopher was depicted in many churches, as in the in- stances before us, on that part of the north wall which was opposite to the south doorway. This was in order that all on entering might, as soon as possible behold him, for it was held that no sudden, violent, or unshriven death would befal any on the day they gazed upon his image or picture—and his figure would likewise preserve from all harm the building on which it might be placed. ‘‘ Cristophori faciem die quacunque tueris Illa nempe die morte mala non morieris.” ‘On the day thou seest St. Christopher’s face By no ill death shalt thou end thy race.” Molanus, (Professor of Theology, Louvain, 1617), relates in his “Sacred Images,” that for reasons such as these it had been usual to figure St. Christopher in Halls and Churches; and that in some parts of Germany representations of him might be found outside, at the entrance or on the wall. * Cornwall Royal Institution Journal, Vol. iii., p. 169, Pl. 2, Fig. 1. 3 54 WALL-PAINTINGS, AT LUDGVAN, MYLOR, &C. From another source also we learn, what was believed con- cerning “great Christopher, who, painted, is with body big and tall.” He (like St. Nicholas) would keep the mariners from “dangers and disease, though beaten with the boisterous waves and tossed in dreadful seas.” He would guard his servants “from fearful terrors of the night and make them well to rest, by whom they also, all their life, with divers joys were blest ;” and notwith- standing that St. Peter was the Patron Saint of Fishers, a tutelage over fishing came to be regarded as one of the minor attributes of this Saint. At St. Mark’s, Venice, Mr. Albert Way informs me, a sculp- tured figure of St. Christopher occurs on the north side of the church ; and he alludes to a curious painting met with on the north aisle wall of Horley Church, Banbury, where the staff or palm- tree is shewn snapping in twain beneath the weight of the Won- drous Infant ; the legend on the scrolls forming a quaint English dialogue,* anda man being seen fishing in a river where fish are swimming about. Mr. Way also mentions other groups described by the late Mr. Dawson Turner with many interesting details.t At Shawell too, it has been observed that a group was discov- ered, displaying a gigantic St. Christopher, bearing the Infant across the rushing waters, and supporting himself with his staff —other personages being introduced—some employed in the various sports over which the Saint was patron, one of them with shoes of enormous length, sitting on a bank fishing.t The “ party-colored Turbant,” as Dr. Borlase calls it, on the head of the Bambino, at Ludgvan, is, of course, merely the regular form of “Sacred Nimbus, charged with red cross,” which is con- stantly met with, distinguishing the figures of Our Lord (either in his human form, or that of the Holy Lamb), and which is even placed about the head of the Holy Dove. § The “Priest carrying Host-Cista” is so styled by Dr. Borlase, as he tells us, from the tenor of the words on the label overhead. On this point of his interpretation, however, a doubt may fairly * (To this effect I am informed). ‘‘ What art thou that art so hevy? Bar I never so hevy a thynge!” ‘Yes, I be hevy, no wunder thys, for I am the Kynge of blys!” + Gent. Mag., April, 1843. + Gent. Mag., 1847, Vol. 2, p. 188. ; § In accordance with the ‘ Filioque ” Doctrine of Procession. WALL-PAINTINGS, AT LUDGVAN, MYLOR, &C. 55 arise, for a very similar representation occurs in other pictures of St. Christopher; and, under the designation of “ Hermit with Lantern,” is even quoted as one of the emblems of the Saint. * It was a Holy Hermit (so runs the well-known legend) who urged Reprobus, a man of gigantic stature, to abandon evil pur- suits, and devote himself to the good work of carrying Pilgrims across a river, beside which was the anchorite’s cell. Reprobus obeying, earned for himself the name of Christo-pher, (Christ- carrier), by bearing over, in the course of his labours, the Mysteri- ous One described in St. John, i, 3, when the full weight of the world seemed unexpectedly to come upon his shoulders. The Hermit was therefore commonly introduced as the companion and director of the stalwart Saint; and was sometimes referred to, as Mr. Way states, under the name of St. Cucufates. It may not be too wide a digression here to notice the famous wood-cut, dated 1423, found in Germany, and so often reproduced in “fac-simile”;; for, like the examples under consideration, it displays on one side of the great central figure of St. Christopher, a man with either a lantern or a cista, before an oratory door— (not a Cornish oratory we may presume)—apparently guiding the burdened Saint across the water, and as he seems to be inserting his finger into a small aperture in the front of what he holds, he must be either directing attention to the light, or opening an orifice through which it may stream forth, assuming that it is a lantern which he bears, and that his posture is significant. Should it be a cista, as Dr. Borlase would perhaps conclude, he may be pointing to the Host. On the opposite side a man is shewn toiling along under the weight of a full sack which he carries from the mill. It may be, that a special meaning will manifest itself in con- nection with these two figures—making them accessories to the leading intention of the design, and in a manner, almost identical with it. On the one hand, the Grist-carrier may have been put in to afford a rough clue to the name, by a play on the word (Gristo- pher). On the other, an emblem of light upheld in the world * Husenbeth’s List, p. 31. St. Christopher, Martyr, c. A.D. 250. ¢ See Life of the Saint; Jacobus de Voragine; Golden Legend, &e. ~ Chambers’s Book of Days, Vol. 2, pp. 122-3; Illustd. Lond. N., 1844, p. 252, &e. 56 WALL-PAINTINGS, AT LUDGVAN, MYLOR, &C. (Christ being the Light of the world) may have been intended—or the medizval teaching was perhaps elaborated by the introduction of the Priest carrying the Body of Christ—(the Transubstanti- ated Host in its Cista or Tabernacle). Each of the figures will then appear, in some sense, a Christo- pher ; and the whole (according to the mind of the early designers) will have become a comprehensive and expressive symbol of the Christian Church. In this light we know the great Christopher group was regarded. The Church was personified, struggling amidst the waves of this troublesome world to bear all in safety to a better shore—mightily upholding the truth, meanwhile, that Christ— come in the flesh—is the Divine Redeeming Lord. But the masses of the people, knowing little of the real sig- nificance, would, on beholding the accustomed figures, very soon be led to invent some story or other connected with a particular man, to account for the appearances presented. A guiding Hermit, a reclaimed reprobate, &c., would thus be imagined, and tradition would grow. a _— Ru : rent f a Fal ‘ 1 Syn! eae wat Bittan Gls’ { Sy. Saga o} Yneertbed Stones. Ny ite Rak iitant i “iN ety NOTES ON INSCRIBED STONES IN CORNWALL. 71 are of early type, boldly cut, and resemble exactly those on the stone at Llanvaughan (Wales), which contains Oghams in addi- tion.* I have the following notes respecting the Nanscowe Stone.t “‘ A sketch was presented by Mr. Whitley, of an inscribed stone. “about 5 feet high, of granite, at the Mowhay gate, Nanscowe. “The inscription VLCAGNI FILI SEVER—.” Mr. Kent had “written to Mr. Whitley that a similar sketch was communicated “by him to the Secretary of the British Archeological Associa- “tion, and was published in their Journal for March, 1845. 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January 3. The Western Morning News publishes a ‘‘ Meteorological Summary for the year 1870.” January 4, The Cornish Telegraph publishes an ‘ Abstract of the Weather at Penzance and neighbourhood, for the year 1870”; by W. Hosken Richards. January 12. Conversazione of the Plymouth Institution at the Ply- mouth Athenzeum. January 14 and February 4. The Cornwall Gazette publishes articles entitled ‘‘ Cornwall Two and a Half Centuries ago.” January 14. Mr. John Maclean, F.S.A., receives from Her Majesty the Queen, at Osborne, the honour of Knighthood, in recognition of his merits, on his retirement from the public service, on pension, upon the aboli- tion of the office of Deputy Chief Auditor of Army Accounts. January 18. Cornish Telegraph publishes a notice of the Roman Coins found, in 1825, near the estuary of Hayle. January 18. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter signed ‘‘ W. N.,” on the antiquity, in Keltic, of the story of ‘*Tom of Chyannar, the Tin Streamer,” a version of which, by ‘Old Celt,” had recently been published in successive numbers of the C. 7’. January 25 and February 1. Cornish Telegraph publishes ‘ Glimpses of the two Cornwalls;” a lecture on ancient and modern Cornwall, by Mr. J. M. Doble. January—July. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute, No. i., contains a paper by “‘ A. L. Lewis,” entitled ‘‘ A description of some Archaic Structures in Cornwall and Devon.” February 1. Cornish Telegraph contains an article on ‘‘The Hoar Rock in the Wood.” February 1. Western Morning News publishes a description, by Mr. J. Piers St. Aubyn, of Tintagel Church. February 1, 8,22; March 8, 15, 22; April 5; May 24, 31. Cornish Telegraph publishes ‘‘ Scraps of County History.” February 2. West Briton records that, recently, an American Bittern, (Botaurus lentiginosus), and a Red Grouse, (Lagopus Scoticus), had been shot near Liskeard. February 4. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘ Christopher Cooke,” on ‘ Ictis Isle.” February 8. Cornish Telegraph publishes the tale, ‘Tom of Chyannar, the Tin-Streamer,” in Ancient Cornish, with a translation. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 105 February 9. West Briton publishes, under the heading ‘‘ Cornubiana,” a communication signed ‘ Tre,” concerning Mulfra Hill, near Penzance, and its antiquities. ; February 9. Annual Meeting of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Mr. Charles Fox elected president, fora term of three years; Mr. J. St. - Aubyn, M.P., Rey. T. Phillpotts, Mr. Pendarves Vivian, M.P., Mr. W. P. Dymond, F.M.S., and Mr. G. Fox, elected Vice-Presidents. February 11. The Atheneum records that at a meeting of the Archeo- logical Institute, Sir Edward Smirke in the chair, Rev. W. Iago exhibited an Ivory Casket, belonging to the Bodmin Corporation, said to have been made to contain the bones of St. Petroc when they were brought back to England from Brittany in the 12th Century. Mr. Iago also exhibited a “‘ skippet”’ found in the parvise of Bodmin Church, and a leather-covered case, probably of the 16th century, from Lanivet.—At the same meeting, Mr. W. H. Tre- gellas exhibited a collection of Roman Coins lately found in a vessel of coarse earthenware, at Allington Manor, near Southampton. February 13. Western Morning News publishes a notice of a lecture, by Mr. Spence Bate, F'.R.S., to the Exeter Naturalists’ Club, on ‘‘ The Prehis- _ toric Antiquities of Dartmoor.” February 13. A very brilliant meteor visible throughout the West of England, shortly after nine o’clock, p.m. It appeared near the star Bellatrix and proceeded in a northernly direction. Its flight was attended by corusca- tions, and its trail was visible during several seconds after the body had dis- appeared. February 18. Cornwall Gazette records that a Hooded Crow had recently been shot near Liskeard. February 22. Cornish Telegraph states that the Ivory Casket from Bodmin excited so much interest that the Department of Science and Art sent to the Society of Antiquaries three smaller caskets, also in ivory, ‘ re- sembling in general arrangement the very interesting specimen from Corn- wall.” Mr. J.C. Robinson considers the box Sicilian work of the 11th or 12th Century. February 22. Cornish Telegraph contains the following:—A New Eel, believed to be an addition to the Fauna of Great Britain, has been obtained from fresh water in the Scilly Isles, and has been exbibited to the Zoological Society by Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier. Dr. Giinther refers it to a variety of Anguilla vulgaris, called A. Cuviert, by Kaup. February 22. Cornish Telegraph contains a notice of the Praed Family, from 1620. February 22. Cornish Telegraph records the recent destruction of a Bittern, in the meadows near Washtford, Williton, Somersetshire. The bird measured, when on its feet, 42 inches in height.—Also, that a Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus), a native of Iceland, had been shot at Mainporth, near Falmouth. ° February 25. Western Morning News states that the Reverend W. Iago had recently recovered, in London, a parish register of Feock, lost many years ago, and recording baptisms, marriages, and deaths during the incum- bencies of three vicars (Jackman, Coode, and Ange) between 1671 and 1724. February 25. Cornwall Gazette publishes a biographical notice of the late Mr. Francis Barham, of Bath, a literary gentleman recently deceased. 106 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. March 1. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter entitled ‘‘More of the Praed Family,” and signed ‘‘ One of the Branches.” March 1. Cornish Telegraph publishes an inquiry by Mr. KE. H. W. Dunkin, concerning a Sepulchral Urn found at Porth Curnow, St. Levan. March 2. Western Morning News states: ‘‘ The Rev. W. Iago, of Bod- min, has been invited by the President and Council of the ‘Society of Anti- quaries, London, to accept the office of Secretary for Cornwall; and the Society’s diploma has been issued, conferring that appointment upon him.” March 4. Cornwall Gazette publishes a report of a Lecture delivered by Rev. W. Iago, before the Mayor and Corporation of Bodmin, on the ancient Ivory Casket—the supposed reliquary of the remains of St. Petrock. March 15. Cornish Telegraph publishes, from ‘ Notes and Queries,” an article entitled ‘‘ Cornish spoken in Devonshire.” March 18. Cornwall Gazette contains an account of ‘the building of the Wolf Rock Lighthouse.” March 22,29, April5. Cornish Telegraph publishes ‘‘The Building of the Wolf Rock Lighthouse ”—a Paper read before the Royal Institution of Great Britain, by Mr. James N. Douglas, Engineer to the Trinity Board. March 22. Cornish Telegraph publishes a notice of ‘‘ Trengwainton and the Price Family.” April 8. Western Morning News has notices of the Solar Phenomenon on Wednesday, April 5th. May 2. Opening of “ The Bishop’s Library,” at Truro. May 3. Cornish Telegraph states that Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A., has in his possession fragments of pottery from the cromlechs of Algiers. May 3. Cornish Telegraph states that a Silvery Hair-tail had been caught at Helford, and that Mr. Charles Fox describes it as two feet long, and like a bar of silver. May 18. West Briton publishes a letter, signed ‘“ Curiosus,” having reference to the preservation of antiquities; and also a letter signed ‘‘ A,” concerning the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. May 20. Cornwall Gazette publishes an extract from ‘‘ Land and Water,” from a contribution by Mr. Matthew Dunn, of Mevagissey, on ‘‘ Marine Life on the Coast of Cornwall.” May 23. Royal Institution of Cornwall, Spring Meeting. Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., &¢., President, in the chair. The President’s Address comprised copious information concerning the Cornish Fisheries, the Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall, and its Mines and Mining. The following papers were presented :—On a Weapon of Stone found in a Stone Barrow at Pelynt; Mr. John Evans, F.R.S., F.S.A. On Pustulopora clavata of Busk, from the Wolf Rock; Mr. C. W. Peach, A.L.S. Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall; Mr. H. Hearle Rodd. On the Poll-Tax of 1377; Sir John Maclean, F.S8.A. On the Manor of Penvrane and the advowson of St. Pinnock; Sir John Maclean, F.S.A. On the insulation of St. Michael’s Mount; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On Jews in Cornwall; Rev. J. Bannister, LL.D. On the occurrence of Cobalt in connection with the Tin Ores of Cornwall; Mr. R. Pearce, F.G.S. Description of a Fresco in Ludgvan Church, from the original drawing by Dr. Borlase; Mr. W. C. Borlase, F.S.A. On some Antiquities in Hast Cornwall; Mr. R. N. Worth. Observations on CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 107 Tintagel Castle; Rev. Prebendary Kinsman, M.A. On an extraordinary - phenomenon in the waters of the Mediterranean; Mr. R. Edmonds. Rev. W. Iago gave descriptions of an Ivory Casket and a Skippet at Bodmin, and a Forcer and some Tallies found at Lanivet; and observations were made, on the population of Cornwall; Weather Forecasts; Rainfall and Moisture; and recent Solar Phenomena. See Journal of the Royal Institution of . Cornwall, No. xiii. May 25. Western Morning News contains a notice of the Oratory of St. Gothian, in the parish of Gwithian. May 27. Cornwall Gazette publishes an account of “ The Gwithian Relic,” z.e., The Oratory of St. Gothian. June 1. West Briton publishes a letter, from Mr. W. Pengelly, La- morna, Torquay, on “St. Michael’s Mount.”—Also an account of proceedings at Hayle, for preservation of ‘‘ The Oratory of St. Gothian.” June 2. Western Morning News publishes a letter signed ** W. I.,” con- cerning Ordinations in Cornwall. June 3. The Antiquarian contains an article, by “E..H. W. Dunkin,” on ‘St. Gothian’s Oratory, Cornwall.” - June 7. Western Morning News publishes, from the Exeter Gazette, a notice of a Fresco discovered in the Lady Chapel of Exeter Cathedral. June 8. West Briton publishes a letter signed ‘‘ Observer; subject: “ The Scilly Isles a Quenched Volcano.” June 10. Cornwall Gazette contains a paragraph concerning Roman Roads in Cornwall. June 14. Cornish Telegraph publishes an account, by the Rev. Frederick Hockin, of ‘“‘ The Ancient Oratory of St. Gothian, at Gwithian.” June 14. Cornish Telegraph publishes a communication, from the Rev. Dr. Bannister, on the question: ‘‘ But were there Jews in Cornwall ?” June 17. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter on “Carew and Shak- gpeare,” from ‘‘ J. B.,” St. Day,—Also a letter on ‘‘ Ordinations in Cornwall,” from “ W. P. W.” June 24. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter on ‘ Perranzabuloe,” from ‘Christopher Cooke,” London.—Also a letter entitled ‘‘ The Scilly Isles a Quenched Volcano,” signed ‘‘ W. B.,” Fowey. : July 12. Cornish Telegraph publishes a ‘Copy of the Deed of John Knill,” establishing the quinquennial “ Knillian Games.” July 15. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke,” on ‘Rainfall in Cornwall;” and concerning deficiencies, in the British Museum Library, of certain publications relating to Cornwall. July 19. Cornish Telegraph publishes a communication, from ‘J. C. S., Lelant,” on ‘Tre Crom or Croven Hill,” near Hayle. July 22. Death of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., at Killerton, near Exeter, aged 84, having held the barpnetcy 77 years. (A memoir of the deceased, with some notice of the Acland Family, in the Western Morning News, July 24). July 24. The Classes of the Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon visit the Providence Mines, Lelant, and are entertained at dinner in the Account-house; Mr. Warington W. Smyth, F.R.S., presiding. O 108 - CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. July 27. West Briton publishes a letter signed “Inquirer,” on ‘ The Insulation of St. Michael’s Mount.” July 29. The Antiquary contains a paper “On a circle of stones, called the Dawns Mén, near the Land’s End.” July 31. Western Morning News quotes from “ Land and Water,” an account by Mr. Matthias Dunn, of Mevagissey, of the recent capture of a Torpedo at that place, in a ground seine. August 2. Western Morning News publishes an account of “The Gwavas Manuscripts.” August 2, and following days. 41st Annual Meeting of the British Association, at Edinburgh; President, Professor Sir William Thompson. Among the Papers read were the following:—Seventh Report of the Com- mittee for the Exploration of Kent’s Cavern; Mr. W. Pengelly. On the said-to-bé Tailless Trout of Islay; Mr. C. W. Peach. The influence of the Moon on the Rainfall; Mr. W. Pengelly. Additions to the list of Fossils and Localities of the Carboniferous Formation in and around Hdinburgh ;. Mr. C. W. Peach. August 8. Western Morning News publishes a deseription of the new Longships Lighthouse, Land’s End. August 8. Meeting of the British Medical Association, at Plymouth ; Mr. Whipple, of Plymouth, President. August 12. Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. 39th Annual Meeting ; Mr. Charles Fox presiding. August 14. Members of the British Medical Association visit St. Michael’s Mount, and, on invitation from Mr. Congdon, of Marazion, partake of a déjeuner in the Chevy Chace Room, by permission from Sir Edward St. Aubyn, Bart. August 14. Western Morning News publishes a letter signed ‘‘ H. W.”, on ‘‘ The Gwavas Manuscripts.” August 14. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devonshire. Annual Meeting at Falmouth; Mr. A. Pendarves Vivian, M.P., presiding. A Paper on “‘ The comparative health and longevity of Cornish Miners ” was read by Mr. Robert Blee, of Truro. : August 14 and 15. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Excursion to Pen- zance, Botallack, and St. Ives, and to antiquities in the vicinity of these places, (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. xiii, and 54th Annual Report. August 15. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Tenth Annual Meeting, at Bideford; Rev. Canon Kingsley, M.A., F.L.8., F.G.8., President. The following papers were read: —A Brief Sketch of the Early History of Bideford; J. A. Parry. The Fall and Restoration of the Cromlech at Drewsteignton, 1862; G. Wareing Ormerod, M.A., F.G.S. Notes on the Population of Devonshire; A. Hamilton. On the name Britain and the Pheenicians; Richard Edmonds. Notice of the firing at the Battle between the Alabama and Kersage, off Cherbourg, June 19th, 1864, being heard in Devon; G. Wareing Ormerod, M.A., F.G.S. The Rainfall on the low lands of the Estuary of the Taw; N. Whitley, F.M.S. On certain instances of concentric lamination observed amongst the pebbles on Northam Ridge; Townsend M. Hall, F.G.8., &c. Is the Cavern at Pridhamsleigh, near Ashburton, worth exploring? J. S. Amery. CHRONOLCGICAL MEMORANDA, 109 Was Britain the island of the Hyperboreans mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, in a passage supposed to be quoted from Hecatwus? W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Ona second Fossil Tooth found at Sidmouth; P. O. Hutchison. On the Boring of Molluses, Annelids, and Sponges into rocks, wood, and shells; Edward Parfitt. The Literature of Kent’s Cavern. Part IIL; W. Pengelly, E.R.S., F.G.S. On the Pre-historic Antiquities of Dartmoor; C. Spence - Bate, F.R.S., &c. On the Clitter of the Tors of Dartmoor; C. Spence Bate, E.R.S., &c. A Contribution towards determining the Etymology of Dart- mcor Names; C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., &c. Notes on the existence of Pre- Cretaceous Sponges; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. The Fauna of Devon; Part VII., Crustacea—Sub-Class Cirripedia; Edward Parfitt. A History of Lundy Island; J. R. Chanter. Notes on the Geology and Mineralogy of the Island of Lundy, with some remarks on its relation to the mainland ; Town- send M. Hall, F.G.S., &c. Further considerations of the Influence of the Moon on the Rainfall; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Notes on the Pre- historic Archeology of Hast Devon, Part IV.; Rev. R. Kirwan, M.A., F.E.S., Rector of Gittisham. The Rainfall in Devonshire in 1870, and in the five years ending with December 31st, 1870; W. Pengelly, F.RB.S., F.G.S. The Rainfall on the St. Mary Church road, Torquay, during the seven years ending with December 31st, 1870; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. August 17. West Briton records the recent discovery of a beautiful specimen of Onopordum Acanthium, in Ludgvan, by the Misses Hebe and Sophia Rogers. August 23. Western Morning News contains an article on the ‘‘ Exeter Cathedral Rood Screen;” and also records that the ancient Gateway at Fitzford, Tavistock, is in process of restoration by the Duke of Bedford. September 4. An Exhibition of Fine Arts, at the St. John’s Hall, Pen- zance, in connection with the Penzance School of Art. September 20. Cornish Telegraph records the recent capture of a ‘“‘Yellow-shanked Sandpiper” ( Totanus flavipes) near Marazion Bridge. September 21. West Briton contains, under the head ‘ Cornubiana,” a communication, signed ‘‘ Tre,” concerning ‘‘Cadson Bury,” and places in its vicinity. September 22. Western Morning News publishes the following letter, from Mr. Rogers, of Penrose:—On the 30th of August I observed several cones recently formed on my best Cedrus Deodara. The tree is 30 years old, having been planted in 1841 in a sheltered situation. It is now about 30 feet high, stem four feet in circumference at three feet from the ground, and branches at base 120 feet round; a well-balanced and healthy speci- men.—The cones were less than an inch high when I first observed them, and of the same glaucous hue as the foliage; the largest cone is now 13 inches high, and some are becoming slightly browned. I cannot detect any male catkins. More than 100 cones are visible, chiefly on the lower half of the tree. Other choice varieties of fir are coning here this year, e.g., Webbiana, Morinda, Cephalonica. The Deodara has coned at Dropmore, Bicton, and elsewhere, but I am not aware of seedlings having been raised from English cones; and I shall be glad to know of other instances of cones in Cornwall. September 23. Western Morning News records that a great or Solitary Snipe (Scolopax major) had recently been shot in the parish of Morley. September 23. Cornwall Gazette publishes a notice of ‘‘ Richard Tre- vithick,” from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke, London.” 02 110 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. September 80. Western Morning News records that ‘in the grounds of Mr. J. Vowler, Parnacott, is a specimen of the Araucaria imbricata, thirty years old, and about twenty-five feet high, which has this year produced cones for the first time. ‘Uhe tree is a female; the cones, twelve in number, are four to five inches in length, and are hedgehog-like masses of yellow- green spines, each spine being set in the imbricated spiral of the leaves, and a thick white resin constantly oozes from amongst them.” October 4. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter, signed ‘“‘ W.B.”, and entitled ‘The use of a Quoit,” concerning ‘ a fallen cromlech known in Zennor and its vicinity as Bosperhenas Great Quoit.” October 5. The 59th year’s Proceedings of the Plymouth Institution in- augurated by the President, Dr. C. A. Hingston. October 10. A Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) shot at Lizard-town, in a gutter. ° October 12. Mr. Spence Bate, F.R.S., delivered a lecture at the Ply- mouth Atheneum, on ‘ Pre-historic Dartmoor.” : October 16. Western Morning News publishes a letter, signed In- quirer, Liskeard,” on ‘‘ Pre-historic Dartmoor,” and the Gaelic origin of certain Dartmoor names. October 19. West Briton publishes a paper “On the name Britain, and the Phoenicians,” by Mr. Richard Edmonds. October 27. Western Morning News publishes letters, by ‘‘ Thomas Stratton,” Stoke, and ‘‘M,” on the derivation of ‘“‘Iktin;” and a letter, signed ‘‘8.B.”, on ‘ Pree-historic Dartmoor.” October 28. Western Morning News publishes a letter, on ‘‘ Pree-historic Dartmoor,” and the name ‘‘ Cad,” from ‘“ Plymouthian.” October 30. Western Morning. News publishes a letter, signed ‘‘S.B.”, on “ Prz-historic Dartmoor” and the name ‘ Cad.” And on October 31st, letters on ‘‘ Pre-historic Dartmoor,” from ‘‘ Plymouthian;” ‘M.A. of Ox- ford,” Exeter; ‘‘R.N.W;” and ‘‘D.” October 31. Death of Mr. William Rashleigh, of Menabilly and Point Neptune; formerly M.P. for Hast Cornwall. A memoir of the deceased, and _ of his ancestry from the 16th century, has been reprinted from the West Briton of November 9. 1871. He was buried in a rock tomb which he had caused to be excavated on the summit of St. Catherine’s Hill, Fowey. November 1. Western Morning News publishes a letter concerning the Bodmin Casket, from Rev. W. Iago, Secretary for Cornwall to the Society of Antiquaries, London. November 3. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 58th Annual Meeting, at Penzance; Mr. Hugh Seymour Tremenheere, C.B., F.G.S., President, in the chair. Among Papers read was one by Mr. Whitley, C.E., on ‘‘The Geology of Mount’s Bay.” The Secretary read a note which ac- companied a present from Mr. R. Pearce, of pitchblende or oxide of uranium found by him in Colorado.—Mr. Peach sent examples of glaciated quartz from Gorran, and expressed a hope that some gentleman would give atten- tion to the evidences of glacial action in Cornwall.—_—Mr. Warington Smyth was elected President. November 3. Western Morning News publishes a letter on ‘ Pre-his- toric Dartmoor,” from ‘8.B.” Also, a letter, from ‘‘M,” on the Bodmin Casket.” CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA, 111 November 4. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from ‘* Christopher Cooke,” London, on St. Michael’s Mount, and the lines in Milton’s “ Ly- cidas”’: ; ‘‘ Or whether thou, to our moist eyes deny’d, Sleep’st by the fable of Bellerus old, Where the great vision of the guarded Mount Looks toward Namanco’s and Bayona’s hold; Look homeward, angel, now, and melt with ruth.” November 4. Cornwall Gazette notices a lecture recently given at‘Bod- min by Rev. W. Iago, on ‘‘The Vestiges of Early Inhabitants.” The lecturer treated of rock testimony, wild beasts of the West of England, cannibals, caves, crannoges, fogous, cromlechs, circles and holed stones, earthworks, implements, weapons, ornaments and inscriptions, and evidences in foreign countries compared with the vestiges found in Cornwall. November 6. Western Morning News publishes letters on ‘‘Pre-historic Dartmoor,” from ‘G.W.O.”, Teignmouth; ‘“‘H.”, Hyde Park Terrace, Mutley ; and ‘J.J.C.” November 8. Western Morning News publishes a letter, signed “F.H.”, on the river name “ Thames;” and a letter on the “ Bodmin Casket,” from ‘‘ EH. H. H. Shorto,” Clerk of St. Petrock, Exeter. November 9. Western Morning News publishes a letter on the “Bodmin Casket,” signed ‘‘W.1.”, Bodmin. November 15. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Annual Meeting; Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., President, in the chair. A letter was read, from Sir John Maclean, concerning a chapel in Trevalga Church; and observa- tions were made on the Mortality of Miners. The following papers were read: On a Sub-Marine Forest at Market Strand, Falmouth; Mr. H. M. Whitley, C.E. Ona British Celt found by Mr. F. Jope Rogers, near Hel- ston; by Mr. Albert Way, F.S.A. On an Urn found at Angrouse, in Mullion; Mr. W. C. Borlase, F.S.A. Mr. J. St. Aubyn, M.P., elected President for the ensuing year. In the evening, in the Institution Lecture-Room, a Conver- sazione, at which papers were read, on the Physical Geography of West Cornwall, on Botallack Mine, and on the Fishes of West Cornwall; and the Rey. W. Iago gave an account of Antiquities visited during the Autumn Ex- cursion, and of an Alabaster Carving at Mabe. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. xiii., and 54th Annual Report). November 16. West Briton publishes “Cornish Historie Tracts,” I., from EK. H. W. Dunkin, Kidbrooke, Blackheath. November 18. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, signed “ M.,” on St Michael’s Mount,” and the names ‘“ Mictis” and “ Ictis.” November 25. Oxford Local Examinations. Presentation of Prizes and Certificates at Truro, by Mr. Herbert W. Fisher, Vice- Warden. November 30. West Briton publishes a letter, from ‘“ Curiosus,” on the ‘ Bodmin Casket,” and ‘‘ the Lykanthropist.” December 1. Western Morning News publishes a Lecture, by Rev. W. Tago, on ‘‘ The Bodmin Casket.” December 9. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from “ Christopher Cooke,” on ‘“‘ Cornish Relics,” recording, as from the writer’s personal obser- vation, the Stone Monuments in Cornwall extant in 1871. December 16. The Antiquary contains an article, by “HE. H. W. Dunkin,” on ‘‘ The Bodmin Ivory Casket.” Decemder 23. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, signed ‘‘ The Mother of the Maidens,” concerning ‘‘ The Nine Maidens” near St. Columb; ‘ The Druids’ Aliar” near St. Issey; and a Cromlech in the parish of St. Breock. 112 EDINBURGH MEETING or tue BRITISH ASSOCIATION. ExpLoraTIons IN Kenv’s Cavern.—Mr. Penaeuiy gave in the “ Seventh Report on the Explanations in Kent’s Cavern.” Since last year, when the committee had reported at Liverpool, they had explored in what was called the first reach of Smerdon’s Gallery, and also in the second reach; also, from a point where the work was stopped in. 1865 to the Sloping Chamber, and they were now exploring away in the direction of that part of the cavern where the late Mr. M‘Enery had found remains. With reference to the explorations in Smerdon’s passage, the report stated that, besides a large number of bones, portions of bones, and frag- ments of antlers, a total of fully 2900 teeth were found in the passage and its ramifications, of which 700 were reported at Liverpool. The remaining 2200, exhumed since the end of August 1870, belonged to different kinds of animals, in the following ratios:—Hyena, 335 per thousand; horse, 295; rhinoceros, 161; Ivish elk, 55; ox, 35; deer, 27; badger, 22 ; elephant, 20; bear, 18; fox, 12; lion, 6; reindeer, 5; wolf, 4; bat, 2; rabbit, 1; dog, (2), less than 1. This list differed from previous lists referring to other parts of the cave, in containing neither sheep nor pig, and in the diminished pre- valence of rabbits and badgers. In various parts of the passage, considerable heaps of small bones, sometimes agglutinated, were found here and there on the surface, or but little below it. In one instance, as many as 8400 were picked out of 120 cubic inches of material. Twelve flint flakes and chips — were found in the second reach of the passage; there were none in the first reach, nor in the lateral passages. Compared with the fine specimens met with in previous years, in other parts of the cavern, they were perhaps of but little value. The excavation of Smerdon’s passage was completed on December 31, 1870, after very nearly five months had been expended upon it. From its prevalent narrowness, the labour in it had been attended with much discomfort; but probably no branch of the cavern had, on the whole, yielded a larger number of mammalian remains. The report then proceeded to describe the excavations which are being carried on in other parts of the cave. The CuarrMan conveyed the thanks of the section to the committee, and particularly to the Secretary Mr. Pengelly, and said that it was in the con- templation of the Association not only to continue the grant to this com- mittee, but to make it perpetual, and to extend the operations to other bone caverns. CORRIGENDA. At Page xi (Report), line 10: for at read as. At Page xlvii (Report), line 13: for Jeffery read Jeffree. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. To face Page c. (Report) :—Alabaster at Mabe. To face Page 44 (Journal) :—“Tintagell—a Borowe.” 5 p. 46 » :—Tintagel Church. (View). Ditto. (Plan). * p. 50 ms :—F resco in Ludgvan Church. es p. 56 a :—Saint Christopher. . p. 70 Ss -—Inscribed Stones. 5 p. 12 3 :—Plan of Earthwork in Northcot Hamlet. ” p. 88 5 :—Polyzoa. NETHERTON, PRINTER, TRURO. ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. Bee Be 1818. Patron: THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron: H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, é&o., &o. Trustees: LORD ROBARTES. SIR C. B. GRAVES SAWLE, Barr. J. S. ENYS, F.G.S. LIEUT.-COL. TREMAYNE. Council for the Year 1871-2, President: Mr. JOHN Sr. AUBYN, M.P. Vice-Presidents: Mr. ROBERTS. Lirvt.-Cou. TREMAYNE, Me. H. 8. TREMENHEERHE, F.G.S. | Mr. W. J. HENWOOD, F.R.S. JAMES JAGO, M.D. Oxon., F.R.S. Treasurer: Mn. TWEEDY. Secretaries : Mr. WHITLEY, and Rev. J. R. CORNISH, M.A. Assistant Secretaries: Mr, H. M. WHITLEY, and Mr. W. G. DIX. Other Members: C. BARHAM, M.D. Canras., Mr. A. PAULL, Rev. J. BANNISTER, LL.D., Mr. W. J. RAWLINGS, Mr. W. COPELAND BORLASEH, Mr. H. O. REMFRY, E.S.A., Mr. E. SHARP, Jun., Rey. KE. N. DUMBLETON, Mr. W. TWEEDY, Rey. W. IAGO, L.S. Soc. Ant. Lonp., And THE MAYOR OF TRURO. Local Secretaries: BODMIN :—Mr. T. Q. COUCH, F.S.A. TRURO :—Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. Editor of Journal:—Mr. C. CHORLEY, Truro. Librarian and Curator of Museum -——Mr. W. NEWCOMBE, Trone. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, AND TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE CURATOR. HE CORNISH FAUNA: A Compendium of the Natural History of the County. PARTS I anv II.— Containing the Vertebrate, Crustacean, and Part of the Radiate Animals, and Shells. By JONATHAN COUCH, F.L.S., &e. Price 3s. PART III.—Containing the Zoophytes and Calcareous Corallines. By RICHARD Q. COUCH, M.R.C.S., &c. Price 3s. / \VHE SERIES OF REPORTS of the Proceedings of the Society, with numerous illustrations, IST OF ANTIQUITIES in the West of Cornwall, with References and Illustrations. By J. T. BLIGHT. Price 1s. APS OF THE ANTIQUITIES in the Central and the Land’s End Districts of Cornwall. Price 1s. ARN BREA (with Map). By SIR GARDNER WILKINSON, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c. Price Is. DDITIONS TO BORLASE’S NATURAL HISTORY OF CORN- WALL, From MS. Annotations by the Author. Price 2s. 6d. OURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, Numbers I to XII are on Sale, price 3s. each. JOURNAL OF THE opal Institution of Cornwall, WITH THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. No. XIV. APRIL, 1878. —————Ssss TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1873. CONTENTS. The Paper marked thus (*) ts illustrated. I.—*State oF THE Ports 1n CognwaLt, 1598—1595.—H. L. Rowert. II.—Srray Nores (No. 1). THz Manor oF PENVEANE AND Apvowson oF St. Prnnock.—Srr Jonn Macuean, F.S.A. III.—Smiarity or CornisH ROCK-NAMES AND MINERS’ TERMS TO IntsHh Worps.—G. Henny Kiwanam, M.R.I.A., &e. TV.—Curonicizs or Cornien Sarnts. (VI. Sr. Burran).—Rey. Joun ApAms, M.A. V.—Remarxks on THE Farries AnD Giants oF ConNWALL.—W. Sanpys, F.S.A. ieedOm mam Ornternat User or THE Men-an-Tot.—E. H. Wisz Donkin. VII.—Two otp Minine Patrents.—R. N. Worrn, Corr. Mem. VIII.—QuantiTIEs oF Tqumgoe Sao From Cornwatt.—W. RoBerts. TX.—Onnrrnotoey or Cornwatt, 1872-3. E. Harte Ronn. X.—Natvurat Prerropic Poanomena.—T. Q. Coucn, F.S.A. Merterorotoey, 1872.—C. Baruam, M.D., Cantas. CuronotoeicaL Memoranpa, 1872. WaIlrs AND STRAYs. THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. INSTITUTED ON THE FIFTH OF FEBRUARY, 1818. TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1873, LE? a eg Bye me en A Sarat hare seat. Vint i ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. FOUNDED 1818. Patron. THE QUEEN. ; Vice-Patron: : H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &C., &C. Trustees: Lorp ROBARTES. Sir C. B. GRAVES SAWLEBH, Barr. J. S. ENYS, F.G.S.. Lizvut.-Cot. TREMAYNE. Council for the Year 1872-3. President: Str JOHN Sr. AUBYN, Bart., M.P. Vice-Presidents: Mr. H. 8S. TREMENHEEREH, F.G.S. | Mz. A. PENDARVES VIVIAN, M.P. JAMES JAGO, M.D., Oxon., F.R.S. | Mz. JONATHAN RASHLEIGH. Lievt.-Con. TREMAYNE. Treasurer: Mr. TWEEDY. Secretary: Mr. WHITLEY. Assistant Secretaries: _ Mr. W. G. DIX and Mr. F. V. BUDGE. Other Members: Rev. J. BANNISTER, LL.D., Mr. A. PAULL, C. BARHAM, M.D., Canras., Mr. W. J. RAWLINGS, Mr. W. COPELAND BORLASE, Mr. H. O. REMFRY, F.S.A., Mr. E. SHARP, Jun., Rev. J. R. CORNISH, M.A., Mr. W. TWEEDY, Rey. W:. IAGO, L.S. Soc. Awnr. Lonp., And THE MAYOR OF TRURO. ; Local Secretaries: BODMIN :—Mkz. T. Q. COUCH, F.S.A. TRURO :—Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. LONDON :—Mr. H. M. WHITLEY. Editor of Journal:—Mr. C. CHORLEY, Truro. Librarian and Curator of Museum:—Mr. W. NEWCOMBE, Trouno. Honorary Members. Wm. von Haidinger, F.R.8.H., &c., Vienna. Thomas Hawkins, F.G.S.,&c.,Hermit- age, Whitwell, Isle of Wight. Rev. T. G. Hall, M.A., F.R.S., Prof. Math., King’s Coilege, London. J. KE. Gray, F.R.S. and F.L.8., British Museum. Sir Gardner Wilkinson, D.C.L.,¥.R.8., &e. Chas.Cardale Babington,M.A.,F.R.S., &¢e., Prof. of Botany, Cambridge. Rev. E. L. Barnwell, M.A., Ruthin, | Denbighshire. W. L. Banks, F.S.A., Brecon, South Wales. Edwin Norris, Sec. R.A.S., Michael’s Grove, Brompton. Warington Wilkinson Symth, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., London. Major Gen.Sir H. James, R.E.,F.R.S., M.R.LA., &c., Southampton. W. Pengelly, F.R.S.,F.G.S.,Lamorna, Torquay. Sir John Maclean,F.S.A.,Pallingswick Lodge, Hammersmith. Corresponding Members. Edward Blyth, Calcutta. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, Hornacot. John Hockin, London. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Min- ing Records, School of Practical Geology, &e. Rev. R. Lethbridge King, Sydney, Australia. Major Gen. Lambrick, Royal Marines. Henry Me. Lauchlan, F.G.S., London. Capt. Mapleton, Bengal. S. R. Pattison, F.G.S., London. C. W. Peach, Hdinburgh. W. H. Tregellas, Holly Cottage, Brom- ley, Kent. Thomas Turner, Manchester. R. N. Worth, Plymouth. Associates. J. T. Blight, F.S.A., Penzance. W. Carkeet, Sydney. C. Chorley, Truro. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Falmouth. George Copeland, Tuckingmill. W. Dawe, Delhi, Hast Indies. Joseph Dickinson, H.M. Inspector of Coal Mines, Manchester. N. Hare, jun., Liskeard. Edward Hookham, London. Thomas Lobb, Perranwharf. W. Loughrin, Polperro. S. H. Michell, Swansea. R. Pearce, jun., F.G.S., Colorado. Capt. Josiah Thomas, Dolcoath. Capt. Williams, Charlestown Mines. Proprietors. Viscount Falmouth. Lord Clinton. Lord Churston. Lord Robartes. Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., F.B.S., Representatives of. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. Sir C. B. Graves Sawle, Bart. Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart., F.R.S.,F.G.S. Sir Wim. Williams, Bart., Reps. of. Sir 8. T. Spry, Reps. of. Andrew, Henry. Baynard, William. Boase, H. 8., M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Dundee. Buller, J. H., Downes. Carlyon, HE. T. ‘Carpenter, John, Reps. of. Carthew, Mrs. Chilcott, J. G. Clyma, W. J. Edwards, Miss, Newquay. Enys, J. S., F.G.S., Hnys, Reps. of. Fox, Charles, Trebah. Fox, R. W., F.R.S., Penjerrich. Gregor, F. G., Trewarthenick. Hartley, W. H. H., Rosewarne. Hawkins, J.H.,F.R.S., F.G.8., Bignor Park. Hawkins, C. H. T., Trewithen. Hendy, James. Hogg, John, M.D., London. Hogg, Mrs. Jenkins, Rev. D., St. Goran, Reps. of. Leverton, H. Spry. ; Michell, Edward. Michell, W., Reps. of. Michell, W. EH. Nankivell, J. T., Reps. of. Nankivell, T. J., Melbourne. Paddon, W. H. Potts, Miss, Brighton. Roberts, Joseph, Southleigh. Rogers, W., Falmouth. Rogers, F., Plymouth. Rogers, Rev. St. Aubyn. Rogers, Rev. R. Basset, Budock. Rogers, J. Jope, Penrose. Rogers, Rey. W., Mawnan. Rogers, Reginald, Carwinion. Sambell, Philip, jun., Falmouth. Spry, EH. G. Spry, Mrs. Stokes, H. 8., Bodmin. Tweedy, Robert, T’regolls. Tweedy, E. B. Tweedy, W. Tweedy, R. M., Falmouth. Tweedy, Charles, Redruth. Tweedy, Miss. Tweedy, Miss C. Vivian, John Ennis, Reps. of. Whitford, Miss. Wightman, Lieut.-Col. George, Reps.of Williams, R. H. Willyams, H., Carnanton, Reps. of. Willyams; A. C. Life Members. ‘ Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Fredericton | Martin, J. N., C.H., Assam. Coulson, W., London. James, John. Rogers, Capt. F'., R.N., Totnes. Tur PRINCE OF WALES .. Annual Subscribers. £ 20 The Town Council of Truro 20 Bannister, Rev. Dr., St.Day 1 Barham, C., M.D. Basset, G. L., Tehidy Blee, Robert Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon D6 Bolitho, Richard Foster, Ponsandane : Bond, F. Walter, London Borlase, Wm. Copeland, Castle Horneck Budd, J. Palmer, Ystalyfera Budge, 10g Wo Carew, W. H, P., Antony Yy Carlyon, Edmund, St. Austell Carlyon, Major, Tregrehan Carne, The Misses, Penzance Carne, W.N., Rosenundy Carter, R. H. Carus-Wilson, E. S., “Prathan Childs, R. W., London Christoe, W. H. Collins, Rev.C.M. Edward, Trewardale 6.0 Coode, T., Pond-dhu Coode, Edward, Polapit) Tamar, Launceston. . Cornish, Rey. J. R., M.A. Criddle, W. J. is Dix, W. G. Dumbleton, Rev. E. N. Dymond, W. P., "Falmouth * Enys, J.8., Enys Falmouth, Viscount ee Fortescue, Honble. G. M., Boconnoc we Ferguson, Henry T. Ferris, T. Fisher, Herbert W. Vv. W., London ..- ae Ford, Rev. I., Bath Foster, R., Lanwithan * Fox, C., Trebah.. 5 * Fox, R. W., E.R.S. ‘Pen-\ jerrick Freeman, J. D., Falmouth Freeman, W. Gi, Penryn Freeth, G., Duporth Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick Hamilton, J. Harding, Lieut. -Col. Wey Mount Radford, Exeter Bee eee eB Pee BB OF SD NRE EPR RE BY Be BEEBE ORR Ee BEE HE BP HE HP PRE Ss. a Pe eB ee Pee REoo BBP ee ee B&B PEE BH OR YD NEE HEE Be Be PEE POR RR eE Heard, H.G. .. Henderson, J., eubane Henwood, W. ap E.R.S., Penzance ee Hingeston-Randolph, Rev. } F., C., Ringmore Hockin, Williams . F Hocking, Samuel, Rosewarne Hoge, Lieut. -Col., WEES London 6 Hosken, James, Ellen- glase, Cubert } Hudson, F. T. Hudson, B.S%., M.D. | Redruth Hughan, Wide Iago, G. W. S., London Tago, Rev. W., B.A., West- heath, Bodmin Be Jago, James, M.D., F.R.S. James, Hamilton + James, John Jenkins, W. H. Job, J.B. .. - Liddell, W., R. N., op all Liddell, Capt. R.N. Beanie Mount Edecumbe, The Earl of : Netherton, J. R. Nix, Arthur 12, Olver, Jacob, Falmouth ue Pascoe, S. Pall Aare Paull, J. R., Bosvigo 30 Pearce, R., jun., Colorado Phillips, W., Falmouth Phillpotts, Rev. T. pute guwidden «- Rashleigh,Jonathan, Me ena- billy Rance W. i » Downes, Hayle - \ Remfry, G. F. Remfry, H. O.. Richards, T., Red uth | Te * Roberts, J oseph Roberts, Mrs. S53 Rodd, HE. H., Penzance Roebuck, W. R., Trevarthian * Rogers, J. J., Penrose .. * Rogers, Reg., Carwinion Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan Rowland, Rev. W., Mlushing Salmon, W. W. .- 06 =~ ; COPE HEHOORHBERE BB f» Ff OFRBHEEFORRE #2 BPHOORRE HB HOHO FP FP Rr eS ff OF mR —y Bee eS pe Oo? _ oe b COREE HB EOHO BRORE » BE e ee — NOPE EROOHEBHE BB FP fF OFF ’ eooooocooocooo & ©& S GSQooQgeggeem © CeSQneeqge © OeeSe 2&2 2 20 © © oo St. Aubyn, Sir J., at M.P., Pendrea . Sawle, Sir C. B. See Bart., Penrice _ Sharp, Edward, jun. 00 Slight, Rev. H. §., eee lanihorne .. Smirke, Sir E., London .. Smith, Sir Montague, London Smith, Augustus, Te Abbey, Scilly 6 Smith, P. P. 3 Smith, W. Bickford, Red: brook, Camborne 00 Snell, daw as we Solomon, T. .. Stackhouse, Miss L. Tannahill, ap ae Taylor,R.,Langdon Court, Plymouth Teague, W., Pencalenich . . Treffry, Rev. Dr., Place, Fowey .. Trelawny, Sir J. Salus- bury, Bart., M.P., \ Tremayne, J., ‘Heligan Those marked with * are Proprietors ; with + are Life Members. Poe TNC Wt SS toh tary 2 2 = S| ee OREO Ee Se BE ee BE eS BS eS S So 2S ©6860 © ©& © GO 8G Go oS = 0 Tremayne, Lieut.-Col., Carclew .. Tremenheere,H. Seymour, London .. \ Tucker, E. B., penne ase Tweedy, Mrs., “Alverton * Tweedy, iy 50 * Tweedy, W... Vautier, Rev. Re Peamar yn Vivian, Hon. Capt. O06 Vivian, ArthurPendarves, \ M.P., Glenafon .. J Vivian, H.H.,M.P.,Park- Wer n 3 * Vyvyan, Sir R. R., Bart. Waters, J , Whitehall. . Whitley N : oC os Whitley, H. M. Williams, Sir fF. M. Bart., } M.P., ‘Goonvr ec Wilkinson, Rev. J. J., Lanteglos byCamelford Williams, J.M., Conlay: ] Castle ; * Willyams, H., “Carnanton Subscribers to the lllustration Fund. Barham, C., M.D... a Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon Broad, R. R., Falmouth .. Carew, W. H. P., Antony Carus- Wilson,H. S. »Lruthan Chilcott, J. G.. Coode, E. Polapit Tamar, Launceston 2 Ferguson, Henry T. ore Fox, Charles, Zrebah.. Gilbert,Hon. Mrs., Gleneross, Rey. J., Luz- stowe, Liskeard .. Henwood, W. J., F.B.S., Penzance Jago, James, M.D., a B.S. Nix, Arthur P. Norris, Edwin, London Paull, A F xe Remfry, G. F. Trelissick SeSEeeeo © € ©O0 5S SGeoqqegts mn Nr a oconng»aa»nead MOOT SOU OF Or a oococo & So ooo 2 SOE ooeos’ Roberts, J. z Rogers, J. J., Penr ose 50 Ditto (Donation) Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan St. Aubyn, Sir J., Bart., M.P., Pendrea 50 Smith, Augustus, pia Abbey, Scilly o6 Smith, P. P. O6 60 Tremenheere, H. Sey- mour, London } Tucker, C., Hxeter Tweedy, R. sie Tweedy, W. .. O° Whitley, N. oe Whitley, H. M. Willian, Sir F. M., Bart., M.P., Goonvrea Willyams, A. C., Bodrean Be & & ORR BSB fp BPRFOREE & & t& ovo SCloccio io oc Soe So omocot = 2 —" Ee & & ORFF BP # BFP ORERE & — an tmonn a a»ag» a aocaa’ = Seo & 2S SOE e S&S & OoOe oe © ©& i — The MUSEUM is open to Members and their families every day, except Sundays, between the hours of Ten.and Four o’clock during the Winter, and between Nine and Six o’clock in the Summer. The Museuim is open to the public, free of charge, on the Afternoons of Monpays, WEDNESDAYS, and Saturpays, from Noon until dusk, during the Winter months, and until Six o’clock in the Summer months. On other days, and previous to Twelve o’clock on the above days, an admission fee of Sixpence is required. An Annual Subscription of Five Shillings entitles the Subscriber to admission to the Museum on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and to attend all the Meetings of the Society. A Subscription of Ten Shillings further entitles the Subscriber to intro- duce to the Museum and meetings all the bond jide resident members of his family. : : A Subscription of One Guinea entitles the subscriber to all the publi- cations. issued by the Institution, to admission to the Museum, for himself and family, on every day in the week, and to the meetings of the Society; and to ten transferable tickets of admission to the Museum whenever open. The ‘‘ JOURNAL OF THE Roya InsTITUTION OF CoRNWALL,” will be for- warded free of charge to the members subscribing One Guinea Annually. To others it will be supplied on payment, in advance, of Three Shillings a year ; or the several numbers may be obtained. from the Curator, or froma Book- seller, at Four Shillings each. ix ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. SPRING MEETING, 1872. This Meeting was held, in the Library of the Institution, at noon on Saturday the 18th of May. The Chair was occupied by the President, Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P. for West Cornwall ; and there were also present, (besides many ladies) :—Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S., and Dr. Jago, F.R.S., Vice-Presidents ; Mr. Tweedy, Treasurer; Mr. Whitley, and Rev. J. R. Cornish, M.A., Secretaries; Mr. H. M. Whitley, Assistant Secretary ; Dr. Barham, Rev. Dr. Bannister, F.S.A., Rev. W. Iago, L.S., Soc. Ant. Lond., Mr. Alexander Paull, and Mr. H. O. Remfry, Mem- bers of the Council; and Mr. J. G. Chilcott, Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Mr. W. P. Dymond, Mr. H. T. Ferguson, Mr. W. H. Jenkins, (Mayor of Truro), Mr. J. B. Job, Rev. T. Phillpotts, Mr. G. F. Remfry, Mr. H. E. Remfry, Rev. H.S. Slight, Mr. Augustus Smith, Mr. Snell, Mr. 8. Symons, Mr. D. G. Whitley, Mr. R. N. Worth. The PRESIDENT, declining, on this occasion, the delivery of a formal address, made some remarks concerning proposed legisla- tive enactments affecting this County,—the “Mines Regulation Bill,” and, (more germane to the objects of this Institution), a Bill prepared by Sir John Lubbock, but not before Parliament, “to provide for the better preservation of historical monuments and objects of antiquity in Great Britain and Ireland.” The Bill relating to the Regulation of Mines had been brought * on in three successive sessions of the House of Commons, and its provisions had been frequently discussed in this County. It had been subjected to various alterations and (as was considered in Cornwall) improvements; it having been the endeavour of the Cornish Members, either by conference with the Minister in charge of the Bill, or by ordinary process in the House of Commons, to have such amendments introduced as would suit the requirements B x of this county; and he trusted that the measure, when passed, would give satisfaction to all classes concerned. The Bill had been re-committed for the purpose of being reprinted after the introduction of amendments by the Government. That reprint had not yet been issued, and consequently he was unable to state what the new clauses were. Subject, however, to those alter- ations, the following were the objects of the Bill.—At its very commencement, there was a provision that no child under 10 years of age, and no woman of any age, should be employed under- ground. Then followed clauses relating, partly to the employment of male young persons in mines, and partly to educational pro- visions as regards boys. Concerning these clauses, and especially with regard to the educational provisions, there were matters of difference between the Cornish Members and the Government, which, however, it was hoped, might ere long be settled. Then there were some very important clauses having reference to the payment of wages; but it was understood that these would be eliminated in order that they might be introduced into the Master and Workmen’s Bill now before Parliament, and which had important bearings on the relations between employer and em- ployed in this county. That measure had been referred to a Select Committee. He was glad to say that (the other mem- bers for the county having their hands full), Sir John Trelawny had undertaken to serve on that Committee, for the representa- tion of Cornish interests therein; and he was quite sure that the interests of all classes in Cornwall, both of employers and of employed, would be perfectly safe in the hands of that honour- able baronet, who had given the utmost attention to the matter ; and the other members in the county would be very glad to follow his lead and guidance in’ that respect. Another clause in the Mines Regulation Bill provided for the fencing of shafts, in order to the prevention of serious and often fatal accidents. It had been found almost impossible to enact that every shaft shall be immediately closed; but it was hoped that the compro- mise proposed by the Cornish members, and which the Government had adopted, would prevent accidents of that kind in future, on abandoned mines. Then there were some general clauses for the safety and comfort of people employed within our mines. First of all there was a clause—though he could not say he was sanguine as to its legislative operation—providing that there shall be an adequate amount of ventilation secured. There were also clauses relating to the use of gunpowder in mines, and to prevent the use of iron instruments in charging holes for blasting; and others having reference to the fencing of old shafts on mines actually in working, to the fencing and securing of entrances to shafts, and xi to the fencing of machinery and wheels so that the men’s clothes might not catch in them. Provision indeed was made for the protection of human life in every way. All these clauses had been specially considered by the county, and by the Committee acting on behalf of the county; and he believed that, with a few trifling amendments which were entered in his name, they would be found to be. unobjectionable, that they would add materially to the safety of the miner, and be the means of preventing many accidents. There were other clauses, relating to plans and maps of mines. Mr. St. Aubyn next proceeded to speak of the Bill prepared by Sir John Lubbock for the better preservation of historical monuments and objects of antiquity in Great Britain and Ireland. The Bill had not yet been brought before the House of Commons, but a Draft Copy had been forwarded to the various scientific institutions in the country, in order that public feeling in relation to its provisions might be elicited. It contained 22 Clauses, and its object was fully indicated in the preamble: ‘“ Whereas many monuments, and other remains of antiquity, relating to the former con- dition and early history of Great Britain and Ireland have of late years been removed, injured, or destroyed, and it is expedient that those monuments and antiquities which stili remain should be protected from further injuries, be it therefore enacted as follows.” The Bill pro- posed, in the first place, to appoint a Commission, to consist of the First Commissioner of Works, the Presidents of the Societies _of Antiquaries of England and Scotland, the President of the Royal Irish Academy, the Keeper of British Antiquities in the British Museum, and two or three other persons named in the bill—to be called the “National Monuments Preservation Com- mission.” Annexed to the Act would be a Schedule, to con- tain the names of all monuments of antiquity which any county or local society might think ought to be inserted; and all monu- ments so scheduled would be subject to supervision by the Commission. It was also provided that the Commissioners should be able to take any other monument under their care, on giving notice to the Clerk of the Peace for the County, and to the owner or reputed owner and to the occupier of the land whereon the monument stood ; and on their causing proper notice to be placed on the parish church. What was meant by being under control of the Commissioners was, that they would have power to put railings or fences round all the scheduled monuments ; and any person removing or injuring the monuments or fences would be liable to fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months. If the owner or occupier of the land should wish to remove, alter, or destroy any such monument, he would have to B2 xii give notice to the Commissioners, who might then, within a month, refuse to consent. If they did not refuse, the owner or occupier might proceed to deal with it as he proposed ; but if they notified their refusal, the owner or occupier would not be allowed to interfere with the monument. Then there were compensating clauses ; and there was a clause which provided that the Com- missioners should have access to those monuments, either for themselves or for persons whom they might authorize, at any hour of the day or night, if necessary for the protection of such monu- ments. Mr. St. Aubyn said he feared there would be great difficulty in carrying such a Bill into operation. It interfered—he would not say with the duties, because he held it to be the duty of every person upon whose land a monument of this kind was found, to preserve it—but it certainly interfered with the rights of private property to an extent which it was not likely would be accepted. For example, the Cross on St. Michael’s Mount was only a few yards from the Castle; and under this Bill, the Commissioners might be enabled to put up a railing which would disfigure the place, and to prevent all access to it by others, while they claimed perpetual access to it for themselves. This would create a degree of license which would lead to considerable abuse, and cause numberless quarrels and lawsuits. In Cornwall, this point was one of great interest, for its monuments liable to be scheduled in sucha bill were extremely numerous; in fact, he supposed there was not a single parish in the county in which there was not to be found a cross, or some druidical remains, some holy well, cliff chapel, or other monument, to which the schedule would apply. He was afraid therefore that the Bill, as it stood, was too strin- gent in its provisions. At the same time, he must not be understood as not desiring to give his adhesion to any reasonable and workable scheme for the preservation of our national and historical monuments. He had written to Sir John Lubbock, and had also spoken to him on the subject; telling him of his appre- hensions with regard to this county. Sir John Lubbock’s reply held out some prospect of amendment, but did not state what direction that amendment would take. Sir John said:. “In con- “sequence of the suggestions we have received, the Bill has been “considerably modified in form, and indeed re-drawn, though not “much altered in substance. Sir Roundell Palmer, Mr. Bouverie, “and Mr. Beresford Hope will put their names at the back of the “ Bill, if we can get Mr. Lowe’s consent to its introduction. With “this object we have sent him a copy, and are now waiting his “reply.” Now, considering that this was written on the 4th of May, and that no reply had yet been received, it was probable xili that they would find it difficult to obtain Mr. Lowe’s consent to the introduction of the measure ; but, even should that gentleman give his sanction, it was possible that he would insist on consider- able alterations. Sir John Lubbock said further in his note: “‘We have many promises of support, but it is not easy to com- “plete the schedule satisfactorily. I wish you could let us have “your views about the Cornish examples.” As this subject was one which much interested and affected this Institution, he was quite sure that Sir John would only be too glad to be furnished with their opinions respecting it. The President then laid before the meeting an interesting tabular statement of the produce and price of Pilchards from 1815 to 1872, compiled by Mr. Roberts of Penzance, which had been handed to him by Mr. Henwood. Previously they had had no figures anterior to 1833. The highest price realized was in 1815, when 15,000 hogsheads were exported, at from 100s. to 102s. per hogshead. The exports and prices varied considerably. In 1829 only 700 hogsheads were exported, while in 1871 the exports amounted to 45,682 hogsheads. It was curious to see how the prices went down, during last year, as the fish increased. They began at 68s., but as the season went on, they were lowered to 52s., 40s., 37s., and leaving off at 25s. At the present moment advertisements were appearing in the papers offering cured pilchards for manure, at 7s. per hogshead ; after being brought back from Italy, where the market was glutted. Mr. H. M. WHITLEY read the Lists of Presents :-— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Pyrites, with Chalybite and Harthy Oxide of Tron, from Doleoath Mine, 236 fm. level... Capt. W. Provis. Steatite from a Vein in Serpentine Rock, at Woweraclevear arcs ciorcton sud oi wtersints lie ei nveleametecers Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S. Yellow Ochre, from Knightor and Treverbyn rons Mires StapAt Stell sreiteiereciecrrele eters Ditto, Murchisonite, a variety of Orthoclase Felspar, from the Triassic Rocks of Dawlish....... Ditto. Orthoclase Felspar, from the Glass Mine, Roche 900000000000 00000000 060500060000 Ditto. Fossils from Madeira ......cecccscccecee - Mr. G. F. Remiry. Fossils from the locality of Lisbon ........ Ditto. Cork-Tree Sprig and Bark, from Cintra, Borbugaleersrieercteneiotetererercielerrsieterolereteieretereye Ditto. X1V Photograph of a Balk of Yellow Fir drifted ashore on the South Coast of the Isle of Wight, March, 1872. It measured about 40 feet in length, and 22 inches in each direction, and it was densely coated with thousands of Lepas anatiferd ......000 Raniceps Trifurcatus, or Tadpole Fish, rare on the Cornish Coast, and hardly known else- where. Brought to C. Fox, by a Durgan fisherman, 3 | 5 | 1872........ Sus avengtave eats Larva of Dyticus marginalis (a large Water Beetle) found by Alfred Hamilton Jenkin, at Parevean, near Trewirgie, Redruth, in a stagnant pool, and was observed to feed voraciously on Tadpoles® ........cceeae Batrachus Surinamensis, Cuy.; from South Areneravem, USA) Gosbbodaccddoocate ono 6c Arca Noe, Linn. ; Mactra glauca, from Hayle Sands, August, 1846; Hippothoa catenu- laria; Kellia rubra, and various other SINAN C40 Bo gooudeoOsoDC c0Ga000 00000000 Mr. Albert Way. Mr. Charles Fox. Mr. Hamilton Jenkin. Mr. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Ditto. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon: with Appendices on Subterranean Temperature; the Electricity of Rocks and Veins; the Quantities of Water in the Cornish Mines; and Mining Statistics ; forming Vol. V. of the Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. By William Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.8., Mining Hngineer; Member of the Institu- tion of Civil Engineers; of the Geological Society of France; Hon. Member of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society; Cor. Mem. of the Plymouth Institution, and of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York; and sometime Her Majesty’s Assay Master and Supervisor of Tin in the Royal Duchy of Cornwall, and Secretary of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. .1843.... From the Author. * Accompanying this present was the following note from Mr. F. T. Hudson: “‘ The Larva of Dyticus marginalis lives in stagnant waters, and attains a length of about two inches before it undergoes the metamorpho- sis to a Beetle, about an inch and a quarter long. The Larva and Beetle are both voracious. Although the Beetle lives in water, it has the power of flight. It is common over most parts of England, and is often caught on the wing in the evening.” xXV The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philoso- phical Magazine, and Journal of Science. Fourth Series. From No. 282, December, 1871, to No. 287, May 1872....... Buaioholeiers Parochial and Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor. Part IV, 1871. (Hglos- hayle). By Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., Member of the. Royal Archzological Insti- tute of Great Britain and Ireland, Honor- ary Member of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, &c..... 00000060 od000b000000 ae The History of Polperro, a Fishing Town on the South Coast of Cornwall; being a de- scription of the place, its people, their manners, customs, modes of industry, &e. By the late Jonathan Couch, F.L.S., &c., &¢e. With a short account of the life and labours of the Author, and many additions on the popular antiquities of the district. By Thomas Q. Couch, F.S.A., MDCCCLXXI. On the Temperature of the Sea, and its in- fluence on the Climate and Agriculture of the British Isles. By Nicholas Whitley, F.M.S. Reprinted, by permission, from the Bath and West of England Agricultural Journal, Vol. XVI. (Twelve Copies). .... Ordnance Survey. Abstracts of the Principal Lines of Spirit Levelling in Hngland and Wales. By Colonel Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., &c., Director of the Ordnance Sur- vey. Published by order of the Secretary of State for War.1861 ........cescse0e oo Ordnance Survey. Ditto. Ditto. (Plates) On Photo-Zincography and the Photographic Processes employed at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. By Captain A. De C. Scott, R.EH., Under the direction of Colonel Sir Henry James, R.H., F.R.S., &c. USGS ieeleleleloree jooudeauooOOU OU CO OOUe OS oe Abstracts from the Meteorological Observa- tions taken at the Stations of the Royal Engineers in the years 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8, and 1858-9. Hdited by Colonel Sir Henry James, R.H., F.B.S., M.R.1.A., F.G.S., &c. Director of the Ordnance Survey and Topographical De- partment of the War Office. 1862 ...... Notes on the Great Pyramid of Heypt, and the Cubits used in its design; by Colonel Sir Henry James, R.H., F.R.S., Director General of the Ordnance Survey. 1869 .. From Mr. Henwood, F.R.S8., &¢. Ditto. Ditto. From the Author. From Major General Sir Henry James, R.H., F.R.S., &c. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. XV1 Determination of the Positions of Feaghmain and Haverfordwest, Longitude Stations on the Great European Arc of Parallel. Being an Appendix to the Account of the Prin- cipal Triangulation of Great Britain and Treland. By Captain A. R. Clarke, R.E., F.R.S., under the direction of Colonel Sir Henry James, R.H., F.R.S., &c., Cor. Mem. of the Royal Geographical Society of Berlin, Director of the Ordnance Survey. 1867.. Note on the Block of Tin dredged up in Fal- mouth Harbour. By Major-General Sir Henry James, R.E., Director-General of the Ord- nance Survey. From the Transactions of the Royal Archeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1872.......... 3000 Neota. By Charlotte Hawkey ......sccece Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. XXXII. No. 4, February, 1872. Report of the Council to the Fifty- Second Annual General Meeting ........ The Western Chronicle of Science. Edited by J. H. Collins, F.G.8., &c., &e. Vol. I. Nos. 11-13, November, 1871, to January, IBY P6660 Datel Be ae Oe TRT So ae iane av olenaversiereloneievers Remarks on the Successive Mining Schools of Cornwall. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S....... Map of the St. Agnes Mining District, 1870. By R. Symons and Son, Surveyors, Truro. Geological Map of Caradon and Ludcott Min- ing Districts, 1863. By Brenton Symons, Land and Mineral Surveyor, Truro ...... Map of Camborne, Illogan, Redruth, and Gwennap Mines. By Robert Symons and Son, Mineral Surveyors, Truro .......... Geological Map of the Crowan and Wheal Abraham Mining Districts, 1864. By Brenton Symons, Mining Engineer, Sur- WENOI, C'4Ch5 Ibias’ GoGadodedoccuss 90000 The Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devonshire. Report, 1871............ 0 Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Vol. II. Part II. 1871 The Thirty-Ninth Annual Report of The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. 1871. Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic Society. t Annual Report for 1871 .......... 500000 Meeting, Dec. 18, 1871........ Do. Jan. 29,1872 ...e0-6 Do. Feb. 26, 1872 cease From Major General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., &. Ditto. From the Authoress. From Mr. Edwin Dunkin. From the Editor. From the Author. From Mr, R. Symons. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. From the Association. From the Association. From the Society. Ditto. XVil Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series. Vol. V. No. II, December 8, 1870, to March 23, 1871. Ditto. Ditto. No. II, March 23, to _ dune 8, 1871 ...... oie eroarei ae ie eevee cls From the Society. Proceedings and Papers of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archeological Society. No. 35, January, 1862 ........ Ditto Ditto No. 40, April, 1863...... - Ditto Ditto No. 49, July, 1865 ...... Ditto Ditto No. 50, October, 1865.... Ditto Ditto No. 58, October, 1867.... Ditio. The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archeological Association of Ireland. Vol. I. Fourth Series, October, 1871, No. 8 ...... Ditto January, 1872, No.9...... Ditto. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, for 1871. New Series, Vol. VI .......20. Ditto. The Fifty-First Report of the Council of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, FOLSOM erercveteveceteiciersi stelauers:ielevayacereielaverocoee Ditto. Report of the Council of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland for USfitocosaggoo op 000d U0da0000CDOO0NDODD0N From the Institute. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. I, No. iUOL, dakeneiny ISP “ooegcaoogcadGc00 G0 ; Ditto. From the Commissioners of Patent Inventions :-— Various Numbers of the Chronological and Descriptive Index of - Patents applied for and granted; and many Volumes of Abridgments of Specifications of Patented Inventions.* * There are now in the Institution Library :— Descriptive Index of Patents applied for and Patents granted, fivaing the Abridgments of Provisional and Complete Specifications. | For the Quarters ending, 31st March, 30th June, 30th September, 31st December, 1867; and 31st March, 30th June, 30th September, 31st December, 1868. Chronological and Descriptive Index of Patents applied for 1and Patents granted, containing the Abridgments of Provisional and Complete Specifications. For the Quarters ending 31st March, 30th June, 30th September, 31st December, 1869; and 31st March, 30th June, 30th September, 31st December, 1870. ! Ditto ditto. Weekly Numbers, from January 1 to May 10, (1871. By Bennet Woodcroft, of Patents. Clerk to the Commissioners Abridgments of Specifications :— Acids, Alkalies, Oxides, and Salts. A.D. 1622—1866. Aeronautics. A,D. 1815—1866. XVIii From the University of Christiania :— Reprasentation der Imaginaren der Plangeometrie (Fortsetzung). Von Marius Sophus Lie. : Christiania Omegns Phanerogamer og Bregner med Angivelse af deres Udbredelse, samt en Indledning om. Vegetationens Afhengighed af Underlaget. Af A. Blytt, Conservator. 1870. With ‘‘ Résumé pour les Etrangers.” Thomas Saga Erkibyskups. Fortelling om Thomas Becket Erkebiskop af Canterbury. To Bearbeidelser samt fragmenter af en Tredie. Efter Gamle Haandskrifter udgiven af C. R. Unger, 1869. Aids to Locomotion. A.D. 1691—1856. Bleaching, Dyeing, and Printing Calico and other Fabrics, and Yarns. A.D. 1617—1857. Books, Portfolios, Card-Cases, &. A.D. 1768—1866. Bricks and Tiles. A.D. 1619—1860. Ditto A.D. 1861—1866. Bridges, Viaducts, and Aqueducts. A.D. 1750—1866. Carriages and other Vehicles for Railways. A.D. 1807—1866. Drain Tiles and Pipes. A.D. 1619—1855. Electricity and Magnetism, their Generation and Applications. A.D. 1766—1857. Ditto ditto A.D. 1858—1866. Fire-Arms and other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements. A.D. 1588—1858. Ditto ditto A.D. 1858—1866. Furniture and Upholstery. A.D. 1620—1866. Hydraulics. A.D. 1617—1865. (No. II out of print). India-Rubber (Caoutchouc) and Gutta Percha; including Air, Fire, and Water Proofing. A.D. 1627—1857. Lace, and other Looped and Netted Fabrics. A.D. 1675—1864. Lamps, Candlesticks, Chandeliers, and other Illuminating Apparatus. A.D. 1637—1866. Manufacture of Steel and Iron. A.D. 1621—1754. (Carent, Parts II and IIT.) Manufacture of Iron and Steel, Part IV. A.D. 1857—1865. Manure. A.D. 1721—1855. Marine Propulsion (excluding Sails). A.D. 1618—1857. Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry; including Artificial Limbs, Teeth, &c., Appa- ratus for Invalids, Medical Baths, Veterinary Preparations, &. A.D. 1632—1861. Metals and Alloys (excepting Iron and Steel). A.D. 1681—1859. Music and Musical Instruments. A.D. 1694—i861. Ditto ditto A.D. 1694—1866. Needles and Pins. A.D. 1755—1866. Oils, Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral, including Lubricants, Candles, and Soap. A.D. 1617—1863. Paper, Pasteboard, and Papier Maché. A.D. 1665—1851. Ditto Part ii. Cutting, Folding, and Ornamenting; in- cluding Envelopes, Cards, Paper Hangings, &e. A.D. 1692—1857. Photography. A.D. 1839—1859. Ditto (Part ii). A.D. 1860—1865. x1xX Beretninger om Norges Deeltagelse i den almindelige Industri-Udstilling i Stockholm 1866, og i Verdensudstillingen i Paris, 1867. Om de Geologiske Forhold paa Kyststrekningen af Nordre Bergenhus amt. Af M. Irgens og Th. Hiortdahl. (Note. With ‘‘Résumé pour les Htrangers.”) Fortegnelse over de af Fiskeri-Inspektor for de norske Ferskvandsfiskerier M. G. Hetting ved det 13de almindelige Landbrugsmode August, 1871, i Goteborg udstillede Gjenstande med Anhang: Bortfeste af de den Norske Stat tilhorende fisketomme Vande. *# The Thelemark Race.f By H. Tveter, Agronome. Almindelig Norsk Huus-Kalender med Primstay og Merkedage. Christiania, 1859. Plating or Coating Metals with Metals. A.D. 1637—1860. Ditto ditto (Part ii). A.D. 1861—1865. Pottery. A.D. 1626—1861. Ditto A.D. 1862—1866. Preparation and Use of Food. A.D. 1721—1866. Preparation and Use of Tobacco. A.D. 1721—1866. Preparation and Combustion of Fuel. A.D. 1620—1865. Preservation of Food. A.D. 1691—1855. Ditto A.D. 1856—1866. Printing. A.D. 1617—1857. Ditto A.D. 1858—1861. Production and Application of Gas (Excepting Gas Engines). A.D. 1681—1858. : Ditto A.D. 1859—1866. Railways. A.D. 1770—1863. Railway Signals and Communicating Apparatus. A.D. 1840—1866. Raising, Lowering, and Weighing. A.D. 1617—1865. Ditto ditt 1866. Roads and Ways. A. D. 1619—1866. Saddlery, Harness, Stable Fittings, &e. A.D. 1625—1866. Ship-building, Repairing, Sheathing, Launching, &. A.D. 1618—1860. Ditto ditto ditto A.D. 1861—1866. Spinning. A.D. 1624—1863. Ditto Part ii. 1864—1866. Steam-Culture. A.D. 1618—1856. Steam Engine. Parti. Vol.i. A.D. 1618—1859. Ditto Parti. Vol. ii. A.D. 1618—1859. Umbrellas, Parasols, and Walking-Sticks. A.D. 1780—1866. Watches, Clocks, and other Timekeepers. A.D. 1661—1857. Ditto ditto ditto. 1857—1866. Writing Instruments and Materials. A.D. 1635—1866. * There is an Appendix, translated into English, on the ‘‘ Leasing of the waters, not containing fish, belonging to the Norwegian State,” so that the lessee shall have during the ‘term of the lease, on condition of introducing fish, the sole right of fishing i in such waters. + The Thelemark Race is described as one of the few, perhaps the only constant race of cattle which Norway possesses. It is a well-defined moun- tain race, which, as the name denotes, has its home in Thelemark, and is found purest in the upper districts, Siljard, Hvideseid, &c. The animal is small. Full-grown cows rarely attain a greater weight than 6 or 700 lbs. (a); xx The following Papers were presented :— On the Original Use of the Mén-an-Tol, or Holed Stone, in the parish of Madron.—By E. H. Wise Dunkin. Notes on the similarity of some of the Cornish rock-names and miners’ terms to Irish words.—By G. Henry Kinahan, M.R.1.A., &e. Note on a remarkable balk of timber thickly covered with the Goose Barnacle, (Lepas anatifera, Linn.), drifted ashore in March, 1872, at Ve entnor, Isle of Wight.—By Albert Way. Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall, Ee May, 1871.—By E. Hearle Rudd. On two old Mining Patents.—By R. N. Worth. Chronicles of the Cornish Saints (VI.—S. Burian).—By Rev. John Adams, M.A. Chronicles of the Cornish Saints (VII.—S. Crantock).—By Rev. John Adams, M.A. Mr. H. M. WHITLEY, after reading the lists of Donations, &c., said that those members and friends of this Institution who attended the Excursion to the Cheesewring in 1868,* would remember that they paid a visit to the rock-hewn hut in which but they increase considerably in size when put on stronger food, particularly if this takes place at an early age. They are peculiarly a milking breed. On the chief farm at Ladegaardsoen the best milking cows have been of this race of late years; and one cow, ‘‘ Risoie,” milked annually, on an average of the three years, 1868, 1869, and 1870, 685. gallons English measure, with a living weight of about 790 Ibs. English weight, that is nearly 9 lbs. of milk for each 1 lb. living weight annually. Usually, how- ever, it is considered satisfactory when a cow weighing 6—700 lbs. (a) gives 2000—2500 pots (a) of milk on regular good food. A report from Mr. Lindequist (government farm superintendent) for 1866, states that six Thele- mark cows, from various districts, each gave more than 3000 pots in one year ;—one of them even 3584 pots (761 gallons).—The greatest defect in the Thelemark breed is that it furnishes inferior animals for the slaughter. Ayrshire bulls have been used successfully for crossing, and the mixed progeny has turned out extremely well; and, while the Ayrshire breed, as well in Sweden as in Norway, has of late years fallen into discredit on account of its liability to tubercular disease, no symptom of such disease has been observed in the mixed progeny. (a) 11b.=1.0981 avoirdupois. 1 pot=0.2124 gallon. ® See the ‘“ Fifty-First Annual Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall,” p. Xxiil. Xx1 Daniel Gumb lived and died in the early part of the last century, and on which were cut several diagrams from Euclid. He re- gretted to inform the meeting that it had been wholly destroyed by quarrymen employed in the neighbourhood.—Mr. HENwoop asked if there had not been a definite promise from Mr. Waring- ton Smyth, on behalf of the Duchy, that this very interesting memorial should not be injured. Was its destruction a surrep- titious proceeding, or had there been an additional grant from the Duchy ?—Mr. H. M. WHITLEY replied that it was true that Mr. Warington Smyth had led them to understand that the house would be respected.—In answer to a question from Mr. St. Aubyn, Mr. H. M. Whitley said it had not been destroyed mischievously, but simply to extend the quarries in that direction ; for which, he believed, there was no grant. Nothing was known of the de- struction until after its accomplishment. It was understood that the matter would be made the subject of communication with the Duchy; Mr. St. AuByN remarking that if the act had been done to extend the quarries, the pro- prietors were responsible. On the reading of Mr. E. H. W. Dunkin’s Paper, on the Original Use of the Men-an-T6l, in the parish of Madron, exception was taken to Mr. Dunkin’s supposition that this perforated stone was a remnant of some ancient sepulchral monument, and that the hole was made for the purpose of enabling a person to enter the kist or chamber on the occasion of burials subsequent to that for which the structure was originally erected, and without inter- ference with the general stability of such structure—Dr. BARHAM (conceiving that Mr. Dunkin’s theory rested on a slender found- ation), observed that there did not appear to be remains of any ancient structure immediately adjacent to the Men-an-Tél. The three extant stones were all intact, and were not surrounded by any other stones of moment; and they were placed so accurately in line, the outer stones equi-distant from the middle one, and the whole having, in their direction, such a distinct relation to points of the compass with reference to the place of sunrise on certain days, that it was difficult to believe they were accidental remains of an ancient structure. Again, the holed stone being between other two, it could hardly have been an entrance-stone to the interior of any building. The splaying given to the holed stone might, perhaps, give probability to the opinion that it was used for the purpose of securing victims intended for sacrifice.— With reference to the popular superstition (adverted to by Mr. A. PAULL) that the Men-an-T6] was a “crick-stone” used for the cure of rheumatic pains and spinal diseases, it was stated, in answer to a question from Mr. St. AUBYN, that the diameter of XXii the hole was 19 inches; and Rey. W. JAGo said it was certain that a person might pass through the hole, though it would be a tight fit. Mr. Iago considered that the Institution was indebted to Mr. Dunkin for his ingenious theory; although he thought (with Dr. Barham and others) that it was scarcely a satisfactory explanation ; and this for the additional reason, that cromlechs were generally imbedded within barrows ; and consequently, with- out some means of access through the barrow, the perforated stone would be useless as a means of entrance to the interior of a kist or cromlech. Mr. Iago further stated that in the Trevelgye Barrow, which had recently been opened under Mr. Copeland Borlase’s superintendence, the inhumed body had evidently been deposited finally ; and though henceforth it would be found that the corners of the stone had been knocked off, it should be known that this was done to enable Mr. Borlase to get in. A similar treatment of the stone at Trethevy might have been similarly effected for the convenience of some former explorer. The reading of Mr. Kinahan’s paper on the similarity of some Cornish rock-names and miners’ terms to Irish words, with ex- tracted instances from its appended glossary, induced from Rey. Dr. BANNISTER an expression of regret that the writer should have relied on Dr. Pryce, whose work was obsolete and full of mistakes and misprints. The paper, however, was ingenious, in the same way as was the occasional derivation of English names from Hebrew.—Mr. HENWooD said he had no knowledge of Irish, but he could testify to the general accuracy of Dr. Pryce’s Mining Vocabulary. True, it contained some words which were obsolete ; but, speaking generally, the work was extremely correct. Of Dr. Pryce’s other work he could offer no opinion.—Dr. BANNISTER explained that he was referring to the other work, and not to the Mining Vocabulary. Dr. JAGo said it had occurred to him that something might be done towards arriving at a better knowledge of the old lan- guage of Cornwall by paying attention to the way in which the modern Cornish folk pronounced English, especially with regard to vowels and accents. For instance, the frequent pronunciation, in this county, of the letter a like the ea in the word steatite, only with the last of these two vowels broader, might possibly be traceable to the pronunciation of ancient Cornish as a living tongue. This isa sound of a not recognised in Williams's Cornish Dictionary. Tn accentuation, while the Cornish, at the present day, placed accent on the ultimate or penultimate, and emphasis at or near the end of a phrase, the Irish, in each case, adopted the opposite principle ; and thus while, in Cornwall, the name “ Lanyon”, (Lan = Church, eco ' - yon=John), was generally pronounced Lanyén, the y being a con- sonant ; occasionally, always in the case of Lanyon coit, we say Lanyon, the y being a vowel like thezin lion. The Brétons, whose language is more akin to the Cornish than to the Irish, only deviate from this pronunciation in giving 7 the sound of e in their Lannion. In Ireland it was pronounced Lanyon. In Cornwall, as in the rest of England, in the phrase “not long ago,” for instance, the emphasis would be placed on the last syllable; but, by the Irish it would be placed on the word Jong.—Dr. BARHAM said the subject to which Dr. Jago adverted was one of wide application, and well worth attention. In Italy, for instance, the ordinary language in the north had a general similarity to French, both in the pronunciation given to vowels and in the accentuation of terminal syllables. And the explanation of this fact, given by Dr. Edwards, was that the habits of organs of speech as originally applied to Celtic languages, had been transferred to the more modern Italian. On the same principle, the ancient Cornish habits of speech had been transferred, in Cornwall, to the pro- nunciation of English. The subject was, in all respects, a very interesting one for inquiry. It was not confined to the county at - large, in comparison with other parts of England; but there were marked differences between the pronunciations of like words in different districts within the county ; distinctive habits of speech originating in remote antiquity having been carried on through succeeding generations.—The PRESIDENT said there were magis- trates in the Penzance district who had told him that, with their eyes shut, they could tell from what particular parish in that locality witnesses came, so great were the diversities of speech in that small area. He, himself, knew a farmer who said “ Buryan Churchtown” in two syllables.—Rev. H. S. SLicHT considered that much of the local corruption of speech was due to the dis- position to substitute easier words for those of like meaning which were more difficult of pronunciation. For example, the word farrow (a young pig) was reduced, in Cornwall, to vear ; the furrow end of a plough was called the vore end; and a “handful” was called a yaffel. Mr. WHITLEY made some observations concerning a portion of an Inscribed Stone, which he had recently discovered built into a hedge about half-a-mile on the Mabe side of Burnthouse. “Mr. Whitley presented a drawing of it, and suggested that possibly the other portion of the stone might be found in the neighbour- hood. He had not yet attempted to decipher the inscription. Mr. WHITLEY also presented to the Institution Five Charts of the surface Temperature of the Sea between Hull and Hamburgh, XXIV and Hull and Copenhagen, which he had prepared from observa- tions kindly furnished to him by some gentlemen of Hull. These Charts showed that the Winter Temperature of the German ‘Ocean is from 6 to 8 degrees lower than that of the open sea around our western shores. Dr. BARHAM read the following communications in Natural History, which had been received by him :— From Mr. Thomas Cornish, Penzance ; 11th May, 1872. “Your specimen of Raniceps trifurcatus is a good one, and of full size. The pectoral tubercles are well developed, but will probably be lost to sight when the specimen dries. At present they are plainly to be seen. I see I took my first specimen in April, 1863, in shallow water with rocky bottom. And in the same month, another was taken, among some loose stones at the back of our Pier, by rod and line. I took it again in the Spring of 1866; and I got another specimen, last year. It formerly ranked as one of the Gobioide, and although now properly classed among the Gadide, it has many characteristics in common with the Blennies. I consider it a rare fish on our coasts.—Did Mr. Fox notice the peculiar grinding or crushing apparatus in the gullet, consisting of four large hard tubercles covered with teeth, very similar to those of a Ray?” From Mr. Charles Fox, Trebah ; 16th May, 1872. ‘‘ Many thanks for thy letter, with a copy of T. Cornish’s valuable notice of Tadpole fishes which he had taken. It is remarkable that within a few years several of the rarer fishes, Trichiurus lepturus, Sparus Bodps, and Raniceps trifurcatus, have been taken on our coast. Yarrel has no notice of the Trichiurus lepturus having been caught. “In the Autumn fishery, large quantities of Anchovies (60 maunds at a time) were taken at St. Ives, in the pilchard seines. The Italians would have valued such a catch. ‘“‘ As IT cannot have the pleasure of being present at the Meeting of the Royal Institution of Cornwall on the 18th, I enclose some observations on the Tadpole fisn. “The last Journal of the Society gives fresh evidence of the variety, instruction, and permanent interest of its Transactions.” “The Tadpole fish, Raniceps trifurcatus, of the Gadide family, which I have the pleasure of presenting to the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, was caught in a net in Helford Harbour, on- the 3rd instant. It has been rarely taken except on the Cornish coast. Bloch does not mention it in his great work on Fishes (Berlin, 1786). The late diligent and accurate ichthyologist, Jonathan Couch, seems to have met with only one specimen. Dr. Johnstone exhibited a live one to the Newcastle Naturalist Society in 1832; it was caught in Berwick Bay. But your able contributor, T. Cornish of Penzance, informs Dr. Barham that he had taken this fish in Mount’s Bay in April, 1863; another in 1866 (also in the spring)’; and a third in 1871. The colour of the present specimen when caught was black as that of a Tadpole, which it much resembles in form about the head, &c. The eyes are singularly dark. Its appearance is such, that even if served with the finest ‘‘ Natives” as sauce, it would hardly supplant at table its well-known relative the Codfish. There are numerous small teeth on the 0:4 vomer, and also on four separate protuberances (probably connected with the pharyngeal and branchial bones) guarding the entrance of the very thick and tough cesophagus: I found only a small crustacean (in fragments) in the stomach. The longer filaments of the ventral fins seemed to be vascular, and are probably furnished with sensitive nerves. Are the tubercles in the sides, connected with a more abundant supply of mucus on the scales? In March last, a Durgan fisherman brought to me a Sparus Bodps (or Ox-eyed Bream), of which the first recorded British specimen is in your Museum. The visits to our coast, of the Raniceps, of the Boé’ps, and of the Silver Hair-tail, seem to beckon us on to dredge south-west in the deep sea, if haply we might draw up living organisms of the Lusitanian region, such as rewarded the labours of Dr. Carpenter and others,—the Cestum Veneris, the Japanese Hyalonoma, a beautiful subtropical Dendrophyllia Coral, are living representations of fossils of the older rocks.” From Mr. Charles Fox, Trebah ; May 16, 1872. ‘A pair of Hoopoes was seen in this valley, on the 10th, and again on the 13th of March. I had some hope of these birds remaining through the summer, as they showed but little shyness, alighting on the lawn or perching on the lower branches of trees near the same. In Egypt (where I have often seen the Hoopoe) it has from early ages been associated with other symbols of royalty; and, having been thus honoured in the eyes of the people, might naturally look for protection even in bird-killing Britain. C. W. Peach mentions that one was seen in Wigtonshire on the 10th of March last.” Mr. AvuGcustTus SmiTH said the Hoopoe had been again seen at Scilly. Formerly there was hardly a year that it did not visit the Islands; but for the past few years its place seemed to have been taken by the Golden Oriole, which had remained so late that he had on some occasions hoped they would breed, and he took great pains to have them kept quiet.—The Hoopoes were particu- larly tame. Mr. Couuins, on behalf of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, of which he is Secretary, stated that that Association had determined upon inviting the Institution of Mechanical Engi- neers to hold their meeting for 1873 in Cornwall. It was felt desirable that it should be held at the same time as the Poly- technic Exhibition ; and the latter it was wished should take place, if arrangements could be made, in Truro. A subscription of something like £100 would indemnify the Society against loss, if rooms could be provided free ; if not, the rent of the rooms would have to be added. The Polytechnic Society were anxious to have the co-operation of the Royal Institution.—It was decided that the subject should be referred to the Council. On the subject of Meteorology, Dr. BARHAm said that, had there been more time at his disposal, he should have been glad to ‘make some remarks on a comparison of observations recorded at Cc XXV1 Truro, and at Falmouth. At the latter place, a great deal had been done under Mr. Dymond’s superintendence and direction ; but it seemed that the difference of the conditions of the obser- vations, especially those of the thermometer, at the two places, made them hardly comparable at present ; while fuller information was required before reliable deductions could be made with regard to sea temperature at Falmouth; and it had been thought un- desirable to introduce the subject formally, until it could be dealt with more thoroughly. Mr. Dymond was assiduously making observations on sea temperature; and his observations on land temperature were becoming more and more complete. Exhibiting a diagram of Rainfall in each month since the commencement, in 1838, of observations at Truro, Dr. BARHAM remarked that the month of May, 1871, was, with the one ex-. ception of 1844, the driest thus recorded ; and that in the months of January and February, 1872, taken together, there had been more rainfall than in the corresponding two months of any pre- viously recorded year. In London and the East of England generally the rainfall in January and February, 1872, was but little above the average. Mr. Glaisher had stated that he did not know any instance of so remarkable a cold period as that ending December 12th, 1871, being followed by so remarkable a warm one as that ending March 18th, 1872. As possibly bearing on the difference of rainfall in the East and West of England, it might deserve notice that the cold of December was much less intense in these parts than about London. The PRESIDENT announced that the Autumn Excursion had been appointed for the 19th and 20th of August, and its locality the neighbourhood of Newquay. On motion by Mr. Aucustus SMITH, seconded by Rev. H. 8S. Suieut, thanks were voted to the contributors of Papers and other communications, and to the donors to the Museum and the Library. Thanks were also voted to the President, on a pro- position by Rev. T. PHILLPoTTS, seconded by Mr. G. F. Remrry. XXV11 THE AUTUMN EXCURSION. On Monday and Tuesday the 19th and 20th of August, a numerous party of members and friends of the Institution joined in what proved to be a very pleasant Excursion, on a northernly route from Truro, for inspection of objects of interest, chiefly of antiquarian character, at and near St. Columb Major, St. Mawgan, St. Columb Minor, Cubert, and Perranzabuloe. In the absence from the county, of the President of the Institu- tion, Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P., the duties of presidency, during the two days, devolved on Dr. Jago, F.R.S., one of the Vice- Presidents ; who received zealous aid from Mr. Whitley, one of the Honorary Secretaries, and other Members of the Council, and from Mr. F. V. Budge, Assistant Secretary. Starting from the Truro Town Hall at 8 a.m. on Monday, the excursionists were driven, en route towards St. Columb, to the “Indian Queen” Inn, and here they found awaiting them, a party from Bodmin, with Mr. T. Q. Couch, F.S.A., and Rev. W. Iago, LS. Soc. Ant. Lond., as ciceront. In the vicinity of the inn, was inspected an Inscribed Stone mentioned by Dr. Borlase,* and which, after having been long lost sight of, had lately been re- discovered by Mr. Iago. The learned Dr. Borlase gave as its probable date, A.D. ¢. 920, and read its legend: “ Ruani hic jacit”; but the letters are now almost obliterated, and, con- sequently, the reading of them is uncertain. After a brief visit to an amphitheatre, of recent formation— a sort of modern plain-an-gwarry, nearly “touching” the inn, a start, by the now combined forces from Truro and Bodmin was made over the Tregoss Moors to the ancient entrenchment “Castle- an-Dinas” ; visiting, by the way, the Castle-an-Dinas Tin Mine, where much interest was manifested in the explanations afforded . by Captain Parkin. Here also the party received, and heartily appreciated, welcome hospitalities provided by the Purser, Mr. Whitefield of St. Columb. The fine old British entrenchment, called, by reduplication, Castle-an-Dinas, had to be reached on foot, by a scramble through gorse and heather. It is conspicuously * Borlase’s Antiquities (ed. 1754), Vol. i, p. 364; and Pl. xxxi. C2 XXVIII situate on a conical hill, 730 feet in height above sea-level, and about two miles distant, E. by S., from St. Columb Major. It has been described in many of our county histories, and also, with much accuracy of detail, by Mr. MacLauchlan, in the Annual Re- port of this Institution for the year 1849. It has been suggested, however, that two ramparts, of the four mentioned by Mr. MacLauchlan, are so subordinate to the others as almost to be fairly deemed accidental ; the exterior one being caused by throw- ing the earth dug from the outer ditch, on its forward edge; the middle one by scarping away the hill to get material for the outer rampart. Here Mr. T. Q. Couch read a brief but highly in- teresting-Paper on the recorded history of the Camp, beginning with Carew ; and he pointed out how a misinterpretation of the word “‘ Dinas” had led to a belief that the Danes had something to do. with it. The Reverend Dr. Bannister gave the unlooked-for information, that the Castle was mentioned in the newly dis- covered Cornish Miracle Play, dated 1504. The Church of St. Columb Major was next visited. Here the excursionists were received by the Rector—Rev. H. L. Ventris, and Mr. G. Browne Collins, one of the Churchwardens, who gave much valuable information ; the Rev. W. Iago making an explana- tory statement, in detail, concerning the restoration of the building. Special attention was called to the fact that the altar was the original altar-stone found in the church by the late rector, Dr. Walker, and by him replaced in its proper position. A Cross in the churchyard, (adorned with trefoil piercing between the limbs and circle, and with three-looped interlaced knots), and a much- defaced Inscribed Stone in a garden adjoining, were next inspected. The Stone bears a Greek Transitional Cross upon its face, and near the lower part the letters “‘ FIL” have been traced ; and there are other letters, arranged in lines, down the front of the stone. After luncheon at the Red Lion Hotel, (where speeches, both practical and complimentary, were made by various gentlemen, including Dr. Jago, Sir Edward Smirke, Dr. Barham, Rev. H. L. Ventris, Rev. W. lago, Mr. Whitley, and Mr. G. Browne Collins), there was a pleasant drive, through the grounds of Carnanton and the vale of Lanherne, to the recently-restored Church of St. Mawgan, with its fine Arundel Brasses and its interesting Old Carving ; and, in the churchyard, an elaborate Gothic Cross, with hexagonal shaft on base, and a four-sided head with cusped and crocketed niches, containing figures. In two of these are mitred personages, each holding a pastoral staff in the right hand. On another side is sculptured God the Father, holding the Crucifixion before Him ; and the remaining side contains a group of figures, the decyphering of which appears to have been uncertain, but XXKIX Mr. Iago suggested, and Sir Edward Smirke concurred in the suggestion, that they represent the Annunciation. Two other objects in the Churchyard attracted attention—the vault in which the remains of the late Mr. Humphry Willyams, of Carnanton, were recently deposited ; and the rude monument which describes how, six-and-twenty years ago, there came ashore at Mawgan a boat containing ten frozen sailors. Above their resting-place is fixed the stern-board of the boat, recording this fact.—At the St. Mawgan Nunnery—formerly the seat of the Pincerna or Lanherne family, and afterwards of the Arundels—the excursionists were courteously received by the resident priest, who conducted them over the garden and chapel. In the garden stands a Saxon Cross, with words (which as yet have never been satisfactorily interpreted) incised within border lines on the front and back; while the shaft is adorned with interlaced network, or braiding of a triple cord. The Chapel contains a fine painting (attributed to Rubens) of the Flagellation of Our Lord; and in an adjoining vestry were seen some magnificent vestments, and the skull of Cuthbert Mayne, a priest, who was quartered at Launceston in the 16th century, and whose head was set on a pole at Wadebridge. Another drive of several miles, under Mr. W. E. Michell’s guidance, and the party arrived at Rialton; one of the para- mount manors in Domesday, and given by an Earl of Cornwall to the Prior and Canons of Bodmin. After the Dissolution of Re- ligious Houses, it descended to Mundy, then to Baron Godol- phin of Rialton, and afterwards to the Duke of Leeds; but it now forms part of the Duchy of Cornwall. The Manor-House was largely rebuilt by Thomas Vyvyan, the last Prior of Bodmin ; and its few remains, including the dungeon, carved shields and inscriptions, &c., existent in a farm-house and mill, were viewed with much interest. Built into a wall of one of the farm build- ings is an Inscribed Stone, which has been figured and described by Lysons and C. 8. Gilbert; and a good drawing of it, by Miss Annie Shilson, appeared in the Ilam Anastatie Society’s volume for 1871. The inscription has been deciphered, subject to correc- tion, as follows :-— BONE MIMOR— ILL—TRIBVN— The Rialton remains were described and explained by Rev. W. Iago; after which, the Rev. N. F. Chudleigh, vicar of St. Columb Minor, exhibited the parish church, described by Hals as, “according to its bigness, the finest, best-kept, pewed, or seated, that I know of in Cornwall”; but it now greatly needs restor- ation. In a roadside field, not very far from the church, stands a c3 p:©.@.¢ “Cross”, shaped like a plain post, but having upon the front and back of its upper portion, a Latin Cross cut in relief. : The day’s excursion terminated at Newquay, the thriving little port and watering place which has long outlived the sneer cast upon it by Carew.* Here—in the National School Room— tea was gratefully accepted by the excursionists. On the second day, the excursionists proceeded from Newquay to Trevelgue Head, for inspection of its now celebrated Barrows, which had been previously explored by Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, F.S.A. The results of his investigations are now recorded in his elaborate work “Neenia Cornubie.” These two Barrows are situate on the summit of the Cliff; and their more remarkable features are: (1) That their bases are connected on the northern side by a semi-circular bank. (2) That the western one is almost entirely composed of earth burnt as red as brick. (3) That each contains megalithic chambers. (4) That in the eastern one a con- tracted skeleton was found, together with a beautifully formed stone-hatchet, or axe-hammer, of small size. Mr. Borlase de- scribed, with much precision and fulness, the circumstances in which he had made his investigations and discoveries here ; and, as an interesting memento of the Society’s visit, photographs of the party, grouped in and on the western barrow, were taken by Mr. May, of Plymouth. Remains of the formidable fortification at Treveleué Head were next inspected ; and an ancient British eating-place, originally discovered by Mr. Nicholls, of Trevelgué, was pointed out. It contains shells, charred matter, and bones; the latter including what Professor Owen has pronounced to be those of bos longifrons. Attention was called by Mr. Copeland Borlase to a remarkable flint “chipping-place” at the point of the Island, and many flints were found, of the palzolithic type; Mr. Whitley, however, expressing his opinion that, ike others of which he had written, they were not the result of man’s handiwork, but the product of natural causes, and had been carried to the place where they were found, by the “northern drift.” After inspection of the Caverns, and especially of “The Cathedral”, the party proceeded to St. Cubert, where, in the western side of the church tower is an Early Inscribed Stone.t e «The place was called New Quay because in former times the neigh- bours attempted to supply the defects of nature by art, in making there a quay for shipping, which conceit they still retain, although want of means in themselves or in the plan have left the effect in nubibus.” f See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. V, p. 55. XXX1 The material is very hard and fine-grained, and the Inscription seems to have sustained little injury. It reads off easily: CONETOCI FILI TEGERNO MALI. Dr. Barham gave an explanation of this interesting memorial; and after a visit to the church interior, over which they were conducted by the Vicar, Rev. C. H. Hosken, the party adjourned to the school-room and partook a very acceptable luncheon, for which thanks were due and rendered to Mr. and Mrs. Hosken. Time failed for the purposed visit to the ancient British church of St. Piran ; and so, after luncheon, the excursionists made their way to the workings on the Great Perran Iron Lode, carried on by the Cornwall Mineral Company at Duchy Peru and Treamble. At the latter place the iron-lode is 60 feet wide, and it has a parallel lead-lode of 4 feet width. The iron is worked through an open quarry. Refreshments had been provided at the mine by Mr. Roebuck; and, on a proposal from Mr. Remfry, that gentleman was thanked, through his agent Captain Davis. Perran Round, probably the ‘best remaining specimen of the open-air theatre, was inspected under the supervision of the Reverend Dr. Bannister, who stated that in it Miracle Plays had been performed, and that the common name of such a place was, in Cornish, Plain-an-Gwarry. West Chiverton Lead Mine was next visited, and details of its operations were given by Captain Juleff and other agents. There are now at work on the mine 2 80-in. cylinder pumping engines; 3 24-in. drawing engines, 2 crushers attached; 2 steam capstans; 1 steam hammer; 1 steam saw mill; 1 30-in. cylinder stamping engine, driving 32 heads of stamps; 3 water wheels driving the dressing machinery ; 1 water wheel working bellows in smithery ; 3 Borlase’s buddles, also a large quantity of other kinds of buddles; 11 Hunt's jigging machines. The mine is sunk to the 140-fathom level below the adit. There are 366 men employed underground ; and 276 men, boys, and girls on the dressing floors, and other surface work. The pitwork is 17 inches in diameter, and about 3,000 tons of water in 24 hours are being pumped out, to keep the bottom of the mine free for working. It takes about 4,000 tons of water per day to wash the ore. The mine has returned 35,592 tons of ore, which realized £473,820, and paid dues to the lords £31,578. 12s. 4d., gave profits to the adventurers £152,625, and laid out in machinery, &c., £50,000. By kind permission from the Agents, Dinner was served in the Account House ; and, after thanks had been voted to all who had in any way contributed to the success of the Excursion, vehicles were for the last time called into requisition, and the party returned to Truro, safely and in good time. FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, Held on Tuesday, November 19th, 1872. This Meeting was held in the Institution Lecture-Room, and there were present: Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P., the President ; Mr. A. Pendarves Vivian, M.P.; Dr. Barham, Rev. Dr. Bannister, Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, F.S.A., Rev. H. Borrow, Mr. F. V. Budge, Rev. J. Rh. Cornish, Mr. Criddle, Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., Rev. E. Houchen, Mr. 8. Hocking, C.E., Dr. Jago, F.B.S., Rey. W. Iago, Mr. Kitto, Mr. H. Spry Leverton, Commander Lid- dell, R.N., Mr. 8. Pascoe, Mr. Alexander Paull, Rev. H.S. Slight, Mr. Tyerman, and Mr. Worth. THE COUNCIL'S REPORT. The Council are glad to be able to congratulate the members of the Institution on the interest which has been exhibited in its work during the past year, as shewn by the number of new members who have been elected, and by the papers contributed to its Journal. The Treasurer’s statement of accounts shews that £147. 9s. 6d., has been received in subscriptions during the past year, and that the present balance in hand is £77. 12s. 2d.; that of the commencement of the year having been £36. 7s. 9d. ‘The mort- gage debt is now £150. The Rooms in the Museum formerly occupied by the Cornwall County Library, which were fitted up last year for the use of members of the Institution, have been found exceedingly useful for meetings and for the reception of books and periodicals. They are open to members during the day; and on Mondays, in the evening also, until 10 o'clock. The additions to the Museum have not been large, but some progress has been made in arrangement, especially in regard to the coins. The Council having been advised that the condition of XXX the stuffed birds was unsatisfactory, a report on the subject has been obtained from Mr. Vingoe, of Penzance, who writes: “some “of them are in a very bad state and must be withdrawn from “the Museum; all the cases require close fastening to exclude “moths.” He recommends that the work should be undertaken early next spring, and your Council consider that course advisable. A draft of a Bill for the Preservation of National Monuments having been forwarded to the Institution by its author, Sir John Lubbock, its provisions have been carefully discussed at meetings of the Council, and a report on some of the practical difficulties which its execution would involve has been transmitted to him through the President, whilst the object sought to be obtained by the Bill was most strongly advocated. The number of the Journal issued in April last is perhaps the most valuable which the Institution has yet produced ; its value being greatly due to the admirable address from the late Presi- dent, Mr. Henwood, the practical importance of which has been so justly estimated that a considerable part of it has been trans- lated into French by direction of la Commission des Annales des Mines. By the permission of your Council, a portion of it has been separately printed for the use of Students in the classes of the Miners’ Association of Devon and Cornwall. It is to be regretted that, notwithstanding the liberality of Mr. Henwood, who bore the whole cost of printing his Address, the expense of this number has weighed heavily on the income of the Institution. Your Council have devoted much attention to the consideration of ar- rangements by which these charges might be reduced, and their enquiries will still anxiously be directed to that end. It is clear that it is mainly through the printing of communications that the interest of those who work for us, as well as that of our more distant members, can be maintained ; and although the condensa- tion of some papers may be imperative, you will agree with us in the desire to encourage their production. It has been decided that in future the price of a number of the Journal to non- subscribers shall be four shillings. Copies of back numbers of the Journal have been sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Society for sending out books to re- place those destroyed by the late fire at Chicago. The Annual Excursion held on August 19th and 20th was most successful, and a great deal of practical information was given at the various halting places by gentlemen who were thoroughly familiar with their subjects. Owing, however, to various causes, it was found that the prices charged for the tickets had not been sufficiently high to cover the expenses, and an adverse balance has been accordingly thrown on the funds of the Institution. The XXXIV thanks of the Institution are especially due to Mr. Whitefield, of S. Columb, for his hospitality at Castle-an-Dinas Mine, to -Mr. W. E. Michell, of Newquay, and the Ladies who so ably assisted him there; to the Rev. C. Hosken and Mrs. Hosken, and to Mr. W. R. Roebuck, for their kindness at Cubert and at the New Iron Mines respectively, to Mr. R. Clogg and Capt. Juleff, the repre- sentatives of the West Chiverton Adventurers, for their most comfortable arrangements at the mine; and to Sir Thomas Acland, Bart., M.P., for the great kindness with which he undertook to make arrangements for the Institution to visit Trerice during their Excursion, should they be able to do so. The Conversazione which was held after the Annual Meeting of last year was very well attended, and afforded an excellent op- portunity for the fuller description of some of the objects of interest connected with the Excursion of 1871. The Meteorological Observations, which were commenced in 1838 and have been continued uninterruptedly since that date, have been made as usual, and have been communicated to Green- wich and elsewhere by the Curator of the Museum. The numbers of visitors who have been admitted to the Museum during the year are :—admitted free, 6,044; by ticket, 148 ; by payment, 99. Total, 6,291. Twelve new subscribing members have been elected, including the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, Sir John Salusbury Trelawny, Bart., M.P., Colonel Hoge, M.P., and Mr. G. F. Basset, of Tehidy. The Council have, however, to record with deep regret the deaths of three members, who had for many years taken. great interest in the work of the Institution—Mr. Augustus Smith, at one time President of the Institution, Mr. Humphry Willyams, of Car- nanton, and Mr. Enys, of Enys, one of the Trustees. In conclusion, the Council wish to express a strong hope .that some means may soon be found of utilizing the admirable lecture- room and laboratory of the Institution, which have been for some time quite unused. Looking back upon the great advantage which some of the more intelligent young men of the town and neighbourhood derived from science classes held in it in former years, the Council are most anxious that the question of resuming them should be discussed. The great difficulty lies in the provision of qualified Teachers, but though no practical step has been yet taken in the matter, your Council would be glad to think that there was a prospect of some united action being agreed on by the three great County Societies and the Miners’ Association. The aid given to such Teachers by the Government might be looked to as removing all serious financial difficulty in the way of pro- viding sufficient remuneration for well qualified lecturers, who XXXV could conduct classes in several towns in succession and utilize our collections for purposes of instruction. You will join us in regretting that the Rev. J. R. Cornish has resigned the office of a Secretary, and Mr. Michell Whitley of an Assistant Secretary, in which they have rendered most valuable service to the Institution. The Council have great pleasure in reporting that Mr. F. V. Budge has accepted the post of an Assistant Secretary. The Council’s Report having been read by Rev. J. R. CorNISH, it was resolved unanimously, that it be received, adopted, and printed. The following Resolutions were passed unanimously :— That the thanks of the Society be given to the Officers and Council for their services during the past year; and that the following gentlemen form the Council for the ensuing year :— President, Mr. JOHN St. AUBYN, M.P. Vice-Presidents. Mr. H. 8. Tremenneere, F.G.S8., Mr. A. Penparves Vivian, M.P., James Jaco, M.D., Oxon., F.R.S., Mr. JoNATHAN RASHLEIGH. Lievt.-Cou. TREMAYNE, Mr. Tweepy, Jreasurer. Mr. Wuuittey, Secretary. Assistant Secretaries, Mr. W. G. Drx, and Mr. F. V. Bupae. Other Members. Rev. J. Bannister, LL.D., Mr. A. Pavun, C. Baruam, M.D., Cantab., Mr. W. J. Rawurnes, Mr. W. CopenanD Bortase, F'.S.A., Me. H. O. Remrry, Rey. J. R. CornisH, Mr. HE. SHarp, JUN., Rey. W. Iago, Mr. W. TweEepy, and Ture Mayor or Truro. Bodmin, Mr. T. Q. Coucu, F.S.A., Local Secretaries. Truro, Mz. ALEXANDER PAULL. London, Mr. MicnneLt WHITLEY. That the cordial thanks of this Meeting be given to those gentlemen who have favoured the Institution with Papers or other Communications in the course of the year, and also to the Donors to the Library and Museum. XXXVI Mr. BuDGE read the Lists of Presents :— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Portrait of Professor Hunt......c.c.cee Sahete Waif of the Atlantic Ocean,* brought from the Tropics by the Gulf Stream, and strand- ed at Gunwalloe White Spathose Iron Ore, from ‘xeuanalle) Mine eceececeececeeoosree ee oe ee ee ee oo ee Ditto (calcined). White Spathose Iron Ore, from Duchy Peru. Ditto (calcined). Brown Hematite Iron Ore, from Higher r Treamble Mine Brown Hematite Iron Ore, from Lower Treamble Mine Silver-Lead Ore, from Lower Treamble Mine J ecececeersereee cece eeeo ee peescecescecoeoee ee ee oe ee ee Malachite from Burra Burra Copper Pyrites from Moonta ........¢.-. Massive (Tile Ore) and Crystallized Oxide of Copper (three specimens) from Wal- IENROG) Sopa do odonaoDaGKDOdOOU0D0NN00N \ Schorl, from Wallaroo .........-eseseeee { Green Carbonate of Copper, Wallaroo .... | Molybdenite, from Wallaroo .....-.cceee Crystallized Copper Pyrites......--cccece Chloride of Copper (three specimens) ..../ Chromate of Lead, from Congonhas do Cue IB UAZllerohererstolsterstoleral rng GCE TFET Whiteman & Bass, Photo-Litho'to the Queen, 236, Holborn F an SS JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. No. XIV. APRIL. 1873. I.—State of the Ports in Cornwoll, 5 Aug., 1593—1595.—FRoM Mr. Henry LEE Rowett, PoLperro. Presented at the Spring Meeting, May 17, 1870. ee following letter, in the Cottonian Collection of Manuscripts, saved from the fire at Ashburnham House, October 23, 1731, and now in the British Museum, (Cottonian MSS., Otho E, XI., fol. 230), shows the state of the ports in Cornwall in 1593—5. The portions burnt have been supplied by a careful study of the context.* The “Barycades” alluded to, were, doubtless, hastily con- structed fortifications on the coast. A Map of the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall, without date, but evidently made at the same time, and now in the British Museum, (Cottoman MSS., Aug: 1: Vol. I: 6), represents this plan of fortifications; of which, Sir Thomas Baskerville says: “the placis where to sett those Barycades I have shewid them.” It is labelled: “A plott of all the Coast of Cornwall and Devon- shire, as they were to be fortyfied in 1588, against the landing of any Enemy”; very neatly drawn on vellum, on two sheets, meas- uring together 5 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. (Cott: Aug. I. i. 6). This has been engraved by Pine, and was published with his plates of the tapestry hangings of the House of Lords, which represented the defeat of the Spanish Armada.—See also the “Report on the * Tn the following printed copy, they are indicated by Jtalics. E 1 ae i, — Henny rerMmatToMIMannETTN ee umnrun nr rT irearecrrdrvereaecisrrcveveract cavers rreeeprtre ee ; —— ———o ; — i } i Bagravide ard Pablvhd by FP em G2" =) a PORTS sin CORNWALL, 1593—1595. arrangements which were made for the internal defence of these kingdoms, when Spain by its Armada projected the invasion and conquest of England”; privately printed in 1798, by the late John Bruce, Esq, ., of the State Paper Office. To the Most honorable the Lords of her mates Most Honorable pryvy Counsell. May itt pleas your Lordshippe to be advertised thut according to your comandement I have bin in Cornwall and have vewid all the porte towns and crikes, bothe on the south and northe sea, and would have senn the southern cuntry perticulerly in their divisions, w'outt drawing them into one body/ iff the sisis* had nott bin so | very great and the most parte of the gentillmen and cuntrymen had so many defecks [as] I fynd in the porte towns, and fear also in the rest of the cuntry, for I asure your Lordshipe they have neyther+ store of munysions nor good arms and for the most parte of the towns lytell or noe arms are at all left in them, The reason is this they being so guarded cary their armes w‘ them for their defence to the sea, The order taken w' the deputie Lyftenants, for the better defence of those placis is this; first to Barycadee all those towns as strongly as may be, the placis wher to sett those Barycades I have shewid them; Then to take such — order that nonn take any Arms to sea w' hym, w'outt leaving the preporcion he is charged w' for the defence of his towne, and that the mayor or other officers shall cause a revew wekly to be taken, and when any such defalt is fownd to punishe acordingly/. Lykwise fynding greatt inconvenience and difficulties growe to the porte towns by reason of the army which is now held ther, w is thatt the traynid Bands are composedid of the best menn of all the country, and ¢herfor taken outt of many placis so distant that some of them come 20 mills to their randevous, by w® means our best menn being drawene from the towns upon the cost, have left them to the spoyle of the enymy, therfor w' the advise of deputies Lyftenant itt is thought for insom poynts to alter thatt * In an accompanying note, Mr. Rowett says, the word ‘sisis’ is intended for sizes. + This word is written in substitution for the cancelled ‘“ lytell.” PORTS IN CORNWALL, 1593—1595. 117 course, and to order itt in this sorte, thatt no Captain of the traynid Bands shall draw a mann from the porte towns or vilagis next ajoynyng w'in 2 or 3 mylles, butt all those having their randevousis aparte and officers apoyntid in every village to comand them shall upon all alarams draw themselfs by the conduckt of the sayd officers to the porte towne apoyntid for their gard, wher som gentillmann of worthe, thatt dwels next unto the sayd porte is to take charg of them and of thatt place as of his garyson, and he is by no means to w’ draw hymself outt of thatt place to the ayd and assistance of any other towne, butt ther to abide at the place apoyntid to his charg/ the rest of the traynid and untraynid bands w™ ar raysid outt of the inner parte of the cuntery ar to draw themselvs into divers heds or one as they shall see cause to second any town [that] shal be atemptid, this course is taken as most answerable to the nature of the atempt now mad upon this coste, and will contynue till your Lordshypps further order, Lykwise the deputies Lyfftenants for the better garding and for the better ordering of the cuntry will continue to make a generall review on in another debyrtment dailye, [to] se all the defecks suplyed, the ocasion of which is growen by favoring their pore neybours, If you shuld so thinke itt fitt itt were not amis to send an experencid captaine to see thess things performed The menn duthe very much desir to have som captains sené¢ to them to lead them if the lyke ocasions preyvail. They desirid me in my letters to your Lordshipp to say ‘Ais much unto you, as they will do lykwise in their part. so craving pardon for my so teadious Letter I hum- bley take my leave he who desirs to doe your Lordships all servis THO BASKERVILE - Plymouthe this 5 of August. The letter bears the following endorsements : 5 Aug: 1593. 1595. S* Thomas Baskervyle to y° Consill pr° Plymoth. To the most Honorable the Lords of her ma*s most Honorable pryvy Counsell. E 2 118 - I—STRAY NOTES (No. 1).—The Manor of Penvrane and Advowson of the Church of St. Pinnock.—By Stn JOHN MACLEAN, F.S.A., Honorary Member of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 23, 1871. ie my researches in connection with my “History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor” I frequently meet with historical documents which, although of no immediate use to me, possess, I think, sufficient interest to be noticed in the pages of our Journal, and, in some instances at least, may be of value to other students of Cornish history. Such is the case with a record which I have recently discovered on the de Banco Rolls of Hilary term Ist Edw. IV., preserved in the Public Record Office, relative to the Manor of Penvrane and the Advowson of the Church of St. Pinnock, a notice of which I now submit to the Institution ; and should the Council agree with me in thinking that it contains sufficient interest to justify its publication, I may hereafter, from time to time, have the opportunity of placing at its disposal similar communications. The notice which I have now the pleasure to submit is the record of an action of Quare Impedit, brought by Sir William Botreaux, Knt., against Otho Colyn, Edward Coryton, and Walter Hill, Chaplain, upon a plea that they should permit him to present a fit person to the Church of St. Pinnock, which was then vacant, in his donation. The pleadings are not only of great interest as regards the history of the Church and Manor, but they contain, also, a vast amount of genealogical information concerning several ancient Cornish families. I shall abstract the proceedings as briefly as I can, following their general tenour. Sir Wiliam Botreaux appeared before the Court, by Richard Wolston, his Attorney, and pleaded that he was seized in the Advowson of the Church of St. Pinnock, “wt de uno grosso,”* as of his fee and right in the time of peace of the Lord Henry 6th, * Signifying as apart from a Manor. THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. 119 late “de facto et non de jure,” King of England; and that to the same Church he had presented a certain Thomas Edward, his Clerk, who, upon that presentation, had been duly instituted and admitted ; that the Church was now again vacant by the death of the said Thomas Edward, and that it pertained to him to presént ; and that the said Otho Colyn, Edward Coryton, and Walter Hill impeded him, to his damage to the extent of £100. Otho Colyn, Edward Coryton, and Walter Hill, by Henry Gylly their Attorney, appeared and defended themselves. Otho Colyn pleaded that to him, and not to Sir William Botreaux, belonged the right of presentation : because, he said, that a certain John Shylston formerly was seized in the Manor of Penvrane with the appurtenances, to which the Advowson of the Church of St. Pinnock pertained, in demesne as of fee ; and being so seized, to the said Church, being vacant, had presented a certain John Jaggeford, his Clerk, who, upon that presentation, was admitted and inducted ; which same John Shylston had issue five daughters: viz., Margaret, the eldest; Katherine, second; Alice, third ; Lucy, fourth ; and Olive, fifth; and that he died seized of the said Manor with its appurtenances, which descended to the said Margaret, Katherine, Alice, Lucy, and Olive, as his daughters and heirs; and that they into the same Manor entered and were of it seized in demesne as of fee ; that Margaret had issue a certain Roger Bastard, and of her portion (proparte) of the said Manor _and its appurtenances died seized, after whose death the said Roger into the whole of her portion, as son and heir of Margaret, entered and was of it seized in demesne as of fee. And that Katherine had issue Nicholas Resethercombe, and of her portion of the said Manor with its appurtenances died seized ; after whose death the said Nicholas into the whole of her portion, as her son and heir, entered and of it was seized in demesne as of fee. And that Alice had issue John Ferrers, and of her portion of the Manor with its appurtenances died seized, after whose death the same John into the whole of her portion with its appurtenances, as her son and heir, entered and of it was seized in demesne as of fee. And that the aforesaid Lucy had issue Gibert de Boterton, and of her portion of the Manor with its appurtenances died seized, after whose death the same Gilbert into the whole of her portion, as her son and heir, entered and of it was seized in demesne as of BR 3 120 THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, We. fee. And that the aforesaid Olive had issue John Giffard, and of her portion of the said Manor died seized, after whose death the same John Giffard into the whole of that part with its appurte- nances, as her son and heir, entered and of it was seized in demesne as of fee. Afterwards the said Church became vacant by the death of the aforesaid John Jaggeford, and the said Roger, Nicholas, John Ferrers, Gilbert, and John Giffard presented a certain Adam de Penfenton, their Clerk, who upon that presentation was inducted. Afterwards the said Church became vacant by the death of the said Adam de Penfenton, and it was agreed between the several portioners that the aforesaid Roger, as son and heir of the eldest daughter, should have the first turn ; and he presented a certain Walter Lower, Clerk, who upon that presentation was inducted. And afterwards the said Nicholas Resethercombe of - his portion of the Manor died seized, after whose death that portion descended to a certain Michael Langaker, as kinsman and heir of the said Nicholas, viz., as son of Johanna, daughter of the said Nicholas, and that the same Michael into the whole of that part entered and of it was seized in demesne as of fee ; and the said Church afterwards becoming vacant by the resignation of the aforesaid Walter Lower, the aforesaid Michael, as in his turn, presented a certain John Stevyn, who upon his presentation was inducted. And the aforesaid John Ferrers afterwards had issue Margaret, and of his portion of the said Manor with the appur- tenances died seized, after whose death the same Margaret, as daughter and heir of the said John Ferrers, into the whole of that portion entered, and of it was seized in demesne as of fee; and had issue John Trevage, and of that portion of the said Manor died seized, after whose death that portion descended to the said _ John Trevage as son and heir of Margaret, and at that time the said John, being within the age of 21 years, and because the said Margaret held her portion of the said Manor of the said William Botreaux by Knight’s service: viz., the 20th part of one Knight's fee, the said William Botreaux was seized in the custody of the body, &c., of the said John Trevage, and the whole portion of the said Manor with the appurtenances, and that to the said John Trevage, after the death of the said Margaret, descended the Church aforesaid, afterwards vacant by the death of the aforesaid John Stevyn, and the said William Botreaux, as Guardian of the THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, We. 121 said John Trevage and of his portion of the said Manor, in the right and turn of the said John, and by reason of his minority, presented a certain John Knoke, his Clerk, who, upon that presen- tation, was admitted and inducted. And the aforesaid Gilbert afterwards had issue certain Claricia and Johanna, and of liis portion of the said Manor with the appurtenances died seized ; after whose death the said Claricia and Johanna, as his daughters and heirs, into his portion entered, and of it were seized in demesne as of fee; and the said Claricia, being of her portion seized, granted the same to a certain John Gattecom, to hold to him and his heirs for ever, by virtue of which grant the said John Gattecom of that portion was seized in demesne as of fee, and, being so seized of the same portion, enfeoffed the said William Botreaux, to hold to him and his heirs for ever; by virtue of which feoffment the same William was of it seized in demesne as of fee. And the aforesaid Johanna, daughter of Gilbert, had issue Thomas Trevthyan, and of the aforesaid her portion of the said Manor with the appurtenances died seized, after whose death the said Thomas into the whole of that part with the appurte- nances, as son and heir of the said Johanna, entered, and of it was seized in demesne as of fee; and being seized of that whole part, gave and granted the same to a certain Thomas Burnard, to hold to him and his heirs for ever; by virtue of which gift the same Thomas Burnard was of it seized in demesne as of fee. And afterwards the Church aforesaid became vacant by the death of the aforesaid John Knoke, by which the aforesaid William Bot- reaux, aS in the fourth turn, presented the said Thomas Edward, who, upon that presentation, was admitted, instituted, and inducted into the same. And the aforesaid John Giffard had issue a certain Ingreta, and of his portion of the aforesaid Manor with the appurtenances died seized, after whose death Ingreta, as daughter and heir of the said John, into his portion of the said Manor, &c., entered and was of it seized in demesne as of fee, and had issue John Colyn, and in the same state of that portion died seized. After whose death the said John Colyn into the whole of her portion, as son and heir of the said Ingreta, entered and of it was seized in demesne as of fee, which John Colyn had issue Otho Colyn, and, in the same state, of that portion died seized, after whose death the said Otho, as son and heir of the said John 1D THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. Colyn, entered and was of it seized in demesne as of fee. After- wards the said Church became vacant by the death of the aforesaid Thomas Edward, and being so vacant, to the said Otho, as in the fifth turn, at present belongs the presentation, as the Church to the aforesaid Manor pertaining, were it not that the aforesaid William Botreaux was seized of the Advowson of the said Church “as im grosso,’ as the said William by his declaration above supposes, and this the said Otho is prepared to verify, and he petitions judgement and the Bishop’s Writ. Walter Hill said that the aforesaid William Botreaux ought not to have an action against them. He said that the aforesaid John Shylston was formerly seized in the Manor of Penvrane with the appurtenances, to which the advowson of the said Church pertained, &c., (repeating all the pleadings of Otho Colyn), and — saying that the said Church was vacant by the death of Thomas Edward, and that the aforesaid Otho Colyn, as in the fifth turn, to that Church, so vacant and pertaining to the aforesaid Manor, presented the same Walter now one of the defendants, who, upon that presentation, is admitted, instituted, and inducted into the same, were it not that the said William Botreaux was seized of the advowson of the said Church, “wt de wno grosso,” as the said William, by his above declaration, supposes ; and he is prepared to verify his right and thereof petitions judgement, if the action of the said William Botreaux against them ought to be maintained. Edward Coryton repeated all the foregoing pleadings down to the induction of Walter Hill, and protested further that the afore- said John Trevage of his portion of the aforesaid Manor with the appurtenances died seized, without heirs of his body, after whose death that portion descended to a certain William Coryton, as kinsman and heir of the said John Trevage, viz., as son of John, son of Alice, mother of the aforesaid John Ferrers, father of Margaret, mother of the said John Trevage ; and that the same William Coryton into the whole of that portion of the said Manor, &c., after the death of the aforesaid John Trevage, entered, and was of it seized in demesne as of fee, and of it in that state died seized, after whose death that part, with the appurtenances, de- scended to the said Edward Coryton, one of the defendants, as kinsman and heir of the said William Coryton: viz., as son of John, son of the same William Coryton, and that the said Edward, THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &e, 123 after the death of the said William Coryton, into that. portion entered and was of it seized in demesne as of fee, and is at this time so seized ; and, saving to the said Edward and his heirs his right of presenting to the said Church as pertaining to the Manor aforesaid in his turn, said he had not impeded the said William Botreaux to present to the said Church, as the said William Botreaux by his writ and declaration above supposes: and upon this he places himself upon the country, and the said William Botreaux did likewise. And the aforesaid William Botreaux did not acknowledge the above allegation of Otho Colyn and Walter Hill, and said that he was seized in the Advowson of the said Church “ut de uno grosso,” as shewn in his above declaration, and of this he petitioned an enquiry by the country, and the said Otho Colyn and Walter Hill likewise. And a day was given in Easter term. “puny “ang ‘Loup Ort, SO ISUT 999 ‘seoTMos IoyZO WoT porddns ore sore9t Ur sourvu ou, + ‘ZOPL SULATT Toy pue wos ‘toy h109, eee | “coy pure os ‘ZOPT SULATL ‘asjop 0490 | “mupog fo “oan wyor £0 “pp Yyaqneyg—uspop af ig uvkyyAory, Se = u0zh109 ye iy *‘IIey pue “nep | : | | ‘Toy pue wos BIOISUT—=Uh}09 spmoyy Svuueyor VLOLIe[O, =u0z,AION UWTTTIM | | =u04.10}0g Op eONBD | Iley pur wos =piegiy wyor *I1eTOo pue fe =uop19j0g op’ * *rleqoo pue NEP TG ‘OATIO=PILHEN Juoung’** nep yy ‘Ao \eDtn sere toes: (| ee ee 124 =u0jzh109 wy c **topAI0g"* **="nep pig ‘OolTy—=sxoa108f °° *d *s "qo ‘eatio ‘hong “oorpy ‘ouLeyyey “o1esiepy “Weave ep poe | | | | | | Surlaueg jo pxoTy ‘a0ys[Ayg ae e a as | =08v jo sivok 1Z wos Avs ‘G[g] sULATT Wetaued op ou | =S6CL PUL GGL SUTAT] UIAUET Op hoe | =U0}S0ATIG ee | : =UvIAUEg JO PLOT “WOYSOATIS op UYOL MOYSOATIG JO ULIOF poydut109 B st WOysTAYR JO oulvu oy, ‘“Sspoaq ey} WloaZ pooupoep oq fem oeastped yeanqoofuos SULMoTpoOy ey, ‘ssurprotd oy UL petoryuoU JOU ST OY 4VYA SUIPULISTIIMIOU SIloY Sty SULODeq SALT SIO4SIS STY PUL “A ‘s peTP OAVT YSNU O[IEG OS OG STYF FT SLOLLO SV[OUOIN, PeLLIVUL soITy 19jySnvp osoya “G pure g pecequunt SULMOTLOF Speed 94. UL poworyU9U SI OM URIZUOg op UYOL TIM [VOTIyUEpT 9 OF mOysTAYY UYOL SI} IOpIsmoooM x ‘ds qo esvaory, UYOL ‘Iley pure wos Ioyesuey [Oeyor ‘Tey pur “nep | Svaory,’* * VUILYOP—loyvsuv'T “ILoy, a “nep qoresiey—9. | Tey pure wos So ULoa1OYJOSOY, SVTOUOIN *IToT[OO ‘IToyjoo pu pure ‘nep pug “nep 4sepTe + sULIOYIV —OqULOoAoYAosxoY ** *“ orvsreyy—pavgsvg *°*° EERE | Io pue tos =S10.110,] oe fe “‘preqyseg 1es0y ‘11et|oo pue eURIAMOg JO ploy x=NOLSTAHS NHOL “£BZ0TvoMey YSIUION JUOLOUY 0} Worynqr1ju09 yuRyzod Ay SUIMOTIOF OT} poonpep SI SsuTpvo[d SuToSor0} Ot} WOT THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. 125 No. 1. Sciant presentes et futuri quod Ego Johannes de Silueston dominus de Penfran dedi concessi et hac presenti Carta mea confirmaui pro homagio et seruicio suo Serloni filio meo totam terram meam de Penfran cum omnibus pertinentiis salua mihi aduocacione ecclesie de Sancto Pinnocho quamdiu aduixero et saluo mihi bosco meo de Penfran quamdiu aduixero. Ita quod post decessum meum aduocatio dicte ecclesie et boscum predictum remaneant imperpetuum predicto Serloni et heredibus suis Habendum sibi et heredibus suis tenendum de me et heredibus meis libere quiete pacifice integre imper- petuum in feodo et hereditate faciendo inde mihi uel heredibus meis regale seruicium: videlicet quantum pertinet ad feodum unius militis pro omni seruicio querela demandaet exactione. Pro hac autem donatione et concessione dedit mihi dictus Serlo centum marcas sterlingorum in recognicionem. Ego vero Johannes et heredes mei predicti tenemur warantizare dictam terram cum pertinentiis Serloni et heredibus suis prescriptis contra omnes homines et feminas. Quod ut ratum et gratum et stabile perpetuis perseuerit tempo- ribus presenti carte sigillam meum apposui. Huis testibus domino Odone de Treuerbin, domino Bernardo de Bodbran, domino Ricardo de Tregilles, domino Willelmo de Cereseaus, Reginaldo de Northwode clerico, Nicholas de Thude- ford, Johanne de Treuigor, Gilberto de Treaga, Johanne de Treuilyas et aliis. (not dated, but about the time of Edward I.) Indorsed, ‘‘ Carta Villa de Penfran.” No. 2. Hoe scriptum Testatur anno gracie M° CC° Lxxx quinto In festo Sancte Crucis in Mayo quod Ego Adam de la Leye tradidi ad firmam Joheli fratri meo terciam partem totius terre mee in villa de la Leye jacentem: Videlicet totius illius terre quam habui hereditarie post decessum patris mei vna cum tercia parte illus terre quam habui nomine emptionis de Serlone de Penvran cum illa domo quam Gilbertus Longus tenuit In bosco in prato in campo in viis in semitis in aquis et in omnibus pertinentiis suis et liberis exitibus et consuetudinibus dictis terris adiacentibus usque ad finem triginta annorum proximo sequencium Habendum et tenendum de me et heredibus meis uel assignatis sibi et heredibus suis uel assignatis libere pacifice usque ad finem dicti termini ad omne commodum suum inde faciendum et cum croppo ultimi anni usque ad festum sancti Michaelis Reddendo inde annuatim mihi et heredibus meis sex denarios ad duos anni terminos: scilicet ad Pasche et ad festum Sancti.Michaelis equis porcionibus pro omniseruicio seculari exaccione ac demanda saluo Regali seruicio quantum pertinet ad terciam partem tocius prenominate terre et salua una precaria per annum ad metendum in au- tumpno mihi et heredibus meis uel assignatis facienda in Villa de la Leye Preterea concessi dicto Joheli et heredibus suis uel assignatis si contingat quod absit illos incurrisse dampnum siue jacturam pro meo defectu uel aueria illorum extra terram supradictam pro nostro defectu fugasse totum dampnum uel jacturam sive detrimentum aueriorum suorum per uisum lega- lium virorum plenarie restaurabimus. Concessi insuper inueniendi custus 126 - THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. unius domus medietatem de quatuor furcis infra tres annos primos si placue- rit sibi edificare. Ita vero quod tota supradicta terra cum domibus prenomi- natis mihi et heredibus meis uel assignatis in finem termini sine contradicione reuertatur. Et ego vero predictus Adam et heredes mei uel assignati mei totam supranominatam terram ut prescriptum est dicto Joheli et heredibus suis uel assignatis usque ad finem dicti termini contra omnes gentes waran- tizare tenemur. In cuius rei testimonium huie scripto sigillum meum apposul. Hiis testibus Johanne domino de Penvran, Gilberto Juniori de Treyage, Johanne Matchock de Bodbran, Gilberto de Schanan, Johanne de Lodegard et aliis. Pro hac autem firma habenda dedit mihi dictus Jobel viginti quinque solidos sterlingorum pre manibus. Ws 6 Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos presentes litere preuenerint Johannes de Lozeard salutem in domino sempiternam. Noverit vniuersitas vestra me concessise et licenciam dedisse Johanni de Penfran et heredibus suis siue assignatis quod licite possint attachiare bedum ductus aque molendini sui de Penfran ad terram meam de Lozeard sine aliquo impedimento uel contra- dictione heredum meorum siue assignatorum Reddendo inde annuatim mihi et heredibus meis uel assignatis tres denarios ad festum Sancti Michaelis pro omnibus seruiciis querelis ac demandis. Ht Ego dictus Johannes de Lozeard heredes mei uel assignati predictum bedum ductus aque dicto Johanni de Penfran et heredibus suis uel assignatis contra omnes homines et feminas - warantizabimus defendemus et acquietabimus imperpetuum In cuius rei testimonium huic presenti litere sigillum meum apposui Hiis testibus Augero de bocet, Waltero de Lozeard, Magistro Ricardo de Treworgy, domino Johanne, Capellano, et Gilberto de Pennard. Datum apud Lessorum die Lune in festo Sancte Fidei virginis Anno Regni Regis Edwardi vicesimo sexto. (Oct. 6, 1298). No. 4. Pateat vniversis per presentes quod Ego Willelmus de Botreaux recon- gnossco me recepisse ab Adam de Penfran quinque marcas sterlyngorum in quibus mihi tenebatur pro relevio terrarum suarum. In cuius rei Testimonium has Literas sibi feci fieri patentes sigillo meo sigillatas Datum apud Lostuyiel die Lune proximo post festum Edmundi Episcopi Anno Regni Regis Edwardi filii Reg Edwardi nono. (17 Nov., 1315). ; No. 5. Pateat vniversis per presentes quod Ego Reginaldus de Botreaux dominus de Botylleth recepi de Serlone de Penfran tenente meo manerii de Penfran quadraginta solidos Sterlingorum in persolucionem auxilii tam ad filium meum militem faciendum quam ad flliam meam primogenitam maritandam: viz., pro vno feodo integro quod predictus Serlo de me tenet vt de dicto manerio de Botylleth de quibus quidem quadraginta solidis Ego dictus Regi- naldus fateor me plenarie esse pacatum. In cuius rei testimonium presenti THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. 127 acquietancie sigillum meum apposui. Data apud Botylleth die Jouis proxima post festum Sancti Dunstani Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii post conques- tum quintodecimo. (23 Oct., 1341). No. 6. Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quorum notitiam presens litera peruenerit Johannes dominus de Penuran salutem in domino sempiternam. Noveritis me recepisse homagium Ricardi de Treben de tota terra de Comba et Sancti Pinnoci excepta terra et landa que vocatur ‘le hyret lond” juaxta boscum nostrum de Conuent quam terram calumniabo et propter hoc de illa terra predicta predicti Ricardi homagium non recepi. In cuius rei testimonium presenti litere sigillum dicti Ricardi est appensum. (Not dated). WOs We A touz ceux que cestes lettres verrount (ou) orrount Serle de Penfran seygnur de Trewynt saluez en Deux Pur ceo que jeo ay feffe Alice que fust la femme Nichol de fferrers de touz mes rentes terres et tenemenz que jeo avoi en Trewynt en Roslaunde a terme de sa vie come la chartre de ceo feste pur- porte. Ht jeo voil et jeo grante et la dyste Alice de la suwe part grante que quel hure que la dyste Alice seit purpaye de dys mares dargent de dystes rentes terres et tenemenz de Trewynt come i sunt nomes en la chartre qest entre nous fest a terme de sa vie que mesme ceste chartre seit pur nule et wyde en luymesmes. Ht si avynge que la dyste Alice meurge eynz ceo que ele soit pleinementes purpaye de dist dys mares que Deuz defend. Jeo voil et ' jeo grante que les executors la dyste Alice ou les ministratours de biens de la dyste Alice teygnent les rentes et les seruices avantdistes tant que les dist dys marcs seient pleynementes purpayes. Et si avynge que en le moyntemps nul de tenannz de Trewynt ffrankes ou altre morge dedenz les premers deux -aunz et demy et heriet ou relef eschete seit leanmentes alowe et acounte en payement de dist dys mares come covenaunt est. Et si ensi seit que le dist Serle face la paye de dist dys mares dedenz les deux auns procheyns avenir que la diste Alice rende au dist Serle les avauntdistes terres et tenemenz sous poyne de xl livres. Hn tesmoinance de quele choses a cestes Endentures ount mys lour seals entrechaungeablement. Escrit a Seynt Pynnok Judy procheyn avant la feste Seynt Laurenz en lan du regne le Roi Edward le tierce pus le conqueste sesyme. No. 8. Pateat-vniuersis per presentes, quod nos Radulphus Pomeray et Alicia que fuit vxor Nicholai de Ferrers, executores testamenti dicti Nicholai defuncti, recepimus et habuimus de Serlone filio et herede Johannis de Penfran, quin- quaginta marcas sterlingorum, in quibus predictus Johannes de Penfran pre- dicto Nicholao tenebatur, pro maritagio facto inter eundem Nicholaum et Aliciam filiam suam predictam, quas quidem quinquaginta marcas idem Johannes dicto Nicholao in subsidium oneris matrimonii ferendi cum me Alicia predicta promisit. De quibus vero quinquaginta marcis fatemur nobis 128 THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &e. plenarie fore satisfactum. Unde predictum Serlonem, heredes et executores suos, siue bonorum suorum administratores, quietos clamamus per presentes. Ita quod nos, nec aliquis nomine nostro, eundem Serlonem, nec aliquem alium premissorum occasione inquietare seu implacitare poterimus in futurum. Sed ab omni actione, ratione premissorum, sumus exclusi per presentes. In cuius rei testimonium sigilla nostra presentibus sunt appensa. Ht quia sigilla nostra pluribus sunt incognita, sigillum Decani de Est Weuel- schire, presentibus apponi procuravimus. Datum apud Wolliston, die Lune proximo post festum Sancti Johannis Baptiste, anno domini Millesimo CCC° quadragesimo tertio, et regni regis Hdwardi Tertii a conquestu Anglie septimo decimo. (80 June, 1343). No. 9. Noverint vniuersi per presentes me Otonem Nicoll de Penfoes in comi- tatu Cornubie gentilman teneri et firmiter obligari Thome Treffry de flowy in eodem comitatu gentilman in centum libras sterlingorum, soluendas — eidem Thome, heredibus vel executoribus suis, aut suo certo attornato in festo Annunciationis beate Marie Virginis proximo futuro post datum presentium sine dilatione, ad quam quidem solutionem bene et fideliter faciendam, obligo me, heredes et executores meos per presentes. In cuius rei testimonium pre- sentibus sigillum meum apposui. Datum die dominica proximo ante festum Conversionis Sancti Pauli, anno regni regis Henrici sexti post conquestum Anglie vicesimo quarto. (24 January, 1445). The condicon of thebowe Wreten obligacion ys this, that yf so be that Otys Colyn, sone and heyr of John Colyn of Hellond, and the feffeys of the sayde John Colyn, enfeffe or do to be enteffed, Thomas the sone and heire ap- parent of Thomas Treffry of Fowey and Elizabeth the suster of the sayde Otys and the heyres of ther toerne bodyes be getten als so sure of the Maner of Penfran with the appurtenans of all there part savyng the Vouson.of the Churche of Seynt Pynnok as the sayde Thomas Treffry by avyse of hys Councell woll devyse at the Costys of the forsayde Otys Colyn and yf the sayde Thomas the sone be content of x pondes of money coynet ynn case that John Nanfan Squyre and the foresayde Otys woll saye that the poynte- ment was suche at loundon apon the comynycacion of the mariage be twene Thomas the sone and Elizabeth the suster of the sayde Otys and all so yi John Nicoll of Bodmyn delyuere to the sayde Thomas the sone an C s of sylver Jowellys prouidyt all way that alle thys condicions to be fulfylled withynne the ffeste of Ester next folowyng the date of the bowe Wryten obligacion that thanne this obligacion be had for north wer ellys stonde yn hys strenthe and vertu. (Seals lost). No. 10. Sciant presentes et futuri quod nos Johannes Colsyll chivaler, Johannes Nanfan, Johannes Nycoll de Bodmin, Johannes Treweket, et Johannes Bere Attregaren dimisimus, concessimus, et hac presenti carta nostra confirmauimus Thome Treffry filio et heredi Thome Treffry de ffowy et Hlizabete vxori sue, THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &e. e129 totum manerium nostrum de Penvrayn, cum omnibus suis pertinentiis, ex- cepta aduocatione ecclesie de Seynt Pynnek, quod habuimus ex dono et feoffa- mento Johannis Colyn, habendum et tenendum totum manerium predictum cum omnibus suis pertinentiis, excepta pre-excepta, prefato Thome filio et heredi predicti Thome et Elizabeta, vxori sue, et heredibus de corporibus eorum legitime exeuntibus, de Capitali Domino per redditus et seruicia inde debita et de iure consueta. In cuius rei testimonium huic presenti carte nostre sigilla nostra apposuimus. Hiis testibus Otone Nycoll, Thoma Bere, Roberto Dyer, Johanne Smale, Johanne ffenell, capellano, et aliis. Datum apud Bodmyniam die Veneris proximo ante festum Sancti Georgii Martyris, anno regni regis Henrici sexti post conquestum Anglie, vicesimo quinto. (22 April, 1447). No. 11. Sciant presentes et futuri quod Ego Oto Colyn Armiger, dedi, concessi, et hac presenti Carta mea indentata confirmavi, Thome Treffry filio et heredi Thome Treffry de ffowy et Hlizabeta vxori sue, sorori mee totum manerium meum de Penvrayn, cum omnibus suis pertinentiis, excepta aduocatione ecclesie de Seynt Pynnek, habendum et tenendum totum manerium predictum cum omnibus suis pertinentiis, excepta pre-excepta prefato Thome filio et heredi predicti Thome et Elizabeta vxori sue sorori mee et heredibus de corporibus eorum legitime exeuntibus de me et heredibus meis. Reddendo inde annuatim michi et heredibus meis unam rosam rubeam, ad festum Nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste. Et faciendo pre manibus meis et heredum meorum Capitalium dominorum redditus et seruitia inde debita et de iure consueta. Et Ego vero prefatus Oto et heredes mei, totum predictum manerium cum omnibus suis pertinentiis excepta pre-excepta prefato Thome filio et heredi predicti Thome et Elizabete vxori sue, sorori mee et heredibus de corporibus eorum legitime exeuntibus, contra omnes gentes waranti- zabimus et defendemus imperpetuum in forma predicta. In cuius rei testi- monium huic presenti Carte mee indentate sigillum meum apposui. Hiis testibus Otone Nycoll, Thoma Bere, Roberto Dyer, Johanne Smale, Johanne ffenell capellano, et aliis. Datum apud Bodmyniam, die Veneris proximo ante festum Sancti Georgii Martyris, anno regni Regis Henrici sexti post con- questum Anglie vicesimo quinto. (22 April, 1447). No. 12. Nouerint vniuersi per presentes me Otonem Colyn armigerum attornasse et in loco meo posuisse dilectum michi in Christo Robertum Dyer et Johannem ffenell capellanum, meos veros et legitimos attornatos, coniunctim et divisim, ad intrandum, ponendum et deliberandum vice et nomine meo Thome Treffry filio et heredi Thome Treffry de ffowy et Elizabete vxori sue, sorori mee plenam et pacificam seisinam de et in toto manerio de Penvrayn, cum omnibus suis pertinentiis, excepta aduocatione ecclesiede Seynt Pynnek, secundum vim, formam et effectum cuiusdam Carte per me facte, prout in eadem Carta plus plenius apparet. In cuius rei testimonium huic presenti scripto meo 130 THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. sigillum meum apposui. Hiis testibus, Otone Nycoll, Thoma Bere, Roberto Dyer, Johanne Smale, Johanne ffenell capellano, et aliis. Datum apud Bodmyniam die Veneris proximo ante festum Sancti Georgii Martyris anno regni Regis Henrici sexti post conquestum Anglie, vicesimo quinto. (22 April, 1447). No. 13. Omnibus ad quos presens scriptum peruenerit Elizabeta relicta Johannis Colyn, salutem in Domino, Noueritisme prefatam Elizabetam in pura viduitate mea et libera potestate remisisse, relaxasse et omnino quietum clamasse Thome Treffry filio et heredi Thome Treffry de ffowy et Elizabete vxori sue, filie mee et heredibus inter eos legitime procreatis, totum ius meum et clameum quem umquam habui, habeo, seu quovismodo habere potero, ratione dotis mee manerii de Penffrayn cum suis pertinentiis. Ita videlicet quod nec Ego predicta Elizabeta nec aliquis alius nomine meo aliquid iuris vel clamei in predicto manerio cum suis pertinentiis, nec in aliqua inde parcella de cetero, exigere, clamare, seu vendicare potero, nec poterit infuturum. In - cuius rei testimonium huic presenti scripto sigillum meum apposui. Hiis testibus, Thoma Bere, Roberto Dyer, Johanne Smale, et aliis. Datum Bod- myniam penultimo die Maii anno regni Regis Henrici sexti post conquestum Anglie vicesimo quinto. (30 May, 1447). My predecessors, Historians of Cornwall, have passed over the parish of St. Pinnock with very scanty notice. What Lysons states will be familiar to the Members of the Royal Institution. He says that “the Manor of Penvrane anciently belonged to the “family of Silvester (should have been Silvesfon) afterwards called “Penvrane before the year 1426. Since then it is supposed to “have passed, towards the latter end of the following century, to “the Colyns. Elizabeth Colyn daughter of John Colyn brought “it as a marriage portion to the Treffry family.” The date 1426 is clearly a mis-print. The author intended to write 1226.* Hichens in following Lysons very properly corrects this error, but he adds little to Lysons’ statement. * The deed of 1226 to which reference is here made did not fall under my notice at Place, and there is some uncertainty as to its date as described by Mr. Austen in his letter to Lysons. Mr. Austen says it is a grant from John de Lozeard to John de Penfran of a watercourse through the lands of Lozeard unto the mill of the said John de Penfran, the said John Ge Penfran paying yearly the rent of 3d. Mr. Austen thought the watercoure came through Lodge in the parish of Liskeard. We are inclined to think that the deed referred to by Mr. Austen is that printed as No. 3 in the previous col- lection, which agrees in all respects, save the date. + The statement of Lysons, having been derived from the late Mr. Austen of Place, afterwards Treffry, is in the main correct, THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. 131 The Manor has continued in the family of Treffry until the present time; and, being on a visit at Place some two or three years ago, Dr. Treffry kindly allowed me to have access to his Muniment room and to make transcripts of some ancient deeds, among others some relating to this Manor, and which, with his permission, I am now enabled to print in illustration of the descent of this Manor and Advowson, with respect to which the late Mr. Austen (Treffry) avowed himself to be greatly perplexed. It will be remembered that in the above pleadings it appears that William de Botreaux was Chief Lord of the fee of Penvrane, and had the custody of the body and lands of John Trevage during his minority. The foregoing deeds shew that this right was vested in him as Lord of Botylleth* of which great Lordship the Manor of Penvrane was, and is still, a member. ; It appears from these deeds that in 25 Henry VI (1447) the whole of the Manor of Penvrane had become vested in Otho Colyn, and was by him given to his sister. It does not always follow that such a full description as “totwm manerium meum” conveys the whole Manor, for when a Manor is under partition, undivided, each portioner would so describe his interest. It is, however, probable that some arrangement had been come to between the portioners for the division of the lands, by which the Colyns acquired the Manorial rights. The Advowson of the Church did not admit of being divided into severalties, and hence continued, and still continues, to be held by the representatives of the coheirs of John Shylston as joint tenants. In 1382 we find a fine was levied, in which Nicholas (the name is torn off) was plaintiff and Robert Carnedon and Margaret his wife, and Stephen Trewynt and Isolda his wife, were defend- ants, by which, inter alia, one fifth part of the Manor of Penvrane with the appurtenances, except 30 acres of land in the same fifth part, was vested in Robert Carnedon and Margaret his wife and the heirs of their bodies and, if they should die without heirs of their bodies, remainder to the heirs of the body of the said Margaret, and, in default, remainder to the said Stephen and Isolda and the heirs of their bodies, in default of such issue remainder to the right heirs of Margaret. And the 30 acres of * See No. 5. Teer THE MANOR OF PENVRANE, &c. land were granted to Stephen Trewynt and Isolda his wife and the heirs of their bodies, and in default remainder to Robert and Margaret and the heirs of their bodies, and in default of such issue remainder to the right heirs of Margaret.* It would, I think, from this appear that Margaret and Isolda were sisters and coheirs of one of the portioners, or her representatives, and that even at that early date the Manor and lands had been partitioned. And this would seem to be confirmed by the state of the lands pertaining to this Manor in the beginning of the present century. The Manor was held by Mr. Austen, as the representative of Elizabeth Colyn and the Treffry family. Mr. Coryton, as the represen- tative of Alice, one of the coheirs, held one small coppice wood of about 6 acres and 2-3rds of another wood of about 11 acres (the other 1-3rd of which was held by Mr. Austen), and he had held the — estate to. which the wood belonged, but had recently sold it to Mr. Little. He had also held another small estate which he had sold to the same person.t Mr. Bate held one of the Bodranes and some other lands—all these were parcel of the Manor of Penvrane. The Adyowson was held in joint tenantry, though the por- tioners seem from some causes to have become reduced to three. According to Tonkin, in his time the right of presentation was vested in Mrs. Manley, widow of John Manley, Esq., in her own right, John Treffry, Esq., and Robert Hoblyn, Esq. Which of these parties held the Coryton portion, temporarily, does not appear. When Lysons wrote, the portioners, Mr. Austen and Mr. Coryton, had still their turns in the presentation, and Mr. Bate had sold his portion to the Rev. Joseph Pomery, Vicar of St. Kew, which portion has since passed to the Rev. J. Rawlings, so that at present the Patrons of this benefice are A. Coryton, Esq., the Rey. E. J. Treffry, and the representatives of the late Rev. J. Rawlings.—The last presentation was made by Dr. Trefiry a short time ago. ® Pedes Fimum 5th Rich. II, Laster, No. 2. + In a deed dated 31st January, 21st June (1623-4), by which William Coryton, of Newton Ferrers, Esq., conveyed to Sir Warwick Hele, of Wembury, Knt., certain lands, &c., in the neighbourhood of Liskeard, there is a particular reservation of all his lands and tenements in the parish of St. Pinnock, and the Advowson and right of presentation to the Church of that parish. (Papers in Muniment Room, at Coker Court, Co. Somerset). 133 III.—Wotes on the similarity of some of the Cornish rock-names and miners terms, to Irish words—By G. HENRY KINAHAN, M.R.LA., &e. Communicated to the Spring Meeting, May 18, 1872, by WiuutaAm Jory Henwoop, F.R.S., F.G.8., Vice-President of the Institution. oe examining the rocks in various parts of Ireland it was observed that the Irish-speaking people understood many of the Cornish miners’ terms and names, although their pronunciation of them was somewhat different. This opinion was confirmed and strengthened by reading a late publication entitled “ Metalliferous Deposits and Subterranean Temperature,” by W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., &¢., &¢. ; in which the similarity of the Cornish and Irish words was strikingly apparent. In consequence of this, and after a correspondence with the learned author of that work, I am em- boldened to lay before the society the following Paper. I must, however, premise that my knowledge of the Irish is very limited, and that I would not presume on my own authority to attempt a comparison of the words in the different dialects of Cornish and Trish, were it not for the assistance which has been afforded me by my friend, the Rev. W. Kilbride, A.B., Vicar of Aran, Galway ; who has long studied the latter. Irish words, when adopted into or pronounced in English, have been greatly altered, and in many ways corrupted; the transformation, in some cases, being so great that the words are scarcely recognizable. These corruptions and extraordinary changes are to be met with in a variety of cases, which need not now be mentioned, as those wishing for further information may be referred to that interesting work: “Irish Names of Places,” by P. W. Joyce, LL.D., M.R.LA., &e. It must also be remembered, in an investigation of this kind, that many Cornish and Irish names and terms are chiefly derived from traditional pronunciation ; also, that local technical terms are often difficult to deal with-and obscure in their derivations, for EF 2 134 CORNISH ROCK-NAMES, &c., AND IRISH WORDS. even in some parts of Ireland there are terms used, which are entirely unknown in other parts of that island. Names too and appellations are often imposed, not from their fitness or descriptive appropriateness, as often they are devoid of this;—a word, an exclamation, an ironical expression, or some such, may give rise to a term; consequently sometimes it is impossible to render the meaning in accordance with the original intention. Many Philo- logists of the present day have agreed that the European tongues for the most part belong to one great family called the Aryan, which embraces Greek, Latin, German, Celtic, &c., with their several sub-divisions or dialects. To these languages they apply the term sister-tongues, which supposes some parent language now extinct from which they are derived; many words in these different languages being cognate, although they may not be derived one from the other. To me it appears, from all I can glean upon the subject, that one important element in the investigation has, till within the last few years, been overlocked, if not contemptuously cast aside, namely, the Irish Language, which, if thoroughly examined, would be found, not only of importance, but also of essential service, in elucidating the mystery of the probable relations of the different members of the Aryan family.* Any further remarks on this highly interesting topic would, however, be out of place in a paper devoted to a minor consideration. The accompanying Glossary was thus formed :—at the first I was supplied with a list of terms by Mr. Henwood ; this I supple- mented from the Glossary at the end of Pryce’s valuable work.T Subsequently all words apparently Celtic were compared with existing and obsolete Irish terms, taken from every source to which we had access. To some words evidently Cornish, we could attach no likely meaning; these therefore are omitted. Of some of those given, the explanation may be considered inapplicable; some of these, however, when explained from the Irish have a * Pictet, Ebel, Nigra, &c., are now investigating this subject abroad, while at home we have Crowe, Whitley Stokes, O’Mahony, and other members of the Royal Irish Academy, also engaged in it. + Minerals, Mines, and Mining. By W. Pryce, of Redruth, in Cornwall. London, 1778. CORNISH ROCK-NAMES, &c., AND IRISH WORDS. 135 signification which accords with the Cornish derivations found in Pryce’s list. The old spelling, as given by Pryce, and the modern forms of the words, are often very different ; Pryce therefore is an invaluable assistant in such an investigation. ASTER. According to Pryce synonymous with séwll, Irish sdiall, a plank or beam. Astynten. A small ward or stoppage in an adit, to prevent the full passage of the water; Irish eas or os and {tuilleadh. Has or os is an old word for ‘‘ water,” while tuilleadh means “ to flow.” Arran; Attne; Apa; Appat. Refuse or ‘‘deads.” There is the Irish word adhal, which signifies evil (bad), and no: is the word aithla, signifying a rag, or anything worthless. Bat. A place where a number of people meet together in spalling or sorting ore; similar to ‘‘ bal,” to gather, to heap up. From the same root is . Baile, a town, where a number of people live together. Bru-HEYLE. Beo, living; and heyle, or suil, an orifice or opening, such as the eye. This derivation would explain the modern expression, ‘ taking the eyes out of a mine”; that is, taking all the rich portions out of it. Bortom 1n Fork. When all the bottoms are unwatered. This may bea combination of a Celtic and an English word; as force thuidh in Irish (pronounced forkey) is anything that has lost its sap or moisture. Originally it only applied to a substance in which holes were bored to form outlets through which the moisture would escape. Buczine; Buckep ore. Pettus, in his Fleta Minor, says the term originally signified ‘‘washing or wet-stamping ores.” It therefore seems to be allied to the word bog, to stirup or soften. In Ireland they say bogadh natalamhna, breaking by stirring the land. Bogadh is also used when the sea is agitated, or a storm is raised. Burrows. Heaps of attals, deads, or earth. This evidently is similar to borradh (pronounced burrow), to increase or grow large; as the heaps of deads or attal (burrows) are always increasing. The word is com- - monly applied to trees when budding. Can; Gat. See Gal. Cocxuz. Stroil.—Pryce states that Cockle, in Cornish, means a weed. In Irish there is a similar word cogal, a weed resembling wheat. Hence the term, as cockle may be mistaken for tin ore, while in reality it is only a weed, or useless, to the miner. : Corer. Cofar or Kopher (Cornish) a chest. Irish, cofra, a chest. This latter word is now nearly obsolete. F 3 136 CORNISH ROCK-NAMES, &c., AND IRISH WORDS. CoFFIN. _Old open workings. There is the Irish word cabhan (pronounced cavaun), Which means a hollow. There is also the word cobhan (pro- nounced cowan), a coffer. Costran. To trace or find tin. Probably similar to cos (pronounced cuss) foot, or the bottom of anything, and stan, tin. As we now say “ go to the bottom of it,” if we want to search out anything. Cuarr; Quare; QuarEy. Pryce considers this to be the Cornish for a quarry of stones, a corruption from quares, joints. There are somewhat similar terms in Ireland; as a Connaughtman will say “there is no quarry” in a rock mass without joints—Coir, plural cora, is an old term used by the famous Irish mason, Goban Saor.—Cuir, the verb, is, to place, to put, to build. Cairthe (pronounced caire) is a heap of stones or anything in layers. The French for quarry is carriere, from carrer to square, which equals the Latin quadrare. Diso. The Lord of the soil’s part of the ore raised—evidently similar to duais, a right, a due, a prince, a lord. Dizzvz; DyHa. Probably from a similar root as that of the word duais. Doar; Oar. Probably similar to odhar (pronounced ower), virgin soil. According to Pryce, oar or ore is derived from doar, earth. Dubh-ar is black earth or soil. Dou. Similar to the Irish dail, a divide, a share. Durns; Dorn. Wooden frames to support weak ground in an adit. Probably similar to dion, to protect; asthe durns protect the miners from danger while passing through the adit. Or it might have a connection with the Irish dorn, a fist. Evan; Hetvan. Similar to e/ or oil, rock, and ban, white; the b changing into v on account of its position. The name evidently is derived from the white smooth weathering peculiar to Elvanyte and all other felsitic rocks, more especially when compared with the dark rough weathering of granite masses. - Frucan; Fuoocan. Similar to fliuchan, a soft oozy, or miry moist substance, which is derived from the verb fliuch, to wet, to moisten. Foegr. A forge or blowing house for smelting tin; Irish fogaoth, a small wind, a draught. Forcquz; Forx. See Bottom in fork. Gav. Now used in Cornwall to signify a wedge; this however seems to be a corruption of the word, as in Ireland gad means a withe, or rope, of osiers or similar materials, used by smiths and quarrymen as handles for the wedge, to preserve their hands from being struck. Many of the ancient stone and bronze implements seem to have had ‘‘gads” for handles. Gau; Cau; Kat. A whitish yellowish color, like that of cream. CORNISH ROCK-NAMES, &c¢., AND IRISH WORDS. 137 Gust. A shining black or brown mineral. Irish glis or glus, glittering. - Grevt; Grit. Irish groid or gruid, grains. Grovan; Growan. Similar to grothan (pronounced growan), anything in small lumps or grains formed in a mass ; its root being groth (pronounced groh) curds. “ Tasenagrothan” is a common Irish expression for any substance of the character of curds or small lumps, that do not amalgamate, but each keeps separate although in the same mass. This word and granite evidently come from the same root, whether it is the Latin granum, the Irish gran, the Welch graion, or the Cornish gronen, which respectively mean ‘‘ grain,” Guac; Gancug? Anything worthless. A foolish empty-headed man, in Irish, is called guaga. The term gangue may be connected with this word. Kat. See Gal. Kazer. A sieve. A similar word to ceis (pronounced eis), a wicker or basket-work sieve, on which potatoes or other vegetable food is placed to drain. Kernep. A consolidated heap of mundic or copper ore. Seems to have a connection with carn, a heap not naturally formed but of an artificial nature; or it may be allied to carnadh, to pile, to heap up. Kirve. A val or large iron-bound tub in which ore is washed. Evidently similar to the word keeve, a large vessel, sometimes of wood, at other times of wickerwork. LanpEers. Wooden pipes or troughs used for carrying water over hollows. Seems to be similar to lantaoirs, a partition, anything erected to cut off or divide. Lope. Might possibly be from lwad. This word has several meanings, one being anything that supports; as the framework of a roof supports the slates or the thatch. The supports, however, must be part of a whole, as the framework is part of the roof. A mineral vein in connection with its walls would be called a duad. Loozs. The Irish word is laib, slime or hard mire. Laib may also mean remnants or remains. Meat Harry. This is described by Pryce as “Soil”; the superficial earth fit for agriculture. Meat seems to be similar to the Irish words meith, fat, luxuriant; or masth, soft, luxuriant. Moor. Probably similar to muir, a shower, as a “moor of ore” signifies a quantity of ore in a particular part of a lode. Mun. Any fusible metal. Irish mian, mine or metal. 138 CORNISH ROCK-NAMES, &c., AND IRISH WORDS. Mounpick; Munvic. Iron Pyrites. Perhaps similar to mian, metal, and teach or tig, dwelling, house, abode; that is, the house of the mine. Noczine; Knocuinc. Breaking up ore. Apparently from a similar root as the Irish word cnag, to break. Ore; Doar. See Doar. Pen; Pepn; Pepnan. The head of the buddle where tin is dressed. Seem to be similar to ceann, a head; as p in Welsh often corresponds to c in Irish. Pryce says the English of the word originally was ‘‘a head or promontory.” Popar. Formerly copper pyrites and all other ores except tin ore; now confined to mundic. Evidently similar to putar, rotten, corrupt; as Pryce gives a similar meaning for podar. Pou-voz; Pot-voz. The wheel pit. Evidently from roots connected with poul a hole, and roith, a wheel. According to Pryce the word formerly was Pol-roz. ; Pou-stean. A tin pit. Irish poul, a hole, and stan, tin; the latter being similar to tain, glittering. QUERE; Quarry. See Cuare. Rar. Irish raf; poor. Rarrain. Of no value. Irish raf, poor; and faon, empty. Ripar. A sieve, or riddle. Irish riobhar, and reidhlan, sieve. Satter. A stage, or gallery. This may be the Cornish form of the Irish word urlar, a floor. Scovan. A tin lode. Sco from scoth (pronounced 8¢0), choice, best; and van, equalling mian, metal; a tin lode being considered better than all others. Scove. Very rich tinstuff. Irish scovs, champion, much, many, or plenty. A very rich lode is called a ‘‘ champion lode.” SHamuet; SHamnet. A stage of boards used in old coffins before shafts were in common use. The term is now used for any stage of boards. Apparently similar to samh, a rest or bar put across anything. Suortive. Dirty, slovenly, muddy. Irish slaodaire, a lazy or dirty person ; or sloitire, a villanous person. Stovan. The ancient name for an adit. May be similar to slighe, way, passage, and vean or vin, summit, or height. These words united would be pronounced sleevin. Spa. Irish spol, a piece; or speal, to cut down; or spral, to make small pieces. Srez. A similar word is in common use in Ireland, signifying to aid or help ; such as, “a spel,of work.” CORNISH ROCK-NAMES, &c., AND IRISH WORDS. 139 Squat. A bunch in a lode. Irish scarth, finest of anything; or scoth, essence of anything. ° Stem; Stemuyn. A day’s work. Seems to bea compound word from Sdadh, work; and am, time. Strix; Srreeck. To let a man down a shaft by a windlass. A word often used in Ireland is stric. If two men are carrying a handbarrow, and one becomes weary, he will say stric, that is, ‘“‘ put it down” or ‘let it down.” Strioc, ‘let it down,” is the imperative of striocaim, “I fall.” Taxte; Tackue. Irish ¢acla ; that part of a boat’s gear which either elevates or lets down; running gear. Trem. Irish taom, to pump out. Tin. Perhaps from éain, glittering. Toas. To clean and dress the wet tin. According to Pryce the word origi- nally signified paste ; it therefore is equivalent to the Irish word taos, dough. Tout; Toutur. In Ireland, boundaries in many places are marked by holes bored in the ground; the person who makes the holes being called Tollaire, or Tolloir. Toll means to bore, while poll, equal to tholl, isa hole. Tomats. Tom is a bunch, applied to corn, grass, or trees, when growing densely. TYomavil would express many of these together. Troi. A feast. May have a connection with ¢ruail or trail, a kneading trough, as the miners could not feast or make merry until after the food was prepared. Tor; Tur-worz. By thelump. Apparently similar to toid, whole or entire, i.é., in the lump; the miners bargaining to take out the whole of the ore at one price. Tye. Similar to tiugh, thick. Vooea. Apparently similar to fag, a hollow, or rather matter elevated to form a hollow, such as the hollows between waves of the sea or the _ hollows in a cloud of smoke. Pryce gives a similar meaning for the Cornish word. 140 IV.—Chronicles of Cornish Saints. VI.—S. BuRIAN. © By the REVEREND JOHN ADAMS, M.A., Vicar of Stockcross, Berks. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 18, 1872. 1 an old English Martyrology, published in the year 1608, we have the following account of this Saint :-—“ May 29th, at S.. Buriens, in Cornwall, the commemoration of 8. Burien, Virgin, who being an Irish woman of great nobility by birth, came over into England and lived a most virtuous and godly life for many years in Cornwall, where in very great sanctimony and working of miracles, she finally gave up her soule to her heavenly spouse. Her memory is very famous, even until this day in our Island of ‘Great Brittany, especially among the Cornishmen, where there is a towne and port of her name in the Cape or Promont of Cornwall, commonly called S. Buriens, where also in tymes past hath byn a ~ famous Church erected in her honour.” The above notice contains all the information that is current concerning S. Burian ; but a little research enables us to add some interesting details to this scanty outline of ler life. In the Martyrology of Donegal, under May 29th, S. Burian’s feast-day, we find, instead of her name, that of “ Briuinseach Cael, Virgin, daughter of Crimhthann of Magh-Trea”; and in the Table of the Martyrology, at the same date, “ Bruinsech the slender,” with the following note appended to her name: “St. Buriena, a Virgin of Ireland, is venerated in a town bearing her name in England on the 29th of May. Is she not this Bruinseach” ? The similarity of the names, coupled with the fact that where we might expect to find Burian, Bruinsech is given in the Irish Martyrology, makes it extremely probable that they designate one and the same person. Moreover, Leland tells us that Bruinet, a King’s daughter, came into Cornwall with St. Piran ; this Bruinet, CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. VI.—S. BURIAN. 141 in the opinion of Whitaker,* being identical with Burian; and in one of the Lives of St. Piran, we find an account of a certain holy woman called Bruinecha, who is conjectured by Colgan to be identical with Bruinsecha, and is no doubt the Bruinet mentioned by Leland. Hence we may I think assume, without hesitation, that the name by which Burian was known in her native land was Bruinecha, alias Bruinsecha ; and that she is the person concerning whom there is a legendary narrative in the life of S. Piran which may be thus paraphrased :—“The mother of Piran, who had become a faithful Christian and a holy servant of God, through the instrumentality of her son, wished to reside with him, so he built for her an abode not far from his cell; and she dwelt there with a community of devout women, whom she had gathered around her; amongst them was a certain virgin exceedingly fair, Bruinecha by name, the daughter of a chieftain; and the holy mother of Piran loved her deeply, because she was her foster-child, and also because she was beautiful in character as well as in person But the chief of the country of Hua Fiack, whose name was Dymna, having heard the fame of the virgin’s beauty, came with his soldiers and carried her by force from her cell. Many days he kept her imprisoned in his castle, and her beauty fascinated him. Then Piran arose and came to Dymna, to demand his sister; but on no account, nor by any persuasion, could the chief be induced to give her up. “Never,” said he in derision, “will I let her go, unless to-morrow at day-dawn a swan shall rouse me from sleep”! It was then the dead of winter, and in the night there was a great fall of snow, but not a flake fell where the man of God and his companions tarried. When the morning dawned, behold upon every turret of the chieftain’s castle a swan was perched, uttering plaintive cries! The tyrant in alarm arose, hurried to the saint, prostrated himself before him, and dismissed the damsel.”’} Subsequently, however, being unable to conquer his violent passion, he resolves again to seize and carry her off; but the maiden swoons away and dies as soon as she is aware of his approach ; and so his evil purpose is frustrated. Then follows an account of his raging grief, succeeded by sudden misfortunes, * Cathedral of Cnrnwall, vol. i, p. 25. + Colgan. Acta Sanctorum Hibernia, vol. i, 459. 142 CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. VI.—S. BURIAN. which bring him to a better mind; the narrative of course being embellished here and there with a touch of the supernatural. The upshot of the story is that Bruinecha revives, and that her restoration is attributed to the intercession of S. Piran, who, believing that the chief will never again resort to violence, enters her chamber and prays that her life may return. . Now in this legend, which in its outline at all events we may regard as a statement of what actually took place, though it abounds with fables characteristic of the age in which it was written, we have a glimpse of the life of S. Burian prior to her landing on our shores; and the Cornish tradition that she was a chieftain’s daughter, and a companion of S. Piran, is in perfect harmony with the narrative. Her parents were probably Pagans, and died whilst she was an infant; otherwise she would hardly have been consigned to the care of Piran’s mother, who was not a convert to Christianity until late in life. It was at the time when the old heathen superstitions of Ireland were beginning to quail before the zeal of S. Patrick and his fellow-labourers ; and Piran seems to have embraced the new faith in early life. No other member of his family, however, appears to have followed his . example for many years. Certainly it was not until he had been called to the work of the ministry, and was a recognized coadjutor of the great Irish Apostle,that his mother was baptized ; and as her conversion, we are told in the passage above quoted, was owing to his instrumentality, so also we may infer was that of his foster- sister Burian, who must often have listened to his teaching. We find nothing more concerning the damsel in the life of S. Piran ; but we may be sure that when he migrated into Cornwall soon afterwards with his companions, he did not abandon his helpless sister to the perils which encompassed her. Even if tradition had been silent respecting the king’s daughter that accompanied him, we should say that he could not have left Bruinsecha behind him. May we not rather suppose that he sought a new and distant field of labour mainly for her sake, and to place her beyond the reach of further violence? Nothing has been recorded of S. Burian’s life and labours in Cornwall, except the general tradition that she spent her days in good works and great sanctity ; but the place where she dwelt was regarded as holy ground for centuries, and can still be pointed out. CHRONICLES OF CORNISH SAINTS. VI.—S. BURIAN. 143 It lies about a mile south-east of the Parish Church which ‘bears her name, beside a rivulet on the farm of Bosliven, and the spot is called the “Sentry” or Sanctuary. The crumbling remains of an ancient structure still remain there, and traces of extensive. foundations have been found adjoining them. If not the actual ruins, they probably occupy the site of the oratory in which Athelstan, after vanquishing the last Cornish king, knelt at the shrine of the Saint, and made his memorable vow, that, if God would crown his expedition to the Scilly Islands with success, he would on his return build and endow there a Church and College in token of his gratitude, and in memory of his victories.* It was on that wild headland, about four miles from Land’s End, that S. Burian took up her abode; and a group of Saints from Ireland, who were probably her friends and companions, and who seem to have landed on our shores at the same time, occupied contiguous parts of the same district. There she watched and prayed with such devotion that the fame of her goodness found its way back to her native land ; and thenceforward Bruinsecha the beautiful, by which designation she had been known there, was enrolled in the cata- logue of Irish Saints; but her Christian zeal was spent in the Cornish Parish which perpetuates her name. +* “S. Buriana, an Holy Woman of Ireland, sumtyme dwellid in this place, and there made an oratory. King Hthelstane goying hens, as it is said, onto Sylley and returning made ex voto a College wher the oratorie was.” Leland Itin., iii, fol. 5. 144 | V.—Some Remarks on the Fairies and Giants of Cornwall.—By WILLIAM SANDYS, F.S.A. ANY of the Legends of Fairies and Giants are now considered - to be derived from the earliest ages of mankind ; indeed, before the dispersion after the flood. Thus is accounted for the striking similarity between many of them, among the various descendants of the Aryan race, as the Hindoos, Persians, Celts, Greeks, Romans, Slavonians, &c.; modified, by lapse of time and otherwise, from the originals. | In the Northern Mythology, Hod, who was blind, was persuaded by Loki who guided his hand, to throw a wand of mistletoe at Baldur, who was impervious to everything else, and was thus killed. There is a similar legend in one of our old Mysteries, where Lamech, who is blind, is guided by his servant to throw a dart at a supposed beast in the bush; this proves to be Cain, who ~ is thus killed. Whittington and his Cat have their counterparts in Persia ; and in Italy, the tale is told of one Ansaldo degli Ormanni. Puss in Boots has a companion in Le Chat Botté of Straparola, and in the story of Lord Peter in Dasent’s Popular Tales. His cat is an enchanted Princess, who is restored on having her head cut off—like the White Cat in that fairy tale—and is married to Peter. In the Pentamerone (1637) Gagliuso promises his valuable cat a golden coffin; but the sagacious animal suspects him, and, feigning to be dead, is about to be thrown out of window, when she rises, and Gagliuso is properly reduced to his former poverty.—There are several stories in different countries, similar to Cinderella ; and even our old nursery tale of the Little Old Woman cut shorter, who relied on being recognised by her little dog if she had not been changed, has its companion among the Norse Tales, where a foolish woman goes to market to sell a cow, but is cheated by a roguish butcher, who makes her drunk, dips her in a tar-barrel, and rolls her in feathers. She gets confused about her own identity, but says that if on her return home her little dog Tray FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL. 145 does not bark at her, it must be herself. Unluckily Tray does bark - at her, and she begins to think she is some large outlandish bird. The Elves of the Northern Nations, the Brownies of Scotland, and Pixies or Piskies of the West of England, and all of the same class, are derived from one common early source. There is a singular old legend respecting their origin, where, by a curious anachronism, the children of Eve are examined in the catechism, and Abel repeats something like the Lord’s Prayer. The Almighty visited Adam and Eve after the Fall; and at the time, Eve was washing her children, but had only finished with some of them, and brought those only to the Lord, being ashamed to shew the others. On being asked if she had any more, she replied, she had none, on which God said, “‘ What man hides from God, God will hide from man.” The unwashed children then became invisible, and took up their abode in hills, rocks, &c., and from them are descended the elves, trolls, and such like, while mankind sprung from the washed children. Some of these elves occasionally made themselves useful in a heuse, but were rather fanciful. They would clean up at night, and even thresh corn, and would take any mild refreshment left in their way; but any articles of clothing seemed to drive them off. One of the tribe called Kaboutermanneken, suppossed to reside in some part of Germany, frequented the house of a miller, who found his work was carefully performed at night, and left out bread and butter, of which the little fellow partook. So the miller watched to see what his lodger was like, and observed he was stark naked. He resolved to make him a little jacket and trowsers, and left them in his way, looking for the result. The manneken seemed much pleased, put on his new attire, and danced out, but was never seen afterwards. This is like Hunt’s Tale of the Piskie Threshers, and there is one, somewhat similar, in Grimm’s curious collection of Tales. The Fairies are generally considered to have been of small size, though not invariably so.. Some of them were benevolent, and handsome, and but few were privileged to see them; others were malignant, old, and ugly. All were endowed with superhuman power. : We do not find any notice of the Piskies in the early histories of Cornwall. Our particular accounts are those of Anne Jefferies, 146 FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL. | in the first half of the 17th Century; and the Lost Child, Johns, of Trevalsa, St. Allen, in June, 1684, related by Hals, and by Hunt. Some of the fairies were desirous of having a human nurse for their children, who were generally ill-mannered, morose, and ill- looking, and, instead of being children, frequently of great age, although of infantile size, and were secretly changed for the healthy child of the nurse. The unfortunate mother whose child was so exchanged, was grieved at the sudden sulkiness and ill- conduct of the changeling, but could not guess at the truth, until informed of it by some intelligent friend, who generally recom- mended some stringent proof. There are stories of these changelings in many countries, all shewing a common origin. Mr. Hunt, in his interesting Romances of the West of England, gives an amusing one in verse. “The Spriggan’s Child,” who, although an infant in size, was a married man with a family, hears a strange voice cry out, “Tredrill, Tredrill! thy wife and children greet thee well.” Notwithstanding this greeting, however, he declines to go back, until he has been well beaten on the ash-pile before the door. In the Iceland story, the mother, under the advice of a wise woman, sets a cauldron in the middle of the hearth, and fastens a number of rods together with a porridge spoon at the end, and sticks them into the cauldron with the end up the chimney. “ Well,” says the changeling, “I am old enough, as any one may guess from my beard, and the father of eighteen children, but never in all my life have I seen so long a spoon, to so small a put.” The mother rushes at him, and begins to beat him unmercifully, when a woman enters with the real child in her arms, and says, “See, how we differ; I cherish and love your son, while you abuse and ill-treat my husband” ; with whom she then departs, leaving the child. The general plan was to excite the wonder of the changeling by some strange operation. Our late friend Crofton Croker, in his valuable Fairy Legends of the South of Ireland, tells how Mrs. Sullivan had a fine healthy, blue-eyed boy, changed for a shrivelled little thing, always squalling, which she thought might arise from disease. She consults Ellen Leah, a cunning old dame, who advises her to take a big pot of water and boil it, and place a dozen egg- shells in it, when if the child was a changeling, he would betray FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL, 147 himself in some way, and if so to cram a red hot poker down his throat. When Mrs. Sullivan was in the midst of her cookery, the child asks, with the voice of an old man, “ What are you doing, Mama.” “Brewing a vick,” says Mrs. Sullivan. “What are you brewing, Mama?” “ Ege-shells a vick.” “Oh”! shrieked the imp, starting up, ‘‘I’m fifteen hundred years in the world, and I never saw a brewery of ege-shells before.” Up ran Mrs. Sullivan with the poker, but in her hurry fell, and on her recovery found her own child sleeping quietly in the cradle. In a legend of Bretagne, the mother, under the advice of the Virgin Mary, pretends to be preparing something im an ege-shell, when the changeling asks what she is doing; she answers that she is preparing dinner in an egg-shell for ten laborers. “Ah,” says he, “I have seen a great many curious things, but never saw the dinner for ten laborers contained in an ege-shell.” The mother proceeds to give him a sound beating, when some of his people come in to fetch him, and restore the real child.’ In one case a black pudding was the test. The adviser here was a sharp girl, and the changeling was an enormous eater. She killed a pig, and made of it, hide, hair, and all, a huge black pudding, and set it before him. He began to eat voraciously, but after a time relaxed, as most people would have done in a similar case, and remarked, “ A pudding with hide ! and a pudding with hair! a pudding with eyes! and a pudding with legs in it! Well, three times have I seen a young wood grow up, but never did see such a pudding as this! the devil himself may stay now for me.” So saying he ran off. Sometimes the nurse was taken to the abode of the fairy, and they were generally intrusted with an ointment to rub the child’s eye with, but emphatically warned against using it themselves. As amatter of course they did so, and at first were much delighted to find that they were enabled to see fairy dwellings and fairy matters, and on their return home, after their labours were finished, to recognize fairies, when unseen by other people. This advantage however did not last long, for when the trick was discovered, the offender was generally punished with the loss of an eye or perhaps of both. Hunt gives several of these nursing stories, and they are to be found in Keightley’s interesting Fairy Mythology, and in numerous works relating to Legends and Traditions, as far back as Gervase of Tilbury of the 12th century. The usual finish is, that G 148 - FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL. the nurse, by virtue of the ointment, recognizes a fairy man at some market, probably pilfering, and on accosting him, and being asked with which eye she sees him, on her answer is deprived of the sight of it. We have some materials for the History of Giants in Cornwall. They are mentioned in the earliest records connected with the County—Domesday Book, however, not condescending to notice them. Carew quotes from Camden, Havillan, a poet of the 12th century, who refers to the Titanic race in the county. Gogmagog, their leader at the time of the landing of Brutus, was 18 feet high, but was thrown by Corinzus, who did not much exceed the human stature, and then became Duke of Cornwall. Geoffrey of Mon- mouth says, that the oracle told Brutus in his early days, his future success, referring to a land of giants, thus :— . Brute, sub occasum solis, trans Gallica regna, Tnsula in oceano est undique clausa mari. Insula in oceano est habitata gigantibus olim, Nune deserta quidem, gentibus apta tuis. There was a belief in the time of Saxo Grammaticus (12th Century) that the earliest human beings were of great size and power, being Yumir, the evil spirit, and his offspring. They were succeeded by others of less size, but greater sagacity, who overthrew their pre- decessors by means of sorcery. These last were Odin and his kindred, who had the reputation of gods. After them came others of less bulk, who became the priests of the gods. Whether the Druids had anything to do with the early giants is very problematical. Borlase attributes the Cromlechs and most of the antiquities in Cornwall to them, and has been followed by others ; but this is now doubted, if not disproved. They indeed selected groves of oaks for their sacred rites, while the Cromlechs, wherever they have been examined, appear to have been places of burial ; and there are fewer of these monuments in Britain where the Druids are said to have flourished, than in Armorica, Scandi- navia, and Algeria, and the Kast, where they were not known. But this question would require to be treated of by itself. One of the principal heroes connected with giant history, is that popular character, Jack the giant-killer, however he may be called. In the Northern Tales, a character called Boots is intro- duced, generally the younger son in a poor family, and a sort of FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL. 149 male Cinderella ; but when at last he comes in contact with ‘a giant or troll, he outmanceuvres and destroys him, somewhat in the style of Jack. There is Boots who ate a match with the Troll. He is the younger son of a poor farmer, and, going out to cut wood, meets a giant who threatens him, but he is not to be frightened, for, having a new-made cheese with him, he squeezes out the whey, and tells his opponent that if he is not quiet, he will squeeze the water from him as he does from that stone. The Troll then becomes civil, and cuts a quantity of timber for him, and then takes him home for refreshment, where they feast on a huge pot of porridge, and Boots proposes to eat, for a match. The cunning fellow privily hangs his bag before him, into which he ladles most of his share ; and after a while, in order to make room, as he says, cuts it open and lets the porridge out, recommending the Troll to do the same, which he stupidly does, and thus destroys himself, and Boots takes possession of his treasure. In one tale the hero is called the Herd Boy. He squeezes the cheese, and plays some other tricks, and at night suspecting the giant wants to kill him, places a churn in his bed which the giant smashes with a club, and is much astonished in the morning to see the youth quite sound but complaining that a flea had bitten him in the night. The eating-match then takes place, ending as before. This, and other escapes from the club of the giant, one as distant as Persia, in the story of Ahmed of Isfahan and the stupid Goole, have a ‘similarity to the adventures of the Scandinavian god Thor, him self no mean giant, with the giant Skrymir. Thor and his companions pass the night in a spacious house with a broad en- trance, which is claimed in the morning by Skrymir as his glove. They all travel together till night, when Skrymir lays down to sleep. Thor, who is here the aggressor, at three several times in the night, strikes him with his mystic hammer. Skrymir, however, only complains that a leaf, or an acorn, had fallen on him, but he was a magician, and the blows were given on a rock, in which they made deep indentations. In the Norse tale of the Giant who had no Heart, Boots, who gets into his house, is hidden three times under his bed, the giant exclaiming each time, “‘ What a smell of Christian blood is here.” He is ultimately overcome by Boots, after some hazardous adven- tures, and hairbreadth escapes. Something like this cry for blood, G2 150 - FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL. occurs in one of the Zulu tales; the Zulus being a Kafir race in the East of Africa, and unconnected with the Aryan races. Usiku- lumi, a young Zulu, is courting two daughters of a female cannibal called Uzembeni, (double courtship being apparently allowable among the Zulus). She comes in while he is in the house, and the daughters hide him. The old woman cries out that she smells fresh meat and she must have it. The young Zulu contrives to escape safely with the two daughters. In giant districts, memorials of their strength el prowess are constantly marked out, as, in the West of Cornwall, the Giant’s Chair, the Giant’s Table, &c., and also huge stones either dropped as those by Cormelian the wife of Cormoran, when they were building their house on St. Michael’s Mount, of which the Chapel Rock remains as proof: or thrown about in sport, as by the giants at Trecobben, or at each other in anger, as at St. Kevern and St. Just. There is an example in the North where Balderick who lived in the Isle of Rugen in the Baltic, wished to avoid wading through the sea when he went to Pomerania. He filled his apron therefore with earth to make a causeway to the mainland. Ashe proceeded, holes were torn in his apron, and from the earth that fell through were first formed the Nine Hills, afterwards the principal residence of the dwarfs, and next thirteen little hills. He then threw in the remainder which formed the Hook of Prosnitz and the little peninsula of Drigge, but a gap still remained, which so annoyed him that he died in a fit, and the causeway was never finished. Our Cornish Giants, Bolster and Trebiggan, were of enormous size, but even they have their counterparts. When the Giant Hrungnir fought Thor, his companions made a man of clay called Mockurkalfi, nine miles high and three broad, placing a mares-heart in him to assist him. But it had no courage and became an easy victim to Thialfi, the companion of Thor, while Hrungnir was ~ crushed after fighting valiantly. Trebiggan is said to have taken men out of ships passing’ the Land’s End, but is beaten by Micromegas, an inhabitant of Sirius, as described by Voltaire. He was 8 miles high, and with an inhabitant of Saturn visited the earth, where he was surprised at the smallness of everything. He hooked up a whale out of the Arctic Sea with his little finger, and seeing something floating, which proved to be a ship, took it out FAIRIES AND GIANTS OF CORNWALL. 151 gently with two fingers, and at last discovered living creatures in it. A German ballad, called Reisen-Spielzeug, mentions a pretty little giantess who picks up a peasant with his plough and yoke of oxen, and takes them home to her father, as a plaything; but he rebukes her and tells her that the race of the creature she has brought home, will ultimately drive the giant race away. Bolster, however, and giants of that size who would reach from Truro to Falmouth, are too large to romance about ; we cannot realize them. One of Brobdingnagian size we can fancy; but much beyond that we get confused. . Guo 152 VI.—On the Original Use of the Mén-an-tol, or Holed-Stone, in the Parish of Madron, Cornwall. By E. H. WisE DUNKIN. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 18, 1872. ee curious perforated stone, called the Mén-an-tol, which lies on the moors about a mile north of the Lanyon Cromlech, has been frequently described ;* but no one appears to have ever satisfactorily explained the use to which it was originally applied. It will be admitted, I presume, nemine dissentiente, that the superstitious practice of crawling through the orifice to ensure the removal of rheumatic pains and spinal diseases, though commonly believed to be an effectual remedy in Borlase’s days, and even in the present century by some of the more credulous, has no con- nection whatever with the primary object for which this stone was erected. Various theories have, therefore, been started from time to time, in endeavouring to explain the real use of the Mén-an-tol. Some have conceived it to be a kind of dial for determining the times of recurrence of certain festive seasons ; others that it was a place where victims intended for Druidic sacrifices were bound, before they were led to the holocaust; and others again, that it was used in the performance of public games. It seems, however, far more reasonable to suppose that the Mén-an-tol is nothing more than a remnant of some ancient sepulchral monument. This was evidently the opinion of Mr. J. Y. Akerman, who, in his Archeological Index, says it, may possibly be the remains of a very large cromlech; and more recently Mr. J. O. Halliwell has expressed his belief in the sepulchral character of this and similar stones.| Of the correctness of this supposition I think there can be little or no doubt, but it yet remains to be shown to what part of the sepulchral monument this perforated stone belonged, and for what purpose it was there placed. These * The following references may prove useful—Borlase’s Antiquities, p. 177; Gentleman’s. Magazine, April, 1864, p. 444; HEdmonds’s Land’s End District, p. 19; Haliiwell’s Rambles in Western Cornwall, p.92; Archeologia Cambrensis, 3rd Series, vol. x, p. 292. + Rambles in Western Cornwall, p. 93. THE MEN-AN-TOL, OR HOLED-STONE. 153 are points I shall now endeavour to explain ; but before doing so, it will be well, for the sake of those who cannot call to mind: what the Mén-an-tol is like, to say a few words descriptive of its appearance. It consists of an octangular-fashioned stone, of a laminar shape, standing upright on its edge. The part above the surface measures about three feet five inches in height, and it is on the average about ten inches thick. ‘The broad face of the stone is perforated by a large circular hole, one foot seven inches in diameter on the west side, and splayed outwardly so as to measure two feet three inches on the opposite face. On each side of this orifice, at a distance of about eight feet, stands an upright stone, and a few other stones may be seen lying in the vicinity. The whole group presents the appearance of the remains of some dilapidated structure. The examination of the contents and construction of ancient gravemounds by some of our leading antiquaries, has made known two or three instances of tolmén-entrances in connection with cham- bered tumuli. These entrances are formed by a couple of stones, placed together with the inner edges of each cut away in the centre, or by a large perforation in a single stone. It will not be necessary to speak here in detail of the circular holes sometimes occurring in the side-stones of cromlechs, as these orifices, with a few ex- ceptions, cannot be called entrance-holes, inasmuch as their size prevents the passage of anything larger than a man’s arm through them. Some holes in cromlech slabs have, however, a greater diameter, and in such cases they no doubt illustrate the subject in hand. But the tolmén-entrances, to which I would particularly refer, are those which have been noticed during the examination of certain chambered long barrows at Avening and Rodmarton in Gloucestershire, and at Kerlescant in Brittany.* In each barrow an entrance had been formed, by cutting away a portion of two con- tiguous walling stones, so as to make an oval orifice sufficiently large to enable a man to creep through. The object of these * Archeologia, vol. xvi, p. 362; Lysons’ British Ancestors, p. 141; Journal British Archeological Association, vol. xxiv, p. 41. Another example of a tolmén-entrance may be seen in Plas Newydd Park, Anglesea, and ig described by the Hon. W. O. Stanley, in the Archeéologia Cambrensis, 4th Series, vol. i, p. 51. 154 THE MEN-AN-TOL, OR HOLED-STONE. apertures was evidently to facilitate the deposit of successive interments within the respective chambers, without disturbing, to any great extent, the covering earthen mounds. The same idea seems to be exemplified in the Trethevy Cromlech, near Liskeard, a square-shaped opening having been cut in one of the side-stones, - by means of which the chamber could be easily entered before the interior was blocked up with a stone which has fallen inwards.* Now with regard to the Mén-an-tol, I believe it had a similar use to the stones at Avening and Rodmarton, and that it served as an entrance-stone to_a sepulchral chamber that once stood on its present site; and, further, that the hole was made solely for the purpose of enabling anyone to enter the kist or chamber, when fresh burials took place, without interfering with the general sta- bility of the structure. It is to be regretted that the greater number of the stones composing the original kist seem to have been removed many centuries ago; and hence it is impossible, at the present time, to ascertain with certainty the dimensions, or plan, of this chamber-mound. But notwithstanding this, there are sufficient traces of the original structure remaining, to enable the archeologist to comprehend how the Mén-an-tol could have been used as a tolmén-entrance, in the same way as the tolmén stones which have been found as integral parts of ancient cham- bered barrows. In position and shape, the Mén-an-tol, it should be remembered, does not resemble the smaller holed-stones in the same district; but the hole is close to the ground, a convenient and suitable position for an orifice intended to serve as a4 means of access into an interior compartment. This, as I have before observed, seems to me to have been the original use of the Mén-an-tol; and although the idea may not be immediately received with credence by local antiquaries, I feel confident that in the end they will arrive at a very similar conclu- sion after a careful study of the question. Let me, as a final re- mark, express an earnest hope that this valuable relic of a prehis- toric past will not be allowed to be destroyed for want of due protection, which is so essential in these days, in order to prevent any sudden mishap befalling ancient objects of this kind. _* The circular hole in the capstone of the Trethevy Cromlech must obviously have been made for an entirely different purpose. 155 VIL—Two Old Mining Patents—By BR. N. Worru, Plymouth, Corresponding Member of the Institution. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 18, 1872. A LIMITED acquaintance with the history of Cornish mining is sufficient to enable us to recognise the fact that at a very early period it was deemed a most important industry, to be fos- tered heedfully by those who had the power. Undoubtedly the means taken to promote its success were not always those which would approve themselves to our modern ideas, but the object was mostly unexceptionable. During the sixteenth century a great advance took place in the practice of the arts and sciences in this country, due in the main to an impulse from the Continent, given by the scholars and artificers of France and the Low Countries, who fled therefrom and took asylum in England to escape religious persecution. To this date, then, there is no reason to doubt, many improvements in our mining and metallurgical processes are trace- able. As a rule, our monarchs were quite alive to the expediency of encouraging skilful foreigners to settle in this country, and Elizabeth was not one whit behind any of her predecessors. There are extant a number of patents granted by her to miners from the Continent, giving them powers, under certain conditions, to search for metalliferous ores in various parts of the kingdom, generally exclusive of the Stannaries. Of the incorporations thus created, the most important appears to have been one known as the Battery Company, which seems to have worked with a certain degree of success. 156 TWO OLD MINING PATENTS. Recently, in searching the MSS. in the British Museum for matters relating to Cornish mining, I lighted upon one of these patents (in the Lansdowne MS.) which has reference to Cornwall, an abstract whereof will, I hope, not prove unacceptable to this Institution. It is dated 1575, and entitled “Articles for the Mining Corporation.” It sets out by authorising Thomas Shurland and his company and Sebastian Spedel and his company to “‘bryng into this realm at divers tymes so many Dutch arts (artificers) and workmen for mynes, not exceeding in all the number of 300” as they may re- quire ; and with them and English workmen to “serch and dig all maner of myndes as they shall find” in the several counties of the kingdom, including Cornwall. Authority was also given to them to take as many English apprentices as they might desire, with the. consent of their parents; and to make “ordenances”>to keep their workmen in subjection, so that these “ ordenances” be not against the laws of the realm. It was likewise agreed that Shur- land and Spedel might have all manner of tools, necessaries, and victuals, at fair and reasonable prices, and that they should bring into the country what they required, and their workmen, without paying custom or subsidy. They were further to have liberty to take such wood as they needed for building and like purposes from the Queen’s woods free of charge. Wood for “melting and burning” they were to buy, paying for the same at a price fixed by four honest men, such price not exceeding the ordinary figure. Surface damage was provided for by declaring that land which belonged to private lords should be “praysed by foure honeste men, two appointed by the tenaunte, and two by the myners, not being of their company or straungers, and to paye out of hand only so much as they shall say, conditionally that none shall be valued double price that corn, meadow, or wood ground be worth about the same place.” In return for these concessions the miners agreed to pay the twentieth dish of ore to the Queen, but not before the expiration of three years from the commencement of the works, in order to give time for their development. To this there was a qualification, which curiously illustrates at once the shrewdness and what we may call the scientific innocence of the Queen’s advisers and the equal innocence of the miners themselves. “But yf,” say the TWO OLD MINING PATENTS. 157 latter, ““we fynde any myne of precyous stones, perle, golde, and silver, to begin to pay presently after finding the same.” The Queen’s share of these matters was to be a tenth, and the remain- ing nine-tenths of the precious stones and perles—when they got them—the Queen was either to buy at a fair valuation, or let them carry away. The nine-tenths of the gold and silver were to be bought by her Majesty at mint prices. The Queen’s dish of the ordinary metals was to be “molten and purged for her Majestie by our workmen at our charges and travaille, on condition that her Majesty finds the wode and coles and heade, as moche as we shall nede the same, and all that we may compound with her Majestie to bye the same at a reasonable price.” As to the rest of the copper the Queen was to have as much as she wanted at the price any other person would give, and to let the patentees carry away the remainder at a reasonable custom. All other metals they were to be at liberty to carry away on paying only the ordinary custom. The concluding clauses of the articles are strictly in the nature of an ordinary patent of modern days, and show what importance Shurland and Spedel attached to their technical knowledge. The Queen agrees with them “that within 20 years after date hereof no man or person of this realm shall make or cause to be made in any country such instrument” as they should devise for the use of the corporation “if the like have not beforehand been made in this realm,” on penalty of a fine of £200, of which half was to go to the Queen and half to the corporation. For imitating any of their smelting or roasting processes, the fine was to be £500. There is another MS. relating to Cornish mining, of nearly the same date, contained in the Cottonian collection [Titus, B. III.], to which I may also briefly direct attention. It is headed “ Order with regard to Blok Tinne ;” but might, with stricter propriety, be called “ Caution to Smelters.” The occasion of the order was the prevalent adulteration of the white tin; “for that there was oftentymes putt into the same many pece of iron, with cinders, stone, and such like, to the great slaunder and discredit of the said realme, and to the manifeste deceipte of straungers beyond the seas.” In order to avoid this, it was first suggested that the blocks should be re-melted into “strake or barres.” However, it was found that this led to “‘a far greater decept.” ‘The merchaunts 158 TWO OLD MINING PATENTS. - do melt the same, supposing thereby to avoid the slaunder and to blind the world; and to every hundredweight of tin put 30 lbs. of lead—sometimes more.” Therefore it was ordered that Sir Francis Walsingham should have a twenty-one years’ lease for trying, melting, and casting, in order that either kind of fraud might be prevented. It is but fair to the Elizabethan smelters, however, to state that they were not: the only black sheep in the tin trade in those days. Another of the Cottonian MSS. [Julius, F. 6], on the “ Pre-emption of tin,” bitterly assails the tin farmers, declaring that they themselves became merchants “and pretend a scarcity of tinn, and themselves stopp the vent of purpose to keep ' up the price in forraine countries.” So much for interfering with the natural course of trade. 159 VIII.—Quantities of Pilchards exported from Cornwall, and prices at which they were sold; from 1815 to 1871. By WituIAM Roperts, Penzance. , T Read at the Spring Meeting, May 18, 1872. HE following columns have been compiled from accounts kept by Messrs. Bolitho, of Chyandour :— Date. 1815 1816 1817 1818 Ice hg) 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 Quantity. 15,000 Hhds. 20,000 24,000 1,700 2,900 800 2,000 9,123 24,109 7,611 12,651 10,670 5,238 26,018 700 22,010 26,648 31,930 10,042 - 25,295 23,833 18,762 15,349 7,580 12,8563 23,364 Price. 100/ to 102/ 49/ 60/ to 70/ 73/ 52/ to 62/ 55/ ,, 84/ 72/ 60/ to 80/ 52/ |, 84) 52/ ,, 5% 55/6 34/ to 50/ 58/ ,, 67/6 38/6,, 45/6 32) |,, 35) By) oy BS) 26/1 45) 50/ 32/ to 56/ 35/1), 40); 34/4, 44/ 40/ ,, 42/ 51/ 29 62/ AT/ ,, 52/ 50a tae) 160 PILCHARDS EXPORTED FROM CORNWALL, &c. Date. Quantity. Price. 1841 9,6042 Hhds. 46/ ,, 50/ 1842 20530 155 37/ ,, 40/ 1843 8,8594 __,, 43/ ,, 59/6 1844 13,9674 ,, Ab) 5b) 1845 30,8075 ,, 40/ ,, 54/6 1846 34,137 sy, 30/ ,, 38/ 1847 41,623. -,, 30/-,, 36/6 1848 C5580) ny Dy) 95 Oa} 1849 25,588 44/ ,, 55/ 1850 ZOO Zones 44/ 55/ to 60/ 1851 26,743 sy, 43/6 to 45/ 1852 15,1414 ,, 30/3250) 1853 PN Pah) ary 36/ ,, 42/ 1854 Ox OARetn St] GOO 1855 IO ss 42/ 54/ 70/ to 75/ 1856 18,333 ,, 40/ to 51/ 1857 WSO) a 42/ 1858 Wey chy) 60/ 50/ to 47/~ 1859 Sel A Daa. 52/6 to 73/ 1860 3,920 - ,, 60/ ,, 80/ 1861 10,9884 ,, 68/6,, 72/6 1862 - WG SAVE 55 51/ ,, 63/ 1863 26,0574 ,, 53/ 46/ 45/ to 41/ 1864 22,5394 ,, 46/ to 55/ 1865 eS) on Si eaoy 1866 14,294 ,, 57/ ,, 63/ 1867 15,8323 _,, (HO 3/ 1868 TES SNS) 59/ ,, 68/ 1869 IG Nee) 64/ ,, 72/ 1870 6,0572 ,, 64/'1,, 92y/ 1871 45,682* ,, 68/ 52/ 40/ 37/ to 25/ Motalinere cctccnee ace ee export during 57 years, 399,087 Hhds. Average Annual ...... %) 16,474 ,, * To this must be added 1,550 Hhds. not shipped in 1871. 161 IX.—WNotes on the Ornithology of Cornwall, for the year 1872-3.— By E. HEARLE Ropp, Penzance. |e looking over the pages of the “ Zoologist ” for the last year, where I have been in the habit of recording any fact of interest occurring in the ornithological history of our county, I do not see anything that deserves much attention,—certainly no new species has come under my notice; nor do I see any record, from any other naturalist, of any great importance. It may be well to notice, as a point of interest, that occasion- ally we are visited, abruptly and without any apparent specific cause, by birds hitherto extremely rare and almost unknown in this district, and which are common enough throughout Britain and even in the eastern parts of the county. This is the case with our common Green Woodpecker, so well known elsewhere, but of which only one or two examples, over a period of nearly half a century, have come under my notice as having appeared in the Land’s End district ; but, during the last year, I happen to know of several being dispersed over the district, and, unfortu- nately, some were killed. I believe that the Woodpecker has been seen, not unfrequently, in the large woods at Tregothnan, and at other woodland places in the neighbourhood of Truro; and what I have stated in reference to their appearance in this district during the past year, appears to have full confirmation by the increased numbers in your neighbourhood, no less than seven having been seen together at Bosvigo, according to a paragraph which I read in a daily paper. The Green Woodpecker is well known in the large woodlands in the eastern part of the county. There also (although more local) may be seen the two other common species, viz., the Greater and the Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers ; all three species breed annually in the woods at Trebartha. I continue to receive accounts of the general distribution of one of the most beautiful of our resident Warblers, the Dartford Warbler,—a species which, formerly, was only occasionally, and at “uncertain intervals, seen in the county, and was almost unknown in the West of Cornwall. Who will say, after this, that we may 162 ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL. not be visited by other British species hitherto unknown to us ; and, amongst them, the Nightingale? There are localities in your neighbourhood exactly adapted to their habits and economy ; and you need go no farther west than Bosvigo, nor east than Tremorvah, to be sure of hearing their wonderful powers of voice, if they should condescend to honour Truro by their presence. We have been visited by unusual numbers of two of our rarer white-winged Gulls, viz., the Glaucous and the Iceland Gulls. These are distinguished by their wings being entirely white, whilst all the other species on our coasts, except the Ivory Gull, have the tips black. The only other marine bird of interest that I have noted in the past year is a good specimen, in its summer plumage, of the Gull-billed Tern, a rare British species, and one of comparatively recent discovery. It is an interesting species, showing an inter- mediate and connecting link between the Gulls and Terns. It has occurred in Cornwall, only in a few instances; and one of these was on the Scilly Isles. All our winter visitants—Waders, Ducks, &c.—have shewn themselves in considerably reduced numbers this year; owing, probably, to the open character of the weather. If this East wind continue, accompanied with cold, it is pro- bable that the various birds which retire northward to breed and rear their young, will remain stationary to a later period. This is often the case with the Plovers; and it is just worth noticing that both the Grey and the Golden Plovers assume at this season an entire change of plumage throughout the lower parts, which, from almost pure white, become intensely black. Our beautiful little Grey Wagtail, too, may be seen occasionally at this season on the brinks of our streams and rivers, having assumed in their vernal moult a more intense yellow, with the chin and throat jet black, instead of pure white as in its winter plumage. EDWD. HEARLE RODD. Penzance, March 24, 1873. The following correspondence, which arose out of the above Paper, may have some interest as supplementary to it.—Ed. ORNITHOLOGY OF CORNWALL, 163 Truro, March 25th, 1873. Dear Rodd, Many thanks for your jottings on Bird History. I want to compare notes with you on a point of change of habits as to localities frequented, of like bearing with those to which you refer. In my early days, and perhaps up to the last 20 years, I never saw a Starling in these parts in the Summer; but IT have since noticed them, especially in the sandy district in Perranzabuloe, from time to time. But, last Summer—in August, I think, or early in September—we had a little flock of them at the back of our house on Strangways Terrace. They were attracted by a fine crop of ivy-berries, on a wall of ours, on which they revelled for about a week, alighting on them with their usual wheeling flight, and often carrying the berries away to the fields beyond. They were 8 or 10 in number, and I guessed they were of two broods. I dare say you know their summer habits up the country, - and whether my observation has any novelty in it as regards Cornwall. Yours very truly, C. BARHAM. P.S.—Mr. Thomas Worth informs me that a pair of Starlings built their nest last Summer in the end of the Stores, adjoining the Green, and abutting on the Truro River. He watched their progress with much interest, as a great rarity, for 4 or 5 days—he does not know whether they reared a brood. Penzance, March 26th, 1873. Dear Barham, : You are one amongst many who have written to me about the change of the habitation of the Starling, in the Western Counties, during the Summer and breeding months. They have been gradually creeping more westward every year during the Summer ; but they were formerly quite un- known in the Western Counties except as winter visitants. I have traced them gradually to Trebartha, to Bodmin, and now to Truro. For some years they have been known at Trebartha as breeding there; first, only as a pair or two; but now they are to be seen generally diffused over the Lawn and in the large trees, all through the Spring and Summer months. -How to account for this, non possum ; for the localities they frequent might always have been resorted to—such as holes in trees, old buildings, &e. The large mass of these birds, as you know, move about this time eastward and north- - ward to breed; and as soon as the broods are sufficiently strong for a flight, in the latter months of Summer, they prepare for their great Autumnal movement, with other species which also retire northward to breed. Yours very truly, EDWD. HEARLE RODD. 164 X.—A Calendar of Natural Periodic Phenomena: kept at Bodmin Sor the year 1872.—By Tuomas Q. Coucu, F.S.A. ‘Tl semble, en effet, que les phénoménes périodiques forment, pour les étres organisés, en dehors dela vie individuelle, une vie commune dont on ne peut saisir les phases qu’en Vétudiant simultanément sur toute la terre.” —Quetelet. N.B.—The names printed in J¢talics indicate plants and animals marked for special observation. fl., means flowers; fol., foliates ; defol., defoliates. The time of flowering is to be noted when the flower is suffi- ciently expanded to show the anthers ; of foliation, when the leaf- bud is so far open as to show the upper surface of the leaves; of fructification, at the period of dehiscence of the pericarp, in de- hiscent fruits; and, in others, when they have evidently arrived at maturity; of defoliation, when the greater part of the leaves of the year have fallen off. This remarkable year will be described by your meteorological correspondents ; but I will call it the wet year, and simply record those natural phenomena of the surface which, with much un- avoidable interruption, I have been able to note. The months of January, March, and the early part of April, were generally mild, windy, and rainy, producing an early activity in the vegetable world; and our Spring migratory birds were heard earlier than usual. The latter half of April, May, and the beginning of June, were both cold and very wet. On May 22nd there was a very sharp frost, which did great damage to the fruit crops. The ex- cessively wet state of the soil rendered tillage difficult, and in some places impossible. In July the weather was wet but vari- able, but towards the latter half finer for hay-making, and this improved state of weather continued till the beginning of harvest NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. 165 in early August. The rest of the year was stormy and wet, with - little snow or frost. I will, as before, give the character of the chief crops. Wheat, though heavy in the quantity of straw, was short in the ear and very ill kerned, and consequently the yield proved far ~ below the average. In several places where the crop was valued on change of tenant, the result on thrashing was from one to three Cornish bushels per acre below the estimated quantity. The crop on the whole was well saved. Barley. Crop an average one, but here and there badly stained, thereby unfitting it for malting purposes. Oats. Crop good and even above an average in some places; in others, from rust and other causes, very deficient. On the whole there was an average yield. Hay. Crop abundant, much above the average, but a large part was wetted and saved in bad condition. Grass was very plentiful, and hence keep for cattle was abundant throughout the year. Turnips and Mangolds. Crop good. Potatoes. The inscrutable disease began earlier, and was more destructive to the general crop, than in any year since its com- mencement in 1845. The yield was scanty, and bad in quality ; so diseased in many places that they were scarcely worth digging, Fruit. The frosts and hail-showers in May were very destructive to fruit of all description; orchards of two or three acres in extent not yielding a bushel of apples. Birds. It is worth recording the comparative abundance or rarity of our migratory birds; and this subject must be looked at by the light of the previous year or years. The Corncrake and Cuckoo were scarce, and the Woodcock and Snipe remarkably so, January 7. Primrose (Primula vulgaris), fl. 18. Snow-drop (Galanthus nivalis), fi. 23. Hazel, (Corylus Avellana), fi. 28. Gooseberry, (Ribes Grossularia), ji. February 4. Aurora Borealis began soon after sunset and lasted until about half-past eight, p.m., and was brilliant, a cloudy sky notwithstanding. H 2 166. NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. February 9. Barren strawberry, (Potentilla fragariastrum), fl. — Elder, (Sambucus nigra), fol. 11. Lent-lily (Narcissus pseudo-Narcissus), fl. 14, Honey-suckle (Lonicera Periclymenum), fol. 16. Pilewort, (Ranunculus ficaria), fl. 18. Cardamine hirsuta, fl. 23. Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), fl. 26. Whitethorn (Crateegus oxycantha), fol. — Lilac-tree (Syringa vulgaris), fol. 29. Dog-violet (Viola canina), fi. — Man. Scarlatina continues. March‘ 2. Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), fol. 5. Sky Lark singing. 6. Chiffchaff (Sylvia hippolais), heard. 7. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosus), fl. — Privet, (Ligustrum vulgare), fi. 19. Evergreen Alkanet, (Anchusa sempervirens), fi. 20. Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), fl. 21. Wild Hyacinth, (Hyacinthus non-scriptus), fi. 29. Sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus), fol. 30. Horse-chesnut, (Aésculus hippocastanum), fol. — Hazel (Corylus Avellana), fol. April 4. Mountain Ash, (Sorbus aucuparia), fol. 8. Lime. (Tilia Europeea), fol. ~ — Tuberous Vetch (Orobus tuberosus), fl. — Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), fl. -— Ash, (Fraxinus excelsior), fol. 10. Oak,* (Quercus pedunculatus), fol. 11. Swallow, (Hirundo rustica), arrives. 12. Early Purple Orchis (Orchis mascula), fl. — Birch, (Betula alba), fol. 15. Yellow Loosestrife, (Lysimachia nemorosa), fl. 21. Ladies’ smock, (Cardamine pratensis), fl. 230 Warch fol. 26. Cuckoo, (Cuculus canorus), heard. 29. Corn-crake, (Crex pratensis), heard. * «Tf the oak leafs before the ash we shall have a cold summer,”: Popular Saying. In this case, as in years of observation, they are simultaneous. - NATURAL PERIODIC PHENOMENA. 167 May 1. The White-thorn, (Cratzgus oxycantha), fl. 2. Horse-chesnut, (Aisculus hippocastanum), fl. 6. Swift, (Cypselus Apus), arrives. 7. Bugle, (Ajuga reptans), fi. 12. Elder, (Sambucus nigra), fl. 15. Mountain Ash, (Sorbus aucuparia), fl. 27. Earth-nut, (Bunium flexuosum), fl. June 1. Wild Strawberry, (Fragaria vesca), ripens fruit. 24. Vicia eracca, fi. — Betony, (Betonica officinalis), fl. 25. Jasione montana, fl. 26. Habenaria chlorantha, fi. : 29. Cicada spumaria froths, called cuckoo spit. July 1. Self-heal, (Prunella vulgaris), fi. — Wild Thyme, (Thymus serpyllum), fi. 6. Catch-fly, (Silene anglica), fi. — Tutsan, (Hypericum Androsemum), fl. 7. Centaury, (Erythrea Centaurium), fi. 14, Agrimony, (Agrimonia Eupatoria), fl. 17. Golden Rod, (Solidago virgaurea), fl. - 25. Verbascum thapsus, fl. 26. Yellow Toad-flax, (Linaria vulgaris), fl. % % % * (I regret this unavoidable gap. ] December 23. Thrush, (Turdus musicus), sings. — Gnats abundant. — Man. Hooping cough prevails. 31. Galanthus nivalis, fl. H3 168 . METEOROLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1872. The characteristic of the last year was wetness; and this was very strongly marked. Taking the year as a whole, the rainfall exceeded that of any other during the 35 years since our observations commenced, except 1841; and it exceeded the average yearly rainfall by more than 2-10ths. Like 1841, the year 1872 was also remarkable for the wetness of all the months,—no one among them having been distinctly dry, whilst in August alone was wetness at all below the average of the past 23 years; for although the quantity of rain in September was fractionally less than the normal quantity, this was more than counterbalanced by the great excess of rainy days, which were 23, instead of 16, the mean number for the month. This last feature belonged to the whole year to a very unusual extent, the number of days on which rain fell having been 245, in place of the average 184. Fortunately for the crops, although of course they suffered greatly and generally, excepting hay, from this lack of fine weather, the great predominance of wetness fell on the two first and the last three months of the year. January and February, taken together, were the wettest we have ever recorded, the rainfall having been nearly double the average, and only five days having been - exempt from showers; whilst in the concluding quarter, the quantity of rain was 4 inches beyond the average, and the total of rainy days exceeded the ordinary number by 19, only 15 of the 92 days having been quite dry. This description, whose details are drawn from the Truro register, applies pretty accurately to the county at large; the usual proportions of the several stations having been generally maintained. It may be worth notice that at St. Agnes, although the rainfall exceeded that at Truro, the number of days altogether dry was greater at the former place by 48; whilst at Newquay, the neighbour- ing station on the north coast, rain was measured on 27 days more than at St. Agnes, although the quantity was 5 inches less. The proximity of the high ground at St. Agnes Beacon, rising directly from the sea, may account, partially at least, for both points of difference. The eastern stations present even more than their customary record of excess of rainfall, over those in the west; that at Bodmin being nearly in the proportion of 14 to 9, and that at Altarnun nearly as 17 to 12 beyond their respective averages; at the latter place no less than 44 inches of rain fell in four months, the two beginning and the two ending the year. At Liskeard, the total fall, 62°41 inches, was in more than usual degree less than at Bodmin (71:93), a difference bearing especially on the winter months. The same excess of rainfall was registered at Guernsey, in the south, and in the north of England; but it was not at all equally experienced towards the east, or at Greenwich, although the weather throughout the year was un- settled, confirming the deduction made from a long series of years that where METEOROLOGY. 169 the spring months are of variable character the summer and Ensereien are seldom continuously fine. In respect of other points of climate the year 1872 calls for little remark. As a whole it was warm, but without extremes of temperature; the barometric pressure ruled low, and storms were frequent. It it needless to enter into details in regard to the several months, the more so as they are now regularly. published in the Cornwall Gazette, the West Briton, and the Western Morning News. A few particulars may deserve mention. On January 23rd the barometer fell gradually from 28°67 at 9 a.m., to 28°34 at 4 p.m., at Truro, and at Bodmin to 28-06 at 1 a.m., on 24th, the lowest point ever registered there. The peculiarity of this fall was that it was not attended by storm, only by heavy rain. Mr. Tripp mentions that on the 16th, the sea was heard near Altarnun, 93 miles straight from the sea near Boscastle. This was followed by a rapid fall of the Barometer, a violent gale, and -92 inch of rain next day. On 4th February, from 5 p.m., to 9 p.m., a very fine Aurora was seen throughout the west. Its colour was a beautiful bright rose pink, and streamers shot out far beyond the zenith. The centres of chief brilliancy varied, but prevailed more towards the west than north. The third week in March (21st to 27th), was the coldest of the year. The mean temp. at Altarnun was 37°, that from Ist to 20th having been 47:50. Snow fell there on six out of these seven days. At Truro there was frost through the week. A summary of Mr. Glaisher’s remarks on the Meteorology of this quarter, as noted at the Greenwich Observatory, may be useful as a supple- ment and complement to our own records. ‘‘ The warm weather,” he says, ‘‘which set in on December 13th, 1871, following that period of unprecedented cold which ended on the preceding day, continued with very few and very slight exceptions till 18th March. The mean temp. of these 97 days was more than 5° above their averages.” Then followed 8 days of very cold weather, which was severely felt owing to the suddenness of so great a change. The mean temp. of 21st March, was 213° below that of 17th. “T do not know any instance of so remarkable a cold period as that ending Dec. 12th, 1871, being followed by as remarkable a warm one as that ending Marcb 18th, 1872.” The next three months need little pedal notice. The latter half of April as of March was much colder than the first. ‘‘ The snow on the 21st,” Mr. Tripp remarks, ‘‘was general, in the midland and northern counties. It was a most wintry day.” May was also a bleak month, with several frosts and hailstorms. Fruit trees were much blighted. The first fortnight of June was cold. The warmth then increased suddenly, and caused much elec- trical disturbance. ‘Terrific thunderstorms raged in other parts of the king- dom on the 18th and 24th, but the far west escaped lightly. That on the 18th was. strongly felt at Plymouth. Dr. Merrifield states it to have been one of the most continuous and violent he ever registered, lasting for more than ten hours, from 6.45 p.m. In 35 minutes, -56 inch of rain was measured. Mr. Glaisher gives a similar report of very changeable weather for this quarter. Periods of excessive and deficient temperature alternated. 170 METEOROLOGY. The temperature of July was about the average, but there was little sunshine. On the 6th and 7th thunderstorms occurred with heavy rain. At Bodmin, Capt. Liddell says, it was the largest (1-98 inch) recorded during the last six years. Penzance escaped. On the night of 25th there was a thun- derstorm over east Cornwall. Mr. Tripp describes the lightning as surpass- ing in magnificence anything he had seen of the kind. “In the N.W. it was accompanied by a curious flickering light, of a reddish colour, whilst the lightning was bluish or white.” August was the most summerlike month, although unsettled for the first ten days. Harvest work was fairly achieved. The weather was variable in September, without peculiarities worthy of notice. . The frequency of thunderstorms is mentioned by Mr. Glaisher as the ’ most remarkable feature of this quarter. The concluding three months of 1872 were alike characterised by excess of wet and storminess. October was the least marked by the latter quality. Dr. Merrifield notes that on the 18th there was lightning from a cloudless sky. November was generally stormy. A gale blew from the 22nd to 26th, . culminating on 23rd, when several shipwrecks, with great loss of life, occurred at Marazion, Gunwallow, and Lamorna, as elsewhere on our coasts. The character of December was similar. There was a violent storm on the 8th, especially through the eastward districts. Capt. Liddell designates it ‘‘ the most terrific gale ever recorded” at Bodmin; and Mr. Tripp notes the up- rooting of trees, and damage to buildings, in all directions around Altarnun. At Plymouth, beside such accidents, several vessels were blown on shore, and H.M.S. Cambridge was driven from her moorings in Hamoaze. The records of the Meteorology of the quarter at Greenwich do not pre- sent many points of difference from our own. As here, the most remarkable feature was the frequency of rain. During the three months it fell on 67 days, a greater number, Mr. Glaisher says, than had been previously experi- enced at Greenwich since 1815. The total fall was 11°32 inches, the largest since 1821. At Truro, the quantity was 17:76 inches; the days of rain 77 in number. _ C. BARHAM. 171 METEOROLOGY. TABLE No. 1. *paydde uaaq aavy ‘ommzerodurey pue *(qa03 ep) vas aaoqe yqStay ‘(gto-+-) Ayrxe[[deg *(g00.--) r011q] XOpuUy IOJ SUOTZ -991109 OUT “TONStelO “aw Aq ‘qormuaery ‘fr0yearasqo [ehoy oy Ie 199 MOIV| plvpueyg 941 yITM paredutoo pue ‘mosseg Ay opvul ‘prepueys v st pasn JojaWoIeg 94 .—SMUVAAH €0-6% 926.06 | 409.62 | zee. | 6€86¢| F00- | €F8.6z | 898.62 | Sz8.6z | 6¢8-6z | °° SUOTN 968 Go) 89. | 8 | 2s | TZ. | OST-T | 1 | 006-86] ¢ | 0¢0.0¢ | 008-62 | 892. | 89.6z| goo. | 129-62 | 046-62 | 098.62 | $86.62] °** “99d V2 8 &Z OF. | 66] FE | OLT. | S181 | OF | FE9-82] 4 | LHF-0E| I9¢-60| 842. | 628.62! 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January 2. The Western Morning News publishes a ‘‘ Meteorological Summary for the year 1871.” January 8. The Cornish Telegraph publishes an ‘“‘ Abstract of the Weather at Penzance and neighbourhood for the year 1871”; by W. Hosken Richards. January 11. Conversazione of the Plymouth Institution, at the Ply- mouth Atheneum, _ January 11. The West Briton publishes an Article entitled ‘‘ Cornwall in 1871 and the beginning of 1872.” January 20. The Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, signed ‘‘ Christo- pher Cooke,” London, entitled “ Cornwall, (1797).” February 14. Cornish Telegraph records the recent capture of a Bear Fish, in a herring-net, at Mevagissey. It came into the possession of Mr. Matthew Dunn, the ichthyologist, who has been authorized to collect speci- mens of rare fish for the Crystal Palace Aquarium. Februarg 21. Cornish Telegraph notices the recent capture of a Dart- ford Warbler, at Trevider Bottom, St. Buryan; and of a Black Redstart in Morrab Fields, Penzance. February 21 and February 27. Western Morning News publishes reports of the Extraordinary Rainfall in January and February; from various places in Cornwall and Devon. February 22. Annual Meeting of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; the President, Mr. Charles Fox, presiding. Lord Robartes, Capt. Basset, Mr. Warington Smythe, F.R.S., &c., Mr. R. N. Fowler, M.P., and My. F. Hill, were elected Vice-Presidents.—A paper concerning mine reports and plans, received from Mr. Williams, of Hayle, pointed out that there was no place, as far as the writer knew, where people could see old mine reports and mine plans. He was aware of the existence of the Mining Record Office in London, but thought it was of the greatest importance to mine owners, and especially to those who wished to re-open old mines, that they should be able to see correct reports of former working of these mines. He suggested that there should be a catalogue of mine reports, and accounts taken of such plans as they might get hold of.—The Cuatrman looked upon this as a very valuable suggestion; if it had been adopted seventy years ago, thousands of pounds would have been saved. February 29. Annual Conversazione of the Torquay Natural History Society. Among articles exhibited were: Ornithological and zoological speci- mens sent by Mr. Pershouse; fossil bones and shells, &., from a cave in Borneo, by Mr. Pengelly; bone implements and textile fabrics from the Swiss Lake Dwellings; Alpine Plants; and Fossils from Kent’s Cavern. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 177 March1. Western Morning News publishes a Report of a Lecture on ‘¢ British Storms,” delivered by Mr. T. W. Coffin to the members of the Ply- mouth Institution. — March 8. A brilliant meteor seen at many places in West Cornwall, in the western part of the heavens. After shooting upwards it exploded, giving out a brilliant bluish light. : March 13 and 16. Western Morning News contains accounts of the opening of a tumulus at Trevelgy, Newquay, by Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, F.S.A., of Castle Horneck. Among the exploring party were: Mr. Spence Bate, F.R.S., Captain Oliver, R.A., Mr. Evans, and Rev. W. Iago, F.S.A. March 16. Cornwall Gazette states that Sir J. Maclean had exhibited to the Archeological Institute a Deed of Grant, 18th of Henry the Seventh, which shews the existence of a guild at Blyston, Cornwall. - March 16. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter on ‘‘ Cornish Lighthouses,” from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke,” London. March 28. Capt. Oliver, R.A., F.R.G.S., delivered a Lecture, in connec- tion with the Plymouth Institution, on ‘‘The Pre-historic Remains of Brittany.” April4. West Briton publishes a letter of inquiry, signed “‘ F. 8. A.,” concerning ‘‘ Cornish Proverbial Sayings.” April 4. Western Morning News publishes a letter, signed ‘‘ Henry H. Drake,” concerning ‘‘ The Father of Sir Francis Drake.” April11. West Briton publishes a letter, signed ‘“ Lyscerruyt,” on “ Cornish Proverbial Sayings”; and a letter, signed “‘ A”, on ‘‘ Barrows and Cromlechs.” April 12. Western Morning News publishes a letter, in which objec- tions are taken to the recent operations at the Trevelgué Barrows. The letter is signed by: W. HE. Michell, the Fort, Newquay; R. A. Chudleigh, Pool, Camborne; R. Mildren; E. Tippett, Newquay, St. Columb Minor; Thomas Boyle, surgeon, Newquay. April 15. Rev. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph, in a letter published in the Western Morning News, records that, on the 10th of April, he saw a pair of Hoopoes, near Ringmore Rectory, South Devon. The letter further states: ‘‘We have had many strange birds on our coast this year, suggesting, possi- bly, some peculiarity in the season. A little time since, two large gannets were washed ashore on the sands at Challaborough, and large numbers of puffins and guillemots have been cast up on all our beaches.” April 23. The Teign Vale Naturalist and Field Club held its first an- nual meeting for the year. Their walk was from Kingskerwell to Compton Castle, thence by Cockington to Torquay. Mr. E. Vivian was elected Presi- dent; and the retiring President, Rev. J. M. Hawker, and Mr. A. Pengelly, were elected vice-presidents.—The second meeting for the season was held on Tuesday, May 28, at Chudleigh. - April 27. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from ‘ Christopher Cooke,” London, concerning the ‘‘ Tregagle Family.” May 2. Western Morning News states that a Sea Devil ( Lophius pisca- torius) taken in Torquay Harbour, had been sent to the Crystal Palace. May 2. Ata meeting of the Plymouth Institution, Mr. J. N. Bennett read a paper on the ‘‘ Ammil,” a curious meteorological phenomenon, almost peculiar to Dartmoor. 17s CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. May 4. Western Morning News records the recent capture of a Spinous (or Ground) Shark by a Mevagissey fishing-boat. It was captured by hook and line, and was forwarded by Mr. Matthias Dunn to Mr. Frank Buckland. May 7. Mr. Humphry Willyams, of Carnanton, died in London, in the 81st year of his age. May 18. Royal Institution of Cornwall; Spring Meeting. Mr. John St. Aubyn. M.P., President, in the chair. The President’s Address included observations on the ‘‘ Mines Regulation Bill,” and on a Bill, prepared by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., ‘‘to provide for the better preservation of historical monuments and objects of antiquity in Great Britain and Ive- - land.” The following Papers were presented :—On the Original Use of the Mén-an-Tol, or Holed Stone, in the parish of Madron; Mr. EH. H. Wise Dunkin. Notes on the similarity of some of the Cornish rock-names and miners’ terms to Irish words; G. Henry Kinahan, M.R.I.A., &c. Note on a remarkable balk of timber covered with the Goose Barnacle (Lepas anati- fera, Linn.) drifted ashore in March, 1872, at Ventnor, Isle of Wight ; Albert Way. Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall; Mr. HK. Hearle Rodd. On two old Mining Patents; Mr. R. N. Worth. Chronicles of the Cornish Saints (VI.—S. Burian, and VII.—§S. Crantock); Rev. John Adams, M.A. See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. xiv. May 22. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. General Meeting at Redruth; Mr. A. Pendarves Vivian, M.P., President of the Association, in the chair. Mr. G. L. Basset, Tehidy, elected President for the ensuing year. May 29. Death of Mr. John Samuel Enys, of Enys, in the 76th year of his age. May 31. Western Morning News publishes a letter from Rey. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph, on ‘Daniel Gumb’s House,” (recently destroyed), “ and the Cheesewring.” June 8. Western Morning News publishes a letter on ‘‘ The Cheese- wring,” signed ‘‘ A. B.” It states that, fifteen years ago, Mr. Kendall obtained from the Duchy an order that the quarrymen should not approach the Cheesewring within limits set out on a plan. June 5. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter, signed “EH. H. W. Dunkin,” in support of his suggestion at the Spring Meeting of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, ‘that the Mén-an-Tol is the remnant of a sepulchral structure, and that the perforated stone was placed in such a manner ag to serve the purpose of an entrance stone.” “ June 6. West Briton contains a Memoir of the late John Samuél Enys, Esq., of Enys, and of the Enys family. June 7. A letter on ‘‘ The Trevelgué Tumuli,” appears in the Western Morning News. signed ‘‘ J. B. O.”, Hastings Villa, Cardiff. It suggests that the Tumuli should be kept open, and be protected. June 13. Western Morning News publishes the following letter, headed ‘Historical Monuments” :— ‘‘Str, The mention of Bishop Bruere’s monument in Exeter Cathedral reminds me of his visit to Carlsbad, in Bohemia, in the thirteenth century. I read in the library of that much frequented watering place that some tin mines in the neighbourhood were discovered by a Cornish- man, who was in the suite of this bishop when he escorted the Princesg Isabella on her journey to Vienna to be married to the Emperor. The tin ig in conspicuous crystals, which facilitates the washing of the ore when winter CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 179 cold or summer drought diminishes the supply of water. The miners spoke to me of kibbles, winzes, &c., indications of the Saxon origin of some of our terms as well as of our practical knowledge on mining. Should not the tomb at Landulph, of one of the last of the Palwologoi of the Imperial Family of Constantinople, have claimed the attention of the Society of Antiquaries ? Yours truly, Trebah, 11th June, 1872. C. Fox.” _ Jdunelt. Western Morning News publishes a letter signed ‘‘C. R. 8.” on “‘ Historical Monuments,” and directing attention to an inscribed tablet in the parish church of Paignton. June 18. A letter on ‘‘ Historical Monuments,” from Mr. J. Jopz Roczrs, in the Western Morning News, contains the following :—‘‘ Mr. Charles Fox and others who are interested in the preservation of all monuments of an- tiquity in Cornwall may like to know, in answer to his question in your columns on the 13th inst., that the curious tablet in Landulph Church in memory of Theodore Paleologus was not forgotten in the report sent to the Society of Antiquaries. Some twenty Monuments were returned from Cornwall, but it was not expected that all would be included in the report of the society to the Government, their object being chiefly to preserve such monuments as illustrate English—not European—history. The returns of all monuments reported to the society, are, however, preserved in their library for future use, if needed.”* June 20. Western Morning News publishes a letter, from Rey. F. ©. Hingeston-Randolph, on the perilous condition of ‘‘ The Cheesewring,” with suggestions for its protection. : June 22. Western Morning News publishes a letter, from Mr. Angus Mackintosh, M.D., Callington, on ‘“ Petrified Moss, the effect of Fresh Water,” as seen by him in an old mine-shaft near the Tamar. June 22. Western Morning News publishes a notice of the Rev. William Beal, author of ‘‘ Britain and the Gael,” who died at Liskeard on the 18th of June, aged 87. June 24. Western Morning News contains the following: ‘‘The whale bones from Pentuan Stream-Work, near St. Austell, presented to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall by the late Mr. J. W. Colenso in 1829, after having been examined by the late Mr. Cliff, F.R.S., have been lately re- examined by Mr. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, who states in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’ for the present month, that they ‘belong to no species of whale known to * HisToRIcAL MONUMENTS IN CoRNWALL.—In February, 1869, the Office of Works requested the Society of Antiquaries to furnish ‘a list of such Regal and other Historical Tombs or Monuments existing in Cathedrals, Churches, and other Public Places and Build- ings, as in their opinion it would be desirable to place under the protection and supervision of the Goyernment, with a view to their proper custody and preservation.” In accordance with this request a committee was appointed by the Society to make a report. The committee obtained the assistance of the local societies and Fellows of the Society (including Mr. J. J. Rogers for Cornwall), and drew up a report last February which has just been published as a Parliamentary Blue-book. There are in all 610 monuments which the Society of Antiquaries recommend should be placed under the protection of the Government; 5 of these are in Cornwall, namely, Anthony Church, Person commemorated—Richard Carew, author of “Survey of Cornwall ;” date of death, 1620; marble tablet. Callington Church, Robert Lord Willoughby de Broke, captain-general of the expedition to Brittany, &c., 1502 ; alabaster altar tomb with recumbent effigy. Duloe Church, Sir John Arundell, M.P., Cornwall, temp. Charles I. Held Pendennis Castle for the King till the last, 1647; effigies. Kilkhampton Church, Sir Beville Granville, killed at the battle of Lansdown, near Bath, 1643; trophied monument. Padstow Church, Sir Wm. Morise, Kt., 1676; incorporeted with monument to Prideaux family. Cornwall Gazette, June 22. I Soe CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. inhabit the British Seas,’ or, indeed, to any ‘known existing whale.’ A specimen of the same creature, however, was more recently found at Graso, in the Baltic, and a single vertebra cast ashore at Babbicombe in a mutilated condition, has been referred to the same species.” June 24. Death of Mr. Charles Dacres Bevan, County Court Judge of Cornwall, at his residence near Fowey; age 66. June 25. Western Morning News records the recent capture of a Pompilus (Centrolophus Pompilus, Cuv.; Blackfish, Johnston), in a mackerel net, off the Deadman. It appeared to have followed a large Porbeagle Shark which was captured in the same net at a few feet distance. June 27. West Briton publishes a letter from thei Rey. Dr. Bannister, on ‘ Polperro” and the ‘“‘ Glossary of Cornish Names.” June 28. Western Morning News publishes a letter from Rev. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph, concerning the Cheesewring and Daniel Gumb’s House. It contains assurance from Messrs. Freeman—that the renewed report about danger to the Cheesewring from blasting was utterly without foundation,—that no blasting had taken place in its immediate neighbourhood for twelve months,—and that Sir John Coode, who had been employed by the Duchy Council to investigate the matter, had proved by experiments that the blasting operations had no effect upon the Cheesewring. June 29. Western Morning News publishes a letter, signed “‘T. Q. Couch,” on ‘‘ Cheesewring Manipulations”; and also a letter from ‘“‘ Angus Mackintosh, M.D.” on ‘‘ Polperro” and the ‘‘ Glossary of Cornish Names.” June 29. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from ‘‘ Christopher Cooke,” on ‘Cornish Topography,” giving a list of works, including a few published early in this century,.as useful for reference. July 2. Western Morning News publishes a letter, signed “J. W. M.”, on ‘ Polperro” and the ‘‘ Glossary of Cornish Names.” It traces the name «“ Tansalloes” to ‘‘ Llan-celwys,” a church in a grove or secluded spot. July 30. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Eleventh Annual Meeting, at Exeter; The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Exeter, President. The following Papers were read :—Fessil Teeth at Sidmouth; P. O. Hutchinson. What is Grimspound ? G. Wareing Ormerod, M.A., F.G.S. Iron Pits; P. O. Hutchinson. Astig- matism and Colour Blindness; H. Vivian, M.A. Some Notes on that part of Mr. Chanter’s Paper relating to the Insect Fauna of Lundy Island; EH. Parfitt. Notes on the Rocks in the neighbourhood of Plymouth; R. N. Worth. Records of Tide, Rain, and Wind, during the Carboniferous Period in North Devon; Townshend M. Hall, F.G.S., &c. Notice of Pre-historie Remains formerly existing near the Drewsteignton Cromlech; G. Wareing Ormerod, M.A.. F.G.S. Is there evidence of Glacial Action in the valleys of Dawlish and Ashcombe? George Pycroft. Bronze Celt found near Sidmouth ; P. O. Hutchinson. Exmouth Warren, and its threatened destruction; J. M. Martin, C.E., F.M.S. Ancient Exeter and its Trade; Sir John Bowring, . LL.D., F.B.S., &c. On the Progress of Electro-Therapeutics ; J. N. Hearder, D.Se., Ph.D., F.C.S., &c. Some Account of the Ancient Guilds of the City of Exeter; W. Cotton. The Rainfall on the St. Mary Church road, Torquay, during the eight years ending December 31, 1871; W. Pengelly, F.RB.S., F.G.S. Note on an Experiment to predict the Annual Rainfall; W. Pengelly, F.B.S., F.G.S. Notes on the Machairodus latidens found by Rev. J. Mac Enery, in Kent’s Cavern, Torquay; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Is it a Fact? W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Devonshire Tokens issued in the 17th Century; H. 8. Gill. On Rainfall as affected by the Height of Guages above CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 181 the ground; H. Vivian, F.M.S. Vital Statistics, from the experience of the United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident Institution; E. Vivian, M.A. The Literature of the Oreston Caverns; Compiled by W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. A few Remarks on an Ancient British Coin found on Northernhay, Exeter; H.S. Gill. On Fables and Fabulists, in connection with John Gay; Sir John Bowring, LL.D., F.R.S., &. Sir Thomas Bodley ; Sir John Bowring, LL.D., F.R.S., &e. On Aurora Borealis; Rev. R. Kirwan, M.A., F.S.A. The Fauna of Devon; Part VIII, Echinodermata; EK. Parfitt. The Rainfall in Devonshire in 1871, and in the six years ending with December 31, 1871;. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Seven Years Meteorology of Sidmouth, 1865—1871; J. Ingleby Mackeuzie, M.B. Cantab., M.R.C.S., &e. Supplementary List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology, of Devonshire; William Whitaker, B.A. (Lond.), of the Geological Survey of Hngland. The Signs of the Hotels, Taverns, Inns, Wine-and-Spirit- Vaults, and Beershops, in Devonshire; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On the Original Map of the Royal Forest of Dartmoor, illustrating the Perambulation of Henry III, 1240; C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., &e. Re- searches into some Ancient Tumuli on Dartmoor; C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., &c. July 31. Death, at Plymouth, of Mr. Augustus Smith, of Tresco Abbey, Scilly, in his 68th year. Mr. Smith was President of the Royal Institution of Cornwall in the years 1864 and 1865; from 1857 until 1865 he repre- sented Truroin Parliament; he was a magistrate for the counties of Corn- wall, Bucks, and Herts, and a deputy-lieutenant for the last-named; and from 1863 until his decease he was P.G.M. of Freemasons in Cornwall. August 1. West Briton publishes a letter, from ‘‘ Curiosus,” concerning ‘“‘ British Museum Photographs.” August 5. An ‘‘ Octopus” (Hight-armed Cuttle-fish) caught off Plymouth by a trawl sloop, and placed in the pond of the Crystal Palace Aquarium Company under the Citadel, to be sent thence to the Crystal Palace. August 7. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Annual Excursion by Classes, from St. Just, Pendeen, Breage, Helston, Hayle, Camborne, Redruth, St. Day, and St. Austell. Visits to the Phoenix and West Phcenix Mines, and the Cheesewring. The party (about 70 in number) were under the guidance of the Rey. Saltren Rogers, M.A., and Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Lecturer and Assistant Secretary of the Association. August 8. Western Morning News states that a remarkable Inscribed Stone near Portquin, on the north coast of Cornwall, had just been made known by Sir John Maclean and the Rev. W. Iago. It marked the burial- place of Broegan, an early Christian, and had received the name of ‘“‘ Long- Cross.” August 18, and following days. 42nd Annual Meeting of the British Association, at Brighton ; President, Dr. William B. Carpenter, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Among the Papers read were the following:—Fourth Report of the Marine Fauna of South Devon; Mr. C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., &c. Highth Report of the Committee for the Exploration of Kent’s Cavern; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On the Exploration of some Tumuli on Dartmoor ; Mr. C. Spence Bate. August 14. Western Morning News publishes a letter from the Reverend Augustine Chudleigh, Pool, on ‘‘ The Trevelguey Barrows,” giving the results of his own observations. : August 16. Western Morning News publishes a letter from the Rev. Dr. Bannister, on ‘‘ Polperro” and the ‘‘ Glossary of Cornish Names,” an especially on the etymology of “ Lansallos.” I 2 USD CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. August 17. Cornwall Gazette publishes a communication on ‘‘ The Scilly Isles,” signed ‘‘W.”; with translated extracts, from Records of the Duchy of Cornwall, relating to the state of the islands, and the position of their owner, a short time after the creation of the Duchy. . i August 19. Western Morning News publishes a letter from ‘‘ Angus Mackintosh, M.D.,” on ‘‘ Polperro” and the ‘‘ Glossary of Cornish Names.” August 19 and 20. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Excursion to St. Columb Major, St. Mawgan, St. Columb Minor, Cubert, and Perranzabuloe. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. xiv, and 55th Annual Report). August 21. Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. 40th Annual Meeting ; Mr. Charles Fox presiding. August 22. West Briton publishes a letter, signed ‘‘ Tre,” on ‘‘ Scientific Excursions.” August 22. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devonshire. Annual Meeting at Falmouth; Mr. Basset, of Tehidy, presiding. The following Papers were read: By Mr. Willoughby, on the New Steam Stamps of his - Firm. Mr. Bickle, on Husband’s Pneumatic Stamps. Myr. Tonkin, Dol- coath, on the Burleigh Drill in the Hoosac Tunnel, New York. Capt. Williams, on the Duty of Cornish Engines. Mr. T. B. Jordan, on Sach’s Boring Machine. August 24. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from the Rev. Dr. Bannister, on ‘‘ Polperro” and the ‘‘ Glossary of Cornish Names.” August 29. West Briton contains an Article entitled ‘‘A Trip to the Lizard, &c.”; signed ‘‘ Walker.” September 11. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter, from the Reverend Dr. Bannister, on ‘“‘ Camborne and St. Meriasek.” September 11, and three following days. The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science. 16th Congress, at Plymouth; Lord Napier and Ettrick, President. : September 28. Cornwall Gazette publishes a Paper (read at the Plymouth Meeting of the Social Science Congress), by Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.8., &c., on the Mineral Wealth of Cornwall. October 10. West Briton records a recent discovery of Ancient Mining Tools in Penstruthal Mine. October 14. Inauguration of the Davy Memorial at Penzance.—Cornish Telegraph, Oct. 16, contains a full account of the proceedings, and a bio- graphic memoir of Sir Humphry Davy. October 25 Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 59th Annual Meeting, at Penzance; Mr. Warington Smyth, F.R.S., F.G.S., President, in the Chair. Among Papers read were the following: On the Mining Districts of Yorke’s Peninsula, South Australia; Mr. 8. Higgs, junr., F.G.S., F.G.8.C., &e. On the Bones of a Whale found at Pentewan; Professor Flower, F.R.S. On Fractured Flints ; Mr. W. C. Borlase, F.S.A. November 6. Cornish Telegraph records the capture of an Octopus, or Hight-armed Cuttle-Fish, by two Gorran fishermen. November 6. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter, from the Reverend Dr. Bannister, on the name “ Phillack”; with names of patron saints of other Cornish parishes. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 183 November 18. Cornish Telegraph publishes, from the Clarendon Papers, “The Parishes in Penwith in 1645, with a list of the summes weekly they pay, and also the names of their ministers.” November 14. West Briton publishes, under the head of ‘Cornish Watering Places, &c.,” an account of ‘“‘ Mevagissey.” November 16. Oxford Local Examinations. Presentation of Prizes and Certificates at Truro, by the Bishop of Exeter. November 19. Royal Institution of Cornwall. 54th Annual General Meet- ing; Mr. John St. Aubyn, M.P., President, in the Chair. In the evening, a Conversazione in the Institution Lecture-Room, Mr. A. Pendarves Vivian, M.P., presiding. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No XIYV., and 55th Annual Report). November 21. West Briton publishes an extract from a review, in the Journal of Applied Science, of “The Life of Richard Trevithick, with an account of his inventions,” by Francis Trevithick, C.E. November 23. Death of Sir John Bowring, in the 81st year of his age, at Claremont, Exeter. December 1. Death of Sir Edward St. Aubyn, Bart., of St. Michael’s Mount, Cornwall, and Stoke Damerel, Devonshire. December 4. Cornish Telegraph publishes a note of enquiry, from “ E. H. W. Dunkin,” concerning a Brass Cross, formerly in the chancel of Sithney Church, and inscribed to the memory of Roger Trewythynnyk. December 7. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from “ Christopher Cooke,’’ London, on ‘‘ Helston in 1797.” ; In our Chronological Memoranda for 1871, under date September 22, there appeared a letter (taken from the Western Morning News) from Mr. Rogers, concerning Cones recently formed on a Cedrus Deodara at Penrose. Mr. Rogers has since written to us as follows :-— Owing to some inscrutable reason, the Autumn of 1871 was unusually favourable to the development of the fructification of rare Conifers; and I observed, as early as August 30, several small catkins on a Cedrus Deodara at Penrose, raised by my father from Indian cones sent him by Dr. Wallich, late Curator of the Botanic Garden at Caleutta. These catkins had at first the appearance of females, being erect, compact, and of the form which the female is represented as exhibiting. They gradually, however, in- creased in size, and developed into undoubted male catkins, shedding pollen abundantly, and remaining on the branches until the end of November, when all gradually fell off. Fully 200 catkins appeared on this one tree; but I could not discover any upon other specimens, nor have I been able to detect a single female.—Reports have reached me of the occur- rence of male catkins on the Deodar, in 1871, at the following places :—at Enys (where a few female cones also appeared) ;-at Pendrea, and Tremedden; in Devon, at Pontey’s Nursery, and at Ham; also at Bristol, and at Mr. Murray’s, Wimbledon, Surrey.—Dr. J. D. Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, informed Mrs. Enys that the Deodar has repeatedly ripened its cones in this country, and that there is now growing at Kewa fine young plant, some nine feet high, raised from seeds produced 12 or 15 years ago from a tree of Sir Thomas Acland’s. Dr. Hooker adds that the occur- rence of the female catkin on the Cedrus Deodara is comparatively rare in England. z 184 — WAIFS AND STRAYS. I have a few Cornish trifles which may fill up a corner in our Journal, and thus be embalmed. - I have before me, in most excellent caligraphy of the probable age of Charles II., ‘‘ A MEDECINE AGAINST THE PLAGUE Take three pints of good Muscadine, and boile therein one handfull of Sage, one handful of Rue, till a pint be wasted: then straine it, and set it over the fire againe, and put thereto halfe an ounce of longe Pepper, as much Ginger, a quarter of an ounce of Nutmegge all beaten - together, then let them bvile a little, then put thereto half an ounce of Methridate, one ounce of Treakle, and a quarter of a pinte of good Aqua vita, or rather Angelica water.” The prescriber of this stiff stomachic quaintly adds :— ‘Keep this as your Life above all worldly Treasures, and take it allwaies warm both Morneinge and HKveninge, a spooneful or two if already diseased and sweate there pon, but if not diseased, once a day a spoonefull is sufficient: in all the plague (under God), trust to this; it never failed Man, Woman, or Child if the Hart were not first cleane drowned in the disease. It is good against the Plague, Small Pox, Measells, Surfitts, and divers other the like diseases. Shake the bottle before you poure it out.” By the same hand, and equally neatly written, is the following :— ‘¢ Mortall wee are and subiect to diseases, Wee all must dye even when and howe God pleases! Into the world but one waye we doe come, A thousand waies from hence wee are sent home. Now that thou maist be kept from dangers all, And that noe sickness or disease may fall Vpon thy body, that heere thou maist have health, And with it alsoe happinis and wealth ; That all the blessings that the earth can give May be afforded thee whilst heere thou live On earth, and when the tyme shall come That thou must hence depart vuto thy home, And leave this wretched world, and death shall saye Soule take thy leave, thou must noe longer staye, Heavens graunt that Angells thee may waite upon, WAIFS AND STRAYS. 185 And safely thee convey unto the throne Of joy and blisse, and that to Abraham’s brest Thou maiest be brought where quietly thou maist rest To all eternity, where thou shalt have More joy and blisse than I can wish or crave; And nowe that this may unto thee be given Shall be my Prayer unto the God of heaven, And that thou maist be nowe and ever blest Shall be the daily prayer of F. W.”. The last line gives a clue to the writer. Campanology is a very interesting part of the Antiquary’s studies, and really scientific bell-ringing is getting into well-deserved favour. I have collected heaps of belfry rhymes, laying down in wretched doggerel the rules of ringing. From the collation of all, I have made this modification, (but not alteration), of them, and present them to campanologists of the present day as not being needed for them, but as having been once required for their predecessors at the bell-rope. Beurry RvuLeEs. These laws shall us in bonds of order tie, And all who here shall ring must fain comply ; That he who curses, swears, or rudely brawls, Or, moved by passion, names disgraceful calls, Shall sixpence pay: and so shall he as well Who, careless, ringing overturns a bell. He who in belfry wears a hat or spur, For such misdeed shall the same fine incur. But he who roused, and in a choleric mood, Shall strike or quarrel, though he draw no blood, One shilling pays. These acts we all despise, And hope such strife will never here arise. Whoe’er shall damage do unto the tower, To windows, locks; shall in that very hour A seven and sixpence pay. We thus agree With social hearts to keep good harmony. All fines by rule shall in a box appear, And its contents be known but once a year. T. Q. C. NETHERTON, PRINTER, TRURO. DIRECTION TO THE BINDER. To face Page 115 (Journal):—“ A Plott of all the Coast of Cornwall and*Devonshire.” ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. FOUNDED 1818. Patron: THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron: H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &c., &o. Trustees: Lorp ROBARTES. Siz C. B. GRAVES SAWLE, Bart. J. S. ENYS, F.G.S. Lizut.-Con. TREMAYNE. Council for the Year 1872-3. President: Sir JOHN Sr. AUBYN, Barr., M.P. Vice-Presidents : Mr. H. S. TREMENHEERE, F.G.S. | Mz. A. PENDARVES VIVIAN, M.P. JAMES JAGO, M.D., Oxon., F.R.S. | Mz. JONATHAN RASHLEIGH. Lizvut.-Cot. TREMAYNE. Treasurer: Mr. TWEEDY. Secretary: Mr. WHITLEY. Assistant Secretaries: Mr. W. G. DIX and Mr. F. V. BUDGE. Other Members: Rev. J. BANNISTER, UL.D., Mr. A. PAULL, Cc. BARHAM, M.D., Canvas., Mr. W. J. RAWLINGS, Mr. W. COPELAND BORLASE, Mr. H. O. REMFRY, F.S.A., : Mr. EH. SHARP, Joun., Rev. J. R. CORNISH, M.A., Mr. W. TWEEDY, Rev. W. IAGO, L.S. Soc. Ant. Lonp., And THE MAYOR OF TRURO. Local Secretaries : BODMIN :—Mr. T. Q. COUCH, F-.S.A. TRURO :—Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. LONDON :—Mr. H. M. WHITLEY. Editor of Journal:—Mr. C. CHORLEY, Truro. Librarian and Curator of Museum:—Mr. W. NEWCOMBEH, Truro. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, AND TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE CURATOR. HE CORNISH FAUNA: A Compendium of the Natural History of the &3,County. PARTS I. anv I1.—Containing the Vertebrate, Crustacean, and Part of the Radiate Animals, and Shells) By JONATHAN COUCH, F.L.S., &c. Price 3s. PART III.—Containing the Zoophytes and Calcareous Corallines. By RICHARD Q. COUCH, M.R.C.S., &c. Price 3s. HE SERIES OF REPORTS of the Proceedings of the Society, with numerous illustrations. IST OF ANTIQUITIES in the West of Cornwall, with References and Illustrations. By J.T. BLIGHT. Price 1s. APS OF THE ANTIQUITIES in the Central and the Land’s End Districts of Cornwall. Price ls. {ARN BREA (with Map). By SIR GARDNER WILKINSON, D.C.L., (; F.R.S., &c. Price Is. : ; DDITIONS TO BORLASE’S NATURAL HISTORY OF CORN- WALL. From MS. Annotations by the Author. Price 2s. 6d. OURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. Numbers I to XIII are on Sale, price 4s. each. JOURNAL OF THE Mopal Anstitution of Cornwall, WITH THE FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. No. XV. APRIL. -©87 &: ao 8 8642 TRURO: JAM, R. NETHERTON, 7, LEA “N STREET. 1874. CONTENTS. The Papers marked thus (*) are illustrated. I.—Tin Trapr or CornwWALL, IN THE REIGNS OF ELIZABETH AND JAMES.—Sizr JoHN Mactuan, F.S.A., Hon. Mem. IL. —On tue Dererrat Trn-Ore or ConnwaLt.—W. J. eee F.R.S., F.G.8., &c. I11.—On THE oOccURRENCE oF Woop-TiIn OnE at WHEAL VorR,— W. ARaatt. TVY.—DywnaMitk, IN ITS SANITARY ASPECT.—Dr. Hupson. V.—Joun pe Trevisa (Supplemental Notice).—J. Jopz Rogers. VI.—*Romano-BritisH, oR LATE CELTIC, REMAINS AT TRELAN Banow.—J. Jope Rogers. VII.—Curonictes oF Cornish Saints. (VII. 8. Cranrocr).— Rey. Joun Apams, M.A. VIII.—*THe Common Srats oF Connwatt.—R. N. Worrts, Corr. Mem. - [X.—Narvurat Periopic Poanomena.—T. Q. Coucu, F.S.A. Mertroronoey, 1873.—C. Barnamu, M.D., Canvas. CHronotogicat Memoranpa, 1878. THE FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT — OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. INSTITUTED ON THE FIFTH OF FEBRUARY, 1818. TRURO: JAMES R. NETHERTON, 7, LEMON STREET. 1874. ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. FOUNDED 1818. Patron: THE QUEEN. Vice-Patron: H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, DUKE OF CORNWALL, &c., &c. Trustees: Lorp ROBARTES. Stir C. B. GRAVES SAWLE, Bart. F. G. ENYS. Lirvt.-Cot. TREMAYNE. Council for the Year 1873-4. President : J. JAGO, M.D., (Oxon.), F.R.S. Vice-Presidents : Lreut.-Cot. TREMAYNE. Stir J. ST. AUBYN, Barr., M.P. Mr. A. PENDARVES VIVIAN, M.P.| Mr. TWEEDY. Mr. JONATHAN RASHLEIGH. Treasurer : Mr. W. TWEEDY. Secretaries : Mr. WHITLEY, F.M.S., and Mr. F. V. BUDGE. Assistant Secretary: Mr. W. G. DIX. Other Members: Cc. BARHAM, M.D. Canrtas., Rey. W. IAGO, A.B. Cantas. Mr. W. COPELAND BORLASE, L.S. Soc. Ant. Lonp., F.S.A., Mr. H. 8. LEVERTON, Rey. J. R. CORNISH, M.A, Mr. A. PAULL, CANTAB., Mr. W. J. RAWLINGS, C. LE NEVE FOSTER, D.Sc., Mr. H. O. REMFRY, > (Lonp.), F.G.S., Mr. J. D. TYERMAN, And THE MAYOR OF TRURO. Local Secretaries: BODMIN :—Mkr. T. Q. COUCH, F.S.A. TRURO :—Mr. ALEXANDER PAULL. LONDON :—Mr. H. M. WHITLEY. Editor of the Journal:—Mr. C. CHORLEY, Truro. Librarian and Curator of Museum :—Mr. W. NEWCOMBE, Truro. Honorary Members: Wm. von Haidinger, F.R.S.E., &c., Vienna. Thomas Hawkins,F.G.S.,&c., Hermit- age, Whitwell, Isle of Wight. Rev. T. G. Hall, M.A., F.B.S., Prof. Math., King’s College, London. J. H. Gray, F.R.S. and F.L.S., British Museum. Sir Gardner Wilkinson,D.C.L.,F.R.S8., &e. Chas.Cardale Babington, M.A.,F.R.S., &e., Prof. of Botany, Cambridge. Rev. E. L. Barnwell, M.A., Ruthin, Denbighshire. W. L. Banks, F.S.A., Brecon, South Wales. Warington Wilkinson Smyth, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.8., &c., London. Major Gen. Sir H.James,R.E.,F.R.S., M.R.L.A., &¢., Southampton. W. Pengelly, F.R.S.,F.G.S., Lamorna, Torquay. Sir John Maclean,F.S.A.,Pallingswick Lodge, Hammersmith. Corresponding Members : Edward Blyth, Calcutta. W. P. Cocks, Falmouth. Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, Hornacot. John Hockin, London. Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Min- ing Records, School of Practical Geology, &c. Rev. R. Lethbridge King, Sydney, Australia. Major Gen. Lambrick, Royal Marines. Henry Me. Lauchlan, F.G.S.,London. Capt. Napleton, Bengal. S. R. Pattison, F.G.S., London. C. W. Peach, Edinburgh. W. H. Tregellas, Holly Cottage, Brom- ley, Kent. Thomas Turner, Manchester. R. N. Worth, Plymouth. Associates: J. T. Blight, F.S.A., Penzance. W. Carkeet, Sydney. C. Chorley, Truro. J. H. Collins, F.G.8., Truro. George Copeland, Hayle. W. Dawe, Delhi, Hast Indies. Joseph Dickinson, H.M. Inspector of Coal Mines, Manchester. N. Hare, jun., Liskeard. Edward Hookham, London. Thomas Lobb, Perranwharf. W. Loughrin, Polperro. S. H. Michell, Swansea. R. Pearce, jun., F.G.S8., Colorado. Capt. Josiah Thomas, Dolcoath. Capt. Williams, Charlestown Mines. Proprietors: Viscount Falmouth. Lord Clinton. Lord Churston. Lord Robartes. Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P. Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., F.R.S., Representatives of. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. Sir C. B. Graves Sawle, Bart. Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart., F.R.S.,F.G.S. Sir Wm. Williams, Bart., Reps. of. Sir 8. T. Spry, Reps. of. Andrew, Henry, F.R.C.S. Baynard, William. Boase, H. S., M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Dundee. Buller, J. H., Downes. Carlyon, EH. T. Carpenter, John, Reps. of. Chilcott, J. G, Clyma, W. J. Edwards, Miss, Newquay. Enys, J. 8., F.G.S., Hnys, Reps. of. Fox, Charles, Trebah. Fox, R. W., F.B.S., Penjerrick. Gregor, F. G., Trewarthenick. Hartley, W. H. H., Rosewarne. Hawkins, J. H., F.R.S.,F.G.8., Bignor Park. Hawkins, C. H. T., Trewithen. Hendy, James. Hogg, John, M.D., London. Hogg, Mrs. Jenkins, Rev. D., Sé¢. Goran, Reps. of. Leverton, H. Spry, L.R.C.P. Ed. Michell, Edward. Michell, W., Reps. of. Michell, W. E. Nankivell, J. T., Reps. of. Nankivell. J. T., Melbourne. Paddon, W. H. Parkyn, Major, D.C.R.V. Potts, Miss, Brighton. Roberts, Joseph, Southleigh. Rogers, W., Falmouth. Rogers, F., Plymouth. Rogers, Rev. St. Aubyn. Rogers, Rev. R. Basset, Budock. Rogers, J. Jope, Penrose. Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan. Rogers, Reginald, Carwinion. Sambell, Philip, jun., Falmouth. Spry, HE. G. Spry, Mrs. Stokes, H. 8., Bodmin. Tweedy, Robert, T'regolls. Tweedy, HE. B. Tweedy, W. Tweedy, R. M., Falmouth. Tweedy, Charles, Redruth. Tweedy, Miss. Tweedy, Miss C. Vivian, John Ennis, Reps. of. Whitford, Miss. Wightman, Lieut.-Col.George,Reps.of Williams, R. H., M.R.C.S. Willyams, H., Carnanton, Reps. of. Willyams, A. C. Life Members: RightRey.LordBishop of Fredericton. “Martin, J. N., C.H., Assam. Coulson, W., London. James, John. Rogers, Capt. F., R.N., Totnes. Annual Subscribers: Tue Prince oF WALES £ ee 20 The Town Council of Truro 20 Bannister,Rev. Dr., St. Day Barham, C., M.D., (Cantab.) Basset, G. L., Tehidy Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon .. Bolitho, Richard Foster, \ Ponsandane .. Bond, F. Walter, order Borlase, Wu. Copeland, F.S.A., Castle Horneck Budd, J. Palmer, Y: Orage Budge, LE AVEN rese Crago, Thos., Woodbury) Cottage .. . Carew, W. H. P., Antony Carlyon, Edmund, St. Austell Carlyon, Major, Tregrehan Carne, Miss, Penzance . Carne, W. N., Rosemundy Carter, R. H. A Carus- Wilson, BE. S. Tr uthan Childs, R. W., , London Christoe, W. Collins, Rev. C. M. ‘award, Trewardale .. .. \ Collins, J. H., F.G.S. Coode, T., Pond-dhu 6 Coode, Edward, Polapit Tamar, Launceston. Cornish, Rev. J. R., M.A.. Oriel We do G6. oo 6 Dix, W. G.. Dumbleton, Ren Ei. N. Scien Dymond, W. Pog dil M. Se es Falmouth : eHnys, F.G., Hnys .. Falmouth, Viscount... Fortescue,Honble. G.M., Boconnoc Ferguson, Henry T.. Ferris, T. . Fisher, Herbert W. V. Wh London Bane Ford, Rev. I., Bath ave Foster, R., ‘bjonn ithan Foster, C. ite Neve, D. Sce., (Lond.), F.R.S. “il op<, Coy JERAMWO ao oc *Fox, R.W., F.R.S. Pen-\ jerrick ¢ Freeman, J. D., F ‘ulhmaonin Freeman, W. G., Penryn Freeth, Ga Duporth. Ra eeye Bee Be eB eB ee eB OF pp NB BE BPR Be BP BPR BH PEEP ORE ee HB Ye ep BP Be PEE 2 ry BREE EP BP BP Pe BH OM YD DHE HE BBE BP BPR Be PREP ORR EE Bee eB ee Pee ROO Soe 8 22 20 © ©&O© © SoS © GOSGSeS © OS 2S GOOQOOOCSESS © Soo © © © GOOooEqge™ t o Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., J're- ) REGia) ca f lel@nrl ID, Gis 06. 00 do Henderson, J., Newham .. Henwood, W. J., F.B.S., F.G.S., Penzance .. | Hingeston- Randolph, Rev. F.C., M.A. (oton.)\ Ringmore.. @ Hockin, Williams 56. ‘G0 Hocking,Samuel, Rosewarne Hogg, Lieut.-Col., M.P., TOndonn ae Hosken, James, illen- glase, Cubert . 0 | Hudson, F. T. .. . Hudson, R. S.,M.D., and) C. M. , Qu. Univ. Trell Hughan, W. J... . Tago, Rev. W.,B. A. West- i heath, Bodmin aes Oe Ta A.B., (Cantab.), F.R.S. James, Hamilton +James, John Jenkins, W. H.. ae King, F., M.R. C. Ss. Leverton, H.S.,L.R. C. P. Ea. Liddell, W., M. Dep RIN Liddell, Capt. R.N., Bodmin Mount Edgcumbe, The Hanlvotew vrmuntes a) Marshall, F. .. Moor, Rev. Allen Page,s (Sen Clements . Netherton, J. R. Nix, Arthur P. Oliver, Capt. 8. P., R. Do, Falmouth 5 Olver, Jacob, almanac 60 Peto, Sy. A., Tr Ur Parkyn, Major 50 Pascoe, S. .. Paull, A., M.B.CS. aie Paull, J. R., Bosvigo Pearce, 186. jun., Colorado Phillips, W., Falmouth Phillpotts, Rev.T., Porth- gwidden .. .. Rashleigh,Jonathan, Mei ena- COW “0 Rawlings, W. J. | Downes, \ Hayle .. Remfry, G. E., Torquay .. Be BS HY ORE BRE eH O fF Be eB eh Pee RB Orne BEF fF OH Oo fF tf BY fe oF = — a HH OF - — oe OF SF ee i paaane a ie FP ORE RE BR B&O RF Be Be Be HB eRe RE OFF fF eS e ‘Sc eco o & S CEOeoceeeSe © OO © © 2 MESS OSeeO © SY O OD © © ee © oo © Langdon Court, ae mouth oo £s. d. £ Remfiry, H.O. .. .. .. 1 1 O| Teague, W., Pencalenick .. 1 Richards, T., Redruth - 1 1 0} Treffry, Rev. Dr., Place, ) - 1 *Roberts, Joseph ° iil © Fowey Roberts, Mrs. .. 010 0 TeStaen ge Sir J. Salus- 1 Rodd, EH. H.., Penzance a, O10) © lounyabartenee mae Roebuck, W.R., Trevarthian 1 1 O/| Tremayne,J.,M. P, ,Heligan 2 *Rogers, J. J., Penrose 1 1 O/| Tremayne, Lieut. -Col., 1 *Rogers, Ree., Carwinion 1 1 O Carclew Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan 1 1 0} Tremenheere,H. Seymour, rt 1 St. Aubyn, Sir J., Bart., 110 C.B. london WWIG}EES Pendrea doe Tucker, E. B., Trevince .. 1 Salmon, W. Wiens 0 5 O|} Tweedy, Mrs., Alverton .. 1 Sawle, Sir C. B. Graven 110 *Tweedy, R. 5 1 Bart., Penrice *Tweedy, W. 0 Sharp, Edward,jun.,M.B.C.S. 1 1 0O/| Tyerman, J. D., “Tregony.. 1 Sheriff, J. D., Truro 1 1 O/} Vautier, Rev. Re Kenwyn 1 Slight, Rev. H. 8., Ruan- 110 Waren, Jelom, dy ©, $50 55 al lanihorne .. Vivian, ArthurPendarves, 1 Smirke, Sir E., Rondonwe ln AsO M.P., Glenafon .. \ Smith, Rt. Hon. aa ron baat Vivian,H. ety M.P., Park- 1 Montague, London Won Boat es Smith, P. P., Tremorvah.. 1 1 0O| *Vyvyan, Sir R. R., "Bart. 1 Smith, W. Bickford, Tesi Whitley, N., F.M. S. sani ial - brook, Camborne. . Whitley, H. M.. 0 Snell, J... us 0 5 O| Williams, SirF. M. Bart. 1 Solomon, 4, al -@ M.P., Goonvrea . 7 Stackhouse, Miss t.. ik ak @ Wilkinson, Rey. J. J., Sulivan, Capt. G.L.,R. N., 110 M.A.,(Oxon.), Loxt| 1 Flushing ; glos ey Camelford Tannahill, J. .. 0 5 0} Williams, J. M. Baie: ys\ 4 Taylor, Bn E.G.S., &e. i) Aes Castleman \ Those marked “pith * are Proprietors ; with + are Life Members. Subscribers to the Illustration Fund: ae & Gl £ Barham, C., M.D. -» O 5 O}| Roberts, J... seen) Boger, Deeble, Wolsdon -- O 5 O|}| Rogers, J. J., Porn ose 0 Broad, R. R., Falmouth .. 0 5 0 Ditto (Donation) 1 Carew, W. if, P., Antony 0 5 0O| Rogers, Rev. W., Mawnan 0 Carus-Wilson,H. S. Lruthan 0 5 O| St. Aubyn, Sir J., Bart., 0 Chilcott, J. G. BG 6 © & © M.P., Pendrea .. Coode, E. Polapit Tamar, 2} 0-5 0 Smirkes Sir Hay Geen nO Launceston .. 6 Shean, IPP G6 6 © Ferguson, Henry T, O6 0 5 0 Tremenheere, H. Sey - 0 Fox, Charles, Trebah 5. (0)! 4... © mour, C.B., London yr} Gilbert,Hon.Mrs.,7relissickh 0 5 0 | Tucker, C., Haxeter 0 Glencross, Rev. J., Luaz- OR @ Tweedy, R. Rie sere 0 stowe, Liskeard . Tweedy, W. 0 Henwood, W. J., F. R. Shop tl 050 Whitley, N. 5 0 Penzance 50 { Whitley, H. M.. 0 Jago, eee M.D., F. R. ee 0 5 O| Williams,Sir F. M., Bart., Fo, 0 Nix, Arthur P. .. 05 0 M.P., Goonwr CU. § Paull, A. .. 05 0 Willyams, A. C., Bodrean 0 Remfry, G. F., Tor quay oo © & © wn — RK BEE OHRRE BS pe BS ee — eH OMe UNA ANNE aT aT aT NMOTMaZ S OSS © © SOOSeoSooo SO SO SGOS So oF SSoSo0oS0 oO oo Oo Coo O The MUSEUM is open to Members and their families every day, except Sundays, between the hours of Ten and Four o’clock during the Winter, and between Nine and Six o’clock in the Summer. The Museum is open to the public, free of charge, on the Afternoons of Mowpays, WEDNESDAYS, and Saturpays, from Noon until dusk, during the Winter months, and until Six o’clock in the Summer months. On other days, and previous to Twelve o’clock on the above days, an admission fee of Sixpence is required. An Annual Subscription of Five Shillings entitles the Subscriber to admission to the Museum on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and to attend all the Meetings of the Society. A Subscription of Ten Shillings further entitles the Subscriber to intro- duce to the Museum and meetings all the bond jide resident members of his family. A Subscription of One Guinea entitles the Subscriber to all the publi- cations issued by the Institution, to admission to the Museum, for himself and family, on every day in the week, and to the meetings of the Society; and to ten transferable tickets of admission to the Museum whenever open. The ‘‘JouRNAL oF THE Royat InstituTIon oF CornwALu” will be for- warded free _of charge to the members subscribing One Guinea Annually. To others it will be supplied on payment, in advance, of Three Shillings a year ; or the several numbers may be obtained from the Curator, or from a Book- seller, at Four Shillings each. ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. SPRING MEETING, 1873. Tus Meeting was held, in the Library of the Institution, at noon on Friday the 16th of May. In the absence of the President, Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P., the Chair was occupied by Dr. Jago, F.R.S., a Vice-President; and there were also present, (besides many ladies) :—Mr. R. Were Fox, F.R.S.; Mr. W. Jory Henwood, F.R.S.; Mr. Tweedy, Treasurer; Mr. F. V. Budge, Assistant Secretary; Dr. Barham, Rey. Dr. Bannister, Mr. Alexander Paull, and Mr. H. O. Remfry, Members of the Council ; Rev. H. 8. Slight, Rev. Allen Page Moor, Capt. Oliver, R.A., Mr. Reginald Rogers, Mr. Theodore Budd, Dr. Hudson, Mr. H. Spry Leverton, Mr. John James, Mr. 8. Pascoe, Mr. R. N. Worth, Mr. D. G. Whitley. The CHAIRMAN said he had heard with regret that the President, Sir John St. Aubyn, had found himself so circumstanced as to be unable to attend this Meeting; for, inasmuch as Mr. Seymour Tremenheere, the only Vice-President senior to himself, was also absent, it had devolved upon him to preside on this occasion ; and thus the audience would have to dispense with a prepared address from the chair, as he could venture no further, as an introduction to the business of the day, than to endeavour in a cursory way to indicate how the Institutional events of the past year connected themselves with this day’s proceedings, and the papers that would be read to-day, so far as their titles seemed to him to import, with the past doings of the society. By reference to the Number of the Journal of the Royal Insti- tution of Cornwall just issued, it would be seen that at the Spring Meeting of last year, the President had brought to their notice the Draft of a Bill for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments, on which the opinion of this and kindred societies had been A 2 By requested by Sir John Lubbock, preliminarily to his bringing such a measure into the House of Commons. As it then stood, many of its clauses were thought to be unacceptable, or of very question- able use. Since then the author had reconstructed his draft, with a view to obviate the objections raised against it in its first form ; and the Council of this Institution had, in response to his appeal, petitioned Parliament in its favour, subject to the reservation that there was room for still further amendment ; which act would be taken to mean little more than an approval of its preamble. The Chairman next stated that the Institution had been invited to assist in promoting the success of the Meeting of the Royal Archeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, appointed to be held at Exeter from July 29th to August 5th inclusive ; and their President had been selected to preside in the History Section. Moreover, they had been asked by the Exeter Committee to allow certain valuable rarities—among them the Gold Torque—to be removed from their Museum, to form part of - a temporary museum forming at Exeter for inspection by the Archxologists; and the Council had consented, upon proper provision being made for the safe transport and custody of the articles lent. In connection with the Exeter Meeting there would be Excursions over Dartmoor, and shorter ones elsewhere; and, as many of the members of the Institution would wish to avail themselves of them, it had been determined by the Council to have no Excursion of their own this summer. Moreover, Corn- wall would be visited this summer by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, primarily under the auspices of the Polytechnic Society at Falmouth ; but this Institution would of course be anxious to render any assistance in its power, though it was unfortunate that this visit of the Engineers would be taking place, for the most part, whilst the Archzologists were at Exeter. Dr. Jago, in passing on to the chief purpose of the meeting, the reading of the Papers that had been entrusted to them, re- marked that, although in such a Society as theirs it must usually happen that such papers must primarily deal with local phenomena, it by no means followed that these might not become a source of a wide reputation for those authors who bestowed due pains in ex- ploring them. Of this fact there was ample evidence immediately before him. On the table was a valuable gift of shells &c. from Mr. W. P. Cocks, as a reminder of the many papers that had in former years been contributed to their Journal by this veteran naturalist, whose indefatigable researches, over a period of 30 years, in the neighbourhood of Falmouth, had caused his name to be indelibly written in the annals of marine fauna. The like, as the publica- Vv cations of this society showed, did Jonathan Couch and son on other portions of the Cornish coast; so did Sars and son to still greater depths off the steep coasts of Norway ;* so that they were led to demur to the dictum of Forbes, that there was no life in the ocean at a greater depth than 300 fathoms; until at length the English Government had been induced to send such naturalists as Carpenter, Gwyn Jeffreys, and Wyville Thomson, in men-of- war, on those devious, deep-dredging expeditions which were astonishing the scientific world with the news that life, under favourable conditions, might exist at, perhaps, the utmost oceanic depth, and that beings were now daily being hauled up from the bottom of the sea, which were nearly related to forms that had been imagined by Geologists and Zoologists to have been extinct since the cretaceous and odlitic strata of the solid earth had been deposited. There would be a Paper too by Mr. Henwood, which would bring to their recollection that it was among the Cornish mines that he earned his spurs as an eminent geologist. Then again, in the Antiquarian department, one of their younger members, Mr. Copeland Borlase, by the publication of his Nena Cornubic, which had been done since they last met, had acquired for himself a general reputation as an archeologist, however much he might have wounded the prejudices of some, by labouring to explode the idea that certain of the sepulchral barrows in this county were of Celtic origin. Sir John Maclean, who had now contributed a Paper, had just completed his History of Trigg Minor, which was esteemed as a model of antiquarian research. Lastly, this Institution could not forget their recent loss of an Honorary Member, one of the most illustrious of linguists, Dr. Edwin Norris, it being recorded of him that he was able to speak and write in some five-and-twenty languages. If Mezzofanti could converse in more tongues than Norris, the world owed far more to the latter, as a philologist, who had advanced our knowledge of at least three defunct languages of eastern peoples. From the old Cornish Tongue he had translated, if he remembered rightly, three Miracle Plays; and those members of this Institution who made his acquaintance on the occasion of the Cambrian Archeo- logical Association’s visit to Cornwall in 1862, would have a kindly remembrance of his simple and genial disposition. Since Norris’s translations, another Cornish Miracle Play had come to light, in Wales, and had been rendered into English by Mr. Whitley Stokes of Dublin, as they would hear about from Dr. * The Chairman here made reference to one of the books just presented to the Institution by the University of Christiania. A 3 V1. Bannister, the successful labourer in the field of old Cornish names, in the course of the meeting. But, gratifying as it was that remnants of Cornish literature had been rescued from oblivion, Dr. Jago held it to be fortunate that Cornish was no longer the living language of the county. Whether it were true or not, as he had read in last week’s Atheneum, that there was a project afoot for translating Dickens’s works into Welsh, for the benefit of a numerous population in this island who had hitherto been unable to read them, it was in every way an advantage to Cornish folk that they had adopted one of the great universal languages, which gave them ready access to other men’s thoughts, and enabled them to communicate their own. Otherwise they would be much worse off than a small independent nation with a language of its own ; and how such a people as this might feel themselves incom- moded in this respect might be seen by a series of publications which had just been presented to the Institution by the University of Christiania, and produced by its learned professors. These were not all written in Norwegian, but, besides one joint statistical pamphlet by the Russian and Norwegian Governments, which was in French, there was one Essay printed in English and another in German, that they might gain the general circulation that they would not have attained in Norwegian. Mr. F. V. BuDGE read the lists of Presents :— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Wood-Tin, from a depth of 200 fathoms; Metal Lode, Wheal Vor, Breage ..........ceeeee Mr. William Argall. Three Cannon Balls (two of iron, and one of Mr. Reginald Rogers, Car- stone), found at Carwinion .............. winion. ~ Part of a Cannon Ball, from the Alma battle- . vel diMeriecvals Es MHA ES elas Aire es ee NOR eer Sener Mr. C. M. Barrett, Truro. Six Arrows, brought from New Zealand in 1870, Rev. Edward Tippett, New- by My. Frederick Hele Tippett ......... lee quay. Relic from the Chicago Fire ...........s000 Mr. Hancock. Ancient Carved Stone; dug, about 40 years since, from beneath the site of a housein Ferris- town, Truro, when the ground was being excavated for its foundation. Supposed to Mr. Edward Sharp, jun., have belonged to the St. Dominick Friary .. Truro. Hamburg Coin, 1727* .. 202. oe cece ee cee wee Mr. Thomas Worth, Truro. * Legend on the Obverse: Carolus VI. D. G. ROM. IMP. SEMP. AUG. On the Reverse: Hamburger Current. 1727. IlIl SCHIL, Vil Collections of Insects, Shells, Eggs, and other * objects in Natural History (a)...... eooceeee Mr. W.P. Cocks, Falmouth. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Parochial and Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor. Part VI., 1873. (Forrabury and Minster). With Indices to Vol. I.—By Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., Member of the Royal Archeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Honorary Member of the Royal Presented by Mr. Henwood, Institution of Cornwall, etc...........00. F.R.S., &c. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, par MM. Chevreul, Dumas, Boussingault, Regnault, Wurtz, avec la collaboration de M. Bertin. Ame Série. (5 Nos., Janvier—Mai, 1873.... Ditto. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philoso- phical Magazine, and Journal of Science. Fourth Series. No: 295. December, 1872.. Ditto. Remarques sur les Gisements Métalliféres du Cornwall. Par William Jory Henwood, E.B.S., F.G.S., Président du Royal Institution of Cornwall;* Traduction par M. E. Morineau, ancien éléve de l’Kcole des Mines; revue par M. Moissenet, ingénieur des mines ........ Ditto. * Le mémoire original a été inséré au n°. 13 du Journal of the royal institution of Cornwall; les travaux antérieurs 4 ceux de l’auteur y sont Vobjet de nombreuses citations, et ’auteur y signale l’important concours qui id a été gracieusement offert par les agents des mines et les mineurs de tout © comté. (a) These Collections comprised: Insects from South America, British and Foreign Shells, a bottle with ‘‘ Garganum bacciferum,” &c. Concerning the Shells, Mr. Williams Hockin, having examined them, writes as follows : ‘Tn addition to the collection of Foreign Shells, Mr. Cocks has obliged us by 85 species of recent British Shells, of which the following are new to our Museum :— Marine: Freshwater : 1. Aplysia hybrida. - 1. Limneus auricularius. 2. Bulla Crankii. 2. truncatulus. 3. Ianthina communis. 3. Planorbis glaber. 4, Lamellaria tentaculata. 4, Pisidium pulchellum (amphibious ) 5. Mangelia gracilis. 5. Unio pictorum. 6. levigata. Land. 7. scabra. 1, Azeca tridéns. 8. Pleurobranchus plumula. 2. Helix hispida. 9. Rissoa inconspicua. 3. ——- revilata. (Ran.) 10. Trochus millegranus. 4, Pupa Anglica. 11, Venus casina. 5. Vitrina pellucida. 6. Zonites alliarius. Vill Latham’s Birds: A General Synopsis of Birds, Vol. I., Pt. 2, 1782. Ditto Vol. III, Pt.2, From Mr. W. P. Cocks, Tlic SiooeouboodedadddousodacudbadGeaaD Falmouth. An Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines, and other Marine Productions of the like kind, commonly found on the Coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. To which is added, The Description of a large Marine Polype taken near the North Pole, by the Whale-Fishers, in the Summer 1753. By John Ellis, F.R.S. 1755 .......-.. 560000 Ditto. Testacea Britannica, or Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh- Water, including the most minute: system- atically arranged and embellished with Figures, by George Montague, F.L.8.—1803. (Parts 1 and 2, in one volume) ........ 6000 Ditto, The Gardeners Dictionary ; containing the best and newest methods of cultivating and im- proving the Kitchen, Fruit, Flower Garden, and Nursery; as also for performing the practical parts of Agriculture, including the management of Vineyards, with the methods of making and preserving the wine, according to the present practice of the most skilful Vignerons in the several wine countries in Europe. Together with directions for pro- | pagating and improving, from real practice and experience, all sorts of Timber trees.— The Seventh Edition, revised and altered according to the latest system of Botany ; and embellished with several Copper-Plates, which were not in the former Hditions.— By Philip Miller, F.R.S., Gardener to the Wor- shipful Company of Apothecaries, at their Botanick Garden in Chelsea, and Member of the Botanick Academy at Florence.— MDCCLIX. (2 vols. fol.) cc.csecccececeee Ditto. . Twenty Portraits, engraved from Photographs. . Ditto. Collins’ Elementary Science Series. A First Book of Mineralogy. Adapted to the re- quirements of The Science and Art Depart- ment, and suitable for self-instruction. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Author of ‘A Hand- book to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon”; Secretary to the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, Hon. Assistant Secretary to the Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon, Associate of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, etc., etc. ............ From the Author. The Dolmen Mounds and Amorpholithic Monuments of Brittany.—By 8. P. Oliver, Capt. R.A., F.R.G.S., Corresponding Member Anthropological Institute ....+.sseee+see. From the Author. 1X Historical Notes concerning the progress of mining skill in Devon and Cornwall. By R. No MiG, Sbasovoegunoouodue Ptekoley siete iso 00 Notes on the Site of the Palace of Kennington. (From the Archeological Journal, No. 114, A.D. 1872).—By Henry Mac-Lauchlan, F.G.S., Corr. Mem. Royal Institution of Coram ill Gaobodsodcaos0od0000g0000000C 00 History and Antiquities of Kemsing Church, Kent. By EH. H. W. Dunkin, Author of ‘‘ Some Account of the Megalithic Remains in South Dorset”; ‘‘ The Megalithic Remains in Mid- Kent”; &c., &c. (Reprinted from ‘ The Reliquary, Quarterly Archeological Journal euavdl INGNAENT™) Gogo a0000000dDR00000 000000 Meteorology of West Cornwall and Scilly, 1872. (Reprinted from the 40th Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society) A Handy-Book of Rock Names, with Brief Descriptions of the Rocks.—By G. Henry Kinahan, Engineer Diplomatist, Trin. Coll. Dublin; Member of the Royal Irish Academy ; Fellow of the Royal Geological Society, Ireland; of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom ; etc., etc. .............. A Plott of all the Coast of Cornwall and Devonshire, as they were to be fortified in 1588 against the Landing of any Enemy. Taken from the Original in the Cottonian Library* ......... 900000000000 Soacdodcc Annual Report and Transactions of the Ply- mouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Vol. IV. Part III. 1871-72.—Appended is ‘‘ The Three Towns Bibliotheca: A Catalogue of Books, Pam- phlets, Papers, etc., written by natives thereof; published therein; or relating thereto; with Brief Biographical Notices of ‘the Principal Authors. By R. N. Worth, Honorary Member of the Plymouth Insti- VONMOM cog G5 0000000000005 $00600000000000 Flora of Devon and Cornwall. By Isaiah W. N. Keys, Curator of Botany in the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Part V. Labiatae—Characee. —Mosses of Devon and Cornwall. By H. M. Holmes and Francis Brent.—Scale Mosses, Liverworts, and Lichens of Deyon and Cornwall. By H. M. Holmes .......ccces From the Author. From the Author, From the Author. From Mr, W. P. Dymond, Falmouth. From the Author. From Mr. Henry Lee Rowett, Polperro. From the Institution. From the Plymouth Insti- tution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. ® See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. XIV. x The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archeological Association of Ireland. Vol. II. Fourth Series. July, 1872. No. 11. : Ditto. October, 1872. No.12... From the Association. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. : Vols ii Nos ie anuanys UST oielsyeleele/+ acre From the Institute. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London. Index. 1861- NYO ssooe AGG epoo Unb bdoGOoGD holoooodOd --- From the Society. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London. For the year 1872. Part II. March—June...........- Ditto. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of) London. Second Series. .......2.ec06 Vol. V. No. IV. June 8, 1871, to January Donel Si Amelertertetler werent Ditto. Ditto No. V. January 25, to May 2, 1872 Ditto No. VI. May 2, 1872, to January 9, UST oksiceersiereainldtetototeve ened) Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society. Part XI1.—Part IL On Wolken INV Goucansc0 ooddoonDd0C0b0 60 Ditto. Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic Society, December 21, 1872 ..... 1... 00.05 5000 Z| January 18, 1873 ............ 9000000060 \ : Idajormpenay Wy IG} Gocccococ0cuuK0O M050 F Ditto. GR IF UW boas ooneade sane seesee | Woril 26841873 b, oneieee ose gaceuena: Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Vol. Il. No. 4.1873 From the Club. From the University of Christiania :— On some Remarkable Forms of Animal Life from the great deeps off the Norwegian Coast. I. Partly from Posthumous Manuscripts of the late Professor Dr. Michael Sars by George Ossian Sars. With 6 Copper-plates. 1872. On the Rise of Land in Scandinavia. By 8. A. Sexe. 1872. Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Hin Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas. Von Dr. F. C. Schiibeler, Professor der Botanik an der Universitit in Christiania. Mit 15 Karten und Illustrationen. 1873. Forekomster af Kise i Visse Skifere i Norge, med 3 Plancher og Flere Tresnit. Af Amund Helland, Cand. min. og Amanuensis ved Universitetets metallurgiske Laboratorium. Udgivet ved EH. B. Miinster, Professor og Bestyrer af Universitetets metallurgiske Laboratorium. 1873. Anden Beretning om Ladegaardsoens Hoyedgaard. Forste Hefte. Med flere i texten indforte Xylografier. 1872. Proveforelesninger til Concurrence om den medicinske Professorpost. Marts 1873. x1 Beretning om hvad der til Ferskvandsfiskeriernes Fremme er udfort i Tidsrummet fra lste Oktober, 1871, til lste Oktober, 1872, af M. G. Hetting. 1873. Ladegaardsoens Hovedgaards Samlinger af Bregner og Laver, fornemmelig fra Christianiadalen. Geologisk Kart af Laver. Fortegnelse over del geologiske Lavkart. Hoidekart af Laver. Fortegnelse over Hoideangivelser om Christiania antydet ved Lav. Cantate ved det Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitets Mindefest for Hans Majestet Kong Carl den 19de November 1872. Rapport au Congrés International de Statistique de St. Pétersbourg sur VHtat de la Statisque Officielle du Royaume de Norvége. The following Papers were presented — On the Detrital Tin Ore of Cornwall.—By W. Jory Henwood, E.R.S., F.G.8., sometime Her Majesty’s Assay-Master of Tin in the Duchy of Cornwall. The Tin Trade of Cornwall in the reigns of Elizabeth and James L., compared with that of Edward IL—By Sir John Maclean, F.S.A. On the occurrence of Wood-Tin Ore in the Wheal Metal lode at Wheal Vor in Breage-—By William Argall, Purser of the mine. On Dynamite as an explosive agent, in its sanitary aspect.—By Dr. Hudson. Old Glaciers in South-West Cornwall.—By Francis Lloyd. On an ancient Miracle Play, recently discovered among some Welsh works.—By Rev. Dr. Bannister. Romano-British, or Late Celtic, Remains at Trelan Bahow, St. Keverne, Cornwall; found about 1833.—By J. Jope Rogers, Penrose. _ John de Trevisa.n—A.D. 1342—1412. (Supplemental Notice* ). —By J. Jope Rogers, Penrose. On the Manor of Boyton and Barton of Bradridge, with some account of the Advowson of Boyton—By E. H. W. Dunkin, Kid- brooke, Blackheath. Notes on the Ornithology of Cornwall, from May, 1872.—By E. Hearle Rodd. The Common Seals of Cornwall.By R. N. Worth, Plymouth ; Corresponding Member of the Institution. * See Journal of the eae? Institution of Cornwall, No. XI, and 51sé¢ Annual Report, p. xix. Xi On the reading of Mr. Henwood’s Paper on Detrital Tin Ore, Dr. BARHAM remarked that the record it contained, together with others brought before the Institution some time since, appeared to be confirmatory of an opinion that formerly the proportion of stream-tin from Devonshire, as compared with Cornwall, was much greater than in recent times ; notices had also been received of some remains of supposed ancient tin-works west of Dartmoor. —Mr. HENwoop remembered that Sir Edward Smirke produced here some accounts which led to the same conclusion. With reference to a part of Sir John Maclean’s Paper on the ancient Tin Trade of Cornwall, Mr. HENwWoopD wished to make a remark, which he would endeavour at some future time to expand. In addition, to the duty of 1s. 63d. per 112lbs. in Devon, and 4s. per 120lbs. in Cornwall, the Duchy also received other sums which were charged as for “great pieces,’ and which sums he had no doubt were charged as a fine on those persons who sent blocks that were not admissible. There was also a charge in respect of ‘“ white rent,” and which he was unable to explain. Dr. BArHAmM asked if there was any evidence as to the weight of blocks at that time. The weight of most_of the Jews’ House blocks in the county had been ascertained. Mr. Henwoop did not think there was anything like either a prevalent, or average, weight of the masses of Jews’-house tin ; but, generally speaking, they were of very good quality indeed. Some time since, a specimen of Jews’-house tin was given him by Mr. Petherick, of St. Austell; it was found near that town; and he believed he had presented it to this Museum in the donor’s name. In it there were particles of tin ore and charcoal agglom- erated in a cement of metallic tin; shewing that the process had been discontinued whilst only part of the ore had been converted into metal. Dr. BARHAM said it would be recollected that Mr. Poole, of the British Museum, had ascertained that the unique block in this Museum, on which Sir Henry James had written, and which had been called the Astragalus of Tin, from its resemblance to the form of the ancient blocks described by Diodorus Siculus, weighs 158lbs. and that our fine specimen of Jews’-house tin weighs 394 lbs., exactly one fourth of the former, which corresponds with two talents of the later AXigineton or Commercial Attic scale; and he drew an inference from this conformity of weights in favour of the story of Phcenician trade with Britain. With reference to the particles mentioned by Mr. Henwood, it occurred to him that possibly the ore was smelted into casual moulds of clay, and that thus loose particles got attached to the bottom of the smelted metal. S000 X11 Mr. HENWooD believed that some masses of tin which looked very much like weights, had been found near St. Austell; and that they were mentioned and figured in Borlase’s Nutural History of Cornwall. He remembered the opinion given by Mr. Poole as to the correspondence, in weights; but he was. afraid that the evidence which he should have to adduce, would not bear out the theory ; though he would not at present say so positively. He believed, however, that the weights were not multiples of the Attic, as had been supposed. Dr. BaruAm believed that Mr. Poole affirmed that some of the blocks weighed, respectively, a talent and a half talent. Dr. BARHAM read the following paper and tabulated results from Mr. DymonD, of Falmouth :— Comparison of the Temperatures of the Air and Sea at Falmouth in 1872. Observations on the Temperature of the Sea at Falmouth were com- menced in the Autumn of 1871 and were continued throughout the following year, and Iam therefore enabled to give the results of one year’s work. It was at first proposed to make the Observations in Falmouth Harbour, about the time of High Water; but it soon became apparent that results obtained in the Harbour, or near the shore, were almost worthless. Experiment proved that a difference of several degrees of Temperature existed within very small limits of space, and it was therefore determined before the end of 1871 to make the observations in the open sea, at distances varying from half a mile to three or more miles from the nearest land. Probably about one mile would be pretty nearly the average distance of the point of observation from the shore. During the months of January, February, and March, the number of observations averaged 16 per month, but subsequently the average was nearly 26 per month. The variation of temperature from day to day being exceedingly small (only once amounting to 2°), this number of observations may be considered ample to give satisfactory results. The instrument employed is a ‘‘ Standard” by Casella, tested at Kew, and was immersed to a depth of 6 feet below the surface, being suspended for a sufficient time at that depth by means of a float. The copper case of the instrument brings up water in which the bulb remains immersed whilst the reading is taken. In the following Table are given the results of the observations ; and the corresponding air temperatures, as recorded at the Falmouth Observatory, are added, with columns of differences. The sign minus is prefixed when the sea temperature is less than that of the air, and the sign plus when it is greater. In every month the maximum temperature of the sea was less than that of the air, the greatest difference being 10°-7 in June, and the least 2°-3 in November; the mean difference between the monthly maxima was 6°:3. On the other hand the minimum temperature of the sea was in every month very considerably higher than that of the air, the largest excess being 16°-3 in March (which was a very cold month on land), and the least 6° in June and July. The mean difference between the minimum temperatures was 110-5, being nearly double that between the mean maxima. As regards the mean temperatures it will be observed that the sea was warmer than the air in every month except June and July, when it was 1°-5 and 0°°9 colder. Speaking generally, the air and sea had nearly the same mean temperatures from May to September inclusive, the difference in those xiv months being less than 2°, whilst in winter the sea was considerably warmer than the air. For the whole year the mean temperature of the air was 51°7 and that of the sea 53°°9, the difference being 2°-2. As was to be expected the greatest contrast is observed when the range of temperature is considered. Thus the mean monthly range of the tem- perature of the air was 21°3, whilst that of the sea was only 3°5. The monthly range of sea temperature was much larger in summer than in winter, as was also that of the air, though in a less ratio. The highest air tempera- ture during the year was 71°-4 in July, and the lowest 34°-7 in December, the difference being 36°-7. The highest sea temperature was 63° in July and August, and the lowest 47°-5 in January, the difference being 15°'5. It is obviously difficult, if not impossible, to estimate precisely the effect of an extended area of water having a surface temperature so different from that of the adjacent air; or to determine what the temperature of the air at Falmouth would be if the sea were removed toa distance. The figures in the Table however would appear to support the conclusion that the influence of the sea in controlling the temperature of the neighbouring air is greater by raising it in winter than by depressing it in summer. Temperatures of the Air and Sea at Falmouth. [The minus sign is prefixed when the Temp. of the Sea is less than that of the Air, and the plus sign when it is greater. ] MaxIMuM. Minimum. Sea Diff. Air Sea Diff. Air Sea 50:0 | —3:2 || 37°0 | 47°5 | + 10°5 || 45°9 50:0] —5.5 |; 40:4] 48:5 | + 8:1 || 47°6 51:5 | —5°6 || 82:7 | 49:0 | + 16:3 || 46:9 52-0 | —6°8 |, 36°8 | 49:0 | + 12:2 || 48-2 53°5 | —9°6 || 36°6 | 50°5 |] + 18°9 || 50-4 59:5 |—10°7]] 46:0 | 52°0| + 6:0 || 56°6 63:0 | —8'4 || 51:5 | 57°5 | + 6:0 || 61°4 63°0 | —8:0 || 51:0 | 58:5 | + 7-5 || 60°7 61:5 | —7°4 || 48-7 | 57°5 | + 18°8 || 57:8 57:0 | —4°6 || 40°5 | 54:0 | + 13°5 || 50°3 55:0 | —2°3 || 36°5 | 51:0 | + 14°5 || 48-0 51:0 | —3°9 || 34°7 | 50°0 | + 15°3 || 46:8 SS | | eee fe | | Means! 61-9 | 55-6 | —6:3 || 40-6 | 52-1 | + 11-5 || 51-7 XV Dr. BARHAM also exhibited and remarked on diagrams* showing the very considerable difference between the temperature marked by means of instruments placed on grass or but a few inches above ground, and those placed at the usual elevation of about 5 feet. Mr. R. W. Fox had furnished him with results of observations at Penjerrick, at a height of about 200 feet above the sea, the Observatory at Falmouth being only about 100 feet ; and observations had also been kindly forwarded from Helston by Mr. Moyle, and from Bodmin by Captain Liddell. One of the Tables gave daily observations for the month of April last, when the weather was dry with a clear sky, well calculated to bring out the differences of temperature between the air “at grass” and that at a higher elevation. The other diagram represented the monthly means and extremes for the year 1872. It was important to remark the very great differences between Falmouth and Penjerrick even in April; in one instance no less than 18 degrees, and there were several instances of such differences as 15, 12, and 10 degrees; and very similar results were observed at Bodmin and Helston. The practical importance of all this was very great indeed, because it was the temperature at grass that affected vegetation ; so that while at Falmouth Observatory the recorded temperature was 48°, a very safe temperature for vegetables, at Penjerrick, on the grass, it was as low as 30°—a coldness which might be destructive of vegetation. In one instance, in 1872, the surface temperature at Penjerrick was as low as 18°,—14 below zero, at a time when at this Institution the temperature was 26°. It was of very great importance that a ~ knowledge of such facts should be widely diffused, in order that contrivances might be employed to counteract the injurious effects of extreme cold. The main object to be aimed at was to prevent radiation of heat from the earth’s surface. A letter, dated 14th May, 1873, from Mr. N. HARE, junr., Liskeard, an Associate of the Institution, recorded the following Ornithological incidents in the vicinity of that town: ‘‘T have just been shown a Ruff (Machetes pugnax) which was shot last March, whilst feeding in a marsh at Tremabe in this parish. Though plentiful in the great fens of the Midland Counties, the Ruff appears to be of rare occurrence with us. The Game-dealer to whom it was brought, and who has been in the business all his life-time, told me that he had never seen one before. He was informed that the bird was a Sandpiper; but its yellow legs led him to think otherwise, and he sent it to a bird-stuffer to be mounted. The plumage of this specimen is of a lighter colour than usual, and the spots on the breast are few and indistinct ; indicating, perhaps, a bird of last season. * See Diagrams at the end of Jowrnal, No. XY. Xvi ‘A Thrush (7. musicus) lately came under my notice, of a uniform pale-buff colour, which gave it an odd appearance. Yavrrell mentions that varieties in colour are not uncommon. ‘‘ About the same time a Hawtinch (C. vulgaris) was sent from Linkin- horne, to Mr. Ough, animal preserver, at Liskeard. This is the third or fourth specimen killed in this neighbourhood, of late years. “‘T may also mention that in January, 1871, an American Bittern (B. lentiginosus) was shot at Woodhill in Liskeard, by Mr. Wm. Downing, who still has it. Particulars appeared at the time in the ‘‘ Field” newspaper. Mr. E. H. Rodd, in a list of British Birds as a guide to the Ornithology of Cornwall, published in 1850 in the Zvransactions of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, says of the bird: ‘‘ Not Cornish; reported to have been killed in Cornwall, but no instance authenticated; very rare as a British bird.” Mr. Doney, who mounted the Bittern, showed me also a Red Grouse (T. Scoticus), a female, which he had then lately received from the neighbourhood of Broadoak. Of this bird, Mr. Rodd remarks: ‘‘ Not Cornish, nor is it found in any of the Southern or Western Counties.” ‘© A week or two later, Mr. Doney brought me a Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) ; andin April following, a Greater Spotted Woodpecker (P. major), and a Hoopoe (U. epops) obtained from Warleggan. These birds are also of sufficient rarity with us to warrant my mentioning them.” On motion by Mr. TWEEDY, seconded by Rev. H. 8. SLIGHT, thanks were voted to the contributors of Papers and other com- munications, and to the donors to the Museum and the Library.— Thanks were also voted to Dr. JAGO, on a proposition from Mr. H. O. REmMFRY, seconded by Mr. Pascoe, for the ability with which he had presided over the proceedings of the Meeting. A QUADRUPLE RatnBow.—tThe following communication from Mr. R. N. WortH, was presented to the Institution at its Spring Meeting, in 1872. On the 15th October, the day of the inauguration of the Davy Memorial at Penzance, I had the good fortune to see the phenomenon of supplementary or supernumerary rainbows. About half-past 10 in the morning, whilst pro- ceeding up North Street, towards the Cattle Market, the sky being about three-fourths covered with cloud, my attention was attracted by the unusual breadth of a rainbow which appeared directly in front. This was the primary bow; and, while I was looking at it, the secondary arc became visible. I then had before me a quadruple rainbow,—namely primary and secondary bows of the usual type; and, immediately within the primary bow, and to all appearance touching it, a couple of supplementary bows, each about half the width of the ordinary ones. It is stated that these supplementary bows are red and green, and certainly those that I saw had at a cursory glance that appearance. More exact scrutiny however gave me the impression that the reduced width of the innermost bows was caused by an overlapping of the different parts of the spectrum, by which the colours were so confused and blended, moreover, that the red and green effect was produced. The primary bow was of the ordinary brightness ; the supplementary ones about equal in distinctness to the secondary. The phenomenon was of brief duration, lasting only a few minutes. XVil FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL, Held on. Tuesday, November 18th, 1873. This Meeting was held in the Institution Lecture-Room, and there were present :—Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P., President ; Dr. Barham, Dr. Jago, F.R.S., Rev. C. M. Edward Collins, Rev. J. R. Cornish, Rev. H. 8. Slight, Rev. J. J. Wilkinson, Com- mander Liddell, R.N., Dr. C. Le Neve Foster, Mr. Whitley, Mr. F. V. Budge, Mr. Tweedy, Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Major Parkyn, Mr. H. Spry Leverton, Mr. Reginald Rogers, Mr. Alex- ander Paull, Mr. R. H. Carter, Mr. R. N. Worth, Mr. B. Kitto. THE COUNCIL'S REPORT. — Although the history of this Institution during the past year presents few events of novel or remarkable interest, the retrospect may on the whole be considered satisfactory, as it has fully main- tained its activity and usefulness, and has gained a slight accession to the number of its Members. Our Society has lost only two of its Members by death during the past year. Of these, Mr. John Waters had but lately joined us. The loss of the- Rev. John Bannister, LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin, calls for more extended notice. He was taken from us unexpectedly in his 58th year, was a Yorkshireman by birth, and did not come into this County till 1857, when he was appointed to the then Perpetual Curacy of Saint Day. He had not long pursued his clerical duties in that neighbourhood before he became impressed with the idea that much of the long-ago unspoken “Celtic vernacular of Cornwall,” which would otherwise be lost to linguistic science, might be rescued from oblivion by a more exhaustive analysis than previous Antiquaries had attempted, of the names of places and persons that have prevailed in the County. All imaginable sources, whether oral, manuscript, or printed, were resorted to by him in quest of such names, through XVI many laborious years, until in 1871 his “Glossary of Cornish Names” was got through the press. Under what tedious diffi- culties the 20,000 names in it were collected and collated, and the derivations of the majority quoted or suggested, may be gathered from the singularly modest preface to the work. Yet no sooner had the ingenious Author freed his hands from this task than he commenced to assort other materials for an early appendix to it. All this while he had in contemplation the publication of an Anglo-Cornubian Dictionary, as a companion to the Cornubio- English Dictionary by the Rev. Dr. Williams, and had made plenti- ful notes with this view in an interleaved copy of this well-known work, which notes, it is to be hoped, may fall imto the hands of some scholar competent to render them available for their original purpose. Finally, Dr. Bannister had long been an active Member and friend of this Insititution. He contributed to its Journal, spoke at its meetings, joined in its excursions, and assisted dili- gently in its management as a Member of the Council. At the beginning of the last financial year there was a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of £77. 12s. 2d. At its close the balance in favour of the Institution was £24. 15s. 3d. This difference is more than accounted for by the fact that the printing of the Journal for the previous year, amounting to £58. 19s. 6d., is included in the expenditure, as well as the cost of the last number. The expenditure includes a rather large item (£15) paid to Mr. Vingoe for cleaning and refitting the cases in the Museum. This work had been reported on as necessary for some years past, and its execution had been delayed solely on account of the cost. A minute examination of the specimens shewed that many of them were not worth any attempts at preservation; and it is to be hoped that the kindness of donors will replace them satisfactorily. We are again indebted to Mr. Williams Hockin for perfecting the classified arrangement of the collection of British Shells, and also for rendering it more complete through the exchange of our duplicates for varieties not before in our possession. Our thanks are also due to Mr. Collins for continued attention to our Minerals. Independently of the families of Members 6148 individuals have visited the Museum during the year ending with July last. Of these 116 were admitted by payment, 136 by ticket, and the remaining 5896 were free. It was stated in the Report for 1871 that the publication of two numbers of the Journal annually, as in the earlier years of its issue, had been discussed, but that the conclusion had been un- willingly arrived -at that the funds available for the purpose were nut sufficient to justify the attempt. It has, however, been felt that it is of great importance to the welfare and usefulness of this XIX Institution, and moreover an act of justice to those who contribute to its Transactions, that the papers communicated to them, and that the Proceedings at the Meetings, should be issued to the Members and to the public in an authentic form as soon as possible. In the case of every form of discovery and invention this is but fair to the author, in an age when the delay of a few months may transfer to another the credit really due to himself; and, in regard to subjects still open to discussion, it is highly desirable that there shall be an interval between the publication of the arguments on one side of a case, and the next Meeting of the Society, long enough to allow those holding different views to prepare a deliberate statement on the other side. Impressed with these reasons for the speedy issue of the publications of the Institution, and bound at the same time to avoid material additions to their cost, the Council would recommend that the experiment be tried of issuing the Journal which will contain the papers presented at the Spring Meeting and its Proceedings, about August or Sep- tember, and the Report of the Council, with the matters of business transacted at the Annual Meeting, together with the Meteorological and other serial returns, as soon as possible after the beginning of each year. This scheme does not involve the necessity of any increase in the bulk of our printings; entailing only a trifling outlay for postage and extra covers. The printing of the next number of the Journal is so nearly completed that, with your sanction, it will be issued within afew weeks. Its contents will fully maintain the credit gained by the Institution from the pre- ceding numbers, among which the last ranks high. We are again indebted to our late President, Mr. Henwood, for making our Society the medium of conveying to the public the results of the researches of a laborious lifetime in fields with which it may be safely asserted that he is better acquainted than any other man. The Archeological Institute of Great Britain having fixed on Exeter as its centre of Meeting this year, it was considered advisable to regard the Excursions arranged by it as sufficient and attractive substitutes for the pleasant picnics carried out for some years past under the auspices of this Institution; and which, it is hoped, may be hereafter resumed. The Meteorological Observations have been recorded, discussed, and transmitted to Mr. Glaisher for the public service, by Mr. Newcombe, with his accustomed accuracy. A series of special observations has been conducted by some of your Members, and is still in progress, with the purpose of ascertaining the effects of shelter on surface temperature,—a matter of practical as well as scientific interest, having a direct bearing on the security of our early vegetables. xX The facilities afforded within these walls have been repeatedly turned to account for the promotion of instruction in science ; and your Council regret that a recent proposal to open a class in Chemistry, which they desired to encourage, has not proved suc- cessful. You will, no doubt, readily sanction the lending of such aid as the resources of the Institution can furnish to the assistance of scientific teaching. The duties of the Secretary of this Institution are often onerous, and your Council feel that they cannot adequately express the debt owed to Mr. Whitley for his long-continued services in that capacity. He has for some time past been without a colleague ; but we have now the satisfaction of being allowed to propose that Mr. Budge, who has kindly acted as Assistant Secretary during the last year, shall be associated with him. The office of Treasurer has been filled for many years by Mr. Tweedy with great advantage to the Institution: he now retires from it, and you will unite with your Council in tendering to him our best thanks for the attention he has so long given to our finan- cial interests, and in placing him among our Vice-Presidents. We shall have the satisfaction of being allowed to propose his son, Mr. William Tweedy, as his successor in the Treasurship. You will readily unite with your Council in gratefully acknow- ledging our obligations to Sir John St. Aubyn for filling as he has done the Presidential Chair during the biennial term to which its holding is limited, and which expires to-day. We beg to propose his election as a Vice-President. It is highly gratifying to your Council to be permitted to ask you to nominate Dr. Jago as his successor. His recognized position as a man of science will reflect credit on our Society whilst he is its head; but the appointment may also serve as a slight recognition of many years of service in the working post of Secretary. The Council’s Report having been read by Mr. F. V. Bupex, ‘it was resolved unanimously, that it be received, adopted, and printed. The following resolutions were passed unanimously :— That the thanks of the Society be given to the Officers and - Council for their services during the past year; and that the following gentlemen form the Council for the ensuing year :— President, Mx. JAMES JAGO, M.D. Oxon., F.R.S. } XX1 Vice-Presidents. Lizvt.-Con. TREMAYNE, Mr. A. Penparves Vivian, M.P., Mr. JonaTHAN RasHLEIGH, Str Jonn St. Ausyn, Bart., M.P., Mr. Twerepy. Mr. Witu1aM Tweepy, Treasurer. Secretaries: Mr. Wuitnry and Mr. F. V. Bupaer. Assistant Secretary: Mr. W. G. Dix. Other Members :— Mr. H. O. Remrry, Mr. H. Spry Leverton, C. Le Neve Fosrsr, D. Se. (Lond.), E.G.S., Mr. TyeRMAN, C. Baruam, M.D., Canras., Mr. W. Copetanp Bortase, F.S.A., Rev. J. R. CornisuH, Rey. W. [aco, Mr. A. Pavtu, Mr. W. J. Raw.ines, and Tur Mayor or Truro. ( Bodmin, Mr. T. Q. Coucu, F.S.A. Local Secretaries.< Truro, Mr. ALEXANDER Pavuu. lNiionaon Mr. MicHett WHITLEY. That the cordial thanks of this Meeting be given to those gen- tlemen who have favoured the Institution with Papers or other communications in the course of the year; and also to the Donors to the Library and Museum. Mr. BuDGE read the List of Presents :-— DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Tin Stone; Park Mines, St. Hnoder........ Dr. Clement Le Neve Foster, An ancient Gold Weight,* found imbedded in sand and gravel, at Luxulyan............ Mr. W. Petherick, St. Austell. * Weight 6 dwts. 8 grs. Diameter, in. Thickness =3 in.—obv. Pro- file of James I, to waist, in armour, crowned; in his right hand a sceptre, in his left the orb. Legend, I. R. MA. BRIT. Rev. Beneath a crown, “XXII: ose Henfrey records that in the Fourth Issue, 9th Year, of James I, the value of all the gold coins was raised 10 per cent. by proclamation; and that this was done to make them of equal value with the price of gold in foreign countries; for the unit, which was current in England at 20s., was valued abroad at 22s., and the other coins in proportion; therefore the Unit was declared current for 22s. Cerussite (Carbonate of Lead) from Upper Treamble Mine, Perranzabuloe .......... Mr, J. H. Collins, F.G.S. Two Specimens of the Saw Fish ( Pristis Anti- é quorum), from the Indian Ocean ........ Mr. Hamilton James. Asbestos. from the Island of Beta, North of Scoblarvaeceseaiversre tite ictsretareorsiseiercravo sim orueecs Mr. P. Sambell, Falmouth. The Idol Juggernaut, from Hindostan, for- merly owned by Rev. J. Medley, St. John’s, Truro, (now Bishop of Fredericton) ...... Ditto. An Iron Crucifix, dug up in 1825—6, from the foundations of Old London-Bridge.... Ditto. A Kaffir Water-Bottle, from the Cape of Good ISIOND GagoddoegasooKQFdG Ub Cd OODdOD OGD Ditto. Fifteen Drawings, for the construction of Shipswer rer tuscwis che iclereuterercuevercuetotersioks . Ditto. Three Models of parts of Ships, in frame .. Ditto. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, in which the words are elucidated by Copious Examples from the Cornish Works now remaining; with Translations in English. The Synonyms are also given in the cognate dialects of Welsh, Armoric, Irish, Gaelic, and Manx; shewing at one view the con- nexion between them. By the Rev. Robert Williams, M.A., Ch. Ch. Oxford, P.C. of Llangadwaladr, and Rhydycroesau, Den- bighshire. MDCCCLXV*..............+-6- From Mrs. Bannister, St. Day. Parochial and Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor. Part vii, 1873, (Helland). By Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., Member of the Archeological Institute of Great Brit- ain and Ireland, Honorary Member of the Presented by Mr. Henwood, Royal Institution of Cornwall, etc. ...... F.R.S. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, par MM. Chevreul, Dumas, Boussingault, Regnault, Wurtz, avec la collaboration de M. Bertin. 4me Série (6 Nos. Juin—Novembre, 1873.. Ditto. The Old Glaciers of Switzerland and North Wales. By A. C. Ramsey, F.R.S. and F.G.S. Local Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and Professor of Geology in the Government School of WKN Goa sooodaeoreodd uo oG DooE cH Oe oe ae From Mr, Francis Lloyd. Vienna Universal Exhibition, 1873. India Department.— Catalogue of the Collection contributed by the Geological Survey of India, under the direction of Dr. Oldham.. From Dr. Oldham. x This volume is interleaved, and it contains numerous MS. additions and annotations by the late Dr. Bannister. XXL On the Genus Boswellia, with descriptions and figures of Three New Species. By George Birdwood, M.D. KEdin., India Museum, London ............006 Lfetevelcl ets Basil Valentine his Triumphant Chariot of Antimony, with Annotations of Theodore Kirkringius, M.D. With The True Book of the Learned Synesius a Greek Abbot taken out of the Emperour’s Library, concerning the Philosopher’s Stone, 1678 .......... Nicholas Flammel, His Exposition of the Hieroglyphicall Figures which he caused to bee painted vpon an Arch in St. Inno- cents Church-yard, in Paris. Together with The secret Booke of Artephivs, and The Epistle of Iohn Pontanus: Concerning both the Theoricke and the Practicke of the ' Philosopher’s Stone. Faithfully, and (as the Maiesty of the thing requireth) religi- ously done into English out of the French and Latine Copies. By Hirenzvs brandus, qui est, Vera veris enodans ...+..eeceseee Copy of a Report on the subject of the Land- slips in the Salt Districts, made to Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the Home Department by Joseph Dickinson, Esquire, F.G.S., Inspector of Mines........ cob0c0 The Shipbuilder’s. Repository; or, a Treatise on Marine Architecture. (Dedicated to the Right Honourable Lord Viscount Howe, First Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty. The Journal of the Historical and Archzo- logical Association of Ireland. Vol. I. Third Series. October, 1869. No. 8..... The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archeological Association of Ireland. Vol. II. Fourth Series ......... odd 00000000 January, 1873. No. 13. oo ceccee April, 1873. No. 14. 90000000 July, 1873. No. 15. o008000C The Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Reports and Cane for the year 1872-3.. Annual Report Ba eneectiona of ihe Ply- mouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Volume IV. Dagey INy. : TORE M eipaseceneeacedaosine 66 Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. III. No. il, Ayo, WSIS coadoooo500e960 alee ais Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series. Vol. V. No. VII. January,9 to January 30, 1873 ......e.0- From the Author. From My. F. W. P. Jago, Plymouth. Ditto. From the Author. From Mr. Philip Sambell, Falmouth. From the Association. Ditto. Ditto. From the Institution. From the Institute. From the Society. XXIV Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Londen. Second Series: Vol. V. No. VIII. January 30 to April 3, 1873, with Index to Vol. V. ......-...-- eescosecee Hrom the Society. : The Fortieth Annual Report ofthe Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 1872 ...... Ditto. Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Treland. Vol. XIII. Part 3, Vol. III. Part 3, (New Series), 1872-73 ......cceecceeee Ditto. Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Vol. VIII. No. 2. 1872-73.... Ditto. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. Vol. IV. Part II. 1873...... Ditto. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London. For the year 1872. Part III, June—December.... Ditto. Transactions of the Edinburgh Zoological Society. Vol. II. Part IT. Session 1872-73 Ditto. Society of Antiquaries of London. Exhibition of Bronze Implements and Weapons. January, 1873 .... Ditto. Journal of the Liverpool Polytechnic Society. May 24, 1873. docc0000 October 25, 1873. 6000 Ditto. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, during the Sixty-First Session, 1871-72. No. xxvi; with Index Ue) WOllsS IE Woy MOXMWa “550050000000 Ditto. Proceedings of the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club, for the year 1872-3.......... From the Club. From the Commissioners of Patents :-— Chronological and Descriptive Index of Patents applied for and Patents granted, containing the Abridgments of Provisional and Complete Specifica- tions. Weekly Numbers, from May 11 to Dec. 31, 1871. Ditto . from Jany. 1 to Sept. 7, 1872. Abridgments of Specifications :—* Artists’ Instruments and Materials. A.D. 1618—1866. Bleaching, Dyeing, and Printing Calico and other Fabrics, and Yarns. Part ii. A.D. 1858—1866. Brushing and Sweeping. A.D. 1699—1866. Farriery. A.D. 1719—1866. Hinges, Hinge Joints, and Door Springs. A.D. 1775—1866. Marine Propulsion (excluding Sails). Partiv. A.D. 1857—1866. Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry. A.D. 1620—1866. Nails, Rivets, Bolts, Screws, Nuts, and Washers. A.D. 1618—1866. Oils, Fats, Lubricants, Candles, and Soap. A.D. 1617—1866. * See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. xiv, April, 1873, XXV Paints, Colours, and Varnishes. A.D. 1618—1866. ; Paper, Pasteboard, and Papier Maché. Partii. A.D. 1858—1866. Photography. Part ii. A.D. 1860—1866. Plating or Coating Metals with Metals. Partii. A.D. 1861—1866. Preparing and Cutting Cork; Bottling Liquids; Securing and Openin ; Bottles, &c. A.D. 1777—1866. é Railways. A.D. 1803—1866. Raising, Lowering, and Weighing. A.D. 1617—1866. Sewing and Embroidering. A.D. 1755—1866. Skins, Hides, and Leather. A.D. 1627—1866. Steam Engine. Partii. Vol.i. A.D. 1860—1866. Ditto Part ii. Vol. ii. A.D. 1860—1866. Sugar. A.D. 1663—1866. Toys, Games and Exercises. A.D. 1672—1866. Ventilation. A.D. 1632—1866. Rey. C. M. E. CoLins, after speaking on the importance of forming, at this Institution, a Collection of Manuscripts connected with the published Histories of Cornwall, stated that, some two or three years since, he hoped he should be able to obtain the most valuable of these MSS.,—that of Hals, He had, however, been granted permission to show it at the Conversazione this evening ; and he urged that some effort should be made to secure it for this Institution. It was now the property of Mr. Stokes, of Bodmin, into whose possession it came from the late Mrs. Taunton, a daughter of Whitaker, the historian ;* and it was understood that Mr. Stokes had received liberal offers for it, and that Sir John Maclean and the Reverend Mr. Maskell had each offered as much as 100 guineas.—Mr. CoLLiIns went on to state that he had also with him a volume of Tonkin’s Manuscripts, which had been given to this Institution by the Reverend Mr. Pye, the Rector of Blisland, to whom they had been handed down. Sir John Maclean was at present using them; but they were the property of the Institution. Mr. CoLLINns added that he had himself found some MS. scraps by Tonkin, at Trewardale, including a copy of satirical verses on the then Sir John St. Aubyn.—The reverend gentleman next stated that, a few days previously, Mr. Polsue, of Bodmin, informed him that, not many * Davies Gilbert, in the Preface to his Parochial History, states that the Manuscript, after a long and mysterious disappearance, was recovered by Mr, Whitaker, from a bookseller at Exeter, who had retained the papers as a pledge for some debt; and that from Mr. Whitaker they came to his son- in-law, Richard Taunton, Esq., M.D.; mutilated, however, from want of care and attention on the part of the individual who had held them as a deposit. XXV1 years since, the entire MS. of Drew and Hitchins’s History of Cornwall was offered to him for eight or ten pounds. This too would be an important part of any general collection of County Manuscripts.—He might further mention that he had a couple of curious Diaries, in 1671 and 1675, written by John Allen, a Ply- mouth merchant ; they contained records of very interesting circumstances, of both general and local importance; and copious extracts had been taken from them by Mr. Worth, for the Second Edition of his history of Plymouth. Mr. CoLuins added that his attention had been first directed to the subject by a letter written by his great-grandfather, Mr. George Browne, of Bodmin and Trewardale, in which the Manuscripts he had spoken of, and several others, were mentioned. Dr. JAGo, after remarking that he was a descendant of the Tonkin Family, and that at the present time his brother held property which had been possessed by the historian, stated that an important MS. by Tonkin—a kind of day-book, from which, it would seem, he compiled portions of his history—was now in the possession of Mr. Freeth of Duporth. Mr. RecinaLD RoGers believed that there were now Tonkin Manuscripts at Tehidy.* His great-uncle—Lord de Dunstanville —used them in the preparation of his “Carew.” He had seen them at Tehidy within thirty years. Mr. Couuins said there was a MS. concerning the Killigrew Family, with Mr. Walker of St. Winnow; and Mr. WortTH spoke of the MS. history, by Martin Killigrew, of which he published an abstract in the Journal of this Institution.t} Dr. BARHAM said the Institution would be glad to receive the Manuscripts promised by Mr. Collins; and he hoped the presen- tation would be accepted by other gentlemen as a precedent; so that the Institution Library might serve as a kind of Record Office, where important historical documents might be consulted. It had been suggested that copies of the various public documents issued in the County might be preserved by the Institution, with a view to public utility. Again, the notion had been broached that it was very desirable to form a Collection of Autographs of persons of note in the county, and with these to associate their portraits and some illustrative views. Possibly a good beginning # Davies Gilbert states that Mr. Tonkin’s papers were preserved by his niece, Miss Fosse; and that the MS. of the Parochial History, complete as Mr. Tonkia left it, got into the possession of Lord de Dunstanville, by whom it was instantly offered to him (Davies Gilbert) on his preparing to edit the Parochial History of Mr. Hals. + See No. XII, p. 269. XXVI11 might be made towards such Collections as had been suggested if members of the Institution were to present their own autographs and photographs. Rev. C. M. E. CoLtins urged the necessity of caution against a reception of forgeries ;* and asked whether it was intended to confine the Collection to gentlemen immediately connected with Cornwall; and Dr. BARHAM said he thought it would be unwise to refuse donations from beyond the limits of the county. Mr. REGINALD RoGERs thought it was very desirable that, in addition to Manuscripts, this Institution should possess a complete collection of all works relating to the County ; and Dr. Jaco sug- gested that where originals could not be procured, photograph copies might be had. - Dr. BARHAM said he had that morning received a letter from Mr. Copeland Borlase, stating that, owing to a severe attack of influenza, he was unable to leave his home; and adding that this was to him a cause of extreme regret, as he had looked forward with pleasure to being able to communicate the results of inves- tigations, made by him in ancient Cornish villages and smelting- works, which restored, if he mistook not, a lost chapter to the history of Cornwall. He also stated that he had recently received half-a-dozen silver Roman coins found in the island of Samson, Scilly. They were of Constantius, Julian, and Honorius, dating from A.D. 351 to 395. These discoveries afforded evidence addi- tional to that previously possessed, that the Romans at that time fully occupied this County, giving it the advantages of their civili- zation and their local government ; while there existed with Rome a large trade in tin. Rey. C. M. E. CoLLIns mentioned that, a short time since, there was found near Cardynham, together with some pieces of flint and of pottery, what was supposed to be a mould for smelting tin; and he believed that Lord Vivian would willingly present it to this Institution —Dr. BARHAM said a similar mould had been offered to the Institution by Mr. Rodd, of 'Trebartha. Rey. H. 8. SLIGHT inquired whether anything had been done of late with reference to the registration of Parish Registers ; many of which contained historical notes of considerable impor- tance. A few years since, clergymen received notice that they would be required to give up their charge of these Registers, as if something important was about to be done with them.—The PRESIDENT was unable to give any information on the subject. * Possibly a safeguard, combined with a heraldic advantage, might be attained if every donor of Autograph or Photograph were to attach his sea] of arms or crest, or both. XXVIi1 At the conclusion of proceedings, Dr. BARHAM proposed that the best thanks of the Institution be given to Sir John St. Aubyn for the ability with which he had presided over the proceedings, and also for the manner in which he had discharged his duties as President during his term of office, notwithstanding the difficulties consequent on his occupation with more important public duties. It had been a great satisfaction to the Society to be able to asso- ciate with itself so distinguished a member of so distinguished a family.—Dr. Le NEVE Foster seconded the motion; and it was agreed to unanimously.—Sir JoHN St. AUBYN suitably acknow- ledged the compliment ; and vacated the chair in favour of the newly-elected President, Dr. JAGo, who returned his sincere thanks for the honour conferred upon him. He felt the responsibility of the office to which he had been elected, and promised his best endeavours to fill it worthily. The evening conversazione was numerously attended, especially by ladies. Dr. Jago, F.R.S., the President, occupied the chair. Mr. T. Cornisu, of Penzance, read a paper, in which, without giving in his adhesion to the theories of Ferguson and Marcus Keene, he applied them to the ancient rude stone memorials in West Cornwall. Ferguson, as is well known, holds that the crom- lechs, stone circles, and similar antiquities, are of very much more modern origin than is commonly believed,—that they were erected by a people whom, by those relics of their presence, he traces from the East,—and that they are battle-memorials. Taking this as a starting-point, Mr. Cornish argued that at the time these memorials were erected, there could not have been a sufficient population in West Cornwall to take sides and engage in interne- cine. warfare, and then to erect these important remains, which must have been the result of large associated effort. Moreover, these memorials must not only have been erected by a people who asssembled in numbers, but by persons who could work stone and were acquainted with the working of metals. Doubtful that this could be affirmed of the native Cornish at that date, he adduced the theories of Mr. Marcus Keene, and suggested that the crom- lech builders came from Ireland, where such a people undoubtedly lived ; and that track-lines of cromlechs, circles, and barrows, which he traced from Whitsand Bay near the Land’s End, Hayle, and Padstow, might indicate the onward march of invaders land- ing at these spots respectively. He thought also that it was un- likely that the knowledge of raising and working of tin originated in the county. Most probably the knowledge was communicated XX1X by foreigners ; and there was, in the Journal of this Institution, an article by Mr. Kinahan shewing the close relation of Cornish mining-terms to the Irish language.* The discussion which followed dealt incidentally only with Mr. Ferguson and his views.—Dr. BARHAM repudiated the idea that tin-mining was of so modern a date in its origin as the suggestions of these authors would imply; and quoted the testimony of Diodorus Siculus, and others.—Dr. LE NEVE Foster did not see why the natives might not themselves have found out the nature of tin; and he thought that Mr. Kinahan’s coincidences might be explained by the fact that Erse and Cornish were cognate branches of the Celtic language.—Mr. WortTH agreed with Mr. Cornish, as to the sparseness of the population; but held that there was geological evidence to carry back the origin of tin- mining thousands of years before Diodorus.—Mr. J. H. CoLLins cited some of Mr. Kinahan’s suggested explanations, to shew that they were untenable. In the absence, through illness, of Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, who had promised information concerning some ancient Cornish villages and smelting-works which he had investigated, Mr. WHITLEY gave a lucid and interesting description of the nature and laws of storms, especially in their bearing on the West of England ; his remarks being illustrated by means of several well- executed diagrams. Dr. BARHAM spoke on the important subject of Surface Tem- perature ; which is being investigated by himself and Mr. Whitley. The inquiry is likely to lead to practical results, in the securing early crops of vegetables from much of the danger to which they are now exposed from frost. It has already been proved that a very light and cheap shelter will afford a large amount of protec- tion by preventing radiation. Rev. C. M. EpwarD CoLLINs then addressed the company at much length on the subject of local historical manuscripts. He exhibited those of Hals and Tonkin, traced their chequered his- tory, and read from them and others some quaint and interesting extracts. * See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. xiv. Notes on the similarity of some of the Cornish rock-names and miners’ terms, to Irish qwords.—By G. Henry Kinawan, M.R.LA., &e. ‘aaUOSvarT, “TCHAML LYALOW 4 g GI VOF irl Ae Ma TERS SAMO ea oscars To eouBled "SL8T 8 3 LCF : PO as e CT $B eeeeceveveereeoeeeoeeoeaeeeoe eoUB[eq ILO I se **oOIZBsIOAMOD JO Sosuedxa vee eeeeceeeesoes TINOSNTL 0 0 ST ur So” ‘spilg SurLoysoxy pue Bsuruve[Q 10} e0sUTA “ATT eoce se eereso ee ee syoog SUIpUlg seeees aga eses}IOJT MO 480104UT seeees KXQTIOd [BOISO[OOL) [VUAMOL **** g9uotog jo [euanoe ATAO}I1eNYy sees KQTI0g Teanynoy.0F [eo y ** f£OTOOG [BOTSOTOLOOJOTY YS seeeee KyQtI0g [VOTydvisoOJUOMlVg secre eesrrereseeeee Mgt90g ABT se seeeseeeeeee seeeee sorIpUNg soeeeees TRTINOL LOF SMOTLVIYSNITT seeees Teak SIQ} 310doy pur lesan Sulypy pus surat sooces IeOk ISBI [VUINOL SUIQUIIG 9 * gjooreg Jo osvlzieg pus soeseysog 8 soeeeess KTOMOT}VIG pUB SULJUILT SL «°° sestiedxm osnoy pur unesnyy aa soceeeeeseeres se Kieieg §.109vInQ L 9 F TL ST woHnHAHANACHAS c @o eeeee00e0000 puny Woyerysny[T T seececcceoccoore satodoy jo o[eg I FI eoeccceseecoce s[eurnor JO o[Bg LZ ececeeeeoe ee se ee ee $90,] SLOJLISTA eeress TIOUNOD UMO, OANIT, 0711 0 0% SOVAA JO O0ULIg ON “HW H OIG OT COL eccecveeeees SUOT}ALIOSqng yjenuuy SL LL °° °° °° JUNODOV 4svI WoT COUNTY OF, ‘TE Ajur “SL8T ADH OnAHON are me @ Ye) ei @eoeeeoveeseeseeeee ee ee sairedoiy seeees gouBansUy ory pus soxey, Aq ‘Te Aqne “SL8T 2 1029 © 219 SH aoooowtwanoe o —) a wR r3 a Te) 1 yemu07y Jo uoynpysuy yedour ayy ype qunore ur doom yp proqoyy “tk Key Mr. F. V. Budge, who is referred to in the Report as a Secretary, has recently ceased to reside in Cornwall; and consequently, at a meeting of the Council held on April - 13th, 1874, two new Secretaries were appointed: Dr. Le Neve Foster and Mr. J. H. Collins. The present Secretaries, therefore, are : Mr. Whitley, F.M.S., Penarth, Truro. Dr. Le Neve Foster, F.G.S., Truro. Mr. J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Truro. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. No. XV. APRIL. 1874. I.—The Tin Trade of Cornwall in the reigns of Elizabeth and James, compared with that of Edward I.—By Str JOHN MACLEAN, E.S.A., Honorary Member of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 16, 1873. (ee years ago, the Loyal Institution of Cornwall did me the honour to receive a Paper containing some remarks on a Stannary Roll of 34th Edward I, and on some other similar Rolls, preserved in the Public Record Office. Those Rolls shed considerable light on the production of Tin in the County of Cornwall in the early part of the 14th Century. I have recently found, among the Miscellaneous Books of the Augmentation Office,* two paper books of accounts which contain statements of the quantity of Tin coined at the four authorized Coinage Towns in the County during the greater part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth and in the early part of that of James I. Except that the names of the parties to whom the tin belonged are not given, as in the early Roll printed in the Journal of the Institution for 1871, these accounts contain much the same informa- tion. ‘The number of the “pieces,” or blocks, of tin at each * Vols. 355 and 356. 188 THE TIN TRADE OF CORNWALL. weighing are shewn, and the aggregate weight, together with the amount of toll charged thereon. These Volumes contain the accounts for Devon as well as Cornwall; and the Table of Tolls set out on the first leaf of the second Volume shews the great disparity in the rates levied in the respective counties. The fol- lowing is the Table for Cornwall :— [ (OHO MNES Gooogag0oboGDeGDbDOu0ONS iiijs xx The rate yearly answered for lily Bloke exe let oelevedsoxsveverspereceiener eiieaad (jo Wine! Casnclsnee)) a55bo0050dboacosedadcodostansonoooONdOS O go 3 (4). Mud, mixed with great quantities of Oyster- Hhelleu sce 1D Save (Bo Whol (amiclsineel) coonsacaoocuce dH o0000000;n0000000000 BL 45. 8 (6). Zin-ground (6 inches to 6 feet) ....5...........000. mean 4.4) = The Shelf; homogeneous blue or buff-coloured clay-slate. Another section, in the same neighbourhood, presents,—t (1). Soft river-Mud .....scecessceccccccccsrsrscereveses 7 to 9 feet ;— (Bo iineresenael piel mGlSS bo 55005d0a90 boo DDOdanodo0G0050000 8) 95 9 (3). Blue mud mixed with Oyster, Cockle, and other shells...... og 28 (4): Stilt blue mud; without Shells cocci ste cleele win cieiei nies BG 45 8 (5). Tin-ground (Subangular masses of granite, slate, elvan, quartz, quartzose slate-capel, and tin-ore in large masses, plenti- fully interspersed with smaller grains ........ 6inchesto6 ,, ; (6). The Shelf ; clay-slate. The tin-ground was no where else so rich as at the confluence of the Carnon valley with the vales which extend respectively through Perran-Wharf and Ponsnooth to the northern slope of Carn Menelez, and from Tarnon-dean through Perran-well (the Smelting- house glen) to Gilly.{ As might have been anticipated, operations were undertaken in both ; pee speculations—they were alike unsuccessful ; through, nadlomial se they were of great interest. At perhaps one-third of the distance between the Carnon embankment and Perran-wharf an artificial mound was raised above the level of high-water ; and, through it, a shaft penetrated to the (shelf) rock, whilst drifts are extended, laying open both the tin-ground and the bed of vegetable matter above it. As the works were imperfectly ventilated, imflammable gas sometimes accumulated ; and—more than once—the workmen, who worked with unprotected candles, were scorched by its explosion.§ * For these particulars I am indebted to Mr. Richard Taylor, F.G.S. ; and Mr. Charles Dyke Taylor. + For this section I have to thank Mr, Whitley, C.E.; F.M.S.; Secretary of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. + Henwood,: Cornwall Geol : Trans : v, p. 60. § Ibid, viii, p. 453, ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 205 Some forty-five years ago* the surface of Perran-Well (Smelt- ing-house) vale, at its confluence with the principal valley, was from four to six feet below the level of the highest tides ;+ from these, however,—as at the upper part of Carnon in earlier years— it was protected by an embankment, and wrought as an open-work. The ingredients with which it was then filled, to a depth of sixteen or eighteen feet, consisted of— (as Angular gravel, sand, and silt, the débris of various rocks and vein-stones stamped in upper parts of the principal valley. mixed with rounded masses of granite and slate from the neighbourhood ; in numberless beds of unequal—but never of very great—thickness.. 12 to 15 feet; At a considerable depth in this deposit the remains of deer occurred; and still deeper Oyster-shells were numerous. (2). Fine silt, mingled with Oyster-shells, leaves, nuts, and branches of trees, amongst which the wing-cases of beetles might sometimes though very rarely be Ghigeenmes! oooodyoooudododoboodbGsouueobOHOu DOOD 6 to 18 inches; (3). Zin-ground ; consisting of small—more orless rounded —bodies of tin-ore; interspersed with angular and subangular plocks of schorl-rock, schorlaceous- granite, quartz, quartzose-slate, and other vein-stones of both the granite and the slate series of the district in much greater abundance .............. o000000C 2 to 3 feet; The Shelf ; of homogeneous, thick-lamellar, clay-slate, of silky lustre ; traversed, almost meridianally, by a quartzose cross-vein, which was wrought throughout the entire width of the vale; and—some twelve or fifteen fathoms below the tin-ground—yielded consider, able, though not quite remunerative, quantities of argentiferous lead-ore. Granules and thin flakes of goldt were now and then—though very uncommonly—found in the tin-ground. * Pryce, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, p. 136. Thomas, History of Fal- mouth, pp. 48, 51. Barham, (C.), Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, xlii, (1860), p. 16. Francis, (W.), Gwennap ; a Descriptive Poem, p. 7. Henwood, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iii, (1870), p. xvii. + At Falmouth ‘average spring-tides may be considered as having a “rise and fall of 16 to 17 feet; and these rise to about 18 feet, and fall of ‘Cabout 13 feet, above the lowest veers. The neap-tides average a rise and ‘fall of about 7 feet, being at high-water, about 14 feet, and at low-water ‘about 7 feet, above the lowest veers.” Tuomas, (R.), History of Falmouth, 66 p. 43. . ¢ “A piece of gold, in a matrix of quartz, from Carnon Vale, in the Royal “ Institution of Cornwall, weighs 11 dwts. 6 grs.” MicHELL, ae ), Manual of “ Mineralogy, p. 2. “Gold was found in the bed of the brook from Tarnon-dean upwards as far as Trewedna-water.” Francis, (W.), Gwennap ; a Descriptive Poem, p. 94. My home was less than half a mile from this rivulet; but that any Bert of its course had been found auriferous, I never heard until now. Cc 2 206 © ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. The remains of an ancient smelting-furnace, and of block- moulds in the rock are said to have been discovered between Pulla and Higher Coisgarne, in Gwennap ;* and in the east of Kea a mass of Jew’s-house-tin was found.+ About half-way from Tarnon-dean to the Arsenic manufactory, —towards the middle of the vale,—and at sixteen or eighteen feet below the surface, some two or three tons of large, rough, angular masses of quartz,—closely resembling those imbedded in the sub-soil of the neighbouring common were found resting on the bed (2) of silt, shells, and vegetable matter. Immediately beneath the stones,—and within compass of the layer of animal, vegetable, and mineral substances on which they rested—at some SKELETON Discovered resting on the TIN-GROUND BETWEEN TARNON-DEAN AND THE ARSENIC-WORKS, PERRAN-AR-WORTHAL. Drawn By Mr. H. M. GEorrrot. From a Sketch by the late Reverenp Canon Roczrs, M.A., of Penrose. i rr MPL igi * ‘Some years ago Mr. Polkinghorne discovered [near Higher Cois- ‘‘ garne-mill] an ancient furnace where tin was smelted and formed into “blocks. The furnace contained a large quantity of charcoal-ashes and ‘ half-burnt wood; and the moulds for forming the metal into blocks were ‘found cut in the rock.” Francis, Gwennap; a Descriptive Poem, p. 100. Parochial History of Cornwall, p. 143. + ‘ Muriate of tin was first discovered in a specimen of Jew’s-house-tin “ .,..found in a low boggy ground in the Parish of Kea, accompanied by a ‘‘ stratum of charcoal.” Micurxu, (Joun), Manual of Mineralogy, p. 74. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 207 twenty-two feet below high-water, and four or five above low-water mark,* an entire human skeleton was discovered. ; A rough balk, of about eight feet in length and six or eight inches in thickness, rudely hewn at the ends, lay on either side of,—nearly parallel to—but at some little distance from the body ; that on the left resting on the—slightly extended—hand. Across these were placed two, somewhat similar, beams; one of which pressed on the lower ribs, whilst the other covered the mouth and chin. A third cross-bar, of much the same kind,—so much shorter that it did not reach either of the side-pieces,—rested on the (raised) right-hand, but scarcely touched the skull. No corres- ponding piece of timber, however, had been placed at the foot. The body lay on its back, inclined perhaps five or ten degrees from the horizon, and looked towards the north or north-north-west ; the knees were raised, and the legs so drawn back that they were nearly parallel to the thighs, the heels, in fact had almost touched the hams ; the right-arm extended obliquely above the head, the left—at a smaller angle—downwards.t The pelvis, other bones, and undecayed—but much-worn—teeth, shewed the remains to «x Thomas, History of Falmouth, p. 31. Ante, p. 205. + Lam favoured, by Messrs. Heard, with the following extract from the West Briton of the 4th of April, 1823 :—“ On Saturday [the 29th of March, ‘* 1823] as the labourers employed at Carnon stream-works were removing “a quantity of mud, they discovered a heap of stones, under which were ‘‘ four pieces of oak enclosing a human skeleton, the teeth and larger bones “of which were in nearly a perfect state. The tomb was covered with a ‘deposit of mud 17 feet in depth, and was 22 feet below the present [high] ‘“‘water mark, on what is denominated the ‘“ tin-ground,” namely, stones ‘“‘ mixed with gravel amongst which tin is found. The four pieces of oak are ‘‘ each about 8 feet in length, roughly hewn, and about 8 inches in diameter. “One of these pieces lay on each side of the body; the other two were laid ‘‘across these, over the breast, the stones were piled over the whole. The ‘“‘wood is more decayed than the timber found in these stream-works ‘usually is.” To the Reverend Saltren Rogers, M.A., Vicar of Gwennap, I am indebted for the following contemporary memoranda, and for the sketch from which the accompanying wood-cut was prepared, discovered by his brother, Mr. John Jope Rogers, of Penrose, amongst the papers of their late father the Reverend Canon Rogers, M.A. From a printed paper ; apparently part of a Newspaper; dated 7th of April, [1823. ] “« The skeleton was found in a bed of soft clay containing shells, 17 feet ‘¢ below the surface, 22 feet below high-water mark, and one foot above the “* tin-ground, lying in a direction across the valley, with the head nearly C3 208 © ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. be those of a man, not exceeding five feet five inches in height, and, probably, much beyond middle-age.” SKULL Of the Skeleton discovered at PERRAN-AR-WORTHAL. From a Photograph by Argall, of Truro.+ > itl Ks 4 a 7 y : < S) » \ ( © aie cA) Ly al | oT “south, and the feet nearly north. A piece of rough elm was placed at the ‘head, and a piece of the same cut to the length of 8 feet, on each side of ‘the skeleton, two pieces of the same length were placed at right-angles, “one across the head, and the other across the breast. No wood was placed “at the feet. The circumstance most worthy of remark is the posture of “the skeleton. The head and breast were a little raised above the rest of “the body. The left arm was extended a little from the side, and the piece “‘ of elm on that side rested on the hand. The right arm was raised with the ‘‘hand above the head; and the elm head-picce rested on the hand. The knees “were inclined upward....and the feet were bent back under the top of the “thigh-bones, and rested on the tin-ground. The skull, ribs, and all the ‘bones appeared on close examination to be perfectly sound, except a partial ‘“‘ decay of a few of the vertebrex, and were not at all mineralized. A pile of ‘stones was heaped on the skeleton, containing five barrows-full; some of ‘‘ the largest were computed to be about 70 or 80lbs. weight.”....‘! The skull, ‘¢ teeth, horns, and some vertebre of a stag of the red-deer species have ‘been since found near the spot, about eight feet below the surface.” ‘‘ No ‘‘hair, cloth, or any other substance, except the elm, was found near the ‘“ skeleton.” From Manuscript Notes, which accompanied a Sketch, by the Reverend Canon Rogers, M.A. ‘The elm was eight feet long and six inches thick, cut off at both ends with an axe....The pile of stones was two feet high.” * For these particulars I am indebted to my friend Dr. Jaco, F.R.S.; who was assisted in his enquiries by Mr. HE. Sharp, M.R.C.S.; and Mr. A. L. Salmon, M.R.C.S. + Taken under the direction of Dr. Jaco, F.R.S. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 209 Of clothing, ornament, tool, or weapon no trace was discovered. The works were carried on by a Company* which had recently established, in the immediate neighbourhood, the first manu- factory of white arsenic (arsenious acid){ in the United Kingdom ; and both were superintended by Mr. John Rowse, a person of much information, sagacity and prudence. The stones, gravel, and silt were, therefore, carefully removed, and the skeleton as well as the wood which surrounded it, were scrupulously pro- tected from displacement, until they had been carefully examined. And in order to satisfy the deep and general interest which pre- vailed, the remains were, for some time, open to public inspection ; and—as my home was scarcely a mile distant,—I visited the spot daily. At length the skeleton was taken into safe keeping; and in 1827 it was presented to the Royal Institution of Cornwail. The central district,§ which attains, at Hensbarrow, an eleva- tion of more than a thousand feet,|| consists of granite, of slate sometimes interlaid with hornblendic rocks sometimes charged with organic remains,** and of ¢lvans intersecting both granite and slate. A considerable part of this region affords the slightly- coherent talcose granite,{{ whence the manufacturers of porcelain, * Boase and Courtney, Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, i, p. 136. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 86.# + Ibid, iv, p. 162. § This district is bounded by a line drawn from Wadebridge to Lost- withiel; and by another line through Truro-river to the Gannel. Boasz, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 234. “‘Tanivet Tower, two miles west of Bodmin, is by common repute the centre of Cornwall.” Wauuis, Bodmin Register, p. 103; Cornwall Register, p. 199. || Trigonometrical Survey. De la Beche, Report on the Geology of Cornwall, éc., pp. 7, 14. q Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, pp. 262, 276. De la Beche, Report, p- i Phillips, (J. A.), London, Hdin: and Dublin Phil: Mag., xii, pp. Ori, Bs ** De la Beche, Report, p. 351. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, pp. 125, 158. t+ Bonnard, Journal des Mines, xiv, p. 448. Deluc, Geological Travels iii, p. 342. Berger, Geol: Trans: (O.8.), i, p. 125. Thomson, Annals of Philosophy, ii, p. 349. Fitton, /bid, ii, p. 180. Conybeare, (J. J.), Ibid, v, p. 186. Dutrénoy, De Beaumont, Coste et Perdonnet, Voyage Métallurgique en Angleterre, ii, p. 187. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 235; Phil: Mag: and Annals, x, p. 348. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 475. De la Beche, Report on the Geology of Cornwall, &c., pp. 159, 509. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 115. 210 . ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. as well on the Continent as throughout the United Kingdom, procure most of their materials.* Throughout the granitic tract schorl is more or less abundant ; and, here and there, it prevails ;t generally, however, associated with quartz or with felspar, and sometimes with both. Nor are associations of schorl with quartz and felspar peculiar to rocks of massive structure; for the same substances—especially the first two—are not uncommon, in their alternations displaying every imaginable involution and displace- ment, amongst the slates which adjoin the granite.{ Westward the schistose rocks are mostly of dark blue and greenish grey hue, and their structure is thick lamellar, but occasionally they cleave rather imperfectly.§ Eastward, however, they assume various shades of pale-blue, greenish-grey, red, and dark brown, and here their cleavage is more decided, and their texture softer.|| To-— * The following columns show the enormous increase in the export of China-stone and China-clay which has lately taken place. Years. China-stone. China-clay. WO scooccoocccocc0a. ILA Wom) cocoodaco000n00 see 1,757 tons. WSUS Gocodegocooocc00 All 4G oo oad ood 0060 ADS. 95 USPABodic6g5o0006b00Kd000 OHO 0455. cocoodadcoc0cdc00 7,490 ,, IEEIS55 500000 o0000000 Ups op ooooocco 0K KD S000 20,784 ,, ISGB5G5000000o000000 CILGES 45 adoocodoocoooome eEyIlIs 5, USCS rrepeleetedevellolers hateiele OO OO mavrsuinmstetatetelors te pDO000 2-100,000 ,, ISHOcocosacpoe0do000 BENNO 5. coOD0KO0DD Od 06 sells 2.0 ies Lysons, Cornwall, p. ccxi. Cornwall Geol: Trans: i, p. 233; iii, p. 360; v, p.478. Hunt, Mineral Statistics, 1858, p. 2; 1868, p. 139; 1871, p. 443, + Deluc, Geological Travels, iii, p. 343. Conybeare, (J. J.), Annals of Philosophy, v, p. 188. Von Oeynhausen and Von Dechen, Phil: Mag: and Annals, v, p. 241. Sedgwick, Proceedings of the Geological Society, i, p. 283. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans : iv, p. 238. Hawkins, /bid, iv, p. 476. Henwood, Ibid, v, p. 122. Dela Beche, Report, p. 159. + “On the confines of the granite.. .alternate layers generally of great “tenuity, of very minutely granular quartz and schorl, have all the aspect ‘‘of a stratified mass.” Conypearn, (J. J.), Annals of Philosophy, v, p. 189. “A very interesting form of this rock consists of alternating layers of ‘‘ black and white minerals, exhibiting the most complicated curves and con- ‘¢tortions....The black are of...schorl-rock, the white of quartz which is ‘“‘ generally more or less combined with felspar....This kind of schorl-rock ‘is very abundant in the diluvium on Tregoss Moors.” Boasz, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 245. § Boase, Ibid, iv, pp. 275, 278. Henwood, /bid, v, p. 125. Phillips, (J. A.), London, Edin: and Dublin Phil: Mag., xii, p. 90. || Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 286. Henwood, [bid, v, p. 125. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 80, 82. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. ~ 211 wards the south-east they assume an arenaceous character, and are charged with organic remains.* The elvans which traverse the western—but do not reach the easternt—part of this district, are well known, and have been frequently described.t The odes take a mean direction of about 13° N. of E.—S. of W.,§ but— as in other regions—they are not strictly parallel; their diver- gences, however, are by no means uncommon. Throughout the County their average dip is about 70°, but in this neighbourhood it scarcely exceeds 60°.|| In the massive-felspathic, and soft schis- tose, rocks on the E. and S.E. they yield copper-ore only ; but in the hard, quartzose, thick-lamellar slate, in the schorl-rocks, and in the granite towards the N. and W.—though they are sometimes sprinkled with the compounds of nickel, of cobalt, of uranium,** and of antimony—tin-ore prevails.t+ But Jodes are not only the repositories of tin-ore; for in this neighbourhoodtt * De la Beche, Report, p. 351. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, pp. 125, 158. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 126. + Bonnard, Journal des Mines, xiv, p. 446. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i, p. 150, Pl. 5. Boase, Ibid, iv, pp. 277, 279. Henwood, Ibid, v, pp. 126, 160. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 181, 332. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 250, Table, ciii; Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. 18, p. xvi. De la Beche, Report, p. 305. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v,p. 247; Annales des Mines, 6me Série, ii, p. 172. q De la Beche, Report, p. 335. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 128. ** Williams, (R. H.), Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, XXxXix, p. 32. ++ Borlase, Natural History, p. 18. Jars, Voyages Métallurgiques, iii, p. 108. Bonnard, Jowrnal des Mines, xiv, p. 446. Hawkins, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i, p. 146; iv, p. 476. Carne, Jdid, ii, p. 92. Von Oeynhausen and Von Dechen, Phil: Mag: and Annals, v, p. 241. Sedgwick, Ibid, ix, p. 284. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 276. Henwood, bid, v, p. 120, Tables, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv. ty ‘‘Il existe pour ainsi dire partout, aux environs de Saint Austell, soit “4 la surface, soit 4 quelque profondeur, dans la plus grande partie des “ plaines incultes, ot il y a de petits filets d’eau. On peut, en prenant une « pelletée de la terre tourbeuse, qui est a la surface, et ’exposant au courant “du ruisseau, obtenir par le lavage une quantité sensible de minerai d’étain ‘cen particules trés-fines, qui se précipitent tout de suite, et que l’on purifie ‘“‘ par plusieurs lavages successifs. C’est aussi ce que l’on fait dans beaucoup “ @endroits avec bénefice.” Bonnarp, Journal des Mines, xiv, p. 450. ot ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. especially,—and to a less extent in several other districts*—it is scattered through—and, so to speak, forms an integrant part of— the granite ;+ and in the slate series, north of the granite; tin- ore is interlaminated with schorl and quartz.| All—save one of —these spots have, however, remained unwrought for many years. In, and on the confines of, the district iron-ores abound.} The detrital deposits of tin-ore on the west and south have been often and minutely described,§ but they are now nearly if not quite exhausted ; those towards the north and east have how- ever, attracted less notice,|| and on some of them operations are still carried on. A comparatively low ridge of slate stretches—some 30° W. of N.—E. of S.—from the granite of Hensbarrow{ to that of Belovely Beacon, dividing the upper waters of the Roche (Par) “Carclase tends to unfold the origin of the tin-ore scattered in grains ‘over the bottom of some of the Cornish valleys;...the whole mass of the “‘ growan composing the eastern part of the hill, contains these grains....The ‘strata containing the greatest abundance of tin grains are harder [than the “‘ rest] but they are easily decomposed.” Dr Luc, Geological Travels, iii, p. 342. ““The enormous open-work of Carclase is excavated in a variety of “decomposing stanniferous granite or schorl rock.” Sxpewick, Trans: Cambridge Phil: Society, i, p. 108. Sedgwick, Geol: Trans: iii, (N.S.), p. 483. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: Vv, p. 119. * On Dartmoor (Berger, Geol: Trans: i, (0.8.), p. 120) ; at Saint Just (Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, pp. 15, 235); in Breage (Ibid, p. 53) ; and at St. Cleer (Jbid, viii, p. 664.) + Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 252. Henwood, Ibid, v, p. 120 Note*. t Dela Beche, Report, pp. 303, 617. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 128. § Ante, p. 191. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 60. De la Beche, Report, p. 405 q| Hensbarrow ....is 1,034 feet above the sea ;— Killivreth Down ,,1,000 ,, a Castle an Dinas ,, 729 ,, i Belovely Beacon ,, 765 ,, i Helmen Tor OS. 6, oA De ta Becue (MactaucHian), Report, pp. 14, 16. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 213 river from those of the Fal ;* but both flow southward into the British Channel.t A similar, but perhaps a rather lower range, of like character extends—perhaps 25° E. of N.—W. of S.—from the granite near the Indian Queens to that of Castle an Dinas ;* thus separating the tributaries of the Ladock rivulet—a branch of. the Fal—from those of the Gannel and of the (Saint Columb- minor) Porth brook; both which run northward to the Bristol Channel. As the Roche river is traced upward through the moors north- east of Hensbarrow the stream-works mentioned hereafter are passed in succession. At Pendelow in Saint Austell the detrital deposits—wrought since 1828{—now present the undermentioned section ;— (1). Granitic sand and gravel, divided by thin partings of hardened silt into many separate beds ........ 6 to 8 feet ;— (2). Peat (fen); often mixed with, and sometimes inter- laid by microscopic layers of,s granitic sand ....0°3 foot ,, 2 ,, ;— (3). Gyranitic sand and gravel in many thin layers; the lower of them much mixed with hardened mud. 7,8 » j— (4). Peat, very closely resembling No. 2......e.ccseee 1 foot ;— (5). Gyranitic sand and gravel, scarcely differing from WG Wsedeoscoaca fslorcforetaiorehs cicielsccuelelovioicvoieletevere 90 3 to 6 inches ;— (6). Peats ; sometimes mixed with stems of fern, nuts, leaves, branches of furze, alder and hazel, and trunks of oak. Here and there, but very rarely, Ligh a few flints have been discovered.........see0e 1 foot ;— (7). The tin-ground, consisting of granitic, schorlaceous and quartzose matter mixed with the oxide of tin, usually in the state of sand and gravel; but sometimes it includes subangular masses of various granitic rocks and vein-stones; and—yet more rarely—thin scales of slate also.........- 2 to 4 feet ;s— The (Shelf) rock beneath is granite of ordinary texture, sometimes moderately hard, but usually more or less disintegrated; in such cases, how- ever, it is often deeply eroded, and in these erosions the ore is often richer than in the tin-ground proper. * Polwhele, History of Cornwall, i, p. 183. Lysons, Cornwall, p. elxxxvii. Gilbert, (C. S.), Historical Survey of Cornwall, i, p. 405. Hitchens and Drew, History of Cornwall, i, p. 521. Ante, p. 212. + Thomas, (R.), History of Falmouth, p. 15. t Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 63. § Specimens of this peat were obligingly submitted to microscopic examination by Mr. Ralfs, F'.R.C.S. 214 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. Levrean, in the same parish, now displays ;— (1). Granitic sand and GVA VCO mareyaiseeterelote ronnie ete tele ciouerel lsiere le 1 foot ;— (2). Peat (fen); often mixed with, and sometimes divided by exceedingly thin layers of, granitie sand...... 500000 1 (3). Gyranitic matter (the Upper tin-ground) ; small sub- angular masses of felspar, quartz and white mica, mixed largely with schorlaceous matter, with parti- cles and granules of tin-ore in smaller proportions, and, in rare instances, with minute specks of gold.. 3to 6 toate — (4). Angular and subangular masses of granite imbedded in granitic sand; altogether destitute of tin-ore (GHGS ARAVE)) Bool 6b bode 0rs5505 choo dbo BeOS CoHe oo Ib op IS) oath (5). The tin-ground, comprehending angular and subangular bodies of granite. felspar, quartz, schorl, and various vein-stones, mixed with granitic gravel and sand, as well as with grains and particles of oxide of tin; and, still less frequently, with flakes of schistose matter and specks of gold ........eeceeeccceesceeeceees 10 to 15 feet ;— A few ancient shovels—some made wholly of wood, others bound at the edges with ironj—have been found, from time to time, in distant parts of this bed. The (Shelf) granite beneath is of ordinary texture, unequal hardness, and, generally of reddish hue; its surface is remarkably uneven, and the depressions in it are often the richest repositories of tin-ore. At Pit-moor, also in Saint Austell, the successive deposits con- sist of ;— (1). Vegetable mould ..........eeeeceeeerees cielolfolevelateytere 1 foot ;— (2). Granitic sand and gravel, in many separate layers, but All] hi Iblis) GIMEWEXCHE? Gancioacoadcdoe6 odcc0onSuC --.. 2to 38 feet;— (3). mixed with subangular masses of granite and of SCHOEN OC ears cteleleNefoiel-siatoleiolersteistehts Bae (4). The tin-ground, made up of angular, subangular, and rounded masses of granite, quartz, schorl-rock, and schorl, with similar bodies of various vein-stones and small quantities of tin-ore, of different sizes, but mostly very small. Laminez of clay-slate are sometimes, but very rarely, mixed with the other ingredients ....3 to 10 feet ;— The granitic matter (Shelf) beneath, is of ordinary texture, but usually it is very soft, so soft, indeed, that portions of it—on being laid open—flow forth in a semi-liquid state. * Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 62. + The workmen use ‘‘a broad Shouell, the viter part of yron, the middle ‘of Timber, into which the staffe is slopewise fastned.” CarEw, Survey of Cornwall, i. 10. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 215 Pendelow is drained by aid of a water-wheel about six feet in diameter ; from Levrean and Pit-moor the water escapes through open drains. The bed and banks of a brook which rises in Red-moor, north- east of Helmen-Tor,* bear—near its confluence with the Roche river—traces of having been ransacked at some earlier period ; but at present they remain unwrought. Nearer to its source, however, operations—though on a very small scale—are still con- tinued.t| But, notwithstanding they are within two miles of stream-works still in progress on the moors of Saint Austell, and occupy neighbouring portions of the same granite, the detrital deposits worked in them are of widely different character. Lower Creany, a part of Red-moor, in Lanlivery, exhibits ;— (QD). IRB Gooode0aG 50a00 00 b0 00000000 0000 90000000408 2 to 3 feet ;— (2). Granitic (though slightly quartzose) clay of greyish hue, mixed with lamine of slate................ 1 footto3 ., :— (3). The tin-ground, composed of angular, subangular and spheroidal masses of pale-brown quartz, fragments of felspar, mottled—dark-blue and yellowish-brown —clay, and granitic gravel; thinly mixed with rounded masses of tin-stone and both perfect and fractured crystals of tin-ore. Flints of consider- able size occur at intervals, and particles of gold less frequently ........ 90 dio oomod GO Ue'saoe ato foetec= The roots of marsh-plants Sette: to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, into the tin-ground. The Shelf,—of pale buff-coloured clay—presents a very uneven surface. At Upper Creany (Wheal Prosper)—in the same parish, and, indeed, in an adjoining part of the same swamp—the order of succession is ;— (U))s IRS oc coc 0b ogDo VODs HODdUbODOOGO ON OGGOU00DN 00ND 6 inches ;— (2). Granitic clay, frequently mixed with lamin of yellow- S10, SEND coodsaducc0p 000000 go00D0000 seeeeeeel foot to 3 feet ;— * “The Helmen Tors....display...one or two secondary Logan rocks.” Parochial History of Cornwall, iii, p. 32. + “In 1853, a curious image, about nine inches high, made of tin, and ‘(representing a man, was found nine feet beneath the ground in a Jew’s “house or stream work in Lanlivery parish. It weighed 9 lbs., and had ‘some Hebrew [characters] on it.” Aten, History of Liskeard, p. 27. Note. + Some few years since this peat was quite three feet thick; but, of late, ‘the neighbouring cottagers have taken great part of it for fuel. 216 | ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. (3). The tin-ground, including small angular and rounded bodies of ferruginous and milk-white quartz, masses of crystalline felspar, and of granitic matter, of quartzose and schorlaceous vein-stones, and of tin-stone, all in the state of sand and gravel, mixed with minute unfractured crystals of tin-ore. Microscopic particles of gold are sometimes scattered through the other ingredients .............e00. 5 4 ,, 5 feet ;— The roots of marsh plants penetrate the tin-ground. The Shelf—of mottled blueish and brownish clay—exhibits frequent and deep undulations; in the hollows of which the tin-grownd is usually most productive. The works are drained by aid of a water-wheel four feet in diameter. The Tregoss moors approach the granite of Castle an Dinas and of Belovely Beacon on the mann, and that of the great eastern-central range on the south, without actually touching either.*—They are bounded towards the north-north-west and north-north-east by slight elevations—scarcely to be called ridges —of slate, which direct their drainage to the Fal. The entire tract is within the slate-series; but in many spots the rock is so soft that it bears scarcely a trace of schistose structure, and much of it is, in fact, mere laminated clay.t The slate is traversed by several (LHivan-courses){ porphyritic dykes composed, in great part, of felspar and quartz; one of which is slightly sprinkled with tin-ore at its outcrop.§ Lodes have been wrought in several parts of the neighbourhood ; but, hitherto, with little success.|| Some forty or fifty years ago the Tregoss Moors exhibited an almost countless succession of low, stony, hillocks, and deep, weedy, pools, the abandoned scenes of earlier operations.** Amongst * Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 248. Dela Beche, Report, p. 86. + Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 248. + De la Beche, Report, p. 180. § Postea, p. 217. || Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 250. Henwood, Ibid, p. 235. q I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Whitley, C.H., F.M.S., for a copy of his instructive Geological Map of the Tregoss-moors; and to Mr. H. Michell Whitley, C.E., for a tracing from a survey made, some forty years ago, by the late Mr. Richard Thomas, C.H. «x At some distance from both their cottages and their work the Tin streamers build little turfen shelters for the nests of their store-geese. As soon as they are hatched, therefore, the goslings find suitable food in neigh- bouring pools, marshes, rills, and scattered patches of grass. As harvest approaches some two or three thousand young geese are sold off the moors to farmers, who fatten them on the stubbles of several adjoining parishes, ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 217 them, however, many small tin-stream-works were still industriously ' wrought, by speculative workmen, either on ancient detritus (whole- ground), or on matter imperfectly gleaned by their predecessors. The works were drained either by open-cuttings ;—by hand-pumps ; —or by little lifts worked by water-wheels, which seldom exceeded, and were often less than, six feet in diameter. Great part of the tract—at length exhausted of tin-ore—has been, for some time, successfully cultivated, and in the portion yet unenclosed a few inconsiderable spots only are now under treatment. On the northern side of the Moor three sections are still open to inspection. At Golden-stream, about half a mile south-east of Castle-an- Dinas, in Saint Columb-major, ancient works, which have been lately resumed, exhibit— (1). Vegetable mould ..........eeeeeeee cote ce sceneccees 6 inches ;— (2). Angular and subangular masses of slightly micaceous clay-slate, compact and thick-lamellar schorl-rock,* quartz, many vein-stones of the slate series, and here and there a stone of granite mixed with fels- pathic clay, and other disintegrated ingredients of the almost-adjoining elvan-cowrse ......seeeseeees 5 to 6 feet ;— Large lumps of peat are imbedded in portions of this detritus which had been previously moved. : (3). The tin-ground scarcely differs from the matter which ~ overlies it, except that elvan is more abundant, and that small proportions of tin-ore—usually in a state of gravel or sand, but sometimes as minute unfrac- tured crystals—are mixed with the otheringredients 2 ,, 3 ,, The Shelf—at the part now under treatment—is disintegrated elvan con- taining, here and there, a few particles of cassiterite. Wet and Dry almost adjoins Golden-stream, and differs from it so slightly, that a repetition of the same detail seems unnecessary. Immediately north-west of a railway-bridge over the high-road between Lanivet and the Indian Queens, both the refuse of earlier streamers and unwrought (whole)-ground are now laid open in the * ‘Felspar, quartz, and shorl, either uniformly mixed and blended together, or arranged in alternate stripes and layers [occur at] Castle-en- Dinas, and the adjacent hills which bound the Tregoss Moors on the north.” BoaseE, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 253. 218 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. same broad, shallow, pit.* The undisturbed portion consists of,— (Qe Wesetablesmouldl gees select iierel- digo ON ETDS 6 inches to 1 foot ;— (2). Angular and subaneular bodies of quartz, clay- f slate, laminated schorl-rock, elvan, and of various vein-stones from the slate formation, with—here and there, but very rarely—a few Stonestofmonamitebyan sieytelene cielo sire anete ere sleiohe 3 > «6 gy 4 feet ;— (3). The tin-grownd, which closely resembles the overburden ; save that it is thinly mixed with both rounded masses and perfect crystals of tin-ore, but all of exceedingly small size .. 1 foot to 2 feet ;— The Shelf consists of clay-slate, moderately hard and very fissile in some places; but in other it is merely laminated clay. The. hamlet of Tregoss and the tenement of Pendean occupy (so to speak) a peninsula, which projects, from the eastern end, far through the middle of the moors. Though scarcely higher than many heaps of rubbish left by early workmen, it bears neither trace of erosion nor fragment of detritus.t On central portions of the region operations have been, long since, discontinued ; but towards the southern margin—where de- trital deposits approach the eastern-central range of granite—a few workmen still glean small quantities of stream-tin-ore as long as— . but no longer than—the rains of winter and spring supply them with water. At Gun-deep, in Saint Dennis, a pit has been sunk through— if) Vegetable mould ey rereretelotersiclaielerastelelejere ogdbo0050 6 to 12 inches ;— A (2). A mixture of micaceous clay-slate, laminated schorl- rock, quartzose slate, quartz, elvan, and occa- sional stones of heals ocondagodoocnodDODS 6 4 feet ;— @Bjo IRMA. asooosasp0cd00a0000000000000000000000000 1 foot ;— (4). The tin-ground was not thought worthy of being wrought. At Gaverigan—a south-western part of Tregoss moors—near the confines of: Saint Dennis and Saint Columb-major,{ a mixture of angular, subangular, and rough spheroidal masses of various rocks * Now (1873) wrought by William Tellum and John Moss. + ‘‘ Several patches on these moors are, indeed, enclosed, and brought into tillage; such parts, however, are higher than the general surface of the moor, to which circumstance their superior fertility may be owing, the more elevated ground having been exempted from the diluvium that covers the lower levels.” Boasr, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 248. } Rashleigh, British Minerals, i, p. 3; Pl. i, Fig. 3. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 219 common in the neighbourhood, has been laid open, for, perhaps an acre in extent and to a depth of twenty feet or more. In the _ deepest parts several (levels) drifts have penetrated the detritus ; but, for some time, operations have been discontinued. West of the ridge which divides the southern from the northern drainage* both banks of a brook which rises in Tregurthy Moor,* south west of Castle-an-Dinas, and falls into the Bristol Channel at Porth in Saint Columb-minor, exhibit traces of ancient stream- works ; but, within memory, one spot only has been wrought in the lower part of its course. Some forty-five years ago many of my relativest lived within a mile of the ancient entrenchment on Trevelgué-island ;t and— whilst visiting them—I had frequent opportunity for examining the stream-work, then under active operation at Treloy$ in the imme- diate neighbourhood. Where—beneath the soil (1). Successive layers of sand and gravel alternate, to a depth of 8 or 10 feet ;— (2). Vegetable remains ............ succeed rs 2 or 6 inches ;—and (3). The Tin-grownd, which.. varies in thickness from 6 inches to 2 feet. As every part of this deposit, wrought during memory of the generation now passing away, was beyond high-water-mark at Porth and even above level of the raised-beach at Fistral near Newquay,|| it contained neither shell nor other substance of marine origin,{ but frequently afforded granules of old.** The Shelf is of light blue and pale-buff-coloured, fissile, clay-slate. + Ante, p. 216. : * From this spot the earliest specimens of wood-tin-ore were obtained. Pariiirs, Mineralogy, (3rd edition), p. 253. Micnenn, Manual of Mineralogy, p. 72. + Lysons, Cornwall, p. 66. Hitchens and Drew, History of Cornwall, ii, p. 173. Parochial History of Cornwall, i, p. 242. ~ + Henwood, Journal of the Royai Institution of Cornwall, iii, (1869), p. x. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans : iv, p. 65. De la Beche, Report, p. 405. || ‘‘ North of the signal-station at Newquay is a bed of shelly sandstone “«....and the same occurs in the cliffs around Fistral Bay, forming an exten- ‘sive horizontal bed which rests on the edges of the slate... The sandstone ‘of Fistral does not contain so large a portion of shells as that of Newquay; “and the lower part consists almost entirely of pebbles forming a kind of “conglomerate....These beds of pebbles and sand are situated just above “high-water-mark.” Boast, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 259. Paris, [bid, i, p. 6. Pattison, Ibid, vii, p. 50. Tweedy, [bid, p. 55. De la Beche, Report, p- 405. Sedgwick and Murchison, Geol: Trans: v, (N.S. ) p. 284. The Ordnance Geological Map (Sheet XXxx,) indicates the remains of a Submarine forest near the outlet at Porth. {| De la Beche, Report, p. 405. «© «The stream-tin obtained at Treloy was feuueutly mixed with grains “of gold; mostly about the size of wheat, but sometimes as large as pease.” Mr. JouHn NicHouus, Proprietor of Treloy, MS, D 220 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. In a part of Treloy which bore no trace of previous operations at the surface, it was found that workmen of an earlier period had already examined the tin-ground. From amongst the refuse of their labours the hereinafter mentioned objects were obtained. The Fibula (Fig. 4,)—now im the Museum at Truro—was imbedded, amongst previously moved sand and gravel, somewhat above the level of the tin-ground which had been already wrought ; and was bought of the finder, (a workman on the spot), on the day it was found. It is of bronze, inlaid with a narrow oval (2 of porcelain) disposed in symmetrical breadths, alternately of blue and white. Fig. 4. Inuaip Frevuta oF Bronze. From Trenoy, Sarnt CoLUMB-MINOR. Discovered amongst sand and gravel which had been previously moved. Presented to the Royau Instirurion of Cornwatu by W. J. Henwood. From a Drawine By Mr. H. M. Warrtey, C.E. MMMM UU FACE SECTION FULL S1zz. The pan and cover (fig. 5.) were discovered within a few yards of the Fibula; in a part of the tin-ground which bore evident proof of having been previously examined, notwithstanding it was overlaid by several thin, undisturbed, beds of sand and gravel. Rims of perhaps twice the ordinary thickness of the vessel and its cover surround the edges of both; and both are thinly encrusted with earthy matter of leaden hue; the metal having, possibly, become reoxidized,* like the Jew’s-house-tin of Kea and * Michell, (J.), Manual of Mineralogy, p. 74. Collins, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iv, (1872), No. xiii, p. 88. Ante, p. 206, Note te ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 221 Tremethick, only in a smaller degree. These remarkable articles —together with some Stream-tin-ore from the same place—were taken to Trethellan-house for sale; and, as assay showed them to be of the purest metal, both were bought for conversion into some Fig. 5. Tin Pan and Cover. From Treloy, Saint Columb-minor. Discovered in Tin-ground which had been previously wrought. Presented to the Rovan GroLocicaL Society or CoRNWALL by H.S. Boase, U.D., F.R.S., £.G.S., of Dundee. Drawn By Mr. H. M. Grorrrot. Mit i) i iy yy ily y] oe a Hi i o ae aw h Ve Diameter 14 inches. Depth 4:75 inches. Thickness 0°12 inch, saleable shape. Happily, however, Dr. H. 8. BoAsz,—then a Partner in the Smelting Company—was present at the moment, and preserved them from destruction. Between Lanherne and Mawgan Porth several alternations of mud, sand, and gravel, here and there mixed with large stones, overlie a mingled mass of - branches, leaves, nuts, and other vegetable remains, which rests on a thin bed of poor tin-ground.* Early in the fourteenth century more than two-thirds of the * Mr. William Leddicote, Superintendent of the works, MS. D2 999 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. tin-ore obtained in Cornwall was from this district ;* and, probably the greater part was detrital. Three hundred years later the returns from East Cornwall had dwindled to less than one-sixth of their previous amount; and at present they are comparatively * The following columns show the quantities of tin on which duties were paid to the Duchy of Cornwall, at the several Coinage towns, during different periods :— PERIODS. T 1305—1306. 1577—1607. 1837—1838. owns. Total. One year. | Average of forty years. |} Total. One year. Calstock ......0. S060 6566 73:7 tons, Avoir. Bodmin ........| 74:3tons,Avoir: sievete Svalere Liskeard ........ Sieteee 22-3 tons, Avoir. Serars Lostwithiel......| 201° ,, a BPA 55 PA eeseie Saint Austell.... Sreiets 5000 sleeve EWU Olircisseyevershereers 68:75; 5 IGA 50 5 1930 ./aee eee Toynu [? Truro] .| 36:3 ,, ye sistene iisiele elstonwecemrceeli) uOsLans i UO BRS - 5. 3 ceeaee lel so00000000 afelere 9000 102225 emnes Penzance ...... 0000 a ecare 2,329°3 4, 5, Motalaeeraciieiceene locosty. “4 sistent BIS) 5 ay Average ........ 0000 420°8_,, 90 6000 The Coinages were held at the several privileged places during the undermentioned times ; viz :— 16th Nov., 1305— Towns. ist Sepi,, 1306, | 1687—1835. | 1835—1838. GAllewnoale codhsododgo000000dc ealias aaa 8 AB OO TINIE AW eyaiayeusis eieeieleletersserstavs 4. eteals meres Miiskeands ee Gon Meveveiere 6 Keen Stole 8 5000 DORM 5546 6000500000000 22 24 S000 Saint Austell for Cinemas 16 town and Pentuan nai} ee sah cche DVUGOR aeieeleeeries Aas pravereie ater 4 48 48 Moya i? EL ULOM Pp teyercleneleeistors 2 2000 o000 IETVOISG OT cece tsttereitenie monies 1 8 16 EV aivilewurceveleletevcesiclaistolemcraieferst ailers aseete 24. 8 PCN ZANICOieisvcrereiciel oletstetercloveiels ioloie { 24 \ A8 From 1753, A Coinage being thus eventually established at every port in the tin districts. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 223 insignificant. Many mines have been wrought within its circuit ; Macrgan, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iii, (No. xii), p. 238 ; iv, (No. xv), p. 187. Hxnwoop, Coinage Lists 1835—1838. For several years before the Coinages were rearranged (in 1835) Officers attended at the Prince’s Halls, in Truro, Helston, and Penzance, during two days each in the first and second months of every quarter; on every (piece) block of tin, coined at such times, however, a fee of one shilling was paid by the smelter. the (pieces) blocks and averaged about 120 lbs. fn Tee ae ATOM Eyelets } SO UO eae { (Avoir.) in weight ; From 1577 to 1607. ,, a5 308 ,, 346, 5 A 328 ,, During 1837—8, ” ” 390 ” 450, ” ” 420 ” From the foregoing particulars it may be presumed, that the (pieces) blocks of tin were conveyed to the Coinage-halls— in .... 1305— 1306 .... mostly on beasts of burthen ;— from 1577 to 1607 .... » in carts ;— during 1837 — 1838 .... in carts and waggons only ;— and thus we may, perhaps, obtain some idea of the roads at different times. Between the coast and the interior of Brazil all traffic is, even now, conveyed by mules; which travel from (3 to 4 leagues) 12 to 16 miles per day, carrying for many weeks in succession—loads of between (10 and 12 arrobas) 320 and 380 lbs. each. 3 “‘Tt hapned, that certaine Gentlemen, being Lords of seuen tithings in ‘“Blackmoore...grew desirous to” [rework the mines]; ‘‘and so vpon suit “made to Hdmond Earle of Oornwal, sonne to Richard king of the Romans, ‘“‘ they obtayned from him a Charter, with sundrie Priuileges,...in consider- ‘ation whereof, the sayd Lords accorded to pay the Karle a halfpeny for ‘“‘euery pound of Tynne which should be wrought, and that for better ‘“‘ answering this taxe, the sayd Tynne should bee brought to certayne places ‘‘ purposely appointed, and there peized, coyned, and kept until the Earle’s ‘due were satisfied.” Carew, Survey of Cornwall, £. 16. Until the reign of James I, the same rate—or ; speaking more accurately, the rate of four shillings Stg. for one hundred Pounds Avoty.—was main- tained (Mactran, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iv, (1873), p. 188); but from (1686) the time of James II.,(a) Merchant’s was contradistin- guished from Stannary (presumably one hundred and twenty lbs. Avoir., to the hundred-) weight. (Prarce, Laws and Customs of the Stannaries, p. 66). Meanwhile the Duties in Devon were levied at the rate of one shilling and sixpence three farthings per one hundred and twelve (Avoir.) lbs. It may not be difficult to offer a probable conjecture regarding the different rates of Duty levied in the two Counties. ‘In 1314—1315 the (a.) On the 12th of June 1688 [two days after the birth of the Prince of Wales, and three days after the seven Bishops had been imprisoned] John Lord Bellasis, and other Commis- sioners of the Treasury, on behalf of King James II, granted to John Earl of Bath, Lord Warden of the Stannaries, and others his partners ‘‘the sole Privilege of making Pence, “ Half-pence and Farthings of Tin, to pass throughout all his Majesty’s Dominions, free of ‘¢ all Customs and other Duties whatsoever....” Pearce, Laws and Customs of the Stannaries, p. 91. D3 224 | ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. but, on the whole, they have failed to realize expectations founded on so rich a deposit at the surface. ‘‘pneople of Cornwall complain...that Antonyn de Pisane and his merchants, ‘to whom the king (Edward II.) had granted pre-emption of tin in Cornwall “ |. weighed it with unlawful weights, and gave no more than forty two ‘shillings per thousand weight for the tin which they sold for six marks ‘(Four Pounds Stg.); and that the number of working tinners in Cornwall ‘‘was consequently reduced from 3000 to 500.” Smirke, Case of Vice against Thomas, p. 18. ; From 1291 to 1302 ‘the number of white tinners, i.e., of persons em ployed in Devonshire in smelting tin, &c., and of black tinners employed in mining and producing black tin” (tin-ore)— White-tinners. Black tinners. varied from 86 to 302, and averaged 180; varied from 199 to 473, and aver- aged 370. Ibid, p. 44. ‘The times of Coynage come twise in the yeere, viz., about Midsummer — ‘‘and Michalmas; but because it falleth out verie often, that the Tynne ‘‘ which is wrought, cannot be blowen and brought thither against the limited ‘“‘ dayes, there are, in favor of the Tynners, certaine later times assigned, ‘‘ which they term Post-coynages.” Carew, Survey of Cornwall, f. 13. ‘‘ For the indulgence of Coining at Christmas and Lady-day the owners ‘‘pay four pence per hundred on stamping, or what is called post-groats, ‘‘which are generally farmed out every thirty-one years.” GriBERT, (C. 8.), Historical Survey of Cornwall, i, p. 245. The post-groats were farmed by descendants of a former Surveyor- General of the Duchy until 1838, when—like the other imposts—they were abolished by Parliament. Moreover, at every Coinage, other—though smaller—charges, known as Fees and Great-pieces, were also made. Of these the last, at least, was probably of very early origin, for ‘‘ the account of Thomas de Ocham, receiver, “during the shrievalty of Thomas de la Hide, steward and sheriff of Cornwall, “in the time of Earl Edmund, 25 Ed. I [A.D. -1296—1297,] ” mentions “in ‘240 grossis peciis removendis de aula in curiam, 5s.” SmirKz, Case of Vice against Thomas, p. 45. ; The Assay was made—as usual in Smelting-houses—by cutting partly and then breaking off a small piece from a lower corner of each block; the toughness and the fracture sufficiently indicating the quality. By prescriptive right the Assay-Master claimed the severed portions as his perquisite; but they were always returned to the Tinner on payment of four pence a (Coin) piece to the officer ; who, in fact, received no other remuneration, until the Coinages were rearranged in 1835; but from that time forward he, like the other officers, was paid a fixed salary from the Duchy. Each (piece) block of tin assayed and weighed at the Coinage was imprinted with ‘the Duchy arms, viz., argent, a lion rampant, gules, ‘‘erowned or, within a border sable, garnished with bezants, which arms ‘‘were first*used by Richard, King of the Romans, and Earl of Cornwall.” GiLBERT, (C. 8.), Historical Survey of Cornwall, i, p. 246. When the Duties and other charges on the Coinage of tin were abolished by Parliament in 1838, the Duchy was compensated with an annuity calcu- lated on the income of ten immediately previous years which averaged £16,216. 5s. 14d. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 225 Gold has been found mixed with stream-tin-ore in Kenwyn,*t Ladock,t Probus,* Creed,* Saint Ewe,* Saint Mewan,* Gorran, § Saint Stephen’s, Saint Austell, ||§]** Lanlivery,}} and Lostwithiel ;1 + but the entire produce of the County can scarcely have exceeded a few lbs. As, however, no single mass, yet discovered, has weighed an ounce,§§ as the specimens have rarely exceeded a penny-weight, as many weigh but a few grains each, and as still greater numbers are even smaller, there may be ground for suspicion that no considerable extent of tin-ground is absolutely destitute of gold,||\) but that much has escaped notice from the smallness of the particles and the inexperience of the workmen. Masses of Jew’s-house tin] have been discovered in several * Borlase, Natural History, p. 214. { Michell, Manual of Mineralogy, p. 2. + Hawkins (Sir Christopher), Cornwall Geol: Trans: i, p. 235. § Captain James Knight, Superintendent of the Stream-work, MS. || Klaproth, Mineralogical Observations, p. 12. q Petherick (W.) and Martin, Journal of the Royal Institution of Corn- wall, iii (No. Xi.) p. xiii. ** Forbes (David), London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Phil: Mag: xxxvii, (1869), 323. +4 Ante, p. 215, 216. tt Borlase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, (No. iv.) Supplement, p. 35. §§ ‘‘ The largest piece [of gold] found in Cornwall...is that in the pos- “session of William Lemon, Esq., of Carclew, which weighs in gold- ‘‘coin three pounds and three shillings, or fifteen pennyweights and sixteen ‘“orains...It appears to have come from a vein half an inch wide at a medium. ‘‘On each side it has a light-brown, fatty earth, which is the only impurity ‘it is mixed with. It was found in the parish of Creed, near the borough of ‘““Granpont.” Bortase, Natural History, p. 214. \||| ‘Mx. Rosewarne [one of the principal tin-smelters in Cornwall] “suspects, as he informs me, that there is gold, more or less, in all stream- ‘tin in the County.” Ibid, p. 214. qq ‘‘ In the stream-works in St. Stephen’s Branel, they find now and then ‘“‘gome small lumps of melted tin, two inches square and under:...this kind ‘¢euts with difficulty, and more harsh and gritty than the common melted ‘tin... These fragments I look upon as fragments...scattered from the «¢ Jewish melting-houses.” Bortase, Natural History, p. 163. - “In May 1765 was found near St. Austle by some streamers, a large “cake of Tin-ore, weighing about six pounds, irregular in shape,...lying ‘ about 5 feet under the surface, and in the middle of that Stratum of Tin- “ore so remarkably spread in the Moor adjoining to the foremention’d town. 226 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. parts of the district; but most frequently, though not always,* towards its southern boundary; there is, however, reason to believe that such discoveries have been of late much less numerous “When the lump was broke it appeared to consist of two incrustations sur- “rounding the whole, and a Nucleus or central substance of crystal intermixed “with the purest malleable tin. The outmost crust was about the 8th of an ‘inch thick at a medium, and of a brownish straw-colour; the 2nd incrustation ‘‘was more blackish in colour, closer grain’d with some faintish appearances ‘“‘of whitish specks interspersed, about one third of an inch thick; these “two incrustations...inclosed a third substance, consisting of laminated crys- ‘‘tals, rising side by side out of an edging shining like melted tin, which ‘lies as it were at their roots coherent to the 2nd incrustation; the Lamine “of crystal...being shot in a great variety of directions intersect each other, “and leave a vast number of cells, within which are plainly seen, and may “be freely cut with a knife, many specks and granules of perfect native tin.” Boruase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, (No. iv.) Supple- ment, p. 25. “On...the 27th of July ’65 was found in a Stream-work near the borough ‘‘of Granpont,...another lump of the same kind of Tin-ore as the former, ‘as to its crust and covering; its weight was between eleven and twelve “pounds ; the pure tin was not in granules as in yé first Specimen, nor thin ‘Cas a leaf as in No. 2, but much more abundant, and in some places more “than one inch thick; the Metal was inclos’d so securely, that but for the “ extraordinary weight it had pass’d unnotic’d....but whether Native, or “Tin melted by Art and inclosed by long lying in a petrifying Tin-water with ‘‘a Crust similar to that of the foremention’d SISSON I can’t affirm.” Ibid, p. 26. Some few years ago a mass of Jew’s-house tin, which weighed seventy five pounds, was discovered at Burngullow in St. Mewan. Its shape was rather oval, and it measured— 20. inches in length ;— ial. me width ;— and at the middle 2:5 5 extreme thickness; thinning, how- ever,—almost to an edge—at the sides and ends. The discoverers took it to, and sold it at, Calenick Smelting-house near Truro, and there it still remains. Mr. Francis Mice, of Calenick, MSS. A mass, in which small, rich, pebbles of stream-tin-ore and fragments of charcoal were cemented by metallic tin, was discovered, immediately below the surface, in Trethowel-wood near St. Austell. Occasional interstices between the other ingredients, were sometimes thinly encrusted with light- lemon coloured granules. Its weight was eighty pounds; and—about three years ago—it was sold to the Carvedras Smelting Company (at a rate of £95 per ton,) for £3. 6s. 5d. This remarkable specimen now enriches the collec- tion of Mr. J. C. Daubuz of Killiow near Truro. Mr. Wittiam PErHericr, of Saint Austell, MSS. * “A slab of Jew’s-house-(grain)-tin...weighing 393 lbs. avoirdupois “«,..was found on the Barton of Carnanton, Parish of Mawgan i in Pydar, G6 two feet and a half under the surface, in swampy ground, and contiguous “‘to what is usually called a Jew’s House.” MrcHELL (Joun), Manual of Rea . 75. Poour, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, (No. iv.), p. 9. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 227 than they were formerly, and that the specimens have found their way to the Smelting-house more frequently than to the Museum. Whether the more carefully moulded blocks disinterred from the sand, gravel, and shingle of St. Austell moor,* and dredged from the bottom of Falmouth harbour,t are to be classed with more rudely shaped,—and perhaps more deeply oxidized{—masses, seems an Antiquarian, rather than a Geological, enquiry. In the stream-works of St. Austell and Lanlivery. .about 25,—and Fe the Tregoss-moors ......... ape i) men and inary now (1873) find employment. “ About [the year 1772] a slab of tin weighing about 20l]bs., was found ‘in the Goss-moors in Roche, which from its appearance seemed to be very “ancient. It was found, about four feet below the surface, by some tinners 4 ‘who were searching for ore. It was about three inches thick and its width ‘Cand length were in proportion. In colour it bore a strong resemblance to “lead; but on examination it was found to be very deficient in purity, its real ‘‘metal when separated from the dross not amounting to more than 13 lbs. ‘A singular kind of ancient shovel was also found at the same time and “place.” Hircuins anp Drew, History of Cornwall, ii, p. 587. ‘‘Tn the parish of Withiel there exists the remains of a Jew’s-House— “to use its popular designation—formerly used [for smelting tin-ore] on a “farm called Landjew.” Gentleman’s Magazine, xcvi, (1826), p. 125. * “Tn one of the [stream-works on the St. Austel moor] were lately ‘found, about eight feet under the surface, two slabs, or small blocks of ‘melted tin, of about twenty-eight pounds each, of a shape very different “from that which for many years has obtained in Cornwall...They have ‘“‘semicircular handles or loops to them, as if to sling and carry them more “conveniently on horseback; they are much corroded by the sharp waters ‘in which they have layn, a kind of rust or scurf-like incrustation enclosing “the tin.” Boruase, Natural History, p. 163, Pl. xx, Fig. 19. + ‘The form of the block of tin which was dredged up in Falmouth ‘“‘harbour....about forty years ago and presented by the late Thomas Daniell, ‘‘Hisq., of Truro, to the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall....is “that of an astragalus, or knuckle-bone...It is 2 feet 11 inches long, 11° ‘inches wide, and 3 inches thick at the centre, perfectly flat on one side, “but curved on the other, and having four prolongations at the corners, “each 1 foot long. Itis said by Diodorus that the inhabitants of Belerium ‘“‘ (the most western part of Cornwall) cast the tin into the form of ‘ astragali.’ .- The weight, about 130 Ibs., is just the proper weight for a horse having “to carry two of them on a pack-saddle.” James, Report of the Royal Insti- tution of Cornwall, xlv (1862), pp. 29, 32, 33, Pl. iii. ‘“‘The block in the form of an astragalus, found near St. Mawes, at the ‘entrance to Falmouth harbour, marked with a symbol, a small astragalus «,...weighs 158 lbs. avoirdupois.” Poonz, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, (No. iv), p. 9. t Michell, (J.), Manual of Mineralogy, p. 74. Collins, Journal of the Royal Institution of re nwall, ili, (No. xiii), p. 84. Napier, Ibid, p. 84, Percy, (Dr., F.R.S.), MS. 298. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. The eastern district is bounded by the Fowey and the Camel and certain of their tributaries on one side, and by Devonshire on the other. It comprehends the great granitic range—the most elevated part of Cornwall*—which extends from the vicinity of Cardinham-bury on the south-west beyond Brea in Alternun on the north-east, and from Greylake near Camelford on the north-west to Stanton in Saint Cleer on the south-east,{ beside smaller bodies of similar character at Kit-Hill,* and at Gunnis Lake on the Tamar ;}—slate—possibly of more than one periodt —usually mantles round the granite, of which, however, veins and beds§$ either intersect or—less frequently—interlie the planes of cleavage ; but in one instance at least a considerable tract of slate —probably of no great* thickness||—is entirely surrounded by — granite ;—felspathic and quartzose porphyries (elvans) form broad C2 Gna JERI TEENSS Go G6000006Gq00000 -- 1,067 feet above the sea ;— Cavadomn Veisys sierccrecsteteyeub el cvevelarers so LL ANS 5, ni j— Iealhim~He Go o500 Blstasa lo over svotstivs eisiicier creat neul Gel tian 50 — IsouIeda MUR Gooaooo0cDDDKnG cov0n ab yO by » —= LorROnAM \WAIbY S550 60000000 Rasen OOS acs - a MactavcH3an, (DE ta Becue’s) Survey, pp. 14, 17, 18. + Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, pp. 173, 210, 221. De la Beche, Report, pp. 159, 161. Sedgwick and Murchison, Geol: Trans: v, p. 685. Whitley, Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, xxxii, (1850), p. 31. Holl, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxiv, p. 440. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, p. 181; viii, pp. 655-660. + Berger, Geol: Trans: i, p. 123. Mohs, Thomson’s Annals of Phi- losophy, xiii, p. 311. Conybeare, (J. J.), Geol: Trans: iv, p. 424; Annals of Philosophy, (N.S.), iv, p. 401; v, p. 185; vi, p. 37. Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, pp. 382-398. De la Beche, Report, pp. 56-58, 61-63, 79-81. Phillips, (Prof.), Paleozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset, pp. 164-182, 195-200. Sedgwick and Murchison, Geol: Trans: v, pp. 665, 668. Sedgwick, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, viii, p. 16. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, pp. 134-136; viii, pp. 667-673, 700-703. Holl, Quarterly Journal of the Geol: Society, xxiv, pp. 402-406, 414-426. Peach, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vi, pp. 12, 51, 181, 236, 296; vil, pp. 17, 57, 121, 125,175. Williams, Ibid, vi, p. 122, 334; vii, p.64. Couch, (J.), Ibid, vi, p. 189; vii, pp. 244, 249. Couch, (R. Q.), Lbid, vi, pp. 147, 219, 276; vii, pp. 18, 193, 273, 300, 317. Pattison, /bid, vi, p. 267; vii, p. 1, 63, 109, 132, 208, 246. Murchison, Jbid, vi, p. 317. Giles, /bid, vii, pp. 93, 155, 169. Pengelly, Jbid, vii, pp. 106, 115, 211, 388, 441. Whitley, Ibid, vii, p. 336, Pl. iv. gs Webb and Geach, History of Mining in the Caradon District, p. 67. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii, pp. 656-660. | Ordnance Geological Map, Sheet xxv. Whitley, Geological Map of the Caradon Mining District. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: villi, p. 657. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 229 dykes (courses) which traverse both granite and slate,* and occur also in isolated masses, but these are peculiar to the granite ;—and bodies of felspathic and hornblendic rocks sometimes sever, some- times interstratify,t the slate. The granite, slate, elvan, and hornblendic rocks are all traversed by the odes; but on opposite sides of these the strata do not always occupy co-incident positions ;{ and the rocks as well as the Jodes are traversed by cross-veins.§ The lodes which yield ores of tin and copper usually bear a few degrees north of east and south of west,|| and the cross-veins (which are rarely productive at the intersections) range from north or north-west to south or south-east ;§ but where ores of lead and silver prevail the pro- ductive series usually-takes a nearly meridianal direction,** whilst the unproductive veins cross them.t{ Both Jodes and cross-veins, generally speaking—though with many exceptional cases—dip towards the nearest body of granite.tt} Tin-ore occurs in /odes which traverse§§— —the slate at Saint Neot, Saint Cleer, Linkinhorne, South Hill, and Calstock ;—and —the granite at Saint Cleer, Linkinhorne, Alternun, and South Hill. * Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 210. Dela Beche, Report, pp. 180, 183. Giles, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vii, p. 201. Whitley, Geological Map of the Caradon Mining District. Holl, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxiv, pp. 415, 441. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: Viii, p. 670. + Rogers, (Canon), Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii, p. 218. Boase, Ibid, iv, pp. 208, 220. De la Beche, Report, p. 79. Holl, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxiv; pp. 421, 444. Giles, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vii, p. 205. Henwood, Ibid, viii, pp. 661, 701. ~ Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii, pp. 656-660. § Ibid, viii, pp. 685, 714. || Ibid, viii, pp. 674, 704. q Ibid, viii, pp. 681, 715. _ ** Ibid, viii, p. 704. t+ bid, viii, p. 715. tt Ibid, viii, p. 675, 682. § Copper and many of its ores are found in slate at Saint Neot, Saint Cleer, Linkinhorne, South Hill, and Calstock ;— in granite at Saint Cleer, Linkinhorne, and Calstock. Lead-ore is associated with silver in slate at Saint Pinnock, Menheniot, Saint Ive, South Hill, and Calstock. Native silver, and several ores of silver have been obtained in slate at Saint Pinnock, Saint Ive, and Calstock. 230 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. At Lark-holes* near Redgate tin-ore is scattered in isolated masses, and at Gonamenat on the south-western slope of Caradon as well as at Kit Hill,t it is disseminated, through the granite. Notwithstanding every part of the waste between Powne’s- cost and Five-lanes has been furrowed in search of stream-tin-ore, the miner has found no encouragement there or in the neighbour- hood§ ;_ for, at present the entire tract and the (Drains and the Saint Neot) tributaries of the Fowey—which rise in it—scarcely afford a livelihood to thirty workmen. At Netherton, in Saint Neot, operations have been lately resumed on a—previously wrought yet unexhausted—spot, beside the Drains river. The present works have not yet reached the sides of the ancient opening; and the vegetable mould, the more recent granitic sand and gravel, the peat, and the small angular, — subangular, and rounded masses of granite, as well as the ingredi- ents associated with them, were all indiscriminately mixed by the earlier workmen; neither the works nor the matter extracted from them affords, therefore, available clue to the natural succes- sion of the several deposits. The small quantity of in-ground still remaining is covered by large blocks|| of hard granite ; and it cannot be extracted until they have been removed. The Shelf— everywhere more or less disintegrated—consists of rather coarse- grained granite; in which eroded pits—beneath hard, travelled rocks, especially,—contain quantities of rich stream-tin-ore. At Penny-snap, (Wheal Prosper) in Alternun, a stream-work, immediately east of the Drains river, has laid open— (1). Peat 2.2... .ccccecsscescerccccrcecce puis eae tetecanalsterenere » o- 7% feet;— (2). Angular, subangular, and rude spheroidal, masses of granite, schorl-rocks, and quartz ; varying from the size of fine sand, to many inches in length, breadth, and thickness, all imbedded in pale blue felspathic ley ; from 38 to 6 feet, and averaging about......... JoDooroGD0b000000dD000000 5 4 3 * Mr. John Taylor, Purser of Craddock Moor, M8. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii, p. 664. t Ibid, v, p. 132. § The Ordnance Geological Map (Sheets xxv and xxx, coloured by Sir H. T. De la Beche in 1839) indicates no Jode—though one at least has been since discovered—north of the, now nearly exhausted, deposit of séream-tin- ore long wrought on the Bodmin moors. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 61; Ante, p . 194. q Of this, valuable fuel, little or no use is made in the neighbourhood. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 231 (3). The tin- -ground generally consists of much the same ingre- dients as the deposit (2) directly above it; but perhaps it - may sometimes affect smaller and more rounded masses.* The tin-ore occurs, mostly, as water-worn sand or gravel ; but now and then in perfect (unfractured) crystals ...... 3 ,, j— The Shelf is rather coarse-grained granite; moderately hard whilst covered, but it rapidly disintegrates when—in progress of the work—it is exposed. The pits are drained by aid of water-wheels ; respectively— 6 feet in diameter, and 3 _ feet wide (in breast) at Netherton; and 7 Dp 5p op AS) KOON oy, x », Penny-snap. Trewint-Marsh, also in Alternun, drains into a brook which nee the Lynher, a tributary of the (Deane At and near its head, operations have been long discontinued ; but an instructive section is still visible. The tin-ground was long since gleaned of any ore it might have contained; but the remaining portions of it, and the whole succeeding deposit—both, consisting of granite, schorl, quartz, and felspar, beside fragments of various granitic vein- stones—affect, here and there, rude spheroids, and, perhaps more frequently, subangular masses; but for the most part they are rough angular blocks, which hear no mark of attrition. The moors west of Kilmar, Sharp Tor and the Cheese-wring decline towards Trewartha-marsh, whence their drainage falls into the Lynher. The bed and margin of every tributary} — evidence the labours of earlier streamers, who sometimes found particles of gold mixed with their tin-ore.} * “The stream-works in the valley of the Fowey, on the Bodmin moors ..show that twice has the surface been clothed with vegetation. The first “time, on a granitic soil, grew large timber trees: a flood laid them down... ‘‘ with their heads directed down the valley...and spread a layer of granite ‘pebbles and tin over them: another soil was formed supporting a vegeta- ‘tion of bushes and ferns, the resort of the deer, and upon this a finer gravel, “the result of slower and longer diluvial action, accumulated: and lastly, “ on this, a third bed of peat has arisen, crowned with no leafy honours, and ‘‘ whose tallest plant is the low but elegant heath.” Parrigson, Cor nwall Geol: Trans: vii, p. 36. + Blight, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iii, (Mo. ix,) . 13. + Three-quarters of an ounce of gold culled from amongst the stream- ~ tin-ore of his domain in North Hill, was—by direction of Mr. Spoure (who died in 1696)—made into a signet-ring, which has descended, as an heir-loom, to his representative Mr. Rodd of Trebartha, whose muniments comprise a contemporary manuscript descriptive of the conditions under which both the metal and the ore were discovered. Mr. Hpwarp Huarwe Ropp, of Penzance, MS. 232 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. As the earlier accounts show that tin was obtained in this dis- trict and in its neighbourhood in much larger quantities than in any other part of Cornwall,* it might have been expected that traces of works still more ancient would have been more numerous, and masses of Jew’s-house-tin more frequently found. If it were so, however, they probably found their way to the Smelting- furnace at once; for the interest of Antiquaries and Mineralogists in their preservation was, at that time, but slightly aroused. As, for many years past, din-str eaming has had but a bare existence in the vicinity, neither specimen, nor record of discovery,t has rewarded later enquirers. ‘*The present Mr. Glynne of Glynne has...shown me a large gold ‘“‘ Seal-ring made of Gold hoppes found in the River under his house ” [Mr. Tonkin’s papers MS. B: pa: 54]. ‘I have also Two small pieces found in a ‘* Stream-work near the Church of Cardynham not far from Bodman.” Boruase (Additions to Natural History), Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, I. (No. iv.) Supplement, p. 35. ‘‘ Tn a stream-work conducted by me on the river Camel a good bit of “‘ gold was found mixed with the tin-ore.” Captain James Kyicut, MS. * Maclean, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iii, p. 238. + At Berriow in North Hill the ruins of an old building—always known as the Jew’s-howse—were remoyed about 1832-3, and beneath them were found— a ladle of stone [? potstone] now in the Museum of the Royan InsrirurTion OF CoRNWALL; and two troughs or moulds of granite, which measured re- spectively— The smaller. The Larger. Length........ NOP ieeleyereeisier el Owen CHE SU aebtclelelolelejeonaat2-eachoge 1 . COsC oo COLNONNOHD cogg AP “5, epenetelorene siete pe Openers Wid cvefer (er MLODE oie cieccrepoto uilichis Zeon h gaiscolese\eleje1 ise) YY Three separate beds of silt without shells 12: feet thick; are separated by -A.. 12: feet thick. J \ 1). A bed of silt without shells, 4 e a 5% feet thick; a= (2). Silt; with great quantities (3) 31: "(3 of shells..12* feet thick ; ° 29 99 99 a : * Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 63. Barratt, (De la Beche’s) Report, p. 403. + Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans; iv, p. 61. + Mr. Ralfs, Ante, p. 213, Notes. § Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 59; Ante, p, 205. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 59; Ante, pp. 199, 219. q Smith, Geol: Trans: iv, (O.8.) p. 406. Rashleigh, Cornwall Geol. Trans: ii, p. 282. Henwood, Jbid, iv, (1828), p.58. Colenso, /bid, (1829), pp. 382—37. ** Henwood, Ibid, iv, p. 58. Taylor, Ante, p. 218. Whitley, Ante, p. 218. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 243 PENTUAN.* (2). A bed of silt sometimes con- taining animal and vege- table remains ....2° feet thick ; (1). Abed of sea-sand containing animal and vegetable remains..20: feet thick; (3). a op 0 0UPES TOOL. gp (1). A bed of silt containing animal and _ vegetable remains .. 2° feet thick; (3). ” Ee - 10° 9? ” SANDRYCO CKt near PORTH. (QO), Jeeehiooe odode 4-1 feet thick 3) (Op Ces odcs00 1:4 foot thick ; (3). Clay, containing vegetable matter, with traces of the phosphate of iron 3:8 feet thick; 4 (4). Sea-sand mixed with clay \ 3° feet thick ; (5). Sea-sand fragments of shells and of clay-slate....4° feet thick ; (6). Coarser sand, without shells Ke 6° feet thick ; are separ. ated by (2). Abed of sea-sand containing shells .... 0:3 foot thick. are separ- ated by are separated by UieEPECAtirctelereieiee) Os. 55, 9511 'a) The human remains were discovered{ at— Carnon...... 58 feet.) 2, seeesees 64 feet.) 8S ....46 feet below.) # = Se : 2k Ba +f 4 ,, above. id Pentuan..20-40 ,, .J 2? 14-34 ,, 3 .. (14 ,, below.j 6 Neither speculation on the causes of these alternations, of fresh- water with marine substances, and of animal with inorganic matter ; nor conjecture whether the human remains at Carnon and at Pen- ‘tuan may—though they are imbedded at unequal depths and in different parts of the series—have belonged to the same, or to distant periods, can—especially in the absence of a perfect skull from Carnon§—properly find place in a mere descriptive memoir. _In the shallow stream-works of the moorlands the upper por- * Smith, Geol: Trans: iv, (O.8.) p. 406. Colenso, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, pp. 32 —37. + Rashleigh, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii, p. 282. + “Assuming these facts to be correct, we seem to have evidence that “ Cornwall was inhabited by human beings when the earlier accumulations ‘‘of detrital matter were effected over the tin-ground.” De wa Becue, Report, p. 407. § Table Ill, Notey. QA4 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. tions consist of much the same ingredients as both the adjoining and the neighbouring rocks and vein-stones.* They commonly occur in the state of sand and gravel ;—differ little, if at all, from the beds of brooks in their vicinity ;—and are disposed in, almost countless, thin layers, which alternate with yet thinner partings of hardened clay. (VI). Tin-ore (Suoves+) sprinkled on the surface at various alti- tudes. The valleys and low-grounds—although, by far, the largest and richest—are not the only repositories of detrital tin-ore ; for -_ #* Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, pp. 60—64. Ante, pp. 195, 196, 200, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 230, 231. + “Title stones, lye both in and nere the Brookes, and vpon the ‘‘mountaynes wher the metall lyeth; theis stones they call the Shoade, ‘being parcel of the veyne of owre, which being dismembred from the bodye ‘‘of the Loade, are meanes to direct to the place of profite, as the smoake ‘“directeth where the fire lurketh.” Norprn, Speculi Britannic, p. 12. “To find the Loadworkes the first labour is employed in seeking.... ‘“‘ certaine Tynne-stones, lying on the face of the ground, which are termed “ Shoade, as shed from the main Loade, and made somewhat smooth and “‘yound, by the waters washing and wearing....Having found any such, ‘“‘they coniecture by the sight of the ground which way the floude came that ‘‘brought them thither, and so give a gesse at the place whence they were ‘broken off.” Carzw, Survey of Cornwall, (H. P.), f. 8. “The shouders...pretend to such a nicety, as by the roughness or ‘smoothness of the shoad to tell you how far off the main load lies; nay, ‘to fit the very shoad, allowing for the wearing of it, to the place of the load “that it was broken off from by the flood.” Canrnw, Survey of Cornwall, (Tonkin’s Notes to Lord De Dunstanville’s Edition), p. 29. “Tin is [sometimes] found disseminated on the sides of hills, in single “stones, which we call Shodes, sometimes a furlong or more distant. from “their lodes, and sometimes these loose stones are found together in great ‘numbers, making one continued course.” Boruase, Natural History, p. 161. ‘“‘ Shode [tin-ore] is disjunct and scattered, to some declined distance ‘‘from its parent lode, and is pebbly or smoothy angular.” Prycn, Miner- alogia Cornubiensis, p. 67. ‘“‘Shoad-stones are partially rounded and apparently water-worn ; “they are found on, or at very small distances below, the surface; their ‘‘ mineral characters are much the same as those of neighbouring lodes, of ‘“‘which, indeed, it is supposed they were originally portions, removed by ‘“‘ diluvial action. As shode stones usually contain tin-ore they have been ‘‘ carefully culled, and few now remain in the mining districts of Cornwall. “The Shoder commonly commenced his labours in low-grounds, where tin- ‘‘ bearing diluvium abounded, and carefully sought tinny shode-stones as he _ “ascended the neighbouring hills ; as he advanced he found them in greater ‘“numbers, and at length he traced them to, what he believed to be, the ‘“‘ parent lode.” HeEnwoon, Quarterly Mining Review, i, (1830), p. 403. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 245 —like lead-ore in the north of England,*—native copper on the shores of Lake Superior,|—and gold in the mountain-cascalhot of Brazil,—it has occurred—and, to some trifling extent, still occurs—in, more or less, abraded masses on the slopes of many hills ; and this so frequently that, during early periods of Cornish’ mining industry, they were—and, indeed, to some extent, they still are—traced as guides to the lodes whence they had been riven. Such transported masses, however, are limited to slopes in no particular direction ; but owing to the contour of the surface§ and the general directions of the Jlodes,|| they have been more numerous on the northernf and southern than on the eastern and * “ Shoad ore is a pretty sure indication of a vein where it is found, or ‘‘a little above, or higher on the acclivity of the surface ; but you must judge ‘“‘of the distance above, by the greater or less acclivity of the slope....The “‘shoad ore is found...in rough irregular globes...of all sizes, from very ‘large masses, down to the size of peas, and smaller grains,...and is fre- “quently coated with white on the outside....Float ore differs from the “ shoad; the former being water-worn, the latter not. The float ore is ‘generally mixed with water-worn bullets and gravel; the shoad never, “unless it has been washed off the superficies of the vein by some stream ‘‘of water.” Forstrer, Section of the Strata between Newcastle and Cross Fell, pp. 276—278. : + “Ten leagues south of Lake Superior there is a single lump of native ‘“ copper about four tons weight... but no vein of copper has been discovered” ‘‘ Tin the neighbourhood.] Prycr, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, p. 61. “Tt is well known that transported masses of native copper are occa- “sionally met with in the diluvial deposits which are abundantly spread ‘over the country...south of Lake Superior.” Houauron, Silliman’s Journal, xli, p. 29. “ Fragments of metallic ores and native copper,—the latter sometimes ‘“‘weighing several hundred pounds...occur oceasionally...in a layer of clay ‘‘resting either on coarse drift or...on the rock.” Fosrzr anp WHITNEY, Report on the Geology of Lake Superior, pp. 186—191. (Abridged). “‘ About [1864] two years since [a mass of copper] which weighed about “eighteen tons was found loose on the drift covering the rock...near Portage “Lake.” BavErman, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxii, p. 452. i “There is a difference between the cascal/ho in the mountains and ‘“‘that in the rivers; the embedded stones in the mountain-cascalho are ‘rough and angular, but in that of the rivers they are rounded.” MAaNoEL FERREIRA DA Camara, (Southey’s), History of Brazil, iii. p. 827. § De la Beche, Report, pp. 19—20; Fig. 1. Ante, pp. 233—235. || Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, pp. 250—254, Pl. xi, Fig. 5, Table ciii; Ibid, viii, p. 674, Note+; Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iv, (No. xiii), p. xvi; Annales des Mines, 7me Serie, ii, p. 172. q An instructive example of shode-tin-ore has been lately discovered by the Reverend William Borlase, M.A., Vicar of Zennor, in the ravine which bounds his glebe, and within gun-shot of the Bristol Channel. 246 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. western declivities ; but whether alike plentiful on opposite sides of the water-shed* seems unknown. It has been shown} that a slightly elevated body of ‘slate extends from the northern slope of Hensbarrow and Killivreth Down,—surrounds the granite of Castle an Dinas and of Belovely Renwom, —and merges in the schistose strata which border the Bristol Channel. North-east of this elevation both the rocks and the—more or less—rounded detritus in the moors of Saint Austell and Lanlivery are almost exclusively granitic ;{ south- west of the dividing range, however, the shelf, the tin-grownd,.and the overburden are for—by far—the most part of slate and elvan, mixed, at intervals, with small proportions of granite,§ all bearing traces of abrasion. But whilst the band of schistose rocks main- tains a higher level than the dissimilar—though it may be con- temporaneous—beds of detrifus on either side, it is much lower than the peaks, ridges and slopes of Hensbarrow, Killivreth Down, Helmen-Tor, Belovely Beacon, and Castle an Dinas; from the rocks,|| Jodes, and thin strings of vein-stone, from some of, if not from all, which—small as their produce has been of late years —both the tin-grownd and the overlying débris are assumed to have been derived,f whilst this boundary of slate, between the different kinds of transported matter, is, itself, free from all trace of detritus. Moreover the rather considerable tract of cultivated land which surrounds the village of Tregoss and the hamlet of Pendean,—though bounded on three of its sides by the refuse of ancient stream-works**—hbears no specimen of drift, or evidence of diluvial action.+t * Ante, pp. 233—235. + Ante, pp. 212, 218. + Ante, pp. 213—216. § Ante, pp. 216—218. || Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 252. Henwood, Jbid, v, p. 120, Note. Ante, p. 212. q ‘Those who have studied the decomposed granite near Saint Austell, ‘traversed as it is by a multitude of branches and strings of oxide of tin, ‘would have little difficulty in perceiving that if a body of water were made “to rush over it, the decomposed granite would be readily removed, and that “the broken-up strings and branches of tin-ore would be rolled into pebbles, “and distributed just as the stream-tin now occurs down the valleys in the “neighbourhood.” Dr ta Brecue, Report, p. 398. ** Ordnance Geological Map, Sheet xxx. ++ Boase, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iv, p. 248. Ante, p. 218, Notef. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 247 If—whilst stream-tin was deposited in the valleys, and shodes were scattered on more elevated parts of the surface—tin-ore was also swept into the sea,* it must now be—as on shore—concealed by more recent deposits ;f for, during the recent Hydrographical Survey, soundings—almost without number—failed to detect any- thing of the kind,t in even of a single instance. The granite of Cligger-head§ is traversed by narrow veins of quartz; and both the rock and the veins contain tin-ore. The action of the sea saps the base of the cliff; and large portions of it fall almost every winter. These are rapidly disintegrated by the waves ; and the ore they had contained is gleaned by a few poor people, who earn a scanty livelihood by preparing it for market. On several other parts of the coast small quantities of tin-ore are collected ;|| but most of it, if not the whole is sepa- * “Granite and tin-stone shingle occur round the Land’s-end and “Scilly Islands.” Austen, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vi, p. 76. + ‘‘If the mines [of Scilly] had ever been very productive of tin, ‘some traces of diluvial tin-ore would, even in modern days, be from time ‘‘to time found in the low-grounds, but in neither of them has any tin-ore “been discovered within the recollection of the oldest inhabitant, nor is ‘‘there a record of such a fact at any former period; neither has any tin-ore ‘“‘evyer been found pulverized amongst the sands of the sea shore, as it fre- “quently is in the mining parts of Cornwall which border on the sea.” Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vii, p. 153. ¢ Captain (now Rear Admiral) George Williams, R.N. Officer in charge of the Hydrographical Survey, MS. § Sedgwick, Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, i, pp. 181—132. Boase, Cornwail Geol: Trans: iv, p. 303. Henwood, /bid, v, p. 94. Von Oeynhausen and Von Dechen, Phil: Mag: and Annals, v, p. 169. Thomas, (R.), Wining Review, ii, p. 265. Dela Beche, Report, p. 162. || Borlase, Natural History, p. 164. Ante, p. 197, Note ‘Small quantities of tin-ore are frequently thrown up by the sea, on ‘the beach below the Little Bounds engine [in Saint Just.] One or more ‘workmen may generally be seen, on the return of the tide after high-water, “searching for tin-ore amongst the sand and shingle. It is probable that “this comes from the back of some of the tin-lodes which run under the “sea.” Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii, p. 342. ‘‘ Tin-ore was found in small quantities, many years ago, a little below “‘high-water-mark, on the margin of the Loe-pool at the bar, close below the ‘furnace discovered in 1860.” Rocrrs, Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, x1, (1863, p. 80). “From a stratum, also between high and low water, on the sea-shore at ‘‘Gunwalloe fishing cove, tin-ore is now about to be returned, under a licence “from the Duchy of Cornwall. This, however is visible only on occasions “of unusual stripping of the shingle, from the rocks at the base of the cliff; “and occurs (as I am told by the holder of the licence) in little dishes or ‘‘hollows in the face of the rock.” Mr. Roagrrs, of Penrose, MS, Hunt, Mineral Statistics, 1870, p. 8. 248 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. rated by the action of running water,* or of the sea, from the waste which escapes in neighbouring mines. . * “Tin is also found among the slime and sands of rivers and of the ‘‘ seashore (as in some creeks of Falmouth harbour several lords of the soil ‘“have lately experienced to their advantage) washed down probably from the “hills, and resting in such sheltered situations that the sea has not power ‘to carry it off.” Boruasz, Natural History, p. 164. “ Besides stream-works, we have another sort...occasioned by the refuse ‘and leavings from the stamping-mills, &c., which are carried by the rivers “down to the lower grounds...I have heen told that about seventy years ‘“back, [1708] the low lands and sands under Perran Arworthall, which are ‘‘ covered almost every tide with the sea, have, on its going off, employed “some hundreds of poor men, women, and children, incapable of earning “‘ their bread by any other means.” Pryce, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, p. 135. ‘“« The sand on Marazion green [affords ]...sufficient tin-ore to pay in some “measure for its streaming, which process, on a small scale, is here in “operation.” Boasz, Cornwall Geol: Trans: iii, p. 178. ‘At Polladan-cove [in Saint Just] portions of the sea-sand are often “ eollected and dressed for sake of the tin-ore deposited amongst it by the “rivulet flowing through the dressing-floors in Nancherrow-vale. Wherever ‘‘ there is a strip of beach at the base of the cliff persons are employed to ‘collect any stones containing tin-ore; whether these may be separated “from the rubbish of the mines by the action of the waves, or torn from ‘‘ the backs of lodes beneath the sea, is difficult, if not impossible, to deter- “mine.” Hunwoop, Jbid, v, p. 8. Hunt, Mineral Statistics, 1870, p. 8. ‘‘ Tin-ore is now being got—under licence from the Duchy—from the ‘‘ sand brought down and deposited by the river Cober, at the head of the ‘‘ Loe-pool during winter, when the water rises some feet above the ordinary ‘“‘ surface.” Mr. Rocrrs, MS. ‘© Small streams which rise amongst the hills south of Camborne, Tuck- ‘‘ingmill, and Pool, are—in various parts of their course to the sea near ‘“« Gwithian—used for (dressing ) washing the produce of Condurrow, Dolcoath, ‘“‘ Oook’s-kitchen, North Roskear, Wheal Crofty, Tin-Croft, and some other ‘‘ mines ; but from each mine they carry off, in suspension, small quantities ‘‘ of tin-ore still adhering to its matrix. The separation which stamping ‘©and other processes had failed to accomplish at first, is, however, gradually “‘ effected by the action of running water; portions of ore are therefore “ collected from lower parts of the stream, by appliances exactly similar to “those which had been inefficient to arrest them above.” THomas, (Captain Charles), Cornwall Geol: Trans: viii, p. 354, Notet. Tt has been stated that of late thirty thousand Pounds worth of tin-ore has been collected annually from these streams. “The ore which escaped from Gongo Soco [in Brazil] was treated a “ second time at Taboleiro, about a mile from the mine, and yielded, on an ‘average about a (Troy) pound of gold per month.” HxEnwoop, Ibid, viii, p. 354, ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 249 The entire County now yields only about fifty tons of Stream- ’ tin-ore a year.* The Royalties (Dues) reserved by the owners of mineral rights, are, generally, higher in stream-works than in mines. In one instance—where the difficulty and risk are exceptionally great—the proprietors receive one-twentieth ; in most other cases, however, they are content with from one-fifteenth to one-twelfth, but in one district—perhaps the roughest and poorest in Cornwall —the Lord exacts one-tenth of the entire produce.+ Ancient furnaces—locally known as Jews’-houses—have, from time to time, been discovered in various parts of Cornwall; and rudely moulded blocks of metal—generally called Jews’-house-tin have been found still more frequently. Such furnaces and masses of metal have—it is scarcely requisite to say—no necessary relation to detrital deposits; but the smelting-works and their products are often—perhaps mostly—found in the neighbourhood of the stream-works ; and imperfectly smelted specimens of Jews’- house-tin,—sometimes obtained—consist of stream-ore mixed with charcoal and cemented by metallic-tin.; Neither furnaces nor blocks of Jews-house-tin, however, have been numerous on the coast or at great elevations. ‘““At Morro Velho [in the same district] the ore which escaped “from the dressing-floors in suspension, was collected on the margin of a “neighbouring stream; where—by being again stamped and washed,—it “yielded from 1856 to 1863, one thousand three hundred and sixty five ‘‘ (Troy) lbs. of gold.” Symons, Reports of the Saint John del Rey Company, “xxvii, p. 40; xxvili, p. 47; xxix, p. 43; xxx, p. 43; xxxi, p. 48; Xxxxii, p. 60. Drerzscu, /bid, xxxiii, p. 50; xxxiv, p. 49. . # Mr, Francis Michell of Calenick and Mr. Richard Wellington of Chyandour, MSS. + ‘‘When a Streaming Tinner...takes a lease...he agrees to pay, the “ owner or lord of the fee, a certain part clear of al] expense...The consider- ‘ation is generally one sixth, seventh, eighth, or ninth,...or instead thereof, ‘‘he contracts to employ so many men and boys...and to pay the land-owner, ‘for liberty, from twenty to thirty shillings a year for each man, and...for ‘every boy...half as much as for a man.” Prycr, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, p. 132. t Ante, p. 226. Note. J 250 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. Traces of ancient smelting-works (Jews’-houses) have been dis- covered in the various spots,—and described by the several authorities, —undermentioned :— LOCALITIES. AUTHORITIES. WESTERN DISTRICT. WMEKTROM, 56 gon boocad00c0KH0000 Ie Cras), Cornwall Geol: Trans: Vi, Marazion-green ..... ........ Edmonds, The Land’s-end District,* To ©) WESTERN-CENTRAL DISTRICT. Nh yame hii, HAM Muncie Be eI ois ots OG Mr. Joshua Fox, MS. + Gwennap .......+..eeeeeee0-- Hrancis (W.), Gwennap, a Descriptive Poem, p. 100, Note.} CENTRAL DISTRICT. Mawean ...... vecccecece-ees Michell (J.), Manual of Mineralogy, p. 75.§ WWI! po50 co000000 0000000 .e- Gentleman’s Magazine, xevi, p 125.|] . IbpNMbEIA/ Go00.40100 00c sce -eceee Hare, Mining Journal, September, 1855.4] EASTERN DISTRICT. North Hill .....2c00..se00.-.- Rodd, (F.), Report of the Royal Institu- tion of Cornwall, xxxii, p. 58.** Block-moulds of stone have been met with, ‘in, at least two instances ; — LOCALITIES, AUTHORITIES. WESTERN-CENTRAL DISTRICT. Gwennap ....2-+.-ccrceeeooee Francis, (W.), Gwennap, a Descriptive Poem, p. 100, Note rt. EASTERN DISTRICT. North Hill ......csee+see0ee4 Rodd, (F.), Report of the Royal Institu- tion of Cornwall, xxxii, p. 58.tt * Near the river immediately west of Marazion, and at from three to six yards beneath the sandy surface, ancient walls of unhewn stone, rudely made pottery, charcoal, ashes, and slag mixed with grains of metallic tin, and,—within a short distance,—fragments of bronze, were discovered. Epmonps, Transactions of the Penzance Natural History Society, i, p. 348. The Land’s-end District, p. 9. + Ante, p. 201, Note §. + Ante, p. 206, Note. § Ante, p. 226, Note. || Ante, p. 227, Note. q ‘‘ From a Jews’-house discovered at Lanlivery by a tinner called John “Hare specimens of the ore, and the tin in a regular and refined state were “ secured, but no blocks were found.” Hxnwoop, (Gxo.), Lectures on Geology and Mining, ii, p. 11, Note. *x Ante, p. 232, Note +. +t Ante, p. 206, Note. tt Ante, p. 232, Note. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 251 Jews'-house-tin has been found in many parts of the western and central districts ; but under various conditions, and in masses of unequal weight ; LOCALITIES. WEIGHTS. AUTHORITIES. WESTERN DISTRICT. Saint Just .......... 5°O0lbs. Avoir. Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: P li, p. 293 .* non00600 ORO) - . 1 ; Madeon (Bossuliack) . Re ee Lane Cor fe Geol: ‘3 Trereife...... ; 26:00 9 Gots Sure DE est a Tremethick .. 38°00 5 Whitley (H.M.), Journal of the Royal Inst: of Cornwall, No, Xili, p. XxXviii.§ WESTERN-CENTRAL DISTRICT. Gwinear .orsccersesee 31:00 A Carne, Cornwall Geol: Trans: ii, p. 293. Le Grice, Jbid, vi, p. 44.|| Constantine.. ...--.. 3:90 na Mr. Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Recordsin the Royal School of Mines MS.7 Manaccan’.....0..+0e. 0°47 50) Professor Tennant, F.G.S.; and Mr. Thomas Davies, F.G.S.; MS.+** af WOOP Goacco a fragment. Myr. Rogers, of Penrose, MS. ++ Saint Martin Meneage.. 1:25 “ Dr. Jago, F.R.S., President of the Royal Institution of Cornwall MS.++ * Ante, p. 193, Note +. There may be some uncertainty whether this _is not the first specimen referred to by Mr. Le Grice. Cornwall Geol: Trans: vi, p. 44. + Ante, p. 193. { This specimen was presented by Mr. le Grice to the Penzance Naturat History Society, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vi, p. 45. Ante, p. 193. § Ante, p. 193. || Ante p. 199, Note +. ‘ The largest [mass] I have heard of weighed 34lbs., it was found in a “ hedge in the parish of Gwinear, and having been offered for sale at the “* Angarrack Smelting House, the Goth of a refiner put it at once into a ladle “and melted it down.” Lr Gricz, Cornwall Geol: Trans: vi, p. 44. q This specimen is preserved i in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. ** This specimen is in the British Museum. {+ ‘(A small fragment of very imperfectly smelted tin,—supposed to be “ Jews’-tin—was discovered on Manaccan-moor by Mr. R. J. Cunnack who “presented it to me. It was found in connection with fragments of what ‘had every appearance of slag.” Mr. Rogers, MS. tt This specimen is preserved in the Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Ante, p. 203, Note. F 252 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. WESTERN-CENTRAL District, Continued. LOCALITIES. WEIGHTS. AUTHORITIES. Mawnan .........-.. 3°--4lbs. Avoir. Mr. Joshua Fox, MS.* Near Truro .......... 0°32 a Professor Tennant, F.G.S.; 5 and Mr. Thomas Davies, F.G.S., MS.+ = Mr. Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Recordsinthe Royal Sehool of Mines.t Saint Agnes. « conaoooe 00) CENTRAL DISTRICT. Wreedhwiecelcsreurcinwe eso) hs Borlase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Supplement, i, p. 26.§ Saint Mewan ........ 75:00 e Mr. Francis Michell, MS.|| Saint Austell .......- 6°00 5 Borlase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Supplement, p. 25.9 MA so00G000 lr 'F Mr. William Petherick, of Saint Austell, MS.** Lanlivery escessceeees 46°25 a Mr. Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records in the Royal School cf Mines, MS.++ Roche ....e+---.about 20:00 59 Hitchins and Drew. History of Cornwall, ii, p. 587.tt Mawgan ..cccececee- 39D a Michell (J.), Manual of Min- eralogy, p. 75. Poole, Jour- nal of the Royal Institution ~ of Cornwall, i, (No. iv), p. 9.8§ The cabinets at Menabilly contain other specimens of Jew’s-house-tin. * Ante, p. 201, Note§. t This specimen is EN es in the British Museum. * Museum .of Practical Geology in ieee Street, London. § Ante, p. 226, Note. “This specimen is deposited in the Museum of the Royal Society, London.” Bortase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, Supple- ment, p. 26. ‘For the satisfaction of the curious [a] specimen is deposited in the “ Desk of Cornish Fossils at the Museum in Oxford.” Boruase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, Supplement, p. 26. Ibid, p. 26. A quantity of Jews’-house tin, cut into pieces of about an inch square, was lately offered for sale at one Of the eastern smelting-houses. || This slab remains at Calenick smelting-house, near Truro. p. 226, Note. q{ Ante, p. 225, Note |q. Ante, p- 226, Note. ** This remarkable mass is now in the collection of Mr. J. C. Daubuz of Killiow, Ante, p. 226, Note. ++ This specimen is preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. tt Ante, 227. §§ Ante, p. 226, Note *. ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. 253 The foregoing columns show that masses of J ews’-house-tin have, of late years, been discovered not only in every part of Cornwall west of the Fowey and the Camel* which has afforded stream-tin ore, but that they have been obtained also in Meneage, a part of the County in which no tin-ore, of any kind, has ever been found. A few of them have been procured from primitive smelting-sites, and one was met with on the coast; but no single example has ever yet been brought to light in the neighbourhood of an ancient highway. The shapes of these blocks are often so irregular as to defy mere verbal description ; but, perhaps, most of them show some approach to an oval on the upper side, thinning, however, from about the middle to the circumference on the lower ; resemb- ling, in fact, the rude pigs run from the small furnaces of native iron-smelters in the Himalaya,t or the lumps of iron cast—in hastily scraped pits—when the quantities of molten metal exceed the requirements of the founders. These Jews’-house blocks vary, from a few ounces to eighty pounds (Avoir.),in weight. The specimens hitherto described,t have generally been invested with lead-coloured crusts of the oxide of tin ; in some of which traces of chlorine§ have been detected. I have now to offer my grateful acknowledgements to the Noblemen and Gentlemen who have afforded me opportunity for these enquiries, and my warmest thanks to the Superin- tendents of works, and working-men, whose advice and assist- ance have enabled me to finish these—my last—labours in the * Whether the eastern moorlands were formerly sprinkled, in like manner, with masses of Jews’-house-tin we have now no means of ascertain- ing ; for it appears (MacuEan, Ante, p. 190) that some centuries ago they had been in great measure exhausted. + Tyraill, Asiatic Researches, xv, p. 138. Herbert, /bid, i, p. 252. Hen- wood, Hxtracts from the Records of Government (Calcutta, 1855), p. 31. + Borlase, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, i, Supplement, pp. 25, 26. Gregor, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i, p. 52. Michell, (J.), Manual of Mineralogy, p. 74. Collins, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, iii, (No. xiii), p. 83. Napier, bid, p. 84, Note. Percy, (Dr.), F.R.S. MS. § During high winds and heavy rains the windows in West Cornwall are often slightly obscured by thin incrustations of common salt. F 2 254 ON THE DETRITAL TIN-ORE OF CORNWALL. field ;* to some I am more deeply indebted than to others ; but I fear to particularize, lest—by unintentional omissions—I may pain some to whom I am under the deepest obligations. W. J. HENWOOD. 8, CLARENCE PLACE, PENZANCE, 1871—1873. CORRECTION. Page 199, line 8....fo7 Marazion-march 7¢ad Marazion-marsh. Henwood, Cornwall Geol: Trans: v, pp. 8, 386; viii, p. 722. 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HE variety of ore which, from its structure, is known as wood- tin, has been so very rarely found in lodest that no detail respecting it can be devoid of interest. The ancient and well-known mine of Wheal Vor—situate on — an elevated plain of chloritic slate, immediately east of Tregoning- hill, an isolated body of granite—has, perhaps, afforded more tin- ore than any other tract, of equal extent, in Cornwall. The Wheal Metal lode bears 10°-15° N. of E.—S. of W., and— like most of the other lodes in Vheal Vor—dips some 65°-80° N. Some six or seven years since, traces of wood-tin were discovered about 180 fathoms from the surface west of the Metal shaft ; and, within a few months, ore of much the same character. has been found at some 200 fathoms deep, 80 fathoms further east in the same lode, which maintains for some considerable extent an average width of about two feet. Almost suddenly, however, it attains a breadth of six feet, and the vein-stone, at the same time, becomes less quartzose, more chloritic, and contains a larger pro- portion of crystalline tin-ore of the ordinary character. These are sometimes separately aggregated, though frequently they are, more or less, mixed ; but—whether the ingredients are earthy or metallic—the wood-tin occurs either in scattered grains, in small isolated masses, or in veins of unequal, yet always of inconsider- * Communicated by William Jory Henwood, F.R.S., F.G.S., Member of the Institution. ft Majendie, Cornwall Geol: Trans: i, p. 238. Carne, Jbid, ix, p. 97. Henwood, /bid, v, p. 32. Henty, Proceedings of the Miners’ Association, (1867), p. 55. : F 3 256 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WOOD-TIN ORE. able width ; and these—even when no thicker than paper—dis- play the most capricious and complicated flexures, and still preserve a fibrous structure. Both in the broader parts of these narrow veins, and in the small bodies of ore, whether imbedded in ordi- nary cassiterite or in earthy ingredients, radiated-crystalline,—as well as a concentric lamellar-structure prevails, the successive rings or cylinders of ore being alternately of clove-brown, and of brownish yellow, hue.* These aggregations of divergent crystals sometimes enclose kernels of ordinary tin-ore; but now and then they radiate from minute cavities (vughs), which—in such cases are lined with microscopic pyramids of cassiterite. As wood-tin-ore has been so rarely found in Jlodes, and in no case, yet recorded, from so great a depth as in Wheal Vor, I venture to hope that the foregoing description of the conditions under which it occurred, may not be uninteresting. One of the best specimens of wood-tin-ore yet obtained here accompanies this memorandum, and I shall be gratified to find that it has been found worthy of a place in the Museum of The Royal Institution of Cornwall. Wheal Vor, 23rd April, 1873. * Phillips, W. J., Introduction to Mineralogy, (Third edition), p. 253. 957 IV.—On Dynamite, in its sanitary aspect.—By Dr. Hupson, Redruth. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 16th, 1873. OR a considerable number of years, the fact has been recog- nized that the occupation of mining is much less satisfactory, from a sanitary point of view, than other forms of out-door work. The genuine miner has not only his fair proportion of trivial diseases, but, in addition, suffers from various affections of the respiratory organs, which almost double his mortality when compared with that of the non-mining population of the neigh- bourhood in which he resides. The causes of this excessive mortality were fully investigated by the Kinnaird Commission, some ten years ago. Briefly, they are: imperfect ventilation, candle-smoke, powder-smoke, and, in dry mines, dust from boring and the use of the pick. Year by year the system of ventilation has been improving ; and, I understand, it is comparatively rare to find a mine very deficient in that respect. At various stages, in the “rising of winzes,” or driving of levels, it is quite un- reasonable to expect the circulation of a free current of air, as these operations require time for their completion. The question then arises: can anything be done, beyond the employment of the fanning machine, in lessening the amount of foreign matter with which the stagnant air of “close ends” is charged. Dr. Angus Smith has studied the chemistry of the air of mines, and has published his results, in a most elaborate and complete form. He ascertained the main deleterious ingredients to be, organic matter, carbonic acid, and powder-smoke. The organic matter was attributed to decaying wood ; and the carbonic acid to the act of breathing, the burning of candles, and the explosion of gunpowder. Gunpowder contributes to the impure state of the air in yet another way. Among the injurious compounds resulting from its explosion, a prominent place must be given to sulphide of potassium, which is believed to have an effect on the body, when inhaled, similar to sulphuretted hydrogen, though acting very slowly. It is not usual for perfect combustion to take place ; 258 ON DYNAMITE. hence we find, among the solid bodies floating in the air, crystals of nitre and particles of black carbon. The injurious influence of gunpowder on the health of miners having been established, experiments were made with gun-cotton, in 1864, with the view of testing its suitability for replacing gunpowder in mining operations ; but without any definite result. Since the discovery of Nitro-glycerine by Sobrero, some 25 years ago, chemists who had been acquainted with the compound saw that we had an agent of great power, if means could be devised for controlling it during use. It was a mere scientific curiosity till the end of 1864, and could not be obtained in com- merce. It is prepared from the slow action of nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine. Perfect explosion of the chemically pure nitro-glycerine yields aqueous vapour, carbonic acid, oxygen, and nitrogen. These gases expand to such an extent as to make an equal bulk of nitro-glycerine 13 times stronger than gunpowder. Apparently we have here a powerful explosive, forming gases which, by Graham’s law of diffusion, would in a short time so intermix as to be comparatively harmless. This is, however, not the case. Dr. Gladstone ascertained, while engaged in his researches on nitro-glycerine, that the compound was safe and stable, only when prepared with the purest acids and perfectly anhydrous glycerine. Careless manufacture has produced an unstable compound, lable to spontaneous decomposition, accom- panied by the development of gases, which, by exerting pressure on the fluid within, have caused it to explode on such slight concussion as shaking the vessel containing it. During the slow spontaneous decomposition, various injurious products are formed: oxalic-, hydrocyanic-, and glyceric acids, ammonia, and some others unknown. From imperfect storage or careless manufacture, disastrous accidents became so frequent as to induce regulations to be made in most countries with reference to its storage and transit; indeed, these are so stringent as to almost prohibit its employment in mining or quarrying, unless made on the spot. That a valuable agent was in a fair way of being lost may be gathered from a statement made by the contractor of the Central Pacific Railroad, who said that in driving a tunnel they could go 25 per cent. faster with nitro-glycerine than by using gunpowder,—smaller holes, drilled in one-third the time, ON DYNAMITE. 259 and greater execution,—the rock broken more distant from the hole,—and, what is most important, it appears they had. not a premature explosion or other accident, and not a single blast missed fire since the Chinamen commenced filling the cartridges. In 1867, Nobel of Hamburgh introduced an article named Dynamite, or patent safety-blasting powder. It is a compound of nitro-glycerine and a silicate, packed in cartridges; is said to be seven times stronger than gunpowder, and requires for its explosion the combined effect of both spark and concussion. It would seem that in dynamite we have all the economic value of nitro-glycerine, without its instability and danger. Like nitro- glycerine, it can be fired under water. Slowly it is making its way in our West Cornwall Mines. The stories told of the feats it has performed in the smashing of stamps’ heads, &c., indicate its power, while the murmurs prevalent during a dynamite famine —and, owing to the strict legal rules concerning its transit, defi- ciencies of supply are not infrequent—show that it is valued. I will now refer to the sanitary aspect of the question ; how it is likely to bear on the health of our miners, and how, if it replace gunpowder, the vital statistics of the next generation may be altered. From conversation with Mine Surgeons, I am inclined to think that accidents are more frequent since its introduction. This was, however, to be expected. Some little experience is required in the method of employing a new explosive, before agents can with con- fidence give the necessary instructions; and, perhaps, accidents fulfil _ the functions of a teacher, by inspiring the men with due caution. There is a marked difference between a dynamite accident and one in which gunpowder has been the explosive. It arises from the extraordinary force with which the dynamite acts: if an eye be injured, the chances are greatly in favour of the globe having been penetrated; if there be a flesh wound, the parts do not present the blackened charred mass so frequently seen with gun- powder, but the skin is speckled with pieces of the cap, or surrounding mineral, which occasionally lodge to the depth of an inch, and the edges of the wound are in some cases regular and even, as if cut with a bluntish knife. Temporary deafness from concussion is not uncommon. When we remember that dynamite contains about 75 per 960 ON DYNAMITE. cent. of nitro-glycerine, and owes all its power to that ingredient, we can to some extent explain the symptoms which inhalation of its gaseous compounds after explosion produces, by a reference to the chemistry of nitro-glycerine. And so we find, in practice, that complete explosive decomposition originates no very unpleasant effect. It is, however, rare that complete explosive decomposition occurs. Miners wil] overcharge the holes, and portions of the dynamite distant from the cap are resolved, not into the simple carbonic acid, oxygen, aqueous vapour, and nitrogen, but into higher organic compounds, such as acrolein, oxalic acid, hydro- eyanic acid, and oxides of nitrogen. Dr. Gladstone has suggested that the acrolein is more likely to come from traces of glycerine which have neither been converted nor washed out, than from pure nitro-glycerine. Miners who employ dynamite complain of © head-ache—a peculiar pain in the back of the head, or upper part of neck—and, briefly, affections of the mouth, eyes, larynx, throat, and lungs, indicative of the inhalation of some irritating vapour. It is not necessary for me to give particulars, in detail; I may add, however, that a great many diseases are attributed to dynamite where, on careful inquiry, we cannot discover a trace of connexion. I believe acrolein, or acrylic aldehyde, to be the head and front of the offending. It is a complex organic compound, found in large quantities during the distillation of glycerine, and has received its name from its intensely irritating effects upon the mucous membrane of the eyes and organs of respiration; and I am indebted to Mr. S. J. Rowe, of Redruth, not only for the sugges- tion, but for the trouble kindly taken in going underground with me and, by means of test solutions, air-pump, and suitable appar- atus, verifying the fact. Mr. Bottomley, assistant to Sir Wm. Thompson, the Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, in correspond- ence with me has suggested the use of respirators, so as to get rid of the vapours complained of. He writes that Mr. Whitehouse, the electrician, has made respirators of caustic potash for men working in a factory where large quantities of nitrous fumes were given off, and that complete protection was given. Potash would also neutralize the acrolein. Such respirators could be made for a few pence, and no doubt would prove effectual. Dr. Gladstone, in a letter to Mr. Bottomley, asks “what would be the effect of ON DYNAMITE. 261 sending ammonia into the air? A little of the strong liquor ammonie might be sprinkled about the ‘close end,’ just before the blasting took place” ; he adds that he “does not know how to contend against acrolein better than by the respirators you suggest.” At present there is a dearth of dynamite; so we must postpone a trial of these methods. Reverting to the question of mortality, there is now—owing to the Registrar General’s Return, and the admirable Tables com- piled therefrom by Mr. Robert Blee—no doubt that the Cornish Miner is shorter lived than either his agricultural neighbour, or his fellow miner in the North of England; and this increased mortality, between the ages of 40 and 60 years, is due to affections of the respiratory organs. Much has been written on miners’ asthma and miners’ consumption. It is unquestionable that tuber- cular disease exists, in some cases; but, in by far the larger pro- portion, the symptoms presented are not only not those of tuber- cle, but are similar to those presented by flax dressers, knife grinders, stone polishers, paper teazers, rag pickers, and others who work at dusty occupations. In all, particles of solid matter enter the lungs, set up irritation mechanically, and excite chronic inflammation in the bodies of those people when, either by here- ditary or acquired debility, retrogressive molecular changes pre- ponderate over the progressive. An incalculable amount of good has been done to the miners of Camborne, Illogan, and Redruth, by the unparalleled generosity of Lord Robartes, in building and maintaining the Miners’ Con- valescent Hospital, where the acquirement of this debilitated stage in the life of the individual is warded off by good food, rest, and judicious treatment. Feeling deeply interested in the medical aspect of dynamite, and finding that imagination had assigned to it almost every case of disease that came before me, I resolved to go underground and inhale the gases resulting from the explosive decomposition. Captain Rich, of Wheal Uny, gave me every facility ; and here I may mention how agreeably surprised I was at the care taken, in both Wheal Uny and East Pool, for the health of the men employed underground ; currents of air circulate freely, save in a few ends where defect is unavoidable ; and timber, in huge pieces, is being daily applied to the roof and walls of excavations, so as to prevent accidents by the falling in of ground. 262 V.—John de Trevisaa—A.D. 1342-1412. (Supplemental Notice). —JOHN J. RoaeErs, Penrose. Read at the Spring Meeting, May 16, 1873. Se the publication of my brief notice of John de Trevisa, in the’ Journal of the Institution,* some additional light has been thrown on the subject by the discovery, through the Historical | Manuscripts Commission, of further copies of some of Trevisa’s works, and of entries in the books of the Colleges of Exeter and Queen’s at Oxford, relating to his connection with that University. In the ‘Computi,” or Bursars’ Accounts, of Exeter College, which commence as early as 1324, under the date 1362 John Trevysa is mentioned as a member. In 1364 the same Computus contains an entry of 12d. paid “for hire of two horses, when the Rector and John Trevysa were at West Wyttenham, to make composition with the farmers there for building a barn.” (Hist. MSS. Commission, 2nd Report, 1871, pp. 128-9). We next find him alluded to in the Computi of Queen’s College. Here, in 1371-2, “‘among payments to the Fellows, it — is stated that Trevisa (who had now removed to this College from that of Exeter) received half a mark and one penny.” “Also for the expenses of Middelworth and Trevisa, in shewing the muniments of the church of Newbold at Strettone, and their charges on the road, 30d.” In the Computus for 1372-3, the name of John Trevisa appears again as a Fellow; and again in the following year, 1373-4. From this date until 1395, no entry of his name is mentioned in the Report; but in the Computus for “the 19th of Richard IL, 1395-6, we find that John Trevisa, though no longer a Fellow of the College, was paying 14s. 4d. yearly for a chamber which he rented there. In the Roll for the * No. XI. April, 1870, p. 147. JOHN DE TREVISA. 263 22nd and 23rd years of the same reign, 1398-9, he is entered as still paying the same rent, it being stated there that this was only part of the amount which he had formerly paid,” (pp. 140, 141). These are the only entries relating to his personal history which I can find in the Reports of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and they seem to shew that Trevisa kept up his connection with Oxford by a partial residence there after his removal to Berkeley, for he dates his translation of Higden’s Polychronicon as having been finished April 18th, 1387, at the request of Thomas, lord of Berkeley, whose Chaplain he then was, eleven years before the last payment of rent for his chamber in Queen’s College. His translation of Glanville de proprietatibus rerum was finished, as he tells us, in 1398, “at Berkeley, on the 6th of February.”* With regard to Trevisa’s scholarship, the following judgement is delivered by Mr. Hardy in the general introduction to Petrie’s Monumenta Britannica (p. 4): “This translation by Trevisa is generally strict and literal, but sometimes confused, from a mis- apprehension of the author’s meaning. Occasionally, short notices (to which Trevisa’s name is prefixed) are inserted by way of explanation. On the whole, Trevisa appears to have been shrewd and well informed.” And Professor Babington says of his trans. lation of Higden: “As one of the earliest specimens of English prose, (A.D. 1387), containing many rare words and curious expressions, the version of Trevisa will be gladly welcomed by Philologists, who will not be over severe upon his errors.” It only remains to notice the additional manuscripts to which allusion has been made: Caxton’s print of Trevisa’s Higden, and the important reprint of that work together with the original Latin, which is now in progress. And first, of Caxton. His well-known print of Trevisa’s translation of the Polychronicon (A.D. 1482) is by no means an accurate rendering of it, inasmuch as Caxton thought it desirable, throughout the entire work, to substitute very many words and phrases of his own time for those of Trevisa which were then falling into disuse; so that although, to the philologist, a com- * From the beautiful MS. in the library of Mr. Tollemache, at Hel- mingham Hall, Suffolk. 264 JOHN DE TREVISA. parison of Caxton’s print with an authentic MS. of Trevisa’s translation is extremely valuable, as shewing the changes which the English language underwent in that interval of a century, the print gives avery incorrect notion of our author's diction. Caxton also, in a most unaccountable manner, gives the date of the trans- lation as 1352 instead of 1378. In 1352 Trevisa was only 10 years old.* A few words on the edition of Higden referred to in the last Note. Higden’s Polychronicon was the standard work on General History at our Universities, in the 14th and 15th Centuries, and is of great value as enabling us “to form a very fair estimate of the knowledge of history and geography which well-informed readers of that date possessed.” (Introd. p. xlii). Professor Babington estimates that more than 100 Latin MSS. of the work are to be found in England ; yet, notwithstanding its popularity, intrinsic value, and the purity of its language, it has never until now been wholly printed in the original Latin. The various MSS. from which this work is compiled are fully described in the Introduction to Vol. I.; but it is sufficient for our purpose to refer to those of Trevisa’s translation, which are numerous. Two of the most perfect and beautiful of them have been selected, and are principally used by the editors, viz. (1), that which is considered by them as the Standard MS., a superb copy on vellum in the Library of St. John’s College, Cambridge, of which a fac-simile leaf is given at the commencement of Vol. I; and (2), that which was formerly in Archbishop Tenison’s Library, and was purchased in 1861 for the British Museum, where it is now marked as No. 24,194. ** aune Lg | 06 | | Gz | 69 || 0-FT/1-£¢| T-0 | 0-€S | 0.9F| 0-09 0-8|Z.SF] 0-7 | 0-67} I-1 | &-0S) 6-¢ 8.1 0-G|| F-8F| 8-0G] 0.2¢ | 0-66 | 7-06 | €-G¢ |]*° °° Avy | 92 | 22 | 61 | 89 || 6-FL|F-8F| 0-0 | ¥-8F| 0.17 | 6-SS €.210-1F| ¢.¢|8-FF| G1 |0-9F| -8F| 1.2 | P05 || €.Fr| 4.97 | 0-87 | S-79| 8-GF | 0-08 reo Td y C&S || BIE | [ee ag 6S || 8.01] 2-SF| 0-0|4-SF/¢.0F | 1-1S)| 1-S 9.07| #.218-SF| 6.0 |8-E7| 2-SF] 6-0 9.97 19.271 G-FF| L-SP| 6-67 | 9-SF| 2-SP |ho* Yoreyy 92 | &t | zz | ez | e¢ llz6 8.07) 1-0 |6-0F/¢.9¢|%-9F|] 6-9 |8-Fe] 9.2 | 1-86] F-0 |$-88] 4-0F] 4.0 |F-1F 9-28] 4-66] 0.0F | &-£F | 0-86 0.07 | Atemaqo sz | oz | 12 | 88 | cc |]z.8 [z.c7] 0.0/ Ler] 9.1F]8-6F|] 4h |F-1F] 0.0 |4-8F] €.0 |0-PF| LF) F.0 | L9F |0-PF/8-¢h e.cp | LF] 9.cP | ¢-FF || -Arenueg Oo ° ° ° ° (°) {) (0) °o (0) oO te) (0) °o ) ° () oO te) Ore ° (o) () ane 2 > > @ | els se Biles 3 oZ| "8 3 | 8s ol tele lee |e] cel ee lee lef | Se] 2 lee) 28 (22 | eel se (el Sel 2 iy) 2 |e le] sg iS) Gg I= © ial e tag jets Bo =a © 5 a One ° Ao oO “4 Ho | “So o a + 4 coe 4 BS ie | Ste et | eas ia [gt Si has Be | eS |S | Pees | Se | elo oe je |e ie : : eile |? | ee] 22 {ee |eel tel 2 (Sebel eel ee] ee lee sie |e |e |e |e |e i wee ‘|e g) ee (Fel el el F2| & Es (Ee =| 2: é 5 “ALATOSAV "ONIUALSIOGU ATAS *MHLANOUDAH S,NOSVIW “Wd 6 "Wd ¢ “NV 6 | | Soe ie See lao | vl eek eat ae eS ES eee a eee SSS SS || aer ‘MALANOWYAHL AHL JO SNVAW ATHLINOW 305 METEOROLOGY. TABLE No. 3. ww aS et | eee | ee PES ES ESS SS GI | 02 | 82 || PF | SE | TE SOL | F8 | 89] 14) 18] 9 Z|] oh} SP | GF || 12 | 8 | OF |] 61 | 02] ST || SF) Sh] SFI °° °° TROL —; —_ [——— — ——— ee _—_—__ | —__ ] ——— ES —— SS 7-6 | 0.6 | 8-6 eZ 0.16 €.PV €.6G 0-94 €.G7 €.9¢ 0-61 1 0.27 8-1/8-1/0-2/¢-1] LT] @].TH €] LT] Gi GG] FI] €or} 6) OL} €)] -] TH FP] 9} Zi tT} € | @] FP] Gt S@yrre: 990g GZ | 0:2 13:2 19:3 || ¢)} €] fo ]| 0} O} LOL] &} 8] $i 4) 9 $1 os Ti Lt} &1 ei] Lio) €]) 6) 8) 9 irs" "son 02/41/93 /8-1] T| |] O| | #] FOL] 4/6} 8} 9) Fi FP] 9] Zi ey] GS] Ot T] TT] OF OF OF TI-ee* 90 €.219.1)0-€]€-¢ |} 0} O} T} €] o| Fi Il] 6] 8 9/01} 9} c| tT] jj] TT] Ti Li] ti] oi vi 9) 9 }cecesgdag ¥.219-1|0-€]/9-6 |] 0} O|] T || 0]0]0 || 2L}OL] 8}| S|/IL/ IT} 9} 2) Si €] LT] oO} OF OF} Th] @] G] @ Joo ysnsny -61G-1/9-6|%-o] 0} O| T]] 6] T] O]] P| S|] Siler] PL} Sti] 9} S|] Zi} O; LT] Si S|] PY] Ti} Tl LY] oy]: > Aqnge GO| Blea Fea Ly Lie |) | OOF TE | SO eZ Ga Te CLS he Onl Cacia Sa05) 50") ts eis fount G3/61/1-/9-3 || 0] Ol o}| G1 41 6) 0116)]¢] 8] 41} 9] T] T}] o] 0] Of] TT] Of} OF} OF 4] 2] 8 icrcs Se ¥-6 | 6.1 | 0-€ | ¥.% Z €| Z|0T)¢ |Z 11] 6] 9] tT] €|] FH O}] 0} OF] OF T] OF] S|] €}] TH} PF] 9] F iret? 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January 1. The Archeologia Cambrensis contains a Paper by E. H. W. Dunkin, Blackheath, on ‘‘ The Megalithic Circle at Duloe, Cornwall.” January 1. Western Morning News publishes an article: « Highteen _ Hundred and Seventy-two in the West of England,” including a Meteorolo- gical Review compiled from a Register kept at Plymouth, by Dr. Merrifield. January 8. The Cornish Telegraph publishes an ‘Abstract of the Weather at Penzance and neighbourhood for the year 1872”; by W. Hosken Richards. January 9. Conversazione of the Plymouth Institution, at the Ply- mouth Atheneum. January 9. West Briton publishes articles entitled: ‘‘ Cornish Mining in 1872,” and ‘‘ Cornwall in 1872.” January 15. Annual Meeting of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; the President, Mr. Charles Fox, presiding. Mr. Arthur Pendarves Vivian, M.P., was elected President for the ensuing year; and Colonel Tremayne, Mr. Jonathan Rashleigh, Mr. Richard Taylor, and Mr. Charles Fox, were elected Vice-Presidents. January 17. Western Morning News publishes ‘‘ The Life and Times of Dr. Borlase,” from a Lecture delivered at the Penzance Institute by Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, B.A., F.S.A., Castle Horneck. January 22. Cornish Telegraph publishes a notice of ‘‘Dr. Borlase, the Cornish Antiquarian,” from a Lecture given at the Penzance Institute, by Mr. W. Copeland Borlase, of Castle Horneck. January 23. West Briton publishes an article on ‘ The Mayoralty of Truro,” with a list of the gentlemen who have filled the office of chief magistrate in Truro in the present century. January 29. Western Morning News publishes a note of inquiry, from ‘Thomas Q. Couch,” on a moot point in Natural History ; whether the adder, in time of alarm or danger, open her mouth and swallow her young for safety. February 7. Western Morning News publishes a notice of a lecture delivered by Mr. T. R. A. Briggs, F.L.S., on ‘‘The Botany of Plymouth, in connection with its physical features and climate.” February 10. Western Morning News publishes an article entitled ‘‘ Devonshire in 1871.” February 12. Western Morning News publishes ‘‘ The Census of Corn- wall” in 1871. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 309 February 13. West Briton publishes a notice of a Lecture by Mr. T. Cornish, President of the Penzance Institute, on ‘‘ Ferguson on Rude Stone - Monuments, as applied to West Cornwall.” March 3. Western Morning News records the recent capture of an Octopus by Mr. Matthias Dunn, Mevagissey, and that it would be placed in the Brighton Aquarium, where a specimen previously furnished by Mr. Dunn, had been devoured by @ Dog-fish. April 1. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Deyon. General Meeting at Redruth; Rev. Saltren Rogers, a V.P., in the chair, in the absence of the _ President, Mr. G. L. Basset. Mr, Benedict Kitto appointed Lecturer, in place of Mr. J. H. Collins, resigned, but appointed an Honorary Secretary. The Lecturer reported that in the Session which would close in May, about 30 young men had been under instruction at St. Agnes, Breage, Pool, Cam- borne, Redruth, Helston, St. Day, St. Just, Pendeen, Hayle, and St. Austell. April 11. An Octopus, or Devil-fish, captured in Falmouth Harbour, by Mr. John Burton ; and was next day, sent to the Crystal Palace Aquarium. April 23. Cornish Telegraph publishes a brief notice of a Paper read at a recent meeting of the Philological Society, by Mr. H. Jenner, of the British Museum, ‘‘ On the Ancient Cornish Language.” May 3. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter, from Mr. Christopher Cooke, London, on ‘‘ Tin Mines” (in ancient Cornwall); with allusions to former discoveries of gold in Cornwall, and to the supposition that, before the arrival of the Romans, the ancient Britons understood the art of coining. June 14. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from Mr, Christopher Cooke, London, on the ‘“‘ Lemon Family,” (and Truro). June 19. Western Morning News records that during the work of restoration of Hayle Church, a remarkable staircase was found, which it is believed led to the rood-loft of a much older Church than the present. A curiously carved stone supposed to have belonged to an older building had also been discovered. July 14. Death of Mr. John Thomas Henry Peter, of Harlyn, in St. Merryn, and Chiverton, in Perranzabuloe. July 22. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Twelfth Annual Meeting, at Sidmouth ; The Honourable Stephen Cave, M.P., President. The following Papers were read; Devon- shire Cavern Literature; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Sketch of B. R. Haydon; Rev. Treasurer Hawker. The Common Seals of Devon; R. N. Worth. Annelids versus Rain-drops, or Remarks on Mr, Hall’s Papers on Fossil Rain-drops; H. Parfitt. Meteorology of Sidmouth in 1872; J. Ingleby Mackenzie, M.B., ¥.M.S. The Rainfall on the St. Marychurch Road, Torquay, during the nine years ending December 1872; W. Pengelly, F.R. S., E.G.S. Rainfall in Devonshire in 1872 and in the seven years ending December 1872; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On Devonshire Tokens, Part II; H. 8. Gill. On Devonshire Lanes; J. R. Chanter. Notice of Gold Coins found at Blackpool, Dartmouth, in. 1869; A. R. Hunt. The Toad-Stone; W. H. Gamlen. Notice of supposed Acoustic Jars found in the parish church of St. Andrew, Ashburton; J. D. Amery. On Domestic Servitude in Devon 100 years ago; Rev. Treasurer Hawker. The Granite Boulder on the shore of Barnstaple Bay; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. Local Vestiges of Sir 310 ‘CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. Walter Raleigh; Rev. H. G. J. Clements, F.R.G.S. Submerged Forest and Mammoth Teeth at Sidmouth; P. O. Hutchinson. Fauna of Devon, Part IX; E. Parfitt. On some unrecorded Hill Fortresses near Ashburton; P. F.S Amery. Relics of the Past observed at Torquay ; W. Pengelly, F.8.S., F.G.8. On the occurrence of ‘‘ Calosama Sycophanta”; J. B. Rowe, F.L.8. Researches into some Ancient Tumuli on Dartmoor; C. Spence Bate, F.R.S. Memoir of Sir George Cary, of Cockington; R. Dymond, F.8.A. The Cave Man of Mentone; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. July 23. Cornish Telegraph publishes a letter from Mr. W. C. Borlase, Castle Horneck, descriptive of ‘‘The ancient settlement at Chysoister, in Gulval.” July 29 to August 5. Royal Archeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Meeting at Exeter. The Earl of Devon, President. Honor- ary Secretaries, Sir John Maclean, and Mr. Joseph Burtt. The following were the sectional presidents and officers :—Antiquities— Mr. O. Morgan, M.P., F.S.A., president; Mr. G. T. Clark, F.S.A., vice-president ; Mr. W. H. Tregellas, secretary. Architecture—Ven. Archdeacon Freeman, president ; Mr. Beresford Hope, M.P., F.S.A., vice-president; Mr. Talbot Bury, F.S.A., secretary. History—Sir John St. Aubyn, M.P., president ; Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., vice-president; Rey. C. W. Bingham, secretary. The following Papers were read. The Worthies of Devon; Mr. G. Clarke, F.S.A. On a Medieval Ring, found near the site of the Priory of St. Mary, Pilton; J. R. Chanter. Stone Remains on the eastern side of Dartmoor; G. Wareing Ormerod, M.A., F.G.S. The place of Exeter in the History of England; Mr. Freeman. Royal Letters and other documents, amongst the municipal records of Exeter; Mr. W. Cotton. The Birthplace, Origin, and Character of Sir Francis Drake; Dr. Drake. The Stained Glass in the Cathedral ; Mr. Stuart Moor. The Abodes of the Cornu-Britons; Mr. W. C. Borlase, M.A., F.S.A. Grimspound, and its associated relics; Mr. C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., &e. Ancient Mining Implements; Mr. R. N. Worth. The Heraldry of Exeter; Rev. F. T. Colby, B.D., F.S.A. The Celt and the Teuton in Exeter; Mr. T. Kerslake. Dowrish, an ancient seat of the family of that name; Dr. Drake. A few facts about Newcomen; Mr. T. Lidstone. A Paper on a Cornish Miracle Play, by Rev. Dr. Bannister was not read, owing to its authcr’s illness. July 29—31. Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Meeting at St. John’s Hall, Penzance; Mr. Branwell, vice-president, in the chair. The following Papers were read:—On the Mining district of Cornwall and West Devon; J. H. Collins, F.G.S., St. Austell. On Machinery for dressing Tin and Copper Ores; Henry T. Ferguson, Truro. Description of the Tin Stream-Works in the Restronguet Creek, near Truro; Charles D. Taylor, Devoran. On the application of Portable Engines for Mining Purposes; John Richardson, Lincoln. Description of a Machine for shaping the models used in experiments on the forms of ships; W. Froude, F.R.S., Torquay. Description of the Mechanical Scraper for removing incrustations in the mains of the Torquay Water-Works; Mr. Little, Torquay. Description of the Brecket Chains for suspending double-headed rails on the West Corn- wall Railway; J, D. Sheriff, Truro. On Hydraulic Machinery for steering, reversing, and discharging cargo, &c., in Steam-ships ; Andrew Betts Brown, Edinburgh. Excursions to Messrs. Freeman’s Granite Works at Penryn, and the Restronguet Stream-works. Visit to Messrs. Bolitho’s Smelting- works at Chyandour. Excursions to Botallack and Land’s End; Messrs. Harvey’s Foundry at Hayle, Dolcoath, and Carn Brea. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 311 July (and October). The Reliquary, Quarterly Archeological Journal, contains the commencement of a series of papers on the ‘‘Church Bells of ‘Cornwall, their Archeology and present condition”; by EH. H. W. Dunkin, Blackheath. When completed, these papers will give full information as to the inscriptions and size of all the bells in the mother church of every parish in the county; chiefly from personal visitation. August 5. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Annual Ex- cursion. From Redruth to the Perran Iron Mines, on invitation from Mr. W. R. Roebuck. August 6.—Western Morning News records the capture, off Mevagissey, of a Thrasher, or Fox Shark, Carcharias Vulpes, Cuv. It was six feet in length, and was caught on a hand line. August 26.—Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. 41st Annual Meeting; Mr. Arthur Pendarves Vivian, M.P., President. August 27.—Cornish Telegraph records the blooming of an American Aloe (Agave Amaryllidacee), in the garden of Mrs. Pidwell, at Treveor Cottage, Alverton, Penzance. The plant, probably about 25 years old, in very healthy condition, and displaying a candelabra-like column nearly 25 feet high, with 35 floral blossoms. : August 28. Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devonshire. Annual Meeting at Falmouth; Mr. Basset, of Tehidy, presiding. The following Papers were read :—On recent improvements in the construction and setting of Jordan’s Patent Combination Boiler; T. B. Jordan. Note on the Great Perran Iron Lode; J. H. Collins, F.G.S. On the Duty of Cornish Engines ; J. Hocking, C.E. On the use of Concrete for making Leats or Water- courses; Dr. Le Neve Foster. Further Notices of Rock-drilling Machinery ; T, B. Jordan. Description of a Condensing Apparatus for condensing poisonous gases and the fumes of sulphur and arsenic; 8. T. Rowe, Redruth. September 7. Death, at Penzance, of Miss Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Joseph Carne, and herself possessed of very considerable literary and scientific attainments. A memoir of the deceased lady was published in the Cornish Telegraph of September 10. September 17, and following days. 43rd Annual Meeting of the British Association, at Bradford; President, Professor Williamson. Among the Papers read were the following: Ninth Report of the Committee for the Exploration of Kent’s Cavern; My. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On the Flint and Chert Implements found in Kent’s Cavern, Torquay; by Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.G.S. On the Discovery of a Species of Starfish in the Devonian Rocks of South Devon; by Mr. A. Champernowne. September 27. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from Mr. Christopher Cooke, London, on * The Cornish Language and its relation to Latin.” October 1,15, 22,29. Cornish Telegraph publishes communications from ow. B.”, “W. N.”, ‘C.”, and ‘*R. Pentreath”, concerning the derivation of the word ‘ kiggal,” as equivalent, in West Cornwall, to spindle. October 4. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from Mr. Christopher Cooke, London, on “‘ The Cornish Language and its relation to Greek.” October 9. West Briton publishes, from the Freemason, a Memoir of the masonic career of the late Rev. Dr. Bannister, of St. Day. 312 CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. October 15. Cornish Telegraph contains the following: AnctmnT Stone. —Considerable attention is being drawn to an ancient stone in the plantation near Carnsew, Hayle. A gentleman of high standing as an antiquary has lately examined, and taken a photograph of it, and hopes, by careful research, to be able to give a reliable opinion as to its date and original purpose. The opinion has been expressed that it marked the grave of one of the earliest Christians. 3 October 17. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 60th Annual Meeting, at Penzance; Mr. Warington Smyth, F.R.S., F.G.S., President, in the chair. Among Papers read were the following: Describing Sections of Pits sunk in the Western Green, near Newlyn; Mr. T. Cornish. Glacial Action in North eren Mr. Whitley. Notes on some Specimens of Minerals; Dr. Le Neve oster. November 1. Cornwall Gazette records a recent commemoration, at Mylor Church, of ‘‘ the 1462nd Anniversary of the origin and dedication of Mylor Church and parish, in the martyrdom of the British saint, Meilyr (or Melorus), son of Melianus, Duke of Cornwall, by his Pagan brother-in-law, Rinaldus, A.D. 411. November 7. Western Morning News contains a report of a Paper read the previous evening at the Plymouth Institution, by Mr. C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., on ‘‘ Grimspound and its associated relics.” November 13. Oxford Local Examinations. Presentation of Prizes and Certificates at Truro, by the High Sheriff of Cornwall, Colonel Grylls. November 18. Royal Institution of Cornwall, 55th Annual General . Meeting; Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P., President, in the Chair. Dr. Jago, F'.R.S., elected President for the ensuing year. In the evening, a Conversazione, in the Institution Lecture Room. (See Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, No. XV., and 56th Annual Report). November 22. Cornwall Gazette publishes, from Notes and Queries, & communication by Mr. Thomas Kerslake of Bristol, concerning ‘‘ The Trefiry Family,” and ‘‘ Treveris’—the printer of the Grete Herboll, 1516.” December 1. At a meeting of the Royal Irish Academy, a Paper was read by Samuel Ferguson, Hsq., LL.D., ‘‘On the Completion of. the Biliteral Key to the Values of the Letters in the South British Ogham Alphabet.”* Mr. Ferguson, premising that the Ogham Inscriptions of South Britain are dis- tinguished from +hose of Scotland and Ireland by being almost always accompanied by corresponding legends in the Roman character, stated that prior to 1870 the values of almost all the letters of the South British Ogham alphabet had by this means been ascertained ; there remaining to be identified, - only P F L D, which were problematical, and B, which had not been found at all. In December 1870, it was pointed out to the Academy that the equivalent of P was found in a combination of Ogham digits on the monu- ment to Turpill at Crickhowel. F and L might be inferred from fiil; and F and D from their use in.the name Doft(a)ceos on the Tycoed monument. And in August 1873, the identification of the Ogham equivalent of B was * An illustrated Paper concerning an Ogham Stone (now in the British Museum) found at Fardel, near Ivy Bridge, Devon, was read at a Meeting of this Institution, by Sir Edward Smirke, in 1861. See 48rd Annual Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1861. CHRONOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. 313 effected by the discovery of an Ogham inscription on the angle of the Dobunni monument from Buckland Monachorum, now preserved at Tavistock. ' The leading characters of the name Knabarri of the Latin text (Dobunni fabri fili Enabarri) are still legible in the Ogham nabarr ; and the Oghamic representative of B is thus ascertained without resorting to external proof. External corroboration, however, is found abundantly in the substantial agreement of the results with those derived from the Irish Ogham, many of . which ‘‘ echo” formulas found in Latin incriptions, and in one Ogham legend in South Britain. December 17. Cornish Telegraph records that, during a few previous days, a large shoal of strange fish had been driven ashore at St. Martin’s, Scilly. They were supposed to be the Wandering Chetodon, a Ceylon fish; but Mr. T. Cornish, of Penzance, in a letter to the C. T., says: “T have had an opportunity of examining three specimens of the fish which were thrown on shore, and find that they are beyond all doubt the Boar Fish (Zeus aper)—a rare but by no means an unknown fish to our coasts, or even at Scilly, where one at least has been already taken. In shape the Boar Fish is not unlike the Wandering Chetodon; but the two fish belong to totally distinct families; and your correct statement that the Wandering Cheetodon is an inhabitant of the Ceylon seas pretty well disposes of the possibility of its appearance in shoals at Scilly. No doubt West Indian shells are, and possibly West Indian fish might be, found in our seas; but the case is very different when Hast Indian fish are talked of.” December 20. Cornwall Gazette publishes a letter from Mr. Christopher Cooke, London, on ‘‘ Cornish Minerals.” NETHERTON, PRINTER, TRURO. eis i NT - * 4 nee tan ev B72. SHowine THE MEANS of MINIMA aR EACH MoNnTH QF THE YEAR 1872, TOGETHER WITH THE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM for eacH MontH AT TRURO AND FALMOUTH ; AND ALSO THE LIKE PARTICULARS AS MEASURED BY THERMOMETEF G INCHES ABOVE THE GRASS, AT PENJERRICK, nes FALMOUTH. e JAN. FEB. MARCH | APRIL 55 56 45 Y sd © | oO a oe O : © On aa © S) 30 & 2 = H © © @) 25 5 si = i LAKE, TRURO. 18 (3) Moyal Cee Salmoully Observatow. Penjouch o. Meare ¢ Minima. Mean of Mimimnea . Mean of Minima on G, Absolute Mininuim « Absolute Minin. Absolute Alammure Gia O @ 1872. Suyowine THE MEANS of MINIMA For Each MonTH OF THE YEAR 1872, TocETHER WITH THE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM For EACH MonTH AT TRURO AND FALMOUTH; AND ALSO THE LIKE PARTICULARS AS MEASURED BY THERMOMETER 6 INCHES ABOVE THE GRASS, AT PENJERRICK, wa FALMOUTH. MAY JUNE JULY 50 45 Onis oe Onis: { A ® | © ©) © O— @—|-O = 5- 30 = © .S) © © 25 20 18 © 18 Moyodi Suatitiicon hatmoutly Obsewatory. Penjoviiol >. \ y. — Sito: ri i E Mean & Minima. Aeon of Maan - Mean : CE Moire a Grass. Absolute Minimum ~ Absolute Minanare~ Absolute, MUMUT OR GSS - APRIL, 1873. SHowinc LOWEST TEMPERATURE oF NIGHTS, AS READ FROM SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS ON THE GRASS, AND SOME FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE. ise —— aren SESS Helston. Ora¥ Min Hetstar. Grass SS ee