itibraxg of tbt Slustum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. The Journal is issued on the third Wednesday of February, April, June, August, October, and December. 1890. Part 4. AUGUST. I To Non-Fellows, t Price 6s. GATE. LONDON AND EDINBURGH. PRINTED BY WM. CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,] CONTAINING ITS TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS, AND A SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOGIST -A.3STI3 B (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia) 3UC ICROSCOPY, Edited by F. JEFFREY BELL, M.A., One of the Secretaries of the Society and Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology in King WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE AND A. W. BENNETT, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., [ JOHN MAYALL, Lecturer on Botany at St. Thomas' s Hospital, | R, G, HEBB, AND J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A., Lecturer on Zoology in the School of Medicine, Edinburgh, FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY. [STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. CONTENTS Transactions of the Society — PAGK VI. — On some Methods of preparing Diatoms so as to exhibit CLEARLY THE NATURE OF THEIR MARKINGS. By C. Haughton Gill, F.C.S., F.R.M.S. (Plate VII.) 425 VII. — On a Simple Form of Heliostat, and its Application to Protomicrography. By Thomas Comber, F.L.S. (Figs. 48-50) 429 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES. ZOOLOGY. A. VERTEBRATA: — Embryology, Histology, and General. a. Embryology. Bemmelen, J. F. van — Inheritance of Acquired Characters 435 Hubrecht, A. A. W . — Studies in Mammalian Embryology — The Placenta .. .. 435 Ryder, J. A. — Acquisition and Loss of Food-yolk , and Origin of the Calcareous Egg-shell 437 Wiedeksheim, R. — Development of Proteus anguineus .. 438 Kellogg, J. L. — Pronephros of Arnbly stoma punctatum .. 439 Eigenmann, C. H. — Egg-membranes and Micropyle of Osseous Fishes 439 Wilson, H. Y. — Development of Serranus atrarius 439 Watase, S. — Karyokinesis and Cleavage of Ovum 440 P. Histology. Hartog, Marcus M. — The state in which the Water exists in Live Protoplasm .. 441 Rath, O. vom — Peculiar Polycentric Arrangement of Chromatin 443 Ewell, M. D. — Micrometric Study of Red Blood-corpuscles .. .. 444 Kolliker, A. — Histology of Central Nervous System 444 Errera, L. — Does a Magnet affect Karyokinesis 445 Roule, M. L. — Origin of Nerve-centres of Coelomata 445 Norman, A. M. — 4i British Area” in Marine Zoology 446 B. INVERTEBRATA. Thurston, E. — Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar 446 Fewkes, J. W. — Neiv Invertebrates from the Coast of California 446 Groom, T. T., & J. Loeb — Heliotropism of Nauplii and Movements of Pelagic Animals 446 Mollusca. Norman— Revision of British Mollusca 446 Binney, W. G. — Terrestrial Air-breathing Molluscs of United States 447 y. Gastropoda. Bergh, R. — Nudibranchs collected by the ‘ Blake ’ 447 Mazzarelli, G. F. — The “ Opaline Gland ” of Aplysiidse 447 5. Lamellibranchiata. Pelseneeb, P. — Two new Hermaphrodite Lamellibranchs 448 Molluscoida. a. Tunicata. Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, & Yves Delage — Anatomy of the Cynthiidx .. .. 448 &. Bryozoa. Jelly, E. O. — Synonymic Catalogue of Recent Marine Bryozoa 449 MacGillivray, P, H. — South Australian Polyzoa .. .. 449 ( 3 ) Arthropoda. pa«* Watase, Q. — Migration of Retinal Area in Arthropods 449 a. Insecta. Pankrath, O. — Eyes of Caterpillars and Phryganid Larvx 450 Urech, F. — Diminution in Weight during Pupation 450 Wistinghausen, 0. v. — Tracheal Endings in Serideria of Caterpillars 450 Gilson, G. — Secretion of Silk by Silkworm 451 Graber, Y. — Development of Hydrophilus piceus 451 Carriere, J. — Development of Chalicodoma muraria 451 Carlet, G. — The Poison and Sting of the Bee 452 Vayssi&re, A. — The Genus Prosopistoma 452 Fernald, H. T. — Anatomy of Thysanura 452 B. Myriopoda. Balbiani, E. G. — Anatomy and Histology of Digestive Tube of Cryptops .. .. 453 y. Prototracheata. Dendy, A . — Australian Species of Peripatus 453 5. Arachnida. Berteaux, Li.— Lung of Arachnida 454 Morgan, T. H. — Embryology of Pycnogonida 454 e. Crustacea. Herrick, F. H. — Development of Homarus Americanus 455 Lebedinski, J. — Developmental History of Brachyura 456 Robertson, D. — Stenorhynchus longirostris 458 Koehler, R. — The Stalk of Barnacles .. 458 Vermes, a. Annelida. Beddard, F. E. — Perichxta 458 Bolsius, H. — Segmental Organs of Hirudinea 459 Andrews, E. A.— Body- cavity Liquid of Sipunculus Gouldii 460 „ „ New Phoronis 460 B. Nemathelminth.es. Hamann, O. — Lemnisci of Nematodes * 461 Beneden, P. J. Van — New Nematode from a Galago 461 Railliet, A. — Development of Strongylus strigosus und S. retortseformis .. .. 461 y. Platyhelminth.es . Stossich, M. — Helminthological Studies 462 Braun, M. — The Skin of Ectoparasitic Trematodes 462 Spencer, W. Baldwin — Anatomy of Amphiptyches urna 462 Zschokke, F. — Larvx of Bothriocephalus in the Salmon 463 n5. Incertes Sedis. Anderson, H. H. — Indian Rotifers 464 Pell, A. — Three new Rotifers 464 Echinodermata. Bell, F. Jeffrey — British Deep-sea Echinoderms 464 Coelenterata. Danielssen, D. C. — Actinida of North Sea 464 Koch, G. v. — The Position of Sympodium cOralloides 466 Bigelow, R. P. — Marginal Sense-organs in Pelagiidx 466 „ „ Portuguese Mdn-of- War 467 b ( 6 ) tAG e Linossier, G., & G. Roux — Nutrition of Oidium albicans 493 Kean, A. L. — Lily-disease 494 Hansen, C. C. — Production of Varieties in the Sac.charomycetes 494 Hansen, E. C. — Action of Alcoholic Ferments on various hinds of Sugar . . . . . 494 Webber, H. J. — Peridium and Spores of Uredinex 495 Lagerheim, G. Y. — New Parasite on the Vine 495 Eckstein, K. — Trichophyton tonsurans parasitic on Cervus elaphus 495 Klebahn, H. — “ Bladder-rust” of the Weymouth Pine 495 Roi'MEGuilRE, C. — Parasitism of Tremella Dulaciana on Agaricus nebularis .. .. 495 Massek, G. — Thelephorex 495 „ „ British Gastromycetes .. 496 Protophyta. a. Schizophyceee, Toni, G. B. de — Classification of Diatoms .. „. .. .. 496 Heurck, H. Van — Pleurosigma angulatum .. .. 497 Brun, J., & J. Tempers — Fossil Diatoms of Japan .. 497 /3. Schizomyeetes. Butschlt, O. — Structure of Bacteria and allied Organisms 497 Delgado, C., & C. Finlay — Micrococcus versatilis 498 Savastano, L. — Bacillus of the Olive Tubercle 498 Yignal, W. — Influence of the kind of Nutriment of a Bacillus on the Diastase secreted by it 499 Vignal, W. — Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus 499 Laurent, E. — Existence of Micro-organisms in the Tissues of the higher Plants .. 499 MICROSCOPY. «. Instruments, Accessories, See. (1) Stands. Braham’s, P., Universal Microscope (Figs. 50-53) 501 Domergue, Fabre — Dumaige’s “ New Model of Microscope f’ 504 Hart’s, C. P , Microtome- Microscope (Fig. 54) . . . . 504 Kayser — Alterations in NoberVs Microscope .. 506 (3) Illuminating: and other Apparatus- May all’s, J., “ Jewelled” Fine-adjustment .. .. .. *. 507 Bausch & Lomb’s Condenser Mounting (Fig. 55) 508 N elson, E. M. — New Stage Micrometers 508 Reyburn, R. — An easily constructed Hot-stage (Fig. 56) 511 Kayser — Application o/ Apertometer to the Microscope .. .. 512 Plaxton, J. W. — A Camera Lucida for nothing (Fig. 57) 515 F (4) Photomicrography. Piersol, G. A. — Some Experiences in Photomicrography 516 Thil & Thouronde — Microphotographs of Wood Sections 519 Hitchcock, R. — The Coloured Screen in Photomicrography 520 (5) Microscopical Optics and Manipulation. Ewell, M. D. — Amplification in Micrometry .. .. 521 Diffraction Bings and Diffraction Spectra . . 521 (6) Miscellaneous. “ B. C.” — The 300th Jubilee of the Microscope .. 522 The Microscope banished 523 Mies Y. A. Latham, F.R.M.S. .. .. 523 ( 7 ) p. Technique. (1) Collecting Objects, including Culture Processes. PAGE Fiorentini, A. — Procuring and Preparing Protista found in the Stomachs of Ruminants 524 Walker, J.— Useful Collecting Device 524 Pell, A. — Collecting-bottle for Rotifers 524 Sehlen, D. vox— Test-tube Holder for Microscopical Investigations (Fig. 58) .. 525 Mooore, V. A. — Preparation of Nutritive Agar 525 (2) Preparing Objects. Rath, O. vom — Preparation of Crustacea 528 Bolsius, H. — Modes of Studying Segmental Organs of Hirudinea . . . . . . . . 528 Schneider, K. C. — Mode of Investigating Hydra fusca 528 Mummery, J. H. — Microscopical Sections of Tooth and Bone 528 Hopewell-Smith, W. A. — Preparing Sections of Teeth 529 Mayet — Examining Nuclei of White Blood-corpuscles 530 Campbell, D. H. — Studies in Cell-division 530 Overton, E, — Dehydration and Clearing up of Algae 531 Amplification required to show Tubercle Bacilli 531 (4) Staining and Injecting. Wilder, H. M. — Practical Notes .. .. .. .. 532 Wager, H. W. T. — Staining of Vegetable Nuclei 533 Moore, S. — Nessler's Ammonia Test as a Micro-chemical Reagent for Tannin . . 533 Overton, E. — Staining and Imbedding very Minute Objects (Fig. 59) 535 Samassa, P. — Surface Deposits in Golgi's Method . . . . 536 Koppen, A. — Staining Elastic Fibres and the Corneous Layer of Skin 536 Overton, E. — Decolorizing Preparations over-blackened by Osmic Acid .. .. 536 Zimmermann, A. — Staining Sections of Botanical Preparations 536 Schaffer, J. — Staining Human Retina with Acid Hematoxylin 537 Sanfelice, F. — Hematoxylin as a means for ascertaining the Alkalinity or Acidity of Tissues 538 Flechsig, P. — New Method of Staining , Central Nervous System , and its Results . . 538 (5) Mounting, including Slides, Preservative Fluids, &c. Pease, F. N. — Finishing Balsam Mounts 539 Weir, F. W. — A new Diatom Mounting Medium 539 Smith, H. L. — Tolu and Monobromide 540 Rabinovicz, J. — Fixing Sections with Uncoagulated Albumen 540 (6) Miscellaneous. Reichl, C. — New Reaction for Albuminoids 541 Proceedings of the Society 542 APERTURE TABLE, Numerical Aperture (n eln u = a.) Corresponding Angle (2 u ) for Limit of Resolving Power, in Lines to an Inch Illuminating Power. (a2.) Pene- trating Power. G) Air (n = 1*00). Water (n = 1-33). Homogeneous Immersion (n = 1-52). White Light. (A. = 0*5269 /x, Line E.) Monochromatic (Blue) Light. (A = 0*4861 n, Line F.) Photography. (A = 0*4000 fx, near Line h.) 152 180° 0' 146,543 158,845 193,037 2*310 •658 1-51 166° 51' 145,579 157,800 191,767 2*280 •662 1-50 161° 23' 144,615 156,755 190,497 2*250 •667 1*49 .. 157° 12' 143,651 155,710 189,227 2*220 *671 1-48 153° 39' 142,687 154,665 187,957 2*190 •676 1-47 150° 32' 141,723 153,620 186,687 2*161 •680 1-46 147° 42' 140,759 152,575 185,417 2*132 •685 1*45 145° 6' 139,795 151,530 184,147 2*103 •690 1-44 142° 39' 138,830 150,485 182,877 2*074 •694 1-43 140° 22' 137,866 149,440 181,607 2*045 •699 1-42 138° 12' 136,902 148,395 180,337 2*016 •704 1*41 136° 8' 135,938 147,350 179,067 1*988 •709 1-40 134° 10' 134,974 146,305 177,797 1*960 •714 1*39 132° 16' 134,010 145.260 176,527 1*932 •719 1*38 130° 26' 133,046 144,215 175,257 1*904 •725 1-37 128° 40' 132,082 143,170 173,987 1*877 •729 1-36 126° 58' 131,118 142,125 172,717 1*850 •735 1-35 125° 18' 130,154 141,080 171,447 1*823 •741 1-34 123° 40' 129,189 140,035 170,177 1*796 •746 1-33 180° 0' 122° 6' 128,225 138,989 168,907 1*769 •752 1*32 165° 56' 120° 33' 127,261 137,944 167,637 1*742 *758 1-30 155° 38' 117° 35' 125,333 135,854 165,097 1*690 •769 1-28 148° 42' 114° 44' 123,405 133,764 162,557 1*638 •781 1-26 142° 39' 111° 59' 121,477 131,674 160,017 1*588 •794 1-24 137° 36' 109° 20' 119,548 129,584 157,477 1 538 •806 1-22 133° 4' 106° 45' 117,620 127,494 154,937 1*488 •820 1-20 128° 55' 104° 15' 115,692 125,404 152,397 1*440 •833 1-18 125° 3' 101° 50' 113,764 123,314 149,857 1*392 •847 116 121° 26' 99° 29' 111,835 121,224 147,317 1*346 •862 114 118° 0' 97° 11' 109,907 119,134 144,777 1*300 •877 1 12 114° 44' 94° 55' 107,979 117,044 142,237 1*254 •893 1*10 111° 36' 92° 43' 106,051 114,954 139,698 1*210 •909 1*08 108° 36' 90° 34' 104,123 112,864 137,158 1*166 •926 1*06 105° 42' 88° 27' 102,195 110,774 134,618 1*124 •943 1*04 102° 53' 86° 21' 100,266 108,684 132,078 1*082 •962 1*02 100° 10' 84° IS'’ 98,338 106,593 129,538 1*040 •980 1*00 180°* 0' 97° 31' 82° 17' 96,410 104,503 126,998 1*000 1*000 0*98 157° 2' 94° 56' 80° 17' 94,482 102,413 124,458 •960 1*020 0*96 147° 29' 92° 24' 78° 20' 92,554 100,323 121,918 *922 1*042 0*94 140° 6' 89° 56' 76° 24' 90,625 98,233 119,378 •884 1*064 0*92 133° 51' 87° 32' 74° 30' 88,697 96,143 116,838 *846 1*087 0*90 128° 19' 85° 10' 72° 36' 86,769 94,053 114,298 •810 1*111 0*88 123° 17' 82° 51' 70° 44' 84,841 91,963 111,758 *774 1*136 0*86 118° 38' 80° 34' 68° 54' 82,913 89,873 109,218 *740 1163 0*84 114° 17' 78° 20' 67° 6' 80,984 87,783 106,678 *706 1*190 0*82 110° 10' 76° 8' 65° 18' 79,056 85,693 104,138 •672 1*220 0*80 106° 16' 73° 58' 63* 81' 77,128 83,603 101,598 •640 1-250 0*78 102° 31' 71° 49' 61° 45' 75,200 81,513 99,058 •608 1*282 0*76 98° 56' 69° 42' 60° 0' 73,272 79,423 96,518 •578 1*316 0*74 95° 28' 67° 37' 58° 16' 71,343 77,333 93,979 *548 1*351 0*72 92° 6' 65° 32' 56° 32' 69,415 75,242 91,439 *518 1*389 0*70 88° 51' 63° 31' 54° 50' 67,487 73,152 88,899 •490 1*429 0*68 85° 41' 61° 30' 53° 9' 65,559 71,062 86,359 •462 1*471 0*66 82° 36' 59° 30' 51° 28' 63,631 68,972 83,819 •436 1-515 0*64 79° 36' 57° 31' 49° 48' 61,702 66,882 81,279 •410 1*562 0*62 76° 38' 55° 34' 48° 9' 59,774 64,792 78,739 •384 1*613 0*60 73° 44' 53° 38' 46° 30' 57,846 62,702 76,199 •360 1*667 0*58 70° 54' 51° 42' 44° 51' 55,918 60,612 73,659 •336 1*724 0*56 68° 6' 49° 48' 43° 14' 53,990 58,522 71,119 •314 1*786 0*54 65° 22' 47° 54' 41° 37' 52,061 56,432 68,579 •292 1*852 0*62 62° 40' 46° 2' 40° 0' 50,133 54,342 66,039 •270 1*923 0*60 60° 0' 44° 10' 38° 24' 48,205 52,252 63,499 •250 2*000 0*45 53° 30' 39° 33' 34° 27' 43,385 47,026 57,149 •203 2*222 0*40 47° 9' 35° 0' 30° 31' 38,564 41,801 50,799 *160 2*500 0 35 40° 58' 30° 30' 26° 38' 33,741 36,576 44,449 •123 2*857 0*30 34° 56' 26° 4' 22° 46' 28,923 31,351 38,099 •090 3*333 0*25 28° 58' 21° 40' 18° 56' 24,103 26,126 31,749 •063 4*000 0*20 23° 4' ! 17° 18' 15° 7' 19,282 20,901 25,400 •040 5-000 0*15 17° 14' 12° 58' 11° 19' 14,462 15,676 19,050 •023 6*667 0*10 11° 29' 8° 38' 7° 34' 9,641 10,450 12,700 •010 10*000 0 05 5° 44' 4° 18' 3° 46' 4,821 5,225 1 6 [350 •003 20-000 COMPARISON OF THE FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE THERMOMETERS. Fahr. Centigr. Fahr, Centigr. Fahr. Centigr. Fahr. Centigr. Fahr. Centigr. o o o o o o o o o o 212 100 158 70 104 40 50 10 - 4 - 20 210*2 99 156-2 69 102-2 39 48-2 9 - 5-8 — 21 210 98-89 156 68-89 102 38-89 48 8-89 - 6 - 21-11 208-4 98 154-4 68 100-4 38 46-4 8 - 7-6 - 22 208 97-78 154 67-78 100 37-78 46 7-78 - 8 - 22-22 206-6 97 152-6 67 98-6 37 44-6 7 - 9-4 - 23 208 96-67 152 66-67 98 36-67 44 6-67 - 10 - 23-33 204-8 96 150-8 66 96-8 36 42-8 6 - 11-2 - 24 204 95-56 150 65-56 96 35-56 42 5-56 - 12 - 24-44 203 95 149 65 95 35 41 5 - 13 - 25 202 94-44 148 64-44 94 34-44 40 4-44 - 14 — 25*56 201-2 94 147-2 64 93-2 34 39-2 4 - 14-8 - 26 200 93-33 146 63-33 92 33-33 38 3-33 - 16 - 26-67 199-4 93 145-4 63 91-4 33 37-4 3 - 16-6 - 27 198 92-22 144 62-22 90 32-22 36 2-22 - 18 - 27-78 197-6 92 143-6 62 89-6 32 35-6 2 - 18-4 - 28 196 91-11 142 61-11 88 31-11 34 1-11 - 20 - 28-89 195-8 91 141-8 61 87-8 31 33-8 1 - 20*2 - 29 194 90 140 60 86 30 32 O - 22 - 30 192-2 89 138-2 59 84-2 29 30-2 - 1 - 23-8 — 31 192 88-89 138 58-89 84 28-89 30 - l-ll - 24 - 31-11 190-4 88 136-4 58 82-4 28 28-4 - 2 - 25-8 - 32 190 87-78 136 57-78 82 27-78 28 - 2-22 - 26 - 32-22 188-6 87 134-6 57 80-6 27 26-6 - 3 - 27-4 - 33 188 86-67 134 56-67 80 26-67 26 - 3-33 - 28 - 33-33 186-8 86 132-8 56 78-8' 26 24-8 - 4 - 29-2 - 34 186 85-56 132 55-56 78 25-56 24 - 4-44 - 30 - 34-44 185 85 131 55 77 25 23 - 5 - 31 - 35 184 84-44 130 54*44 76 24-44 22 - 5-56 - 32 — 35*56 183-2 84 129-2 54 75*2 24 21-2 - 6 - 32-8 - 36 182 83-33 128 53-33 74 23-33 20 - 6-67 - 34 - 36-67 181-4 83 127*4 53 73-4 23 19-4 - 7 - 34-6 - 37 180 82-22 126 52-22 72 22-22 18 - 7-78 - 36 - 37-78 179-6 82 125-6 52 71-6 22 17-6 - 8 - 36-4 - 38 178 81-11 124 51-11 70 21-11 16 - 8-89 - 38 - 38*89 177-8 81 123-8 51 69-8 21 15-8 - 9 - 38-2 - 3d 176 80 122 50 68-2 20 14 - 10 -40 - 40 174-2 79 120-2 49 66 19 12-2 - 11 - 41-80 - 41 174 78-89 120 48-89 66-4 18-89 12 - 11-11 -42 - 41-11 172-4 78 118-4 48 64 18 10-4 - 12 - 43-60 - 42 172 77-78 118 47-78 64-6 17-78 10 - 12-22 - 44 - 42-22 170-6 77 116-6 47 62 17 8-6 - 13 - 45-40 - 43 170 76-67 116 46-67 62-8 16-67 8 - 13-33 - 46 - 43-33 168-8 76 114-8 46 60 16 6-8 - 14 - 47-20 - 44 168 75-56 114 45-56 60 15-56 6 - 14-44 - 48 - 44-44 167 75 113 45 59 15 5 - 15 -49 - 45 166 74-44 112 44-44 58 14-44 4 - 15-56 - 50 - 45-56 165-2 74 111-2 44 57-2 14 3-2 - 16 - 50-80 - 46 164 73-33 110 43-33 56 13-33 2 - 16-67 - 52 - 46-67 163-4 73 109-4 43 55-4 13 1-4 - 17 - 52-60 _ 47 162 72-22 108 42*22 54 12-22 O - 17-78 - 54 - 47-78 161-6 72 107-6 42 53-6 12 - 0-4 - 18 - 54-40 - 48 , 160 71-11 106 41-11 52 11-11 - 2 - 18-89 - 56 - 48-89 159*8 71 105-8 41 51-8 11 - 2-2 - 19 - 56-20 - 58 - 49 - 50 # Fahrenheit 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 50 40 50 GO 70 80 90 100 110120130 140 150 160170180 190200 212 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmmiuiiiiiiiiuiiimiiiiimiiiUi rTTfTTTFfTTTTri 1 1 1 1 1 Tli|T111]TriT|TlTiTT I II | III lit l II | fl'lT|.fTTT[iTTT|T7Tn 40 30 20 10 O' 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Centigrade ( 10 ) ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY COUNCIL. ELECTED 12th FEBRUARY, 1890. PRESIDENT. Charles T. Hudson, Esq., M.A., LL.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Prof. Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Prof. Urban Pritchard, M.D. Charles Tyler, Esq., F.L.S. TREASURER. *Frank Crisp, Esq., LL.B., B.A., V.P, & Treas. L.S. SECRETARIES. Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. John Mayall, Esq., Jun., F.Z.S. ORDINARY MEMBERS of COUNCIL. Alfred W. Bennett, Esq., M.A., B.Sc , F.L.S. ^Robert Braithwaite, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.S., F.L.S. Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., F.R.S. *Prof. J. William Groves, F.L.S. Richard G. Hebb, Esq., M.D. George C. Karop, Esq., M.R.C.S. Albert D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S. Thomas H. Powell, Esq. Walter W. Reeves, Esq. *Prof. Charles Stewart, F.L.S. William Thomas Suffolk, Esq. Frederic H. Ward, Esq., M.R.C.S. LIBRARIAN and ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Mr. James West. * Members of the Publication Committee. The Library Catalogue is now ready, and can be obtained at the Society’s Library, price 1/- JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. AUGUST 1890. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY. VI. — On some Methods of preparing Diatoms so as to exhibit clearly the nature of their Markings. By C. Haughton Gill, F.C.S., F.R.M.S. ( Bead 19 th March , 1890.) Plate YII. In a note communicated to the Society’s Journal for December last I drew attention to the fact that certain diatoms when treated as therein shortly described, became so “ charged ” as to clearly demonstrate that their markings (‘‘striae,” “dots,” &c.) were hollows or cavities of some kind, as they were capable of being filled with foreign matter. Having been asked to give more detailed particulars of methods and results I beg permission to submit the following. Diatoms may have their “ lacunae ” filled or partly filled by either of the methods described below, of which the third is by far the best as a general one. (1) Prussian-blue Method. — Applicable only to such diatoms as have very coarse markings. The cleaned and ignited diatoms are boiled and soaked for several hours in a strong solution of ferric chloride (perchloride of iron) ; then to the cooled liquid is added a saturated solution of potassium or sodium acetate, whereby the ferric EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. 1. — Inner surface of a Coscinodisc “charged” with mercurous sulphide. Some of the cells broken away, x 825. „ 2. — Edge view of fragment of a Coscinodisc, showing the honeycomb structure of the valve, x 825. „ 3. — Cell-cappings of a Triceratium. The perforations (secondary markings) filled with mercurous sulphide, X 825. „ 4. — Pinnularia major (?). Stria) wholly or partially “ charged ” with mercurous sulphide, x 825. „ 5. — Stauroneis phcenicenteron with lacuna) partially charged with mercurous sulphide, x 1750. „ 6. — Cocconcma lanceolalum, partially charged with mercurous sulphide, x 825. „ 7. — Epithemia turgida, charged with mercurous sulphide, x 825. „ 8. — Pleurosigma angulatum, charged with silver sulphide, X 1750. „ 9. — Surirella gemma charged with silver sulphide, x 1750. 1890. 2 H 426 Transactions of the Society. chloride becomes converted into the very dark red ferric acetate. The diatoms are now allowed to settle closely for two or three hours, and the excess of iron salt poured off as completely as possible. Next the test-tube with the moist diatoms is stood in a small vessel of boiling water till all the ferric acetate has passed into the basic state, as evidenced by its changing to an opaque buff colour. The diatoms, now “ charged ” with the insoluble basic ferric acetate, are shaken up with a few drops of water and acetic acid, and poured into not too great an excess of a solution of potassium ferrocyanide in acetic acid. After standing for some hours with occasional agitation, the excess of Prussian blue which has been formed among and around the diatoms can be removed (at any rate in great part), by repeatedly shaking up with fresh lots of distilled or rain water, as after elimination of the soluble salts this body assumes a form which settles very slowly indeed. Stirring the settled diatoms with a soft camel’s-hair brush helps to remove the precipitate which may be clotted on their surface. (2) Platinum Method. — Applicable to all diatoms, but apt to fail. To the cleaned and ignited diatoms contained in a small porcelain crucible add an alcoholic solution of sodio-platinic chloride, and evaporate with extreme slowness and without any approach to boiling. Finish the drying with the utmost care, to prevent the formation of bubbles of steam within the minute cavities, as this would result in ejection of the platinum salt and the consequent failure of the preparation. When quite dry raise the temperature very slowly till a low red heat is reached, and then throw a few crystals of oxalic acid into the crucible and immediately replace the cover. This completes the reduction of the platinum salt to metal and sodium chloride, and it now only remains to wash away the latter and as much of the unattached platinum as possible, and to select any required diatom from the residue. (3) Mercurous Sulphide Method. — As stated above, this is the best method I have hitherto found for “ charging ” all diatoms except those having the finest markings. Take a cold saturated solu- tion of mercurous nitrate (swfr-nitrate of mercury) and dilute it with its own bulk of water in a small test-tube. Add the diatoms and a drop of metallic mercury, and keep the whole standing corked up for as long a time as can be spared — days are better than hours, and weeks better than days. Shake the tube and withdraw the diatoms suspended in the liquid by help of a pipette, leaving behind any crystals of basic sub-nitrate of mercury which may have formed. Allow the diatoms to settle in a small test-tube, and draw off the supernatant liquid first by a pipette and then by a moistened thread or a very thin strip of filter paper till nothing but a slightly moist mass of diatoms remains. Now add several drops of a strong solution of ammonium sulphide which has been recently prepared, and which is practically free from dissolved sulphur (it should be almost colour- less, not yellow), and shake. Fill up the tube with water, cork, and Some Methods of Preparing Diatoms , dec. Bij G. II. Gill. 427 allow the whole to stand for some hours. Wash and levigate as in the other methods. The mercurous sulphide thus formed is a black amorphous precipitate, which fills the “ lacunae ” of the diatoms with an almost completely opaque stopping. Mercuric sulphide is apt to become red and crystalline ; hence the necessity of the precautions to avoid the conversion of one into the other, which are detailed above. The only fault of this method is that the sulphide is somewhat apt to clot and become difficult to remove from the outside of the valves by washing. Perhaps this would be avoided by using weaker solutions than those I have worked with. (4) Silver Nitrate Method. — A strong solution of silver nitrate (about 100 grains to the oz.) may be substituted for the mercurous nitrate, but on the whole does not serve so well except for those diatoms having the finest markings, e. g. Pleurosigma angulatum. The silver sulphide formed is brown and less opaque than the mer- curous sulphide, but is not so apt to clot over the surface of the object. By none of these methods will every diatom in a batch be equally well charged. Diatoms treated by one or other of these methods exhibit very clearly that all “ striae,” “ dots,” &c., are, as stated in the first para- graph, cavities of some kind, which, in default of a better name, might be called “ lacunae ”or “ pores.” Whether these lacunae are complete perforations through the silicious test or mere pits or depressions on the inner or outer surface of the valve, or more or less flask-formed cavities communicating by one or more canals with the inner or outer surface, or with both, cannot at present be resolved with any degree of certainty in the case of those diatoms which have the finer markings. But in the case of some large Coscinodiscs it can be shown that the valve has a structure which may be described as cellular. Where the areolae are widely separated from one another, a fragment of a charged valve viewed edgeways presents the appearance of a number of mammaeform cells springing from the inner side of the outer face of the valve by their wider extremity, and terminating in a more or less conical perforated apex at the end facing inwards. Fig. 1 shows a valve of this description on the flat. All my edge specimens have spoilt themselves by rolling over. Where the areolae are very close together, so as to cause one another to assume the hexagonal form, the cells which constitute their prolongation partake of the same form, and their inner faces join together to form a perforated plate of considerable substance. The whole structure presents a close resemblance to a single layer of honeycomb cells with their cappings and bases complete but per- forated. Figo 2 exhibits an edge view of a fragment showing this structure. The outer face or surface of these cells, very commonly if not universally, consists of a thin silicious membrane pierced with a 2 h 2 428 Transactions of the Society. number of minute liole3 arranged in a symmetrical manner (con- stituting the so-called secondary markings), which differs in every species 1 have observed. Fig. 3 shows a portion of such a capping of one of them. The cell-walls connecting the two surfaces are exceedingly thin and fragile, and are easily destroyed and lost sight of, while the two plates which they join are comparatively stout, and are ifften found separate and entire. The details of cell-form vary widely in different species. In the case of the larger Pinnulariw, e. g. viridis and nobilis, it cm be easily seen that the striae are pseudo-tubes contained in the walls of the valve, and which may be considered as formed by the lapping towards one another of the edges of a groove sculptured on the inner wall of the valve. I have observed indications of channels of communication between these pseudo-tubes and the outside of the valve, similar to those forming the secondary markings of the Coscinodiscs, but seek further confirmation. Fig. 4 shows a partly charged valve of Pinnularia major (?). Of “ dotted ” diatoms, Cocconema lanceolatnm (fig. 5), Stauroneis fhoenicenteron (fig. 6), and the various Pleurosigmse and Naviculse , all that can be affirmed with certainty is that the dots are hollows. Further experiment is required to determine the point whether they have or have not the same cellular structure as the Coscinodiscs. Mr. Smith has shown that they have two skins or layers ; is it not probable that these are connected in the same manner as those of the larger forms ? Edge views of fragments of charged Cocconema and Stauroneis seem to show the black sulphide extending as a streak from one face to the other of the single valve, but in the case of such exceedingly minute structure, as is here in question, it is very easy to be misled by one’s prepossessions, and it is therefore quite possible that on this point I have been deceived. What precise function these lacunae or pores fulfil in the economy of the organism, is a question which I hope to study in the immediate future. ( 429 ) VII. — On a Simple Form of Ileliostat, and its Application to Photomicrography. By Thomas Comber, F.L.S, {Read 21s£ May , 1890.) Your Secretary has asked me to give your Society a detailed de- scription of the apparatus I use for photomicrography, and of my method of working ; but it appears to me that it will be simpler and shorter, and at the same time answer every purpose, if I merely explain those features in which my mode of working differs from that which I believe is generally adopted by others, and is probably sufficiently well known. The general nature of the arrangement will he apparent from the woodcuts. The two main objects that I have endeavoured to attain have been, firstly, a means of sunlight illumination, easily applied, quickly adjusted, and simple in construction so as not to be liable to get out of order ; and secondly, an arrangement which admits of convenient and comfortable eye-observation, for the purpose of arranging the object and adjusting cover-correction, before the camera is attached to the Microscope. So far as my experience goes, for high magnification — other things being equal, both as regards objectives and manipulative skill — better results can be obtained by sunlight than by any other kind of illumination. The photomicrographs produced by Mr. Nelson and other of your members by oxyhydrogen light may be superior to what others have produced by sunlight ; but this is due to their superior optical appliances and greater skill as microscopists, which more than compensates for what I cannot help regarding as inferior illumination. The same operator, using the same lenses, will, I am confident, produce better results by sunlight than by any artificial illumination. The reasons sunlight has been so little used in this country are probably (1) the uncertainty of our climate; (2) the fact that many of our microscopists work chiefly in the evening ; and (3) the com- plicated nature of the heliostats obtainable, which renders them very liable to get out of order, and so difficult to adjust that, when sunlight is available, much time is lost in setting up the apparatus ; and, con- sequently, before everything is in working order, the sun may too often become clouded. The last objection is aggravated by the heliostat being usually placed a considerable distance from the Microscope, and sometimes even outside a window ; and, as any error in the action of the heliostat is increased in proportion to the distance, it has been found almost impossible to keep the illuminating beam unchanged by the motion of the sun. To avoid this difficulty, I place the heliostat inside the window, 430 Transactions of the Society. and bring it quite close to the Microscope, so that it is within arm’s length of the observer, and the sunbeam has so short a distance to pass before it reaches the substage condenser, that any slight error of the heliostat is of comparatively little consequence. The heliostat and all the accessories are fixed, once for all, on a wooden stand, so that they have not to be arranged each time they are used, but the stand has merely to be placed before the Microscope, and everything is in its proper relative position. The heliostat itself is a brass time-piece A, fig. 47, to which is added an additional motion, causing the spindle, which need not be in the centre, to revolve once in twenty -four hours. It is mounted on a triangular brass plate, furnished with levelling screws, and is fixed at an angle to the horizon, corresponding to the latitude of the place in which it is to be used. When the point of the brass plate is directed due south, and the plate itself is levelled, by means of a spirit-level, in both directions, the clock is in the plane of the equator, and the spindle, at right angles to it, is parallel to the axis of the earth, and points to the North Pole of the heavens. The spindle is made slightly conical, and fitted to it, friction-tight, so as to be capable of easy rotation by the hand, is a small mirror B, with universal motion. The size of mine is two inches by one, which is ample. This mirror has to be set to reflect the light from the sun in the direction of the spindle, when the rotation of the spindle, corresponding exactly with that of the earth, only in the reverse direction, compensates for the apparent motion of the sun, and the reflected beam remains motionless. Where the reflected beam crosses the optic axis of the Microscope, there is placed a second fixed mirror C, inclined to the horizon at an angle equal to half the latitude, which reflects the beam in the axis of the Microscope. Between this fixed mirror and the condenser is placed an alum-cell D, to absorb the heat. In originally fixing the position of the mirrors, care has to be taken that the centre of the fixed mirror is truly axial with respect to the substage condenser and Microscope, and that, reflected in it when viewed through the Microscope, the spindle of the heliostat appears exactly end on, in the centre of the field. The heliostat will then be in its correct position, and the movable mirror can be placed upon it. All this may seem very complicated in the description ; but once the position of the various pieces has been thus settled, ail that has to be adjusted is the movable mirror, and its adjustment is no more difficult than that of the mirror which forms the ordinary adjunct of the Microscope. If the mirrors are of glass silvered at the back, the first gives a double reflection, which is again doubled by the second, and great loss of light is experienced. Glass silvered on the surface avoids this, but I found it tarnished quickly ; so that I have had to adopt reflectors of speculum metal. These also are open to objection, for the light they reflect is distinctly reddish in tinge, and I believe there is con- siderable absorption of the rays of highest refrangibility. On a Simple Form of Heliostat. By Thomas Comber. 431 The window at which I work faces about S.E., and has the sun from early morning until about two p.m., and, to ensure the apparatus being placed due south, the end of the board upon which the heliostat stands is cut off at the angle corresponding to the glass of the 432 Transactions of the Society. window, so that the table can be easily placed exactly in the required position. The table itself (fig. 48) is heavy and solid, and stands upon three legs, so as to secure an equal bearing. It is at such a height that the horizontal Microscope-tube is at a convenient level for eye-observation, when the observer is seated, so that all the pre- liminary adjustments, as regards cover-correction, &c., can be comfortably made, and the illumination regulated, before the camera is attached. The base-board of the camera pivots on a steady tripod, and can, during this process of adjustment, be swung aside out of the way, but be brought round when required, and the anterior end of the base-board then fits to the edge of the Microscope table. The attachment of the camera to the Microscope is effected in the usual manner. For my own work, I find it most convenient to use a camera ot fixed length, viz. one metre from eye-piece to sensi- tive plate ; but a bellows body, capable of variable extension, can, of course, be substituted if desired. The focusing rod disconnects at the anterior end of the camera, sliding back off a square pin from the portion attached to the Microscope table. It works by means of a string, that passes round the milled head of the fine-adjustment ( Fig. 49). The bar which carries the socket of the substage condenser has attached to it a small platform, upon which can be placed a screen of dark-blue glass, to subdue the glare for eye-observation, or a small cell containing ammonio-sulphate of copper or other solution, for producing monochromatic light. So far, however, I cannot say that I have experienced any practical advantage from monochromatic light. It appears to me that when ordinary sunlight is used, the blue-violet rays are so prepotent in their actinic power that they do all, or nearly all, the work, and the other rays have not time to produce any material effect. The supposed advantages of monochromatic light are then practically attained with- out any special means, unless, indeed, some special method can be devised for working with rays of shorter wave-length than the blue- violet ; and any suggestion for accomplishing this I shall be glad to receive, and to give it a trial. The resolving power of our objectives depends not only upon their numerical aperture, but also upon the wave-length of the light used ; and the high ultra-violet rays should therefore give a higher resolving power than the blue-violet ; but I have not yet succeeded in making them operative in practice. As regards general manipulation, the only special recommendations that I have to make are : — (1) That the cone of illumination should always be strictly axial. (2) That the image of the sun should be focused exactly in the plane of the object, so that it shows sharp and clear on the ground glass when the object is in focus. Clouds close to, or passing across the face of the sun, should be seen almost as if a landscape lens was being used. (3) That no unachromatized lens Fig. 48. On a Simple Form of Ileliostat. By Thomas Comber. 433 should be introduced in any part of the system. I cannot, therefore, advise the use of a bull’s-eye between the source of light and the sub- stage condenser. The angle of the cone of illumination which gives the best results, varies, I believe, not only with the object, but also with 434 Transactions of the Society. the individual objective used. Too narrow a cone is apt to cause diffraction fringes, too wide a cone produces haze. I have not had much experience in photographing test diatoms, hut so far as it goes, I find that my own 2 mm. Zeiss Apochromatic, 1*4 N.A., gives its best definition of such objects when about two-thirds of its back lens is filled by the dioptric beam. I trust this description of my apparatus will enable others who may be desirous of using sunlight illumination to adopt it, and, I hope, improve upon it. I shall be pleased to answer any inquiries as to any point that may not have been made sufficiently clear. ( 435 ) SUMMARY OP CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY ( principally Invertebrata and Cnjptogamia ), MICROSCOPY, &c., INCLUDING ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM FELLOWS AND OTHERS.* ZOOLOGY. A. VERTEBRATA Embryology, Histology, and General. a. Embryology. t Inheritance of Acquired Characters. J — Dr. J. F. van Bemmelen has written a detailed history of opinions and theories in regard to heredity, with special reference to the problem of the transmissihility of individually acquired characters. After a brief sketch of Weismann’s position, he reviews with great completeness the relevant literature. Beginning with Hippocrates and Aristotle, he passes to Buffon and de Maillet, Robinet, and Bonnet, and thence to Lamarck and the “ Trans- formists.” The opinions of modern naturalists are classified according to the predominance of anthropological, physiological, and pathological considerations. Scholarly as the record is, we find some serious omis- sions, as, for instance, of Brooks and Galton. Studies in Mammalian Embryology— The Placenta.§ — Prof. A. A. W. Hubrecht describes the placenta of Erinaceus europseus, and discusses the general history of placentation. I. Development of Yolk-sac and Allantois. — -The youngest blastocyst observed had the form of an oblong sac, and measured 1/10 mm. Its outer wall inclosed a few aggregated cells — the future hypoblast. The wall soon becomes more than single-layered, and exhibits an internal projection at the “ anti-mesometrical ” pole. Rapid growth thins out the wall of the blastocyst into a unicellular layer, with lacunar spaces containing maternal blood, and with numerous villiform processes from the columns intervening between the lacunae. From the thickened polar epiblastic knob, the germinal area is formed by the separation of an * The Society are not intended to be denoted by the editorial “ we,” and they do not hold themselves responsible for the views of the authors of the papers noted, nor for any claim to novelty or otherwise made by them. The object of this part of the Journal is to present a summary of the papers as actually published, and to describe and illustrate Instruments, Apparatus, &c., which are either new or have not been previously described in this country. t This section includes not only papers relating to Embryology properly so called, but also those dealing with Evolution, Development, and Reproduction, and allied subjects. X ‘De Erfelijkheid van Verworven Eigenschappen,’ 8vo, ’SGravenhage, 1800, pp. xiii. and 279. § Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., xxx. (1889) pp. 283-404 (13 pis.). 436 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO internal bulging portion, which remains attached to the peripheral epiblast of the blastocyst along a circular lino, until the amnion is formed. Soon after the establishment of the mesoderm, the separation of somatic and splanchnic layers is distinguishable, the former follow- ing the contours of the epiblastic disc, and folding up all along the circular attachment above mentioned. The epiblastic fold of the amnion is not double, but a single sheet, accompanying the double fold of mesoblast. The germinal cell-mass bulges out gradually, leaving a central cavity, much in the same way as a morula becomes a blastula. The difference between this procedure and that described for the mole, rabbit, and opossum, is explained in reference to the fact that the cubic size of the hedgehog’s blastocyst is many hundred times less than that of the others. As to physiological facts, Hubrecht maintains: — (1) That peculiar nutritive facilities are afforded by the didermic blastocyst before the formation of vascular areas on yolk-sac and allantois ; (2) the “ serous envelope,” arising as a double layer of epiblast and meso- blast simultaneously with the amnion, does not as such take any important part in preparing the above facilities ; (3) the outer cell-layer of the didermic blastocyst contributes very actively to bring them about ; and (4) has an extensive and important role in perfecting the nutritive functions of the omphaloidean and allantoidean regions. The author then introduces a series of new terms, by which he hopes to facilitate discussion. The trophoblast is the epiblast of the blastocyst so far as that has direct nutritive significance, as indicated by prolifera- ting processes, and by immediate contact with maternal tissue, blood, or secreted material. The mesoblast, along with the trophoblast, forms the diplotroplioblast. That portion against which the vitelline circu- lation is applied is distinguished as omphaloidean from the mediodorsal allantoidean region. The omphaloidean placenta increases for a period, but retrogresses whenever the allantois begins to spread. Most im- portant is Hubrccht’s conclusion that both yolk-sac and allantois enter into very intimate interlocking, not with any maternal tissue, but with purely embryonic cell-material — the trophoblast — which has numerous lacunae filled with maternal blood, and is connected with the maternal tissue long before the appearance of either vitelline or allantoidean circulation. II. The Histological Modifications in the Uterine Tissues. — Where blastocysts are attached to the uterine wall, the lumina of the glands become occluded, the glandular epithelium gradually disappears, vascu- lar channels and capillaries develope strongly. At first the blastocyst reposes at the bottom of a groove, in free communication with the lumen of the uterus, but the opposite walls of the depression fuse, a haemor- rhagic clot fills up the entrance of the cup thus formed, and the result is a capsule homologous with the decidua rejlexa of the human subject. The blastocyst seems almost to eat its way into the maternal tissue, the uterine epithelium undergoing retrogressive metamorphosis. Round about the blastocyst, in the “vasifactive stroma” of the uterine mucosa, blood-spaces are formed in a unique fashion, and that region of mucosa undergoes proliferation and other changes, becoming the so-called “ decidua.” The zone of modified tissue with blood-cavities between the ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 437 blastocyst and the yet unaltered decidual stroma is named the troplio- spongia, while the embryonic trophoblast plus the maternal tropho- spongia, forming in Erinaceus a sphere shut off from the lumen of the uterus, is called the trophosphere. In this there appear certain specially large cells termed deciduofracts, the name suggesting their plausible function. While the author believes that trophospongia and deciduofracts arise from the endothelium of the blood-spaces of the decidual swelling, close to the blastocyst, he does not exclude the possibility that cells belonging to the decidual stroma may have a subordinate part in forming the trophospongia. The rest of this chapter is devoted to a considera- tion of the allantoidean trophospongia, the outer decidual layers, and the details of the mucosa. III. Physiology of Placentation. — At a very early stage, the lacunas of the blastocyst wall are filled with maternal blood, which contributes to growth and development. This primitive arrangement is succeeded by a very effective omphaloidean placentation, in which there is only a thin partition between the vitelline circulation and the maternal blood filling the trophoblastic spaces. This declines, however, as the final allantoidean placentation is established. The yolk-sac ceases to grow, and is folded up, although its circulation never wholly disappears ; the trophoblast, against which it was applied, becomes membranous along with the rest of the omphaloidean trophosphere and the decidua reflexa. Of the vascular outgrowths of the allantois, as of those of the yolk-sac, it is true that they on no occasion penetrate or grow into maternal tissue. It is embryonic (trophoblastic) tissue that carries the maternal blood to them. The deciduofracts j>ossibly act like phagocytes, with a direct destructive influence on the mucosa. Prof. Hubrecht then reviews some recent contributions to the history of placentation, and urges against Sir William Turner, “ that grand-master of placental research,” four conclusions : — (1) In numerous orders (Carnivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia, Insectivora), the maternal epithelium disappears at a very early moment where the blastocyst adheres ; (2) in the more primitive of the above orders, lacunar blood-spaces are in direct contact with the blastocyst long before the embryonic area vasculosa appears ; (3) the connection between these lacunae and the maternal blood-vessels is brought about in a more indirect way than by mere dilatation of capillary vessels ; (4) in later stages, foetal epiblast in varying thickness is present between the omphaloidean or allantoic villi and the maternal blood ; in Insectivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia, this trophoblast is the only tissue so intervening. The author proposes to abandon the distinction between deciduate and indeciduate placentation, and maintains that the Insectivora furnish the natural starting-point for the placental series. After some observations on the ventral stalk (Bauchstiel of His), and other features in human placentation, Hubrecht concludes his elaborate memoir with a tabular comparison of the various names given by different investigators to placental structures. Acquisition and Loss of Food-yolk, and Origin of the Calcareous Egg-shell.* — Mr. J. A. Ryder outlines his theory of yolk and shell. In primitive types which have ova almost wholly without yolk, surplus * Amer. Natural., xxiii. (1889) pp. 928-33. 438 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO nutriment is elaborated into a multitude of small eggs, the number of which compensates for their unprotectedness. Unusual abundance of food might increase this number, or it might have the result of making the individual eggs larger, depositories for surplus oils and other hydrocarbons, buoyant like the pelagic ova of many fishes. When the female parent becomes more highly developed, intelligent, circumspect, and alert, the ability to obtain food is doubtless increased, but as a matter of fact the ovary is reduced in size. The ova tend to be fewer and larger, and the circumspect parent retains them in the oviduct till their deposition is most convenient. When this retention is prolonged, as in Reptiles, a natural result is the deposition of albu- minous or plasmic secondary deposits, or of secondary membranes, or even of a calcareous shell. But the secretory activity thus diverted from depositing surplus nutriment in the ovary would tend to diminish the fertility of the female and to starve the remaining ovarian ova. Furthermore, if viviparous development occur, the embryo diverts all the spare nutriment to itself. The result is a diminution of fertility, a temporary check to the production of ova, but at the same time an increase in the chances of survival. This is most marked in cases of mammalian utero-gestation, when the claims of the foetal parasite are strong, and when moreover the subsequent period of lactation tends to prolong the diversion of surplus nutriment from the ovary. “ It may be added, in conclusion, that the membrana putaminis of the eggs of birds and reptiles is a reticular, but cuticular, membrane, which is to be regarded as the homologue of the keratose cuticular secondary oviducal membranes of still lower forms, and that it would tend to take up calcareous matters in the same way as similar membranes in other parts of the body of a vertebrate.” Development of Proteus anguineus.* — Prof. R. Wiedersheim has had the opportunity of studying the development of Proteus anguineus. He finds that the external gill-orifices are ventral in position, and in young larvae, as in Selachians, they are near the buccal cleft. The external gills first appear in the form of three papillae set obliquely ; later on they bifurcate and divide. The growing limbs have the form of buds, and call to mind the development of the paired fins of Teleosteans. The bend at the elbow-joint is to be seen in larvae 16 mm. long. The position of the limb in relation to the wall of the trunk is such that the first finger is exactly ventral in direction, but the second dorsal. A short, broad tail is distinctly differentiated in larvae 16 mm. long, and the fringe of fin that surrounds it is continued forwards, on the back, almost as far as the region of the neck. The organs of the lateral line are to be seen in larvae 12 mm. long. The coelom appears at 13 mm. in length, and the musculature is differentiated at the same stage. The pronephros forms a compact coil of tubules which extends over three somites ; it communicates with the coelom by two infundibular orifices. The pronephros on either side and the ducts lie freely in wide venous blood-spaces which correspond to the system of posterior cardinal veins. Karyokinetic figures in the blood-cells indicate that division is going on in them. The enteric epithelium is capable of amoeboid move- * Arch. f. Mikr. Anat., xxxv. (1890) pp. 121-40 (2 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 439 monts, by moans of which the yolk-elements lying in the lumen of the enteron are actively taken up. The rudiments of the semicircular canals and the endolymphatic duct appear very early ; and the same is true of the lungs. The olfactory sac and the auditory apparatus are strongly developed in compensation for the rudimentary condition of the eyes. The teeth are developed very early, and before any other hard structures appear in the head; each tooth arises, like the placoid scales of Selachians, on a free papilla. The cartilaginous primordial cranium does not differ in its development from that of other tailed Amphibia. An indication of a fourth epibranchial may be made out in the visceral skeleton. Pronephros of Amblystoma punctatum.*— Mr. J. L. Kellogg reports that the first portion to appear is the segmental duct which arises from the somatic mesoblast. The anterior end of the duct becomes con- stricted off from the peritoneal epithelium, except at two points, where the nephrostomes are to open into the body-cavity. As the organ becomes older and the openings into the body-cavity are acquired, the nephrostomes become more and more funnel-shaped in outline. These nephrostomes are segmentally arranged. The glomerulus in Amblystoma appears much later than in the frog. Egg-membranes and Micropyle of Osseous Fishes.f— Mr. C. H. Eigenmann has examined the eggs of various osseous fishes, which he arranges thus : — I. Eggs with a single membrane, the zona radiata. a. Zona radiata a single layer of uniform structure. Notemigonus and Carassius. a a. Zona radiata differentiated into an inner and outer layer. Morone , Esox , &c. II. Eggs with a zona radiata and a thin homogeneous outer layer. b. Outer membrane without appendages. Clupea. bb. „ „ bearing filiform appendages. Fun - dulus. bbb. „ „ with short appendages. Pygosteus. III. Eggs with a zona and a thick outer layer produced by a secretion from, and metamorphosis of the granulosa cells. Perea. The author agrees with those who regard the zona as being derived from the yolk, and in some points confirms the statements of Kolliker. Development of Serranus atrarius.J — Mr. H. Y. Wilson has a pre- liminary notice on the development of the Sea Bass, the egg of which is not difficult to rear. This egg is small and pelagic, and has one oil- globule; in almost all segmentation is strictly regular and bilateral as far as the sixteen-cell-stage. When thirty-two cells are formed the blastoderm is no longer bilateral. By a process of excentric thinning out one portion of the blastoderm becomes thicker than the rest, and it is round a small arc of this portion that the germ-ring first begins to form. This ring is everywhere formed as an ingrowth of cells from the edge of the blastoderm, in which the superficial layer takes no part. * John Hopkins Univ. Circ., ix. (1890) p. 59. f Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool , xix. (1890) pp. 129-55 (3 pis.). X John Hopkins Univ. Circ., ix. (1890) pp. 56-9. 440 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO When the embryonic shield has reached its fall size, the primitive endoderm is composed of two layers of cells distinctly marked off, except in the middle line, where there is a fusion. The streak of fused cells presently acquires a sharper lateral boundary, and becomes the noto- chord. On each side the under of the two lateral layers grows beneath the notochord and, uniting with its fellow, forms the endoderm proper. The upper lateral plate thickens by cell-division and forms on each side the mesoderm plate. In the extreme anterior region the whole of the primitive endoderm becomes transformed into the mesoderm of the head. The alimentary canal is formed by a process of folding, essentially similar to that found in the Amniota. Kuppfer’s vesicle is not formed in a manner essentially different from that of the rest of the alimentary canal. The peculiar features of the vesicle are the size and early appearance of the fold, and (in pelagic eggs at least) the fact that the periblast is here pushed down. The characters of this vesicle are dis- cussed at considerable length. The Wolffian duct arises as a fold of the body-cavity, and at no time has any connection with' the ectoderm ; Brook, in the author’s opinion, probably mistook for it the rudiment of the lateral line. The development of the sensory organs and of the lateral line is next described, and the history seems to show that the superficial sensory patch found in larval fish does not represent the condition of the primi- tive segmental or branchial sense-organ. The author’s account of the development of the lateral-line organs is radically different from that of Hoffmann, and lends no support to Eisig’s view of the homology between the lateral-line organs of fishes and those of certain Annelids. Karyokinesis and Cleavage of Ovum.* — Mr. S. Watase agrees with Van Beneden and Boveri in holding that the achromatic spindle plays the most important part in the production of the karyokinetic pheno- menon. It is the mechanism by which the chromatic substance of the spindle is divided among the daughter-cells. But he cannot find any evidence of the contractility of the achromatic fibrils ; on the other hand, he finds that the achromatic threads are constantly lengthening, stretching, and pushing away from the centres of the asters from which they start. The achromatic spindle in its perfected form consists of two cones with their bases turned towards each other, with a sheet, as it were, of the achromatic substance of the nucleus interposed between them. Each cone is a part of a more general system of radiating fibrils forming one of the asters. The asters in a cell arise from the preceding single aster, as the new nuclei arise from the preceding nucleus. The old aster divides into two, each daughter-aster having a granular sub- stance in its centre, and around it the achromatic rays extending in all directions. As the rays from each of the small asters grow longer the centres of the corresponding asters become more and more widely sepa- rated from one another. A small achromatic spindle is formed by the two groups of achromatic rays between the two centres. When the two asters become so widely separated as to have the whole nucleus between them, they apparently come to rest and begin their work on the nucleus by pressing on the more solid portion of the nuclear contents. The * John Hopkins Univ. Circ. ix. (1890) pp. 53-6. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 441 formation of the equatorial chromatin-plate is solely due to the pressure exerted by the two systems of rays from the opposite sides of the nucleus. The separation of the equatorial plate into two daughter-plates travelling in opposite directions, and the formation of the interzonal filaments are due to the continuance of the same action which has been going on before — the continuous growth of the achromatic fibrils. When each of two daughter-chromatin-plates approach the extremities of the spindle a new nuclear membrane is formed around each chromatin-plate, each plate thus forming a complete nucleus. The interzonal filaments consist of the same substance as the spindle filaments, but they do not in any way unite two daughter-chromatin-plates. In the interzonal filaments, therefore, there are two systems of filaments which run in opposite directions. Looking at it in this way, the author considers that the whole phenomena of karyokinetic changes may be connected in one continuous series of activities of the cytoplasmic asters upon the nucleus. It follows that the rapidity of the cleavage process depends, in a great measure, upon the rapidity with which the cytoplasmic asters can migrate to two opposite poles of the nucleus. The presence, therefore, of inert, passive yolk-glanules imbedded in the cell-body of the ovum, necessarily interferes with rapid movement of the cytoplasmic asters. Such a view of the mechanism of karyokinesis suggests an explanation of the well-known fact, that the velocity of cleavage in any part of the ovum is, roughly speaking, directly proportional to the concentration of the protoplasm, or inversely proportional to the quantity of yolk-granules imbedded in the protoplasm. The mechanism involved in the multiple nuclear division can be explained exactly in the same way as that in the binary karyokinesis. If, in a given stage of cleavage, say in the eight-cell stage, one blasto- mere on the right-hand side of the bilateral ovum shows multiple karyokinesis, the corresponding segment on the left half of the ovum shows exactly the same peculiarity. j8. Histology.* The state in which the Water exists in Live Protoplasm.f— Prof. Marcus M. Hartog remarks : — One consideration on the structure of pro- toplasm, the question of the mode in which its water is combined with it, has been somewhat neglected of recent years. Even Berthold, who in his ‘ Protoplasma-mechanik’ J has put forth a masterly exposition of the reasons for regarding living protoplasm as an emulsion, seems to have overlooked the need of explaining the condition of what may be termed the substratum or base of the emulsion in which the droplets lie. Yet there is one phenomenon which ever confronts the histologist and sheds considerable light on this question, and which, from its very obviousness, has hitherto escaped full investigation ; this is the change of optical behaviour of the protoplasm after death. Living protoplasm, in which I include even such specialized forms as striated muscular fibre, is transparent, with a refractive index not far above those of water, cell- sap, or the liquids that lave the cavities of the Metazoa. The difference * This section is limited to papers relating to Cells and Fibres, t Read at the British Association, 1889. 1 Leipzig, 1886. 1890. 2 I 442 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO is so slight as to make small animals transparent, a very obvious pheno- menon in the case of rounded pelagic animals, freshwater or marine. It is only by slight differences of refractivity, often requiring accentuation by oblique illumination, that we show up the different structures and cavities in these, in optical sections under the Microscope. Exner has recently determined the refractivity of striated muscle in Hydrophilus at p = 1*363, in the frog at p = 1*368,* while that of water is p = 1*333, that of the liquid of an ovarian cyst is p = 1*365, synovia p = 1 * 348, egg-albumen (fresh) p 1 * 359-1 * 364. j Immediately on death, however, this transparency disappears, and dead protoplasm is notably opaque. Now opacity can only be due to one of three causes : reflection at the surface, as with metals ; absorption in the substance, as with ink ; or scattering of light due to optical hetero- geneity, like spun glass in the skein, silicate wool, filter-paper, &c. The two former causes are excluded by the nature of the case ; and the last, optical heterogeneity , is left to us as the only possible explanation. Now we can make the paper transparent by greasing it, and so replacing the air in its interspaces by a medium approaching cellulose in refractivity ; just so do we “ clear ” or restore the transparency of our dead proto- plasm by replacing the aqueous medium that permeates it (and which can be expelled by pressure), with one of higher refractive index such as glycerin (p = 1*462), or Canada balsam ( p = 1*52)4 Yet even the latter falls below that of the dead protoplasm, as is very obvious in balsam mounts of transverse sections of muscle, or the spores of Sapro- legnieae, and I think their index is not much under 1*55. It is obvious that the watery liquid which permeates dead protoplasm (consisting of water -[- small quantities of soluble salts) exists in a separate liquid condition in the interstices of a solid material, and that these interstices are too fine to be directly visible by the highest powers of the Microscope. This solid material has lost the power which it possesses in life of taking water into its substance. Exner has shown that living muscular fibre can excrete part of its liquid with corre- sponding increase of refractivity, and he cites the observation of Kiinckel that it can take up an additional 20 per cent, of water. It follows that the water in living protoplasm must exist in a state of perfect physical combination, like the water of a solution of gum or of jelly. Now the phenomena of protoplasmic motions, as studied in the Rhizopods and in the vegetable cell, seem to me absolutely to preclude the jelly supposition ; and for these cases we must admit that living protoplasm is a viscid liquid, whose refractivity is probably the mean of the two constituents separated by death, the one solid, the other a watery solution ; and death is for us essentially a phenomenon of precipitation. I may summarize these conclusions in the following theses : — I. Live protoplasm is transparent and of low refractivity (/x< 1*38). II. Dead protoplasm is opaque from optical heterogeneity. III. The transparency of dead protoplasm is restored by replacing the liquid that permeates it by a medium of higher refractive index. * In Pfliiger’s Arch., xl., “ Ueber optische Eigenschaften lebender Muskelfasern.” f Exner in Arch. f. Mikr. Anat., xxv., “ Ein Mikro-Refractometer,” p. 111. X This explanation of clearing was first given in part by A. B. Lee (‘ Micro- tomist’s Vade-Mecum,’ 1st ed., p. 213). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 443 IV. The substance so permeated is solid and of high refractivity 0*>l-53). V. In death the solid substance forms a sort of reticulum too fine for resolution by our Microscopes,* the interstices of which are permeated by the watery liquid ; in life the two are physically combined in the form of a viscid liquid. Hence death is essentially a phenomenon of precipitation. Tor the more exact solution of the points discussed above, I propose making a full research on the refractivity of various proteids, solid and in solution, and of living and dead structures, animal and vegetable. The method I shall follow is that adopted by Exner in the papers cited above, consisting in immersion in liquids of known refractivity, and examination under the Microscope with the micro-refractometer which he invented. It may be of interest to add that the above ideas were suggested to me in elaborating a technique for the convenient study of the Sapro- legnieas. Peculiar Polycentric Arrangement of Chromatin. f — Dr. 0. vom Rath calls attention to a peculiar poly centric arrangement of chromatin which he noticed in some large gland-like cells of Anilocra mediterranea. These cells were found in various parts of the head, and the author is inclined to believe that they have a salivary function. The cells varied considerably in size and form. The cell-protoplasm has in most cases the appearance of a finely granular coagulation, in which a very fine multireticulate plexus may occasionally be made out. In most cells there are several nuclei, and they may be of very different sizes. Some are round, others oval, others sausage-shaped, biscuit-shaped, or con- stricted. The chromatic star-figures exhibit a polycentric arrangement of the chromatin of the nuclei ; each of these figures consists of an intensely coloured centre and a number of radially arranged, somewhat brightly-coloured chromatin-rods. The centre generally appears to be homogeneous, while in very thin sections it has not rarely the form of a dark ring with a clear central internal space. All the chromatin-rods are considerably thinner at the end which is turned towards the centre than at the other, which is somewhat swollen. At first sight there does not seem to be a direct connection between the chromatin-rods and the centre, but the use of higher powers (Seibert’s apochromatic homog. immers. N.A. 1-35, oc. 8) shows distinctly that the club-shaped chromatin-rod is continued, at its central end, into a thin, pale filament which extends to the dark centre. The chromatin-rods surround the centre in all directions like the spines of a sea-urchin. In nuclei with one star the centre of the nucleus and of the star fall together ; but when there are several stars the centre of each is about the length of the radius of a star from the periphery of the nucleus. From the peripheral end of the several chromatin-rods, very pale, fine filaments pass out ; these unite the chromatin-rods of the same star with one another, and with those of the neighbouring stars ; in this way a plexus is formed which traverses the whole nucleus. * Of course this is quite distinct from the much coarser reticulum or sponge directly visible under the Microscope. t Zool. Anzeig., xiii. (1890) pp. 231-8 (1 fig.). 2 i 2 444 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO The unusual size and the forms of the nuclei, and especially the presence of figures of direct nuclear development, together with the presence of several nuclei in one cell, are all characters which have been noted in cells which have an intense secretory or assimilating function ; the peculiarity of the present case is the arrangement of the chromatin. In the absence of any knowledge of similar cases it is difficult to suggest what this means. One is inclined to regard the chromatic centres of the star-figures as themselves nucleoli, around which the chromatin has, from some cause, become radially arranged. It has long been known that a large number of nucleoli may be found in gland-cells, and, indeed, in some other kinds of cells too. It is possible that the phenomenon has something to do with multipolar indirect cell-division ; we might imagine that each centre was a centrosoma, and regard the division of the centres as divisions of centrosomata ; but to this supposition it is easy to raise objections, and, at present, the best way of finding an explanation is to multiply examples of this peculiar mode of arrangement. Micrometric Study of Red Blood-corpuscles.* — Prof. M. D. Ewell has made an elaborate micrometric study of blood, which is one of the few methods of identifying that fluid which is -worthy of discussion. No reliance can, however, be placed on the micrometric test unless the errors of the micrometer used, with reference to some authentic standard, are known. When the subject continues during a short period in substantially the same condition of good health, there appears in the hands of the same observer to be an average size of the fresh corpuscles, provided at least one hundred are measured. As several tables given by the author show, there are such large discrepancies between the averages obtained from the measurement of the fresh blood-corpuscles of animals of the same species, and between measurements of the same objects by different observers, as to throw doubt on published results. There is no advantage in using very high powers in these investigations. The drying of blood-corpuscles in a clot multiplies the difficulty of identifi- cation ; it has never been proved that dried corpuscles can be restored to their normal proportions. The mean size of the red corpuscles of very young animals is larger, and their size varies between wider limits than in adults. Many diseases alter the size of the red corpuscles, and fasting and various drugs diminish both their size and number. It is impossible, therefore, in the present state of science to say more of a given specimen of blood, fresh or dry, than that it is the blood of a mammal. Histology of Central Nervous System. f— Prof. A. Kolliker, in his first communication on this subject, deals with the minute structure of the cerebellum. He finds that the granular layer contains a few glia-cells, and a large number of multipolar nerve-cells — the small and large granular cells. The former are very numerous, and have short proto- plasmic processes, which divide at the end into small tufts. The very fine nervous process generally arises from a protoplasmic process, passes into the molecular layer, and then divides into two horizontal and longi- tudinal unbranched fibrils, the termination of which is unknown. There * North Amer. Practitioner, ii. (1890) pp. 99-107, 173-86. f Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., xlix. (1890) pp. 663-89 (4 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 445 are a large number of them, and they give the appearance of an extremely close parallel striation to vertical longitudinal sections. The large granular cells are more scattered and rarer ; they have numerous ramified protoplasmic processes, which pass into the molecular layer, and also into the medullary lamellae. The nervous processes of the cells of Purkinje give off a moderate number of fine lateral branches, some of which return to the molecular layer. The smaller cells of the molecular layer are external or internal ; the former have richly branched protoplasmic processes, which often extend for a considerable distance, and a nervous process, the exact relations of which are unknown. The latter have very long and well-branched protoplasmic processes, some of which reach to the outermost parts of the molecular layer. The nervous process is very long, and extends as a transverse fibre over the bodies of the cells of Purkinje, and gives off, from time to time, vertical processes which pass inwards; these divide and surround the cell-body like basket work. The medullated fibres of the cerebellum of adult animals divide in the molecular layer only ; they form a thick plexus in the granular layer. In the brains of embryonic and young mammals the medullary lamellae of the cerebellum exhibit a certain number of undoubted nerve- fibres, which divide and become lost in the two layers of the grey substance, where they form anastomosing arborescent divisions. None of the fibrous structures revealed by Golgi’s methods give certain indi- cations of anastomoses, and as yet there is no fact that justifies us in believing in the presence of a nervous network in the grey substance. Does a Magnet affect Karyokinesis ? * — M. L. Errera, like many other observers, has been impressed by the resemblance between some karyokinetic figures and magnetic curves. He was led to try whether an electromagnet had any influence on the dividing nuclei in the staminal hairs of Tradescantia virginica. But the currents of protoplasm per- sisted, and the karyokinesis proceeded quite normally, so that the result of the experiment was distinctly negative. y. General. Origin of Nerve-centres of Coelomata. f — M. L. Roule discusses this question, and comes to the conclusion that in the Trochozoa (Mollusca and Annelida), and, without doubt, in the Chordata also, the nerve-centres of the adult, which are arranged in a bilaterally sym- metrical manner, are always derived from simple and median rudiments, which are subsequently divided into two lateral symmetrical halves, and that they are not formed from the junction of two primitively distinct rudiments. When the larva has a proper nervous system, this is sometimes arranged radially (Trochozoa), and sometimes longitudinally (Chordata). In the former case the greater part of the system dis- appears, while what remains becomes the rudiment of the nerve-centres of the adult, or put themselves into relation with rudiments formed directly by the ectoblast; in the latter case the nervous system is preserved entire, or parts disappear, as in the tail of the caducichordate Tunicata. * Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg., xxix. (1890) pp. 17-21. f Arch. ZLool. Exper. et Gen., viii. (1890) pp. 83-100. 446 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO “ British Area” in Marine Zoology.* — Canon A. M. Norman has an interesting paper on this vexed question. He defines it as bounded on the south by 49° 30' N., terminating at 5° 0' W. — that is, midway between the Land’s End and Brest. The mid-channel should be the boundary round the south and south-east coast, until, nearly opposite the Naze, we obtain a mid-channel at 2° 30' E., and that longitude may be taken as the boundary through the North Sea and past Shetland. The northern boundary is more complex ; it may start from the west at 60° N., and proceed eastwards till a point about midway between Cape Wrath and Faroe is met at 5° O' W. ; thence a line should be taken due north-east past Shetland, until 1° 0' W. is reached, whence the line should go due east to 2° 30' E. The western boundary has no limits ; it is the slope of that part of the continent of Europe of which our islands are the outliers, and descends to the base of the continent at 1500 fathoms. The author details his reasons for suggesting these boundaries, and criticizes the report of the British Association (1888) Committee, of which he was chairman, but to which at the time he was not able to give the necessary attention. B. INVERTEBRATA. Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar. — In a report on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries,! published by the Government of Madras, Mr. E. Thurston gives a preliminary account of the marine fauna of the Gulf of Manaar ; the sponges, echinoderms, Crustacea, and Mollusca have been worked out by specialists ; there is also a list of the Ccelenterata. New Invertebrates from the Coast of California.! — Mr. J. W. Fewkes gives descriptions of various new genera and species of Inverte- brates, which he collected off the coast of California ; especial attention was directed to the MedusEe. Heliotropism of Nauplii and Movements of Pelagic Animals.§ — Mr. T. T. Groom and Dr. J. Loeb have made a number of experiments on the Nauplii of Balanus jperforatus with the object of testing their heliotropism and of investigating the causes of the migrations of pelagic animals to or from the surface of the sea. They come to the conclusion that the periodical daily migrations of pelagic animals are due to heliotropism, or, in other words, are directed by the rays of light; this heliotropism is in the evening (in faint light) positive, and in the morning (in strong light) negative. The directive influence of a source of heat is slight in comparison with that of a source of light, so that the heating of the surface by day and its cooling by night do not play any essential part in the periodical migrations of animals. Mollusca. Revision of British Mollusca. |] — The Rev. Canon Norman has com- menced the publication of a revision of British Mollusca. In the present paper the Cephalopoda are dealt with, and a new arrangement of the group is proposed. It is based primarily upon sexual distinctions. The * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., v. (1890) pp. 345-53 (1 map). f Madras, 1890, 8vo, pp. 69-89. % ‘ Zoological Excursions,’ i., Boston, 1889, 8vo, 50 pp., 7 pis. § Biol. Centralbl., x. (1890) pp. 160-77 ; 219 and 20. || Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., v. (1890) pp. 452-84. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 447 Mesarsenia Lave the third arm of the male hectocotylized, while some of the suckers of the other arms are in that sex much larger than those of the female, in certain genera ; in others the tips of the arras undergo modification ; here come the Octopoda,. The Decapoda are divided into the Chondropliora, Sepiophora, and Phragmophora ; the first of these groups consists of two suborders— the Ophistharsenia ( = Sepiolidae), in which one of the first or dorsal arms is generally hectocotylized, and the Prostharsenia (= CranchiidaB, Chiroteuthidse, Ommastrephidae, and Loliginidas), in which there is hectocotylization of one of the fourth, i.e. ventral arms. In the Sepiophora (= Sepiidae) and the Phragmophora ( = Spirulidae), the hectocotylization is on the basal portion of the fourth or ventral arm. The synonymy and distribution of twenty species are given. Terrestrial Air-breathing Molluscs of United States.* * * § — Mr. W. G. Binney has published a third supplement to his fifth volume on these Molluscs, in which the eastern province species are given as well as other addenda which bring the subject down to the first day of this year. Avion foliolatus Gould has been rediscovered, after fifty years’ d isappearance. paratus would be greatly improved. It was beautifully designed, and beautifully made, as all Messrs. Swift’s work was. Mr. T. F. Smith quite agreed with Mr. Nelson’s views. Mr. J. Swift said all the minor points referred to by Mr. Nelson as to the arrangement of the camera, the focusing screens, and sensitive plate-holders, really had been met, although he had not thought it necessary to bring everything forward at the meeting. He thought Mr. Nelson was mistaken in supposing there was only one way of arranging the focus from a distance successfully. He believed the plan adopted would be found efficient in practice. As to Mr. Nelson’s preference for a standing position in making the adjustments, it was not a matter for argument. The collimating arrangement at the end of the Microscope would be found useful, as it acted very readily and accurately where placed. Mr. Nelson was in error in supposing the tube had not been arranged to take Zeiss’s projection eye-pieces. Mr. Pringle brought him Zeiss’s achromatic condenser, and a projection eye-piece, so that there might be no mistake about their fitting properly on the instrument. Mr. Mayall observed that the collimating screw, as devised, moved the Microscope in relation to the lamp, so that it would require to be adjusted before the condenser was centered. He thought Mr. Nelson’s contention in favour of the standing position was hardly serious. He had worked with the Microscope for upwards of an hour, sitting on an PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 547 ordinary chair, and had found no inconvenience. He remembered the photograph in Zeiss’s catalogue, and agreed that the figure viewing the Microscope looked very uncomfortable. As to the precisely best method of focusing from a distance, he thought Mr. Nelson was wrong in supposing there was only one really good method. He had used a Hooke’s joint for focusing in Zeiss’s photographic room at Jena on several occasions, the illumination being an arc lamp, and projecting the images on a distant screen, and he found it quite convenient. He had tried a number of pulley arrangements, most of which had seemed to him fairly efficient. Excellent work could be done with very various means. No one had exhibited better work than Mr. Thomas Comber, who used a Zeiss Microscope, and who sat down while adjusting the instrument, as would be seen in the woodcuts that would be published in the August Journal. It should be remembered that Mr. Pringle had had the advantage of knowing Mr. Nelson’s apparatus and methods, so that any variations he had devised were considered by him as improvements. He was sorry Mr. Pringle was not present to meet Mr. Nelson’s criticism. The Chairman said Mr. Nelson had criticized the new apparatus in his characteristic manner. He thought the subject had taken up as much time as could well be allowed, considering the other matters on the Agenda. He would, therefore, not ask any one to continue the discussion, but would at once call upon the meeting for a vote of thanks to Mr. Andrew Pringle for sending the apparatus for exhibition, and to Mr. Mayall for the description he had given of it. Mr. E. M. Nelson exhibited upon the screen two photographs of bordered pits of pine wood, taken from sections prepared and mounted by Mr. Suffolk. He thought these pictures showed clearly that the pits were of the nature of clack-valves, and probably served the purpose of checking the downward pressure of fluid in the vascular system, which, in the case of a tree 150 feet high, would amount to about 75 lb. to the square inch. He also showed some new photographs of diatoms X 1350. Mr. Mayall said a paper had been received from Mr. Charles E, West, of Brooklyn, on “Early Binocular Instruments.” After giving a summary of the contents, he pointed out that the paper was rather remarkable for the omission from it of any allusions to binocular instruments of earlier date than Rheita's ‘ Oculus Enoch et iElim, sive Radius Siderio Mysticus,’ published in 1645. The modern text-books of the history of physics, &c. — such as Grant’s £ History of Physical Astronomy/ or Poggendorff’s * Geschichte der Physik,’ or Harting’s 4 Das Mikroskop * — all referred to the official documents discovered at La Haye in the early part of the century by Van Swinden, whence it was proved that upon Lippershey’s pressing for a money recognition from the States General in 1608, for his newly-constructed telescope, the payment was deferred until he could perfect the instrument by making it available as a binocular, which he did before the end of the same year. Then, as to the invention of binocular Microscopes, their American friend was content to quote from Zahn’s ‘ Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus, sive Telescopium,’ published in 1685, apparently oblivious that Zahn was not an original authority on the matter, but that he had roughly summarized from Cherubin 548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. d’Orleans’ ‘La Vision Parfaite,’ published in 1677, where the inventor of the instrument figured and described it in full detail. He (Mr. Mayall) had dealt with the subject somewhat fully in his Cantor Lectures in 1885, and had given a photozincograph from the original figure, and he exhibited the original work to the meeting. He thought, therefore, it would be unnecessary to give any extended publication to Mr. West’s notes, especially in view of the fact that twelve pages of the MS. were devoted to translations of passages relating to the binocular telescope, whilst little more than a page was devoted to those on the binocular Microscope. The Chairman thought that without the reproduction of the figures, both from Cherubin d’Orleans’ work and from the first and second editions of Zahn’s work, the subject could not be thoroughly explained. In Harting’s ‘ Das Mikroskop ’ several figures were given from Zahn’s work, in some of which two tubes were shown converging in an upright form. Mr. G. F. Dowdeswell’ s paper, entitled “ A Contribution to the Study of Yeast — No. I. Baker’s Yeast,” was read by Prof. Bell. Culture-tubes containing specimens illustrative of the subject were handed round for inspection. The thanks of the Society were given to Mr. Dowdeswell for his communication. Mr. C. D. Sherborn read some portions of a paper which had been prepared by himself, conjointly with Mr. H. W. Burrows and the Rev. G. Bailey, on “The Foraminifera of the Bed Chalk of Norfolk, Lincoln- shire, and Yorkshire.” The paper contained a long list of the genera and species described, and was illustrated by numerous drawings. The Chairman, in moving a vote of thanks to the authors of the paper, said that the Council’s sense of the value of the communication might be judged from the fact that they had decided to allow four plates to be prepared in illustration, which was considerably beyond the limit of expense to which they felt justified in going under ordinary circum- stances. The thanks of the Society were voted to Messrs. Sherborn, Bailey, and Burrows for their paper. The Chairman said he thought that was the largest meeting they had yet had in the month of June. It concluded their meetings for the present session, and they would therefore adjourn until Wednesday, October 15th. The following Instruments, Objects, &c., were exhibited:— Mr. G. F. Dowdeswell: — Culture-tubes of Micro-organisms from Baker’s Yeast. Mr. E. M. Nelson : — Slides of the Bordered Pits of Pinus, and Diatom-structure. Mr. A. Pringle : — Improved Photomicrographic Apparatus. Mr. C. Rousselet : — Larval Ascidians, tadpole stage. Mr. W. B. Strugnall : — Specimens of Patella pellucida. The Journal is issued on the third Wednesday of February, April, June, August, October, and December. (W 1890. Part 5. OCTOBER. jTo Non-Fellows, i Price 5s ¥• Journal OF THE Royal Microscopical Society CONTAINING ITS TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS, AND A SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOG-Y -A_ 1ST XD BOTANY (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), MICROSCOPY, <3sc_ Edited by F. JEFFREY BELL, M.A., One of the Secretaries of the Society and Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology in King's College ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE AND A. W. BENNETT, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., | JOHN MAYALL, Jun., F.Z.S., Lecturer on Botany at St. Thomas' s Hospital, ] R. G. HEBB, M.A., M.D. ( Cantab. ), AND J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A., Lecturer on Zoology in the School of Medicine, Edinburgh , FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY. WILLIAMS & NOR GATE. LONDON AND EDINBURGH. w PRINTED BY WM. CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,] [STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. CONTENTS. Transactions of the Society — PAGB VIII. — The Fobaminifera of the Red Chalk of Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire. By H. W. Burrows, C. Davies Sherborn, and the Rev. Geo. Bailey. (Plates VIIL-XI.) 549 IX. — Note on a New Type of Foraminifera of the Family Chilostomellid.®. (Fig, 60.) By Henry B. Brady, LL.D., F.R.S 567 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES. ZOOLOGY. A. VERTEBRATA : — Embryology, Histology, and General. a. Embryology. Gulick, J. T. — Inconsistencies of Utilitarianism as the Exclusive Theory of Organic Evolution 572 Houssay, F. — Embryology of Vertebrates 572 Turner, W. — Placenta of Dugong 574 M‘Intosh, W. C., & E. E. Prince — Development and Life-histories of Teleostean Food- and other Fishes 574 fi. Histology. Bataillon, M. E. — Nuclear Modifications which affect the Nucleolus 574 Flemming, W — Division of Pigment-cells and Capillary Wall-cells 575 B. INVERTEBRATA. Steiner, J. — Functions of Central Nervous System of Invertebrates 575 Curtice, Cooper. — Animal Parasites of Sheep 575 Marenzeller, E. v. — German Names for Porifera , Ccelenterata , Echinoderms , and Worms 575 Mollusca. Norman, A. M. — Bevision of British Mollusca 576 Rawitz, B. — Sensory Organs of Lateral Line and Nervous System of Mollusca .. 576 a. Cephalopoda. Hyatt, A. S. — Genesis of the Arietidx 576 y. Gastropoda. Bergh, R. — Cladohepatic Nudibranchs 576 „ „ The Titiscanix 577 Bernard, F. — Pallial Organs of Prosobranchiata 578 Cuenot, L. — Gland of Auricle in Paludina , and Nephridial Gland in Murex . . 580 Fischer, P., & E. L. Bouvier — Mechanism of Respiration in Ampullariidx .. .. 580 Dubois, R. — Olfactory Sense of Snails 581 Pruvot, G. — New Neomenix from the Mediterranean 581 „ „ Circulatory Apparatus and Gonads of Neomenix 581 ( 3 ) S. Lamellibranchiata. page Pelseneer, P. — Identity of Composition of Nervous System of Lamellibranchiata and other Molluscs • . 582 M'Alpine, D. — Progress and Rotation of Bivalve Molluscs and of Detached Ciliated Portions 583 Rankin, W. M. — Organ of Bojanus in Anodonta cygnea 583 Villepoix, Moynier de — Repair of Test of Anodon 584 Molluscoida. y. Brachiopoda. Fischer, P., & D. P. Oehleut — Stratigrapkical Distribution of Deep-Sea Brachio- pods 585 Arthropoda. Schimkewitsch, W. — Signification of Vitelline Cells in Tracheata 586 a. 'Insecta. Exner — The Retinal Image of the Insect Eye (Figs. 61-71) 586 Dubois, R. — Secretion of Silk in Bombyx mori 594 Verson, E. — Parthenogenesis of the Ova of Bombyx 594 Brandt, E. K. — Anatomy of Sesia tipuliformis and Trochilium apiforme .. .. 594 Bonsdorff, A. von — Sculpturings on Elytra of Coleoptera 595 Mayer, P. — Germinal Vesicle of Flies 595 Cameron, P. — British Phytophagous Hymenoptera 595 Wood-Mason, J. — Viviparous Caddis-fly .. .. 595 Henneguy, L. F. — Ovarian Envelope of Phyllium 596 5. Araclin ida. Laurie, M. — Embryology of Euscorpius itdlicus 597 M‘Cook, H. — American Spiders . . 597 Greve, C. — Habits of Mygale 599 Koenike, F. — Water- Mite Parasitic on a Snail 599 (, Crustacea. Weldon, W. F. R. — Variations of Decapod Crustacea 599 Bouvier, E. L. — Circulatory System of Carapace of Decapod Crustacea 600 Parker, G. H. — Histology and Development of Eye of Lobster 600 Roule, L. — Blastoderm of Isopoda 601 Bovallius. C. — The Oxycephalids 601 Imhof, O. E. — Bosmina 602 Claus, C. — Organization of Cy prides 602 Brady, G. S.—Ostracoda from South Sea Islands .. .. 603 Vermes, o. Annelida. M‘Intosh, W. C. — Occurrence of Pelagic Annelids and Chsetognaths in St. Andrews Bay throughout the Year 603 Cunningham, J. T., & G. A. Ramage —Polychxta Sedentaria of Firth of Forth .. 603 Ives, J. E. — Arenicola cristata and its Allies 603 Buchanan, F .—Hehaterobranehus Shrubsolii 603 Ben ham, W. B. — Classification of Earthivorms 604 „ „ Atrium or Prostate 605 Beddard, F. E. — Anatomy of Moniligaster 605 „ „ Diachxta Windlei „ 606 „ „ Phreoryctes 606 Kulagin, N. — Russian Earthworms 606 Roule, L. — Development of Germinal Layers of Tubicolous Gephyrea 607 0. Nemathelminthes. Jammes, L.— Histology of Ascaris 608 y. Platyhelminthes. Burger, 0.— Anatomy and Histology of Nemertines 608 b ( I ) 5. Incertae Sedis. PA0E Western, G. — Philodina macrostyla and Rotifer citrinus 610 Echinodermata. Ludwig, H. — Echinodermata 610 Herbert, P. — Anatomical Nomenclature of Echinoderms 610 Ludwig, H., & L. CuEnot — Function of Madreporic Plate and Stone-canal of Echinodermata 611 Prouho, H. — Function of Gemmiform Pedicellarix of Echinoids 611 Gregory, J. W. — Rliynchopygus woodi 612 Prouho — Sense of Smell in Starfishes 612 Ccelenterata. H addon, A. C. — Actinise of South-west Coast of Ireland . .. 612 Ortmann, A. — Morphology of Sheleton of Stony Corals 612 Porifera. Mackay, A. H. — Freshwater Sponges of Canada and Newfoundland 614 Protozoa. Dangeard, P. A. — Ophrydium versatile and its Zoochlorellse .. .. .. .. .. 615 „ „ Observations on Acinetina 615 „ ,, Notes on Flagellata 615 Balbiani, E. G. — Loxodes 615 Dangeard, A. P. — Cryptomonadinse and Euglenx 615 Bruyne, C. de — Monadina and Chytridiacese Parasitic on Algse 616 Thelohan, P. — Coccidia of Stickleback and Sardine 616 BOTANY. A. GENERAL, including the Anatomy and Physiology of the Phanerogamia. a. Anatomy. (1) Cell-structure and Protoplasm. Zimmermann, A. — Morphology and Physiology of the Cell 617 Behrens, J. — Processes of Growth in the Vegetable Cell 618 Bokorny, T. — Reactions of Cytoplasm 618 Lange, G. — Quantitative Estimate of Cellulose 618 Meyer, A. — Alkalinity of Protoplasm 618 (2) Other Cell-contents (including- Secretions). Smith, C. M. — New Green Vegetable Colouring Matter 619 Zimmermann, A. — Chromatophores of Bleached Leaves 619 Mikosch, K. — Proteinaceous Bodies in Oncidium 619 Bauer, K. — Tannin and its Functions * 619 Levi-Morenos, D. — Anthocyanin 620 Guignard, L. — Localization of the Principles of Hydrocyanic Acid 620 Schar, E. — Distribution of Chemical Substances in Plants 620 (3) Structure of Tissues. Heinricher, E. — Transformation of Epiderm 620 Tschirch, A. — Resin-producing Receptacles 621 Haberlandt, G. — Gluten-layer in the Endosperm of Grasses 621 Flot, L. — Comparative Structure of the Stem of Trees 621 Solms-Laubach — Stem of Cycadese 622 Lignier, O. — Decortication of the Stems of Calycanthacex , Melastomacex , and Myrtacex 622 Blass, J. — Function of the Sieve-portion of Vascular Bundles 622 Pasquale, B. — Special Elements in Glycine sinensis 623 Lange, G. — Constituents of Lignin 623 ( 5 ) (4) Structure of Organs. tAGB Delpino, F. — Monocentric and Polycentric Flowers 623 Barber, C. A. — Change of Flowers to Tubers 623 Halsted, B. D. — Stamens of Solanacese 624 Schafer, B. — Development of Ovary and Placenta 624 Daniel, L. — Bracts of the Involucre of Composite 624 Garcin, A. G. — Stone of Drupes 624 Celakovsky, L. — Cupule of the Beech and Chestnut 625 Farmer, J. B. — Stomates in the Fruit of Iris 625 Mattirolo, O. — Integument of the Seed of Papilionacese. 625 Tschirch, A. — Absorbing -organs of the Seeds of Scitaminese 625 Kumm, P. — Anatomy of Cotyledons *• 625 Leist, K. — Influence of Alpine situations on leaves 626 Lamborn, R. H. — Knees of Taxodium distichum 626 Arcangeli, G. — Spines and Emergences of Fury ale . 627 S or auer, P. — Intumescences .. 627 Jost, L. — Tuber of Corydalis 627 Muller, F. — Production of Fruit without Fertilization .. .. 627 /3. Physiology. Frank’s (A. B.) Text-book of Physiology 628 Cl) Reproduction and Germination. Scott-Elliott, G. F. — Ornithophilous Flowers 628 Loew, E. — Insects as Fertilizers 628 Robertson, C. — Flowers and Insects 628 Marilaun, A. Kerner v. — Dichogamy 629 Giaud, A. — Conversion of a bisexual into a dioecious Plant 629 Trabut, L. — Strengthening of the Sexuality of a Hybrid . . . . . . 629 Arcangelt, G., F. Delpino, & U. Martelli — Fertilization of Arum and Dracun- culus 629 Cobelli, R. — Fertilization of Brassica oleracea 629 Green, J. R. — Germination of Jerusalem Artichoke 630 (2) Nutrition and Growth (including: Movements of Fluids). Hirsch, W. — Transport of Reserve-materials from the Endosperm to the Embryo.. 630 Askenasy, E. — Relation between Temperature and Growth 630 Arcangeli, G. — Groivth of the Leaf-stalk in Water-plants 630 Weber — Theory of Growth in Height 631 Kundig, J. — Apparatus for illustrating the Growth of Plants 631 Curtel, G. — Transpiration and Assimilation 631 Acton, E. H. — Assimilation of Carbon by Green Plants .. .. 631 Boehm, J. — Cause of the Movement of Water in Transpiring Plants 632 Yerschaffelt, E. & J. — Transpiration 632 (3) Irritability. S tange, B. — Chemotatic Irritability 632 (4) Chemical Changes (including Respiration and Fermentation). Brown, H. T., & G. H. Morris — Chemical Changes during Germination .. .. 633 Heckel, E. — Transformation of the Alkaloids during Germination 633 Lawes, J. B., & J. H. Gilbert — Fixation of Free Nitrogen 634 Serno — Formation of Nitrates 634 Bancroft, J. — Respiration of Roots 635 y. General. Gonzalez, D. D. — New Insectivorous Plant 635 D’Ettinghausen & Krasan — Atavism of Plants 635 Hackel, E. — Adaptation of Grasses to Dry Climates 635 Aschoff, 0. — Value of Chlorine to the Plant 635 Iwanowsky, D., & W. P oloftzoff — “ Pock-disease ” of Tobacco 635 B. CRYPTOGAMIA. Cryptogamia Vascularia. Biel a jew, Y. W. J. — Male Prothallium of Azolla 636 Busgen, M. — Fructification of Marsilea 636 Campbell, D. H. — Germination of the Megaspore of Isoetes .. .. .. 636 ( 6 ) PAGE Campbell, D. H. — Affinities of the Filicinex 637 Rauwenhoff, N. W. P. — Oophyte of the Gleicheniacese 637 Walter, G. — Sclerotized Elements in the Tissues of Ferns .. 637 Sablon, Leclerc du — Stem of Ferns .. 638 Rostowzew, S. — Transformation of Roots into Shoots in Ferns 638 Muscine®. BCnger, E. — Anatomy of the Capsule of Mosses 639 Charace®. Migula, W. — RabenhorsVs Cryptogamic Flora of Germany ( Characese) 640 Alg®. Went, F. A. F. C, — Formation of Vacuoles in Algte 640 Atkinson, G. F. — Lemaneacex 641 Wille, N. — Bladders of Fucaoex .. .. 642 Rosenthal, O. — Macrocystis and Thalassiophyllum 642 Bennett, A. W. — Vaucheria-galls 643 Toni, G. B. pe, & F. Saccardo — Cephaleuros, Phycopeltis, and Eansgirgia .. .. 643 Went, F. A. F. C. — Reproduction of Codium 643 Fungi. Boudier — Paraphyses of Fungi .. .. 643 Ferry, R., & Bourquelot — Saccharine Substances contained in Fungi 643 Smorawski, J. — Development of Phytophthor a inf estans .. .. 644 Tubeuf, C. von — Parasitic Fungi 644 Harz, C. O. — Physomyces 644 Baccarini, P, — Development of Pycnids 645 Bachmann, E. — Non-cry stallizable Lichen-pigments 645 RoumegueIre, C. — Spicaria verticillata 645 Oudemans, C. A. J. A. — Sphxropsidex parasitic on Dianthus 646 Raimann, R. — Herpotrichia nigra 646 Halsted, B. D. — New Entyloma 646 Magnus, P. — Hydnocystis 646 Oudemans, C. A. J. A., C. Massalongo, & F. Cavara — New Parasitic Fungi .. 646 Wright, C. H. — British Hymenolichen 647 Laurent, E . — Chrornogenic Pseudo-Yeasts 647 Eschenhagen, P. — Injiuence of Concentration of Nutritive Medium on Growth of Fungi .. . . 647 Laurent, E. — Thrush-fungus 648 Barclay, A. — Himalayan Uredinex 648 Hartig, R. — Trametes radiciperda 649 Seynks, J. pe — Ceriomyces 649 Hesse, R. — Development of Hypogsei 649 Mycetozoa. Lister, A. — Development of Mycetozoa 649 „ „ Ingestion of Food-material by the Swarm-cells of Mycetozoa . . . . 650 Protophyta. a. Schizophyce®. Levi-Morenos, D. — Defensive Structure of Diatoms 650 Castracane, F. — Diatoms from Neio Zealand 651 Diatoms in abundance 651 * Le Diatomiste ’ 651 Macchiati, L. — Gelatinous sheath of the Oscillariacex 651 0. Schizomycetes. Giaxa, V. pe — Bacillus of Cholera in Soil 652 Prudden, T. M. — Germicidal action of Blood-serum and other Body Fluids .. .. 652 Conn, H. W. — Bacteria of Milk 653 Certes, A. — Spirobacillus gigas 653 Dowdeswell, G. F. — Flagella of the Cholera Microbe 654 Kitasato, S. — Resistance of the Cholera Vibrio to drying heat 654 Babes, V. — Microbes of Hemoglobinuria of Ox 655 Griffiths, A. B. — Putrefaction Ptomaine obtained from cultivations of Bacterium Allii 655 Gessard, C. — Chrornogenic Function of Bacillus pyocyanens 656 Lortet & Despeignes — Pathogenic Microbes in filtered water of the Rhone . . . . 656 ( 7 ) PA OB Arloing, S. — Loss of virulence in cultivations of Bacillus anthracis 656 Kitasato, S. — Negative Indol-reaction as a test for the Typhoid Bacillus . . .. 657 Canestrinis’ (G. & R.) Bacteriology 657 MICROSCOPY. a. Instruments, Accessories, &c. (1) Stands. Bibliography 659 (2) Eye-pieces and Objectives. Godfrey, J. — The Achromatic Object-glass 659 “ F.R.M.S.” — The Jena Lenses 660 Fellenberg, E. v. — Fluor-spar at Oltscheren 661 (3) Illuminating- and other Apparatus. Koch, L. — Object-carrier with Vertical Displacement for the Jung Microtome (Figs. 72 and 73) 662 Brunnee, R. — New Bleating Apparatus for Mineralogical Investigations (Figs. 74-76) 664 Vorce, C. M. — Bolting Gauze 665 Elliott, A. S. — A Simple Turn-table 665 Shimer, H. — Cheap Boxes for Slides 666 (4) Photomicrography. Pringle’s Photomicrographic Apparatus (Plates XII. and XIII.) 666 Sternberg, Geo. M. — Photomicrography by Gaslight (Fig. 77) 667 Neuhacss, R. — Position of the Light- filter in Photomicrography 669 (6) Miscellaneous. Nicholson, H. Alleyne — The Microscope in Geology .. 669 /?. Technique. (1) Collecting Objects, including Culture Processes. Braatz, E. — Cotton-ivool as a substitute for Silk in Bacteriological Work .. .. 669 Buchner, H. — Effect of highly concentrated Media on Bacteria 669 (2) Preparing Objects. Bernard, F. — Method of Preparing Mucous Gland of Prosobranch Molluscs .. .. 670 Hill, E. A. — Mounting Insect Eggs to study the Embryo 670 Parker, G. H. — Preparation of Eyes of Lobsters .. 671 Laboulbene, A. — Methods of Recognizing Cysticerci of Taenia saginata 672 Ranvier, L. — New Method for Examining microscopically the Elements and Tissues of Warm-blooded Animals at their physiological temperature (Fig. 78) . . . . 672 Errera, L. — Microchemical Tests for Alkaloids and Proteids 673 Hegler, R. — Reactions for Lignin 673 Zimmermann, A.— Fixing and Staining of Leucoplasts and Protein-crystalloids . . 673. (3) Cutting, including Imbedding and Microtomes. Koch, L. — Imbedding Vegetable Preparations in Paraffin 674 (4) Staining and Injecting. Leclerq — Laboratory Notes 675 Herman, M. — Apparatus for Impregnating Tissues , &c., and for making Esmarch Tubes (Figs. 79 and 80) 675 Stroschein, E. — Injection-syringe for Bacteriological Purposes (Fig. 81) .. ... .. 677 Loeffler, F.— Staining the Flagella of Bacteria 678 Kaiser, O. — Staining Spinal Cord with Naphthylamin Brown and Examining with the Dark-field Illumination (Fig. 82) . . 679 Dogiel, A. S. — Staining the Endings of Motor Nerves with Methylen-blue .. .. 679 (5) Mounting, including Slides, Preservative Fluids, &c. Cunningham — Arranging Diatoms 680 New Mounting Dammar 680 Latham, Y. A. — Alcoholic Method of Mounting Bryozoa 681 Kaiser’s Glycerin-Gelatin 681 Proceedings of the Society 682 ( 10 ) EOYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY COUNCIL. ELECTED 12th FEBRUARY, 1890. PRESIDENT. Charles T. Hudson, Esq., M.A., LL.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Prof. Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Prof. Urban Pritchard, M.D. Charles Tyler, Esq., F.L.8. TREASURER. *Frank Crisp, Esq., LL.B., B.A., V.P. & Treas. L.S. SECRETARIES. ^ Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. John Mayall, Esq., Jun., F.Z.S. ORDINARY MEMBERS of COUNCIL. Alfred W. Bennett, Esq., M.A., B.So., F.L.S. *Robert Braithwaite, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.S., F.L.S. Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., F.R.S. *Prof. J. William Groves, F.L.S. Richard G. Hebb, Esq., M.D. George C. Karop, Esq., M.R.C.S. Albert D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S. Thomas H. Powell, Esq. Walter W. Reeves, Esq. *Prof. Charles Stewart, P.L.S. William Thomas Suffolk, Esq. Frederic H. Ward, Esq., M.R.C.S. LIBRARIAN and ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Mr. James West. * Members of the Publication Committee. The Library Catalogue is now ready, and can be obtained at th© Society’s Library, price 1/- JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. OCTOBER 1890. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY. VIII. — The Foraminifera of the Bed Chalk of Yorkshire, Norfolk , and Lincolnshire. By H. YV. Burrows, C. Davies Sherborn, and the Rev. Geo. Bailey. ( Read 18 th J une, 1890.) Plates VIII. to XI. In 1888 we communicated to this Journal (p. 383) a provisional list of Foraminifera from the Red Chalk, promising a memoir on tbe subject later. It is now our privilege to redeem this promise and further to LIST OF FORMS RECORDED AND EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate VIII. Fig. 1. — Spiroloculina papyracea sp. n. x 50. 2. „ tenuis (Czjz.) x 50. 3. 4. — Miliolina sp. x 50. 5, 6. — Cornuspira cretacea Reuss x 50. 7. — Ammodiscus gordialis (J. & P.) X 50. 8. „ incertus (d’Orb.) x 50. 9. „ tenuis Brady x 50. 10. — Textularia attenuata Reuss x 75. 11. „ pygmeea Reuss x 50. 12. „ agglutinans d’Orb. x 50. 13. „ gramen d’Orb. X 50. 14. „ trochus d’Orb. x 50. 15a, b. „ turns d’Orb. x 50. 16. „ complanata Reuss x 50. Fig. 17a, b. — Textularia sp.(cf. fig. 10) X 50. 18a, b. — Verneuilina propinqua Brady X 50. 19, 20. „ triquetra (v. M.) x 50. 21. — Spiroplecta biformis (P. & J.) x 50. 22. — Gaudryina pupokles d’Orb. x 50. 23. — Bulimina affinis d’Orb. x 75. 24. „ Presli Reuss x 50. 25. — Bolivina textularioides Reuss x 50. 26. „ Beyrichi Reuss v. alata Seg. x 50. „ sp. (not figured). 27. 28, 29a, b. — Pleurostomella subnodosa Reuss x 50. 30. „ alternans Sckwager x 75. Plate IX. Fig. 1, 2, 4. — Lagena globosa (Mont.) X 50. 3. „ laevis (Mont.) X 50. 6, 7, 9, 10, 11. 8, 12, 13. „ apiculata Reuss x 50. y. emaciuta Reuss x 50. 5. „ cincta Seguenza x 50. Fig. 14, 15. — Nodosaria ( Glandulina ) Isevigata d’Orb. x 50. 16. „ „ obtusissima Reuss X 50. 17. „ „ cylindrica Reuss x 50. 18. „ „ candela Egger x 50. 19. — Nodosaria simplex Silvestri x 75. 20. „ longiscata d’Orb. x 50. 2 R 1890. 550 Transactions of the Society. illustrate our remarks by a series of plates generously granted to us by the Royal Microscopical Society. The material contributing to this paper has been derived from six sources. (1) A small collection made by C. D. Sherborn from material carefully selected from the softer band of the Red Chalk at Hun- stanton by Mrs. R. E. May. These specimens are of minute size. (2) A large collection made by H. W. Burrows, from material obtained from the upper portion of the Red Chalk at Speeton, kindly Plate IX. — continued. Fig. 21. — Nodosaria calamorplia Reuss X 50. 22. „ sp. x 50. 23. „ limbata d’Orb. x 50. 24. „ obscura Reuss x 40. 25 a, b. „ prismatica Reuss x 50. 26. „ ( [Dentalina ) soluta Reuss X 100. 27. „ ,, communis d'Orb. x 50. Fig. 28. — ■ Nodosaria ( Dentalina ) brevis d’Orb. X 50. 29. „ „ filiformis d’Orb. x 50. 30. „ „ marginulinoides Reuss X 50. 31. „ „ mucronata Neugeboren X 50. 32. ,, „ dbnormis Reuss x 75. 33. — Marginulina inxqualis Reuss X 50. Fig. 1. — Marginulina glabra d’Orb. X 50. 2. „ variabilis Neugeboren X 50. 3a, b. — Lingulina carinata d’Orb. x 50. 4. — Frondicularia biformis Marsson x 50. 5. ,, gaultina Reuss x 25. 6a, 6. „ Archiaciana d’Orb. x 50. 7a, 6. — Rhabdogonium tricarinatum (d’Orb.) x 50. 8a, b „ minutum Reuss x 75. 9. — Vaginulina eurynota Reuss x 25. Plate X. Fig. 10, 11, 12, 13. — Vaginulina recta Reuss X 50. 14, 15. „ arguta Reuss x 50. 16. „ legumcn (Linn.) x 75. ,, sp. (not figured). 17a, b (and! Cristellaria rotulata (Lam.) XI. 7) / x 50. 18a, b. „ cultrata (Montf.) X 50. 19a, 6, 21. „ gibba d’Orb. x 50. 20. „ italica (Defr.) x 50. ^XI^S)} ” variabilis Reuss x 50. Plate XT. Fig. 1. — Cristellaria lata Reuss x 50. 2. „ multiseptata (F. & M.) x 50. 3. 4. „ crepidula (F. & M.) x 50. 5a, b. „ Marckii Reuss x 50. 6. „ cymboides d’Orb. x 50. 9, 10. — Polymorp/iina lactea (W. & J.) X 50. 11. „ communis d’Orb. x 50. 12, 13. „ amygdaloides Reuss vel P. gibba d’Orb. x 50. 14. h „ horrida Reuss X 75. 15. „ sp. x 50. Uvigerina sp. (not figured), x 50. 16. — Ramidina aculeata (d’Orb.) X 50. Fig. 17. — Globigerina bulloides (d’Orb.) x 50. 18a, 6, c. ,, cretacea (d’Orb.) x 50. 19. „ Linnxana (d’Orb.) x 75. Orbulina universa d’Orb. (not figured). 20, 21. — Sphxroidina bulloides d’Orb. x 75. 22. — Truncatulina variabilis d’Orb. x 50. 23a, b. — Planorbulina ammonoides (Reuss) x 50. Pulvinulina Menardii (d’Orb.) (not figured). 24a, b. — Discorbina vel Truncatulina x 50. 25a, b. — Anomalina gi'osserugosa (Giimb.) x 50. 26a, b. — Polystomella macella (F. & M ) x 50. (Some of these specimens have been deposited in the Natural History Museum.) Red Challc Foraminifera. By Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey . 551 supplied by Mr. J. T. Day, F.G.S., who also suggested the method of disintegrating the hard material which is described in the footnote.* Many of the specimens obtained are gigantic in comparison with those from the same and other localities. (3) A still larger collection of balsam-mounted slides of material from Speeton, disintegrated and prepared by the Rev. G. Bailey. The greater part of this material was obtained from a deep-red band about two miles east of Speeton Gap, and near the boundary line of Buckton and Bempton parishes. It was collected at extreme low water during spring tides, at which time the bed is most conveniently exposed. (4) A large collection of sliced Red Gaults and Red Chalks from various localities in Norfolk, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, kindly placed at our disposal by Mr. W. Hill, jun., F.G.S. (5) Three slides of balsam-mounted dust from the Red Chalk of Flamborough Headf lent to us by Dr. H. B. Brady, F.R.S. (6) A slide of dust, also balsam-mounted, by the favour of Dr. Clifton Sorby, F.R.S. We have also availed ourselves of the published records of the Rev. T. Wiltshire, Messrs. Parker, Jones, Blake, and Whitaker, details of which will be found in our previous note. Spiroloculina d’Orbigny, 1826. Spiroloculina papyracea sp. n., plate VIII. fig. 1. — The lower half of a thin and much compressed form from the red chalk of Flamborough Head. The nearest figures to this which have come under our notice are Spirolocidina sp. (Hantken, Mitth. Jahrb. k. ung. Geol. Anst., iv. 1875, plate xiii. fig. 1) and 8. Freyeri (Reuss, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xxiii. 1864, plate i. fig. 3), of which the former shows rounded chambers, and the latter is referable to 8. planulata d’Orb. We have therefore ventured to record it under a new specific name. Dr. Brady’s Coll. S. tenuis (Czjz.) plate VIII. fig. 2. Quinquelocidina tenuis Czjzek, Haidinger’s Nat. Abh., ii. 1848, p. 149, plate xiii. fig. 31-34; 8. tenuis , Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 152, plate x. fig. 9. One specimen (Canada balsam, Bailey Coll.) is referable to this form : the outer chamber has been crushed and displaced. * Owing to its great hardness, the separation of the Foraminifera from the Bed Chalk is always difficult. The following method, however, greatly simplifies the process : — Break up the chalk into small pea-sized fragments, and boil in strong solution of sulphate of soda till reduced to powder; wash till all muddiness is removed. f Speeton or Buckton. This applies also to the “ Flamborough Head ” of Emmett, these being the nearest places to Flamborough Head at which the red chalk crops out. (See Parker and Jones, ‘ Geologist/ 18G0, p. 419.) 2 b 2 552 Transactions of the Society. Miliolina Williamson, 1858. Miliolina sp., plate YI1I. figs. 8, 4. — Two characteristic examples of a triloculine form occurring at rare intervals in Mr. Bailey’s pre- parations. We are not at all sure that these do not represent younger stages of Spiroloculina tenuis (supra), but as only one specimen, by reason of the number of its chambers, can be truly referred to that genus, we hesitate either to place these with it, or to impose upon them a new specific name. Cornuspira Schultze, 1854. Cornuspira cretacea Reuss, plate VIII. figs. 5, 6. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 177, plate i. figs. 1 a,h. — Occurs frequently at Speeton. The individuals vary in shape from circular to oval, as shown in the figures, hut all possess the true characters of the “species.” Several have either grown irregularly or have been injured since being deposited, for they show a depressed line from margin to margin, and appear at first sight to belong to Spiroloculina. Ammodiscus Reuss, 1861. Ammodiscus gordialis (Jones & Parker), plate VIII. fig. 7. Tro- chammina gordialis Jones & Parker, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xvi. 1860, p. 304. A. gordialis , Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 333, plate xxxviii. figs. 7-9. — Two specimens of this interesting foraminifer occur in Mr. Burrows’ washings. In one example the tube is thickened by subsequent deposition into an apparently solid boss in the centre. A. incertus (d’Orbigny), plate VIII. fig. 8. Operculina incerta, d’Orb. in De la Sagra’s Hist. lie Cuba, 1839, Foram., p. 49, plate vi. figs. 16, 17 ; A. incertus, Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 330, plate xxxviii. figs. 1-3. — Several specimens of this variable form occur in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. A. tenuis Brady, plate VIII. fig. 9. Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 332, plate xxxviii. figs. 4-6. — This foraminifer, of which only one example was found, agrees so closely with Brady’s figure that we do not hesitate to record it as such ; at the same time we endorse Dr. Brady’s remark, “ that it is probably nothing more than a local variety of A. incertus .” Bailey Coll. Textularia Defrance, 1824. Textularia attenuata Reuss, plate VIII. fig. 10. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. (i.) 1863, p. 59, plate vii. fig. 87. — Reuss figures and describes this species from the Septarienthon, and states that it is very variable in shape. Our specimen agrees with his figure, except that it has fewer chambers. One specimen, Bailey Coll. T. pygmdea Reuss, plate VIII. fig. 11. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. (i.) 1862, p. 80, plate ix. fig. 11. — Described by Reuss from Bed Chalk Foraminifera. By Burrows , Sherborn, and Bailey. 553 the Minimus- Thon of the North German gault. The specimen figured comes from Hunstanton (Sherborn Coll.), and is the only one met with. Jones and Parker record this species as “ common ” in the Emmett collection, from Flamborough Head. T. agglutinans d'Orb., plate VIII. fig. 12. D’Orbigny in De la Sagra’s Hist. lie Cuba, 1839, p. 144, plate i. figs. 17, 18, 32-34. — Occurs rarely in our collections ; the specimen figured is from Mr. Burrows’ washings. T. gramen d’Orb., plate VIII. figs. 13 a, b. D’Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Vienne, 1846, p 248, plate xv. figs. 4-6.— One specimen, Burrows Coll. T. trochus d’Orb., plate VIII. fig. 14. D’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 45, plate iv. figs. 25, 26. — Common in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. The chambering in all the specimens is obscure, and can only be made out by careful study. T. turris d’Orb., plate VIII. figs. 15a, b. D’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 46, plate iv. figs. 27, 28. — This form seems rare in the red chalk ; Hunstanton (Sherborn Coll.) ; Speeton (Bailey Coll). T. complanata (Reuss), plate VIII. fig. 16. Proroporus com- planatus , Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 231, plate xii. figs. 5 a , b. — This interesting textularian occurs abundantly in Mr. Burrows’, but more sparingly in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. The specimens vary from Reuss’ type, in that they are shorter and broader and have fewer chambers. Textularia sp., plate VIII. figs. 17a, b. — One specimen only of a textularian with a bladder-like final chamber, the orifice being pro- duced into a snout ; Burrows Coll. Dr. Brady informs us that this anomalous condition is occasionally met with, and therefore the character is not specific. It is probably a well-developed specimen of Reuss’s T. attenuata (supra). Verneuilina. d’Orbigny, 1840. Verneuilina propinqua Brady, plate VIII. figs. 18a, b. Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 387, plate xlvi. figs. 9, 10. — Specimens of Verneuilina in Mr. Burrows’ collection show so strong a resem- blance to Dr. Brady’s species that we do not hesitate to refer them to that form. In the figure the mouth is perhaps a little accentuated, the tenacious adherence of the matrix making it difficult to ensure the absolute freedom of the specimens. V. triquetra (Munster), plate VIII. figs. 19, 20. Textularia triquetra l. Munster in Roemer, Neues Jahrb., 1838, p. 384, plate iii. fig. 19 : V. triquetra , Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 383, plate xlvii. figs. 18-20. — Extremely common in Mr. Bailey’s preparations, but often obscure and difficult to determine. We have, however, no doubt as to its identity. In many cases, possibly from its extra- 554 Transactions of the Society. transparency, this form has the appearance of a textularian, and occasionally (see fig. 20) resembles closely Reuss’s Polymorphina sub- rhombica (SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xliv. 1861, p. 339, plate vii. fig. 3), from the Senonian of New Jersey, in general shape and appearance. It is likely, too, that Marsson’s Bolivina tenuis (Mitth. Nat. Ver. Neu-Vorpommern u. Riigen, x. 1878, p. 126, plate iii. fig. 23 b) is this form, as also B. tenuis Marss. as figured by Tutkovskii (Zap. Kievsk. Obsch. Estest., vii. 1887, p. 350, plate viii. fig. T),for both these figures were drawn from balsam-mounted specimens, in which medium false appearances are very apt to occur. Spiroplecta Ehrenberg, 1844. Spiroplecta biformis (Parker & Jones), plate VIII. fig. 21. Textu- laria agglutinans v. biformis, Parker A Jones, Phil. Trans., 1865, p. 370, plate xv. figs. 23, 24 ; S. biformis, Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 377, plate xlv. figs. 25-27. — A few examples have been met with in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. Parker and Jones record it from the Gault and Chalk in their paper quoted above ; the species occurs also in a section of Red Chalk from Speeton, and in another of Gault from Roydon, both in Mr. W. Hill’s collection. Gaudryina d’Orbigny, 1840. Gaudryina pupoides d’Orb., plate VIII. fig. 22. D’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 44, plate iv. figs. 22-24 ; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 378, plate xlvi. fig. 2. — One large individual, Burrows Coll. Bulimina d’Orbigny, 1826. Bulimina a finis d’Orb., plate VIII. fig. 23. D’Orbigny in De la Sagra’s Hist, lie Cuba, 1839, p. 105, plate ii. figs. 25, 26; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 400, plate 1. figs. 14 a, b. — Common in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. From its minute size, it has probably escaped observation when searching dry material from the same and other localities. B. Presli Reuss, plate VIII. fig. 24. Reuss, Verst, bohm. Kreide, part i. 1845, p. 38, plate xiii. fig. 72, and Haidinger’s Nat. Abh., iv. (i.) 1851, p. 39, plate iii. fig. 10. — One of the most common forms in the red chalk as in other cretaceous deposits, occurring often of a considerable size. Bolivina d’Orbigny, 1839. Bolivina textularioides Reuss, plate VIII. fig. 23. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. (i.), 1862 (1863), p. 81, plate x. figs. 1 a, b. — Abundant but small in Mr. Bailey’s slides. Described by Reuss from the middle Hils-Thon of north-west Germany. B. Beyrichi Reuss, plate VIII. fig. 26. Reuss, Zeitschr. deutsch. Bed Chalk Foraminifera. By Burrows , Sherborn , and Bailey. 555 geol. Ges., iii. 1851, p. 83, plate vi. fig. 51. — Fragments of Seguenza’s variety alata * are frequently met with in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. Bolivina sp. A third species of this genus is common in Mr. Bailey’s slides. Apparently near to B. punctata d’Orb., but the difficulty of determining balsam-mounted specimens prevents us from doing more than recording its presence. Pleurostomella Reuss, 1859. Fleur ostomella subnodosa Reuss, plate VIII. figs. 27, 28, 29 a , b. Dentalina subnodosa Reuss, Verst, bohrn. Kreide, part i. 1845, p. 28, plate xiii. fig. 22. P. subnodosa Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 204, plate viii. figs. 2 a, b. — Nine examples, the characteristic variation of which is well shown in the specimens selected for illustra- tion. The rapidly increasing form (fig. 29) is the more common, that shown in fig. 27 approaches P. alternans. Burrows Coll. P. alternans Sch wager, plate VIII. fig. 30. Sch wager, Novara Reise, 1866, p. 238, plate vi. fig. 80. — A small specimen, the last chamber of which is possibly imperfect. Bailey Coll. Lagena Walker & Boys, 1784. Lagena globosa (Mont.), plate IX. figs. 1, 2, 4. Vermiculum globosum Montagu, Test. Brit., 1803, p. 523; L. globosa Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 452, plate lvi. figs. 1-3. — Rare in our washings. Some of the specimens show the entosolenian neck. Bailey preparations. L. Isevis (Mont.), plate IX. fig. 3. Vermiculum Iseve Montagu, Test. Brit., 1803, p. 524: L. Isevis Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 455, plate lvi. figs. 7-14, 30. — One specimen ; the closing of the aperture is probably due to matrix. Burrows Coll. L. apiculata Reuss, plate IX. figs. 6, 7, 0, 10, 11. Oolina apicu- lata Reuss, Haidinger’s Nat. Abh., iv. (i.) 1851, p. 22, plate i. fig. 1 ; L. apiculata Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. 1862, p. 319, plate i. figs. 4-8, 10, 11 ; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 452, plate lvi. figs. 4, 15-18. — Most abundant and very variable in shape, a condition characteristic also of its living representatives. L. apiculata var. emaciata Reuss, plate IX. figs. 8, 12, 13. L. emaciata Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. 1862, p. 319, plate i. fig. 9. — Numerous specimens occur in Mr. Burrows’ collection. It can scarcely be separated from the foregoing, and Reuss says of it, “ der wesentliche Unterschied liegt in dem volligen Mangel des Central- stachels an der Basis des Gehauses.” L. cincta Seguenza, plate IX. fig. 5. Fissurina cincta Seguenza, Foram. Monotal. Messina, 1862, p. 62, plate ii. fig. 31. — One specimen * Vulvulina alata Seg., Atti Acc. Gioenia, [2] xviii. 1862, p. 115, pi. ii. f. 5; B. Beyrichi v. alata Seg., Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 422, pi. liii. figs. 2-4. 556 Transactions of the Society. only (Bailey Coll.) of this curious compressed Lagena, previously described by Seguenza, with a fissurine aperture, from the Miocene of Messina. Nodosaria Lamarck, 1816. (Glandulina d’Orbigny, 1826.) Nodosaria (Glandulina) laevigata d’Orb., plate IX. figs. 14, 15. D’Orbigny, xlnn. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 252, No. 1, plate x. figs. 1-3 ; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1881, p. 490, plate lxi. figs. 17-22. — Rare at Speeton, the specimen figured is in the Burrows Coll. N. (G.) obtusissima Reuss, plate IX. fig. 16. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. 1863, p. 66, plate viii. fig. 92; Sherborn & Chapman, Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1886, p. 746, plate xiv. fig. 21. — One specimen, Burrows Coll. N. (G.) cylindracea Reuss, plate IX. fig. 17. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. I860, p. 190, plate iv. fig. 1 : also figured as N. glandulinoides = Geinitziana , by Neugeboren, Yerh. Mitth. Sieben- biirg. Ver. Nat., iii. 1852, p. 37, plate i. fig. 2, and ibid., xi. 1860, p. 55, etc. ; and as N. parvula by Dunikowski, from the Lemberg Chalk, Kosmos (Lwow), iv. 1879, p. 107, plate, fig. 6. — One specimen, Burrows Coll. N. (G.) candela Egger, plate IX. fig. 18. Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 304, plate xv. fig. 28. — Described by Egger from the Miocene of Ortenburg, Lower Bavaria. In his figure the second chamber is slightly smaller than the first, otherwise our specimen corresponds with it exactly. Burrows Coll. (Nodosaria.) N. simplex Silvestri, plate IX. fig. 19. Silvestri, Atti Acc. Gioenia, vii. 1872, p. 95, plate xi. figs. 268-272 ; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 496, plate lxii. figs. 4-6. — Of rare occurrence in our washings. This = N. oligostegia Reuss, referred to in our earlier list (this Journal, 1888, p. 384). N. longiscata d’Orb., plate IX. fig. 20. D’Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Vienne, 1846, p. 32, plate i. figs. 10-12 ; Brady, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xliv. 1888, p. 6. — One fragment, Burrows’ collection. Dr. Brady has cleared up the doubt as to the exact shape of d’Orbigny’s original specimens in the paper referred to above. N. calamorpha Reuss, plate IX. fig. 21. Reuss, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xxv. 1865, p. 129, plate i. fig. 18. See also Glandulina crassa Dunikowski, Kosmos (Lwow), iv. 1879, p. 122, plate, p. 14, from the chalk of Lemberg. —This and similar forms figured on plate IX. are all closely allied to N. radical a Linn., which has been met with by us, only in a varietal form at Hunstanton (Sherborn), but as trivial names have been given to them, we repeat them here for convenience of classification and reference. Red Chalk Foraminifera. By Burrows , Sherhorn, and Bailey. 557 Nodosaria sp., plate IX. fig. 22. — Apparently a very coarsely grown variety of N. calamorpha. A similar form was figured by Soldani as “ Orth, perfecte globularia” Saggio Oritt., 1780, p. 108, plate vi. fig. G, g. N. limbata d’Orb., plate IX. fig. 23. D’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 12, plate i. fig. 1. Hunstanton, Sherborn Coll. G umbel's N. granito-calcarea, Abb. k. bay. Ak. Wiss. (cl. ii.) x. (2) p. 613, plate i. fig. 19, apparently belongs to this form. N. obscura Reuss, plate IX. fig. 24. Reuss, Yerst. bohm. Kreide, part i. 1845, p. 26, plate xiii. fig. 8. — This figure is a much restored drawing of a damaged specimen in Mr. Burrows’ collection. The sutures are not shown as they are quite indistinguishable in the original. Since the figure was drawn two or three more perfect specimens have been found by Mr. Bailey at the same locality (Speeton). N. prismatica Reuss, plate IX. fig. 25 a , b. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 180, plate ii. fig. 2. — Two upper chambers of a specimen so exactly corresponding to Reuss’s type that we have ventured to restore the missing portion by a dotted outline traced from Reuss’s figure. Burrows Coll. Dentalina d’Orbigny, 1826. N. (Dentalina) soluta Reuss, plate IX. fig. 26. Reuss, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., iii. 1851, p. 60, plate iii. fig. 4. — A small but perfect individual, from Mr. Bailey’s preparations. N. ( D .) communis d’Orb., plate IX. fig. 27. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 254, No. 35; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 504, plate lxii. figs. 19-22. — Common. Recorded by Jones and Parker from Flamborough Head (Emmett Coll.). N. ( D .) brevis d’Orb., plate IX. fig. 28. D’Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Yienne, 1846, p. 48, plate ii. figs. 9, 10. — One specimen, Burrows Coll. N. (D.) jiliformis d’Orb., plate IX. fig. 29. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 253, No. 14 ; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 500, plate lxiii. fig. 4. — Three chambers of a specimen occurring in one of Mr. Bailey’s slides is here figured. N. (D.) marginuloides Reuss., plate IX. fig. 30. Reuss, Haidinger’s Nat. Abh., iv. (i.) 1850, p. 25, plate ii. (i.) fig. 12. — Closely allied to D. brevis ; figured by Reuss from the chalk of Lemberg. One specimen, Bailey Coll. N. (D.) mucronata Neugeboren, plate IX. fig. 31. Neugeboren, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xii. (2) 1856, p. 83, plate iii. figs. 8-11 ; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 50:'*, plate lxii. figs. 27-29. — A few specimens of this variety occur in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. N. (D.) abnormis Reuss, plate IX. fig. 32. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. i ••• i <-■>/■»*-» A U —1 558 Transactions of the Society. Marginulina d’Orbigny, 1826. Marginulina glabra d’Orb., plate X. fig. 1. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 259, No. 6 ; Brady, Bep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 527, plate lxv. figs. 5, 6. — One specimen, Bailey Coll. M. inequalis Beuss, plate IX. fig. 33. Benss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 207, plate vii. fig. 3. — Beuss figures this from the chalk of Westphalia. One example, Burrows Coll. M. variabilis Neugeb., plate X. fig. 2. Neugeboren, Verh. Mitth. Siebenbiirg. Ver. Nat., ii. 1851, p. 133, plate v. figs. 10-11 (including M. Ackneriana , M. erecta, and M. intermedia Neugeboren, ibid., xi. 1860, p. 55, etc.). — Abundant in the rich tertiary deposits of Fels6-Lapugy, Hungary. Occurring rarely in Mr. Bailey’s pre- parations. Lixgulina d’Orbigny, 1826. Lingulina carinata d’Orb., plate X. figs. 3 a, b. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 257, No. 1 ; Brady, Bep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 517, pi. lxv. figs. 16, 17. — One specimen from Hunstanton (Sherborn), now in the Geological Collection, Science Schools, South Kensington. Beuss figured this foraminifer from the chalk of Bohemia under the name of L. bohemica (Verst, bohm. Kreide, part 2, 1846, p. 108, plate viil. (xliii.) fig. 10) and also as L. nodosaria from the Speeton clay of Spectsbrink (SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. 1862, p. 59, plate v. fig. 12). We have also seen it in a slice of red gault from Hersingham lent to us by Mr. W. Hill, F.G.S. Frondicularia Defiance, 1824. 1 Frondicnlaria biformis Marsson, plate X. fig. 4. Marsson, Mitth. Nat. Ver. Neu-Vorpommern u. Biigen, x. 1878, p. 137, plate ii. fig. 17. — One specimen, Burrows Coll. F. gaidtina Beuss, plate X. fig. 5. Beuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 190, plate v. fig. 5. — One example, Burrows Coll. F. Archiaciana d’Orb., plate X. figs. 6 a, b. D’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 20, plate i. figs. 31-36. — We regard this as referable to d’Orbigny ’s form. Beuss figured it from the chalk of Bohemia under the name of F. bicuspidata (Verst, bohm. Kreide, part 1, 1845, p. 32, plate xiii. fig. 46), a varietal form, with which our specimens closely agree. Dimikowski’s F.polonica (Kosmos [Lwow], iv. 1879, p. 124, plate, fig. 16), from the chalk of Lemberg, belongs also to d’Orbigny’s species. Bhabdogonium Beuss, 1860. Rhabdogonium tricarinatum (d’Orbigny), plate X. figs. 7 a, b. Vagimdina tricar inata d’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 258, No. 4, and Modeles, No. 4 ; R. tricarinatum Brady, Bep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 525, plate lx vii. figs. 1-3. — A fine and perfect specimen, Red Chalk Foraminifera. By Barrows , Sherborn, and Bailey. 559 Burrows Coll. This species appears only to have been recorded pre- viously from Tertiary and Recent deposits. Rhabdogoniiim, plate X. figs. 8 a , b. — A small example in Mr. Burrows’ collection. The specimen is free from matrix, hut the chambering is very obscure. We believe it to be referable to Reuss’s R. minutum , SB. k. Ak. Wiss Wien, lv. (1) 1867, p. 84, plate v. figs. 4, 5 ; Brady, Hep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 526, plate lxvii. figs. 4-6, but cannot definitely say. Vaginulina d’Orbigny, 1826. Vaginulina eurynota Reuss, plate X. fig. 9. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. (lj 1863, p. 90, plate xii. figs. 9 a , b. — Rare at Speeton. F. recta Reuss ( non Karrer, 1864), plate X. figs. 10-13. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlvi. (1) 1863, p. 48, plate iii. figs. 14, 15. Frequent, Burrows Coll. A variety of this form is given at fig. 11, and differs from it in the ornamentation produced by the mouths of each succeeding chamber. F arguta Reuss, plate X. figs. 14, 15. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 202, plate viii. fig. 4. Rare, at Speeton. F legumen (Linn.), plate X. fig. 16. Nautilus legumen Lin- naeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1767, p. 1164; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 530, plate lxvi. fig. 14.* — Several specimens, Bailey Coll. Vaginulina (immature). — Numerous similar examples of elongate nodosarian forms occur in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. Cristellaria Lamarck, 1816. Cristellaria rotulata (Lam.), plate X. figs. 17 a, b, and plate XI. fig. 7. Lenticulites rotulata , Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., v. 1804, p. 188, and viii. 1806, plate lxii. fig. 11 ; C. rotulata Brady, Rep. Chal- lenger, ix. 1884, p. 547, plate lxix. fig. 13. — Common, but the figured specimen in Mr. Burrows’ collection is gigantic as compared with the others. Jones and Parker record it from Flamborough Head (Emmett Coll.), and Wiltshire figures it from Hunstanton. C. cultrata (Montf.), plate X. figs. 18 a, b. Rotidus cultratus Montfort, Conch. Syst., i. 1808, p. 215, genre 54 ; C. cultratus Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 550, pi. lxx. figs. 4-8. — One fine specimen only. Burrows Coll. Doubtless many of the small speci- mens in Mr. Bailey’s preparations belong to this species, but they are too immature for determination. C . gibba d’Orb., plate X. figs. 19 a, b, 21. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 292 ; and in De la Sagra’s Hist. lie Cuba, 1839, p. 40, plate vii. figs. 21, 22. — One example, Bailey Coll. * See also Fornasini, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., v. 188ti, p. 25, pi. i., where the life- history of the typical form is traced and figured. 560 Transactions of the Society. G. italica (Defrance), plate X. fig. 20. Saracenaria italica Defrance, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxxii. 1824, p. 177, Atlas Conch., plate xiii. fig. 6 ; G. italica Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 514, plate lxviii. fig. 17, etc. — Rare in Mr. Bailey’s slides. G. lata Renss, plate XI. fig. 1. Rotulina lata Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. 1868, p. 52, plate v. fig. 57. — Recorded by Reuss from the Septarienthon of Offenbach. One specimen (Bailey Coll.) is damaged, but preserves enough character to admit of identification. G. variabilis Reuss, plate X. fig. 22, and plate XI. fig. 8. Reuss, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, i. 1850, p. 369, plate xlvi. figs. t15, 16; Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 541, plate lxviii. figs. 11-16. Reuss’s figures give the student little idea of the varia- bility of this species. Brady, more fortunate in working over the ‘ Challenger ’ material, was able to trace and figure the life-history, finding individuals of all ages. It is interesting to find in the red chalk an example (fig. 22) of the youngest form figured by Brady. Bailey Coll. G. multiseptata Reuss, plate XI. fig. 2. Reuss, Haidinger’s Nat. Abb., iv. 1850, p.33, plate ii. fig. 9. — This robust variety of G. crepidula was found by Reuss in the chalk of Lemberg. Our drawing is taken from a specimen from Flamborough Head, from a balsam-mounted slide lent to us by Dr. Brady. It is drawn as viewed by transmitted light. G. multiseptata differs but little from G. gibba d’Orb., and was figured several times by Reuss under different specific names. Of these we may mention C. recurrens (Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xxv. 1865, p. 140, plate ii. fig. 36) and G. galeata (ibid., p. 141, plate iii. fig. 8) from the German Septarienthon. Marsson’s C.foliacea (Mitth. Nat. Ver. Neu-Yorpommern u. Riigen, x. 1878, p. 143, plate ii. fig. 18) also belongs to this form. G. crepidula (F. & M.), plate XI. figs. 3, 4. Nautilus crepidula Fichtel & Moll, Test, micros., 1798, p. 107, plate xix. figs, g-i ; Brady Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 542, plate lxviii. fig. 1. — Abundant. The two figured are drawn as viewed by transmitted light. C. Marckii Reuss, plate XI. figs. 5a, b. Reuss, SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 212, plate ix. fig. 4. — Found by Reuss, but rarely, in the Senonian clays of the Hilgenberges. One specimen, Burrows Coll G. cymboides d’Orb., plate XI. fig. 6. D’Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Vienne, 1846, p. 85, plate iii. figs. 30, 31 ; v. Hantken, Mitth. Jahrb. k. ung. Geol. Anst., iv. 1875, p. 49, plate v. fig. 3. — Although regarded as synonymous with C. crepidula this foraminifer has amongst fossil forms some representatives far removed from the neat and elegant type of that species shown by us in fig. 3. One of these representatives, coarsely grown, and with but four chambers, we have figured. It agrees almost precisely with the specimen given by v. Hantken from the Clavulina Szaboi Tertiary beds of Hungary. Red Chalk Foraminifera. By Burrows , Sherborn , and Bailey. 561 Polymorphina d’Orbigny, 1826. Polymorphina lactea (Walker & Jacob), plate XT. figs. 9, 10. Serpula lactea, Walker & Jacob in Ivannmacher’s edition of Adams, Essays Micros., 1798, p. 634; P. lactea , Brady, Bep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 559, plate lxxi. fig. 11. — Common in the red chalk. The two figured specimens of P. lactea v. elongata Brady, Rep. Chal- lenger, ix. 1884, p. 559, plate lxxi. fig. 14, are in Mr. Burrows’ collection. P. communis d’Orb., plate XI. fig. 11. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 266, No. 15, plate xii. figs. 1-4. — Not rare. Mr. Bailey’s preparations. P. amygdaloides Reuss, and P. gibba d’Orb., plate XI. figs. 12, 13. — Abundant specimens of small Poly morphines occur in Mr. Bailey’s preparations, and can, we believe, be referred to these two forms. As shown in the figures given by Brady, Parker, and Jones (Trans. Linn. Soc., xxvii. plate xxxix., woodcuts p. 215) these forms differ principally in degree of compression ; it is therefore difficult to separate them when mounted in Canada balsam. P. horrida Reuss, plate XI. fig. 14. Globulina horrida Reuss, Verst, bohm. Kreide, part 2, 1846, p. 110, plate xliii. fig. 14. P. horrida J. Wright, Proc. Belfast Nat. Field Club, App. iii. 1875, p. 85 (87), plate iii. figs. 14, 15. — This characteristic cretaceous foraminifer occurs sparingly in our washings. Polymorphina sp., plate XI. fig. 15. — One large, irregularly grown form in Mr. Burrows’ collection. Uvigerina d’Orbigny, 1826. A fine and perfect specimen of TJvigerina was found by Mr. Bailey in Speeton washings, but was unfortunately lost before a drawing had been taken. Ramulina Rupert Jones, 1875. Ramulma aculeata (d’Orb.), plate XI. fig. 16. Dentalina aculeata d’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 13, plate i. figs. 2, 3 ; R. aculeata , Wright, Proc. Belfast Nat. Field Club, App. ix. 1886, p. 331, plate xxvii. fig. 11. — Several large isolated chambers of this foraminifer occur in Mr. Burrows’ collection. Fragments have also been met with in Mr. Bailey’s preparations. Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826. Globigerina bulloides d’Orb., plate XI. fig. 17. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 277, No. 1. — Frequent in our washings. Jones & Parker record it from Flamborough Head (Emmett Coll.). G. cretacea d’Orb., plate XI. figs. 18 a, b , c. D’Orbigny, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iv. 1840, p. 34, plate iii. figs. 12-14. — Very common. G. Linnseana (d’Orb.), plate XI. fig. 19. Rosalina Linneiana 562 Transactions of the Society . d’Orbigny in De la Sagra’s Ilist. lie Cuba, 1839, Foram., p. 101, plate v. figs. 10-12. G. Linnseana Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 598, plate cxiv. figs. 21a, b, c. — Also common as the last. Orbulina d’Orbigny, 1839. Orhulina universa d’Orb. D’Orbigny, Hist. Nat. Canaries, 1839, Foram., p. 123, plate i. fig. 1. — We have not met with this foraminifer in our washings. It occurs, however, in Mr. Hill’s section of red chalk from Bed 1 at Speeton, and also at Great Girendale. It is a rare red chalk form, and is liable to be confounded with the larger of the curious spherical bodies ( incertse sedis ) which crowd this deposit, the white chalk of Yorkshire, and some of the Norfolk gaults.* Spmroidina d’Orbigny, 1826. Sfhseroidina hulloides d’Orb., plate XL figs. 20, 21. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 267, No. 1. Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 620, plate lxxxiv. figs. 1-7. — Occurs twice in Mr. Bailey’s slides. Truncatulina d’Orbigny, 1826. Truncatulina variabilis d’Orb., plate XL fig. 22. D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 279, No. 8. Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 661, plate xciii. fig. 6. — Four chambers of a foraminifer in Mr. Burrows’ collection, which we refer with some doubt to this variable Truncatuline. Planorbulina d’Orbigny, 1826. Planorbulina ammonoides (Reuss), plate XL figs. 23a, b. Rosalina ammonoides Reuss, Verst, bohm. Kreide, pt. i. 1845, p. 36, plate viii. fig. 53, plate xiii. fig. 66 ; T. R. Jones, ‘ Geologist,’ vi. 1863, p. 294, plate xv. figs. 7, 8. — Very common in all chalk deposits. Recorded by Jones & Parker from Flamborough Head (Emmett Coll.). The fine specimen figured is from Mr. Burrows’ collection. Pulvinulina Parker & Jones, 1862. Pulvinulina Menardii (d’Orb.). Botalia Menardii d’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii. 1826, p. 273, No. 26. Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 690, plate ciii. figs. 1, 2. — A typical and well-marked specimen of this form was found by Burrows in his Speeton washings, but unfortunately was subsequently lost. (Discorbina Parker & Jones, 1862 ; vel Truncatulina.) Discorbina vel Truncatulina , plate XI. figs. 24a, b. — A small rotaline showing affinities to both of these genera. As, however, the * See this Journal, 1888, p. 383 : “ I do not think they can be placed with Radiolaria, and they are not to be included with Sponges.” — G. J. Hinde, in litt. August 25, 1890. Reel Chalk Foraminifera. Bij Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey. 563 test is much altered by infiltration it would be unwise to attempt to fix its position. Anomalina d’Orbigny, 1826. Anomalina grosse-rugosa dumb., plate XT. figs. 25a, h. Truncatu - Una grosserugosa Giimbel, Abh. k. bay. Ak. Wiss. (cl. ii.) x. (2) 1868, p. 660, plate ii. fig. 104. A. grosserugosa Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 673, plate xciv. figs. 4, 5. From a fine specimen in the Burrows Collection. We have also noted its occurrence at Hunstanton (Sherborn). Polystomella Lamarck, 1822. Polystomella macella (F. & M.), plate XI. figs. 26a, b. Nautilus maeellus Fichtel & Moll, Test, microsc., 1798, p. 66, plate x. figs, e-g, h-k. P. macella Brady, Rep. Challenger, ix. 1884, p. 737, plate cx. fig. 8. — One small, but perfect individual, Burrows Coll. In our preliminary list (Journal, 1888, p. 383) we quoted Lagena aspera and L. marginata , Nodosaria oligostegia, Nonionina sp., and Polystomella subnodosa as occurring in the red chalk. The first of these has turned out to be a piece of matrix, the second was due to false appearance, possibly from an abnormally thick cell- wall ; Nodosaria oligostegia is absorbed by N. simplex Silvestri ; Nonionina does not occur, nor does Polystomella subnodosa. The whole of the F oraminifera described above, with the exception of Spiroloculina papyracea , Textularia pygmsea , and Lingidina carinata , occur in the red chalk of Speeton. The following lists of occurrences in the red chalk at other localities will be useful to the worker : — Hunstanton, Norfolk. — Text, pygmsea, T. trochus, T. turns, Bulim. Presli, Lagena brevis, L. apiculata , Nodos. radiata var. (N. limbata), Dent, communis, Lingul. carinata, Crist, rotulata C. italica, C. crepidula, Polymorphina, Globig. cretacea, G. bulloides, G. Linnseana, Anom. grosserugosa , Planorb. ammonoides. Candlesby, Lincolnshire. — Hunstanton limestone, varying from yellowish-pink to true red chalk : — 0. universa, G. cretacea , G. bulloides, L. apiculata, Dentalina , Verneuilina, Miliolina, N. radicula var., C. rotulata, C. crepidula, Polymorphina, Textularia , Glandulina. South Cave, Y orkshire. — Pink limestone : — 0. universa, G. cretacea, L. apicidata, C. crepidula, C. variabilis, Verneuilina, Glandulina, Miliolina. Red chalk (streaky, white and red) : — 0. universa, G. cretacea, G. bulloides, Dentalina, and Planorbulina. Flamborough Head, Yorkshire. — Spiroloc. papyracea, Text . pygmsea , Dent, communis, C. cultrata, C. rotulata, C. multiseptata , G. bulloides, G. Linnseana, P. ammonoides, Bolivina, Polymorphina , Lagena. 564 Transactions of the Society. Great Girendale, Yorkshire. — C. crepidula, Polymor pinna, G. cretacea, G. bulloides, G. Linnseana, 0. universa, Miliolina. Whan am Grange, Yorkshire. — Textularia, Lag. Isevis, Pleuro- stomella (?), G. rotulata, C. crepidula, P olymorphina, G. bulloides , G. cretacea. The report * appended on Mr. Hill’s microscopical sections of red chalks and red gaults shows in an interesting way the connection between the red chalk, red gault clays, and gaults, On the whole, we cannot at present say that the Foraminifera help us in deciding the age of the red chalk, for our knowledge of the fauna of other English cretaceous deposits is very limited. This lack of knowledge will, however, soon be supplied for the gault, at least, as we under- stand that our friend, Mr. Fred. Chapman, has decided to publish shortly the result of many years’ labour on these deposits. Beport on a Collection of Microscopical Sections of Bed Chalk and Gault belonging to Mr. W. Hill, F.G.S. While writing hi3 paper on the Upper Cretaceous Series in Suffolk and Norfolk, in conjunction with Mr. Jukes Brown, Mr. W. Hill prepared a large series of microscopical sections of red chalk, red clays, and gaults. The results of his investigations will be found in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xliii. 1887, pp. 544 et seq., while below are given some few observations on a selected series of the slides, which he has kindly placed at our disposal. The dis- tribution of the “ spheres ” is of especial interest. (1) Hunstanton limestone (yellowish-pink). Top of Rutters Pit, Candlesby, Lincolnshire. A thin section showing little matrix and containing Orbulina universa, Globigerina cretacea, G. bulloides , Lagena apiculata, Dentalinae, Verneuilinae and Miliolinae, Ostracoda, spheres and sponge- spicules. (2) Hunstanton limestone (pink). Middle of Rutters Pit. Little matrix and containing 0. universa, G. cretacea , L. apiculata, Nodo- saria radicula, Cristellaria crepidula, C. rotulata, Dentalinae, Poly- morphinae, Textulariae, Miliolinae, Ostracoda, spheres, and spicules. (3) Hunstanton limestone (red chalk). Base of Rutters Pit. A thick section, almost entirely composed of Foraminifera and spheres. Contains G. cretacea, Glandulina, Textulariae, Miliolinae, and others obscured on account of the thickness of the section, Ostracoda, spheres, and spicules. (4) Streaky red chalk (red and white). From a railway cutting, east of South Cave Station ; the organisms occurring in lines and more abundautly in the red than in the lighter coloured streaks. * C. D. Sherborn ie alone responsible for this Report. Red Chalk Foraminifera. By Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey. 565 Containing 0. universa, G. cretacea, G. bulloides, Dentalinae and Planorbulinae, Ostracoda, spheres, and sponge-spicules in position. (5) Hunstanton limestone (pink) from South Cave cutting. Almost entirely composed of organisms. Containing 0. universa, G. cretacea, L. apiculata, C. crepidula, C. variabilis, Verneuilinae, Glandulinae, Miliolinae, Ostracoda, spheres, and sponge-spicules. (6) Gault from floor of pit at Muzzle, near West Dereham. Full of organisms. G. cretacea, Nodosariae, and others mostly unrecog- nizable ; entire absence of spheres. (7) Gault, West Dereham, from the base of the gault. Full of organic fragments, but almost entirely devoid of recognizable Fora- minifera. (8) Gault from a well-boring at Stoke Ferry (54-55 feet). Con- taiuing 0. universa , G. cretacea, G. bulloides, C. rotulata, Textularia, and Ostracodal valves. (9) Bed chalk, Whanam Grange, Yorkshire (2 slides), streaky, with abundant Foraminifera, chiefly fragmentary. G. cretacea, G. bulloides, C. crepidula, C. rotulata , Lagena Isevis, and another, Pleurostomella (?), Textulariae, Polymorphinae, Glauconitic and brown grains, spheres, sponge-spicules, black specks, with some dendritic markings. (10) Bed chalk, Great Girendale, Yorkshire. Streaky, and although almost entirely composed of spheres and Foraminifera, the latter are not generally recognizable. 0. universa, G . cretacea, G. bulloides, G. Linneana, C. crepidula, Polymorphina, Miliolinae, Glauconitic and brown grains, Ostracoda, and spheres. (11) Bed chalk, Speeton, bed 1 (upper part). A thick sec- tion showing abundant unrecognizable Foraminifera. 0. universa, G. cretacea, G. bulloides, Cristellaria, Spiroloculina, and spheres. (12) Bed chalk, Speeton, basal band of bed 1. A thick section almost entirely made up of spheres to the exclusion of other organisms. Containing G. cretacea, Dentalina, Spiroplecta biformis, Miliolinae, spheres, and Ostracoda. (13) Bed chalk, Hunstanton, upper third. Containing G. "cretacea, G. bulloides, N. radicula, C. rotulata, C. crepidula, Planorbulinae, Textulariae, spheres, Ostracoda, and abundant spoDge-spicules, some of which are in position. (14) Bed chalk, Hunstanton. Containing G. cretacea, G. bul- loides, L. Isevis , W. radicula, C. rotulata, Planorbulinae, Poly- morphinae, and other forms of doubtful affinity, spheres, and Ostracoda ; few spicules. (15) Bed chalk, Hunstanton (middle). G. cretacea, G. bulloides , L. apiculata, T. trochus, C. rotulata, C. crepidula, Planorbulina , spheres, and Ostracoda ; few spicules. (16) Bed gault from boring at Hersingham. G. cretacea, G. bulloides, C. rotulata. Lingulina carinata. Ostracoda and spicules 2 8 1890. 566 Transactions of the Society. are absent, Foraminifera rare, and the spheres characteristic of the red chalk entirely absent. (17) Gault, Hersingham boring ; the brown bed above the red gault. The same as the last, but without L. carinata. (18) Gault, the brook, Grimstone. Densely packed with spheres and Foraminifera ; few spicules. G. cretacea, L. apiculata, Textu- laria (very large compared with the other forms), Miliolina. (19) Pink gault, the brook, Grimstone. Similar to the last. (20) Eed gault, Eoydon Cutting (Norfolk). Densely packed with spheres and Foraminifera, the latter very small. G. cretacea , Cris- tellaria. (21) Gault, Eoydon cutting. Foraminifera abundant in some layers but absent in others. Spheres entirely wanting. G. cretacea , Polymorphina (long var.), Planorbulina , Textularia , Spiropleda hiformis (one with ten chambers above the spiral, another with six). (22) Gault, Eoydon cutting (15 feet). A thick section. Fora- minifera almost absent. G. cretacea only noticed. (22) Hard nodules from just above the red gault, Eoydon cutting. Crowded with spheres. Foraminifera rare ( G . cretacea). (23) Gault, lower hard bed, Grimstone Cutting. Containing G. cretacea , large Textularia, Nodosaria, C. rotulata, spheres and spicules. (24) “ Red chalk, Speeton, No. 3.” A thin section, kindly lent to us by Mr. H. Clifton Sorby, F.R.S., showing plenty of matrix. Foraminifera abundant, amongst which can be recognized G. cretacea, G. Linnseana, Dentalina, Nodosaria, C. crepidula, Planorbulinae, Textulariae, and spheres. ( 567 ) IX. — Note on a New Type of Foraminifera of the Family Chilostomellidse. By Henry B. Brady, LL.D., F.R.S {Read 15 tli October , 1890.) One of the most curious and interesting features of the Foraminifera, often an element of difficulty to the student, is the tendency of the modifications of the types composing the larger groups to run in parallel isomorphous series. Thus, if the entire Class be divided roughly, as it has sometimes been, into three Orders, comprising re- spectively the forms characterized by porcellanous, arenaceous, and hyaline tests, species with tests presenting the same general conforma- tion and similar arrangement of chambers may in some cases be found in each of the three series. We have examples of three isomorphous forms — that is to say, of porcellanous, arenaceous, and hyaline genera possessing similar morphological characters — in Cornuspira, Ammo- discus , and Spirillina ; in Aheolina, Loftusia, and Fusulina ; in Nubecularia (N. tibia and N. divaricata), Beophax, and Nodosaria ; . Hauerina 1 Trochammina ) Cristellaria 1 # a uc m pener0pHs ^ 9 Jlaplopliragmium $ ’ an Nonionina j J au a considerable number of instances might be added of two such isomorphous genera. The same tendency exhibits itself even in the smaller groups, most remarkably, perhaps, in the Botaliidse, of which the species of three or four genera may be arraDged in parallel columns, in more or less closely isomorphous series. The phenomenon, in fact, is so common as almost to suggest a general law. It is somewhat remarkable, however, that hitherto we have been unacquainted with any forms of the hyaline and arenaceous classes corresponding at all closely in general structure to the commonest of all the porcellanous types, those namely of the Sub-family Miliolininm . The characters of the Sub-family are summarized as follows in the scheme of classification appended to the report on the ‘ Challenger ’ Foraminifera,* — “ Chambers, two in each convolution, coiled on an elongated axis, either symmetrically in a single plane, or inequilater- ally. Aperture alternately at either end of the shell” — the entire family, of course, being characterized by the imperforate and (normally) porcellanous and calcareous investment. Turning to the perforate or hyaline series, the only approach to corresponding structure is to be found in the Chilostomellidse. In the genus Chilostomella the segments may be said to be two in each convolution, inasmuch as each does not completely inclose that preceding it ; they follow each other alternately from the two ends of the test, and the aperture is at * ‘Report ou the Foraminifera of the Challenger Expedition,’ 1884, p. 61. 2 8 2 568 Transactions of the Society. the end of the final segment, though not at the extremity of the entire shell. Two years or more ago * my friend Mr. W. H. Harris, then of Cardiff, brought me a mounting with two or three specimens of a Foraminifer, the characters of which did not appear to coincide with those of any hitherto described species. The shells, however, were very minute and their structure obscure, and it appeared better to wait for further material before attempting to work out the points of difficulty they presented. From time to time I have received further specimens from the same correspondent, and I now propose to give as full a description of them as circumstances permit. Some of the shells referred to are of smaller size than the rest, and whilst possessing the same general features, exhibit certain minute structural differences. Whether the larger and smaller specimens represent different conditions of the same organism or two independent species, the material at my command is insufficient to determine satisfactorily. The present description applies primarily to the larger form, which in any case may be regarded as the type of the genus. The accompanying woodcuts, from very careful drawings by Mr. Hollick, give an accurate idea of the general features of two of the larger shells. The largest example I have seen is scarcely 1/100 in. (0*25 mm.) in length, and somewhat resembles a com- pressed Biloculina , though of less symmetrical configuration. The outline is approximately oval, more or less inequilateral, broader towards the aboral end, tapering a little towards the oral extremity ; one face of the shell is convex, the other nearly flat, and the peripheral edge sharp and subcarinate. The margin of the broad aboral end is serrate, the teeth being irregular as to size and disposition. The smaller specimens, above referred to, have even margins, without carina or serration. The aperture is simple, and consists of a long narrow opening, surrounded by a thickened lip, occupying the superior extremity of the test. The shell-wall is exceedingly thin and transparent, and distinctly porous, the perforations being minute and evenly distributed. Owing to the small size and extreme fragility of the shell, it is almost impossible to study its internal structure by means of sections ; nor is this needful, inasmuch as the condition of the interior is readily made out from specimens mounted in Canada balsam, and viewed by transmitted light. From a shell so mounted (fig. 2) it may be seen that the adult organism consists of about seven segments ; that the primordial chamber is round, and that it is followed by another of similar size and shape ; that these are partially embraced by a long, arched, Milioline chamber with terminal aperture, and that this again is succeeded by one of like contour on the opposite side, with the aperture at the opposite end. The three remaining chambers each completely envelopes those In June 1888. On a New Type of Foraminifera. By H. B. Brady . 569 previously formed, or at any rate appears to do so when viewed in this way. They are not, however, equilaterally disposed, but lie in the hollow of the convex side of the inclosing chamber, to which they are adherent, closely resembling Chilostomella in this respect. Whether the wall in this region is double, or the final segment leaves a portion Fig. 60. X 200 Seabrocikia pellucida. Fig. 1 , a, b. Lateral aspects, c. Oral aspect. Fig. 2. Specimen mounted in Canada balsam and viewed as a transparent object. (All magnified 200 diameters.) of the wall of the penultimate exposed (as in Biloculina), I have not been able to make out satisfactorily. The outline of the penultimate segment, and sometimes that of the ante-penultimate, can he easily traced on -the exterior, hut this may be entirely due to the tenuity and transparency of the walls ; at the same time it is possible that 570 Transactions of the Society. this portion may be the wall of the inner chamber partially exposed. The size of the smaller specimens to which reference has been made is ratber more than 1/200 in. (0 * 127 mm.) in length, that of the larger somewhat less than 1/100 in. (0 • 25 mm.), the breadth being about two- thirds the length. The largest, and on the whole the best, examples hitherto found, were obtained by Mr. Harris from sand dredged in the Java Sea, by Captain Seabrook, the master of a merchantman, unfor- tunately lost in the Samoa hurricane two years ago. Smaller examples occurred in a dredging made off Cebu, Philippine Islands, and more recently the same form has been met with in 4 Challenger ’ material from Station 33 — off Bermudas, 435 fathoms. As stated at the commencement, I am indebted to Mr. W. H. Harris for the speci- mens which form the subject of the present Note, and it seemed fitting that the organism should bear his name, but he prefers that it should be associated with that of Captain Seabrook, and I have acted accord- ingly. Further research with a larger supply of material will probably add to our knowledge of the type, meanwhile the following provisional descriptions will serve for its identification. Seabrookia, nov. gen. Essential characters : — Test free, hyaline, perforate ; composed of a number of chambers, each inclosing, partially or entirely, that pre- ceding it ; aperture terminal, alternately at the two ends of the test. Seabrookia pellucida, n. sp. Test oval, depressed, the two sides unequally convex, sometimes almost plano-convex ; aboral end broad and rounded, oral end some- what drawn out ; peripheral edge acute or subcarinate, in large speci- mens serrate. Composed of a number of segments, the later chambers of the adult shell each inclosing, partially or entirely, those preceding it, a portion of the penultimate segment visible externally on the gibbous face of the test. Walls thin and transparent, smooth, or nearly so, externally, minutely perforated. Aperture simple, terminal, taking the form of a linear or elongate-oval slit with thickened lip. Length 1/100 in. (O’ 25 mm.) or less. The facts which have been brought forward are sufficient to show that we have in Seabrookia a tolerably close isomorph of Biloculina, the one belonging to the vitreous series of Foraminifera, the other to the porcellanous. Further, that amongst already known types its nearest ally is Chilostomella, and that its natural position is in the Chilostomellidw, probably between Chilostomella and Ellipsoidina. On a New Type of Foraminifera. By II. B. Brady. 571 Postscript. — Since the foregoing Note has been in the printer’s hands and the woodcuts prepared, I have learnt, quite accidentally, that the smaller form above referred to is the organism of which a MS. name without description ( Millettia earlandi) appeared in my friend Mr. Joseph Wright’s list of Foraminifera dredged in 1000 fathoms off the south-west coast of Ireland, on the ‘ Flying Fox ’ expedition ; published in the 4 Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’ for December 1889 : and that a detailed description both of this and the larger form has been prepared by him for the Eeport of the dredging expedition on the same or adjacent ground in the steam-tug ‘ Flying Falcon,’ 1888, which has been already presented to the Boyal Irish Academy, though not yet published. Mr. Wright, nevertheless, has very kindly expressed his wish that this notice should not be withdrawn, and as it is admitted that Mr. Harris was the first to find the organism and recognize in it an undescrihed type, it is fair that his position with regard to it should be respected. I only regret that my prolonged absence from England through ill-health should have been the cause of any question of priority in the matter. — H. B. B. 572 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY ( principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia ), MICROSCOPY, Ac., INCLUDING ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM FELLOWS AND OTHERS.* * * § ZOOLOGY. A. VERTEBRATA Embryology, Histology, and General. a. Embryology. f Inconsistencies of Utilitarianism as the Exclusive Theory of Organic Evolution.^ — The Rev. J. T. Gulick thinks he finds various inconsistencies in the exclusive use of utilitarianism as explanatory of the theory of evolution, and expresses his conviction that his theory of divergence through segregation can consistently explain them. Embryology of Vertebrates. §—M. F. Houssay has made a series of studies of the development of the Axolotl. He finds that as the ovum of Batracliians has a shell it incloses dense nutrient materials ; the egg is very large, and as a result, its segmentation is unequal. The poles are not previously determined. There is no epiboly ; in other words, the epiblast does not arise from four initial superior cells, but from all the peripheral cells. The pigment and size of the granules cannot be considered as characteristic of the elements. There is no “ hypoblast of invagination ” ; that is to say, the dorsal wall of the intestine does not come from without, but is organized on the spot ; the multiplication of the cells of this wall and their precocious differentiation are the result of the diminution of pressure caused by the increase in the dorsal epi- blast which is preparing to give rise to the nervous system. As the * The Society are not intended to be denoted by the editorial “ we,” and they do not hold themselves responsible for the views of the authors of the papers noted, nor for any claim to novelty or otherwise made by them. The object of this part of the Journal is to present a summary of the papers as actually published, and to describe and illustrate Instruments, Apparatus, &c., which are either new or have not been previously described in this country. f This section includes not only papers relating to Embryology properly so called, but also those dealing with Evolution, Development, and Reproduction, and allied subjects. % Amer. Journ. Sci., xl. (1890) pp. 1-14. Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., vi. (1S90) pp. 125-39. § Arch, de Zool. Exper et Gen., viii. (1890) pp. 143 -244 (5 ills.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 573 same cause does not exist on tlie ventral or lateral surfaces there cannot be the same result ; hence the difference between the dorsal and ventral walls of the intestine. The multiplication of the elements of the dorsal wall of the intestine causes the formation of a layer which grows in and leaves below it a space — the intestine — while it becomes, dorsally, attached to the two other layers. The curvature of the dorsal wall of the intestine causes the curvature of the blastopore which becomes at first semilunar and then circular. The blastopore persists and forms the permanent anus. The author next deals with the origin and development of the peripheral nervous system. He confirms the results of Beard as to the epiblastic derivation of the dorsal roots of the cranial nerves. He describes the primitive stage of the cranial ganglia as an unseg- mented epiblastic band which, later on, extends into the trunk to form the lateral nerve and line. While this cord is being differentiated posteriorly it becomes segmented anteriorly to give rise to the different ganglia, and this segmentation follows that of other parts of the head. The central nervous system, which is at first unsegmented, is directly metameric in the brain and spinal cord ; this metamerism, which is easily recognizable in young examples, is called “neurotomy.” The dorsal spinal and the cranial roots of the nerves arise behind the neurotome of their segment, and their relations with it are secondary. The ciliary and the auditory nerves have each a postbranchial branch, which passes behind the branchial cleft of their segments. The facial nerve not only has a suprabranchial branch which is double at its extremity, but the ganglion itself is double and has two postbranchial branches, one of which passes behind the hyo-mandibular cleft and the other behind the hyoidean. The author believes that he has removed any difficulty with regard to the identity of the segments of the trunk and of the head, and he believes that he has established the complete homodynamy, at least in its fundamental parts, of the peripheral nervous system of all the metameres of the body. In his third essay M. Houssay treats of the metamerism of the head, and discusses the principles on which the determination of the metameres must be based. The segments appear at different points and at different times and obey no simple law. There is an absolute agreement in the way in which the central nervous system (neurotomy), the peripheral nervous system (neuromery), the branchial intestine (branchiomery), and the mesoderm (mesodermery) become divided. At the same time it is to be noted that parts which typically ought to exist, retrograde or are even not produced at all, and thence arise errors in the theories as to the segments of the head. In addition to the cephalic segments which are generally admitted — the nasal, the mandibular, the hyoidean, and the branchial, the author brings forward evidence in favour of the oculo-hypophysial, of which he finds the branchial cleft, the postbranchial nerve, and the mesodermal segment ; of the buccal ; of the hyo-mandibular, of which he fixes the branchial cleft, the ganglion, and the post-brancliial branch ; and of the auditory. Further arguments are required to justify us in regarding the oculomotor, the trochlear, and the abducens nerves as ventral roots. 574 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Placenta of Dugong.* * * § — Prof. Sir W. Turner has been able to show that the placenta of Hcilicore Dugong is not, as Halting suj)posed, diffused, but is truly zonary ; at the same time it is certain that it is in whole or in great part n on-deciduate, so that we now know of two types of zonary placenta, the deciduate, found in Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Elephas, and Hyrax, and non-deciduate in the Dugong, and probably also in the Manatee. Development and Life-histories of Teleostean Pood- and other Fishes. t — Prof. W. C. MTntosh and Mr. E. E. Prince have published the results of several years5 labours at St. Andrews Laboratory. They endeavoured to examine as thoroughly as possible the ovarian growth, oviposition, hatching, and development of such of the important white fishes as could be obtained, and to fill up the gaps in our knowledge of the period between the escape of the embryo from the egg and the young, though advanced, forms known to naturalists and fishermen. The ova of about forty British fishes have been examined ; some of them were pelagic or floating as of the Turbot, Plaice, Flounder, Sole, Whiting, and Sprat, and others non-pelagic or demersal as of the Herring, Smelt, Salmon, Stickleback, and Sea-Bream. The mature ovum is first treated of, and there are remarks on the reproductive organs and period of spawning ; extrusion and deposition, segmentation, the blastoderm, the periblast, the embryonic shield, the general development of the trunk, the fins, the embryonic, larval, and post-larval stages, general remarks, and a history of Anarrliichas lupus form the subjects of successive chapters. The reader must be referred to the memoir itself for the numerous details which it contains. £. Histolog-y.j Nuclear Modifications which affect the Nucleolus.§ — M. E. Bataillon describes some early stages in the histolysis of Amphibians, which may be well studied in the cutaneous elements of the tail, though they are to be seen in other tissues also. Elongated elements may be found, of which the upper extremity is swollen like a club and contains the nucleus ; starting from it is a thread which becomes intensely stained by nuclear reagents, passes into the handle of the club, and extends more or less towards the base. The following stages of the phenomenon may be observed : — The nucleolus becomes pushed to the periphery of the nucleus, and appears to protrude a process about double its own diameter ; above the nucleus is a kind of rod which half surrounds it, and still arises from an internal nucleolus; the most varied free forms surround the nucleus and end in a swelling. The author thinks that the normal chromatic filament may be developed at the expense of the plasma of the nucleolus by absorbing grains of chromatin, while the nucleolar filament may be formed by a condensa- tion of the hyalo-plasmic framework, of which the nucleolus is in some * Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xxxv. (1890) pp. 641-62 (3 pis.). t T. c., pp. 665-946 (28 pis.). + This section is limited, to papers relating to Cells and Fibres. § Comptes Rendus, cx. (1890) pp. 1217-9. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 575 way the centre. In either case the nucleolus is seen to be an element of the highest importance in the biology of the cell. Division of Pigment-cells and Capillary Wall-cells. * * * § — Prof. W. Flemming gives an account of some observations which, like the budding of Protista and the division of leucocytes, show that a cell-body may be divided by forces which need not in any way correspond with those which are active in the division of the nucleus. B. mVERTEBRATA. Functions of Central Nervous System of Invertebrates.! — Prof. J. Steiner has a short account of his experiments on the central nervous system of various Invertebrates. He comes to the conclusion that, while the Arthropoda have a true brain like that of Vertebrates and repre- sented by the dorsal oesophageal ganglion, no others of the Invertebrates have a brain. In the Mollusca and Annelida this dorsal ganglion is, according to our present knowledge, only a sensory centre ; in the unsegmented worms (of which Distoma hepaticum is taken as the type) the dorsal ganglion forms the whole of the central nervous system ; on the one hand, it is the primary centre of the locomotor organs, but at the same time it is also a sensory centre. Further investigations must show whether other distinct types of nervous systems are exhibited by the Echinodermata and Ccelenterata. Animal Parasites of Sheep. ! — Dr. Cooper Curtice has published a report on the parasites of the sheep, which ought to be of particular interest and value. Twenty-six species of animal parasites are recorded, six of which are Cestodes, three Trematodes, and ten Nematodes, the rest being Arthropods of various groups ; nine of all these are the most destructive. A new species is described in the form of the nematode CEsophagostoma columbianum , which seems to be the cause of a hitherto undescribed disease which is characterized by tumours in the upper part of the large intestine ; one great misfortune of this disease is the disturbance to the business of the sausage-makers, who are compelled to import the greater part of the covering material which is used in their business. The origin of this pest, which does not seem to have been brought over to America from the Old World, is still obscure, and the complete life-history of the species has still to be made out. German Names for Porifera, Ccelenterata, Echinoderms, and Worms.§ — As English-speaking naturalists are very often at a loss to know what is meant by the German name of an animal or a group — e. g. by Kieferwiirmer and Kohrenkieferwiirmer, or by Wiirzelschopf- schwamme, we may call attention to a useful list lately published by Dr. E. v. Marenzeller. * Arch. f. Mikr. Anal., xxxv. (1890) pp. 275-86 (1 pi.). f SB. lv. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1890, pp. 39-49. j 4 The Animal Parasites of Sheep.’ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, 1890, 8 vo, 222 pp. and 36 pis. § Abh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell., xl. (1890) pp. 177-84. 576 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Mollusca. Revision of British Mollusca.* — Canon Norman continues his revision, and now deals with the Gastropoda ; dealing first with the Pteropoda he enumerates six species. The Opisthobranchiata and the Nudibranchiata are next enumerated, one hundred and fifty- three species being recognized. Sensory Organs of Lateral Line and Nervous System of Mollusca.t — Dr. B. Rawitz calls attention to certain points in Herr Thiele’s memoir, J in which he thinks he has been misrepresented ; and promises to show that some of that author’s results are not in correspondence with the facts of the case. a. Cephalopoda. Genesis of the Arietidse.§ — Mr. A. S. Hyatt’s prolonged researches on the Arietidse, now published in a large monograph, include an account of the genealogy of the three great stocks — Psiloceras, Plicatus, and Levis, and their subordinate series ; of the genesis of characteristics — progressive, retrogressive, and differential ; of the geological and faunal relations; and of the genera and species. The author’s theo- retical conclusions are tersely summed up in a preface, and expounded in an introductory chapter, but a complete summary would involve an explanation of terms exceeding the limits of our space. “ Specialization has in all cases appeared to us to be due, not to natural selection, but to 'physical selection, or the production of suitable modifi- cations by the action of forces which changed in a similar way large numbers of the same species, perhaps nearly all the individuals in the same locality or same habitat, within a comparatively limited period of time.” “We do not intend to dispute entirely the action of natural selection and the influence of the struggle for existence, but simply to deny the applicability of the law to the more important modifications and series of modifications which have occurred in the history of animals, taking the fossil Cephalopods as a type.” “ Changes in the surroundings acted upon the plastic organism, inducing it to make efforts to accommodate itself to new conditions.” “ In so far as causes and habits are similar, they probably produce representation or morpho- logical equivalence between different series or forms of the same type in the same habitat, and in so far as they are different, they probably produce the differentials which distinguish series and groups from each other.” y. Gastropoda. Cladohepatic Nudibranchs.il — Prof. R. Bergh emphasizes the con- trast between the Steganobranchiata (Tectibranchiata) and the Nudi- branchs, but finds connecting links in the order Ascoglossa. The latter are allied especially to the cladohepatic Nudibranchs, the holohepatic * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi. (1890) pp. 60-91. f Zool. Anzeig., xiii. (1890) pp. 361-4. % See this Journal, ante, p. 160. § Smithsonian Contributions, xxvi. (1890) 238 pp., 14 pis. and 35 figs. i| Zool. Jahrb., v. (1890) pp. 1-75. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 577 forms being more remote. The scheme of relationship which Bergh supports is as follows : — The memoir gives diagnoses of the various families of cladohepatic Nudibranchs noted in the above scheme from the iEolidiidae which are nearest to the Ascoglossa, to the Tritoniidae, which approach most closely to the.holohepatic forms. The Titiscanise.* — Dr. R. Bergh establishes the new genus Titi- scania, and makes it the type of a family of Rhipidoglossal Proso- branchiates. The animals are shell-less and slug-like ; in internal structure, e. g. gills and lingual armature, they belong distinctly to the group Neritaceae ; while the structure of the radula and the absence of the median plates suggest a position in the subdivision Neritopsidae. Bergh gives a detailed account of Titiscania limacina sp. n. from one Tritoniidae Pliylliroidae Dendronotidae, Bornellae, Scyllaeae Dotonidae, Lomanotidae Pulmonata (Pulmonata stylommatophora) (Janidae) iEolidiidae Brancliiopneusta (Pulmonata basommatophora) (Phyllobrancliiidae ) Ascoglossa Stegauobranchia (Tectibranchia) * Morphol. Jahrb., xvi. (1890) pp. 1-26 (8 pis.). 578 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO of the Philippines and Mauritius, and adds for purposes of comparison a description of Nerita jpeloronta and Neritelln jpulligera. Pallial Organs of Prosobranchiata.* — M. F. Bernard has a lengthy memoir on the pallial organs of the Pros jbranchiata. After some intro- ductory chapters he discusses in detail the organ of Spengel ; first in Cassidaria, where differentiation has reached a maximum ; the progressive differentiation in the Diotocardia is traced through the Neritidse, Fissurellidae, Trochidae, and Haliotidae ; similarly the Monotocardia are described — the Valvatidee, the Littorinidse, the Vermetidae, and others, the Naticidse, the Siphonostomata proboscidifera, the Rachiglossata, the Cypraeidae, and the Toxoglossata, being taken in order ; next Eelicina and Cyclophora, Prosobranchs without the organ of Spengel, and then the Patellidae are discussed. The organ of Lacaze Duthiers in the Pulmonata, Paludina, and the Opisthobranchs are the subjects of the next three chapters. The author, in his third part, deals with the structure of the branchial lamellae, making a special study of the muscular elements and the interepithelial nervous plexus. Finally, with the mucous gland a study is made of secreting elements. Morpho- logical and histological comparisons of the neuroepithelial cells in Gastro- pods and Acephala, the morphology of the venous system, the connec- tive tissue and blood-spaces form the subject of more general chapters. We have only space to deal with the more general conclusions at which M. Bernard arrives. Noth withstanding the numerous variations presented by the pallial organs in the different types examined, it is possible to show that not only are the homologous organs composed of the same elements, however different their morphological differentiation, but also that, in a general way, these elements always belong to the same types, whatever organs are considered. Thus, there are three types of epithelial cells — the secretory, the indifferent (which is generally ciliated in Prosobranchs), and the sensory. The connective elements are of four kinds — multipolar, plasmatic, endo- thelial, and greatly elongated cell-fibres. The nervous elements do not differ from the two forms described for other organs — these are multipolar ganglion cells with prolongations, some of which are much more important than others, and nerve-fibres with proper nuclei. This result is of special interest, as it applies to the nervous plexuses found in the epithelium, and hitherto incompletely known. The muscular elements are very fre- quently branched ; they form long narrow bands or short trabeculae with numerous prolongations, which connect two adjoining connective plates. All these elements are, as a rule, found in all parts of the mantle, and in all the pallial organs, whatever be their degree of differentiation. The cause of the differentiation of an organ or its functional specializa- tion is the accumulation of certain elements of each of these categories. For example, the three varieties of epithelial cells exist normally in the mantle, but in the region between the rectum and the gill the glan- dular cells are much more abundant than elsewhere, and the region becomes specially secretory. A simple modification of the epithelium brings about this transformation. The accumulation of glandular elements is correlated with the formation of folds which increase the * Ann. Sci. Nat., ix. (1890) pp. 89 -304 (10 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 579 secreting surface, and tlie gland becomes localized, while it is more sharply marked off in higher types. The gill, as has long been known, is only a continuation of the folds formed by the internal layer of the mantle ; in the interior of these folds there is a system of muscular fibres which may adduct or abduct the two folds, and so diminish or increase the blood-spaces. When differentiation is highest the different regions of a lamella are, in consequence of the localization of the different epithelial elements, either secretory (on the afferent edge), sensory (on the efferent edge), or merely respiratory. The organ of Spengel is clearly sensory in function ; it owes its form to the accumulation of neuro-epitlielial cells on a nerve which either arises from (Diotocard'a) or ends in (Neritidae, Valvata ) the branchial ganglion, and persists after the ganglion disappears. These elements are not different from those which are found in other pallial organs, and that of Spengel has only a general sensibility ; when the differentiation is greatest the large number of nervous and neuro- epithelial cells which are present, the aj)pearance of pigment-cells, and the localization of the groups of elements, show that sensibility has increased, but do not demonstrate whether the sensibility is tactile or olfactory. Compared with the results obtained as to the tissues of the Pul- monata, Opisthobranchiata, and Acephala, we may note certain points of remarkable agreement ; at the same time dermal gland-cells are wanting from the mantle of Prosobranchs, although present in the foot. With regard to the classification of the group, M. Bernard urges that the distinction between bipectinate and monopectinate gills is of capital importance, because it clearly agrees with the principal charac- teristics drawn from other organs, and particularly those recently investigated by M. Bouvier and M. R. Perrier. In other words, the groups Aspidobranchiata and Pectinibranchiata agree with the Dioto- cardia and the Monotocardia ; Valvata has a bipectinate gill, while most of its characters approximate it to the Taenioglossata. In the Patellidae, the gill of Tecfura, like its nervous system, inclines us to place it with the Diotocardia, but the heart and kidney would make us separate it from them. Among the Diotocardia, the classification, proposed by Spengel and adopted by Bouvier, into Zygobranchiata and Azygobranchiata does not appear to be satisfactory. The most natural classification seems to agree with that of R. Perrier, and in it we have the following divisions : — A. Scutibranchiata = Diotocardia = Aspidobranchiata = Rhipido- glossata. (1) Fissurellidae (Homonephridiata). (2) Trochidae, Turbonidie, Haliotidae, &c. (Heteronephridiata). (3) Neritidae (Mononephridiata = Orthoneuroidea). B. Cyclobrancliiata = Heterocardia = Doxoglossa. Patellidae, Tecturidae, Lepetidae. In the Monotocardia the false gill varies considerably, and its different degrees of complication have been utilized by M. Bouvier in his classification ; they agree with the characters drawn from the anterior part of the digestive tube and the nervous system. The author consequently proposes no change in the classification proposed by his predecessor. 580 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Gland of Auricle in Paludina, and Nephridial Gland in Murex.* — M. L. Cuenot describes the wall of the auricle of Paludina vivipara as being considerably thickened. It is covered externally by a cubical epithelium, below which is a thick muscular and connective zone, which is crowded with nuclei ; on its inner side this zone is in direct contact with the blood. On teasing the wall, after treatment with osmic acid, picro- carmine and glycerin, the nuclei of the stroma may be seen in the course of being transformed into amoebocytes. A considerable number of them are surrounded by the refractive granules characteristic of mature amoebocytes, and are ready to pass into the cavity of the auricle ; it is quite obvious that we have to do here with a lymphatic gland. Fixation with Flemming’s liquid shows the same facts even more distinctly. The author has already described another lymphatic gland in P. vivipara , which is situated in the gills. The products of these two glands are identical, and the two organs are simultaneously functional. The nephridial gland of Murex brandaris, teased as before, is found to have its glandular tissue formed of a plexus of fibres, crowded with nuclei and cells. The former do not develope into amoebocytes, but take, on their death, the place of certain cells. These cells, of which there is a large number, are very large (10 /x to 25 /a), ovoid or spherical in form, and are bounded by a very distinct fine membrane. They inclose a central nucleus ; the cellular cavity is filled with large refractive granules, which are yellowish-green during life and proteid in composition. When alive they actively absorb fucbsin, and become red ; they are coloured grey by osmic acid. These cells are not a charac- teristic element of the nephridial gland, for they are found wherever there is connective tissue, but they are specially abundant in that organ. The histological structure of the nephridial gland of Murex brandaris leads us to suppose that it is not a lymphatic organ, but merely an organ of reserve. Mechanism of Respiration in Ampullariidse.f — MM. P. Fischer and E. L. Bouvier have had the opportunity of studying the mechanism of respiration in Ampullaria insvdarum and Lanistes Bolteniana. The former of these was the subject of the observations of Guilding, Cazenavetti, and Bavay, and, when in water, exhibits a mode of pulmonary respira- tion curiously similar to that of Cetacea. When immersed in water the mollusc breathes by its gills. As the siphon divides the left pallial cleft into two slightly unequal halves fine granules of carmine maybe seen to penetrate into the chamber by the right half of the cleft ; they are rapidly directed from before backwards, and from right to left, and the water does not seem to take more than six to eight seconds to make the entire course of the branchial chamber. When the animal is on land the lung plays an essential and exclusive part in respiration ; the pul- monary orifice opens and closes alternately, but not with great regularity, and these movements correspond to elevations and depressions of the floor of the lung. These irregular movements of inspiration and expiration are powerfully aided by the general movements of the body. While Ampullaria is dextral, Lanistes is sinistral, and the mechanism of respiration is altogether different. Lanistes respires air and water by the * Comptes Kendus, cx. (1890) pp. 1275 7. f T. c., cxi. (1890) pp. 200-3. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 581 siphon, and does not move its head in the way which is so characteristic of the aerial respiration of Ampullaria. The animal comes to the surface, extends its siphon into the air, and so renews the air in the lung. Lanistes seems to be much less aerial in its respiration than Ampullaria , for it comes much less rarely to the surface. The elongation of the siphon in Ampullaria and the physiological differentiation between the siphon and pallial cleft is to be explained as due to its better adaptation to aerial life. The mode of aquatic respiration in Lanistes is very similar to that of Ampullaria. Olfactory Sense of Snails.* — M. R. Dubois has made a number of experiments on the sense of smell in Helix pomatia. He concludes that (1) the larger tentacles are more sensitive than any other points of the integument ; (2) the sensibility of the smaller tentacles to various olfactory stimuli, although very general, is much less marked than that of the larger ; (3) the olfactory sensitiveness of the rest of the integument is only evident for very few stimuli (such as vapour of benzine), and even for these stimuli it is much less marked than that of the tentacles ; (4) in the large tentacles sensibility is not confined to the extremities, though it is more marked there than elsewhere. The author’s experi- ments lead him to think that, for the special senses, primary excitation is mechanical, as it is with the tactile organs strictly so called. New Neomeniae from the Mediterranean.! — M. G. Pruvot has found at Banyuls eight species of Neomenise , all of which, with the exception of Proneomenia aglaophenise and P. desiderata, are new. Three of the species belong to the genus, lately established by Hubrecht, Dondersia ; these are called D. banyulensis, D. jlavens , and D. ichthyodes ; the last would deserve separate generic rank did a sufficient number of specimens afford material for a comparative study. Paramenia is a new genus which exhibits a remarkable mixture of the characters of Neomenia and Proneomenia ; three species — P. impexa , P. sierra, and P. palifera — are placed in it ; the last of these was, unfortunately, represented by a single individual, for the form and distribution of its spicules, the absence of penial spicules, and the reduction of the radula afford characters which indicate the generic distinctness of the species. Further details are promised. Circulatory Apparatus and Gonads of Neomeniae.!— M. G. Pruvot states that the so-called heart of the Neomenise is very variable in its constitution, even within the limits of a single species. In some cases it appears to be a simple fold of the dorsal wall of the pericardium, while in others it is entirely detached in its median part. It never has any muscular elements, but is formed of a mass of connective cells which are sometimes arranged compactly and sometimes leave between them spaces, in which blood-cells accumulate. It is not connected with a dorsal vessel — which does not exist — but with a dorsal sinus. The heart also varies considerably inform ; in Dondersia jlavens and D. banyulensis it is cylindrical ; in Proneomenia aglaophenise and P. desiderata it is flattened and slightly bilobed, while in P. sierra it has the form of a * Comptes Rendus, cxi (1890) pp. 66-8. f Arch. Zool. Exper. et Gen., viii. (1890) pp. xxi.-iv. X Comptes Rendus, cxi. (1890) pp. 59-62. 2 T 1890. 582 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO plate flattened dorsoventrally and divided by a constriction into an upper and a lower mass. The gonads are two long tubes with proper and continuous walls ; in their lower part they gradually acquire a common envelope which is at first connective and then muscular, and which also incloses the dorsal sinus. They, like the pericardium, have no relation with the general cavity, and like it, do not contain a single blood-cell. The pericardium is lined by a pavement epithelium, which is continuous and forms on the sides two longitudinal folds, where the cells become higher, cubical and ciliated. The author concludes that the so-called heart is not a propelling organ, as it is often devoid of a cavity, and never has contractile elements ; morphologically it is a mere dorsal raphe, a continuation of the septum of the gonad which becomes incomplete and incloses a portion of the general cavity ; physiologically, it aids in forming, on each side, with the lateral ciliated folds of the pericardium, a groove such as that which is seen at the end of the gonad of hermaphrodite Gastropods, and it is destined, like it, to separate the male and female elements which have hitherto been mingled with one another. The spormatozoa are conveyed into a special portion of the nephridial tubes, or into two long seminal vesicles, while the ova pass from the groove and accumulate in the so called pericardium ; this last is nothing more than an accessory pouch of the genital apparatus. The so-called nephridial tubes are simple genital ducts which have neither renal function, since their epithelium is not glandular, nor the value of segmental organs, since they do not communicate with the general body-cavity ; in fact, the genital apparatus, as a whole, recalls most nearly that of hermaphrodite Gastropods, with the difference that, in the Neomeniee, all the parts are paired and symmetrical. 5. Lamellibranchiata. Identity of Composition of Nervous System of Lamellibranchiata and other Molluscs.* — M. P. Pelseneer points out that in most Mollusca each pedal ganglion receives two connectives — the more ventral or more anterior, which comes from the cerebral ganglion, and the more dorsal or posterior, which arises from the pleural ganglion. This arrangement is general in Gastropods, and has been found also in Cephalopods and in Dentalium. The absence, in Lamellibranchs, of the pleuro-pedal connective and of a distinct pleural ganglion have been regarded as definitely characteristic of the class ; however, in Nucula and Solenomya , more piimitive genera which M. Pelseneer has united under the group- name Protobranchiata, the pleural centres and the pleuro-pedal con- nectives are to be found. In Nucula the cerebral ganglia occupy the usual position, above the oesophagus ; they each give off fibres which pass to the adductor muscle and to the palps, as well as the connective which unites the cerebral centre to the corresponding pedal ganglion. More posteriorly, at the point where, as a rule, the visceral commissure commences, there is a ganglion which is as large as the cerebral ; this gives off the visceral commissure posteriorly and the anterior pallial Comptes Rendus, cxi. (1890) pp. 245-6. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 583 nerve externally, while, ventrally, there is a strong nerve-cord which is directed towards the pedal ganglion, which, about half-way on its course, becomes united with the cerebro-pedal connective. In Solenomya there is a similar arrangement, with the sole difference that the nerve -fibres which go from the ganglion at the origin of the visceral commissure as far as the pedal centre join those of the cerebro- pedal connective on their exit from the ganglion ; in this way the common trunk which they form arises from the junction of the cerebral ganglion with that which is connected with it posteriorly. If we compare the arrangement observed in Nucula and Solenomya with that which obtains in Gastropods and Dentalium , we see that the ganglion from which arise the anterior pallial nerve, the visceral com- missure, and the fibres which pass to the pedal centre, is the pleural ganglion, while the fibres which join this last centre to the pedal ganglion of Nucula and Solenomya form the pleuro-pedal connective which was believed to be wanting in the Lamellibranchiata. In such as are more specialized than these two Protobranchs the pleural and cerebral ganglia are fused into a single ganglionic mass (which is always called the cerebral), as may be seen when sections of the mass are made, and the two connectives — the cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal — are united for their whole length. Progression and Rotation of Bivalve Molluscs and of Detached Ciliated Portions.* — Mr. D. M‘ Alpine has continued | his observations and experiments on this subject, and now gives an account of what he has observed in the freshwater mussel ( Unio ), in which the general results are much the same as with Mytilus, and in the Oyster. When the movements of these three forms are compared in their natural condition, it will be found that Unio has the greatest activity, and Ostrea, as far as known, the least ; but if the progressive and rotatory move- ments due to cilia are in question, then Mytilus undoubtedly takes the lead. Each of these three forms has a distinct and specially active part, sugges- tive of underlying differences ; in Mytilus it is the gill, in Unio the ventral margin of the foot, and in Ostrea the labial palp. The cilia are supposed to continue their work without any rest, but it may be imagined, in a structure like the gill, with its innumerable cilia, that they rest in relays without interfering much, if at all, with the general effect. In the course of his investigations the author noticed an important distinction between the action of the cilia and the movement of the cilia- bearing mass. The movement of the mass might cease and yet the cilia themselves, when examined under the Microscope, would be in active motion. The cilia in themselves are, therefore, not the cause of move- ment ; there has to be co-operation or co-ordination of some sort before the ciliary motion can give rise to movement of the part bearing the cilia. Ciliary motion which causes currents in streams must, therefore, be distinguished from ciliary motive power. Organ of Boj anus in Anodonta cygnea.J — Dr. W. M. Raukin gives a very full account of his observations on the organ of Bojanus in the * Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xvi. (1888-9) pp. 725-43 (2 pis.). f See this Journal, 1889, p. 739. X Jenaische Zeitsclir. f. Naturwiss., xxiv. (1890) pp. 227-67 (2 pis.). 2t2 584 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Mussel. He divides his account of its macroscopic anatomy under the heads of (1) renal duct and ureter, (2) renal sac, (3) tip of organ, (4) its loops, and then deals with its blood and nerve supply. Its microscopical characters are first treated of in relation to the structure of the walls, the epithelial cells, and the sensory epithelium being next dealt with. The walls of the organ are found to be composed of a homogeneous ground-substance with which are associated various kinds of connective- tissue-cells. These form a delicate wall for the true kidney and a firmer partition between it and the pericardium. Smooth muscle-cells are scat- tered between the connective cells. The apices or tips are formed of firm bandlike connective and muscular cells which are arranged circularly and longitudinally. Around the ureters the fibres are chiefly arranged in a circular manner. The epithelial investment consists of three kinds of cells; the excretory with scattered flagelliform cilia, which are found in the whole of the organ except the tips and ureters ; in these last there are cylindrical cells with closely set cilia ; at the renal end of the tips there are cells with extraordinarily long cilia. The author concludes with some observations on the morphology and physiology of the organ of Bojanus. In the Acephala the organ is in close relation with the posterior adductor and the gills ; in those species (e. g. in Pecten and Cardium ) in which the longitudinal axis is short, the organ is saccular and lies in the space between the pericardium a id the posterior adductor ; but when the body is long, as in Anodonta or Mytilus , the organ extends almost the whole length of the gills; these facts lead us to suppose that the primitive position of the organ was between the pericardium and adductor. The history of its development shows that the first portion of the organ was the ciliated funnel or tip of the kidney ; the second, the true kidney formed of sac and loops ; the various coils seen in Gyclas are in Anodonta replaced by coils which are simpler but rich in folds. The points made out by Ziegler are intelligible if we suppose that the ureter has an ectodermal origin. There can be little doubt of the renal function of the organ of Bojanus, but it is of interest to inquire whether it has any other functions — does it assist the circulation of the pericardial fluid or does it intro- duce water into the pericardium, and so into the whole vascular system ? The former is possible, but the arrangement of valves is such as to prevent the entrance of water from without. Repair of Test of Anodon.* — M. Moynier de Villepoix has made some experiments on the repair of the test of Anodonta ponderosa ; he has removed from the edges or sides of the shell pieces sufficiently large to allow observation of the modifications which supervene. The subjects of the experiments were put in (1) a basin which communicated with the stream from which they were taken, or (2) water from the stream which was renewed every two days, or (3) water entirely deprived of carbonate of lime. In all cases the animal reformed the parts which had been removed. In those in which the edge of the shell was removed the epidermis * Comptes Rendus, cxi. (1890) pp. 203-6. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 585 which forms numerous folds at the edge of the shell was destroyed before the ablation of the calcareous part. In all cases this epidermis was renewed ; in animals preserved in their normal medium it had all its original characters ; it was covered on its outer side by crystals formed of a calcareous but not carbonated substance ; the crystals appear to be a product of the secretion of the elongated epithelial cells near which they are found, and appear to play the part of reserve-materials. In the animals kept in non-calciferous water there were young crystals, but they are less regular and not so numerous ; the presence of these few crystals is easily explained ; the shell of the animal after four months’ stay in the water had become completely transparent and so soft that, though still calcareous, it could be folded under the fingers like an elastic membrane. In all the specimens examined there had been a secretion of a substance destined to close the wound made on the shell. This layer was formed of several organized membranes, placed on one another, arising at some millimetres from the edge of the wound and all around it. At its surface and between the membranes which form it, the calcareous matter takes on very various forms. Rhombohedra, radiated crystals, or crystalline plates were all seen ; but in the animals which were preserved in the chalkless water there were no crystals of any kind. The pallial epithelium was led by the necessity of an active secretion to undergo profound modification. The cells are greatly elongated and provided with a large oval nucleus in which are one or two highly refractive nucleoli ; the protoplasm of the outer part of the cell is very granular and becomes stained green with methylene ; it is, in fact, identical in form and reactions with the glandular epithelia of the fold of the mantle-lobe and of the dorsal region. The author concludes that these observations show that the shell of these animals is a secretion-product of the mantle, that the earliest stage of the test is always a purely organic formation, and that the lime which strengthens the shell is obtained from the surrounding medium. Molluscoida. y. Brachiopoda. Stratigraphical Distribution of Deep-Sea Brachiopods.* — MM. P. Fischer and D. P. Oehlert report that the expeditions of the ‘ Travailleur’ and £ Talisman ’ dredged sixteen species of deep-sea Brachiopods. Thirteen of these have been found in the marine pliocene deposits of Sicily and Calabria; since the period of these deposits these species have become extinct in the Mediterranean while almost identical forms to them have been perpetuated in the Atlantic; three other species appear to be in course of extinction, as isolate I valves were alone dredged from the Mediterranean, while the forms are still abundant in the Atlantic. The authors ask why there should be this tendency to the disappear- ance of abyssal forms from the Mediterranean, and correlate it with the gradual heating of that sea, which is, as compared to the Atlantic, closed. These considerations seemed to confirm the hypothesis that the * Comptes Rendus, cxi. (1890) pp. 247-9. 586 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO distribution of marine animals is chiefly regulated by temperature. We may suppose that abyssal forms will become extinct in the Mediterranean and that their place will be taken by forms occupying more shallow waters and better adapted to higher temperatures. Arthropoda. Signification of Vitelline Cells in Tracheata.* — Mr. W. Schimke- witsch points out that in Amphibia and several Tracheata the cavity of the mesenteron is surrounded by elements of two kinds — the cells of one side are deprived of vitellus, while those of the other are true vitelline cells. These latter are differentiated in very early stages, sometimes during the segmentation of the egg ; they may take part in the formation of the epithelium of the mesenteron. It is very probable that in those Tracheata in which the rudiment of the internal lamella, formed by invagination, is destined entirely for the formation of the mesoderm, that the epithelial layer of the mesenteron is developed exclusively at the expense of the vitelline cells. These cells in Amphibians and Tracheates are elements which long preserve tbeir embryonic character, but from the morphological point of view they belong to the endoderm. It remains to be seen whether they are comparable to the vitelline nuclei of other Vertebrates. a. Insecta. The Retinal Image of the Insect Eye.j — Prof. Exner believes that he has been able to settle the controversy as to whether creatures pro- vided with facetted eyes see by one erect image or by many inverted ones, in favour of the first hypothesis. In the case of the glow-worm ( Lamjoyris sjplendidula ), he has succeeded in demonstrating this erect image, and has shown that the dioptric apparatus of the eye is of such a kind that the distance of the image from the refracting media increases with the distance of the object from the eye. The two focal points lie on the same side of the refracting media, and by transmission of the rays in the opposite direction, a virtual inverted image is produced, which has the same position with regard to the refracting media as the erect image. The eye has no optic axis in the ordinary sense of the word, and the retinal image lies on a spherical surface parallel to the outer curvature of the eye. It was in 1826 that J. Muller proposed his theory of the erect retinal image in the insect eye. According to this theory each element or facet consists of a transparent tube, coated with black pigment. These tubes are arranged in radial position on a hemisphere. Thus for each tube only rays incident in the direction of the radius can reach the retina at the extremity, while rays at any other incidence are absorbed by the pigment. An erect image is accordingly formed on the hemi- spherical convex retina at the base of the tubes. This theory was supposed to have been refuted by the observation made by Gruel and Gottsche, that, under certain conditions, an inverted image corresponding to each facet of the eye of a fly could be seen under the Microscope. * Zool. Anzeig., xiii. (1890) pp. 399-402. f SB. K.K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xcviii. (1889) pp. 13-65, 143-51 (3 pis. and 7 woodcuts). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 587 Fr. Boll, however, nineteen years after them, finding that the rods of the retina of the Triton gave inverted images, called in question the functional importance of these images, and once more directed attention to Muller’s theory. Grenacher followed in the same direction, and lastly, Exner proved by Hydrophilus piceus that the image of Gottsche cannot be produced in the living animal, for it could not possibly lie in the position accorded to it by theory. The author’s recent observations were made exclusively on the eye of the male Lampyris splendidula. In this there is a fusion of the crystalline cones with the cornea, so that it is possible to wash away the pigment and the soft parts of the eye, and to examine the whole dioptric apparatus in the normal relation of the crystalline cones to the corneal facets. The eye was mounted in glycerin of refractive index 1 * 346 (that of the blood of Hydrophilus piceus ), in such a way that the convex cornea was in contact with air, the crystalline cones with a fluid of approximately the same refractive index as the glow-worm’s blood. Under the Microscope, with low powers, an erect image is seen of an object placed between the Microscope mirror and the eye. The sharpness of the images given by a fresh eye was extraordinary. A less perfect image of an arrow was given by an eye which had been kept in spirit 4-5 months. It measured O’ 24 mm., while the length of the arrow was 32 cm., and its distance from the preparation 52 cm. The distance between the ends of the crystalline cones and the retina was determined by adjustment of the Microscope to be 0*23 mm. When the position of the eye on the stage was inverted, so that the concave side was turned towards the object, an image was observed which was approximately in the same position as the normal retinal image, and had the same magnitude, but was inverted. Numerous observations and experiments were made in order to determine the path of the rays in the eye necessary for an erect image. Directing the Microscope on the centre of the line joining two flames and adjusting on the plane of the retinal image, two light* points were- seen. By approaching the focal plane towards the cornea it was determined that two rays come from each crystalline cone, one from the right object-point being deflected to the right image-point, while the other from the left object-point is in the same crystalline cone deviated to the left image-point. Thus it was found that a ray entering the crystalline cone at an angle makes an angle with it on emergence, and is on the same side of the axis, and in the same plane. Fig. 61 shows the path of the rays for a single light-point at such a distance that the rays are approximately parallel, hh represent the facets, 0 a to Oh their axes ; the parallel rays are deflected in the crystalline cones so as to form the image at B. 0 is the centre of curvature of the eye. Similarly an image would be formed of another object-point lying for example in the direction O h, and it is clear that the total image would be erect. Fig. 62 represents the image obtained when the Microscope is adjusted on a plane in front of the cornea. This gradually passes into that of fig. 63, when the focal plane is moved back until in the neighbourhood of the vertices of the crystalline cones. On moving the focal plane still further back, the bright circles of fig. 63 become 588 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO narrower, and finally the image shown in fig. 64 is obtained. Fig. 65 shows the appearance when the focal plane is behind the retinal image. The author’s experiments lead to the conclusion that the dioptric apparatus of the Lampyris-eye is very similar in its effects to a system of two lenses on the same axis which are separated by a distance equal to the sum of their focal lengths. In the Lampyris-e ye the two convex lenses are replaced by two cylindrical lenses, the Linsencylinder of Exner, which form the crystalline cone. The path of two pencils in a crystalline cone, according to this principle, is shown in fig. 66. The inverted image a2 b2 of the distant object a b , which gave rise to so much confusion in the physiology of the compound eye, is formed not at the vertex or behind the cone, but in front, where there can be no nerve- fibres. The rays m and n proceeding from a form an image at ax ; similarly the rays p and q from b form an image at by The image ax bx ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 589 is formed between the focus on the hinder part of the crystalline cone and its vertex, so that the rays m, n from on leaving the cone, are slightly divergent. Thus ax bx gives rise to the virtual image a2 b2 . The figure shows how the angle of emergence of a pencil to the axis is on the same Fig. 62. Fig. 63. Fig. 64. Fig. 65. side as the incident pencil, and that it is so much greater, as the incident angle is greater. The author has constructed a model of an insect eye on the above principles. It consists of ten pairs of convex lenses, each of focal length of 2 in. The two members of each pair are separated by 590 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Fig. 66. am ^6 4 in., and the ten sets are arranged on an arc of 75 cm. radius. The formation of the inverted image which is seen when the concave side of the Lampyris-e, ye is turned towards the object is explained by fig. 67. The crystalline cone acts like an astronomical telescope adjusted for infinite distance. The deviation which a ray undergoes is shown in fig. 68. ab = abx tan a = a h2 tan /3. Denoting the focal lengths a7q, ah2 by l5 02 tan a tan p — = const. ; 0i or, sin a = 02 sin /3 since a, /3 are small. The rays incident on the eye will be de- flected in each crystalline cone according to the above law, and by means of it the calculation of the image, optical constants, &c., follows in a way strictly analogous to that of an ordinary lens. Let be (fig. 69) be the curvature of the eye, ap a radius from the centre of cur- vature a, p c a ray from the point p, which is deflected to d. Then by the above law, sin pea ap 02 _ sin ped _ sinpea _ sin cap cp 0X sin qc a sin qca sin qc a ~ a q sin c ap c q lano-concave and make the radius 24*8. Then I should work the hack of the flint, not to an absolute curve, but to an exceedingly long concave curve, nearly a plane. This would necessitate the flint lens being fitted a short distance from the crown, about two-tenths or so by experiment, and I think that this would give a better correction for achromatism. I am quite aware that this would give a slight excess of spherical aberration to the concave ; but, if necessary, 1 propose to correct it after fixing the distance between the lenses that will best suit the achromatism. Now, I am rather fortified in my belief that this modification will answer, in that my proposed construction will closely approximate to the construction of the object-glass of the Lick telescope, in which the convex is an equiconvex, and the flint is a double concave with a long concave curve at the back, and the two lenses are separated and are not in contact. It appears to me that the achromatism would be improved by separating the lenses.” The Jena Lenses.* — The following is part of a letter from “F.R.M.S.”: | — As statements have been made in former numbers of this paper impugning the good faith of MM. Zeiss, as to the new objective of 1 • 6 N.A., I wrote them requesting an authoritative state- ment on the subject. They have very kindly sent me a copy of a letter which their Prof. Abbe has written to Mr. Mayall in consequence of my communication to them. Their letter is dated 10th September, and in it Prof. Abbe says : — “ Please to take notice of a formal assertion from my part that the objective has not undergone any alteration whatever, while in Jena ; that every lens and every piece of the mounting was in exactly the same state at the second departure to London in which it was at the first departure.” The italics are the Professor’s, not mine. Prof. Abbe further states : — “ Though I have not myself looked up the lens all the time over, I am in a position to give this assertion quite positively on these grounds. “ (1) Nobody in the workshop had any sensible interest in making an alteration and concealing it to me. For nobody except myself was responsible for whatever defect of the objective. The computations had been made under my personal direction, and I had approved of the optician’s work after execution. If a defect of any kind had happened to come out afterwards, the fault would have been mine only. “ (2) Nobody could try to change or improve the system without consulting me, because no other person was au fait with regard to that particular construction.” Prof. Abbe further states: — “The objective had not been tried photographically by us, neither Van Heurck’s sample, nor the other one, I was therefore quite prepared to admit that a 4 chemical ’ focus could exist, owing to an insufficient approximation in uniting the violet ray with the other rays (in our computation) under the condition always that in Van Heurck’s sample the same defect must exist , as both objec- * Engl. Mech., Oct. 1890, p. 124. f Published, however, without the authorization of Prof. Abbe. — Ed. J.R.M.S. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. GG1 tives had shown the same degree of achromatism of the visual light. Though it appeared rather strange that Dr. Van Ileurck should not have observed the fault, I supposed that he could perhaps have over- looked it, or had not found it hurtful, owing to his particular mode of illumination or photographic operation. “ In this spirit I advised Dr. Czapski to measure the residual differ- ence of the chemical focus, and to compute a correcting lens, to be added to the system, in order to compensate for the expected difference. “ Having left the matter to Dr. Czapski, as I am not versed in photomicrography, I was much astonished to hear from him — a short time after arrival of the lens — that he could not find a difference of focus. In face of the positive assertion about the result of your trial, 1 felt doubtful about the accuracy of Dr. Czapski’s observation, and I requested him decidedly to repeat the trial with all possible precautions, though he considered this as useless.” Fluor-spar at Oltscheren.* — Dr. E. v. Fellenberg gives a very full account of the occurrence at Oltscheren of fluor-spar, which is the subject of so much interest to microscopists at the present time. Fluorite is a mineral very widely distributed in the Alps. A locality long noted for the abundance of the pale-green variety is “ Raun,” or more correctly “ Runn,” a wood near Giesbach opposite to Brienz. The first mention of this locality is to be found in G. S. Gruner’s 4 Versuch eines Verzeichnisses der Mineralien des Scliweizerlandes,’ Burn, 1775, and a further description is given in Hopfner’s 4 Mag.tzin fur die Naturkunde Hclvetiens,’ vol. iv., 1789, in an account of a journey made by General-Commissioner Manuel in the Bernese Alps. Green finer was also obtained in the Jura limestone from the Vordendiirr- schreunealp am Santis and yellowish-brown and wine-coloured crys als from the Upper Jurassic limestone at Saleve bei Genf. But by far the most remarkable and interesting occurrence of fluor is that at Oltscheren or Oltschialp, more exactly at Oltschikopf, south of the village of Brienzwyler in the Bernese Oberland. Here in 1830, according to a label on a specimen in the Bern Museum, Hans Fischer and Mitkaften discovered in a cleft of the mountain opposite Brienzwyler about 200 cwt. of fluor, of which 2 cwt. consisted of crystals. These men appear to have made considerable journeys with their treasure piled up in a cart in huge blocks, some of which, according to Prof. B. Studer, who purchased several specimens from them at the time, were a foot in diameter, and water-clear like blocks of ice. The precise locality of this remarkable find had been forgotten, when in 1886 Prof. Abbe began to make inquiries about the occurrence of water-clear fluor-spar. Many years before the author had sent to Herr Wappler, a mineral dealer in Freiberg, in exchange for Saxon minerals, some water-clear crystals of fluor from “das untere Haslithal im Kan ton Bern.” Prof. Abbe having seen these specimens was induced to visit the author, by whom he was referred to Herr Hamberger, the director of the pyrotechnic laboratory in Oberried, near Brienz, as well as to the hunter Caspar Blatter, as being the most likely persons from whom information could * ‘Ueberden Flusspath von Oltsclurenalp,’ Mittheil. Naturf. Ges. in Bern, 1889, pp. 202-19. 1890. 3 A 662 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO be obtained of the occurrence of fluor-spar of similar quality at Oltscheren. The crystal seekers, M. Ott and C. Streieh, of Guttanen, as well as the hunter Caspar Blatter, were at once commissioned by Prof. Abbe to make investigations in the neighbourhood, but it was not until the spring of 1887 that they succeeded in rediscovering the old locality of 1830. A new locality was also discovered, from which beautiful green crystals, varying in size from 1 cm. in diameter to one over 20 cm. in length, were obtained. The surface of most of these specimens was rough, many being covered with irregular holes, while others looked like ice which had begun to melt in the sun. These specimens were offered for sale by Ott and Streieh without the know- ledge of Prof. Abbe, and were purchased by the authorities of the Bern Museum. Of the material sent to Prof. Abbe at Jena very little was found to be fit for optical use. The authorities of Brienzwyler now took action and prohibited further search for useful minerals in the district under their jurisdiction. An agreement was then drawn up by them with a company of capitalists, at whose head stood the firm of Zeiss, in Jena, and Prof. Abbe, by which the exclusive right of search for fluor-spar in that district was granted to the latter. The stipu- lation was, however, made that all material unfit for optical purposes should become the property of the authorities. The company began work in the summer of 1888 under the directorship of Herr Kable of Jena, who was stationed in a hut on the Alp Buhlen. According to a letter of Prof. Abbe to the author the old find of 1830 came from two cavities on the south part of the mountain. The lower one was easily accessible, but the other, high above, could only be reached by a 72 ft. ladder from another projecting rock mass. Both were found to have been exhausted, and further search for fluor in the neighbourhood only met with indifferent success as regards quality. In conclusion the author describes the visit he himself paid to the locality under the guidance of Caspar Blatter and Herr Kable. Starting from Meyringen with Blatter he passed by Prasti, Schiittelboden, Laui-Vorsass, and Platten to Buhlen, where Herr Kable was installed. With the latter he then proceeded through the valley of Oltscheren to the upper Alp Oberfeld, whence could be seen the south slope of the Oltschikopf, with the two cavities, from which came the extraordinary find of 1830, plainly visible. Johnston, C. — The American Objective as compared with the German. Maryland Med. Journ., XXI. (1889) p. 130. C3) Illuminating- and other Apparatus. Object-carrier with Vertical Displacement for the Jung Micro- tome*— Prof. L. Koch points out that the object-carrier hitherto used only allows a comparatively slight elevation (J to 4 mm.) of the object adjusted. This is due to a great part of the slide-way being occupied by the micrometer screw and the object-carrier. In fact, for the object itself, the displacement is only about a millimetre, since often more than a millimetre of paraffin has first to be removed, and, if the course Bot. Centralbl., xl. (1889) pp. 283-5. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 663 of the knife is very restricted, the full extent of the slide-way cannot be utilized. In most cases this small displacement is not sufficient, so that it is necessary to dismount the object during the work and readjust it. This entails loss of sections, irrespective of the inconvenience of such a process. To get rid of this difficulty, Herr R. Jung of Heidelberg has, under the author’s direction, constructed an object-carrier with vertical dis- placement. In one of these, represented in fig. 72, the frame O, Fig. 72. carrying the object-clamp, is movable in the vertical direction. This runs in a prismatic groove with so much friction that no fixing- arrangement is necessary to keep it in any given position. The Fig. 73. St movement is effected by rack and pinion. The frame rests upon a steel base b, provided with a ratchet in which works a toothed wheel, set in motion by the lever r. One turn of the lever effects a rise of the frame, and consequently of the slide-way, of 1*2 cm. To begin work, the lowest position is given to the frame carrying the object-clamp, the paraffin block is mounted somewhat high, and the 664 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO surface to be cut is raised, by means of the lever, up to the knife-edge. The removal of the paraffin is effected in the same way by means of the vertical displacement, but the cutting of the object itself is done exclu- sively by the use of the micrometer-screw. When the latter is turned to the end it is screwed back so as to bring the object-carrier into its original position, and the object is then again brought up to the knife- edge by means of the lever. The object-carrier is especially serviceable in all cases in which the object is to be sectionized only at intervals determined by the develop- ment of lateral organs. The micrometer-screw is then used for the parts to be sectionized, and the vertical displacement for the rest. There is an index at x for measuring the intervals between two of the lateral organs to be cut. The object-carrier represented in fig. 73 is of simpler construction, but is quite satisfactory for most purposes, and is to be recommended for use with the small model of the microtome. The movable metal-piece k supports the projecting object-clamp, and runs in a prismatic groove st. It rests on a screw-plate V, by the rotation of which its rise and fall are effected. A binding-screw a fixes it in any position. The rise, exclusive of the slide-way, amounts to 1 cm. New Heating Apparatus for Miner alogical Investigations.* — This piece of apparatus, designed by R. Briinnee, of the firm of Voigt and Hochgesang, in Gottin- gen, can be easily fitted to any Microscope. It serves to raise solid pre- parations or liquids to a high temperature, and, since the flame burns directly beneath the object-carrier, observa- tion can be made by polarized light during the heating. The appa- ratus has the following arrangement : — Beneath the object-stage B (fig. 74) is a piece bored through in four places. Round the lower, coni- cally turned, part of the piece the arm A is fitted. The latter is movable on the cone, and is fastened to B by a screw c. Be- tween c and B a ring- shaped space o is left, winch is contracted internally to a fine slit. The gas and air required for the flame stream through the tub(s L and G (fig. 7b) into this space. The object-carrier B is provided with a row of outlets Lj. 1 he openings * Zeitschr. f. Iustrumentenk., x. (1890) pp. 68-4. Fig. 74. Fig. 75. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 605 L2 are for the admission of air. The tube L of the arm A is in con- nection with a reservoir of compressed air, which effects a quick cooling when necessary. To connect this apparatus with a Microscope, the lower part of the screw-piece fits into the aperture of the Microscope-stage, so that the stage can he rotated while the arm A with the tubes remains fixed. For heating up to 360° a drum (fig. 7 6), which carries a thermometer and the preparation, is added to the apparatus. This consists of two parts T and Tx. The lower part T, carrying the thermometer, is con- nected with the stage B by a screw K, while the upper part T! can be turned to one side about the axis N by means of the lever H. The preparation is placed on a ring in the drum, and is kept at the same height as the thermometer. The apparatus was exhibited at the Exhibition of the Heidelberg Naturforscher - Versammlung, and has been described in the ‘ Ab- theilung fiir Instrumentenkunde.’* It has already met with considerable success and is particularly suitable for mineralogical-petrographical in- vestigations. Bolting Gauze.f — Mr. Charles M. Yorce writes that he has “done no microscopical work lately that has any novelty in it, unless it may be the measurement of an assortment of bolting gauze and other goods used for sieves, to ascertain the average and maximum sizes of the particles which pass through the same, and the relation of such size to the rating of the goods which is always by the number of meshes to the inch or centimeter. Bolting gauze of ‘ 200 meshes to the inch ’ will not pass particles of approximately globular form larger than about 1/400 in., and the average size of the particles passed will be considerably less, about 1/450.” A Simple Turn-table.:]: — Mr. A. S. Elliott describes a simple turn- table. “ Procure the frame and running gear of any cheap clock. Fifty cents will cover cost of all materials. Remove the main spring from its place and make the wheel carrying it firm on the shaft. Remove all * Cf. Zeitschr. f. Instrumentenk., 1889, pp. 359 and 478. f Amer. Mon. Micr. Journ., xi. (1890) p. 106. X T. c., p. 117. 666 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO projecting parts from both top and bottom of frame. Reverse the centre wheel, putting the larger end of shaft uppermost, and making all bearings tight and smooth without oil. Cut a brass plate (soft) 3 inches in diameter; find centre, bore, then bore two more holts 1J in. from centre ; make a pair of light bowed springs, solder to nail fitting such hole and fit tightly through plate, placing the clips in opposition to each other. Cut or scratch three concentric circles 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4, turning table rapidly. Fit the centre shaft firmly to plate without soldering. The apparent disadvantage of using a cogged wheel in turning with the hand is more than counteracted by the greater ease and consequent steadier rotation, together with greater speed, attained by this table. Carefully made it will do as good or even better work than the ordinary form. If preferred the clips may be soldered fast to plate, but are rather unhandy. The holes in the bottom of frame can be utilized to secure to firm base and hand-rest in any convenient manner to suit the requirement of the maker.” Cheap Boxes for Slides.* — Mr. Henry Shimer writes: — “W. P. Hamilton’s slide-box described in the January number reminds me of a very nice arrangement. A box ready-made is more apt to be used than one made on purpose ; for instance, the ordinary cigar-box, costing nothing. The flat ones are most suitable. They vary in size somewhat, but the ordinary one is about 4J by 8J by 2 in. inside. It can be filled with cardboard trays like Hamilton’s, or with wooden ones made of cigar-boxes. The bottoms and lids will make bottoms for the trays, and the sides and ends sawn into narrow strips 1/8 or 1/4 in. wide and tacked on with brads, will make the margins. Each box will hold five trays. The bottom may be used instead of a tray by tacking a marginal strip on each end. Each of such boxes will store 70 short German slides, which by all odds are preferable, or it will hold 45 to 50 of the 3-in. slides. If we make the trays of cardboard, as per Hamilton, and a 3-in. holds 24, 2-in. holds 16 trays. Then 14 short slides to a tray gives room for 224 slides ; 9 3 -in. sheets to a tray gives 144 slides, or 7 to a tray will give 112 slides, and allow about 3/4 in. margin on the sides and a little less on the ends. Such boxes are neat, cheap, and convenient. The slides lie flat. These boxes can be numbered or otherwise labelled on the ends and stowed in bookcases.” Braatz, E. — Ein neues Mikrotom. (A new Microtome.) Illustr. Monatsschr. d. Aerztl. Polytechn ., XI. (1889) p. 159. G a riel. — Chambre claire du Microscope. (Camera lucida.) Progres Med ., VIII. (1888) No. 51. Pettigrew, J. B. — On the use of the Camera Lucida. Trans. Manchester Micr. Soc., 1888, p. 80. (4) Photomicrography. Mr. Pringle’s Photomicrographic Apparatus.— The two figures now given (plates XII. and XIII.) will, without further comment, supplement the description of Mr. Pringle’s photomicrographic apparatus which was given on p. 543 of the Journal. * Amer. Mon. Micr. Journ., xi. (1890) p. 106. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 667 Photomicrography by Gaslight.* — Major Geo. M. Sternberg observes : — Those who have had much experience in making photo- micrographs will agree with me that one of the most essential elements of success is the use of a suitable source of illumination. Without question the direct light of the sun reflected in a right line by the mirror of a heliostat is the most economical and in some respects the most satisfactory light that can be used. But we cannot command this light at all times and places, and it often happens that when we aro ready to devote a day to making photomicrographs the sun is obscured by clouds, or the atmosphere is hazy. Indeed, in some latitudes and at certain seasons of the year a suitable day for the purpose is extremely rare. The use of sunlight also requires a room having a southern exposure and elevated above all surrounding buildings or other objects by which the direct rays of the sun would be intercepted. For these reasons a satisfactory artificial light is extremely desirable. The oxy-hydrogen limelight, the magnesium light and the electric arc light have all been employed as a substitute for the light of the sun, and all give satisfactory results. I have myself made rather extensive use of the “ limelight,” and think it the b st substitute for solar light with which I am familiar. But to use it continuously, day after day, is attended with considerable expense, and the frequent renewal of the supply of gas which it calls for is an inconvenience which one would gladly dispense with. These considerations have led some microscopists to use an oil lamp as the source of illumination, and very satisfactory photomicrographs with comparatively high powers have been made .with this cheap and convenient light. But in my experience the best illumination which I have been able to secure with an oil lamp has called for very long exposures when working with high powers, and as most of my photo- micrographs of bacteria are made with an amplification of 1000 diameters, I require a more powerful illumination than I have been able to secure in this way. And especially so because of the fact that a coloured screen must be interposed, which shuts off a large portion of the actinic rays, on account of the staining agents usually employed in making my mounts. The most satisfactory staining agents for the bacteria are an aqueous solution of fuchsin, or of methyline-blue, or of gentian-violet, and all of these colours are so nearly transparent for the actinic rays at the violet end of the spectrum that a satisfactory photographic contrast cannot be obtained unless we shut off these rays by a colour screen. I am in the habit of using a yellow screen for my preparations stained with fuchsin or methylen-blue, and have obtained very satisfactory results with the orthochromatic plates manufactured by Carbutt of Philadelphia, and a glass screen coated with a solution of tropoline dissolved in gelatin. But with such a screen, wrhick shuts off a large portion of the actinic light and increases the time of exposure three or fourfold, the use of an oil lamp becomes impracticable, with high powers, on account of the feebleness of the illumination. These considerations have led me to experiment with gaslight, and * John Hopkins University Circulars, ix. (1890) p. 72. 668 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO the simple form of apparatus which I am about to describe is the result of these experiments. I have now had the apparatus in use for several months, during which time I have made a large number of very satis- factory photomicrographs of bacteria from fuchsin-stained preparations with an amplification of 1000 diameters. My photographs have been made with the 3 mm. ol. im. apochromatic objective of Zeiss and his projection eye-piece No. 3. I use a lar^e Powell and Lealand stand, upon the substage of which I have fitted an Abbe condenser. The arrangement of the apparatus will be readily understood by reference to the accompanying figure. A is the camera which has a pyramidal bellows front supported by the heavy block of wood B ; this can be pushed back upon the base-board which supports it so as to allow the operator to place Fig. 77. his eye at the eye-piece of the Microscope. When it is brought forward an aperture of the proper size admits the outer extremity of the eye- piece and shuts off .all light except that coming through the objective. C is the Microscope and D the Abbe condenser supported upon the sub- stage ; E is a thick asbestos screen for protecting the Microscope from the heat given off by the battery of gas-burners F. This asbestos screen has an aperture of proper dimensions to admit the light to the condenser D. The gas-burners are arranged in a series with the flat portion of the flame facing the aperture in the asbestos screen E. The concave metallic mirror G is properly placed to reflect the light in the desired direction. I have not found any advantage in the use of a condensing lens other than the Abbe condenser upon the substage of the Microscope. The focusing is accomplished by means of the rod ?*, which carries at one extremity a grooved wheel H, which is connected with the fine-adjustment screw of the Microscope by means of a cord. The focusing wheel J may be slipped along the rod i to any desired position, and is retained in place by a set-screw. The rod i is supported above the camera by arms depending from the ceiling, or by upright arms attached to the base-board. I have lost many plates from a derangement of the focal adjustment resulting from vibrations caused by the passing of loaded waggons in the street adjoining the laboratory in which I work. This has been over- come to a great degree by placing soft rubber cushions under the whole apparatus. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. C)69 Position of the Light-filter in Photomicrography.* — Since 1866 it has been the generally received doctrine, says Dr. R. Neuhauss, that the position of the filter for producing monochromatic light is of the greatest importance. This doctrine, laid down by Moitessier and followed by all other writers, states that the maximum of absorption is attained when the filter is placed before the collecting lens, and its minimum when inserted between the lens and its focus. By experiments with a yellow disc placed in the position of the object on the stage and using an ordinary non-orthochromatic silver-bromide- gelatin dry plate covered with a silk-paper sensitometer in the one case, and inserting the yellow disc between the light and the lens in the other, it was found that the two images were exactly alike in every respect. For both the exposure was exactly 15 minutes, and in both negatives the numbers could be read when the layers of silk paper were not more than sixteen. Similar results ensued from using a layer of a saturated solution of picric acid 3 mm. thick. Hence it is quite indifferent whether the filter be placed near the lens or its focus. (6) Miscellaneous. The Microscope in Geology. — A course of twelve lectures on the Microscope in Geology (with special reference to the structure and origin of the stratified rocks), is now being delivered by Professor H. Alleyne Nicholson in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, at 3 p.m., beginning 6tli October and ending 31st October, 1890. Admission to the course is free. /3. Technique.! Cl) Collecting Objects, including Culture Processes. Cotton-wool as a substitute for Silk in Bacteriological Work.J — Dr. E. Braatz finds that animal products have a much greater affinity for mercury than vegetable, and for this reason advises that cotton-wool threads be used instead of silk threads in bacteriological work. Effect of highly concentrated Media on Bacteria. § — Prof. H. Buchner replies to Metschnikoff’s assertion that the inhibitive influence of the body fluids on micro-organisms is to be ascribed to the greater con- centration of these fluids. The author first remarks that the germicidal property of serum is quite extinguished by heating it to 55° for half an hour, although its degree of concentration remains quite unchanged. He then gives the results of experiments made with highly concentrated media, viz. blood charged with 23 per cent., and also with 40 per cent, of cane sugar. In both instances, although there was at the very * Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Mikr., vii. (1890) pp. 20-2. t This subdivision contains (1) Collecting Objects, including Culture Pro- cesses; (2) Preparing Objects; (3) Cutting, including Imbedding and Microtomes; (4) Staining and Injecting ; (5) Mounting, including slides, preservative fluids, &c. ; (6) Miscellaneous. X Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u Parasitenk., viii. (1890) pp. 8-9. § T. c., pp. 65-9. 670 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO outset a slight diminution of the Bacteria, they soon grew well enough. Other two sets of experiments were made with 10 per cent, sugar and 10 per cent, pepton, each mixed with 10 volumes of blood. Both of these series as compared with a control series without sugar, showed that the addition made practically no difference. Hence it is obvious that neither the concentration of the medium nor the too sudden transition of the Bacteria to an unaccustomed medium makes any difference to the result. (2) Preparing- Objects. Method of Preparing Mucous Gland of Prosobranch Molluscs.* — M. F. Bernard found difficulty in obtaining reagents which were not either unable to coagulate the mucus or which were not too energetic, and so disformed the cells. He found, however, three mixtures which acted well, part of the gland being removed from the mantle as rapidly as possible. These were strongly acidulated picro-sulphuric acid; chloride of ruthenium of such strength that the solution is a clear red colour ; this was the best of the reagents employed, but unfortunately the author was not able to get as much of it as he wished ; it greatly aids dissociation with needles. The third mixture was made of 200 grammes of distilled water, 10 of alcohol at 90 per cent., 5 of glycerin, and 10 of acetic acid ; this solution facilitates the staining of the elements with methylen-blue. Fragments thus fixed were teased in 38 per cent, alcohol, osmic acid at 1/10,000, or the acid mixture just mentioned. The last gave particularly good results with animals from Naples which had been already fixed by alcohol or various other reagents. Mounting Insect Eggs to study the Embryo.|— Mr. E. A. Hill de- scribes a method devised by himself, which he has used for two or three years past, in collecting and preparing the eggs of Lepidoptera for the microscopic examination of the embryo in its various stages of deve- lopment. In summer evenings, when working with the Microscope, the window being open, as is usually the case, moths frequently fly in attracted by the light ; and when pursuing this line of investigation Mr. Hill has on hand a number of pasteboard pill-boxes (size is not important, but some which happened to be at hand were about 1 in. deep, and 3/4 in. in dia- meter). The moths are easily captured, after which each is placed in a separate box, with a reference letter on the cover. The next morning a number will usually be found to have laid eggs. These eggs are divided into as many equal parts as he anticipates there are days in the period of incubation, placing each portion in a separate homoeopathic phial, the phials being about 1 in. high. The corks are marked with the reference letter entered in the record book, and, in addition, the phials are num- bered consecutively from 1 upwards. The corks are inserted lightly, so as to allow air to enter the phials. Phial No. 1 is then filled at once with carbolic acid, filling No. 2 on the second morning, No. 3 on the third morning, and on the last day filling the phial containing the newly * Ann. Sci. Nat., ix. (1890) pp. 305-6. t The Microscope, x. (1890) pp. 208-10. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 671 hatched larvae, entering in the note-book the time required for hatching. Meanwhile, if it is desired, and this is the better plan, the moth is mounted after the usual manner of entomologists, on an entomological pin, and preserved in a cabinet with the same reference letter, so that the species can be determined at leisure. The carbolic acid renders the eggs perfectly transparent, or at least does so in the cases which have come under notice, and hence the embryos can be observed in the various stages of development. Mr. Hill mounts in benzol-balsam direct from the carbolic acid, and to prevent the crushing of the eggs sometimes uses three supports for the cover-glass placed triangularly between it and the slide. Three are better than four, as three points afford a more uniform bearing for the cover than four, on the well-known principle of the three-legged stool. For the supports either small beads are used, or, if special thick- nesses are required for the supports, they can be made by drawing out a fine thread from a piece of glass tube by means of a spirit-lamp, after which small pieces can readily be broken off. Tin-foil also makes good supports. For example, cut a strip about 1 in. square, and roll it into a tight roll 1 in. long ; it should then be flattened between two glass slides to a uniform thickness, when little square pieces can be readily clipped off with a pair of scissors and used instead of the beads. The thickness of the roll can be varied, and the little squares can also be reduced in thickness by removing one or more layers of the tin-foil until of the proper size. Theoretically, a series of eggs beginning with No. 1 and running up consecutively should show a progressive development of the embryo, but practically there is not always as much regularity in the series as we could look for. Probably the eggs first laid develope first, and twelve hours’ difference in the time of laying the first and last egg, if the whole period of incubation only amounts to a few days, may make some difference. When, however, we have several eggs in each phial, no trouble will usually be experienced in getting a good progressive series by making a judicious selection from each bottle, in which case the selected specimens may be mounted in proper order on a single slide. Preparation of Eyes of Lobsters.* — Mr. Gr. H. Parker describes a method of staining nerve-fibres which he discovered while experimenting with Weigert’s hsematoxylin. The method consists in a cautious use of Schallibaum’s fixative ; the one employed consisted of three parts of oil of cloves, and one part of Squibb’s flexible collodion ; the mixture should be allowed to stand a week before being used. A moderate amount is applied to the slide, and the sections in paraffin are placed on it ; the slide and the sections are now subjected to a temperature of 58° C. for fifteen minutes, and this is a point which must be carefully attended to. The slide must next, while warm, be thoroughly washed with flowing turpentine, which can be conveniently applied from a small wash- bottle; all the paraffin should be removed from the slide before it becomes cool. When the slide is cool the turpentine may safely be replaced by alcohol, 95 per cent., then 70 per cent, 50 per cent., and * Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xx. (1890) pp. 3-1. 672 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 35 per cent., and finally it may be immersed in water. Sections of optic nerve mounted on slides and carried into water must be treated for about half a minute with an aqueous solution of potassic hydrate (1/10 per cent.), then thoroughly washed in distilled water, and trans- ferred to Weigert’s hsematoxylin, in which they should remain for about three hours at 50° C. After distilled water and grades of alcohol they may be cleared in turpentine and mounted in benzol-balsam. Each nerve-fibre so treated has a distinct blue-grey outline. Methods of Recognizing Cysticerci of Taenia saginata.* — M. A. Laboulbene has a note on the means of recognizing the cysticerci of Taenia saginata , which are the cause of “ measles ” in veal and beef, and which are often so difficult to detect on account of the rapidity with which they dry on exposure to the air. He finds that meat which has become quite leathery will easily reveal the Cysticerci if it contain any, by being placed in water acidified with acetic or nitric acids, or in a mixture of water, glycerin, and acetic acid. By this means the parasites can always be detected, and if the meat be carefully heated to 50° or 60° C. it is always fit for human food. Fig. 78. New Method for Examining microscopically the Elements and Tissues of Warm-blooded Animals at their physiological tempera- ture-t — This method, devised by M. L. Banvier, essentially consists in placing both the Micro- scope and the preparation to be examined in a bath of warm water (36° to 39° C.) But like most prac- tical things the details are more important than the principle. Thus the Micro- scope must be of a simple model. As the prepara- tion is to be examined under water an immersion objective with or without correction must be used. The preparation must be carefully protected from water by running paraffin round the cover-glass. Before using the objective it must be warmed up to 40° C., otherwise a thick fog will spread over the face of the lens. The Microscope is placed in a flat-bottomed glass vessel about 0 • 12 m. high and 0 * 14 m. in diameter. This contains distilled water, heated up to 40°, in such quantity that its surface is from 0 • 5-1 cm. Comptes Rendus, cxi. (1890) pp. 155-7. f Op. c., cx. (1890) pp. 66-9 (1 fig.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 673 above the level of the stage. A thermometer placed by the side of the preparation indicates the temperature of the latter. The most convenient temperature for observations ranges from 37°- 38°, and if observations are to be maintained longer than eight or ten minutes it is necessary not only to add warm water, but to remove the surplus in order that the original level may be maintained. This can be effected as in the illustration by means of two siphons, or by placing the glass vessel within one which is larger but not so high. By means of this apparatus the author stales that he has made more observations in a month than in the past twenty years with the old arrangements. Microchemical Tests for Alkaloids and Proteids.* — M. L. Errera points out the want of a general test for the discrimination of alkaloids and proteinaceous substances. Although many alkaloids are readily detected by special reactions, yet Raspail’s proteid-reaction (a red colour produced by sugar and sulphuric acid), and Millon’s reaction, are both also produced by certain alkaloids. The best general distinctive tests for these two classes of substances are their different behaviour towards (a) absolute alcohol, ( b ) one gr. of tartaric acid in 20 ccm. of absolute alcohol, ( c ) 0*2 ccm. of hydrochloric acid in 5 ccm. of distilled water and 95 ccm. of absolute alcohol. In these three reagents all alkaloids are readily soluble, while proteinaceous substances are either entirely insoluble, or at all events leave a residue behind, even after very long treatment. Reactions for Lignin.f — Herr R. Hegler discusses in great detail the various reagents used for the micro-chemical detection of lignified membranes. He divides those already in use into three groups, viz. : — (1) Those which react with vanillin, but not with coniferin, — thallin ; (2) Those which react with coniferin but not with vanillin, — phenol- hydrochloric acid, thymol-hydrochloric acid; (3) Those which react with both vanillin and coniferin, — all the other reagents for lignin. Thallin, C9H6NOCH3H4, is an extraordinarily delicate reagent for ligni- fied tissues, the vanillin assuming an intense orange-red colour. A new reagent recommended, with the same properties, is toluilendiamin, C6H3(CH3)(NH2)2, used in a concentrated aqueous solution with a trace of hydrochloric acid ; it stains lignified membranes a dark orange. Vanillin he regards as a product formed out of coniferin by the activity of the protoplasm; the process being of the nature of fermen- tation with secondary oxidation. The production of lignin, C18H24O10, out of cellulose may be represented by some such equation as this: — 4C6H10O5 = Ci8H24O10 + C6Hc05+ 5HaO; the C6H606 may then be completely oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, or may pass over into such substances as tannins. Fixing and Staining of Leucoplasts and Protein-crystalloids.J — Dr. A. Zimmermann recommends a concentrated alcoholic solution of * ‘Sur la distinction microchimique d. alcaloides et d. raatieres proteiques,’ Bruxelles, 1889. See Bot. Ztg., xlviii. (1890) p. 232. f Flora, lxxiii. (1890) pp. 31-61 (1 pi ). Cf. this Journal, 1889, p. 606. X Beitr. z. Morph, u. Physiol, d. Pflanzt nzelle, Heft 1, 79 pp. and 2 pis., Tubingen, 18S0. Cf. supra , p. 617. 674 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO corrosive sublimate for fixing tlie leucoplasts, e. g. in the epidermal cells of the leaves of Tradescantia discolor ; the leucosomes themselves not being in any way changed by the sublimate. Good results were also obtained — though not so good — with concentrated alcoholic solution of picric acid, and with alcohol alone. With small pieces this immersion in the sublimate solution is sufficient. To prepare for the microtome they should then be placed first in pure alcohol, then for twenty-four hours in a mixture of three parts xylol and one part alcohol, then as long in pure xylol, then in a solution of paraffin in xylol saturated in the cold, finally in pure paraffin. For staining, Altmann’s method * with acid-fuchsin was found to be the best ; but a special modification of it is described in detail. Iod-green, cyanosin, and dahlia may also be used. For fixing the cell-granules the author uses either a concentrated alcoholic solution of picric acid or 3 per cent, nitric acid. They may then be stained with acid-fuchsin by Altmann’s method, which colours the granules an intense red, while the chloroplasts and nucleus are left quite colourless. For staining the proteid-crystalloids, a method is employed termed by the author the acid-fuchsin method B. The section is first of all dehydrated by alcohol, and then placed in xylol or in xylol-Canada- balsam. The leucoplasts are fixed by picric acid or sublimate, and the section then stained with acid-fuchsin. While the nuclei and nucleoli remain perfectly uncoloured, the crystalloids take up an intense red. Good results were also obtained by the ordinary Altmann’s acid-fuchsin method ; also by fixing with concentrated aqueous or alcoholic solution of sublimate, aqueous or alcoholic solution of picric acid, 5 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate, or with Muller’s fluid. (3) Cutting-, including Imbedding and Microtomes. Imbedding Vegetable Preparations in Paraffin.f — Herr L. Koch discusses at great length and with copious detail the proper method of imbedding vegetable preparations in paraffin. After a critical survey of various methods of paraffin imbedding, the author gives a general outline of his views on the subject, and then proceeds to give the minutiae requisite for obtaining a satisfactory result in special cases. His views, however, are tolerably simple, and do not seem to differ materially in practice from those of other people who apply themselves to vegetable anatomy. The general proposition, on which much stress is laid, and the obvious inference therefrom, is one which occurs to any person after a very small amount of practice. It is that the imbedding mass must be made to penetrate into cells and intercellular spaces, and in order to do this the air and water must be thoroughly and completely removed. This is effected by immersing the objects in spirit, the strength of which is gradually increased up to absolute alcohol. The objects are then satu- rated with paraffin dissolved in chloroform. The saturation is effected by gradually increasing the thickness of the paraffin mixture ; when a * Cf. this Journal, 1888, p. 147. f Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot. (Pringsheim), xxi. (1890) pp. 367-468. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 675 suitable consistence is attained, the block is cut up with a medium sized Jung’s microtome. The description of this well-known section-cutter seems somewhat superfluous. The sections, which vary from 0*08 to 0*005 mm., are fixed to the slide with the collodion and clove oil mixture and the paraffin dissolved out with turpentine. The turpentine is dissolved out effectually with alcohol, and this in its turn with water. The specimens are then mounted in glycerin or Kaiser’s glycerin jelly. Staining and mounting in balsam are passed over in a very few words. (4) Staining- and Inj ecting-. Laboratory Notes.* — Mile. Leclerq points out that it is advantage- ous to stain sections so as to show the micro-organism and the tissues as well. This can be effected by first staining with borax-carmine, and then using Gram’s or Bizzozero’s method. The steps to be followed are, first stain the section with borax- carmine, followed or not by decolora- tion with hydrochloric acid according to the result that is desired ; washing in water ; staining with Ehrlich violet ; washing in absolute alcohol followed by the Lugol iodine solution ; washing in absolute alcohol followed by decoloration in 1 per cent, chromic acid ; then absolute alcohol, oil of cloves, and balsam. For staining embryonic blood-corpuscles of birds, so as to dis- tinguish them from other embryonic elements, the authoress gives the following method: — (1) Overstain with fuchsin ; (2) moderate decoloration with 1/3 to 1/5 aqueous solution of acetic acid ; (3) wash- ing in water ; (4) rapid staining with weak solution of malachite-green ; (5) dehydration in absolute alcohol ; (6) clearing up in oil of cloves or origanum oil according to the degree of staining ; (7) mounting in balsam. By this method the malachite-green combines with the fuchsin in the embryonic tissues, which become violet-coloured, while the blood- corpuscles and the karyokinetic figures are red. The foregoing, although good for birds, is not successful for mam- mals, and for these the authoress adopts a method of triple staining, wherein she uses Congo red. This method consists (1) in staining for 10-15 minutes in a very weak solution of Congo red ; (2) washing in water; (3) staining with Ehrlich’s violet, followed by decoloration according to Gram’s or Bizzozero’s method; (4) staining with alcoholic eosin ; (5) Dehydration in absolute alcohol, then oil of cloves and balsam. In this case the blood-globules are stained an orange-yellow. Apparatus for Impregnating Tissues, &c., and for making Esmarch Tubes.f — Dr. M. Herman describes an apparatus which is serviceable for histological, pathological, zoological, and bacteriological purposes. It consists of a water-wheel R (tig. 79) which revolves in a box. On one side of its axis is the handle M, and on the opposite side is an open metal case D, the latter being for the reception of a test-tube T, which is intended for the Esmarch cultivation method. The box rests on the * Bull. Soc. Beige Micr., xvi. (1890) pp. 61-5. t Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., vii. (1890) pp. 55-7 (2 figs.). 676 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO plate S, and tliis can be moved up and down by means of the screw Y. The hopper E is divided into two compartments a and b , so that the water, which is introduced into the hopper through a pipe, may pass Fig. 79. Fig. 80. both on to the wheel R and through a tube P on to the test-tube. The surplus water collects in a reservoir, from which it passes out through an overflow pipe (not shown in the illustration). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY* MICROSCOPY* ETC. 677 By means of a thin metal rod, the handle M imparts a to-and-fro movement to a shallow rectangular metal tray, which is suspended by four wires to a wooden framework. The regular to-and-fro movement of the tray is effected by two small metal forks which act as guides. In fig. 80 is given a general view of the apparatus. In the tray are placed glass capsules to contain the pieces of organs or tissues which are to be stained, washed, hardened, or impregnated. In order to set the tray in motion, the plate S is levelled horizontally by the screw V, and water through a lead pipe is run into the compartment b of the hopper, so that it strikes against the wheel R and sets it in motion. The rapidity Fig. 81. of the wheel’s motion is regulated by different calibre of tube, &c. As an example of how the apparatus works, it is stated that sublimate solu- tions, &c., can be extracted in two days, the spirit only requiring to be once removed. To make gelatin tubes for the Esmarch method, the screw Y is made to give a greater or less inclination to the apparatus, according as there is more or less gelatin in the tube (see fig. 79). The water stream is then run into the a compartment, so that it first runs out through the pipe P to cool the test-tube T, and then passes over the barrier into the b compart- ment, and so sets the wheel in motion. Injection-syringe for Bacterio- logical Purposes.* — This syringe, which is the invention of E. Stroschein, consists of two glass tubes which are somewhat like ordinary test-tubes though smaller. The inner, narrower tube is prolonged at its front end to a conical point on which to fit the canula ; at its posterior end is a small hole. The outer tube simply fits over the inner, and the two are connected with a caoutchouc band. The syringe is filled by merely dipping the canula into the fluid to be injected, and then drawing the outer tube back as far as the elastic band permits, and so by creating a vacuum the fluid is sucked into the inner tube. Of course the fluid is injected by merely reversing the action. This little instrument, which is very moderate in price, * Mittheil. aus Dr. Brehmer’s Heilanstalt, 1889. Cf. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., vii. (1890) pp. 746-7 (3 figs.). 1890. 3 B 678 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO fulfils every requirement for bacteriological work as it is easily taken to pieces, and its constituent parts easily disinfected by dry or moist heat, or by chemical agents. Staining the Flagella of Bacteria.* — Prof. F. Loeffler communicates a much improved method for staining the flagella of micro-organisms, the key to the procedure consisting in the greater or less acidity of the mordant. The quantitative differences in the reaction of the mordant are extremely slight, and vary with the different bacilli. The best results were obtained from using 10 ccm. of tannin solu- tion (20 + 80 water) to which had been added 5 ccm. of cold saturated ferrosulphate solution and 1 ccm. of aqueous of alcoholic solution of fuchsin, methyl-violet, or woolblack. This last pigment is used for dyeing wool without a mordant, and when dissolved in water is of a blue- black colour. The foregoing solution, especially when made up with fuchsin, is to be regarded as the stock solution, and one which will stain the flagella of certain micro-organisms such as Spirillum concentricum, but for others the addition of an alkali or an acid is necessary. Thus, for typhoid bacilli 1 ccm. of 1 per cent, caustic soda solution is required, while Bacillus subtilis needs 28-30 drops, the bacillus of malignant oedema 36-37 drops, and so on. For cholera bacteria it is necessary to add 1 /2-1 drop of sulphuric acid, for Spirillum rubrum 9 drops, to the 1 per cent, soda solution, the quantity of which is not however mentioned. This is the mordant and it differs from that previously given by the author by certain omissions, f The whole procedure now goes as follows. A small quantity of the pure cultivation is mixed up in distilled water, and with some of this the cover-glass is lightly smeared with a platinum loop. It is of the utmost importance that the cover-glass should be perfectly clean and free from grease or other impurities. The covers should be boiled in strong sulphuric acid, washed in distilled water, and having been immersed in ammoniated alcohol, dried on a clean cloth. The bacteria, when spread on, are fixed in a flame. For staining flagella this is absolutely necessary, but it is also as important not to over-heat. The correct amount of heat may always be estimated by holding the cover between the thumb and forefinger, instead of using forceps ; by this device overheating is avoided. While still warm, the mordant is applied. The cover-glass is then heated until it begins to vaporize (1/2-1 minute). It is then successively washed in distilled water and absolute alcohol. The staining solution is then dropped on in quantity sufficient to cover the cover-glass, which is again warmed until the solution vaporizes and then the cover-glass is washed in distilled water. The composition of the staining solution is ordinary neutral anilin water in which solid fuchsin is dissolved to saturation. To this as much of a 1 per cent., or still better 1 per thousand, soda solution is added as to bring it almost to the point of precipitation. Although it is not * Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., vii. (1890) pp. 625-39 (8 photographs). t See this Journal, 1889, p. 711. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 679 absolutely necessary to add the soda solution better results are thereby obtained. With regard to the necessary addition of alkali or acid to the mor- dant, the author points out that there is some connection between this fact and the formation of acids and alkalies by certain bacteria : for the acid-forming bacteria required the addition of alkali, and the alkali- producers the addition of acid before they would stain. Another interesting observation made by the author was that some bacteria possess tufts of flagella, and these are well demonstrated in the photographs accompanying this paper. Fig. 82. Staining Spinal Cord with Naphthylamin Brown and Examining with the Dark-field Illumination.* — For preparing serial sections of spinal cord, Herr O. Kaiser finds the following procedure useful. The sections imbedded in celloidin are removed from the knife with filter paper and placed at once in the following staining solution : — Alcohol, 100 ; water, 200 ; naphthylamin brown, 1. The sections folded up in filter paper are arranged in a glass cap- sule, as shown in the figure. Herein they may remain for some hours to two days. The sections when removed from the staining fluid are washed with 96 per cent, spirit and then placed on the slide. When the excess of alcohol is removed the sections are fixed to the slide by blow- ing ether vapour over them through a pipette bottle. As the sections become a little creasy, a few drops of absolute alcohol are run over them, after which the slide is placed in origanum oil, then in xylol, and the specimen finally mounted in balsam. Naphthylamin brown colours the chromophilous cells dark brown, while the chromophobous cells appear as bright objects on a dark ground. The blood-corpuscles are of a coppery red hue. In order to distinguish between the grey and white matter, it is necessary to use the dark-field illumination. This is easily done' by inserting a stop in the Abbe condenser. The white substance now shows up as a bright yellowish-brown, while the grey matter is dark brown, all the finer details being quite clear. The blood-corpuscles are of a bright scarlet hue, so that the vessels seem injected. Staining the Endings of Motor Nerves with Methylen-blue.j* — Prof. A: S. Dogiel, after recommending this method, and alluding to the usual procedure, states that it may be simplified and improved in the following manner. The tissue removed from living or recently killed animals is placed on a slide or in a watch-glass containing some drops of aqueous or vitreous humour. To this are added two to three drops of a 1/15 to 1/16 per cent, solution of methylen-blue made up with physiological salt solution. In this condition the preparation is left exposed to the action * Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Mikr., vi. (1889) pp. 471-3 (1 fig.), f Arch. f. Mikr. Anat., xxxv. (1890) pp. 305-20 (1 pi.). 680 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO of the air, but protected from the dust by a large watch-glass. The preparation may be examined from time to time under a low power to see how the staining is getting on. The effect varies extremely : thus the endings of motor nerves stain in 5-10 minutes, while the nerves in the retina require two or three hours or even longer. As the staining disappears in a comparatively short time, it becomes necessary to fix the pigment. For this purpose picrate of ammonia is advised. This saturated aqueous solution precipitates the methylen- blue in a finely granular condition, rendering the rest of the tissue highly transparent. The length of time required for fixing the stain varies of course with the thickness of the tissue ; some specimens are fixed in 20 minutes, while others require as long as 12 hours. The preparations are then mounted and examined in a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and distilled water. Preparations which have been stained with methylen-blue may be hardened by immersion for 2-3 hours in a saturated spirituous solution of picrate of ammonia and then, having been imbedded in elder-pith or liver, sectioned with a razor. The sections are placed in glycerin. Or the stained tissue may be frozen and then sectioned. By the foregoing method the author has obtained very excellent results, judging from the illustrations which accompany the text, from muscles of Amphibia and Reptilia. The procedure is less complicated than that where the stainings are obtained by injecting the vascular system with a solution of methylen-blue. (5) Mounting", including Slides, Preservative Fluids, &c. Arranging Diatoms.* — Mr. Cunningham states that he arranges selected diatoms by transferring directly from a strewn slide to the exhibiting slide by the aid of a “ Kain’s mechanical finger ” attached to a Beck’s 1/2-in. objective, the slide being manipulated by the left hand, and the bristle being directed into the field from the left-hand side. This method, he says, counteracts the effect of reversal of image, enabling every desired movement to be accomplished with ease and certainty. The right hand assists in racking the diatom from the slide high enough to clear the edge of the cover-glass upon which the diatoms are to be fixed. Very minute species are selected and isolated by this means. New Mounting Dammar. f — A very superior mounting medium was accidentally discovered by adding by mistake liquor potassae to a thick solution of benzol-dammar. After the lapse of some months, the jar, with a beautifully clear zone of some sort of gummy material super- imposed upon a white one, was discovered. The clear zone, some 6 ounces, was drawn off and tested as to drying and other properties. It was found that it dried slowly, but ultimately set very firmly. Placed on a slide heated to a point that instantly vaporized water, it dried without forming a bubble. Used as a mounting medium on a hot slide, no bubbles were formed, and while in bulk the colour is somewhat darker than Canada balsam, in ordinarily thick mounts it is almost imperceptible. * Journ. N.Y. Micr. Soc., vi. (1890) p. 60. t St. Louis Med. and Surg. Journ., Iviii. (1890) p. 37. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 681 Alcoholic Method of Mounting Bryozoa.* — Miss Y. A. Latham, when adopting the alcoholic method of mounting, first rings a cell of the brown cement and allows it to harden thoroughly ; then, she says, “ cover this entirely with balsam and benzol, and when dry again make it slightly sticky by a thin line of balsam which fastens down the cover-glass. Ring over all another layer of the last cement, and when dry use brown cement to completely seal the mount which, when dry, can be finished as the mounter wishes. Or, instead of the above method, after the organisms have been fixed and coloured, pass them through alcohol 30 per cent., 50 per cent, 70 per cent., and absolute, the last at least twice, and let them stand covered for 2d hours. Replace the spirit by pure benzol, remove about a tenth of the alcohol in which the organisms are placed with a pipette, and replace by the same amount of benzol ; repeat this a number of times (about twelve) at intervals from 10 to 30 minutes. Great care must be taken that the benzol mixes thoroughly. After the last addition pour the fluid off and substitute pure benzol. At the end of 24 to 48 hours in the benzol, according to the size of the object, a fifth part of the Canada balsam dissolved in benzol is added ; this is repeated at intervals of from a quarter to half an hour ; the objects may now be preserved in the tubes till wanted, or mounted at once. In mounting, care must be taken that each drop holds in suspension a sufficient variety of the organisms. The method is not quite so tedious as it appears from the reading.” Kaiser’s Glycerin-Gelatin, j — One part of the best French gelatin is macerated in six parts by weight of distilled water for about two hours. To these are added seven parts by weight of pure glycerin, and to every 100 grams of the mixture 1 gram of pure carbolic acid. The whole is then warmed for 10-15 minutes with constant stirring until all the lumps and flakes which form after the addition of the carbolic acid have dis- appeared. The decoction is then filtered through the finest glass-wool, which has been previously washed in distilled water, and placed still wet in the funnel. * Microscope, ix. (1889) p. 141. t Bot. Centralbl., i. p. 25. Cf. Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot. (Pringsheim), xxxi. (1891) p. 400. ( 682 ) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. The first Conversazione of the Session was held at King’s College on Wednesday, the 27th November, 1889. The following objects, &c., were exhibited: — Mr. ( '. D. Ahrens : — Polarizing Binocular Microscope. Mr. H. P. Aylward: — Patent Spring Clip for securing the covers of jars, &c. Educational Series of Botanical Preparations. Rev. G. Bailey : — Section of Coniferous Wood from Flint, Lewisham. Mr. C. Baker: — Samoan Deposit under Zeiss’ Apochromatic 1/2 in. N.A. • 65 and Abbe’s Condenser with dark-ground illumination. Test Objects under Apochromatic Objectives: Zeiss’ 1/6 N.A. 0 • 95 and 1/8 oil-immersion N.A. 1*40 and Abbe’s Achromatic Condenser. Amphipleura pellucida x 1500 under new formula 1/12 oil- immersion N.A. 1*25 (Student’s Series). New Microscope Lamp, with horizontal and vertical rack move- ments suggested by Rev. Dr. Dallinger. Automatic Microtome. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. : — Microscopes and Objectives. Messrs. R. and J. Beck: — Podura Scale with new 1/18 oil-immersion. Amphipleura pellucida with new 1/20 oil-immersion. Mr. W. A. Bevington : — Section of Head of Indian Locust. Mr. A. C. Cole: — Transverse Section of Human Left Median Nerve, stained for Photomicrography ; and Photograph of the same slide. Optical Vesicle of a Human Embryo in the sixth week. T. S. Mr. Crisp : — Stereo-photomicrographs of Human Embryos. Mr. Dadswell : — Coryne pusilla. Membranipora pilosa. Mr. F. Enock : — Slides of various Insects. Mr. H. Epps : — Section of Bean, Cacao Theobroma , showing starch-grains in situ. Mr. H. E. Freeman : — Parasite of Humble Bee, Trichodactylus sp. Mr. C. Haughton Gill : — Diatoms prepared by a new method. Mr. W. Godden : — Diatoms from Skye, N.B. Mr. W. Goodwin : — Diatoms illuminated by new superstage illuminator. Prof. J. W. Groves : — Transverse Section of Root of Iris Jlorentina. Transverse Section of Root of Acorus calamus , stained with acid methyl-green and borax-carmine. Mr. J. D. Hardy: — Vesicularia valkeria. Mr. John Hood : — Bursaria truncatella , adult form. Mr. J. E. Ingpen : — Licmophora Jlabellata mounted in saturated solution of common salt by Mr. J. G. Tatem. Cephalosiphon, &c. Mr. R. Macer : — Melicerta tubicolaria. Mr. A. D. Michael : — Cothurnicella cordieri from Cherchel, Algeria. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 683 Messrs. Powell & Lealand: — New cheap Oil-immersion 1/12 in. N.A. 1*28. New cheap Oil-immersion 1/20 in. N.A. 1*26. Mr. B. W. Priest : — Statoblast of Uruguaya repens Hinde, River Uruguay. Mr. C. Rousselet : — Anursea aculeata, A. cochlearis , Asplanchna priodonta , Triarthra longiseta, Brachionus angularis. Mr. G. E. Smith : — Melaphyre with Agates in situ , Oberstein. Silicified Coral, Isastrsea oblonga, Portland, Tisbury. Mr. W. T. Suffolk : — Flea mounted in glycerin in 1858. Mr. J. J. Vezey: — Multipolar Nerve-cells (Corpuscles) from Spinal Marrow. Mr. F. H. Ward: — Nitella batracliosperma , species new to Britain. Section of Thorn of Rose. Portable Stand for Steinheil Lens. Messrs. Watson & Sons: — Type Slide of Diatoms from St. Peter. Pollen of Mai ope. Type Slide of Spines of Echini. Transverse Section of Ascaris, showing Oviducts, Uterus, Ali- mentary Canal, &c. Tentacle of Snail, showing Eye. Section of Wall of Pitcher-jdant, showing Glands. Mr. T. Charters White : — Album of Photomicrographs. Horizontal Section, Human Scalp. Cartilage of Sheep. Dental Exostosis. The second Conversazione of the Session was held at 20, Hanover Square, on Wednesday, the 30th April, 1890. The following objects, &c., were exhibited : — Rev. G. Bailey: — Spicules and Foraminifera washed from base of Euplectella. Mr. C. Baker : — Zeiss’s Apochromatic Objectives. Photomicrographs produced with Apochromatic Objectives. Zeiss’s Stand I a with new Mechanical Stage. Mr. W. A. Bevington : — Polycystina. Mr. P. Braham : — Crystallization of Metals by Electricity. Crystals of Gold and Antimony in Carbon Disulphide. Mr. E. T. Browne : — Achorutes purpurescens. Smynthurus niger. Mr. C. Haughton Gill: — Diatoms prepared by new process to show markings more clearly. Mr. W. Godden : — Photomicrographs of Greek and Graeco-Roman Gems and Coins. Mr. J. D. Hardy : — Search-tank and Microscope. Mr. R. T. Lewis: — New Zealand Coccidae. Mr. R. Macer : — Fredericella sultana. Desmids. Prof. Maskell : — Inglisia Fagi , I. Leptospermi , and I. patella from New Zealand. 684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Mr. A. D. Michael: — Uropoda ovalis, showing side view of spermatheca, perigynum, vagina, &c. Mr. J. H. Mummery : — Section of Human Tooth, showing the Palps. Mr. E. M. Nelson : — Photomicrographs of Diatoms, Pine, &c. Mr. C. H. Oakden : — Arrenuris caudatus. Messrs. Powell & Lealand:— P. angulatum and other Diatoms shown with 1/4 in. and 1/6 in. Apochromatic Objectives. Photomicrographs produced with above objectives. Mayall’s Jewelled Fine-adjustment. Mr. B. W. Priest : — Surface Organisms, 30 fathoms, Faroe Channel. Messrs. Boss & Co. : — Wenham’s Badial Microscope. Schroeder’s Camera Lucida. Mr. T. B. Bosseter: — Entozoon from Cypris cinerea. Strongylus from Bufo vulgaris. Mr. C. Bousselet : — Botifera with observation tank. Mr. G. J. Smith : — Andesite, Mount Shasta, California. Headon Hill Limestone, Christchurch Bay. Lumachella (Fire Marble), Carinthia. Basalt Dykes in Carboniferous Limestone, Carlingford. Mr. T. F. Smith : — Photomicrographs of Diatom Structure. Mr. W. T. Suffolk : — Glandular Hair of Drosera rotundifolia. Mr. J. J. Yezey : — Sudoriparous Glands from the Skin of the Hand. Mr. F. H. Ward : — Bacillus tuberculosis and broken-down Lung-tissue. Messrs. Watson & Sons : — Type Slide of Eggs of Butterflies, Moths, &c. Sporocarp of Pilularia , showing Spores. Lieberkuhn’s Glands in Human Intestine. Head of Lamprey, Section through Gills. Section of Dodder on Heath. Diatoms (about 200 specimens) from St. Peter, Hungary. The Journal is issued on the third Wednesday of February, April, June, August, October, and December, 1890. Part 6. DECEMBER. I To Non-Fellows, \ Price 6s. Journal OF THE fn- Royal Microscopical Society; CONTAINING ITS TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS, AND A SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLO G-^5T -A- 1ST H> BOTANY (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), MICROSCOPY,