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Pepi Sti DALY -YRARILY. SIMGAPORE: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PrintiInG OFFICE. LS85. AGENTS OF Tite Socrety : London and America, ... Trivvun & Co. Paris, ... Eryusr Lerovux-& Cre. Germany, ... K. F. Koznrur’s ANTIQUARIUMsltérp71g ~~ ¢ eS >? be Hes AI OS2 [ No. ib. ] | | JOURNAL STRAITS BRANCH ORY TERE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. JUNE, 1885. PUBLISHED HALE-VYRARILY: SINGAPORE: Printed ar tHE GoverNMENT Printing OFFICE. 1885. AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY : London and America, ... Tripner & Co. Paris,~... Ernnest Leroux & Cr. Germany, ... K. F. Kozeunur’s Antiquarium, Leipzig. v3 , te) TABLE OF CONTENTS. a sO ee a] Council for 1885, List of Members for 1885, Journal kept during a Journey across the Malay’ Peninsula (with Maps),—by & A. Swettenham, The Object and Results of a Dutch Expedition into the Interior of Sumatra in the years 1877, 1878, and 1879, —Translated from the French by R. N. Bland, Further Notes on the Rainfall of ace mae J. J, = W heatley, A Glimpse at the Manners and Customs of the Hill Tribes of North Formosa,—dy J. Dodd, 2 Genealogy of the Royal Family of Brunei,—Translated Mee om the Malay by W. H. Treacher, ... French Land Decree in Cambodia,—Translated from _the French by the Hon’ ble W. H Maxwell, c.M.G., Malay Language and Literature,—by Dr. Reinhold Rost, A Missionary’s Journey through Laos from Bangkok to Ubon,—Contributed by the Revd. N. J. Couvreur, Pro- cureur des Missions Etrangeres at Singapore, Valentyn’s Account of Malacca,—Translated from the Dutch (contributed by the Howble D. B. A. Hervey), al 103 ie TABLE OF CONTENTS,—Continued. Notices of Books :— “Rapport a M. ie Ministre de l'Instruction Publique sur une Mission aux Iles Philippines et en Malaisie” —Dr. J. Montano, Work and Adventure in New Guinea, 1877 to 1885, by Rev. James Cuatmers and Rev. W. Wyarr Git,” Occasional Notes :— Exploration of Pahang—(Extracts from a Letter from ‘W. Cameron, Esq.), Bee North Borneo Land Regulations—(Extracted from the British North Borneo Herald), Ex Annamese Ancestral Worship— (Extracted from “ France and Tongking” by J. G. Scorn), Miscellaneous, 139 146 An ACES SA bor SB kuAON © oH OF EE ROYAL dale SOCIETY. PATRON: His Excellency Sir FREDERICK ALOYSIUS WiLD, G.C.M.G. COUNCIL, OR oom. The Hon’ble A. M. Sxtxner, President. W. A. Pickeurine, Esquire, c.u.a.. Viee- President, Singapore. D. Logan, Esquire, Vice-President, Penany. The Hon'ble W. E. Maxwett, c.m.c., Honorary Segretary. Epwiy Korx, Esquire, Honorary Treasurer. R. W. Hopper, Esquire, A. Kxtent, Esquire, TH. L. Noronua, Esquire. S Councillors. GC. Wann, Esquire, \ J. Mitter, Esquire, sal El S 7. :OeR MOR Vis ers 1180 Or Nos Names 1; Apamson, W. 2} ArmMsTrRonG, A. 3} ABRAHAMSON, EH. H. BaMPFyupE, C. A. BauMGARTEN, C. BERNARD, F. G. Broxnecnt, W. A. Breser, Dr. H. Bie@es, Rev. i. C; 10) Bircu, J. K. 11) Brann, R. N: 12| Branpt, D. 13) Brown, I. C. 14) Burkinsuaw, J. 15' Bucgrer, C. B. CAnTLEY, N. GreaGu. C2: Vi. Q “4 ‘ Fi L 19) Crorx, J. E. pw La 20) Copier. GEORGE 21 Crrrutr. G. B. 22! DALRYMPLE, STAIR ELPIINSTONE 43| DALMANN, C; (By 24" Darty, Dy D: 25| Dentson, N. 6 17} CavenacH, General Sir Orretr S a Addresses. London. Malacca. North Borneo. | North Borneo. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Europe. Penang. Province Wellesley. Penang. Singapore. Europe. | Singapore, | Singapore. Singapore, London. | Pérak. Paris. Singapore. Singapore. North Borneo. Singapore. ~ North Borneo. Perak. MEMBERS FOR 1885,—Conzinued. | | | Nos. Names. | Addresses. | | | | nad ond 26; Dent ALFRED | London. 27| Dennys, Dr. N. B. Singapore. 28) Dizruetm, W. H. | Singapore. 29| Down, Sz.V. B. | Singapore. 30) Durr, ALEXANDER | Singapore. 31; Duntop, Colonel §., n.a., c.m.c. | Singapore. 32) Duntop, C, | Singapore. 33) Detoncie, Francors | Paris. 34) Dew, A. T. | Perak. 30| EvEReTT, A. H. | North Borneo. 36] Egerton, WALTER | Penang. 37 Favre, The Revd. L’Abbé P. | | (Honorary Member) | Paris. 38) Frrauson, A. M., Jr. | Colombo. 39) Franx, H. | Singapore. 40) Fraser, Joun | Singapore. 41! GILFILLAN, 8. _ London. 42) Granam, The Hon’ble Janes _, Singapore. 43| Gray, A. | Sydney, N.S. W. 44| Gurnitz, E. P. North Borneo. 45) GULLAND, W. G. | London. 46) Gorriies, F. H. | Penang. 47| Gorriies, G. 8. H. Penang. | | 48; Havcuton, H. T. | Malacea. 49| Hervey, The Hon’ble D. F. A. | Malacca. 50| Hewert, R. D. ) Pérak. 51 Hirt, E. C. | Singapore. 52| Hors, W. Johor. 53) Hose, The Right Revd. Bishop G. F. (Honorary Member) Sarawak. d4 Hutrerr, R. W. | Singapore. Seed vu MEMBERS FOR 1885,—Continued. Nos.| Names Addresses. 55| H. R. H. Prince Krom Mun DEWAWONGSE VAROPRAKAR Bangkok. 56| H. H. The Maharaja of Johor, G@.o.M.G., G.c.s.1., (Honorary | | Member) ; Johor. 57| Inche Iprauim Bin ABDULLAH | Johor. 7 58) Irvine, The How’ble C. J., c.m.e.| Penang. 59| Joaguim, J. P. Singapore. 60) Kenpine, I. | Labuan, Beli. 61] Kerimann, EH. | Penang. G2) Ker, T. Rawson { Johor. Kynreut, ARTHUR Singapore. 64) Kork, Epwin Singapore. 65| Kynnersueéy, C. W.S. Penang. 66 Lampert, G. R. 67| Lavino, G. 68, Lawes, The Revd. R.G. (Honorary} | Member) —— mer ee Singapore. Singapore. New Guinea. ' 69] Lerecu, H. W. C. Pérak. 70| Lempriere, E. T. | Labuan. 71; Logan, D. | Penang. 72) Low, Sic Hueu, K.c.u.G. Pérak. 73| Low, H. Brooxe Sarawak. 74 LancEn Van Kota Radja, Atjeh. 75| Mixtuno-Mactay, Baron (Honorary, Member) ni) is ea eee 76| Maxwexu, The Hon'ble W. E., C.M.G. Singapore. 77| Maxwett, R. W. Singapore. 78| Minurr, JAMES Singapore. 79| MoHAMED Satp Singapore. 80) Muury, O. Singapore. MEMBERS FOR 1885,—Continued. Nos. Names. Addresses. | 7 81) Noronna, H. L. Singapore. 82! Nuy, Pever Singapore. 83! O’Sutiivan, A. W. Penang. j 84, Pancrave, F. Girrorp, (Hono- | | rary Member) Hurepe. 85| PauL, W. F. B. | Sungei Ujong. 86] Parsons, J. R. i aM Meee 87| Petit, BENNETT London. 88 Peruam, Revd. J. (Honorary | Member) | Sarawak. 89, Pickrrine, W. A., c.M.a@. ; Singapore. 90| Pooxes, Fxep. Singapore. 91) Ropexrr, J. P. Sélangor. 92) Reap, The Hon'ble W. H. Singapore. 93] Rickert, C. B. Penang. 94 Rirrer, H. Singapore. 95| Rowen, Dr. T. I. Singapore, | 96] Satow, E. M., c.ar.a. | Bangkok. 97| SARAWAK, Hi. H. The Raja of, (Honorary Member) Sarawak. 98) ScuaatsE, M. | Rhio. 99 Suraet, V. | Singapore. 100) SuEetForp, The Hon’bie 7. Singapore. 101} Sxryyer, The Hon’ble A. M. Singapore. 102) Smitn, The Hon’ble C..C., : C.M.G. Singapore. 103; Soust, T. | Singapore. 104, Sourtnpro Mouvun Tacore, Raja, 105} Mus. D. | Calcutta. 106; Srivens, R. G. Singapore. 107) SvrineEr, C. Singapore. | MEMBERS FOR 1885,—Continued. Nos. Names. | See Sareea ee 108) Swrettennam, F. A. 109) Syep ABUBAKAR BIN OMAR AL JUNIED 110| Syep MuvnamMep BIN AHMED “aL SAGOFF 111) Syrrs, H. C. 112 Tan Kix Cuine 113} Tentson-Woops, Revd. J. E,, (Honorary Member) 114; THomeson, A. B. 115} Touson, G. P. 116) Tracusier, H. 117) Treacuer, The Hon'ble W. H. 118] Tresine, Dr. C. 119| Tatzor, A. P. 120) Tripner & Co., Messrs. 121) Vermont, The Hon'ble J. M. 122) 123) 124 125 126 127 Waker, Major BR. 8. F. Watson, E. A. Wuampoa, H. A. Yrre Wueattey, J.J. U. Wray, L. Wray, L., Jr. Addresses. Pérak. Singapore. | Singapore. Sélangor. Singapore. Acheen. | Europe. | North Borneo. | Europe. | Singapore. | London. | Penang. | Perak. _ Johor. _ Singapore. ' Johor. _ Perak. | Pérak. | JOURNAL KEPT DURING A JOURNEY AGROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA, =p Friday, 10th April, 1885.—Left Taipeng for Port Weld by train at 10.15 p.m., accompanied by Major Wa.ker, SDs tain Gites, and Mr. Lister, and arrived at Port Weld after a 25 minutes’ run. Shipped on board the A/ert, lent by the Resident Councillor of Penang, and started for Pangkor at 11.15 p.a. The launch Constance had been sent on to Bernam the previous day with a guard, and the Ainta being disabled, it would have been impossible to start without the Alert. Saturday, llth April—Arrived at Pangkor at 6 a.m. Mr. Dew, the Acting Superintendent, came onboard. Went ashore with Major Watxer and Mr. Lister, and inspected the - buildings. We ieft Pangkor at 2 p.m., and anchored inside the Bernam River at 6.30 P.M. Sunday, 12th April—Under weigh at 4 a.m., and reached Saba at 6.30 a.m. Mr. Jones and Rajas Input and Bipin came on board. Mr. Jones told us Mr. Hewert had gone on to Télok Mahang with the Constance and boats. Inspected the Police Station. I cannot understand the boldness of 12 Chinese robbers in attacking the station and village. There must have been at least thirty people actually on the spot in the shops between the farm and the station. Went down to Raja Inpur’s house with him. The cholera is decreasing. Two people died yesterday, and there have been 120 deaths since the outbreak of the disease. Left Saba at 8.30 a.m. and steamed up river to Télok Mahang. Here we met Mr. Hewett with the Constance at 3 P.M., and after two hours’ further steaming arrived at Changkat Bertam, where we camped fcr the night, sleeping in the boats. 3 Monday y, 18th April—aAt daylight Watxur and Hewerr — returned down river in the Constance, and we, having got all our baggage into eleven river-boats the previous evening 2 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. began rowing up-stream. Breakfasted on the river bank at noon, and getting into the great Bernam swamp camped for the night at Daha Rul the entrance to the final cutting. The banks were so low and wet we did not land, and the dew was excessive. This is where the fever was so bad when Mr. J. B. M. Lercu was cutting the canals. One of the boatmen sick. Tuesday, 14th April.—Started at daylight, having poled from midday yesterday. Stopped for breakfast at 12.30 p.m. The river here is most lovely, but the district is quite uninhabited and uncleared. The upper reaches of the Bernam are wonderful in the beauty and variety of water and foliage. It turns out that our sick boatman has cholera. I gave him some cholera medicine, but he was so frightened that it had no effect; we did what we could for him, and at his request sent him back in a boat. At 2 p.m. continued our journey and reached Kuala Slim at6 p.m., where we found Mr. ButLer (the Acting Magistrate) with 39 Sakeis and 80 Malays to carry our bag- gage. The Bernam river, by the construction of seven miles of canal, could be shortened by about 57 miles of its present length, but those canals must be both deep and wide if they are to be useful at all times of the year and at all stages of the tide, and the question is whether the expenditure neces- sary for such a work is at present justifiable. The influence of the tide is felt for 80 miles from the mouth of the river. Kuala Slim is 120 miles from the mouth of the Bernam river by the present channel. Wednesday, 15th April-—At 7 a.m., 77° Fahrenheit, the aneroid shewed Kuidla Slim to be 120 feet above sea level. Having loaded the coolies, left Kuala Slim at 7.20 a.m., and after five hours’ walking over a very fair path with no steep gradients (the first three miles having been made}, we reach- ed Kuala Géliting at 4.15 p.m. Distance 14 miles fro Kuala Slim, and 134 from Kuala Bernam. : We found Mr. Hitt and Mr. Woopeatz at Kuala Géliting waiting to go over the trace of the trunk-road with Mr. JONES. After dinner, had a long conversation with Haji Mustapna, Pénghilu of Ulu Bernam, Saiyid ApusaKar, and Wan Lencea of Pahang. They told me they had heard that no rafts had yet been prepared at Buntu to take me down the Pahang River, JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 3 and that I should only have to wait there; so I wrote letters to several Pahang Chiefs—Tou Bakar of Buntu, Ton Kaya of Pénjum, and others—asking them to assist me with rafts, men and boats, and I gave these letters to Manrri Muna and Cur Wanpa to take over the next morning, having determined to wait a day at Kuala Géliting, The aneroid at 4.15 p.m., Ther- mometer 88° F., shewed a height of 296 feet above the sea. Thursday, 16th April——Messrs. Jones, Hitt and Woop- GATE went off early towards Trolah to return by Pandras and examine two alternative traces for the main-road through Pérak. They returned in the afternoon, and we determined that the trace already made crossing the Slim just below Kuala Géliting would be the best to adopt and the shortest. We spent our day in sketching and unpacking our stores from their boxes, as it was necessary to put them up in more man- ageable bundles in view of the difficult ground we had to travel over. triday, 17th Aprit—About thirty of our Malay coolies deserted before daylight, and this gave us a great deal of trouble, as we had not men enough to carry our baggage. By giving the Sikhs their kits to carry, we managed to get away at 8.15 a.m., with sixty-nine Malays and thirty-six Sakeis. Butner had fever and could not move. Hit, Jones and WoopGatt went back to the Ulu Bernam, and Giues, Lister and I set our faces due North for Ulu Shim. After four miles of an intensely hot and trying walk through hampongs and padi-fields, we reached Kuala Briseh, the junction of the Slim and Briseh Rivers, and here we left the Slim, still flowing North and South, while we turned sharp to the Hast, following the course of the Briseh. Three and a half miles of very stitf walking, first through burnt secondary growth and then up a steep ascent, brought us to a bathing place on the bank of the Briseh, 1,233 feet above the sea, thermometer 85°, where at 11.45 we halted for breakfast. After a stay of two hours and a short further climb, we came to a curious overhanging rock called SApor Batu (the stone lean-to) above the right bank of the Briseh River. Here we determined to camp for the night, as our coolies said they could go no further. At a very low estimate, we made 7} miles to-day from Kuala Géliting in a North-East and easterly 4 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. direction. The journey was infinitely more trying than the 14 miles to Kuala Géliting. Cur camp was a striking sight with its fires lighting up the various groups of Sakeis, Indians, Malays and Chinese under the huge overhanging granite rock surrounded by the impenetrable “gloom of virgin “forest, with the faint roar of the Briseh River rushing over its rocky bed fifty feet below. Saturday, 18th April——Left Sapor Batu at 6.49 a.m., and going still easterly, with the Briseh down in a gorge on our right, we continued the ascent till we crossed a cor nsiderable tributary of the Briseh named Jélitong Laper, height 1,646 feet above the sea. Immediately afterwards we ascended a very steep hill, then followed a ridge and with longish ascents and short descents crossed in succession the following streams :— 7.30 aM. S. Sapor Ibu, 1,826 feet, - 7.40 a.m. S. SApor Anak, 1,886 feet, S. Sapor Manah, 8. a.M. 8S. Sdpor Kayu Ara, 2,281 feet, the thermometer reading 77° F. Fifteen minutes’ walk brought us te Sapor Buluh at 8.30 a.m., height 2,550 feet above the sea, four miles from camp and eleven and-a-half miles from Kuala Gclitmg. ‘Temperature 75° FY. Here a hut had been built for us, but after a halt of 25 minutes to let the baggage come up, we pushed on again almost due East up a steep ridge, and, passing Batu Hidang at 9.10 ee elevation 3,000 feet above sea, we reached Batu Gajah at 9.22; height 3,100 fect 5 and the boundary between Pérak and Pahang at 9.30 A.M. The anercid shewed that the gap was 2,554 feet -above Kuala Géliting and 3,150 feet above the sea. In a very tiny rill running West we traced the source ef the Briseh, and only a few feet on the other side was the first sign of a stream w hich, with eight others Ss runwing between a sue- cession of ipecnes jutting out from the main rang ee, forms, a littlelower down, the Sungei Sambilan—the mestnortherly of the three streams whi ich, united, are called the Lipis; the Lipis in ‘its turn joming the Jélei w ith a more nor therly source, and, together, becoming the Pahang River. Looking into Pahe ang as one stands on the gap, a lotiy mountain of some 5,060 feet rises on the nght, this is Chunggang, while to the left towers JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 5 a higher mountain named Kabut. These are on the true back- bone of the Peninsula, which here runs very nearly due North and South, while on either side jut out spurs more or less at right angles to the main range—eastward into Pahang and westward into Pérak. These spurs extend, as a rule, for about six miles on each side of the backbone. Without halting at the summit, we immediately began the descent into Pahang, and, just as we had ascended a long, nar- row, gradually rising ridge called Ganong Télaga with the Briseh River flowing down its southern base, so we descended the longest of many easterly-ranning ridges, the Sungei Sam- bilan flowing West with a slight trend to the North along its southern base, but the descent into Pahang was decidedly steeper than that into Pérak, and after 30 minutes’ walk we crossed one of the nine streams that form the Sambilan, and found we had come down 660 feet. The soil on both sides was only moderate, studded all over with the most gigantic granite boulders I have ever seen in the Peninsula. On the Pérak side, I noticed many dry watercourses full of large granite blocks. In those the water may be subterrane- ous, aS it is on the slopes of Ginting Bidei in Sélangor, but more probably the lone drought accounts for the absence of water. On the whole, ! have never seen a range better watered than this one, and it is only surprising that the Slim is not a Lge river. At 24 miles from the boundary and a height of 210 feet above the sea, we brea kiasted by the bank of the conldiina road and river bearing 7° North of East. At 12.37 P.M. we resumed our journey, and at 1.80 P.M. reached a spot on the river called Saneka Dua, where twu branches of the river meet again after dividing and forming a large island. Height above sea 1,740 feet. ‘Thermometer 62° F. At 1.85 p.m. crossed the river again, but here it is named the Kéncr, and has, the natives say, already received the waters of the two branches, viz., the true Lipis, which rises from the western side of Guncng Témang Batak Gn which lull the Sungei Géliting takes its rise and flows westward), and the Tébalak, rising from a mountain further South, in which the Bernam River is said to have its source. The Kénor is now a considerable stream, and crossing it (1,564 feet above 6 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. the sea) we immediately began the ascent of what looks like an isolated hill called Bérang. It is really, however, I should say, a long spur from the main range, over the end of which the water system passes, and which the Malay crosses as a short cut rather than follow the winding course of the river. The ascent is steep but short and of no great height, the highest point we reached being 1,734 feet above the sea, and from here the saddle is so narrow that Chung- gang can be plainly seen to the South-West and Kabut to the North-West. This saddle runs round in an E.-S.-East- erly direction, and the descent is very fatiguing. The spur seems to be only a few feet across the top, but unusually long, and you descend by seven steps, each with a long gradual rise, and then a very steep descent. The bottom of this spur we reached at 3.8 p.m., height 680 feet above the sea, and cross- ing and recrossing the River Buntu, which comes from the North, we camped at the Kuala Buntu, where it falls into the Kénor, and the combined rivers are here, for the first time, named the Lipis. The spot where the Buntu joins the Kénor is called Kuala Buntu, and this spot we reached at 3.40 P.m., eleven miles from the boundary and fifteen miles from our last camp at Sapor Batu. Sunday, 19th April:-—At 7 a.m. we left our camp, and walk- ing through burnt secondary growth along the banks of the Lipis in a North-easterly direction reached Permatang Linge at 8 a.m. ‘ihis place is 640 feet above the sea and still 344 feet above Kuila Géliting on the Pérak side of the range. Kcuala Buntu to Permitang Linggi three miles. Fourteen miles from the latter place to the boundary, and twenty-five and a half miles at least from Kuala Géliting. Good Malay walkers can do the whole distance in a day. Tou Bakar, the headman of this district, met me on the road, and took us to his house at Permitang Linegi, where we were received with a salute from a few muskets. About a mile before reaching lermatang Linggi, I noticed the stream went over a bed rock of slate, and all the gold is found further down the river. Ton Bakar had prepared twenty-three small! rafts for us,on which we shall have to travel to Jéram Bésu—a rapid where, they tell us, it is necessary to leave the river and walk to Paichong. I found that Ton Bakar had never been in his JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. ii life to see the Raja at the mouth of the river, and though he (Tou Bakar) is called the owner of Trtsang, one of the richest gold districts in Pahang, it is said the Raja has lately given the place to the Ton Gasan. Spent the day in writing and settling with our Malay and Sakei cools, the latter returning highly delighted with their earnings. After dinner had a talk with Tou Bakar. He and the people with him told me of all the taxes they are called upon to pay. Once a year the people are numbered, and have to pay $1.33 a head to the Yam Titan; this they call Hasil banchi. Then there is the serah, a form of squeeze still practised in Pahang ; some worth- less thing is sent from the Raja to a subject, a price is named, and the subject is obliged to purchase at that price. Again when a District Chief goes annually to pay homage to the Raja, the Chief calls upon every man in his district to pay $1 towards his expenses, and a similar contribution is demanded for the return journey. All gold must be sold to the Raja only, and it is said there is no standard of weight. It is said that most imports and exports are taxed, debt-slavery prevails in parts, and the people are liable to be called out for forced labour. The Dato’ tells me that Mr. W. Camuron came here and went on to Batu Gajah, but he is the only white man he ever saw. A curious thing yesterday was to hear the cry, twice repeated, of a wild Sakei as yet unfamiliar with Malays. The cry was exactly like that of a wild beast, and was probably a warning to the friends of the man who uttered it; he could not have been far from us en the eastern slope of Bérang. Some of our people caught with nets this afternoon two of the finest fresh water fish I ever tasted in the East—ihkan klah— weighing about 6 lbs. each. Monday, 20th April—After no little trouble arranging our baggage for the rafts (bamboo, four feet wide and about twenty- five feet long) we left Permitang Linggi at 8 a.m. We had twenty-four rafts manned by Ton Bakar’s adherents and eight of the men I had brought over. The Dato’, his son and all his people accompanied us, and the start was a most pictur- esque. scene. Each raft had a polerat the stem and another at the stern, some baggage and one or two passengers on a raised central platform. The rafts at once began the descent of a 5 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. succession of rapids with intervening stretches of smooth and broken water, the stream running through a gorge with steep hills always on the northern side and sometimes on both, magnificently wooded down to the water’s edge, the vemark- able Gaps tree being a special feature. The bed of the stream appeared to be sometimes of slate and sometimes of sandstone, the banks usually of the latter and a good soil. No river scenery in the Peninsula have I ever seen to compare with this in beauty, added to which the novelty of shooting a long succession of fairly steep rapids made the journey most en- joyable. At 9.15 a.m. we had to unload the rafts in order to shoot a considerable rapid called Jeram Méngalor. This was nego- tiated without accident, and passing a very curious fishing weir in the form of the letter W, constructed by Sakeis, we stopped for breakfast at 10.30 a.m., having descended sixty feet in a distance of about three anda half miles. We left again at 2 p.m., passed the mouths of several small tributaries, and reaching a long straggling hampong called Ulu Sungei at 2.45 p.M., we tied up for the night at its lowest end named Sérébu, time 3.15 p.m., total distance, say, ten and a half miles. Unfortunately the man carrying the aneroid fell over- board from my raft and the instrument was damaged. We had to unload every raft and lift them one after another over an immense fallen tree, many similar obstructions being passed by lyimg down as the raft glided under one end. Altogether, without stoppages, we were five hours travelling and ten and a half miles is perhaps a low estimate of the distance, but it was carefully calculated, the compass directions being at the same time noted and shewing that the river winds consider- ably, the general direction being from N.E. to 8.H. At Sérébu I found the Panglima Muda awaiting me, and a hut prepared for our reception by the influence of Ton Baxar. The people are all very polite and friendly, but their minds are unsettled, owing to the late attempt of the Raja Muda Mansur to enter the country, and they don’t know whether my sympathies are with him or with the Yam Tian. We made a number of sketches during the day. Tuesday, 2\st April_—At midnight last night we had a thunderstorm followed by a heavy storm of rain, the first for JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 9 three months here. We seem to have brought it over with us, for the night before we could see it raining at Batu Gajah though it did not reach us. We have reason to be specially thankful for the fine weather we have had. Our journey across the hills would have been a very different matter in wet weather, many of the streams are unfordable in the rains, and though we might have made a very much more rapid descent from Batu Gajah, it would probably not have been on our feet. Two of the twelve Bernam men we were obliged to bring to help toman the rafts showed signs of cholera yesterday ; one is better, but the other worse this morning, and neither is fit for work. Left Sérébu at 7.15 a.m., and passed a rock called Batu Rimau. This is supposed to be a petrified tiger, his body only, his head is said to be in Jélei. At 8.20 a.m. we reached Kuala Sungei Che Nek; gold is found in the Ulu of this river. At 9 a.M. we shot the Jeram Ménangis (“ the rapid of tears ”’), and shortly after the Jeram Maalim, a considerable drop in the river. At 9.25 a.m. reached Batu Tdlam, and there met Haji Busar, my messenger, in a small boat with a letter from the Yam Tian, saying, he feared I should find the journey over the hills a difficult one, but that he had sent orders to all the headmen to assist me. At 9.45 a.m. stopped for breakfast, and leaving again at noon reached Kuala Trisang at 2 p.m. Sending cn the other rafts, we landed here and walked to a spot a mile distant where some twenty Chinese are mining for gold. About a quarter of an acre has been worked out by pre- vious miners, who are said to have got 54 katis from a hole 60 feet in diameter, but left owing to a poll tax of $8 a head being imposed, and the present men have only just begun stripping ; one of them washed a basin of already once washed earth and obtained from it a few grains of gold. The spot is thirty feet above Kuala Trasang and is Hence by crossing higher ground. Returned to Kuala Trasang and started again at 3.40 p.m getting ourselves and most of our effects drenched by a very heavy storm of rain. Arrived at Kuala Sémantan at 4.30 P.M., and there tied up for the night. I have ascertained that the following are the prices of cer- tain commodities sold at Pénjum, where the U/u people have their nearest market. These prices are due to the fact that 10 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. the import of nearly every necessary and luxury seems to be farmed to certain Chinese at Pékan, the Yam Tian’s residence at the mouth of the river. Holding a monopoly, the farmers of course charge any price they like, and it is perhaps in con- sequence of this that the Chinese miners in Pahang are said to number about one hundred only, and all the Malays seem to be wretchedly poor. 1 tin Kerosene oil, $2.C0. Tobacco, $1 a kati. 4O bits of Gambier, 8 cents. 6 gantangs Salt, $1. 1 ball of Opium $22; and so on. The highest price for rice is said to be $1 for twelve gan- tangs. ‘The currency of the country is gold, and the following are the weights and values :— 1 Itam Tengko = 4 cents of a dollar. ] Kénéri of gold = 2 Itam Tengko = 8 cents. 1 Buso = 2 Kénéri = 2 Saga = 16 cents. 1 Suku = 1 Kipang = 2 Buso = 334 cents. 3 Kuipang — $1. 4 Kipang = 4 Suku = 1 Mas — $1.334 cents. 16 Mas = 1 Bingkal eae in Pahang 2 at $24, which seems curious as it ought only to be worth $21.2 About 7 p.m. I heard that a messenger had arrived from Per- matang Linggi to say that one of my Bernam coolies, left behind to return, had died of cholera. J determined to send all my Bernam men back at once, as this makes the third man who has sickened in two days. One of those with us is better, the other worse and unable to be moved. Kept on raining till late in the night. Distance travelled to-day thirteen miles, general direction E.S.E. Wednesday, 22nd April.—Sent back Pénghulu Mat SaLEn and the Bernam men except the one too sick to move; left him with some money in the care of a man across the river. He is a very bad patient, refuses all medicine, and does everything he is told not todo. He looks bad, but is, I think, perhaps more frightened than really ill. We had a good deal of trou- ble in getting new men to supply the places of these Bernam JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. tl people, and did not get away from Kuala Semantan till 9 a.a. At 10.30 a.m. Imam Prange Pénghilu, a great Captain and headman of some influence, met me and invited me to go and spend the night at his house. I found he lived at a place called Smau, two hours’ walk inland from Kuadla Dum, on the right bank of the river, and, as I should have lost a whole day by complying with his invitation and should have had to carry all our baggage inland and back again, I begged him to excuse me. He said he asked me to go to shew his friendship and good feeling, and I am afraid he was rather disappointed, but there was nothing to see at his place, and I could hardly spare the time. At 11.30 a.m. stopped at Kudla Dum for breakfast, after which I had a long talk with the Imam Prang and his people. They all complained of excessive taxation and the want of settled laws and customs. The Imam Prang told me that every buffalo exported is lable to a tax of $3, and this goes to the Ton Gisau, though formerly he himself received it. At Pénjum, there is a gambling farm, which pays the Tou Kaya $900 a month, and that chief also gets a tax of one-tenth on all imported cloth. A great deal of rice is imported from Kélan- tan, also silk sarongs. A good many sarongs are, however, manufactured in Pahang, chiefly at the Pékan. At 2.30 p.m. saying good-bye to the Imam Prang, we conc again and still meeting occasional rapids, we soon passed into a magnificent open “country, where the scenery, though different from that in the Ulu, 1s in its way equally fine. ‘The river widens into a broad stream, with a partly dry channel, shewing what a considerable river it must be in the rains. The bed is full of snags, and nothing whatever seems to have been done to it, but were it cleared, there is water enough for a launch, though of course nothing of the kind could get here owing to the Jeram Bésu rapid, which cannot be passed by boat even going down-stream. There seems to be an immense tract of level ground here. I have seen no- thing like it elsewhere at such a distance from the coast. I aes, been told that cocoa-nuts will not flourish at over fifty miles from the sea-shore, but that is a mistake, for we have seen them everywhere. At 83.30 p.m. we passed Kula Chenier and Tou Baxar Bi ad JOUBNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. told me that, though his territory extended further down, his people ended here. J am told that the Jelei River, which is longer and larger than the Lipis, rises in the main range with a branch from Gutnong Tahan—a mountain lying between the Jelei and the Témélin. The Témélin, which is said to be as considerable a stream as the Jelei, rises from the South-east face of Ginong Tahan, with a branch rising in the borders of Pahang and Tréngganu. Gtneng Tahan thus stands at the meeting of Pahang, Kélantan and Tréngganu, and is not in the main range, but as this is only native report, much reliance must not be placed on it. The Lipis, Jelei and Témélin unite and form the Pahang river. At 4 P.M. we reached Kuala Séger, Dato’ Kli’s kampong, one of the most beautiful places we have yet seen on theriver. It is 363 feet above the sea. The Dato’ received us most cordially, and seemed a very good- tempered, intelligent old man. Distance travelled eleven miles. General direction N.E. Distance from Kuala Bernam, 195 miles. In the evening the Dato’ told me he could not get men enough to carry our baggage past the Jeram Bésu rapid, and that I must stay here to-morrow whilst he collects them. Tou Bakar told me he would now return with his men. J] am sorry to hear that one of them has stayed behind with cho- leratc symptoms. I sent him some medicine. Thursday, 23rd 4pril.—Cuz Wan Da anived in the course of the morning with a number of men, and there was a great argument as to the habilities of the owners of buffalves, a man having been recently killed by one of those dangerous animals. ‘Tou Bakar came to tcll me he and his people must now return, and Ton K1i would take me down to Pénjum. He also said he had just heard that a girl he had brought down with him and Icft at Batu ‘Tdlam died last night cf cholera. It is very distressing. She was perfectly w ell until yesterday evening, but was then atte ked and dicd in the night. 1 can- not understand it. Coming across from Slim, not aman com- plained, the water we have Lad to drink has been excellent, and they have had no cholerain Pahang up to this time. I gave e'lou Bakar some medicines with directions how to use them, also a present of money to himself and his men, and we parted with mutual expressions of good-will. I have had to JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 13 prescribe for several people since I came here, fortunately with good results. Devoted the day to writing up journal, and in the evening went out to try and find some jungle fowl, but failed. Bet- ween the river and the hills there is one great level plain covered with very short grass. Until three years ago this was a padi-field, but owing to defects in the irrigation system, they cannot now cultivate. The drought here is excessive, even the sireh vines are all burnt up; there are no vegetables, owing to the dryness of the ground, and the people live on rice and on what fish they can catch in the river. The vil- lagers, principally the womenkind, wash the sand in the bed of the river for gold, and get from ‘sixteen cents to one dollar’s worth a day. Friday, 24th April—Left Séger at 7.30 a.m. and walked through the fields to Jeram Témiale, about two miles, GILEs going in the boats. All the trees that do flower seem to have come out in this dry weather, and we passed many covered all over with a splendid purple bloom, others bright scarlet and yellow, and the Mémplas,* the leaves of which are used as sand-paper, in full flower, a delicate pale yellow blossom with the sweetest scent. I have never seen it in flower before, nor the trees in such profusion. ‘These level grass plains dotted over with flowerimg shrubs are very unlike other parts of the Peninsula. The heat is excessive even from early morning, and the nights are not cool. Having taken out of the rafts such baggage as would be damaged by water, we started again at 9.30 a.m., and reached Jeram Béstii at 10 a.m. This rapid and the approach to it form the most striking picture we have yet seen on this river, which presents a long succession of lovely ever-changing scenes. ‘lhe river widens into a pool of dark unbroken water, with steep bills covered by virgin forest rising straight from the edge of the pool ; then it narrows to the head of the rapid, which is in truth a cataract. From top to bottom of the rapid, _——_——— ——— nt * Probably a Michelia. The crdinary mempilas is a ficus; ( ficus microcarpa, amplus and poritor ia). See the description of this and other species of pees in Java. FORBES’ Eastern Archipelago, 77.—En., 1+ JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. and for many miles below, the bed rock (a hard sandstone ) crops out and has been cut by the water into fantastic shapes, while huge boulders are piled in picturesque confusion on either side of the channel. These rocks as we came up were covered by men in many-coloured dresses, the rafts were either lying against the rocks at the head of the cataract, or slowly filing into the basin at its head and the clouds of spray dash- ed up from the rapid against the deep shadow of jungle foliage made a picture not to be forgotten. The rapid itself, comparatively small after four months’ drought, is the channel of the river running under the leit bank, and at first sight it did not look like a place down which either raft or boat could go in safety, but we were shortly to see that the operation, though attended with considerable risk, could be successfully performed. The rapid is about sixty yards long, with a drop of some twelve feet, the water rushes and boils and foams between walls of rock, and there are two corners in the length which make the principal dangers. Two Malays mounted a raft, one at the stem and the other at the stern, each holding a large bamboo paddle fixed im a tripod. The raft slowly reached the top of the rapid, and then leapt into the boiling stream, where the men were instantly up to their waists in water. The stern man was washed off the raft, and it looked as if nothing could save him in such a place, but while the bow man with two or three powerful strokes of the paddle kept the bow off the opposite rock, the stern man dexterously leaped again on the raft, and in a moment of time a few more strokes of the bow man’s paddle had cleared the raft of the second danger—a projecting rock on the other bank —and the raft was in smooth water below. After this, a second - raft was taken down in the same way, and then each man went alone on a raft, and, though one of them was again thrown off in the middle of the rapid, and the other one had the paddle whirled out of his hand as the raft took its first leap, no acci- dent occurred. A number of rafts were then sent down by themselves, and they seemed to accomplish the journey almost better without assistance, but this was explained by the fact that the weight of even one man sinks the raft to a dangerous depth, where the points of unseen rocks may wreck it. Qld Dato’ Kuri absolutely refused to allow us to tempt Providence JOURNEY ACROSS THR MALAY PENINSULA. 15 im a journey down this rapid, where a good many fatal acci- dents have occurred, and even tried his best to make us walk to Pichong, but this we refused to do, and sending all our non- waterproof baggage, watches, &c. by land with the Sikhs, ew started again on the rafts. The river from Jeram Bésti to Pichong runs through a long winding gorge, and the channel of the stream passing con- tinuously between walls of bed rock and piles of immense detached boulders, is nothing but a series of more or less for- midable rapids which succeed each other with somewhat confusing speed, but it is an exciting amusement, which we would not willingly have missed. We reached Ptichong at 12.45 p.m., very hungry indeed, and the coolies carrying our baggage arriving at the same time, we sat down on the high bank of the river as we could get no shade and made a rather uncomfortable meal. People were washing for gold in the bed of the river in several places below the last rapid. From Pichong nearly all the Séger people returned, and we started again at 2.20 p.m. with our own people doing most of the poling. Tou Kut however still accompanied us. At 2.45 p.m. we met the Orang Kaya Liris with a number of very small boats, a lot of men, and a Malay band, and when Gites, Lister and I had changed from our rafts into boats, we went on again at 3.35 p.m., and reached Pénjum at 6.30 P.., dark except for the hght of the moon now about fifteen days old. I went down with the Orang Kaya in his boat and as it leaked got wet through. A great reception awaited us at Pénjum; the high bank which rises from the river in three terraces was crowded by people some fifty of whom carried torches, their light strongly reflected by the river, here crowded with boats and rafts, made the effect very striking. As we hurried up the rough steps cut in the soil, a salute of many guns was fired, and the Orang Kaya, leading me by the hand, ushered us into a house which had been prepared for us, and made us as com- fortable as possible with the means at his command. The “band ” had played with great perseverance all down the river. The distance travelled to-day was about sixteen and a half miles, and the general direction N.N.E. We did not get dinner 16 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. till 9.30 p.m., and after that the Orang Kaya and Cue Au, who had been sent by the Yam Tiian and received me with the utmost cordiality, came in for a talk. I told the Orang Kaya I wished to go on as soon as possible, but he said there was a difficulty about boats and we could not get on to-morrow; after he had left, I received a message from Cuu Att to say that the Orang Kaya had not complied with the orders he received from the Sultan, and that the boats ought to have been ready. Saturday, 25th April—Cue Wan Da, who brought over my letter to the Orang Kaya and has been very useful, came to tell me he would now return to his place. He told me there was a large gold mine called Jali, worked by Chinese, an hour’s walk from here. I thought of going to see it, but found the journey would be useless as they were only stripping. I understand they are working the side of a hill. It is an old mine and has yielded good results in past times. I heard from the Chinese that there is plenty of gold in the country, but no one can live here owing to the injustice, “ squeezing,’ and want of government. They say whenever any one gets gold it is taken from him on some pretext or other, and that very few Chinese are now left in the place. If a man gets ona good mine, some chief claims it, work is stopped and not re- sumed, and the result is that the country is in a very bad state at the present time. A friend of Raja Ismain’s told me that only about twenty Chinese had worked for him at Raub, and then in a very erratic and perfunctory way, sometimes stopping work altogether for months, even for a year, from want of capital. Spent the day in writing and making a sketch of Pénjum from across the river. This place is 210 feet above sea level. Sunday, 26th April.—_I had begged that the boats might be ready for us at 6 a.M., but was disappointed. In spite of the Yam Ttan’s letter, there were only two large boats and asmall one ready for our party of twenty-five, Wan ALI giving me the best part of his boat. We put the servants into the small boat, Giues and Lister went in the large one, and a number of Sikhs in the other large boat, but finding it leaked, we had to move them into a boat which providentially arrived at that moment sent by the Imam Prang Gajah, with his son as ambassador, to meet us. Wan At was exceedingly angry JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. liz and said unkind things of the Orang Kaya Liris, who kept walking on the bank in an aimless way seemingly quite unable to meet such a demand on his energy and resources. [| of course said nothing, but Wan Att told me the Yam Tian had sent orders to all the Chiefs to assist me and treat me as they would himself. I had paid Tou Bikar for the very great help he had given us (without any orders from his Sultan) and I also sent-away Tou Kut happy with a present, for he is not well off, nor in the way of squeezing other people to do his work, but I only thanked the Orang Kaya for what he did and in any case I should have hesitated to offer him money. I was sorry not to meet here the Orang Kaya JELEI, to whom the Sultan had sent a letter telling him to meet us at Pénjum, but the Orang Kaya lives so far off he had not time to comply with the order, and I left 2 message for himin case he came after we had gone. The delay in getting our party finally settled into boats was so great that we did not leave Pénjum till 10 a.m. Above Kuala Priok, Coz Wan Da met us with a present of rice, and we stopped at the Kuala, a beautiful place, for break- fast. Cur Wan Da’s father lives here. On the way down the river, we passed a gigantic waterwheel fixed in the river and used for irrigating the land on the bank. The wheel ( undershot ) is forced slowly round by the current of the river. On its outer circumference are fixed at a certain angle lengths of bamboo closed at one end and open at the other and as the wheel revolves these bamboos in turn enter the river, mouth upwards, are filled with water, and, as they arrive at the highest point of their orbit, they, one after the other, discharge their load of water into a trough which conveys it by gravitation to the required point in the field. I have not before seen in the Malay States so large or well-constructed an irrigating wheel, but I believe they have been and still may be used in Ulu Muar. Left Kuala Priok at 1.30 p.m. and continuing our journey reached Kuala Lipis (where this river falls into the Jélei) at 1.50 p.m. Here CHE Wan Da left us to return to his home ; he has been very useful and shewn a great desire to be friendly and helpful. The combined rivers—the Lipis and Jélei—imme- diately after their junction, are about sixty yards wide. The 18 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. Jélei carries rather more water than the Lipis- Campeda for the nicht at Pulau Krinan at 5.30 p.m., having passed the fol- lowing hampongs during the day:—Bandar Lama, Kampong Pulau, Sémitong, Jéram Lana, Kuala Kéchau. Distance travelled to- day, ten miles; general direction N.N.H. Monday, 27th April. “Started before 6 a.m. and passing Changkong, where there is a longish rapid with but little fall in it but many rocks which make it difficult for boats to navigate, stopped just below at noon for breakfast. The river is here about 100 yards wide, that is, the bed of the stream from bank to bank. There were numerous tracks of decr onthesandspit where we lunched,and while we stayed there the carcase of a wild pig floated ne Leaving again at 1.30 p.m. we camped for the night at Kuala Témélin, where the waters of that stream Join the combined Lipis and Jélei thus forming the Pahang River.* The Témélin, which, as I have said, comes from the North and rises in a mountain on the borders of Pahang and Trénggénu, is in width and body of water about the same size as the combined Lipis and Jélei, at least so it appears at th confluence, but it is a curious fact that neither the addition of the waters of the Jélei nor yet of the Témélin appears to make any immediate and pronounced difference in the width or depth of the Pahang River. The growth of the stream seems gradual, and, except at the actual points of junction, the recep- tion of the waters of the Jélei and Témélin, themselves large rivers, seems to have no more effect in widening or deepening the river than is made by the addition of the waters of any of those smaller tributaries the mouths of which we pass daily. It was 5 p.m. when we reached Kuala Témélin, 154 feet above the sea, and with some difficulty I got here a few specimens of really excellent Malay pottery—ves- sels of various forms and designs for holding water. * This place is mentiond in Perak history, on the occasion of the marriage of the Raja Muda of Pahang with a Perak princess (cire, A.D. 1600), as the place at which the Perak ad Pahang envoys met. The Témélin is the river called Témbclang Rined in the Misa Malayu and in the Undang-undang ha Fiaja-an (code of laws) of Perak, Pahang and Johor. Sce No. 9 of this Journal, p. 101. ED. © JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. ] Kuala Témélin is celebrated in Pahang for its earthenware, but like all natives far from a market, the potters keep no stock and make only what is ordered. | The shapes of the jars I got are all good, and the decoration, done with a sharp tool before the firing, is most artistic. Weordered some further specimens to be made, including incense-burners. Distance travelled to-day 214 miles ; general direction H.S.E. We passed, in the order in which they are given, the follow- ing small villages or clusters of huts on our journey to-day :— Pasir Sibau, Jer am Chékuas, Batu Gajah, Sungei Kénung, Rantau Panjang, Pulau Sa’amas, Sungei Chika, “Pulau Tém- banga, Changkat Glugor, Batu Papan. Tuesday, 23th April.—Got away at 5.30 a.m., and stopped for breakfast at Kangsa at 12.25 p.m. The temperature in my boat at noon was 93° and in the water of the river 98°. The thermometer stands at 95° in the boat every day at 2 p.m. and the excessive heat of Pahang strikes us all. We notice here that the people are decidedly darker than the Malays on the western side of the Peninsula, and those Malays who have come with us from Pérak complain especially of the great heat of the ground to bare feet when walking in the exposed fields which stretch inland from the river bauk. Unfortunately [ broke the thermometer to-day, but I do not think it could tell us much more than we have learnt already. Started again at 3.45 p.m., and reached Pulau Tawer at 4 p.m. Here we were met by the Imam Prang Indra Gajah, the Yam Tuan’s right-hand man in all matters connected with that part of the country which lies up-stream from Pulau Tawer. The Imam Prang gave us a most cordial reception | and, dragging me by the hand up the almost vertical bank (here twenty to twenty-five feet high), ushered us intoa comfortable hut, which we were informed had been constructed in a day. Our subse- quent proceedings, whether dressing, writing, eating or sleep- ing, seemed to be matters of the deepest interest to the large crowd of Malays who surrounded the place and never lost -sight of us fora moment. ‘Tou GAsan, who is a man of about forty, very thickset and dark, but full of laughter, informed me that he had JouL Wives, twenty-five children and nine grandchildren. He introduced his brother and a few of his male children, iad after seeing that we varie! nothing 20 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. went to arrange for men to take us to Kota Kélanggi to-morrow morning as I expressed a wish to visit the caves there. No one has been for some time, and the path is said to be overgrown, so the Ton GAsauH sent off a lot of men to clear it. The river here is about 700 feet wide (about the same width as the Pérak River at Kudla Kangsa); the banks are exceed- ingly high and steep and the river at the present time is said to be lower than ever known. The Ton GAgzau says that if the drought continues for another two months, that is, making six instead of three dry months as usual, there may be partial famine in the place. The Tou GAsau settled with his people at Pulau Tawer twelve years ago, after he returned from Klang where he was sent in command of the three thousand Pahang men who, at the request of Governor Sir Harry Orp, were despatched by the Béndahara to assist Tunku Dra Uppy in the struggle with Raja Manpr. A fine kampong, and houses shut in by a long bamboo fence, stretches along the bank of the river in a grove of young cocoa-nut and other fruit trees. Behind this hamlet extends an almost level plain, as far as the eye can reach, broken only to the North by a small pointed hill, and to the Kast by the lime- stone rocks in which are the caves of Kota Kélanggi. A con- siderable portion of the plain is now being ploughed for the cultivation of rice, and the rest is jungle. Far away to the West is the mass of hills called Ganong Raya, to the North of which lies the river down which we have come. The mountains of the main range are nowhere visible, and we are told that the mouth of the Pahang River lies from here East a little South. Tou GAsau’s father was a Sumatran Malay, his mother a Pahang woman; he is reported to be a great warrior, is the Field Marshal of Pahang and ranks with the Orang Bésar Ampat or Chiefs of the first class. Ie is a man of much energy, greatly feared by the discontented faction in the upper country and greatly trusted by the Yam Tian. I have ascertained from Cue Aut, who is a good authority and one of the Yam Tiian’s most trusted adherents, that the following are the principal Chiefs of Pahang :— JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. Dik The Raja Muda. New Creation, ! The Datoh Béndahara. The Datoh Téménggong. (1. The Toh Bandar. Orang Bésar 2. Toh Kaya Chéno. Ampat, 3. Toh Kaya Témerloh (at present vacant). Class I. 4. Maharaja Perba (at present the Orang Kaya Jélei holds this post). ( 5. Toh Muda Tunggal. 6. Toh Jabe. 7. Toh Bangau. ; 8. Toh Omar (held by the Orang Kaya Orang Bésar x Sémantan, who is also Orang Kaya dilapan, Pahlawan). Class IT. 9. Toh Pénggawa. 10. Toh Léla. 11. Orang Kaya Jélei. 12. Orang Kaya Lipis. Distance travelled to-day, eighteen and a half miles; general direction,S.E. We passed the following villages on the way:-— Kampong Te, Tanjong Gatal, Tanjong Lindong, Pulau Didari, Kuala Pédas, Kampong Kuala Sélan, Kuala Kédundong. Wednesday, 29th April.—l think the Ton GAsan must have been up all night, for he appeared at midnight and again at 4.30 a.m. We got up at 5.30 a.m., but could not make a start till 7 a.m. Then, with the Tou GAsaun and nearly 100 men, all armed as every one secms to be in this State, we started down the left bank cf the river for Ktala Té- kam, a distance of one and a half miles, level walking but hot, for in Pahang, in this weather at any rate, light means heat and from daylight to dark one seems to be in a vapour bath. It was a curious sight to seein the Malay Peninsula buffaloes ploughing the slightly undulating plain of dry but not hard soil and more strange still to be told that the rice grain is then sown as wheat is in the West, the ground harrowed and no irrigation done whatever, the harvest depending simply upon the rain. These fields when fallow seem to grow no weeds, only a sparse short grass, and they are ploughed across and across like a chess-board several times before the wooden ae JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. plough gets deep enough, then sown, harrowed, and nothing more is ‘required till the time of harvest. These fieids have for many years yielded crop after crop under these conditions, and the only renewal or manuring of the soil is the annual small flood, which rises over even these high banks, and a higher flood which comes about once in six years and drives the people out of their homes into rafts. I‘should suppose that with this soil and three months rainless weather, cotton might be successfully orown. The Sungei Tékam was almost dry, and whilst the Malays walked up the bed crossing and recrossing what hitle water there was, we were dragged up- -stream ina dug- out for half a mile and then landing walked over a good level jungle-path for two and a half miles reaching Kota Tongkat 8.35 a.m. This Kota Tongkat is a curious sort of gate through which ariver appears tohave run, and it is flanked on both sides by high limestone cliffs covered with foliage; these cliffs appear to shut in a narrow valley, a mile iong, at the far end of which is the cave Kéta Ktlanggi,* in reality, however, the valley is only rock-bound on the right hand side as you enter and the ancient river must have met this obs- truction at Kota Kélanggi, been turned by it and, cutting along the face of these limestone cliffs, made its exit through the Kota Tongkat and thence found its way, probably by the channel of the Sungei Tékam, to the Pahang River. There is nothing specially remarkable about Kota Tongkat, but since the river ceased to flow through this giant cate of stone, the action of the atmosphere has formed a number of stalactites whieh extend from the clear cut ledges of roof to the ground (no great distance) and these probably gave to the place its present name—Kota Tongkat. After a short rest here (the Tou GAsan having suecumbed to the pace at which we came from the river), we walked up the valley until we reached the foot of Kota Balei. Up to this cave we climbed by a ladder of forty steps and then found ourselves in a vast cave lighted mainly irom the entrance and completely closed at the further end, but having three subsi- * See Mr. CAMERON’S account of his visit to these caves. No. 9 of this Journal, p. 153. ED. JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. . pas) diary caves or chambers, two on the right of the entrance and one on the left, each partially lighted by rifts im the roof. The main cave and the smaller chambers are all very fine, and reminded me of the Sélangor cave at Batu, though Ido not think any of them equal in beauty or size that magnificent rock chamber. We spent a considerable time in fie Kota Balei and then, descending the ladder, walked a few steps to the edge of the present insignificant stream where you find yourself facing a long, low and straight gallery with a straight, flat roof not less than twenty feet wide. This very remarkable passage with its wide flat roof only about seven to eight feet from the ground was cut by the river out of the solid rock before that ancient period when, for some reason not yet explained, the volume of water in the river became immensely reduced, or the original stream was diverted into some other channel leay- ing the results of the battle between the water and the rock in the form of the present caves, whence all trace of water has disappeared leaving only the evidence of its power as a con- stant source of admiration and wonder to the Malays of the country. At the end of this gallery the rock has been hollowed out into a circular chamber of some height, while from the centre of the ceiling depends one enormous and strikingly beautiful stalactite. After luncheon, with lanterns and torches we ex- plored the long dark cavern which extends into the hill from the back of this circular ante-chamber. There is nothing to reward the explorer, but the place is infested by myriads oF bats which are only with difficulty kept from striking you in their blind flight towards the lights. The masses of Malays in their many coloured dresses “with the light of the torches shining on their weapons and swarthy faces, the deep shadowy gloom of the cave as a background, here and there faintly lighted by a ray from the distant en- trance, made a scene very remarkable in its picturesque effect. | We left Kota Kélanggi at noon and reached our hut at Pulau Tawer in exactly two hours, after a very smart walk ; the heat from Kula Tékam to the village was indescribable, and the Tou GAJAn was quite knocked up, taking refuge in a 24 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. boat and shirking the last mile anda half. About 4P.M.a heavy storm of rain fell and continued till late in the night. From 8 p.m. till 11 p.u. I talked politics with the Tou GAsan and Cur Att and then retired to the boat to sleep so that we might be able to start in the morning without delay. It is worthy of record that this Kota Kélanggi is mentioned in the Séjara Malaiu (the Malay Annals) as having been occupied by the Siamese. The Séjiéra M4laiu is supposed to be the earliest written record of Malay History. Thursday, 30th April.—Did not get away till 7 a.m., Ton GAsAH accompanying us. At 10 a.m. passed Batu Barong, where the cave-making process may be very readily seen in the action of the Pahang River on a huge limestone rock which crops out from its left bank. It is said that there is a subterranean channel from the bottom of this cliff to a place many days’ journey down the river. At 10.30 a.m. reached Pulau Burau, where there are said to be quanti- ties of sélddang (wild cattle ) in the wet season. In the line of the next reach of the river and straight ahead of us he two remarkable isolated hills called Bikit Sényum and Bukit Sah. These hills are said to be plainly visible from the sea and used by the fishermen as landmarks. At noon reached Tanjong Blanja, the limits of Tou GAsan’s jurisdiction, and here we stayed for one anda half hours breakfasting and then parted with the Datoh and continued our journey down river. The Ton GAsau has done everything possible for us. I gave him my Pérak gélok (chopping knife) and we parted excellent friends. J saw him im the river aa to his waist saying good-bye to the Subadar. Passing Kuala Krau, a river and kampong on the right bank: we reached Pulau Chéngal at 6.20 p.m., and there camped for the night. Distance travelled, 172 miles ; general direction, South. | The following kampongs were passed during the day :— Kiang, Sungei Kio, Tanjong Antan, Tanjong Ténggoh, Téluk Maik, Sungei Sebul, Pulau Raya. Friday, 1s¢ May. —Left at 6 a.m. and passed a Chinese sugar mill at Péngkalen Bénom at 8.30 a.m. ; subsequently we saw several of these mills on the left bank, they are driven by buffaloes, and the juice is expressed from the canes by pass- JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 29 ing them between three revolving circular. blocks of wood in juxtaposition on the same horizontal plane. At 9.30 a.m. Bikit Stnyum appeared directly astern of the boats, which were then dropping down a long straight reach of the river. Passing Pasir Mandi, one hundred feet above the sea, we stopped at Téluk Sintang at noon for breakfast. The river here cuts deeply into the right bank forming a bay and making the width of the stream at this pomt very considerable. The Bungau trees with their gorgeous purple flowers grow larger and more numerous as we descend the river, and the forest is everywhere strikingly beautiful. I saw a quantity of maiden-hair fern in the jungle to-day at our halting place, but it did not look like a new kind. Left Téluk Sintang at 1.50 p.m., passed Kudla Sémantan Ilir a little before 5 p.m., and reached Pulau Témerloh at 6 p.m. Camped here for the night. Pulau Témerloh, said to be half way between the Sultan’s place and Pénjum, is an extensive kampong, admirably situated on the right bank opposite to a large island which here divides the stream. Distance travelled to-day, twenty-one miles; general direc- tion, South. Distance from Kuala Bernam, 300 miles. Passed the following kampongs to-day :—Jénérak, Kuala Tékai, Lipat Kajang, Dor, Sanggang, Bintang, Tébing Tinggi, Balei Gantang and Bangau. Saturday, 2nd May.—-To-day the villages are larger, the river is wider though no deeper, and the banks are not quite so high. There must be a very considerable population of Malays settled on the banks of the Pahang, and its three large tribu- taries, of which the Jélei is undoubtedly the longest, and is pro- perly called by the Malays the parent stream. We left Témer- loh at 8a.M., and passed Gual, a large village on the left bank, at 9 a.M., reaching Triang, kampong and tributary stream, at 10 a.M. ‘Triang is 88 feet above the sea. At Triang the river was very shallow, and twice we had to drag our boat over the sand. Breakfasted at Kuala Bra at noon, and leaving again at 2.00 p.m., reached Kértau at 7 p.M., and camped there for the night. There is a hill called Bukit Kértau on the right bank, and the place at present is chiefly remarkable for the enormous extent of sand which stretches between the left bank and the channel of the river. Under the right bank, however, there 26 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. is a deep hole said to be infested by crocodiles, and these reptiles pare dragged four or five people, sleeping on ‘the sand, into the poo We passed the following villages and hkampongs to-day, in the order named :—Pasir Anam, Beraleh Kapas, Lébak Béléngu, Jilam, Méngkarak, Tambak, Litbok Parap, Pamun, Chériiis, Batu PApan, Batu Hanchor, Lubok Lien, Pulau Kénin, Sin- tang, Lémiuse, Pulau Nyak. Distance travelled, twenty-five miles; general dincowed ; North. Sunday, 3rd May—tt was intolerably hot and close last night, and having started the boats at 12.30 a.m., I tried in vain to sleep on the stern platform of my boat in spite of mos- quitoes, and it was not till nearly 5 a.m. that sleep was pos- sible. It 1s hardly fair to complain of mosquitoes here, for though the statement that there are none in Pahang is no more ac- curate than that there are no snakes in Pérak, yet there are comparatively few of these pests, in this dry ‘weather at all events, and even after the occasional showers of rain we have had hardly any. We stuck on a sand-bank for half an hour almost directly after starting, and passed Chéno at 1.30 a.m. Chéno is cele- brated for making the best mats in Pahang. They are made of bleached and dyed Méngkuang leaves and are very pretty. From Chéno we pushed on down some very long reaches, each two and three miles in length, and even more, usually with is- lands at intervals making an ever-changing panorama of beauti- ful pictures. Passed Lawan at 10 a.m., fifty-five feet above the sea, and at noon we stopped opposite Bikit Serlin for break- fast. Left again at 2 p.m., and passing Kuala Luit, a river formerly worked for gold, we reached Terpei at 3.30 P.M. From here there is a good view of the high mountain called Giinong Chéni, a long irregular triple- peaked mass of hills with a large lake, or series of lakes, at its base. Gitinong Chéni is seen on the right bank of the river appa- rently distant about five miles. The lakes are only approach- able by a small river—the Chéni (almost dry in this weather), the mouth of which we passed at 4 p.m. The Malays have a great dread of these lakes, will not live near them, though they JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 27 are full of fish, and say they are haunted by evil spirits. Stopped for the night on the sands at Sungei Duri at 6.30 p.M., the last of the boats not coming up till 8.30 p.m. Sun- gei Duri is another place with a reputation for crocodiles. Cue Aui’s nephew was taken here two years ago, but was rescued by his cousin, though the crocodile injured him for life. In the sixteen hours we were travelling to-day, we made thirty-one and three-quarter miles, going at times in nearly all the directions on the compass, but mainly South. Passed the following places :—Pulau Malang, Batu Gajah, Kuala Jingka, Pésdgi, Tanjong Batu, Kuala Jémpol, Péjin, Témiang, Lamé, Kuala Ménténang, Galong, Libok Paku, Batu Rakit, Kuala Témélong, Pulau Dato’. Monday, 4th May.—-Left Sungei Duri at 5a.m. Stopped for two hours at Pinyo, thirty-nine feet above the sea—CuE Ars kampong—and made an unsuccessful search for peacock, but shot some golden plover. We have seen several peacock on the sands in the early morning, but they keep out of range of anything but a rifle. Passed Sungei Méntiga (whatever that may mean) at noon. ‘This small stream, which flows into the Pahang River, not a day’s journey from the sea, bifurcates and one branch, cailed Sempang, runs back towards the Rum- pin river, a tributary of the Muar, so that by ascending the Muar and Rumpin rivers, crossing a few hundred yards of land and descending the Sempang, Méntiga and Pahang Rivers, or vice versd, the Peninsula can very easily be crossed in a comparatively short time. Stopped at Batu Budia for breakfast at 11.80 a.m., and con- tinuing our journey at 2 p.m. reached Tanjong Pulei at 6.30 p.M. ‘The river is here about one thousand yards wide. Distance travelled, eighteen miles; general direction, E.N.E. Passed the following kampongs to-day :—Kinchi, Pulau Ubah, Pulau Plak, Kuala Lépa, Pulau Képayang. Luesday, 5th May.—Started at 2 a.m., and stopped at Gan- chong at 8 a.m. for an hour to allow the boatmen to breakfast. Ganchong is only twelve feet above sea level. Cre ALi went on from here in a small boat to tell the Yam Taian of our whereabouts. At 1 p.m. reached Langger, a fine kampong on the left bank, where the whole population turned out to watch us breakfasting. Left again at 2.30 p.m., and reached Pulau 28 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. Klédi, two miles above the Pékan, at 4.15 px. Here we waited, according to agreement, and in a short time Cue Aur returned with Cue GApox and a message from the Yam Tian to say that he was very unwell ( consumption they say), and asking me to wait here till to-morrow to allow them to make proper preparations. We accordingly camped on the bank, and the tide falling left us ten yards of mud to cross to the boats. 7 Distance travelled, eighteen miles; general direction, S.H. The river is about one thousand yards wide at this pomt, and the banks low, but covered with grass and jungle where there is no cultivation. Unlike the rivers on the West coast, there is no mangrove. To-day the banks were thickly populated, and we passed the following hamlets:—Kampong Temai, Bliker Acheh, Pulau Ganchong, Tanjong Réngas, Aur Gading, Kampong Téluk, Sungei Pihane ‘Tua, Kula Langger. This sort of travelling may seem very easy and pleasant, but it has its disadvantages; for mstance, at midnight I started for bed, seemingly no very dificult journey, and immediately stepped into a nest of the sémut api, cr fire ant, that is an experience that no one would care to repeat. A Sikh-then carried me over the mud and deposited me up to my ankles in water in a dug-out and, with the assistance of that unstable conveyance, I reached the back of my boat somewhere in the depths of which a rat had died three days before. To get as far as possible from the pestilent stench of the decaying rat, IT had had my mosquito net hung in the middle of the ‘boat, and to reach that it was necessary to crawl through two doors, each two and a half feet by two feet, and over the body of a sleeping Malay, arranged seemingly to make one’s Progress as difficult and uncomfortable as possible. ‘Then I faced my cur- tain to find the hole through which alone entrance can be gained, and which for the best reasons is not im the side but in the bottom of the curtain, next the sidé otf the boat, 7.e., with two inches of wood between it and the water. Through that hole [ got by a series of gymnastic feats which no one would attempt in the light, and tinally reached my goal to find the small mattress quite wet with the heavy dew, ne the eur- dain simply wringing. Fifteen days in a_ boat four feet wide JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 29 and only high enough to sit up on the floor, where the ther- mometer registers from 92° to 95° for several hours in each day, where rats, scorpions, centipedes, and other ver- min abound, and where the crew are too close to be agreeable in this climate, is an experience which forces its drawbacks on the notice of the traveller, in spite of the loveliest scenery and situations which are often more picturesque tnan pleasant. One result of these circumstances is that, ever since we started, not less than twenty per cent. of our party have been on the sick list, the medicine chest has proved invaluable, and, consi- dering how often its dangerous contents have been drawn upon, it is surprising that, with so much liberality and so little skill, no particular harm has been done. The man and woman who died of cholera were never under my treatment, [ am glad to say, and since leaving Séger we have heard nothing more of cholera. Wednesday, 6th May.—Went ashore early this morning, and shot a couple of peacock and a brace of jungle fowl. It is certainly rather an astonishing sight to see peacock flying about or sitting on the dead stumps of an old clearing. I also saw a snipe, which is rather remarkable at this time of year and after such a drought; the ground he was in was hard ‘and dry as a highroad. ‘lhe tide is curious here, it was falling when we arrived at 4 p.m. yesterday, it fell a good deal lower, and at midnight some of our boats were high and dry ; 5 aM. they they were still in the same position, but at 8 a.m. the tide. began to rise, and at 2 p.m. it was nearly up to the top of the jak At that hour, on the top of high water, four large barges appeared round the point which hides the Yam Tfan’s place from us, and in a few minutes reached us. They were all crowded with rowers and chiefs who invited us to take our seats in the largest boat, a long two-storeyed barge with twen- ty-two rowers clad in yellow jackets, sarongs and white trousers. Half an hour’s paddling carried us over the two miles of water, and we landed at the stairs in front of the Yam Ttan’s house, an immense crowd of well dressed Malays lining the steps, the bank of the river and both sides of the road from the jetty down to the gate of the reception hall, where a double line of spearmen waited and conducted us to 30 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. the hall, a nicely decorated room raised on low pillars. Here the Datoh Béndahara, and Datoh Teméngg ong, the two Chief Officers of the State, received us with great ceremony, and telling us the Yam Tian was far from well but wished to sse us, invited us to sit down. Whilst we made our way from the landing place and greeted the Béndahira and Temenggong, a salute was being fe ed lower down the river. I carried on a spasmodic conversation with the Béndahara . for one and a half hours, during which the Yam Tian again sent to say he meant to come and see us, and then His Hichness appeared. He certainly looked deadly ill, but he was just as courteous and nice as ever, and we all thought he looked a trifle better and spoke with less difficulty (his voice was. hoarse and changed, and he complained of cough and fever) when we left him than when he came in. After I had told him of our journey, he asked us to have some coffee, &c., he and his son, a nice looking boy, joining in this part of the ceremony, and then I told him I should like to see him when he felt better and we left. Some of the Yam iian’s people took us across the river to a raft which had been prepared for our accommodation. On the raft is a plank house containing one large room, very comter- tably furnished, and a sort of “verandah all round it has been planked over so that we can sit out and watch the busy river- life with the picturesque town and palm groves for a back- ground. Another raft much larger than ours with an upper storey (but rapidly fallmg into decay ) was handed over to our people, and a guard of twenty-two Malays were sent to see that no harm befell us! The Béndahara, Téménggong and others came to see that everything was in order, and then we were left to ourselves. In the night there was a tremendous storm of rain with thunder and lightning, but that was hardly so disturbing as the uproar made by the rats who hve under the floor of our raft, a protest I suppose against our occupa- tion of the tenement. Thursday, 7th May.—The Dato’ Mantri of Johor called on me and we had avery long talk about Pahang and the other States. On making up our itinerary, I find that we have come down the river two hundred and forty-one and a half miles from JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 3L Buntu, and three hundred and ninety-five miles from Kuala Bernam, while there remains another seven miles or so to the mouth of the river. There is much to admire in this place. Specially striking to any one acquainted with the other Native States is the appear- ance of the village on the banks of this large river, here about fifteen hundred yards wide, with the picturesque house rafts moored not only along the bank of the river and in face of the Yam Titan’s various houses, but along the shores of the islands which here stud the stream. These islands are the most beautiful feature of the place ; they are large, covered with cultivation in the shape of palms, the cocoa-nut, betel and jagaree, or with flowering trees and shrubs aud fine short grass. The raft we occupy is moored to the shore of one of these islands just opposite the new mosque of Pékan, and between us and the opposite bank of the river are three considerable islands with wide stretches of water in between. On shore in the village there are four notable buildings-—the new mosque in the angle made by a small stream or canal coming in to the niver from the right bank; one hundred and fifty yards higher up a new brick house such as those occupied by Europeans in Singapore; one hundred and fifty yards fur- ther on, the old mosque, a building with far more to recommend it as regards appearance than the new one; and immediately to the right rear of the mosque the Yam Ttan’s principal house, a building which, as far as I could judge, is as satisfactory in its accommodation as it is pleasing to the eye. This house, which was built without any plan, is said to have cost $25,000, and is worth the money. The Yam Tutan’s Balet or Audience Hall is an indifferent structure inside the enclosure of another and less pretentious house, which stands half way between the old mosque and the new one. The business part of the village is of the most wretched description. Two small rows of the veriest hovels, built on either side of the main road, containing in all forty or fifty dwellings constitute the “bazaar” of the principal place in Pahang. As long as the customs of the country are such that Chinese don’t find it to their advantage to settle here, ap JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. there is no likelihood of improvement in this respect. At the present time the Chinese population of Pékan numbers about - eighty,and when asked why that is so, they reply because the taxation, both in system and as including every article of import or export, is intolerable, and that if ever they import from outside, or buy in the interior anything of value, it is removed by some chief who forgets to pay for it. Chinese will put up with many evils and difficulties and much injus- tice that no European will tolerate, and while making every allowance for exaggeration, mistakes and wilful falsehoods, the fact that there are not more than two or three hundred Chinese in the whole of this large and rich State so close to Singapore is the best proof of how matters really stand. This is the fourth time 1 have visited Pahang, and I have on this occasion had an opportunity of verifying some of the stories that have reached us in the last two years. Without proceeding to details, I can say that those whose experience of the Peninsula has been confined to the Protected Native States would be rather astonished at the manners and customs still prevalent in the governing class in Pahang and if Eu- ropeans will risk their capital in any large undertaking here and can manage to comply with their obligations, get business transacted, and obtain justice and satisfaction in their dealings with those they are brought in contact with, I think it will be a little surprising. It will also be well for them to remember that in a purely Malay State patience is not so much a virtue as a necessity. A good many wide and well selected roads have been laid out and formed, but not metalled, in and about the Pékan ; some fair bridges have also been constructed, and it seems as if, in any future arrangements for the housing of a large Chinese or other population, some new ground would have to be chosen for the site of a town, as there is none available up- stream of the canal to which I have referred. Below that, however, land might be got and a town built with the advan- tage that large boats and steam-launches can get to this poimt and lie there while they cannot reach the mouth of the canal owing to the shallowness of the water. All the ground about the Yam Tuan’s house being already occupied, the best spot for dwelling houses is the island which JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. er lies opposite the Yam Tiian’s principal dwelling. The whole country seems to be one vast level plain only a few feet above __ the level of the river, the soil is excellent and would probably grow any low-country produce, while swamps seem unknown, though I have no doubt the appearance of the place is different in the wet season. The people of the country, outside the Rajas and Chiefs, with some few exceptions, are industrious for Malays, but their distaste for work may, to some extent, be explained by the fact that a man does not care to work for more than bare sub- sistence if his gains can always be appropriated by his more powerful neighbour. That, at least, is an explanation offered here and in other Malay States, especially where Siamese influence is strong. Sic vos non vobis might have been written of the Malay ryot. The principal industries of Pahang are agriculture (the cul- tivation of rice and fruit), the rearing of cattle (especially buffaloes, which are very cheap here), sheep and poultry, a little gold-washing {but there are good reasons why this occu- pation is limited), and the manufacture of mats and silk cloth. The weaving and mat-making is done by the women, and the silk and mats produced are excellent of their kind, but very little known outside Pahang. The present occupation of the ruling class in Pahang is top- spinning, and the example is pretty generally followed by all the unemployed male Malays in Pékan. There is not much to be said against this very innocent amusement, but it strikes the casual observer as curious that while the people of the Ulu (and indeed nearly every one outside this village) are crying out for the redress of manifest grievances and the intro- duction of something resembling fixed laws and fair govern- ment, those who have the direction of affairs devote to the spinning of tops the time that can be spared from less harm- less distractions. In many respects the State is unlike any on the western coast and more nearly resembles Kélantan in features and products. Pahang has undoubtedly great resources and un- usual capabilities for supporting and enriching a large popu- lation and no intelligent person could see the country without regretting the circumstances which still keep it closed to o4 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. legitimate enterprise, whilst its people are unable to take advantage of the gifts lying ready to their hands. The Map which accompanies this journal shows the route we followed from Kuala Bernam in the Straits of Malacca, Latitude 3° 50’, to Kuala Pahang in the China Sea, Latitude 3° 444’. The trace of the Bernam River has been taken from existing information, lately revised by Mr. F. S7.G. Caut- FIELD, also the land route from Kuala Slim to Kuala Géliting, From Kuala Géliting on the Bernam to Buntu on the Lipis River is roughly sketched from a time and compass sur- vey, the distances and general direction being fairly correct, but there is no attempt at accuracy. ‘The sketch of the Lipis and Pahang Rivers is plotted from a time and compass survey made by Captain Gites, r.A., and im this case there is no pretence to accuracy, though it will probably be some years before a more careful survey is made of this river. So far as I know, this is the first time the Peninsula has been crossed from sea to sea by a Huropean from any point North of the Muar River, that is to say, in the wider part where the journey can only be accomplished by crossing the main range of mountains which forms the backbone of the Peninsula. I believe that Mr. C. Bozzoto crossed from the Galena mines in Patani to the mouth of the Muda River in Kédah, passing however North of the main dividing range. Fourteen years ago I saw in Klang a Frenchman who told me he had three times crossed the Peninsula from Klang to Tréngeinu, but there are very strong reasons for doubting that statement. Some years ago Messrs. Daty and O’Brten ascended the Muar River, crossed a few hundred yards of dry land by Lon age and descended the Bra, a tributary of the Pahang River, having its embouchure about eighty miles above Pékan, while Mr. W, Kyaces, I am told, has just crossed by the Muar and Triang Rivers, the mouth of the Triang being a few miles further from P&kan than that of the Bra. The shortest cross- ing of all is said by the Malays to be by the Muar, Rumpin and Méntiga Rivers. We have crossed the Peninsula by probably the longest route, unless the ascent of the Muda and descent of the Patani Rivers be longer and feasible. ‘The Bernam river, the largest JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 50 in some senses of those flowing into the Straits of Malacca, is the furthest North of those rivers which, rising in the main range, flow East and West to the Straits of Malacca, both the Krian and Muda Rivers being stated to take their rise in mountains other than the main chain. The Pahang River again is universally admitted to be the longest navigable river on either side of the Peninsula, and though we did not descend the centre or parent stream, the Jélei, there is probably not very much difference in navigable length between that and the Lipis, and there is no recoonised crossing from the west- ern to the eastern side of the range which would take the tra- veller to the head waters of the Jélei, nor any easily navigable river on the western side that would lead up to a point on the western slopes of the main chain opposite to the source cf the Jélei. When it is considered that the measured distance on the map from Kuala Bernam to Kuala Pahang is, as the crow flies, one hundred and seventy miles, the route by which we have travelled covering a distance of four hundred and two miles ascending the largest river on the western side of the Peninsula and “descending the longest on the eastern, may be considered fairly direct. The Straits Government steamer Sea Belle arrived on the 7th, and as I was not able to leave and Captain GILEs seemed to be seriously ill, I sent him on to Singapore in the Sea Belle on the 8th instant. Mr. Lister and I remained at Pékan till the 14th May. In that time we saw something of the country in the immediate neighbourhood of Pékan, and had many opportunities of talk- ing to Malays of all ranks on matters concerning Pahang. The Raja Muda of Pahang (brother of the Yam Tian ), who had arrived in the Sea Belle, landed on the 8th, and I had the pleasure of taking him to the Balei (Audience Hall) and seemg him reconciled to his brother. On two other evenings I had interviews with the Yam Tian, and he took us to his principal house, and let us see the joget danced by ladies of his own household. I described these dances and the game- fang accompaniment in an early number of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. I noticed that on these occasions the company of onlookers was much more select than when I first saw the dances, but, as before, the 36 JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. amusement was continued till nearly daylight. On the 14th, at 1 p.w., the Yam Taian, the Raja Muda, and all the Chiefs came over to our raft to bid us good- bye, the Yam Tuan with his usual generosity giving something to every member of my party. At 2 p.m. we left in the Sea Belle’s launch and boats, while a salute was fred from some guns in front of the new mosque, and the Sultan’s flag, which he had lowered on our arrival eight days before, was re-hoisted. The tide had nearly run out when we started, and we only just managed to get the launch out of the river, reaching the Sea Belle (lying a long way out) at4 p.m. We arrived at Singapore at 8 a.m. on the 15th. I cannot close this journal without remarking that, having journeyed through nearly all the Malay States, I have never met with elsewhere such courtesy as we experienced from all classes in Pahang. I could only regret my inability to make any adequate return for the hospitality and kindness of the Yam Titan. It is stated that the mouth of the Pahang River is unap- proachable in the North-East monsoon and that Pahang is shut off from communication with the outer world ( except by a few jungle paths across the main range of the Peninsula ) for six months in the year. I cannot say whether that is true or not, but it is likely, and even in the best of weather no vessel of any size can get near Kuala Pahang, while only steam launches of the lightest draught can, in the best weather, get up to Pékan at all times of the tide. There is, however, -an easy way to open this rich country, and that is by the con- struction of a road, one hundred and thirty miles long, from Johor Bharu, exactly opposite the Johor end of the Singa- pore-Kranji Road, to Pékan. About seventy miles of this road would pass through Johor territory, and the rest through Pahang. A first class bridle-road could be constructed in eighteen months for less than $150,000, and it could at any time be widened into a cart-road or converted into a tramway or light railroad. This would put Singapore and its resources in direct communication with the lower country of Pahang, besides tappmg a long stretch of land, both in Johor and Pahang, useful for the cultivation of low country tropical pro- clucts. | JOURNEY ACROSS THE MALAY PENINSULA. 37 A town should be established at the junction of the Témén- lin and Pahang rivers, as a centre for the trade of the upper metalliferous country, while the present road from Kuala Lumpor (the terminus of the Sélingor railway ) to Ginting Bidei should be continued down the Pahang side of the main range to Béntong and Pénjum, or some nearer point on the Pahang river. The cost of these roads would be insignificant in comparison with the advantages they would bring to Pahang, and in a lesser degree to Johor and Sélingor ; but if it were possible to get the work done under the present régime, it may be doubted whether those who now direct the affairs of Pahang would be able to utilize their opportunities for the best interests of the State. F. A. SWETTENHAM. Panane, 10th May, 1885. ad ial irs wire =: . ae ? pe se eer aa ee $ ; Oe ie | Ferre Getty} ty Pron , me te ’ >; ‘ Tr =: he : ees j ie +3 é 7 yi mS ry . te ‘ = R : iY 0 ‘oa : Xs : “ ie eae r i : ; i % ¥ - i 3 te a9, 3 } “ ~ ’ = gy 7 aa ; wt, Eee z bs | J ¥ SKETCH MAP Payourney across tive Malay Pepaisila fiom Hh. Berreare in the Seoils of Malacca Scale of Slalicle MeLzs : e @ £ THE OBJECT AND RESULTS OF A DUTCH EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SUMATRA IN THE YEARS | 1877, 1878, AND 1879, BY he Aue WAN” HASSELT. [The following paper has been translated from the French by Mr. BR. N. Bland, C. 8. The original willbe found in the second Volume of the Proceedings of the Third International Geographical Congress (held at Venice in September 1881), published by the Italian Geographical Society. No account, it is believed, has been published in Mnelish of the Dutch Mid-Sumatra Hxpedition and, in the absence of an English version of their official reports, it is hoped that Mr. Van Hasselt and his companions will not object to the publication of this translation, which has been undertaken unavoidably without their consent being first obtained. Kp. ] sHorT time after the Commission of the Netherlands A Geographical Society had decided upon a_ scientific expedition into the interior of Sumatra, [ was, by virtue of my office, as Government “ Controleur” at Soepajane, invited by the above-named Commission to take char ge of one of the sections into which the expedition Td been divided. Al- though convinced of the oreat difficulties of the task about to be entrusted to me, I ‘thought itmy duty not to refuse so honourable a mission. From February, 1877, to March, 1879, we remained in the districts that had been assioned to us, and though not able to apply “Vent, vidi, vici” to ourselves, we nevertheless collected a mass of details regarding the ¢ Ounbr y, of which, on our return, it was our privilese to render an account. Those who are acquainted with the work in which are united the results of the Sumatra expedition, and which, thanks to the efforts of our Commission, has taken so high uw place at this Geographical Congress, may have observed that our labours are not yet ended. 40) EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. While we were still occupied with our report, the Netherlands Society received an invitation from the Central Commission of this Congress, to send its representatives to the ancient City of the Doges. Amongst the delegates of our Society to this Congress whereso many illustrious geographers and famous travellers were to meet, the honour of represent- ing the Sumatra Expedition, fell upon two of its Members, Mr. D. D. Vern and myself. I was specially entrusted to ex- plain in this place the object of the Netherlands Scientific Expedition into the interior of Sumatra, and the results arrived at. I would ask, at starting, to be allowed to refer to the published portion of the work compiled on the return of the Expedition, by its Members. I trust I may be permitted to state briefly what was known of the interior of Sumatra previous to our Expedition, and what has been done by us to extend this knowledge. Various circumstances had within recent years contributed to awaken attention to Sumatra, and our experience of the country and its people was called in to supply the existing gaps. Up to the end of the 18th century Marspxrn’s book* was the only work comprising everything which at that epoch was known of Sumatra, butafter that time, the scientific researches of several later travellers had accumulated knowledge and discovered new facts with regard to the Eastern Coast ; these were most notably Junanunn,t Van DER TuuK, SoLomon Mitier, A. Homer, Van Oortand Korruatns, Oosta- orr, Trysman, Corps, Luprxine, and lastly the Italian travel- Jer Beccart. In the branch of geographical research, Bryerinck and Cruysenagr chiefly distinguished themselves, and in the region of topography and geology, the Engineers Van Discx pe Greve and Verspecx. For Bencoolen and the Lampong districts we had the data of Major Strcx, the travel- lers Du Bots and Zottincrer, General Kouumr, the philologist Van ver Tuvux, and various public officials of Netherlands * History of Sumatra, London, 1783, 1784, 1811, 4°. +The titles of all works and articles in Reviews treating of Sumatra will be found at the end of a paper upon this Island by Professor P. J. Vers, reprinted in the Statistical and Geographical Dictionary of Netherlands India, Amsterdam, 1873, p. 777 et seq. EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. Al India. Until Marspen’s time the extent of the important king- dom of Palembang was little known, but the wars and military operations on a small scale which were the inevitable result of the collapse of the Sultanate and submission to the Netherlands authority, have, within the last half-century, increased our information with regard to this inportant country. To this the writings of Sarasa PRESGRAVE, CoURT, DE STUERLER Prurorrvs, GRAMBERG, TRrYSMAN, Wanbacn, Mounick and DE Pruys Van pER Horven have especially contributed. On the North of Palembang, are situated the kingdoms of Djambi, Indragiri and Kampar, of which the first is reckoned Us a dependency of Palembang. The second is tributary to the Sultan of Lingga and consequently considers itself as with- in the jurisdiction of the Riouw Residency, whilst Kampar, formerly part of the ancient kingdom of Siak, now acknow- ledges the authority of the Residency of the Hast Coast of Sumatra. This part of the interior had never, previously to to our Expedition, been thoroughly explored, and of the two rivers—Kampar, and Indragiri or Kouantan—our specific knowledge was fanaa to their mouths and the immediate vicinity. ‘The Residency on the Hast Coast embraced in 1873 the dependencies of the ancient Sultanate of Siak ; after that date many now highly flourishing agricultural undertakings were established, chiefly at Deli and Langkat, and our acquaintance with this part of the island has thus been increased. Finally, the circumstance to which science is indebted for so much information with regard to the an- cient kingdom of Acheen and its people, is no other, alas, than the long war with all its attendant evils, which is now said to be over, ace by no means as- sured, owing to the spirit of hatred existing amongst the vanquished, Sumatra now belongs wholly to Netherlands India. In reality, however, there is in the centre and on the Hast Coast, a large extent of country in which therule of the Netherlands is still a fiction, but even there its influence has been daily extending for some years. The Coast of Acheen in the North; Tapanouli and the West Coast, downto the borders of Mount Bari isan; Benkoulen, the Lampon g districts and Palembang to the “South ; the Coasts of Siak, Deli and Langkat to the N, H,—these, gentle- 42, EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. men, are the provinces now subject to our administrative system. Notwithstanding the researches of the travellers I have already mentioned, there remained a wide extent of country in the centre of the Island which was still, for the most part, 1 not entirely, terra incogmta. Lhe maps of this region showed very inaccurately the configuration of the ground, the topography of the mountains, the courses of the rivers, the geological aspect and fertility of the soil, and the facilities for transport by land and water. With regard to all this and many other questions of ethnography, language and natural history, the works written upon Sumatra left the explorer painfully in the dark. Thus matters stood when our representative, Colonel VurstEne, conceived the idea of exploring these unknown regions. Scarcely anything was known of the river, which, with its many affluents, traverses Djambi, except that its source hes south of the highlands of Padang, and a few other facts gathered in the interests of navigation. Djambi, the Sultan of which was a nominee of the Netherlands India Govern- ment, and where a Netherlands official acted as Political Agent, was looked upon as a dependency of the Province administered ] by the Resident of Palemibente! Djambi was as much unknown to us as Central Africa was to our fathers. Nevertheless there was more than one reason for desiring more intimate knowledge. Most of the Central Districts were celebrated for the beauty of their scenery, their unequalled richness of soil and the industry and pleasant disposition of their inhabitants. In 1869, after the existence of rich seams of coal on the banks of the Ombilin ( (the upper Ww aters of the Indragiri) had been discovered by Greve, an Hneineer, who died in the midst of his labours, serious efforts were made to provide means for the transport of this “black gold.” The country lying between the coal beds and the West Coast was explored by a band of engineers under the orders of M. CLuYsENAER. They published a large work and detailed maps, but though this was useful from a scientific point of view, the estimated cost of constructing < ae working a railway to the West Coast was so considerable, that there ‘could be no hope of putting such anideainto execution. This, then, was one of the most EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. 43 powerful reasons for selecting this portion of the centre of Sumatra as the chief aim of the researches of our expedi- tion. The more so, as the Government was willing to encour- age travelling in all these countries, except SKorintji, which, for political reasons, was closed to travellers. All the reports of the Government officials as to the attitude of the natives were favourable, and the Government itself gave full support to the undertaking of our Society by large contribu- tions both of money and stores. The actual state of affairs, however, as we found afterwards, differed widely from what had been hoped for in Holland during the preparations for our expedition. Our companion, ScHouw Santvoort, who after- wards died at Djambi, experienced this at starting, when making his perilous expedition across the island in a canoe; and when later we endeavoured to visit the petty states of Manangkabo, which divide the Netherlands territory in the highlands of Padang from the great kingdom of Djambi, we were obliged to beat a precipitate retreat owing to the hostile attitude of the Prince of Si Gountour ;* and the news of the unfavourable disposition of the above-named States spread with such rapidity, that the Government thought it prudent to forbid our penetrating further into the States of Rantau, Barouk and Djambi from the west. We were therefore obliged to turn our steps towards the east. But there also, we soon discovered, when we endeavoured to explore the Dis- trict of Limoun, a part of the Djambi territory, that all the original reports had been dictated by an unjustifiable opti- mism, and that even when a friendly chief lent us his sup- port, the general feeling of the natives was too hostile to allow us to shew ourselves any longer without military escort, and still less, of course, to attempt any scientific researches. * Forbes, the Naturalist, two years later, failed to penetrate into Djambi. He was advised “ not to attempt to enter without the mandate of the Sultan, “meaning not the Sultan recognised by the Dutch Government, but the previous “deposed ruler, who had taken up his court in the interior of the country and “whom all the Djambi people recognised. ‘This was very disappointing, but I “had fared no worse than the Dutch Mid-Sumatra Expedition, which, two years “before, had been advised to turn back at that same place,”—Forbes Lastern Archipelago, 253.—En, 44, EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, What then was the actual condition of Djambi? In 1834, the Netherlands Government had signed a treaty with the Sultan, who, no longer feeling himself able to cope with his discontented subjects, had made the firstadvances. But when in 1855, Ratou Aumap NarsarouppIn succeeded him, difficul- ties arose, resulting in a military expedition to Djambi, which, by an attack on the Kraton, drove out the Sultan. The Gov- ernment appointed Sultan Auman as his successor, and was satisfied by erecting asmall fort, in which a weak garri- son was stationed, leaving the conduct of the new Sul- tan to be controlled by a Political Agent. The expelled Sultan, generally known as Soutan Tana, retired to the interior, where, fixing his residence at Telok Perdah on the Batang Hari, near the mouth of the Tabir, he managed to attract a number of followers. His anthority, though insignificant, was recognised by all the Chiefs along the Hari and its tributaries as far as the mouth of the Tembesi. Sultan Auman, lacking the power to make himself res- pected, was obliged to submit to the existing state of things and to conclude atreaty of amity with his predecessor, by which the boundaries of the territory of each were fixed. Meanwhile, the resentment of Soutan Tanya against the Europeans who had deposed him did not diminish, and he did not cease to incite revolt among all who could be con- sidered friendly towards the Netherlands Government. The unfortunate results of such a state of things were, as might have been expected, experienced by our comrades, who in a steam-launch were engaged in making a survey of the rivers; they were obliged to suspend their labours owing to the hostile attitude of the natives, who prevented their further advance. As I have already stated, the expedi- tion had been divided into two parties, one of which was de- tailed to explore the highlands, the other to survey the river Djambi and its affluents. The leader of the latter was Mr. 8. ScHouw Santvoort, an officer of the Netherlands Navy, who, on his decease, was succeeded by Lieutenant C. H. CoRNELISSEN. A steam-launch was placed at their disposal,—a boat perfectly suited to the work in hand owing to its dimensions and its small draught of water. The other members of the EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. 45 party were Mr. Maxxtnx, the pilot, and Mr. Hermans, the engineer, afterwards succeedeed by Mr. Snispewrnp. As for myself, I was at the head of the other party, assisted by the Civil Engineer, Mr. D. D. Vertu, who was en- trusted with the geographical, geological and meteorological investigations, as well as the preparation of negatives for photographs, and by Mr. Sou T. SNeLLEMAN, whose province was zoology in its higher branches. Hthnology and the study of languages fell to my share. In summing up the results of our researches in this marvellous country, I will first deal with geography, as this subject, at a Geographical Congress like the present, should be given the first place. It seems superfluous to explain the success which crowned the efforts of Messrs. VeTH, CoRNELISSEN and Santvoort; with the exception of quite a small portion, the courses of the Hari and its chief affluent, the Tembesi, were minutely sur- veyed. Itwas thus discovered that the Hari, on quitting the highlands of Padang, flows due North, whence it follows that the furthest point navigable for large boats, is much nearer to the coal mines of Ombilin than it appeared to be on former maps ; so much so that the Hari is of as much impor- tance, as a highway for the transport of minerals to the Hast Coast, asthe river Indragiri itself. In surveying the southern part of the Padang up-lands it was discovered that the rivers Mamoun and Pottar belong in no way to the Kouantan basin, but are affluents quite distinct from the Hari. But most notably in the survey of Lebong was the inaccuracy of former surveys made apparent. The mountains of the interior of Sumatra have been described with great exactness by Mr. Vertu in the 2nd part of our work, which also contains all the geological and meteoro- logical records. The large collection of photographs of the country and of the people taken by him, are assuredly not the least part of the labours which have helped to extend our imperfect knowledge of Sumatra and itsinhabitants. Again, amongst the things which we were enabled to bring back with us, | must mention an ethnographical collection* of more * This collection is placed in the Royal Ethnographical Museum at Leyden. 46 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, than 500 objects, almost the whole of which have been repro- duced in the 3rd part of our work. We trust that they will give a true idea of the life and customs of the Malays, set forth as they are in thirteen chapters of our ethnographical description. In my linguistic researches, I set myself as - much as possible to note words and to collect manuscripts. As to these latter, I frequently had them read and ex- plained to me, in order to learn the real meaning and the proper pronunciation of words. The difficulties I had to overcome will be evident to all those who will take the trou- ble to examine the word-lsts of the Rawas and Lebong (known as the Redjang) dialects, and the songs, puzzles and proverbs which I gathered from the lips of the people themselves, as well as the Manangkabo, Mouroi-Batou and Touankou- nan Tjeredeg manuscripts. Besides, I was fortunate enough to gather complete information about the figure-characters of the Rentjoung as well as the method of spelling and writing them. This figure-writing owes itsname to the manner in which the words are engraved with the point of a knife upon strips of bamboo. I was, on several occasions, able to gather interesting in- formation with regard to the aborigines of this part of the country—the Koubous—and I am in a position to state this curious fact, viz., that their language, which at the first elance appears to differ entirely from Malay, appears on closer investigation to be almost the same laneuage as that of the Malays who inhabit the Koubou district. Only, the pronunciation of the Koubous is harsher, and their peculiari- ty of expression takes the form of a dialect. We were lucky enough to obtain some valuable botani- cal specimens, and some other fortunate finds go to show that our researches were not altogether fruitless. But most remarkable of all were the results of our zoological investiga- tions. We brought back 30 mammals, 285 birds, 173 reptiles and amphibians, 385 fish, 5 to 6 thousand insects, including 323 species of lepidoptera, and a large number of molluses.* * The greater part of this collection is now in the Royal Museum of Natural History at Leyden. EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. A7 Amongst these animals, there are many new species, especially amongst the insects of which many species had never previously been observed in Sumatra. Looking at this large number of animals collected in a comparatively short space of time, one might be ledintothe mistake of supposing that the formation of sucha collection would be an easy matter. Without counting the difficulty of pr a aring and packing up most of the specimens, the very hunting for them was attended with many obstacles, ‘and involved great loss of time. The richness of the tropical fauna has passed into a proverb, not without reason, but like most treasures, it must be sought after out of the beaten track, and it 1s only little by little that the paths leading to the hidden treasures of nature are to be discovered. In giving the preceding resumé, I have accomplished the task alloted to me, but permit me now to introduce you in imagination, for a few moments at iene to the countries visited by my companions and myself at the time that we tra- versed these uncultivated regious, deeply impressed with their unique beauty. Iwill choose those pages of our journal which describe our ascent of the peak of Korin itji, or Indrapura, the highest mountain in Sumatra, and one of the highest voleanoes in the Indian Archipelago. We were in the country of the “ twelve kotas,” a district bounded on the 8. W. by the above-named mountain, and as before ourselves no Huropean, and still less any native, had ever attempted the ascent, the preparations fer our depar ture occupied some space of time. Our firstidea was to take with us native carriers, called owls, but as it-was too risky to set out with our necessary baggage without knowing anything about the nature of the ground, or even if it were possible to reach the summit, we took the precaution of sending some explorers on ahead as an advance-guard. The superstitious nature of these people, however, so excited their imagination that they returned to us with all sorts of exts avagant stories of the inaccessible rocks they had seen, and the fearful monsters they had met. A second attempt on their part was more successful, and although uncertain as to being able to reach the highest point, we set out on the 5th. December, 1877, full of ardour and determination. Pesides A8 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. the coolies, we were accompanied by the two guides who had conducted the exploring parties, and by the Touankou of Dourian Taroung, an intelligent chief, with two of his followers. Kach skouls carried 8 chapaks (4-3 kil.) of rice, whilst the two guides and the chiet’s followers carried between them AO chupaks. Besides rice, each had to carry a part of the baggage necessary for such a long stay in the junele: firstly, our camp-beds, aud klambous, or mosquito curtains, articles not less indispensable than a change of clothes in case of rain; some simple cooking utensils, and some tinned provisions, to afford a change in our principal diet, viz., rice; these constituted our equipment, together with the other part of our baggage, consisting of instruments for making geo- eraphical and atmospheric observations, whilst those neces- sary for the collection of plants and animals were not wanting, and finally 2 chairs and some guns and ammunition completed the whole. Hvery portion of our baggage was carefully wrapped up in tarpaulins, which, fastened together, served as a roof for our shelter at night. Clad in the simple dress suitable for a wandering life in fnOee wild regions, we set out, and our first task was to clear a path with our wood-knives for the koulis. 'Lhese carriers, he in Sumatra, are accustomed to carrying their burdens on their heads, would never have been able to get along in the small space sufficient for persons not laden, and would have been liable every moment to get caught in the hanes and thorny branches spreading out in every direction overhead, if the euides had not formed a regular bed, so to speak, for the long line of koulis following them. We-were soon obliged “to quit the path on ae- count of the unfavourable nature of the eround, and to continue our march aloi ag the bed of a river, a change which considerably diminish red our speed and compelled our koulis to drop a lone distance behind. When we left the water to take again to dry land, our first care, while waiting for the houwlis to rejoin us, was to look around to see it there was anything worth carrying off. We perceived an object which we were farfrom expecting to find in such a place, namely a humanskull, which pr ‘ojecting out of the water was gazing if us with hollow or bjts. Approaching, we dis- covered the thigh bones belong ae to the same individual, EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, 49 a Malay, who two years previously had been banished from his megart on account of leprosy. Ten sowké of rice had been set apart for him, and he had betaken himself in this direction provided with an axe, a chopper, a wallet contain- ing tobacco and sirth, and a flint and tinder. Thus equipped, he had begun to climb the ereat mountain, the Peak of Ko- rintji in order to seek a mong the mountain-spirits a cure for his frightful malady.* He may, perhaps, have reached the summit, but it would seem that the spirits did not grant his wish. Though 1b may seem inhuman to treat fellow creatures in this way, we must remember that the instinct of preserva tion, in countries where the population is too often Cachrae ed by epidemics, leads easily to measures of this kind. ee perched the skull, blanched by the alternate action of air ai water on the end of a pole by ihe » riverside, so as to find it easily on our return, feeling sure that no one would come in the interval to disp ate with us ae strange product of the soil. We followed the path which led from the stream towards the mountain slopes, and which was nothing but a broad track formed Py elephants and rhinoceroses. ‘This brought us at about 3 o’clock in the afternoon to Timbouloun. There, we found such an exe ellent resting place for the night, amidst a conglomeration of proje ecting volcanic rocks, that we resolved not to push on further, and all the more so because the koulis were still far behind. afterwards that the first a and as their number gradu- ally increased, we had to listen to confused accounts of the difficulties they had undergone, and the misfortunes they had met with. Whe short time remaining following up for a bit the course of ther from our encampment, we came across a water of which dashed down from a hie ¢ht o — Te sunset b was occupied in iver, and not far ream, the hmpid 20 feet between u nb ried to as places of seclu- spirits. See (as to Java), AD eee 103 ; (Sumatra ) * Among ue races mountain-tops are reso sion aaa ee being the abode of powerful Journ. Ind. Arch., IV, p. 119 Forbes, Mastern Are Id, 198 ; (Borneo) Tijdsc shrift voor ae iad, as, are Cult, ae 249 ; (Madagascar) ) Els’ History of Mada: ease eA See also Journ. Ind, Arch. IX , 125; and Ellis’ Polynesian iesearsies gs, £ je07 and TY.. 404, 50 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, - granite walls. The water dripped ceaselessly from trailing creepers and from the rocks which overhung the cataract. Everything around was damp, the air chill, and the silence, which weighed like lead upon the whole scene, was unbroken, save for the monotonous noise of the falli ng drops. In the meantime some of our kowlis began to cut down young trees and branches, and to drag them to the place where we intended to form our bivouac. The lopped branches formed the sup- ports of our dwelling-place, which, thanks to the natural shelter we had found, was for once quickly enough put up, and in which, besides our baggage, there was space “enough to lodge our followers. A little distance on our left, a large fire was lighted at which our cook busied himself in preparing a meal as frugal as it was welcome. A second fire was lighted in front of the hut, its tall flames casting such fantastic shadows around that we had no fear of being disturbed by any wild beast. After long marches, such as we made nearly every day of our expedition, one is not much disposed to prolong the evening after havin o dined. The conversation soon begins to flag, and the slightest hint is sufficient to convince the company ‘of the advantage, nay the necessity, of going to rest. We found this to be so, and whilst the kowlis were, according to their custom, squatting round the fire engaged in animated conversati on, we were stretching our wearied limbs on our camp-beds, which though very simple, made a much more comfortable bed than the bare ground. The next morning we made haste to continue our journey, and just allowing enough time to cook a few handfuls of rice, which with ship’s biscuit formed our bre akfast, we were on our way by half-past 6 o’clock. We still followed the track formed by the pachyderms, which led us upwards to the north of the mountain. We advanced very slow ly, having continually to clear the path of fallen trees, and twisted creepers. We marched in front with the ouldes, and towards 11 o’clock wearrivedat a hut which had previously shelteredthem, but which we could not now make use of, on account of its distance from any water we could drink, and also because our day’s task was by nomeans done. At about 3 o’clock in the afternoon we came to the last hut occupied by the guides, EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, 5l rather more favourably situated by reason of its proximity to water. We commenced at once, therefore, to establish our- selves there, and after we had cleared and levelled a space of 6 metres long by 2 broad, we put up a long shed or pondok, I will not weary you with a too detailed account of our undertaking. Suffice to say that after several fruitless at- tempts to push forward, we resolved on the 7th December to leave our koulis behind with the baggage, and to endeavour ourselves, each escorted by two men with axes, to reach the summit by different routes. On the 8th of December, about half-past twelve, I was only about 200 métres from the summit, when my guide, stumbling over a loose stone, fell on his face. Turning round, I found him sitting on a rock, his mouth was bleeding and his knee and arm were bruised. At this moment a violent peal of thunder, with at least a hundred reverberating echoes, broke over our heads. My euide instantly began to urge a return. “ Let us yo back, Tuan, since we know the way. Itis beginning to eet dark ‘and we are going to have heavy rain.’ “A second thunder- clap, as loud as the first, sounded almost as he spoke. “The mountain j is anery,” he continued “do not let us wait longer.”’ Looking up towards the summit where a short time before a picturesque crest of jagged rocks had stood out above the oravel slopes of the mountain, I could perceive nothing but a black and threatening cloud. here was nothing for us but to return. But this was not so easy, the stones which previously had seemed so solid, broke away every moment under our feet, bringing down others in their fall. Arriving at the spot where we had quitted the forest, we resolved to follow up the course of the river as well as possi- ble as far as the cataract just above our hut. In this we succeeded, and at about 2 o’clock in the afternoon we reached our bivonac, On the sixth day after leaving the plain, we at last got to the top. Itwas on my hands and feet that I climbed the last part, and the view that then met my eyes made me start back with surprise, what I had taken for the top was but the narrow rim of a yawning crater with precipitous sides. More 52 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, than 1,000 métres below, water and sulphur were seething and giving off vapours, which filled the cavity for moments at atime, and then lifted so as to reveal to us the whole bottom of theabyss. This floor presented a sandy surface, with lakes of sulphur here and there, easily recognisable by their yellow colour, and a number of small arteries connect- ing¢them. Tomy rightand left the cliffs were more elevated, and prevented my seeing the surrounding country, leaving only a view of the summits of mountains in the distance. Notwith- standing the grand spectacle presented by the high lands of Padang, I could not, but express a feeling of disappoint- ment at our situation, for I saw that it would be very diffi- cult to make our way round the lofty and rugged edge, whose exterior slope, at an angle of not less than 45° was composed of such loosely holding shingle, that a single step was sometimes enough to send immense stones rolling down the precipice. A few moments later M. Vera rejoined me, and after having satisfied himself that the rocks on our right were absolutely inaccessible, he proceeded to try and discover, more to the south, a spot level enough to set up the tripod rest of our telescope, by means of which we were to observe the surrounding country. After a quarter of an hour’s chmb he called for the instruments; the Mandor, or head of the koulis, with his men, advanced a few steps, but then sat down, declaring that they were giddy. Only two coolies ventured to follow me to the spot where my companion was waiting. Climbing over sharp rocks, we at last reached a level space of a few métres. Our observations, however, had to be very brief, for big clouds collecting on all sides hindered all exploration. ‘To the §. E. towards the Gounoung Toujouk (seven mountains) we noticed a large lake shut in by serrated peaks, forest clad. In bygone ages this mountain, had evidently been a gigantic volcano, such as the Peak of Korintji at the present day. N. W. from the foot of the Gounoung Toujouk, the first rice fields of Korintji are situated on the banks of a consider- able torrent. These fields were flooded and shone in the sun- shine like polished plates of metal. Lastly, when a big cloud suddenly intercepted our view, we noted the state of the EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. 53 barometer and the thermometer. The first indicated 495 millimétres, the second 7°8.C. On the following day we succeeded in reaching the highest summit of the mountain. We had been forced to send back five coolies who had broken down, and even the Chief of Dourian Taroung himself was obliged to leave us through illness. As our provisions were sensibly diminishing, and we were afraid that the rest of the coolies would not be able to stand the fatigue and cold much longer, we decided to return. I must not quit this subject without makine some observations upon the character of the fauna and flora of this volcano, which rises to a height of 5,600 métres. As far as the place where we spent the first night, the forest generally resembled those we had already so often traversed, containing a considerable number of large trees linked together by strong creepers and heavy rotén-manau. The kalé rises side by side with the waringin, the sacred tree of the Hindoos, the koubang, the sianowk, or milk- tree, with its white bark, and the wild kabaw or kapok. The undergrowth consists of large-leaved bamboos, with knotted stems which interlace in every direction, of the dahun katari, much used in Malay households, of the balun- king with its edible flowers, and a large variety of ferns and OTASses. Advancing upwards, towards our second halting place, bamboos were replaced by varieties of powar, whilst along the river banks the djombou-ajar were met with, and further on, in the junele, meranti and other straight-stemmed trees. At this elevation rattan is stillcommon enough, but as in the ease of the lianes, itis finer and weaker than in the lowlands. Ascending higher still, the trunks of the various species of the kali, and the djirah-pidang diminish in size, and we notice that they are twisted, knotted, and covered with different kinds of moss. The rattans and climbing plants become more and more rare, grasses take the place of the pouar, to be replaced in turn by the thick-stemmed pakou- rasam, a species of fern which, together with other volcanic plants, is found right up to the summit. Above a height of 2,500 metres, no trees worthy of the name are to be met with, but various kinds of flowering, or 54 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. sweet-smelling shrubs, such as the lawang, the bark of which has an odour of orange-flowers, as also the flowers, the leaves, and the fruit of the sarikmandjari, a number of sharp edged erasses, and several graceful species of nepenthe. At the highest point, which exceeds 3,000 métres, wherever a little vegetable soil is collected in corners of the porous rock, are to be seen, besides the plants already mentioned, the lobak with its yellow flowers, and the tjapo-gounong, whose little white flowers and pointed velvet leaves remind us of the Edelweiss of the Alps. I will not go into the question as to whether the presence of these plants proves the fertility of the soil, but it is certain that the soil of the gentle slope to the east and to the north-east of the Peak, is singularly rich, and perfectly suited to agricultural enterprise. In digging the ground for the foundations of our hut, as well as in places where landslips had occurred, I ascer- tained that the vegetable soil was in places more than a metre in depth. But in order to obtain satisfactory results from the cultivation of this district, it would first of all be necessary to supplement its present scanty population with a supply of labourers from MHindostan, Java, or elsewhere. The result of our observations of animal life, after leay- ing the foot of the mountain, may be stated in a few words. The large animals did not show themselves, which indeed they rarely do, for in the depths of these vast forests animal life seems exinct. The tracks of the rhinoceros were only met with up to a height of 2,000 metres, those of the elephant not beyond 1,500 métres ; wild chamois frequent the inacces- sible rocks, and choose out those crevices and erottos which by their projections afford them cover from the wind and rain. Up tothe very top we found tracks and droppings of this antilocarpus sumatrensis. With regard to insects, we remarked at the summit, some bees, gad flies, some small black insects under stones, and here and there a butterfly. We also met with a species of brown pigeon, perhaps the T’reron Nasica, and some smaller birds with green wings and red heads. Leeches were only perceived up to a height ‘of 1 ,300 metres, while spiders, especially those of the family of Lycoeides do not go higher than 3,000 metres, ® UXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA. 55 We came down the mountain much more slowly than we had gone up. Still the rate at which we were going pre- vented us from bestowing sufficient attention on the natural features by which we were surrounded, and on the peculiari- lies of the mysterious forests in which the struggle for existence 1s ceaselessly gcing on—a struggle which man is often unable to explain. What a delightful feeling it is to reach, at the close of day, an open space where one can give oneself who'ly over to the repose and comfort of a bivouac. Many of these places will remain indelibly in our memories. Thus on the evening of the Sth October, we arrived at Sunzei Sapi, a most pic- turesque spot. Our ous were already busy putting up a shelter for us under the river bank. The banks rose sheer up both sides, leaving only a Be view of the water up and down stream. Our hut was quickly built on the stony soil of the upper part of the river-b< ed, which was then dry. Soon the lire for preparing our repast was lit, whilst near at hand resounded the axes engaged in felling the trees destined for building our pondok or but. All around is movement, nob, however, to be of long durat tion, for as soon as the strictly necessary labour is over, everyone makes himself as com- fortable as es in order to inake the most of this charm- ing resting-place. Let us take the trouble to more minutely examine the eround around us. By the path leading to the river, and at a short distance from if, we notice coffee-bushes, durians, mangosteens, and ja nbu-trees, I$ is evident that these are not forest trees, but are the hving remains of a village, which, like so many others, has disvppeared, Not a house whose inhabitants might have told us their story has been left standing ; nothing has survived but these few fruit trees which nature will reclaim in like manner, So as to completely Wipe out every vestige of the past. To our left, the river flows slowly over a bed of stones, and not far away is hidden trom us by a bend. On our right hand the scene is very different. The water flows impetuously and dashes itself down from a high rock into a deep basin, falling in a bread shect with a con- tinual rear, like an avalanche gf pearls, and bringing with 56 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR OF SUMATRA, it an icy current of air. It would be impossible to imagine a more picturesque bit of water scenery than this natural basin. As long as the Cees lasted we made notes, or arranged the collections made d uring the day. The approach of night for ‘ced us to give up our work, and we placed our chairs at the water's edge euveloping ourselves in fragrant Havana smoke. The sub- dued eifects of twilight are unfortunately unknown in these countries. Itis as though the sun were in haste to hide himself, and in this enchanting spot the night fell suddenly and covered all our landscape with its black veil. Then almost at once we heard the leader of the insect orchestra take up his office, and with a diabolic note give the signal to begin. The light of phosphorescent cock- chafers shine fantastically amidst the trees, bats flit like shadows around our resting-place. ‘The koulis, who have lighted a second fire on the other side of the hut, are squatting round it, intercepting the light, which thus falis only ona portion of the river and hardly reaches the distorted tree-roots which a land-slip has exposed on the opposite side. Our rice will soon be re pat ; our old cook is giving it his whole attention. Clad only in a pair of trousers, he is sitting cross-legged and is with imperturbable oravity stir- ring ais rice Sa a long spoon. His whole figure is stiff, severe, and rigid, as though it were carved in wood. Of the lle an seated between us and the fire, we can only distinguish the outlines, whilst every feature of their companions who are Si itting opposite to us 18 vigourously brouel ht out by the red eleais, produced by the hght of the flaming wood upon their browned faces and bodies. And while they rest themselves, smokine their cigaret ttes, they listen attentively to one of their number who 1s telling the history of some previous excursion. Doubtless, nowhere , does nature offer more splendid spectacles than in these distant forests. There is no monotony , on the contrary, an infinite variety. Sometimes the surroundings inspire us with calm, at other times we are awed by the stern force with which na- ture works out her ends. The aspect of water rushing down- ward from the mountains with ever increasing inpetuosity, EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR SUMATRA. bY tearing a way for itself through and over the most colossal and massive rocks, is truly terrific. And what shall we say regarding the fine layer of earth, which covers the rock, and which, although often not more than a few centimetres in depth, yet nourishes and gives its vital forces toa forest of gigantic trees, of brushwood and lianes infinitely varied, and wearying the imagination with their diversity of form and colour? | Our European forests cannot be compared with the flora which Sumatra presents to our astonished eyes. Gigantic trees strike their tenacious roots into the earth, or project them into the air, as though nervously defending themselves against the attacks of assailants. In straight lines and fantastic curves, branches, leaves, trunks and roots, twist in and out disputing for nourish- ment; here lianes attach themselves like tightened ropes to the trees, or else twist in spirals round a young tree, whilst there, they are poised without support, cork-screw fashion. What is the meaning of this spiral without a prop? The victim which it formerly entwined, succumbed to its stifling embrace and fell into dust, leaving only the fatal knot which had strangled it. No plant can grow without a struggle: parasites are everywhere, on the bark, on the branches, on the leaves. It may easily be understood how hard it is to recognise the parent amidst this chaos; the parasites climb from branch to branch, until the last leaf disappears, and the last twig, bending beneath their weight, succumbs, and hangs like the powerless arm of a vanquished man. And all this luxuriant verdure, striving to climb on high in order to enjoy the sparkling sun-light, twists about and forms an in- extricable network, which only the wood-knife and the axe can unravel, The rattan winds about like a snake between the most delicate stems as well as between the thickest trunks, and rears its spiny head, like a plume, amidst the tops of the loftiest trees. 7 From time to time a bamboo grove presents an agreeable change to the eye. The large stems spring forth majes- tically, to fall afterwards in graceful curves ; sometimes the path is blocked by a fallen tree, which in its heavy fall has dragged down a whole plantation with it, while crushing a §8 EXPEDITION INTO INTERIOR SUMATRA, portion of the forest opposite. Knowing that time with his inevitable scythe will put all things in ‘order, the native in such a case avoids the obstacle, goes round it, and clears him- self a new path which rejoins the old one further on. Gloomy obscurity and heavy silence weigh upon these forests, never visited by Europeans, and seldom by Malays. At midday, surrounded by native followers, there should be nothing to alarm one in such a place, nevertheless one lifts one’s head with a shudder, when the mysterious stillness is broken by a falling leaf, fluttering down and grazing the tree-branches, or by a loosened stone rolling down a ravine. It is the influence exercised by this tropical nature. Thus in a framework of verdure, the torrent rolls down from rock to rock with foam whiter than snow, until, become at last a cataract, it sways the broad leaf of the pisang, as easily as the lace-like fern. The basin into which it is ever pouring its limpid water contains myriads of shining fish, which find nourishment in the fruit which the torrent brings down withit. And when chance rays of sun-light manage to pierce the dome of verdure, then one’s eyes are greeted with a splendour of tints and colours, which one must have seen before one can admit thatit is impossible to describe them. But other surprises are in store for us in these wild localities. When after marching for several hours, or rather jumping from stone to stone in the bed of a river, one enters the forest, one is struck by the incredible mass of dead leaves which one meets with, and which form a fertile soil for the trees from which they have fallen. All these leaves are covered with a mildew as glossy as silk, delicate as a spider’s web, and white as snow, standing out against a dark background. Indeed one is afraid to make a step lest one should destroy in an instant these works of art of such inimitable delicacy and elegance. Inthe midst of these is enthroned the Giant of the Forest, the malaboumet, a tree whose trunk is a métre and a half in diameter, and which rears its majestic head straight overhead at a height of 100 feet. . Itis natural that one should be singularly impressed by this contrast, or rather by these extremes which meet, as the proverb says, like the first and last pages of a treatise on Botany placed side by side. HXPRDITION INTO INTERIOR SUMATRA, 59 The tree-trunks are covered with many species of plants, belonging, it is true, to the same family, but varying infinitely in their development. Here are rattans twining round a tree like the boa round its prey. ‘There the akar lamboutow thick as man’s arm grows side by side with the rotan emboun as fine as thread. As has already been remarked, few large animals are met with in these regions. Sometimes one hears the shrill note of the argus pheasant. Occasionally a monkey is visible leaping and swinging from one branch to another. But as far as the smaller animals are concerned, an attentive explor- ermay observe much. Amongst insects, we found many whose only means of defence lay in their disguise, creatures which so much resemble, in form and colour, the earth and the plants amongst which they live as to be mistaken for them. They must have had many enemies to be obliged to assume this disguise in order that their species may preserveits vitality. Before ending this narrative, I must touch upon the charms which night offers amidst these forests. Hardly has the darkness set in andthe stars begun to gleam through the leafy roof than the forest is hghted up by a thousand fires which, at first stationary, seem to be resting in the tree tops in order to afterwards take flight in graceful curves, and at last be lost to sight, like shooting stars. Even the leaves, the dead twigs, the very soil itself, seem to give forth a phosphorescent radiance. This formless mass covering the earth, which but lately impeded our march, is now enveloped in a mysterious light; we might describe it as an encbanted garden, hke those of the Arabian stories, if this simile were not worn threadbare. It is unfortunate that this fairy-like scene is marred by the music of cicadae, which far from producing the harmoni- ous sounds which would be appropriate to wre belle nuit fantas- tique, assail our ears with piercing cries, uttered with demoniacal strength and a pertinacity only to Le paralleled by the bass notes in this impromptu concert which are sup- plied by the mountain torrent. Such are the sights that nature unfolded to us in Sumatra. It will easily be understood that we shall not readily forget them. Wil Rye Pin Hilo tiie is FURTHER NOTES ON THE RAINFALL OF SINGAPORE. IVE years ago I had the privilege of submitting a few notes on the rainfall of Singapore, which appeared in No. 7 of this Journal. I now purpose to add a few more re- marks on this interesting study. In the last notes above referred to, the registers of two places only were taken into account, viz., those of the old criminal Prison between Brass Bassa and Stamford Roads, for the rainfall in Town, and Mr. Knight’s on Mount Pleasant, Thompson Road, for the country ; but in 1880, on the removal of the Criminal Prison to its new locality, the former was discontinued, and later on Mr. Knight changing his residence the latter also. It, therefore, became necessary to take a more general view, and a table has been prepared of the Mean Annual Rain- fall of Singapore as observed at present at seven stations, which, through the kindness of Dr. Rowezz, Principal Civil Medical Officer, Straits Settlements, in permitting me to have access to the records, I now have the pleasure of submitting, together with charts shewing the ranges of the Mean Annual Rainfall, and Rainy Days since 1869. It will be an easy matter to continue these charts, say at intervals of five years, and thus arrive at some idea of the law of the rainfall of Singapore. Mr. Sxinyer in his article on “Straits Meteorology” (No. 12 of this Journal), is of opinion that it is “not too early to endeavour to obtain some results from the series of Rainfall returns” now to hand, and has ventured to con- nect certain outbreaks of cholera, beri-beri, &c., with the rainfall. The concluding paragraphs of that article are very hopeful and promising. The chart accompanying this paper apparently bears out his anticipations that “ an excess of rain may be looked for inthe years 1884-85,” for the line is an ascending one; but it requires the tracings of a few more years to get a clear knowledge of the rhythm of the alternations of periods of lesser and greater ascents before 62 SINGAPORE RAINFALL. the corresponding fallings. For instance, the chart shows a sudden fall in the amount of rain for 1871 and 1872, with - a Slowly increasing rise up to 1875, followed by a still lower fall in 1877 (the lowest recorded). In 1878 there is almost double the rainfall of 1877, rising still higher in 1879, from which period down to 1883, the annual rainfall was steadily decreasing, but in 1884 it again ascended, and may ascend further if Mr. Skinner’s conclusions rest on a sound basis.* The continuous and steady improvements in the sani- tary condition of Singapore town and suburbs within the last eight years have been so marked, that it would hardly be fair to draw conclusive inferences from the old returns of health by comparing them with those of recent dates, and attributing any differences to the rainfall. For instanee, when cholera bioke out as an epidemic in 1873 (having been in the first instance imported from Bangkok where the disease was raging virulently) Singapore was suffering badly from want of water, the season was unusually dry, nearly all the wells such as they were—many being mere pits a few feet deep without any protective wall—had almcst run dry, the brick conduit for bringing the water from the impound- ing reservoir was a failure, as the water could not rise in the aqueduct over the canal, so that the poorer people resorted to the filthy canal water when the tide had ebbed. The largest number of cases of cholera occurred in the vicinity of that canal commencing from the Lunatic Asylum, which suffered severely, extending to Kampong Kapor, which was a regular hot-bed for developing, continuing and spreading the disease, and terminating at Rochor. There were also some cases of cholera from Kampong Malacea and tbe crowded parts of the * Tt is certainly weil to wait until we have a larger series of annusl returns before generalising on such a matter too positively ; and this branch of the sub- ject is only touched upon now to invite the attention of all who may keep or study our Meteorologic al Records. But from the evidence alre ady accumulated the long drought of 1882-83, which ended last August, was, I maintain, clearly to be anticipated ; for it closed the solar period dating from the limited rainfall (160 inches) in 1872-3, and the subsidiary dry period, showing the fall of 148 inches only, in 1876-7. An excess of rain may, in the same way, be looked for in the years 1884-5, and still more in 1885-6 : but not so creat an excess, these years mcrely closing the subsidiary period of excess from 1!879-80 (228 inches).—Journal No, 12 of the Str atts Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Pp. 204-0, SINGAPORE RAINFALL. 63 town south of the Singapore river, places deficient in water supply, and where sanitation of any sort was never thought of. Then, again, in 1875-77, outbreaks of cholera in an epidemic form were mainly averted by the untiring exertions of Messrs Barytiss and Corson who had charge of the water- works then in course of completion. They opened up the conduit in several places near the Race Course, and stationed a steam engine at the distal end of the aqueduct and pumped the water across the canal, rendering the precious element available to large numbers of people ; and, later on, by the completion of the water-works, good wholesome water was distributed throughout the town, which has helped to pro- duce so marked a change, that since then, cholera or chol- eraic diarrhea has not appeared in an epidemic form. As regards beri-beri, [ think the Medical returns will show a marked falling off in the numbers treated since the removal of prisoners to the new Jail. There can be no question that a great many unknown influences are at work on and around this globe of ours which more or less affect the health of its inhabitants. For some time past attention has been drawn to the wonderful spots on the sun, and they have been the subject of study of many observers, but the results must necessarily be slow. That the moon also has a share in some of these influences must be conceded, for it is well known that atmospheric disturbances are more frequent at certain stages of the moon’s phases than at others, and quite recently there has been free expression regarding the influences caused or to be caused by the perihelia of certain planets, so that the conclusion is still forced on us, that it is as yet premature to calculate with any certainty on this question; yet every little effort towards helping its solution should be encouraged, and in time the skein which now seems tangled may be unravelled. In connection with this line of thought it may be sug- gested that in this, almost the weaithiest of the British Colonies, it is not too soon to provide for an observatory un- der an Astronomer and Meteorologist. The equatorial posi- tion of Singapore gives to the Astronomer a more interesting 64 SINGAPORE RAINFALL. field for observations than can be obtained at higher or lower latitudes. But till such an idea is taken up by the powers that be, those who have the means, time and in- clination can contribute much information by daily obser- vations of the sun when possible, registering the sun _ spots,. if any, and thus ascertain if there be any connection between their occurrence and our rainfall; and the Principal Civil Medical Officer would also help considerably if he could see his way to having rain gauges and reyvisters kept at Changi or Siranggong (extreme east), Tanjong Karang (west), at the Police stations, Bukit Timah Road 7th mile, and Seli- tar; a more general average of the rainfall could thus be ascertained. The absence of astation or stations well in the centre of the island is a drawback, the more so as many of the streams running into the impounding reservoir, which supplies the town with its drinking water, are fed by the rains falling on the southern aspect of Bukit Timah. There should be little difficulty in teaching the Police Sergeants in charge of the stations to keep the register. J. J. L. WHEATLEY. SINGAPORE RAINFALL. L689 FL-02 06-92 ST-08 09-98 G0-28 91-88 16:68 69-06 96-66 00-76 9T-S0T GP-60T 80-TTT PL-9IT ¥6-S61 “‘Soyouy ‘Tpepures 16-89 FL-OL 06-94 &1-08 09-98 0-28 91-88 16-68 69-06 96-6 00-76 IL-SOL GP-60L 80-TLTL PL-OLL V6-el ‘soqOUy ‘Tepuret [PNUUL | F881 "ESST| 'SS81| TS8T| 08ST |’6Z8T | ‘SA481 | LA8T| 9281 | "S281 | "PLAST | S281 | SA48T) L281] OL8T|698T| naire MBO ‘edodesulg PBL OF GOT SUAR ONY SUTIN urEY Jo TUR puL asTt ayy SuTMONS qxeq) Uvoyy SINGAPORE RAINFALL, Ne) peo) BLLca at 12) ae PPL " PPL ont ‘ val 8ST 8ST T9T {USHL SOL Sol 99T 4 99T OLT OLT 821 SLT O8T O8T ISL I8T 68T 68T c6r S6L 606 606 ‘sfep ‘skep fure.st jo | ure FO 1aquIne |"*PE8T|"ES8LI'S88T| TSS | 08ST] 62ST! SZ8T|L2248T] 9481] S281) P28] S280] C281) TZ8T 0281) 698T) toqtana jenuue [enuue wee EOI -Q10dVBUIY ‘FOBT. 04 GOST SxeoA OU} SuLINp skep Aurey Jo osvor0ep pure osBOTOUT OY} SULMOYS 4aeT{/) | 884, Singapore. : Dexa | DEC ie bet m2 4 a A je SAN es (een fc Pp 0) Peep) b ae — a me |e 4 1869 | 3-93 }21} 20-66 1869 1870 | 18-25 |253 18:13 1870 1871 | 11-05 |17{ 12°56 1871 1872 | 2:37 |22} 6-00 1872 1873 | 7:16 |20} 516 1873 1874 | 3:88 20] 756 1874 1875 | 2-91 SI 6:50 1875 1876 ! 3-97 119} 10°13|: 1876 1877 | 2:89 11] 8-07 1877 1878 | 13-57 |16| 9:91/ 20]103-16| 170} 1878 1879 | 19°18 15} 10°15 | 18}116-14| 181] 1879 1880 | 5-17 8-56 | 16 {111-08 | 189} 1880 1881 | 13:35 |16] 1332/16] 9400 | 144] 1881 1882 } 6-58 7-21 88:16 | 158] 1882 1882 | 3:18/18] 7:76)19} 70-14|141| 1883 1884 | 3:31 |12] 1200/11] 80:13/ 146] 1884 Means} 7°89 | 18} 10°23/171 92:27 | 167 [Means SINGAPORE RAINFALL, 67 Statement shewing the Mean Annual Rain-fall and Mean number of Rainy days, from 1869 to 1884, Singapore. Frsy Juny. |Avausr.| Supr. Ocr Noy Dro Towa, a i oD S an an wo va n n is a é o 6 a : iy ci i e g 5 8 = Bl 2 [6 a lela |el 2/814 (el a (Bl 2 |el a |e)” c c q Cs . a a g 3 al 4 ja See lea jaa lel 4 lai Ve ala 042/13) 12°31)18} 313/12) 571) 15] 8:24.21] 20:66 | 26] 90:63) 180] 1869 511) 111 11°36) 17} 12°62}18} 9:99}17] 11-50) 95; 18-13 | 18]123:24] 209} 1870 1242} 16] 6:69)18] 8:97|19] 12:36 [16} 11-36] 17} 12°56 | 16 }109-45 | 195} 1871 5°74.) 16] 11°54)92) 6:00) 15! 75:30]161} 1872 793/16} 1256)20) 516) 17} 85°60/ 166} 1873 7:09| 15} 1637/20} 756|17} 87:05|178] 1874 8:29/ 16} 11°37)18} 6:50) 15} 93:96 | 166} 1875 10°67 | 17} 12:06 | 19} 1013 | 21} 89:91} 165] 1876 209) 8) 524/11} 807/17] 58:37) 119} 1877 82)10} 847/16} 9:91 | 20}103-16| 170} 1878 14°96 |20} 837/15} 10°15 |18}116-14 | 181} 1879 9:96 | 15} 15°82|21} 856) 16}111:08 | 189} 1880 1881 } 13°35 | 12] 201) 4 1054/14] 9:48]16] 1332/16] 94-00 | 144] 1881 | 1882} 6:58 | 15) 12-41 ‘1s 973\16} 895|15} 7:21)15)| 8816] 158} 1882 1883] 318! 7 198 5 796/161 6:22|18} 7:76) 19} 7014) 141] 1883 1884} $'81|18] 3:03} 8 7-35 |12] 456/12] 12:00) 11} 8013} 146] 1884 17| 92:27 | 167 |Means | 614 13 A GLIMPSE AT THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE HILL TRIBES OF NOATH FORMOSA, OSS ESOT er eee in a previous number of this Journal,* I touched lightly on the subject of the probable origin of the Hill Tribes of Formosa, adding at the same time a short vocabulary ofa dialect spoken by certain tribes and families occupying the savage forest-clad mountains to the South-Hast and South of the Chinese town of Banca #} aie the quondam emporium of foreign and native trade in the North of the island—a town said some twenty years ago to have been composed of thirty to forty thousand Chinese souls. Its position as a trading centre has been somewhat interfered with of late years by the rival town of Twatutia $2 ‘aK (situated only a mile or so to the North of Banca), whose growing importance is owing almost entirely to the establishment there of foreign mercan- tile houses, and to the rapid development of the tea trade, of which Twatutia is the principal mart. It is my present object to give a description of the abori- ginal tribes living in the hills in rear of Banca extending in various directions towards Sti-oh Bay on the Hast coast, and more especially of those tribes living nearest to the western borderland in the neighbourhood of Kot Chiu FR jf for- merly a Chinese border outpost, as well as of those residing in the mountains at the back of San Ko Yeng 7 #4 = and to the East also of To Ko Ham }4 Ft FL extending down to the “Sylvian and Dodd” ranges in the vicinity of the “ Petroleum Wells”’ discovered by myself in the spring of the year 1865. ~ * Journal No. 9, pp. 69-84. 70 HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. The Hill Savages of North Formosa are, without doubt, | exactly like other human beings in the shape of their bodies and number of their limbs, and although they are as wild as the animals which roam about their country, have no written Janguage of their own, and live in a most pri- mitive style, yet there are no signs of a Darwinian tail, neither do they at all give you the idea that their progenitors were of the monkey species. The men are not remarkably tall; in fact I should say that few of them measure over five feet nine inches, and the majority of them are, probably, under five feet six inches. In the South of the island, it is said, the men are of a larger mould than those residing North of Latitude 24 N. The complexion of old men of the tribes is very sallow and often swarthy; that of ycung, healthy warriors muck lighter and clearer, but there is observable in the majority of faces a dark tinge not to be seen in the faces of Chinese, not quite so dark as the complexion of mixed descendants of Portuguese settlers in Macao, but resembling more the tint to be seen in the faces of fair-complexioned Japanese. They are, if anything, darker-skinned than ordinary Chinamen who have not been exposed to the sun ; but the peculiar strain referred to, does not appear so distinctly in the younger members of the tribe, or so strong, as it does in the complexions of those who have taken an active part in hunting, fighting, and in the hard daily strug- gle for existence. The skin of the darkest savage of the North of the island is not so dark as the complexions of many representatives of Spain, southern France and Italy, and in higher latitudes, many faces of Celtic type shew as dark a hue as that observa- ble in the faces of the aborigines of the North. In old mem- bers of the tribes, the colour of the skin essumes a duskier and sallower tint, constant on the frequent exposure to the sun and to the weather, but with all this, there is no similarity of colour to that visible in the faces of African negroes. The strain of negro blood was plainly visible in the faces of the wrecked Pellew Islanders, but in the colour Lal HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. ral of the skin and in the texture of the hair of the northern tribes there are no signs of negro extraction. ‘Their hair is invariably dark and lank, not curly or frizzled, their lips are not so thick even as those of Malays, and the high noses possessed by many approach often the HKuropean type. With these evidences before us, it is safe to assume that these savages have inherited an intermediate colour not apparently traceable to negro admixture. ‘The diversities of colour in men, whether in a civilised or wild state, have puzzled enquirers, | imagine, up to the present day, and it is impossible to say with any cer- tainty now, after all the speculations and theories enunciated in books on the subject, whether our first parents were created black or fair-skinned. The stronger reasons are in favour of the former colour, in any case the hot rays of the sun seem to have the effect of only tanning the skin brown, even in the tropics, and this effect in Formosa, where, in the valleys, it is extremely hot for more than half the year, would appear to have no here- ditary consequence on the colour of young savages who are launched into the world year after year. ‘The colour of the skin of all peoples must necessarily be a guide to descent, for it must be inherited, of course with modifications. I have considered it advisable to allude to this subject to prove that the savages of North Formosa are not apparently directly descended from the Hastern negro section of the human family, specimens of which are to be found in the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. It is well known that there are cer- tain dark curly-headed tribes in the Philippine group, and pos- sibly similar representatives of that class of people may later on be discovered in some of the numerous valleys of Formosa amongst the tribes to the South of the 24th parallel, when the whole of the country between Mount Morrison and the Sylvian Range has been thoroughly explored. The colour of the skin of all the Northern tribes I have seen appears to be of a uniform hue, without any variety, beyond a darker or lighter complexion observable when comparing bronzed and swarthy old men with younger members of the tribe who have never been much exposed to the weather. The general contour of the face resembles somewhat that 2 HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. of a Malay, but the lips of the Formosan savage are not so thick, neither are their noses (excepting in few instances) quite so flat as those of the Malays whom I have seen at Singapore and in China. It may safely be said that there is nothing in their ply oguamy which resembles the Chinese, their natural enemies, whom they imagine to be the only other inhabitants of Formosa or indeed of the world. On first meeting a savage of the true type (not beggar savages who are to be found on the borders and often in Chi- nese villages), you notice immediately the wide difference between him and the Celestial whom you have left on the opposite side of the borders, not only in the shape of his head, but particularly in the expression of the eye, which reminds you more than anything else of the wild and anxious gaze of a Scotch deer-hound. The eyes of most of the young warriors are strikingly black and piercing, they always appear to be on the move, staring to their full extent and gazing with a clear but eager look as it were at some far distant object beyond you. In the eye of the younger huntsmen and warriors, you cannot recognise care, but the look of those in their prime speaks of anxious thought for the morrow and is an index of the general feeling of insecurity, which must frequently and naturally exist amongst men who almost daily encounter dangers from contact with their human enemies, in the shape of neighbouring unfriendly tribes or the wily Chinese invader, as well as at times the wild animals of the forests, on the flesh of which they are, for the most part, dependent for their sub- sistence. The expression referred to is not one of fear, but denotes rather a life of care and anxiety. The head being generally small and round, the face is not particularly large or full. The eyes are very dark- coloured and ‘straight cut, not at all oblique. In those of good-looking young men and women, the lashes are dark and long, ey ebrows bla ack, strong and thick, but net overhanging. In some faces they often neatly meet at the root ofthe nose. They are decidedly a very distinct feature of the face, as beards and whiskers are unknown and a moustache is seldom attempted, though I have seen certain old members of tribes : HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. 73 wearing a resemblance to one: as a rule all hairs appearing on the chin or cheek are plucked out by the roots, a small pair of tweezers being used for the purpose The shape of the heads of savages varies considerably, though the majority of them appear round and rather small. Their faces are for the most part of a Malayan type, some have a Jewish cast, and again you observe faces whose profiles resemble those of Europeans. i am inclmed to think that these differences in physiognomies are attributable to the mixture of Malay, Philippine and Polynesian blood with the original ancient stocks previously existing in the island. - The men of the northern tribes are in the habit of tat- tooimg the forehead and chin in horizontal lines of about three quarters of an inch in length, and one-sixteenth part of an inch in breadth right in the centre of the forehead from the parting of the hair, which is always in the middle, to the root of the nose. On the chin, also, are similar horizontal lines, and these are, asarule,the only tattoo marks that are visible on the faces ofthe men. On the body they tattoo shghily, butit is not very general amongst them. ‘The men have also a curious custom of piercing the lobes of their ears. Each lobe has a hole through it, large enough to receive a piece of bamboo about the size of a Manila cheroot. They usually wear therein hollow pieces of young bamboo with tufts of scarlet long-ells sticking out of the opening at the upper end ; others insert pieces of what appears to be white cuttle-fish bone, about four in- ches long, with a disc made of the same material in the outer end. On the foreheads of some of the inen may be seen similar flat but round pieces of cuttle-fish bone, fixed there by means of a piece of string round the head or attached to a circlet or wreath of embroidered camlets or native-made cloth. On their small, tight-fitting caps, they frequently fix circular pieces of this white cuttle-fish bone, or whatever it is. It seems to be quite a com- mon article of barter amongst them. They use strings of small beads made of cuttle-fish bone not only as ornaments for their heads and necks, but as a “ circulating medium.” Necklaces, earrings and trinkets of various kindsare made of it. The 74 HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. aborigines of the northern and central mountains are immense- ly fond of all sorts of trinkets. Round the necks of old men » and young warriors are seen necklaces of wild boars’ tusks and teeth of animals. They are worn often as heirlooms, but prin- cipally as symbols of individual prowess. They often load their necks with metal trinkets, cuttle-fish beads, &c., to which they attach numerous little appliances connected with the priming and loading of their matchlocks,a motley sort of collection, which ex- cites the curiosity of the beholder. Every man who possesses a gun (pdhtis) wears round his neck curious-looking priming- flasks full of powder, and over his shoulder, or round his waist, an oblong-shaped case, made of skin, often contaiming several cylindrical-shaped wooden receptacles full of powder. He has generally about him a small bag containing shot and long iron projectiles almost the size of the little finger, which are slipped down the muzzle of the long-barrelled matchlock on top of the powder without any wad between. Matchlocks, however, are not very common in the interior, and even the border tribes are only scantily furnished with them. ‘The ma- jority of the men are armed with bows and arrows, with which they make good practice at stationary objects. Bowmen wear round their waists a deer skinstrap, orarrow-belt, and not a man is without a long kniie called /a/éo. Another common append- age is a bag made either of hempen cloth or skin, about four or five inches broad and nine or ten inches long, in which they place dried tobacco leaves. ‘Tobacco grows wild in many parts of the country inhabited by the savages, and in Chinese terri- tory itis cultivated to a large extent in certain districts. The savages simply sun-dry it, then rub it in their hands and place it in their pipes. In this form it is very mild. Foreigners make it into blocks by placing the leaves one above the other ; a little water is then sprinkled over them, sometimes a dash of rum, the leaves are then pressed into a compact block, or are compressed into a circular shape about the size of the wrist and tapering to a point at both ends. Tobacco made in this form is tied round tightly together with rope, and is a very good substitute for what is called ship’s tobacco. Native-grown tobacco, has been often prepared in this wav by sailors on board HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. 75 British gunboats visitmg Tamsui, and has been much appre- ciated by every one fond of a pipe. Chinese cultivate the tobacco plant, and large quantities are exported in junks to the mainland, where it is “ cured ” according to Chinese taste, and in this form is re-imported for the use of Chinese only. ‘The plant seems to thrive in Formosa luxuriantly, and it is a wonder that no attempt has been made here to manufacture cigars and cheroots for foreign exportation. Judging from the quality and size of the leaf, there ought to be no difficulty in producing cigars equal to those made in Manila. The aborigines of the North one and all smoke tobacco. Men and women invariably do so, and even young boys and girls are addicted to this pleasant vice, and as the plant grows wild and Formosa is a feverish and aguish country, it is not astonishing that smoking is such a common habit amongst them. ‘Their pipes are made of hollowed bamboo and the stem (tuté bidnd kui) is also made of very thin bamboo reed, being about half a foot to a foot in length, according to the taste of the owner. The bowls are often very tastefully and prettily carved and are frequently ornamented with pieces of metal. When not in use, the pipe is generally stuck in the hair at the back of the head by both men and women. The clothing of these so-called savages living in the lower hills adjoining Chinese territory is, especially in the sum- mer months, very scant. It consists chiefly ofa coat, called Ji- kus resembling very much an enlarged singlet open in the front and as a rule without sleeves. Four straight pieces of native bempen cloth are sewn together two to the back and two in front, leaving room for the arms to pass through, sewn also at the top cver the shoulders, but open in front, exposing the chest and stomach. Sometimes they are buttoned across the chest, and sleeves are occasionally worn by border savages. These coats cover the back entirely, and reach down nearly as far as the knees, and although they are usually made of plain, coarse, bleached, hempen cloth, they are almost always em- broidered from the waist downwards, or interwoven with either blue or scarlet threads of long-ells, which they obtain from the 76 HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. Chinese borderers. The patterns vary very much, resembling somewhat the carvings to be seen on their pipe stems and not unlike the tattoo lines and bars on the faces of the women. ‘They shew great diversity as well as regularity of design, and if not imitations derived from ee sources, they indicate not only originality but great taste. addition to the IdAds the men- wear Snead their Saisie: a ae of woven hemp four or five inches broad, embroidered in the same way as the lower part of the likis. This girdle or belt is called habbock, and is worn next to the skin as a rule, but sometimes outside the coat. The lukis and habbock are almost the.only articles of clothing worn by the men in the lower ranges of hills, but on the higher levels many wear coats with sleeves, and sometimes clothes made of the skins of animals. Inthe summer months, one often meets men and boys roam- ing about with absolutely no clothes on at all. Some consider “ full dress ” to consist of a rattan wicker-work closely fitting cap (modu), others strut about all day long with only the belt or habbock round their waists, with the /a/ao stuck in it. The blade of the /a/do is about a foot and a half long and is always kept sharp. It is set in a haft of wood, which is usually adorned in the same way as their pipes, with carvings and pieces of metal. The blade is protected by a sheath of wood on one side and an open wire work guard on the other. At the end of this scabbard is often fixed part of the tail of a Chinaman, or other enemy, who has fallen a victim in some border war or on some head-hunting expedition. The Jaldo is a most necessary articie to possess, for with it they cut their way through the jungle and thick undergrowth, with it they give the death-blow to the game they hunt ; they use it in di- viding the animals they kill, they eat with it as sailors do with their knives, they cut and split firewood with it, and last of all they cut off the heads of their enemies with this most useful implement. The blades are made by Chinese and are obtained by the savages in barter for deer’s horns, &c.; often they are taken from the bodies of Chinese killed by them HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOS\. té in their numerous encounters with their would-be extermina- tors. On occasions the men sometimes wear tied over their right shoulder and flowing down the back and across the chest, a square piece of variegated cloth (worn by women as a sort of petticoat, tied round the waist and reaching to the knees), but this article of apparel is worn more by the women than the men. They wear another kind of coat, or rather jacket, called the fighting jacket. It is made in every way lke the ee but in its size. Instead of extending low down the body only reaches as far as the waist, and is more like a shell Hane without sleeves than anything else. It is made of hemp, very closely interwoven with threads of scarlet long-ells, a colour which, amongst the northern tribes, seems to be the favourite. Further south, towards the Sylvian Range, coats embroidered with blue thread of long-ells are more the fashion. The long-ells and camlets used by the border savages are obtained from their neighbours, the Chinese hillmen. In describing the dress of the savages, I am alluding at present more especially to that worn by men living in the hills to the North of N. Lat. 24, and to the Kast of 121 E. Long. There appears to be very li ttle variety in the costumes worn in this region, that is, in the lower ranges of hills, but at 6,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea level, great differences in the appear- ance of the dresses as well as in the manners and ways of the people are observable. A rather curious apology for a great coat is worn in damp or rainy weather, of which they get avery full share at all times of the year, for the lofty mountain ranges, varying from 4,000 to 12 090 feet running nearly the whole length ‘of the island, offer a great attraction to rain clouds. This coat is made generally of the skin of the large brown deer, only partially cured by exposure to the sun and wind. The design is about as rude as anything can be, a slit of about six inches in length is made in the hide and at the end of the slit a circular piece of the es is cut out, allowing just room for the neck. The stiffness of the hide and the narrow space 78 HILL TRIBES OF NORTH FORMOSA. allowed fcr the neck prevent the coat dropping off the shoul- ders. A man with a covering of this kind can_ screw himself into such a position that no part of his body is exposed, ex- cepting his head, and on this he places his jockey-cap-shaped rattan cap, with the peak at the back, thus securing perfect protection from rain. A few other articles besides those named are carried, such as hand nets, fishing gear, repe port-fires (made of hemp or the bark of a tree), worn round the wrists of men armed with matchiocks, &e., but such articles will be referred to later on. ( To be continued. ) J. DODD. GENEALOGY OF THE ROYAL FAMILY OF BRUNEI. [The following translation from a native Manuscript, which has been kindly communicated to the Society by His Excellen: ey, W.H. Treacugr, E ee Governor of British North Bor- neo, 1s a supplement to Sir Hueu Low’s paper published im No. 5 of this Journal, pp. 1-35. Kp. ] SEE ey2 THe issue of Marnum TUMBANG DI RUMPUT were Pangeran di Gadong Omar, who had many descendants, and Bandahara Bonesu, and Sultan Kamatupin, who also had many descend- ants; we cannot enumerate them because there were so many of heat: many of them became slaves; Deis of others their history. Maruum pi Lusan, Sultan Hee bi, begat Pangeran di Gadong Asput and Pangeran di Gadong 'asupin, who both became Ministers, and Pangeran Papuxa Tuan and Pangeran KAMARINDRA, who were both Chatriyas.* Pangeran Tuan, Pangeran Neran, Pangeran Ontone, Pangeran Bapa- RUDIN, Paniceran Kavi and Pangeran Avone were all his sons by concubines. He also had daughters— Raja Buran, Raja Pirrr, Raja NuRALAM, Pangeran Bonesv, Pangeran Sri BANUM, Pange- ran Rarwa and Pangeran TUAH, all borne by concubines. Sultan MunamMap ALA-EDDIN married Pangeran Sri Ba- NUM, a daughter of Pangeran Bandahara Onrone, by whom he had two children, the eldest Pangeran Mupa Amir Banar, who refused to be made Sultan, the other Sultan Omar Att SAIFUDDIN, who succeeded to the throne. Before Sultan MunamMapD ALA-EDDIN became Sultan, his wife Pangeran Sri Banum died, and he married Raja Bunan and begat Pangeran Moranam and then he became Sultan. Maruoum Di Lusan made him Sultan because he was of the line of the Sultans. * A particular rank or order of nobility in Brunei, a corruption of Ashx- zriya (Sansk.), the military caste of ancient India.—EHD. 80 GENEALOGY OF THE ROYAL FAMILY OF BRUNEI. On the death of Sultan MunammMap Ata-reppin the throne went back again to Maruum pi Lupan. Pangeran Tummonggong Ampan, half brother by a coneu- bine of Maruum pi Bruner (Sultan MunHammap ALA-EDDIN) married Raja Bunan. Sultan Omar ALI SArrupDDIN married Raja Piri and begat Sultan Munammapb Tasupin. On Raja Ptrri’s death Sultan Omar Att Sarruppin married Raja Nuratam and has a son Sultan MunamMap Kuan z’un AuamM. On the death of Raja NuRaALAm he married Pangeran Istri Bonesu, widow of Pan- gveran PamaNncHa Kassim, who bore a child called Pangeran SaLrHa, who was the daughter of Pangeran Pamancnua Kassim. Sultan MusamMMap Kuan 7’uL ALAM, whose name was Pan- geran AYAH, married Pangeran Sania and begat Rajah Nu- RALAM, the mother of Sultan Omar Att SAIFUDDIN, who is now relening, and Pangeran Mupa Moratam, who was called Sultan Munammap Ara. On the death of Pangeran SaurHa’ he married Pangeran Nuravam, daughter of Pangeran Sri Rama and begat Pangeran Marzram and Pangeran Pasar. Pangeran Mariam begat Pangeran SuLtiMan and Pangeran Basu Fatima, who became the wife of the present Pangeran di Gadong. When Pangeran NURALAM died Sultan Munam- wap Kuan v’un Atam married Pangeran Srnamau, alsoa daughter of Pangeran Sri Rama, and begat SRI Banom, Pan- geran Mupa Hasstm,p Pangeran Mupa MunammMap, who is now Pangeran Bandahara, and Pangeran Sitr1 Kuarisan. He had many children by concubines. The eldest son of Sultan MunamMap ALA-EDDIN, above re- ferred to, named Pangeran Muda Amir Bawar, begat Pange- ran NastrupIn, who was styled Pangeran Maharaja Dinda, and who begat Pangeran Muda Anax Banar, who became the son-in-law of Sultan MunamMap KuHan z’uL Atam and begat Pangeran Istr1 Nuratam, Pangeran Anak Besar MumAMMAD Saman, Pangeran Anak T engah IsmaiL, Pangeran Anak Da- mit Omar Autt and Pangeran Istr1t. This latter became the wife of the Sultan Omar ALi SalrupDIN, now on the throne. W. H. TREACHER. + Pangeran MupA HASSIM married the niece of the late Sultan MUMIN and had three daughters 2nd two sons. One of the latter was cailed Pangeran Muda Chuchu Besar and the other Pangeran Muda Chuchu Damit. FRENGH LAND DECREE IN CAMBODIA. Tue different systems adopted in raising a revenue from land and providing for alienation, inheritance, &c. in certain Asiatic countries brought under European rule were briefly reviewed in this Journal in a paper which appeared in No. 13.* Descriptions of the native tenure and revenue system as they existed in Cambodia up to 1884 were there cited.t With the progress of events, it is now in our power to note the latest effort of European administrators in Asia to deal with the problem of harmonising native customs, as to this department of government, with civilised notions of freedom and justice. The Convention concluded between France and Cambodia last year provides for much more direct interference by the French in the administration of the latter country than existed under the Protectorate during the previous twenty years. The alleged necessity for this is thus stated by a writer in E.vcursions et econnaissances, VIII, 206 (November and December, 1885) :— “Tt was necessary that France, the protecting power, should at last intervene. Without wishing to interfere un- reasonably in the administration of the country, it was necessary that the revenue realised by the land-tax, ceasing to be devo- ted to the augmentation of the personal wealth of the King or privileged mandarins, should be the source of productive expenditure ; it was necessary that the peasant should become owner of his land, and the slave master of his person; that justice should be regularly administered, and that, placed at first within the reach of all by the creation of minor courts, it should be secured by the existence of superior tribunals. It was necessary beyond everything that the execution of these reforms should not be evaded, as so many promises have been during the last twenty years, by the ill-will of mandarins * The Law and Customs of the Malays with reference to the Tenure of Land, Journal, Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, No. 13, p. 75. + p.p. 100 and 130. 82 FRENCH LAND DECREE IN CAMBODIA. interested in maintaining the existing state of affairs.” “The perusal of the decrees which follow will shew better than any commentary how it has been decided to solve all these difficulties. The tax in kind has been abolished and the right of private property in land created. ‘The eight pro- vinces formed out of the fifty-seven old ones are placed several- iy under the superintendence of a French Resident; a civil list is assigned to the King, while the headmen of provinces and the judges receive salaries which justify the exaction from them of integrity and industry. Finally, at the Court of the King, France is represented by a Resident-General who, instead of being, as in the past, an almost powerless spectator of Cambodian decline, will have a firm hand over all branches of the administration.”’ The decrees here alluded to include one relating to the poli- tical and administrative organisation of Cambodia, one provi- ding for the judicial organisation, one abolishing slavery, one creating private property in laud, and one abolishing tax in kind levied on paddy. All of these are of interest to Hnglish- men, to whom no experiment in colonisation and in the govern- ment of subject races can be a matter of indifference. But only the two last, as bearing upon land-tenures and land- revenue, and therefore related to the subject of the paper already mentioned, are here translated. Whether the political condition of the country will admit of their peaceful intro- duction remains yet to be seen.* | W. BE. MAXWELL. * «The last mail from Indo-China brings also some particulars as to the situation in Cambodia. This country is far from being pacified; if it is true that our soldiers have been victorious in all engagements and that they have inflicted enormous losses on the insurgents, it is none the less true that the whole country is disorganised, that anarchy reigns there, and that secu- rity is wanting. What is most painful to us to notice is that these tidings only reach us through the post, that in the seven months during which the insurrection has now lasted the Governor of Cochin-China has given no details, except when they have been forced from him, and that it is only now that we are beginning to learn the names of the killed and wounded, Undoubtedly it was necessary not to give the movement more importance than it deserved, but it is, to say the least of it, strange that we should not have been informed, until a month after the event, that Pnom-Penh, the capital of Cambodia, had been attacked,”—Annales de ? Extréme Orrent, July, 1885, p. 27. : FRENCH LAND DECREE IN CAMBODIA. . 83 ORDER RELATIVE TO THE CREATION OF PRO- PRIETORSHIP IN LAND IN CAMBODIA. Part J. —OF THE CREATION OF PROPERTY IN LAND. Part II.—Ditvision oF THE STATE-DOMAIN. Part II11.—Or THE ADMINISTRATION OFTHE STATE-DOMAIN. Part LV.—Or occurizrs. Part V.—Or ALIENATION. Part ViI.—OFr REGISTRATION OF PROPRIETORSHIP. Part VII.—Or pispossEssion. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Parr f. ° Of the Creation of Property in Land. 1. The territory of Cambodia, up to this day the exclu- sive property of the Crown, is declared to be the property of the State. 2. one pretixes / ber, per, tér are changed into bd, nd, ta, or bard, para, tard. Among other changes in pronuaciation may be noted wzrang for orang, mungko for maka, lai for lagi; they use nan for yang, na for hendak, deh tor oleh, ba@ for bagai, pai for pergi, ko’ for jikalau, &e. In some districts of Menangkabo (Palembang, Lebong) the Renchong character is in general use in writing this dia- lect, for which purpose it is far better suited than the Arabic. AS early as 1822 a small tract on the customs and traditions \ 98 MALAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. of Moko-Moko, in this dialect, was printed with a translation at Bencoolen. But it is only in recent years that the Dutch have commenced to pay the dialect the attention it deserves, by publishing texts, with transliteration and translations and supplying other materials for its investigation. See the Transactions and Journal of the Asiatic Societies of Batavia and the Hague the Indische, Gids, and more especially the ee portion, by A. L. van TLass ELT, Of Midden-Sumatra, ii. 1 (Leyden, 1880), “where also the best and fullest account of the Renchong character is to befound. Of other Malay dia- lects in Sumatra, only the one spoken at Achih (Achin) deserves mention ; in Java,the Batavian dialect shows the most marked peculiarities. The numerous and greatly divergent dialects spoken in the Molucca Islands (valuable information on which has been supplied by F'. S.A. pe Cuzree, G. W. W. C. van HopveLi, and A. van Eris) and in Timor differ so materially from the Malay of the peninsula of the Menangka- bo that they cannot be called Mal ay dialects at all; whereas the Malay spoken in some parts of the Minahassa (Celebes) scarcely differs from Malay proper. There is no Brat of Malay by a native writer with the sole exception of a small tract of 70 pages, entitled Bustanu *lkatibin, by Raja Aut Hassi cf Rhic, which was lithographed in the island of Pefiengal in 1857. A. PiGareTTa, who accom- panied Maczinan in his first voyage round the globe, was the first Kuropean whose vocabulary. of Malay words (450) has come down to us. Next im the field were the Dutch, who provided a medium of intercourse between their traders and the Malays. £. Hourman’s Vocabulary and Conversations, in Dutch, Malay, and Malngasy, appeared at Amsterdam in 1603; and it may be noted that the Malay spoken in those days does not appear to have materially al rered since. The same dia- logues appeared in English and Malay in 1614. Since then numerous grammars, ievonenies and conversation books have been brought out by English and Dutch writers. As the best helps at present available for the study of Malay may be recom- mended W.H. Maxwety’s Manual of the Malay Language, Lon- don, 1882 (especially valnable for its full treatment of the idioms) ; i) Favre, Grammaire de lu langue Malaise, Vienna and Paris, 1876; and Dictionnaire Malais-Francais, 1b., 1875, MALAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 99 2 vols. : : Dictionnaire francais-Malais, ib., 1880, 2 vols.: J. J: ps HoLLaNDER, Handleiding bij de beoefening der Naleiscne fal en letterkunde, ‘Breda, 1882; J. Pruswaprut, Aaleische Spraak- kunst; Hague, 1866; and Whileiseh-Holiandsch Woordenboek, Aznsterdam, 1875. The printing of Von Dewatt’s Dictionary, edited by H. N.VAN DER TuuK, is stillin progress at Batavia. Literature.—There are two kinds of Malay popt ular litera- ture—the one in Prose, the other in poetry. The former com- prises the prov erbs, the latter the “‘ pantuns.” ‘‘ Agriculture, hunting, fishing, boating, and wood-craft are the oecupations or accomplishments which furnish most of the illustrations. and the number ot beasts, birds , fishes, and plants named in a collection of Malay proverbs al be found to be considerable” (W. E. Maxwein, MHalay Proverbs). H.C. Kiinxert, pub- lished a collection in the Aijdragen tot de taalkunde van N. I. (Journal of the Asiatic Society of the Hague) for 1866, pp. 39 -87. Seealso J. Hasse on the Menangkabo proverbs, in vols. xxv. and xxvi. of the Batavian Tijdschrift, and FavreE’s Dictionnaire Malais-#rancais, passin. The pantuns are im- provised poems, ¢ cenerally (though not necessarily) of four lines, in which the first and third and the second and fourth rhyme. They are mostly love a and their chief peculi- arity is that the meaning intended to be conveyed is expressed in the second couplet, ‘wherea the first contains a simile or distant allusion to the second, or often has, beyond the oS no connexion with the second at all. The Malays are fond of reciting such rhymes “in alternate contest for “several hours, the preceding pantun fur nishing the catchword to that which follows, until one of the parties be silenced or vanquished.” See T. J. Newsonp, Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, vol. ii. 346; Kirxert in the Bijdragen for 1868, pp 309-70; L. K. Harmsren in the: Tijdschrift, vol. xxi. pp. 480-533 (Menangkabo). If the Malays have kept entirely aloof from the influences of Islam in this the most characteristic part of their literature, they have almost equally preserved their independence in the other departments. Not that this may be cansidencd entirely to their credit; for, if they had endeavoured to infuse into their writings some of the spirit of Arabic and Persian histori logt aphy, poetry, and fiction, it could not but have benefited the character of their own liter- 100 MALAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. ary productions. As it is their histories and chronicles are a strange motley of truth and fiction; their poems and novels lack coherence and imagination, and are singularly monoton- ous and devoid of that spirit of chivalry which pervades the corresponding branches of literature among the leading na- tions of Islam. As Malay copyists are much given to making arbitrary changes, it happens that no two MSS. agree, and that of many a popular work different recensions exist, which, moreover, often go by diferent names. This circumstance greatly tends to increase the difficulties of editing Malay texts. W orks on specially Mohammedan subjects (theology, law, ethics, _ mysticism) are of course only imitations of Arabic or Persian originals ; there are also numerous novels and poems treating of purely Mohammedan legends. But not only is there trace- able in many of these a slight undercurrent of Hinduism and even pre-Hinduisin; the Malays possess also, and indiscriminate- ly read along with their Mohammedan books, quite as many works of fiction of purely Hindu origin. The want, however, of political cohesion, and of a national spirit among tribes so scattered asthe Malays are, which could have favoured the growth of a national epic or national songs, sufficiently ac- counts for the absence from their literature of any productions of this class, such as exist in Bugiand Macassar literature. The most popular of their poetical productions are the Sha%r Ken Tambuhan, Shair Bidasari, Shair Jauhar Mankam and Shar Abdwlmulik, all of which have been printed. Among the prose works there are various collections of local laws and customs (undang-undang), chronicles (such as the Sajarat ma- layu), books on ethics (the best are the Makota sagala raja-ra- ja, and the Bustanw’ssalatin, and a very large number of works of fiction and legendary lore, some of which possess much des- criptive power. They all bear the title Hikayat, and the fol- lowing are the best-known: H. Hang Tuah, H. Hamzah, H. Isma Yatim, H. Jumjumah, H. Bakhtiyar (Sadah Bakhtin, Gholam), H. Simiskin, H. Sultan Ibrahim, H. Sri Rama, H. Pandawa lima. Several of these and many other works not mentioned here have appeared in print (with or without trans- lation) chiefly in Holland, Batavia, and Singapore, and extracts have been given in the various Malay chrestomathies by Dutavrier, De HottaAnper, Niemann, Van DER TuUK, GRa- MALAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 101 sHUuUis, andin MarspEen’s Malay Grammar. The best recent Ma- lay writer was ‘ABDULLAH IBN ‘ABDELKADiR Munshi of Singa- pore, who died, it is said of poison, at Mecca, some eight and twenty years ago. His autobiography, “ Journey to Kelantan,” and “ Pilgrimage to Mecca” are patterns of Malay style, though the author’s contact with educated Europeans is traceable in them, while his translation (from the Tamil version) of the Panchatantra is free from such influence. Malay literature is fairly represented in England in the Bri- tish Museum, the India Office, and the Royal Asiatic Society, and descriptive catalogues ef the Malay MSS. in each of these libraries are available. See NiEMANN in the Bidragen, iii. 6, p. 96-101 ; VAN DER TuUK in Tijdschrift voor Ned. Indié for 1849, i. p. 885-400, and in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, new series, 1. p, 85-185. An account of the Leyden collection, by J. PryNaPPeEt, is given in the Biyjdragen, 111. 5, pp. 142-178. The finest collection of Malay MSS., upwards of 400 volumes, is in the library of the Asiatic Society of Batavia. See L. W. C. van DEN Bere, Verslag van eene verzameling Ma- leische, &c., handschriften, Batavia, 1877. Ifit had not been for the loss, by fire, on their passage from India, of three hun- dred Malay MSS., the property of the late Sir T. 8. Rarrizs, England would now boast of the largest assemblage of Malay MSS. in the world. On Malay literature in general, compare G. H. Wernpiy, Maleische Spraakkunst, Amsterdam, 1736, pp. 227-357 ; E. Jacquet in the Nouveau Journal Asiatique, vol. ix. (1832), pp. 97-182, and 222-253; T. J. Newso1p, British Setilements in the Straits of Malacca, 1839, vol. 11. pp. 215-368 ; E. Dutaurier, Mémoire, lettres, et rapports, Paris, 1843; J. J. pp Ho~uanpEr, Handleiding bij de beoefening der Maleische taak en letterkunde, Breda, 1882, pp. 277-388 ; and G. K. Niemann, in Bydragen, iii. 1 (1866), pp. 113-46, 333 Sq. R. R. | The foregoing paper, which is extracted from the Encyclo- pedia Britannica (1883) is from the pen of Dr. REINHOLD Rost, the learned librarian of the India Office Library, a friend to Oriental research of every description. Ep. | A MISSIONARY'S Jd THROUGH LAQS FROM BAN AM glad to be able to communicate to the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society some notes made by a Missionary on his way from Bangkok to Ubon to convert the Laos tribes. Missionaries penetrate gradually and from dif- ferent directions into the midst of these savage tribes, and try to convert them to Christianity. The story of what occurred among the wild Ba-huars, an independent tribe on the West of Cochin-China near the 14° lat. N. and 106° long. EH. ( Paris), is well known. In the beginning of 1884 five Missionaries were murdered by brigands while they were engaged in establishing a Mission among the Chau tribe in the West of Tonquin. For some time past the Mission in Siam has maintained astanenear Ubon, near 157 20) IN.) lat. and’ 1022.30). H. lone.) (Paris) ‘on ihe Seimoun, a tributary of the Mekong. It is the Narrative of a Missionary on his way to Ubon which I have now the pleasure of communicating. INEIC: It is not a carefully composed narrative that I propose to give you, but simply a journal kept from day to day, written often by the light of a torch, or of the setting sun, when, tired by the day’s march, we had pitched our camp for the night. In order to take the place of Pére RonpEt, invalided, I started with 104 JOURNEY THROUGH LAOS FROM BANGKOK TO CBOn. : Pére Xavier Guéco, who had already been for two years a Mis- sionary in Laos. We bought in Bangkok such things as were absolutely necessary, these being of an exorbitant price among the Chinese of Tae. viz., cotton goods, thread, cooking utensils, medicines, ete. On Septuagesima Monday, the 11th of February, 1884, two boats loaded with luggage took their departure for Thakien, four days’ journey N. it. of Bang- ae The following Thurs day we were at Thakien, where the nhabitants entertained us during the few days employed i in a fedinhis the carts to be used on our journey. These carts were the same which had brought down our confreres from Laos a few days before. On We ednesday, the 20th vee the carts started; we followed a few hours later, and overtook them, and halted at mid- day at the village of Ban-seng. This village is at the eatrance of the forest , which we were not to leave again after this point. There is nothing but one immense forest, in some places very dense, in others relieved by clearmgs in the midst of which vil llaces are scattered about. It isa thick wood, through which passes a road just broad enough for a cart, there i is not room for a man either on the right or on the left. Here and there one comes acrossaclearing. It must not be supposed that the road is free from obstructions ; now it is a deep rut which nobody fills up, now it is an enormous root which blocks up part of the road-way and which has to be crossed at the risk of seeing the cart smashed into a thonsand pieces. We advanced in this way with our ten carts and relays of bullocks, which either followed or preceded us by a short distance. Sometimes a wheel would lose its spokes, and sometimes an axle would break (these axles are merely bars of some tough wood which go through the wheels and have to be renewed frequently). At last, about 9 o’clock, we reached a muddy pool and pitched cur camp on its banks. This consisted in arranging the carts in a large circle, in the centre of which the buliocks and horses were tethered to stakes driven into the ground. Their drivers spread their mats on the grass under the carts and . passed the night there. As for ourselves, we had manufactured two little tents which we seé up between two earts. Large fires, fed with fuel by watchmen who mounted / JOURNEY THROUGH LAOS FROM BANGKOK TO UBON. 105 euard armed with muskets, were .a safeguard against wild beasts and robbers. Thursday, 21st—Daylight had hardly appeared when I wakened the camp and rang to prayers. Then each made his way to the cart that served as our kitchen, to swallow a cup of tea, while waiting for breakfast, which might be a long time coming, for it was necessary first to reach the regular halting- place, otherwise no water was to be got. The bullocks were yoked, and we started—my confrere, on horseback, leading the way, while I brought up the rear in order to keep an eye upon stragglers. After an hour’s march, there was a sudden halt, and I went from one cart to another asking what was thé mat- ter. Hach had stopped because the one in front of it had stopped! It turned out that a wheel was broken, the damage was repaired with rattan, and we went on again. About mid- day we stopped near a a pool and cooked our breakfast, while the bullocks, unyoked, cropped the fresh herbage. We were at the village of Ramachai, but we were in want ofa spare felloe, for which we sought in vain. Our people went off to the Laosian village of Ban-kula and thence brought back the piece of wood that we wanted. We then set off. The route here was over loose, white sand, which made it very heavy travelling for the bullocks. In the evening we reached two muddy marshes : ; here, at the pool known as ‘Nong-pi-i leng, we camped. Friday, 22nd—Towards the evening we arrived at a small village—a group of little huts built upon piles in the middle of an enclosure formed of felled timber. We did not halt here, for the water was not good andthe custom- house of Muang Sanam is only a kilométre further cn and there is a good spring there. The mention of a “custom-house” is calculated to make you suppose that we were approaching a collection of houses protected by a military station. But in this country a douane is amuch more simple affair. No registers, no com- missioners! Two men sprawling peacefully ina hut of leaves await, at the frontier of a province, the passage of cart and bullocks, and levy atax on the owners. ~~ 106 JOURNEY THROUGH LAOS FROM BANGKOK To UBON. Saturday, 23rd.—A short stage. Busy preparing an altar. Sunday, 24th.—Mass. We camped in the evening on the banks of a torrent, which is nearly dry in this season. Monday, 25th—We found in the evenmg on the surface of the ground a kind of iron ore which the most intelligent of our followers called “‘ stone of Bien-hoa.” ‘This substance seems to me to be somewhat curious; it looks as ifit were formed of little globules of iron, or lke the slag which is taken froma furnace after smelting. Blocks of this stone are found at distant intervals, quite isolated one from the other. We camped near a little torrent. Tuesday, 26th.—We started again, crossing the stream Huai Khai, and met four bullock-carts accompanied by some Siamese. This is the first time for five days that we have come across any human being. Wednesday, 27th.—We had to cross the river Sakéo, which never dries up, and the bed of which is at the bottom of a deep ravine and is disfigured with stakes and snags. The descent was negotiated, and we crossed over and halted for breakfast. Four or five Burmese caravans were encamp- ed not far from us, and im another direction a party of Cambodians. These people had come from the provinces of Sourin and Sisaket to buy gambier, which they eat with the betel-leaf and areca-nut. They had been here for more than a week and had not yet been able to make their purchases, owing to their not having complied with some formality or other insisted on by the local authorities. While we took our meal, we received several visits. The first to come was a judge from the town of Amnet, twelve leagues from Ubon, who was on his way to Bangkok, and was good enough to take charge of a short note to Monseigneur VEY giving him news of us. By degrees all these folks disappeared on their way south, in the direction by which we had come. About 2 o’clock we too started. We had been on the march for about three quarters of an hour when we reached the custom-house of Sakéo, which is situated on the side of a road as large and straight as ours in Europe.. It goes from the province of. JOURNEY THROUGH LAOS FROM BANGKOK TO UBON. 107 Kabin to Battambang. Constructed originally by a Phya (high Siamese official) to secure easy communication with the Cambodian provinces subject to Siam, this road might be of the greatest use to travellers. But since the date of its construction it has not received any repairs whatever, and the forest therefore is taking possession of it again. In this very year (1884) a telegraph line hes been erected along this road, over its entire length, by the agency of Frenchmen from Saigon (this line goes from Saigon to Bangkok). In the evening we camped at a pool called Nong Salika. 7. a SOOt: u ee (Oh gen ple al : ei , Ieee aiite: au ie OW ,, COW. oe ip ele imMlenL.o7, a5 1m German: Ol ee OV a LONG ng Fe Ee pe SNES TE * signifies ‘similar in Malay.’”’ Whewlols tab NON ES. (Oo ABBREVIATIONS :—Jav. signifies Javanese ; Kw., Kawi; Sund., Sundanese; Bat., Battak ; Mak., Makassar; Bug., Bugis ; Day., Dayak; Tag., Tagala; Bis., Bisaya; and Malag., Malagasi. ED, O24. ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. A Ability Abjure, to Able, to be Above Abscess Abscond, to Absent Abundant Abuse, to INECEPE SLO Accompany, to According to Abeam Account Accurate Accuse, to Accustomed Ache Ache, to Acid Acquaint, to Acquainted, to be Across INGE. (KG) (GO) Act, to (play) Active Admit, to place) Adorn, to Adrift Advice A Sulu. hambik * kapandian * taubat makajeddi; makajerri aY2 * atas; hatds bautut mag wi walla di mataud; mataut maningat taima agat; makiban-iban bihaian = bilokan itongan bintutl ma’bitak hadat; biaksa sakit ma’sakit madaslam baita kilahan babak hinang panalam-naiam biskai te Z sid daijauin A A antd —hinda Malay. ka-pandei-an taubat(A,r.), torepent atas trima biluk-kan, to tack hitong-an ‘adat (Ar.); biasa sakit, ill, in pain ber-sakit main. Bat. mayam ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Advice, to ask Advise, to Advocate, to Affair Affectionate Affiance pale) Affirm, to Afraid Aft After (place) After (time) Afterwards Afternoon Again Age Agent Sulu. A ALSVinw mangaiyok nasihat dumihél nasihat Malay. tabang bicharakan * hal ma’kasih x batunang mambitak v A A mabuga habuli mahili } obus yeto. mahapun makbalik a“ A omoér * wakil Agree, to (engage)maksutrtt Agree, to (to be friends) Agreeable Agreement Aground Ague Ahead Aim, to Ajar Alas All Ally, to Alike Alligator Alive Almost Alone Also Always paktaimanghud; bagai mdarailyau * perjanjian sumagnat hinglau hatnahan maktuju makiput * Adoi; aru kataan makiwan sali buaiya bohé apit isa isa isab hawa hal (A;+.) ber-kasih f menunang-kan ; U_ ber-tunang, affianced kembali ‘umur (A;.) wakil (A7.) pak- per-janji-an menuju; bertuju adui buaya nasihat (Av.), advice 326 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Sulu. Malay. Amazed Paheran heiran (A7.) Ambush, to lie in homapa; tapokan Amongst hamanga | wie sabil(A,.), road; pran MOMS, 2D AU eal ‘ a ae haly wae Amuse, to maksutka sika ber-suka-suka Ancestor maas Anchor sauh; bahuyji sauh Anchor, to makbahuji Anchorage * labuhan labuh-an Ancient mogel; maas And iban Angr magama; mabungis — bengis, cruel Angle, to (fish) — bingit Animal haiup A i ¢ buku, knot, lump; bu- Ancle buku iL mikele, ancl P Annoy, to usibahan Another dugeign eee daws d’awa (Ar.) plaint, suit Ant senam Antidote obat ubat, medicine Anvil 7 lemcasan landas; landas-an Anxiety; anxious stsdah atei susah hati bas one kaibanan ; quon-quéu Appearance; da face ; colour } agolls Appoint, to butang Apostle * rasul rasul (A7.) Argue, to mak bichara ber-bichara Arise; wake, to bangtin bangun Arm buktin Arms, Fire- sinjata senjata, weapon Arms, Side- takus Arms, to bear side maktakus ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Boy English. Sulu. epee Clever pandei Armpit élok Around maklibut Arrange, to pukat Arrive, to hauit Arrow bawang Art *elmu Artery ugat Articles (goods) arta As bia As much as bihatutaut ey comet tad possible As well as you can bia raiyau As yet, not dipa Ascend, to (a river) sumaka Ashamed ; modest masipuk Ashes abu Ask, to assuwu Ask, to for mongaiok Assemble, to maktipan Assist, to * tulong Astern habuli Astonished heran At ha At first tagna At last mahuli Attack tumigbds Attempt, to stlai Malay. pandei. Jav., Sund. and Bat. pandé ‘lmu (A;z.) mat, jen, Sune ame Bat. wrat; Mak. and Bug.) | 77cpene Daye uhat; Tag.and Bis. ogat; Malag. wzatra ( harta (Sansk.). Jav. U and Sund. harta habu. jav., Makerand i Bug. awu,; Bat.habu, Tag. and Bis. ado. tulong heiran (A7.) 328 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English : Attendant iban Attest, to sdksi Audience(at court) méjélis Aunt babu; inahan Authority quasa Avenge, to maus Awake, to jaga; battik Away (direction) matu Axe kampak Baby ; child bata bata Back ihe taikut Bad ; wicked mdngi; mang Bad ; decomposed halok Bag, a karut Baggage arta Bail tangan Bait (fish ) aumpan Bake ; broil, to dang-dang Balance; remainder kapin Bald bagung Balevout. to = alindes Ball ( wickerwork) sipa Malay. also in Jav., Sund., Day., Tag. and Bis. mejlis (A7.) \ak witness. Found ( kwasa. (Sansk. vaca). Kw. wasa; Jav. kwa- sa; Mak. kuwasa. Day. kwasa; Bis. koS0g. Sund., Mak. Bug. \"30 Foundalsoin Jay. and Day. ( kapak. Jav. and Sund. U kampak; Day. kapak karong (See Articles. ) ja Bat. and Day. also dendeng, dried meat { sepak, to kick; sepak raga, to play foot-ball ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 329 English. Sulu. Ballast batu Bamboo patong Banana saing Bandage kubut Bank ofariver _higat Bargain, to Leaws (cheapen) Bark (of atree) ; a. pais Bark (of adog) usik Barrel ; cask tong Barter dagang Basin ; cup pingan Basket ambéng Bat kabok Bathe, to maigo Battle binuhan Baw] ; to tawak ; gaso Bazaar ; market au AtYEn ( coast ) s fe do. do. (hills) tabu Beach pasissir Beads manik-manik Beak tuka Beam ; squared x Aoit timber so Beans ; peas Bear, to (support) tiléng Bearonthe head, to lutté Bear on the bAlane shoulder, to } pees * kachang Malay. batu, stone bétong, a kind of bam- boo pisang tawar tong dagang, trade pinggan. Found also | in Jav., Sund., obate Day., Tag. and Bis. bunoh, to kill; bunobh- an, slaughter Sund. also { mani; manik. Jav. UC mant ae coast. Jav. and per-sagi, squared kachang (See Assist.) 330 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. - English: Sulu. Malay. | Bearonthe back, to baba Bearinthe arms,to piepie (ae: to carry in the hands Bear, inthe arms, ; Ce ae to (carry) Sus Bear children, to mdakanak ber-anak Bear fruit, to makbuinga ber-bunga Beard pongut jangeut Beat, to (thrash) pug pug Beat, to (overcome) sumaug madaiyau ; marai- Beautiful yau Because, * sebab sebab Become, to * jadie jadi Beef unut : Beetle lasubing Bedstead ; dais ; Yk R ulangan raised place ; Before (place) muna Before (time ) ma’kaona daing Before the wind angin “°biuli angin bélakang Beg, to (ask ) pongais Behind habiali Believe, to (trust ) perchaiya perchaya Believe, to (think ) pikil pikir Bell bakting Belly tian Below ; under habawah bawah (kandit, an ornamental | belt. Jav. endit, a waist-band worn by | women; Sund. senait, Belt kandit < a string worn round the waist by women asacharm; Bat. gon- dit, achild’s orna- | mental belt of coral ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 331 English. Sulu. Malay. Beside in sipak Best madaiyau Bet, to tauhan tutid Betel-leaf (sirih) btiyuk Betel-nuts, buds bagaibai do., green binga bunga, flower do., red bunga polah Betrothed tunangan Between hagitong B re ( jaga, to be awake, to eware, to Jaga jaga V take care Beyond ; there dito Big ; large dakolah Bind, to huikut manuk. Occurs also : Nas in Jav.andSund. In Bird means Bat., Lag.) and Bis: manuk signifies fowl. Bit (for a horse) kakan kang; kakang Bite, to kumitkut Black hitum ; itum hitam or itam Blade silap Blame, to sak shak (Ar.) suspicion Blanket sieum melara, melarat, to extend, spread. Jav. Blaze, to malaga larut; Bat. rarat; Mak. lara bita. Kw. wuta; Sund. Blind *buta | wuta; Mak. duta; Bug. uta; Bis. bota Bas ean o’pearl shells) Huo darah. Jav.darah and rah; Bat. daro,; Mak. Blood duguk vara; Bug. dara; Day. daha, Tag. and Bis. dogo 332 English: —— Blood, of noble Blossom Blossom (bud) Blow, to (with the month ) Blowpipe Blue DB) 5 Oe Boar ; pig Board ( wood ) Boat ; canoe ( outrigged ) Boat ( dug out ) Boat Boil, to Boiling Boil, a Bold; brave Bone Book Sulu. pankat sumping pusud is tiup * sam pita n biru ; bilu babut digbie t sakaian gubang dapang tugna bukal bautut ma’-issak bokuk ; bukoeg surat ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Malay. pangkat, rank (sunting. Jav. and Day. | sumping; Sund., Bat. and Tag. sunting; < Mak. sunting, a champaka blossom ; | Bis. sonting, name of | a flower puchuk, shoot. Jav. and Sund. puchuk; Bat. pusut; Mak. pu- chu tiup. Jav. and Sund. | tiup; Tag. hthrp; Bis. hoyop sumpitan biru. Jav. d¢ru; Day. biro (babi. Jav., Sumeneairel Bat. dadz; Mak. and Bug. dawi; Day. ba- bot; Tag. and Bis. ba bong goba surat. Jav. serat; Sund. Bat. and Day. surat; Mak. and Bug. sura; Tag. and Bis. sw/ator solat; Malag. surata ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 333 English. Sulu. Malay. Booty * rampasan rampas-an me-rampas-kan. Jav., 200 aie ’ + makrampas | Sund. and Day. ram- P pas Border higat Ore; to barenahan Bore the ears, to tugstkan bolah bolah Borrow, to mous ; R dadamlavananda sume: Bosom ; breast duduk Hides Ono . kacha, glass. Occurs Bottle * kacha | AlS®@ im Jaw, Sumel., Mak., Bug. and Day. Bottom (of a box) bilik panah. Jav., Sund.and Daye panah ; Mak., pana; Tag.and Bis., pana, arrow ( belulang, a hide. Jav., Bow (for arrows) panah Box belilang ry walulang Boy anak issak ; bata gélang. Jav. and Day. Bracelet * olang “gelang ; Bat., golang ; S Mak., gvallang ; Mace galang ASIN, IMNESHA, JA, Brackish ; salt maadsim Sund., Day. Tag. aynGl IBIS. ws leer. ansin tanda. Jav. tonda; Buen Swing, Mattos lal. Brand (mark ) tanda Day., Tag. and Rig, | tanda. chap. Occurs in Jav., Brand (seal) chap Sund. and Day. témbaga. Occurs in Brass tumbagah Javon Sunde bate Mak., Tag. and Bis, 334 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. ELS De Sulu. Break, to - bug-bug Breaka promise, to pindah Break of day subu subu Breakers ; surf ma-alun Breath * natas Breeze ; wind angin Breeze, Land- Breeze, Sea- angin dain ha higat angin dain ha laut Malay. Occurs in Jav., Sund. and Day. subh (47.) dawn 1 "cen to remove. nefas (Ar.) angin. Jav., Sund. and Bat., angin; Mak.and Bug., anging; Tag. and Bis. hangin; Day., angin, storm ( pandala ; pergyantin pengantin. Same in ee U_ babai Bridegroom bridge ; wharf Bridle kakan Bright; shining * chahia Bright ; clear ma’sawah Bring, to dahan Bring tp, to (Qe ane child) 5 palihara Brisk; active biskai Brook sowah Broom sapu Brother (elder) makuléng pergyantin issak * jambatan ; taitian Jay. and Sund. jambatan, titi-an. Sund., jambatan ; Mak. and Bug. zam- batang kang, kakang, bit chahaya. Jav., chahya; | Sund., chahaya and chaya ; Mak., chaya fpelihara and piyara. U Jav., piyara suwak, a creek sapu, SWeep; peniapu, broom. Jav., Sund. and Mak., sapu; Day., sapo ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 335 English. Sulu. Brother (ordinarily) kaka Brother (younger, t taimanghud also relation) Bucket baldi Buffalo, Water- * karbau Bug (bed) banking Build, to (ahouse) hinang bai Bull saple Bullet ponglo Bundle * bungkus Burn, to stnuk ; makstinuk Bury, to kuboran peeeme es Ve ibor: kabul grave; J do. (ancient) * krdamat Bushes katian Business kréja Malay. ( kakak, elder brother OF sister: Jave, #a- kang; Kw., Sund., Mak., Bug.and Tag., kaka; Bat., haha; Day., kaka and aka 4 Hindustani, da/dz kerbau. Jav. and Sund., edo; Bat., horbo: Bis., kalabao. Jav., Sund., Mak. and Day. peluru. Port., pelouro. ‘bungkus. Jav., wumg- kus ; Sund. and Day., bungkus; Mak., < bungkusu; Tag., \ | tongkos; Bis. bongkos; |" Occurs also in Bat., dungkus, hand- kerchief Day. kubur; Mak., kuburu ; kéramat, sacred, a sacred place | Day (Ar.). Jav. and karja (Sansk. karya). Kw., 4arya; Sund.; karia, festival ; Bat., horja, festival. 336 English. But Butt, to: (like cattle) Butterfly Button Buy y By, to put (pre- & serve) By and by Cabung palm (leaf for ciga- rettes) Cake Calf (of the leg) Calico Call, to Calm; smooth Can (able) Candle Cane (rattan) Cane, Walking- \ tandok vrandok ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Sulu. Malay. butmaian tandok, menandok. Sund. and’ Batya duk; Mak. and Bug., tanru. kaba-kaba kupu-kupu tambiku raat 8 lot ivan } hitau tagat-tagat daun toak Bat., ‘uae; Sunde tuak, name ofa tree | tuak, palm-toddy. bang-bang the thighs; Sund. and Bat., O2c7s) Wales | bitist ; Bis., bztzzs ; Malag., wztsz | he Jav., wentts ; bitis gaja hilau tawak nna emanate makajeddi linsok wal (tongkat. Jav., 7ung- kat ; Sundytertacs Bat., tungkot ; Mak. and Bug., takkang ; * téngkat < Day., tongrer, Wace songkod, a hooked stick; Bis., tongkod L and songkod tongkor, a stick, ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 337 English. Sulu. Malay. —= —= WE, Noy LAOH 8 1BeU oe tobu; Mak. and Bug., pane puget: geeks VOWS WAS, bo; Bis., tobo Cannon ispir Cannot di-na-makajeddi ate Malays also use the English w ‘ord corrupted.) Capacious moak muat, to load Coen (CAC Ae lave Cap (percussion) kép Capacity (talent) * akal Sund. and Day., akal; Mak., akala Cape; promontory * tanjéng ( pohon. Sund., puhun, \ chief, elder; Mak., paong ; Day., upon ; Tag., pohonan, capi- tal; Bis., pohon, to open a business tawan, tawan-an. Capital (resources) pohon 4 Captive tawanan Jav., Bat. and Day., tawan Care; anxiety susa aml Day, susan s Bat. and Mak., susa usaha. (See tidus - Susan, lav, Swinel, Care: diligence; S NC GAN seek a living trious) Care, to take jaga-jaga; jagdhan jaga. Care of,to take kumitak; palihara _ pelihara. Cargo luanan per-médan-1 (from Carpet * parmidani | ers. on Jdimds72é- dan ?) Carriage (vehicle) karusan (carosse ?) tanggong. Jav., tang- A rf ung, insufficient. oa, ue eae eens } uae also in Sund., ; Bat., Mak. and Day. 338 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Fenglish. Sulu. — Cartridge Cartridge-pouch aba-dba Cascade busal Case; circum- stance Case (for trial) ™ bichara Cash (Chinese \kusing coin) Cask; barrel tong Cast off, to (a rope) bugit Cast away, to bugit Cat kuting Catch hold of, to (a bough with ups a pole) Catty (14 Ibs) pokey Caution, to makhindok Cause; reason * sebab Cavity * lubang kalauchuchuk t * hal; parkard Malay. ), Seal aibals, harness, yoke. Jav., abahan; l Sund., abah-abah hal ) perkara. {Nie 2 prakara ; Sund. » perkara Karo. Jav., wicha- ra, to discuss. Sund., pichara, a suit; Day., dichara (tones (Dutch ton 7) awe ee and Mak. , tong (kuching. — Jav., bu- 2 ching; Sunes uching; ( Bat., hosing kati. Bat. hate < Sund.,, MakyDax. ( and Tag., katz sebab (Ar.). Occurs in Jav., Sund, and Day.; saba, in Mak. and Bug. lobang. Jav., /uwang; Bat., dubang; Mak., lobang ; Day., @o- wang ENGLISH, SULU, English. @ede. to Ceiling Celebrated Centipede Centre Certain; sure Chaff (of grain) Chagrin Chain Chair Chalk; lime Change, to Change dress, to ganti tamungan | Change one’s house, to Chapter Sulu. * serahkan lohor * meshur laipan * tengah o> famnto v apa A ww A =: sisa hatel bilangu séa bankit * ubah ; * pindah pashal AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 09 Malay. Jaye amd Mak., sarah ( serah-kan. = Suid. eq7-ayen A Sane. Ways, mashur (A7. ) ( lipan. Bat., Zépan ; < Tag. and Bis., olahi- { pan ave (tengah. | Sund., texgah ; tonga; "Mak. andBug., | tanga; Day., tengah, < some a tac | 1 and BYE - tang- ( in composi- tion, as tang-halt, mid-day ); Bis., fon- a ae mtu ales, 2OseiEr aves louie > Mak.; Sund. and Day., fantu ; Yag. and Bis , ta nt0 susah hati. “ubah. Jav., owah ; Sund: sands Daye. OOD ate, Od Malag., wz-owa ganti, change. Jav., Sund., Day.and Tag., LN PEO SBMS SOON GEO & pindah. Occurs in Jav., Sund. and Day. fasal (Ar.) 340 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Sulu. Malay. Character (letter) * huruf | huruf (A7.) Charcoal; coal _ buling harga. Jav.and Day., Pe vega ; Sumdseand Charge ; cost; {nalga Bat., harga; Mak., price angga; Tag. and Bis., halaga “hari ALs zakat (Ag )E Mae ae ae { ae. Mak., saka peta. Sund:, Pezay Chart ; map * pata ' Bat., pata; Mak., patia Chase, to panhut Gee: Jav., Sunay Cheap moheif and Day., murah ; ! iL Bat., mura, alec mora Cheat, to * tipu | and Day., Cheerful; merry ™ senang hatei Chest ; breast dagha dada (meme Jav-and Sund., mamak ; Bat. Chew, to magmamah and Mak., mama Chief, a ee tau ae panglima Child Vradat . hAdat custom 5) Fast ; quick simut Fast; abstinence * puasa Fasten, to hukut ; hoekoetoen Fat matambok Fate * nasib Father ama Father, grand- apo Fethom * dipa Fatigued mahapus Fault dusa Favour * kasih Favourite * kakasih Fear _ kabugaan VOCABULARY. Malay. chantik bangsa, race. Jav., wongsa ; Sund., Bat. and Day., dangsa ; Mak., bansa ( chukei, tax. (See Cus- ~ toms), from the Hin- dustani chauk? ‘adat ( Ar. } "puasa (Sansk, wpava- sa). Jav., puwasa ; ) Sund.~ and Dar \ puasa; Bat., puwaso; | Mak., puwasa ; Bis., poasa _ nasib (Ar. ) dépa dosa, sin. (See Crime) kasih kakasih ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Feast, to Feather Feel, to Beet; leg Fell, to; cut down Female (human) Female (animal) Fence, a Fence in, to em) a Fester, to Festival day Fetch, to Fetters Fever Few: little Fiddle, violin Field ; plain Fiend Fifteen Fifth, One- Fifty Fifth Fight, to File, to Fill, to Final ; last Find, to Fine (in texture) Sulu. makdoat bulbul nanam sigi; siki pamata babat omagak Ad makad pakis * barnanah adlau dakola kiawa ; kumawa bilanga hinglau tio-tio * biola ; viola pante * sétan hangpo tag lima laum lima kaiman kalima bino ; makbino ; banta kikis 1dan mahiuli kabaki * halus 357 Malay bulu kaki had (Ar. ), limit paku ber-nanah. Jav. and Sund., zanah. Bat., Mak; Day. slace and Bis, zana biola ( Port.) pantei, sea-beach sétan ; sheitan ( Ar.) % hambtk bhagian ha- L ka-lima bunoh, to kill kikis. Day., zkzs (fhalas. Jav., ' Sund. and: = Day. jiac@eis Nak.) valusz = at. ales, white, Tag. halos 308 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Finger Finger, Little Finish, to Fire Fire, to (a gun) Fire-place Fire-wood First Fish Sulu. gulamei kin-kin obiisan kaiyu timbak daporan dungul Kkaeisa ista Fish, to ( witha \ bingit hook Fish, to (with a net)maptkut Fishshook Fishing-line Fist Flag llag-staff Flame, to Flash, to Flat; level Flavour Flesh Float, to Flood, a Flood-tide Floor bingit hapun tibutik panji tarok panji malaga * barkilat pantel mamiud uinut lantop dunug taub * lantei Malay. kelingking tembak (dapor, dapor-an U (See Cooking-place) ‘ pukat, memukat. Bat., puhot; Mak. and , Bug., pukay Daye pukat; Tag. and Bis., pokot tinju panjl ( See Blaze) ‘ber-kilat. Jaw "Daye and Bis., kat; Tag., kirlat; Sund., kzlap ; } Bat., hzlap; Mak., ( &rla pantei, sea-shore fe lantei ( flooroflaths or : planks ) ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Fenglish. Flour Flower Flute Fly,a 1B) aao) Foam, to Fold, to Follow, to Follower, a Food Foot-mark For For ever Forbid, to Forbidden Force ; strength Force, by Forehead Forest Fore-part of a vessel Forfeit, to Sulu. * tapong magbukal lupioen ; lipat drul; timirul iban kaundan ; kaunoen saka limpu kan hawa liang * haram * kwasa paksa tok tok katian t Adan malawa 359 Malay. ftepong. Jav., fepong, | to mix, galepung, { flour; Mak., tappung, | rice-flour; Day., ¢e- . pong, bread, pastry ee ( See Blos- som) skip. Bis., /ompay- ag, to jump pikat. ( lompat, to jump. Jav. and Bat., /umpat, J jump; > Sunda. fand < Day. lumpat, run; | Wag. lumbay, to ( lipat. Jav., lempit ; = Mak (apa Day. ( lipet ) akan larang haram (Ar. ) (kuasa. (See Autho- U tity) 360 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. LE TRUOS Os Sulu. ——s = Forget, to Forgive, to dampun Fork, a; pricker tugstk Former ; formerly mina; tagna Forsake, to igan Bort, a * kota Fortune, good ; i unténg profit Forty kaopatan Foul ; dirty mimi Founder, to lumus ; lunot Four opat Fowl manuk Fragrant mamud Free, to; liberate, 1) mapwas emancipate 5 Freight luanan Free (sailing) hatoran Fresh bagu Fresh (of fish) ; d ire alive f Fresh water tubig tabing Friend bagai Friendship magsahabut eye lupaal ka-lupa-an, for- getfulness. Jav., /u- pa, weak; Bat. and Mak. , lupa ampun. Occurs in Jav., ‘Sunds 3am Day. and Tag. huta ; Sande Mak., Day, tiage and Bis., kota untong. Jav., Sund. and Bat., untung ; Mak. , Day. and Tag. ontong | Jav., Auta; Bat., \ l lemas, drowned, suffo- cated ampat ( See Bird ) Jav., Sund 2 aud Day., sobat; Mak., soba ; Tag. and Bis., saobat | ber-sahabat (A7.). ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Frightened From Frontier Fruit Fry, to Full Full moon Furrow Further _ Futurity Gain ; profit Gale ; storm Gallant ; brave ; 7 manly Gamble, to Game Garden Gambier Garlic Gate Gather, to Gaze, to Gem Gentleman; sir Gently ; slowly 361 Sulu. Malay. mabtgat daing higat bunga dang-dang ; landang mahipu dumlak badlis meio pa %* Akhirat ‘ bunga, flower akhinat (4723). asian and Sund., akherat inténg untong. (See Fortune) issak sigal ; maksigal panaiyam : jambangan (See per-main-nan, Amuse) gambir. Jav., Sund., | Bat. and Day., gam- bir ; Mak., gambéré bawang puteh gambia - * bawang puti lawang, door of a lawang | palace. Jav. and Sund., /awang ptisud kita permata (Sansk. pa- Le ramata, excellence). Kw., pramati, a fine thing a {ian master on mis- tuan RES 362 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY English. Sulu. Genuine; true buntul; betil Ghost hantt Gimlet barina Girdles waist yee. nae j kandit Girl anak babai Give, to déheli ; déhil Glad kiogan Glass * kacha VOCABULARY. Malay. bétul. Batjsgange hantu, ( See Demon) ( See Belt ) (See Bottle) chermin; ~ Batsuuesore min; Mak., charam- meng; Bug., cham- meng; Tag. and Bis., salamin 4 / ( See Bright ) mulia. Jav., malya ka-mulia-an kambing. Jav., kam- bing; Bat., hambing; Mak. and Bug., dem- bé chawan, cu Allah( Ay. )\, Gody ie 4 lah t‘ala, God most. high Glass (looking); Ychermin } mirror | N Glean, to ani Glittering ; bright * chahia Glorious * milia Glory * kamiuliaan Goto manau; matu; pakein Go down, to lamud Go up, to sekat Goat kambing Goblet chawan God Allah taala Gold bilawan Gone; disappeared malawa Gong agong Good maraiyau ; gong. Jav., gong and egong ; Bat., ogung ; Sund., gung; Mak., gong; Day., geng; Tag. and Bis., agong madaiyau ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Good, to make Goadbye, (lit, let us go) Good bye (an- swer) Sulu. paralyauan i mwi-na kam1 } mwi-na Good for nothing wai gina Goods arta Gourd ; pumpkin labu Grand dakola Grand-child apo Grapple, to lirei Ciraspaco (im the jan nA, had) t kumaput Grass sagbut Grass, Long rank pdrang Grasshopper ampan Grate, to kogut Grave kuboran Gravy sabau Grease ; fat daging Green (colour) gadong Green (unripe) helau Grey hair Grief Grin, to; laugh Grind, to Grindstone bohtk puti | stsahan katawa makhasa hasaan Va \ l \ < ( c Malay. (See Articles ) labu (Sansk. aladbu ). Swink, “aon - (Baie tabu-tabu; Malag. fawu lalang parut kubur. (See Bury) 363 daging, meat. Same in jav. and Sunde Bats, daging, the ka-susah-an. U Care) tertawa. Bat., fawa; J ~asah-an; Mac faoa fowa; asah, body; Mak., dageng, meat ( See IBulSnp to grind, sharpen. Jav. and Sund., Day., asa asah; 364 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Swipe Malay. Gristle ugat urat. (See Axteme) Grit boahangin Ground, the lupa tumboh. Jav., tuwuh; Sund., Wate Grow, to timubi tubu,; Mak., tzmbo; Day., tumbo; Tag. and Bis., todo tambah. Javo ana | Sund., tambah ; Bat. Grow, to (increase) * tambah. and Mak., tamba Grow, to (become) * menjadi men-jadi Growl, to makama Gruel ; soup BGtnes mistang Guard, to jaga jaga. (See Awake) Guardian ; agent wakil wakil (Az. ) Guavas biabas Guess, to tikit ous, te ee uv hindo in daan (shew the way) J Guilt * dosah dosa. (See Commit) sah, certain, correct Guilty sah i" (Ave err and ie “sah gétah. Sunde getah ; Gum ; gutta gatah “Bat, SUE, | gatta ; Day., vita: Tag. and Bis., gata Gun * sinapan aoe ETE 1aan Gun (cannon) éspir Gunpowder obat timbak ubat bédil Gutter * panchoran panchur-an H Hcak, to tikbasan ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Hail, to (call to) Hair (human) Hair (of beasts) Hairy Half Half, One- Halter (horse) Hammer Hammer, to Hamper ; basket plaindssa Handkerchief, a Handle, a Happen, to Happy Hard 360 Sulu. Malay. tawak-tawak, a gong tawak for summoning peo- l ple bohuk fbulu, hair, feathers, wool. Jav., wulu; SUNG, ila, aij! bulbul che (exist) He; him; she; her Bliss hers Head Head-wind Head (principal); 7 J old Head-ache Heal to Heap, a Hlearuto Heart Hearty ; sincere Heat \ oe nia; kania hoh angin habai hoh AA Madadas sakit hoh kahthan * tAambtn dunguk hatei benal - bassoh ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. - Malay. chapio (Portuguese chapéo ) kapak. (See Axe) binchi. (See Detest) { -nia ( inseparable par- U ticle ) hulu tambun and timbun. | Jav. and Bateage | bun; Mak., ftam- . bung; Vag, timbon; | Day., tambuan, | above dengar. Jav., dengar, understand; Sund., dengé; Mak., lan- géré hati. Jav., Aatz; Sund., haté ; Bat., Mak. and Bug., até; Day. ataz; Tag., hati, middle; Bis., atay, the liver benar. Jav.-and~ Sund., dener ENGLISH, SULU, English. Heaven Heaven; sky Hedge, a; fence Heed, to Height Hell Helm Help, to Hen; fowl Henceforth Here Hereditary Hesitating Hide, to Hide ; skin High Highness ; Ex- cellency High water Highwayman Hill Hilt Sulu. “ 7 shagra * langit bigat ad v A ingat intaas Vv A A vu * néraka * kamudi tuléng ; tabang manok dagi diun * pasaka * bimbang hate tapok pais haatas ; % thankd AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 367 Malay. suwarga; Sund., surga langit. Same in Jav., Sund., Bat.,. Day., ) Fag. and Bis. Mak. ( and Bug., /angz bérat.. Jaw, werae | Sund., wrat, weight {Scien surga. Jav., of sold; Bat., borat : Tag., digat; balat ; weight of gold; Bis., bogat ( See Fence) ingat. (See Recollect) naraka. Sund., Day. {Nhat Jav., mudz ; Same in Jav., Mak. and Bat., hamudz; Sund. and Mak., kamudi tulong. (See Asist) (See Bird ) deri, from pusaka bimbang hati atas, up, upon, upper tuanku timaub ; dagat dakola sugarol bitd pohan 368 LOUISE Hindermost Sulu. mahitli Hinge (pearl shell)kaitoman Hip Hire (of labour) Hire (of a house) Hit, to Hitherto Hoarse ; voice Hoe Hog: pig ; swine Hoist, to; pull Hold, to ; contain Hole, a Hollow House: nest: form Holiday Home, At Honey Honour (dignity) Honour (respect) Hoof Hook, to Hook Fish- Hope loss of nv kit tandang chukei pak pak : puk puk sampei behaun wal tingoeg chankiul babti appa beil * hari reiya ha belt A A gulah * kAmitliaan * hormat bingin ; mabingit bingit * harap * libang ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Malay. (See Customs) pukul. (See Hammer) changkol babi. Jav., Sund. and Bat., da67 ; Mak. and ) Bug., dawr5 ia | and Bis., dabong ; Day., dawoz; Achi- nese, buz ( See Drag) ~ héla. lobang. ( See Cavity) hari raya. Achinese, raya, great, large gula, sugar ( See mf y) ( hormat r.)« ave ame fu hope kuku. Jav. and Sund., KURU 5 lake and Bug., kanuku ; Tag. and Bis., koko harap. Jav. and Sund., arep; Bats, Day., harap arap ; ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Sulu. Horn, a * tandok Horns, to butt VD xe : Aandok with the (ee : Horse kara ; * kida Host, a dak beii Hot f passo ; mapasso : eatasso Hound: dog édoh: éroh Hour * jam How biadin How many: how ae oat eco Lpilah pilah How long pilah logei Hundred, a (100) éngkatts Hundred and déngkatts twelve, a (112) Hundred, two (200) dtia éngkatts Hungry habde Hunt, to panhtt Hurricane: storm hunts Hurry iis-tis Hurt ; wound pali Husband banah Hush! to be silent dimthtin Husk ; skin; rind pais Husk ofa cocoa- Bar eaniae nut 3) = Hut * péndok 369 Malay. tandok. ( See Butt) menandok ( kuda. Kw. and Sund., U suda mi- jam. Jav., Sund. and < WDay., jams Males jang “Tatus. Saatatuseae jaye. | Ais =| pOuUnGs bat 4 and Daye aus. | Tags andy Biss ea: HOS, ( pondok. Same in Jav., Sund. and Bat. In Mak., pondo 370 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Sulu. —_— — 1 = amie * aku Idiot tan gila Idle ; lazy matstau If bang; * kalau Ignorant * bebal Illegal * dosa Illness kasakitan Illuminate, to masawahan Image petah Imagine, to ; think pikil Imitate, to supt Immense dakola titd Immodest di masiptk Imperfect; unf- EB , L walla obis nished 5 Implements paniapan Impose upon, to * tipt Impost ; tax; duty chikei di na manjadi Impotent Impower, to hinang wakil Impudent maissik In; within ;inboard halaum In order to sowel Incense mahmid Incest * simbang Inclination kabaiyaan di ni makAjAdi Malay. aku. Jav., Sunmdieame ( Day., | dkw; ~abame ahu; Mak., ku; Tag. | and Bis., ako; Ma- { lag. ku gila, mad, foolish kalau babal (See Commit) ka-sakit-an péta, map, plan ae Jav., Sund=yae and Day., pekrr ( tipu. Sund. and Day., tipu ( See Customs ) dalam sumbang. Bat. sum- bang ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 371 —— English. Sulit. Inclose, to; fence t pagdran in Indebted * berutang Indigent; poor miskin Indisposed; averse mahukan Industrious * usaha Infant bata Infidel * katir Inform, to beita Information ngawi Inhabit, to mahila Inherit, to pusaka Ink * dawat Inland ha gimba Inner, the palauman Inguire, to * preksa Insane onl Insect oad Insensible ; un- ) Ri - napunung conscious 5) Insolent; arrogant maningat Instead stibli Instruct, to hindoh Instructor oo Son beTu Insufficient di-na abut Insult, to maningat Malay. Epagairpavtence. saci: \ and Sund., pager; Day., pagar and pa- gar (ber-utang. (See ll Debe) miskin. Jav., mitskin ( ber-usaha; usaha, en- Sy, SwaGl Ain Daye, savia = Mage ] osaha ; Malag., asa, work AL kafir ( Ar. ) pusaka. (See Estate) dawat (Ar. ) rimba, forest reksa. Jav., priksa: Mak., paressa; Day., pariksa and riksa ; Tag. and Bis., fohso gila c t guru. Same in Jay.. Se SunG. batne = Niale. and Day, 372 ENGLISH, SULU, English. Intellect Intelligent Intention Insupportable Interest (money) intertene; sco Interpret, to Interview Intimidate, to Intoxicated Intricate Intrust, to iron Island It; this ; those Itch : itchy Ivory Jackett Jacket: coat Bie, 2) Jest Jesus lew ~ M 7 Al A e os l akal * maAksud s\n orel ( di-na mdasindal ( di-na stimindal lipat lamut salin bagbaio hinang biga niluk sAgnat Sag : i ~ serahkan \ bési pP u lan ; laun * gatal oAding >* 5 * nangka %* baju puga ulau ulau *« Nabi Isa * VYahudi AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Sulu. Malay. ‘akal. (See Capacity) maksud ( A;. ) lipat,to fold,to double salin. (See Copy) sérah-kan. (See Cede) Sbesi Jee. and Sundz best; Bat soem ( pulau. ioe ; Sung, ang \ ( Mak... basst ‘ < Bat., pulo; Vasa ( Bis., polo gatal ; Teas Occurs* i Jav., Sundo3baee | Mak. and Biseaun Tag., galing “nangka. Occurs in Jav., Sound Weare _ Tag. and Bis. baju ( See Coat ) ¢ olok-olok ; wak Nabi Isa (A7.) Yahudi-( 47. ) lawak-la- ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 373 English. Sulu. se A v Jewel * permata Join, to sambong Joimt (ofa reed); a * baiku | \ knot Judge, a hakim Judge, to mutane Jump, to lakso Junior manghud Junk, a * wongkang Just past kaina Juvenile (male) — subbal Keel * lanas Keep; to butang at A = Keg, a _tong Kettle kapsin Key chachuk KKidnap, to sdgau ; maksagau Kill, to pateian ; * banoh Isill, to = (food tL with religious »stimbe ceremony) J Kxilled. pabunoh Ikind ; sort aeons Kindred os Ieanbiei Malay. permata. (See Gem ) ( sambong, hubong. < Jav. and Sund., sam- ( bung Af buku, knot , g. v.3 ru- ( was, Joint of a cane hakim ( Ar. ) “wangkang. Occurs in Leese, lAika § zine Day. ‘lunas. Jav. and Day., ~ lunas ; Mak., luna- sa tong. (See Cask ) kepsingan and kepsan (bunoh (See Commit t murder) simbilik + Jav., sam- beleh ; Bat., sambol- li; Mak., samballé ter-bunoh, jenis (A7). Javea and Sund:, 777s. Maks (eee kaum (A7.) t Derived from the Arabie dismillahi, the Muhammadan kills an animal for food. formula pronounced when a 374. ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. King Kiss Kinks out of a rope, to take the Kitchen Kite (of paper) Knee Knife Knite (chopper) Knife (sword) Sulit. * Rajah Me VA > chidm {pst daporan tagoreh tuhtd lading utab badéne: baréng tow) oO Knock, to; to strike pug pug Knot Knot, to Know, to; un- ) derstand IKnow, to; be ac- 7. quainted with J Knowledge Known, well- I. ) mashur ( A>. ) kris ( See Dagger ) suduk or sudu inchi Lay, to; to place Lay eggs, to Lay hold, to Lay waste, to Lazy Lead (metal) Leaf, a Lean; thin Learn, to Learn, to (the koran) Learned Leather; skin ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. O70 English. Sulu. Malay. ( palita. Sund., Mak. Lamp palitahan ~ and Day., padlita. Bat., palita, wick Lance; spear bayjak Land lapah Language pomong Lard daging babti daging babi, pork Large; wide muak Last (place and mxhali time) Last night an dom Lately tagua Laugh, to katawa; makatawa tertawa ( See Grin) ae patut. Jav. Lawful benal; * patut < Tae ee Likes ( useful bitang ; hitau 4?_tk] ma’-iklog kamaput ASAI ( binasa-kan ( See Des- U troy) maustau tenga ( daun. Kw., voz; Jav., daon ; Sund., daun ; fae Bat., daon, medi- \ cine; Mak., raung ; Bug., daung ; Tag. and Bis. , dahon makaiyuk makanat ies ( meng-aji. Jav., Sund. } mengaji Bat: aaa Mak., ,ajt : (eae (Ar.). Jav. and alim Sund., a Mak., { alimt 376 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. TEUGLIST Om Sulu. Leave, to; sail tumilak Leave, to take (in- miaid ferior to superior) Lee of, under the ha limbo Left; port side palawa Leg sigi Legend hikaiyat Mevsune wat * senang Lemon grass she end ste bois ; bous Length mahawa Leprosy; ring- Ee Poy > Lktrab worm Less kolangin Let go, to (a rope) bugit-na Level pantel Liar tan puting Liberate, to; NY sleet ma’pw6s enfranchise 4} idjucover: cole vaarurop ies! _ puting Lie down, to limpang Lie upon, to nate honee Als Malay. —— hikayat ; Mak., hi- kaya sénang (serei. Jav., séréh ; U Mak., sarré |i (Ar.). Sunde (kurap, itch. Jav., ho- rep; Sund. and Day., kurap say [ gurap; Mak., pura fkorang. Jay, Sones Mak., Bug. and . Day., karang aes | hurang; Vag., ku- \ lang; Bis., kolang f pantei, beach. /d. in ( Day. ftutup and katup, to | shut. Jav.,. kadape | Sund, and Bates tup,; Mak.,. tutu; Day., tatup, cover ; Tag. and Bis., fotod, | cover : ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. BY Ms English. Sulu. Life ; alive bohe Lift, to buat Light ; clear masawa Light of day ; dawn stbu subu Light (in weight) makan Lightning * kilat Like ; alike ; a sAli: ¥ sm’ same Likeness, a pita Lime bankit Eimer traits iat imau ange ieee Limit ; boun- thi st dary ; shore 8 Like this ; in aie ate ia ini manner Lips higat simut Listen, to; hear dtnguk; dingoeg Little ; few tio tio Live, to; dwell mahula Livelihood bohean Wiveryeule 2 AEH EN Lizard (grass) pinit Lizard (house) * chichak Lithodomus ; ene “water worm” pans Load, a; freight JAnan Loan ; debt * uitang Lobster ilang A Lobsters, parasite tlang flan 5S (in pearl shells) ~ polah g polah Malay. ( See Break ) kilat. (See Flash) Samiaien a aulinane) enviar | Mak., Day., Tag. and Bis. ° limau (See Citron ) dengar (See Hear) ( See Heart ) chichak. Jav., chechak ; | Sind, Aoi D Bat angewak kapang, teredo nava- lis. Sund. and Day., kapang ; Bat., ha- pang (See Debt) jure prawn. Jav. and Sund., hurang ; at udang 378 English. Sulu. Kockra kindaru Lock, to chichukan Lofty haatas Log, a pohong kahii Long mahawa Long ago mogei Long time yet, a mogei pa Long, how pilah logei ons forte bimbang Look, to ; see kita Let loose, to bulii Lose, to malawa Lose, to(incurloss)* rigi ee a hidpusan Lost lawak Louse * kutu Love kasth Low ; below habawah Low (in price) mohei hinds ; himanas maraiyau sukut v v A mane! sukut *hawa nafsu Low water Luck, good Luck, bad Lust ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Malay. (See Desire) (res Id. in in Jav., Sund., Bat., Mak., l and Bug. (kutu. Jav., Autu, in- sects in general ; Sund. and Mak., kutu,; Bat. karae Bug. atu; Daye kutoh, numerous ; Tag. and Bis., koto. 7H“ kasih Jav. and Sund., kasth and” Wasim Bat., ast and) foam Mak., ast; 2 Daye kasth ; Tag., kasz, friend ~bawah. Mak. rawa (See Cheap) hawa nafsu (A;r.) ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Machine Maggot Magic Mahomedan Maid, a; virgin Maid, a; slave Mail, coat of Maintain, to ; support Maintenance Maize Make, to Make, to; compose Malady Malay, a Male Mallet Man ; people Mandate Manure Many ; much Many, how Many, so a March, to; walk Mare Margin SWI. makini oad * hikmat * isldm anak dagah ipun babai lamina } ipat santapan gandom hinan hinangkan kasakitan tan Malaiyau issak tuikdl tan * titah lamutgei mataud ; mataut pilah pilah * sa’ kian * péta panau kira omaga dohér 379 Malay. hikmeate (C474 wav: wkma t islam (A7.) (dara, anak dara. Kw., | WEDS N88, UGTES man who has just had =aremild bats d SWUNG, WHE, 2) \\iOE | | dara; Mak., rara santapan, food (of Rajas) (See Corn) ka-sakit-an (See Ache) (See Hammer) (See Decree) sa’kian. péta (See chart) kuda betina 380 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Sulu. Malay. Mark * tanda tanda. (See Brand) Mark, seal, stamp * chap chap. (See Brand) Market tabu ; padian Marriage tiaun ; * kawin ‘kawin Marriage, to ask in* meminang pinang, meminang Marriageable sumampie omor sampei ‘umur, of age Married obus tiaun A v A v A A Vv | ( makasawa ; makbanah Marry, to Rane Umaktiaun Marry, engagedto tunangan tunang, betroth Marsh, a; mud pisak bichak atur, meng-atur, to ee arrange. Jav., Sund. Marshal, to pahatur ge. Jav., and Bat., atur; Mak., atoro; Day., ator Marvellous * heran heiran (Az) Mash, to; mix up lamut Mash, to; reduce ) maklis to pulp Js Mason, stone pandei batu eae batu ( See Mast tarok Mat, a(for sleep- t Ala ing) Mak. and Day., ka- Mat, a (for roof- \ jang ; Bat., hajang * kajang ing) ae Matches (lucifer) bagit bagit Mate ; companion 1ban ; ivan Mate, of a ves-) x Wee, im (Ar. mu‘allim malim sel ; pilot 5S instructor) nanah. Jav. | nde nanah; Bat., Mak., Day;, Dak and Bis., HANA NNake Jav.," Sune Matter ; pus * nanah Matter, no _ di-na ono; si’arina ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 381 English. Sulu. Mattress *tilam May ; can makajedi Me; 1 * aku Meal ; flour * tapong Mean wicnoble °* hina Mean ; stingy maikut ; paisi Mean, to; intend kahandak Meaning * harti— Meansoflivelihood kabuhe kabuhe Measure, to 1 stikut (capacity) Measure, to une *) ukur (length* Meat unut Meddle, to lamut Medicine obat Meet, to -makbag Meet ; fitting * patut Meet, to hanchor Malay. tam. Kw., f2lam, | sleeping-place ; Jav., tilem,, to ssleepr; Ve Sund =) 777aaa any | thing spread out; Day siiilam aku (See I) tepong. (See Flour) (hina. Jav., “za, fault ; U Sund., 2ina f ka-handak, wish, in- U_ tention. (See Comprehend) sukat hukur. Jav. and Sund., hukur ; Ree , mengu- Rur, ponenles Day., Me bat. slave, eouee Sund., obat, gun- powder, ubar, me- dicine; Mak. and Bug., 60; Vase, obak, gunpowder patut. Jav. and Sund., patut; Tag., patot, to be useful hanchur. Jav., axchur; Mak., anchuru; Day., anchor 382 ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. English. Memory Mend, to Menial ; slave Mention, to Mentioned Merely Merry Message Metaphor Sulu. * ka’ingatan daiaun batak ; ipun beita beita sAbot Se Aa * sehaja daiyau daiyau ngawl ibarat Mew, to (as a cat) * mengiau Midday dohér ; oktu Middle; between hagitong Midnight Midwife Might ; power Mild (temper) Milk Milk, to Million, a Mimic, to Mince, to Mind, the Mind, to; heed tengah dom pandei * kwasa sumingut f utoran menahut men- chinchang i abot * Akal * Ingat Mind, to; look after ipat ; * jaga Mine; my Miscarriage Mischief kaku ;-ku pag-pag fitna Malay. ka-ingat-an. (See Recollect) ter-sebut. Jav. and Sund., sebut ; Mak., sabu ; Day., sewut ; Bis., sangpot sahaja ‘ibarat (Ar.). Jav. and ' Sund.,zbarat,; Mak., ébara meng-hiyu + dhohor (Av.), waktu (Ar.) tengah malam (See Apt.) kuasa. (See Author- ity) sa’ ratus laksa lumat-lu- mat ‘akal. (See Capacity) ingat. (See Recollect) jaga. (See Awake) fitnah (Ar.), calumny. Jav. pitna t Not to be found in Malay dictionaries, but I have heard it used in Pérak, An onomatopeeic word. a ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. 383 English. Sulu. Misconduct one- self, to alau Misery ; alas! Mist gabong Mistake sak ' Mistress; lady daiang Mix, to lamut Moat, a; ditch gata Model | * chénto Modest ; bashful masiptk Moist ; wet Mother-of-pearl Sas shells : 1 tipei Motive * sebab Molest, to isibahan Monkey amok Month ; moon * bulan Monthly * bulan-bulan Moon, full damlak Moon, new kasubangen More ; again dakumau More than laing pa ing chaulaka ; chilaka * basah ; mabdsah Malay. hinangan bukun mar- chelalzase ave anid Sund., chelaka ; Mak. chilaka. : Day. i, chalaka. ee mist ; kabong mourning. shak, suspicion. (See Blame) ae maid of hon- | our, lady in waiting. Sund. , dayang ; Kw., deyah, young woman of high rank; Tag., | dayang, lady chonto basah (See Cause) Sunday wate Daye. and Bis., dudan; Mak., bulang ; Bug.,ulang ; Tag., dowan; Malag., wulana | ‘Sen Jav., wulan ; 384 English. Sulu. Morning mahinaat Morrow kinsim Mortar(for beat- te l’sdn ing) : Mosque langar Mosquito hilam Mother ina Mount, to; ascend sékat Mountain bud ; gimba Mourn, to; weep maktangis Ambau simut Mouse ; rat Mouth Move, to; remove pindahe Much ; many mataud ; mataut Mug; cup pingan Murder, to bunoh Mussels, shell-tish, &c. * siput Must sobei Mullet banak Mutiny * drahka Mystery; secret * rahisa ENGLISH, SULU, AND MALAY VOCABULARY. Malay. lesong. Jav., lesung ; Sund., /zsung ; Bat., losung ; Mak., as- sung; Day., lisong ; Bis., dosong rimba, forest tangis menangis. Jav., | Bat., Day., Tag. and Bis., tangs eee (See Break, Change) pinggan. (See Basin) bunoh. (See Commit murder) siput. Bat., séput, snail bélanak. Jav., dalenak derhaka, treachery. {Je duraka ; Sund., doraka rahasia. Kw., ruszya ; Mak., rahastya (To be continued. ) es ERRATUM. Page 335, sub voce Bucket, for “ Hindustani, baldi,” sead ‘‘ Hindustani, baldi and balti, from aes Portuguese balde.”’ METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, FOR THE YEAR 1880. [ The following report, being of permanent scientific value, is here reprint- ed from the Government Gazette. Hd. | 1. The report for the year 1885 gives the results of the observations taken at Singapore, Penang, Province Welles- ley and Malacea, and embraces the following meteorological elements :— IT. Atmospheric Pressure. It. Temperature of Air. Tif. Temperature of Solar Radiation. iV. Temperature of Grass, Nocturnal Radiation. V. Humidity. Vi. Wind, Direction and Velocity. Vil Rainfall. 2. Annual abstracts of the observations, taken at the four recording stations are attached, as are also the annual registers of rainfall. 3. The accompanying charts shew the mean annual pres- sure, temperature, rainfall, and the number of days on which rain fell at Singapore, from 1870 to 1885. These tables are interesting, and gain in importance every year. 4. I regret that some of the registers shew a few un- avoidable interruptions, but care will be taken in future that these returns be made as complete as possible. Atmospheric Pressure. kein | Range | Mean Stations, 5 Date. Lowest.) Date. for the | for the est. year. | year. Inches. | Inches. Inches.} Inches. Singapore, ...| 30.088 \22nd Jan.! ZO OSi2Gthy a Oct POG 2OSs9 Penang, Paleusor bhiodamie 29.702 ikon Wee: 102} 29.972 i 29.999 |2ist Jan.| 29.611/10th June} .073) 29.833 P. Weilesley, Malacca, | 20.908 20th Oct.) 29.702) 9th June .073) 29.860 386 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885, 5. The highest barometrical pressure (30.197 inches) was recorded in Penang on the 7th January, and the lowest (29.611) at Province Wellesley on the 10th June. These two Settlements also registered the highest and lowest mean, viz., 29.972 and 29.833 inches, respectively. Temperature of Avr. : Hich Mean Stations. sat, | Date. jLowest. Date. | Range.|for the ae year Roe on © op. | oR Singapore, 92.0 |24th May) 63.4 (10th Feb.) 14.9 81.7 Penang, 96.5 |l4th June 70.0 (10th Jan.) 14.5 82.7 Pe. Wellesley, .. | 98.0 | 9th Jan.) 65.5 [28th Heb." 18 83.5 Malacca, 96.0 |l8th June} 69.0 |15th Jan) 148 $2.3 2 6. The highest temperature (98.0°R.) was observed at Province Wellesley on the 9th January, and the lowest (63.4°F.) at Singapore on the 10th February, the lowest mean was also recorded at the latter Settlement, but in all, the mean temperature for 1855 is shehtly higher than that for 1884. Temperature of Solar Radiation. qi Mean for Stations. Highest.| Date. | Lowest.| Date. |the year. ee ie 2 oF, oF. Singapore, 161.6 |25th Mar.) 91:3 | 9th Awes ialased Penang. 159.0 | 2nd Feb. 90.1 [27th June} 145.7 Province Wellesley.. 163.0 | 5th Jan. 90:0 | 7th Ades lee Malacca, 175.0 |14th Feb.| 125.0 |16th May 156.1 7. The highest temperature of the sun’s rays (175.0°F.) was observed at Malacca on the 14th February, and the lowest (90.0°E.) was recorded on the 7th August at Province Wellesley ; the lowest mean, viz., 140.1 was registered at the same station. METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885. Temperature of Grass, Nocturnal Radiation. 387 Stations. Highest.| Date. an = =e Singapore, 74.9 27th July Penang, Not ob Province Weile sley,. 76.5 |12th Aug.| Malacca al V4.0 27th Miay-| 8. Lowest. OF 54.5 served. 63.5 66.0 Date. 10th Feb. 28th Feb. | 2nd Mar. Mean for ithe year. oA ike 69.1 70.0 Cled The highest temperature on grass (76.5°F.) was ob- served on the 12th August at Province Wellesley, and the lowest (54.5°H.) at Singapore on the 10th February. At this station also was recorded the lowest mean, viz, 69.1°F. Humidity. Stations. Highest.) Date. | Lowest.| Date. tienes aah the year. leo % % Singapore, | 98 |13th Feb. 50 15th June 79 Penang, a Use|) Sle 2Asuc: Al 26th Jan. 16 Province Wellesle ey,. 100 |Lloth Aug. 89 | 8th Feb. 78 Malacca, | LOO |28th May 30 ieee Jan. 34. oF Whe: hiehest percentage of humidity (100%) was ob- served at Province Wellesley nnd Malacca, on the 10th August spinel he oo per January, and the highest mean per centage, V1Z.. LO; Sth May, respectively. At the latter Settlement, also, centage was recorded, viz., 386% on the 15th Wind, Direction and Velocity. part of ae) the wind was easterly. Wy A ste 1s N 84.9%. From January to March, the wind blew from the N. E. and occasionally from the N. N. HE. and N. In the early he 8S. W. Monsoon appeared in the latter part of April, and, with but slight variations from 8. H., steady sat October. able, sometimes W. and at times W.5S. December ushered in the N. E. Monsoon with occa- sional winds from the N. N. W. and N, W, continued “In November, the winds were yari- 388 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885. ieee following table shews a summary of the wind direction ue Singapore during the year 1885 :— | | | | ee . eeealates | | | S | (ee S 5 Se d Sal aes Ol ais ® o f12(8| 8/8) 8 2) 2) ooo I>! leit lain ls |4\inlo Ae | | North, Siva eaecihe ape: esl ee 4} 4 NINE B10) 00 ee _| do Ne 59) 36| 2° Soca ieee 30 E.L.N.E 1 Z| Dl, Oe eae | ce de 7 Sa East, 1} 8} 12] 15} 20, 6| 2} ol) ee #.S.E., | 4, 4. 4 9 #38 Dy Ol anaes if S.E., le | ee | Qt. SE St a) ae "Shee S.8.E., Aa dee TS 1 BE 8h 10) > 72 6) Seats eee ee South, Se haircare Dl Sees chart i 3 3 “4 6.5. W., Bs eae OU nos Bale ell) eee |e Les 5 4. if ©. W. iL eee 9| 21) 18). 44) 48) 23) 24s W.S.W., if if Li. oe Ne el ee 5 Act eee West, it ee TR tlie 6 W.N.W. ] ia 33; alee 2 2 is We uy Re Se ea Dees 7 i! N.N.W yall 1 2] 3 j 2 4, 135 Cahn, D3 D5) ON a4 OA. kG | 14) 20) 29) 35 23 | | Singapore. 14, The velocity of the wind was registered during nine months of the year only, owing to the anemometer having gone out of repair; during the other three months no obser- vations were eee The mean velocity for this period was 113 miles, and the greatest in 24 hours was 263 miles on the Sth March. Penang and Province Wellesley. 15. During the year 1885, no observations of the direc- tion and velocity of the wind were taken. We hope next year to have this omission rectified. Malacca. 16. The N. HE. wind ee iled from January to April, and again from November to December. During the other months of the year, the wind was generally 8S. W. 17. The mean velocity of the wind during the twelve ©) METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885. 389 months was 183 miles, and the greatest velocity in any one day was 470 miles. Rawmfall. 18. The total number of registering stations in the Straits auras the year 1885 was 29, being 18 over the number in 1884. Highteen of these, viz., 7 in Singapore, 3 in Penang, 5 in Province Wellesley and 3 ‘in M alacca, ceanied complete returns ; the remaining 11 furnishing theirs only incomplete- ly. At Singapore, new stations were started during the year at the Botanic Gar dens, Neidpath, Chasseriau’s Estate and Bukit Timah, but, owing to the absence of the official in charge of the last-named station, the observation had to be discontinued in September. 19. At the beginning of the year, the station at the Leper Asylum, Pulau Jeraj jah, which hitherto furnished returns for Penang, was placed under the supervision of the Colonial Surgeon, Province Wellesley, and the observations there have since been embodied in the returns of that Settlement. A new station will shortly be opened at Bahk Pulau, Penang, which is much required. 20. At Province Wellesley, no new stations were opened during the year, the four registering stations at the District Hospitals and the one at the Leper Island being found to be ample. 21. In Malacca, seven new stations were started in the course of the year 1885, in different situations, and a few more will be opened in 1886. Mr, Hervey, the Resident Councillor, takes a keen interest on the subject of the rain- fall at this Settlement, and 1 am obliged to him for sugges- tions as too the best Icalities for having them. Singapore. — 22. On the whole, the year 1885 was a very dry one, it beinc’, leaving out 1877, among the driest on record. The mean fall for the year was 67. 32 inc ches only, and the number of days on which rain fell, 134 93. The maximum fall (16.37 inches) occurred in Decem- be at the Sepoy Lines, and on the 20th of the same month, at the same station, was recorded the greatest fall in 24 hours, viz., 6.10 inches. The minimum fall in any one 390 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885. month was that registered at the Water-Works Reservoir, Thompson Road, viz., 0.63 inches. 24, As already noticed by others, it is interesting to study the Singapore tables of rainfall, and to observe how every few years, varying apparently from 8 to 10, we have a very large annual fall of rain, and a smaller fall, though still above the average, about every five years. Such seems, at least, to be the more or less general result, if we look at the records from their very commencement until now. 25. What degree of influence the forest denudation happily now checked), which has been going on here for some years, has had on our rainfall, it is difficult to say, but considering the situation of Singapore island relatively to the two monsoons, and the very few nills we have high enough to affect much the rain-bearine clouds, I do not think it has been very great. 26. That, however, forest desiccation does influence rain- fall materially, there can be little doubt. Of this, many proofs now exist, but in further confirmation may be quoted an article which appeared early in this year in an Hast Ame- rican paper called the Southern Bivouac upon the forest destruction which has been going on recently in that country The writing is clothed in the tall but quaint and pithy lan- ouage of a Transatlantic cousin, whose view, though pessi- mistic, doubtless yet contains much truth. It is headed ‘Forest Desiccation ” and runs thus :— “Tf the progress of tree destruction in the Western Alleghanies, should continue at the present rate, the yearly inundations of the Ohio valley will soon assume an appalling aspect, and ere lone the scenes of the river suburbs of Louis- ville and Cincinnati will repeat themselves at Nashville and Chattanooga, while the summers will become hotter and drier. In the Gulf States, the work of desiccation has made alarming advances, brooks and streams shrink from year to year, and warm summers expose the gravel of river beds which fifty years ago could hardly be touched by the keels of heavy laden ves sels. Eas$ America is drying up; even in the paradise of the blue grass region, the fallin of springs has driven many stock-raisers with their herds to the mountains,” METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885, 391 Penang. 27. During the first five months of the year, the fall was unusually small, but was compensated however by heavy falls during the last seven months consecutively. The mean for the year is 110.81, as compared with 86.02 in 1884, shewing an increase of 24 79 inches. 28. The greatest fall in 24 hours was recorded on 12th July, viz., 6.93 inches at Government Hill. At this station there was also recorded the greatest fall in any one month, viz., 28.89 inches in September. The smallest fall on record is 0.27 inches, which was in January, and at the Central Prison. Province Wellesley. 29, The rainfall at this Settlement during 1885 was heavy, 106.29 inches was the mean, acvainst 80. 60 in the previous year. The greatest fall in 24 hours was 5.60 inches at Bertam on 14th October. The driest month was January. No rain was registered at Butterworth and Pulau Jerajah, and the mean fall recorded at the other stations for the month was only 1.62 inches. October seems to have been the wettest month, the record shewing 21.03 inches. Malacca. 30. The mean fall registered at the three stations where the returns were complete was 67.71 inches, being 10 inches less than that for 1884. The driest month was Mebruary, when the mean fall was 0.75 inches only. The maximum fall was in October; 14.32 inches of rain fell at Kandane. 31. The ereatest fallin 24 hours was 4.29 inches on the 15th October at the same station. 32. ‘The following brief notes on the general state of the weather in the Straits will be found interestine. 33. ‘The month of January was dry, more so in Province. Wellesley. In Singapore, although the days were hot and dry, the nights were cool and refreshing. Those in January were the coldest on record. From the 9th to the 14th in particular, the minimum temperature fell from 69.9°F. to 63.9°F., with a corresponding fall of the grass radiation thermometer, the lowest recorded on the latter instrument being 59.9°F. on the 14th January. This low temperature was also observed on reliable independent testimony at Johor, 392 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1883. and at the time formed a subject of common talk among the residents. ~ In February, there was a small amount of rain at Singapore, but the days and nights were cool. The minimum temperature at night was low, 63.4 being register- edonthe 10th. In Penang, Province Wellesley and Malacea, it was avery dry month. in Singapore, March was remarkable for a long a ought. No rain fell in the last sixteen days of the month, and the total fall registered was only 1.17 inches at Kampong Kerbau. ifn Penang, it was very dry, and so also in the other Settlements. There was a fair amount of rainfall in all the Settlements during the months of April and May; June and July were wet months throughout, August was somewhat dry in Singapore, and in Malacea, principally at Kandang, Kessang and Nyalas, but in Penang and Province Wellesle ey, rain was Sioeeodene sep- tember was a dry month in certain parts of Singapore, but in the districts cf Teluk Blangah and Sepoy Lines, rain was heavy, sv also in Province Wellesley and Malacca. October was unsually dry in Singapore, but abundant rain fell in . other Settlements. November and December were wet months throughout the Straits, there being abundant rain. On the night of the 12th and one or two nights following, an unusual number of meteors were observed. This pheno- menon was also seen in other parts of the globe. 34. I take this opportunity of tendering my thanks, in connection with the registration of rainfall ‘at Sineapore, to Messrs. GEIGER, Kwrann, McRircnigz, St. Vincent B. Down, and CANTLEY, io their camel! LUE ions of monthly returns of rainfall registered ae the P. & O. Co.’s Depor Killiney Hstate, Water-Works Reserv roir, Thompson Road, Neidpath and the Botanic Gardens, respectively. T. IRVINE ROWELL, ».p., Principal Civil Medical Officer, S. 8. Singayore, s0th January, 1856, 393 1S&5, oe = PRo- L- Be) EP eRLON fU-| ¢ OF ce ® |CLOUD e cae as 0To 10 = 1] 10) zi | 2 Oe] 5 ellie alesis. AY Ls Ql nm) 2 | i |S/8/8 Bl 2 Isis Wel as eae a) ASP fala a ee a bi7o| Ins Jan p77 1.99; 3, 4) 2 Heb: p34) 6.29) 6) 6| 4 Marchi 77) 1.17) 4) 5) 2 | | April.)j80| 5.40) 5) 6) 2 May .0/80| 7.22) 5! 6] 4 June .¥/80) 10.11) 5, 5! 5 Suly, pis) 3.821 5.5) 3 eee pee Aug. .B/76| 2.34) 4) 4, 2 Mean. 519 FALOd, Algol ere METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1885. 393 Annual Abstract of Meteorological Observations taken at the Kampong Kerlau Observatory, Singapor:, for the year 1885, s annEaSEnEnEEREnEnEEREnitemeepenienmmeeeeeeiemenmiemeemmeeeneeee eee } lr 4 | Pro- BARoMeETRIcAL Rrav- Tones PILE TuMPERATURS CompuTED Rera- | g |p ron INGS CORRECTED AND TEMPERATURE or ATR, TORE WIND. oF VAPOUR vive Hu-| & OF p REDUCED TO 32° F. Te A HVAPORATION, THNSION. mipity.| § |CnLoup a TION. 3 |070 10 SI | a jl ) z | 3 2 ee eee o j : op = | & legac cin betes ua a| | ¢ Ba | A o |}¢|ai¢| |ela|e aiala) | S \aleale ee | ho] SE Sete eceeecuiesaiee| | sails Pelee) 3]. ) 21/8) 2 1. eleia | & lelala Ropes se eae Sis aes a jela alsle|slale ciskial € Piss | i é iz i eople [ _ ‘| | | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | °P,| °F. /°r, | oR. | or. |or, |on,| ar | or Miles.) °F.) °F. °F. | °i". | Ins.| Ins.| Ins. Tus. % 7% |96)7%| Ins | | | | Jan. .../ 30.005) 29.894) 29.979 29.959) 30.4) 84.2) 75.4] 80.0) 86.0) 69.4) 16.6) 148.0} 65.0) NH. 89 74.8 75.3 73.1] 74.4) 701) .759) 789 77977 668977) 1.99) 3! 4) 2 | ' | Feb. ...| 29.933) 826) .906) .888 79.4) 82.7) 75.5) 79.2) 86.2) 69.9) 16.31 149.8! 65.1) NB. .. |75.9 76.9 73.8 75.5) 844) S16) 815 83583769284 6.29, 6 6| 4 4 | | & NN | March.) .951 846] .929} .909) 82.3) 85.2) 76.9: 81.5] 87.7, 70.9 15.8) 153.2} 65.¢| N.B. | 76.4 76.8 74 ; 75.8) 836] 819} 808] 621 7667,87'77| 1.1%) 4) 5] 2 | & NNE | Apuil.:.| 897) .787) .865) 849) 8 1.3) 84.6) 78.3 $2.4 88.5 72.8) 15.7) 152.1) 70.2 KH, 166, 78.1, '77.9 76 4 77.5) 879} 872} 879) .877 75 76,90)80) 5.40) 5) 6) 2 May ...| .899} .805) .877| 861) 84.7/ 8.4.5] 78.9, 82.7] 88.2) 7315) 14.7] 150.7) 714) S.W 14d 78.8) 78.1 75 a 77.9) .904) S79) 888] 887 70.75.9080) 7.22) 5! 6) 4 ieee June 895) 797) .874) 855 83.8) 83.5) 79.6 82.3 86.8) 74.3) 12.5) 145.6) 71.7) S.W 155, 78.5) 77 | 76.6 77.7| 904) $73) 873) 883 7875/57/80} 10.11) 5 5) 5 i f July 924) .829) .897) .883) 83.9) 85.3) 79.9) 83.0, 87.3) 73.9) 13.4) 145.7) 70.7) S.W 158 77.9 77.6) 76.5) 77.3) 831) 848) S68) 866,76 68.85 76| 3.82) 5, 5, 3 Aug. 913) .810) .884) .869) 83.8) 85.2) 78.7] 82:9, 87.6) 72.2) 15.4) 144.4) 69.2) S.W | 168 77.4, 76.9) 75.9) 7.4) S84. 832) 845) 854176 6883)76) 2.34) 4) 4 2 | | | i Sept. 946] .843] 911) .900) $3.9} 84.1) 79.1) 82.3) 88.0) 72.8) 15.0) 156.3) 69.7) S.W. 72.0) 77.2) 79.8) 77.0) 884 842) S27) S58176,72|86 76 2.81) 5] 6, 4& | & SB | | | | Oct 963) .838) .921) 907) 84.8) 85.5] 78.7) 83.0; $8.6) 72.9, 15.7; 153.2) 69.3) W.S.W 4) 78.3 77.7) 76.2) 77.4) SSt S84 876) S58)74.69}89/76) 3.90) 4) de 2 Ce Mie | Noy 954) 835) 933) .907) 82.9) €3.8) 77.5, 81.4) 87.1) 72.7) 14.4) 149.4) 70.2) SW. & 4A. 77.8) 77.3) 76.0) 77.2| 884 873] 883) 880/79. 76)93}83| 10.42) 5) 6) 5 W.N.W | | Dee 935) .825] .906) .889) 80.9) 82.0) 76.5) 79.8) 85.1) 72.2 12.9) 142.6) 69.6) NT. 51 76.8 77.1) 75.2) 76.4) 859) 882! 864) 863/82 sO)9t85| 15.48) 6) 6) 5 , | dts 2 | | | | Total Mean... .| 29,934! 29.828] 29.906] 29.889. Sees 77.9) 81.7) 87.2) 72.3) 14.9) 148.7) 69.1 a 113 77.4 77.2| 75.5) 76.7) .869 847.853) 856 7172)S8:79| 71.01) 4) 5) 3 | | (eee | | o g B a sino gig | "Oo SI ss 6) GS i S = ae - z a 5 5 S| Saou Cy | a el SRS TS ay 5 > | “‘SILLOY G | Ss os 1D - iis we wate Mon Tus. abel, con Feb. ... Mavrch.. April... May ... June ... July ... PANTUCO Sept. ... Oct. Nov. ... [2 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1859. Annwal Abstruct of Meteorological Observations, Penang, for the year 1885. 904) 785 814 3 3 A PRION | or ) ChLoup. We) Ovo | 8p a | cs] Falls 4 a] mn) n & 1el8i5 | 9/5/15 ‘8 S/4\4 a(S a | | | 0.27, 145 elie! Ld) 4) 5) 1.92 5) G6) 4 979) 5} 6) 3 6.87) 6 7 6 yy O.47| 7) 7) 7 = = = “1 “1 ~ rr ee f ; Jy BAROMETRICAL RwAv- TEMPERA- TEMPERATURE Compuren | Rena. | PRo- INGS CORRECTED AND TEMPERATURE ow Arn. TURESOF WIND. or VAProur ‘rrve Hu- REDUCED TO 32° F, Rapia- EVAPORATION. Tension. | mrprry TION. ait | ee & =| A | 8 ; , ; pedlgeeet tee sill wo. | plored hee Neel: cell a 5 ie) 5 ra BBN Sl eel SE Sh rules th cf | ty Peeve relate We aL a aiie | aI a 3 coh est Wes! GE ei el || gt |) 52 S as} a | Ss ts | est id fe er) a f SH ify Was! Giant | ue ee o> 12 i | ov | eee Seem aU ceiSuicalenieece 2 | © (Ec eee rsaed erie is | — | 30.129) 30.068) 30.059} 30.095, 81.2) 89.4) 77.8) 82.8) 91.0, 73.0, 18.0 152.0. 73.3) 77.0) 74.3) 74.9 718) 771] 805) .764)6¢!56 S3|60 | : | | 059) 29.953) .056) .022) 81.1! 89.4) 81.5! 84.0] 92.1] 74.0! 18.1 151.0 73.6) 77.5 75.3 65 727) .78:1.799) 769/68 57 74.66 peed 3 s | pele | Fal a. } | .058) .938) 035] 016, 82.9, 90.1) 82.2) 85.1) 92.5) 75.4) 17.1, 119.7] | 75.9| 79.0) 77.4) 77.4) 798) 83%] 874) .836)70.59 79,69 | | | | | | 032} 926) 026] 29.994) 84.2) 90.0) 82.1) 85.4) 92.1] 76.7| 15.4) 147.0 | 78.4) 79.2) 77.6) 78.4) 893) 850) 885! 876/76 6080 72 | | 023} .926) 021) 990) 84.2) 86.7| 80.6) 83.8) 89.8) 76.2] 13.6 147.2! _; | og | 08-0) 79-4) 77.4) 78.3} 893) 881} 894! S89 rane 77 D ® 2 | | eal | 29.995] .912/ 29.989] .965, 83.1) 85.7| 79.7) 82.8 88.9] 76.2 12.7 140.9 § | § | % |77.5) 78.1 76.7) 77.5) 869) 868) .876) 87177 71 87/78 | | Q et i 30,031} 947, 30.018, .997) 81.6 85,0) 79.6] 82.7] 88.0} 74.9) 13.1 141.9] | “© | S| 16.5) 77.7 76.3. 78.8) 839] 849] 863) .850'78!70 85!77 2» e | = | | | (o} oe} - | 22) .936) .012| 990) 82.0; 84.0) 78.4) 81.4) 87.5] 74.4: 13 110.6) A 4% | G& |77.2)'77.5)'75.6 76.7] S65) 854) day 5 1:80)74.87,80 | | Hee a | | loyal tel 3) an| ar Q/2Q'9 I4 ; 1] 002} .898) 29.997! .965/ 81.8) $3.8} 78.2| 81.2) 86.9) 74.7; 12.2) 14319) 77..| 77.6| 76.0, 77.0] 882} .860| .863) .868'81)74.90181) | | | { | | 0 a - =, o-p ad 9.941) 805) .920) .889} 80.7) 83.9) 77.9) 80.8) 87.2) 74.4) 12.8) 144.9 | 76.¢] 78.1) 76.2) 77.0] 867) .878| 875) 872.83)76,91|83 | | | | | 939} 814) .916] 889, 80.9, 81.0) 78.3] 81.0) 87.6 74.6) 13.0 1.44.0 | 77.1 78.2 76.2) 77.1) 880. 882) .869] .877.£3)76)90'83) | | : 0| 80.3, 85.7 74.2) 14.2) 145.6 | 75.8] 77.3} 76.0) 76.3] 829) 821] 852! 8345 |6786)77| 30,011 | | | | | 29,909) 29.994 291972) 82.0, 86.4! 89.3) 74.8 14.5 145.7 78.0, 846 76,67 84176) Total 107.15) 5) Sm er 397 “a PRO- = P’TION 5 OF ® CLOUD a )7To 10. on R= as ee = |2#\2\¢ 2 = = al far Oe ms, = 1 112 Fa 3144) 1 91 9 Mi 119) 31 3] 4 Ay 9.67) 215) 6 e 7.40) 5| 7] 9 Ju 10,24 4| 6 6 Ju 9.20 3] 4) 5 | a Ot) 3\ 4 5 Be] 13.96! 4) 7) 9 Oo 18.80 5| 7| 8 Nd 10.79 5) 87 De 920 5| 7 6 Total Mey 96.99| 3) 5| 6 | | J iT GT ta lS ot) METEOROLOGICAL REPORT, 1sss, 397 Annual Abstract of Meteorological Observations, Province Wellesley, for the year 1885 —————————————————————————————— ns ; TEMPERA-! : | Nl | (= 1) PRo- BAROMETRICAL RwAv- al | TuMPER La th ie TURE OF | Bi ATURE | ComMPUTED | RELA. | =I P TION 1 ‘TED AND TEM 2 | hte Li } | R | INGS EE ra ee PERATURE OF ATR, Rapra- | WIND. or VAPouR jtrve Hu-| & | OF “ REDUCED A : TION, | EVAPORATION, | TENSION. MIDITy.| o j|CrLoup ra fa oes — = = = z | ee yro 10. | \ - ore — —_ — — | — _— H | | lt eee b | | Taal | op y | 4 a iB | aes S “5 2 | | | “2 ; : ce aes | es d|4 one = : | } | 5 A fe g Z Pap etal oe 5B | 5 5 Ale = aid | a a | a | a | Ves ae Naess | ui of 2} | = : ey | eM es si el i el i a | Se) Ets || ly st |hey | falale| | om eat = 6 S) i) A Sy Se Sh fete oer ase Ih teie | ee q Sia |om moe! eral teal meee peel imrcte tei leseleahicait ad cet aia? eee |e ee eee | 8 ee eee ies” | sole tals 8) as 8 ig (Sislala) be | lelale er} in a | if 4 Se) eS 3 =] te! a | 3) ~ VS ES 1o} mR a eS Sele Be SU! (SSE eel eet | ee ea Smee) a eects et betas Mea eo lesten : : | : | =| a — -|———|} = =| F | | | | Wy € Ls € Ls 29 O15) 29 9 5 ()) vied Qe © 3 “4 4 Gia a al ep ale . Tame ial Beet 29.837) 29.915) 29.901 Ba 89.0, 77.4) 83.9 94.2, 69.6) 24.6} 154.6) 68 4 76.6, 79.0, 74.6) 76.7] 807) 85: 6187/7] 1.16) 1) 1) 2 , : | | y« ro -f D Pall lone ! o} oor ROA Rr ear oe es = ie Teb. ...| .883 .783 .856) .839 85-7) 89.0) 77.6) 84.1) 92.8) 70.2] 22.5) 145.9) 69.0 77.0, 78.7) 75.2| 76 9| 814 60 89:7] 3.14) 1] 2) 9 March. 859, 777, 816) .827/85.0 89.0| 78.0] 84.3 93.2) 72.1] 21.1] 145.4) 68.7 78.0 80.0 76.0] 78.0) .892) 889) April... $23) 742,788) 782 87.9 a4 80.7| 86.4, 93.7) 74.4] 19.3] 143.0 604 0.9, 8L8 7187\7¢| | 9.67) QI 5) 6 May ...| 854 826] 815) 841/861, $8.0) 79.2) 84.4) 91.5 73.5)180) 112.3 71.2 80.2 80.9, 77.2| 79.4] .951 8 72.91l7¢| | 7.40) 5| 4} 9 Tune... 849) .791] .826) 823) 83.7) 85.£| 79.2) 83.0] 90.5) 72.9183) 188.7)09.3 S| 79.1 80.4 77.4) 78.9] 932 789383) 10.241 4| 6] 6 July ..| 797] , 751] .793| .779) 84.2} 86.2] 74.6) 82.9] 90.5] ... |... | 14691 73.1 ; % | 78.6 79.3) 76.0) 77.9] 904, 72 91\79) 9.20 3| 4) 5 Aug... .£52} 790) .842} .828)84.9} 85.1] 78.4] 82.8 9.6) 73.8| 15.8 137.5/72.9| © 5 78.8 79.4| 76.2) 78.1) .908| 933.885) .911\757701'81| 9.83) 3| 4| 5 Sept... .872| 801} .867| 850] 84.31 s4.0177.5/81.9]89.1| 73.1 16.0| 1264/7041 & | 4 ree roalrse 77.8 .916| 930 369] 0a 7rleo ors 18.94 4) 7| 9 Oct, ..| 888.790] 852816 81.5) 84.3) 77.6) 82.1/89.8) 73.3) 16.5 133: 7 797 80.1) 76.5 78.7) 974) .958) 96 93580520485 18.80 5| 7| 8 Hots olf soy foe We eee |) ee |e |) sas ose I) xn FOUN Hates) Sy Mica) 80.0, 74.9) 76.5) 78 .056).051] 891) 99881339284 10.79 5) 8 7 Ia cost case papa AP wee tLe fone | seal opm tea Male falter lai tt athe | | 79.6 79.8! rat 78.6 037 ,016).591 overa7 m5 9.20) 5| 7| 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | cae | ae ae | | [ ie ee el we eee aa Total | | | Mean... 2.862, 29.789) 29.842 20.833 $5.2] 87.0) 78.0) 83.5 91.4] 72.5 18.) 141.1 709 | | 78.1) 79.8] 762] 78.5912} 925) $60) £09,75,739(/78) 96.99, 3 56 rr rs eEESe "Ue ee pees ON {