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RAITS BRANCH

of the

Asiatic Society

7:

JANUARY, 1894,

SINGAPORE :

REPRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MLISSION PRESS.

w

[ No. 29. ]

JOURNAL

of the

SVRAITS BRANCH

of the

Royal Asiatic Society.

JANUARY, 1894.

SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY:
‘London and America ... TRUBNER & Co.
Paris .... ERNEST LEROUX & CIE.
Germany ... K. F, KOEHLER’S ANTIQUARIUM, Leipzig.

Reprinted at the
AMERICAN MISSION PRESS, SINGAPORE.

1904.

Table of Contents.

Council for 1893, a aa bor see Vv

List of Members for 1893, ny RAG cee vi
Proceedings of the General Meeting, a Sd XV
Council’s Annual Report for 1892, ... 403 oe Xvi
Treasurer’s Account for 1892, was ae soo XIX
Rules of the Straits Asiatic Society, a Ge ROR

A Journey to the Source of the Indau—dy H. W. Lake, ... 1

On the Dispersal of Seeds by ee lel, Ip es
M.A., F.L.S.. : 11

Account of a trip up the Pahang, Tembeling and Tahan
Rivers, and an Attempt to reach Gunong Tahan—by
Lieut. Hl. J. Kelsall, R.A., ace aes ae oo

List of Mammals recorded from Pahang—d; yf TENG ee
M.A., F.L.S., Sor eee a7

A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns found
growing wild in the Island of Cea C oe
Ed Se Gc 67

TABLE OF CONTENTS,—Continued.

Occasional Notes :—

Earthquake in the Malay Peninsula, 2 casein
On the Occurrence of the rare Bat-Hawk in Johor, ... 171
A large Beetle caught in a Pitcher of Nepenthes, Pray 8

The Bird-dropping Spider (Ornithoscatoides) in Johor, 172
Notes on Gallus Violaceus, ... ety ive, aides

A Malay Lullaby, ... wise 3 wae eet

THE
SERAMS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

PATRON :

His Excellency SIR CECIL CLEMENTI SMITH, G. C. M. G.

Council for 1893.

His Excellency Major-General Sir CHARLES WARREN, G.C.M.G.,
K. C. B., President.

The Hon’ble W. E. MAXWELL,C. M. G., Vice-President, Singapore.

D. LOGAN, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang.

H. N. RIDLEY, Esquire, Honorary Secretary.

H. T. HAUGHTON, Esquire, Honorary Treasurer.

A. KNIGHT, Esquire,

H. L. NoronHA, Esquire,

C.W.S. KYNNERSLEY, Esquire, Councillors.

Lieut. H. J. KELSALL, R. A,,

|
|
|
J

The Hon’ble J. W. BONSER,

Nos.

He OO

Ooo On Ss Or

—

LIST - OF ®WEMB ERS

FOR

1893.

Names.

ABRAHAMSON, KE. E.
ALLINGHAM, 8.

ANTHONISZ, J. O.
ATKINSON, H. 5S.

BAMPFYLDE, C. A.
BARNES, W. D.
BECHER, H. M.
BEESTON, Capt. R. D.
BELLAMY, G. C.
BERNARD, F. G.

BERRINGTON, A. T. D.
BICKNELL, W. A.
BIRCH, J. K.
BLAGDEN, C. O.
BLAND, R. N.

BONSER, The Hon’ble J. W.

Bown. Drs swe Et

BRADDON, Dr. W. L.
BRANDT, D.

Addresses.

Sandakan, B. N. B.

25, Grosvenor Street,
Grosvenor Square, Lon-
don, W.

Singapore.

Singapore.

Kuching, Sarawak.

Penang.

Singapore.

Sandakan, B. N. B.

Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

Woodleigh, Seranggong
Road, Singapore.

Selangor.

Audit Department, Penang.

First Magistrate, Penang.

Malacca. |

Land Department. Singa-
pore. )

Singapore.

The Grange, Grange Road,
Singapore.

Sungei Ujong.

HKurope.

NGS
oo ND

Vil

MEMBERS FOR 1893,— Continued.

Names.

Brown, Dr. W. C.
BRYANT, A. T.
BUCKLEY, C. B.
BURKINSHAW, J.

CAMERON, Capt. M, A., R.E.
CAMUS, M. DE
CLAIN, J.

CLIFFORD, H. C.
COPLEY, GEORGE

| CREAGH, His Excellency C.

VANDELEUR, C.M.G.
CROIX, J. HERRINGTON DE LA

| CURRIE, ANDREW

DANE, Dr. R.
DENT, Sir ALFRED, K.C.M.G

DEw, A. T.
DiETHELM, W. H.

6| DoWN, St. V. B..

DUNLOP, C.

EBHARDT, HANS
EGERTON, WALTER
ELCUM, J..B.

| ESCHKE, H. H.

EVERETT, A. HART
HVERETT, H. H.

Addresses.

Beach Street, Penang.
District Office, Dindings.

|| Orchard Road, Singapore.

e@eeoversee

Dover, England.
Singapore.
87, Rue du Cherche Midi,

Paris.

| Kuala Lipis, Ulu Pahang.

Municipality, Malacca.

Sandakan, B. N. B.

Paris.

28, Fenchurch Street,
London.

Singapore.

11, Oid Broad Street,
London, E. C.

| Perak.

Hooglandt & Co., Singa-
pore.

Singapore.

Powell & Co., Singapore.

Hilty & Co., Singapore.
Penang.

German Consulate, Sin-
gapore.

Labuan.

Sarawak,

Vill

MEMBERS FoR 18938,—Continued.

Nos. | Names. Addresses.
44) FerGuson, A. M., Jr. 18 &19, Baillie Street, Fort,
Colombo. - .

45; FEILDING, J.

46| GAGGINO, G. Gaggino & Co., Singapore.
47| GENTLE, ALEX. Grange Road, Singapore.
4?| GOLDNEY, Sir JOHN T. Trinidad.
49) GOSLING, T. L. River Valley Road, Singa-
50| GOTTLIEB, G. S. H. Penang. [ pore.
51| GRAHAM, JAMES | Glasgow.
52| GULLAND, W. G. Paterson, Simons & Co.,
England.
53) HALE, A. Negri Sembilan.
04, HAUGHTON, H. T. Singapore.
5d| HAVILAND, Dr. Kuching, Sarawak.
56; HERVEY, The Hon’ble D. F. A., | Resident Councillor, Ma-
C.M.G. | lacea.
57| HILL, KE. C. H. | Inspector of Schools,
| Singapore.
08] HILL, F. W. Selangor.
59; HOSE, Right Revd. Bishop G. F.,
M.A.,D.D. (Honorary Member) | Singapore.
60; HOSE, C. Baram, Sarawak.
61| HOUTHUYSEN, C. L. Batavia.
62} HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT,
Rar aailbe Singapore.
63) Hupson, H. H. Singapore.

64| HULLETT, R. W., M.A., F.L.S., | Singapore.

65| IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH, Dato
Dalam Johor Bharu.

66| IRVING, C. J., C.M.G. Hillands, Tiverton, Devon-
shire, England.

MEMBERS FOR 1893,—Continued.

Names.

JOAQUIM, J. P.

Addresses.

|
|
|

Singapore.

JOHOR, H. H. the Sultan of the
State and Territory of, G.C.M.G.,

G.C.S.I. (Honorary Member)

| Johor.

o
KEGAN, PAUL TRENCH, TRUBNER|

& Co.
KEHDING, F.

| Keita, Dr. A..
KELSALL, Lieut. H. J., R.A.
| KENNEDY, ARCHIBALD

KER, T. RAWSON
KNIGHT, ARTHUR

_ London.

Laboean, Deli.
_ Bangkok.

Fort Canning, Singapore.
_ Batu Gajah, Kinta, Perak.
_ Johor Baharu, Johor.
| Grassdale, River Valley
Road, Singapore.

KRoM MUN DEWAWONGSE VARO-

PRAKAR, H. R. H. Prince
KYNNERSLEY, C. W. S.

LAKE, H.

| LAUGHER, H.
| LAVINO, G.

Lawes, Revd. W. G. (Honorary

Member)

2| LEASK, Dr. J. T.

LEES, F. BALFOUR
LEWIS, JOHN E. A.

| LisTER, Hon. MARTIN
hITciy. hk. M.

LEETON, G.-B.
LOGAN, DANIEL

_ Bangkok, Siam.
| Singapore.

| Singapore.
| Dutch Consulate, Singa-
pore.

PortMoresby,NewGuinea.
Malacca.
Government Printing
Office, Sarawak.
| Negri Sembilan.
| Gaya, B. N. B.
| Canton.
| Penang.

MEMBERS FoR 1893,—Continued.

Names.

Low, Sir HUGH, G.C.M.G.
MACBEAN, W.
Macuapo, A. D,
MARTIN, Dr. L.

MAXWELL, The Hon’ble W. E.,
C.M.G.

MAXWELI, R. W.

MoKiInLor, J-
MELDRUM, Dato’

7, MEREWETHER, E. M.

MILLER, JAMES

NASON, WM., F.S.A.

NAPIER, W. J.
NEAVE, D. C.

NEWTON, HOWARD

3| NORONHA, H. L.

O'BRIEN, H. A.
O’SULLIVAN, A. W.S.
OwEN, J. F.

PARKS. sDitG.
PAULO. 2B:

Addresses.

England.

Straits Insurance Office,
Hongkong.

Temoh Gold Mines, Pa-
tani.

Mabar Estate, Deli, Suma-
tra.

Colonial Secretary’s House
Singapore.
Inspector-General’s Office,
Singapore.
Pulau Brani, Singapore.
Johor.
Malacca.
Gilfillan, Wood & Uo.,
Singapore.

| Craigton, Tanglin, Singa-

pore.
Paterson Road, Singapore.
Cluny Road, Tanglin, ‘
Singapore.
Grasslands, St. Thomas
Walk, Singapore.
Killeney Road, Singapore.

Singapore.

| Penang.

Kuala Pahang.
Thaiping, Perak.

Sungei Ujone.

Xl

MEMBERS FOR 1895,—Continued.

Nos. Names. | Addresses.
| |
| |
109} PERAK GOVERNMENT MUSEUM |
_ (Curator of) | Thaiping, Perak.
110 PrERHAM, The Ven. Archdeacon J.)
_ (Honorary Member) | Singapore.
| |
111) Reap, W. H. M., c.w.c. | 9, Petersham Terrace,
| _ Queen’s Gate, London.
112, REITH, Revd. Gro. M. _ Mount Elizabeth, Singa-
| | pore.
is) RICKETT, C. B: _ Hongkong and Shanghai
| _ Bank, Foochow.
114) RIDLEY, H. N., F.1.8. | Botanic Gardens, Singa-
| pore.
115) RopDGER, J. P. Pekan, Pahang.
116, Rost, Dr. REINHOLD (Honorary
Member). India Office Library, Lon-
| don, S. W.
117| SALMON, J. Suaeoeees
118; SARAWAK, H. H. The Raja of,
119, G.c.M.G. (Honorary Member) Kuching, Sarawak.
120{ SATOW, H. M., c.M.G. (Honorary
_| Member) | Monte Video, S. America.
121| SCHAALJE, M. | Medan, Deli.
122) Scott, Dr. DUNCAN Europe. {
123) SEAH LIANG SEAH Chop “Chin Hin,” Singa-
pore.
124) SEAH SONG SEAH | Chop “Chin Hin,” Singa-
: | pore.
125) SHELFORD, The Hon'ble T., C.M.G. Broadfields, Paterson Road
3 Singapore.
126) SHELFORD, W. H. | Singapore.
127) SKINNER, The Hon’ble A. M.,| Resident Councillor, Pe-
C.M.G. nang.

|
L

xil

MEMBERS FoR 1893,— Continued.

Nos. Names. | Addresses.

ee es SS St eS SS Cee

128) SmMiTH, H. E. Sir CkciL CLE- |
MENTI, G.C.M.G. Government House.

129) Soust, T. Mount Rosie, Chancery

Lane, Singapore.

130; SOURINDRO MoOHUN TAGORR,

RaJa, Mus. Doc. Pathuria Ghata Raj Bati,
Calcutta, India.
131) Sv. CLair, WG. Singapore Free Press Office,
Singapore.
132 | STRINGER, C. Singapore.

133 | SWET-TENHAM, F. A., C.M.G. Resident, Perak.
1384 }SvyED MOHAMED BIN AHMED

AL, SAGOFF Singapore.
135| SYED ABUBAKAR BIN OMAR AL
J UNIED Arabia.
136) SYERS, H. C. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
137) LUA BOU AG ae, Government Hill, Singa-
| pore:
138) THOROLD, F. THOROLD England.
139) TREACHER, W. H., C.M.G. Resident, Selangor.

140'VAN BENNINGEN VAN HELSDIN-|

CHIN, Ora: Deli, Sumatra. :

141/VERMONT, THE HON’BLE J.M.B.) Batu Kawan Estate, Pro-
| vince Wellesley.

142|WaLKeR, LIEUT.-Col. B.S. F.,
| 70. M.G. Thaiping, Perak.
143) WALKER, H. Land and Survey Depart-
| | ment, Sandakan, B. N. B.
144, WARREN, H. E. Major-General |
| Sir CHARLES, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. | Singapore.
|

xill

MEMBERS FOR 18938,—Continued.

Nos. Names. | Addresses.
| |

MEMS .
145) Watson, E. A. | Pahang.

146} WEsT, F. G. Selangor.

A WHATLEY, J. Js Ib. Muar.

148) WILDMAN, R. America, U. 8. A.

149| WISE, E. A. Pekan, Pahang.

150; WRAY, L., Jr. Perak Museum, Perak.
1 WreEnNCH, D. T. | Singapore.

—_—_________

Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any change of
address or decease of members in order that the list may be as complete
as possible.

All communications concerning the publications of the Society should
be addressed to the Secretary ; all subscriptions to the Treasurer.

Members may have on application forms authorising their Bankers
or Agents to pay their subscription to the Society regularly each year.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Annual General Meeting
OF THE
Si RAlES, BRANCH

ORG tris

Royal Asiatic Society,
HELD AT THE
RAFFLES MUSEUM
ON

MONDAY, 23RD JANUARY, 1893.

Present.

His Excellency Major-General Sir CHARLES WARREN,
G.C.M.G., K.C.B., President ; The Hon’ble W. E. MAXWELL,
C.M.G., H.T, HAUGHTON, Esq., W.J. NAPIER, Esq., A.KNIGHT,
Esq., Lieut. H. J. KELSALL, R.A.,'H. L. NORONHA, Esgq., Dr.
Wiiebolt © WS) KYNNERSLEY, Esq: W. G. ST. CLAIR,
Esq., and H. N. RIDLEY, Esq., Honorary Secretary.

The minutes of the last general meeting were read and
confirmed.

The Annual Report was read and accepted.

The Accounts of the Honorary Treasurer were passed.

The following Officers were then elected for the ensuing
year :—

XVI PROCEEDINGS.

President,—His Excellency Major-General Sir CHARLES
WARREN IG. © MG KeG.B:

Vice-Presidents,—Singapore: The Hon’ble W. E. MAx-
WELL, C.M.G.; Penang: D. LOGAN, Esq.

Flonorary Secretary,—H. N. RIDLEY, Esq.

Flonorary Treasurer,—H. T. HAUGHTON, Esq.
Esq., H. L. NORONHA, Esq,
C. W. S. KYNNERSLEY, Esq., Lieut. Hl. J) KonmsAMmieeaaes
and the Hon’ble J. W. BONSER.

The following new members were elected :—

Dato : MELDRUM, Sir E. C. BOVILL, Kt. Hl. Be aumsone
sq. and E.'S: ATKINSON, Esq.

The Secretary stated that, in accordance with a minute, he
had written to the chief Printing Presses to enquire what
would be the cost of printing the Journal, and that he had
received two answers—one from the American Mission Press at
75 cents a page for 300 copies, and one from the Singapore
and Straits Printing Office at 2 dollarsa page for 200 copies.

It was agreed to put the work in the hands of the former.

XVII

ANNUAL REEORT

OF THE
COUNCIL

OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

Royal Asiatic Society

FOR THE YEAR 1802.

The Council are happy to state that the affairs of the Society
continue to be financially in a satisfactory condition.

The fcllowing members were elected by the Council during
the past year :—

Mr. A. T. D. BERRINGTON.| Mr. J. SALMON.

Nr. G. Bs LIrron. Mr. W. H. SHELFORD.
Mr. W. D. BARNES. Mr. D. G. PARKES.
Mr. H. LAKE. Mr. J. FEILDING.

Sure.-Capt. F. SMITH and Mr. W. A. PICKERING, C.M.G.,
tendered their resignation.

During the year, Journal No. 24 was published, and materials
for the mext number are in the hands of the printer. The
Council regret that the publication of the Journal is still in
arrear, but hope that steps now being taken will result in
their being able in future to publish at least two numbers
annually, as was formerly done.

As the old edition of the map of the Malay Peninsula is now
out of print, and there are no more copies to be had, it was

XVill ANNUAL REPORT.

decided to obtain materials for the compilation of a new
edition, and for this a Committee was formed. Examination
shows that in the earlier edition there were many inaccuracies
in the coast line, and a more correct one is being prepared
from the Admiralty charts.

In answer to a circular asking for copies of new survey
corrections, etc., the Committee have received a number of
additional maps of various parts of the Peninsula, and more
are promised shortly. These include maps of several portions
of Pahang, hitherto blanks in the map; a map of Malacca;
and the extreme North of the Peninsula on the borders of
Siam; and a complete survey of Johor; so that it is hoped that
the new edition may be a great improvement on the earlier
ones. |

A number of publications of kindred Societies were received
and added to the Society’s Library, and a copy of MASON’s
“Burma” was presented by Mr. BLAGDEN.

°IX

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‘COST

RULES

OF THE

mere SS: ASIATIC SOCIETY;

AOE

I1.—Name and Objects:

Ife he sname: of the-Society shall be “THE SiRAITS
ASIATIC SOCIETY. ”
2. The objects of the Society shall be— _

a. The investigation of subjects connected with the
Straits of Malacca and the neighbouring Coun-
tries.

6. The Publication of papersin a Journal.

c. The formation of a Library of books bearing on

the objects of the Society.

I1.—Membership.

3. Members shall be classed as Ordinary and Honorary.

4. Ordinary Members shall pay an annual subscription of
$5, payable in advance on the Ist January of each year.

5. Honorary Members shall pay no subscription.

6. On or about the 30th June of every year, the Honorary
Treasurer shall prepare a list of those Members whose sub-
scriptions for the current year remain unpaid, and such _per-
sons shall be deemed to have resigned their membership.
But the operation of this rule, in any particular case, may be
suspended by a vote of the Council of the Society.

7. Candidates for admission as Members shall be propos-
ed by one and seconded by another Member of the Society,
and if agreed to by a majority of the Council shall be deemed
to be duly elected.

XXli RULES OF THE STRAITS ASIATIC SCCIEiN:

8. Honorary Members must be proposed for election by
the Council at a general meeting of the Society.

I1!.—Officers.

g. The Officers of the Society shall be :—
A President ;
Two Vice-Presidents, one of whom shall be selected
from amongst the members resident in Penang ;
An Honorary Secretary and Librarian ;
An Honorary Treasurer ; and
Five Councillors. :
Those Officers shall hold office until their successors are ©
chosen.
10. Vacancies in the above offices shall be filled for the
current year by a vote of the remaining Officers.

1V.—Council.

11, The Council of the Society shall be composed of the
Officers for the current year, and its duties shall be :—

a. To administer the affairs, property and trusts of
the Society.

6. Yo elect Ordinary Members, and recommend
Honorary Members for election by the Society.

cc. To decide on the eligibility of papers to be read
before general meetings.

ad. To select papers for publication in the Journal,

and to supervise the printing and distribution of
the said Journal.
To select and purchase books for the Library.
To accept or decline donations on behalf of the
Society. .

g. To present tothe Annual Meeting at the expira-
tion of their term of office a Report of the*pro-
ceedings and condition of the Society.

12, The Council shall meet for the transaction of busi-
ness once a month, or oftener if necessary. At Council
meetings, three Officers shall constitute a quorum.

aS

RULES OF ih STRAITS, ASTARIC SOCIETY. XXlll

13. The Council shall have authority subject to confirma-
tion by a general meeting, to make and enforce such by-laws
and regulations for the proper conduct of the Society's affairs
as may, from time to time, be expedient.

V.—Meetings.

14. The Annual General] Meeting shall be held in January
of each year.

15. General Meetings shall be held, when practicable,
once in every month, and oftener if expedient, at such hour
as the Council may appoint.

16. At Meetings of the Society, eleven members shall form
a quorum for the transaction of business.

17. At all Meetings, the Chairman shall, in case of an
equality of votes, be entitled to a casting vote in addition to
his own.

18. At the Annual General Meeting, the Council shall per-
sent a Report for the preceding year, and the Treasurer shall
render an account of the financial condition of the Society.
Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.

19. The work of Ordinary General Meetings shall be the
transaction of routine business, the reading of papers approved
by the Council, and the discussion of topics connected with
the general objects of the Society.

20. Notice of the subjects intended to be introduced for
discussion by any Member of the Society should be handed in
to the Secretary before the Meeting.

Visitors may be admitted to the Meetings of the Society,
but no one who is not a Member shall be allowed to address the
Meeting, except by invitation or permission of the Chairman.

VI.—Publications of the Society.

21. A Journal shall be published, when practicable, every
six months, under the supervision of the Council. It shall
comprise a selection of the papers read before the Society,
the Report of the Council and Treasurer, and such other mat-
ter as the Council may deem it expedient to publish.

XXIV RULES OF THE STRAITS “ASFATIC SOCIETY:

22. Every member of the Society shall be entitled to one
copy of the Journal, deliverable at the place of publication.
The Council shall have power to present copies to other
Societies and to distinguished individuals, and the remaining
copies shall be sold at such prices as the Council shall, from
time to time direct.

23. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the
Journal shall be placed at the disposal of the Author.

24. The Council shall have power to sanction the publica-
tion in a separate form, of papers or documents laid before
the Society, if in their opinion practicable and expedient.

VIl.--Popular Lectures.

25. Occasional Popular Lectures upon literary or scientific
subject may be delivered, under the sanction of the Council
on evenings other than those appointed for General Meetings
of the Society.

VIII.—Amendments.

26. Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in
writing to the Council, who shall, after notice given, lay them
before a General Meeting of the Society. A Committee of
Resident Members shall thereupon be appointed, in conjunc-
tion with the Council, to report on the proposed Amendments
to the General Meeting next ensuing, when a decision may
be taken.

A Journey to the Source of the Indau.
BY

a VA:

N August: 2nd, 1891, in pursuance of instructions
received from H. H. the Sultan of Johor, I left

Johor Baharu on the Government Steamer Pw/az,
bound. for Kuala Indau. One of the objects of the party of
which I was in charge was to determine more exactly, if pos--
sible, the source of the Indau River.

Existing maps, notably that published under the auspices
of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, show the
Indau as a comparatively small river, having its source a
little beyond Mount Janing, in Johor Territory, and emptying
itself into the China Sea in Lat 2° 40’ o” and Long. 103° 36’ 10’.

in 1679, Mi: D. F. A. HERVEY explored the Indau Sem-
brong, a large tributary of the Indau proper, and afterwards
published a most interesting account of his journey in the
Journal of the Asiatic Society.

In 1875 VON MIKLUCHO MACLAY went up the Indau to
Mount Janing, from thence, however, he appears to have
turned seawards to Pekan.

Some few other Europeans have, I believe, penetrated as
far as Mount Janing: ‘beyond this point, however, nothing de-
finite seems to have been known either of the course of the
Indau, or the topography of the hill country where it takes
its rise.

Owing to special work, which necessitated our sellin at
the Sedili Rivers, the Pz/az did not arrive off Kuala Indau
until August itth.

2 A JOURNEY TO THE SOURCE OF THE INDAU.

On the ‘North bank at the Kuala, there is a Police Station
flying the Sultan of Pahang’s flag, whilst on the opposite bank
-is Kampong Padang, the residence of the Sultan of Johor’s
Naib, or officer in charge. The coast just here is low and
sandy, and a bar at the Kuala prevents steamers of any ton-
nage from entering the inner harbour. The village of Padang
numbers about 500 Malay inhabitants, with a few Chinese
merchants and shop-keepers. The trade with Singapore,
which is small but growing, consists chiefly in the export of
damar, rotans, getah and kapur barus (camphor wood).

On August 13th, I proceeded up-stream with a small party
of Malays in jalors (dug-out canoes). For the first few miles
the Indau averages 4 of a mile in width, the banks are low
and the country somewhat swampy. There are numerous
small clearings on either bank, but very little cultivated land.
Steamers of light draught can easily run up as far as Kuala
Sembrong, a distance of 30 miles from Padang.

The junction of the Indau and Indau Sembrong was
reached early on the morning of the 14th. Near this point is
a small group of hills, the principal summits of which, are
known as Bukit Tanah Abang and Bukit Langkap. The former
hill is composed of granite, with, on the lower slopes, an over-
burden of white and yellow clays. Here I found a little cassi-
terite (tin ore) in small waterworn grains.

At the Station at Kuala Sembrong I obtained the assistance
of the Malay Bat:n of Jakuns, and, accompanied by him, pro-
ceeded ina North-West direction along the Upper Indau to
Batu Gajah, a-Jakun village on the Johor bank, about 22 miles
above the Sembrong. Here a camp was established, in order
to enable the Aaztzz to collect a sufficient number of abori-
gines to take myself and party up tothe source. The river
at this point is shallow and winding with a pebbly bed and
high banks covered with fine timber.

But little is known of the Jakuns of the Upper Indau. They
are in most cases darker and smaller than the ordinary Malay,
and appear to present anthropological characteristics similar
to those of the Orang Sakai described by MACLAY. A certain
amount of crossing has probably rendered the Indau type

A JOURNEY TO THE SOURCE OF THE INDAU. 3

of aborigine less distinct, for instance, their hair does not curl
so closely as that of the true Sakai and in some cases it is
quite straight.

In the neighbourhood of Batu Gajah, about one hundred
men, women and children live, three or four families sharing
the same one-roomed hut. They subsist mainly on bz kayu
(tapioca root), fruits and fish, with a little rice which they ob-
tain, together with salt and tobacco, from Malay traders, in
exchange for rotan, damar, getah and camphor wood. I was
informed by the Aazzx that during the greater portion of the
year when dispersed in search of jungle products, these peo-
ple live entirely on wz Rayu and fruit. :

Most of the men carry long spears, but none of them ap-
pear to use the swmpitan or blowpipe, which with its poisoned
darts is so common amongst the aborigines of the Keratong
and Jekati Rivers.

The increasing intercourse with the Malays is most strik-
ingly exemplified in the dying out of the aboriginal tongue,
which on the Indau has become a mere dialect, two-thirds at
least of the words being apparently either Malay or of Malay
origin. They have not yet, however, adopted the Moham-
medan religion.

On the Sungei Mas, which flows from the West and enters
the Indau about nine miles above Kuala Sembrong, is another
Jakun settlement consisting of about 30 men with nearly 100
women and children; they cultivate a little paddy, but in
other respects are similar to those previously described.

On arriving at Batu Gajah I had some difficulty in getting
the Malay boatmen to camp on the river bank, -as they
assured me that there were many tigers in the neighbourhood.
At first I paid no attention to this and was anything but im-
pressed when acry of rimau! rimau!! roused everybody at
midnight. The alarm proved a false one, having apparently
originated in the fertile brain of a boatman who had supped
recklessly on underdone wbz kayu.

Next day, however, two Jakuns were brought in very badly
mauled by a tiger. They stated that they had been attacked
whilst asleep on a sandbank some distance up the river; one

4 A JOURNEY; TO*THE SOURCE; OF? THEINDAUE:

man’s scalp wounds I judged to be of a fatal nature, the other,
a youngster, was badly bitten in the forearm. They both re-
fused to be treated by an European, and later in the day I
saw them lying in the blazing sun with their wounds well
smeared with wood ashes and wrapped in leaves. After this
occurrence we found the tiger traps, consisting of a bamboo ©
spear set across the paths, after the manner of a spring gun,
a great deal more alarming than the idea of the tigers them-
selves, and that same evening a man was fatally wounded in
the thigh by. carelessly stepping across a trap of this kind.

I took advantage of the delay at Batu Gajah to ascend
Gunong Janing. This mountain is situated on the left bank
of the Indau, and is:consequently in Johor territory. The
ascent commences from the river bank and is at first fairly
easy. The last few hundred feet, however, is as steep as it
well can be without being absolutely perpendicular, and in
many places the Jee had to build ladders of pales lashed
with rotan.

The height of Toone determined by aneroid barometer, is

T@n@ieets NS far as I was enabled to judge, the mountain
is largely if not entirely composed of a coarse whitish sand-
stone which crops out here and there in wall-like masses.
The summit is densely wooded, and it was only by building

a ladder to the top of a tall tree that a complete view of the
oe aia country could be obtained.

Janing appears to be the chief of a small group of hills
which rise on either bank of the Indau; Kendok, along nS
like hill, lies opposite Janing on the Pahang’ bank.

Away to the South on the verge of the horizon are the
Belumut hills with the two chief summits—Gunong Belumut
and Gunong Chemundong—distinctly visible. 3 |

To the North and North-East lies the jungle-covered plain
of the Rumpin River, with the sea beyond, whilst to the
North-West a confused mass of hills and mountains stretch
away as far as the eye can reach, amongst these is the source
of the Indau.

With a field glass I could make out the long spit of sand
at Kuala Indau with Tiuman Island in the offing.

A- JOURNEY TO THE SOURCE OF THE: INDAU. :

~On August 21st, I left Batu Gajah and proceeded up-steam,
accompanied by 4 Malaysand 15 Jakuns in a dozen small
jalors. Personal baggage and equipment was cut down to a
very few pounds in order to enable us to carry sufficient rice
to last a month at least. Mount Janing was soon left behind,
and at noon on the same day the first yeram, or rapid, was
reached. Progress now became very slow, as zevam followed
jeram in rapid succession; at each of these the canoes had to
be unloaded and dragged over the rocks, whilst the stores
were carried along the shore or borne on the heads ot the
natives, who were at times breast deep in the water. Many
of the yevams are really small waterfalls over which the river
rushes with considerable force. Several times the canoes were
torn from the hauling ropes of rotan, and swamped, and in
one or two cases stove in, I believe, so that before the close of
the first day of this sort of work, there was not a single pack-
age of stores that had not been under water at least two or
three times. We had now entered a hilly country and the
river became rockier and more winding every hour.

’ The geology of this region appears to be very simple.

A granite bed rock overlaid by a series of clays and clay
shales, traversed by many dykes of quartz felsite, and quartz
porphyry, with here and there irregularly intruded masses of
felsite, diorite, trachyte and other felspathic rocks.

The jevams are in most cases formed by outcropping masses
of quartz felsite, some few, however, are of granite and granite
porphyry. Many of the hills are distinctly conical, notably
Gunong Berumbun and Bukit Tenegon which rise abruptly
from the Pahang bank.

From Mount Janing onwards the country on either side of
the river, presents one mass of hilly uninhabited jungle.

On the afternoon of the 23rd, we reached the highest point
navigable by small canoes. Hear the Indau is simply a broad
shallow stream heaped up with boulders of granite felsite and
diorite, we, therefore, abandoned the boats and continued the
journey on foot, cutting a path along the bank or more
frequently wading i in the bed of the stream; heavy loads and
torrents of'rain made matters somewhat trying: for the’ next

6 A JOURNEY TO THE SOURCE OF THE INDAU.

few days. The hills now rapidly closed in on every side and |
the course of the stream lay in a narrow rocky ravine. Ata
point about 30 miles above Mount Janing, an old jungle path
leads in a Westerly direction across the hills to the plain of
Tenang, in the Segamat district, one long day’s march for
men without loads. Two days’ journey towards the South-
West brought us to the base of Gunong Besar and Gunong
Chabang-tiga. At this point there is an extremely picturesque
little waterfall, the stream falling over a mass of granite rocks
nearly 40 feet high; here also are two huge boulders of granite
which may serve future travellers as a landmark. Above the
waterfall the Indau becomes a mere mountain rivulet with
numerous tiny tributaries. The actual source is on the Eastern
slope of a lofty ridge (1,800 feet above sea level) which con-
nects Gunong Besar on the North with Gunong Chabang-tiga
on the South. The formation here is a stiff yellow clay over-
lying the granitic country rock. On the Western slope of the
ridge, or saddle back, is the source of the Segamat, which even-
tually empties itself into the Muar River. I spent several
days in mapping this hill country, which does not appear to,
have been previously explored.

Gunong Besar is composed of a fine-grained grey granite
traversed here and there by eruptive dykes and overlaid on
the lower slopes with clays and clay shales. Height determin-
ed by aneroid 2,600 feet above sea level.

South of Gunong Besar and connected by the forementioned
ridge is Chabang-tiga with its three granite peaks, the highest
of which I estimate to be over 3,000 feet above sea level. To
the North, East and South-East a small series of mountains
stretch away to the horizon in one confused mass of jungle-
covered peaks, ridges andchains. To the South-West lies the |
plain of Tenang, watered by the rivers Juassih, Tenang and
Segamat, all tributaries of the Muar.

The range in which Gunong Besar and Gunong Chabang-
tiga constitute the chief features, runs approximately Northand
South and is apparently separated from the hills to the far
North and North-East by a flat tract of jungle country.

For topographical purposes, I have called this small system

A JOURNEY TO THE SOURCE OF THE INDAU. 7.

of hills the Tenang range, the larger portion of which lies
within the Johor frontier.

On September Ist, we crossed the Tenang Hills into Ulu
Segamat, from this point my work took me northwards towards
Keratong and the Jekati River. Five weeks later I returned
to Johor Baharu by way of Muar and the West coast.

Itinerary from Kuala Sembrong to Ulu Indau.

I have compiled the following from my journal and sketch
map in the hope that it may prove useful to future travellers.

The mileage given is, of course, only approximate, still I
think that the error is well under 107%. I have not thought it
necessary to give any of the more precise topographical data,
as it would be of little value here unless accompanied by a
map of Johor. In every case when the mileage is given, it
refers to the distance above Kuala Sembrong and not Kuala
Indau.

Mas River.—Left bank of Indau (ascending) at 8 miles
above Kuala Sembrong; mouthabout 50 feet
wide; source in Johor Territory. Jakun
village about 2 hours’ journey up.

Lemakau River.—Left bank at 18 miles; mouth about 20
feet wide; source in Johor Territory.

Batu. Gajah.—Jakun village on left bank at 223 miles.

Mount Faning.—On left bank at 243 miles; height 1,950
feet ; path leads up South slope to summit.
Kendok hillson right bank directly opposite,
highest point navigable by large canoes.

Fasing River.—Left bank at 29 miles; source in the neigh-
bourhood of Mount Janing; Kuala about
50 feet wide, very rocky.

The first yeram or rapid occurs here.

Bukit Tenegon.—A conical hill near the right bank.

Keng Kim River.—Right bank at 30; miles; source in low
hills, one day’s journey distant towards the
Rumpin River.

Kanu Stream.—Left bank at 32? miles; Gunong Berumbun
on right bank some little distance inland.

8

“A JOURNEY 7O\CHi SOURCE OF THE INDAU.

LTemapan River.—Right bank at 342 miles; mouth about
45 feet broad, vein rocky ; source unknown.

Danoy River.—Left bank at 35% miles.

Lawing River.—Left bank at 364 miles. |

Flighest navigable point of Indau at 374 miles; river very
rocky. Bukit Salokris on left bank ; from
the .Jasing River to:shere “there sancumms
distinct series of rapids of granite and

_ porphyry. :

Kemupoy River.—Left bank at 384+ miles; source in Bukit
Batu Dandan; mouth about 4o feet wide,
very shallow and OEE )

Kidir Stream.—Left bank at 40? miles; source probably
in Batu Dandan.

Granite Rocks.—Right bank at 423 miles, 3 mile further upa
stream comes in from the S. E. (slopes of
Chabang-tiga).

Source of Indau at 44% miles on a ridge about 2,800 feet
above sea level.

The Tenang Hills —The following are the chief features

of this-system.

The bearings and approximate distances
are taken from the summit of Gunong Besar.
Gunong Besar.—Point of observation 2,500

feet high.
Bukit Salokris-—Bearing E. distance 5
miles from Gunong Besar.
Bukit Batu Dandan.—Bearing S. S. E.
distance 2? miles, height 1,830 feet.
Gunong Selaz.—Bearing South, distance
2 miles; source of Selai River a tribu- —
tary of the Indau Sembrong. |
Gunong Tiang.—Bearing South, distance
2 miles; height 2.220) feet.
CDOS Tenang.—Bearing South, distance
44 miles; source of the Tenang River,
a tributary of the Muar. -:
~Gunong Chabang-tiga.—Bearing S.S.W.,

A JOURNEY TO THE SOURCE OF THE INDAU. 9

distance 14 miles; 3 distinct peaks,
height about 3,000 feet.
Gunong Pukin.—Bearing N.N.W., distance
14 miles; source of Pukin River, a
tributary of the Keratong.
Length of the Upper Indau from the source to Kuala Sem-
brong, 44% miles, general course Easterly.
Length of the Indau from Kuala Sembrong to the sea, 30
miles, course Southerly.
Total length of river about 75 miles.

2
o
+
&
.

On the Dispersal of Seeds by Mammals.
BY

H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.8.5.

HE relations of animals to plants in the matter of
fertilization has been the subject of many hundred
papers and books written by various observers,

especially since DARWIN published his well-known researches.
But the various modifications and adaptatiens of the seed and
fruit for distribution by animals, although of almost equal im-
portance in the evolution of new forms, has been very much
neglected. No one can avoid being struck by the observation
that there are a very large number of plants in some orders,
' which closely resemble each other in the form and colouring
of the flowers and yet differ very materially in the fruit. In
many of these cases it is the necessity of special adaptation
for dispersal of the seed that is the cause of the various modi-
fications of the fruit or seed. Seeds are, as is well known,
dispersed by the aid of animals, either by being swallowed by
them and afterwards passed from the body at some distance
from the parent plant, or by adhering to their fur or feathers
and so being borne away, or by being thrown to a distance
by them, as will be explained later on. Or again they may
be dispersed by the aid of wind or water, being in the first
instance blown far from the tree, and in the latter case being
drifted away by sea or river currents; and lastly they may be
scatterd by merely mechanical means, as in the explosive
capsules of the Castor-oil (Azczzus communis), and other
Euphorbiaceous plants, or by merely rolling by their own
weight when falling from the top of a lofty tree.

12 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

I may here call attention to a fact which has been over-
looked by some naturalists in dealing with this subject, name-
ly, that it is of no advantage to a plant.to have .its seeds borne
to great distances but that on the contrary it may be posi-
tively injurious. In the first place the plants may be partially
or wholly unisexual, the male and female flowers being on
different trees. This is especially common among East Indian
jungle trees, notably in the orders Euphorbiacee, Sapin-
dacez, and Myristicacee.

Now if we suppose that a flock of pigeons have swooped
down upon a nutmeg tree in fruit and swallowed a quantity
of the seeds, and then flown away in all directions for, say, a
hundred miles before passing the seed, the plants will evén- -
tually be at so great a distance apart, that it.will be impossible
for the flowers of the female trees to be fertilized, and such
isolated trees can never reproduce themselves.

The same observation applies to plants which require a
special fertilizing insect. Ifthe seed is borne to a district
where the fertilizer does not exist, it is to all intents and pur-
poses destroyed. In this case, however, it is possible that
another fertilizer may be found who can do the work fairly
well, and indeed it is rare that any plant depends on a single
species of fertilizer. And lastly there is always a risk of the
seeds being deposited in an unsuitable locality, if borne too
far away. This, however, is obviated by the conservative
habits of the agents, thus fruit pigeons which always inhabit
thick jungle, even if they did travel a long way with the seeds,
inasmuch as they naturally fly to thick jungle, would almost
certainly drop the seed in a locality similar to the oné they took
it from, and in the same way wading birds carrying seeds
adhering to their feathers, would in their long migratory
flights pass over jungles and deserts and only stop at pools
or swamps where the seeds might get planted.

In the matter of wind-dispersed seeds also it is not difficult
to show, especially in the flora of the big jungles, that travelling
for a long distance is of no object and indeed does not seem to
be aimed at. The object aimed at is rather to sprinkle the
seeds at such a distance from the parent tree that the roots of

ON :THE ‘DISPERSAL -‘OF SEEDS BY :MAMMALS. 13

the latter may not interfere with the growth of the young
plant, but not too widely to be absolutely isolated, nor on
ground unsuited to the requirements of the species. It must
be pointed out also that in the thick jungle where the foliage
is very dense there is alwaysa risk of the fruit when fallen
resting 1n the branches, or in the tangled mass of creepers
that mats together the branches of the big trees. It is, there-
fore, important that the fruits or seeds should be in many
cases modified so as to avoid this accident. Besides in the
case of such palms as Pholidocarpus and £/laeis where the
stem is roughened by the-projecting bases of the fallen leaves,
there is always danger of the seeds resting in the spaces be-
tween these leaf bases and the trunk. This is usually obviated
by the fruits being made edible and sought by birds, or mam-
mals, asin the date-palms ( Phoenzx) or by the inflorescence being
elongate so that the fruit is held out from the tree on long
branches as in Pholidocarpus. The oil-palm (4laeis guineen-
sis) is not a native of Malaya, though often cultivated, and the
spadix of fruit is short-stalked and hidden among the leaves,
so that, unless some animal or bird devours the fruit, there
is a great risk of the seed lodging among. the leaf stalks,
and as no bird here seems to. care for the fruit, this is what
often happens in trees in the Malay Peninsula. I have seen
trees in the Botanic Gardens in which the spaces between the
old leaf bases and the stem at the top of the trees were full
of seedling oil-palms which, of course, would soon perish from
want of nourishment.

In the Malay Peninsula, as savers the birds ales the
most important part in the dispersal of seed, but the mammals
are agents also of considerable importance, and in chi fper
I intend to speak of their action in this work, and to compare
it with that of the birds.

In the dense jungles that cover the hills of the Malay Panthe
sula one very soon notices that bird life gets scantier and
scantier the further one penetrates them. Pigeons, hornbills
and finches become scarcer, and almost entirely disappear,
and even monkeys are not so abundant as one would expect.

_In the woods of the Tahan valley in Pahang I have seen the

4 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

ground in some places strewn with fruits of various big
trees absolutely untouched by animals or birds. In such
spots the struggle for dispersal must be very great, and
there must be a very large number of seeds wasted.
Many trees and climbers in the dense jungle fruit very
heavily and one frequently finds (especially where monkeys
are absent) the ground beneath these plants almost car-
peted with seedlings a short time after the fall of the fruit,
but on visiting the same spot a few weeks later only a few of
these young plants are to be seen. Nearly all have perished,
partly from overcrowding and partly from absence of light.
Nor does the waste of young plants end here, for a very large
proportion of those that do become trees can never push their
branches through the dense mass of older trees so as to be
fully exposed to the light, when alone they can flower.

The contrast between the woods of the colder climates and
the jungles of the tropics is most strongly brought out by the
wonderful disproportion of species ina given area. In cold
climates one freqently sees woods consisting almost exclu-
sively of one species of tree such as the beechwoods of
Southern England, and the firwoods of Norway, but in a
Malay forest all the trees appear to be of different species.

Indeed it is only in exceptional places which are suited
to a limited number of species (such a spot, for instance, as a
mangrove swamp) that one sees a large number of individuals
of one species together. In the jungles, which are suited to
the requirements of a great variety of species, the different
individuals are isolated, for here the ground is already so
thickly covered with older trees and shrubs, that there are but
few vacancies to be filled up. And thus of the immense number
of seeds which fall from the trees, but few can find vacant
spots on which they can develope into trees.

The assistance of the wind or of the mammals or birds which
dwell in the forests is used to fill up these vacancies.

The plants which make use of animals to disperse their seeds
either possess juicy or fleshy eatable fruits of which the seeds
are passed through the bodies of the animals unhurt, or dry nuts,
or again the fruits may be adhesive either by some viscid

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 15.

material or by hooks or recurved bristles by which they adhere
to the fur and are thus borne away.

The following are the mammalia of the Malay Peninsula -
which eat fruit, and probably all act to a certain extent, as
some do to a very large extent, as seed dispersers:—

-Quadrumana:—Af/ylobates (Wau-Wau), two species; Sem--
nopithecus (Lotong), one or more; Macacus, two or three
species; Cheiroptera (bats); Ptevopus (Fruit-bats), two or
more species. Insectivora:—7Zupaza, several. Carnivora:—
Viverra (civetcats), several species; Avctictzs (Binturong)
and probably Afemigale; the bear Helarctos malayanus ;
Rodentia Sczwrus (Squirrels), several; Sczwropierus (Flying
Squirrels), (/as (Mice and Rats), proably several. In addition
to these must be added the deer, the wild pig (Sus zzdicus), the
elephant, and probably the wild ox (Bos gaurus) and the buffalo
(Bubalus arnee), which disperse seeds of grasses and other
‘ herbaceous plants both by swallowing seeds in the herbage

they eat, and by bearing, attached to their skins, the adhesive
fruits and seeds. :

Quadrumana.—The monkeys haunt the big jungles wander-
ing about in small flocks and avoiding the open country.
They live chiefly on fruit, and of these they generally attack
the juicy or succulent kinds, although they will occasionally
eat the chestnuts and other dry fruits. The commonest
species in Singapore is the Kra (MWacacus cynomolgus) and this
is one of the most important of the seed-dispersing mammals.
The fruits I have chiefly seen it devouring are those of various
species of LHugenia, Baccaurea, Mangifera, Willughbera,
Diahum, Trichosanthes, Nephelium, Careya, Strychnos,
Elzocarpus, Randia, Calophillum, Gardenia. And here I will
point out that the fruits eaten by mammals are usually plain
green in colour and inconspicuous, and frequently of considera-
ble size, whereas those which are intended for dispersal by
birds are often scarlet, orange or yellow, more rarely blue or
white and small. The reasons for this are, that the mammals
move comparatively slowly through the jungle searching the
fruit close at hand, for it is impossible for them to see far into
the thick mass of foliage, whereas the birds moving more

16 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

rapidly and at a higher elevation can detect fruit, if coloured, .
at a great distance and can speedily make their way to it, and -
that besides many of the fruit-eating mammals are nocturnal
and, therefore, colour would be useless to them in the dark.

Berries and drupes are eaten whole (except for the skin) by
the monkeys, if they are small, like Mephelium, Zizyphus. In
these fruits the sweet pulp often adheres strongly to the stone ©
making it so slippery that it is almost impossible to avoid -
swallowing the latter. Zzzyphus calophyllus, a common creeper »
with small globose fruit, and the Mata-kuching (NMephelinm
malatense) are good instances of this form of drupe. - In. Bac- -
caurea motleyana, Hook, the Rambai, the seeds, of which there :
are three in a fruit inclosed in sweet pulp, are very thin, and are
quite troublesome to eject.

The Malays and the Sakais in eating these ais generally
swallow the seeds even of such large drupes as the Rambutan, .
and I have seen in the deserted encampments of the Sakais
in Pahang germinating seeds of the Rambutan which had been »
swallowed and had passed through their bodies. The Malays.
indeed say that this is the most wholesome and pleasant way
of eating these fruits.

There are two forms. of the fruit of the Polessan (Nephelium
mutabile), in one of which the flesh adheres tightly to, the
stone, and.in the other it is firmer, and readily breaks away,
and can be nibbled off easily. Ifa monkey ate the cling-stone:
variety the seed would slip. down its throat, while from the
firmer-fleshed free-stone variety it would nibble the flesh and
throw the stone away. In drupes of this kind it is essential.
that they should not be too large for an animal to swallow,
and there is a decided advantage in the sweet pulp being very
thin as it is thus more slippery and cannot be detached by biting.
Many large and heavy fruits like those of the. wild mangoes
(Mangifera cesia, lagentfera, etc.) and Careya are carried by
the monkeys who gather them to.a convenient perch to be
eaten, and in doing so they frequently drop them, so that one
finds large fruits partially eaten often at considerable distances
from the parent tree. But the weight of these fruits has also
another advantage, by preventing their lodging in the tangled:

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 17

mass of creepers and thick foliage which often mats the tops
of the highest trees together, and causing them to fall and roll
to some distance.

The Willughbezas are lofty climbers in the jungles. They
have large dull green or yellowish inconspicuous fruits, pear-
shaped or globose. The seeds are soft and enclosed ina sweet
and eatable flesh, of which the monkeys are very fond. There
are a number of seeds in a single fruit, and if, as sometimes
happens, the fruit falls whole on the ground the seeds all
germinate in the fruit, so that one finds a small cluster of
plants where a fruit has fallen and decayed. After these have
‘grown a few inches, all or nearly all perish from overcrowding,
and in localities where monkeys are scarce I have seen the
ground covered in places with seedlings, of which in a few
weeks none are left. If, however, a flock of monkeys visits the
locality when the plant is in fruit, all the best fruits are speedily
devoured. Monkeys like other mammals are very greedy eaters,
and when there is plenty of fruit ona W7lughbeza, they do not
entirely finish each fruit, but tear it to bits and scatter the
seeds in different directions, only eating bits of it. The seeds
of the Wrllughbeia are soft and comparatively tasteless, or if
they have a flavour it is bitter and unpleasant, but a great many
do get bitten up and destroyed by the monkeys, even if a
a considerable number are detached and scattered about,
unharmed.

It has been pointed out to me that Wzllughbeza seed to be
satisfactorily planted must be thrown at the base of ornear a
big tree so that the creeper may have a support to climb on,
and this is brought about in the following way. A monkey
seizes a fine fruit to eat, the others of the flock immediately
rush at him to take it away, he scrambles into the nearest big
tree and getting into the fork or behind a big branch devours
it with hurried bites for fear of being robbed, throwing the
seeds at the foot of the tree up which the young plant can
eventually climb.

Nearly all the W2llughbetas and the plants of the allied
genera Melodinus and Leuconotis are climbers in thick jungle,
and in this case the fruits are, as above said, green, or at most

18 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

tinted a little with yellow or orange. Thos2, however, that
grow in more open country or on the exposed edges of jun-
gles have bright yellow or orange coloured fruits.

In the heathy country bordering the Pahang River, I found a
species of Willughbeta which bore exceedingly pleasant, small,
oval fruits ofa bright apricot-yellow colourand very conspicuous.
It grew in low thickets in open sandy country, where monkeys
do not go, as they have an objection to travelling far on the
ground on account of the risks from tigers, wild cats, dogs and
other enemies. The conspicuous fruited Wzllughbeta had
probably developed its showy colour to attract birds, of which
there were many large fruit-eating kinds, and the reduction in
size of this fruit is also an assistance in dispersal as even the
hornbill can hardly manage to carry a globose fruit as large
as that of Willughbeia edulis.

The various species of Dzalium, known to the natives as
Kranji, are big trees with ovoid black pods, each containing
one hard seed which is enclosed in a somewhat acid but plea-
santly flavoured pithy substance. The monkeys are very fond
of these and one often sees the remains of the fruit on the
ground. The fruit is unfortunately relished by the monkeys
before it is ripe so that very often the whole crop is gathered
green by them and so destroyed, and here J may call attention
to the value of acidity of unripe fruits in preventing animals
_ from eating them too soon, which would soon exterminate
the trees by destroying the seeds.

Though many of the fruits eaten by animals are sweet or
pleasant to our taste, a large proportion of those very popular
with monkeys are either tasteless or nauseous—often astringent
in flavour to us. Some may even be poisonous as Strychnos.

Cheiroptera.—There are several kinds of fruit-eating bats in
the Malay Peninsula, but of their habits little is known. The
largest kind, Pteropus edulis, is very irregular in_ its
appearance. In some years there are hardly any to be seen
in Singapore, but some years ago there were enormous num-
bers roosting every day in the Garden jungle. They fly great
distances and may be seen far out at sea. They eat great
quantities of fruit of different kinds. Cynopterus marginatus

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 19

is a smalland very common species which during the day
hides inthe leaves of plantains, or palms, or, when it can, in
caves. It eats fruits voraciously, especially figs (Ficus
Miguelit and Lenjamina), and I have seen it, or allied
species, in great numbers at the Tembusu tree (fagrea fra-
grans), Livistona australs, the Nepheliums, the Chiko (Achras
sapota) and other trees.

It is difficult to see how these animals detect the fruit on
the treesin the night, but perhaps they use the powers of
smell. In anycase it must be easier for them to find the
fruitsthan for the insectivorous bats to see and catch insects
at night. It appears to me that fruit-eating bats are much less
intelligent than theinsectivorous kinds. They are slower in
flight and more constantly caught inhouse at night being
utterly confused by the light, whereas insectivorous bats fly
readily in and out.

The Malays keep these animals off from the fruit trees by
attaching to the boughs the thorny flagella of the rattans
which are collected and sold for this purpose, so that the bats
in flying to the fruit get their wings entangled and torn by
the thorns.

Viverride.—Of the greater numberof the species of this
group little or nothing is known as to their habits. All appear
to be omnivorous, and certainly eat a very large quantity of
fruit. They are nocturnal and find the fruit probably by the
scent. The common civet cat or Musang (Vzverra malaccensts)
is a most destructive eater of cultivated fruit.

I have seen in its excreta the seeds of coffee, Guetum
scandens, Caryota Cumingit Mimusops elengi, and it is
also very partial to the fruits of Avtocarpus rigida and 2n-
tegrifolia (the Jack), Dzospyros discolor, Achras sapota,
and many other fruits.

Its habits of selecting the best coffee berries to eat is well
known to planters, who often collect the seeds passed by the
Musangs for cultivation, as giving stronger plants. It hasa
habit of dropping its excreta on open spaces, especially paths,
so that the seeds passed by it can very readily grow.

The Binturong (Arctictis binturong) lives much on fruit.

f

20 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS

One kept in captivity ate papayas (Cavica papaya) and Ram-
bais (Laccaurea motleyana, Hook.) swallowing the seeds and
passing them apparently uninjured.

Urside.—The common bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a
nocturnal fruit-eater, and is particularly found of Durians.
The fruit of the common Durian (Durio zibethinus) when
ripe falls entire upon the ground, and when found by the bear,
is torn to pieces and the seeds scattered about. The bear,
however, also ascends the tree as well and _ helps itself to the
Durians, which grow, as is well known, on the thick branches,
where it can get at them. .

In the wild Durian (D. Oxleyanus) the fruit splits on the
tree and lets the seeds fall. In one wild Durian which I saw
at Pekan, the flesh of the seed was pink and the capsule
split so as to show the bright colour. It grew in a part of
the country where there were no bears and was probably dis-
persed by some such bird as the hornbill.

I gave a beara wild Durian (Durzo oblongus) to eat. It tore
it to bits with its paws and ate the aril of the seed and a good
deal of the placentas, but would not eat the seed and spit it out
so that it fell some way off. Another bear seeing the seed
fall bit it, but did not like the taste and would not eat it. There
was no particular taste to the part that the bear ate, though
it was very eager to eat it, nor had the rejected seeds any
taste that seemed objectionable to me.

I will here digress a little to compare the several forms of
fruit of the Durionee showing their various modifications and
their meaning with respect to dispersal.

In the genus Dwzzo, the fruit isa thorny capsule, dull brown
or green, and the seeds have a white or pink edible aril.

Durio sibethinus, L. The fruits are borne on the strong
branches, on short stalks, and are strongly scented so as to be
easily found at night, and are dispersed by the bear, a heavy
nocturnal animal.

D. oblongus, Mast. The fruits resemble those of ezbethinus,
but are not scented. They open on. the tree, and evenutally
drop the seed. They are probably dispersed by birds, as the

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 21

plant is a native of Singapore where there are no bears.

D. sp. has a scentless fruit with a conspicuous red aril on
the seeds. There were no bears in the locality, so that it was
probably dispersed by hornbills, which were abundant.

D. testudinarum, Becc., has the fruit at the base of tree.
This is called Durian Karkura (Tortoise Durian) in Borneo
by the natives, according to BECCARI, and is perhaps eaten by
these animals.

Neesia synandra, Mast. This has a very hard woody
capsule, bluish grey, not or hardly armed. Seed black, with a
small yellow waxy aril. The fruit drops whole, and the seeds
are protected till ripe by a quantity of pungent irritating
yellow bristles lining the inner walls of the woody capsule.
The aril and sometimes the whole seed is eaten by mice.
(The seed falls out of the capsule when the capsule falls.)

Celostegia Griffithi, Mast., has a very large rather round
capsule covered with thorns, and of a showy orange colour.
The seeds are chesnut colour and conspicuous, with an orange
waxy aril. They do not fall out of the fruit, but fall with it.
I imagine that they are dispersed by the agency of birds but I
found rats very partial to them.

Boschia Griffithit, Mast., a very small Durian with a
conspicuous scarlet capsule, splitting on thetree, and exposing
the black conspicuous seeds. The form and colouring of this
remind one of the fruits of Stexculia levis which is dispersed
by birds. The fruits are borne on small twigs, and I have little
doubt but that the seeds are scattered by birds. BECCARI gives
Durian Tupai as one of the native names of the plant in Borneo,
this would mean Squirrel Durian, but does not imply that squir-
rels eat it, ¢zpaz being really equivalent to zzkws (mouse) mean-
ing of small size, as opposed to gazah (elephant) which means
in speaking of fruit, &c. large. Thus Commersonia platyphylla
anders is called in Singapore Durian Tupai because the fruit
looks more or less like a very small Durian.

Insectivora.—Tupaia ferruginea and other allied species
although belonging to the order Insectivora are chiefly frugi-
vorous. They appear to eat the smaller fruits such as those of

22 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

Marlea nobilis and Eugentas which have a firm texture and
are not very hard.

Ungulata.—The Ungulates of the Malay Peninsula include
the elephant; rhinoceros, one or two species; tapir, wild
ox (Bos gaurus); deer, one or two species; mouse deer,
two or more species; and the wild pig. To which must
be added as a seed disperser the buffalo (Gabalus arnee).
These animals act more as scatterers of seed attached to
their hair or hides, but probably also, to a certain extent,
by swallowing grass-seeds in the herbage. The first four
are inhabitants. of the densest jungles, especially of the hill
regions, and feed chiefly on the bushes and leaves of trees.
They make long tracks through the dense forests, and wander
often togreat distances. I have seen many seedlings, apparently
of some small herb, springing up in dung of elephants dropped
in their tracks. The wild ox lives, to a small extent, on fruit.
One brought down to Singapore ate greedily the fruits of the
Sentol (Sandoricum indicum).

Scoparia dulcis L., is a small herb introduced accidentally
from South America which has been widely scattered by the water
buffalo. In Pahang, I traced it up the Pahang and Tembeling
Riversasfar asthe buffalowent. Onsandbanksintheriver where
for some reason buffaloes had not gone this plant was absent,
and I saw it and also Cleome viscosa springing from masses of
buffalo-dung, in several places. Many of the smaller herbs
and especially grasses and sedges must be distributed by this
animalinthis way,and Fzmbristylis miliacea,asedge very abund-
ant in marshes where these animals go is called by the Malays
Rumput Tali Kerbau (buffalo’s dung grass) for this reason.

Rodentia.—The important seed distributors in the family
are the rats and the squirrels.

The rats and mice of the Malay Peninsula are as yet very
little known. I have seen at the foot of Mount Ophir, in dense
jungle by a stream, a large reddish rat eating the fallen fruit
of a wild species of mango, of which it might easily have
borne off fruits to its holes under the boulders to some distance
from the tree.

There are a great number of herbaceous plants, the fruits:

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 23

of which are more or less concealed among the leaves or
in the ground. Such is Curculigo sumatrana which has
small inconspicuous sweet fruits with very small seeds. These
disappear as soon as ripe, and are certainly eaten by some
rodent. The Scztaminee again have fruits which are much
sought by these little animals. Most of the jungleloving species
have the fruits at the base of the stems as Amomum, Zingiber.

The fruits are inconspicuous, but in many cases the bracts
which enclose them are red. This colouring, however, bears
rather a relation to the floral stage of development and is
intended to make the flowers more conspicuous to the insect
fertilizer. When the plant is in fruit, the bracts have usually
become shabby and inconspicuous.

Nicolaia hemispherica and Amomum Jlaterale are two
species which have plain green fruits, in the former in a head
on a short, stout stem, in the latter in a stout, cylindric, lateral
spike about a foot above the ground. These fruits are
devoured by some rodent (probably a squirrel) as soon as they
are ripe.

There is a great contrast between the fruits of these
jungle gingers where the inflorescence is a compact head and
radical or low down, and those which live in more open
country and possess terminal inflorescence. In the former the
fruits are inconspicuous and often green, while in the latter
they are either showy and orange as in the A/p~znias of the
river banks, or they are white in the plants of the open jungle
as in the case of Climogyne and Alpinia galanga.

The squirrels (Sczuvus) probably disperse more seeds than
the Muridew, and being diurnal can more easily be seen
at work. They do not, asa rule, eat sweet or juicy fruits, but
those of firmer texture, as those of the Daroo (Szderoxylon
sundaicum), Marlea nobilis, and Pyrenaria acuminata.
All these are inconspicuous, small, green fruits containing
hard seeds, and it is very common to find gnawn fruits lying
some way off from the trees, usually with the seeds uninjured.
In many cases a tree is completely denuded of fruit as fast
as it is ripe, and the squirrels carry it so far that it is impos-
sible to find any. Tosome of the introduced fruits they are very _

ZL ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

destructive especially to cocoa (Theobroma cacoa) and to
coco-nuts, destroying the latter by biting round holes into the
fruit and eating the interior, so that trees near jungle, if un-
protected, lose al] their fruits. |

But it is on the fruits of oaks and chestnuts that these
animals chiefly live. These trees fruit very heavily, more so
than any class of tree here, and the ground beneath an oak
in fruit is often covered with acorns. The chestnuts (Casta-
nopsis) nearly all have their fruit arranged in close spikes and
usually covered with a prickly involucre. The whole spike
readily breaks off the tree, but it is difficult to separate the
individual chestnuts. A squirrel seizes a spike and breaks it
off, and holding it in its paws attempts to nibble through the
prickly husk to eat the fruit and it often happens that owing
to the prickles being too sharp for it, it drops the whole spike
before it has succeeded in eating more than one nut.

The squirrels invariably, if possible, when they have gathered
one of these fruits run to ashort distance to eat it conveniently,
so that the nut or acorn may be carried to some distance
before itis dropped. The big Sczurus bicolor is an entirely
arboreal squirrel living in very dense jungle and very rarely
if ever coming down to the ground, and when it takes a fruit
it runs to a suitable spot to devour it.. It sits transversely
on the bough, holding on with its hind feet, its head and fore-
arms hanging down over the bough on one side and its tail on
the other. In this position it is very likely to drop a nut
either too prickly or too smooth for it to hold fast. The
smaller squirrels (Sc. zotatus and Sc. tenuis) when they descend
the trees to pick up the fallen acorns or chestnuts, which
Sc. bicolor never does, always run up an adjacent tree to
eat them, and I have frequently seen one carry an acorn in its
mouth for some distance before eating it. I recently saw a
small red-bellied squirrel (Sc. xotatus) eating the fruits of
an Eleocarpus. When it took a fruit, it hung head down-
ward from a bough by its hind feet only. Sc. tenuzs too
usually hangs from the trunk of a tree by its hind feet head
downwards when eating acorns. As there is no season
here when a squirrel cannot get food, it never stores up

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 25

seeds in holes as the English squirrel does for the winter.
Among the oaks, which are more abundant than the chest-
nuts, there seems at first sight even less protection for the
seed or means for its dispersal than for the latter, but there
are certain slight modifications which have a most important
effect in these matters. The acorn is nearly always quite
exposed, and the cup, which corresponds to the involucre of
the chestnut, is not armed, although in some species it is
roughened with soft hooks (Quercus hystrix).

If one examines thé acorns which have fallen from a tree
where there are many squirrels, one notices that they are all
nibbled at the base, and there are often marks of teeth as of
ineffectual bites on the sides. I gave a Sczurus bicolor some
acorns of Quercus lucida, a large rounded acorn with a thick
but shallow cup. Taking them between its paws, it made an
attempt to bite into the side of the acorn, but the outer coat
was so smooth that its teeth slipped and it could not geta
hold. It then turned the acorn round and bit the cup, and
the acorn immediately fell out of the cup and rolled away.
Had it been up ina tree when it tried to eat the acorn,
the fruit would have fallen down and rolled perhaps far from
the parent tree. On giving it the acorn again it began to bite
the rim at its base, but it was clear that the smooth polished
surface of the fruit was too slippery for its paws, and even on
the floor of its cage it had some trouble in holding it.

Many of the acorns have a fairly firm outer coat thus
polished, and fall very readily from the cup when ripe, but
some such as Q. encleisocarpa, and Q. Cantleyi, two of
our commonest species, have an improvement on this. The
acorn is coated with a very fine silk, which has almost a
greasy feel. It is not at all easy for a squirrel to hold these in
its paws to eat, and it is very common to see the acorns of the
former scattered all over a wood in which there is a tree in
fruit, and nearly all of these bear the marks of squirrels’ teeth,
but for all practical purposes are unhurt. Q. encletsocarpa
has the cup in the form of a thin brown covering, from which,
though it is much cracked and split when ripe, the acorn

never falls. In Q. Cantleyt the acorn is readily detached

26 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

from its cup and is most difficult for a squirrel to hold. It
can take it in its mouth by the aid of the raised circular rim.
at the bottom and thus carry it off, but to eat it it must hold
the slippery conical portion in its paws so as to nibble at the
base, the only place where its teeth can get a purchase, and:
it naturally lets many of these silky-coated acorns slip unhurt
from its grasp.

The method of dispersal is a very expensive one, a large
proportion of seeds being destroyed by the squirrels, compar-
ed with those that are deposited by them in suitable posi-
tions for development into trees, but so large is the crop pro-
duced at one time that the number safely planted is quite
sufficient to keep up the stock. It must be remembered too
that it is necessary for the trees to supply enough nuts to
tempt the squirrels. If the squirrels did not get enough off
the trees to eat or these seeds were so well protected that they
could not get at them, they would be less likely to visit the
trees at all and indeed where there are few or no squirrels, as
in the hill forests, oaks and chestnuts are much more scanty
than in the low country where they abound.

WALLACE (Tropical Nature, ed. 1891, p. 400;) says of
most of the plants whose large seeded nuts cannot be eaten
without destroying their germinating power :—‘‘It is a sug-
gestive fact that they are among the most ancient of known
dicotyledonous plants—oaks and beeches going back to
to the cretaceous period with little change of type so that it
is not improbable that they are older than any fruit-eating
mammal adapted to feed upon their fruits.”

Still in the prickly husk of the chestnut, and in the smooth
polished or silky exterior of the acorns, we see that these
fruits have undergone modifications by which the little -
enemies have been prevented from exterminating the trees,
and have been utilized as dispersers of the seeds.

Very much remains to be observed still as to the action of
fruit-eating mammoalia as seed-dispersers. Many of them are
difficult to watch in a wild state on account of their shyness
and nocturnal habits, and even in Malaya there are several
such as the Loris (Wycticebus tardigradus), the Galago

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 27

(Galeopithecus volans) (which, however, certainly lives very
largely and possibly altogether on leaves), the Binturong
(Arctictis), the larger Viverras, Hemigale, Paradoxurus, and
the fruit-bats, of the habits of which in wild state little or
nothing is known. But I think it may be noticed that the fruits
especially sought by mammals are inconspicuous and dull-
coloured and not brilliant. This, however, must not be held to
imply that bright colours are not visible to the diurnal mammals
such as monkeys. Sir JOHN LUBBOCK has used the argument
of the coloured fruits forming the food of monkeys against the
_ theory of MAGNUS, GEIGER and GLADSTONE that the ancients
were colour blind, saying that “if monkeys and apes could
distinguish colours surely we may infer that even the most
savage of men could do so too.” (Flowers, Fruits and leaves,
p74.) ‘Where is; however, no doubt on other grounds,
notably the brilliant colours of the males of some monkeys
themselves, that monkeys are not colour blind, while the fact
that the Malays have fewer names for colours than they can
see, and the Pahang Sakais, as Mr. CLIFFORD has shown in
the last number of the Journal, have only three names for
colours—black, white and red—although they can apparently
distinguish others, entirely negatives the colour-blind theories,
which are but another example of the worthlessness of ethno-
logical deductions based on the study of ancient literature only,
unsupplemented by comparison with the characteristics of
modern savages.

List of plants, the seeds of which are certainly dispersed by
mammals.

Adinandra dumosa. Fruit white, with small seeds. Eaten
by bats.

Durio szibethinus, L. By bears.
Neesia synandra Mast. Seeds with eatably yellow aril. Mice.

Canarium rufum and other species. Fruits green or dull
purple with a turpentiney or sweet taste. Eaten by monkeys.
A single large seed protected by an excessively hard shell.

Calophyllum pulcherrimum and other small fruited kinds

28 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

Fruits green with a hard seed. Bats and monkeys.
Eleocarpus. Fruit green or blue. Stone hard. Monkeys.
Pyrenaria. Fruit green. Seeds hard. Monkeys, squirrels.
Parinarium Griffitiiz, Hook. Fruits firm dull purplish. A

large hard seed. Monkeys.

Strombosia javanica, Bl. Fruit green. Stone hard. Squirrels.

Mangifera. Fruit green, yellowish or grey, large. Stone
hard. Rats.

Nephelium. Mostly dull coloured. Civets, monkeys, bats.

Xerospermum. Fruit yellow. do.

Lansium domesticum, Jack. Langsat. Fruit whitish. Seed
covered with sweet pulp. Civets. |

Diahum. Fruit black. Seeds hard. Monkeys.

Eugenia grandis, Willd. Fruit green. Stone hard. Monkeys,
squirrels.

E. scoparia, Wall. Fruit blue. Stone hard: Monkeys,
squirrels.

E. malaccensts, L. Pink or white. Stone hard. Monkeys,
civets.

Careya arborea. Large green fruits. Monkeys.

Psidium guava, L. Fruit green. Seeds small and hard. Civets.

Barringtonia racemosa. Fruits modified for sea-travelling,
but I have seen a squirrel run off with one to some distance.
They are dull green with a large stone.

Melothria, Mukia and other small terrestrial Cucurditacee.
Fruits usually dull green. With many hard seeds. Eaten
by rats.

Marlea nobilis, C. B. Clarke. Fruits green, hard stone.
Squirrel, tupaia.

Citrus aurantium, L. Fruit orange, usually green when ripe
in the tropics. Monkeys, civets (Opossum in Brazil). |

Coffea. Berries red. Seeds hard enclosed in a thin sweet
pulp. Civets, monkeys.

Gardenia Griffithi, Hook. Capsule green, full of flat seeds
in a sweet pulp. Monkeys.

Randia anisophylla, Do. do.

Dichopsis obovata, C. B. Clarke. Fruit green passing into
orange. Seed hard. Monkeys.

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 29

Siderorylon sundaicum. Fruit green. Seed hard, polished.
Squirrels.

Mimusops elengi, L. Fruit orange. Civets (also birds).

Achras sapota, L. Fruit brown. Seed hard, polished.
Civets, bats.

Diospyros discolor. Fruit pink, dull and inconspicuous.
Scented Civets.

Willughbera. Fruit green. Monkeys.

Strychnos Twente. Fruit green. Seeds poisonous, im-
bedded in a sweet pulp. Monkeys.

Fagrea fragrans. Fruit orange. Usually eaten by birds,
but also by bats.

Baccaurea Motleyana, Hook. Fruit white. Monkeys,
squirrels.

Laurinea sp. Small inconspicuous, green fruit. Hard
seed. Monkeys.

Artocarpus rigida, Bl. Yellow. Fruits large yellow, incon-
spicuous. Seeds small enclosed in a sweet orange pulp.
Civets.

Ficus (Figs). Inconspicuous fruited kinds, e. g., &. Migueliz
fF. Benjamina. Bats, also more rarely monkeys and also
birds.

Quercus, Castanopsis. Fruit inconspicuous. Squirrels,
more rarely monkeys.

Guetum scandens, B\|. Fruit orange. Hard seed. Civets.

Amomum. Fruit usually inconspicuous, Squirrels, rats.

Zingtyer. Do. do.

Musa. Wild plantain. Fruit green, inconspicuous. Seeds
small, hard. Monkeys.

Curculigo. Fruit inconspicuous, hidden. Probably eaten
by mice.

Livistona. Fruit black. Seed large hard. Bats.

Caryota. Fruit dark red. Seed hard. Civets.

Zalacca. Fruit brown, acid. Seed large hard. Rats or
squirrels.

Calami. Fruit brown or yellow. Seed hard, covered with
thin pulp. Apparently eaten by squirrels, very speedily taken,
the nibbled skin only left.

30 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

Scirpodendron. This aberrant Sedge has its inconspi-
cuous fruits always nibbled by some small mammal.

ADHESIVE FRUITS DISTRIBUTED BY MAMMALS

In the Malay Peninsula there are fewer plants furnished
with means of adhesion to fur or feather than in many parts of
the world. Thisis owing to the limited amount of open coun-
try, the greater part of this region being covered thickly with
a dense jungle of lofty trees. For the greater part of the
adhesive fruits belong to herbs, or half-shrubby plants living
in flat, open country. Of such as we do find here, a number
are aliens more or less accidentally introduced, such are the
white Plumbago (Plumbago zeylanica, L.), Urena lobata, the
sensitive plant (AZzmosa pudica, L.), Triumfetta, and Paspa-
lum conjugatum, L. Nearly all of these are carried about by
man or domestic animals.

In Plumbago zeylanica, L. the calyx which encloses the cap-
sule is provided with sticky hairs, which readily adhere to
clothes or fur. The plant is common in villages, but I never
saw it at any distance from cultivation. In Tviumfetta, a
roadside weed, the capsule is provided with hooks.

Paspalum conjugatum isa common grass, the very small
spikelets of which are rounded and edged with short, bristly
hairs. They are very easily detached from the rachis on
which they are arranged, and attach themselves readily especial-
ly in wet weather to clothes, &c. This grass has travelled
further thanany of the introduced weeds throughout the Penin-
sula. I have found it growing in crevices of rocks in the Tahan
River as far as I have been, and on Padang Batu on Mount
Ophir, I saw a plant growing at the stream close to the camp- ©
ing ground, at the spot where the natives who visit the spot
are accustomed to bathe and wash their clothes. A very long
way from the flat country where it is abundant.

In Chrysopogon aciculatus, Beauv., commonly known here as
love-grass, the spikelets are arranged in an erect panicle with
slender, wiry branches each of which bears one fertile spikelet
the base and one or more barren: spikelets. From the

ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS. 31

Domomuot the lowest spikelet projects a spur covered
except on one side with stiff yellow hairs pointing upwards.
When the fruit is ripe this fertile spikelet readily breaks off
and adheres by its spur to cloth or the fur of an animal and is
borne away. ‘This grass is very abundant in dry open coun-
try, and forms an extensive turf in many places. |

Besides these grasses, there are three species which inhabit
the dense jungles, and excepting bamboos, are the only jungle
grasses here. They are Leptaspis urceolata, Br., Lophatherum
gracile, Brngn., and Centotheca lappacea, Beauv.

The first of these has a loose spreading panicle bearing
curious oval spikelets, of which one of the outer glumes is, in
the female flower, swollen up and entirely encloses the frutt,
this outer glume is covered thickly with short but strong,
abruptly hooked hairs, by which it clings very tightly to a
passing animal. So adhesive is it that in brushing past it it
often happens that the whole inflorescence is torn off.

_ Inan allied species LZ. cochleata, a native of Ceylon, the
spikelet is smaller and kidney-shaped with five ridges and
covered in like manner with very short hooked hairs.

In Lophatherum the spikelets have several glumes, of which
the eight terminal ones bear awns covered thickly with minute
processes pointing downwards. When the fruit is ripe the awns
become hooked by drying, and by this and the minute pro-
cesses the spikelets can attach themselves to any animal.

In Centotheca not only are the branches of the panicle pro-
vided with short processes (pointing upward in this plant)
but from each side of one of the upper glumes which encloses
the fruit, project a double row of long, white processes by
which means the whole panicle readily adheres to the clothes
of man or to the fur of an animal. These two latter grasses
are especially common along paths and animal tracks in the
thickest jungles, but where it is too thick for animals to go
easily one does not find them.

It is probable that more plants will be found which possess
these adhesive fruits in the Malay Peninsula, but these will, I
think, be chiefly introduced weeds. In any case the number
will be very much smaller than that of plants dispersed in any

32 ON THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS BY MAMMALS.

other of the ways mentioned above, viz., by being swallowed
by animals or birds, or being drifted by wind or water.

The part played by mammals is insignificant compared
with that played by birds in the dispersal of seeds, but as has
been shewn it is too important to be overlooked.

Of the great waves of evolution which in past times have
altered the whole character of the Flora of the world, the first
and greatest was probably that due to the appearance of pollen-
and honey-seeking insects through whose agency the brilliant
colours and elaborate forms of flowers were evolved. The
next was due to the evolution of the frugivorous birds through
whom we have obtained much of the colouring and sweetness
of the fruits Through the evolution of mammals, we have
also obtained many modifications of fruits, and the develop-
ment of some groups of plant, notably the grasses and some
of the other herbaceous plants will, I believe, be eventually
shown to have borne a close relation to the evolution of the
graminivorous mammals so abundant at one period of the
world’s history.

Account of a Trip up the Pahang,
Tembeling, and Tahan Rivers,
and an Attempt to Reach
Gunong Tahan.

| \¥UR party, composed of Messrs. H. N. RIDLEY, Director

of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, W. DAVISON,

Superintendent of the Raffles Museum, and Lieut.

H. J. KELSALL, R.A., with a staff of native plant-collectors

and bird-skinners, left Singapore at 3 p.m. on 23rd June,

1891, in the s.s. Glanggz, and arrived at Kuala Pahang about
IO a.m. on the 24th.

Léaving our men to look after the baggage we proceed-
ed to Pekan in a steam-launch belonging to Mr. HOLE, of
Pekan, that gentleman having kindly offered to take us with
him, as he was returning to Pekan at once.

Arrived there, we proceeded at once to the Residency; Mr.
HUGH CLIFFORD, the Acting Resident having made arrange-
ments for our accommodation.

We found that Mr. HOLE had, in accordance with previous
arrangement, despatched a boat-load of rice and other stores,
with 25 coolies, to await our arrival at Kuala Tembeling. So
far all was satisfactory, but we found that there was some
difficulty in getting a supply of small boats, which would be
necessary above Temerloh (Kuala Semantan), owing to the
shallowness of the river—the season being an exceptionally
dry one.

We went all round Pekan endeavouring to buy three or
four boats suitable to our needs, but in vain, there were none

34, ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

for sale. In this difficulty Mr. HUGH CLIFFORD came to our
assistance and placed at our disposala large native built boat.
His head boatman, after some little difficulty, succeeded in
getting together a gang of 25 coolies, amongst whom were
two Dyak lads, one of whom turned out a most useful hand in
the jungle, and set them to work to caulk and clean the boats
which had not been in use for some time, and consequently
required overhauling.

All this delayed us in Pekan till the 28th, but the time was
not altogether wasted, as we did some collecting in the imme-
diate neighbourhood.

On the North side of river, which is here over half-a-mile
wide, are extensive sandy plains interspersed with patches of
heavy jungle. On the sandy portions, the trees are all much
stunted and grow in small clumps or coppices, giving quite
a distinctive appearance to the landscape.

Portions of these sandy tracts were riddled with the burrows
of the bee-eaters (Zerops philippinius), at the extremity of
which they lay their eggs. These burrows are excavated in
the hard ground and slope downwards for the first foot or so,
then run more or less horizontally. Among other birds noticed
were the Brahmany Kite (Halastur indus), which appears
to be the common kite of the southern portion of Malaya,
the “Burra Burra” (7vrachycomus ochrocephalus), one of the
best songsters amongst Malayan birds; most of the common
Kingfishers (the Raja Udang of the Malays), and some rarer
ones (Halcyon coromanda and Alcedo meningting), a few
woodpeckers and several swifts. Butterflies were not plenti-
ful, the most noteworthy being perhaps the beautiful Parthenes
gambrisius.

Of mammals, the only ones noticed were the common
mangrove monkey, Kra of the Malays (AZacacus cynomolgus),
and several of the common squirrels (Sczuwrus notatus and ©
Sciurus tenuis). Of reptiles, the large Monitor (Hydrosau-
rus Salvator) and the beautiful many-coloured sand lizard.

On the 28th, everything being at last ready and being
provided with letters from Mr. CLIFFORD to the Sultan asking
him to render us any assistance in his power in the way of

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG AND OTHER RIVERS 35

providing guides, we started up-stream about II a.m., being
obliged to wait for night tide to get out into the main stream,
Pekan being situated on a sort of loop. Mr. TOWNSON, a
young Australian, accompanied us. By 5 p.m. we had reach-
ed Tanjong Bedang, and went ashore for a short time. Here
we saw some peafowl, which are very plentiful all along this
part of the river, and large numbers of the ground dove
> Leckuku”’ (Turtur tigrina), which are exceedingly good
eating, also specimens of the Burmese lapwing (Lodcvanellus )
atronuchalis, and the small Malayan hornbill (Authracoceres
converus). At dusk we started again meaning to travel all
night, but owing to our constantly running on sand banks,
with which the river abounds, we made but little progress.
Our means of progression was by means of polles or gallahs,
eight men poling at a time, four at each side.

29th Fune. We went ashore for an hour or two in the
morning to collect but did not get anything of note; a couple
of specimens of the Eastern little Tern (Sterna sinensis) were
shot.

The general character of the country bordering the river
up as far as Kuala Tembeling is pretty much thesame. Along
the river bank is a strip of jungle, 100 to 200 yards wide, with
frequent small villages and plantations of coco-nut, banana,
and mangosteen trees. Inside of this lies a tract of open
grass or swampy land, varying from 100 yards to half-a-mile
in width, and beyond this comes the jungle proper. The tract
of open land is in places ploughed and cultivated by the
natives, who use rude wooden ploughs, which, however, do
the work required of them fairly well. The draught animal is
the water-buffalo (Bos dubalus), of which there are large
herds in a semi-domesticated condition. We _ continued
travelling by night, and made better progress than before.

30th Fune. We heard a Wau Wau in the early morning,
the first we had noticed. We made good progress during
the day, and got as far as Kuala Luit, about 50 miles from
Pekan. Here we went ashore for a short time, and got speci-
mens of 7ugaia javanica; Cymborrhynchus macrorrhynchus
the Rouge-et-noir Broadbill, and the Malayan Falconet ~

36 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

(Microhterax fringillarius), in addition to which were noted
an osprey (Pandion haha tus), a night jar (Lyncornis Tem-
minckit) and a jay (Platysmurus leucopterus). We started
again at dark. and travelled during the night.

rst Fuly. We continued steadily up-stream all day, and
towards evening went ashore to collect, but got very little,
we however shot acouple of hornbills (A xthracocrius convexis),
which were very plentiful, and which are excellent eating.
They are best stewed and have rich and pleasant though
rather strong flavour. We always looked upon them as a
great addition to our bill of fare. We travelled all night as
usual, and next day, 2nd July, reached Kuala Berar about
noon. Just below Kuala Berar the river was divided into
two by a long sandbank, and unfortunately we took the wrong
channel, and when we got to the upper end we found
that the water was too shallow to allow of our boat, which did.
not draw more than about two feet of water, passing, so we were
obliged to return down stream and follow up the other bank of
the river, this time with success. This mistake delayed us
more thanan hour. At Kuala Berar we stopped several hours,
as we wished, if possible to engage afew more men, but in-this
we were unsuccessful. Here we noticed in addition to birds
already mentioned, the small red Kingfisher (Ceyr rujfidorsa),
the green Broadbill (Calyptomena viridis), the little brown
Barbet (Calorhamphus Hayz) and the not common Aztzho-
threptes hypogrammica. At 3 p.m. we started again, and at
5 p.m. had another halt at Kampong Pamum to bathe and let
the men have their evening meal. At6 p.m. we again started
and got along well for some time, the river being much nar-
rower and consequently less encumbered with sandbanks.
The little tern was still plentiful, flying up and down the river. _
About 7 o’clock a very heavy thunderstorm came on and it
became so dark that we obliged to tie up to the bank, as
we could not see to proceed. The lightning was magnificent,
like rivers of liquid fire running right across the sky. There
was very little thunder and scarcely any rain. It was some
hours before we could proceed and we did not pass Kuala

Triang till dawn.

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. 37

3ra Fuly. As we knew that we should be unable to get
much beyond Temerloh in our large boat, we began to look out
for smaller ones and landing at Pulau Guai, where there is a
straggling village, we found, after some search, one sampan —
which the owners, after sorne bargaining, let us have for SII.
We shot a few birds here but nothing unusual. Taking our
newly acquired boat in tow, we proceeded up-stream still
looking out for boats, and presently we passed another which -
looked suitable but it was some time before we could find
the owner who was at Mosque, it being Friday, but eventually,
after some hours’ delay, we agreed to give $15 for the boat
and went away with itin tow. A nest of the Racket-tailed
Drongo was noticed in a tree near the bank of the river. An
unsuccessful attempt, owing to its being at the end of a thin
branch, was made to get it. The nest is a very frail structure
being a cup of open basket-work of grass stems about as large
as an ordinary large breakfast cup suspended below the
branch. It contained young birds and the parents resented
the attempted robbery most pluckily, flying round the head
of the intruder and uttering shrill screams. We halted for the
night at Pualau Jelam where we saw some teal (Dexdrocygna
javanica). The night was so dark that we could not travel.
About 10 a.m. on the 4th we reached Temerloh where, finding
that it was impossible to get the big boat any further, we stayed
the whole of that day and the next trying to get boats which,
owing to the demand for them by the miners in the Ulu, were
difficult to obtain. At last, however, and after a great deal
of bargaining we got three of a suitable size at a fairly reason-
able price.

The night before our arrival a buffalo calf had been killed
by a tiger about three miles from Temerloh and the following
night Mr. OWEN, the District Officer, accompanied by one of
our party, sat up for some hours over the hill in the hopes that
the tiger would return, but without success. The pretty striped
squirrel called Tupai B’lang (Sczurus Rafflestt) was here very
plentiful. On the 6th July, having transferred all our baggage
to the small boats, seven in number, including the two
small sampans we had brought from Pekan, we got under, -

38 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

way about 10.30 a.m. and went on steadily till 6 p.m. when
we halted for the night at Tanjong Doyang, camping on a
sandbank with no shelter but our mosquito curtains which we
found sufficient to keep out the heavy dew. A specimen of
Sterna javanica was seen here. Next morning (7th July) we
spent an hour or two collecting before starting and got the
following birds amongst others, Drymocataphus nigricapita-
tus; a brown Babbler (7zmalea nigricollis) ; one of the beau-
tiful yellow crested Woodpeckers (Gecinus chlorolophus) ; and
the Malayan Falconet (Microhierax fringillarus). Starting
at g.30 a. m. we went on steadily till 6 p. m. when we halted
and camped on a large sandbank at Pulau Changai. Here we
found great tracks of elephant and crocodile on the sand and
heard the peculiar cry of the Argus Pheasant, Burong Kuang
of the Malays. 7

On the morning of the 8th, we went out collecting, but saw
nothing of note but the large Horn-bill (BSuceros rhinoceros),
of which, however, we could not obtain specimens as they kept
in the tops of the tallest trees.

During the day, the Semantan Hills were conspicuous to
the West and also some limestone hills to the East and in
some places the river became much narrower and deeper,
flowing between rocky banks.

At 4.30 p. m. we halted at Tanjong Antan where there was
a good sandbank. Here we decided to camp as it was doubt-
ful if we would find another sandbank, it being very difficult
to camp elsewhere especially where the river banks are steep.
From our camp we had a fine view of the Semantan Hills over
which the sun set with a fine after-glow of purple and gold.

Next morning we found tracks of elephant and obtained a
few birds including a specimen of Haletus plumbeus, the
rare lesser sea-eagle. Several Wauwaus were also heard.
About 4.30 p.m. we reached Pulau Tawar, the place of resi-
dence of the Sultan of Pahang, and camped ona sandbank, a
short distance above the village. The name is rather mislead-
ing as there is no island, the village being built along the
left (East) bank of the river. The banks are here about 30
feet high and steep.

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. 39

The Sultan informed us that very little was known of Gunong
Tahan and was not sure if there was any one who could act
asa guide. However he gave us a letter to Panglima Garang
YusuF at Kuala Tembeling in whose district he thought there
was a man who had once been to Gunong Tahan, but of this
he was not sure. He questioned us as to our objects in going
into the jungle and took much interest in an 8-bore gun we
had with us, being himself a bit of a sportsman and possessing
several guns.

Next day (11th July), we got to within a few miles of
Kuala Tembeling which we reached early onthe 12th. There
we found our 25 coolies and our stores safely deposited in
the Police Station.

Being told here that Kuala Tahan was only one day’s
journey from this place, it was arranged that Mr. KELSALL
and Mr. TOWNSON should go ahead with 16 men in three
boats and as much of the stores as they could carry in addi-
tion, as far as Kuala Tahan, where they would form a camp.
They started at 2 p.m. and at 4.30 p.m. reached the first rapids
where all hands had to be turned on to each boat in turn to
drag them up. At 6p. m., they reached Kuala Kuang where
they camped for the night.

The next day they got as far as Kampong Pulau Manis
and on the 14th reached Kuala TYahan, after passing several
bad rapids. The largest boat was stopped about 14 miles
below Kuala Tahan by the river becoming very shallow.
The other two, smaller ones, had therefore to make several trips
to and fro, and by 7.30 p.m. all the baggage was safely
deposited on a shingle bank about half-a-mile up the Tahan.

The Tahan is deep and still at its mouth, and is much
impeded with fallen trees, and is dark and dismal looking:
It, however, gets shallow very soon and opens out somewhat.

On the 16th, Mr. KELSALL returned with the three boats
to Kuala Tembeling passing on the way Mr. RIDLEY who,
having obtained some more small boats, and found Panglima
Garang YUSUF had started on the 14th.

On the 16th, Messrs. DAVISON and KELSALL started with
the remainder of the baggage, on the way they dynamited

40 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

several pools in the hopes of getting some fresh fish. Nothing
was got out of any of them but one, but that made up for all
the rest as 35 large fish were killed init. Onthe 17th, at 3
p.m., they reached Kuala Tahan. A very curious fish was here
obtained, about 3 feet long with a curious humped back and
two rows of teeth on its tongue. Mr. RIDLEY, accompanied
by Panglima Garang YUSUF, visited the Penghulu Raja
near Kuala Tahan in the hopes of obtaining a guide or at
least reliable information as to the route to Gunong Tahan.
He, however, was either unwilling or unable to supply guides
nor could any reliable information be obtained as to the district.
Indeed it appeared doubtful whether any Malays had ever
been nearer to the mountain than was sufficient to see it. A
number go from time to time up the Tahan valley to collect
guttah and rotans, but as they go in boats the distance that
they travelled is very short and probably such information as
they are possessed of with reference to the Gunong Tahan
is derived from the Sakais.

Gunong Tahan, we were told, could be approached by two
routes, one following the river Tahan, the other the river
Ketchau. By the route the mountain can probably be
approached nearer but it was said that on the W. or S. W. side,
from which the Ketchau takes its rise, it is exceedingly preci-
pitous and unpracticable, while by the Tahan route it is
possible to ascend. The natives further state that there is
a lake or swamp from which flow the rivers Tahan and
Kelantan.

On the roth, Mr. RIDLEY, accompanied by Mr. TOWNSON,
started off with four boats and fourteen men up-stream and two
men were sent back to Pekan in one of the boats with an
order for more rice as we found we would require more, and
owing to the previous bad season, rice was hardly procurable
and very expensive in Pahang. Panglima Garang YUSUF
tried to get us a guide but without success. He produced an
old man who was supposed to know the way to Gunong
Tahan and offered to guide us there for the modest sum of $60.
However as we discovered after some conversation with him
that he had never been up to the mountain but had only seen

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP: UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. 4I

it from the river we dispensed with his services. Panglima
Garang YUSUF also left us at this point.

At this camp we heard for the first time a most peculiar
noise which we at first attributed to horn-bills but subsequently
found to be produced by a large monkey, of what species we
were unable to determine, as although many attempts were
made to obtain specimens, we were entirely unsuccessful
owing to the extreme wariness of the monkeys. The cry
commenced with a series of deep sonorous barks which
gradually becoming quicker and shriller ended ina sort of
unearthly laugh and then commenced again. We frequently
heard these monkeys again up the Tahan valley. Here we
obtained our first specimens of the pretty little chestnut-
backed Forktail (Hydrocichla ruficapillus), the bird which
frequents all the small rocky mountain streams and of which
a nest was subsequently obtained. The nest which is cup-
shaped is constructed of moss and lined with dead leaves and
built against the almost perpendicular face of a large rock
overhanging the water. For three nights in succession a
beautiful specimen of that glorious butterfly (Zeuwxidia aureola)
crossed the river just below our camp at dusk, but unfortunate-
ly we did not succeed in capturing it.

On the evening of the 21st, three of the boats which Mr.
RIDLEY had taken up-stream returned and we found that he
had only been able to reach a point about three miles up-
stream at the mouth of the Sungei Tenok beyond which
point the boats could not proceed owing to the bed of the
stream being choked up with boulders. In fact it was with
great difficulty that Mr. RIDLEY had succeeded in getting the
boats up thus far as the stream was exceedingly shallow and
much encumbered with fallen trees, and owing to having to
stop to make a channel for the boats, moving stones to either
side and cutting through fallen logs, it took the better part of
two days to accomplish this distance.

On the 22nd the three boats were again started up-stream
with a second load of rice and other stores and fifteen men.
There was heavy rain during the evening and the river rose
some six or eight feet during the night, nearly washing away

42 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

some of our stores which had been left on the shingle bank
instead of being moved up to our store-house on the bank,
we woke, however, just in time to save them.

On the 23rd Mr. KELSALL with three men to cut a path
ascended a hill about six or seven hundred feet high about two
miles N. E. of Kuala Tahan and from the top of a tree gota view
of a high ranged mountain about 20 to 30 miles distant to the N.
W. This was doubtless the Tahan range. It consisted of a long
range running apparently N. E. and S. W. and culminating in —
several peaks, the highest of which was towards the N. E. end of
the range and appeared to be from 8,000 to 10,000 feet high.

Mr. RIDLEY also ascended some of the hills in the neigh-
bourhood of Kuala Tenok in the hopes of getting a view and
saw a high range to the S. E. which he could not identify but
owing to the density of the jungle he could not see any
distance in other direction.

On the 24th, Messrs. DAVISON and KELSALL with the
remaining stores proceeded to Kuala Tenok, the boats having
returned the previous evening. Two men were left at Kuala
Tahan in charge of stores we left behind and six coolies for
whom there was no room in the boats. Owing to Mr. RIDLEY
having cleared a passage for the boats and to the greater
depth of water due to the heavy rain that had fallen they were
able to accomplish in 44 hours what had taken Mr. RIDLEY
almost two days in spite of the fact that the boats had to be
dragged over shoals almost half the distance traversed.

Finding that it was impossible to get the boats any higher
up the river, Mr. RIDLEY had commenced cutting a path alone
the right bank.

The jungle is very thick for the most part and contains a
considerable number of valuable timber trees such as Tam-
penis, Kayu Minyak and other dipterocarpous trees but the
river is too shallow and full of rapids to allow of their being
floated down in the usual way. There is also still a consider-
able quantity of getah percha (Duechopsis gutta), getah grip
(Willughbera edulis), besides jelutong and other gutta-pro-
ducing trees of less value. Rotans of various species are also
very abundant and there is much dammar.

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. 43

On the 25th July, Mr. RIDLEY started off early with a few
men to clear the path ahead. The rest of the men were
emploved most of the day making “ambongs” or back
baskets in which to carry loads.

On the 26th, we all started early with as much baggage as
the men could carry and marched about 24 miles along the
path cleared by Mr. RIDLEY. This path was in parts very
bad, being steep, narrow and along the face of a hill which
made the progress of the coolies with baggage very slow,
and it was well on in the afternoon before the distance was
accomplished. |

The river here is very beautiful flowing in a narrow valley
between steep jungle-covered hills rising to a height of 800
to 1,000 feet. The stream itself is full of large boulders.

Camp was formed in asmall, clear space in a small ravine
near the river which was the only few yards of level ground
we could find. The six men we had left at Kwala Tahan to
follow overtook us at thiscamp (Camp No. 3) soon after dark.
About 7.30 p.m. it commenced to rain heavily and continued
for three or four hours. We had with us three large sheets of
strong linen to serve as tents and a small tent of Mr. TOWN-
SON. Two of these we used, the native servants had one
and one was used to cover up the stores at night. These
tents we found were anything but waterproof and being open
at the ends the rain used to blow in and we all frequently got
very wet. The coolies made poxdoks of palm leaves for them-
selves each night.

On the 27th, Messrs. RIDLEY, KELSALL and TOWNSON
went forward with a few men cutting a path, while Mr.
DAVISON spent the day exploring the neighbourhood of the
camps for birds and insects but without much success. The
bulk of the men were sent back to Kuala Tenok in charge of
a Mandor to bring up more stores. During the day about
two miles of path were cut along the river bank and Mr.
RIDLEY and his party returned to camp at 5 p.m.

The comparative absence of bird life in these jungles is
most remarkable. Sometimes one would spend the whole day
in search of specimens and oniy obtain half a dozen or so.

44 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

This is partly owing to the denseness of the foliage which
renders it very difficult to see any birds that are about, and
aiso to the fact that except quite early in the morning and
for a short time in the late afternoon most of the birds are
quite silent.

On the 28th July, Mr. RIDLEY necomaented by Mr. TOWN-
SON witha small party of men went on c.itting the path, while
Messrs. DAVISON and KELSALL superintended the transport
of the stores from the third camp to the fourth about a mile
further on. This necessitated two journeys and occupied
nearly the whole day, as the path was very bad. Mr. KELSALL
saw a specimen of the rare striped civet cat (Hemigale
FHlardwicki) but not having a gun could not add it to our
collections.

Our rice was made up in 50-lb. bags which is the very out-
side a man can carry in the jungle. The direction followed
was North-westerly along the bank of the river and the path
was a constant series of ascents and descents over the spurs
of the hills between which the river flows, and was most
difficult for men carrying loads. This was especially the
case when small streams running into the Tahan had to be
crossed. The banks of these streams are usually steep and
after rain become muddy and exceedingly slippery and in
many places it was only with the assistance of branches and
roots that the men could get up and down with the loads.
In spite of every effort being made any thing like rapid
progress was impossible and it was only by the exercise of a
very large amount of patience and tact that the men were got
to do the amount of work they did. On one or two occasions
some of the men threatened to run away and one mandor
gave a great deal of trouble, not only would he not do any
work himself but he did all in his power to make the other
men discontented.

On the 29th, Mr. RIDLEY and Mr. TOWNSON went on as
before with three or four men cutting a path while Mr.
DAVIDSON and Mr. KELSALL looked after the remainder
of the men, some of whom were sent back to Kuala Tenok to
bring up more rice, and the rest were sent on after Mr.

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. 45

RIDLEY with stores for several days so that he might form
an advance camp and thus be saved the journey back to the
main camp every day. A specimen of the handsome squirrel
(Sczurus tnsignis) was obtained at this camp.

On the 30th of July, Mr. RIDLEY’S best plant collector who
had been complaining of fever for some days was so bad that
he had to be sent back to the camp at Kuala Tenok. He was
so weak that he required the assistance of two men to enable
him to walk. Mr. KELSALL also went back to Kuala Tenok to
get some things that had been left locked up and to see this
man safely back. Sakai and wild beast tracks occur on both
sides of the river aud these were often made use of, being
enlarged for the baggage carriers. In some places trees had
to be cut down to form bridges over the river and the ravines
that had to be crossed in the jungle. During the whole time
we were in the Tahan jungles we did not meet a single Sakai
although we constantly met with evidence of their presence
in the shape of rough leantos of ‘‘ fonxdoks”’ consisting of a
long pole supported at each end on a forked stick stuck in
the ground against which palm leaves are leant. Other evi-
dences were small platforms in the forks of trees, 1§ or 20
feet from the ground, dead fires and on one or two occasions
newly cut branches of trees. At one place Mr. RIDLEY found
on the banks of the river a group of seven small huts or booths
made of palm leaves tied together at the top in the shape of a
bee hive and with a thick bed of palm leaves in each of them

The wild men are evidently very shy, as they never let us.
catch a glimpse of them although they evidently watched us
all along, and on our moving from one camp were quick to
clear off all old tins and other waste which had been thrown
away.

On the 31st, Mr. RIDLEY continued cutting the path and
Mr. KELSALL followed him to make a rough compass sketch
of the route, overtaking him not far from the 6th camp,
while Mr. DAVISON superintended the coolies moving the
stores on tothe 5th camp. This part of the path was very
bad. Mr. RIDLEY and his party during this day ascended a
hill of considerable altitude on the left bank of the river and

46 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

got a good view of the Tahan range—a broken ridge densely
covered with trees. On one side could be seen a vertical cliff
white in colour and possibly of limestone more or less clothed
with vegetation and to the North rose the big peak of Gunong
Tahan. It did not appear to be of the estimated height of
14,000 feet, and is probably not more than 8,000 to 10,000
feet in altitude.

On the Ist of August, Mr. RIDLEY sent back all his men to
assist in bringing up stores, and the whole were brought up to
the 6th camp. The next morning twelve men in charge of a
mandor were sent back to Kuala Tenok to bring up all avail-
able rice and fish, the rest of the men moved everything on to
the 7th camp. The road between the 6th and 7th camps was
very bad being mostly along the side ofa steep hill. Mr. —
RIDLEY had also been obliged to cut down a tree of consider-
able size to form a bridge over the river.

On the 3rd, Mr. RIDLEY and Mr. TOWNSON with some men
went on cutting the path, and formed a fresh camp about a
mile and-a-half ahead, while Mr. DAVISON and Mr. KELSALL
did some collecting.

On the 4th, Mr. RIDLEY and party went on about one
and-a-half or two miles and formed the 9th and what proved to
be the last camp. Mr. KELSALL and Mr, DAVISON went on
collecting, Mr. KELSALL going as far asa little beyond the
gth camp. The twelve men who had been sent back for rice
returned this day.

The 5th and 6th were spent by Mr. RIDLEY’S party trying
various routes as it appeared impossible to continue along the
banks of the Tahan beyond the 9th camp owing to the steep-
ness of the hills between which the river here flows and at
last they tock a well-worn Sakai track which went away in a
South-westerly direction and then turned North again. This
track followed roughly the direction of a small stream which
falls into the Tahan from the West and which appeared to
come from the slopes of Gunong Tahan. After following this
track for some distance they left it and ascended a hizh ridge
which barred further progress up the valley of the Tahan,
at its lowest point.

RECOUNT ORVAVTRIE UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS? 47

While Mr. RIDLEY and Mr. TOWNSON were on this hill, a-
messsage came from Mr. DAVISON’S camp saying that Mr.
KELSALL was ill, having been attacked with fever on the night
of the 4th and would probably be unable to move for some
days. Mr. RIDLEY and Mr. TOWNSOW returned to the 7th
camp on the 7th to obtain more provisions and consult as to
the next step. On looking over the stores it was found that
there was only enough food for five days, and as the supply
that had been sent for to Pekan had not arrived at Kuala
Tenok and in all probability would not do so for five or six
days a retreat was decided upon.

The expedition started back on the gth (Mr. KELSALL being
carried on a raft or stretcher for two days) and reached Kuala
Tenok on the 11th; the 12th was spent re-packing stores and
waiting for the last of the baggage to arrive. The whole of
the 13th was occupied moving down to Kuala Tahan, the river
was a good deal swollen owing to the recent heavy rains, and
one small boat was upset, fortunately there was nothing in it
of much value. One day had to be spent at Kuala Tahan
repairing the boats and constructing rafts of bamboo to con-
vey some of the men and the collections of live plants down
stream.

Pulau Tawar was reached on the roth of August anda
stay of one day was made in order to visit the limestone
caves at Kota Glanggi. Some good things were obtained in
the neighbourhood of the caves including a specimen of
BOSCH’S beautiful ground thrush (P2tta Boschz) and in one of
the caves, Kota Burong, a pair of long-tailed porcupines
(Hystrizt longicauda) were taken. Here also was found a nest
of the forest Bee-eater (Vyctiornzs amicta). It consists, like
those of the other Bee-eaters, of a hole in the ground some
two or three feet long. The eggs are pure white. Leeches
were also more plentiful in these woods than we found them
anywhere else.

These caves appear to be frequented by the wild men, for
in all of them we found remains of fires and beds of palm
leaves but of the people themselves we saw nothing.

The failure of the expedition to reach its goal was due to a

48 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

variety of causes of which the chief were the difficulties of
transport owing to the low state of the river and bad coolies.
Food for the expedition for two months—the time allotted by
the Government—was taken but owing to the want of rain
the rivers were so shallow that it was with the greatest diffi-
culty that the boats were taken up and this delayed progress
greatly. Added to this were the difficulties of making our
way through the Tahan jungles which were far greater than
had been anticipated. The coolies who were chiefly Kelantan
men proved, with a few exceptions, a very worthless lot and
many of them suffered from beri-beri, fever, diarrhoea, dysen-
tery and a most loathsome form of skin disease, known
among the Malays as “ kurap.”

Judging from recent information about this part of Pahang,
the route adopted was probably not the best, as it gave us
much more actual jungle work than would have been necessary
had the Tembeling River been followed up to its source and a
path cut from thence to Gunong Tahan.

One man can carry in the jungle but little more provisions
than sufficient for fifteen men for one day, so that for ten days
in the jungle away from the base of supplies ten men out of
fifteen are required at the start to carry provisions and every
additional day away from the base increases the difficulties of
transport.

The Tahan jungles appear to be very unhealthy especially
at the further points reached. Heavy rain fell here every
night, and the ground was covered with decaying vegetable
remains. At night frequently the whole ground round the
tents was illuminated by phosphorescence, (probably bacterial)
on the decaying leaves.

Unfortunately though the jungles contain plenty of game,
it is not easily procurable and cannot be caught without trap-
ping, and this, time did not permit. All the streams, how-
ever, contain plenty of fish and they can generally be obtained
with the aid of dynamite.

It was hoped that some observations might have been taken
that would materially increase the topographical knowledge
of the Tahan region, but owing to the close nature of the

ACCOUNIEOW A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. 49

country and the impossibility of getting any view, only the
roughest observations could be made.

Although two out of three plant collectors were i]l—one with
fever, the other from an injury to his foot—for the greater part
of the time in the Tahan River valley, and were, therefore,
useless, the collection of herbarium specimens was very suc-
cessful, over two thousand being obtained.
VEGETATION OF PAHANG.

During the expedition no opportunity was lost of collecting
plants, and these with the collections made in earlier visits to
Pahang (in 1889 and 1890) give a very fair idea of the flora
of the low country here, which was hitherto unknown. 7

The notes and discriptions of these plants being somewhat
voluminous are published elsewhere, but a short account of
the flora of Pahang, as far as we have seen it, will not, I think,
be out of place.

The sea-shore at the mouth of the Pahang River and the
adjoining heaths country was explored in 1890. This district,
so different from any other part of the Malay Peninsula as far as
we have seen, produced a number of interesting and new plants.
Along the sea-shore is a single row of Casuarinas on whose
branches grew besides lichens and fungi a curious mistletoe
(Loranthus) with leaves and flowers of a bright orange colour.
Beneath the treesthe ground is covered with pink and white
[pomeas, the Porcupine Grass (Sfenifer), a very small
species of Premna, and a very pretty violet flowered V7texr
apparently a prostrate maritime form of V. Lagunudi which in
land forms a small tree. Here and there along the coasts are
patches of mangrove, but owing to the sandy nature of this
districttheyareby no meansextensive. From the shore inland
and along the river on the left bank to some distance above
Pekan extends the sandy heath district interspersed with woods,
a very interesting region. Here are bushes of Vacciniums of
two species, with rosy or white sweet-scented flowers and small
eatable berries. LEugentas, Rhodomyrtus, the Sea Olive, (Olea
maritima) [lex, and many other shrubs, upon whose branches >

50 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

grow many small orchids, among which were £7za acervata,
anew Bulbophyllum, Dendrobiums, and the beautiful climb-
ing white spider orchid (Rexanthera alba Ridl.) The ground
is covered with grasses and sedges, and many small herbs,
Mitrasacme, with small buff and white flowers; U¢ricularias,
pink, yellow and white; the creeping blue flowered Cyanoitzis ;
and many others. Among the larger trees here are the Tembusu
(Fagrea fragrans), many figs and Augenzas and a magni-
ficent specimen of the big flowered Fagrea tmperials was
found at one spot in full bloom.

On the right bank of the river, the country is more swampy
and wooded, with pools full of the pink Lotus (NMelumbium
speciosum), and other aquatics. Here are great clumps -of
Licuala palms (commonly called Penang Lawyers). Two new
species of grass (Rottboellia geminata Hack and Saccharum
Ridleyt Hack) were obtained here. The latter forms dense
thickets somewhat resembling clumps of Pampas grass with
erect panicles of purple flowers. |

Up to Kuala Tembeling, the country on the banks of the
river is open and flat, for the most part covered with low
woods and grassy pastures. Further inland are bigger and
denser forests, while the edge of the river is often covered
with dense thickets of Cucurbitacew, Bauhinias with brilliant
orange flowers, clumps of Climogyne, with white blossoms, big
Zingiberacee and many other beautiful plants. Some of the
trees along this part of the river are very striking, Cassza
stamea and Cesalpinia sappan are bright with yellow
flowers, Lagerstremias of two species, Cassia nodosa with
innumerable rosy blossoms, and M2llettia atropurpurea, with
its deep purple blossom give a brilliancy of colour tothe
banks. Bignonia indica, with its huge sword-like pods is very
abundant especially on some of the sandy islets in the river.

The woods in the neighbourhood of Pulau Tawar proved,
botanically, exceedingly rich, and many novelties were collect-
ed here, including a remarkable Scztamzineous plant allied to
Lowia, with five stamens, some very curious Azzbzaceous
herbs, and here the lovely Didymocarpus quinguevulnerus,
a new species with large white flowers tipped beautifully with

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND JTHER RIVERS. 51

carmine wasabundant. The limestone region of Kota Glanggi,
was also a field of great interest. The rocks and adjoining
woods abounded in remarkable and curious plants. T77richopus
seylanicus, a small herbaceous plant allied to the yams was
abundant. This plant has not hitherto been collected in the
Malay Peninsula, being only known from Ceylon and Southern
India; Begonias, Elatostemmas and ferns, clothed the rocks,
and on the higher parts were many orchids, including several
new species of Sarcochilus and Saccolabtum. The curious Avz-
sema fimbriatum, and several species of Amorphophallus,
Peperomia portulacoides (a dwarf succulent plant not hitherto
known except in Southern India), a very fine violet flowered
Calanthe and many other plants of interest were collected
here. At Kuala Tembeling a good lot of rare and curious plants
were met with, both on the river banks and in the woods a
little way inland, of which the most interesting were the yel-
low dead nettle, Gomphestemma, and the parasitic Brugmansia,
one of the Raffestacea, (the first of this order recorded from
the Malay Peninsula, although Mr. WRay tells me he has
long known of the occurrence of the Rafflesza itself in Perak).
The Arugmansia, which is a native also of Borneo, was found
growing on the prostrate stem of a vine, in a dense thicket of
tall Scztaminee on the borders of a wood, about two miles
from the river.

In the more open woods here and elsewhere in this part of
Pahang grows a very beautiful yellow flowered Dz/enza well
worthy of cultivation. Another interesting tree which occur-
red here was the ‘‘Kapayung’” or “‘ Payung,” (Pangium edule).
The fruit of this tree produces a rather coarse oil used by the
natives in medicine and also for attracting fish. An old Malay
fisherman, whom we met here, had a bamboo full of the pound-
ed seeds, in the form of a dark brown oily mess. He puta
little into the water of the river near a deep hole, where, after
waiting a few minutes, we fired a charge of dynamite and took
a fairly iarge number of fish.

Along the Tembeling River, the forests came down in many
places closer to the water's edge, but the collections made
here were more scanty as the expedition was hurrying on,

52 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS

At one spot, among other plants, a new wild plantain
was collected, with the flower bracts of a bright yellow instead
of either violet or brown asin the two common Peninsular
species.

The entrance to the Tahan River is marked by dense jungle
coming down to the water's edge, and the flora here is very
different to that of the Tembeling and Pahang Rivers, though
some characteristic plants of this region had found their way
down the former river for some way. The greater number of
novelties found during the expedition were collected in the
Tahan valley, among the more interesting of which were a
very fine new species of Dzupterocarpus (D. pulcherrimus) a
big tree with hard red timber. At the time of our visit it was
covered with its pink two-winged fruits. The flowers, which like
those of most Dipterocarpi are large and creamy pink with a de-
licious fragrancy, were alsocollected. The weli-known “Cham-
pedak,” (Artocarpus polyphemia) is truly wild in these woods.
“ Pulawan,” (77r7stania Whitiana), with corymbs of evil-smel-
ling white flowers was another abundant tree. Oaks and nut-
megs were comparatively rare. Of palms, ‘““Ebol” Ovania ma-
crocladus Bl.), “Langkap” ( Arenga obtusiloba Mig.), Caryota
mitis Lour, and ‘ Bayas” (Oxcosperma horrida) were com-
mon, and the grand “ Daun Payoh” (Zeysmannia altifrons
Mig.) was met with in several places. The paddle-shaped blades
of the leaf of this palm were over six feet long, and form excel-
lent roofs for huts. Ofthe smaller plants there were a number
of Pinangas of all sizes, Licualas, and Iguanuras, two or three
Zalaccas, and a number of kinds of rattans. Along the banks
of the river many of the herbs and shrubs growing nearest
to the water were noticed to have peculiarly long and narrow
leaves; among these were a Calophyllum (new ), an [xora,
an Antidesma, a small fig, (ficus pyrifolia),a little purple
flowered Hygrophila, anda curious new genus of Asclepiads,
a Podochilus and some aroids. These all grew on the rocks
close to the water’s edge, and must have been subjected to con-
stant rushes of water when the river, as it often does, suddenly
rises. In sucha case as this, the broader leaved plants would
suffer heavily, as the rush of the stream would tear their

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG AND OTHER RIVERS. 53

foliage to pieces, while narrow-leaved plants offering a less
resistance would be comparatively uninjured.

Among the herbaceous plants of this region the Dzdy-
mocarpi are most attractive, growing on banks and open
spaces in the woods; a number of different kinds were collect-
ed including the D. quznguevulnerus mentioned above, but
the form here had the carmine spots replaced by an exquisite
purple violet colour; there were also a very similar species of a
dark crimson red witha yellow spot in the tube, and some
white and yellow kinds. There were alsoa number of the
smaller flowered species, violet, pink and white. Nearly all the
plants of this charming group were new to science. It is
remarkable how very local the species of this genus are. None
of the numerous species of the Perak Hills occurred here,
nor were those of the Malacca, Penang or Johor Hills seen.

Another curious little plant first found here was WVeckza,
one of the Vzolacee, but in no way recalling a violet. Itisa
little erect herb, the stem covered with brown bristles, the
leaves narrow, and the flowers very fugacious, pink, on long,
slender stalks. It has since been collected on Butu Pahat
and Gunong Panti in Johor, but hitherto was only known
from Borneo.

Among the aroids of this region, the most interesting is

Rhynchopyle, a singular little plant abundant on rocks in the
streams and watercourses. It was not previously known
outside Borneo, but one and perhaps more species are common
in similar places i in Perak and Johor.
_ The Ginger family, (Scztaminex) is very well represented,
and several novelties were collected. At one place were tall
thickets of a curious new Phrynium with white flowers. A
pretty little turmeric (Cuzcuma) was abundant, Llettariopsis,
with its long runners almost hidden in wet rotten sticks and
throwing up solitary white flowers and globular white
fruits, grew in the damp watercourses. Zzngibers, of which
the finest was Z. Spectabile with its tall scarlet cones from
whic protrude curious black-veined, yellow flowers; Asmo-
mums of several kinds, and a Glodba with yellow flowers and
yellow or scarlet bracts, were plentiful.

54. ACCOUNT OB A PRIP.UP THE PATANG. ANDs Oi rh RIVERS..

A curious plant which requires investigation is au epiphytic
Pandanus which grows in the form of a tuft often in tall trees.
Plants were seen tar up the Tahan River but they bore no
flowers nor fruit Similar plants have been seen in Perak and
in Johor where 11 is called “Pandan Lari.” It is evidently a true
Pandanus and nut a Freycinetia. Orchids are abundant on the
trees overhanging the river. Most conspicuous is Gram-
matophyllum, in grand flower at the time of our visit. There
were also an abundance of Dendrobiums, Frias, Bulbophylla,
Thecostele, Podochit, Appendiculas, Celogynes, including
the lovely C. Forstermannt. Among the prettiest novelties
were a beautiful orange Dendrobium, and a Phalenopsis in
the way of Ph. sumatrana but with smaller flowers. The
gravelly islets of the river were bright with Arundina speciosa,
the best form with the very dark lip.

Ferns produced no novelties, but among the most conspi-
cuous were Dipteris Horsfieldii, and D. Lobbi, Adian-
tum ethiopicum, many Lindsayas and Trichomaues and
Flymenophylla.

The common Selaginellas and Lycopodiums were plentiful,
and a number collected. A few mosses were also obtained,
among which Mr. BROTHERUS (of Helsingfors) has found
two novelties.

Fungle Produce.

The Pahang gutta still holds its own as one of the best
class guttas in the market. The tree (Dechopsis gutta) 1s abun-
dant in many of the upper forests and was fairly plentiful in
the Tahan valley though here as elsewhere the trees are scatter-
ed often at some distance apart in the jungle. WzlMughoezas,
(Getah Grip) are abundant, and we had often to cut through ©
big lines of them in the Tahan valley. A new species of
this genus with eatable apricot-coloured fruit grew in the —
open heath country near Pekan. Jelutong, (Dyera costulata,
Hook.) is also plentiful.

Gaharu Wood (Agutlaria malaccensts) 1s procured, from
the Tahan valley as elsewhere in Pahang and specimens of
the tree in fruit were collected.

ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS... 55

Many Dzpterocarpous trees, such as Dipterocarpus ptery-
gocalyx which produces the wood-oil, (Minyak Krueng), and
the Skoreas and Hopeas which produce Dammars were seen
throughout the jungles.

Rattans are abundant, but near the villages we noticed
comparatively few of any value. The commonest near the
Pahang River is Rotan Chin-Chin, the Demonorops crinitus
which appears to be little valued by the Malays. In the
wilder parts, such as the Tahan valley, we met with many
other and more valuable species, which had escaped the search
of the natives.

All these products are collected by the Sakais and sold to
the Malays who float them down the river on rafts of bamboo
to Pekan where the bamboos themselves fetch a certain price
as they are scarce in the lower part of the river.

Cultivation.

The Pahang Malay does but little in cultivation and the
Chinese have not yet established themselves here as planters,
although the soil in many places is very suitable. In Pekan
a small quantity of copra is made, but the natives seem to
prefer to make coco-nut sugar rather than to attempt to grow
the coconuts for the fruit. Paddy is cultivated to a small
extent, and very carelessly, and here and there are patches
of Indian corn and Italian millet (Panicum ttalicum). Some
plants of Arabian coffee very strong and free from disease
were seen at Temerloh, in the garden of a Malay, who, how-
ever, was quite ignorant of the use of the berries, only using
the leaves to make tea of.

The ordinary Malay vegetables and fruits were to be see.
in the village gardens, but as the Pahang Malay does not care
to grow more than he actually requires at the time, they were
neither abundant nor very good.

Fruit trees such as Durians, Rambutans, and Pulassan
were often found in dense jungle, but I doubt that any were
truly wild. They seemed to be either relics of deserted villages

or derived from seeds dropped in the jungles by wandering
Malays and Sakais.

56 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS.

Of truly wild fruits, the following were seen :—

Champedak (Artocarpus polyphemia); Rambutan Pachat
(Xerospermium Noronhianum), and a remarkable climber with
large fruits, resembling apples in form and flavour, called
Akar Panti, in the Tahan woods; Monkey-jack (Avtocarpus
vigidus), and Tampoi (Laccaurea malayana) in the Pulau
Tawar woods, where also were trees of apparently a species
of Canarium called Drija, of which the kernel produced an oil,
apparently much sought after by the natives. And here were
also fruiting trees of the Kumbang Samangko (Sétercula
scaphigera) the seed of which when immersed in water
produces a mucilage used medicinally by the Malays;
Rumania (Louea microphylla); various species of Garcinia
producing the fruits known as Kandis. Asam Gelugur (Garcz-
nia atroviridis) was met with ina wild or half wild state in
many spots along the route. The red fruited Mangosteen (G.
hombrontana) grew abundantly in the sandy country near
Kuala Pahang, but was not in fruit at the time of our visit.

Of eatable smaller berried fruit, the Kamuning ( Rhodo-
myrta tomentosus),; Nasi-nasi (Eugenia seylanica),;, Mata
Pelandok ( Ardisia crenulata),; the wild raspberry ( Rubus
moluccanus ) were all abundant in the open country.

He Nv

List of Mammals Recorded from Pahang.

[Specimens were obtained of those marked with a el

1. Hylobates albtmanus, Vig. and Horsf.
ie wwlack VWau Wau, <°“Wngka of the er is
common in the Pahang jungles.
2. Macacus nemestrinus, Linn.
The Coco-nut Monkey or Berok.
3. Macacus cynomolgus, Schreb.

The Mangrove Monkey, or Kra is common along the
Coast and for some distance up the rivers.

+4. Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid.

The grey Lotong. This Monkey, which is common in
Pahang, varies very much in colour. Here it is of
ae idark orev... whale further South, ia Johor, it is
almost black.

5. Nycticedus tardigradus, Waterhouse.

The slow Loris.

On Heusitieris, loinn:

The tiger, “ Harimau” of the Malays, appears to be
widely distributed, especially in the low country,
disappearing in the hills.

7. Felis pardus, Linn.

The leopard or panther. There is considerable differ-
ence of opinion as to whether the leopard and so-
calleda panther dre. distuiet) species, > Where, are
two distinct forms, one, which includes the black
panther, = beme, much more, thickset and) heavy,
looking than the typical leopard and the spots

are usually rings and not rosettes as in that aminal.
But different specimens vary so much in shade of
colour and the form and arrangement of the spots
that it is by no means easy to decide.

”

58

10.

12.

718.

LIST OF MAMMALS RECORDED FROM PAHANG.

The black variety appears to be by far the most |
common form in the Malay Peninsula, the yellow
one being comparatively seldom met with.

Felis Temmincki, Vig. and Horsf.

The red tiger-cat. A living specimen from Pahang
was for some time in the Botanical Gardens,
Singapore.

There are probably several other species of wild
cats found in Pahang, but there are no records of
them. Tracks were often seen of small species in
sandy spots.

Viverricula malaccensis, Gm.
The common Musang or small civet cat. ©
Hemigale Hardwicku, Less. Seen in Tahan woods.

Ciion rutilans.

The wild dog of the Malay Peninsula, called by the
Malays “Anjing Utan” is said by them to hunt
in packs. Living specimens have been sent down
to Singapore from Pahang.

Lutra leptonyx, Gray.

The Otter. Malay “Anjing Ayer.” Seen on the

Tahan River.
Flelarctos Malayanus.

The Malayan Honey bear. Tracks seen by the
Tahan River. This little bear is easily kept in
captivity and becomes exceedingly tame.

Tupata ferruginea, Raffi.
Malay ‘‘Tupaia tanah.”
Tupaia javanica, Horst.
Galeopithecus volans, Linn.
The flying lemur. Kuala Tahan.
Pteropus edulis, Gray.

The large Fruit Bat, or, as it is sometimes called,
the flying Fox. Common at Pekan.

There are many other bats, but few have as yet
been collected and identified.

Sciurus bicolor, Sparr.
This very variable Squirrel is in Pahang usually of

Dy.

28.

LIST OF MAMMALS RECORDED FROM PAHANG. 59

dirty yellowish white colour, almost tawny on the
back, 7oeem far up the Mahan) River, and the
Palau Tawar.

Sciurus Raffiesi, Vig. and Horsf.
ihe Coco nutwoquirrel) “upar, Blaag: of the
Malays. This squirrel is most destructive amongst
coco-nuts. Itgnaws around hole in the nuts to
get at the inside. Common at Kuala Semantan.

Sciurus laticaudatus, Diard.

This appears to be a rare species. Kota Glanggi.

Sciurus griseemanus, A. M. Edwards.

Sciurus insignis, F. Cerv. This is a pretty squirrel
with three black stripes down the back. It appears
to live almost entirely on the ground. Tahan River.

Sciurus notatus, Bodd. This is perhaps the com-
monest of all the Malayan squirrels. Common
everywhere.

Hystrix longicauda, Marsden.

The long-tailed porcupine. Two caught in the
Kota Glanggi caves.

Llephas maximus, L.

The elephant, though common all through Pahang, is
never caught and tamed. Abundant in the Tahan
WOOGS,

Rhinoceros sp. Tahan River woods. Tracks seen and
animal heard at night.

Lapirvus malayanus. Tracks have been seen of this
animal at near Temerloh.

Los gaurus, Ham, Smith.

The S’ladang isto be met with all through the
Pahang jungles, but, owing to its shy and retiring
habits, is difficult of approach. Tahan woods and
all down Pahang River.

Los bubalus, Ham. Smith.

The water buffalo is common in a semi-domesticated
state along the rivers. It is very doubtful if it
occurs in a wild state.

Menorrhaedus sumatrensis, Shaw.

60

LIST OF MAMMALS RECORDED FROM PAHANG.

The “ Kambing Utan” of the Malays. This wild goat
is supposed to occur in the high mountains of the
interior, but there is no record of its having been
obtained,

30. Cervulus mountjac; Brooke.
fhe ™ Kijane ~ of the Malays, Siktuala Mahan
31. Cervus equinus. “Cuv. “ Rusa’ or “Rusa attains
The Malayan Sambur, apparently the same as the
Indian species, but the horns do not attain the
same length. Heard at night along the Pahang
River.
32. Tragulus napu, A. M. Edward.
The large mouse-deer.
33. Lvragulus javanicus, A. M. Edward.
The small mouse-deer.
"134. (Sus crisiads, Wagner.

The wild pig, common in low country ; seen also far

up the Tahan.
35 Mantis javanica, Desm. The Pangolin or “Tingiling.’
The Scaly Armadillo. more Pramau, Pekan.
LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED OK COLERGHED
DURING TRIP IN PAHANG.

’

1. Accipiter virgatus, Temm.
This sparrow-hawk is fairly common.
2. Hathetus leucogaster, Gm.
The white-bellied sea eagle is common along the
coast and foraconsiderable distance up the river.
2a. Hathetus plumbeus. Tembeling River.
3. Hatastur indus, Bodd. ni
The Brahmany kite or maroon kite. This, the com-
mon kite of Singapore, is also abundant in Pahang
for a considerable distance up the river.
14. Mucrohierax fringillarius, Drap.
The smallest falcon in the world, scarcely as large
as a common starling. Fairly plentiful. Kuala
Berar.

LIST OF BIRDS FROM PAHANG. 61

Ketupa gavanensis, Less.

The fishing owl is found in the low lands near the
Coast. Kuala Pahang.

Several other species of owl were heard, but,
owing to their nocturnal habits, it is difficult to
obtain specimens of these birds.

Corone macrorhyncha, Wag.
The common crow of the coasts and open country.
Corone enca, Sharpe.
This crow is only found in the jungles and singly or
in pairs.
Pilatysmurus leucopterus, Temm.

The white winged jay. Found in the higher jungles.
Taban woods.

Oriolus xanthonotus, Horst.
Dissemurus platurus, Vieill.

The racquet-tailed drongo is plentiful all through the
Pahang jungles. This bird is a wonderful mocking
bird, and imiates the notes of many other birds.

Artamides sumatrensis, S. Mull. Pulau Tawar.
Campophaga minor, Davison.

A new species taken at Pulau Tawar.

Lalage orientalis, Bodd. Common in open country.

Pericrocotus igneus, Blyth.

Gerygone pectorals, Davison. A new bird shot among
Casuarinas at Kwala Pahang.

Rhipidura javanica, Blyth. Very common in open
country.

Rhipidura perlata, 5. Mill.

Lerpsiphone affinis, Hay.

Terpsiphone inci, Gould.

Philentoma relatum, Temm. Kwala Tahan.

Philentoma pyrrhopterum, Temm.

Siphia elegans, Temm. Kwala Tahan.

Aegithina tiphia, Linn. Pulau Tawar.

Chloropsis zosterops, Vig. Kota Glanggi.

Pinarocichla lunulata, Davison. A new bulbul.

Criniger phaeocephalus, Hartl. Than woods.

62

LIST OF BIRDS FROM PAHANG.

Lrachycomus ochrocephalus, G. M. “ Barabara” com-
mon near Pekan.

Pycnonotus anals, Horsf. The common bulbul.

Pycnonotus plumosus, Blyth. Common.

[rena cyanea, Begbie. Kwala Tahan.

Copsychus musicus, Raffl. Common in the cultivated
country.

Cittocincla tricolor, Levaill. Pulau Chengei.

Orthotomus ruficeps, Lesson. Open country.

Flydrocichla ruficapilla, Temm. Kwala Tahan in
streams.

Pomatorhinus bornéensis, Cab. Kwala Tahan.

Stachyris nigricolis, Temm. Pahang River. Common.

Lurdinus abotti, Blyth. Common.

Lurdinus magnirostris, Moore. Common.

Lurdinus macrodactylis, Strick]. Kwala Tahan.

Drymocataphus nigricapitatus, Eyton. Tanjong
Loyang.

Malacopterum magnum, Eyton. Kwala Tahan.

Malacopterum melanocephalum, Davison.

Miscornis gularis, Raff. Common.

Miscornis erythropterum, Blyth. River banks etc.
Common.

Macrornis ptilosus, Lard & Selb. Common. Pahang
river.

Ptilocichla leucogastra, Davison. River Tahan.

Lantus cristatus, Linn. The common shrike inhabits
open country.

Calchostetha insignis, Lard. Open country.

Aethopyga siparaja, Raffl. Open country.

Cinnyris pectorals, Horsf. Open country.

Anthothreptes hypogrammica, S. Mill. Kwala Berar,
CUE:

Anthothreptes malaccensis, Scop. Open country.

Dicaeum cruentatum, Linn. Open country common.

Dicaeum chrysorrhoeum, Temm. Open country
common.

Fiirundo javanica, Sparrm.. Common swallow.

LIST OF BIRDS FROM PAHANG. 63

Hirundo badia, Cassin.

Anthus rufulus, Vieill. Meadow pipit- Open country.

Passer montanus, inn. Common sparrow.

Acridotheres torquatus, Davison. Pulau Tawar.

Mainatus javanensis, sb. Pulau Tawar. The “ Tiong.”

Calornis chalybea, Horsf. The green starling, com-
mon in open country near Pekan.

. Munia maa, Linn. Common. A nest was taken at

Pekan.

Munia atricapilla, Vieill. Common.

Uroloncha acuticauda, Hodgs.. Common.

Ploceus baya, Blyth. The weaver bird. Nesting at
Pekan and Pulau Tawar.

Pitta cucullata, Hartt. Bentong.

Pitta cyanoptera, Yemm. Bentong.

Pitta megarhyncha, Schl. Kwala Pahang.

Pitta boschi, Mill. Caves Kota Glanggi.

Calyptomena viridis, Raff. Very common.

Eurylaemus gavanicus, Horsf.

Eurylaemus ochromelas, Raffl. Black and yellow
broadbill. Common on the Tembeling river.

Corydon sumatranus, Raff. Malay ‘‘Tiong batu.”

Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus, G. M. Very common
all up the river.

Chaetura gigantea, Temm. Opencountry near Pekan.

Macropteryx comatus, Temm. Tahan river.

Caprimuleus macrurus, Horsf. Open country.

Lyncornts temmincki, Gould.

Eurystomus orientalis, Linn. The Eastern roller.

Merops sumatranus, Raffi.

Merops philippinus, Linn. Wery common near Pekan.

Nyctiornis amicta, Yemm. The forest bee eater.

Pelargopsis malaccensis, Sharpe. Common all up the
Pahang river.

Alcedo ispida, Linn. Common small king-fisher.

Alcedo meninting, Horsf. Pulau Chengei, &c.

Fflalcyoncoromandus, Lath. Kuala Pahang.

flalcyon smyrnensis, Linn. Open country along

64

LIST OF BIRDS FROM PAHANG.

Pahang river.

Flalcyon pileatus, Bodd.

flalcyon humit, Sharpe. Very common at Kuala
Pahang. |

Buceros rhinoceros. Linn. Common up the river.

Anthracoceros convexus. Temm. Very common along
lower reaches of Pahang river.

Rhinoplax vigil. Forst. River Tembeling.

Hlarpactes kasumba. Raffl. The common Trogon
Kuala Tahan &c.

Flarpactes diardi. Temm. do. do

Flarpactes duvaucelh. ‘Temm. do. do.

Gecinus puniceus. Horsf.

Chrysophlegma malaccense, Lath.

Chrysophlegma hum, Hargitt.

Lyungipicus auritus, Kyt.

Lepocistes porphyromelas, Boie.

Miglyptes grammithorax, Mach.

Miglyptes tukki, Less.

Micropternus brachyurus, Vieill.

Tiga javanensis, Ljung.

Chrysocolaptes ralidus, Temm. Kuala Tembeling.

Flumilophus pulverulentus, Temm.

Thriponax javensis, Horst.

Calorhamphus hayi, Gray. Very common in open
country.

. Cyanops henrict, Temm. Temm. jungles.

Cacomantis passerinus, Vahl. Open country.
Centropus bengalensis, G. M. Open country secondary
jungle. 7

Rhinortha chlorophoea, Raffl. The cat bird, common |
everywhere. |

Psittinus incertus, Salv. Small parokeet.

Pava muticus. Common peacock.

Gallus ferrugineus. Common. Kuala Pahang.

Osmotreron olax, Yemm.

Osmotreron vernans, Linn.

Ptilonopus gambu, G. M.

117,
118.
119.
120.
1214.
1218,
22:
123.
124.

LIST OF BIRDS FROM PAHANG. 65

Chalcophaps indica, Linn.
Lobtvanellus atronuchals, Blyth.

Charadrius fulvus, G. M.

Dendrocygna javanica, Horsf.

Aegialites godefroyi. Kuala Pahang.

Gallinago sthenura, Pin tailed snipe. Pulau Tawar.

Butorides javanica, Horst.

Flerodias garsetta, The common Egret. Pekan.

Leptoptilus javanicus, Adjutant or ‘“Burong Babi”
common all along river.

a

~

Sete To

A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants
and Ferns Found Growing Wild
in the Island of Penang.

Ce CU RIES. ais:

Assistant Superintendent of Forests, Penang.

——<}>___

and Long. 100° 20 East, has an area of about 106
square miles.
The greater portion is hilly, the highest point being
West Hill, about the centre of the Island, which is 2,750 feet
above sea level. Government Hill, on which many of the
plants recorded have been collected, is about 250 feet lower.
From an altitude of about 1,000 feet, and in some places much
lower, these hills are covered with a varied and luxuriant
vegetation, conspicuous among the larger trees being Diptero-
carps, Agathis loranthifolius, Dacrydium elatum, Oaks,
Eugenias, &c. Underneath these is found a heterogeneous
mass consisting of seedlings of the larger trees intermixed
with a variety of shrubs and smaller trees, all struggling for
supremacy.

Deep ravines are numerous, the bottoms of which are a
mass of more or less rounded granite boulders piled one on
top of the other in great confusion, so that to cross from one
side to the other is often a matter of difficulty. In many of
these ravines, up to I,500-2,000 feet, there are small but per-
manent streams of water that can only be detected by the

] Island of Penang, situated in Lat. 5° 24’ North,

68 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C,

sound of their rippling several feet below the surface, where
they have found a passage among the boulders.

It is in such places, where the direct rays of the sun never
penetrate, growing on these boulders, that the great wealth
of Ferns, Aroids, Medinillas, Rhododendron, Cypripedium
barbatum, Didymocarps, Sonerilas, small Orchids and such
like things are mest abundant.

The soil of all the hills is very similar, being of a reddish
or yellow colour, and composed mainly of partially decomposed
granite. In the lower lands where the soil is of a different
nature, and where one might naturally expect to find a some-
what different flora, forests have long disappeared, and with
them probably many plants that were once common. When
forests have once been felled and burnt off there is an end to
the most interesting vegetation, at least for a long period.
Even though no cultivation be attempted most of the trees,
shrubs, etc., that spring up on the cleared land are different from
the original ones, and of as little value commercially as they are
botanically uninteresting. Among the first to assume posses-
sion, often to the exclusion of every other plant, is the “lalang”
(Imperata arundinacea), and in places where this is absent
“resam’” (Gletchenia sps.). Of woody plants, Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa, Lurya acuminata, Trema amboinense, and Adinan-
dra dumosa are among the first and most numerous in a hew
clearing. The present site of the Botanic Garden had at
some time in the earlier days of the Settlement of Penang been
planted with cloves and nutmegs, but at the time the forma-
tion of a garden was commenced. these trees had long been
dead and the land was covered with secondary jungle, in many
places as dense as that of the surrounding hills that apparently
have never been cleared. Notwithstanding the fact that these
hills rise abruptly on three sides and are covered to the sum-
mit with large Dipterocarps, Sterculias, Eugenias, Swintonia,
etc., so that in a good seed-bearing season thousands of seeds
must be washed down into the valley by the heavy rains,
there was scarcely any trace of these re-occupying their
original position on the latid that had been cultivated.

What actually occupied the land was thousands of Euyra

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 69

acuminata, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Melastoma malaba-
thrica; and in lesser numbers Glochidium obscurum, Crypte-
ronia pubescens, Morinda tinctoria, and a few others. Where
there were no trees the “lalang” had taken absolute posses-
sion.

The mean temperature of the Island is a little above 80 F.,
with a range of 14°-15°, and the average rainfall for the past
five years 120 inches, spread more or less over the whole year,
though most falls during the latter half.

There is no well-defined flowering season; some things can
be collected at almost any time, while others appear to flower
only at intervals of several years. During the past seven
years there has been but one really good flowering season,
which I attribute to the unusually long drought of the preced-
ing period.

Several large collections of plants have, at various times,
been made in Penang, the most important being those of
WALLICH, MAINGAY, PORTER and PHILLIPS. A great many
of the plants found by these, and other of the earlier collectors,
I have been able to identify and hope yet to add largely to the
number, but owing to the increased area under cultivation
since their time, and the complete change that follows clearing,
as already pointed out, it is probable that some of the plants
recorded by them will not be again collected on the Island.

So far as I am aware no separate catalogue of plants
collected in Penang has yet been published, and thus it is
hoped that the present, though incomplete, may be of use to
those interested in the botany and forestry of the region until
material is available for a better.

Not having access to many books in which scattered records
of Penang plants occur, I have included (in cases where I have
not. myself collected a specimen or seen the plant growing
wild) only those for which Penang is given as a locality in the
Flora of British India, Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens
Calcutta, and Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, so
far as these works are published; HOOKER’S Synopsis Filicum,
and BEDDOME’s Ferns of British India. Nodoubt many plants,
whose distribution is so general throughout the Malayan

70 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Islands and the Peninsula that their occurrence in Penang is
not mentioned in either of the above works, have been collect--
ed here, but if I have not seen them they are omitted from this
list.

The earlier orders to the end of Tiliacez, and alee Myristi-
cacee and Cupulifere, have been carefully compared and
determined by Dr. KING in the course of preparing the
Annals and Materials, so that the determination in these
orders may be accepted with greater confidence than others
on which the same critical examination has not been brought
to bear.

The most incomplete orders are those not yet taken up in
the Flora of British India, as I have no means of ascertaining
what species were collected by the earlier collectors, or of
identifying those collected by myself. Mr. RIDLEY’s intimate
knowledge of Orchids and Grasses has enabled me to identify
nearly all the species collected.

Numbers bracketed thus (C. 241-259) are those under
which specimens of the plant have been distributed, and the
letter (C. ) in brackets implies that though not distributed I
have collected it, or it is well known to me in a living state.
Malay names, where given, are printed in inverted commas,
but these have been sparingly used, for, except in the case
of plants used either as food or medicine, native names in
Penang are unreliable. Even in the case of timbers in
general use the same name is often applied to several species,
and sometimes to trees belonging to different orders, so that
their practical value as an aid to identification is not great. I
am aware that in the other Settlement where there is still a
considerable Malay agricultural population this does not —
apply with the same force.

I cannot sufficiently express my obligation to Dr. KING he 3
Kew authorities,, Mr. H. N. RIDLEY and Bishop HOSE for
assistance in determining my collections, and I take this
opportunity of requesting those who have received sets to
kindiy point out any errors of determination that may come
under their notice, and to supply the names when wanting.

Penang, 12th November, 1892.

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C. 71

RANUNCULACEZA:.

Clematis smilacifolia, Wall., strong growing climber.
Penara Bukit, rare. (C. 1048).

Naravelia laurifolia, Wall.; long slender climber. Water-
fall rare, (C.:1709),

DILLENIACE:.

Delima sarmentosa, L..; woody climber with white sweet-
scented flowers. Not uncommon. (C. 294).

Tetracera assa, DC.; climbing shrub; the commonest plant
of this.order. (C. 69.)

Tetracera macrophylla, Wall.; large woody climber.
Government Hill. (C. 3008).

‘Tetracera, sp.;a larger and more robust plant than the
preceding. Government Hill. (C. 1495).

Acrotrema costatum, Jack.; stemless, flower yellow ; leaves
silvery grey. Waterfall,common. (C. 456).

Wormza oblonga, Wall.; medium sized tree. Telok Bahang,
not common. (C. 257).

Wormia Kunstleriz, King ; tree 60-70 feet; fruit about.
1 in. through, flowers not seen. Nalm Pass. (C. 246s).

Dillenta indica, L.; “Simpoh;” tree 40-60 feet; fl. white,
5-6in. across. Notcommon. (C. ).

Dillenia ovata, Wall.; small tree 20-30 feet; fl. yellow,- 4.
in. across, fruit globular,3-33 in. through. Waterfall (C. 228).

Dillenia grandifolia, Wall.; I have not seen in flower, but
have leaf specimens that agree with the description in Fl. BI.
(C.).

MAGNOLIACE-.

Magnoha Maingayi, King; tree 30-40 feet; bark grey, fl.
white, fragrant. Government Hill at from 2,000-2,500 feet.
(C2202).

Michela champaca, .; largely cultivated and often found
on abandoned land, but not truly wild in Penang. (C.).

Talauma mutabils, Bl.; small tree, fl. white, sweet-scented.
Not uncommon.’ (C. 1022).

Talauma lanigera, Hook. fil.; Small tree. Government
Hill, rare. (C. 3008).

72 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Kadsura scandens,’ B\.; woody climber, fl. almost white,
about $in. in- diameter. Penara Bukit. We. 1520).

Kadsura lanceolata, King ; slender woody climber. Not
unconimon, (C: 2821).

Kadsura caulifiora, B\.; stem stouter and leaves larger than
in the preceding carpel red, the size: of.a pea (C. 2440)

ANONACEZE.

Stelechocarpus, sp.; a tree 30-40 feet high, fl. greenish,
carpel ‘globular, 2 in.’ Waterfall. -(C. 2277).

Sageraea elliptica, Hook. fil.; a large tree. Not seen.

Cyathostemma viridifiorum, Griff. Not seen.

Cyathostemma Hookeri, King ; long woody climber, fl. small,
yellow. Waterfall and Government Hill. (C. £213).

Uvaria dulcis, Dunal; woody climber, Government Hill
and Muka Head, not common. (C. 729-1414).

Uvaria Labbiana, Hk. fil.; large climber ; not common ; at
low elevation. (C, 841-1234).

Uvaria excelsa, Wall.; large woody climber. Abundant.
(C7 50)-= |

Uvaria macrophylla, ‘Roxb. ; a large scandent or climbing
shrub. This and:the preceding are the two most common
Uvarias in Penang. (C. 263, 842, 1312). ii

Uvaria purpurea, Bl.; large woody. climber; found at low
elevations only. - (C. 234). ,

Uvaria hirsuta, Jack; long climber, petals red. Waterfall
and Western Hill. (C. 1212).

Uvaria Curtisiz, King; a long climber, fl. yellowish. Gov-
ernment Hill 2,000 feet, rare. (C.-141

Uvaria pauciovulata, Hk. fil. Cveaien Hill. (G82),

~Uvaria micrantha, Hk. fil. Not identified.

Uvaria sub-repanda, Wall.; scandent shrub. (C. 1408.)

(Eltipeia nervosa, Hk. fil.; for which Penang is given as a
locality in the Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula
was collected in Perak.)

Cyathocalyx Maingayt, Hk. fil.; a large tree, flowers green-
.ish yellow, Telok Bahang. (C. 1035. ) !
— Artobotrys suaveolens, Bl.; long . climber. Common
(C. 26-2234).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS &C. 73

Drepananthus pruniferus, Maingay ; small tree, 25-40 feet
high ; branches long, drooping. (C. 1417).

Canangium odoratum, Baill. Not truly wild in Penang. (C).

Unona Dunaliz, Wall.; tree Muka Head. (C. 727).

Unona desmos, Dunal; a climber. West Hill and Batu
Feringgi. (C. 807-1413).

Unona stenopetala, Hook. fil. King’s collector, Scortechini.

Polyalthia clavigera, King ; a tree 30-40 feet high ; carpels
yellow. Penara Bukit. (C. 2444).

Polyalthia macrophylla, Hook. fil.; a tree 30-40 feet
high. Pulau Betong. (C. 2140).

Polyalthia cinnamomea, Hook. fil.; a tree 60 feet high ;
flowers dull red, principally on leafless branches. Not uncom-
mon in the south of the island. (C. 2470).

Polyalthia oblonga, King; small tree. Common. (C.1409-
1277-1281).

Anaxagorea Scortechinii, King; a tree 30-40 feet high
Government Hill. (C. to54)

Gontothalamus Kunstleri, King; an erect growing shrub
G-Siteet high, West Hill. (C_ 1540).

Var. macrantha. Waterfall. (C. 1596).

Gontothalamus giganteus, Hook. fil.; a tree 40-50 feet,
petals golden yellow. Waterfall. (C. 2162).

Gontothalamus macrophyllus, Wook. fil.; a shrub 6-8
feet high, scarcely at all branched. (C. 1577).

Gontothalamus tapis, Miq.; a large shrub. Government Hill
2,000-2,500 feet. (C. 302). |

Mitrephora macrophylla, Oliver ;a large shrub. (C. 813-
1270). 3

Mitrephora Maingayi, Hook. fil.;a small tree. Not uncom-
mon. (C. 157-1553).

Popowia vramosisstma, Hook. fil.; a small tree. Collected
Pulau Betong. Not distributed. (C.).

Popowia tomentosa, Maingay;a small tree. Government
Tull, 2,000-2,560 feet. (C. 648).

Popowia nervifolia, Maingay ; a small tree. (C. 893).

Oxymitra calycina, King; a woody climber. Government
Fiills2;000 feet, rare. (C. 767):

74. A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Oxymitra glauca, Hook. fil. Not identified. :

Melodorum manubriatum, Hook. fil. Collected by Maingay.

Melodorum latifolium, Hook. fil.; a large climber reaching
to the top of tall trees. Common. (C. I411-1196).

Melodorum lanuginosum, Hook. fil.; large woody climber,
Government Hill 1,000-2,000 (C. 797-1195-1383).

Melodorum Maingayt, Hook. fil. ; large climber. (C. 1046).

Melodorum prismaticum, Hook. fil; Government Hill.
(C. 730).

Melodorum rubiginosum var. oblongum, King. Waterfall
(C. 143). |

Melodorum elegans, Hook. fil, Not seen. Wallich 6474¢..

Melodorum pisocarpum, Hook. fil. Not seen.

Xylopia Curtisiz, King ; a tree 30 feet high. (C. 1569).

Xylopia elliptica, Maingay ; a tree 25-30 feet high; petals
yellowish white. Sungei Ujong. (C. 2482).

Xylopia stenopetala, Oliver ; a tree 59-60 feet high. Govern-
ment Hill 690 feet. (C. 857-880).

Pheanthus nutans, Hook. fil.; asmall tree. (Govern-
ment Hill 2,000 feet. (C. 1416). :

Pheanthus lucidus, Oliver; a small tree. Waterfall. Not
uncommon. (C. 839-1407). :

Alphonsea Curtisit, King ; a scandent shrub. Muka Head.
(Caran):

Meszzettia Curtis, King; a tree 30-40 feet high; carpels
about 2 in. in diam, (2266).

Undetermined sps. of Anonacez in Herb. Penang. (C.
2744,2745, 2775, 2768).

MENISPERMACE.

Tinospora crispa Miers; climbing shrub. Waterfall. Not
common, (Cyi123 1). |

Tinomiscium petiolare, Miers;climber. Penara Bukit and
Pulau-Betong. (€. 208). - |

Fibraurea chloroleuca, Miers: large woody climber. Water-
falland West Hill. (C. 208). |

Coscinium Blumeanum, Miers; large clmber; ripe drupes
round, tomentose, 2in. (C. 8).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 75

Limacia triandra, Miers; climbing shrub. Tanjong Bunga,
meat the beach. (C. 447).

Limacia oblonga, Miers;a climber. Government Hill. (C.
G7):

Limacia velutina, Miers;a woody climber. At from 1,000-
2,000 feet elevation. (C: 2200).

Flyserpa triflora, Miers, ‘‘Kelintek Nyamok.” A slender
climbing shrub. (C. 949-1558).

Pericampylus incanus, Miers; a slender climber. The
most common plant of this order in Penang. (C. 122).

Stephania hernandifolia, Walp.; slender climber. Penara
Bukit, 91,000 feet. (C. 1260),

NYMPHEACE.

Nymphea stellata, Willd. ‘‘Klipoh.” Common in ditches and
paddy fields. (C. 518).
CRUCIFER/:.

Cardamine hirsuta, L.; snall annual herb found sparingly
on the top of Government Hill. (C. 2156).

CAPE AINT DE As:

Cleome viscosa, L..; annual herb 1-2 feet. Coast. (C. 1859).

Capparis Scortechinit, King; scandent shrub. I know of
but one plant at Batu Feringgi. (C. 239).

Capparis micrantha, DC.;shrubby. Not common. (C. 1762).

VIOLACE.

Viola sertens, Wall.; occurs sparingly on the top of Gov-
emmmlent lth (Cs)

Alsodeia Wallichiana, Hk. fil.; erect shrub 3-5 feet; seen
only at the Waterfall. (C. 1532-1899).

Alsodeia lanceolata, Wall.; small shrub, the only plant of
the genus that is at allcommon. (C. 94-179).

Alsodeia lanceolata, var. foliis latioribus is a much larger
plant than the type. (C. 75).

Alsodeia Kumnstleriana, King; shrub about the same size
as A. Wallichianus. Waterfall, Not common. (C. 1898).

Alsodeia echinocarpa, Korth, is mentioned in Dr. King’s

76 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Materials for the Flora of Malayan Peninsula as occurring in
Penang but I have not seen it.

BIXINEZE

Scolopia rhinanthera, Clos.; small tree. Government Hill.
Not common. (C. 991).

Scolopia Roxburghit, Clos.; tree 20-30 feet. Government
lets: (Ca 7774) |

Scolopia crenata, Clos.; large shrub, sometimes small tree.
Not uncommon near the coast. (C. 706).

Flacourtia inermis, Rox., is said to have been collected in
Penang by Jack. It is known to me asa cultivated tree only.
G).

Flacourtia rukam, Zoll. & Moritz; a tree attaining a height
of about 30 feet. Not uncommon. (C. 1566).

Flacourtia cataphracta, Rox., was collected on Govern-
ment Hill by Kunstler. Not seen.

Hydnocarpus Curtisiz, King; small tree. Batu Feringgi and
Waterfall. (C. 800-1535).

Hydnocarpus nana, King; small tree. Telok Kumbar,
fare (© co54))-

Ryparosa Scortechinu, King; medium-sized tree, flowers
from the stem. (C. 1741).

PIT TOSPOREZ::

Pittosporum ferrugineum, Ait., “Chabe hantu;” small tree,
common about Batu Feringgi. (C. 453-1533).

POLYGALEZ::

Polygala venenosa, Hassk.; shrub 2-3 feet. Not uncommon
in damp shady places at about 2,000 feet. (C. 291).

Polygala brachystachya, Bl. Flowers yellow in open grassy
places. (C.).

Trigoniastrum hypoleacum, Miq.; tree 30-40 feet with long
slender branches. Government Hill. (C. 387).

Salomonia oblongifolia, DC.; dwarf herb, common in open
grassy places. (C.).

Salomonia cantoniensis, Lour. Waterfall. (C. 1599).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. Th.

NXanthophyllum affine, Korth. ; tree not large; flowers open
white, soon change to yellow. (C. 1188-2263).

Xaunthophyllum Maingaytt, Hook. fil.; small tree; flowers
white. Government Hill, rare. (C. 1439).

Xanthophyllum eurhynchum, Miq.; tree. Telok Bahang
near the coast. (C. 1552).

Xanthophyllum Wrayit, King; small tree. Balik Pulau.
(C. 677).

Xanthophyllum pulchrum, King. Penara Bukit, rare.
(C1167). * |

Xanthophyllum Kunstlert, King; medium-sized leafy tree
40 feet high. Government Hill. (C. 1590).

Xanthophyllum Curtisit, King; small tree; flowers vellowish
white. Moniot’s Road. (C. 1591).

Xanthophyllum Scortechini, King; tree 25-30 feet, flowers
pink; fruit globose 24 in. Government Hill. (C. 2407).

Xanthophyllum, sps. undetermined. (C. 474 and 1486).

PORTULACEZS,

Portulaca oleracea, L.; annual herb, sometimes used as a
salad. Common. (C. 1650-1875 }.

Portulaca quadrifida, L.; small succulent herb. Collected
imene Ports) (C. 2148).

| HYPERICINEA.

Ty pericum japonicum, Thunb.; dwarf herb with yellow
flowers. Rice fields, south of the Island. Common. (C. 1946).

Cratoxylon arborescens, Bl. var. Miguelii; large tree, 60 ft.
Government Hill 1,500-2,000 feet. Common. (C. 285).

Cratoaylon polyanthum, Korth. ‘“ Drum”; medium-sized
inee Not common. (C. 1168).

Cratoxylon polyanthum var. ligustrinum, Bl. (C. 824).

Cratoxylon formosum, Bth. & Hk.; tree about 30 feet; the
most common of the genus. (C. 172-665).

Cratoxylon Maingayit, Dyer, is probably the plant in Herb.
Penang (C. 2484).

GUITTIFERA:.

Garcinia merguensis, Hook. fil.; small tree. Telok Bahang.

Not uncommon. (C. go00-2408).

78 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Garcinia eugeniefolia, Wall.;, small tree. Government Hill
1500 teet. 4. (C: 660).

Garcinia Scortechinit, King, tree 50-40 feet. Telok Ba-
hang. Notcommon. (C. 1249).

Garcinia Homorontana, Pierre , fruit much like a mangos-
teen but smaller. A common tree. (C. 690-2453).

. Garcinia cornea, L. (C. 690 perhaps belongs to this species
according to Dr. King).

Garcinia fascicularis, Wall.; small tree. Waterfall. (C.
840-1421).

Garcinia Penangiana, Pierre; small tree. Waterfall and
Government Hill up to 1000 feet. (C. 1430-1549-1514).

Garcinia bancana, Miq.; small tree, seen only near the
Coast: (C.240):

Garcinia atro-viridis, Griff. ‘Asam Gelugur’; tall hand-
some tree; fruit yellow grooved, larger than mangosteen.
Often eultivateday (Ea.s5 50).

Garcinia Griffithiz, T. and.; small straight tree. (C. 1609).

Garcinia nigro-lineata, Pl.; tree 30-40 feet, branches slen-
der; fruit 1-14 inch yellow. (C. 1420-2478).

Garcinia Xanthochymus, Hook. fil. Not seen.

Garcinia, sps. undetermined and apparently distinct from
any of the above. (C. 2293) (899-1424) 2412-1080 (691-1423)
(2246) (1550).

Calophyllum spectabile, Willd. All the sps. of Calophyllum
produce valuable timber known locally as ‘‘ Bintangor.” (C.
1153-1154).

Calopiylh. m canum, Hook. fil.; medium-sized tree. Gov-
ermmentweliliiy (6 1543).

Calophyllum pulcherrimum, Wall.; tall straight tree. (C.
418).

Calophyllum Kunstlerii, King ; medium-sized tree. Common >
along the coast. (C. 1425).

Calophyllum Curtisu, King ; 40-50 feet; fruit the size of a
pea.) Government Enlil Rare. )(G522):

Calophyllum molle, King; small tree. Government Hill
[000 feet. Not commen: "4(C, 1426):

Calophyllum inophyllum, L. “ Penaga”’; medium-sized

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, 79

tree; occurs sparingly along the sea shore. (C. 133).

Calophyllum sp. near floribundum; medium-sized tree.
Government Hill 1,000 feet. (C. 830).

Kayea racemosa, P|. and Trian.; tree 40-50 feet Government
Fail rare.» (Ce 1441).

Kayea Kunstlerti, King; small much branched tree Water-
fall ete., common... (C. $05, 1418, 14190).
_ Kayea and nervosa, T. And.; West Hill. (C. 748).

Mesua ferrea, L. “ Matopus’”; large tree, valuable timber.
Muka Head and Government Hill. (C. 420).

TERNSTRGE MIACEZA@

Terustremia penangiana, Choisy; tree 30-50 feet; flowers
yellowish white. Government Hill, (C. 905).

Terustremia coriacea, Scheff., medium-sized tree; bark grey,
smooth. Government Hill. (C. 1055).

Adinandra dumosa, Jack. ‘‘Kayu Gula”; tree 20-30 feet,
Common on abandoned land in secondary jungle. (C. 35,1725).

Adinandra acuminata, Korth.; small tree, does not occur
below 1,006 feet. (C. 482).

Adinandra Miquel, King. (C. 1612).

Adinandra integerrima, T. And. Not identified. Wallich
Nos, 3663 and 7070.

Adinandra maculosa, TY. And. Not identified.

Adinandra Fluilettiz, King. (C. 275, in part).

Adinandra villosa, Choisy; small tree 25 feet. Govern-
ment irill?2 000 feet, rare. (C. 2241).

Eurya acuminata, DC.; small tree 25-30 feet. Very com-
mon in places. (C.2g9).

Eurya japonica var nitida, Penang, Lobb in fil. Brit. Ind.
is probably an error.

Sauraija tristyla, DC.; small tree. Government Hill, damp
shady ravines. (C. 786).

Schima Noronhe, Reinw. ‘““Medang Bequoi”; medium sized
tree; wood soft. Moderately common all over the island.
(Co 161, 166).

Pyrenaria acuminata, Planch. is said to occur in Penang.
Not seen. |

So A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Gordonia excelsa, Bl.; tall tree ; flowers large yellow. Gov-
ernment devil; sare: 7(C- 834).

Gordonia sp.; tree 20-30 feet. Top of Government Hill.
(©. 228 1):

Gordonia anomala, Spring, is a doubtful Penang plant sued
to have been sent to Calcutta from Penang. It isa native of
China.

Archytea Vahti, Choisy ; shrub 6-10 feet; flowers pink.
Batu Feringgi, not seen elsewhere. (C. 1069).

DIPTEROGCARPEA:

Dipterocarpus gvandiflorus, Blanco; “ Kayu minyak”; a
large tree which yields an useful oil. (C. 424). -

Dipterocarpus cornutus, Dyer, large tree 70-80 feet high.
Waterfall, not common. (C. 1402).

Dipterocarpus fagineus, Vesque ; “ Kruen’ ; a large tall tree
yields oil; moderately common on Government Hill up to
1,000 feet. (C. 1401).

Dipterocarpus, sp.; much resembling the preceding and
scarcely distinguishable when not in fruit. Government Hill.
(G21560)e" ae

Dipterocarpus Kerriz, King ; a large tall tree closely resem-
bling the species named after Dr. KERR, but in the absence
of flowers there is some doubt. Waterfall, not common.
(C. 1653). Typical D. Kerrii was collected on Gunong
Tunggal in the Dindings and the local name is ‘‘ Kruen chaia.”
(Co SO).

Dipterocarpus Skinneru, King ; an exceedingly rare species
named in honour of the Resident Councillor of Penang. A
tree about 70 feet high, bark rough, warty. West Hill 1,500
feet, only one tree seen. (C. 1403).

Ancistrocladus extensus, Wall. var. prnangianus ; a ates
woody climber, abundant in places. (C. 774). ,

Anisoptera Curtisii, Dyer. ‘“ Rengkon”; large tree, pretty
common on Government Hill up to 2,000 feet. (CG 428).

Vatica pallida, Dyer; small tree, branches slender, droop-
ing. Common on the lower slopes of the hills and one of the
few Dipterocarps that flowers annually. (C. 117).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 81

Vatica Curtisit, King: medium-sized tree, fruit in young
state brick red. Waterfall, not common. (C. 1579).

Vatica nitens, King; middling-sized tree, not common.
Telok Bahang. (C. 1404).

Vatica Wallichiz, Dyer, ‘“‘ Ressak” small tree, bark smooth
grey, Abundant. (C. 1218 1161 1391).

Shorea glauca, King, ‘Damar laut daun besar” ; large
tree wood hard and durable, one of the best forms of timber
that are locally known as ‘‘ Damar laut.” (C. 372).

Shorea sericea, Dyer, ‘“Seraya” ; large tree, wood easily
worked and used for a variety of purposes. Not common in
Penang. (C. 431).

Shorea Curtis, Dyer; “ Meranti tai”; tree G6o-8o0. feet
high, leaves silvery grey, wood soft but much used for indoor
work, More or less common all over the island. (C. 427-1394-
1395).

Shorea citata, King; medium-sized tree, wood _ hard,
durable. Government Hill, rare. (C. 1578).

Shorea utilis, King, ‘“‘ Damar laut No. satu” ; large tree,
wood hard and close grained. Undoubtedly the best timber
inthe island. Waterfall and Muka Head, too much in demand
to be common. (C. 423).

Shorea puacifiora, King ; medium-sized tree. Government
Fan (G2 1527).

. Shorea parvifolia, Dyer, “‘ Meranti daun kechil” ; tall
straight tree, bark rough deeply grooved. Abundant. (C. 201).

Shorea, sp. near parvifolia but with smaller fruit and pro-
bably a distinct species. West Hill 2,000 feet. (C 437).

Shorea costata, King, ‘Damar laut” ; large tree. Govern-
ment Hill, rare. (199).
| Shorea bracteata, Dyer, “ Semah” tall straight tree.

Waterfall, not common. (C. 1405).

Shorea macroptera, Dyer, tree 50-60 feet high. Govern-
mene rl (C. 1392).

Flopea intermedia, King. ‘“ Jankang ” ; medium-sized tree,
not uncommon. (C. 425-1397). i
Hopea micrantha, Hook fil.; medium-sized rather tall

tree much like the preceding. Government Hill. (C. 266).

82 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Flopea Curtisszz, King ; large straight tree 60-80 feet high ;
immature fruit greenish yellow. Waterfall. (C. 1562).

Balanocarpus pinangianus, King. “Damar itam”; large
tree. Government Hill, &c., common. (C. 1, 420) 1303)me

Balanocarpus Curtis, King; small tree 15-30 feet high,
bark smooth, polished. . Waterfall, abundant in two places.
(C. 1406).

MALVACE.

Sida carpinifolia, L. “‘Katombe.” A shrub 1-2 feet high
flowers yellow. Common. (C. 946, 1894).

Sida rhombefola, L. Not uncommon. (C.). -

Uvena lobaia,:L. “Pulut”; very-common. (G23)
A butilon tndicum, G. Don ; dwarf shrub. Open places near
the coast. (C2127) :
Fiibiscus surattensis, L.; climber. Not common. (C. 70).
Firbiscus abelmoschus, L.; undershrub with large yellow
conspicuous flowers. Open places not common. (C. 1925).

Fiibiscus macropyhllus, Rox. Recorded from Penang with
no collector's namein FI. Brit. Ind. probably an error. Not
collected by me.

Fiibiscus teliaceus, L.; littoral tree, 30-40 feet high. Com-
mon. (©2274).

Thespesia populnea, Cort. “Baru”, a tree 20-gommees
Not common. (C. 1715).

Eriodendron anfractuosum, D.C. A tall tree found in
many native gardens, but not truly wild in Penang. (C.)

Durio stbethinus, L. ‘‘Durian” ; cultivated, and often found
in a half wild state on abandoned land. (C.).

Durio testudinarum, var. penangianus, Beccari; a tall
straight tree; flowers and fruit from the stem, generally within
a few inches of the ground. Fruit round, the size of a large
Orange. West Hill 2/500 feet.\(@ 203):
_ Boschia Griffithiz, Mast.; a tree 30-40 feet; fruit bright
red. ‘Nelok Bahang- (C: 381). :

Neesia synandra, Mast. a ee Not since col-
lected here. i

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 83

SPERCULIACEAs,

Stercuia parvifo ta, Wall,; small tree 15-20 feet. Govern-
ment Fill (C. 526).

Sterculia levis, Wall.; small tree. Government Hill. (C.
1624). |

Sterculia rubiginosa, Vent.; tree 15-20 feet. Penara Bukit.
Not common. (C. 1195-2471).

Stercuta enstfolia, Mast.; shrub 6-10 feet flowers dull red.
Waterfall. (C. 272, 1428, 2299).

Sterculia parvifiora, Roxb.; medium-sized tree 20-30 feet,
conspicuous when in fruit. Not common. (C. 770-1429).

Sterculia colorata, Roxb.; small tree. Government Hill, rare.

(C. 144).

Sterculia hyposticta, Miq.; large shrub. Government Hill,
(G.

Sterculia macrophylla, Vent.; tree 30-40 feet. Waterfall,
rare. (C. 3008).

Sterculia, sp. large tree. Waterfall. (C. 2762).

Sterculia campanuata, Wall. large tree, deciduous; fruit
white. Bukit Pulai. (C.2783).

Tarrietia perakensis, King; tree 40-60 feet high. Govern-
ment Hill 2,400 feet. (C. 2220).

Tarrietia Curtisiz, King; leafy spreading tree 30-40 feet ;
leaves digitate; samara almost black 1,000-2,000 feet. (C.
1427).

fleriteria littoralis, Dryand, ‘‘Dungun”; medium sized
tree. Tidal swamps, common. (C. 517.)

FTelicteres tsora, ..; small tree. Government Hill. (C. 1012).

Flelicteres hirsuta, Lour. var. oblonga. Wallich No. 1183.
George Porter. (C).

Pterspermum Fackanum, Wall. ; tall straight tree. Water-
fall, not uncommon, (C. 783).

Pterospermum Blumeanum, Korth.; small tree. Balik
Pulau: (C. 2772).

Melocha corchorifola, \..; common undershrub. (C. 413). .

Luettneria Fackiana, Wall.; climbing shrub. (C. 86).

Buettnerta Curtisi, Oliv.; climbing shrub, flowers white,

24 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Batu Feringgi and Telok Bahang. (C. 817-1166).
Commersonia platyphyllz, And.; tree 30-40 feet; fl. white.
Waterfall, not common. (C. 776).
Leptonychia glibra, Turez. ; erect shrub 6-10 feet. Common.
(C. 38, 407).

TIL TAGES,

Corchorus olitorius, LL, Telok Bakhang. (C. 2483).

Pentace Curtis, King ; large tree; flowers white. Water-
fallen (Gan 5713). 7

Pentace, sp.; small tree, flowers much smaller than those of
iP Curusi, Penara Bulit: (Cs13006),

Schoutenta accrescens, Mast. ; tree 50-60 feet ; calyx papery,
vellowish white. Waterfall. (C. 1520).

Grewia umbellata, Rox.; scandent shrub. Common. (C.
444-714).

Grewia fibrocarpa, Mast.; small tree; drupe pyriform, yellow.
Government Hill. (C: 522-1712).

Grewia globulifera, Mast.; medium-sized tree. Penara
Bukit (Cy244)):

Grewia laurifolia, Hk. fil.; small tree. Government Hill
500 feet (©. 183, 14838):

Grewia paniculata, Roxb. ‘“‘Chindrie”; small tree 15-30 feet
high ; ripe drupes the size of a pea, black edible. (C. 108).

Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq.; undershrub 2-3 feet high
Goast) (Cr 4s45 2141).

Eleocarpus Ganitrus, Roxb.; tree 30-40 feet; Penara
Bukit, not common, (C. 775).

Eleocarpus parvifolius, Wall. , tree 25-30 feet not uncom-
mon at 2,000-2,500 feet on Government Hill. (C. 310, 376).

FEleocarpus stipularis, Bl. ; not seen.

Eleocarpus nitidus, Jack; small tree. Waterfall (C. 282-
463).

ileocarpus robustus, Roxb.; large tree. Telok Bahang.
(C. 1,049).

Eleocarpus glabrescens, Mast. ; middling sized tree. Govern-
ment Hill. (C. 1,092). Wee

Eleocarpus Griffithii, Mast. ; not seen. King’s collector.

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &c. 85

Eleocarpus pedunculata, Wall.; small tree, rather common
and conspicuous when in flower. (C. 256).

Eleocarpus apiculatus, Mast. Collected by Wallich No. 3960.

Eleocarpus petiolatus, Wall.; tree 25-30 feet. Waterfall,
not uncommon. (C. 383, 464).

Eleocarpus Hullettit, King, small tree. (C. 1,091).

Eleocarpus Fackiana, Wall.; tree. (C. 465).

EINE AS,

Roucheria (rrifithiana, P. C.; large climbing shrub, flower
yellow. (C. 165, 207).

Erythrovylon burmanicum, Griff. “Chinta mula’; tree
25-30 feet, fruit red. Waterfall (C.).
_ Ixonanthes wosandra, Jack. Wallich No. 4409 and 4802.
(C2717):

Tvonanthes obovata, Hook. fil.; not seen.

Txonanthes reticulata, Jack; medium-sized tree. Govern-

ment Hill. (C. 978).

MALPIGHIACE:.

Brachylophon Curtisiz, Oliv. ; erect shrub 3-5 feet, fl. yellow.
Not uncommon along the Coast. (C. 231).

Fiiptage madablota, Gertn.,; climbing shrub. (C. 1159-
1501).

Fiiptage sericea, Hk. fil. Wallich 1814. Balik Pulau. (C. 15 25).

Aspidopterys concava, A. Juss.; flexuous climber. Govern-
meént Hill 1,000 feet. (C. 138-708).
_ Aspidopterys, sp., climber. Telok Bahang. (C. 195).

GERANIACEZE:

Oxals corniculata, L.; common creeping weed with yellow
flowers. (C. 1836).

Oxalis Martiana, Zucc., herb common en Government
Hill. ; Introduced. (C. 17206).

Biophytum sensitivum, D.C.; herb 6-10 in. petals yellow;
not common. (C. 2144).

Hydrocera triflora, W. & A. Paddy fields and ditches.
(CX F196).

86 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

RUGTACHA.

Evodia Roxburghiana, Benth. Not seen. Collected by
Wallich No. 8065. |

L:vodia robusta, Hook. fil.; large shrub. Government Hill.
(Ge iiziss))-

Evodia latifia, D.C.; small tree. Pulau Betong. (C. 731-
939).
Evodia glabra, Bl. Tree 40-50 feet. Waterfall. (C. 2428),

Tetractomia Roxburghit, Hk. F.; tree 20-30 feet; fl. white.
Government Hill, not uncommon. (C. 281).

Xanthoxylum myriacanthum, Wall.; tree 25-30 feet; stem
covered with prickles, rare. (C.1,076). |

Acronychia laurifolia, Bl.; tree 20-30 feet (C. 315, 374, 694).

Acronychia Portert, Hk. fil., a smaller and much less com-
mon tree than the preceeding. (C. 1,140, 1,162).

Glycosmis pentaphyla, Correa; small shrub, fruit round
white + inch in diameter, a very variable plant. (C. 89).

Glycosmis sapindoides, Lind.; small shrub. Government
Hill, not uncommon. (C. 722).

Glycosmis puberula, Lind.; small tree. Government Hill,
not uncommon. (C. 88, 1,223).

Micromelum pubescens, Dl (C2 137.60):

Micromelum hirsutum, Oliv.; shrub. Ayer Hitam. c. 1436).

Clausena excavata, Burm. ; “Chenamah” small tree 10-20
feet. Common near the Coast. (Cn 5o).

Paramignya Gropithi, Hk. fil.; Wallich No. 6,358. Penang.
G. Porter is the only authority for this, which was probably
not collected here.

Paramignya monophylla, Wight.; large climbing shrub
with axillary spines I inch long; fruit (unripe) 4-2 inch
long. Waterfall. (C. 2,207). } le

Atalantia Roxburghiana, Hk. fil; “A _ native of Pulo
Pinang” Roxburgh. A very little known plant. Not identified.

Atalantia monophylla, Corr.; small tree; not uncommon.
(C2467): |

3 SIMARUBE.

Atlantus malabarica, D. C.; tall tree, conspicuous when in

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, 87

young fruit. Waterfall. (C. 710).

Eurycoma longifolia, Jack. ;‘‘ Tongkat barinda” small tree,
commons (C.\141).

Eurycoma apiculata, A. W. B.; small tree 6-10 feet high.
Waterfall: (C; 2,763). a

OCHNACEZ.

Gomphia sumatrana, Jack; ‘ Jangot Klee,” small tree;
petals yellow. Not uncommon near the Court. (C. 221).

Gomphia Flookeriz, Planch, larger than the preceeding ; fruit
boca red. Government Hilly (GC, 1147, 2154).

Euthemis leucocarpa, Jack; small erect shrub; berries
white (C. 1768). ;

Euthemis minor, Jack. Not seen.

BURSERACE As:

Canarium commune, L. The only tree known to me in
Penang is cultivated. (C.).

Canarium nitidum, Benn. ; small tree. Ayer Hitam (C. 495).

Canarium grandifiorum, Benn.; small tree. Government
tail (€; 803, 950): ;

Canarium, sp.; tree 30 ft.; fruit ovate, I in long. Muka
ead-and Government Hill. (C. 1432;1433).

Canarium purpurascens, Benn.; small tree. Government
Pinller2oomt) (C€..862).

Canarium hirtelum, Benn.; small tree, Government Hill
(€; 656):

Canarium laxum, Benn. ; tree 30-40 ft. Government Hill
(Ca 143):

Canarium, sp.; small tree. West Hill. (C. 154.4),

Canarium pilosum, Benn. ?; tree 30-40 ft. (2251).

Canarium vugosum, Miq.; tree 20-30 ft. Muka Head.

(C. 1434). |
MELIACEZ.

Melia tomentosa, Rox. Not identified. A drawing of this at
Kewand Roxburgh’s description are all that are known of
it. Roxburgh says “a native of Pulo Pinang where it

88 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

grows into a large tree” and gives Malay name Barang
bahee possible an error for Berangan babi.
Melia excelsa, Jack. Not identified, collected by Jack only
here.
Dysoxylum caulifiorum, Hiern; tree 30-40 feet, flowers
white, often from old wood. Government Hill. (C. 204).
Dysoxylum cuneatum. Hiern; small tree. West Hill. (C.
1045).
ine sp. ; near dinectariferum, tree 30-40 feet ; fruit
pink, 2-3 in. Government Mill. 4C. 2437):
Chisocheton spicatus, Hiern ; small tree. Not common. (C..
655).
Chisocheton pendulifiorus, Bl.; small tree 10-15 feet with a
stem 2 in. diam. Government Hill. (C. 460).
Chisocheton divergens, Bl.; small tree. Pulau Betong, rare.
(C. 892).
Chisocheton glomeratus, Hiern. Collected by Porter (Wall
Cat. 9040).
Chisocheton, sp. : small tree, racemes 20-24 in., pendulous ;
capsules I in. , bright pink: (Ce 2205)
Chisocheton princeps, Hemsley; tree 40 feet. Waterfall.
(CMG):
Chisocheton, sp ; tree 60 feet; leaves 5-6 feet; panicles as
long as the leaves ; fl. dirty white. Pulau Bone. (c 2269).
Chisocheton, sp.; tree 60-70 feet; capsule 1}-1% in. ; flesh
colored, I-2 seeded ; arillus bright red (C. 2467-2468).
See indicum, Cov. , ‘‘Sentol” large tree, cultivated ;
doubtful if indigenous in Penang. (C.).
Aglaia odorata, Lour. is not wild in Penang. (C.).
Aglaia tenutecaulis, Aiern;small tree with a stem 2-3 in.
diam.- Governiment ill (©. 747).
Aglaia minutifiora, Bedd.; small tree; branches slender,
drooping. Not uncommon. (C. 894-961).
Aglaia minutifiora, var. Griffithit. (C. 2003).
Aglaia palembanica, Mig. Government Hull. (C. 768).
Aglaia, sp. aff. paniculata, King. Small tree. (C. 895-896.
Aglaia, sp. ; spreading tree 30-40 feet ; fruit pyriform, silvery
grey. Waterfall. (C. 2287).

_ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 89

Agtaia, sp. small tree; fruit ovate, brown. (2448).

Lansium domesticum, Jack. is cultivated, not wild. (C.)

Amoora rohituka, WW. & A ; small tree. Not common.
(C3960): |

Fleynea trijuga, Rox. ; large tree. Penara Bukit. (C. 676).

Carapa moluccensis, Lam.; ‘“‘ Nireh” small tree. Com-
mon in swamps. (G. 515, 742).

Cedrela Toona, Rox.; one very large tree on the top of
Government Hill, probably planted there. (C. 826). }

Meliacea ? small tree. Moniot’s Road 2,000 feet (C. 1,690).

CHATTER ED IAC RAs:

Chailletia Laurocerasus, Pl. ; scandent or climbing shrub,
common on Government Hill. (C. 152).

Chailletia, sp. Wall. Cat., 7443 referred to in Fl. B. Ind.
I have not seen ; there appears but the one species in Penang.

ONIN EAs.

Ximenia americana, Will.; large shrub. Bata Feringgi, in
damp places. (C:1572)..

Erythropalum scandens, Bl. ; climbing shrub. Waterfall.
(C. 2777).

Ochanostachys amentacea, Mast. ; tree 50 feet, fruit globular
2-24 inch, Government Hill. (C. 1500).

Ctenolophon grandifolius, Oliv. ; large tree ; flower reddish,
fracrant. | Muka Tlead) rare. (C..721).

Strombosia javanica, Bl. not met with.

Strombosia, sp.; not the preceeding. (C. 859).

Lastanthera malaccensis, Mast. ; small tree (C. 912, 957).

Gomphandra penangiana, Wall. ; small tree 10-15 feet. (C.
1225).
- Gomphandra, sp. shrub 2-4 feet ; leaves } + 4-5 inch. West
Riilig2a cootteet. (C1 1265, 727).

Pteleocarpa malaccensis, Oliv. ; tall tree ; flower yellow,
very showy when in bloom, not uncommon. (C. 835, 1,494).

Phytocrene bracteata, Wall.; large climber. Balik Pulau.
Gui754):

Phytocrene oblonga, Wall. Not seen. Porter collected it.

90 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Phytocrene palmata, Wall. Much more common than P4%.
bracteata. Government Hill, &c. (C. 2327).

Todes olbonga, P\.; long slender flexuous climber; flower
white. Waterfall. Not common. (C. 2 438).

Platea latifolia, Bl.? tree 30-40 feet; fruit pear-shaped,
yellow, 1 inch long. Near the waterfall. (C. 2,421).

[LICINE AE

Llex macrophylla, Wall. ‘“Medang tulok”; tree 25-30 feet.
Common in ail parts of the Island. (C. 290, 379, 304). |

llex Maingayu, Hk. fil.; tree 20-25 feet. Top of Govern-
ment IHillsrare: (CG. 2152). |

Llex cymosa, Bl.; small tall tree. Batu Feringgi. (C. 1036).

CELASTRINE.

Eunonymus javanicus, Bl.; small tree. Not uncommon.
(C. 736).

Micropteris bivalvis, Wall.; small tree. Government Hill
2000-2500 feet. (©. O50, 1052, 1O25 727): | :

Micropteris, sp.; large shrub. Moniot’s Road. (C. 345,
1531).

Micropteris, sp.; small tree. West Hill. (C. 968).

Lophopetalum pallidum, Laws.; medium sized tree (C. 1577).

Lophopetalum reflexum, Laws.?; tree 40-50 feet. (C. 1502).

Lophopetalum, sp.; tree. Government Hill. (C.1501).

Lophopetalum, sp.; tree about 40 feet. Government Hill
ZOO weet (Cx 570):

Celastrus monosperma, Wall.; large climbing shrub.
Government Hill, (C. 404). |

Kurrimia pulcherrima, Wall.; tree 30-40 ft. (C. 1064,
1106). wf

Kurrimia paniculata, Wall.; medium-sized tree 30-40 ft* °
Government Hill. (C. 307).

Hippocratea, sp., small tree. West Hill, rare) (Gye

Salacia flavescens, Kurz; large scandent shrub. Govern-
meme ell (Cr 12). |

Salacia longifolia, Hook. f. ; small tree 20 ft. Government
Hill, not uncommon. (C. 134, 1266).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. QI

Salacia grandiflora, Kurz; large scandent shrub. Govern-
mente rill (€s 15.1 ):

Salacia grandifiora, vatiety?; a much smaller plant.
(C. 249, 1737).

Salacia oblonga, Wall.? scandent shrub; fruit green, the
size of a small orange. (C. 693). |

Salacia Griffithiz, Laws. ? (C. 692).

Salacia sp.; scandent shrub. West Hill. (C. 1704).

Siphonodon celastrineus, Griff. not identified.

RHAMNEZ:.

Ventilago leiocarpa, Benth. ; large climbing shrub. (C. 311,
725 We):
ee i noplia, Mill. ; large shrub. (C. 107).
Zizyphus calophylla, Wall.; large climbing shrub. Not un-
common. (C. 119).
Colubrina astatica, Brongn. “Prea Pantie;’ a common
coast plant. (C. 236).

AMPELIDE-.

Cissus guadrangularis, L.;is cultivated, the leaves and
shoots being used in curries. Not seen ina wild state. (C.)

Cissus hastata. Planch. Not seen. Porter.

Cissus glaberrima, Wall. Not common. (C..1138).

Cissus repens, Lamk. Penara Bukit, not common. (1135.)

Cissus adnata, Roxb. Not seen.

Cissus carnosa, Lam. Common. (C. 187).

Cissus angustifolia, Wall. ; fl. sweet scented, retaining their
perfume long after being dried. (C. 1137).

Cissus mollissima, Wall. Muka Head. (C. 1435).

Ampelocissus thyrsifiora, Planch. (C. 3122).

Ampelocissus cinnamomea, Wall. (C. 47).

Ampelocissus compositifolia, Planch. Not identified. Penang,
collected by Philips.

Ampelocissus nitida, Planch. Not identified. Wallich.

Ampelocissus polystachya, Planch. Collected by Walker.

Tetrastigma peduncularis, Wall. Not seen. Wallich No.
6024.

g2 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C;

Tetrastigma lanceolarium, Planch. Government Hill 685.

Tetrastigma pedata, Vahl. Not identified. Lawson gives it
for Penang in Flor. Brit. Ind. but with no collector’s name.

Cissus, sp.; undetermined in herb. Penang. (C. 1051, 1241,
1245).

Pterisanthes araneosa, Mig. ; leaves simple, cordatei toothed.
(C. 168).

Pterisanthes, sp.; leaves trifoliate, leaflets lanceolate, $ in.
broad. Government Hill. (C. 761). |

Leea rubra, Bl.; small erect shrub. Penara Bukit, rare.
(C. 1107).

Leea sambucina, Willd. ; erect shrub 6-10 feet. Very com-
MMOs (Os OO):

SAPINDACEAE,

Cardiospermum hakcacabum, L.; annual climbing weed.
Not common. (C. 349).

Evioglossum edule, Bl. ; tree 20-30 feet ; ripe fruit almost
back (Cx Zon):

Allophyllus Cobbe, Bl. ; small tree. Government Hill, not
uncommon. (C. 340, 771, 1264).

Mischocarpus fuscescens, Bl.; small tree. Government
Fill (C. 1243).

Cupania glabrata, Kurz., tree 30-40 feet. Top of Govern-
ment Hill. (C. 1041). |

Cupania pleuropteris, Bl.; small tree. (C. 646).

Var. byuga, tree 20-40 feet (C. 789, 1158).

Cupania Lessertiana, Camb.; tree, small on the coast,
larger on the Hill. (C.227, 288). | |

Lepisanthes cuneata, Hiern. Not identified. Penang. Porter.

Otophora paucyuga, Hiern,; small tree. Government. Hill.
(C. 1164).

Xerospermum Noroniianum, Bl. ; small tree. (C. 846, 1232,
2285).

Nephelium, sp.; large tree. Government Hill: (C. 1575).

Pometia tomentosa, Kurz,; large spreading tree, 50 feet
shledoly (Ga) terete) ),

A CATALOGUEOF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 93

Dodonea viscosa, \.. Telok Bahang. (C. 2847).

Turpinia spherocarpa, Hassk.; tree 40-50 feet. Govern-
ment Eill 2000 feet. (C.. 1033, 1717).

Sapindacee ; small tree ; leaves pinnate. (C. 1600).

SABIACEE.

Sabta limoniacea, Wall. ; climbing shrub. Sungei Penang.
(©) 1221).

Melhosma lancifolia, Hook fil. ; small tree. Government Hill,
rare. (C. 1285).

ANACARDIACE-.

Mangifera quadrifida, Jack. Not identified.

Mangifera fetida, Lour. ‘‘ Bachang” ; large tree common
in orchards, often on abandoned land, but not truly wild.
(C. 1747).

Mangifera, sp.; large tree ; leaves 12-15 in. by 3-4 in. ;
fruit round, about 3 in. Government Hill. (C. 1598).

Mangifera, sp. ; small tree ; fruit not seen. (C. 1496).

Mangifera, sp.; tree 25-30 ft. fruit ovate, brown, 3 X 24
in. long. Telok Bahang, rare. (C.)

Mangifera, sp.;tree 30-40 ft.; fruit. globular 14-2 in.
Telok Bahang. (C. 2306).

Anacardium occidentale, L.. quite common in sandy places
near the coast. (Introduced) (C.)

Bouea microphylla, Griff. ‘“Rumania;’ compact growing
tree 20-40 ft. Waterfall and Government Hill. (C. 223).

Bonea macrophylla, Griff. is cultivated not wild in Pen-
ang. (C.)

Gluta elegans, Wall; small tree; drupes 1-14 in. long ;
calyx red, petals white. Common. (C. 153, 1062).

Buchanania lucida, Bl. ; tree 20-40 ft. Government Hill.
(C. 319, 696).

Buchanania acuminata, Turez. ; medium sized tree.
(C. 154).

Melanorrhea Curtisii, Oliv. “ Rengas ;” large tree, heart-
wood dark red, juice poisonous. (C. 242, 433).

Swintonia Griffithiz, Kurz; large tall tree. Waterfall.

(C. 1579).

94 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS &C.

Swintonia spicifera, Hk. f. ““Moopoo,” large tree, abun-
dant in one or two places. (C. 371).

Odina wodter, Roxb.; I have seen but a single tree which
may have been introduced. (C. 1499).

Parishia Maingayu, Hk. f.; small tree; young fruit full of
white milky juice. Waterfall. (C. 2264).

Campnosperma Griffithiz, March.; tree 50-60 ft.; leaves of
young plants 2-3 times larger than in adult trees. Govern-
ment Hill. (C. 1037).

Spondias mangifera,. Willd. “Kadongdong”; often met
with on abandoned land: not truly wild. (C. 752).

Dracontomelum mangiferum, Bl. Not met with. Collected
by Maingay perhaps from a cultivated tree.

Anacardiacee, L.: tree 60 feet; bark rough, juice black,
resinous. (C. 1567).

Anacardiacee, L.; tree 40-50 feet; drupe 1-} in. Govern-
ment Hill. (C. 2475).

CONNARACE:.

Agelea vestitta, Hk. F.; large scandent shrub. Telok
Bahang. Not common. (C. 1556).

Rourea rugosa, Pl.; scandent shrub. Government Hill.
(Cx 1919);

Rourea similis, Bl. Government Hill, near the chalet. (C.
473). |
Aspe pubinervis, Hook. fil.; collected by Porter.
(Wall Cat 9050). Batu Ferengy. (C. 2749). .

Connarus ferrugineus, Jack. Not seen. .

Connarus semidecandrus, Jack. Not seen. Philips, Wallich.

Connarus gibbosus, Wall.; tree. Telok Bahang. (C. 1151
2899).

Connarus grandis, Jack ; small tree. Telok Bahang. (C. 27).

Connarus oligophyllus, Pl. Not identified. Porter.

Cnestis ramifiora, Griff.; climbing shrub. (C. 145-1157).

Ellipanthus Griffithit, Hk. F.; small tree. Government Hil
near the chalet. (1014-1097).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.95

LEGUMINOSE.

Crotolaria retusa, L.,; undershrub. coast. (C. 109).

Crotolaria striata, D.C. is very common. (C.)

Millettia sericea, W. & A.; large climbing shrub; pod
almost black, velvety. Penara Bukit. (C. 844).

Millettia evtantha, Benth. ; climbing shrub. Telok Bahang,
not cominon. (C. 338).

Millettia atropurpurea, Benth. ; tree 30-40 ft. attaining a
mogerate size. Not uncommon. (C.. 182).

Millettia, sp. ; climbing shrub. Penara ae (Cs 11oo);

Wiicinag sp. wee. lelok Bahang. (C€: 1160).

Tephrosia Hookeriana, W. and A. ; undershrub 4-6 ft. (C.
1878).

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers.; Undershrub 2- 4 ft (CI 1805):

Uraria crinita, Desv. ; shrubby perennial ; flowers laven-
der. (C. 916).

Alysicarpus vaginalis, D.C. is common in open grassy
places, especially at the Waterfall. (C. 1893).

Desmodium umbellatum, D.C.; shrub 6-10 ft.; corolla
winter Welok Bahame on the: beach. (©: 1082).

Desmodium polycarpum, D.C. ; shrub 2-3 ft. Ayer Hitam.
(C. 392, 459).

Desmodium triflorum, D.C. Waterfall, common. (C.
1842).

Desmodium heterophyllum, D.C. not seen.

Abrus precatortus, L.; slender climber, very common.
(Gy AN).

Mucuna acuminata, Gran. not seen.

Erythrina indica, Lam. “ Dadap ;” is commonly planted,
but not truly wild in Penang. (C.)

Spatholobus Roxburghit, Benth. var. denudatus. Not seen.

Spatholobus gyrocarpus, Benth.; large woody climber.
Government Hill, (€. 271).

Spatholobus acuminatus, Benth. Probably not a native.

Spatholobus crassifolius, Benth. ‘‘ Penang 1822. Wallich.”
Doubtless an error. It is a native of North India.

Dioclea reflexa, Hook. fil. not seen. “Penang or Singapore”
Wallich. Probably not native. Bee

96 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Pueraria phaseoloides, Benth. Not identified. |

Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rich. is cultivated. (C.).

Cajanus indicus, Spreng. Introduced. ? (C. 118).

Flemingia congesta, Roxb. ; shrub 2-4 feet. Not uncommon.
(C237, 1926).

Dalbergia Championt, Thwaites?; large woody climber.
Government Hill. (C. 1572).

Dalbergia tamarindifolia, Roxb.; large woody climber.
Waterfall. (C. 1492).

Dalbergia monosperma, Dalz.; climbing shrub. Telok
Bahang. (C. 220).

Dalbergia, sp. ; climbing shrub ; pod 2-3 inches long. Ayer
itam. 9(C. 1437): :
- Pterocarpus indicus, Willd.; is the principal shade tree
planted in Penang. Not wild. (C).

Pongamia glabra, Vent.; tree 30-40 feet. Not uncommon
along the Coast. (C. 382). ,

Derris scandens, Benth.; climbing shrub. Common on
the banks of tidal rivers. (C. 279).

Derris uliginosa, Benth.; climbing shrub. (C. 918).

Derris elliptica, Benth. ‘‘ Akar tubah”’; cultivated root
used as an insecticide and for poisoning fish. Not seen ina
wild state. (C. 1438). |

Dervis thyrsifiora, Benth. ; robust climber. (C. 248, 802).

Derris, sp.; large climbing shrub, not referable to any of
the above. Waterfall. (C.) :

Cesalpinia Bonducella, Flem.; straggling shrub. Tanjong
Bunga. (C. 99).

Cesalpinia sepiaria, Roxb.; climbing prickly shrub. Top of
Government Hill. (C. 385). |

Cesalpinia digyna, Rottb. Tanjong Bunga. (C. 448).

Peltophorum ferrugineum, Benth. ; tree 25-30 feet ; corolla -
yellow. A coast plant. (C. 370).

Cassia occidentahs, L.; dwarf undershrub, common. (C.131).

Cassia sophora, \. ; not identified.

Cassia siamea, Lam. ; small tree. (C. 92).

Cassia mimosoides, L.. ; perennial 6-18 in.; corolla yellow.
common on Government Hill. (C. 829).

ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &c. 97

Cassia Klein, W.& A.; shrubby 2 feet. Government Hill.
(Gp

Cassia javanica, L.; tree 30-40 feet. Waterfall. (C. 1576).

Cynometra polyandra, Roxb. is quoted from Penang and
Malacca in the Flora of British India without any collector’s
name. Wallich and Roxburgh only got it in Khasiya and Silhet.

Cynometra cauliflora, L. “Nam-nam”; is cultivated; not
seen wild. (C.)

Sindera Wallichiz, Benth. ; large tree ; timber much valued.
Not common. (C. 430).

Diahum Maingayiz, Baker. ‘ Kranji”; large tree, fruit
sometimes eaten. (C. 440).

Saraca triandra, Baker ; small tree. Government Hill, not
common. (C. 163-647). :

Bauhinia tomentosa, L. Penang, in the Fl. Brit. Ind. with
no collector's name. It is certainly not wild in the peninsula.

Bauhinia cornifolia, Baker; climbing shrub. Government
fill (E208).

Bauhinia emarginata, Jack ; collected by Porter.

Bauhinia integrifolia, Roxb.; large woody climber ; far
more common than any of the other sps. (C. 300-500).

Bauhinia bidentala, Jack; petals orange; handsome plant
when in flower. Government Hill. (C. 136).

Bauhinia, sp. near bidentata. Top of Government Hill.
(C. 488).

Bauhinia elongata, Korth. Not identified. Collected by
Porter. (Wallich 5782).

Bauhinia glauca, Wall. Not identified. 3

Bauhinia ferruginea, Roxb, vat. Griffithiana. (C. 784).
vat excelsa. (C. 211).

Bauhinia purpurea, L. is cultivated, not wild I think. (C.).

Bauhinia lucida, Wall. is only known from leaf specimens
of a plant collected at Calcutta said to have come from Penang.
(No. 57790).

Bauhinia, sps. undetermined. (C. 801,1541).

Neptunia oleracea, Lour.; floating herb; fl. yellow. Not
common. (C.).

Entada scandens, Benth. ; large climber. Government Hill.

(. Ets).

98 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS; -&C. |

Adenanthera pavonina, L. is often found growing near
villages, but never in the forest. (C.).

Parkia biglandulosa, W.& A. is commonly cultivated. (C), |

Leucena glauca, Benth. ; large shrub. Waterfall. (C. 49)...

Mimosa pudica, L. is one of the pests of the island, (C.).

Acacia Farnesiana, Willd. Not uncommon, but a doubtful -
native (C.).

Acacia pennata, Willd. var. pluricapitata ; not seen.

Albigzia lebbek, Benth. ; tall tree. Telok Bahang. (C. 206).

Albizsia myriophylla, Benth. ; - small tree. , (G., 788el7oeyees

Albizzia, sp. ; tree: 30-40 feet: pod 6:X 24 in. Waterfall.
(Ce 1921):

Calliandra umbrosa, Benth. ; quoted without authority for

Penang in Flora of ‘British India was really collected in | |

Silhet. |
Pithecolobium dulce, Beatie. largely used ashe (he — ”
(C.)
Pithecolobium bubalinum, Benth. Not seen. 4
Pithecolobium microcarpum, Benth. ; small tree. (C. 1093).
Pithecolobium fasciculatum, Benth. ; small : tréey 7 rate
(C. 720)... : 7 |
Pithecolobinm lobatum, Benth. ‘ Jering’’; tree 20-30 feet.
(C. 105-711). os Ae ee
Pithecolobium contortum, Mart. Snpule 4-10 feet. (C.. 19-264).
Pithecolobium BREE: Benth. small tree. Ayer Hutam:;;
(C. 209-489). eee
Pithecolobium angulatum, Benth.: spreading tree. (C.:
489). | | —
ROSACE Zz: We
Farinarium, costatum, Bl. ‘“ Poko Obie;”. tree 30-40 ft. .
(C. 259). ria. |
Parinarium oblongifolium, Hook, f. ?::;tree about Goi
drupe 14-13 in. (C. 2163). | pe
Parinarium asperulum, Mig. ; tree 30-40 ft. ; petals white;
(2 263):
Parinarium Prien Hook. fil. ; small tree 20-25 ft. ; drupe
round the size of a large pea. (C. 147, 853). :
Parinarium Grifithianum, Benth ; large tree; drupe 1 Lin.

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 99

long of a dark colour. Muka Head, not common. (C. 1514,
2416).

Parastemon ivophiyllimn, A; DiC; small tree.” branches
slender. (C. 1149, 2480). )

Prunus martabanica, Hook. -f.; tree 40-50 ft. Government
ral (Ce. 1512):

Pygeum lanceolatum Wook. f.; tree 20-30 ft.; branches
slender, drooping. (C. 216, 735).

Pygeum parvifiorum, Teys. and Binnend.; tree 20-30 ft. ;
fruit black. Government Hill &c., common. (C. 162).

Pygeum, sp., tree 30-40 ft.; fruit 2? in. Nalm. (C. 938).

Rubus glomeratus, Bl,; common in all parts of the Island.
(C. 74).

Rubus moluccanus, L. not seen. -

Fragaria indica, ’‘Andr.; does not occur other than as a
cultivated plant. (C.)

| SAXIFRAGACE.
Polyosma integrifolia, Bl.; tree 30-40 ft. Penara Bukit.
(G21081).

Polyosma mutabils, Bl. ; tree 20-30 ft. Not uncommon.
(C. 377, 758).

Polyosma, sp. tree larger in all its parts than either of the
Beans may be a form of P. integrifolia. (C1165).

CRASSULACEAS..
BT calycinum, Salisb.; herb 2-3 feet. Common. (C.)
HAMAMELIDE/:.

Wate malayana, Oliv.; tree about 25 feet tall with a
stem 6-9 inches diameter. Government Hill. (C. 659).

RHIZOPHORE.

Rizophora conjugata, L.; tree 20-40 feet, largely used for
firewood. Common in tidal swamps. (C. 516).
al ertopetala, W. &. A.; tree not uncommon.
514).
oe integerrima, De-Gy; tree: so feet. + Government
Hill 1000-2000 feet, not common. (C. 1078).
Pellacalyx axillaris, Korth.; medium-sized tree. (C. 937).

100 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

eae Saccardianus, Scort.; small tree. Penara Bukit.
(Cs 1031):

Gynotroches axillaris, Miq; tree 25-30 feet, very common.
(C. 324, 865).

Antsophyllea zeylanica, Benth. var.; tree 25-30 feet;
branches slender, drooping. West Hill. (C. 746).

Anisophyllea grandifola, Henslow; tree 30-40 feet. Govern-
ment Hill, not uncommon. (C. 521).

Anisophyllea, sp.; tree 30-40 feet; drupe globular, 2-24
inches. (This may be A. Griffithiz). Waterfall. (Cogs: 1511).
COMBRETACE:.

Calycopteris floribunda, Lamk.; large shrub. Waterfall
(C, Sa). ,
Combretum squamosum, Roxb.; large scandent shrub. (C. 258

1077). |
Combretum chinense, Roxb. Not identified. Collected by
Porter.
Combretum acuminatum, Roxb. Large climber, petals yel-
lowish white. Balik Pulau. (C. 2474).
Quisqualis densifiora, Wall. ,; scandent shrub. (C. 1go, 889).
MYRTACE&.

Tristania Whitiana, Griff. Not seen.

Tristania Maingayi, Duthie; ‘“ Palawan” tree 20-40 feet ;
bark smooth, grey. Government ‘ai &c.; common (Gy238)

Rhodamnia trinervia, Bl. ; ‘ Monkoyan” tree 25 feet or more.
Common. (C. 51).

Rhodamnia? sp.; tree 40 feet. Penara Bukit 1000 feet.
(C. 1446).

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight; “Kamunting”; shrub 4-
10 feet ; abundant in places, fruit eaten. (C. 200).

Decaspermum paniculatum, Kurz , small tree 15-20 feet; not
uncommon: (C. 33, 177).

Eugenia malaccensis, L. is cultivated. (C).

Eugenia Fambos, L. is not wild. (C).

Eugenia javanica, Lamk. ;? small tree, not common. (C. 1114)

Eugenia grandis, Wight; “ Krean batu ”: , large trees value
able timber. Common near the coast. (C. 751 ye

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, 101 |

Eugenia filiformis, Wall; small tree; branches slender,
drooping. Government Hill. (C. 744, 1443).

Eugenia ramosissima, Wall.; tree. Pulau Betong. (C. 973).

Eugenia inophyla, Rox. (C. 974)?

Eugenia Thumra, Rox.; medium-sized tree. Waterfall.
(Cr2710):

Eugenia acuminatissima, Kurz; tree. Government Hill.
(C. 179).

Eugenia clavifilora, Rox. in Flora of British India, is queried
for Penang by Wallich in his catalogue which is apparently
the only authority for its being a Penang plant.

Eugenia leptantha, Wight ; medium-sized tree ; fruit black,
edible, “(C: (697, 740).

Eugenia zeylanica, Wight ; tree 20-30 feet, common. (C. 317,
SII, 2245).

Eugenia grata, Wall. ‘“Gelam Tikus”; small tree; bark
used for tanning ‘purposes. (C. 756).

Eugenia penangiana, Duthie; medium-sized tree. Govern-
ment onill Goo feet. (C: 193).

Eugenia skiophila, Duthie. Government Hill in deep
shaded ravines. Maingay. Not met with since.

Eugenia chlorantha, Duthie; tree. West Hill 1,500 ft.
(C. 180, 1448).

Eugenia lineata, Bl.; small tree. Muka Head &c., (C. 728
976 ? 2417).

Eugenia bracteolata, Wight ; small tree. Government Hill
(C. 247, 1089).

Eugenia valdevenosa, Duthie ; small tree. Government Hill
at 2,000-2,500 feet. (C. 55).

Eugenia expansa, Wall. Not identified. (Wall. cat. 3,567)
collected by himself.

Eugenia subdecussata, Wall.; small tree. West Hill 2,500
ft (€) 864).

Eugenia oblata, Wall?; large branching tree. Government
PillC@, 272).

Eugenia levicaulis, Duthie; small tree. (C. 2246).

Eugenia brachiata, Rox. ‘“Krean batu;’ tree “25-30 feet.
Waterfall, common. (C. 32).

102 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.°

Eugenia verecunda, Wall?; tree. Government Hill. (C
654).
Eugenia, sps. undetermined in Herb. Penang. (C. 194,
653, 666, 759, 1000, 1152, 1442) 1604,:2224, 2228).
Pseudeugenia perakensis, Scort.; large shrub; not un-
common on Government Hill. (C. 461, 886). |
Barringtonia speciosa, Forst.; medium-sized tree. (C.
909 }. 7
Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn.; tree 25-30 ft.; not
common. (C. 397). | |
MELASTOMACE.

Melastoma malabathricum, L.; shrub 3-6 ft. (C. 71).

Melastoma imbricatum, Wall. ; not identified. Wall. 4047,

Melastoma molle, Wall.; shrub 3-5 feet. Government Hill
1000-2000 ft., not common. (C. 683).

Melastomma appressum, Wall.; Penang Hill, Hullett.

Melastoma longifolium, Naud. Government Hill Road to
Penara Bukit at 1800 feet. (C. 2789).

Allomorplia exigua, Bl.;? shrub 1-3 feet, common. (C.
73,399).

Sonerila erecta, Jack; stem 3-12 inches; common from
1000-2000 feet (C. 1238).

Sonerila affinis, Arn.; stem 3-6 inches. Government Hill
2000-2500 feet ; not common, (C.)

Sonerila moluccana, Roxb. ; stem I-2 inches. Not uncom-
mon in damp shady places from sea-level up to 2000 feet.
(Cr 12): ;

Marumia nemorosa, Bl. ; large climbing shrub ; flower large,
pink. Penara Bukit, rare. (C. 1008).

Dissochata annulata, Hook. fil. West Hill (C740)

Dissocheta punctulata, Hook. fil. Said to have been ‘eoneered |
here by Walker. Wants confirmation.

Dissocheta bracteata, Bl.; large twining shrub. Govern-
ment Hill 500-1000 feet. c 2298, 80?)

Dissocheta palida, Bl Government Hill. (C. 2297).

Dissocheta intermedia, Bl, Not identified. Wallich 4052.
> Dissocheta celebica, Bl. Not identified. Wallich No, 4050
4052 pars. These two numbers are labelled Singapore and

ACATALOGUEOF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, 103

- Penang 1822 and were probably obtained only in the former
locality.

Dissocheta gracilis, Bl.; slender twining shrub. (GC: 308).

Dissocheta? sp. undetermined. (C. 1078).

Anplectrum glaucum, Triana. Not seen. Collected by
McNair, Jack, Wallich, etc.

Anplectrum pallens, Bl.; twining shrub, branches slender.
Government Hill 1000-2500 feet. (C. 471).
Anplectrum divaricatum, Triana. Not identified. Wallich
*(4051), and Walker.

Anplectrum annulatum, Triana. Not identified. —
Cat. No. 4056 obtained by Porter.

Anplectrum polyanthum, C. B. C. Waterfall. (C.) 61).

Medinilla rubicunda, B\. Notseen. The plant numbered
in Wallich’s catalogue 4086 was collected at Cape Rachado
in Sungei Ujong not in Penang.

Medinilla speciosa, Bl.; shrub 4-6 feet., panicle long, pink,
pendulous. C. 874).

Pogonanthera pulverulenta, Bl.; shrub 6-10 feet. Batu
Ferengy. (C. 1880).

Pachycentria macrorrhiza, Becc., compact growing shrub 2-3
feet ; generally cn rocks or in the forks of large trees. (C. 347).

- Pachycentria, sp.; straggling shrub. Damp ravines at 2,000
eer (C2225)
_ Astronia smiurcifolia, Triana ; small tree 25: feet. -Top of
Government Hill (C. 743). |
_ Pternandra ce ulescens, Jack; tree 25-30 feet. (C. 879).
Var. Fackiana. (C. 2220). 7
“- Pternandra capitellata, Jack. ‘Kulit nipis”; tree 20-30
feet. Government Hill, &c., common. (C. 67).

Pternandra paniculata, Benth. Not identified.

Kibessia echinata, Cogn., tree, branches rather slender.
(C. 270). |

Kibessia pubescens, Done. Not identified.

Kibessia, sp.; small tree apparently different to either of
the preceding, ‘Nalm. (C2053):

Memecylon myrsinoides, Bl. ; » small compact growing tree;
fl. blue. (C. 100-2219). ee ,

104 A CATALOGUEOF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Memecylon heteropleurum, Bl.; small tree. West Hill.
(C. 457-814).

Memecylon microstomum, C. B. C.; small tree. Government
Hill 2,000 feet, not common. (C. 766).

Memecylon ceruleum, Jack; small erect shrub; common
along the coast, not seen elsewhere. (C. 54).

Memecylon- amplexicaule, Roxb.; shrub. 8-10 feet tall.
Government Hill 2,000 feet. (C. 695).

Memecylon garcinoides, Bl.; small tree. West Hill. (C. 816).

Memecylon acuminatum, Smith, var. flavescens ; tree 25-30
feet... Westyliill 1ooo teet.7(@ onc),

Memecylon edule, Roxb.; tree 25 feet high or sometimes
much less, fl. blue. Common along the coast. (C. 723).

Memecylon oligoneurum, Bl.? small tree. Ayer Hitam. (C.
1065) 51)

Memecylon, sp.; erect shrub. West Hill. (C. 1773).

Memecylon, sp.; tree 20-30 ft. Government Hill 2000 ft.

(C2243)
EY THWACIAs:

Crypteronia pubescens, Bl. ‘‘ Bequoie ;
common at the Waterfall. (C. 110).

Crypteronia glabra, Bl.; large tree 40-50 ft. Government
Fill 2500 tt. rane: (C9720).

Crypteronia Griffith, C.B.C.,; tree 25-30 ft. (C. 1739,
660? )

Duabanga sonneratioides, Ham.; large tree. Balik Pulau,
not common. (C. 678).

Sonneratia acida, L.; small tree. Tidal swamps. (C.
1084). ;
Sonneratia Griffithit, Kurz; small tree. (C.1108).

ONAGRACEE.

Fussiea repens, L. Common in ditches. (C. 1936).

Fussiea suffruticosa, L. Rice fields, and generally in damp
places, (©1123: 1072)%) :

Ludwigia prostrata, Roxb. is not uncommon. (C. 57).

9

tree 20-40 ft. very

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C. 105

SAMY DACEE.

Casearia glomerata, Rox.; small tree. Pulau Betong.
(C. 982, 2466?)

_ Casearia macrocarpa, C. B. C.; tree 20-30 ft. fl. small
avAnites/ n( ©2)9 220,900).

Casearia albicans, Wall. not seen. (Wallich no 7197).

Casearia, sp.; small tree; fl. minute, white. Government
Hill 300-500 ft. (C. 2143).

Casearia sp.; small tree. West Hill. (C 1574).

Flomalium longifolium, Benth. ; tree 30-40 feet; conspi-
cuous when in flower. (C. 301, 929),

Homalhum sp.; tree 30-40 feet; leaves 6-8 X 3-4 inches.
Waterfall, only one tree seen. (C. 1592).

Samyda esculenta, Roxb.? (C. 1019).

BASSIPEOREZS.

Passiflora fetida, L. is naturalized and much more common
than any other plant of this order. (C. 1236).

Modecca singaporiana, Mast. ; twining shrub. Penara Bukit,
rare. (C. 860).

Modecca nicobarica, Kurz.; very slender twiner ; fruit 13-2
inches, bright red. Not uncommon. (C. 1521).

CUCURBITACE/.

flodgsonia heteroclita, Hook. fil. Not seen. Collected by
Porter (Wall cat 6685) and Phillips.

Trichosanthes palmata, Roxb. is not uncommon. (C.)

Gymnopetalum quingquelobium, Mig. Not identified. Col-
lected by Porter.

Mormodica cochinchinensis, Spreng. (C. 890).

| Cerastocarpum? penangense, C. B. C. not indentified. A
doubtful plant collected by Wallich. (No. 6704).
BEGONIACE~.

Begonia Evansiana, Andr. In Andrews’ Botanist’s Repository
where this plant was first described it is said that Mr. Evan’s
collector found it growing in the clefts of rocks in the Island
of Pulo Penang in 1808. It has never been since met with
here and could hardly have been overlooked. It is a Chinese
plant,

-JO6A CATALOGUE-OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND-FERNS,.&C.

Begonia guttata, Wall. Not identified. (Wall Cat 36712).

Begonia. prolifera, A. D. C.. Erroneously attributed) to
Pemine on the strength ofa plant collected by. ra
‘which really came from one of the Siamese islands.

Begonia sinuata, Wall. Government » Hill, &C), common.
is 390, 481). By

. Begonia malabarica, Lam. > (C. 1262,'1738). 2

Begonia, sp. Pulau Betong, rare.(C. 1028),

U MBELLIFER/.

Hydrocotyle astatica, 1... “Pegaga;* a common, herp)
leaves used for curries &e. (C.) see eee
Hydrocotyle TONE Roxb,. Government (risit ia @
7,52): | ) ,
ARALIACEA:.

i raha, sp. aff A. 'Thompsoniz, Seem.; small prickly. tree
10-15 ft. Government: Hill. (C. 462). | ve,
Heptapleurum venulosum, Seem.; shrub. (C. 972. ea.

Fleptapleurum subulatum, Seem. ; shrub. (C. 971, 1246).° :
> Heptapleurum. cephalotes, C. B. C.? tree ee not
large, Government Hill. (C. 837).

Ffleptapleurum heterophylla, Seem. -Moniot's Road. (Cc.

2301). |

Heptapleurum, sp. collected at Pulau Betong” ic oeoe

Trevesia palmata, Vis. Var.; said to have been collected in

Penang by Porter, was probably from Province Wellesley. (C.)

nae diversifolium, Bh tree 20-30 ft. not large.

Waterfall. (C.. 781). : ong

Arthrophyllum pinnatum, C. B. C.; shrub. West Hill

AOVOO) it, (KG, 3 3A))). eae

CORNACEZ.

— Marlea begoniefolia, Rox.; small tree. Pulau Betong,
(C. 940).
-. Marléa nobilis, C. B. C., Government Hill. (C.’ 1608).
— Mastixia. MEN, GB Ce sell Ue, Sos gener Hill.
(C.1564). z

Mastixia, sp. ; tree 30-40 ft. Pula Betong. (C. 019).

ACATALOGUE.OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 107°

CAPRIFOLIACE As.

Viburnum sambucinum, Reinw;. large shrub, sometimes
a small tree ; flowers white, sweet scented. Top of Government

Hill, common. (C. 278).
RUBIACE.

Ea lah Funghuhniz, Mia. ; large tree. Government’
Hill soo ft: (C. 303; 27517):

Adina rubescens, Hemsley var. acuminata ; medPinen one
tree. Government Hill (C. 369).

Nauclea peduncularis, Wall, tree 25-30 ft. Sungei Pen-
ang, not common: (C, 1056). anaes

Uncaria sclerophylla, Roxb. ; large climbing shrub. Govern-
meme fill (C. 6) 185).

Uncaria attenuata, Korth. Government Hill. (C. 135).

Uncaria canescens, Korth. Government Hill. (C. 331).

Uncaria pteropoda, Miq.- Government: Hill. ~(C. 332,
1247 ?) |

‘Uncaria ovalifolium, Roxb. not identified collected by.
George Porter.

‘Uncaria dasyneura, Korth. Government Hill, ie. 1070).

Uncaria gambier, Rox. is not wild in Penang.

Uncaria lanosa, Wall. Waterfall. (C. 917). a

‘ Uncaria acida, Roxb. is probably one of the above but the
description is too meagre to guess which and no type is
known to exist.

Coptosapelta flavescens, Korth.; climbing shrub; flower
open white, gradually turning yel low. (C. 312, 1029).

Dentella repens, Forst.: prostrate herb; fle white; 7 1m:
(C1850).

Greena Facku, W. and A.; erect eas 6-10 ft.; a com-
mon plant near the Coast. (©. 106).

Argostemma pictum, Wall.; small herb; common on damp
rocks at 1,000-2,000 feet. Cc 408).

Argostemma verticillatum, Wall. An error. Wallich’s spe-
cimens came from Nepal, not Penang, as stated in Flora

of British India.

108 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Argostemma humile, Wall. Not met with. It was collected
by Jack.

Argostemma untifoium, Benn. Damp rocks, common.
(C. 990).

Argostemma elatostemma, Hook. fil. West Hill. (C. 962).

Argostemma, sps. undetermined. (C. 342,955).

fledyotis macrophylla, Wall. Not identified. (Wallich No.
842).

Hledyotis capitellata, Wall; climber; the most common of
the genus, (C223):

Fledyotis mollis, Wall. Penara Bukit. (C. 1096).

Hledyotis vestita, Br. Not seen.

Fledyotis glabra, Br. Government Hill. (C. 39).

Fledyotis pinifolia, Wall. Not seen.

Fledyotis tenelliflora, Bl. (C. 2236).

Hedyotis hispida, Retz. Waterfall. (C. 1847).

Fledyotis congesta, Br. Penang Hill (C. 2846).

Fledyotis scabra, Wall. Bagan Jennal. (C.)

Fledyotis, sp. probably new. (C. 977).

Oldenlandia corymbosa, L.; a common weed. (C. 1849,
1988).

Oldenlandia diffusa, Roxb. Waterfall; not very common.
(C. 1846, 1845).

Oldenlandia Heynii, Br. Common. (C. 1848).

Oldenlandia trinervia, Retz., fl. minute, white. (C. 1844).

Ophiorrhiza mungos, L.; small herb. West Hill. (C. 979).

Ophiorrhiza discolor, Bl. Pulau Betong. (C. 1761),

Ophiorrhiza tomentosa, Jack. West Hill. (C. 907).

Mussenda glabra, Wall.; climbing shrub; common. (C. a

Mussenda villosa, Wall. (C. 289, 1934) ?

Mussenda cordifolia, Wall. Not identified. (Wallich 6260).
Imperfectly known.

Lucinewa morinda, D. C.,Not seen here. ‘Penang and
Singapore” No. 3487 Wallich.

Trisciadia truncata, Hook. fil. Not identified. On the Hill,
Wallich in 1822. Not collected since. |

Adenosacme longifolia, Wall.; shrubby, 1-2 feet; fruit.
white. (C. 845).

ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. IQ9Q

Aulacodiscus premnotdes, Hook. fil.; small tree. Penara
Bukit, not common. (C. 987).

Urophyllum Griffithianum, Wight; small tree. Govern-
ment Eile rare. (C. 1180, 2204). ?

Uvrophyllum glabrum, Wall. ; common at 1000-2000 feet on
Government Hill. (C. 260, 1759).

Urophyllum streptopodium, Wall.; small tree. West Hill.
(C71 770):

Uvrophyllum Blumeanum, Wight; Govornment Hill. (C. 261).

Urophyllum villosum, Wall. ; large shrub ; common. (C. 178).

Urophyllum? sp.; shrub, smaller in all its parts than either
Of the preceding. (C).

Webera odorata, Roxb. Not identified. Collected by Wallich.

Webera fragrans, Bl. ,; small tree. (C. 480).

Webera, sp. Near Maingayit, Hook. fil.; large shrub. (C.
1060).

Webera mollis, Wall.? small tree. West Hill. (C. 745).

Webera stellulata, Hook. fil. Not identified. Wallich, Griffith.

Webera longifolia, Hook. fil. shrub 6-10 feet cymes 6-10
inches, pendulous; flower white. Waterfall. (C. 947, 1144).

Webera Wallichit, Hook. fil. Not identified. Wallich 84ot. I.

Webera, sp.; large shrub. Waterfall. (C. 2217).

Anomanthodia auriculata, Hook. fil. ; small tree. Moniot’s
Road, not common. (G. 1075).

Randa, sp. near longifiora, Lam. ; slender tall tree. (C.818).

Randia densiflora, Benth. ; small tree; common. (C. 128-
Q23).

Randa, sp. near densiflora, Benth. (C. 796).

Randia anisophylla, Lamk. ‘“ Randa’; tree 25-30 feet; fl.
white fugacious. The commonest of all the Randias. (C. 164).

Randa exaltata, Griff.; spreading tree; corolla white with
purple markings; fruit the size of a small orange, black. (C.
793). :

Randia macrophylla, Br. ; shrub; rare in Penang, (C. 966).

Randa, sp ; large climbing shrub ; fl. yellowish white ; fruit
iim welobular Government) Hill) (€..927).

Randia, sp. small erect spinous shrub. Waterfall. (C. 1498).

Gardenia carinata, Wall.; tree 34-40 feet, spreading. (C. 525).

110A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C.

Gardenia tubtfera, Wall.; tree 20-30 feet, copa leafy.
Government Hill. (C. 686).
. Petunga longifolia, D.C. Not identified. Penang. Philips,
Wallich. 2
_ Petunga, sp.; small slender tree 15-20 feet. Government
JeQWle (Ce 720): ue,
_ 21 lospora ? sp;; small tree. poe Bukit. C. tao 3
Ll imonius jambosella, Thw.; small close-growing tree; not’
uncommon. (C. 95-263). i
Limonius Rumphi, D. C. Gorcndent Hill. 2844). |
Canthium didymum, Roxb. ; tree 25 feet. Waterfall. (C. 219).
Canthium glabrum, Bl. ; . small tree. Penara. Bukit. (C, 988)-7
. Canthium confertum, Korth. Government Hill. (Ce Hed,
I11Q).
_ Canthium herriduw, Bl. Not seen. Cantley, Wallich.
Canthium, sp. ; probably oliganthum, Miq. (C. 1756).
[xora Brunonis, Wall. Not identified. Wallich. lt
[xora pendula, Jack; large shrub. Waterfall (C. 2240).
_ Lxora grandifola, Zoll.and Moritz. Not seen.
_ Lxora villosa, Roxb. Not identified. Wallich. :
Ixora coccinea, L.; shrub; cultivated, wild as an escape.
(C.) |
Lxora amena, Wall. Gomemament Hill, (C, a5.
si ie ae Roxb. ; tall shrub; common. (C. 479, 1730?
2257! 2255?) ee |
_ Lxora congesta, Roxb. ; - shrub 6-10 ft. (C. 667, 1729).
[xora, sp. near congesta : shrub, not exceeding 12 in. (C.
AOO). oa
_ Lxora opaca, Be ; small tree. Muka Head (C, 71)
Lxora lucida, Br. Not identified. Wallich 6135, very little
known.
[xora nigricans, Br. ; ee shrub. Pulau Betons.- (© 986, :
2451).
. Ixora, sp. ;.smalhitree. 20:ft:' (C. ‘11 12).
Pavetta indica, L.-Pulau Betong. -(C: 908).
Coffea ? sp. ; small tree, fl. notseen: (GC. 757, 1775.
Movinda linctoria, Roxb. tree 15-25 feet; very common
im-places. (C670), eae

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. IF

Morinda umbellata, L.; large climbing shrub. (C. 149). ©
'Prismalomeris albidifiora, Thw.; shrub 3-5 ft.; fl: white
comm@anmear the Coast. (CC. 330). = .

_Gynochthodes sublanceolata, Miq. Wallich No. 8385 “Pe.
nang” is the only authority for this here and the specimens.»
have neither flower nor fruit, so are doubtful.

Psychotria malayana, Jack. Not seen. “4

Psychotria POVERTDE, Mig. ; climbet. Penara Bukit (C.
1095).

Psychotria. sarmentosa, Bl.; common Government Hill.
(CEOS es

Psychotria Unde folia, Wall. ; climber. ce Ugo) |

Psychotria stipulacea, Wall. ; erect shrub, 4-6 ft. collected
by Jack, -(C. 732)... Cone

Psychotria Fackit, Hook. fil. - not seen a Penang, common |
at Pangkor. (G.) : oh

Psychotria tortils, ie 6-18 in.; stem fleshy. Not uncom-
mom. =(©; 405, 1200): Ere, et

Psychotria angulata, Korth. ; erect shrub, 2-4 feem (C. 726,
14)?

Psychotria flalferd jana, Kurz. not met with. Recorded from
“Penang Wallich” in Flor. Brit. Ind. but Wallich’s No. 8368
was collected in Singapore where this plant is common.

paren penangensis, Hook. fil. ; Not identified, insuffi-
ciently.known. Top.of Government Hill, Maingay.

ene Sp. ; sarmentose shrub, berries white. (C. 2215).

Psychotria? sps. undetermined. (Gc 754, 981, 160).

Chasalia curviflora, Thw.; shrub 2-3 feet; stem rather
fleshy ; common (C. 414, 680).

Var longifolia. Top of Government Hill. 3

Geophila reniformis, Don.; creeping herb; corolla ivory
white; fruit bright red; common. (G. 1930) |

‘Lasianthus cyanocarpus, Jack ; shrub, 4-6 feet ; fruit blue 4

4 inch. Not uncommon. (C. 650, 1116). | r

” Lasianthus, sp. near Wadlichiz, Wight; shrub 6-7. feet.
Government Hill im damp ravines. (C..284). oa <

Lasuinthus atpressus, Hook. fil. Not identified. Wallich
8443, 8442 in part.

112 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &c.

Lasianthus densifolius, Mig. Not identified.

Lasianthus crinitus, Hook. L. Not identified. Collected
by Wallich, locality doubtful.

Lasianthus Kurzi, Hook. fil. Not identified ; locality doubt-
ful more likely from Martaban.
— Lasianthus chinensis, Benth.; tall shrub. West Hill 2000
feet: (C2 1504):

Lastanthus, sps. undetermined. (C. 760, 785).

Hydnophytum montanum, Bl. (C. 2164).

Pederia fetida, L.; slender twining shrub. (C. 24).

Spermacoce hispida, “L.; prostrate herb; flower pink;
common in open grassy places. (C. 1986, 1987). 3

COMPOSIT:. ,

Vernonia chinensis, Less.; shrubby 1-2 feet; flower blue;
abundant in orchards and waste places. (C. 931).

Vernonia arborea, Ham.; tree 25-30 feet. (C. 2-926.)

Vernonia cinerea, Less.; annual herb, 1-3 feet. Waterfall.
(C. 1698).

Elephantopus scaber, L.; dwarf rigid herb; abundant in
coco-nut plantations. (C. 130). .

Adenostemma viscosa, Forst ; erect annual herb. (C. 985).

Ageratum conyzotdes, L.; fl. blue or white, abundant. C.).

Mikania scandens, Willd.; slender twining herb. Penara
Bukit. (€.1042):

Microglossa volubilis, D.C. Not seen. Collected by Jack
and Wallich.

Blumea chinensis, D.C. Not seen.
Ras balsamifera, D.C.; 6-10 feet. Tanjong Bunga.
(C. 29).

Blumeua lacera, D.C. ; annual, 1-3 feet. Waterfall. (C. 1699).
Laggera flava, Benth. Not identified. Quoted as.occurring
in Penang in Flora British India but with no collector’s name.
Pluchea indica, Less.; “Bluntas” shrubby 4-5 feet; com-

mon in marshy places. (C. 509).
Spheranthus africanus, L.; annual herb 1-2 feet; not
uncommon in rice fields. (C. 1942). |
Eclhpta alba, Uassk.; much branched, sometimes erect.

(C1057).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, I 13. #

Wedelia biflora, D.C.; climbing herb, fl. yellow. (C. 1568-
4O).

Spilanthes acmella, L.; common annual herb. (C. 1929).

Synadrella nodiflora, Gertn.; branching herb ; common in
@pen places. (C. 913).

Bidens pilosa, L. ; one of the commonest weeds. (C. 1669).

Gynura sarmentosa, D.C.; twining herb. Penara Bukit.
(E21205)).

Gynura Pseudo-china, D.C. Government Hill, (C. 2995).
Emilia sonchifola, D.C.; annual herb. Penara Bukit. (C.
37). os

Launea pinnatifida, Cass. Gevernment Hill.

GOODENOVIEE.

Scevola Kenigit, Vahl. ; shrub 6-10 feet; branches stout,

soft. Common along the coast. (C. 320).

CAMPANULACE.
Pentaphragma begoniefolium, Wall. ; herb 6-12 in. ; com-
mon 1,000-2,000 feet. (C. 329).
ERFIACEA.

Rhododendrom Teysmanit, Mig.; shrub 2-4 feet ; flowers
FELON Government Hill 2,000 feet. (C530):

PLUMBAGINEZE.
eee seylanica, L.; is not uncon non, but not t indige-
nous. (C.).
Plumbago rosea, L.; found in one or two places, no indige-
nous. (C.). 3
MYRSINEZ.

Mesa ramentacea A. D.C.; large rambling shrub; never
a tree in Penang. Common. (C. 48-251.

Mesa ramentacea var ovata, not identified.

Myrsine capitellata, Wall ; small tree. Governinent Hill.
(E> Vor 3). |

Embeha ribes, Burm.; large climbing shrub, common. (C.
18).

peice: ribes var. pinangiana, Oliv. ; fruit larger than the
type, of a reddish colour. (C. 306).

114 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Embela.cortacer, KX) D. C.. climber, rarer (C1047)

E-mbelia canescens, Jack. Not identified. Only collected by
Jack.

Embelia Die Schiff. Government Hill. (C 305).

Labisia pothoina, Lindl. ; shrubby 6-10 inches, common. (C.
I1Q2).

Aradisia lanceolata, Rox. Not identified. Roxburgh.

Ardisia colorata, Rox.; small tree. Penara Bukit. (C. 1052.)

Ardisia divergens, Rox. Not identified. Jack and Maingav.

Ardisia tuberculata, Wall. var. Ophirensts ; small shrub.
West Hill 2500 feet. (C. 2240).

Ardisia porosa, Clarke; straggling shrub. West Hill 2000
feet. (C704):

Ardisia crenata, Roxb.; shrub 2-4 feet; very common.
(C. 337).

Ardisia villosa, Roxb. ; shrub 1-2 feet. Government Hill.
2000 feet (CG, 1507):

Ardisia oxyphylla, Wall.; small tree. Government Hill.
(Gr,663)):

Ardisia humilis, Vahl; small tree 20-25 feet. (C. 217).

Ardisia, sp. in herb. Penang; leaves 10 X 43 inches, berry 7
inch ~(C. 2755).

Pimelandra Wallichit, A. D. C.; small tree 10-15 feet.
Government Hill, not uncommon. (C. 1156).

Aegiceras majus, Gaertn. ; tree 30 feet ; common in swamps
= inearn the coast: (€.162, 513):

SAPOTACEA::

Chrysophyllum sp.; tree 25-30 feet. Batu Feringgi. (C.)
1072).

Sideroxylon malaccense, Clarke; tree 40 feet; fruit 1-14
inches, rusty tomentose. (C. 1452). ie

Sideroxylon ferrugineum, Ak. & A.; tree 40 feet, coast.
(C. 273, 703).

Sideroxylon, sp. near firmum, Burck; small tree. West
Elill-2,500 feet: rare. (@ 1575). :

Sideroxylon, sp.; small tree. Batu Feringgi. (C. 2254).

Sideroxylon, sp.; small tree. Penara Bukit. (C. 1450).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 115

Dichopsis gutta, Benth.; tree 50-60 feet. Government Hill,
Suc. (OL 780):

Bassia Motleyana, Clarke, tree 50 feet. Government Hill,
not common. (C. 1451).

Payena Maingayii, Clarke; small tree. West Hill 2,000
feet. (C. 1565).

Payena malaccensis, Clarke. Telok Bahang. (C. 159).

Payena lucida, A. D.C. Not identified. (Wallich 4147).

Payena costata, tree. Waterfall (C. 1516).

Payena sp.; near Leerzz, Hook. fil.; tree 50-60 feet. Govern-
ment lull(Cs 777):

EBENACE:.

Maba buxifolia, Pers.; low close growing bush. Telok
Bahang, not common. (C. 708).

Maba merguensis, Hiern? large shrub. (C. 705).

Maba sp.; large tree. Muka Head. (C. 718).

Maba sp.; small tree. Penara Bukit. (C. 448).

Diospyros apiculata, Hiern; shrub 6-8 feet. Government
iailie 1 @@@ feet, rare, (C. 1584).

Diospyros miciophylla, Bedd.,; small tree. Government
Fill goo feet." (CE! 1513).

Diospyros sapotoides, Kurz; small tree. Telok Bahang.
(Or 1567)).

Diospyros decipiens, Clarke; small tree about 20-30 feet.
Telok Bahang. (C. 1453-1454).

Duiospyros sp.; near oleifola, Wall.; tall tree. Government
riled, 200 feet.) (C. 1573):

Diospyros undulata, Wall.; tree medium-size, 4o feet or
more. Telok Bahang, &c. (C. 1085).

Diospyros lucida, Wall.; tree 25-30 feet. Government Hill,
near the chalet. (C, 250).

Diospyros oblonga Wall. “Koomoi”; tree 30-40 feet high.
Sungei Penang. (C. 2487).

Diospyros venosa, Wall. Not identified.

Diospyros sp.; tree 20-30 feet; leaves 6-8 xX 24 in.; fruit
comical 4-1 int) Waterfall. (C. 2221).

Diospyros sp. near ebenum small tree. Batu Feringgi.

(C. 1602).

116 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &c. .

Diospyros sp. aff decipiens, Clarke; smali tree, 20 feet.
Bukit whadres (C1276):
Diosi'pros sp.; small tree. Moniot’s Road. (C. 1693).
Diosypros sp.; small tree; leaves 10-12 inches; flower
small white. (C. 898, 1932).
ST YRACACH As:

Symplocos ferruginea, Roxb. ; tree 25 feet ; common. (C. 206).

Symplocos sp. aff. fasciculata, Zoll.; tree 30-40 feet. Penara
Bukit. (C. 1039). :

Symplocos adenophylla, Wall; small tree; not uncommon.
(C. A402)

Symplocos racemosa, Roxb. ; tree 40-50 feet ; flower white.
Muka Head and Government Hill. (Ce 708).

Symplocos cerasifolia, Wall., tree 30-40 feet. Government
Hill 1200 feet. (C. 1503):

Symplocos rubiginosa, Wall. ; small tree. Penara Bukit and
Government Hill. (C. 528, 1692).

Symplocos sp. near rosea, Benth.; small tree; fruit ¢ inch
long. Penara Bukit, but one tree seen. (C. 10go))

Symplocos sp. small tree, “West Hill (C3325):

Symplocos sp. , tree. Muka Head? (C2958):

Styrox serrulatum, Roxb. ; tree- 25-30 feet. bramelmes
slender, drooping ; flower white) (C. 11875) 1530)s0m

OL EAC EAs:

Fasminum pubescens var. bracteata, Rox. Not identified.
Recorded from Penang, Wallich in Fl. Brit. Ind. Wallich’s
specimens (No. 2867) came from the Calcutta gardens, and
were originally obtained from Bencoolen in Sumatra.

Fasminum Maingayu, Clarke. Government Hill. (C. me

Fasminum befarium, Wall. (C. 83)?

Fasminum scandens, Vahl. (C. 1920, 42)?

Fasminum subtripiinerre, Bl. (C. 643).

Fasminum sp. near adispermum, Wall. (C. 1227).

Linociera paucifiora, Clarke; tree 30 feet; not uncommon.
(C. 277, 695).

Olea maritima Wall. ; smal! tree. Coast. (C. 222).

Olea dentata, Wall. ; small tree. Telok Bahang. (C. Be)

od
A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 17

Myxopyrum nervosum, Telok Bahang. (C. 2891).
APOCY NACA.

Willughbeva coriacea, Wall. ; large climbing shrub. Water-
falle (Cy 1500; 847).

Willughbeta sp.; large shrub. Penara Bukit. (C. 1121).

Chilocarpus Maingayit, Dyer.? (C. 475).

Leuconotis eugenitfolius, A. D.C. ‘*Getah Gharu’; scan-
dent shrub; not uncommon. (C. 1061).

Melodinus monogvnus, Roxb. Not identified; It is said to
have been collected by Maingay, otherwise only known from
tne Himalaya and Assam.

Melodinus orientalis, Bl.; large rambling shrub; fruit the
size of a small orange. (C. 687).

Melodinus coriaceus, Oliv.; large climber reaching to the
top of tall trees; fruit round, the size of an orange. (C.
IO40). . -

Alyxia coriacea, Wall. Not identified. Collected by
Wallich.

Alyxia pilosa, Mig. is a doubtful Penang plant. Not seen.
Mount Ophir is the correct locality for this plant.

_Alyxia stellata, Roem. and Sch. Net identified. Collected
by Wallich.

FHunteria corymbosa, Rox., small tree, common. (C. 237,
707).

Cerbera odollam, Gertn. ; tree 20-30 ft.; common. (C.)

Vinca rosea, L.. is quite common in open sandy places. (C.)

Alstonia scholaris, Br. ‘‘Getah Paule;” tall straight tree;
wocd white, light. (C.) :

Alstonia macrophylla, Wall. ‘‘Chengah Petrie;” tree tall
but not large. Common. (C. 378).

Alstonia angustifolia, Wall. Not identified. Collected by
Maingay.

Dyera costulata, Hook. fil,; large tree; wood very similar
to that of Alstonia scholaris, not common. (C.)

Tabernemontana corymbosa, Rox; shrub 6-8 ft. Pulau
Betong, not common. (C. 1763).

Tabernemontana peduncularis, Wall.; small shrub. (C.

790).

b |
118 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Tabernemontana malaccensts, Clarke; small shrub 2 feet.
Waterfall, not common. (C. 1775).

Parsonsia spiralis, Wall, twining shrub. Batu Feringgi.
(C. 450).

Parsonsia ovata, Wall.; Old road to Batu Feringgi. (C.
820).

Wrightia levis, Wall.; tree 40-50 ft.; fl. greenish white,
I in. in diam, Government Hill. Pe: 1767).

Wrightia. ? sp.; small tree. Pulau Betong. (C. 848).

Strophanthus Fackianus, Wall. “ Bunga hantu”; shrub
3-4 feet ; flower brick red, fugacious. (C. 188).

Strophanthus dichotomas, D. C. not seen. Common in
Singapore. The drawing labelled Penang in Herb. Kew (the
only authority for its occurring here) was probably wrongly
localised.

Urceola elastica, Roxb. ; large climbing shrub. Government
Pid? (C823).

Urceola lucida, Benth.; woody climber. Muka Head. C.
661, 941).

Urceola branchysepala, Hook fil. Panti Achie. (C. 403).

Faramerta glandulifera, Benth, ; climbing shrub. Govern-
raoeimle Jaliiis irene (Ey iz)

Parameria polyneura, Hook fil? Waterfall. (C. 1455, 1456).

Paramerta densifiora, Oliv.; large climbing shrub ; flower
dull red. Government Hill. (C PIS 3):

Chonemorpha macrophylla, Don ; large climber. (C. 832),

Aganosma marginata, Don ; large shrub. (C. 664).

Aganosma?sp.? climbing shrub; flower white. Penara
Bulcity (G24: |

Rhynchodia Wallichit, Benth. ; flower white, fragrant. (C.
838).

Anodendron pauciflorum, Hook fil; climbing shrub. Galen
ment cil (yoo nas):

Anodendron paniculatum, A. D. C. ; large climbing shrub.
(C. 1740, 2358.)

[chnocarpus ovatifolium, A. D.C. Tanjong Bunga. (C. 810).

Mircrochites polyantha, Miq.; climber, covering rocks and
trees ; roots emitted the whole length of the stem. (C. 850).

?
A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, I I9

ASCLEPIADEAS.

Antherandra acutifolia, Dcne. Not identified. Wallich
(4458).
se eciuon Wallichit, W. and A.; twining shrub ; very
common: (Ce 4, 472, 2122).

Secamone emetica, Br.; slender twining shrub. (C. 1896,
225):

snipe Finlaysoniz, Wight ? (C. 922).

Toxocarpus Griffithiiz, Dcne. Not identified. Collected by
Porter.

Toxocarpus acuminatus, Benth.?; glabrous twining shrub ;
fl. white. Government Hill. (C. 244).

Calotropis gigantea, Br. | have seen only in gardens. (C.).

Asclepias curassavica, L. is met with rarely. (C. 344).

Cynanchum ovalifolium, Wight ; twiner. Penara Bukit. (C.
St, £270):

Cynanchum corymbosum, Wight. Not identified. 8231 F,
Wallich.

Gongronema, sp. ; West Hill. (C. 1545).

Pergularia puberula, Mig. ; twining shrub, rare. (C. 932).

Tylophora hirsuta, Wight Not identified.

Tylophora Wallichitz, Hook. fil.; slender twiner. Pulau
Betong, very rare. (C. 933).

FHleterostemma, sp.; twiner. Telok Bahang. (C. 1707).

Dischidia nummutaria, Br.;, slender herb; often complete-
ly covering trunks of trees or rocks. (C.).

Dischidia benghalensis, Colebr. Notcommon. West Hill
at from 2000-2500 ft. (C. 2160). 7

Dischidia rhombifola, Bl. Batu Feringgi. (C. 1897).
_ Hoya multifiora, Bl. The only evidence for this here is a
drawing labelled Penang preserved at Kew.

Floya parviflora, Wight. (C. 689).

FHloya latifolia, Don. Not seen.

Floya obtusifolia, Wight, Not identified. “Penang ? Wallich”
(No 8167) probably from elsewhere.

Floya coronaria, B\. Telok Bahang. (C. 236).

Floya diversifolia, Bl. Not uncommon on rocks close to
the sea. (C. 928).

“1 20ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS ANDFERNS, &C.

Hoya coriacea, Bl. Not identified. Penang? Wallich 8163.
(Probably wrong locality). ea
Ceropegia lucida, Wall.; slender twining herb. Penara
Bukit, rare: (C. 1007).
LOGANIACE:.

Buddleia, sp. Top cf Government Hill, probably intro-
duced: (CC) 1053).

Fagrea obovata, Wall.; small tree. Government Hill, not
common. (C. 346, 2432).

Fagrea racemosa, Jack; small tree. 10-15 ft. Common at
the Waterfall, (C. 280).

Fagrea fragrans, Rox. “Temusu-,” tree 20-30 , nor
common. (C. 314, 1566).

Fagrwa Wallichiana, Benth. “Temusu Bukit ;” tree 40-50
ft. ; fl. yellow. Common at 2000-2500). ft., and a valuable tim-
ber, (C: 275): |

Strychnos laurina, Wall. ; climbing shrub. (C.1021).

Strychnos malaccensis, Benth; Muka Head. (C. 1515).

Strychnos pubescens, Clarke. (C. 970).

Strychnos Treute, Lesch.? (C. 709, 1490).

BORAGINE.

Cordia subcordata, Lam. large shrub. Coast. (Co 303):
Lhretia Walhchiana, Hk. f. & T.; tree 40-50 ft. (C. 1034).
Tournefortia Waltichit, DC; large rambling shrub. (C.
IOII). !
Heliotropium indicum, L.; common annual weed. (C.
345). :
CONVOLEVULACEZAs.

Erycibe Princet, Wall. Recorded from Penang as collected |
by Wallich in Flor. Brit. India is an error. Wallich’s plant —
came from Singapore where it is common.

_ LErycibe Griffith, Clarke;? large climbing shrub, — 14
inch. long, brown. Government Hill. (G72):

Erycibe, ?; large scandent shrub. (C. 2837).

Lrycibe coriacea, Wall. scandent shrub; berry 3} inch.
Government: Hill. (C. 911, 1273).

ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, 121

Erycibe, sp.; large climber; named £. Griffithiz in herb.
Penang but is not the same as 772. (C. 181).

Argyreia tihefolia, Wight. Pulau Petong. (C. 1970).

Lettsomia strigosa, Roxb. Waterfall. (C. 498).

Lettsomia. adpressa, Miq.: twiner; corolla rosy pink. A
rather common plant. (C. 318).

Lettsomia penangiana, Miq.; large climber: flower not
seen. (C. 1586). ,

Tpomea angusfolia, Jacq ; slender twiner; corolla yellow
(C. 1068).

Tpomea denticulata, Choisy. (C. 1974).

Ipomea staphylina, Roem. & Sch. ; large climber. (C. 470).
Lpomea cymosa, Roem. & Sch. ; twiner ; corolla pink. Bukit
Padre. (C. 1083).

Tpomea pes-tigridis, L. Open sunny places, (C. 3033).

Tpomea Turpethum, Br. (C. 1703).

Calystegia hederacea, Wall. “ Penang, Porter.”

Evolvulus alsinoides, L.; prostrate herb; corolla pale blue.
Open sandy places. (C. 1601).

Breweria cordata, Bl., large climber; corolla white, not
uncommon. (C. 1066).

SOMANACE Zz.

Solanum nigrum, L, herb 12-18 ion.; fruit black. (C.).

Solanum torvum, Swartz; shrub 4-6 feet. (C. go).

Solanum indicum, L.; shrubby 3-4 feet. (C. 10).

Solanum sarmentosum, Nees. 2628 F. Penang 1822 Wallich.
(locality probably wrong).

Solanum trilobatum, .; climber, rare. (C. 851).

Solanum aculeatissimum, Jacq; procumbent ; berry globu-
lar I-14 in., orange. (C.).

Py SeCRORPAUEARINE A. ~

Adenosma capitatum, Benth. ; herb 1-2 feet; fl. blue Water-
fall (C. 1886).

_ Adenosma hirsutum, Kz. (C. 22381).

Linmnophila villosa, Bl. Waterfall. (C. 1839).

FHlerpestis Monniera, H. B. & K.; small herb; common in
swamps, (C. 1939). - Poth

122 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Artanema sesamoides, Benth.; large herb; fl. lilac. Not
uncommon in the south of the island. (C. 945).

Torenia polygonoides, Benth. Not seen.

Torenta mucronulata, Benth.; prostrate herb. Watenan
(C. 1837).

Torenia ciliata, Smith. Waterfall, not common. (C.).

Vandellia crustacea, Benth.; fl. lilac or blue. (C. 1854).

Vandellia pedunculata, Benth. ‘“‘Kra Nasi.” Paddy fields,
common. (C. 1973).

Bonnaya veronicefola, Spreng.; fl. white and pink, or
lavender and white; common. (C. 1852).

Bonnaya brachtata, Link. & Otto. (C. 1851). .

Scoparia dulcis, L. “Cha Padang.” Very common. (C. 688).

Striga lutea, Lour.; herb 4-6 in.; fl. yellow. Common in
open places among long grass. (C. 1840).

LENDIBUE Ad As:

Utricularia flexuosa, Vahl.; fl. golden yellow ; common in
ditches and rice fields. (C. 519).

Utricularia bifida, L.; not uncommon in marshy land
among grass. (C. 1177). .

Utricularia racemosa, Wall.; fl. white; grows with U. bifida
at the Waterfall. (C.).

Utricularia orbiculata, is said to have been collected in
Penang near the Waterfall by Prof. Goebel. Not seen. ’

GESNERIACGEAs.

Atschynanthus Lobbtana, Hook. fil. ; Government Hill. (C.).

LEschynanthus marmorata, N.E. Brown; fl. green and
yellow. Government Hill 2,000-2,500 feet ; . generally on large
trees. (C. 1700-2142).

Didymocarpus cordata, Wall.; 1-2 feet or more high ;
corolla white. Damp shady ravines. (C. 452).

Didymocarpus corchorifolia, Wall. Government Hill.
(C. 1239). le

Didymocarpus crinita, Jack; stem 6-12 in.; corolla white
(pale purple form in Perak) common (C. 410).

Didymocarpus reptans, Jack; creeping; corolla violet or
white. Waterfall, not common. (C. 1706). |

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, I 23

Didymocarpus incana, Benth.; leaves silvery grey ; corolla
blue. Common on damp rocks. (C. 297).

Didissandra frutescens, Jack; shrubby, 2-3 feet. Damp
ravines at 1,600-2,000 feet. (C. 828).

Cyrtandromea acuminata, Benth.; stem 1-2 feet; corolla
white. Penara Bukit, rare. (C. 1016).

Stauranthera grandifiora, Benth. ; herb 3-6 in. ; fl. lavender
and yellow. Balik Pulau, very rare (C. 1753}.

Rhynchotechum parviflorum, Bl. var. penangensis, not
identified. A very douttful plant based on imperfect material.

Cyrtandra dispar, D. C.; shrub 3-5 ft. Moniot’s Rd. (C.
1204).

Cyrtandra decurrens, De Vriese; stem 12-18 in, fleshy ;
corolla greenish white. (C. 1018).

Cyrtandra, sp. Pulau Betong. (C. 3035).

BIGNONIACE.

Oroxylum indicum, Vent. tree 30-40 ft. Pulau Betong,
not common. (C. 983).

Dolichandrone Rheedit, Seem.; small tree; corolla large
white, fugacious. Tidal Swamps. (C. 1184).

Stereospermum chelonioides, D, C. tree 50-60 ft; coroila
pale yellow ; Capsule 12-24 in long. (C. 2431).

Stereospermum glandulosum, Mig. ; small tree. (C. 140),

Diplanthera bancana, Scheff.; tree 30-40 ft. ; corolla yel-
low. Not common. (C. 870, 1569).

FA) vole WINGS As:
Sesamum indicum, D. C. annual herb 1-2 ft. (C. 1582).

PNG AUN TANG Is As.
Thunbergiua alata, Bojer. Government Hill. Introduced.

(Cc).

Nelsonia campestris, Br.; prostrate herb. Balik Pulau.: (C.
1750).

Ebermatera lanceolata, Wassk. Not identified. Penang
Porter, Wall. No. 7489.

L£termatera angustijoha, 1. And.; dwarf herb. Pulau Be-
tong. (C. 1931).

124 A CATALOGUEOF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C,

Ebermaziera axillaris, Nees. Not identified. Is stated by
Anderson to have been collected by Wallich, No. 2414.

Ebermatera elongata, Nees. ‘‘Wallich in Penang.” Nees
makes no mention of it in the Plante Asiaticze Rariores which
-he doubtless would have done had he found it in Wallich’s
collections. It is a native of Java. ,

Ebermatera lasiobotrys, Nees.; Pulau Betong. (C. 1350).

Ebermatera vacemosa, Miq.: herb 6-10 in. Common on
West and Government Hills 2,000-25,000 ft. (C. 406).

Hygrophila saticifolia, Nees. Pulau Betong. (C. 1757).

Ruellia repens, L.; stem g-1I2 in.; corolla rose colour
fugacious. (C. 1876).

Strobilanthes Maingayi, Clarke. Not identified. ‘One: of
Maingay’s plants, locality quite uncertain.

Strobilanthes collinus, Nees. Not identified. Collected by
Porter. Wall. Cat. 2343.

Strobilanthes, sp.; shrubby; corolla white. Government
rin «(C..263):

Strobilanthes, sp. Muka Head. (C. 954).

Strobilanthes, sp.; prostrate herb. Government Hill 2,000
feet (C2 2708). |

Acanthus ebracteatus, Vahl. Common in tidal swamps.
The seeds are reputed cure for boils. (C. 510).

Barteria conspicua, Nees. Not identified.

Asystasia tnirusa, Br.; stem 3-4 ft. Waterfall. (C. 1853).

Asystasia coromandeliana, Nees fi: white. purple, or vel-
low. Common. (C. 2419).

Asystasia Kunthiana, Nees. Not identified. A doubtful plant
collected by Wallich.

Eranthemum album, Nees. Not seen. Collected by Porter.

Eranthemum mataccensis, Clarke; small shrub. Waterfall,
not uncommon. (C. 499, 348). 2

Evranthemum gracilifiorum, Nees. Not identified. A very
doubtful plant. Wall. Cat. 2427.

Andrographis paniculata, Nees; stem 6-18 in. Not uncom-
mon in.open spots. (C. 1877).

Fusticia inconspicua, Wall. Cat. 2475 is absolutely un-
known. 3 |

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C. 12 5

Fusticia gandarussa, L. Balik Pulau. (C. 791).

Fusticia decussata, Roxb. Pulau Betong. (C. 1765).

Justicia ptychostoma, Wall. Not identified. Collected by
Porter.

Fusticia Maingayii, Clarke. Not identified. Collected by
Maingay.

Adhatoda vasica, Nees; shrub 4-5 ft. Ayer Hitam. (C. 1017).

Peristrophe acuminata, Nees. Balik Pulau. (C. 681).

VERBENACE-. 7 |

Lantana indica, L.;, shrub 1-2 feet; fl. pink. Balik Pulau
not common. (C, 121).

Lantanu camara, L.;has run wild all over the Island.

Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl; 2-3 feet. Common. (C.°867).

Callicarpa arborea, Rox.; small tree 25-30 feet. Telok
Bahang, not common. (C. 699). -

Callicarpa cana, L. apparently Wallich’s No. 1834. I is
taken as the authority for tnis asa Penang plant in the Flora of
British India but that was cultivated in the Calcutta gardens.

Callicarpa pedunculata, Br. Wallich 1834, 2. Collected by
Geo. Porter. Not seen.

Callicarpa longifolia, Lamk. ; shrub 6-10 feet; berry white.
Government Hill. (C. 309).

Premna cordifolia, Rox. shrub. (C. 681.) ?

Premna divaricata, Wall; scandent shrub. (C. 215).

Gmelina asiatica, L. tree ‘26- 30 feet. Common G 454).

Vitex trifolia, L.; small tree. (C. 98).

Vitex pubescens, Vahl. “ Halban” ; a very common tree.
(C. 64).

Vitex coriacea, Clarke; tree compact, 20-25 feet; flower ©
purple, Government Hill. (C: 323).

Vitex vestita, Wall. ; small tree; corolla yellow. Govern-
ment dull: (C. 265).

Vitex glabrata, Br.; tree, larger than either of the preced-
ing. Not common. (C. 1071),

Clerodendron Lobbit, Clarke. Not identified. Collected by
Lobb.

Clerodendron calamitosum, L.; small shrub. Introduced.?

(C).

126 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Clerodendron deflexum, Wall. ; shrub (-3 feet. Government
Full; (@.81). )

Clerodendron paniculatum, Rox.; shrub 6-10 feet; corolla
red. Not seenexcept near villawes: (C1 313)

Clerodendron neritfolium, Wall.; common on the sea shore. |
(Gi2732)-

Clerodendron villosum, B\.; shrub 4-6.ft. A far more com-
mon plant than either of the others. (C. 101).

Clerodendron acuminatum, Wall. ; shrub. (C. 1539).

Peronema canescens, Jack; tree 25-30 ft. Common near the
race course ; not.seen elsewhere. (C. 2427).

Sphenodesma triflora, Wight; scandent shrub. Waterfall.
(C, 210). :

Sphenodesma barbata, Schauer. Collected by Geo. Porter.

Sphenodesma pentandra, Jack; large rambling shrub (C.
269).

Avicennia offictanalis, L.; small tree common in Mangrove
swamps. (C.).

EABIAD As,

Ocimum basilicum, L.; herb 2 ft. Tanjong Tokong. (C.
2492).

Mochosma polystachyum, Benth; annual herb. (C. 34).

Coleus atropurpureus, Benth. Waste places, common. (C.).

Flyptis brevipes, Poit.; 1s a very common plant. (C. 1IITr).

Hyptis suaveolens, Poit.;is not nearly so common as
brevipes. (C. 1250).

Pogostemon patchoul, Pelletier ; found as an escape, is not
in my opinion indigenous. (C.).

Dysophylla auricularia, B| ‘‘ Ekor Kuching Common in
damp places. (C. 868). 1 a
Anisomeles ovata, Br. Waterfall &c. ; common. (C. 65). -

Anisomeles malabarica, Br. Not identified. Collected by
Wallich No. 2037, 2

Leucas zeylanica, Br. Annual herb 1-2 ft.; corolla white.
Very common. (C. 409).

Leucas lintfola, Spreng. is a’much smaller plantae:

TL05).

ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 27

Gomphostemma parvifiorum, Wall. not seen. There is
some error in the Flora of British India and it: Bentham’s paper
on the Labiatz in the Plantae Asiaticz Rariores 11 12. G. parvi-
florum No. 2158 was collected at Silhet but G. crinztum. Wall.
Cat. No. 2159 was collected in Penang by Wallich in 1822. It
has not been gathered there since.

as PLANTAGINE.
Plantago major, L. Government Hill 2,500 feet. (C.2157):
NYCTAGINEE.

Boerhaavia repens, .. Not uncommon near George Town.
(E002):

AMARANTACES.

Amaranthus spinosus, L. “Bayam.” A good vegetable
(C. 245).

Cyathula prostrata, Bl. Common in coco-nut gardens.
(C. 17-944).

Pupalia atropurpurea, Mig. The authority for this is
Wallich’s Catalogue 6933-2. Penang and Singapore, as the
plant has never since been seen in the Malay Peninsula, the
locality is probably wrong.

Achyranthes aspera, 1..Common in sandy soils. (C. 1835).

Alternanthera sessilis, B\. Common everywhere. (C. 1043).

POLYGON ACE AS.

Polygonum tomentosum, Willd. ; tall herb. Damp _ places.
(C2) 16),
Polygonum barbatum, s Pulau Betong. (C. 943).
Polygonum strigosum, Br. Not seen. Collected by Wallich.
Polygonum pedunculare, Wall. Commoner than either of
the others, (C. 921). |
NEPENTHACEA®.

Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack. Penara Bukit, rare. (C.).

Nepenthes phyllamphora, Willd. Common among low
bushes in swampy places. (C. 1202).

Nepenthes albo-marginata, Lobb. Government Hill, com-
mon. ge)

128 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &€. ¢

ARISTOLOGCHEACE A: my

Thottea dependens, Klotzsch; shrubby 1-2 feet. Waterfall.
(Cy 179-1507): ‘
Aristolochia Roxburgh, Klotzsch; twiner. Waterfall. (C.
2464). oe,
Aristolochia, sp. leaves deeply lobed. Government Hill.
(C. 330).

Bragantia tomentosa, Bl. Waterfall. Common. (C. 2754).

PIPE RACE:

Piper ribestotdes, Wall. West Hill, rare. (C. 2256).

Piper sumatranum, Cas. Not identified. Wallich 6646p.
Not only is the identification of this specimen doubtful but the —
locality Penang is marked doubtful in the catalogue.

Piper caninum, Bl. Balik Pulau. (C.).

Piper longum, L. ‘‘Kudak.” Common. (C. 887). .

Piper peepuloides, Rox. Government Hill 2 ,000 ft. (é:
22091).

Piper miniatum, Bl. Batu Feringgi. (C. 821, 2290).

Piper rostratum, Rox. ? West Hill. (C. 967).

Piper penangensis, Cas. Not identified. Wallich 6644 B.

Piper lonchitis, Roem. and Schultes. Government Hill.
(C. 734).

Piper agen. Hook. fl, (C1770).

Piper attenuatum, Ham. Not identified. Locality very
doubtful.

Piper subpeltatum, Willd. Wallich 6638a. Not seen.

Piper sulcatum, Bl. Government Hill. (C. 443). 3

Piper porphyrophyllum, Nees ks Brown. SO mon on Gov-
ErMmiemt clue (es) ;

Piper, sp.; near Blumzz. Government Hill. (C. 792).

Pipermtia “pellucida, Kunth. ; herb, succulent.) 1Oorsaamie
Common about George town. (C. 1958). ;

CHLORANT HAG Ze:

Chloranthus officinalis, Bl.; compact undershrub; berries
white. (C. 1180, 1708).
Chloranthus brachystachys, Bl.; shrubby, less compact
than the preceding, berries red. (C. 1050). iba

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 29

: i MVIRISTICACE As:

Myristica fragrans, Houtt. Cultivated, often found on
land that has reverted to forest. (C.).

' Myristica bracteata ; A. D. C.; large tree 50 ft. high. Gov-
eqament ail rare. (C. 1407).

Myristica Maingayit, Hook. fil. ; a tree 50-60 ft. high and
13-24 in.in diam. ; fruit oblong 3 x 2 in. larger than JZ. fragrans
Government Hill, rare. (C. 2455).

Myristica elliptica, Wall.; tree 30-40 ft.; fruit larger than
M. fragrans ; and mace blood-red, laciniate as stated by
Maingay. (C. 1122).

Myristica superba, Wook. fil.; collected by Phillips. (C.
2966).

Myristica tomentosa, Hook, fil. ; tree. 25-30 ft. Waterfall
and other places (C. 1748).

Myristica, sp. closely resembling d7. Canarioides, King.
(C. 943).

Myristica Griffithi, Hook. fil. ; a tree 40-50 ft. Government
Iaillnrcoo tt. (€. 2406).

Myristica Farquhariana, Wall. ; medium-sized tree, not
uncommon. (C. 487, 804).

Myristica Forbes, King. Collected by Maingay. Not seen.

Myristica Lrya, Gertn.; large spreading tree 60-70 ft.
lien South of the Island, not common. (C/ 936).

Myristica oblongifolia, King. Not seen.

_ Myristica Scortechiniz, King ; Government Hill (C. 2769).

Myristica intermedia, B\l.; medium sized tree. West Hill
ES0O1t. (C. 1044).

Myristica furfuracea, Hook. fil.; Government Hill 2000
feet. (©) 1450):

Myristica furfuracea var. major, King. (C. 1459, 2456).
_Myristica laurina, Bl.; small tree. West Hill, not uncom-
mon.) (C: T1O1; 2457).

Myristica glauca, B\. (C. 935).

Myristica Missionis, Wall. ; tree 20-30 feet. Pulau Betong.
(C. 700, 935).

Myristica ea iieesiens: Hook fil. ; tree 25-30 feet, common.

(C. 1559).

130 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &c.

Myristica Hookertana, Wall.; a tall but not very large tree.
Government Hill. (C. 202).
_ Myristica Curtisiz, King;a tree with slender branches.
Waterfall. (C. 1024, 1301).

Myristica racemosa, King; tree 40-50 feet high. Nalm
pass, rare. (C. 934).

Myristica Ridleyana, King; tree 40-50 feet high. Govern-
ment Hill. (C. 2458.)?

Myristica eugeniefola, A. D.C. is said to have been col-
lected in Penang. Not identified. It is little known plant and
probably identical with one of the preceding. |

MONIMIACE.

Kibara coviacea, Endl.; small tree 20 feet. Government
Hill, not common. (C. 1242, 2255).

LAURINE:,

A pollonias sp.; tree 40-50 feet. Penara Bukit. (C. 1098).

Betlschmiedia sp.; large tree; fruit ovate, 1 inch long.
Government Hill 2000 feet, rare. (C. tors). |

Dehaasta Kurzit, King? compact growing tree. West Hill.
(C. 1193).

Dehaasia sp.; tree 30-40 feet; fruit with fleshy red pedicel

3 inch long. Government Hill. (Cp aia)p

Endiandra sp.; tall tree, branches slender; fruit oblong,
Ii inches. Moniot Road. (C. 1230).

Ediandra, sp.; tree 40-50 feet high, fruit 2 in. long black-
purple. Batu Feringy. (C. 3068).

Endiandra, tree 30-40 tall, leaves obovate 7 x 4 in. fruit
oblong dark purple. Pantie Achie. (C. 3067). ;

Micropora Curtisiz, Hook. fil; tree 40 feet leafy. Govern-
ment Hill 1000-2000 feet. (C. 524, 1214).

Cinnamomum javanicum, Bl. very doubtful, some leaves
collected by Walker are the only authority for this here.

Cinnamomum iners, Reinw.; tree medium-size, very com-
mon. (C. 156). |

Cinnamomum nitidum, B\.; recorded hence in Flor. Brit.
Ind. isan error. No. 2583a Wall. Cat. is C. zners Reinw. and

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, I 31

was collected in Penang. No. 2583 B.C.D. which are referred
to C. nitidm were not from Penang.

Cinnamomum vimineum, Nees; small tree; leaves when
-ruised emit a strong aromatic scent. Government and West
lice (CG. 1571).

Cinnamomum molisstmum, Hook fil; small tree 20-25 feet.
West Hill 2500 feet. (C. 308).

Cinnamomum Parthenoxylon, Meissn. ‘‘Medang”’; large
tree, timber valuable. (C. 512, 1038).

Cinnamomum Lampongum, Miq ; Medium-sized tree. (C.
2252).

Machilus rimosa, Bl.; large spreading tree. Penara Bukit,
notuncommon. (C. 942, 1030). ~~

Phebe opaca, Bl. Not seen. Collected by Porter. |

Phele multiflora, Bl.; large tree. Pulau Betong. (C. 2739).

Alseedaphne peduncularis, Hook. fil. Not identified, Wal-
lich 2596.

Alseodaphne sp.; middling sized tree. Waterfall. (C. 1536).

Actinodaphne magrophylla, Nees; tree 30-40 feet. Water-
fall and Pulau Betong. (C. 2304, 2473).

Actinodaphne pruinosa, Nees; tree 40-50 feet. Moniot’s
Road, rare. (C. 1020).

Litsea sebifera, Pers. ; tree 20-30 feet. West Hill. (C. 2305).

Lits@a sp.; near sebzfera, but with fasciculate not racemose
inflorescence. (C. 1182).

Litsea sessiliflora, Hook. fil; large shrub. Government Hill.
(C. 649).

Litsea grandis, Wall.; tree 40-50 feet. Top of Govern-
mene milly (C, 1104).

Litsea polyantha, Juss. ; small tree. Government Hill 2500
feet (C5 252),

Litsea amara, Bl. Not identified. Maingay.

Litsea salicifolia, Rox.; small tree. Batu Hitam. (C. 787).

Litsea leta, Wall.; small tree. Moniot’s Road. (C. 2159).

Litsea penangiana, Hook. fil; small tree. (C. 1587)?

Litsea myristicifolia, Wall. ; tree 30-40 feet. (C. 769, 1079),

Litsea nitida, Bi.; tree 40 feet. Moniot’s Road. (C. 795),

132 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS ANDFERNS, &C.

Litsea zeylanica, C. & Fr. small tree. Tanjong Bunga, &c.,
common. (C. 468, 446). :
Litsea rugosa, Kurz, Not identified. an obscure plant pro-
bably not a Litsea at all.
Litsea Noronhiana, Bl.; large tree 50-60 feet. Government.
BUN, Wao eet (C, 2440). a
Litsea sp.; tree 30-40 feet. Top of Government Hill. (C.
1103).
Litse@a sp.; small tree; fruit the size ofa pea. (C. 733, 1073).
. Lindera oxyphylla, Benth. Not identified. Porter. (Wall.
cat. 2547). he
Cassytha filiformis, L..; twiner, common on rocks and low
bushes near the coast. (C. 1703).
PROMPEAC EAs: : oe
flelicta attenuata, Bl.; small tree. Telok Bahang. (C.
To).
Felicia, sp.; small tree quite distinct from f. attenuata.
Penara Bukit. (C. 3020).
_ Felicia petiolaris, Bennett; not seen. Formerly cultivated
in Penang according to Jack. It is not rare in Singapore.
IMS ONE E DAN CIS AS,
Wikstremia indica, C. A. Mey.,small shrub. Open places,
often in Nutmeg plantations. (C. 30).
Linostoma paucifiorum, Griff.; climbing shrub. Muka Head.
(C. 713). :
Aquilaria Maiaccensis, Lam.; tree 40-60 feet bark smooth,
grey; flower white, scented. (C. 1534).
This tree produces the Gaharu Wood.
BLEAGNACE As. | ae
Eleagnus latifolia, \..; large ‘climbing shrub. Top of ©
Government Hill. (C. 904). 7
LORAN THACE AR
Loranthus Lobow, Hook a oe a Hill. (C, 85, 380)!
Loranthus pulcher, D. C. (C. 394). |
Loranthus pentapetalus, Ree Government Hill and

Penara Bukit, common. (C. 205). .
Loranthus coccineus, Jack; Government Hill, (C. 243.

A CATALOGUEOF.THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 33

Loranthus ferrugineus, Rox. Government. Hill; common.

(G:).

_ Loranthus. pentandrus, L. Ayer Hitam. (C. 476).
Loranthus ampullaceus, Rox. Government Hill. (C. 66). .
Loranthus globosus, Rox. Not identified. Apparently only

differs from the preceding in having fleshier narrower leaves

and globose fruit, but ZL. ampullaceus is very variable in the
form of the leaf.
Loranthus albidus, Bl. Government Hill and Penara Bukit,

not uncommon. (C. 1113).

Viscum ovalifolium, Wall. Not seen.

Viscum articulatum, Burm. Government Hill. (C.).

Notothixos matlayanus, Oliv.; parasitic, much branched
shrub sfruit white: Coast. (C. 233).

SVAUN IMAL C18 a8,

Flenslowia lobbiana, A. D. C.;, long twining shrub. Govern-
ment Hill) common. (C. 21).

Flenslowia buxifolia, Bl. ; parasitic on the roots of trees in
damp shady places. (C. 477).

Champereia Griffithiana, Bl.; small tree. Telok Bahang,
motcommon: (C. 155, 1163, 2262).

EUPHORBIACE:.

Euphoria atoto, Forst.; shrubby 1-3 ft. Open sandy places
near the coast. (C. 333, 1883).
Euphorbia pilulifera, L.; erect annual herb 1-2 ft. (C.
1838). :
Euphorbia thymifolia, Burm.; much branched prostrate
herb. Government Hill. (C. 1945).
Euphorbia, sp. near nerufolia, L.; erect shrub, 2-5 ft.
Common at the Waterfall. (C. 1567). :
+ Bridelia stipularis, Bl. Not identified. Collected by Wal-
hehe 7878 N).
Bridelia tomentosa, B\. ; small tree. Common. (C. 112).
Bridelia penangiana, Hook. fil.; small tree Government
eli (@.. 527). .
-'" Brideha rufa, Hook. fil. ; small tree. Waterfall. (C. 1480).

134 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C.

Brideta Curtisit, Hook. fil.; large shrub. Telok Bahang.
97).
Cleistanthus hirsutulus, Wook. fil. ; small tree. Waterfall.
(C. 1464). |

Cleistanthus membranaceus, Hook. fil. (C. 1481).

Cleistanthus nitidus, Ak. f.; small tree, Government Hill.
(146):

Cleistanthus pedicellatus, Hook. fil.; small compact tree.
Government Hill, rare. (C. 169). :

Actephila excelsa var. gavanica, Mig. ; shrub, not common.
(C. 674).

Phyllanthus emblica, L. ‘‘ Buah Malakka ;” spreading tree.
Not common. (C.).

Phyllanthus frondosa, Wall. ; shrub 3-5 ft. ; fruit the size
of a pea, Batu Peringor, (C2 819.1263):

Phyllanthus Kunstleritz, Hook. fil. Penang at 800-1000 feet,
Kunstler. Not seen.

Phyllanthus urinaria, L.. Not seen.

Phyllanthus nirurt, L.; herb 6-18 in. Common. (C. 1841).

Phyllanthus acutus, Wall. Collected by Finlayson (Wall.
Cat. No. 7931) was probably not from Penang at all.

Phyllanthus pulcher, Wall.; shrub 2-4 ft.; common near
villages, doubtfully wild. (C. 78).

Phyllanthus distichus, Muell. Arg. Cultivated.

Glochidion insulare, Hook. fil.; small tree. Government
Fille (C2728)! , |

Glochidion hirsutum, Muell. Arg. Not identified.

Glochidion macrostigma, Hook. fil. Penara Bukit. (C. 852).

Glochidion Wallichianum, Muell. Arg. Not identified. Wal-
lich 7873). : | |

Glochidion obscurum, Bl.; tree 30-40 feet. Waterfall, com- —
mon. (C246): :

Glochidion nanogynum, Hook. fil. Not identified, Wallich
8003 B.

Glochidion desmocarpum, Hook. fil. Not identified. Penang,
herb. Hooker perhaps from elsewhere.

Glochidion levigatum, Hook. fil; small tree. (C. 833, 1593).

Glochidion superbum, Baill.; small tree, common. (C. 111).

)

(C

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 35.

Glochidion coronatum, Hook. fil.; large shrub sometimes a
threes (Gi. 2113):

Glochidion Curtisiz, Hook. fil; large shrub. Government
eile (C.. 670).

Glochidion perakense, Hook. fil; shrub. West Hill. (C. 1120).

Breynia discigera, Muell. Arg. ; large shrub, West Hill.
(C. 196).

Breynea covonata, Hook. fil; large shrub or small tree ;
common. (C.):

Sauropus albicans, Bl. ;small undershrub. West Hill. (C. 963).

Cyclostemon longifolius, Bl.; tall tree. Government Hill.

Cyclostemon Curtis, Hook. fil; small tree. Government
Hill. (C.). |
- Cyclostemon sp.; small tree 12-15 feet. Waterfall. (C. 1776).

Choriophyllum malayanun, Benth.; tree 40 feet or more.
Government Hill, &c.; common. C. 1148, 881, 1198).

A porosa ficifolia, Baill. : small tree. West Hill. (C. 1483,
1583).

Aporosa nigricans, Hook. fil; large shrub. West Hill. (C.
1570, 1574).

A porosa microsphera, Hook. fil small tree. (C. 1482, 1466,
1470, 1467).

A porosa aurea, Hook. fil; large shrub. Waterfall. (C. 1460).

Aporosa lunata, Benth; tree 20-30 feet. Moniots Road.
(C. 1468).

Aporosa Benthamiana, Hook. fil; small tree 25-30 feet.
(C. 1469). |

Aporosa stellifera, Wook. fil; small tree. Penara Bukit.
(C. 1472).

Aporosa Pratnana, King mss.; small tree. Waterfall and
Government Hill. (C. 1476, 1477).

Antidesma pachystachys, Hook. fil. Not identified. Wallich
8569.

Antidesma velutinosum, Bl.; large shrub or small tree.
Government Hill. (C. 672). :
Antidesma velutinosum, var. lancijolia ; shrub 6-10 feet.

(: 863).

136 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Antidesma Ghesembilla, Gertn. ; low spreading tree. Water-
fall, &c. Common. (C. 782-1554).

Antidesma leucocladon, Ak. f.; shrub 5-6 feet high; ripe
fruit black, smooth fleshy. (C. 2280). 7

Antidesma Bunius, Spreng. Moniot’s Road 2278.

Antidesma fallax, Muell. Arg.; tree 30-40 feet. Penara
Bukit (E1473, 105400): |

Antidesma Moritztt, Muell Arg. small tree. Tanjong
Bonga. (@% 230): |

Antidesma sp.; small tree. Telok Bahang. (C. 1150).

Baccaurea parviflora, Muelle) aren: sinall tree, common.
(> 166; 1 160)!

Baccaurea macrophylla, Muell. Arg. Not identified.
Penang. Phillips. ; ‘

Baccaurea Griffithi, Hook. fil. ; tree 30-40 feet. Waterfall.
(C. 1474). | : |
' Baccaurea brevipes, Hook. fil.; small tree, not uncommon.
(Gs 0568; 1478): | | Me dae

Baccaurea Wallichit, Hook. fil. Not identified. Wallich 8073.

Baccaurea, sp. A. of Fl. Brit. Ind.; tree 30-40 feet ; bark
almost black. Government Hill. (C. 1463).

Baccaurea, sp. tree 20-30 feet high; berries Clalit, gloria:
pubescent. (C. 3021).

Galearia fulva, Muell. Arg. Not identified. Wall ich eG:
Phillips.

Galearia pedicellata, Br. Not identified. - Wallich 8585.
Philips.

Galearia Fackiana, Br. Not identified. Penang, Jack.

Galearta subulata, Muell. Arg. In Sonder’s herbarium from
Lindley’s herbarium. Not identified, probably from elsewhere.
Galearia Lindleyana, Muell. Arg. shrub. West Hill, (C.
176). Sa tae ad he
Microdesmis caseariefolia, Pi. ; ; erect shrub 4-6 feet. Water-
fallen (C1401) | |

Microdesmis sp. small sheath eevee (Cr 14°89):

A leurites moluccana, Willd. ; tree 30-40 feet or more. Not
seen in any place where it might not easily have been-intro-
duced. (C. 1210).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 137

Croton urgyratus, Bl. ;small tree 20-25 ft.,; common. (C. 232).

Trignostemon longifolins, Baill.; shrub 8-10 ft. Waterfall.
(C. 1475). |

Trigonostemon indicus, Muell. ioe ausimalle trecnal 5-215) ftak
back smooth, grey. Government bill (Ge, Aices) |

Ostodes muricata, Hook. fil.; shrub 6-10 ft. Waterfall.
(C. 1484). Patten

Dimorphocalyx malayanus, look. whl thee: 20-25) eeu,
flower white, conspicuous. Waterfall. (C. 806).
Dimorphocalyx Kpstlerm, Kane small ‘tree. Waterfall.
(Gsm5. 17). }

Erismanthus obliqua, Wall.; small tree. 25 ft. Watestaill
common. (C. 1471).

Agrostistachys Gaudichaudi, Muell. Arg. collected by cay
dichaud. Not identified.

Agrostistachys longifolia, Benth. var. malayana. Not ‘dene
tihed. Wallich.

~ Claoxylon indicum, Hassk.; small tree. Pulau Betong: (C
BO7).. | : "
Claoxylon longifolium,; Muell. Arg. ; canal frees (Gen'67,5)).
Claoxylon longifolium var. brachystach bys. (C. L101).

Claoxylon, OUTER Muell. Arg.; shrub. Government
Fill. (C. 644). ‘e

Acalypha indica, 1..; annual herb, common. (C. 891, 2147):
Calodepas Wallichianum, Benth. ; small tree with very hard
wood. Penara Bukit. (C. 1271). |

Alchornea villosa, Muell. Arg., var. glabrata ; tall shrub.
Government Hill. (C! 214). : |
- Alchornia discolor, Hook. fil. ; citrus Government Hill. (C.
822).

~ Celodiscus montanus, Muell. Arg.; shrub. .Penara- Bukit.
(C1 4018) |
. Mallotus' barbatus, Muell. Arg. Not identified. oe
G22.
Mallotus cochinchinensts, Lour.; small tree ; common. (C.

).
~ Matlotus Porterianus, Muell. Lia large shratse or small
bee ©. PAOs, 1462). Loney,

138 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS &c.

Mallotus Griffithianus, Hook. fil. ; tree 25-30 feet. Water-
fall and Government Hill. (C. 2260-2286).

Mallotus lancifolius, Hook. fil. ; shrub 8-10 feet. Govern-
ment Hill 2,000-2500 feet. (C. 684). :

Mallotus sub-peltatus, Muell. Arg. Government Hill.
(C. 1557).

Mallotus penangensis,Muell. Arg. Government Hill. (C.755).

Matlotus repandus, Muell. Arg. Not seen.

Cletdon javanicum, Bl. ; not seen.

Macaranga pustulata, King ; small tree Government Hill.
(C.). ie
| Macaranga Tanarius, Muell. Arg. ; spreading tree 30-40
feet. Pulau Butong, not common. (C. 1949).

Macaranga Curtisit, Hook. fil. ; medium-sized tree. West
Full (Gy 286).

Macaranga hypoleuca, Muell. Arg. ; small straight tree 25-
30 feet. Government Hill. (C).

Macaranga megalophylla, Muell. Arg.; tree 30-40 feet.
Government Hill and Waterfall. (C. 1588). oi

Macaranga populifolia, Muell. Arg. ; Not identified.

Macaranga javanica, Muell. Arg.; small tree, common.
(C76): | .

Macaranga triloba, Muell. Arg.; small tree. Government
Hill. (C. 1479).

Macaranga Lowit, King ; small tree 15-20 feet. Govern-
ment Hill, not uncommon. iC 276, 799).

Endospermum malaccense, Muell. Arg. medium-sized
spreading tree. Government Hill. (C236).

Gelonium multifiorum, A Juss. ; small tree. Pulau Betong.

(C. 924).
Gelonium bifarium, Rox.; small tree. Government Hill.
(C. 53). ule
Gelonium glomerulatum, Hassk.; shrub. Telok Bahang.
(C. 224).

Chetocarpus castanocarpus, Thwaites; small tree. Water-
fali Government Hill &c. ; common. (C. 725, 449, 658).
Baliospermum axillare, B\.; shrub. Government Hill. a

77:)

ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 39

Epiprinus malayanus, Griff. ; small tree 15-20 ft. Nalm,
fates (Ce. 24772).

Cnesmone javanica, Bl. “ Jelatang Rusa ;” climbing shrub
with stinging hairs. Government Hill. (C. 384).

Sapium baccatum, Rox. ; tree 25-30 feet. Not uncommon.
(C. 836).

Sapium indicum, Willd. ; tree 30 feet. Coast. (C. 1605).

Excecaria agallocha, L.; tree; common in Mangrove
swamps. (C. II, 1026).

Excecaria quadrangularis, Muell. Arg. shrub 2-4 feet.
Waterfall and Pulau Betong. (C. 989).
Sebastiana chamelea, Muell. Waterfall-gardens in grass
plots. |

URTICACE.

Trema timorensts, Bl. ; small tree; branches slender.
Bagian Jermal, rare. (C. 1935).

Trema angustifolia, Bl. ; small tree ; branches rigid. (C. 1893).

Trema amboinensis, Bl.; tree 20-30 feet; very quick grow-
ing. Common. (C. 102, 268).

Givonniera nervosa, Pl. ; medium-sized tree, 30-40 feet.
Government Hill, rare. (C. 192).

Gironniera subequalts, Pl. ; tree 30-40 feet. Telok Bahang,
fares (©. 107A),

Gironniera parvifolia, Pl.; tree 20-30 feet. Government
Hill, common. (C. 529, 1506).

Phyllochlamys Wallichit, King ; thorny shrub 6-10 feet.
Waterfall, not uncommon. (C. 174).

Streblus asper, Lour. Not seen.

Sloetia Sideroxylon, Teysm and Binnend. “ Tampinis ;”
tree medium size, wood durable, in great demand. (C. 198).

Sloetia penangiana, Oliv. ‘‘ Tampinis daun besar ;’ tree,
branches less rigid and leaves larger than the preceeding.
(C. 380).

Sloetia Wallichit, King ; not identified. Wallich No. 9090.

Ficus pisifera, Wall. ; small tree. Sungei Penang. (C. 1132).

Ficus gibbosa, B\.; small tree. Coast. (C. 948).

Ficus parietalis, Bl. ; Not identified.

140 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Ficus pilosa, Reinw. Not identified. Very doubttul.

Ficus bracteata, Wall. Not seen.

Ficus globosa, Bl. (C. 2508).

Ficus xylophylla, Wall. Government Hill 2500 feet. We
2210):

Ficus rigida, Mig.; is common. (C.).

Ficus dubta, Wall.; tree 30-40 feet. Penara Bukit. (C. oe)

Ficus glabella, BL ; small tree. Tanjong Bunga. (C.1126).

Ficus retusa, L. N ot seen.

Ficus vasculosa, Wall.; tree Penara Bukit. (C. 1133).

Ficus punctata, Thunb. Not seen. Wallich.

Ficus rostrata, Lamk. Penara Bukit, common. (C. 1124,
27)

Ficus hispida, \s, f; small tree W15-20 feet, common nem

Ficus Miguel, King; tree. Waterfall. (C. 1749, 1880)

Ficus Ribes, Reinw. Not identified.

Ficus fistulosa, Reinw. Not identified.

Ficus lepicarpa, Bl.; small tree. Waterfall. (C. 1130),

Ficus recurva, Bi. ; . creeping shrub: (C.47 1, roi.

Ficus annulata, Bl. Sungei Penang. (C. 2509).

Ficus Curtisi, King. A large tree. Glugor and Telok Bahang.
(C 1Os2)). :

Ficus villosa, Bl.; woody creeper; generally on rocks..
West Hill, &c., SoyTaanr. (C72). re

Ficus diversi folia, Bl.; small erect shrub 2-6 feet ; not un-
‘common (©-2873)). 3 ;

Ficus alba, Reinw.; small tree 10-12 feet, common, (C.
1120): |

Ficus chrysocarpa, Reinw. Not seen. Wallich.

Ficus glandulifera, Wall.; small tree; not uncommon up
tO. 2500 meets (Cia 4) Moi ter ) :

Ficus vartegatd, Bl. Not seen. King’s collector.

Ficus chartacea, Wall. var. torulosa. (C. A),

Artocarpus_wigida, Bl. “Tamponey ; large )tree, Som:
times cultivated for its fruit. (C. 1984).

Artocarpus tntegrifolia, L.; Th Jack, cultivated in anes
every vilage, often found ina ‘half-wild state, (Cae

A CATALOGUEOF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND. FERNS, &C. 141

Artocarpus polyphema, Persoon, The UChampedak. Cul-
tivated. ergs eae eee
Artocarpus lanceefolia, Rox. “ Nangka pipit” ; tree. Pe-
nara Bukit. (C.).
Artocarpus chaplasha, Rox. Government Hill. (C.).
Artocarpus Lakoocha, Rox.: tree 30-40 feet, deciduous.
Government Hill 2,000 feet. (C2222, OOOI 251):
TEE Es Gomeziana, Wall. var. Griffith, King. “ Tam-
pong”; compact leafy tree 30-40 feet. (C. 657).
-Balanostreblus tlictfolia, Kurz. Not ee On Penang
Island. King’s collector.
Conocephalus suaveolens, Bl. ‘“ Ara jankang”; large climb-
ing shrub, Pulau Betong. (C. 1745).
Conocephalus amenus, King , large climber. Pre Betong.
(C. 1080).
Conocephalus Scortechinit, King. Government Hill. (C.).
Conocephalus subtrinervius, eee Penara Bukit, by the side
of streams. (C. 1009).
Fleurya interrupta, Gaud. ; ea herb I-2 feet ; common
in waste places. (C. 915).
Laportea sp.; shrub 6-10 feet. Wang Seraya and Nalm
Pass, not common. (C. I100). |
Pilea muscosa, L. Abundant at the Waterfall. (C. 1233).
Pellionta javanica, Wedd.; dwarf herb. Balik Pulau.
(ENOS2)).
Pellionia acaulis, Hook. fil. Not indentified. On damp rocks,
King’s collector.
Elatostema sessile, Forst.; herb 12-18 inches. Damp shady
places, Balik Pulau. (C. 922).
_Llatostema molle, Wedd. Not indentified. Phillips.
Procris frutescens, Bl. ; stem meody 1-2 feet. Government
ilk” (C. 486). |
“Pouzolsia indica, Gaud. ; . prostrate herp. (G2 19288) 21415):
Pouzolzia pentandra, Benn. ; 2-3 feet, common. (C. 1879).
Pipturus mollisstmus, Wedd.; large climbing shrub,
Penara Bukit. (C. 673, 1032).

142 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

JUGLANDEZ.

Engbeediie Wallichiana, Lindl. ; medium-sized tree.
Government Hill 2000-2500 feet. (Ge 56). 3

Engelhardtia serrata, Bl. ; tree 30-40 feet. Muka Head.
(C. 1716). |

Engelhardtia nudifiora, Hook. fil. Not seen. Government
Hill. Maingay.

MYRICACEE.
Myrica sp. ; middling sized tree. West Hill 2500 feet.

C. (903).
CASUARINEE. a

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst. ‘“ Kayu Ru.” Cultivated ;

indigenous. (C.).
CURULTIPERZA:

Quercus oidocarpa, Korth. “ Berangan Babi” ; large tree.
Telok Bahang, rare. (C. 434). )

Quercus Walhchiana, Lindl. ; medium-sized tree, 20-40
feet. Government Hill, common. (C. 252, 253).

Quercus sundaica, Bl. ; low spreading tree. Government
Fill 2000 feet; rare. (C2367, 442):

Quercus Curtisiz, King ; medium-sized tall tree. Water-
fallen(@. 125 3):

Quercus Wenzigiana, King ; tree 20-30 feet. Government
Hill 2,000 feet. (C. 360, 368). :

Quercus Rassa, Miq. ; tree branches slender, drooping.
Government Hill 2000 feet. (C7362, 363" 255):

Quercus lucida, Rox. ; tall tree, not very large. West Hill
2500 1eet. (C436). 020): |

Quercus Omalkos, Korth. ; tall tree. Government Hill 2000
feet, rare, (C. 435).

Quercus cyclophora, Endl.; large tree, not uncommon.
Government Hill 1000-2000 feet (Cee nai,

Quercus discocarpa, Hance; tree about 25 feet. Top of
Government Hill. (C. 1155). |

Quercus encletsocarpa, Korth. ; small tree. Government
Hill 1000 feet. (C. 254). 7

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 143

Quercus Maingayi, Benth.; large tree. Government Hill
and Bukit Laksamana, rare. (C. 267). ,

Quercus sp. (uzitida, Bl.?); small tree. West Hill 2500 feet.
(C. 366). |

Castanopsis javanica, A.D.C.; large tree. Government
Hill. 1000 feet. (C. 419).

Castanopsis sumatrana, A.D.C.; medium-sized tree. Water-
falls ((€:51563).

Castanopsis Wallichiz, King; tree tall, not large. Govern-
ment Hill 1000 feet. (C. 416).

Castanopsis Curtisiz, King; medium-sized tree. Penara
Bukit, rare; only one tree seen. (C. 1691).

SALICICNE.

Salix tetrasperma, Rox.; tree 20-30 feet; not uncommon
in damp places. (C. 698).

GNETAC EAs.

Guetum Gnemon, L. “ Buah Maningo”; erect pyramidal
tree 30-40 feet, cultivated for its fruit. (C. 856).

Gnetum Brunonianum, Griff.; erect shrub 3-5 feet; fruit
smaller than G. Gnemon. (C. 878).

Gnetum neglectum, Bl.; extensive climber completely
covering low trees; common. (C. 877).

Gnetum macrostachyum, Hook. fil; large climber ; stem 2-3
inches diam. Government Hill 2000-25000 feet. (C. 1109).

CONIFER.

Dacrydium elatum, Wall.; large tree. Government Hill ;
common. (C.). |

Podocarpus neriifolia. Don; tree 30 feet or more Govern-
ment Hill. (C.).

Podocarpus cupressina, Br.; small graceful tree. (C.).

Agathis loranthifola, Salis.; tree 60-100 feet with a
straight clean stem, common. (C.).

144 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

; . HYDROCEHARID EAs =

Ce “Gualayana, Ridl.; aquatic herb. Telok Babaae
common. (C. 1888).

Ottelia alismoides, Pers. ; , aquatic herb. Conan in ditches
near the town. (C. 851). ,

BURMANNIACE£.

Burmannia celestis, Don. Not uncommon in open grassy

places. (C.).
ORCHIDEA::

Microstylis congesta, Reich. f. Pulau Betong 500 feet,
rare ©.)

Microstylis Maingayit, Hook. fil. Bukit Laksamana 1800
feet ; not common. (C. 1005).

Oberonia anceps, Lindl. Waterfall. (C.).

Liparts elegans, Lindl. Moniot’s Road on rocks, not. un-
common. (C. 507). |

Liparis longipes, Lindl. (C.).

Dendrobium pumilum, Rox. Near the Coast. (C.).

Dendrobium lonchophyllum, Hook. fil. Government Hill
2,000 feet. (C.).

Dendrobium serra, \.ind]. Collected by Porter and Maingay.

Dendrobium grande, Hook. fil. A figure in Kew Herbarium
is the only record for this plant here.

Dendrobium Leonis, Rchb. fil. On mangosteen trees. (C.).

Dendrobium sinuatum, Lind\. Obtained by Maingay. :

Dendrobium subulatum, Hook. fil. Western Road, growing
on the shade trees. (C..2408)..

Dendrobium villosulum, Wall. Collected by Porter.

Dendrobium crumenatum, Swartz. Pigeon-orchid. Com-
mon on coco-nut trees ; the most abundant of any Orchid. (C.).

Dendrobium ReeUTILD. Wall. Not common. (C.).

Dendrobium sanguinolentum, Lindl. Government Hill 2000
feet. (Cees
~ Dendrobium bifarium, Lind|.Government Hill sdo fect (e
_ Bulbophyllum piteatum, Lindl. Government Hill. (C. 1141).

Bulbophyllum Meduse, Rchb. fil. Government Hill. (C.).

Bulbophyllum capitatum, Lindl. Government Hill on Da-
crydium elatum, not uncommon. (C. 2883).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 145

Bulbophyllum leptosepalum, Wook. fil. Government Hill.
(C. 415).

Bulbophyllum bisetosum, Lindl. Telok Tikus, rare. (C.
1979).

Ce vaginatum, Lindl. West Hill. (C. 355, 1777).

Cirrhopetalum concinnum, Hook. fil. var. Top of Govern-
ment Hill.

Cirrhopetalum longescapum, Teysm. Penang, Lobb. The
specimen in the Buitenzorg Herbarium consists only of a
portion of a stout scape without flowers or leaves. The plant
has not since been seen.

Eria Maingayit, Hook. fil. Government Hill. Maingay.

Eria nutans, Lind]. Government Hill 2000 feet. (C.).

Eria neglecta, Ridl. Government Hill. (C.).

Eria-pulchella, Lind|. On rocks near the coast. (C. 1735).

Eria pellipes, Rchb. fil. Maingay.

Eira ferox, Bl. Lobb. Maingay.

Eria oligantha, Hook. fil. Government Hill.

Eira velutina, G. Loddiges, Government Hill. (C. 1696).

Eira letophylla, Lind]. Government Hill. (C. 1,139, 1,240).

Claderia viridifiora, Hook. West Hill. (Government Hill
2,000 feet).

Spathoglottis plicata, Bl. Common from sea level up to
2,000 feet. (G. 72).

Tainia penangiana, Hook. fil. Government Hill. (C.).

Lainia Maingayit, Hook. fil. Maingay.

Agrostophyllum majus, Hook. fil. Government Hill 2,000-
2,500 feet, on tall trees. (C.).

Celogyne macrobulbon, Hook. fil. Wallich 1969-2.

Celogyne tomentosa, Lind]. Government Hill. (C.).

Calogyne tomentosa var. penangensis. Maingay.

Celogyne Cumingi, Lindl. West Hill. (C.).

Celogyne speciosa, Lindl. Government Hill 2,000 feet. (C.).

Calanthe curculigoides, Wall. Government and West Hill
2,CO0-2,500 feet, common. (C.).

Eulophia squahda, Lind). Government Hill. (C. 1064).

Cymbidium Finlaysonianum, Lindl. Common on trees and
rocks on the sea coast. (C. 353).

146 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Geodorum purpureum, var. Telok Bahang, rare. (C. 354).

Geodorum citrinum, Jackson. Drawing in Kew Herbarium.

Grammatohyllum speciosum, Bl. Not common. (C.).

Bromheadia palustris, Lindl. Common on sloping banks of
red soil up to 2,500 feet. (C. 359).

Polystachya penangensis, Rid|. Government Hill 1,800 feet.
(C. 1006).

Luisia tristis, Hook. fil. Penara Bukit, on Durian trees.
(Ca1i76): :

Sarcochilus trichoglottis, Hook. fil. Orchards, on Mangos-
teen trees. (C.).

Sarcochilus (Cuculla) lilacinus, Griff. Telock Bahang, amOnE
long grass. (C.).

Sarcochilus (Cuculla) brachystachys, Hook. fil. Maingay.

Sarcochilus (Cuculla) arachnites, Reich. fil. Velok Bahang,
on trees by the river. (C.). :

rides suavissimum, Lindl. A very rare plant in Penang.
I have collected it on two occasions only. (C.).

Renanthera elongata, Lindl. Ayer Hitam, rare. (C. 485).

(Saccolabium penangianum, Hook. fil.; is not a Penang
plant. Sungkei River where my specimens were collected is in
Perak. (Pl Be Je Wolk Vile 52).

Saccolabium tenuicaule, Hook. fil. Waterfall and West Hill.
(C. 994).

Saccolabium cornigerum, Rid]. ined. West Hill. (C.).

Acampe penangiana, Ridl. ined. Government Hill. (C. 1963)

Sarcanthus secundus, Griff. Near the coast. (C.).

Sarcanthus Scortechinit, Hook. fil. Coast. (C. 2310).

Cletsostoma spicatum, Lindl. Tanjong Bunga, common.
(Gs 1834):

Teniophyllum serrila, Hook. fil. Western Road, on shade
Rees, (Co)s

Acriopsis indica, Wight, was collected by Maingay.

Acriopsis gavanica, Reinw. Common all over the Island.
(C32472):

Podochilus acicularis, Hook. fil. CO Hill 2,000-
2,500 feet, on damp rocks, common. (C. 1733).

A ppendicula callosa, BI. Government Hill. (C. 358).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 147

A ppendicula Lewisit, Griff. West Hill 2,000 feet. (C. 993).

Appendicula Maingayu, Hook. fil. Government Hill 2,000
feet. (©. 2822).

Oxyanthera decurva, Hook. fil. Not seen. Government
Hill, Maingay.

Galeola altissima, Rch. fil. Not common. (C. 352).

Galeola Hydra, Rch. fil. (C. 351). ~

Vanilla Griffithit, Rchb. fil. (V. aloida Hook. fil. non B)).
Waterfall, not uncommon. (C. 2271).

Corymbis longifiora, Hook. fil. Balik Pulau, rare. (C.).

Anectochilus brevilabris, Lind\. Telok Bahang. (C.).

Anectochilus Reinwardtit, Bl. Government Hill. (C. 1063).

Fleteria obliqgua, B\. Pulau Betong. (C.).

Odontochilus calearatus, Hook. fil. Government Hill 2,000
feera((. 2823):

Hlemaria discolor, B\. Wallich No. 7390. (C.).

Zeuxine afinis, Benth. Government Hill.

Cryptostylis arachnites, Bl. Government Hill 2,500 feet.

)

Pogonia punctata, Bl. Waterfall, rare. (C.).

Hlabenaria lacertifera, var. robusta, Abundant. (C. 357).

Cypripedium barbatum, Lindl. Government Hill. (C.).

Apostasia Wallichiz, Br. West Hill 2,500 feet. (C. 925).

Neuwtedia Lindleyit, Rolf. Sungei Penang. (C. 469).

Neuwtedia Curtisiz, Rolf. Government Hill, rare. (C. 1186).

SCITAMINE.

Globba Wallichti, Baker ; herb. Government Hill. (C. 455).

Globba ultginosa, Miquel. Government Hill. King.

Globba pendula, Rox. Roxburgh.

Globba versicolor, Smith, (Fl. Brit. Ind.).

Globba sps. undetermined. ‘C. 956-2851).

Curcuma petiolatc, Roscoe, bracts violet coloured. Common.
(C. 1744).

Gastrochilus pulcherrima, Wall. Maingay.

Kempferia parvula, King. Government Hill 2,000 feet,
Common.. (C.).

Kempferia rotunda, L. Government Hill. (C. §89).

148 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Amomum spherocephalum, Baker. Collected by Maingay.

Amomum megalocheilos, Baker. Cooly lines Government
lle (C3 2A):

Amomum metriocheilos, Baker. Government Hill. (C. 1530).

Amomum biftorum, Jack. No specimen of this is known to
exist. Can it be an Elettariopsis ?

Zingiber gracile, Jack. Waterfall. Not common. (Cd.

Zingiber spectabile, Griff. (C. 1200, 1978, 2161). ~

Costus spectosus, Smith. Common. (Ga):

Costus Kingi, Baker. Pulau Betong. (C. 1976).

Elettariopsis Curtisiz, Baker. West Hill 2,500 feet. (C:
1570).

Llttariopsis serpentina, Baker. Waterfall. C. 2276).

Alpinia galanga, Sw. Penara Bukit. (C.).

Alpinia Wrayu, King. Not identified.

Alpinia mutica, Rox. Sent to the Calcutta Gardens from
Penang.
_ Alpinia Rafflestana, Wall. Not seen.
Phrynium parviflorum, Rox. Government Hill. (C. 2420).
Canna indica, L. Common. (C.).
Canna ee, var., flava. Not common (C.).
Undetermined Scztamznee. (C. 327, 2275, 2884).

HAMODORACEZS.

Pelosanthes Teta, Andr.; dwarf herb, seeds blue. Water-
fall, common. (C. 139).

Peliosanthes humilis, Andrews. Maingay.

Peliosanthes albida, Baker ; leaves long; fl. greenish. Gov-
ernment l1ills2 @ooneet(Cay7.5 4)

Peliosanthes, sp.; leaves long, fl. purple. (C. 2757).

Ophiopogon prolifera, Lindl. T. Lewis.

Ophiopogon sp. West Hill. Not prolifera. {C.).

AMARYLLIDEZ.

Curculigo latifolia, Dryand. Common in dense jungle.
(Gey.

; Nie
Crinum astaticum, Common on the sea coast. (C. 1274).

ACATALOGUEOF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, & C. 149

WA CEACE An
Tacca cristata, Jack. Common at low elevations. (C. 336).
j DIOSCOREACEZE.

Dioscorea demonum, Rox. Climber. Muka Head. (C. 2415).

Dioscorea orbiculata, Hook. Government Hill. (C. 1900). ?

Duoscorea oppositifolia, L. climber. Government Hill. (C.
22092).

Dioscorea laurifolia, Wall. (C. 60 63). ?

Dioscorea gibbiflora, Hook. fil. Wallich anes B. in part.

Dioscorea bulbifera, L.? Pulau Betong. (C. 1565. 1943).

ROXBURGHIACEZ:.

Stemona Curtisiz, Hook. fil.; twining, fl. pink. Waterfall.

(Ge-1522))...
INU URN 2a 8p

Smilax myosotifiora, A. De C. Porter.

Smilax levis, Wall.; climbing shrub. Government Hill. (C.
1172).

Smilax extensa, Wall. Moniot’s Road. (C. 1244).

Smilax polyacantha, Wall. Porter. Wall. Cat. 5127.

Smilax leucophylla, Bl. leaves large, glaucous beneath.
Government Hill 1,000-2,000 feet. (C. 1145).

Dracena brachystachys, Hook. fil.; small tree 10-12 feet
hem? -2 ia. diam... is white. (©. 2302).

Dracena Porteri, Baker. Waterfall. (C. C.).

Dracena ternifiora, var. Curtistz, Hook. fil. Pulau Betong.
(C. gor).

Dracena gracilis, Wall.; small shrub. West Hill 2,500 feet.
(C. 1186).

Dracena Cantleyi, Baker;a large tree; fruit bright red
the size of a cherry. Not common. (C.).

Dracena, sp.; shrubby; panicle branched, 6-10 in, long.
(€. 2260).

Dracena Fackiana, Wall. cat. 5145. A. B. Collected by
Porter.

Dianella _ensifolia, Redoute, West dull 2,000, feet, 1(C.
170f). 7

Gloriosa superba, 1... Not common in Penang. (C.).

150 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

PON TEDERTACE Zz.

Monochoria hastefolia, Presl; herb. Ditches. (C.).
Monochoria vaginalis, Presl; fl. blue. Common. (C. 1235).

XY RIDEAZE.

AXyvis indica, L. “‘Jerangoo Padang.” Paddy fields south of

the Island. (C. 1927).
COMMELINACE:.

Commelina nudifiora, L.; creeping herb; fl, blue. (C.
122A):

Commelina benghalensis, L..; Common. (C. 1843).

Anetlema nudifiorum, Bl.; small herb; fl. blue; common in
open damp places. (C. 1856).

Aneilema conspicuum, Kunth. Damp dense jungle. (C.
980, 1977).

Forrestia marginata, Hassk. ; herb; stem creeping, rcoting
from the nodes. Pulau Betong. (C. 1948).

Cyanotis barbata, Don. Wallich.

Floscopa scandens, Lour. prostrate herb. Waterfall. (C.).

FLAGELEARTEZE:

Flageliaria indica, L. ‘‘ Rotan binni” Common. (C. 25).

Susum anthelninticum, Bl. Government Hill 2,000 feet.
C. 335).

PAL MEZA:

Ave: catechu, L. “Pinang.” Cultivated and common on
abandoned land. (C.).

Pinanga polymorpha, Becc. ; stem 2-3 feet. (C.).
- Pinanga disticha, Bl.; stem 2-6 feet. Pantie Achie. (C.
391).

Pinanga subruminata, Becc. about 1,500-2,000 King.

Pinanga malaiana, Scheff. ; stem 8-12 feet. (C.).

Oncosperma horrida, (Griff) “Nibong.” Common. (C.).

Tguanura Wallichtana, Hook. fil. Collected by Porter.

Arenga saccharifera Labill. Common. (C.).

Arenga obtusifolia, Mart. Waterfall Hill.

Caryota mitis, Lour.; stem 15-25 feet. One of the com-
monest palms in the Island. C. 2149).

ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C. I 51

Nipa fruticans, Wurmb. Common in tidal swamps. (C.).

Phenix paludosa, Rox.; stem 10-25 feet. Swamps. (C.).

Licuala spinosa, Wurmb. (C.).

Licuala acutifida, Mart. Common. (C.).

Livistona cochinchinensis, Mart. (Lewis.).

Calamus Draco, Griff. Penang. Lewis.

Calamus javensis, Bl. West Hill. (C. 2268).

Calamus javensis subvar. purpurascens, Becc. Not identi-
fied.

Calamus javensis subvar. penangtana, Becc. Not identified.

Calamus melanacanthus, Mart. Penang according to Mar-
tius.

Calamus martianus, Becc. Penang, Gaudichaud.

Calamus verticillaris, Griff. (C. 2222. ? 2232. ?)

Calamus hystrix, Griff. Government Hill.

Calamus geniculatus, Griff. (C. 712, 1476. ?)

Calamus viminalis, Willd. Wallich. :

Calamus Lewisianus, Griff. ““Kichum” Penang. Lewis.

Calamus monticolus, Griff. Penang Hill half way up. Lewis.

Zalacca affinis, Griff. ; leaves 12-15 feet; fruit pear shaped
densely bristly. (C. 2435).

Zalacca glabrescens, Griff.; leaves 15-20 feet. Government
Hill in damp shady jungle. (C.). |

Zalacca edulis, Reinw. “‘ Salak Kumbar” sent by Lewis to
Griffith. (I do not think this is wild anywhere in the Malay
Peninsula).

Zalacca Wallichiana, Griff.; is said to occur in Penang.
Not seen.

Zalacca conferta, Griff. Not seen. Lewis sent it to Griffith
under the name of Asam Kumbar.

Plectocomia elongata, Bl.; an immense climber. Govern-
ment Hill 2,000-2,500 feet. (C. 2436).

Engessonia triste, Griff.;.“‘Bertam ;” stemless; leaves 15-
20 feet. The most common of all the palms. (C. 2218).

! PANDANEE.

Pandanus, sp.;, stem 3-5 feet high; fruit about 24 in. (C.
1821).

Pandanus, sp. several undetermined.

152 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Pandanus helicopus, Miq. 6-10 feet high; fruit 4-5 in long.
Weet' Eill2;500 feet. (©. 2272):

Freyeimetia angustifolia, Blo; stem ‘slender \Courtaae@
1171).

Ligases scandens, Gaud. ? Government Hill. Resembles
F. insignis but has narrower leaves and bracts not red.

ARAGE AS,

Cryptocoryne ciliata, Fischer, Common in tidal swamps.
(C. 1940).

Arisema cuspidatum? Waterfall. (C. 1882).

Arisema filiforme, Bl. Waterfall, not common. (C.).

Arsiema Kunstlert, Hook. fil.; spathe green. Waterfall. (C.

2887).
Arisema Scortechinit, Hook. fil. Government Hill 2,000

feet.(C. 143):

Arisema Rorburghi, Kunth. is said to have been collected
by Curtis on Government Hill in Flor. Brit. Ind.

Typhonium Roxburghit, Schott. Common in open spots.
(C213 58).

Typhonium Motleyanum, Schott. Pulau Tikus. (C. 2888).

Amorphophallus campanulatus, Bl. Common. (C.).

Amorphophallus Prainit, Hook. fil. Waterfall. (C.).

Pothos Curtisiz, King. Batu Feringgi. (C. 808).

Pothos, sp. West Hill. Only one specimen collected. (C.).

Lasia heterophylla, nd). Tidal swamps, common. (C. 1941).

FHlomalomena angustifolum, Hook. fil. Telok Bahang on
stones in mid-stream, common. (C. 2886).

Homalomena, ovatum, Hook. fil. Wallich Waterfall. (C.
1884).

Homalomena humilis, Hook. fil. Government Hill.

Homalomena sagittifoha, Jung. Waterfall, common. (C.
1857). :

Homalomena aromatica, Schott. Moniot’s Road.

Homalomena Miqueliana, Schott; stem 2-3 ft. high. (C.
1881).

Flomalomena obliquata, Hook. fil. Collected by Phillips.

Schismatoglottis longipes, Mig. Waterfall, damp ravines
(2828).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 1 53

Amydrium humile, Schott. Government Hill 2,500 ft. =
1855).

Epona. sp. Batu Feringgi. (C. 1923).

Epipremnum giganteum, Schott. Collected by Roxburgh.

Epipremnum Maingayi, Pulau Betong. (C. 2885).

Epipremnum humile, Scott. Government Hill 2,500 feet.
(C. 1855). |

Epipremnum mirabile, Scott. Penang. Roxburgh not seen,

Anadendrum montanum, Scott. Collected by Wallich.

Anadendrum marginatum, Schott. Collected by Porter.

Aglaonema nitidum, Kth. was collected here by Jack.

Aglaonema simplex, Bl. (C. 1721).

Colocasia antiquorum, L. Pulau Betong. (C. 1933).

ERIOCAULONE.
Eriocaulon Wallichianum, Common.
CYP PRACE As,

Cyperus polystachyus, Rottbl. Waterfall. (C. 1784, 1864).
var /axifiorus, Benth. (C. 1862).

Cyperus pumilus, L. Dato Kramat. (C. 1782).

Cyperus cuspidatus var. angustifolia. (C. 1831)

Cyperus compressus, L. Common. (C. 1779).

Cyperus Haspan, L. Very Common. (C. 1788).

Cyperus pulcherrimum Wight. Common in Rice fields.

Cyperus Iria, L. (C. 1780, 1871, 1952).

Cyperus distans, L. Common anywhere. (C. 875, 1785,
1832).

Cyperus rotundus, L. moderately Common. (C. 1781, 1953).

Cyperus pilosus, Vahl. Tanjong Bunga. (C. 1830).

Cyperus procerus, Rottbl. Waterfall. (C. 1787).

Cyperus auricomus, Sieb. Ditches; not Common. (C. 872).

Cyperus pennatus, Lour. Common. (C7104).

Cyperus umbellatus, Benth. Waterfall, not common. (C.
491, 1783).

Cyperus turgidulus, Clarke. ven Bunga. (Cy 882)e

Cyperus Griffithiz, Steud. Open places. in pure sand. (C.
884).

Cyperus Zollingeri, Steud. Waterfall, rare. (C. 1833).

°

154 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Cyperus radiatus, Vahl. Bagian Jermal. (C. 1956).

Cyperus, sp. may be flavidus, Waterfall. (C. 1805).
Cyperus, sp. in way of turgzdulus, Clarke. (C. 2173.)
Martscus Dregeanus, Kunth. Tanjong Tokong. (C.).
Mariscus stebertanus, Nees. (C. 1955)

Mariscus cyperinus, Vahl. (C. 1786).

Mariscus microcephalus, Pres]. Waterfall, common. (C,

1873, 1874).

Kyllinga brevifolia, Rottbl. Common all over the Island.

(C. 1808).

Kyllinga monocephala, Rottbl. (C. 1823).
Fimbristylis nutans, Vahl. (C. 1868, 1869).
Fimbristylis schanoides, Vahl. (C. 1822).

. Fimbristylis miliacea, Vahl. (C. 1792).

Fimbristylis asperrimia, Boeck. (C. 1595, 1793).
Fimbristylis filiformis, Kunth. (C. 1789).
Fimbristylis diphylla, Kunth. (C. 1790).
Fimoristylis glebulosa, Vahl. (C. 1791).
Bulbostylis barbata, Kunth. (C. 885).
Scirpus grossus, L. (C. 350).

Scirpus debilis, Pursh. (C. 1904, 2178).
Scirpus mucronatus, L. (C. 1962.)
Eleocharis equisetina, Presl. (C. 1905, 2176).
Eleocharis vartegata var. laxiflora. (C. 1265, 2177)
Fuirena glomerata, Lam. (C. 497).
Lipocarpha argentea, R. Br. (C. 1807).

Hy polyptrum giganteum, Wall. (C. 15. 490).
Mapanta, sp. (C, 1820).

Remirea maritima, Aubl. (C. 1861).
Rhynchospora aurea, Vahl. (C. 1256).
Scleria lithospermu, Willd. (C. 1794).
Scleria hebecarpa, Nees. (C. 1828).

Scleria sumatrensis, Retz. (C. 22).

Scleria Steudeliana, Boeck. (C. 1907).
Caree tndica, Io E41207).

Carex cryptostachys, Brongn. (C. 1910).

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 155

GRAMINEAE.

Paspalum scrobiculatum, L. (C. 492).
Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. (C. 493).
Paspalum distichum, Burm. (C. 1957).
Tsachne puchella, Roth. (C. 496).

Tsachne australis, Br. (C. 1813).

Panicum sanguinale var. australe, (C. 1801, 1914).
Panicum parvulum, Trin. (C. 1919).

Panicum colonum, . (C. 68).

Panicum myosuroides, R. Br, (C. 1960).
Panicum Crus-galtt, L. (C. 1958).

Panicum indicum, V.. (C. 1802).

Panicum miliare, Lam. (C. 1803).

Panicum cimicinum, Retz. (C. 1829).

Panicum incomptum, Trin. (C. 132, 1809, 1908).
Panicum nodosum, Kunth. (C. 1917, 1918).
Panicum auritum, Presl. (C. 1818).

Panicum trigonum, Retz. (C. 1824).

Panicum Myurus, Lam. (C. 1903).

Panicum luzonense, Presi. C. 1915).

Panicum multinode, F. (C. 1961).

Panicum radicans, Retz. (C. 1916).

Panicum parvulum, Nees. (C. (814).

Panicum fimbriatum, Nees, (C. 1257).
Oplismenus compositus, R. and S.

Oplismenus Burmanni, Beauv. (C. 1825).
Setaria glauca, Beauv. (C. 1259, 1959).
Leptaspis urceolata, Br. and Benn. (C. 1758).
Coix tachryma, Fob1; L. (C. 58).

Leersia hexandra, Swartz. (C. 1902).

eros tatjoud, Nit. (C.O) 1St7).

Zoysia pungens, Willd. (C. 1812).

Imperata arundinacea, Cyr. “Lalang” (C. 1816).
Pogonatherum polystachyum, R. and S. (C. 877).
Tschemum muticum, 1. (C. 1810).

Ischemum ciliare, Retz. (C. 1806).

Tschemum timorense, Kunth. (C. 2167).
Rottboeltia glandulosa, Trin. (C. 1913).

156 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C..

Andropogon contortus, L. (C. 1906, 1912).
Andropogon nardus, L.. (C. 91).
Andropogon sguarvosus, L. (C. 1819).
Chrysopogon aciculare, Trin. (C. 1799.
Themeda gigantea var. villosa. (C. 1971),
Themeda arguens, Hack. (C. IgI1).)
Sporobolus elongatus, R. Br. (C. 876).
Sporobolus diander, Beauv. (C. 1826).
Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (C. 1811).
FEleusine indica, Gertn. (C. 1796).
Lleusine coracana, Gertn. (C. 1118).
Eleusine egyptiaca, Pers. (C. 1797).
Leptochloa chinensis, Nees. (C, 1G51).
Phragmites Roxburghi, Kunth. (C. 125).
Eragrostis unioloides, R. and S. (C. 1800).
Eragrostis Brown, Kunth. (C. 1805).
Evagrostis Wightiana, Bl. (C. 882).
Eragrostis plumosa, Retz. (C. 1827, 2169).
Eragrostis pilosa, Beauv. (C. 1804).

' Centotheca lappacea, Desv. (C. 36, 1815).
Thysanolena acarifera, Nees. Government Hill. (C. 1909).
Arundo donax, cultivated. (C. 1981).
Bambusa nana, Roxb. The Hedge bamboo is cultivated.

(G.11720):
UE IMEI8,S).

Gleichenta, longissima, Bl.; fronds 8-10 feet long. Govern-
mentybiill 2,000-2)5@0stects (Cx canny

Gleichenia flagellaris, Spreng. ‘“Resam.” Common up to
1,@00-1,500 feet. (C.523)):

Gleichenta hirta, B). Government Hill, Hullett.

Gleichenta dichotoma, Willd. Abundant. (C. 532).

Gleithenia, sp.; appears to be distinct from either of the
preceding. (@: 534):

Cyathea Brunonis, Wall.; stem 3-4 feet; frond 2-3 feet.
Government Hill 2,000-2,500 feet. (C. 535). ! :

Amphicosmia alterans, Hook. fil., collected by Wallich, Sir
William Norris and Cantley. |

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C. I 57

Alsophila latebrosa, Hook. fil.; stem tall. Government Hill.(C.).

Alsophila glauca, Smith; stem stout. Not uncommon. (C.).

Alsophila comosa, Hook. Government Hill. (537).

Alsophila glabra, Hook. Government Hill. (538).

Cibotium Barometz, Link. Government at 1,000 (Cantley).

Hymenophyllum tenellum, Klein. On damp rocks at I,500-
2.000 teet. (C. 540).

Hymenophyllm rarum, Br. Government Hill. (Bishop
Hose).

Hymenophyllum polyanthos, Sw.var. LBlumeanum, fronds
12-18 in. long. Damp shady ravines. (C. 1724).

Hymenophyllum australe, Willd. (Favanicum Spreng).
Government Hill. (C. 539). var. Badiuwm. Government Hill
(Hullett).

Hymenophyllum Smithit, Hook. West Hill 2,500 feet. (C.).

Hymenophyllum aculeatum, V. D. B. at 3,000 feet. King.

Trichomanes digitatum, Sw. West Hill 2,000 feet. (C.
1174). |

Trichomanes bipunctatum, Poir. Government Hill, on rocks
(Ke 5542):

Trichomanes gavanicum, B\. West Hill, damp ravines. (C.
541).

Trichomanes radicans var. Kunzeanum, Government Hill.
(Hullett).

Trichomanes palidum, B\. Not seen. Collected by Lady
Dalhousie.

Flumata heteropylla, Smith. Not seen.

FH. angustata, Wall. West Hill, on trees. (C. 543).

FH, pedata, Smith. Abundant in many places. (C. 544).

Leucostegia hymenophylla, Not identified.

Leucostegia affinis, Hook. Ayer Hitam. (C. 545).

Prosaptia Emersonii, Hook. fil. Moniot’s Road, not uncom-
mon. (C. 546).

Davallia solida, Sw. ; caudex stout; fronds large. Common
on rocks at low elevations. (C. 547).

Davalha elegans, Sw. Penang Hill.

Davalha Lorraini, Hance; fronds 6-8 in. Government Hill
2,060-2,500 feet: (C.).

158 ACATALOGUEO F THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, & C.

Microlepia pinnata, Cav.; fronds 12-18 in. Government
Hill 2,000-2,500 feet, abundant. (C. 548).

Microlepia spelunce L. (C. 629).

Stenoloma chinensis, Sw.; var. Vettchiz. Government Hill
I,500-2,000 feet. (C. 549).

Lindsaya cultrata, Sw.;,fronds 6-7 in, Waterfall, rare (C.
1710).

Lindsaya scandens, Hook. Government Hill. ce 550).

Lindsaya flabellulata, Dry.; a very variable. plant. (C.

553).

Lindsaya trapestformis, Dry. Government Hill. (C. 551,
554).

Lindsaya divergens, Wall. Government Hill 2,000 feet.
(Cys 52):

Lindsaya lanuginosa, Wall. Not seen.

Schizoloma davalhoides, Bl. Government Hill. (Hullett).

Schizoloma lobata, Poir. Government Hill.

Adiantum lunulatum, Burm. Balik Pulau. (C.).

Adiantum flabellulatum, L ; frond 8-12 in long. Abundant
in one or two places. (C. 555).

Chetlanthes tennifolia, Sw. Steep banks, Ayer Hitam. (C.
556).

Pteris longifolia, L. Not uncommon on old brick walls.

Pteris cretica, L. Government Hill.

Pteris pellucida, Presl. West Hill on boulders in mid-
stream. (C. 998).

Pteris crenata, Sw. Common in hedges. (C. 557).

Pteris semipinnata, L. Batu Hitam 1,000 feet, rare. (C.
935).

Preris Dalhousiew, Hook. Not seen. Apparently only col-
lected by Lady Dalhousie.

Preris quadriaurita, Retz. Balik Pulau road. (C. 1 1,001).

Pterts longipinnula, Wall. Not seen.

Pterts aquilina, L. Not uncommon at 1,000-2,000 feet and
occasionally near sea-level. (C.).

Campteria biaurita, L. Pulau Betong. (C. 538).

Litobrochia incisa, Thunb. Common. (C.).

CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. I 59

Litobrochia marginata, Bory. Balik Pulau. (C.).

Ceratopteris thalictroides, 1.. Ditches and swampy places.
(C2113).

Blechnum orientale, L. Abundant, up to 2,000 feet. (C.).

Blechnum Finlaysonianum, Wall. Government Hill 2,000
feet, not common. (C. 1002).

Thamnopteris nidus, L. Common on trees and rocks, not
far from the coast. (C. 559).

Thamnopteris nidus, var. phyllitidts.

Asplenium Griffithianum, Hook; frond simpie 6-1o in long.
(C. 656).

Asplenium subaventum, Hook. Collected by Mactier.

Asplenium unilaterale, Lam. Damp ravines, rare. (C. 567).

Asplenium longisstmum, Bl. Penara Bukit on steep banks,
abundant. (C. 561).

Asplenium Wightianum, Wall. Not common. (C. 561).

Asplenium tenerum, Forst. Not uncommon on trees, at
about 2,000 feet elevation. (C. 5609).

Asplenium hirtum, Kaulf. Batu Hitam, rare. (C. 564).

Asplenium macrophyllum, Sw. Common. (C. 562, 566).

Asplenium paradoxum, Bl. Not identified.

Asplenium nitidum, Sw. Not common. (C. 568).

Asplenium Mactiert, Bedd. Collected by Mactier.

Asplenium laserpitiifohum, Lam. Government Hill. (C.
563).

Asplenium bulbiferum, Forst. not seen.

Asplenium subserratum, B\. Moniot’s Road. (C. 570).

Asplenium pallidum, Bl. Penara Bukit. (C. 1268).

Diplazium porrectum, Wall. West Hill 2500 H. (C.1000).

Diplazsium tomentosum, Hook. fil. Penara Bukit. (C. 1267).

Diplazium chlorophyllum, Bak. (C.).

Diplazium Bantamense, Bl. not seen.

Diplazium speciosum, Bl.? (C. 571-999) Government Hill.

Diplazinm sylvaticum, Presl. var. Prescottianum, Wall.
Government Hill.

Diplasium Sorzogonense, Presi. fronds 18-24 in (C. 1723).

Antsogonium cordifolium, Mett. Penara Bukit, rare. (C.

1194).

160, A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Anisogonium esculentum, Presl. Common in damp places (C.).

Antsogonium lineolatum, Mett. Moniot’s Road. (C. 573).

— Hemidictyon Finlaysonianum, Wall. Not seen.
Mesochloena polycarpa, Baker. not.uncommon. (C. 574).
Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. Government Hill 1000-2000 feet,

common. (C.575):

Aspidium semibipinnatum, Wall. Not seen.

Aspidium vartolosum, Wall. Waterfall. (C. 1608). Bishop
Hose.

Aspidium vastum, Bl. Penang.

Aspidium Singaporianum, Baker. Waterfall. (C. 576).

Aspidinm polymorpha, Baker. Waterfall. common (577).

Lastrea immersa, Bl. Open places, common. (C. 580).

Lastrea ealear ata, Hook. fil. Government Hiil (Hullett).

Lastrea crassifolia, BI: Government full; (C2 576)

Lastrea intermedia, Bl. and var. Blumez. (C.).

Nephrodium intermedium, Baker. Government Hill. (C.
636).

Nephrodium unitum, R. Br. Common. (C. 583).

Nephrodium molle and the var. procurrens, Baker. Govern-
ment Hill. (C€. 585).

Nephrodium pennigerum, Bl. Government Hill, Hullett.

Nephrodium aridum, Baker. Pulau Betong. (C. 581).

Nephrodium moulmeinense ? (C. 584).

Nephrodium urophyllum, Bedd. (C. 582).

Nephrodium multilineatum, Wall. Penang Hill, Wallich.

Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott. Common. (C.).

Nephrolepis volubils, J. Smith. (C. 587).

Nephrolepis acuta, Pres]. (C.). | |
Oleandra neritformis, Cav. Government Hill, rare. (C.
1607). ;

Polypodium subevenosum, Baker; small plant; fronds 3-4
in. Government Hill on damp rocks. (C. 588).
Polypodium universe, Bak. (C.).

Polypodium decorum, Brack. Government Hill, on trees
and TrOcks: 4 (@a5.56).

Dictyopterts Barberi, Hook. fil. Not seen.

Gontophlebtum verrucosum, Wall. Not seen.

ACA [TALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 161

Niphobolus adnascens, Sw. Very common. (C. 590, 591).

Niphobolus penangianus, Hook; fronds 12-18 in. Govern-
ment Hill, towards Ayer Hitam. (C. 592).

Pleopeltis sinuosa, Wall.; frond simple 6-9 in. Ayer
Hitam, on trees. (C. 595).

Pleopeltis stenophylla, Bl. ; fronds about 6 in. (C. 602).

Pleopeltis angustata, Sw. Top of Government Hill. (C.
590).

Pleopeltis nigrescens, Bl.; stipe 6-18 in.; frond 12-18 in.
Damp places, on rocks. (C. 600).

Pleopeltis membranacea, Don. Government Hill. (C. 597).

Pleopeltits musefola, Bl.; frond 2-3 feet. West Hill at
about 2,000 feet, rare. (C. 598).
Pleopeltis phymatodes, L. Sea coast, abundant. (C. 599).
Drynaria quercifolia, .. Waterfall, common. (C. 594).
Drynaria rigidula, Sw. Government Hill. (C. 593).
Drynaria palmata, Bl. Government Hill, on damp rocks.

eeF.

Dipteris Horsfieldiz, Br.; stipe 3-7 feet; frond 1-3 feet.
West Hill 2,000-2,500 feet, abundant. (C. 632).

Gymnogramma alismefolia, Hook. fil.; stipe 10-12 in.;
fror.d 12-18 in. West Hill 2,000 feet. (C. 603).

Gymnogramma aventia, Baker ; frond 6-18 in. Damp shady
places at 1,000-2,000 feet. (C. 605).

Seliguea feett, Hook. fil.; stipe 4-10 in.; frond 3-5 in.
long. Government Hill, common. (C. 604).

Selliguea involuta, Don. Not identified.

Drymoglossum pilosellotdes, Pres). Abundant. (C. 1003).

Meniscium salictfohum, Wall. Ayer Hitam. (C. 616).

ilntrophyum plantagineum, Kaulf. (C. 606).

Antrophyum reticulatum, var. parvum of Beddome. Not
identified.

Vittaria elongata, Sw. Common. (C.).

Vittaria scolopendrina, Presl.; fronds 18-24 in Govern-
ment Hill, not common. (C. 608).

Tenitis blechnoizes, Sw. Government Hill, common. (C.
610.

162 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

Stenochlena Norrisit, Hook. Government Hill 2,000 feet.
(C. 1606.?)

Stenochlena palustris, L. Waterfall &c. abundant. (C. 611).

Polybotrya appendicilata, Willd. Common. (C. 612).

Gymnopterts sub-repanda, Hook. fil.; stipe of barren frond
6-9 in. ; frond 6-12 in. Balik Pulau, rare. (C. 628).

Gymnopteris virens, Wall. Government Hill. (C. 618. ?)

Gymnopteris flagellifera, Wall. Government Hill. (C.
GIs):

Gymnopteris spicatum, L. West Hill, common. (C. 613,
614).

Acrostichum aureum, L. Tidal swamps, abundant. (C.).

Photinopteris rigida, Wall. West Hill, rare. (C. 619).

Photinopteris drynarioides, Hook. fil. Government Hill
near the Bungalow, not common. (C.).

Platycerium biforme, Bl. More or less common all over
the Island (C. 639).

Schizea digitata, Sw. West Hill (C.)

Lygodium circinatum, Sw. (C. 622).

Lygodium scandens, var. microphylia. Br. (C. 623).

Lygodium pinnatifidum, Sw. (C. 623).

Lygodium polystachyum, Wall. Waterfall, not common (C.
625).

Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm. Not uncommon {C.).

LYCOPODIACEAS.

Lycopodium cernuum, L. Common in Penang.

Lycopodium phlegmaria, L. collected by Wallich.

Lycopodium Dalhousteanum, Spring. collected by Lady Dal-
housie.

Lycopodium nummularifolium, Bl. collected by Lady Dal-
housie. :

Selaginella pinangensis, Spring. collected by Gaudichaud.

Selaginella trichobasis, Baker. collected by Wallich.

Selaginella alutacea, Spring. Damp banks on Penang Hill
Maingay. . ,

Selaginella atroviridis, Spring. Wallich, Gaudichaud.

Selaginella plumosa, Bak. Wallich No. 122.

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTSAND FERNS, &C. 163

Selaginella Wallichit, Spring. Wallich, Lady Dalhousie.

Selaginella Willdenovit, Spring. (C.).

Selaginella caulescens, Spring. Wallich, Gaudichaud.

Selaginella caulescens, var. CEG, Wallich 7a Lady
Dalhousie.

Selaginella chrysocaulos, Spring. Wallich 127, bis.

Psilotum triquetrum Sw. collected by Wallich.

ee ee

iE BOLRANISTS OF PENANG.

The number of students of botany in Penang in past years
has not been great, and of some of those that are here men-
tioned I can get little or noinformation. Some whose names
appear associated with plants seem merely to have collected a
few specimens and transmitted them to Europe but as they
are sometimes the only authority for the occurrence of certain
plants in Penang, I have thought it as well to collect what
information I can about them.

WILLIAM ROXBURGH was born in 1759 and took charge of
the Calcutta Gardens in 1793. He seems to have never
visited Penang, but received a certain number of living plants
thence which he cultivated in the Gardens, and described in
the /lora [Indica published after his death in 1820.

Some of these such as Melia tomentosa and Alpinia mutica
have not since been met with in Penang, and it is very likely
that they were either cultivated in Penang and sent to him
as if native there, or were wrongly labelled in the Calcutta
Gardens.

In 1807 WILLIAM HUNTER, of the Bengal Medical Establish-
ment, published a paper in the Linnean Society’s Transactions
on Gambier, as cultivated in Penang.

NATHANIEL WALLICH was born in Copenhagen in 1786.
and went to India in 1807, taking charge of the Calcutta
Gardens then belonging to the East India Company in 1815.
He made his first great exploring expedition into Nepal in
1820, and returning thence ill went for a voyage to Penang
and Singapore and visited several other parts of the Peninsula

164. ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &€.

(1822). He remained here for five months residing in Singa-
pore in ahouse called Botany Hall on what is now Mount
Wallich near the New Harbour Docks. While here he met
Sir STAMFORD RAFFLES and WILLIAM JACK and also G.
FINLAYSON, all of whom contributed plants to his herbarium.

WILLIAM JACK accompanied RAFFLES as botanist to Ben-.
coolen in, Sumatra in! December, 1818, and later went to
Penang. In both of these localities he made most extensive
collections and published two short papers in the Malayan
Miscellanies which have been reprinted in Hooker's Botanical
Magazineand laterin the Indo-Malaysian Essays of this Society.
JACK’S health broke down in 1822, and he died at Bencoolen
as he was starting for the Cape of Good Hope to recover his
health. A number of his plants were sent to WALLICH and
distributed withthe East Indian Company’s herbarium. The
rest with all his manuscripts and a large series of over
two thousand drawings were on board the illfated vessel,
the ‘‘ Fame” which was burnt at sea on the way to England,
the whole collection being destroyed. Most of the plants
described by JACK from Penang and those that were sent by
him to WALLICH have been re-discovered of late years, but a
few have escaped recent collectors, and it possible that some
of those which were distributed by WALLICHas from Penang
were really collected in Sumatra. JACK’S name has been asso-
ciated with several Malayan plants including the beautiful
Rubiaceous tree, Fackia ornata.

GEORGE FINLAYSON was a native of Thurso, who became
Assistant Surgeon in the 8th Regiment of Light Dragoons
and was attached to the Mission from the Bengal Government
to Siam and Cochin China in 1821. He returned to Singa-
pore in 1822 seriously ill with consumption and died shortly
after reaching England.

He made good collections in the various part of the penin-
sula he visited, chiefly in Siam and Cochin China, and was
the first botanist to visit the Dindings where he collected
Dracena Finlaysoniana which grows there to this day.

Many of his plants were sent to the East India Company’s
Herbarium and were finally distributed when that Herbarium

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C, 165

was brokenup. Unfortunately many specimens appear not to
have been adequately labelled, and some of those cited in
books as coming from Penang may have come from Cochin
China. WALLICH named tthe rare Asclepiad Fiznlaysonia
obovata after him and his name has been perpetuated by
two of our commonest and most charming orchids Brom-
headia Finlaysoniana and Cymbidium Finlaysonianum.

After his return to Calcutta Wallich received many plants
from collectors employed in Penang and chief among these was
GEORGE PORTER, whose name is associated with the common
dwarf Dracena Dracena Portert. Dr. Prain has kindly ex-
amined the Wallichian correspondence at Calcutta to find out
something about this collector, and Mr. KYNNERSLEY has
also given me some additional information about him. The
latter says thatin August 1822 the Headmaster of the Penang
Free School resigned and Mr. PORTER who was recommen-
ded by Dr. WALLICH was appointed at a salary of 100.

The same year howevera Government Botanic Garden was
started near Ayer Hitam and Porter was put in charge, though
a judge, Mr LEYCESTER, was nominally the curator. He re-
mained there till 1834, at least, when the gardens were sold
by Governor Murchison for 1250 rupees. He did not appa-
rently have a very happy time as Superintendent of the gar-
dens for Governor IBBETSON or rather his wife made trouble
because Porter did not supply enough vegetables for their
table. In 1834 he sent the first plants of Patchouli to Calcutta
Gardens, and this is the last I have heard of him, Dr. PRAIN
thinks that he got appointed Schoolmaster again through the
interests of WALLICH’S friends.

The East India Herbarium was eventually dispersed, the
study set being preserved at the Linnean Society's rooms in
London. WALLICH compiled and published a catalogue of it,
and the plants distributed are quoted inthis paper as (Wall.
cat.) After this period botany seems to have faded away in
Penang, and nothing was done in it for many years.

Mention must be made however of Governor W.E. PHILLIPS
who sent some plants to Kew which are mentioned in the Flora
of British India. Mr. KYNNERSLEY is my authority for the fol-

166 ACATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C.

lowing notes. Mr. PHILLIPS was appointed Secretary to Gov-
ernment in 1800, and became Collector of Customs and Land
Revenues in 1805, and eventually Governor it 1820. He re-
tired in 1824, being presented then by the inhabitants of Pe-
nang with a gold cup. He was an able man and gave special
attention to the land question which he seems thoroughly to
have understood. He resided at Suffolk House where Craw-
furd visited him in 1819, and describes the place asan English
gentleman’s mansion and park where cloves and nutmegs
in full bearing were substituted for oaks, elms, and ashes.
The grounds contained two to three hundred spotted deer.
It was he who started the Ayer Hitam gardens.

The next botanist who appears at Penang was a Colonel
Walker who in or about 1837 collected a number of plants
which were distributed to various European Museums.

In 1842 or thereabouts GEORGE GRIFFITH came as Govern-
ment Botanist to Malacca. He was well known for his explor-
ations in Assam, where he had made extensive collections. He
seems never to have visited Penang but received a few plants
thence from T. LEw1S, Assistant Resident Councillor, after
whom he named Affpendicula Lewisit and Calamus Lewt-—
StAQNUS.

Amongst other collectors who sent plants to England about
this time may be mentioned Sir WILLIAM NorRIS (after
whom JVorrisza was named) who sent specimens to Sir WIL-
LIAM HOOKER, and Lady DALHOUSIE, who is better known
for her Botanical work in the Himalayas but who sent home
also a collection of plants from Penang.

WILLIAM Lops, an Orchid collector for’ Messrs. VEITCH
visited this region in 1845 in search of ornamental plants
for cultivation and besides sending home many plants alive,
made a collection of dried specimens, which have been
distributed to various Herbaria. Unfortunately many of these
were either not at all or wrongly localised and as he
collected not only in Penang and Singapore but also in
Borneo and the Philippine islands, some of the plants quoted
in books as, ‘Penang LOBB,” were really collected in the
further islands of the Malay Archipelago. Among the well-

A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 167

known plants which bear his name are Aeschynanthus Lobbit
and Dipteris Lobbiana.

Surgeon-General Maingay resided in Malacca from 1863
to 1868 and thence visited Penang and made extensive col-
lections of plants, in both these places as well as in Singa-
pore. After his death in the Andaman islands in 1870, his
collections were bequeathed to Kew and the plants described
in the Flora of British India and other publications. Most of
the species said to have been collected by him in Penang
have been since rediscovered, but perhaps some of those
which have not been met with again have been wrongly
localised as his plant-tickets often had no localities mark-
ed on them.

The flora of Penang has prebably altered but little since
Walhehis) time: Whereas mot been here the extensive
denudation of forests which has occurred in Singapore, but
without doubt the flora of the lowly ing country especially near
the town has undergone much change. Large as the number
of known species in so limited an area is, without doubt many
more remain undiscovered and with them perhaps we shall
get again most of those formerly found only by the earlier
collectors. In this catalogue the earlier authorities are only
quoted for species which have not been seen of late vears,

Fale IN RG

OCCASIONAL NOTES.
ERR EEE
EARTHQUAKE IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

The rarity of earthquakes in the Malay Peninsula is some-
what remarkable, asthough the volcanic belt of the Archipelago
is absolutely outside this region, it approaches so near that
one would imagine that disturbances would constantly make
themselves felt here.

From time to time tremors more or less faint have been
experienced in Singapore, but no record seems to have been
kept of these. It isstated by residents that a shock equalling in
intensity the one which shook Singapore and a large portion of
the Peninsula on the night of May 17th, 1892, was felt in
1861, but no details of this earlier occurrence were preserved...
The recent shock occurred at 8.10 p.m., and at Tanglia it
commenced comparatively lightly and increased rapidly in
violence till the whole house was violently. shaken, so that
glasses and furniture rattled and doors kept banging to and
fro, and then it gradually died away.

The duration of the tremors was very variously reported by
observers as from six seconds to three minutes, but no one
seems to have taken an accurate record. At Tanglin it seemed,
as nearly as [ could judge (for I did not notice its commence-
ment), to be nearly four minutes before the vibration of the
house had entirely died away, but the violent period I estimated
at about a minute’s duration. One observer, Mr. T. A. WAN-
DALE, residing at Pasir Panjang, noticed two distinct oscilla-
tions, the first lasting apparently thirty seconds, the second
(which was more violent) with very distinct undulations lasting
for about twenty-five seconds, there being an almost complete
cessation of movement for ten seconds between the two waves.
In Deli (Sumatra) “the shocks were more severe and hada
slow, rolling and tremulous motion culminating in a heavy

170 OCCASIONAL NOTES.

shock which occurred three times in succession.” (Stvazts
Times), No distinct shocks were felt in any part of the
Peninsula, nor was any sound heard during the tremors, ex-
cept that of the moving timbers, glasses, etc. No damage is
reported from any part of the Peninsula, nor any absolute
displacement of furniture, except that at Telok Ayer (Singa-
pore) wherea lamp glass and ruler were shaken offa table upon
the floor. Muchdamage, however, is reported at Padang Sidem-
puan in Tapanuli district, Sumatra, and also to a less extent in
Deli, and Rantan Perapat. In Singapore much alarm was:
caused to the natives, who ran out of their houses, and one
Chinaman was so frightened that he leaped out of a window
and broke his leg. Mr. Justice GOLDNEY reports that just:
before the shock was felt a number of black and white robins
(Copsycus musicus) flew into the house, and some were caught
by the cat.

No tidal wave was observed on the Singapore coasts, but at
Muar, a steamer lying at the wharf was moved repeatedly,
and off Singapore and Johor ships and boats were rocked
about. .

The earthquake was felt all over Singapore, in Johor, Muar,
Malacca, Jelebu, Penang, Province Wellesley and at Pekan,
besides the places mentioned in Sumatra, but not in Borneo
nor Java. In certain spotsin Singapore nothing was noticed,
such were Government Hill and Fort Canning. It is well
known that earthquakes have a habit.of skipping over certain .
places, which spots have been termed “ earthquake bridges.”
MILNE (Earthquakes, p. 141) says: ‘‘ When an elastic wave :
passes from one bed of rock toanother of a different character
a certain portion of the wave is transmitted and refracted and
bridges we may conceive ofas occurring where the phenomenon.
of total refraction occurs.” It is possible that this may
account for the absence of the tremors in these spots, but in-
some cases where nothing was noticed, the observers were
walking or standing on the ground, and the shock being com-
paratively weak was not perceived as it was by persons in
wooden houses on piles which naturally were more unstable
and thus would move with the slightest shock. The tremors

OCCASIONAL NOTES. 7d

were all horizental, and in the Peninsula ran from West to East.
From the nature of the vibrations it may be suggested that
the shock itself was at a considerable distance from Singapore.
The exact direction in which the wave ran does not appear to
be quite certain, as no one seems to have attempted to settle
it by experiment-at the time. From Malacca the vibrations are
reported to have come from the N.N.W. and this is probable
as they were more violent at Deli which is N.N.W. of Malacca.
At Pasir Panjang they apparently travelled S.S.W. to N.N.E.
or from S.W. to N. E. At Tanglin they appeared to travel
from S.W. to N.E., but from the movements of a certain door,
I believe they were really from the North-West.

In Medan, on the other hand they were felt as travelling
from East to West. If this is correct, the starting point of the
shocks must have been somewhere between South of Deli
and North of Malacca, and a volcano called Sarek Berapi is
said to have been the one from which the vibrations started.
In conclusion, it is, I think, worth remarking that the weather
for some time before the earthquake occurred was remarkably
hot and oppressive in Singapore, as unusually hot weather has
in other cases of earthquake been observed as preceding the

shock.
Et, Ni R;

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE RARE
BAT-HAWK IN JOHOR.

In December last, the Bird Collector of the Raffles Museum
shot in Johor a fine specimen of the very rare Hawk,
Macherhamphus alcinus (Westerm.).

Of the genus Wacherhamphus, only two species are known,
viz., this one and MW. Andersoni, whose habitat is Damara
Land in South-West Africa, and Madagascar.

With reference to MW. alcinus, Mr. E. W. OATES in his
‘‘ Birds of British Burmah” says :—

‘““ The slender-billed Pern is a very rare species, about which
“little is known, Mr. HOUGH procured one specimen at

172 OCCASIONAL NOTES. ”

‘‘Malewoon in Tenasserim, and Captain BINGHAM informs
“me that he thinks he once saw it in the Thoungyeen Valley.

‘‘Tt has been known to occur at Malacca, in Borneo, and in
“New Guinea.

‘This species is probably crepuscular in its habits; and if
‘this is the case its apparent scarcity is accounted for. An
‘allied species in Africa feeds on bats.

‘‘This Hawk has a remarkably narrow carinated bill, large
‘eyes, a very wide gape and an elongated occipital crest.”

The Johor specimen is about 18 inches in length, and its
general colour is dark amber brown, almost black in parts;
the throat and upper breast are white.

This is the only specimen of this bird in the Raffles Museum.

Hee

A LARGE: BEETLE: CAUGHT IN ‘Av PITCHIiEE
OF NEPENTHES.

The greater number of the insects which find their death
in the pitchers of the pitcher plant (Nepenthes) are very
small, such as ants, small cockroaches and flies, and I do not
think that any insect has been found fairly entrapped as big
as a beetle which I found recently in a pitcher of the beauti-
ful Nepenthes sanguinea on the very summit of Gunong
Ledang, commonly known as Mount Ophir. This wasa female
of the brown stag-beetle, Odontolabris gazella, 2 inches in
length and 1 across the body, exclusive of the spread of its
legs. It was quite dead and floating flat in the water con-
tained in the pitcher, which was one of very large size.

THE BIRD DROPPING SPIDER (ORNITHOS-
CATOIDES) IN JOHOR.

Among the large number of curious and interesting spiders
in the Malayan region, few are more remarkable than the Ormz-
thoscatoides, which is so coloured as to exactly mimic a piece

OCCASIONAL NOTES. 173

of bird’s-dung fallen upona leaf. This spider was described
by H.O. FORBES in his ‘‘Wanderings of a Naturalist” and
by the Rev. O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE, inthesame work. During
a visit toGunong Panti in Johor, I was pleased to meet with
a species aparently of this genus, which was engaged in
sucking the juice of a red bug, which it had captured. FORBES
describes and figures his species as spinning a thin web upon
aleaf to represent the watery portion of the excreta and
then lying upon its back on the web to which it holds by some
strong spines onthe back of its legs, it waits for some in-
cautious butterfly to alight on the supposed bird’s dropping,
when it immediately secures the prey. The specimen I found
had left its web, a thin circular white film onthe leaf ofa
wild plantain, to devour its capture. On comparing it with
the descriptions above quoted, I find that, in the colouring of
the body and several structural points, the Gunong Panti
spider differs form FORBES’ Ornithoscatoides decipiens,
collected in Java and Sumatra, and it is probably a distinct
species.

Peo NP aR.

NORES“ONIGAELUS VIOLACEUS.

In the description of Gallus violaceus in No. 240f this Journal
page 167 3rd line from foot of page for ‘shaded’ read ‘shafted’

eetoo Ist line fs do. i” do.
» 168 8th line DOGO MAMaN o. ‘horn.’

Two more specimens (both males) of this bird have recently
come under my notice. They were in the possession of a
native animal dealer in Sinzapore- but he could not give me
any definite information as to where they came from. He
said he thought they came from Java but was not certain and
itis far more probable that they come from further east.

| Hae

174 OCCASIONAL NOTES.

A MALAY LULLABY,

ee eee See

The following may be of interest as representing the “Baby
Baby Bunting” style of rhyme of the Malay.

This one is sung when putting children to sleep, and is
generally used in Naning and also in the Negri Sembilan.

It is hence called “Lagu Buai.” The tune is pretty though
monotonous and suits the words well from what might be
termed an onomatopceic view, as it is evident that the words
of the lines have no actual meaning, and I cannot discover any
special origin for them.

“Chapah menggulai chapah lah sayang.”

“Chapah menggulai chapah lah sayang.”

“Chapah didalam kélong.”

“Chapah didalam kélong.”

“(Ma mana bapa di mana lah sayang.”

“Ma mana bapa di mana lah sayang.”

“Ma ada di pintu kélong.”

“Ma ada di pintu kélong.”

[No. 26.]

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF. THE

Royal Asiatic Society
JANUARY, 1894.

Agents of the Society:

London and America sae aoe ae TRUBNER & Co.
Paris ae ne ces ... Ernest Leroux & Cig.
Germany... K. F. Koruier’s ANTIQUARIUM, Leipzig.
ITH YNHO
SINGAPORE:

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MIssion PREss.
RSififirs

a

[No. 26.]

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

Royal Asiatic Society

JANUARY, 1894.

Agents of the Society:

London and America a ey eas TRUBNER & Co.

Paris se one ee ... ERNEST LEROUXx & CIR.

Germany... K. F. Koen ter’s ANTIQUARIUM, Leipzig.
SINGAPORE:

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PREssS.,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

A Journey on the Sembrong River. From Kuala
Indau to Batu age H. W. Lake and
H. J. Kelsall, B.A.

List of Mammals collected or observed iene trip...

List of Birds collected or observed oe Pe
across Johore

Topography and Geology . si
List of Plants ia lal, Ne Ridley

The Camphor tree and Camphor language of Johore—
by H. W. Lake and H. J. Kelsall

Pantang Kapur Vocabulary

A List of Jakun Names of Persons, collected at
Sungei Madek—by H. J. Kelsall

Journal of a voyage from India to Siam and Malacca
in 1779. By Dr. J. G. Koenig.—Translated
from his Manuscripts in the British Museum.——
Introduction

Journal
Continuation Vol. 13

SHORT NOTES :—
The “ Malingkote” in Borneo in 1892

Stick-Insects destroying Orchids
Notes on an Infant Maias

Hints on Reconnaissance for coe in Unsur-
veyed Countries .

_ A Bibliography of Malaya from July, 1891, to June,
1892—-by C. Davies Sherborn, ¥.G. S., F.G.S8.

H

A JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG
RIVER.

From Kuala Indau to Batu Pahat.
By H. W. LAKE anp H. J. KELSALL, B.A.

Personal Account of the Journey.

The party, consisting of Mr. Lake and myself, with a native
surveyor and native bird and plant collectors, left Johor Bahru in
the launch Pulai on the 15th October, 1892, and that evening
anchored at Tanjong Surat at the mouth of the Johor river.

Getting under way at 6am. the following morning, we
reached Tanjong Tingaroh, about 70 miles up the east coast of
Johor, shortly before nightfall.

Here Mr. Lake went off in a dingy to make a rapid survey
of the small river Tingorah, which enters the sea just south of the
point, while I went ashore to collect. On the rocks at the end
of the cape were quantities of Orchids, the most conspicuous
being Cirrhopetalum Meduse, C. concinnum and the common
Pigeon Orchid (Dendrobium).

The only birds I noticed were a single large heron (Ardea
Crumenatum) some terns, green pigeon and the common little king
fisher (A lcedo ispida).

Early the next day the Pulai steamed into Kuala Indau
under the pilotage of a piratical-looking old Malay whom we
picked up outside the bar with which this river, like all these on
the east coast of Malaya, is furnished.

Here we all disembarked and while Mr. Lake was making ar-
rangements for boats, etc., for the journey up the river, I went
forth in search of spoils, zoological and botanical, but met with
but little success.

2 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

In a steep of jungle near the sea, I found a fine tree of a
wild durian (Duro) loaded with its beautiful crimson fruit, and
on the river-bank a small bed of the reed (Phragmites roxburghi).
The only Mammal I saw was a Wau-Wau or Ungka of the. black
variety with white hands (Hylobates albimanus, Vig. and Horsf.)

The river near its mouth describes almost a complete circle,
forming a peninsula of several miles diameter which is connected
with the mainland by a neck barely quarter of a mile across ; so,
having procured a large boat or skuchi and loaded it up with our
baggage we sent it off early in the afternoon to meet
us some hours later at the other side of this neck, when after
cooking and eating our evening meal on the river bank we pro-
ceeded up stream. A halt was made from midnight till 3 a.m.,
on account of the tide which was then running down very strong,
and we reached Kuala Sembrong at 10 a.m., on the 17th October.

The river up to this point is broad and deep, and the banks
in many places are lined with dense beds of “ Rasau,” a slender
almost unbranched pandan with small leaves, which grows to a
height of 15 or 20 feet.

For some miles from the Kuala the water of the river was
phosphorescent where disturbed by the paddles. In the bushes
along the banks were swarms of the small ‘fire-fly” (a small
yellow beetle ) which abounds in mangrove swamps and which
extinguishes and relights its tiny lamp with such regularity that
a swarm of them often have the appearance of concerted action,
all the individuals composing it extinguishing and relighting
their lamps at the same moment as if actuated by clock-work.

The little Malayan hornbill (Anthracoceros convexus) is
common in this district, and we noticed several Rhinoceros horn-
bills (Buceros rhinoceros), The former always goes in flocks of
from three or four up to as many as eight or ten, the latter usually
in pairs.

The country from Kuala Indau up to Kuala Sembrong is
perfectly flat and covered with dense uninhabited jungle, of
which perhaps the most striking feature is the abundance of
rotans of various species, the most conspicuous along the river
banks being ‘‘ Rotan S’ntawa.”

On the 19th October, leaving the bird collector and one
plant collector with the bulk of the baggage atthe police station
at Kuala Sembrong and taking sufficient provisions for three

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 3

days, we continued up the Indau in order to ascend Gunong
Janeng and explore the rivers Mas and L’makan.,

After poling for about two hours anda half we passed
Kuala Mas on our left and five hours later, about 4 p.m., the
Jakun clearing just below Kuala L’makan came in sight. For
some miles below this place the river had been gradually becom-
ing shallower and we found that the skuchi could proceed no
farther. The character of the jungle bordering this part of the
river is somewhat different to that along the lower reaches. The
Rasau beds grow fewer and at last disappear and the river banks
increase in height and are in places covered with dense brakes
of fern (Gleichenca linearis) and in others with bamboos of dif-
ferent kinds.

At Kuala L’makan, there is a considerable Jakun settlement,
all however, on the Johore side of the river, the Jakuns object-
ing to live on the Pahang side as they say they suffer ill-treat-
ment at the hands of the Pahang Malays. This settlement has
been in existence about a year and a half, before which time the
families composing it lived some miles higher up at Batu Gajah,
but owing to several of their number being killed by tigers they
migrated to their present locality. One woman was actually
pulled through the bamboo flooring of a hut and carried off by a
tiger.

: This is the only settlement of those we visited, with the
exception of that on the Mas river, where the natives manufac-
ture spear-heads, and other iron articles. They obtain the iron
from Malay or Chinese traders and work it up for themselves.
and supply the other settlements on the Indan and its tributaries,

The forge used by the Jakuns is very simple in its construc-
tion. It consistsof aclay basin, about 18 inches in diameter, at one
side of which enters a nozzle of hard wood which is connected
with a hollow wooden cylinder about four feet long and six or
eight inches in diameter in which works a piston and which
serves as a bellows.

Having interviewed the Penghulu of the district who was
living at this place; and arranged for small ‘jalors” (dug-outs)
in which to carry out the exploration of the smaller streams we
spent the evening obtaining “ Pantang Kapur” vocabulary.

On the following day Mr. Lake started off early in a small
jalor to make a survey of the L’makan river while I accom-

a JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER:

panied by the plant collector, Mat, and the native surveyor, Pillia,
with a theodolite, went up stream to ascend Gunong Janeng
with a view to obtain some additional bearings by which to fix
the position of the mountain.

Above Kuala L’makan the country gradually becomes more
hilly as it rises to the mountain district of which Berembun is
the highest point and which includes mount Janeng. After
three hours poling I reached the foot of Janeng and commenced
the ascent. Near the foot of the mountain I noticed some fine
Hibullpalms (Orania macrocladus). The whole of the ascent is
steep, in parts precipitous for a short distance. ‘The undergrowth
on the lower slopes is almost wholly composed of a forest of
Brtam (Hujeissona tristis) a very thorny palm, the leaves of
which are used for atap. It occurs in considerable quantities
right up to the sumunit.

On the summit, which is about 2,000 feet above sea level,
and which I reached in two hours, is a small clearing which
was made about 18 months previously by Mr. Lake for the purpose
of taking bearings, and as soon as the theodolite arrived I set
it up and took one or two bearings but owing to the cloudiness
of the weather not very satisfactorily.

From the summit a pretty extensive view can be obtained,
including Gunong Blumut and the plain of the Indau Sembrong
on the one hand and Gunong Berembuan with the coast line
from some distance north of Kuala Rumpa to a little south of
Kuala Indau and Pulau Tioman on the other.

Pillai made a “field book” survey of the path followed, and
Mat got a good bookfull of specimens. Oa and near the sum-
mit quantities of Daun Payong (Teysmannia altifrons), a large-
leaved alnost stemless palm, much used by the Jakuns im the
construction of their huts were growing; also a species of pandan
called ‘Jakas’ by the Jakuns. I also saw a troop of ‘ Beroks’
(Macacus nemestrinus) and at the foot of the hill fresh tracks of
elephants. | also heard the cry of an argus pheasant and found
one of the dancing grounds of this bird, a small space two or three
yards square carefully cleared of all plants, twigs, anddead leaves.

About 2.30 p.m, it commenced to rain heavily and continued
all the afternoon and night. On the way back to camp at Kuala
L’makan I obtained specimens of the beautiful ground orchid
Arundia speciosa, Bl, Phanyir of the Jakuns.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 5

The lovely dragon fly which in one light reflects the most
brilliant peacock blue and in another the brightest of greens, was
very common on this part of the river.

The next morning before returning to Kuala Sembrong
I saw a Jakun go through the process of producing fire by
means of a ‘darak, or fire stick. He took a piece of bamboo,
about 15 inches long and 4 an inch in diameter, into one end of
which he fixed, by means of rotan lashing, a small piece of hard
wood 2 or 3 inches long and of the same diameter as the bamboo.
He then made a small nick in another piece of wood of the same
kind as that fixed in the bamboo (in this case an old parang
handle was used), which he held firm with his foot and placing
the point of wood which was fixed in the bamboo into this nick
he twirled the bamboo rapidly between his hands like a drill
until the fine dust ground away by the friction was ignited by
the heat produced. This tinder was then blown into a flame
with some dry leaves.

I reached Kuala Sembrong about 1 p.m., and Mr. Lake
arrived from Sungei Mas a few hours later, having explored the
L’makan and Mas rivers.

On the latter river are two villages, in one of which Mr. Lake
noticed a large tom-tom, consisting of a hollow cylinder of wood,
afoot in diameter and about 3 feet long, the ends of which
were covered with black monkey skin, also several smaller ones.
He also saw some Genggongs, a kind of jew’s harp, made of the
wood of the ‘ Lankap’ palm, (Arenga obtusifolia) and a few
apparently disused sumpitans of very inferior workmanship.
There was also at this place a forge similar to the L’makan
one and bliongs and spear heads are made.

In these villages were several lepers, the disease having
been brought, it was said, from the Jakuns of the Rumpen river
in Pahang.

The following day (22nd Oct.) Mr. Lake went off in a small
jalor to explore the Linggor river, while I remained at Kuala
Sembrong in the hope of getting some observations for magnetic
variation, but owing to clouds was unable to do so.

Our bird collector Marie having shot a large horunbill,
‘hornbill steak’ was added to our bill of fare for the day and
made a very welcome variation in the daily routine of rice, salt-
fish and curry. The flesh of the hornbill, which is almost

6 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

entirely a fruit eater, is very good eating, steaks off the
breast somewhat resembling beef steak. On the 23rd the journey
up the Sembrong was commenced. The country here continues
of the some low swampy nature as on the lower Indau, and
although one or two abandoned clearings were passed, not a
sign of a hut or a human being was discovered. There was
heavy rain again during the afternoon and at night.

The next morning on the way up stream we met a Jakun,
going down in a small jalor, who told us that Che Ma Hassain,
the Penghulu of the Kahane district was some distance down
stream with a party of his Jakuns collecting rotans, and as we
were more or less dependent upon his assistance in getting boats
and men we sent a man back with a letter which we had for him.

We reached Kuala Kahang at 9 a.m. and having fixed ona
site for a camp set our men to work to construct ‘pondoks’ or
huts, to shelter ourselves and our stores. This work did not take
long, as the natives, both Malays and Jakuns, are used to con-
structing these rude shelters on their journeys through the
jungle in search of rotans, ete.

The Kahang is a rapid stream, showing by its current that
it takes its rise in the mountains, and contrasting with the Sem-
brong which, taking its rise and flowing for the greater part of
its course thr ough swamps, is very sluggish.

During the “day a Chinaman who had come over fromthe
Batu Pahat side passed down the Sembrong, and from him we
obtained some information concerning the route, and a little
later there arrived a small jalor containing a D yak, his wife and
two children, and a Jakun who were going’up the Kahane.
From this Dy ak we learned that there was a small Dyak settle-
ment near Kuala Madek, a few miles up the Kahang consisting
of himself and four or five other Dyaks, who had been there for
six years. He told us that the Jakuns now settled at Kuala
Madek had come there two years previously from the Lenggu
river. The under growth in the near neighbourhood of our
camp consisted almost entirely of a small rotan which made bird
and plant collecting very difficult work.

As we intended to explore the Kahang, and Madek rivers,
the former of which had not previously been ascended by a
white man; we sent off some of our men to hunt up small jalors
at the villages up stream, in which we could make the ascent of

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 7

these rivers, and were fortunate in procuring several to select
from, and on the 26th October we started.

Mr. Lake went up the Kahang, taking with him a plant col-
lector. This river is, after passing the village of P’niot, quite un-
inhabited. The jungles through which it flows are, however, the
favourite hunting ground for the camphor seekers, especially in
the neighbourhood of Bukit B’bap (Jakun—a frog) a hill about
800 feet high and shaped somewhat like an inverted basin.

Rotans are also very abundant, although not of the best
kind. Mr. Lake met one party of Jakuns and another of Malays
collecting rotans. He also saw several camphor trees. One
night the ‘“ Bisan Kapur” or spirit of the camphor tree was
heard, which the Jakuns declared was a sure sign that there
were camphor trees close by and sure enough on search being
made the following day trees were found. This “ Bisan Kapur ”
is one of the Cicadas, of which many species abound in the
jungle, each one of which makes its own peculiar sound. The
Jakuns who were with Mr. Lake secured a fine specimen of a
tortoise, called by them “ Binku.”

After two days continuous hard work, poling and dragging
the jalors over fallen trees, the 1iver became extremely narrow
and completely overhung with jungle and the surrounding country
ouce more became very swampy. ‘Two more days were spent
by Mr. Lake retracing his course to Kuala Kahane he having
mapped about twenty miles of the river.

While he was exploring the Kahane I went up the Madek
for a short distance to collect such information as was possible
about the Jakuns on that river.

A short distance up the Kahang, at Tanjong P’ntine, there
is a small settlement of Jakuns. The banks of this river rapidly
get higher and steeper and the jungle becomes less swampy.
On one tree overhanging theriver I sawa plant of the fine
orchid Grammatophylum speciosum and on many of the trees
was growing a large epiphytic pandan called by the Jakuns
“ pandan lari.”

About two houses after leaving Kuala Kahang I passed the
mouth of the Madek but, as this river is much encumbered with
fallen trees, it was necessary to continue for some miles up the
Kahang to a place a little above the large Jakun village called

S JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

P’niot, where there is a curious narrow tortuous channel or
“trusan” called Kahang Kudun, which connectsthe Madek
with the Kahang and is in fact a branch of the former river. It
took twenty minutes to pass from the Kahang to the Madek
which is a narrow stream much encumbered, as previously stated,
with fallen trees. Up this stream I proceeded some miles, when,
learning from the Jakun boatmen that there were no more
villages further up stream, I decided to return to Kampong P’niot,
which I reached about 4 p. m.

This settlement has been in existence about a year, the
inhabitants having previously lived at Hulu Madek for six years.
It seems that these Jakuns move from place to place in the
Indau and Sembong districts, but seldom or never cross over
to the western side of the watershed, though one instance of
such a migration was met with at Londang on the Hulu Sem-
brong, but this was an exception. These people settle down in
one place, make a clearing and plant hill padi (of which they usually
obtain but one vrop), “jagong,” or maize and plantains, and remain
till the ground is pretty well worn out or till they have exhaust-
ed the stock of rotans and getah in the neighbouring jungles,
when they move to another locality and repeat the same opera-
tions. Crocodiles were said to occur in the Kahang river and
we saw the grave of a man who had been killed by one a short
time previously but we never saw any ourselves.

I remained camped at Kampong P’niot for three days until
Mr. Lake’s return from Hulu Kahang and spent most of the time
collecting ‘“ Pantang Kapur” vocabulary. The day after my
arrival the ‘“ Batin,’’ or head man of the village, Pasooah by
name, came down stream from Hulu Madek, where he had been
with some of his men looking for rotans. This man is a ‘“ Peng-
hulu Kapur,” as they call any man who is more clever than
others at finding camphor and from him | learned a large number -
of words. The common wau-wau, or Ungka (Aylobates albi-
manus) was plentiful in the jungle here but no specimens were
obtained. ‘The common black iotong (Semnopithecus obscurus)
was also met with in numbers and I got several specimens.
Birds were not very numerous, but one new record for the Malay
peninsula, viz., the fork tailed drongo (Diamus macrocercus)
was secured.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 9

On the 30th October we struck ovr Jxuala Kahang camp
and started for Hulu Sembrong. Soon after Jeaving Kuala Kahang
the river narrows up very rapidly and after passing Kuala Harus,
daas, is only about fifteen yards wide. For some miles above
this point the river is split up into a number of small channels,
that which we followed being only a few yards wide, and
much overhung with jungle, so that progress was slow. After
passing the point where the B’hai separates from the Sembrone
the latter becomes deeper and wider again, being as much as
thirty or forty yards in width. Here I noticed a number of a
nibong-like palm which the jakuns called “ Bayas” (Oncosperma
horrida.) About here too the Rotan S’ntawa, which is so common
on the lower reaches of the river, gives place to another species,
viz., Rotan Sabut (Calamus hystrix), which is larger leaved,
exceedingly thorny and of less value than Rotan Sntawa.

The next halt was at Kampong S’lieh, a small Jakun settle-
ment with about twenty to thirty inhabitants. They had been
at this place only a few months, some having come from Tan-
jong P’nting and some from Hulu Sembrong. They had made
a large clearing planted with tapioca, sugarcane, and _ pine-
apples and a small quantity of tobacco, apparently in a flourish-
ing condition. A tiger, or tigers, had visited this village a few
days before our arrival and carried off several dogs.

On the following day (31st October) the journey up stream
was continued. Very soon the river again split up into innumer-
able narrow channels flowing through thick swampy jungle
scarcely raised above the level of the river. In many places
there was only just sufficient room for the boats to pass between
the overhanging foliage, and asharp look out had to be kept for
the ever ready “ onak,” as the lone projecing well armed shoots
of the rotan are called. Tue large buff-breasted, orange-billed
Kingfisher (Pelargopsis Malaccensis) here usurps the place of
the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) which holds sway
over the finny denizens of the lower waters, while the little
Kinefisher (Alcedo ispida), the same species which occurs in
England, lives apparently on the best of terms with both.

At one place it was necessary to cut through a newly fallen
tree which lay across the river.

10 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

During the day we passed the mouth of the S’lai, which can
be ascended, it is said, for three or four days in large jalors.
The source of this river is in the hills near Hulu Indau and
there is in that district a considerable Jakun settlement.

About an hour after passing the S’lai all the small channels
reunited and the river once more became of a respectable size
at Kuala Tamok. There is a Jakun settlement a short distance up
this river. From this point there is a succession of beautiful reaches,
each several hundred yards long and 60 to 70 yards wide, and
the neighbouring country becomes more hilly; then comes a
chain of ‘ Palohs” or lagoon like expansions of the river, each
several hundred yards long and 100 to 250 yards wide. These
Palohs are full of Rasau Bakong (Susum anthelminticum)
and other swamp plants, and have a very picturesque ap-
pearance. After an hour and a half of easy and rapid progress
through these fine open reaches the channel suddenly narrowed
for a short distance to three or four yards and then widened out
again, and soon the fine open reach at Pengalen Panau, where a
Chinaman and a few Jakuns live, was reached.

Here a short halt was made to talk to Inche Krani, a Peng-
hulu who was collecting specimens of Damar, woods, &c., for the
Chicago exhibition.

About half an hour after leaving this place the river once
more became a labyrinth of narrow channels which it took us
two hours and a half to traverse and then we came to the last
open reach just below Londang, where we camped for the night,

This place is the head quarters of the Penghulu, Che Ma
Dajang, and there had been here a considerable Jakun settlement
but some months previously they migrated to the Batu Pahat
Sembrong on the western side of the watershed.

The only animals noticed during this part of the journey
were black lotongs, which are very common in these jungles, and
a few birds, including a small parrot (Pstttacus incertus) and a
Drongo called by the Jakuns “ T’ntong,” from its note which
consists of the syllables ‘‘ T’ntong” in falling cadence ; some
hornbills were also seen. The next day (1st Nov.) we continued
our journey up stream. The river is very narrow from here up
to its source and consists of a net work of “ trusan” or narrow
channels, meandering through a flat swampy country in which

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 11

the fine pandan called by the Jakuns Mengkuang tikar (Pandanus
furcatus) and which is used for making kajangs, &c., grows
plentifully. This pandan attains a height of 20 or 3) feet and
its leaves are 10 to 15 feet in length and three or four inches
wide. There was also a quantity of a palm resembling B’rtam and
called by the Jakuns K’libi (Zalacca Sp.) It has an acid fruit
about thesize of a pinang nut but round and ofa reddish colour
which can he eaten when boiled, according to the natives’ account.

About noon the survey trace of the proposed railway from
Johor Bahru was crossed at a point 57 miles from that town,
and about half an hour afterwards, just below Pengkalan Repoh,
the shallowuess of the river and a fallen tree put a stop to our
further progress. Only the very smallest jalors can proceed
some little distance beyond this point, where the river is only
10 or 12 feet wide. A few Jakuns were camped at this place
having come from Simpai, on the Batu Pahat Sembrong, to fish.

The next two days were occupied in transporting all our
baggage across the five miles which separates Pengkalan Repoh
from Kampong Simpai, the highest navigable point on the Batu
Pahat > embvoug.

About two hours after leaving camp Mr. Lake and I, who
went first, reached the point on the Panggong mentioned by
Mr. Hervey in his account of the Indau and its tributaries, where
that stream bifurcates, one portion flowing to the north west
and becoming the Klambu, which unites with the Simpai to form
the Batu Pahat Sembrong, the other flowing north east to
join the M’I’ther.

Another hour and a half’s tramping through the jungle,
along the well-worn footpath which forms the highway between
the eastern and western Sembrongs, brought us to Simpai. At
this place are settled a few Malays and a considerable number
of Jakuns. As it was uncertain whether boats would be at
once procurable in which to proceed to Batu Pahat, a ‘ pondok’
was built and a camp established on the river bank. In the
evening I shot a specimen of the red flying squirrel (Pteromys
oral): it was espied by one of the Jakuns, running up a tree
close to the camp, and pointed out tome. A few new Pantang
Kapur words were added to the vocabulary at this place.

12 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.‘

The last of the baggage did not arrrive till the afternoon
of the 8rd Noy. and Che Ma Hassain did not leave us till he
saw everything brought into camp. The conduct of this Peng-
hulu cannot be too highly spoken of. All the Malay Penghulus
and headmen with whom we had any dealings were with one or
two exceptions most civil and obliging, giving every assistance in
the way of men and boats, but Che Ma Hassain surpassed them
all, coming much further than his duty required in order to save
us trouble with the men and to see that we had every facility
for carrying out our plans. In manners and bearing he was a
perfect gentleman. Leaving our plant and bird collectors at
Simpai, we started on the 4th Noy. down stream in two medium-
sized jalors and after two hours poling reached Cheh Cheh
where we changed into a large jalor. On our way we ‘aw a
fine specimen of the banded viper (Bungarus fasciatus) m a
hole in the bank. On an attempt being made tokill it, it took
to the water and by diving escaped. Just after leaving Cheh
I shot a specimen of the beautiful little dark purple king-
fisher (Alcedo meninting) and shortly afterwards two specimens
of a curious and very prettily celoured fringed lizard.

The jungle gradually became more and more swampy as
we proceeded, until we reached a part where for miles the
forest bordering the river grows apparently in the water, there
being scarcely any dry ground visible. There appeared to be a
g@ood many orchids in this place ; then comes a stretch of Rasau
swamps and here we noticed the Kinta weed (Vanda Hookeriana).
Later on we passed through swampy pacang’s, where the grass
brushed our boat on each side and at dusk we stopped at the only
bit of dry ground we could find to cook our supper and intended
to spend the night there, but the mosquitoes were so bad that the
boat men, although they had a long day’s work, preferred to go
on and work all night. Presentiy, however, we met the rising
tide, which was so strong that we tied up to the bank for some
hours and did not proceed till it turned again, when we slid

easily down stream to Batu Pahat, which we reached about
5 a.m.

We remained at Batu Pahat for some days and took some

observations from the hills, from which good views of Ophir, the
Berembun group, Blumut, Pantie, Mintahak, and Pulai, weze

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 13

obtained. While at Batu Pahat specimens of some good birds
were obtained, including the small hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus,)
and the curious Timaline bird (Eupetes macrocercus). At the Batu
at the mouth of the river, the rocks (granite) are covered in
many places with orchids, the most conspicuous being the Spider
Orchid (Renanthera Maingayi). Just outside the mouth of the
river is a small rocky islet on which is a settlement of ‘“ Orang
Laut,” who live by fishing and making<blachang. Their huts
are built on the bare rock and look as if the first gale would blow
them all away. On this islet is a piggery which might well
be taken as a model by keepers of that useful animal. The stys
are built on piles over the water and kept perfectly clean and
sweet by being thoroughly washed out daily with sea water.
The pigs are fed almost entirely on Sago refuse.

During the whole trip we had very wet and cloudy weather,
which made collecting difficult and rendered almost hopeless any
attempts at astronomical observations. From a natural history
point of view the country is fairly interesting. The larger
Mammals are not met with unless special search is made for them.
Traces of Elephant, Tiger, Deer, and Pig were met with, but
S’ladang do not appear to inhabit this part of Johor, at least we
saw and heard nothing of them. Birds were fairly plentiful,
but, as is usually the case in the Malayan jungles, had to be
hunted for. Butterflies were scarce, very few being observed
and only a very few captured.

Owing to the main object in view being the survey of the
rivers, collecting had to be chiefly confined to the jungle
Immediately adjoining their banks and probably many places
which did not prove very productive to us might yield a good
harvest to a collector who could squat for a time and
thoroughly rummage the neighbourhood. The Hulu Indau and
the Kahang rivers looked more promising.

The Jakuns, or ‘Orang Hulu,” as they prefer to be called,
met with in the Indau and Sembrong districts are of two types,
one with fine features and straight hair, and the other with thick
negro features and curly, almost woolly, hair. These two types
are met with intermixed in most of the villages, together with
every gradation between the two. On the Mas river most of

14 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

the inhabitants were of the fine featured race, while at Kampong
P’niot, on the Kahang, good examples of both extremes were
observed. Their height is from four to five feet only but they
are pretty well developed and capable of enduring a considerable
amount of fatigue. The Sumpitan, or blow pipe, does not appear
to be used in these districts, the only weapons being spears,
b’liongs, and parangs, and S’rampangs for spearing fish. The
Labu, a large pear shaped gourd about nine inches in diameter,
is used as a vessel for holding water.

The houses of these interesting people are built on thin
poles, ten or twelve feet high, near the bank of a river. The
floors are of lantai, (split nibong) or split bamboo, over which
are spread mats made of mengkuang; the roof and walls are of
atap, Daun Payong (Teysmannia altifrons) or occasionally Kajang.
I noticed one house at Kampong P’niot the walls of which were
of bark. Twoor more, up to as many as five or six families, live
in one house, according to its size. The portions allotted to each
family being not at all, or only partially screened off with mats,
from each other. All cooking is done in the huts, the smoke
escaping as best it can through the numerous interstices of the
walls and roof. The fire place consists of an oblong frame woik
or shallow box of wood about thiity inches by eighteen inches
and some four or five inches deep, filled with earth, on the top of
which are placed three good sized stones to support the cooking
pots. All the Jakuns, men and women, chew sirih and tobacco,
of the latter they are especially fond. When they cannot obtain
such leaf they use the bark of a root called ‘“kallong” as a
substitute. This root is slightly astringent and has somewhat
the same flavour as sirih. Each man carries his supply of betel-
nut, sireh (or kauong), tobacco, and lime in a small wallet made
of pandan and never goes anywhere without these—to a Jakun
—almost ‘necessaries of life.”

The clothing worn by both sexes is scanty, consisting for -
the men of a pair of loose short trousers or a sarong, and for the
women of a sarong fastened at the waist. Some of them have
adopted the Malay “baju,” or loose jacket, and some wear the
head cloth. Cats and dogs are found in all the villages, the
former in every house and sometimes two or three in one house.
They are of various colours, black, white, grey, or combinations

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. } 45)

of these colours. The dog are mostly small with sharp noses
and prick ears. Some are white and yellow, others black, or
black and white.

Lists of the animals and plants collected or observed are
appended.

Jal ade AK.

16 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

REEL of Mammals collected (*) or observed
during trip.

Flylobates albimanus, Vig. Horst.

The common black Wau Wau. This species was fairly
plentiful everywhere on the Indau and Sembrong rivers.
It always goes in small troops.

Macacus nemestrinus, Linn.
The ‘ Berok’ was observed only on Gunong Janeng.
Macacus Cynomolqus, Schreb.,

The Mangrove Monkey. Common in the low lands near

the coast and up the rivers for a considerable distance.
* Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid.

The Dusky Lotong. This species is very nearly black in
Johor. Several specimens were obtained, Common every-
where in the inland districts.

Felis tigris, Linn.

Reported to be plentiful everywhere, especially on the

Indau and at Batu Pahat.
Lutra leptonyx, Gray.

M. Knox, of Batu Pahat, shewed us the skin of an

otter which had been shot close to his house.
Pteropus edulis, Gray.

I only saw a single specimen of this large fruit bat, at

Kuala Kabange. It is probably common.
*Pteromys oral, Tick.

Red flying squirrel. One specimen obtained at Simpai, on

the Batu Pahat Sembrong.
*Sciurus bicolor, Sparrm.

This squirrel, which is common in Johor, is here of. a
dirty yellowish white colour, somewhat darker on the back.
Specimens were obtained at Kuala Sembrong and Batu
Pahat.

Sciurus notatus, Bodd.

This pretty little squirrel is common every where.
Sciurus tenuis, Horst.

Fairly common. The smallestof the Malayan squirrels.
Elephas maximus, Lam,

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 17

The elephant appears to be common throughout Johor.
Tracks were seen in many places on the Indau, and also
on the Sembrong, near P’ngkalan Repoh especially.

Cervus equinus, Cuv.

Tracks of the Sambhur were seen on Gunong Janeng
This deeris probably common in the Johore jungles, but
owing to its shy nature is seldom seen.

IA,

O

List of Birds collected (*) or observed during
trip across Johore.

Accipiter virgatus, Temm.

*Spizaetus caligatus Raff. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).
*Spilornis bacha, Daud. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).
*Microhierax fringillarius, Drap. Batu Pahat.
Corone macrorhyncha, Wagl. Kuala Indau.

Corone enca, Horsf.

Oriolus indicus, Jerd. Batu Pahat.

Dissemurus platurus, Vieill.

*Buchanga atra, Herm. Kahang river.

*Rhipidura perlata, S, Mill.

*Terpstphone afinis, Hay. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).
*Terpstphone princeps, Temm. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).
*Philentoma pyrrhopterum, Temm.

*Chloropsis osterops, Vigors.

*Chl icterocephala, Less.

* Chi. cyanopogon, Temm.

*Criniger phaeocephalus, Hartl.

Pycnonotus analts, Horsf. Kuala Indau.

P. plumosus, Blyth.

Copsychus musicus, Raff. Simpai, Batu Pahat, etc.
* Eupetes macrocercus, Temm. Batu Pahat.

Turdinus abottt, - Blyth.

*T. magnirostris, Moore.

*Malacopteum magnum, Kyton.

*M.affine, Blyth.

*Miscornis gularis, Raff. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).

18 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

* Macronus ptilosus, Sard and Selb.

Lantus cristatus, Linn. Kuala [ndau.

*Z. lucionensis, Linn.

Aethopyga siparaja, Raffl. Batu Pahat.

* Arachnothera affinis, Horsf.

Anthothreptes Malaccensis, Scop. Batu Pahat, &c.

* Chalcophana singalensis, Gm.

Prionochilus percussus, Temm. Batu Pahat.

*P. maculatus, Temm.

Hirundo javanica, Sparrm. Batu Pahat, &c.

Anthus rufulus, Vieill. Batu Pahat, &c.

Mainatus javanensis, Osb. Kuala Indau.

Calornis chalybea, Horsf. Kuala Indau. Batu Pahat.
Ca'yptomena viridis, Raffl. River Indau.

* Corydon Sumatranus, Raffl. Kahang river.
*Cymborrhynchus macrorhynchus, Gm.

*Tachornis infumata, Sch,

* Macropteryx comatus, Temm. Kahang river.
*Tancornis temminckii, Gould. Kuala Kahang.
*Eurystomus orientalis, Linn. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).
*Merops philippinus, Linn. Batu Pahat.

* Nyctiornis amicta, Temm.

* Pelargopsis Malaccensis, Sharpe. Sembrong rivers.
Alcedo ispida, Linn. On all the rivers.

*A. Meninting, Horsf. Cheh-Cheh.

* Halcyon pileatus, Bodd. Indau river.

* Buceros rhinoceros, Linn. Indau river, Batu Pahat &c.
Anthracoceros convexus, Temm. Indau river.

* Anorrhinus galeritus, Temm. Batu Pahat.
*Harpactes kasumba, Raff. Kuala Kahang.

* Harpactes durancetti, Temm. Kuala Kahang.
*Chrysophlegma humet, Hargitt.

*Gauropicoides rafflesi, Vig. Kuala Madek.

* Meiglyptes grammuthorax, Malh.

* Meiglyptes tukki, Less.

* Thriponax javensis, Horsf. Sembrong (Batu Pahat.)
*Calorhamphus hay1, Gray.

*Cuculus striatus, Drap.

*Zanclostomus javanicus, Horsf.

*Rhopodites diardi, Less.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 19

Palaeornis longicauda, Bodd.

*Psittinus incertus, Shaw. Sembrong river, &c.
*Osmotreron olax, Temm.

Carpophaga aenea, Linn. Sembrong river, &c.
Pavo muticus, Linn. Kuala Sembrong (Indau).
Argus giganteus, Temm. Gunong Janeng.

Gallus ferrugineus, Gm. Kuala Sembrong (Indau.)
Gallinago sthenura, Kuhl. Kuala Indau.

Numenius arquata, Linn. Batu Pahat.

Herodias garzetta, Linn. Batu Pahat.

Ardea Sumatrana, Raffl. Tanjong Tengaroh.
*Butorides javanica, Horsf. Sembrong and Indau rivers.

H. J. K.

O

Part II. Topography and Geology.

(a) THE INDAU RIVER.—

This river has been described in a previous number of this
Journal; I will therefore only deal with two of its tributaries
not previously explored, viz., the Mas and the Lémakan rivers. |

SUNGEI Mas.—

The source of this river lies in some low hills to the west
of the Indau; the stream, after pursuing a HK. N. H. course,
empties itself into the upper Indau, eleven miles above Kuala
Sembrong. Total length of river about twenty-five miles.

The Mas is very shallow and can only be ascended in small
vanoes. Six and a half miles up stream there is a Jakun village
consisting of three large huts with about twenty-five inhabitants
under a Jeroh Kerah. Two and a half miles further there is a
larger settlement of fifty to sixty people, under a Batin. Most
of the aborigines are engaged in rotan and getah collecting, they
also plant tapioca and Indian corn (jagong)

There were several cases of leprosy here.

SUNGEI LEMAKAN.—

_ This a small river having its source amongst the southern
spurs of Mount Janeng; its general course is north easterly.
Total length about nine miles, It joins the Upper Indau

20 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

twenty-four miles above Kuala Sembrong. The stream is
shallow and sandy, the banks are high and consist of clays
and clay shales. At the Kuala there is a large clearing,
occupied by about forty Jakuns; these people lived formerly at
Batu Gajah, a few miles further up the Indau. They plant padi
at Lémaku, but are chiefly engaged in collecting jungle produce.
They appear to be a very thrifty and hard- -working people.

(.) THE INDAU SEMBRONG RIVER.—

This river is a tributary of the Indau, joining it at a distance
of thirty miles from the China Sea, in Lat, 2° 25° 50” N. and
Long. 103° 36’ 45” EK.

At the mouth the Indau Sembrong is about seventy-five
yards wide. There is a Johore Gov ernment Station and a few
Malay houses. There are some extensive clearings on the right
bank, where the Penghulu of the district lives; several families
from Pahang have lately settled here. At one and three quarter
miles up stream the Linggor, a large tributary, flows in on the
right bank; the course of this stream is north westerly, the
mouth is about twenty-five yards wide, the stream sluggish, but
deep, and the banks low and swampy. The source of the Linggor
is said to be to the South, in the Blumut range. Ten miles from
the mouth there is a small Jakun settlement.

Kuala Kahang is about twenty-four miles further up stream.
This river is described in section (d)

A large steam launch could run up as far as Kuala Kahang,
the river being wide, deep, and tidal. Beyond this point, however,
if narrows very considerably owing, in a great measure to the
st eun splitting up into a number of small channels; the chief of
tuese is known as Harus Dras, and forms a loop nearly five miles
long.

At Sungei Selieh the river widens again. The Selieh isa
stream flowing from the south; the source is abont two days.
journey inland. At the Kuala there isa small Jakun village with
twenty-five inhabitants; from here a path leads to Hulu Kahang,
one day’s journey.

Beyond Selieh the river becomes very narrow, then sudden-
ly opens out into a series of lagoons connected by narrow chan-
nels overgrown with ‘“rasau.” In the midst of these lagoons
rise the two hills ‘‘ Parit” and “ Jakas,” each about 400 feet high.
The surrounding country is very swampy.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 21

Sungei Sélai is a large tributary stream, joining the main
river fourteen and a half miles above Kuala Kahang. The
source is in Gunong Sélai, in the Tenang Hills; the course is
southerly ; the river is navigable by large canoes for over two
thirds of its length. Near the source is a Jakun village of some
fifty inhabitants, with a “ Batin,’ who is under the Penghulu of
Batu Pahat. From this village a path leads to the Bekok river,
three days’ journey.

Kuala Sungei Tamok is a little beyond Kuala Sélai; it is
a small stream flowing from the north. Near the Kuala is a settle-
ment of some fifty Jakuns.

At Pengkalan Panau, on the right bank of the Sembrong,
twenty miles from the Kuala Kahang, there is a Chinese trader
and a few Malays; near this place also is the Jakun settlement of
Umbong, consisting of five huts on a large clearing. Beyond this
the river winds through swampy country until Londang is reach-
ed, forty seven miles above the Government station at Kuala
Sembrong ; here the Penghulu of the districts, Che Ma’Dagang,
lives, with a few Malays.

(c.) THE SOURCE OF THE INDAU AND BATU PAHAT
SEMBRONGS.—

A short distance beyond the village of Londang the
Sembrong looses its individuality entirely; two streams, the
Paloh and Melétir, uniting to form the main river.

The source of the Paloh lies about one and a half days
journey to the north westward, towards the Bekok river.

The Mélétir rises in a small hill a few miles south west of
Pengkalan Repoh; from this last named spot a path leads over
flat country to the Jakun village of Simpai, on the Batu Pahat
Sembrong, a distance of five and a half miles.

At two miles from Pengkalan Repoh the Panggong, a small
stream rising in a swamp to the south east, bifurcates, one half
meandering through a swamp and eventually draining into the
Mélétir, by a number of small channels; the other half, called
by the Jakuns the Kélambu, flows briskly south westward, unit-
ing with the Simpai stream to form the Batu Pahat Sembrong.

Theoretically, therefore, the two Sembrongs have a common
source, and the southern portion of Johore Territory is an island.
Practically, however, the Panggong contributes a very small pro-

9

22 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

portion to the volume of the Indau Sembrong, being only a
minor tributary of the Mélétir.

As regards the Batu Pahat Sembrong the Panggong plays
@ more important part, as, with the Sempai stream, it forms the
actual source of that river.

The country from Londang to the Kélambu is exceedingly
swampy, with here and there a little solid, but not hilly, ground.
It is uninhabited save by wandering parties of Jakuns.

The Mélétir is navigable, with difficulty, by moderately
large canoes, as far as Repoh; the Kélambu is not navigable
above the Simpai junction. A little deepening and clearing of
fallen timber would, however, render both these rivers easily
navigable, so that a shallow canal of about one and a half miles
in length through soft, flat country, would connect the two Sem-
brongs and form a continuous waterway for canoes from the
China sea to the Straits of Malacca, a river distance of about 150
miles.

The railway trace runs across this swampy country.

(d.) THE KAHANG RIVER.—

This river, the largest tributary of the Indau Sembrong,
takes its rise at the foot of Gunong Bechuak, in the Blumut
range. It pursues a north, north easterly course, and empties
itself into the Sembrong twenty-four miles above the mouth of
that river. At the Kuala the Kahang is about twenty yards
wide. For fifteen or twenty miles the river is fairly free from
obstructions in the shape of fallen timber and shallows; past this
point, however, it is navigable only by small canoes.

Near Kuala Kahang is a mixed Dyak and Jakun village, in
a clearing on the right bank; the Dyaks, about ten in number,
came in from Sarawak some years ago, they are engaged in
planting padi and collecting jungle produce. Four miles above the
Kuala the Madik river joms the main stream; this river rises in
some low hills distant about twenty-five miles to the south its —
banks are at present uninhabited. Small canoes can go up almost
to the source, from whence a path leads to the Johore river.

Two miles above Kuala Madik is a Jakun village called
P’niot ; here are eight or nine huts with about forty inhabitants.
The Kahang is much frequented by Jakun and Malay rotan collec- |
tors; the rotan although very abundant is not of first quality.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 23

Camphor trees are found in the neighbourhood of Bukit Bébap
near the Hulu (7. e. source). Gutta is also fairly plentiful.

The geology of the Kahang is very similar to that of the
Serting and Gemeh rivers—a country of clays and clay shales,
with here and there traces of a sandstone formation lying in
almost horizontal strata about eight feet below the clays. Besides
this sandstone there are a few out-cropping masses of a very
hard compact green quartzy felsite.

I found no traces of alluvial gold or of tin ore here.

(c.) THE SEMBROoNG BATU PAHAT.—

Under this section I propose dealing with the upper portion
only of the Sembang Kanan or right fork of the Batu Pahat
river, usually known as the Batu Pahat Sembrong.

The Sempang Kiri, or left fork, and the Bekok, a big
tributary of the right fork, are thickly settled with Chinese
engaged in gambir and pepper cultivation, This country was
surveyed by the Datu Luar of Johore some time ago.

As before stated, the Batu Pahat Sembrong is formed by
the junction of the Simpai and the Kélambu (Panggong). A
little below this junction is the Jakun village of Simpai, number-
ing about thirty-five inhabitants; below this in close succession,
along the banks of the river come the villages of Rukam, Merepoh,
and Cheh-Cheh, all inhabited by Jakuns, the two former with
about seventy-five and fifty people respectively.

There is a Chinese gambir plantation near Rukam. At
Cheh-Cheh, which is about four miles below Simpai, are three or
four Malay ‘and a Chinese trader, with some thirty to forty Jakuns.
Cheh-Cheh is the centre of the rotan trade.

Beyond Cheh-Cheh the stream winds through miles of swamp,
with here and there patches of high ground taken up by Chinese
gambir and pepper planters, with occasionally large ‘ Kankars”
or Chinese villages, each inhabited by several hundred men.
The river, although deep and navigable by large sampans and
canoes, is very narrow until Kuala Bekok is reached, a distance
of about twenty miles from Simpai; from thence to Kuala Batu
Pahat (seventeen miles further) trading steamers ply daily.

‘(f) THE BATU PAHAT HILLS,—

This small group of hills lies on the east side of the Batu
Pahat river, close to the Kuala.

24 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

Mount Formosa is the principal elevation, about 1400 feet
above sea level ; it forms a prominent land mark for sailors north
east of it; and distant about one mile is Gunong Penggaram,
about 1150 feet high. From the summit of Penggaram, Mount
Ophir, Blumut, and Pulai are distinctly visible; seawards the
country is flat with much mangrove swamp.

On the slopes of Formosa and Penggaram are several coffee
estates, under European management. A cart road leads to
Pengkalan Penggaram on the river.

Geology of the Batu Pahat Hills.—The bed rock is a very
hard fine-grained granite, which crops out here and there on the
hill side, is overlaid by the usual clays and clay shales.

There is a little alluvial tin ore in the valley between
Formosa and Penggaram ; this was formerly worked by Chinese,
but is now abandoned ; it is of little importance at present.

HARRY LAKH,
Johore, December 22nd, 1892.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 25

List of plants collected.

Menispermacee.
Fibraurea chloroleuca, Miers. Sungei, Hulu Sembrong.
Limacia Kunstlert, King. Kuala Sembrong.
Dilleniaceee.
Wormia suffruticosa, Griff. Kwala Sedili Besar.
Anonacee.
Goniothalamus macrophyllus, Hook. Simpai, Ulu Batu Pahat,
and Gunong Janeng, where it is called “ Sajur Wah.”
G. giganteus, Hook. “ Galang Hutan,” at K wala Sembrong.
Polyalthia Beccaru, King. ‘ Buah Lara Merak.” K wala Sem-
brong. ‘ Lara” is a common Malay name tor many
species of anonaceous plants.
Unona discolor, Vahl. ‘ Akar Darah.” K wala Sembrong.
U. dasymaschala, Bl. Tanah Abang, Gunong Janeng, and
Kwala Sembrong.

Popowia nervifolia, Maing. “Pasa Achong.” Gunong
Janene.
Mitrephora macrophylla, Oliver. Kwala Kahang.
Nympheacee.

Barclaya Motleyana, Hook. ‘‘ Daun Kalapa,” at Sungei Mali-
til. This very curious jungle water lily seems by no
means uncommon. It grows in shallow streams in the
denser parts of the forest, mixed up with an aquatic
aroid, Cryptocoryne, sp, which it so much resembles when
out of flower that it is very easily overlooked. The
flowers are dull reddish and not at all conspicuous.

Violacee.

Neckia humilis, Hook. Gunong Janene. I have recently
met with this on Gunong Panti, also growing on banks
at about 2,000 feet altitude.

Alsodeia Kunstleriana, King. Gunong Janeng.

A Scortechini, King. Simpai Hulu Batu Pahat.

Bixinee.

Flacourtia Rukam, Zoll and Mor. Kuala Sembrong. This is
the broad-leaved wild Rukam tree, the species commonly
known here as Rukum is &. Cataphracta, Roxb, which
1 have never seen really wild.

26 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

Pittospores.

Pittosporum ferrugineum, Ait. Hulu Batu Pahat.
Polygalee.

Salomonia aphylla, Griff. Batu Pahat.
Guttifere.

Calophyllum Wallichianum, Planch. Kwala Sembrong.

Kayea eugentifolia, Pierre? Kwala Sembrong.
Ternstroemiacee.

Gordonia excelsa, Br. Kwala Kahang.

Adinandra acuminata, Korth. Kampong Chin-chin.
Sterculiaceee.

Commersonia platyphylla, Andr. Kwala Sembrong.
Tiliaceze.

Eleocarpus paniculatus, Wall. Kwala Sembrong, Hulu

Sembrong.
E. robustus, Roxb. Sungei Kahang.
Dipterocarpee.
Vatica, sp. A species with very small white flowers. K wala
Sembrong.

Pachynocarpus Wallichit, King. ‘ Petaling Ayer,” ‘“‘ Medang
Pasir,” Kwala Sembrong.
Rutacee.
Glycosmis sapindoides, Lindl. Bukit Murdom.
Gl. sp., near pentaphylla, but with much larger leaves.
Flowers white and pink. Kwala Sembrong.
Luvunga scandens, Ham. ‘“ Buah Keping Akar,” Sungei Sem-
brong,
Atalantia monophylla, Corr. K-wala Batu Pahat.
Ochnacez.
Gomphia sumatrana, Jack. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Meliacez.
Chisocheton penduliflorus, Planch. Simpai.
Aglaia paniculata, Hiern. Simpai.
A. minutiflora, Bedd. Bukit Tana Abang.
Olacinez.
Gomphandra, sp. Simpai, Kwala Sembrong.
Ctenolophon parvifolius, Oliver. Hulu Batu Pahat.
Sapindacee.
Ersoglossum edule, Bl. “ Poko Kelat.” Kwala Batu Pahat.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 27

Ampelides.
Cissus diffusa, Planch. Kwala Kahang.
Pterisanthes caudigera, Mig. Hulu Sembrong.
Anacardiacez.
Buchanania acuminata, Turcz, Hulu Kahang.
Connaracez.
Rourea fulgens, Wall. K-wala Kahang.
Connarus grandis, Jack. ‘“‘ Akar Chin-Chin.” Hulu Sembrong
Leguminosee.
Millettia sericea, Warn. ‘‘ Akar Mumboll.” K wala Sembrong
Uraria crinita, Desv. ‘ Pua Acoraging.” Kwala Sembreng
Pithecolodium contortum, Mart. Bukit Murden,
P. sp. Not in the Flora of British India. .Kwala Sem-
brong; used for making soap.
P. fasciculatum, Benth. ‘‘ Kachang Tupai.” K wala Sembrong.

Myrtacee.
Eugenia Zeylanica, Wight. Kwala Sembrong.
E. leptantha var? A variety apparently ot this species,
with very thick leaves, Gunong Janeng.
Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn. Kwala Sembrong.
Melastomacez.
Senerila heterophylla, Jack. Simpai.
S. sp.nov. Gunong Janeng.
Blastus borneensis, Cogn, Gunong Janeng.
Allomorphia near Griffithii, ‘‘ Kakapal Umu.” Gunong Janeng.
Marunia verrucosa, Cogn. ‘ Akar Salan Hutan.” Kwala
Sembrong.
M. nemorosa, Blume. Kwala Sembrong.
Memecyion coeruleum, Jack. Hulu Sedili.
Medinilla rubicunda, Bl. Kwala Kahang.
Pternandra, sp. Kwala Kahang.
Phyllagathis rotundifolia, Mig. Simpai.

Rhizophoree.

Carallia integerrima, Del. ‘ Merpain” Hulu Kahang.
Saxifragacez.

Polyosma, sp. Hulu Kahang.
Samydacee.

Homalium sp.‘ Mensarah putih” Poko Ayer Anjing,
Kwala Sembrong ; Ulu Kahang.

28 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

Cucurbitacee.

Trichosanthes celebica, Cogn, Apparently this species, which has
only hitherto been met within Celebes. Bukit Murdom,
Araliaceee.
Aralidium pinneatifidum, Miq. Bukit Murdom.
Rubiaceze.
Sarcocephalus subditus, Miq. ‘‘ Sakir Damat ” Gunong Janeng.
Argostemma ophirense, C. B. C. Gunong Janeng.
A. spinulosum, C. B. C.? Gunong Janeng.
Hedyotis congesta, Br. Kwala Sembrong.
H. sp. Ascandent herb, Kwala Batu Pahat.
Gardenia tubifera, Wall. * Koping Ayer.” Kwala Sembrong.
G. tentaculifera, Hook. Hulu Kahang.
Urophyllum hirsutum, Bl. Simpai.
Lucinea morinda, Jack. Simpai.
Randia fasciculata, D. and C. * Akar Duri.” Kwala Kahang.
Canthium didymum, Miq. Bukit Tana Abang.
Diplospora, sp. Kwala Kahang.
Ixora parviflora, Vahl? Gunong Janeng.
L. pendula, Jack. ‘‘Saratong Padi.” Kwala Sembrong.
I. fulgens, Roxb. Kwala Kahang.
Lecananthus erubescens, Jack, ‘Poko Datoh Rajah” Sungei
Malitil.
Prismatomeris albidifiora, Thw. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Psychotria Helferiana, Kurz. Simpai.
P. polycarpa, Mig. Kwala Sembrong.
P. sarmentosa, Blume. Kwala Kahang.
Chasalia curviflora, Thaw. Kwala Kahane, Kwala Sembrong.
Poederia foetida, L. Sungei Hulu Sembrong.
Cephaelis Griffithti, Hook. Hulu Sembrong.
Compositee.
Vernonia scandens, L. Bukit Murdom.
Myrsinee.
Moesa ramentacea, L. Bukit Murdom.
M. indica, L. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Ardisia villosa, Roxb. Simpai.
A. colorata, Roxb. Kwala Kahang.
A. colorata, var? With the panicle, petioles, branches and
back of leaves covered with a red tomentum. Simpai,
Hulu Batu Pahat.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 29

A. crassa, C. B. Clarke. Sungei Hulu Sembrong.
A. sp. Apparently undescribed; with ovate petioled serrate
leaves, and large pink fruits. Flowers not seen. Gunong
3 Janeng. (I also collected this on Gunong Panti.)
Loganiacesze.
Fagrea racemosa, Jack. Kwala Sembrong.
Oleacez.
Olea maritima, Wall. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Jasminum subtriplinerve, Bl. Kwala Kahang, Kwala Sem-
brong,
J. pubescens, Bl. Kwala Sembrong.
Apocynacez.
Tabernemontana malacccensis, Hook. Simpai.
Kopsia, sp. Kwala Kahang. (The same species that occurs
in Singapore. )
Kopsia, sp. with sessile leaves. Kwala Kahang.
K. near K. arborea, “ Bankoo.” Sungei Hulu Sembrong.
Asclepiadee.
Tylophora tenuis, BI, “ Akar Saput Tungal.” Sungei Hulu
Sembrong.
Hoya coronaria, Bl. Sungei Hulu Sembrong.
Dischidia hirsuta, Bl. K-wala Kahang.
Cyrtandrez.
Didymocarpus platypus, C. B. Clarke. Bukit Murdom, Simpai.
D. heterophylla, Ridl? Gunong Janeng.
D. sp. Gunong Janeng.
Cyrtandra, sp. Bukit Tanah Abang.
Aeschynanthus Wallichii, Lindl, Simpai.
Solanaces.
Solanum nigrum, L. “Trong Parachichit ” Bukit Murdom,
Convolvulaceze.
Erycibe Princet, Hook. “ Akar Sakijange.” Kwala Sembrong.
Lettsomia maingays, Hook. Kampong Chin-Chin, Ulu Batu
Pahat.
Boragineze.
Tournefortia Wallichit, Dec. Bukit Murdom.
Acanthaceze.
Lepidagathis longifolia, Wight. Kampong Chin-Chin.
Libermaiera, Near LE, longifolia, but differing in its broader

30 JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

leaves and less hairy bracts. Gunong Janeng. (I collect-
ed this on the Tahan river, Pahang). |

Justicia gendarusa, L. Simpai.

Hemigraphis confinis, Anderss, Kwala Kahang

Rungia, sp. Kwala Sembrong.

Scrophularinez.
Ilysanthes hyssopioides, Benth. Kwala Kahang.
Verbenacee.

Clerodendrum, sp. This is near C. fistulosum, Becc, a Bornean
plant, with white flowers, remarkable for having (as
this species also has) the stem swollen between the joints
and inhabited by ants. This species differs in having
orange-red flowers arranged in a raceme, and petioled
leaves. Kampong Chin-Chin. (I met with this once ina
wood at Choa Chu Kang in Singapore. )

Labiate.

Dysophylla awricularia, L. Kwala Kahang.
Aristolochiacee.

Thottea grandiflora, Rottb. Bukit Murdom.
Piperacee.

Piper stylosum, Miq. Simpai.
P. caninum, L. Kwala Sembrong.
Myristicacee.
Myristica Misstonis, Heyne. Chin-Chin, K wala Sembrong.
M. oblongifolia, King. Bukit Tana Abang.
Laurine.
Cryptocarya Grtfithiana, Hook. Simpai.
Proteacee.
Helicia robusta, Wall. ‘“ Putat Topi.” Bukit Tana Abang.
Loranthacez.,
Loranthus retusus, Jack. Bukit Murdom.
LI. formosus, Bl. Sungei Hulu Sebrong.
Santalacee. :
Champereia Griffithiana, Planch. Simpai, Kampong Chin-Chin.
Euphorbiacee.
Breynia coronata, Hook. ‘‘ Hujan Panas.” Kwala Kahang.
Antidesma fallax, Muel Arg. Kwala Cembrong.
A. moritzu, Muell. Kwala Sembrong.
A. near salicifolia, ‘‘ Wampana.” Gunong Janeng.
Baccaurea parviflora, Muell. Simpai.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER 31

Aleurites moluccana, Forst. ‘ Buah Keras Laut,” Kampong
Chin Chin.
Galearia affints, Br. ‘“ Rambe Daun.” Gunong Janeng, Kwala
Sembrong.
G. pedicellata, Br. ‘‘ Penurun Lutong.” Gunong Janeng.
Macaranga, sp. “ Mahang Merah.” Sungei Hulu Sembrong.
Aporosa aurea, Hook. Gunong Janeng.
Croton Grifithii, Muell. Bukit Murdom.
Urticee.
Pouzolzia pentandra, Benn. Kwala Kahang.
Conocephalus scortehinit, King. Kwala Sila, Hulu Sembrong.
Gironniera nervosa. Kwala Sembrong.
G. costata, Miq? Simpai.
Cupaliferee.
Quercus sundaica, Bl. Kwala Sembrong.
Gnetacex.
Gnetum funiculare, Bl. Kwala Sembrong and K wala Batu
Pahat.
Orchidez.
Oberonia, sp. Apparently new. Hulu Sembrong.
Liparis disticha, Lindl. Kwala Kahang.
Dendrobium (§ aporum) Leonis, Rchbf. Bukit Murdom.
3 grande, Hook. Kwala Sembrong.
carnosum, Lindl. Kwala Kahang.
D. (strongyle) subteres, Lindl. Kwala Kahang, Kwala Sem-
brong.
D. pumilum, Rchbf. Kwala Sembrong.
D, crumenatum, Lind]. Kwala Batu Pahat. A form with the
flowers tinted red.
Cirrhopetalum, sp. nov. Batu Pahat (Ihave this from the
islands south of Singapore.
C. Gamosepalum, Griff. Sungei Kahang
Bulbophyllum, sp. Kampong Simpai, Kampong Chin-Chin,
and Sungei Malitil. 1 have this also from Borneo, where
it was collected by Dr. Haviland.
B. vermiculare. Hook. Kwala Kahang.
B. concinnum, Hook. Sungei Kahang.
Claderia viridifiora, Hook. Simpai.
Eria nutans, Lindl, Kampong Simpai.
E. pulchella, Lindl. Kwala Kahang, Kwala Sembrong.

32

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER.

Celogyne macrobulbon, Hook. Gunong Janeng.
Plocoglottis javanica, Bl. Simpai.
P. porphyrophylius, Ridl. Kwala Kahang.
Arundina densa, Lindl. Gunong Janene.
Bromheadia palustris, Lindl. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Eulophia squalida, Lindl. Batu Pahat.
graminea, Lindl. ‘“ Kaling Lilin” Bukit Murdom.

Vanda Hookere, Lindl. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Renanthera maingay?, Hook. Batu Pahat.
R. micrantha, Lindl. Batu Pahat.
Phaloenopsis sumatrana, Teysm. Kwala Sembrong.
Sarcochilus calceolus, Lind]. Batu Pahat.
Appendicula callosa, Lindl. Kwala Kahang.
Acriopsis javanica, Bl. Bukit Murdom.
Thelasis capitata, Bl. Simpai.
Galeola altissima, Rchbf. Bukit Murdom.

Hydra, Rehbf. Gunong Janeng.
Lecanorchis Malaccensis, Ridl. Bukit Tana Abang.
Apostasta nuda, Lindl. Bukit Murdom.

Scitamines.

Alpinia Rafflesiana, Wall. Simpai.

A. conchigera, Griff. Kwala Sembrone.

Koempferia tillandsioides, Bak. Kwala Sembrong.
Gastrochi/us bilobus, Ridl. ‘* Napus Papa.” Gunong Janeng.
Globba, sp. Kwala Sembrong

Zingiber Grifithi, Bak. Bukit Tanah Abang. Gunong Janeng.
Clinogyne grandis, Benth. Sungei Hulu Sembrong.

Canna indica, L. ‘Ganjong.” Sungei Hulu Sembrong.

Burmanniacee.

Thismia, sp. Batu Pahat.
Gymnosiphon borneense, Bece. Batu Pahat.

Dioscoreacex.

Dioscorea pyrifolia, Kunth. Ulu Kahang.

Liliacex.

Dianella revoluta, Endl. Gunong Janeng.
Dracoena, sp. Ulu Kahane.
D. aurantiaca, Wall. Batu Pahat.

Pandanacee.

Pandanus Russow, Mig. River banks.

JOURNEY ON THE SEMBRONG RIVER. 33

Aroides,
Aglaonema nitidum, Schott. Gunong Janeng.
Anadendron montanum, Schott. Bukit Tana Abang.
Alocasia longiloba, Miq, ‘‘Keladi Rimau.” Bukit Murdom.
Scindapsus, sp. Chin-Chin.
Cryptocoryne, sp. Simpai.
Palme.
Pinanga disticha, B). Batu Pahat.
P. subruminata, Becc, Bakit Tana Abang.
P. sp. Kwala Sembrong.
Eriocaulez.
Eriocaulon wallichtt, Lindl. Gunong Janeng. A curious
form with many leafy bulbils in the heads.
Cyperacer.
Mariscus umbellatus, Benth. ‘ Mendarong Ekor Tupai,”
Kwala Sembrong.
Pandanophyllum multispicatum, Bckler. Kwala Sembrong,
Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich. Kwala Sembrong
Mapania hypolytroides, Benth. “ Pandan Biru”’, (also known
as Umbai). Kwala Sembrong. This plant is used in mat-
making in Malacca.
Gahnia Javanica, Zoll. Bukit Murdom.
Scleria malaccensis, Bckler. Kwala Sembrong.
loevis, Willd. Kwala Sembrong.
lithosperma, Nees. Kwala Batu Pahat.
Carex indica, L. Kwala Sembrong.
Graminez.
Panicum auritum, Presl. ‘“ Gumpai.” Kwala Sembrong.
P. myosuroides, R Be. “ Rumput Bijan.” Kwala Kahang,
Kwala Sembrone.
P. colonum, L. Kaling, Bukit Murdom.
P. Ridleyi, Hack. Kwala Kahane.
P. radicans, Retz. “ Upat.” Kwala Kahang.
P. luzonense, Presl. Kwala Sembrong.
Isachne australis, Beauv. Bukit Murdom.
Pogonatherum poiystachyum, Beauv. Kwala Kahang.
Leptaspis urceolata, Beauv. Kwala Sembrong.
Phragmites roxburghu, K. Bukit Murdom.

H, N. RIDLEY.

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The Camphor Tree and Camphor
Language of Johore.

By H. LAKE AND H. J. KELSALL,

The Bornean Camphor, Kapur Barus, is an important product
of the islands of Borneo and Sumatra and although for some time
time it has been known that the tree producing it (Pryobalanops
aromatica, Gaertn) is a native of the Indau district of Johore, the
fact has not been recorded in any botanical work. During the
recent expedition across Johore, the account of which is also pub-
lished in this Journal, Messrs. Lake and Kelsall not only obtained
specimens of the tree, but collected also as much as possible of
the Camphor language used by the Jakuns while on the search
for the camphor. The following notes on the history of the
product may be of interest to, and may serve as an introduction
to, the list of vocabulary.

Dryobalanops aromatica, Gaertn, D. camphora Colebr is a lofty
tree belonging to the order Dipterocarpez, an order well known
as producing most of the resins known as Damars. The stem is
about 34 feet in diameter at the base, and from 100 to 150 feet
in height, straight and unbranched till near the top, where it
forms a large crown of branches; at the base it often throws out
large buttresses. The bark is rough and of a dark brown colour,
and is used for making walls of huts, etc. The wood is dark
brown, very resinous and strongly aromatic. It is much used
in Borneo for building. Like most Dipterocarps it appears to be
a tree of very slow growth.

The tree is a native of North Borneo, Labuan, North-West
Sumatra, and on the Madek and Kahang rivers in Johore, but
there is no record of it from any other part of the Malay Penin-
sula. It yields two distinct products. Borneo camphor (Kapur
barus), and Camphor oil (S’mp'loh kapur in the camphor langu-
age.) Minyak Kapur, in Malay Barus, is the name of a locality
in Sumatra where for many centuries the camphor has been
obtained.

36 THE CAMPHOR LANGUAGE OF JOHORE.

The earliest mention of camphor known occurs in the poems
of Imru-l-kais, an Arabian prince who lived in Hadramant, by
the Gulf of Aden, in the sixth century. It was then evidently
very rare, and highly prized as a perfume. It seems quite clear
that the Bornean camphor was known before the Chinese cam-
phor, the product of the camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora).
The Medieval. Arabian writers state that the best camphor came
from Fansur, also called Kansur or Kaisur, a place visited by
Marco Polo. Yule believes this to be the same as Barus in
Western Sumatra. Garcia in the Historia Aromatum (1593)
gives a long and interesting account of it, of a portion of which
the following: i is a translation, “ Camphor i is truly a noble medi-
cine, of which there are two kinds, viz., camphor of Borneo and
that which is brought from China. Borneo camphor has never
yet penetrated to our regions, at least if it is here I have not
happened to see it, nor is that strange, since a pound of it is
Ww worth as much as a hundred pounds of that which is brought
from China. Of the Borneo camphor, which is as big as a millet
seed or a little larger, the greater part is worthless. The
Gentil es, Baneanes (Hindus), nd Arabs who sell it say it consists

is; for they classify it into head, breast, legs and
eoee That of the head is worth 80 pardans a pound. (A
pardan is an Indian gold coin worth 10 Castilian Rials), that of
the breast in worth 20, of the leos 12; of the feet, 4 or, at most,
5, Some, more particular, have four copper instr uments perforated
with holes of diferent sizes, (like those which pearldealers have)
and pass the camphor through them. Those pieces which pass
through t. Bot meat with the larger holes have a certain
value ; e which are passed through the one with medium
holes anot her ; “Ghd those which pass through smaller holes
another value. But the Baneanes are so clever at distinguishing
them, that when mixed they can tell one camphor from another,
nor can any one be found who can easily deceive them. Much
of this camphor is produced in Borneo, Bairres, Sumatra, and
Pacen. But the names of the places in which Serapion and
Avicenna say it is produced for the most part are corrupt. For
what Serapion calls Pansar, is Pacenin Sumatra ; what Avicenna
calls Alcuz may be Sunda, whichis an island near Malacca.”

*See Marsden’s Sumatra, p. 121.

THE CAMPHOR LANGUAGE OF JOHORE. St

(Clusius appends a note to this saying, ‘“ Copies of the last edition
donot give Alcuz, but Alkansuri and Ariagie, then Alczeid and
Alescek.” Alkansuri is evidently the kansur alluded to above.
And what Serapion says came from the region of Calca is cor-
rupt, and he should have said from Malacca, since it is produced
in Bairros, near Malacca.)

‘Camphorisa gum (not the pith or heart of wood, as Avicenna
and some others think) which falling into the pithchamber of
the wood is extracted thence or exudes from the cracks. This
I saw in a table of Camphor wood at a certain Apothecary’s, and
in a piece of wood as thick as the thigh presented to me by
Governor John Crasto, and again in a tablet a span broad ata
Merchant’s. I would not, however, deny that it may sometimes
be deposited in the hollow of a tree. It is told me as a fact
that it is the custom that when any one who goes out to collect it
has filled his gourd, if any other stronger person sees
him with the gourd, he can kill him with impunity and take away
the gourd, fortune assisting him in this. That which is brought
from Borneo is usually mixed with small. bits of stone or some
kind of gum called Chamderros, much like raw sugar or saw-
dust. But this defect is easily detected; I know no other
method of adulteration. For if sometimes it is seen to be spotted
with red or blackish dots, that is due to treatment with dirty or
impure hands or they may be caused by moisture. But this defect
is easily remedied by the Indians. If it is tied up ina cloth and
dipped in warm water to which soap and lime-juice has been
added and then carefully dried in the shade it becomes very white,
the weight not being altered. I saw this done by a Hindu friend
who intrusted me with the secret. * * * * What they say as
to all kinds of animals flying together to its shade to escape the
fiercer beasts is fabulous. Nor is it what some, following Sera-
pion, write less so, namely, that itis an omen of larger yields
when the sky glitters with frequent lightning or echoes with
constant thunder. For as the island of Sumatra, which some
think to be Taprobane, and the adjacent regions are near the
equinoctial line, it follows that they are subject to constant
thunderstorms and for the same cause have storms or slight
showers every day ; so camphor ought to be abundant every year.
From which it is clear that the thunder is neither the cause nor
indication of a larger supply of camphor.

38 THE CAMPHOR LANGUAGE OF JOHORE.

“ Andreas of Belluma in his Dictionary writes that the Arabs
distill camphor water from the camphor tree About this liquid
I inquired much among doctors and merchants but could find no
one who had seen it, whence | easily conjecture that he in des-
cribing it made a mistake.*

‘Ruellin and Mathiolus following him and both after
Serapion write that this camphor excelled all others in good-
ness which was called Riachina after a certain king Rihah
(who first discovered the method of whitening it). But
I cannot see how that since the Indian kines were very power-
ful, they should have any need to turn their attention to
the showing off of their trade products.”

Garcia then proceeds to discuss whether it is hotor cold. He
imagined at first that it was hot, but finding that it was cooling
when used for opthalmia and inflammation of the eyes, concludes
that it is of acold nature. Avicenna states that camphor makes
people wakeful, but how can that be since Avicenna himself
says itis of a cold nature, and cold things usually send one
to sleep! But he concludes that by taking a little sleep may be
produced. At the same time, however, if anyone smells it often
enough and applies it to his nostrils it dries up the brain and
keeps him awake. Such are the quaint ideas as to drugs of
exactly three centuries ago.

Borneo camphor was evidently known long before that of
the Chinese Camphor Laurel, and was always very highly prized
and to this day it is too expensive for the European market. It
is eagerly bought by the Chinese, Siamese, and Japanese for
incense, embalming, and medicine.

According to the account given by the Jakuns the camphor
ocvurs in cracks in the interior of the tree, which has to be split
in pieces and the wood carefully scraped. The camphor thus
obtained is washed free from fragments of wood and sap, and
sold to the Chinese at Kwala Indau. The price varies meee
to quality from fifteen to forty dollars a katti.

Camphor oilis a different product, obtained by making a
hole in the side of a tree and burning it in the same manner as is
adopted for obtaining Minyak Kruing and other wood oils. It
is also, in Borneo and Sumatra at least, found in hollows and splits
in the wood. 7

* Doubtless he was alluding to Camphor oil.

THE CAMPHOR LANGUAGE OF JOHORE. 39

A very small percentage of camphor trees contain any cam-
phor. The hunters first test the tree by making a deep cut in
the bark if there is a faint odour of camphor the tree is cut down
and thoroughly examined but not otherwise.

EN. RR:

The Camphor Language of Johore.

The chief interest attaching to the Kapur Barus in Johor
lies in the superstitions connected with the collection of the cam-
phor by the natives or orang Hulu (Jakuns of the Malays).

Amongst these superstitions the most important is the use of
a special language, the subject of the present paper, which has
been the means of preserving some remnants of the aboriginal
dialects of this part of the Malay Peninsula. This language is
called by the orang Hulu ‘“ Pantang Kapur,” “ Pantang “ means
forbidden or tabooed, and in this case refers to the fact
that in searching for the camphor the use of the ordinary Malay
language is “ pantang,” or forbidden. In addition to this there
are restriction as to food, etc.,

This Camphor language is first referred to by Mr. Logan
in his account of the aboriginal tribes of the Malay Peninsula
(I. A. Journal, vol. 1, p. 293) and he gives a list of eighty
words, thirty-three of which are Malay or derived from Malay.

In No 1 of this journal will be found some notes on the
same subject by Miklucho-Macklay, and in No 3 Mr. Hervey,
in an account of his trip to Gunong Blumut, refers to the same
subject and gives a list of words collected by him which he
compares with Mr. Logan’s list. In No 8 of this journal
Mr. Hervey, in his account of a trip up the Indau and its tribu-
taries, again refers tothe camphor language and discusses its
connection with the aboriginal dialects of the Malay Peninsula,

40 THE CAMPHOR LANGUAGE OF JOHORE.

The Jakuns believe that there is a ‘“ bisan,” or spirit, which
presides over the camphor trees and without propitiating this
spirit it is impossible to obtain the camphor. This “ bisan”
makes at night a shrill noise, and when this sound is heard it.
is a sure sign that there are camphor trees near at hand. (This
‘“‘bisan” is really one of the Cicadas which are so numerous in
the Malayan jungles).

When hunting for camphor the natives always throw a
portion of their food out into the jungle before eating as an offer-
ing to the “ bisan”

No prayers are offered up, but all food must be eaten dry,
2. é., Without sumbul, or stewed fish, or vegetables. Salt must not
be pounded fine; if it is eaten fine the camphor when found
will be in fine grains; but if eaten coarse the grains of cam-
phor will be large. In rainy weather the cry of the ‘bisan’ is
not heard. At certain seasons regular parties of Jakuns, and
sometimes Malays, go into the jungle to search for camphor and
they remain there.as long as three or four months at a time.
Not only must the men who go into the jungle to search for the
camphor speak the ‘“ Pantang Kapur,” but also the men and
women left at home in the Kampongs.

The camphor occurs in the form of small grains deposited in
the cracks in the interior of the trunk of the tree.
Camphor is only found in the older trees, and notin all of these,
and to obtain it the tree must be cut down and split up. There
are certain signs which indicate when a tree contains camphor,
one of which is the smell emitted from the wood when chipped.
A man who is skilled in detecting the presence of camphor is
called Penghulu Kapur. The camphor when taken away from
the tree is washed and all chips of wood and dirt carefully re-
moved and it is then sold to Chinese traders at Kwala indau at
prices varying according to the quality from $15 to $40 per katt.

The VUamphor language consists in great part of words
which are either Malay or of Malay origin, but contains, as above
mentioned. a large number of words which are not Malay but
which are presumably remnants of the original Jakun dialects
which are apparently almost obsolete otherwise in Bere Indau and
Sembrong districts of Johor.

H, L. and He ae

17

. Pantang Kapur Vocabulary.

English.
To see

do

To take care
Hye

To hear
Sickness

To hate

Free
Soldier

Tapioca plant
Scorpion
Clever

Stupid
Lamp

Pantang Kapur.

d’ynok (8. Madek)

tlek, pnélek (K. L’makau)

ch’lek

p ningok

p ningar

bintoh

bintoh

bintoh

bintoh

bintoh k’munyis
b’bintoh (5. Madek)

p das (K. L’makan)

p das

kium p’das

orang p das

kayu mabok (8S. Madek)
isi mabok (K. L’makau)
simpai (K. L’makau)
pipet (S. Madek)

pnitek

béh pnitek

p hangat (5S. Madek)
suluh (K. L’ makau)

Remarks.

(Malay) tengo, to
look

(Malay) ch’lek, to

open the eyes

(Malay) tengo
(Malay) dengar

(Malay) p’das
do.

(Malay) a hoop
(Malay) pniti, a
pin

(Malay) suloh, a
torch

42 PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

English. Pantang Kapur.
20 Fire p hangat
21 Strong tap
22 Hard t2Ap

23 To follow jok (8. Madek)
troh(K. L’makau)
24 To learn b’troh

25 To walk jok pnegunyis

26 A Road jok bagin

27 Large bagin (5S. Madek)
kori (K. L’makan)

28 Wide bagin |

29 Stout bagin

30 Much kon

31 Rich kon

32 A rapid pne’rep (S. Madek)
talar (K. L’Makau)

33 A tooth p ne’rep, or p’ng’rep pmamah

34 A rat pneg’rep

35 A horn pne’rep pningdl

36 Tusk (elephant) pneg’rep kon p’n’ gap

37 A well png’rep

38 A fish p hompang (S. Madek)
pngumpan (K. L’makau)

39 Leg pn’ gap

40 Bone pn’eap

41 Shoulder pn’ gap

42 Elephant bagin p’n’ gap
kori p’n’ gap

43 Sandfly p nchadok

44 Fly, horsefly p horong

45 Mosquito phorong (5S. Madek)
pnehadok p’n’kok isi

(K. L’makan)
46 To act pmuat
47 To grow m’mantil

Remarks.

(Malay) stout,
muscular, solid

see 10
see 27

see 205
see 42

see 27 and 39-41

do. do.

see 172

(Malay) buat

48 To cut wood manchas, mantil, or m’mantil —

49 To lie down mantil
50 Parang, knife pranchas

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

43

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.

51 Iron pranchas

52 A mark pranchas

53 Work m’ranchas

54 Manner, Conduct pranchasan

55 Afraid libun

56 To run away libun

57 To run blibun

58 To stray libun

59 To lose libun

60 Back pnakan

61 Afterwards pnakan

62 Waist pnakan

63 Rudder p pakan

64 Boat pole p nakan

65 Age p niop

66 Wind p niop

67 Afterwards d’binkai

68 Now d’binkai

69 Quite sranchas

70 Sky tonekat ch’lean

71 Sun, day tongkat trang

72 Year tongkat bagin

73 Moon, night tongkat e’lap

74 Last night sa tongkat g”’lap

75 Star anak tongkat

76 Noon tengah tongkat

77 Afternoon tongkat lasop

78 Yesterday tongkat ch’lek

79 Thunder jauh bunyi tongkat or
jauh bunyi

80 Lightning liling or p/liling tongkat

81 Woman bisan

82 Marriage b’bisan

83 Cat bisan iaong

84 Bird bisan

85 Fowl (barndoor) bisan junkar

86 Mother ibu bisan

87 Widow bisan pantus kotol see 156 and 8)

88 Father ibu kotol or ibu

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

English.
Man
Malay man

White man
Brother
Sister
Child
Trousers

} Red cloth

Pinang
Gourd (labu)
A hole

A grave

To bury
Belly

iiree

Gtah jelutone
Baby

Young

Bucket
Belt
i

) My

One

Two

Heart

Brave, savage
Satisfied

Sad

To like

A game

A lake (tasek)
Rotten

Leaky

Good, nice
Convenient
Cure to

Best

Pantang Kapur.

kotol
ajul (S: Madek)

kiitum (R. L’makau) |

pntoi or p’ntol
kiitum

kiium bisan
anak bisan
prsok ajol
pampoin m’lakat
pnealat

buah lulok
mambong

pmambong orang pantus

p mambong
mambong

kayu mambong ormambong

kayu mambong
putek mambong
putek mambong
mambong s’mp’loh
ikat mambong
k’mambong
k’mambong punya
sinambong

dua mambong
mambong m’r’sik
p das mambong
puas mambong
gadoh mambong
maék mambong
pmaék mambong
mambong délem
mambong
b’mambong
nyamon

nyamon

hyamon
terlampat nyamon

Remarks.

see 81

see 90

see 156

see 132

see 167

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY. 4:5

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
126 Bad (quite) (pyanchas) béh nyamon
127 Dirty béh nyamon
128 Ugly béh nyamon
129 Jealous mambong m’r’ sik; béh nyamon
130 Cup, bowl s'lek
131 Basket charok

132 Water, a river smp’loh
133 A spring pningok s’mp’loh
134 To bathe b’ s’mp'loh
135 The sea smp loh k’masing

136 Honey smploh bani dahan
(K. L’makau)
do pmanis ($8, Madek)

137 Oil (cocoanut) s'mp’loh buah pulau
(K. L’makau)
138 To cry b’ smp'loh p’ningok
139 Bathing place or
landing place pngkalam bisan

140 To be m’negringat
141 Beans buah akar.
142 To endure, bear p’nch’mat
143 Hair pnurun or pmurun
144 Beard do. pmamah
145 Feather do. bisan
146 Leaf, foliage do.
147 Rope do.
148 Tail do.
149 To beat, spear,
prick k’pang
150 To sleep n’rapat
151 To sit do. :
152 Bed t’mpat m’rapat
155 Trust, believe t’salor
154 To fulfil ‘salorkar buat p’ngunyis
155 Alive p niop
156 Dead pantus (Malay) mampus
157 Empty do. é
158 To finish do.

159 To kill do.

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY. —

English.

Pantang Kapur.

To putoutalamp pantus

A ghost

Oath

One hundred
Cold

Hot

Small

Black
Charcoal
White

Come
Go

To eat, drink
Flower
Fruit

Seed

Heavy
Banana
Cocoanut
Rice

Salt

Wax

Gold

Silver

Boat (jalor)
Mat (tikar)

A paddle
To swim °

s’kok (S. Madek)
orang pantus (K. L’makau)
b’s’kok
ss’ kok
siap
p nireng
putek
nvr’sik
m’r’sik
putol (S. Madek)
selepoh (Simpai)
kian, b’jok kian
kitn, b’kalo-i (5. Madek)
b’tran (b’troh)
n kok
maiong
buah
chen-ot (S. Madek)

Remarks.

(n, o strong nasal
sound )

puingok buah (K. L’makau)
Iron, stone, tin, chen-ot

b’chont or chen-ont
buah suguh

buah pulau

buah rumput

pmasing

soloh bani dahan
pmuning or péchen kuning
p muntol

lupek or lopek
pngumbang (S. Madek)
pne’mang (K. L’makau.)
chuér, p'miiut

brehuér

To go up stream b’chuér pningol
To go. down stream k’b’nagak, k’b’nanyok
San, J

Hight

Nine

lepen
3mél

see 305

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY. 47

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
193 Ten s’pol
194 Below hamben
195 Blind lipanch
196 Deaf lipanch p’ningar
197 Blood o’ tah
198 Body, flesh isi
199 Ear pningar (Malay) dengar
200 Face hadap
201 Finger, hand, arm, p’ngolek
202 To hold pngolek
203 Hand p nganah (Simpai)
204 Foot pnapah
205 Head pningol, (5. Madek

pmoh bin or pmubin (K L’makau)

206 Mouth pmamah
207 Nail of the hand (kuku) — chongkop
208 Nose p nchium
209 Spear pnahan
210 Jungle seng
211 Mountain seng awal

212 Gunong Janing sene tumang (tumbang)
213 River Indau __ikan lumpat

214 River Mas pneguning

215 River Jasing p’musing

216 Rain pjur

217 To-morrow kon-lot (?)

218 Tongue pleng or p’teng
219 Male kotol

220 Crocodile bagin

221 Ant p nchodok

222 Rusa (deer) _ s’balioh or s’blioh
223 Kijang (deer), bisan s’s’rong (S. Madek)

(Cervulus chewer s‘rong (K. L’makau)
muntjac) sessungrong (Simpai)
224 Dog m’nchor (K. L’makau)
| dupan (Simpai)
225 Pig jokut (8S. Madek)

smunkor (K. L’makau)

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
226 Rhinoceros s nkrat
227 Snake akar
228 Buffalo chawer wong (or won) see 223
229 Goat chawer bek see 223 -
230 Cloth pampoin
231 Head cloth ikat mubun see 205
232 Coat pr’sok isi, p’nyirong (Simpai)
233 A ring p lisok
234 To keep prhun, taroh
235 Dress ajol de-un
236 Come in here ayjol d-ini
237 Lazy ajol
238 Tired birajol
239 Silent do.
240 Hush (diam) do.
241 To stop, leave off do.
242 To touch at do.
243 To enter do.
244 To ask ajol
245 Untrue,a lie p’ngajol
246 A gun pnjauh bunyi
247 A bullet chen-ot pnjauh bunyi
248 An axe puting p’nuyar (5.Madek)
puting p’ningar (K. L’makau)
249 B’liong puting
250 To buy m’nileh b’silih
252 To sell b’silih
253 Damar soloh
253 Hut (pondok) ch’niak
254 Sireh leaf k’nayek (S. Madek.)
pm’das daun (K. L’makau)
255 Pepper pmdas buah
256 Tobacco pngayal
257 Sand pnabu or p nabur
258 Swamp, mud letek (S. Madek)
lepek (K, L’makau)
259 Rotan png’rek (S. Madek)
pnerek pngikat (K. L’makau)
urat (Simpai)
260 Thorn n’niar :

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

261

262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
To exchange, sélek
substitute
To shift sélekkan
To hire sélek
To lend do.

To borrow do.

Value do.

Reward do.

To reward b’sélek

To float sélek

Cheap muda sélek
Dear ningkat sélek
Wrong sélek

A fast p nadah

God pnadah

A fence sasak

A village p mengeh
Padang (clearing round a village) p’mengeh bagin
Fine, thin kichon

Sail salap

To fly b’saiap

A garden dusun

To gather put’ her

To get up (bangun) ningkat
To stand ningkat
To go up(naik) do.

Baggage (barang-barang) péchem péchem
Hammer pngapan

Hang iniot

Harm (ch’laka) pantangkon

To hit a mark singeah
Hungry bolar

To wound ’'tkok p’ranchas
To forget langap
Tenorant ’relus

Fire place pngabur
Medicine upas

Ipoh (milk of

Antiaris) upas

49

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

>. english. Pantang Kapur.

299 Blowpipe p m’ralis
300 Blowpipe dart p’ranis
301 Bridge srendong
302 To bring hambin
303 To take (bawa) do.
304 To receive hambin k’kok
305 To remain lahor
306 To shove do.
307 To throw do.
308 To spread out do.
509 To go down m lahor
310 To fall tlahor
311 To let go do.
312 To throw away do.
313 To spill do.
314 To live do.

(tinggal)
314 Loss do.
316 To sink t’lahor k’s’mp’loh
317 Broom p nlahor
318 Branch, twig h’rengis (or rengis)
319 To burn lagat or m’lagat
320 To light a

lamp lagat
321 Quick m’lagat
322 Sharp m lagat
323 To call k’lo-i
324 Cap sapu pningol
325 Careless langgap
5326 To take up tngkat
327 To climb do.
328 To carry (tatang) buka

do. (janjong) s’rkap atas p’ningol

529
330
301
332

333

do.

(pikul) m’-en or m’hen

Break, split, tear chel’her

Young
Old -
Iron
Iron pot

putek

kawat
do.
do,

Remarks.

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY. 51

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
Fathom kawat panjang
) Cubit or span kawat pendek
To wink kawat p’ningok
7 To kneel pmobtn s‘munkol
To be acquainted with, pne’nal
A ladder phnganah
Language p méseng
To laugh ny lahin
Less, wanting tiada p’nchonkop
Letter panchurek
Betelnut cutter p nyipet
9 Prawn p nyipet
Tiger toman
To look for pringat or mringat
Mad mabok
Worm, maggot dupan, hidupan
Kajang, atap prongkopor prungkop
Jews harp (@negone) g’m’renchong
2 Nail (paku) p mentek
Name isik
Neck png’ somp
) To want mot
Don’t béh mot
Casting net (Jala) pnibar
News sadar
Onion pmauh
To open | raiat (or raiap) m’raiap
Lime fruit buah tomang
Order (hukum) kuning
To pardon k’sunkok
Wages p ng’rek
) Gain b’rupas
Dig ko-koit
Diligent lasek
A strait snepnealat Malay, slat
The Sultan of Johor Orang sunkok p’ngalat
Pahang man P’neapange

Sultan of Pahang Orang sunkok p’ngapang
/ Kelantan man sang pnomok

52 PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
873 Tringanu man s’nkalu
374 Dry riukai erp ee
375 Shallow (do.)
576 Ripe (do.)
377 Thin, lean (do.)
378 Know p naho M. tahu
379 To talk pnaho (pnahul), sadak
380 Dumb ta p’naho
381 Foolish, stupid (do.)
382 Early tnekalom

383 Earthen pot pakan
384 East (wind) (pniop) pnumpoh

3885 North do. do. pningol

386 West do. paienkon, p’niop masing
387 South do. (pniop) png’ pang

388 . End pochok

389 Same kompol

390 Fault t’salor

391 Matter salor

392 Gouge (used for making an
incision in Gutta tree) ch’long bleng

393 Eternal t’tap birajol

394 Korap (a kind of itch) ch’kos
395 Kudis (psoriasis) pngatal
396 Difficult geagor

397 To make a noise (bising) gagor
398 To cheat akar tiada nyamon
399 To clean kon-lont ()

400 Close chonkop

401 Command che’loi-en

402 Corner t’rosok

403 Coward pngayal

404 Custom printak

405 Damage chachat

406 Dance lé-ek

407 Danger Iipat

408 To go home
(pulang) b’lipat
409 To turn, return m’lipat ~

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.

English.

410 Debt

411 Far

412 A long time

413 Near

414 New

415 To hide

416 Fish trap made
of the thorny
flagella of rat-
tans (onak)

417 Doctor
(poyang)

418 Door (really a
railing to pre-
vent children
falling down
the ladders of
the houses)

419 Ashamed

420 To pick up

Pillow

422 Pineapples

423 To put..

424 Poor

Little

426 To reach

To read

428 Steal

429 Around

430 To rub

Rust

432 Safe

433 Salt

Sew

435 Shore

436 Sing

‘Skin

438 To slip

439 Slippery

Pantang Kapur.
kuning
awal
awal
béh awal
béh awal
libun béhawal

tuar
trus pningok

hadap anak
dep
“mben (aimben)
pningol p’mubun
s’jambol
kompol
paieng
s’dokon or béh kon
salor
pmamah
ilek
b’p musing
kulut
rojol
pnyimat
p masing
pnyimat
kring
m’pior
chunkop
palin
b’s’let

53

Remarks.

54 PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY,

English. Pantang Kapur. Remarks.
440 Soft, weak mo-ont
441 Spark bunga p hangat
442 Entangle pnyangkot
443 To lengthen pmanjang
444 To swear brkuning
445 Sword manchong
446 Totake holdof p’manchong
447 There kium
448 Umbrella pngumbang
449 True lurus
450 Chest, breast hadap, (S Madek) kawat (Simpai)
451 Breasts susok buas

(women)

452 Wet towar
453 Rain rumeh (Simpai)
454 Clouds pnugungkup
455 Hear pnyépok
456 Gambier ansé

An old Orang Hulu at Simpai from whom I obtained some
of the above words, told me that some of the words given by
Mr. Logan (which I repeated to him) as Pantang Kapur were
not such but merely ordinary Jakun words viz:—

Elephant séganti
Drink jo-oh
Thirst leilo

Sit birayah
Sell pich
Tired kaboh

The following are some Jakun words collected at Kuala
L’makau and Simpai. Some of them are the same as those given
with the same meaning in the“ Pantang ” list but many of them
are different.

English. Jakun, K. L’makai. — Jakun, Simpat.
1 Body tuboh
2 Eyebrow lalis

PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY. 55

English.
Forehead
Heel
Head
Mouth
Jungle
Mountain
Sea

Crocodile
Ant
Dog

Elephant
Mosquito

Pig
Rhinoceros
Tree

Dead child
» woman

To feel hot

Snake

Come

Drink

Seed

Cocoanut

Honey

A grave

A friend

Knee

Frog

Small frog

Toad

Jakuu, K. L’makau.

bagin
m’set
m’nchor

rengit (Malay—=a kind
of sand fly)

snkrat
pohun kayu

manta
baluh

panas rasa tuboh

kichon
kian

matu
nior
ayer lebah

Jakun, Simpai.
k’ning
tumbit
bubun
bibir
d’bri
seng’
smp’loh p’masing
baruh

koyok. (see Mars-

den p. 98, kooyoo=
dog)

péchem b’sar

jokot
M., cs? pohon—
trunk of a tree

___ mantal _

kiah
jo-oh

péendam (a almost mute) péndam

t?man
to-ut
bihong
b’bap
b’skong

To break the neck

of a fish

Bark on tree
Stripped bark

kleng

k’lupak

koyak

to-ot

b’bap

56 PANTANG KAPUR VOCABULARY.
Englash. Jakun, K. I’makau. Jakun, Simpai.
36 Cocoanut shell dasar
37 Firewood ungun api chel-’her
38 Sumpitan temiang temiang
39 River bank t’rbis
40 Yes | iah
41 No béh béh or bieh
42 Angry tkeng teken
43 Spider t’wowoh
44 Do not know beh-na-hoh
45 Go joh
46 This jak
47 That "nun *ndoh
48 Korap losong
49 Leprosy pngundim
50 Kingfisher b’kakak
51 Black lotong (monkey) k’kak
52 Woodpecker t’relom
53 Millipede or-g0k
54 Racquet tailed Drongo tntone
55 A species of orchid
(arundina densa) p hanyar
56 Rainbow bohutah
57 <A fire stick larak
58 Fish trap made bas6k
with onak sntapok
59 Not got pohts pohts
60 Weak béh rét
beh alah
61 Strangle birajot
62 To kill with a kris salang

A List of Jakun Names of persons.

Mens Names.

Mada
Maidong
P’manga
Pasoboh
K’pal’
Daham
Tuasa
Sedek
Limtn
Hampun

Collected at S. Madek.

Bye hoes KES Ath:

Women’s Names.
M’bidas
Lo-ot

G dont
Li-ah
Pi-ah

Siti
Pochuk
S’pat
Angat
Lipat
Punkat
N’ngo
Didi
Silong
Dong
Che-koek
Not

Lek

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

FROM

India to Siam and Malacca in 1779.

By Dr. J. G. KOENIG.

Translated from his Manuscripts in the British
Museum.

Introduction.

Jean Gerard Koenig, a pupil of Linneus was born, in Livland,
in 1728, and made his first expedition to Iceland in 1765, where
he discovered the plant Koenigia, which was named after him.
In 1768 he travelled to India where he acted as doctor to the
Danish Missionaries at Tranquebar and afterwards was appoint-
ed Naturalist to the Nabob of Arcot. He was an enthusiastic
botanist and imparted so much of his zeal to the European com-
munity there, that a botanical society known as the Society of
United Brothers was formed. After visiting various parts of
India and Ceylon he started on an expedition to Siam and Ma-
lacca at the end of 1778, returning to India in 1779. In 1784
he went to Calcutta, and died (June 26, 1785) at Jagrenat-
poroum. |

His collections and manuscripts were bequeathed to Sir
Joseph Banks and in due course became a part of the British
Museum collections.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 59

The Manuscript account of his travels and observations is
included in nineteen quarto volumes, and written in a mixture
of antiquated German and Danish ina very bad handwriting,
so that its translation is a work of some difficulty. No portion
has hitherto been published, but through the kindness of Mr.
Carruthers, the Head of the Botanical Departmeut of the British
Museum, we have been enabled to obtain a translation of such
portions as relate especially to our region. I have added a few
foot notes otherwise the translation made by Miss Overbeck has
been hardly altered at all. The account commences with the
starting of the ship Bristol from Madras on August 8th, 1778, on
its way to Siam.

Journal.

August 8th, 1778.—After I had overcome many difficulties,
good luck favoured me in the end, so that I could prepare my-
self fora journey to Siam, as well as time would permit.

I started on August the 8th, it was six o’clock in the even-
ing when I went on board the ship Bristol, which was commanded
by Captain Leith.

The captain himself arrived an hour later, and ordered the
the anchors to be hoisted directly, and this was done in clear
moonlight, while the wind was breezing up.

9th.— We saw the mountains, called by the sailors the
“‘ Paliacatish Mountains” on our left side, they seemed to me to
be much smaller and Jess in number, than when I saw them two
years ago, and they are known in the country by the name of
“‘ Nazari Mountains.” Red Sandalwood* grows on these moun-
tains, and that species of tree is frequently seen, upon which
grow the Myrobalanus citrinat both of which I have described
two years ago, and sent the description to Europe. After we
had passed these mountains, the country grew quite flat, our
favourable wind left us towards midday, and a perfect calm
caused us to advance but little to-day. Towards evening our
favourable wind returned, but feebly as yet, and early on the
10th we saw the mountains of Angola, which seemed to me to
be much smaller than the Paliacatish Mountains. The calm was
the same as yesterday, however we succeded in getting

* Pterocarpus santalinus Linn fil

60. VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

into the sea-water, which was rendered turbid by the river Kisna,
which circumstance is very peculiar, as it lies more than twelve
German miles from the mouth of the above mentioned stream,
and more than than two miles from the shore. The calm forced
my captain towards evening, to cast anchor, on account of the
nearness of the land, so that the stream should not drift us in
a wrong direction.

11th.—Early to-day, at four o'clock, our captain hoisted
anchor again, the wind was favourable but very strong, the
atmosphere thick; these circumstances in conjunction caused .
my captain to feel grave doubts, because there are some sand-
banks at this place, and on account of the misty atmosphere the
low banks were difficult to recognise. In spite of all this he
ordered the sails to be set, and we continued our journey in dull
weather and equally dull water. The most interesting thing
was to watch how the water of this Kisna stream and the sea-
water met. The waves broke one againstthe other, and especial-
ly the fresh water threw the water of the river quivering up, In
the shape of fingers, while the salt water, seemed to rise some
what higher where it met the fresh water, which was partly
caused by. the strong wind. After nine o’ clock the weather
cleared up a little, and the first thing we perceived of the town
Massulipatnam was the flag-staff, and a short time after we saw
the town itself and the country through atelescope. This was
agreeable to us all, because in the case of contrary chances our
journey might have been prolonged for days. At two o’clock in the
afternoon the anchors were cast in the harbour, two German
miles from the town the water having a depth of three fathoms.
The distance we were still from land, compelled me to stay on
board for the night, and in the evening, when the weather was
calm, and only the soft movements of the ship stirred the water
I saw some phosphorescent specks, about as big as a small pea
surrounded by a luminous ring. These were probably small
animals. I tried to catch some of them, at this time however
I was unsuccessful.

12th. Early in the morning I went ashore in one of the boats
belonging to our ship. ‘The wind was more favourable to me,
than it had been to the captain yesterday, and in one and _ half
hour I landed, which same journey had taken the captain five
hours yesterday, Thesea-water was not hali as red as yesterday

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 61

but just as muddy, and I could discover nothing on the bottom.
There were neither animals nor plants to be seen, and as soon as
we came into the mouth of one of the arms of the big river Kis-
na, its bed was covered with thick brownish mud, which mud
increases the nearer one comes to the fortress which is situated
on the banks, and almost entirely surrounded by the river.

The fortress Massulipatam, I have been informed lies on a
bank of a minor branch of the big stream Kisna, reckoned by
the native heathens to be the fourth in the order of holy streams,
which are altogether seven in number, the Ganges being the first,

the second, the Cadahverhi* the third, then the
above mentioned Kisna stream, after this Kangiret, the Collor-
ham + and as the last the Caveri, but in reality the latter is only
a branch of the Collorham, which divides a few English miles
from the fortress Tirutphinapalli.t

Neither time nor circumstance permit me to enter into any
details concerning the superstition of the Indian nation as re-
gards these streams, except this only that it is considered a great
happiness to have bathed in one of these streams, because it is
said to secure future happiness, and if their burnt bones are
thrown into these streams, a great benefit for the soul is derived
from it. Therefore many of their chiefs, who have enough
money are brought hither in urns from a great distance and
with certain ceremonies, either by the Brahmin or their own
relations.

I could not look about very much to-day, because in crossing
_ from the ship to the shore, all my clothes got wet as the waves
are very strong and towering at the mouth of the river; only in
the afternoon I went over the ramparts of the fortress with one
of my friends, Mr. D. Campbell, whom I met here quite unexpec-
tedly. This fortress was newly constructed seven years ago by
one of the best engineers, Major Steevensen. It used to be a
French fortress, but was taken from them late one evening by the
English. The French commander at that time was Mr. Conflens,
brother of the well known admiral. There exist still many
ridiculous anecdotes hereabouts, which do little credit to the
French. Now the fortifications consist in a deep trench filled

| * Godavery

+ Kalerun
t Trichinopoly ?

62 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

with water, and a low rampart, surrounded by a double wall, with
many bastions well provided with cannons. The fortress is almost
oval, and measures three English miles in circumference. It is
situated directly on the arm of the Kisna, which passes it on its
south western side. The country round about this fortress is
low and flat, and completely covered by the sea when the flood
ig high. The eastern and western expanse is unutterably vast,
and the ground all round the fortress is covered with mud. One
way only, broad and straight, leads to the town, which used to
have one of the forts of the fortress just in front, but now the
bridge leading to it is demolished, the fort is closed and will be
walled up, and at present the fortress has only two approaches,
one of them leading to the stream and the other on a slope
towards the land.

There are few houses within the fortress and they lie
scattered about. All are built of a kind of wood which I did not
know before. They are commonly two stories high, and have at
the second story a gallery at least on two sides. They seemed
to be built in a very cool and convenient fashion though very
irregularly. All have been erected by the native Mohammedans,
who are here called “ Moors.” The different stories are seldom
higher than 15; they have flat roofs covered with hollow bricks.

The present head officer, Mr. Ledler, is very energetic; he
has made broad level lanes, flanked with trees, some of which are
even now already in excellent condition. The Dutch and French
used also to have factories here before ; the former left this place
few years ago, and the French resident was forbidden to show
his flag anywhere here in India, as soon as the war broke out,
and he has been told to consider himself as prisoner of war, and
therefore to keep quiet. Half a German mile from the town
towards the North, one finds first some gardens and villas of the
English living out here, and further on the big village, where
really all the manufacturers live. The factory productions con-
sist of a striped or flowered kind of cotton. The red Indian pocket
handkerchiefs are of a pink colour, but are just as durable; and
many things not actually manufactured here, are brought hither
from distant parts of the country and offered for sale. ‘There is
also another kind of cotton material manufactured here, it is
dyed pompadour, wears well, and is at this moment a very
fashionable dress material at Madras.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 63

Amongst the articles chiefly manufactured in this place is a
kind of lacquer work, more common here than anywhere else in
India, one sees therefore* cheridans, beds, old chairs, sunshades,
the tops of palanquins, painted in this manner, art having the
_ least part in these productions, but the nature and kind of
varnish being most important. This varnish is said to be brought
hither from Aidrabath and the Sellinique name used here, as
well as the one used in Malabar, show that it must have been
taken or prepared from a tree, for in both languages it is called
Rogganonne, which may be translated into ‘‘ prepared oil.” This
oil looks somewhat yellow, but is clearer than linseed-oil, at the
same time it is thicker than the latter. It has little smell, neither
aromatic nor smoky, its taste is somewhat nauseous and acid, it
mixes easily with turpentine, and it forms in this mixture an
excellent varnish which can be used even with white colour. It
resists the effects of air and water and even the hammer, and
the colours covered with this varnish are very durable and
never alter with time. The native painters cover the silver in
their pictures with it, and so produce the effect of gilding, but in
this case the lac is dissolved with it. For ordinary painting they
dissolve in it a kind of copal, which is commonly known in India
under the name of Damar. All I could learn from the painter
who is in the service of the local arsenal was, that it is made from
a shrub, growing to half the height of an ordinary man, bearing
a kind of long husks, out of the round seed of which this oil is
pressed, and furthermore that its name is Stavensettoader or
according to the German pronunciation, Agassetti or Agosissetti.
According to what he said, these shrubs grow a little below
Massulipatam, on the banks of the Kisna stream, however one
can give but little credit to what the natives say, therefore l
left further investigations to my friend Dr. Campbell.

13-14.—I explored the country in order to get more acquain-
ted with its nature. The flora was extensive because it had
rained several times a short while ago. I made a small collec-
tion of all the plants I found in bloom, which were more than
three hundred, but amongst them were few interesting to me.
The calderer plant § which is also called (hiatus in Mss. ) formed
here the ordinary hedge for the gardens. It is particularly fit for
this purpose as it grows to 2 or 3 men’s height and very close

* ? Shandrydan. § Probably an Aloe Agave.

64 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

together. Its sword shaped leaves, which are provided with sharp
thorns at their edges and their back, do not allow anyone to
penetrate; but the drawback in these hedges is, that they take
up a great amount of room and that their stems and their shoots
being partly descending roots, form larger or smaller cavities
wherein all bad vermin finds shelter; viz: the Ichneumon *
Canis aurens, | and very often Coluber naja. t They were
just in bloom, but there were only male blossoms to be found,
whose scent filled the whole air with its sweetness; I have
given a description of them repeatedly and omit doing so
here again, because Mr. Arch. v. Linne thinks there is a good
description of it by Messrs Solander and Banks. The sandy
and little overgrown places were almost entirely covered by.
the Indigotea gratissima which as one walks on fills the air
with delicious perfume. I have already described it; it resem-
bles very much the blossom of Jndigofera enneaphylla, rarely
(having) more than two blossoms; its stalks lie also on the
ground, but are red and slightly hairy; its leaves are three to
five in number, they are mostly oval and unequal in size.

The open field was entirely covered with leaves, resembling
those of the lily. Amongst them were some I did not know, but
most of them were those of the Indian lily, a new plant, which is
difficult to find, because it blooms in April and May without
producing any leaves, and only when all has ripened and dried
away, do its long narcissus-shaped leaves shoot out. I discovered
what it was with certainty by planting the bulb in a garden, where
I had the opportunity of watching what I have described the
blossoms are not remarkable, this circumstance may be the reason
why one has not introduced the plants into gardens. The
second kind of the above mentioned leaves was those of
Ornithogalum Zeylonicum. § It blows at about the same times but
has its leaves when blooming. The third kind is a peculiar
specimen of Melanthium. I have in my description called it
radicans, because the tips of the leaves, as soon as they can touch
the ground, produce new bulbs; in the Hortus Malabaricus of
Rheede is a good drawing of the leaves. He has not had the
blossoms drawn because they are but rarely seen. All the bulbs
of these plants are called without any distinction Nari Wanjarain

* Mongoose t Cobra
+ Jackal — § Probably a Chlorophytum.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 65

by the natives of Malabar, even the Pancratium Zeylonicum and
Mexicanum, and only in some cases they use Cathe- Wail, Mallec,
etc., according to where the flower is found, they call them,
wood, field, mountain, etc., Teckchabs, (bulbs being the transla-
tion of this word). ‘Their roots have been used intermixed by
the French surgeons with Squills, and amongst them Crinum
asiaticum and the Amaryllis Zeylonica. * The French are neither
experienced in botany, nor conscientious in their cures, a proof
for this being that they call the tendrils of the Abrus precatorius,
Liquiritia. +

. Amonest these lily leaves I found some beautiful specimens
of Ophiogiossum vulgare. In a little pool I saw an Ardea Gazetta,
holding a meal with several ravens. My curiosity made me in-
vestigate why these two guests, so very different in nature,
should be together here, and I found that in this pool there
were many small fish, young frogs still retaining their tails, and
millions of shelled monoculi,t which were now exposed without
water. On my return I saw near a pond some birds pick-
ing up worms in the damp grass, and by the chattering noise
they easily betrayed themselves to belong to the family of the
Gracula rook. Their head, back, wings and tail were black,
above their eyes there was a white line, reaching as far as the
neck, the breast was quite white, the beak yellow, at the base
red, their feet were pale red, and when they flew I saw some
white feathers in their wings. The size was that of an ordi-
nary Huropean black-bird, | am in doubt whether they were
the Gracala Saularis; the short time I spent here did not give
me an opportunity to catch one. Isaw the Phoenicopterus,§ being
kept by the Europeans in their gardens for show.

15.—I went across an arm of the stream to a village, which
was very prettily situated, and where many big boats and
some ships of several hundred tons were being repaired. The
boat in which we crossed the river was a palm tree dug out
with the root and then made hollow inside; this kind of boats is
the only Cottmenous (Catamaran ?) sort of raftboat used here.
The root end of the tree is several times thicker than the other
end .and is almost quite round by nature, except where the

* Crinum latifohum. t Cypris.
fp liquorice: i nar § Flamingo.

66 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

numerous thread like roots, which have the thickness of about
a little finger, have been cut away, which places are marked by
little spots. The other end of the tree is bluntly hewn off, and
closed with another kind of wood; on the top it is cut flat on both
sides, and a plank as seat for the steersman and those at the oarsis
nailed upon it. There is an opening scarcely half a foot wide
along the whole length of the boat, but the inside is entirely
scooped out, and more than twice as wide, specially at the
thicker end. They are two fathoms long. They easily upset
because they are round. The wood is taken from the black
palms.* They are here called Saugeri. All the boats lying
here were built out of black palm wood. Those which were
built round had some planks from the root and stem of the
Mimosa nilotica, which grows here very tall and strong. Those
however which were blunt at the two ends, had been built en-
tirely from palm wood, most of them being also quite round on
the top with a little intersected railing, and all those that wen
up the river were built in this way.

I did not find anything particularly interesting in natural
history but many pieces of shells which had been thrown up by
the sea during the last rainy season, among these were Tel-
lina, Solines, Ostrea ephippium, and Achatina, and broken pieces of
the green Mytilus which must have been very big. There was a
Paspalum growing here in the sandy soil, the stolons were very
long, creeping, leafy with a thick, red juicy stalk, the stalk stood
straight up and was not surrounded with the flower sheaths of
the leaves. The inflorescence was divided into two parts,
spreading apart, and each had a short stalk, which was bordered
with fine hair ; itis very much like the Paspalum distichum.

A kind of Portulaca, with a creeping, red shiny stalk, and
long fleshy leaves with red blossoms,t grew here frequently in
the sand, and the Stipa spinifex covered the little sandhills here
with some Salsolas.

Towards twelve o’clock I returned and had a good boat.
The water had risen meanwhile.

16.—I visited the manufactories of the cottons made here,
they are not so beautiful as those from Madras, the colours are
not as vivid, but there is very little better material manufactured

* No doubt Borassus flabelliformis, L.
t Sesuvium portulacastrum,

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 67

here. The Americans living here are the sellers, and spoil the
trade very much for others. They take the place of the Jews in
Kurope.

Many painted articles and much fine linen is brought hither
for English society and trade in general.

Amongst the articles principally manufactured here, are the
Persian carpets, which are used by the Indian grandees to sit
upon ; these carpets are mostly manufactured in a village called
Elluhr, where the English have a fortress, and which is situated
at two days’ journey from Massulipatam. The Europeans have
some of these carpets woven here, as large as their largest rooms.
They look like a sort of velvet, as regards the way of weaving.
The threads that form the chain are cotton, but the fluffy part
consists of a woven wool, which is taken from some sheep,
intermediate between the Indian goats and ordinary sheep. Their
hair is rather woolly but very short and stiff to the touch, but
when this wool is washed, it has a peculiar gloss, and can be
dyed in beautiful rich colours. The horns of the rams stand out
at the sides. They are flat and shorter than the ears, the ears
are mostly as long as the whole head, which is somewhat longer
than that of the European sheep, they have clumsier feet than
the European ones, and the rams have no beards. These carpets
are very cheap here, though they pass into the hands of the
Armenians.

There is another celebrated place near here, called Conda-
pilli, where there are also many manufactories, but notably the
best lacquer ware articles in India are said to be made here.
The coins in use here are the three Pagodas, these are coined
here, and are 10 p. c. better than the star pagodas, besides they
coin here ruppies, and have no smaller coin here in either silver
or gold, but only copper Duth. These are very big and unshapely
coins, and contain almost their whole value in copper, for one
Ruppie one receives (value left out in M.S.) Duth, each Duth
weighs (weight left out in M.S.) The smallest coins are the
kauris or—(name left out in M.S.)

The inhabitants of the Sarkaro are of amuch merrier nature,
more obliging, more polite and more sociable. There is less vice
and deceit to be found among them, nor is the hatred against the
Europeans, which is so popular in Madras, as conspicuous here,

68 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

A Huropean may take food in their houses and is quite welcome;
but every door is closed to the Carnatis, and other signs of dis-
like are frequently given to them. They explain this circum-
stance here in this way, that some Europeans, in order to get
more friendly with the natives, have inspired them with a hatred,
against their own nation, which is said to have given rise to their
hostilities.

Their houses are in many places, specially inland, worse
than those in the Carnatic, and one rarely meets a Pagoda built
of stone, and even these, compared with the Pagoda of Tauf-
chaukin, are wretched hovels. Many have the walls built of mud
and a roof of palm leaves.

The sea was filled with a kind of molluse, which seemed
to me to have a conical shape and to be of opal white colour;
they hung downwards with their tops almost perpendicular,
thicker at the upper butt end, they seemed to be divided and
overgrown with short fibres, which were either flesh coloured or
brownish, ten of them were white. ‘They were about as long as
a finger, and near the mouth they seemed to be thicker than a
swan’s quill; I could not catch any because the order to hoist
the anchor was given just at this time, I hope to obtain some
at the place we are going to.

18.—We went on board again, the anchor was hoisted, we had
a fairly good wind, and the captain continued his course towards
another place, called Nahapur, which is situated about fifty Eng-
lish miles further north. Towards three o’clock we had a very
strong south-western wind together with some rain, and we were
brought to our anchorage towards 6 o'clock in the evening. We
cast our anchorsabout five English miles from the shore, the water
being three fathoms deep, and the ground being very muddy.
We were quite close to a sand-bank, which runs for some miles
into the sea. There is also the mouth of an arm of the river by
far bigger than the Kisna, called Ghodawetu, which also sends
red muddy water into the sea. It was too late to-day for going.
ashore. but the captain sent a letter on shore, and early in the
morning the captain and I went on land, we were about two
hours on the sea, ere we reached shore, and there we found
palanquins already awaiting us, which were to take us to Made-
polam, a place situated fifteen miles inland. The first thing I
found on shore was the Paspalum I had seen near Masulipatam,

VOYAGE: FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 69

and secondly the Miliwm, both of which were more perfect here.
The arm of the Ghodaveri stream forms here many big and
small bays, which could sheltera whole flotilia, if only at its
mouth the water were deep enough. We passed many muddy
minor arms of the afore mentioned stream, which the palanquin
bearers waded through; the water was however all intermixed
with salt water which was proved by the circumstance of the
Kali growing in abundance, some species of salsola and Cheno-
podia, and also some Bontia, growing here as a tiny shrub. There
were innumerable brown shoots standing in the muddy soil, they
were pointed, longer than a foot and resembling the stubbles in
a field. Further inland I frequently saw Excecaria of both sex-
es; but very rarely Rhizophora.

My palanquin bearers took me across a wide arm of this
stream, which was filled witha plant whose leaves were hairlike,
but my people would not stop, because the water issaid to be
full of crocodiles, By chance I got some specimens of the Rup-
pia maritima by means of my stick, whilst sitting in mypalanquin.
This is a plant I had not found in India before.

Then we came to some meadows, upon which grew some
specimens of Eyshosia (Tephrosia?) with big yellow flowers. I
have seen this plant severaltimes growing somewhat taller than
a finger, but those I saw here were almost one foot high, they
looked very pretty among the smaller Lvolvuli and the Schoenus
Leer Other plants were not yet in bloom here, because the
rain had begun to fall.

We passed a narrow but very deep arm of the river, said
to be full of crocodiles, in two palm boats, or Saugeri, as they are
called here, tied together,

The shore was rather higher here and a little further inland
there stood millions of palms and coco-palms, very few other
kinds, and these were, Mimusops Kauki, some Cratoeva Tapia, some
already in bloom, a few plants of Pedalium Murex. In places where
the soil was composed of red sand, there grew a kind of grass of a
beautiful green colour with distichous leaves lanceolateacute shin-
ing waved on the surface. I could not see whether this was Pani-
cum capillare,—because not one among so many thousands was
yet in bloom,—though they looked very much like this plant.

At last towards 12 o’clock we arrived in Madepolam, and
we took quarters at the Factors’ horse.

70 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

Madepolam is a big place, having manufactories, especially
fine cottons are made here. The streets are irregular and nar-
row, but the houses better than the usual ones in these countries,
they are bigger and many of them are built of wood, like those
in Masulipatam. The mud-houses were covered with a kind of
pipe clay and look ashy grey and they have some white stripes
running all round, consisting of small triangular dots arranged in
rows.

The people are even merrier and more polite than I had
found them in Masulipatam, their rooms are clean and they sleep
small beds, a thing rarely seen near Madras.

The Dutch used to have a manufactory here as well, but they
have left it, and the building is a ruin.

The manufactory which is now in the possession of the Eng-
lish as well as the whole country, used to belong to the French.
The factory consists of three substantial houses, built in European
style and besides there are some warehouses to store the goods
in manufactured here.

These houses lie atthe eastern extremity of the tower, close
to the rather high bank of a big arm of the Godaveri, in a very
pleasant part of the country.

In the afternoon I looked round for some plants, and found
a new species of the family of Boerhaavia. It had indeed five
stamens but everything else showed that it belonged to this fam-
ily; therefore I was not willing to separate it from this class.
It has opposite heart shaped leaves, which are covered with
white soft shiny hair; carissa arborea had beautiful blue fruit as
large as a plum, and they were in such abundance that it looked
more blue than green. There isa very good red jelly made
from the juice of this fruit.

I saw here the Cwsalpinia Nuga forthe first time, it is an
excellent shrub for hedging purposes where the country is flat.
There was a species of Kxcoecaria with long pointed leaves very
shiny above but they were not as juicy as those of the ordinary —
kind. ‘There was a Monoica bearing the male spikes on the same
tree, the fruit were generally as big as a lemon, the tree was
scarcely two metres high. I obtained some beautiful ripe seed
of it.

20.—The Factors took us toa garden belonging the Bem
Ross or Raja ; it lay some miles inland. The whole way thither

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 71

passed through very pleasant parts of the country. We saw
many kinds of birds near the water and at the same time many
of the above mentioned Gracula.

From the garden we saw atsome little distance the residence
of the king, which is a pretty strong fortress ina favourable
position, but the king has no garrison in it, and does not need
to either, because he is sufficiently protected by the English; he
only has the number of people necessary for his comfort or
state.

The garden was very large and full of useful trees, many
Plumieria had been planted along the principal paths, they look-
ed very well with their long, striped. and folded leaves, In the
garden itself I found a small Pandell, upon which grew a kind of
creeper, with very beautiful white blossoms that had a agree-
able perfume, it was one of the Contortae.* There were some
flowers at the raised ends of the branches, and generally three
on one stalk. The calyx had five lancet-shaped expanded
concave, smooth membranous leaves, and they grew at the
same distance from the floral crown by means of a short stalk.
The floral crown was funnel-shaped, the tube had five furrows,
was smooth, whitish green and shorter than the calyx; the limb
was divided into five parts; the flaps spread out and grew
vertically on the tube, eack of these flaps was oblique, lancet
shaped, wider than those of the big jessamine. The stamens
grew in the furrows of the tube and were quite short; the
authers stood erect, they were linear and divided in two parts at
the tips. The style simple, stigma obtuse, pistil oblong angled.
There were no capsules bearing fruit to be found. This is
always the case if plants have been reared from cuttings or slips,
I therefore could not find out what class it belonged to. The
broken twigs had a milky juice.

I also saw a new specimen of grass among the brambles,
which looks very much like Phleum. On our way backI was
delighted to see some exquisitely fine blossoms of the Nympheat
Nelumbas. Amongst others I saw one ofa blue colour. Cyperus
elatus was here mostly growing to the height of a man.

After our return the gentlemen took me to see some of the
principal people who print or paint cottons. There are two
different kind of people employed in this printing and painting of

* Apocynaceoe. + Water Lilies.

72 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

cotttons. The printing forms are carved of Teak wood, the
biggest of them being little more than one foot long and half
afoot wide, but I often saw smaller ones according to the pattern.
The man printed in my presence some red and _ black cottons.
The stuff was first of all strongly saturated with alum and
kaveksy (Myrobalanus citrinus), so that it had a greenish yellow
colour. This stuff the workman spread out over a wooden bench,
which was 1} feet wide, four feetlong, andone foot high. There
was some of the coarse wollen material used here, spread over
this bench in several layers. The colours had already been
prepared in little flat boxes ; these boxes were 14 feet long and
one foot wideand had aborderaboutas high as ones’ hand. There
were some little rods lying inside, which were tied on two sides,
therods coming from the sides were a little longer than afoot and
across them were tied some other rods somewhat shorter than a
foot; they stood about half an inch apart, each rod was + of an
inch wide and hardly 2 lines thick. They consisted of bamboo or
thin split rotan. These rods were not fastened to the box, but
were tied together and could be lifted out of it independently.
Over these rods were some layers of woollencloth folded several
times and being a little longer than the rods. On and between
this cloth the colour was really placed, and the rods were only
meant for the purpose of dividing the colour more equaily ; there
was so much colour in these boxes that it was almost equal to
the cloth.

The red colour consisted of sappan-wood boiled with alum,
and mixed with the gum of the Mimosa nilotica, so that it was
altogether as thick as honey, without any further addition.
The black colour consisted of old iron on which was poured
Toddy from the palms, added to this a little Wyrobolanus citrinus,
in order to render it very black, then it was mixed with the above
mentioned ingredients to bring it to its proper thickness. When
the printer begins printing the stuff, he takes the wood pattern, _
and putting the same onthe clothin the box, presses itdown a little,
and then places it on the prepared linen, knocking it first with
his first and then with a club of about one foot in length, which
at the thicker end is of the size of a fist. One knock with this
club is sufficient to print the pattern on the linen, and im this
way he continues, filling the patterns and colours very accurately, _
and all this is done very quickly indeed.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 13

There are also some kinds of cotton manufactured here with
a gloss over them, and figures were mixed amongst the flowers.

Afterwards I saw the great ponds, used to bleach the fine
kinds of linen, and ended up by visiting the graves of the first
Kuropeans, over which monuments as big and in the shape of houses
have been erected ornamented with rich sculpture. Amongst
them was also that of an English lady buried here almost hundred
years ago; she had been called Hattung, as a big black grave-
stone, hewn out of rock and polished, announced in wide,
sprawling Latin writing.

In the afternoon I visited the men who manufacture the
lacquer-wares, hoping to get some more information regarding
them, because thereis here a more direct communication with
Aidrabath, but I was not successful.

I saw that they fill the joints of the little boxes intended
for painting, with an ordinary paste of Causch (cutch?)and ground
Tamarind bark, after which they made a foundation for the
lacquer ware with a finely ground fat pipe clay and Causch. The
rest of the work is very simple. The lacquer-wares here are
superior to those of Massulipatam, specially the black ones.
21.—We went back to our ship quite early. On our way
thither it rained ; I looked very eagerly for the molluscs, but the
water was too turbid. In the evening our captain started for
for open sea.

22,—The contrary wind was much against our proceeding
quickly on our journey, we were between Massulipatam and
Narhapuhr, where we cast anchor. The little wind there was
was contrary to us.

23.—We had lost sight of the coast but advanced very
slowly.

24—-The wind though weak in the morning, let us keep
our course. We saw some Dorados swimming at the side of our
ship. In the afternoon the wind grew stronger and one of
these fish was caught with a three pronged iron.

25—There were many Phaetons flying round the ship,
the sea was very rough. We were at fourteen degrees latitude.

26—A kind of sea bird flew across the sea; they had long
narrow wings, which were white underneath, their back was
brown, and round their beaks they were black. I could not

74. VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA?

distinguish whether they were a kind of Alca or Sterna. I saw
now and then some balls of foam fall down from the air, they
were as big as a fist, and immediately dissolved on touching the
sea.

27—The air was very rough to-day and disagreeably cold,
though we were under the twelfth degree of latitude and the
sun was close to its meridian, towards evening we had some
showers on account of the strong south-west wind. There was
little to be seen on the surface of the sea, only the flying fish
rose in shoals, persecuted by the birds above described,

29.—To day we had heavy showers, combined with strong
south-west wind, the sun never appeared, but we supposed
were advancing towards the 11th degree of latitude. In the
afternoon we had strong wind combined with some rain. Some
very large Albicores and Dorados accompanied our ship, we also
saw some Delphen Orca and some Sweci swim past, this made
us hope that after this rough, unpleasant weather, we might
soon see the land again.

30.—A strong N.W. wind, which arose this morning, com -
bined with rain made us advance very much on our journey, but
towards 10 o’clock in the morning the wind turned; we reached
to day the 10th degree of latitude. In the afternoon we had
again strong west wind, inclining to the south-west and showers,
the wind being very strong.

31.—The air was very misty on account of the strong wind,
specially the horizon looked as if it were covered with smoke, the
sun just peeping through. I saw some birds of the same size
as those mentioned before flying over the waves, in order to
catch the flying fish as they rose in little shoals. Their size and
proportions were like those of the others, also as regards the
long narrow wings and their whole body was brown, and at
times they shrieked as they flew along. I also saw a Larus fly-
ing round the ship. At 9 o’clock land was discovered from the
mast. The sails were set and the course directed straight to-
wards the land. A quarter of an hour later we could distin-
guished the land from the fore deck, it rose before us like smoke
and seemed to be high and hilly.

As we approached the land we could from time to time dis-
tinguish some white sparkling spots especially close to the sum-
mit of the mountain, we took them to be chalk stone, but as we

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA: 75

came nearer, we saw that they were a peculiar kind of fields in-
terspersed with green.
Our Captain knew this country very well, it was the first
of the Nequebar * islands, which is called ‘ Kare Nequebar.”
He therefore ordered the ship to be steered towards its north-
eastern coast, in such manner as not to come too near a stony
bank stretching far into the sea. The more we approached the
land, the more agreeable it seemed to the eye, on acount of the
pleasant change of wood with green fields and trees standing in
thin rows between them. There was such perpetual change of
scenery, that it was almost impossible to believe this island to be
inhabited by uncivilized people. One field was specially conspic-
uous. It reached in a slope down to the sea, and there was bor-
dered by a row of thinly planted trees, the waves beating against
it with great violence; in all other parts the sea was bordered by
thick trees like by a wall. After this we passed another side of
the island pretty closely, this coast not being dangerous at all,
and at the same time we came behind the wind. ‘The ship cast
anchor a quarter of a German mile from the shore, the water
being fifteen fathoms deep. It was then 3 oclock in the
afternoon.

Necquebar. (Nicobar)

The country seemed to be level and flat for about one Ger-
man mile, and was thickly overgrown with trees down to the
seashore. There were some semicircular openings hewn out,
in which one could perceive several houses with thatched roofs.

We had scarcely cast anchor, when some of the natives of
of Necquebar came in their canoes, they arrived rowing in
silence. There canoes were long, narrow and pointed, they
were hewn out of trees, the best of them having a thin staff
about 14 man’s height, right in front, at the end of which was
fastened a little flag by means of diametrical pieces of wood, the
flag however was not moveable, and stood out straight in front
There were two bamboos tied to the top of the canoe, about one
foot apart from each other, and at one side there wasa kind ot
wing fastened to the same, for the purpose of preventing the
canoe from being overset.

* Nicobar.

76 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

This wing was made of two bamboo sticks as long as the
eighth part of the whole length of the boat, and to these were
tied two other bamboo sticks which stood out at the two ends,
they were twice as long as the width of the boat and at the end
of these cross sticks, another bamboo was fastened running paral-
lel with the boat, and standing out as much at the front part, as
long as the pointed end of the canoe, The smaller boats all had
this arrangement, only they had no staff for the flag. There
were more than eight men rowing the big boats. Their oars
were lancet shaped as far as the middle and had a protruding
sharp cornered point. They were thin and smooth, about six
inches wide, the handle was round and short, their whole
length being about four feet; they were made of a sort of
brownish red wood.

Those of the natives that came on board were mostly young,
expect their captain who was rather old; he had received a
name from a European captain, who frequently came hither, viz:
Makintosh.

Their figure is very much like that of the Malays, they had
round heads thickly covered with short coarse hair, a large fore-
head, round small brown eyes, a flat nose, thick lips and large
faces, big teeth red with Betel, and thin black beards; they were
of a light brown colour. Their shoulders were large, and they
seemed to be muscular, their veins were more prominent than is
commonly the case with the black, their calves were very much
developed, but they were all only of medium stature. Their
clothing consisted of a piece of coarse blue linen, about three
fingers wide, which was wound several times round the lower
part of their body and taken up betweer the legs; some of
them wore old straw hats. At first sight the expression of their
face seemed to be wild, but one soon lost that impression ; they
showed few signs of any passion, smiled in drawing their lips up
on one side, and when they felt offended they walked away with-
out any sign of anger. The principal articles they brought with
them were cocoanuts. Some of them had little square boxes the
big gest of them being one foot long, they were made from the
sheaths of the young leaves of the Chamcerors,* and they
contained many varieties of tAmber for sale. There were

* Probably a Licuala. ¢ Ambergris ?

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA: Tiers

some pieces of oneor two drachms weight and they were wrapped
in leaves, among them one kind very much resembling Benzoin
but not having the same odour. As much as I could make out
from the interpreter this piece like all the other pieces had been
thrown on shore by the sea, it seemed to have been burnt at one
end. The payment for these articles was mostly made in tobacco
or blue linen. A bird was brought, one of the ordinary (missing
in M. 8.) which by the sailors is called (missing inM. 8. ). My
curiosity and longing to see the country were very great, but
the time passed with necessary arrangements in reference to
tothe ship and also in talking to the nativesof Nacquebar. At last,
at 4 o’clock the captain ordered the boat to be put out and I set
out for the shore, feeling very glad and happy. But on nearing
the land we perceived a strong breaking of the waves against
the shore. We chose a little bay, which seemed to have sandy
banks, because it was guarded on both sides by high cliffs. A
big wave seized the boat and threw it with great violence against
the shore, a second bigger wave followed, which filled the boat,
broke one of the oars and some parts of the boat itself, besides
terrifying us greatly. I did not want to wait for the third wave
to come, but jumped down into the water, which reached up to
my waist, in order to escape a greater danger, and all I had
taken with me was soaked.

The shore was rather steep in the beginning and there
were many little bays, covered with a whitish yellow sand.
The above mentioned stone cliffs consisted of grey coarse chalk-
stone. Here and there big pieces of different kinds of corals
had been thrown up by the sea, among them one kind which had
the appearance of many knife-blades grown together, I do not
remember having seen any of this kind before. Higher
up on the shore there were innumerable varieties of blue, black,
red, brown and white corals, among them also the so-called
“red organ.” I also found a peculiar kind of very coarse
sponge, and many kinds of shells were thrown up very high,
many of them had been thrown into the woods for some little
distance. The whole shore was not of a man’s height, and it
almost immediately sloped down again towards the wood.

‘The first plant on shore, whichI met pretty frequently was
Crinum Asiaticum, which was in blossom, and these blossoms were
perfect, asthey had not been touched by any insect, an occurrence

7S VOYAGE FROM TO INDIA SIAM AND MALACCA.

very frequent on the Coromandell coast.

Scoevola grew here almost as high as a tree.

The big trees, along the coast, which we had seen from the
ship, were a kind of trees with pinnate leaves having the ap-
pearance of false-varnish trees of which Kcempfer has given an
illustration, furthermore there were Hibiscus Tiliaceus some Termi-
nalia catappa but a mistake caused by the resemblance in the
leaves with those of the Termnalia, made me take that tree for
the latter, until I saw a large branch hanging down, bearing

Square conic fruit, this attracted my attention more closely to
this tree.*

The stem was only low, its bark bearing much resemblance
to that of our beech-trees, and its circumference was hardly as
thick as a man, the crown was oblong, the branches were placed
without any special order, and all directed upwards, and at their
ends they had many bare places, where the leaves had fallen off.

The leaves were placed at the end of the branches, very
closely together, and had no stalks; they spread out and were
obovate quite entire at the edges slightly turned back, smooth
on both sides, the upper side glossy and light green, the lower
one white and bare. The principal veins of the leaves run in
opposite directions and spread out very little, being white like
the principal middle vein, the leaves are fleshy and about one
span long.

The blossoms are placed at the end of the branches in a
simple raceme, the common stalk is directed upwards, and
irregularly flattened at the sides, itis smooth and shiny, and
where the stalks of the single blossoms begin it is as thick as a
finger, and longer than the width of a hand. The proper flower
stalks spread, they are single, round, smooth, shiny, somewhat
shorter than the common stalk, and as thick as an ordinary quill,
their number varies from 7 to 12. The swelling at the beginning
of the stalk, continues for some time in the common stalk, its -
ridge is thick, round, smooth and shiny and ends abruptly where
the bract begins, which is patent. sessile, oblong, smooth, shiny,
bare, 1esembling the leaves and grows as long as one inch and
a half. The blossoms are superior. |

The calyx consists of one leaf, which splits right down to

* Barringtonia speciosa, Forst

ad

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALLACCA. 79

the base when the flower opens, then the two parts are patent
ovate, with marked veins, somewhat fleshy, concave, one inch
long and persistent light green. The real flower consists of
four oval, concave white petals red at the edges, they are a
little longer than the calyx.

The stamens are very numerous, they are joined together
at the base, a fleshy skin surrounding them, as in the Eugenias,
they are like thin threads, smooth, shiny, milky white as far as
the middle and towards the end beautifully pink, they are twice
as long as the flower and fall off.

The anther oblong four plicate yellow. The ovary is
situated underneath the flower and renders the stalk impercep-
tibly thicker and square. The style is threadlike, thicker than
the stamen, smooth, shiny rose coloured, persistent, and three
times longer than the stamen. The stigma is flat, perforated
and white. The receptacle is umbilical, and rough.

The fruit isa square pyramid, a little longer than it is
broad, at its end stands the divided calyx straight up; they are
rounded, the surface is smooth and shiny ; greenish white in the
beginning. changing when ripe into a brown leather colour; in-
side it is filled with stiff, flat viscous fibres, surrounding an oval
seed bigger than a pigeon’s egg, which has a hard, thin shell,
the taste whereof is very bitter.

In all probability this tree is the Mammea asiatica more
especially that which Mr. Osbeck has seen near Java, only it has
escaped his notice that the blossoms are borneon the ovary
that the stamens are all grown together at the base and drop off
independently of the flower, the stigma is flat and perforate, the
fruit is described asa pear, and as being divided in to four
parts. This partition is caused by the circumstance that they
are crossed by the in the inferior ovary time of bloom and short-
ly afterwards, and so it presents itself in the shape of four rose
coloured partitions, one of them generally containing a whiteround
seed as big asa mustard seed. The three remaining parti-
tions in all the specimens I have seen, were either quite empty
or contained only rudiments of seed. It is very rare that
more than one partition contains any seed, and if so, these dis-
appear soon, and only one of them generally ripens and fills the
whole fruit, I have cut many of these fruits and always found
them as I described them, The fruit is areal Drupe. The ses

SO VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AMD MALACCA.

carries these nuts to many shores of India, near Tranquebar they
are picked up and used as medicine, as there is some superstition
attached to them. One side of the fruit resembling a stiff brush,
is used by many for polishing and cleaning metal. The fleshy
part of the fruit turns woody and brittle.

Among these trees Ischaemums grew frequently including
I. muticum and a new species of grass, very much like the Lygewm
the stalk is creeping, has joints and short lancet-shaped spread-
ing leaves. The stalk bearing the fruit is erect, hardly two in-
ches long, the spike is hardly longer than the involucre, this is
secund but contains 2 to 3 male spikelets underneath them a very
tiny female one, which bears a nut or ball-shaped fruits, protrud-
ing at the upper part. I often found this grass in Ceylon near
Trinquemalle, but incomplete, but here there were many speci-
mens, bearing fruits. T

Behind the above mentioned trees grew a great quantity of
Clerodendron infortunatum, which looked very well with their
blossoms red as fire and their blood red flower stalk, their leaves
were more than one foot long. Among these grew Dracontium
with its prickly and spotted stalk and its leaves, divided into long
strips ; they do not blossom at this time of the year; besides
there was the common kind of Kaldeeren,§ and among them
another species of the same family, which was growing in great
abundance ; close to the root the bark was split, but higher up
it was smooth, striped in rings like the ordinary specimens. The
branches were few in number and grew close to the stem only
near the top, the leaves grew at their ends and formed a sort of
crown, but they had no thorns like the ordinary ones but were
smooth and shiny, some were more than man’s height but the
stem was not thicker than a thumb. There were many shrubs
with big leaves, among them some which had no fructification.
Upon an old Banyn fig tree, Asplenium Nidus-avis grew in
abundance, Cyperus Iria was to be found in abundance in damp
places. On some trees grew a Boletus hemispherical subsessile
coriaceous variegated with white and ashy semicircles.

There was a shrub growing about man’s height, it had only
a few principal branches, which were generally five-cornered

+ Thuarea sarmentosa, Thou.

§ Pandanus

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AMD MALACCA. 81.

There wasa shrub growing about a man’s height, it had only
a few main branches, which were generally five-cornered and
covered with a brown bark. They had fruits looking like
pears, being round, rather flattened at one end, they contained
some 5 or 6 angled seeds as big as a pea; in the unripe ones one
could well recognise the three flat tyles, divided into two parts
at the end. There were fewer male blossoms; they had short
stalks which stood at the angle where the leaves joined the
branch; they consisted of a green calyx divided into (three ?)
parts, oval, and white near the edges, they had no perianth.
The leaves were oblong, smooth, soft, thin bifarious; pro-
bably it is the same plant of which Mr. Osbeck speaks in the
German edition, page 267 as frutex baccis Ibis, folas obverse ovatis,
but these were not so, and the pears are eaten there are sweet
and mealy. There is shrub growing on the coast of Coromandel
which is very bushy and rarely more than a quarter of a man’s
height with obverse cordate alternate leaves which is sure to be
another species of this kind; it resembles both the Agyneia and the
Phyllanthus but its blossoms are much bigger than those described
by me above. There were many plants here too, with grass-
like leaves; they probably belong to the Monandria, but I could
not find any blossom.

The Agyneia vitis-idea had large leaves here, but was only
a small shrub. Datura metel and Urena lobata grew in the
neighbourhood of a village. The greatest part of the wood
consisted of coco trees, the nuts of which lay on the ground ;
many of them were ina state of putrefaction and some germinated.
~ Near a village 1 found Poa amabilis,* cynosurus indicus +
and a new delicate species of Poa.

As it grew dark I went to one of those hamlets, where about
twenty houses, most of them with pointed thatched roofs stood
on piles. The principal houses, three in number, were placed in
the middle, but each separate from the other. They were built
on piles about 10 to 12 inches thick, and more than a man’s height.
Some of them had 24 to 30 of these piles; they were bamboo,
and one side was open where a bench hung by ropes, large enough
to allow two people to sit upon, and so low, that their feet when
sitting would touch the ground. The roof of the real dwelling
house was in some cases angularly pointed, in others rounder ;

* Eragrostis amabilis, R. Br. t Hleusine endica, L.

82 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACGA:

very few showed a long ridge. The access was gained by means
of a narrow well-made bamboo ladder, through a square hole,
which was wide enough to afford admission for afull- -grown man ;
the floor consisted of broad sawn planks of unequal length sup-
ported by the cross beams; these beams in their turn resting on
the above mentioned piles. The big houses were divided into
stories, the lower one being as high as two men, the upper one
was lower and more like a barn.

Round about on the principal rafters, there were some bamni-
boo sticks hardly as thick as the thumb fastened across. This
looked very nice; but there were no windows at all, nor any
to replace them, but the light came only through the hole
holes serving them for door, therefore it was very dark. All their
household implements were standing round about, mostly tied to
the bamboo ; that which could not be kept in this manner had
been put into small boxes, which were one foot long, half a foot
wide, and hardly half a foot high, and were provided with lids;
which were made, as I have already said before from the parti-
tions sheaths of the young Chamcerops leaves. These little boxes
had been tied to a bamboo, which was fastened right across the
room, and was therefore at some distance from the roof.

There was great cleanliness as regards the floor and the air
also was very pure, not the faintest disagreeable odour could be
detected. The upper story consisted only of bamboo sticks, they
were thin, not tied together, and resting on the cross beams
they had turned somewhat brown through the smoke of the lamps;
but I could not see that they kept any provisions there, and on
the whole they do not collect many provisions. I saw some piles
erected near some of the houses, they were more than man’s
height, two cross piles were fastened to them and here they
stewed some yam roots in the open air. They had no gardens,
their houses and also their outhouses stood alone Carica Papaya.
Their weapons consisted of small lances somewhat shaped like
pikes, which were made of smooth round sticks about as thick as
a finger and three yards long. I saw some of them return with
these kind of weapons. They had been in the wood to fetch
provisions for one or two days. I did not see any fishing
implements.

There were two ships there, one of them an English three-
master, the second one lying further south with two masts,

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 83

it was a French ship. They were both loading coconuts,
‘which they bought here very cheaply in order to take them to
Pegu, and to sell them there with great profit.

; Their women have almost the same appearance as their men,
being strong and muscular, but most of them had their hair shorn
off. Their clothing consisted of a blue cloth wound round their
loins, or they wore an apron made of leaves, which was cut in
‘strips hardly one line wide and reached down to the knees; they
‘were plated together at the top and hung round their bodies in
layers almost two inches thick. These strips seemed to have
been taken from the Borassior Chamcerops. Some grown up girls
I saw here as well, their hair was cut off below the ear and hung
loosely round their head.

However many people I saw here of different sex, I did not
come across any whom I could have termed old. The only
exception was a woman, apparently about fifty years old. The
shortness of my stay here prevented me to make further re-
searches and inquiries, which besides would have been very dif-
ficult considering the language and utter simplicity of the natives.
As far as I could observe they were very vague in their ideas
as regards years, months, weeks, days and hours.

Near one of the large houses I saw some piles; they were
about ten inches thick square and two and a half feet high. At
the upper end they had two holes, meeting in the middle like a
cross; through them were plaited many coloured ribbons both
of linen and of cloth, presenting the appearance of streamers;
at their end there was a stick about as high as a man, at the end
of this a piece of white linen was fastened of about two inches
wide, looking like a flag; all this was surrounded by a sort of
conical figure of the sheaths of the Chamecerops, so that only in
front a little piece of the streamers was to be seen. I made in-
quiries as to these things, and they told me they were monu-
ments for the dead, and that lately three persons had died in this
house. I saw some more of the same kind of stakes which were
already old, but there was not one near every house.

I saw some persons of both sexes wearing green fringes, and
I inquired why they were in this manner distinguished from the
others; as much as I could learn from my interpreter these were
those who had held their feast of love. This is always cele-
brated in the woods. never anywhere else, and as a sign of this

84 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

joy they wore these fringes; they were really made from long
Pisang leaves split through the middle and fringed crossways,
They are first worn round their neck, then across their shoulders.
and at last round their loins.

My attention was attracted by a continual murmuring; I
inquired into its cause. It was the singing of some women, who
wanted to cure another of her headache. This afforded me at
the same time the opportunity of seeing the interior of their
houses. I was admitted and allowed to mount, and I found the
invalid sitting on her feet, some of the women lying near her
and four standing before her; one of them held something in her
hand, which was supposed to be some article for fumigating, I -
could however neither see nor smell it. ‘Their whole song
consisted of one tone, which was taken first at a very high pitch,
but by repeating it so often they slowly sank to the lowest notes,
then they paused and one of them commenced again very high,
and the others chimed in until they had again arrived at the
lowest notes. They kept on singing in this way as long as I was
there, which however was not very long, because it soon grew
dark. I felt the invalid’s forehead which was a little warmer
than ordinarily and covered with weak perspiration. Her hands
were also hot and her pulse quicker than usual, which symptoms
might point to a cold in a body inclined to laziness.

The number of children that I met here was not large
either, and was far smaller than what I had seen on the coast in
villages of equal size. I saw very few animals here, they kept
some pigs near their houses, and the pork is said to be of very
good taste here, because they feed the pigs on coconuts. There
were also some small hens here, and a female dog, very much
like the Pariah dogs, which I had seen on the coast, and pro-
bably it was brought from there, only it seemed to have shorter
legs than the ordinary kind.

There were many swallows flying about near the sea, as
far as I could see however they were of grey colour, and as big
as those near the coast, and therefore I doubted them to be of
the kind of those that built the valuable nests,

I only saw a few parrots and not one butterfly unknown to
me; only the common ones that live on the Nerzum oleander and
have the gold coloured chrysalis, and another kind living on the
Mangos, being pearl coloured with black veins. One kind of moth

“VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. ‘85

of the species living on the fig-trees and all having striped
wings. The ones | saw had red spots on their lower wings, a
circumstance which I have not noticed in any species known to
me heretofore.

As it grew dark I left the country where, I should have
liked to stay for some days, but I feared we might not get safe-
ly through the high waves. <A Cicada sang in the wood ina
strange manner, for me it was a sad song. In the dark evening
I picked up a little piece of seaweed which had been thrown on
shore. We were luckier than we had feared to be as regards the
starting from shore, which we left after having explored the
country for one hour and a half. After one hour’s journey both
ways, we atrived on board at 7 o’clock.

September 1st.—Early this morning the anchors were hoist-
ed, but hardly had we left the land when a storm combined with
heavy showers of rain arose. The atmosphere was misty and
one of these stormy showers was so violent and sudden that we
almost perished. A new top sail was torn to pieces, the waves
at the same time were uncommonly high and the whole sea like
ina thunderstorm. I thanked God that I succeeded in arrang-
ing the specimens, which I had gathered on my journey.

2.—It was still stormy, but not as bad as yesterday. We
were on the 8th degree of latitude N. and some minutes. The
showers were less violent and fewer in number. I watched the
afore-described brown seabird with the strange cry, and | often
saw it fly so low that its feet touched the water. The Hzocetus*
occurred frequently in these parts.

3.—To-day to our great joy we saw the sun appear through
the clouds. The wind was delicious and we sailed fast towards
the Strait of Malacca. ‘The sea itself grew calmer, and we felt
great joy after all the adversity overcome. We were visited by
some Phaeton aetheria. We were on the 7th degree and some
minutes

4.—We had fine weather and wind, but it did not continue
so far very long. Towards midday I saw the sea full of a pur-
plish red kind of Medusa. It was seldom bigger than a Spanish
dollar. The head was undivided, the arms had a pretty big base
surrounded by an overhanging skin; they were many times
longer than the whole body was wide. I have seen this Medusa

* Flying-fish.

86 NOQYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

already in different places, both on my journey to India and on
those to Ceylon. There was also much green matter swimming
in the water, some of it looked like a Medusa, but it was very
deep under the water. There were many parts of the Medusa
porpita; there are rarely any living ones to be discovered. Many
fruits of the different kinds of Rhizophora were floating on the
sea. A Diomede* was caught, which was very thin. We were
on the 6th degree north latitude. The sun at his setting, showed
many little cloudlets resembling scales, which presented an admi-
rable picture of fire and purple and now and then one saw big
spots of vivid sea-green colour slightly intersected by darker
shadows. These were held to be a sign of storms to come.

5.—EHarly to-day we had heavy rains and contrary wind
and were hardly able to keep our course. We saw Pullu Pera
at a great distance on our right hand. It is said to be one solitary
rock quite uninhabited ; to us it looked like a low cupola.

_ 6,—To-day we had alternately contrary wind, dead calm and
some showers. The current brought us near the land and we
could see Pullu Lada quite distinctly ; it consisted of several
small islands, which are very high and mountainous.

7.—The calm continued ; or when there was any wind it
ronan showers of rain and was contrary. Towards the even-
ing one anchor was cast, because the current might bring us
too near the land. We saw many kinds of birds, which however
kept at a distance. The sea was full of the seed of the Rhizop-
hora.
8.—To-day we approached the rocks of Pullu Lada as near
as one German mile. We contemplated them through a telescope
because we did not wish to get any nearer to them, They were
of different sizes, all were narrow and divided from each other
by channels. They all consisted of rocky mountains, which
seemed to be very steep at the side facing the sea, some of these
mountains were long in extent and full of clefts, only a few had
the shape of a cone. One among them resembled entirely the
Lion Mountain of the Cape, with a high ridge which gets lower
towards the neck. The peak was quite narrow, conically rising,
almost every where covered with trees; except at those places
where the rocks hung over or were very steep where
there was no vegetation of any kind to be seen. We could

* Albatross.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TOU SIAM AND MALACCA: S7

specially distinguish some trees with very high trunks growing
on the ridge of a long extended mountain. The ridge of the
highest mountains seemed to be surrounded by clouds. The
peak of the Lion mountain forms an exception and its woods seem
to lie more in the valleys. ‘The stones resemble a Petrosilex
arid are best observed in a perpendicular clift in one of the
mountains. I think the last thing it could be was either felspar
or granite, many mountains of the Coromandel coast consisting
of this rock. In many places the rocks shewed lines as if
they were columiar; but these lines have been caused by
the rain loosening certain fine particles of the rock, and forming
on its surface a kind of tufa. This is a common occurrence in
rocks sloping down perpendicularly. In one place the most
beautiful red showed between the stones; however beauty is
always enhanced by the ardent desire to possess a thing.

There were some people on our ship, who formerly had
cut down some big trees in these islands, furnishing them with
a beautiful yellow wood, fit for joiners’ purposes,

- 9.—To-day we had the same fate as regards calm as we
had yesterday. The specially lucky circumstance, that our car-
penter had to caulk the ship on one side, gave me oppor-
tunity of fishing diverse objects from the sea, as there was even
a more perfect calm than on the preceding days. The first
thing I found was a kind of Perch. I have already given 4
description thereof above. They looked in the water as if their
backs were red, and swam about in thousands ; but out of water
their backs seemed to be of a dirty green; the stomach was silvery
white; the head green like the back and the sides. Wherever it
was green it was speckled with some silvery green spots, and
it was darker on oneside. The tail was broad, a little scooped
out towards the middle, and had white and dirty- -green stripes.
The fins of the back had prickles, the longest standing in the
middle; they were joined tothe second of the backfins, the front
part of ‘these being longer than the end of the firstback fins ; they
wete also sharp-pointed ; all the others were soft; they were
little longer than the front ones they were hardly as long 48 4
finger, but very fleshy. Among the above mentioned there
Swami atiother kind of fish, which according to its shape was a
kind of Perch. They had wide stripes across their body, were
much whiter and about three times as large. There were ihany.

88° VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

snakes lying on the surface of the calm sea, one kind among them
being a speci es of Anguis platura and very well known to me.

I saw another kind of a rather large size, their backs were
brown-green, more like eels; their head was lancet-shaped and
pressed flat. Some of them seemed to have yellow lipped-mouths.
Their tail was pointed and I observed that they had big spots of
yellow, brown, and black colour. They came quite close to the
ship and snapped at the small fish. I cannot classify them with _
certainty in the family of the Anguides.

I also found those Mollusks I had seen near the ship at
Masulipatam at the time when we were hoisting anchors; the
only difference between them being that the ones here were
quite white on the upper side, while the others were reddish
yellow, but 1 suppose this colour was only caused by the red
colour of the Ghodaveri stream.

9.—There wasa swimming Triton. It looked like two bun-
dles consisting of an exceedingly thin membrane, veined,
fibious, slimy and folded together, they were joined by a short
stalk looking like a thin thread, The top was rather large, and
by means of this the animal could swim upwards, and also des-
cend to the depth of the sea. In swimming all the parts
fitted into each other, but when it was taken up, one could
scarcely part them without breaking them on account of their
utter softness. The best thing with which one could compare
these parts would be two bundles of feathers, each feather being
able to lengthen or to shorten itself. The body itself was coni-
cal. It had some irregular furrows on its back and a sort of
crescent shaped shield sticking out a little more at one end; its
under part was concave, helmet shaped, and here the first shorter
tentacles were to be seen; they were covered with stiff hair
on the inside and bent in at the ends, some had between the long
tentacles small- silvery grains, which were probably their eggs.
I am uncertain as regards their number, because they were too
close to each other and were very fragile. The other tentacles
borne at the end of the body, and bent towards those afore
mentioned, were about twelve pairs in number. They were
divided at the ends, pressed flat, jointed and covered with stiff
transparent hair, which grew on the inner edge. The length of
these longer arms was about one inch, they were of rusty
yellow colour ; the Tentacles standing opposite to these were

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 89

not half as long. I counted eight pairs of the long ten-
tacles, the shorter ones standing opposite. I found at the side of
a membrane like a coverof the helmet. The base of the tentacles
in pairs is knotted and they have hair at their ends and no
claws.

Besides these there were still different kinds of Molluscs
Swimming here; one of them is cylindrical, as long as a finger
and quite as thick ; its surface was quite covered with lumps or
short thick points. Its ends were round and full of these pro-
truding points like the rest of the surface of the body. It con-
sisted of many Tras put together, had rhomboidal scales, which
at the upper edge were thinly indented and at the lower edge
deeper cut; they were all connected by meansof a thread-
like gut or canal; this was shortly protruding, thicker, and was
smooth and half round; it bore very fine stripes of dark purplish
red colour on a white ground. Usually their bodies were
divided towards the middle by a partition, the hinder half
being a little thinner. Between the scales of the front part, there
were many oblong purplish spots near this gut; these were flat,
rolled together in spirals, were very thin and looked like flat
threads. Whether these were their eggs or whether they were
continuations of the big tubes I could not discover; they
were however all separated one from the other. In the
back part the tube ended without protruding in the least.
These mollusks were extremely fragile. One could hardly take
them into one’s hand when the separate scales fell asunder, and
they were all as clear and transparent as the best crystal. One
could only discover this animal through the oblong spots and
of the gut. In some of the scales 1 saw a sort of opening in
which there was some movement discernible like the beating of
a pulse.

I found a peculiar kind of Medusa, but I could not examine
it with great care.

Another kind of mollusk was often swimming past the ship.
I saw this mollusk sometimes as long as a foot and more than an
inch wide; it consisted of a jelly which was of almost equal width
except at the ends, where it was not as wide and oblique. It was
transparent and white, lined with a beautiful rose pink at the
edges; in the middle this edge had a slit on one side, in which
one could detect some specially organised parts, as tentacula,

90 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

opening for the mouth, etc., but everything was very small, and
the whole animal very fragile.

10.—We had some showers with gusts of wind alternating
with dead calm, so that we advanced but little. Pullu Lada began
to be an aggravating view for us,

Towards the evening we saw some swallows flying over
the sea; I had watched them already for some days, but I was
in doubt whether these were the kind which build the valuable
eatable nests.

In the evening we had strong flashes of lightning, the sky
and lightning above Sumatra were very red, but the flashes
above Malacca were quite white at times, at least they were
very pale.

11.—Strong showers with thunder and changing winds all
the morning. There was a small water-spout quite close to the
ship. First of all I thought it was a volcano underneath the sea
because I could not detect the origin on account of the clouds
arising from the sea, for there was a black narrow column of about
two feet long in the middle of some waves, more than usually
agitated and white and smokelike. This smoke rose in a whirl,
following the direction which the wind took; it was as high asa
man and of a whitish-yellow colour. Shortly after the column
descending from the clouds grew oblique and wound down in
snakelike movements; it was about 14 feet wide and darker than
the other clouds. The whole phenomena lasted only half an
hour. It looked like a footpath descending from the clouds; the
sky round about was covered with small scaly clouds, which
were not very dark. The sea had the appearance of being cover-
ed with blossoms. This was produced by slimy yellow fibres and
filaments; among them were a great quantity of cylindric small
bodies, looking like straw and pointed at the two sides. I
could not detect any life in them, although they had almost
all the same shape.

I caught the kind of Medusa I mentioned yesterday several
times to-day. The body is a cone, rounded towards the end;
it had eight broad furrows at the sides, the prominent parts have
eight nerves, they are jointed with short crossthreads and cover-
ed with short soft hair; at the end it has an opening like a fun-
nel; it is concave below and has four threadlike tubular arms,
which are twice as long as the whole body, which itself is not

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 91

bigger than the upper part of a little finger. It is crystal line
white ; the nerves and arms are hardly discernible ; near the eyes
the colour is darker, sometimes pink. In the body of one of these
animals we could distinctly see through a quarter of an inch
microscope :—fourteen very small crabs, squillas, or sea-fleas, some
of them were still perfect, some half dissolved; four very small
Mantile, and a little excrement like byssus.

The plate-shaped body of the Medusa porphita drifted past
in thousands to day, but their blue arms and some parts were
already rotten; all were dead. Sprus ruber, a fish nearly one
and a half hands long and two hands wide, was caught with the
angle; for bait they took a little flesh of the shark. I made the
following description of it :—

The mouth had a double round lip and was of medium size
without beard. The teeth were all small and regular, and the
gums behind the teeth were also sharp. Above the mouth it had
an oblong broad hole in the bone which was covered with skin.
The nostrils were a little distance apart and round; above the
nostrils there were two other holes, oblong and a little larger
than the former. The cover of the gill was divided into three ©
parts, the third part being only small and beginuing at the edge
of the second one; the edges were plain the second and third
ended in a soft skin protruding a little. The gill rays were
seven in number, their skin being white and the rays them-
selves were red. The gills themselves were four in number ;
at their inner edge, they had some double skin-like bones,
looking like a comb, they stood apart, were white, bent in at
the edges, rather large and sharp at the inner flat side. The
first row of these bones was longer than the gills themselves,
while the other rows were only short. ‘'he forehead was elevated
rather flat and round, covered with a very smooth skin. ‘The
tongue is round at the end, thin, and only rough at its base.

The eyes were quite protruding, extraordinarily big, the iris
was bright red and sparkling as if made from some metal, the
pupil was black and big. The breast fins were longish pointed,
they had thirteen rays. The fins at the stomach were shorter
and had only six rays. The back was covered with fins, consist-
ing of twenty-four rays the front ones being pointed ten the rest
ending inasoftskin. The hindmost fins had fourteen rays, those
furthest back were somewhat thinner and smailer ; the others had

92 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

red rays, the membrane between them was dark red or almost
brown. The tail was undivided aud had eighteen rays of medium
size. which are fleshy. The scales were plain. The whole body
was of a beautiful silvery vermillion red. This fish was said to
have avery good taste and to be very wholesome; it is very flat,
and its flesh is very white.

Another specimen of Sparus was shortly afterwards caught.
It was longer, and not as broad. The head was smaller and it had
besides the other teeth, which it had in common with the former
rpecimen, four teeth which were big and conical; they stood in
the upper and lower jaw and protruded on both sides, The back
was also covered with fins, these being divided in the middle.
Its colour was silvery white, and it had golden rhomboid spots
at its sides. The cook examined it in his manner much against
my wish, before I had finished examining the first specimen.

The wind and weather were almost as contrary to-day as
in the days before, so that we did not advance more than three
minutes in latitude and about ten in longitude.

12.—In the night a favourable though still weak wind sprang
up. arly to-day I saw some brown snakes quite unknown to
me, and several of those described before; they were passing
the ship, but I was not able to catch any. Wesaw Pullu Pinang
on our left; it is a very fertile island with many high mountains
overgrown with trees, producing mach Damar.

I saw to day several swallows, three of them flying lower
than the ship, they went towards the sea; at the time we had
clear and calm weather. In the afternoon we had strong showers
with wind and afterwards dead calm.

A man fell from the top of the highest mast; luckily for him
he fell on his left side, more especially on his hip. He had two
wounds in his head above the temple. At first he seemed to be
in a dangerous condition, his extremities were as if dead, he was
unconscious and foamed from the mouth, etc. They bled him
and gave him some other remedies, which brought him round
again.

The people brought me a bird, which seemed to me to be of
a new kind, though the crew declared it to be very well known
and called it bubbi (booby ;) the description of it follows I have
placed it among the Lari. It is fully as big as an ordinary
pigeon, so that I first mistook it for one, it also having the same

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 93

proportions in its throat. The bill is pressed together and thin,
pointed; the upper part is convex, thin, the edge round and
smooth and bare at the base; the lower part is straight, with a
small elevation towards the middle, as long as the upper part,
but thinner. The edges of the upper and the lower part are
quite sharp, both parts are smooth and black, one and a quarter
of an inch long. The nostrils stand sideways almost in the
middle of the bill, they are narrow, sunk in long perforations;
there is a small furrow descending from the nostrils which
disappears at the sides just before it reaches the end of the bill.
The angle of the bill has a short round yellow seam. The tongue
is arrow shaped, pointed, a little serrated at the edges, convex,
cartilaginous up to the middle, whitish, the lower part fleshy and
yellow. The eyebrows have at the lower part fine white feathers.
above the eye there is only a small line covered with these
feathers, the rest is black. The rainbow - like iris is of a dark
yellow, the pupil is black and big. The first feathers of the
wings are nine in number, they are a little longer than the tail,
the rest are eighteen in number. The tail is divided and has
twelve feathers, the two middle ones being a little shorter. The
feet are short, thin, pressed together, and black. The three front
toes are grown together, one palmate toe, the outer toe has
four joints, the second and third only three. They are bent at the
end and round; the nails are black and long. The hindmost toe
stands a little upwards, is round and seldom touches the ground
on which the bird stands; its nail is short. The colour of the
head is light ash-grey, under the eyes it is black ; the neck, the
whole of the back, and the upper coverts of the wings are brown-
oerey. The feathers of the wings, the first coverts, the ten outer
feathers of the tail are black, only the two middle feathers of the
tail are of the same colour as the back. I had the good luck to
catch two specimens of the same kind on one day, ana I compared
them.

Towards evening we had a favourable wind and left Pullu
Pinang behind us; asit grew dark, the sea was very phosphor-
escent and from this we concluded that we should have a warm
wind. The dolphins chased the smaller fish round the ship during
the night, and one could distinctly trace their course by the phos-
phoresent light of the sea.

Soon there came another fish, it snorted as it swam along,

94. VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

and the dolphins left the ship; this fish kept a long time near the
ship. They said it was the (F. missing in M.8.) which has the
beautiful shagreen for its skin.

13.—We had very bad weather last night, heavy storms
with thunder and lightning. Early inthe morning I sawa
snake of about two feet long pass the ship; it was very thin
and had a slim little head. its colour was bright yellow, with
narrow dark blue stripes across the body. Towards midday I
had the opportunity of seeing another specimen of the same kind.
This had only very narrow blue stripes about three lines wide,
while the yellow was as wide as a finger.

I saw to-day the high mountains of the continent and also
those of Pullu Parah, which we passed towards midday; although
we were very far from them, we could distinctly see that they
were covered with trees up to their very tops, and also more
inland there were big forests. The word of Pullu is the Malay
name for island. We passed Pullu Din-Din in the afternoon,
having Pullu Samlong* straight before us, and Pullu Scharf at
our right; the latterisan uninhabited island on the left of the
continent.

14. 15. 16.—We had continued contrary winds from the
East and South East, strong gusts of rain, which kept us for three
days near the Sambilangs islands. (Pulau Sembilan.) I had to
limit my observations to whatever object chance might lead past
our ship, amongst these was the Papilio argenor. Some speci-
mens were driven on board by the violent rain, they were some-
what different from the description Linné gives. The upper
wings had black veins on the surface and near the edge there is
aspot on eachof them. There are three oblong clubshaped wide
stripes going from the base towards the inner edge, they are of
a faint bluish white colour. At the lower edge there are seven
fine stripes between the veins, they are somewhat larger at the
top, but very fine towards the edge of the wing, and finish off
before reaching the ends of the wings, those at the inner edge
are more like fine dots. All these stripes and dots are broader
and whiter on the lower side. The lower wings are black on the
top at the base, but afterwards they are white with black veins,
which looked like an irregular wide band across the wings slanting
towards the inner side.

* Pulau Sembilan. + Pulau Jara.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 95

16.—A scorpion stung me to-night towards nine o’clock as
I had put my hand on the railing of the ship, to watch some of
the flying fish. It was one of the small grey kind, which are
more poisonous than the bigger black ones. The violent pain
lasted till morning and the swelling three days after, though I
rubbed the place very much with hot oil.

This day I often saw the above mentioned swallow coming
from the Din Din and Samblons, dipping into the sea; they came
singly or three to five together, seldom more. I therefore
directed my attention to the swimming molluscs, in order to
discover some new kind, but I did not see any others than those
before described and some others known long since to among them
was a big medusa, which resembled the Capellata; its divided
edge was sky blue, and the inner plate purply red. Mr. Dal-
rymple holds the birds neststo be seaeggs. I carefully looked
out for them as well but I did not see any others pass but the
Fucus Sargassum, lendigera natans triquetrus.* We generally sailed
at two to three English miles distance from the islands, only this
morning weapproached the Samblans as near as a quarter of a
German mile, and as faras I could make out, the shores were
very steep. The rocks in some places had the appearance of
columns. One low rock looked from the distance like several
boats with open sails; near by this rock was quite white, proba-
bly from the excrements of the birds that roosted there. A very
violent rain caused the scorpions and scolopendras to leave the
chinks of the ship; the former took refuge in my books, and the
latter looked out for more sheltered places than those they had left.

17.—We were lucky enough to-day to leave the Sambilans
islands and to approach the flat shore of Malacca which is covered
down to the sea with a peculiar kind of tree, standing erect and
only having single stems. All had small crowns of equal height,
so that they looked like reeds,+ behind which the crown of high
trees stood out. Behind these high trees the mountains rose.
They were high, jagged and stretched out for a long distance;
they were surrounded by a bluish haze, and according to my
Opinion they surpassed in height all the mountains I had seen

. t+ No doubt Casuarinas.

* He evidently expected to see the edible swallow’s nests floating in the

sea, in the form of seaweed. The Facus Sargassum, etc., is the common
Sargasso so abundant in our seas.

96 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

before. The water of sea was muddy here and had a whiteish
ereen colour. We cast anchor towards the evening on account
of the calm, and during the night I saw from time to time large
phosphorescent spots in the sea; sometimes they were stripes
about two hundred feet long and one and a half feet wide, which
consisted of innumerable small mackerels swimming in shoals,
and when they came so close to the ship that one could throw
something heavy at them, they all jumped above the water.
One must recognise our Creator’s providence specially in the
circumstance that He has endowed all animals swimming in the
sea with this phosphorescent light so that in the lower depths of
their dark element theyshould be able tosee whatever is near them.

Towards evening a little swallow had flown into our cap-
tain’s cabin. Captain Leith as well as his servants, who were
natives of Siam and the coasts of Malacca, declared it to be one of
those that build the celebrated nests, and that it was of the same
kind as those which had almost daily passed us, as they flew
deeper into the Straits

18.—We continued our journey with fair wind along the
coast of Malacca. The wonderful aspect of the equal-sized trees
gerowing half in the sea water, and being quite unknown to me,
increased my wish and longing to study these trees, but in vain.
I had to content myself with looking at them through an ex-
cellent telescope, a present from the Duchess v. P. Sand. I also
saw some small shrubs here and there. My further occupation was
to stuff my swallow. The description I have given of these birds
only deviates from that of the others in so far as it had a rust
coloured throat, which near the breast changed into a sort of
dirty black, because there were some black feathers intermixed.
The abdomen is white and shiny and soft, the rest of the body is
black, on the back and head witha blue gloss over it. The
feathers of the tail are twelve in number, the two middle ones.
being the shortest and having no spots, the other feathers had
each one white spot on the inner edge near the end, the outer
feathers having the biggest spots; when the feathers lay to-
gether the spots formed a sort of band across them, which dis-
appeared at the end of the shortest feathers. The two outer
feathers were much longer than the others, and narrow at the
ends. The whole bird when I had killed it weighed zij Fij P.M.
We were three German miles distant from the shore when

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 97

the bird came to the ship.

The high mountains which one could see from a great dis-
tance belonged according to our captain to the territory of a
king ruling this country; his kingdom is here called the Rhom-
boish* kingdom, and the coast had been taken from him by
some rebellious subjects, who had made themselves kings in
opposition to him. It is called the Buk kasis in these parts and
specially known under that name at Borneo.

We passed one part of the coast where a cape was projecting,
and where many of the afore-mentioned trees grew in the water.
Our captain, who during several years had had some commerce on
this coast, told us that here a large stream poured its water into
the sea, and that one could get the best cane here very cheaply,
but that the inhabitants were the greatest scoundrels and mur-
derers, who made commerce very dangerous.

19.—Early to-day we had strong northwesterly wind, com-
bined with rain and a thick atmosphere, we passed the sand and
mudbanks of Sallango (Selangor); we could not see the land,
but fortunately we perceived the waves breaking at our right.
The sea was of a whitish-green colour which was caused by the
mud. Towards midday the weather cleared up and we could
discover the mountains round the harbour, but soon after we
had dead calm, so that we advanced scarcely at all. Afterwards
I could see the shore, from which we were only about three quarters
of a mile distant, but I could not detect any of those trees which I
had so often seen yesterday those that grew in equal height. At
least if any of them were there, they were not as high and inter-
mixed with other trees; they grew deep into the water. My
captain however disagreed with me, as he said that those trees
could only have been Mangrove trees, and not as I had imagined
Rotan or cane. They must*be a kind of Rhizophora,asI concluded
from the appearance of their frmits, which frequently drifted by.

20.—With unfavourable wind, yet beautiful weather, we
came within a mile’s distance from the harbour of Selangor, which
is a good place for trade and the residence of a Malay king. At
midday we cast anchor here. The trees which grew in such equal
size were also here, but only in some places along the coast.
Several sea snakes passed the ship; they were about one foot
long and had a thin head and body; the head, the back and the

* Rembau.

98 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

tail being pitch-black, the sides had brown and yellow spots. I
tried to catch some of them, but without success.

With the help of the current and favourable wind, we pass-
ed the afore-mentioned harbour in the afternoon at a distance of
half a mile ; we had to pass several steep cliffs, which stood out
of the water, Little grew upon them and they looked as if rivet-
ted together, because there was some red ochre; only one of
these cliffs was named in the sea-charts, none of the others were
marked at all.

Shortly before sunset I caught a snake two and a half
feet long in my net, but the net was too small and our ship
moved too fast, so that I could not keep it. Its colour had been
purplish red which was divided into lozenges by some black lines.
The stomach was white.

A great quantity of the seed of the Bontia and different
kinds of costia, which had all germinated drifted by. The
anchor was cast at three o'clock on account of the muddy
eround.

21.—Before day-break the anchor was hoisted again, because
the current was favourable, but at the entrance of the strait of
Callay (Alang) it had to be cast again because the wind as well
as the stream were against us. At one o'clock in the afternoon
the anchor was hoisted again, and the rapid stream which passes
the straits had soon taken us up and carried us through the
wind would have helped us on very little. The whole channel
is not more than 500 steps wide in most places, in some it is even
narrower. ‘The islands are all very low and consist of a grey
mud, but they are overgrown with creepers and those trees of
all equal height, most of them, as far as I could see, were
Rhizophora. Were and there were some trees, which seemed
unknown to me. There was specially one kind of palm, which
had no stem at all, but its leaves resembled those of the coco-

trees, only the separate leaflets were broader and flatter.* —

There are many small channels traversing these islands, which

were not marked on the charts, but they enhance the beauty

for those passing by. In the middle of this sound there was a

wider channel branching off, forming the island Pullu Loometh. ft

The unfavourable wind and stream forced us to cast our anchor

towards evening; we were still in the mouth of this channel.
* Nipa fruticans, L. t Pulau Lumut

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALLACCA. 99

The birds and animals intoned their evening song, rendering
our involuntary rest agreeable.

22,.—Harly before daybreak the anchors were hoisted and
we continued our journey ; but the wind was weak and contrary
and we did not advance more than half a German mile outside
the mouth of the channel, so that at 9 o’clock in the morning the
anchor was cast again. I was lucky enough to persuade the
captain to let me goonshore. Onaccount of the current I chose
a part on the island Lasmet* whither a boat took me. This small
journey, scarcely half a mile from the ship, took a considerable
time as the stream soon turned against us and brought us back
into the channel, so that we only arrived at 12 o’clock.

The shore was rather high and covered with sand, Above
this sand was a layer of grey clay, which was very soft and
sticky ; the soil higher than the present level of the sea was very
uneven, full of holes and had been everywhere perforated by
the crabs There were many fallen trees near the sea, the stems
of some of them were incrusted with Anomia.

The first plant I came across was a big Osmunda, which
might have been the variety regalis of Mr. Arch. v. Linné, but
its stipes had prickles at the base, the pinnee are broad at the edge
and creeping, much longer; there were only a few leaves and
the whole plant was of a man’s height; the roots were thicker
than my hand and full of concentric spiral scars; the colour was
black,t I hardly saw any other trees than Rhizophora, There
were some climbing plants, which however had no leaves, because
the rainy season had just begun on this coast. I searched very
much for some kind of grass, but saw none; some grasslike putrid
leaves were lying near the shore. I saw a great quantity of
those palmtrees with the leaves which resemble those of the
coco tree and was lucky in getting many of their blossoms,
(Then follows a long description of the Nipa palm which it is un-
necessary to insert.)

The only big bird I had time to see was a Malabar bird,
besides some medium-sized Tringas and some Sparrows; I caught
some beautifully coloured crabs, one of their claws being very big.

They gave us a signal from our ship, by firing off a cannon,
and so I was obliged to stop further researches, and we had to

* Evidently Pulau Lumut.
t Probably Acrostichum aureum.

100 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

hurry to reach the ship, which meanwhile had spread its sails;
I had only been on shore for half an hour. With favourable
but weak wind we came as far as the Parcellac mountain, where
we cast anchor.

23.—After we had remained here for the night we conti-
nued our journey with pretty favourable wind, which however
soon changed; we advanced but little and hardly reached Cape
Rochard, (Rachado) where we had to cast anchor again.

24.—EHarly this morning the anchor was hoisted again, and
we passed the point of land called Cape Rachado, and could see
the trees on the coast of Sumatra. There were many big sea-
birds here, but they kept at a distance. We had the small is-
lands in front of Malacca, called the Water islands, just before us,
and passed one of them on our left. Its soil seemed to be quite
red; it is here that the natives get the red colour with which
they paint their ships. At about ten o’clock we cast anchor in
harbour of Malacca, where the custom house was filled with
Chinese, and a great quantity of sacks filled with sago were
lying in the street.

The greater part of the first large lane, which one enters as
soon as one reaches the town, consists of Chinese houses and
Chinese booths wherein they offer diverse things for sale; only
few of them had exhibited anything remarkable, as porcelain ete.
Some of these booths were chemist’s shops. In this street there
was a large quantity of Cattu Camber* spread out on nets to
dry; this is also made here but only the cheap kind. They
assured me that the Terra catechu was better made here than
anywhere else, because the plant grows here in greater abun-
dance. We took lodgings in a house, where the English are
generally in the habit of staying. This, like most of the houses
in which Europeans live here, was built in the Chinese style,
consisting of two stories and a protruding roof, only the stories |
were higher in this instance. There was along courtyard descend-
ing towards the sea, it had small rooms on both sides, mostly used
as stables, kitchen and accommodations for domestic animals; it
was called Gmor. The sea was dammed in by some piles, which
were about two men’s height and two arms thick; they were
driven into the ground slantingly. Towards the middle this court-
yard projected into the sea, and there had been a cool dining-

* Gambir.

~

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 101

room built on strong poles. Nearly all the houses facing the sea
were built in the same manner. Before this dining pavilion
grew on either side a big tree; the leaves were bifarious, on
long thread-like alternate stalks, the leaflets were oval, pointed
and finely ribbed. The pods, which were ripe now and still
grew in great abundance near the top of the tree, showed them
to be a Pterocarpus.* There were no blossoms on them now, but
they resembled those trees which I had seen near Tofuapaduam
in Wannis, and the Malays also told me, that a red sap flowed
out of them if one cut a hole into the tree; this sap was regard-
ed as a great remedy here, as well as in Ceylon. The short time
did not admit of any further researches concerning these trees.

The great fertility of these parts is shown in the great
variety of fruits with which their markets (Bassore) are filled. All
these fruits were of extraordinary size and very agreeable in taste.
Many Chinese also brought fruit to the different houses in large
quantities, though this is not the time when most fruits are ripe.

The best of fruits were two kind of Durions; one of them
was of the size of an apricot and had a smooth dark brown rather
fleshy and astringent peel which was about two lines thick; at
the upper end of the fruit grows a star, consisting of five to seven
parts with blunt edges; this star shows into how many parts the
flesh of the inside is divided. The fleshy part is ball-shaped, has
sometimes seven, but more frequently less, divisions; each of
these divisions is round at the outer side and the inner one has
the shape of a two-sided wedge, all hang together by a spongy
kind of white receptacle. The fleshy part is milky white in
appearance, little transparent, and of a substance easily melting
in the mouth; it is agreeably sweet mixed with very little acid.
Some of these divisions contain a kernel, which is almost
round, a little flat at the sides, green, but covered with a red
membrane which has a bitter taste when it is bitten through.
Those divisions containing the kernels are bigger than the rest;
they seldom have more than two kernels in one division.

The second kind has an ochre colour and is covered with
soft delicate hair; they have neither a calyx nor the star at the
top; their taste is somewhat acid and not as nice.{

* The Angsana. Ptrocarpus indicus, L. Big trees of whith can still

be seen in Malacca.
+ Evidently Mangosteen. t Perhaps Rambai.

102 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

A third kind was only half as big and was called Rangostan .*
The fruits were not quite round and covered with long green
fibrils, which were very much like prickles. The peel was red,
the fleshy part of the inside like that of the others; they were
not much thought of and only eaten by common people. There
was still another kind of fruit with a peel like the second kind I
mentioned, mangostan or Garcinia celebis ; the fleshy part was
the same only it had no divisions and only one seed, which was
round, compressed with a big style at one side; it had a chest-
nut-coloured peel.

In the afternoon I went out in spite of the rain, but could
make very few reseaches on that account. The only remarkable
thing I found was a Syngenesia, the calyx of which resembled
that of a Chrysocoma; the blossoms themselves were reddish,
obversely oval, with serrated edges, it was a shrub of about half
man’s height and grew in marshy soil.t I found there also two
Cypert which were new to me, and the Zeonwrus with the divided
leaves ; Cassia occidentalis grew frequently alone the hedges.

The governor Abester, who was supposed to go to Tranque-
bar, and whom we thought already lost on the coast of Coroman-
del, had happily arrived herewith his family and belongings; they
had contrary wind on their way, which had detained them. He
was obliged to stop here on account of the rainy season on that
coast.

24. To-day I paid my first calls on the surgeons, who are
the only doctors here and are all Germans. I wanted specially to
see Mr. Werth, who has lived here already twenty years, and
was well acquainted with these parts. therefore asked him
about the dragon’s blood, and he assured me that it was often
made from a kind of reed bearing red blossoms, which frequently
grows in Sumatra, specially in a place where the Dutch have an.
office and a district called Liat. He told me that the sago was
not made here but was brought hither from other places, especi-
ally from the island (missing in M.S.) and from Sumatra,
but that there were also some sago trees in the wood of this
neighbourhood. The best mangosteen trees grow in the wilder-
ness, spetially in mountainous parts; in the gardens they lose
their delicious taste.

* Rambutan. + Pluchea indica.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 103

The most frequent illness here is cardialgy, of which many
people died; dysentery was not as dangerous here as in many other
parts of India, specially Batavia. There were few contagious
kinds of illness, and people leading a regular life grew very old.

Rays de Madre de Deus was well known here, specially
among the Portuguese; it issent from here to Goa, and grows
pretty frequently in the jungles. The hospital had at present
about twenty inmates, most of them suffermg from the
venereal disease. I found many kinds of Filices near the old
walls of the town only few of them had any pericarps left; among
them was Polypodium lanceolatum. The Agyneia generally
very big on this coast, only was very small here ; near the wall
erew Oldenlandia, Urtica interrupta, Bryum murale, Hypnum
sericeum, Eclypta; at the side of the lane grew a Conyza which
was unknown to me, and Morinda citrifolia was in blossom,
although it was not two feet high. There were few kinds
of grasses in bloom, only Scirpus corymbosus and Cyperus
were among them. Paspalum, Agrostis cruciata, Cynosurus indi-
cus, and the new kind of grass which I had found in Madrepolam
grew here, and also the species of Azra with a long compressed
panicle I found here, and it was in bloom. Although the
ground was covered with green grasses few of them had reached
their perfection on account of the rainy season, which was just
beginning.

In a garden I found the kind of grass the roots of which
when dried smell so agreeably, they furnish the Tenschaurian
fans and the roofs of the Palanquins. Generally they extend
over much land near the rivers hindering the Palanquin bearers
very much. I have already described it before and called
them Andropogon echinatum. The blossoms have no awn.
The male ones as well as the hermaphroditical spikelets
are twisted a little at the end and at the side they are overgrown
with tiny prickles. The anthers are yellow-green, and the pistil
purplish red.*

In the afternoon I went to the north part of the Tranchur,
where one has many gardens on one side and the harbour on
the left. There was a beautiful smooth and even avenue, consist-
ing only of big Pterocarpus trees. They were all covered with
foliage, but had nota single blossom. The branches, which bore

* Andropogon muricatus Retz. The retiver.

104 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

the alternate ovate leaves, bent very much because they are thin
and threadlike. Mostof their stems were covered with parasiti-
cal plants, either with a kind of Contorta (A pocynacee) unknown
to me, which had round leaves and linear follicles grooved at the
base, and beaked, but no blossoms, or they were Filices or Orchids
There were some others, which I was not able to classify at all.

The sea coco tree I saw in the garden formerly belonging
to a curious man, who had been a great friend of science, a Mr.
Bartolmei de Vents, who had dieda short time previously. His
death is the more deplorable as, besides his riches and his love
for science and the knowledge he had acquired therein, he posses-
sed much land here, and was highly respected by the Malays.
who generally are so treacherous and dangerous. A nut of this
sea coco tree was still lying on the ground and out of it had
sprung a root, descending into the ground. but no stem has as
yet formed. The leaves being still young and not yet divided
into strips resembled those of the ordinary coco-trees, only the
folds were much narrower and the leaf itself wider than those of
the young coco-trees; the tree was three years old, and a second
one, which was full grown had died the year before. (Lodozcen
seychellarum),

Cynomorium cauliflorum* had fruits and blossoms ; the people
said that if they did not enclose the tree in matting or a kind of
hedge, so that it was dark, it was ashamed to bear fruit there-
fore all the stems were surrounded with cocomats. The fruit is
eaten. In another garden, close to this one, the possession of a
Portuguese widow, I saw several trees of the Theobroma Cocoa
They had many blossoms and fruits, which like those of the
Cynomorium grew on the stem and the largest branches in short
fascicles ; the owner promised to give me many fruits and some
young plants. In a little garden she had some plants of the blue
Capsicum; all of this tree was blue, even the fruits were of a
blue black. Piper nigrum climbed upon an old stem of a
Maringos tree and had blossoms and fruits; Piper Siriboat grew
along a hedge. There also was a plant with beautiful whitish
linear leaves, but without blossom, they called it the Chinese
vermouth.{ There were also some Dianthus with double blossoms.
Dolichos Soya and Dolychos with a winged pod had been planted

* Cynometra Cauliflora (the Nam-Nam)
t Betel pepper. t Probably Artemisia

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 105

in some places. Gomphrena globosa, Celosia cristata, Amaranthus
tricolor grew at the door leading to the big garden. Pancratium
Leylanicum grew here wildamong the trees. Inan avenue of Areca
trees I found near the root of one of them an unknown kind of
palm. Birds had probably brought the fruit hither, and had eaten it
on one of the trees, whence it had fallen down and had grown
there. This palm was very frequent here, but none of them had
more than two or three leaves, which were all fan-shaped with
blunt ends. The stalk of the leaves was prickly. I was told that
they grow often in the jungles but do not grow higher than a man.
They are of no real use.* Wherever I went I saw parasitical plants
and I also found some kinds of moss. I was sorry not to have
been able to find any thing more of interest in this place so favour-
able to natural science, but I overcame my disappomtment reflect-
ing that this was an unfavourable season, and hoping to be able
to revisit the place soon under more favourable circumstances.

The soil here consisted of a fertile black mould. Many of the
gardens lay near a Swamp so were partly swampy themselves; they
all lie low not far from a river, which empties itself into the sea
between the town and frequently floods the neighbouring coun-
try. I had no opportunity to see any kind of stones and there
was nobody here who might have given me any information
concerning them. The sea shore was very muddy and I could
not go to the islands for want of time.

26.—We had to pack our things together and towards mid-
day we left the country; however the wind soon changed and
was contrary so that we had to cast anchor again.

27.—Quite early the anchor was hoisted, and we passed the
islands pretty closely ; they were all quite small and consisted
mostly of stones, but neverthless they were covered with trees.
Our joy soon ceased, as we lost the favourable wind till nearly
evening, and the anchor had to be let down, as the current would
otherwise have drifted us towards the islands. In the evening
we had much thunder and lightning from the direction of Suma-
tra, but only a small part of the thunderstorm was driven to us
by the wind.

28.—We sailed a little to-day with the help of the six hour’s
current, but the wind was entirely contrary. We saw the
mountains of Moor (Muar) and further on Cape Formosa,} the

* Licuala, 7 Batu Pahat

106 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

anchor was soon cast, as the current was against us. As soon
as it grew dark we had hehtning all around us.

29.—Duringe the night the anchor was hoisted, and at day-
break we were near the coast of Sumatra and the island Pullu
Rinpet, but we had to keep our ship off on account of the coast
being dangerous in these parts. Before evening we succeeded in
reaching the land and we cast anchor between the mountain Moor
and Cape Formosa near a point of land stretching out into the sea.

30.—During the early hours we sailed on, making use of the
weak wind and the current, but soon afterwards we had contrary
wind, which was followed by perfect calm, so we remained near
a place which was indeed called Formosa, which however for us
was very inconyenient. We had strong lightning all around.

OCTOBER 1.—We passed the Strait of Malacca. The wea-
ther did not change; we had some wind in the early morning,
which however passed away very soon.

2.—The anchor was hoisted to-day, because we had favour-
able wind; we passed the island of Pullu Pisang at about one
mile’s distance. Towards the afternoon the anchor was cast
again, because the wind was contrary. Much seed of the
Rhizophora, Fuci and other seeds drifted past our ship carried by
a strong current and also some single leaves of the Acorus Marinus
Rumph.*

Then there was some water ofa bright-red colour floating past
the ship, forming either large veins or spots. Some pails were let
down in order to obtain some of this water. I took much trouble
to discover the cause of this red colour. I strained a pail full
through a piece of new linen without finding anything but a few
flea-crabs. Under the microscope which was a quarter of an inch
Isaw many Volvoces polymorpha; at times they had the shape
of a bell or that of a triangle and sometimes they had a tail. All
of them were of a dark green colour.f I could not find out whe-
ther the cause of the red colour was some kind of seed floating
on it or some solution of gold particles which are formed in the
mountains and at this time might be washed down by the heavy
rains.

We could not advance in these days on account of the con-
trary wind and so we crossed between the head land Mount For-
mosa and the Bisangs islands. These islands are four im numter,

* Enialus acoroides. ¢ Infusoria.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 107

they are very high, covered with trees and intersected by small
channels. The most annoying circumstance for our journey was
the current being against us. In the evening we had happily
advanced so far that we could cast our anchor at the side of
Pullu Bisangs.

4.—We were lucky to-day and advanced quicker than we
had done since we were in the Straits of Malacca. We passed the
low country, which on the Malay coast is intersected by natural
canals and overgrown with high trees even down to the water,
as in Salingor and Pullu Calang. On our right we had the north-
ern part of the mountainous islands called Pullu Cariman; in front
of them there were two dome-shaped islands, which only consis-
ted of rocks and yet were overgrown with trees. They are called
the “Two Brothers,” in sea-charts. There was a third smaller
island, which was not marked upon the charts. In the evening
we passed the low island on our left, which is called Pullu Cocob
(Kukub) and as the rapid current was against us, the anchor was
cast at the cape Tanjong Bouro.*

The common sea weeds passed our ship oftener than usual ;
they were only Sargassum.

5.—The anchor was hoisted quite early this morning, and
the wind, which at first was weak, grew stronger and more
favourable. Two small Malay ships were in front of us, but they
soon changed their course and went deeper into the strait between
the islands. After we were at some distance from the Cariman
islands, we passed a great number of islands, but only few of them
were marked on the charts. We left the route to Batavia on our
left and passed some very low islands, amongst them the so-called
“Three Islands,” which are quite low and only recognisable by
three trees growing uponthem. At their north-eastern side the soil
seemed to be red. A little further on we also saw the island
which is called the red (missing in M. §.); it consisted of red sand,
and there was a little grove on it, which looked very charming
and shady. ‘There grew no other trees on this island, which also
was low.

The rest of the islands were higher; the shore consisted of
red sand and further inland they were stony with easily discern-
ible strata, and few of them had, higher than the water would
rise, some quite white strata.

* Tanjong Bulus.

108 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

In the afternoon we passed quite close by two small islands,
which the English call the Rabbets and Cunni (Coney),* on account
of the similarity of their shape. They looked like an oblong
vault and one of them had on one extremity two trees ending in
a point, which represent the ears. These trees seemed to me a
kind of cedar. I couldstudy the strata of these islands more closely.
They seemed to consist of a fine sort of stone with a white wea-
ther-beaten surface. My captain told me he had often seen this
kind of stone in these parts, and that it varies in colour from red
to yellow, sometimes even to black. He said they were friable
and smooth and could be cut. I could not decide whether this
was the Chinese soap-stone or not.

To my great astonishment I saw very few birds in these
parts; only now and then the kind of swallow I mentioned before
and only one Malabar bird near the Rabbets islands. Through
my small telescope I saw a kind of palm unknown to me on the
Barn island. This island is very rocky and only separated from
the Rabbets by a narrow passage. |

We wished to reach the island of St. John to-day but the
strong current and weak wind forced us to cast anchor. Wesaw
three Malay rowing boats lying near one of the islands. Towards
evening we met a ship returning from Rio to Bengal, which was
commanded by a captain Brown.

6.—Towards midnight the anchor was hoisted again. The
very strong current took us happily past the islands and in the
afternoon towards three o’clock we left the Strait. We had pass-
ed the cape Romania, and left the three small islands lying before
it on our left. Shortly after we passed Petro Blanco, which isa
low rock; it is covered with the dung of birds. I saw often a
great quantity of birds flying past, they resembled our ducks
both in size and in manner of flight; I never saw this kind before.
On the high cliffs of Romania, which are overgrown with trees, I
saw a beautiful red blossom on several trees. Though I could
distinguish their size I could not distinguish their shape. ‘The
shore was also formed of red sand. We passed a ship that
carried the Danish flag.

7.—We lay at anchor during the night on account of the calm
and the contrary current, but at day-break the anchor was hoist-
ej with favourable wind. At eight o’clock we saw Pullu Tingi and

= AG. tT

a, aes as eae Sa
* Sow iaties iontnouse,

x

VOYAGE FROM TO INDIA SIAM AND MALACCA. 109

Arop,* which from far appear to have very high mountains like
those on Cape Teneriffe, but as we came nearer it appeared that
they were not high at all in reality. Shortly after we saw the
Pisange islands and towards evening Pullu Timon (Tioman).
Towards midday we had a strong shower of rain, and two swal-
lows could easily be caught, as they had got wet. One of them
was a little bigger than those that build the nests. The back
was grey, strewn with small white specks; the wings were rust-
coloured underneath, the rest was dark grey. The smaller one
was not like those that build the nests. At the side of the bill it
has some stiff bristles. It had eighteen feathers in the wing, nine
of each kind, and twelve tail-feathers, which were nearly all of
equal length, they were light grey at the outer edges, except the
two middle ones. It seemed to be quite a young bird, because
it shrieked, when it was touched. The edge of the bill was
yellow and the palate and tongue were of the same colour.

A two-mast ship sailing under the Danish flag passed us, just
after we had first seen Pullu Aar (Aor).

8.—During the night we had almost entire calm and for a
long time we could still see the mountains of the islands Ting,
Pisang and Timon. The first mentioned soon disappeared from
our sight, but the others, consisting of several islands, were still
visible during the whole day I stuffed the two birds and renewed
my description of the Airundo esculenta. .

I had a severe swelling at my left foot, which was partly
caused by a cold, partly by the fatigues of the journey and had
been aggravated by a fall. This made me somewhat anxious.
We were this afternoon 2 degrees 49 minutes of N. L.

9.—During the night we had had calm as before, and Pullu
Timon was still distinctly visible, although our captain knew we
were eighteen leagues away fromit. Some rain showers chang-
ed our favourable wind for some time, but it soon turned round
again. The air seemed to be cold, but we still had twenty degrees
above zero according to Réaumur’s thermometer.

12.—During all these days I had to remain in bed on ac-
count of a phlegmon (swelling) on my left foot, which at the
same time had swollen as far as the knee, on account of an
cedeomatic swelling. To-day I could get up fora little while, and
saw a great many Medusa porphita passmg, which had spread

* Aor.

Li@ VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

out their blue tentacles ; among them were some of extraordinary
size, the plate-shaped body alone measuring one inch and a half
in diameter. This body had fifty-two rig-shaped stripes; I
caught some of them. Some sea snakes also passed our ship and
also my swimming triton, but not as often as in the Strait of
Malacca. At midday we were at six degrees twenty-three minutes
N. Lat., and our captain directed the course of the ship towards
the coast of Cambodia.

13.—We had much calm, intermixed with small rain-showers.
The water of the sea, which had been so clear before, grew less
transparent and darker. We must have had the current in our
favour, as we had advanced a whole degree towards the North.
A swallow kept up with the ships; it was the edible swift, and I
observed that the white stripe across the tail is very characteristic
in this kind.

14-15.—During these two days we had alternate calm and
rain showers, with some West wind. We were between the
seventh and eighth degree of N. Lat., and our captain reckoned to
be near the place were the south-western cape of Cambodia pro-
jects into the sea. Here it was that the sea was covered with
millions of Medusa, specially on the fifteenth. The cause hereof,
they said, was that the currents from the Cochin-Chinese and the
Cambodian coast meet here. As I touched the lower part of this
Medusa it stuck to my finger by means of the numerous sucking
tubes which are short and almost flesh-coloured. Besides this
there were many kinds of the crystalline slimy Medusa, among
them one having the shape of an oblong sack, with five rust-
coloured round spots. The English are said to call this Medusa
the Sea-Egg. The spots were of the size of a peppercorn, and the
animal was about three inches long and about one and half inch in
diameter. I could not obtain any unbroken specimen. A second
kind resembled a porpoise. The back is convex, smooth, and con-
sisted of a thick hard crystalline slime. The edge consists of ara-
ther thin transparent membrane and has between eighty and ninety
milky tube-like stripes, which at the outer end were somewhat swol-
len, and at times looked like knots (this however is only momentary,
because they again become pointed when the animal stretches them
out). ‘There is a second membrane in the disc, separated from the
first by a wide bare ring; this second membrane is also striped
with milk-white stripes and is indented at the edge. The largest

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 111

of these Medusas was a little more than two inches in width and
had one inch in diameter.

16.—To-day the Medusa porphita had entirely disappeared,
but the slimy crystalline Medusa appeared still in great quantity ;
some of them I caught. Among them was also the oblong obtuse
angled one with the eight purplish stripes, which I described in the
Strait of Malacca. What caught my attention most, was a great
quantity of little phosphorescent bodies, which floated in the
water at one and two feet depth. Their size when seen in the
water seemed to be that of a small pea, and they varied in colour.
Some were golden-yellow, others green, but most of them were
blue. I caught some with my met; to all appearance they were
a kind of Scylla, and consisted of a very fragile crystalline sub-
stance. They were oblong, had four projecting lobes, and round-
ed furrows on the upper part, some phosphorescent lines were
marked across them. In front they had a long conical trunk,
which was longer than the four lobes; along the middle of this
trunk there was also a deliate green phosphorescent stripe. The
real phosphorescent part was in the middle of the body; it was
oblong, flat, a little convex on one side, about two lines long and
one line wide. It retained its phosphorescent quality even after
it has been been removed from off the animal. The whole animal
was one inch long, the lobes projecting about ? of an inch.

I made a peculiar observation. Among the Medusa which
I had caught, there was a small fish (Ostracion) about half an
inch long. I put it among the Medusas and at first it was very
lively, but by degrees the slime of these animals enveloped it,
and in about one hour its skin, otherwise so hard, had quite
dissolved and the fish began to be transparent, more like
the Medusas. It seems therefore that this acid slime has
been given to them by nature to conform their food to their
digestive capacities, because they have no special organs for this
purpose. It is just this slime which so easily produces an inflam-
mation on the human hand. The slime of the blue ones has this
faculty in particular.

Since we have entered the Chinese sea, we are continually
sounding with the plummet, especially since three days the water
has not been deeper than fourteen fathoms; and the sounding
consisted nearly always of sand mixed with mud. Towards
evening some red sea-perch were caught and a large amount of

112 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

Stlurus Cattus, which the English also call Cat- fish. There
were some small shells in the sand as Arcas, Spirea and some
others. There was a piece of Ossa Sepia (Cuttle fish bone) near-
ly all devoured by some animals, which stuck to it still and were
very small, hardly one line long and 4 of a line in diameter.
They were cylindrical, rounded off at both ends, smooth and
yellow. They seemed to contain some other body, which show-
ed through the smooth horny skin. They seemed to me to be
the eggs of some shell fish. [ also found some very small Tur-
binites (Turbos?) upon them. About midday we were on the
8th degree and twenty-five minutes N. Lat., but however we
could not detect any trace of the Cambodian coast as yet.

17.—We passed to-day the Pullu Pansangs islands* quite
close. We sailed between their inner side and the coast of Com-
bodia, the latter however we did not see before the afternoon as
there was a dense mist, specially over the land. These were the
first islands at the entrance to Cancao,t which formerly was a
very good place for trade in Gummi-Gutta (gutta percha), wax,
sugar and gold, but since the Burmans have ruined it, the place
has lost its importance, as people have left it, and little is now
imported or exported.

Towards sunset we were met by a very strong current com-
ine from between the islands, which brought with it many thou-
sands of the Medusa Velella; we deemed ourselves at about two
miles distance from these islands. We cast anchor in about four-
teen fathoms of water on account of the calm and -contrary cur-
rent. The Boobies found their supper in the mud, which contained
many fishes as well.

18.—We continued our journey with weak wind but a strong
favourable current. There were many things passing our ship,
specially sea-snakes, but they were only the common Anguwis pla-
tura. One of them was asleep, it had rolled itself up in a circle,
was puffed up and so floated above the water, the whole circle ©
it formed was only half a foot in diameter, while the real length
of the snake was two feet and a half. I had almost caught it in
my net, which the captain himself was holding, when to my
great annoyance a wave lifted the ship higher, so that the edge
of the net touched the snake, it woke up witha start and was
gone. I also caught to-day Hippocampus and Ophidion, but both

* Pulau Panjang. + Kang-kao.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 11S

were only small; also a large quantity of the common Actinias
(sea anemones) which had been detached from the cliffs ; they were
of an ochre-yellow colour and were as thick and long as a thumb.

A new kind of mollusc passed our ship very frequently. It
was of a hard, slimy, transparent substance, and had a large
red spot on the upper side, which at times stood out above the
water; it was as thick and as long as the thumb. The real
description which I made of it is as follows:—

The whole body is a tube, slightly thicker towards the mid-
dle. The front part or mouth consists of a large opening. The
body is as thick and as long as the thumb, slightly thicker in the
middle. The front part or the real mouth isa large opening,
so large that a small finger fits mn. This mouth has two thick
lips curving in the shape of a helmet, they are thinner at the
angles, and the upper lip slightly projects over the lower one.
The back or upper part of the mollusc is thick and has a little
raised part in the middle, and the sides in this place are also
thicker and harder. This raised part contains the real stomach.
The lower part of the mollusc is not quite so thick, yet widens in
the middle. The sides consist of a thinner and softer gelatinous
substance. The back part is a tube thinner and longer than
the front part ; it has plain edges which are very thin. The upper
lip has inside a thick round protuberance, which looks like a second
lip ; at the lower side it has small furrows crossing it. After this
it widens and has at the top a trumpet-shaped tube, which was
fastened at the upper part by a gelatinous membrane. It has a
large opening in front, but it gets thinner and curves gradually
upwards, and at last forms a membrane with which it encloses
the front part of the stomach, where it forms a little protuberance,
has small stripes crossing it and is of a milky colour. The front
part of this tube divides into two rounded lobes, which could
move freely and could alter their shape according to whatever
position they werein. ‘The size of the opening of this tube was
about as large as a quill and the thinner end had hardly half a
line in diameter. It had many stripes on the surface which
however did not affect the inner side, as many particles of dust
and .other things were freely and quickly e:pedited to the
stomach, without being stopped on the way.

The stomach, as I have already said, is fastened to the upper
side of the mollusc; it is quite round and has the size of a grey

114 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

pea, to which it also resembles in colour, but when the mollusc
swims in the sea, the stomach seems to be red. It consists of a
brownish-red skin; in front it is enclosed by the aforementioned
tube, and is hardly discernible; at the back there is a large
projecting transverse slit turned upwards, from which yellow-
green excrements are frequently ejected. I could not detect any
finer organs, because the whole body was transparent, except the
region immediately round the stomach, which was of a dull milk-
colour; there also I could sometimes discern very fine tubes,
moving in a snakelike manner In some specimens. I detected a
long hairlike tube, running along the back and leaving tiny red
spots. The whole body consists of a crystalline hard gelatine only
the stomach is brownish-red.

When this animal swims in the sea the stomach is turned
upwards, because it is growing at the back, and its mouth lies
lower. The back opening of this tubular animal is more horizon-
tal ; it constantly draws in much water through its mouth, where-
upon it presses its sides together, so that the water is spurted out
of the back opening, and this repeated performance, gives the
animal a peculiar force to move on rapidly in the water. I have
seen some small Onisci (crustaceans) near them and in them. I
also watched a red worm, about two lines long being sucked in
by the mouth. It stopped underneath the smaller tube leading into
the stomach, where it remained perfectly motionless as if dead,
though shortly before in the water it had moved with great
quickness; after a few peristaltic movements, the water seized it
and took it out of the animal, and as soon as it was free again it
was just so lively as it had been before.

The shape of the mollusc alters as soon as one takes it out
of the water, because the hindermost thinner tube draws itself to-
eether as far as to the stomach, and the animal resembles a sack,
the sides equally shrivel up. In spirits of wine it becomes much .
smaller and takes a milky colour. I had put a few of them to
dry on Chinese blotting paper, and even two hours after, I could
detect the contracting movement, though their bodies had con-
tracted to half the usual size. There were a few ants on these
animals later on. This mollusc forms quite a special class, and
cannot possibly be a Medusa.

I stuffed the Diodon ostinge in order to preserve it; the fins
had twenty rays at the breast, ten double ones behind and ten rays

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 115

in the tail fins. It was prickly all over, blue with black spots.

A mousecoloured swallow, with very long wings came to
the ship towards evening, and I caught it alive after dark. In
flying it resembled a hawk, as it remained a long time in the air
without moving its wings. In colour, size and cry itresembled a
bat. .

19.—We had cast anchor for the night and in the morning
we had a weak wind and passed many islands, which lie near
Concas. ‘The first of these were low and small, then there were
some small hilly ones, but the larger islands were traversed by
cigher mountains, forming along ridge; they generally rose
bradually in the north-west, were highest in the north-east, and
e@ame to an end quite abruptly; they were surrounded by a dark
hlue atmosphere, and were overgrown with trees. The sea-water
was not as clear here, but seemed greyish-black when one looked
down.

The swallow, which was caught yesterday had a short bill,
the upper part of which was a little longer and slightly curved at
the end. The nostrils were projecting and had a round edge;
the neck was short, the eyes were large, projecting and black;
the eyelids were naked, only at the edge they had a single row of
small short feathers. The wings were extraordinarily long,
longer than the tail, and the feathers at their end were curved ina
sword-shape, and were very narrow. The wing had eighteen
long feathers. the latter ones being wider and finishing in a slant.

There were ten tail-feathers of almost equal length, the
middle ones being only slightly shorter, the ends of these feath-
ers are broad and rounded. The whole tail had scarcely the
length of the body. The feet are short and black, the toes as
long as the first joint of the foot. The whole body, asI said
before, had everywhere the colour of a bat. I stuffed the bird
to keep it. We were to-day a little over ten degrees N. Latitude.

20. As we were so near the land, we cast anchor again for
the night, but we hoisted it ere daybreak. We had fine weather
to-day and I saw a great quantity of the phosphorescent Scylle
swimming in the sea, but could not catch a single one, because
they were at three feet depth, some even at fcur to six feet. My
Tritons and the Medusa I described near Malacca, (the one with
the eight red stripes, each red stripe consisting of two rows of
red spots ending in a sort of tube) were frequently passing our

116 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

ship. Some of these Medusas were longer than a finger, and at
the wider end divided in two lobes; I have observed this often, -
but had not marked it down in my description; the thinner part
finishes in a sort of wart, which projects a little. I saw a peculiar
animal moving rapidly in the sea after the manner of a worm; it
was about one span long and as thick as a quill. I caught many
of them, but as soon as they touched the net, they broke into
many small pieces, so that I had much difficulty in bringing some
of them under the microscope, but succeeded in the end. It
was an animal of the same kind of mollusc whch I called a new
class the day before yesterday, but they hang together by their
ends and in this attitude they have four corners obtuse at the
ends, only one little piece sticking out at each end. Hach separ-
ate piece is of the length of a coffee-berry, but is not quite as
thick at their hindmost part. The ballshaped stomach is easily
recognisable on account of its opaque colour; which in some is
dark green, in others blue or yellow, and is as big as a mustard
seed. They were specially conspicuous when swimming, becauns
their movements were like those of a worm, and very differete
from those of any other mollusc. As soon as I put them into
water, their movements were very rapid, so that before I could
examine them properly, I thought them to be Volvox because
the body was as transparent as the clearest crystal. The prin-
cipal difference between the Volvox and this animal is, that it has
a conically projecting point at both ends; that the mouth as well
as the opening at the back are placed under this projecting point,
and the greatest difference is, that there is not such a free pass-
age for the water in their body as in that of the former, because
there are some valves in their mouths and the divided trumpet
like tube is not as large at the beginning. I could distinctly see
the valves at the two opposite sides. The long thin tube being on
the side where the stomach is attached really comes from the
stomach, and is somewhat thicker in the beginning, ending in a.
point nearer the mouth.

There was still another species or variety of these molluscs
swimming past the ship; the trumpet-shaped tube was of a blue
colour, and one could distinctly see the grooves or better the
transverse furrows, which were very close together. The.
stomach was green and the opening at the back of a bright orange-
red.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA LG

As I cannot describe everything as minutely as I ought to,
I will note down whatever I see, im order to tempt others to
closer investigation. I shall give special attention to the molluscs.*

I caught to-day some Medusa, of # of an inch in diameter.
Their disc resembled a convex button and was about 4 of an inch
thick, quite smooth and as transparent as a crystel. The outer
edge ‘projected a little and had many hairlike threads of a milk-
white colour standing apart one from the other, they had not the
length of the diameter of the body. Behind these there was a
second ring-shaped slightly projecting membrane, having also fine
threads which were however shorter, a little thicker, but very thin
at their base; they were closely covered with tiny dots, giving
these threads a clublike appearance, the disc itself between these
threads was naked and quite flat.

21.—There were again many of the new kind of molluscs
and also some of those with the blue gut. I further observed,
that when freshly taken out of the sea, they had six projecting
corners. At both endsthey were obtuse, asif cut off; a little thicker
in the middle and hardly longer than one inch and 4 of an inch
in diameter, at the ends only 4 of an inchin diameter. If one
seized it at one of these ends and shook it a little, the inner parts
dropped out as if from a sheath; these parts had a thin gelatinous
skin, while the outer parts were covered with a thick hard skin.
There was only life in the inner parts, and when I threw them
back into the water, they continued to live as before, but the blue
eut lengthened to three times its usual SiZe, loosened itself from
the slimy skin with a jerky movement peculiar to these animals,
and I suppose.it forms the young animals, because after it had
lengthened in this way it had distinctly visible little spots near
the stomach, and the blue colour is changed into a green trans-
parent one.

A very large snake passed the ship, and a very pretty small
one as well; its “belly was chestnut brown and the head and back
pitch black; it was one and a half feet in length.

A chain of a foot and a half long, formed by the kind of
animals I described yesterday, passed the ship in the afternoon.

—* Jn these days of big, rapidly travelling steamers, a naturalist has no
such chance of observing the Jelly fish which Keenig took sech delight in,
and probably many of these animals he here describes have not been met
with since. ( Ed. )

118 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

22.—Last night we had a very strong thunderstorm, and as
we passed the islands on the Western side, and lay below the
high Cambodian mountains, which are also situated on islands,
the echo was tremendous. The lighting descended perpendi-
cularly, sometimes in double flashes on the mountains. It was
white and at times blue. Just opposite our ship and further
north-west, there was another storm cloud which sent forth fewer
flashes of lightning, which were rose-coloured.

I dried some specimens of the new kind of mollusc, which
for now I will call Clio; which they were being dried in the sun
their blue gut changed into a beautiful red. I also put some in
spirits, also the small ones hanging together, which I will call
Clio concatenata at present.

At midday many cat fish were caught, Siluris Cattus. I
made the following description of one which was almost a foot
and a half long: The head is flattened and the upper part of the
mouth rather projecting and pointed towards the end, flat at the
lower side; the lower part of the mouth is large and rounded. At
the angles the upper part of the mouth has on both sides a beard,
looking like a single thread, which is as long as the head is wide
in this place. The lower jaw has four such threads in one row,
the mouth is large and has many very short teeth. Above the
upper lip there are two round big nostrils on each side, which are
quite uncovered.

23—EHarly this morning, as the weather was fine, the ship
was surrounded by many thousands of Cliones concatenate, some
of them being one and ahalf feet long. To-day I caught again
some of the big Cliones without sheath and found them full of
little Onisci ( Crustaceans ), which animal I described as follows:

The animal is oblong, pointed at both ends, about three lines
in length and hardly one in width. The head is covered by a skin,
which projects straight out and is pointed towards the end having
the shape of a shield; the edges are sharp and concave below.
The mouth is slightly projecting below, and is surrounded by
gome bristles. The antenne are placed below the mouth
at the sides and look like hair; the feet are pressed to the
body, they are round at the end and club-shaped, have one joint
in the middle and two at the base, they are formed of a horny
stiff substance, and are generally as long as the body. The eyes
are placed at the side of the head, they are long, big, and green,

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 119

The body is covered with ten stripes in the shape of a half circle.
and from the ninth near the tail there is a projecting point. All
are white with black spots, specially towards the edges. The
tail is pointed, heart-shaped, generally flat, and has on each side
three pairs of lancetshaped pointed lobes of unequal length, each
of these pairs having a common base. ‘The feet are like those of
the whole family.

There was another kind which differed from them in so far,
that the projecting point in front, is divided into two parts, and
that the short plable antennee, are placed immediately underneath;
the tail was more concave and had bigger lobes and they were
more in number. The whole back is coffee brown. In size and
everything else, they are like those I described before.

We saw early this morning the cliff which was wrongly
marked in the chart, we passed it and at midday we were on the
eleventh*degree thirteen minutes of N. Lat. The wind was only
weak and we had showers and storms at intervals.

24.—The blue gut of the Clio retusa had turned yellow to-
day in spirits, and the C. concatenata had given the spirits a
milky colour. When the anchors were hoisted this morning they
brought up a sort of whitish grey clay, with red and yellow iron
particles, it was very soft and fine to the touch, hard and did not
effervesce in aqua fortis. There were many shells in this clay,
specially little Turris and half putrid Dentaiia. We passed to-
day some very high mountains situated on some islands, they
were of long extent and formed a continuous ridge with some smal-
ler mountains; they were very much cleft and overgrown with
trees down to the sea-shore. In the distance we saw a smaller
island, only consisting of some high and small mountains, behind
which a place important for commerce was said to be situated; it
Las a flourishing trade in Gutta percha, Cardamoms and even gold.
This place really lies on the land and near it there is a mountain
having a table-shaped summit, which must at least be as high as
the Table Mountain.

25.—To-day we proceeded with fine weather and favourable
wind as far as the little Sinus or the bay of Siam. We passed
the cape marked in the charts as Cape Siant, which according to
our captain is formed of mountainous islands, and in his opinion
the situation marked on the chart is totally wrong, but as this was
a point only clear to sailors I did not make any closer inquiry, as

ZO VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

my calling does not demand any mmute knowledge of such things.
The mountains here were less overrrown. A flat rock, showing
little above the surface of the water lay about half a German mile
distant from the others, deeper in the sea. At night we again
cast anchor.

26.—To-day we had very strong north-east wind, which
was very unfavourable for us, as our course was just in that
direction. We had on both sides high land; on our left we specially
saw the Penno Mountains which the Siamese call, ‘‘ the mountains
with hundred peaks.” Our captain told me that there are abun-
dant gold mines in these mountains, which have however been
deserted since the insurrection of the Burmans. The present king
of Siam would not have them re-opened, for fear that his nation
might again fall into luxury and effeminacy through riches. Ac-~
cording to the captain’s version the gold was very fine. The wind
increased, and to-wards midday we were driven quite close to the
western coast, not far from a place called Pepery,* and there near
some very high mountains we were obliged to cast anchor again;
a Chinese junk was forced by. the weather to do the same. To-
wards evening the wind calmed down a little, and as we had only
about ten fathoms of water, some of our people began to fish.
Amongst. other fish they caugat an Echineis Naucrates,t but one
could easily see that it was stiil young, as it was not quite two
feet long. The whole body was of a black lead colour, with a
bright white stripe on either side underneath, running along the
whole length of the body. It sucked the ship so firmly that they
tore it a little when they pulled it up. The shield of the head
was four inches in length and five quarters of an inch in width;
it had twenty-five furrows, which were edged with stiff hair and
this part was quite black, and as the animal was damaged I only
kept and dried this furrowy part. <a

I made the following description of two fishes, one of them.
I believe to be a Labrus, the other a perch. The upper lip isa
little longer than the lower, broad, shiny, double. The teeth are
numerous, sharp, small and of equal size. The nostrils are near
the eyes, oblong, with a depression near them, which is smaller than
the nostrils. The eyes are rather projecting, big, their iris is
gold-coloured, their pupil black and large. The gill-covers are
divided crossways, the first one is indented with small teeth,

% Pipri: } A sucking-fish,

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 121

the second one endsina soft skin, and the gill-cover has seven rays.

The pectoral-fins have fourteen rays, they are long and end
in a narrow point. The ventral fins project backwards and con-
sist of six broad, strong rays, which towards the end are divided
into many parts. They are only half as long as the pectoral fins,
much thicker, and the rays are yellow, while the thin skin is
white and transparent.

(27.—We had to lay at anchor. )

The dorsal fins consist of twenty-five rays; the first of these
are prickly, and those in the middle are longest; they are fourteen
in number and are joined to the shorter prickly ones. They only
eet longer gradually and shorten just as gradually again, they
are thinner and soft at the ends. The hindmost fin consists of
rays, the first of them is prickly and quite short, the second
one is also prickly and is the longest, both are strong and bony
the third is less prickly, also long, but shorter than the others, the
rest are soft and thin, and they all are of a yellow colour The
tail is obtuse, a little retuse in the middle and consists of sixteen
rays, which are broad and the divide into many parts towards
the end. The lateral line is a little bent.

The back is dark silver-coloured and has four transwerse,
oblong black spots of unequal size, and some irregular black spots
at the root of the dorsal fins; all the rest is silver-coloured, the
scales are of medium size. ‘The whole fish is not a span lone’.

The perch seemed to me to be only a variety of the one |
found in the Strait of Malacca, but it was much longer. How-
ever the description of this one runs also as follows: ‘The lower
lip is longest, the upper one is double, the outer edge being flat,
golden yellow and shiny. It has many teeth, which stand a
little apart from each other; they are sharp and of equal size.
The nostrils are in the middle between the lips and the eyes, and
have swollen edges inside; they are round and of medium size.
There is another pair of holes above them, close to the eyes,
these are bigger, stand ina straight line, have there a straight
projecting root, and afterwards they go into the head in a more
slanting manner.

The gill-covers are divided crossways, the front part is irre-
geular and sharply indented, the back part has first a long sharp
bony point, and a little higher towards the head there is another
pot, much skorter and projectirg a little. The rest is covered

122 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

with a smooth soft skin, projects only slightly, and below the gill-
cover there are six rays, the last of which are hardly discernible.

The pectoral fins are in front of the ventral fins and have
at their root a bony plate; the edge slants upwards, is furrowed
and indented, and of a silvery colour; itis but small. The fin rays
are oblong, thin and lemon-yellow. The ventral fins have six
strong rays. The first of them is closely connected with the
second, but is a little shorter than the latter, it is strong, bony
and ends is a point. The rest of these rays are much divided at
their ends and are soft and yellow.

The dorsal fins reach almost over the whole back; they have
twenty-two rays, the first of these bemg prickly at the end, they
eet gradually longer and in the same manner shorter again in a
sort of curve. In the middle of them there is a large black spot,
and a smaller one just before the soft fins. These softer fins also
describe the same curve as the others.

The bindmost fins consist of nine rays, the three first ones
are prickly. The tail is obtuse, and consists of eighteen broad
jomed rays, it is of medium length and has three broad stripes
running down its length, edged by a pale yellow margin.

The whole body i is of a white silver colour, with three dark
stripes running lengthwise. The lateral line is she¢htly curved
near the stomach, but is strai ight at the tail; the scales are very
small and shiny.

28.—The wind continued to be unfavourable for us, and we
tried to reach the other side of the coast in which attempt we
were successful ; the western coast had higher mountains, though
the shore itself was flat, and we could distinctly see the shores
on both sides. As we came near the Hastern coast, we saw
much sea-weed drifting past our ship, which I could not examine
any closer. Before on the western side there had been many
shoots sprune up from the seed of the Boniia drifting past our-
ship. The Bontia however seemed to me to be slightly different
from the ones we had seen on the coast of Coromandel, Ceylon and
that of Malacca.

27.—We lay at anchor at the same place as yesterday, and
oe a0 do anything on account of the strong wind.

9.—Tc-day we passed some time in crossing from one side
of the inner bay to "the other, and the nature of the different
things, which drifted along the coast, showed us near which coast

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 123

we were at the time, and what kind of soil the land consisted of.
At the western side floated much seed of the Rhizophora, my new
palm, and also still of another kind of palm which I do not yet
know specially often completely germinated seed of the Bontia
germinans, while near the eastern side there was nothing” else to
be seen. but only sea weeds. I had at last the good ‘luck to-day to
catch a sea-snake. It did not seem any other kind than the
Anguis Platura, but it had the peculiarity that the scales were
six to seven cornered and had a raised ‘point in the middle, which
near the belly were so big as to form real prickles. Another of
the same kind of snakes floated past the ship; it was asleep and
I could again observe that it lay on its back, with strongly puffed
up stomach ; that the head did not stand out above the surface of
the water more than the stomach, and that it was so closely
twined together that it occupied only a small space.

To-day they caught again an Echineis Naucrates with the
angle. It was little more than two feet long, its colour was ashy-
erey and the white line near the stomach was very inconspicuous
It had this peculiarity, that the projecting point of the mouth was
flat underneath and fine sharp pomts, lke a fine shagreen.
The pectoral fins had twenty rays; the ventral fins stood closely
together at the base, and had five rays. The dorsal fins had
thirty-six rays ; the hindmost fins had thirty-five rays. The tail
was less forked than that of the others and had twenty-five rays
The gill-cover had six rays. The shield over the head, which
the animal uses for the purpose of sucking, had only twenty-three
scales which were indented at the edges. In the middle of these
scales was a bone running lengthwise, and they were fastened
to this bone at their inner side. This bone serves to give them
more strength.

30.—Last night and to-day, though the wind was contrary
it was so weak, that we advanced much. We passed one arm of
the stream, which we were to sail up in order to come to the
capital of Siam, called Bangkok, and we deemed ourselves at two
miles distance from this town. The coast was very low here ;
though we were hardly three quarters of a mile from it, we could
only distinguish very little of the trees, which seemed also to
orow here on the western shore as in many places of the Malay
coast. oie.

‘The sea-water was very turbid here, and a rust-coloured

124 VOYAGE FROM TO INDIA SIAM AND MALACCA.

scum was frequently floating on the water. The ground seemed
to be formed of some greenish mud, which when dry changed
into a fine clay. At midday the anchors were cast for a short
time, and two sea-snakes, Anguis platura. were caught with the
angle. As they were only of the common kind, I put them back
into the water. I only cut off the head of one of them, the rest
of the body went down to the bottom of the sea, like the other
snake, which still had its head

NOVEMBER 1.—The unfavourable north east wind continued,
and was very strong. We had neared the land up to two German
miles, but the mouth of the big river which we wanted to enter
lay in the very direction from where the wind blew. <A MMuscicapa
Paradisi,* with brown feathers and black head, came several times
to the ship, but as it was one of the commonest kind I did not
mind much that soon after it returned to the land.

5.—We passed the day yesterday lying at anchor; a boat
was sent to the shore, which brought us the information that we
were lying ina small arm of the river on which the capital of
Siam, called Bangkok, is situated, and that the village not far from
us was Tadschin. From this village we got some refreshments
and two pilots. According to what they said, we had to make two
and a half miles more to the north east, in order to come to the right
mouth of the river. Before daybreak, the anchors were hoisted,
and with slightly more favourable wind we sailed alone the
coast. The shores seemed to ke very low, and were closely
overgrown with trees, which like those on the Malay coast were
growing in the water. A beautiful kind of Night Moth (Phaleena
Noctua) came flying from the land. I described it as very similar
to the kinds which live on different wild fig trees on the coast
of Coromandel, but they are different in so far that their wing's
have strong veins, which are of a yellowish-grey colour, and have
black spots, and while the body of the other kind is generally
ochre yellow, this one was beautifully carmine-red and white —
underneath.

4,.—We came to-day to the so-called bar or mouth of the
river, and the water was so shallow that at low-tide our ship
was fast in the muddy ground, and as the wiud as well as the
current were against us, the ship was pulled up by means of a —
small anchor, and we proceeded very slowly ‘The king of Siam

* Paradise Flycatcher

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA 125

sent a big sloop with one of his ministers and a Portuguese
Mandarin in his service, that they might bring his compliments
to the captain and take him to his residence, trom which we were
still at a distance of four German miles. I was particularly
struck with the slavish respect, which the subalterns observe
towards the higher officers, for never a subaltern would speak
to the higher officer, without folding -his hands and lifting them
up to his mouth or his forehead, and often they crept on their
knees, to do the same thing which we are accustomed to
perform standing. Towards evening there came a_ great
number of butterflies, hornets, wasps, and dragonflies and
some kinds of bugs flying to our ship, the best among those which
I caught, was the biggest Papilio I had ever seen. During
these days we advanced but little and the longed-for land
remained at such a distance that I could not go on shore.
Nevertheless we were greeted by the mosquitos, but they were
not very numerous.

8.—We advanced a little quicker over the muddy ground
during these two days, though the current was against us and
the water fell so low, that it was only a few feet deep at low tide
but this could not be a great hindrance to us any more because the
neighbourhood of the land helped us considerably in tugging up
our ship. We had at last the good fortune to enter the Bangkok
river, and in the afternoon I went on shore in a small boat. ‘The
coast is very flat, and as it was just low-tide, I could walk alone
the shore, which is overgrown with dense forests. The first
plant 1 came across was Panicum colonwn. It grew amongst the
Rhizophora candelaria, which was here only a small shrub, lying
in the water. In a smaller arm of the river, which we entered
on account of the greater facility it offered for landing, I often
saw Cerbera Mangas,* and in the muddy soil there was almost
no other plant to be seen than Verbesina biflora. There was a
Dolichos climbing upon the trees; it had greenish blossoms in
an umbel and the pods were more than half a foot in length ;
they were also broad and had at both ends a double keel.
These pods, as long as they were still green, were covered with
shiny stiff hair closely pressed against the pod ; this hair stuck to
one’s finger and burnt much stronger than Dolichos mucuna
wrens and prusens, the colour was of a beautiful orange-red.

* C. Odollam I t Evidently Mucuna,

126 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

Of the other trees some were unknown to me, others were
Rhizophora. A squirrel was shot, whereupon the whole wood
was filled with the screaming of the monkeys. The back, sides,
and tail of this Sccwrus were dark grey, and towards the surface
of the hair yellow; the mouth and the round ears were black, the
stomach rust-coloured brown; it was twice as large as the
Sciurus Palmarum. I searched particularly for grasses, but
there were no other species to be found in perfection than
Agrostis cruciata Eleusina indica at half a man’s height and Setrpus
trigynus ; the other kinds had only leaves, which were sharp to
the touch and very tall. Rhizophora candelaria had three
filaments, which were connate in a puffed-up membranaceous
tube,and also as many anthers.

The crocodiles swam in front of our boat; they often made
a dreadful noise, but the people said we had nothing to fear from
them here, they are only dangerous further inland.

9.—Early this morning I left the ship in a boat; the ship had
come up to the mouth of the river. Unfavourable wind and the
current forced the people whe were rowing the boat to try and
reach the bank on our left, which we were passing quite closely.
The bank was very low, and as we had high-tide it stood under
water, but in spite of that it was closely overgrown with different
kinds of trees and especially at first I often came across the kind
of palm tree that I described at the Malay coast, which seemed
to be a very useful tree for the natives of this country, because
all the houses are covered with it. I did not see any blossoms or
fruits upon them, but if one has seen them once, they are easily
recognised. A great number of trees grew in the river and bent
their branches down to the water; they were of a new kind.
They have a long irregular crown with pendent branches and the
leaves are very much like those of the Jambo!ifera,* but the blos-
soms and fruits are very different. The tree belongs to the.
Polyandria or thirteenth class of Linneus. The stamens project
above the young fruit, on a coloured projecting edge, and grow
on the corolla; they are very numerous, about two in hes in
laneth, quite white; the style is longer still and the stigma is oval,
small, furrowed, pierced, sticky, perfect, and twice as broad as
the compressed pistil is thick. The corolla is peculiarly slender —
as long as the calyx and of a beautiful red colour. The pistil

* Eugenia jambos.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. t27

remains on the fruit with the expanded six to eight lobes of the
calyx, while all other parts of the blossom do not outlast a day,
and drop off. The flower opens at nine o'clock, and if one only
touched the filaments at midday they would fall off. The people
told me that the fruit is eaten by the natives, but that it had very
little flesh and a sour taste, but the trees were filled with monkeys
searching for these fruits. The complete description is among the
descriptions of other Siamese plants, under the name of Lampu.*

We only saw an old man and a woman in a small boat, who
picked the fruits which hung near the water, and which therefore
the monkeys could not reach. One of these fruits, which was
ripe, fell into the water close to my boat, I wanted to get it but
it sank straight down to the bottom, and as the water here was
several men’s depth, I could not fish it out again. Further on I
found a great quantity of a kind of Acanthus, very much like
ilicifolius. The stalks, leaves and blossoms are only in so far
different that one could not mix up the two kinds. I shall des-
cribe it. The blossoms are much smaller and white.f

Ata place which was not so much overgrown with trees, and
which seemed to lie somewhat higher, though it was also covered
with water, I went onshore alone. The leaves of the grasses were
mostly growing as high as I was tall, but there were no fruits.
Scirpus irigynus and Agrostis cruciata were rarely to be seen;
they grew about two and halifeet high. A Verdesina with lancet
shaped leaves, was the only new thing I came across. Some sort
of paths had been made between the grasses, which I intended
to follow, but they led to deep holes, which circumstance made
me more prudent. At last 1 came to a deep ditch, where the
track seemed to be beaten most, but I was not able to discover any
trace of a path on the opposite side; this made me suspect that
those paths might have been made by big crocodiles. I had
already advanced about one hundred feet, but I now hastily tried
to regain the boat. After this | found some new kinds of grass,
which | intend to examine more closely, A violent shower of
rain made me long very much for our arrival at Bankok, and we
reached the town towards evening, after having been obliged to
fight against the wind and the current for three German miles.

10.—Early this morning I surveyed the neighbourhood, but
it was impossible to go out. The house where I stayed was

* A Barringtonia. + Acanthus ebracteatus. Vahl.

128 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

built on poles, which stood about a man’s height above the ground
and were driven into deep mud, which when the tide was high
was entirely covered with water. The large stream, which passed
quite close near the house, was here hardly half a cannon-shot
wide, and on both its shores there were houses built on poles like
ours, or floating houses. Almost all these houses were built of
bamboo, fastened together with the leaves of the afore-described
new palm tree, and their roofs were also covered with the same
leaves; only our house. which had been erected quite recently,
was built of wood in quite an artistic manner, and covered with
slates. There was another better built house near ours, which
was destined for the king of Cambodia, who had received an
order to come hither and was expected to arrive soon. However,
a prince of Cambodia, a near relative of the king, lived ina house
which was only built of bamboo and palm-leaves, only it was a
little larger than the ordinary houses, about twelve steps long
and eight steps wide. His courtiers and servants without excep-
tion lived in houses which were not eight steps long and three
steps wide; many were evensmaller. All these huts stood at our
right hand in the mud; they were built irregularly, without any
lanes or passages between them. There were only quite narrow
footpaths, which sometimes led underneath other houses as access
to their own, and when the water was high, they could use
smali boats, by means of which they also fetched their drinking
water from the large river to their houses; but at low tide they
waded over knee-deep in the mud, only here and there some
thick beams had been laid near to the houses. At our left was the
house of the king of Cambodia, who is a vassal of the king of
Siam. The house is fenced in by a fence almost two men’s height,
about three hundred feet in lengtr and two hundred feet iu
width. The building itself stood about fifty steps far both from
the river and from the fence, and closer to the fence at the side.
turned towards us. A great number of martins sought their
food in the mud near the houses. There were two different
kinds of them. The smallest was Gracula cristatella. Its head is
somewhat compressed and at certain movements all the fea-
thers of the forehead and neck stood straight up, which really
looked like a tuft; the bill is conical at the base, the upperpart:
has around edge, both parts are equally long, pointed yellow, The
eyes are surrounded by a bare, smooth, indented ring, which is

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 129

quite black. The nostrils are half-hidden by the feathers, they are
pretty large, The tongue isdividedattheend. The wings have
fifteen fli¢ht-feathers. The tail is oval and consists of fifteen fea-
thers, which are white at the ends; the whole bird being black and
only having oblong white spots across the wings. They are half
the size of those which one sees so often on the coast of Coro-
mandel, and have a bad smell when one takes them in one’s hands.
The second kind seemed to me to be the Gracula calva, or anew
species.

11-14.—During these days we had almost continualrain. I
took much trouble to hire or buy a boat, but I was not able to
obtain anything from these people in a hurry, because they are
both lazy and suspicious, and I had to content myself to remain
jn the house in as calm a mood as circumstances would permit.

15.—I obtained a boat for hire, with which 1 went to the
Roman Church, which has been established here. There were
one bishop and two preachers of French nationality, all directly
ordained from Rome, but being paid by France. The Church
was like a large barn, built of wooden beams and bamboo, and
covered with leaves of the ordinary palm-tree. The altar was
only a kind of table, behind which there were some steps, rising
pyramidally, some of them being painted with red foliage, and
upon one of them stood a small cross, but there were almost no
pictures and images besides, as is generally the use in this
religion. Before mass one of the preachers preached in Siamese.
The Church itself was dry, but round about there was a swamp,
which was overgrown with grass, growing higher than a man,
and as the water was low I waded through it. I first found a
wild shrub, with very far spreading panicles, the stalks standing
apart from each other; it was higher than a man. The natives
call it in their language the Bird-shrub.

There was a second species growing among them; their
panicles were compact, and it had no corolla, but the ordinary
scales as nectaries; and a very beautiful paspalum the spikes
of which were alternate and patent, and the spikelets were
of a pink or purple colour. <A high growing kind of grass, which
resembles the Tripsaca and grew in a deep swamp, | found
moreover; and some of the Schoenus Surinamensis of Mr. Rottboell
I did not see any other kind of grasses here besides Cynosurus

130 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

Indicus, C. egyptiacus, Panicum colonum, P. grossarium, Agrostis
indica, Saccharum diandrum, S. spontaneum, Convolvulus Turpethum,
C. paniculatus multiflorus.

ITalso saw a Hedysarum (Desmodium. sp.) the blossoms of
which resembled very much those of the Astragalus Sainfoin but
it had three leaves which were of a silver colour, on the lower
side. Many kinds of grasses had only sent out their first shoots,
so that I could not recoguise them. Verbesina acmella* was
cultivated here.

16-17.—1 tried again, but uselessly, to hire a boat.

18.—At last I obtained a boat, for which I was to pay two
piasters a month for hire; and for fourrowers I had to give one
manjang a day, which is the 7th part of a piaster, which made
the cost amount altogether to one tikela day. My first trip
was about one English mile north east of the town, to a Siamese
Pagoda, situated near the mouth of a smaller arm of the river.
The banks were somewhat higher here, but all was wild and
left to nature. The building of this Pagoda is only an ordinary
house with a small double door anda couple of small windows
at the side. It was of medium height, and was built in such manner
that the ridge of the roof was slightly raised at the extremities.
I could only peep through one of the windows, and saw many
gilded and crowned idols of different size on a sort of elevation,
In front of the Pagoda, about fifteen steps from it, stood two
pyramidal columns on a broad eight-cornered pedestal. In
different houses standing apart there live some Talapoins, and
near the Pagoda was a big barn, which hada high bench with
a sort of banister round it, in the middle; and before it there
was a big square enclosure, round which there hung great many
carvings, paper flowers, fringes and things of the same orna-
mental nature; round about there were brick benches. The
‘Talapoins were said to preach their sermons in this building.
I made ample botanic discoveries. 1 found a plant whose corolla
was a tube of a bright red colour; it grew upon a pistil, which
was compressed and many cornered; as far asIcan judge it
was a Thalia. A great quantity of a kind of Carex grew here
which I have already described, and among them frequently
Notiva interrupta. I founda kind of Ahus and a specimen of Dios-
corea in fruit, without blossoms. The former I recognised, having

* Spilanthes Acmella Dec.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 131

seen it already before, and the latter from the axillary bulbils
which were as round as a ball and had many knots.

Verbesina acmella grew here very frequently. Near the
columns grew Brywm murale, and near it a special kind of grass
which I could not classify among any of the different classes of
Linneus. (Then follows a description, rather confused, of the
plant, which was apparently Job’s tears, Coix Lachryma Jobi.)

19—20. I made a description of the plants collected, and
tried to find as many of their Siamese names as | could. I also
got a kind of fern from the people, which when it is still quite
young is eaten as a kind of asparagus.

An unusually heavy and long-lasting rain prevented me
from any excursion, and moreover it hindered me in the drying of
the collected plants. We had rain during the whole afternoon.

21. One of my crew, after an uncomfortably passed night,
was attacked by a nervous illness, called Janun, which is
very common in this climate; he had bathed in the early hours.
After taking some camphor powders and a mixture of salts,
the strain of the nerves subsided, the yawning fits, the
nervous dread, and the nausea had passed, a quiet sleep
followed and his pulse was good and regular. Afterwards I gave
him a mild detergent, which consisted of a solution of tartar,
(emetic) but part of it he brought up again. Meanwhile there
arrived some native doctors, which were said to be sent hither by
the king. Atnine o’clock in the morning there came four more,
bringing some sacred water from one of their idols. Then they
offered up a sacrifice for him to their idols, and then washed his
face and body with this water. Nevertheless there was no im-
provement. The sudden change of temperature which he under-
went when they took him out of a very narrow bed and of
several yards of flannel, wherein he had been lying for two days,
much against my wish, made the perspiration go back and cansed
a new illness. The native doctors gave him first a mixture of
tamarind and the tube-like kasia, which he brought up again,
then they give him some of the heart of the KEuphorbia, which
caused him much pain in his bowels. The danger increased and
the learned doctors had to think of some other way to procure
him relief. About 9 o’clock some stalks of the Papaya tree with
their leaves were brought in; they were about 24 feet long and
about one inch thick. The leaves were taken off and the some-

SZ VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

what thinner end the doctor inserted in the posterior of the invalid,
and then he blew through the other end of the stalk. At this
operation the invalid began to scream tremendously, the pains
augmented, and he lay moaning for more than a quarter of an
hour. At last his bowels acted and half an hour after again
accompanied with the same groans. I left my obstinate invalid
at the request of the priests, recommending him to God’s mercy.

22.—The invalid sent for me twice during the night, com-
plaining that he lost much blood by the rectum both in piles and
flowing away. The native doctors gave him some astringent
remedies, and so I left him in their charge.

After service I went to the temple of an idol, which lay in
a wood. I could go there in my boat by rowing up a small
stream. Ifound very many new and rare things botanical Canna
indica grew here in the swamps, almost the height of two men,
it had yellow blossoms. I found one plant here resembling a Rhus;
it was in blossom, but it cannot be the afore-mentioned plant,
because its nectary resembled that of our lily of the valley, and
the peculiarity was that the stamens were only inserted at the
outer side of the nectary. The anthers were situated in the open-
ing of their nectary and grew together in a ring; they were five
in number; this rng was smaller at the inside and had a reddish
colour, and only one style. ‘The fruit is a pear, and is eaten by
the people.

Hedysarum triflorum, and Hedysarum heterocarpum grew abun-
dantly in the wood, and amongst them climbed Piper Siriboa. A
new kind of Phyllanthus grew here; it was a shrub and had flat
berries of an orange-colour, it stood among the kind which has
the white berries and the species of this family, which
Mr. Burman wrongly calls Rhamnus vitis-idea. The most peculiar
thing I saw here was a kind of grass, the leaves of which were
like the first leaves of the Coco tree, with the same ribbed folds;
it was akind of Panicum and grew very high and abundantly ©
among the Apluda. Ovieda pinnati-folia had already dropped its
leaves, which seldom last much after sunrise when the dew has
half dried away. I saw a second species with linear, lancet-
shaped leaves. ‘his was only a shrub of about one and a half men’s
height. There was a species of Dolichos which had pods like
those of D. pruriens, but its blossoms were very small and blue
in colour, while the blossoms of the other are big and black-red,

-VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. [ss

The peds themselves were cylindrical and rounded off at the ends,
while the pods of the other are compressed and the ends are
raised. Both kinds however have prickly hair.

The plant which I had thought to be a Thalia, I found
afterwards to be a Maranta, but perfect blossoms were very
rare, most of them were putrid from the long duration of the rain,
or insects had eaten them. Most of these plants I preserved to
describe them next day.

In the afternoon 1 went into a Chinese temple of idols,
which was situated near our house. The Bontzes, or as the
Siamese call them the Ichiton-Chine or priests, received me kind-
ly. The temple consisted of two buildings which were separated
lengthways, and again joined by means of a rather low roof.
Inside they looked like a single big room, having at each side a
row of pillars constructed of thick beams. Two big lanterns
having the look of cages hung before the entrance; they were
long and round, about two feet in diameter and three feet long;
they were made of very fine rotan plaited together, and covered
with some transparent linen, firmly drawn across, upon which
iarge red Chinese letters were traced on one side with ordinary
red cinnabar. Inside the temple there were some small divisions
near the entrance in which were kept utensils for washing and
cleaning purposes. In the middle of this building stood a small
square table and some chairs made of bamboo, at which they say
their prayers. Before one came to the altar one saw some
orange coloured papers hanging from a beam, which were cover-
ed with Chinese letters, forming the names of all those who had
given presents to this temple. Between the wooden pillars there
hung many kinds of painted Chinese lanterns, and at the end
there were three altars. On the one at the right hand was an
old gilded idol, representing a woman, and many other idols,
made of black clay stood also upon it. Some of these idols re-
presented lions, others were of monstrous aspect, these were all
idols from Cambodia. At the left was a beautiful and newly
gilt idol, also bearing the features of a woman. before it stocd
some Mandarins and at the sides were some idols atout two feet
high, having very dreadful faces. They were haggard and looked
ready to devour everything.

‘On the middle altar was the principal god, a gilded idol in
a’ sitting posttre and rather more than life size. Before it stood

ra Jo

134 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

many idols in various positions, among them some with their
hands crossed and turned up. A table like an altar stood a
little more in front, on it were also some idols and some deep
china vessels, which were filled with sand, into which some
lighted staffs had been stuck. These staffs are really placed
there for fumigating purposes. Before the principal idols there
hung a red silk curtain half down over the altar, at both sides
hung four narrow wooden boards, the two nearest the middle
being black were covered with red characters, and the longest
of them were five yards long and ten inches wide. The boards
nearer the sides were orange red, and covered with black
characters; they were shorter. These boards were said to
contain their doctrines.

23.—I described some of the plants [found. The treatment
had a very bad effect on the sick man, and therefore another
sacrifice was offered to the gods by the Jungalish priests as
they did yesterday.

24.—To-day the priests came again and went through
their ceremonies. J went to a pagoda and found the Saraca
blooming’ very beautifully and having an unripe pod; I also
found the burning Glycine with large, grape-like dark red blos-
soms, the calyx of which was overgrown with burning hair and
the stigma was prickly. One of these flower bunches was more
than .a foot long. I saw the Phaseolus urens with beautiful
blossoms. :

25-26.—I had very much to do with the sick man during
these days; he had been brought to the gates of death by
means of the injection. The whole of his right groine was
very much inflamed and swollen, without showing any sign of
redness externally. I tried to reduce this inflammation by means
of strong fomentations of a decoction of the Indian Sida, with a
solution of lead in vinegar. Internally I used some camphorated -
spirits and gave him at the same time two clysters, upon which
his fits diminished. The rest of the time I spent in looking my
collection and in making my Chloris Siamensis as perfect as
possible.

27.—I went higher up into the country to another temple,
also situated on a small branch of a stream. The burning
Glycine grew here everywhere frequently, but it had not yet
any white pods. I found a new big Acrostichum im fruit, it

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 135

grew climbing upon the trees and had big pinnate lancet-shaped
leaves. J frequently found here a peculiar kind of Phaseolus
with three rhombic leaves, and Panicum dimidiatum grew here to
half a man’s height. This moreover is the grass most frequently
growing here in all damp woods. JA/imosa tamarindifola climbed
upon some other high trees, specially upon the Pterocarp7, which
however had no blossoms yet. There were some durians
mangostans, rangostans, and jacques, growing in the narrow
strips of wood, flanked by swampy ditches. There was a kind
of Cassia here which had no blossoms, but only some unripe pods.
Hledysarum puichellum was here a common shrub and grew
amongst the Triumfetta, and Urena. Calamus was here thick and
very high, but it must be different species, because their leaves
have big prickles and large nerves.

I met a boat the people of which offered the flesh of a big
crocedile for sale ; the meat looked very red and had a disgust-
ing smell. The people told me that the tail was best and had no
smell at all. The king of Siam pays for every crocodile a sum
of—Tikals, in order to extirpate these animals. Therefore the
crocodiles are afraid of any boat here, but higher up in the coun-
try they attack people and eat them.

Since the 19th of this month, with the appearance of the
new moon, all the ramparts on the both sides are illuminated with
lanterns, those formerly built by the French and now inhabited by
the Chinese as well as those built by the Portuguese, behind which
the king himself resides in a small fortress. The town in which
the Siamese live, which is surrounded by a wall and rampart, and
all the houses, were illuminated in the same manner.

The reason for this illumination lies ina superstition of these
peoples who believe in the fable that Ordamans, or the subterranean
giants sleep almost all the year round, except in this one month,
when they awake and rise in order to kill all the inhabitants of
Siam, but when they find them to be on their guard and see
their lanterns lighted, these giants cannot do them any harm.

29.—Our first rower began to recover ; the infammation and
swelling had subsided, but he was not yet able to get up on
account of pain in the groin.

I went again deeper inland, rowing with my boat up a
small river and found various new plants, specially two kinds of
palms, which were in bloom and had fruits. I also saw a

186 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

monandrian ( wild ginger ) near a pagoda, and two crocodiles swam
in front of the boat but dived to the bottom as soon as I came
near them.

In the evening a fire broke out on a Chinese ship, which was
still covered with the leaves of a palm to protect it during the
rainy season. The fire grew very big all of a sudden, and the
people working on the ship lost their heads, The Siamese had
all come to look on, and thousands of small boats covered the
water. The king however, who came also with some of his
officers, caused the fire to be extinguished very soon, which is
so much easier done because these ships are not tarred, but all
crevices are filled with oil and chalk which are not so inflammable.
I got to-day a black snake, which was over one foot long, and
had some tentacles at both sides of the upper lip.

DECEMBER 1-2.—During these days I tried to cure our first
rower as much as possible, and prepared meanwhile for a
journey to Inthia, the former capital of Siam, which lies three
days journey up the river from Bangkok.

3.—After much trouble Ll succeeded at last in seeing our
first rower recovered. In the morning I had obtained my pass
for Inthia, so that in the afternoon between 4 and 5 o'clock, as the
low tide began, 1 could set out on my journey. At first the
country which we passed was known to me, but after sunset
there was a place on our left where it was possible to go on
shore. It was almost too dark to distinguish anything, but I
found a strange plant in a swamp, which was a Cassia, which is
very celebrated for curing the ring-worm.* The place was called
Bang la Mudsida. We went on and took shelter for the night
in a place called Bangmanan, but on account of the numerous
mosquitos we could not sleep. These insects had tormented me
very much, and my face and hands were swollen.

4.—At three o’clock we left this place and at sunrise we.
went again ashore. Here I found a new species of Ginger, a
Vitis with thin heart-shaped leaves and a narrow raceme, and
a Boletus, was extraordinarily large.

The place was called Bang linang; in the afternoon I went
again ashore for a little time at a place called Tay Sam kok.
Here I found specially Pentapetes coccinea, Gomphrena, sp. nov.
Vella kola, etc.; they were in bloom. In the evening we took

* Cassia alata, Vs.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 137

rest in a little village called Tay Wock-Bie.

5.—We left very early, because we had again very much
to suffer from the tiresome mosquitos, which are very abundant
in these swampy parts, and we went ashore where the land was
a little higher in a bamboo-wood, near a village called by the
Portuguese a “Camp,” (ko-Ban komun pia). Here I found Hedy-
sarum lagopodioides, Hedysarum Uneatum, Alhagi umbellata,
Hedysarum umbellalum, Waltheria. Many trees had still their
old leaves. I also saw a wood-pecker. At noon we went again
ashore, into a flat field, near Ban nea Bansang, here the banks,
which had been much overgrown before, were more open, and
we had a free view for a considerable distance. Shortly before
this we had entered a smaller arm of the stream called Klong
Banghay. Here I found Gmelina with orbicular leaves, called
by the Portuguese Reys de Madre de Deus. There were some
wild ducks here.

We camped for the night near the village Telet Kriep. At
first we had a perfect calm, which made us anticipate a dis-
agreeable night, but we were less tormented by the mosquitos,
because later on some wind arose.

6.—We left this place early, but the rapid current preven-
ted us from advancing as quickly as was our wish, therefore [
went ashore near a temple of idols, which had the same name ag
the above-mentioned place. 1 found here for the first time the
common chickens wild, on an empty rice field: alsoanew Cordia,
a Cypripedium and the above-mentioned Gomphrena. At midday I
saw a very large temple which had been formerly very celebrated,
Watt Pro-Lott. It consisted of three separate buildings, the one
in the middle being the largest. It contained three big idols, all
three in a sitting posture, and being three times the size of life.
All three were black, with big half-opened eyes. They all had
on their heads a quantity of little knots, which one could either
take to represent negro hair, or a cap of jewels. All had
their posteriors knocked off. 1 found JIpomea hepaticifolia
in magnificent blossom, also a new species of Sida, which
mostly grew to a man’s height; it was divided into many
thin branches standing apart the leaves were heart-shaped at
their base, but were long at the other end. The blossoms
were only small and yellow; their pericarp was quite obtuse
at the top and divided into many parts. There was a tree

138 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

here, having pericarps like those of the Combretum, and oblong
rigid leaves, striped by the veins which traversed them.
They were mostly gnawed off by worms, but I did neither
find truly ripe seed nor any blossom. I wanted to penetrate
deeper inland, but a very high kind of grass, intertwined with
convolvulus, made it impossible to advance any more.

In the afternoon I went to a little island, inhabited by
a Chinese family, called Cohrien. At the borders rice had
been planted, and in the middle Convolvolus Batatas was be-
ine cultivated; the soil consisted of a black mud mixed
with swampy clay.

At five o'clock I went again ashore near the former
Roman Catholic Church, which stands before the town at the
left, and has been totally destroyed by the Burmese; only a
few walls are still standing. It was called St. Paul. I collected
Mimosa bigemina and Ipomea longiflora.

In the evening I went again ashore near the temple Wath
Tshan-Panon Iségu, situated on the smaller southern arm of
the stream on the right hand side, and on the other side
is the old town. I could only make a hasty investigation,
because it was already late, but I found that here too, as in
the other temple, the idols had been spoiled.

7.—Harly this morning I went out on a tour of discovery.
Behind the big temple of idols is another temples, which is
separated from the former by a swamp, measuring 200 feet in
width; this is the biggest in Siam. My botanical discoveries
consisted of some splendid kindsof grasses, which had not withered
yet. Ipomea grandiflora; the whole blossom is about span
long, and the outer edge has a diameter of the hand. ‘The
ruined temple, which was built upon a little hill, was surrounded
by trees and shrubs. Among these shrubs I found Rhamnus
lineatus, Justicia Adhatoda, Piumbago Zeylonica, Barleria Prionotis ;
these grew among the big shooting Ovieda pinnatifolia, which
I found here for the first time with fruits. These fruits consist
of smooth pods, as wide as a finger, three lines thick and two
feet long. There were only few big old trees of this kind here,
all the rest were younger plants. There were Mimosa bigemina,
a Mimosa called Oiel Haut by the Dutch, and some others. Tho
most remarkable climbing plant was Zpomea bona-nox; I got

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 139

much of its ripe seed. Ipomea coccinea and hepaticifolia looked
magnificent this fine morning. I found a small erect but very
sickly shrub with only few branches, which had the character of
the Ovieda pinnatifolia, in a grassy place, together with a peculiar
Apocynum and an Hrigeron, which also seemed new to me.

After I had described my new plants and put them away, I
paid my visit to the chief Talapoin of this big temple. I found
that he inhabited a brick house, which was not divided into
rooms, and had no windows. His bed was on the ground, about
one foot above the floor. His clothes, the provision of matting
and his books were hanging on poles, or lay about rolled up in
bundles. He showed me one of his books which was folded
together in the fashion of the Siamese ; it was more than two
feet long and scarcely one foot wide and about as thick. The
two top pages and the edges were gilt; it was divided into
several parts, and at the begining and end of each part illumina-
ted figures were painted, executed in very fine colours.

I wanted very much to learn something about his reli-
gion from him. He would however not tell me anything
referring to it, he would not even pronounce the name of the
great god, neither that of the god to whom the pagoda was
consecrated. At last, after he had spoken to me of his
acquaintance with a Dutch captain, I asked him to take me
into the big temple, so that I might see the great and
celebrated idol of the Siamese. He consented to do so, and
he led me through a small back door at the western side. The
temple inside consists of one room, but on both sides there are
four very thick stone pillars, which could not have been spanned
by four men. They were painted with a brownish-red colour
with big darker spots. At the side there were idols in life size in
a sitting posture, at each side five in number. Between them
were flat painted columns, and twice there were four other idols
close together, so altogether there were eighteen idols. Upon
those flat columns were some nations represented, always a man
and a woman in their national dress. ‘There were represented a
Dutchman and his wife, a Cambodian and his wife, an inhabitant
of Lao and his wife, a Chinese, a Cochin Chinese, a Siamese, all
with their respective wives, etc. The idols at the entrance were
painted with gold, those at the left were painted black.
Above the idols there were some painted pictures representing

140 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND. MALACCA.

scenes from their lives, but I did not see anything indecent in
them, which is commonly the case with the Tamils. Above these
pictures the wall was chiselled and cut into niches, which were
very narrow and about one span long; they were all filled with
small idols.

The real great idol was represented sitting after the man-
ner of the Oriental people. He sat upon a wall, which at the side
was edged with leaves, standing erect and painted brownish-red ;
they were not quite as big asaman. The hands of the idol were
lying on his knees, the fingers spread out; his head reached up to
the ridge of the highest roof. They said that this idol was twen-
ty fathoms high, reckoned from the ground, but as it seems to
me it was not much beyond twelve fathoms high. The space
between the eight big pillars was filled out by this idol and the
two minor idols, which were placed close to his knees, with their
hands laid together. At the side of these were eight idols on
each side, the first of them being about life-size, and they decreased
in size by degrees. All these had their hands uplifted as high
as their face, the inside of the hands turned towards the spectator.
There stood atable before the big idol, and upon it idols of many
kinds, all gilded; some baskets of flowers stood amongst them. ~
The building measured from outside is forty steps long and
forty-two wide. The roof is very high and has three divisions,
the second division has furrows as if it were covered with gut-
ter-tiles, only the top part is quite smooth, and has an edge of
blue and white porcelain pieces with rounded edges.

The windows are only one fathom high, and only one span
wide There were nineteen of them on each side and ten at the
ends, five on each side of the door. The large door is ornament-
ed with gilt carvings, at its side there were all sorts of china
vessels standing in the wall; all these various vessels were stuck
to the wall by means of chalk. Before the door stood on columns
three figures, two feet in length, half a foot in width and half a
hand thick, gilt on the outside and painted red inside. Before the
door was a small building, the gable of which was ornaménted
with gilt carvings, convex little mirrors and glass painted green
on one side. |

There -were two smaller temples, which however were only
very smallif compared to the large temple; they were being
repaired. One of the big idols had his posterior knocked off and

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 141

another one facing him had been deprived of his stomach, and
his head had been cut off. There were many columns in pyramid
shape before this temple; they had different sizes, specially those
at the sides. Their pedestal is generally square, cut at the sides,
the top part which forms the point is generally round, with ring-
shaped deep furrows reaching up to the furthest top, which ends
ina point. Many of these are gilt up to their middle, after that
there are two rings painted red, and then again two gilt ones;
the rest was whitened with chalk.

Towards evening I left this house of rest, and I went along
the stream which borders the town in the east; it took us more
than two hours to arrive at the place where the stream divides,
and we had almost made a half circle in our circuit, always
keeping the old wall of the town in sight. There were bamboo
houses all along the banks of the river; they were either built
on poles or on bamboo sticks of a man’s height. Just opposite to
where the stream divides there was a temple in ruins; some ele-
phants are kept inside, and all was covered with shrubs and trees.
Idols, of metal, wood, or stone, were scattered about on the
ground, and between all these debris grew some of the ferns
which were very common.n these parts. Most of the wild
trees were Mimosa biygenina. I went on, and saw a beautitul
house of rest near a ruined Pagoda; this however was being
repaired again and there were many Talapoins living near it.
This house of rest was situated in the middle of the old town,
which is still bemg inhabited and is situated on both sides of
the stream. However, in the ruined town itself nobody lives,
except such people as have something to do im connection with
the elephants.

8.—Harly this morning I went to the temple and hoped to
make some botanical discoveries. It was easy to see how
beautiful everything in this temple must have been, but now
nearly everything was in ruins. One entered by a large gate
lying a little higher than the rest, passed through an avenue,
ficus religiosa and mango trees, and arrived in front of the
temple, which was a built on a small elevation of the ground.
There was a large square before the principal entrance, and at both
sides of this square steps for the ascent had been made; they were
narrow, like those of all their buildings. The temple was very
lofty inside and had no divisions. At the back there was a very

142 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

big idol, painted black, and before it were placed some other
idols in sitting postures, in the oriental fashion. Before these
stood a kind of altar and upon it were placed different kinds of
idols, both sitting and standing and varying in size. At both
sides, as well as at the back, there was a broad free passage. I
found here also the traces of the searches which the Burmans
had made to find treasures both at the back and heads of the
bigger idols, as I had seen in many other cases ; even the high
columns and towers were not free from these demolitions. As
is nearly always the case, there were also here near this temple
several other pagodas. There were only very few big trees here,
but many shrubs. From here one could see a great number of
temples, as this part of the country was rather elevated ; but all
these temples were in ruins. After I had stayed here a while,
admiring, and reflecting as to what degree men can be blinded
and carried away by superstition and wrong religious ideas, and
as to the short space of time required to reduce so much to ruins,
because these temples were still being used ten years ago, I
turned to my botanical researches.

The first plant I came across was the European Cuscuta and
the second one Ozalis corniculata,*growing at the wall of the
temple. Of a Tetrandria, of which I had found a very small speci-
men near Madras, having only a small superior corolla and a
calyx winged at the corners, and which I had thought to be a
Fledyotis, | found here an excellent specimen. Jpomaa Hepaticrfolia
was about one foot long and very perfect, but the white corolla
was not much bigger than a mustard seed. Mirabis ja’appa
and different species of 7richosanthes grew here wild; they were
so entangled that I could hardly pass through. Behind the wall
I found some specimens of the climbing Volkameria in blossom.
I had seen them a year ago in the wanies of Ceylon, cover-
ing the highest trees. I found a shrub, having all the charac-
teristics of the TZerminalia, but I could not obtain any fruit.
From this place I went on to a little hill, which was covered with
the most magnificent blossoms that I, or any body else, might
wish to see. Among these there were first two new kinds of
Justicias,.a splendid large double Verbesina and Verbesina biftora,
Verbesina acmella, red and yellow cannas, Clitoria ternatea, with
double blossoms of a beautiful blue colour, now and then there
were some with white blossoms; Jpomea hepaticifoia, beautifully

»

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA: 143

large; one kind of ZJpomw@a with blossoms as long as a span, but
most of them already closed. There were many kinds of white,
violet, and yellow Convolvulus. Among these grew a shrubbery
of Ricinus and Ficus Demonum, and Asclepias gigantea.

I hurried back, laden with beautiful blossoms and their seeds,
and arranged them a little; then I went across the stream and
took my way through a ruined gate towards the place where
formerly the palace had stood. Before reaching it I passed
many barns, built upon high poles; they had pointed roofs, these
being two or three times intersected. These buildings were for
the elephants. Before I reached the palace itself I had to pass
another wall. The palace has very big dimensions, but only
the very high walls of the audience hall of the king and the queen
are still to be seen, which with some smaller parts must have
formed a very high storey; only in regard to the doors or
windows, they were neither sufficient in number nor proportion-
ately large. Itis a matter of wonder that the walls are still
standing, because the woodwork has been burnt, and they rest
only upon some single bricks. The king’s hall is distinguished
by four strong high pillars, which formerly surrounded the
throne and are still standing. Down below I found a great
quantity of ferns, amongst them a big Pteris. There hung a
great quantity of Dolichos pruriens all about the low wall; they
looked like grapes but were ripe and dry. Amongst them was a
kind of pumpkin blossom with big yellow flowers, dark blood-red
at the bottom; I was, however, not fortunate enough to find a
single female blossom.

People still dig here after treasures, which are said to have
been hidden here during the time of war, specially near the big
temple and the ruins of the palace, and just the night before
they had been fortunate in their researches. I could see the
freshly dug out earth and the place where the vessel had stood
which contained the treasure.

The trouble I took climbing about in the ruins was richly
rewarded by the botanical treasures which I found here. I
hurried back with them to my boat, and on my way I passed
the house of a Siamese doctor. Before this house stood a row
of trees in pots; they were about half a span high and 13 span
thick. Above them hung slantinely a bamboo, about four inches
in diameter and 1$ inch long. This bamboo touched the ground

14.4 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

and was hollowed out; some of the hemp growing here, about
a finger’s thickness, had been put into it, by means of which
there fell a drop of water every three minutes on the pith of the
stem. This is the way in which they revive old trees here, the
crown of which is dead. After they have dug up the tree from
the ground in which it grew, they cutoff all branches down tothe
root, and plant this root ina pot, leaving about half a foot in
width. I saw this way of treatment successfully used with
some pomegranate and Chinese box trees.

In the afternoon I went again to the town and saw its
west-eastern part. I found it to be a vast desert, having many
swampy places, these latter swampy places had surely been
cultivated formerly, now there was nothing more to be recog-
nised than a narrow path; it lay somewhat higher, and was
bordered with stones of one and a half foot length, the narrow
side of which was turned upwards. This path, however, must
also have been very narrow; it runs along the wall, and at one
place there was a large trench. Al] about this place elephants
were grazing, many of them being still very young. I was
warned to beware of the big elephants, specially when nobody
was with them. They are enraged because it was the time of their
coupling-time, and at times I heard the male elephants roar very
loudly. The number of elephants which are kept in this ruined
town are commonly supposed to be 500. All buildings I came
across this afternoon were ruined temples, and as I could conclude
from the stones lymg about, the houses of the inhabitants must
have been very primitive. The temples, however, showed the
ereatest extravagance of Indian splendour, by much gold and
many carvings, which must have been intermixed with small pieces
of convex mirrors of many colours. In one place I saw some
double spade-like figures on a pedestal, which were about three
feet high and four to five inches thick. They were gilt on the
outer side, and on the inner side they were painted red with car-
mine. The number of the temples in the town must have been
very great, and they now offer a terrible spectacle, because so
many of the vaulted roofs and high columns are all overgrown
with trees and shrubs, so densely intermixed with climbing plants
that there is a general belief that the town was filled with tigers.
However, I did not discover any trace of such animals, but on the
other hand these parts could offer refuge to more than 100 rob-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 145

bers, which could not easily be discovered here.

Most of the temples had towers of the afore-described kind,
consisting of high pointed columns; there were others which had
square columns for their towers, they were of equal thickness,
only little rounded off at the top. and this kind formed the highest
towers. Out of some of these columns trees had grown, and at
their side there were niches, in which a row of small columns had
been fixed. In one case there were figures of human beings in
all sorts of positions to be seen, but I did not find a single one
among these representing anything indecent, as is so often the
case on the Coromandel coast, specially in Tanschaur. The
posteriors and heads of all the bigger idols here were cut off.
Most of them were painted black, intermixed with some gold.

The most remarkable botanical discoveries which I made in
these ruins, were Conza balsunifera trees. they were generally
rowing at two men’s height. Acrostichum Siamense, Pteris Vittata, -
Asplenium grew near the temple, which offered the most desolate
aspect. The pools of water were covered with Pistia, Limnan-
themum indicum, Nymphea, nelumbium, Sagittaria, etc. The most
common trees were, Ficus religiosa, growing almost everywhere
among the walls, together with Wimosa bigeminia. There was a
little tree of Ficus redigiosa growing right at the head of a big
idol. The double Verbesina and a kind of Jmpatiens grew also
frequently near the pools.

I saw hardly any other birds besides the common <A/cedo,
wild blue pigeous, water hens, many Malabar birds, ravens, and
martins.

In a bush I saw an Indian hare, with his half-naked neck,
only covered with short soft black hair. The Sczuri are much
rarer here than on the Coromandel coast, and the Palm squirrel,
which is generally so common, I have not seen at all here.

At dark I went back to my boat, well laden, and we returned
to our quarters of the preceding night, the Chanterii.

9.—Early this morning I went again to the place where I
had found so many beautiful flowers the day before, in order to
obtain the fruit of the Quisqua/is, if possible, and to search for
other seeds. There is an excellent view also from this place; one
sees in the west the mountains of Popli, and in the north east
those near Banksay. From here I went across some swamps and
trenches to a place where near the ruins of a temple, some

146 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

seminaries of Talapoins were situated. In one of these temples
I was shown two pictures of the giants, or Adamans, which are
said to rise from out the earth in the month of November to kill
all Siamese. Their figurés were indeed horrible enough to
frighten simple-minded people ; the idols which were to be found
at one end of the temple were represented in standing postures.
From here I went again across a swamp to a little hill,
which was closely overgrown with trees, specially with Ovieda
mitts of Burman, which however had long big pods and with
the Mimosa bigemina. There was a ruined temple here, the
the idols of which were made of gilt, brass, or tin. They were
however all scattered over the floor, and most of them had
lost their heads and arms. In front of this temple a very large
swamp expanded, wherein some elephants were grazing, and
behind this swamp I perceived a very big forest. My curiosity
impelled me to inspect them both, and at the same time to exa-
mine the Florades swamps, in which so many kinds of Carices
Junci, Scirpi Potentilas, and Eriophori usually grow in EKurope,
but here I found in the deeper places Utricularia major and
Impatiens triflora. In all the other places there grew nothing
but a wild shrub, with far, spreading panicles; in dryer places
was some Panicum grossarium intermixed with the former, and
higher still some Melochia corchorifo'1a some Pentapetes phancea
and among them Panicum colonum and Agrostis cruciata. I
reached the wood, which lies somewhat higher, but has many
ditches and pools. The soil consisted here of a fine grey clay,
with some yellow veins containing iron. The trees were mostly
bamboo, a few Tamarind trees, and another kind of high trees as
yet unknown to me; they had simply pinnate leaves. The
brushwood consisted of Miiosa bigenina, of different kinds of
Capparids, and the Owyacantha Zanonica, Rumph, Hort Amboin,
Auctuar, pag. 38. tab. 19 (Carissa spinarum, Linn.) There was
a new species of Pavetta, the leaves were lancet-shaped, smooth,
and shiny, and had strongly curved prickles growing in opposite
directions, and the blossoms had a very sweet perfume; they grew
several together in the ahgle of the leaves. I obtained both
blossoms and fruits of this tree, but the latter were not yet ripe.
Towards two o'clock in the afternoon I returned to my boat;
we had no wind at all to-day; the thermometer showed twenty
egrees of Réaumur. Aftera little rest, | went back to the town,

>

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA 147

and tried again to get the female blossom of the kind of pumpkin,
but in vain; but climbing along the ruined wall, I found some
splendid specimens of the Quisqualis, of which most blossoms had
opened, and were of a beautiful orange colour, but those which are
not in full bloom yet have a greenish white colour. At another
place I found the new species of Clerodendron growing to man’s
height, and so closely together that they almost formed a wood,
but the blossoms had not reached their perfection yet. A kind
of grass had been sown, which much resembled the agrostis
interrupta, the under side of leaves was quite white. This grass
had been sown to produce a kind of hemp; I did not succeed in
procuring myself any of its seed, though I offered much money
for it.

At four o’clock in the afternoon I started on my journey
back, and went down the stream along the wall. I saw many
breaches in this wall which the Burmans made at their last con-
quering expedition. The town seen from the north-western side
offers the appearance of a half-moon, with only a few projecting
points. I went ashore at different places, because the city wall
has many gates. There were few other buildings to be seen
besides the temples, and near them grew high trees of Melsa,
Ovieda, Ficus religiosa, Michelia Malaccensis, etc. In one place
I saw some ripe fruits of the Rhamnus Theizans, which I gathered,
and at the same time I sent one of my people up a high tree
whereon some parasitic plant was growing, but the man had the
misfortune to fall down, because a dry branch broke. He fell
upon an old stem and hurt himself especially in the region near
the heart, so that he lay on the ground asif dead. This circum-
stance made me uneasy, and | hastened our return. I saw the
extensive buildings of the former Jesuit college near the bank of
the river; it was situated in a beautiful part of the country.
The approaching night prevented me from making any more
examinations. We travelled all the night through; the weather
changed, and we had many small showers of rain; in the after-
noon we arrived again at Bangkok.

12—I was busy these days arranging my collection and
specially drying the seeds.

13. Sunday.—I called on the bishop residing here; he is an
old man and seems to be very pious. My chief object was to
inquire into any circumstances which might be interesting for me,

148 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

and my task was the easier as he himself has studied medicine in
Paris. At this occasion he promised to give me a compendium
of a grammar of the Siamese language.

When I came home, I heard that there was a female
monstrosity to be seen in the Portuguese fort. This woman had
formerly lived in Inthia, but now she had grown poor, and was
obliged to beg for alms in the country, but by order of the ling
she had been brought hither. She was about forty years of
age, or medium height, her feet were smooth and well
proportioned. All the rest of her body was covered with smaller
or larger warts, they were densest near the nipple of her left
breast. The head was extraordinarily big, the left side of her
forehead was only covered with small warts, and the eye on this
side was perfectly sound, only very large, the cheek, the mouth, and
the jaw, on this side were quite normal, only proportionately
large. At the right side there was a fleshy growth, beginning
at the crown of her head, covering half her forehead and the
whole place were the eye ought to have been; the fleshy growth
even increased at this place, and covered half the nose, and there
was no callus to be felt, and even on the left side the nose seemed
to be quite flat and had no callus either, but only the partition of
the nose, which formed a natural opening at the left slde. There
was a wide flat furrow, running along the right side, which divid-
ed the fleshy growth, and about two inches from the nose was a
wide opening, into which one might have inserted two fingers,
out of which flowed a white mucous slime. The left corner of
her mouth was, as I said before, normal, only by the constant
use of only the one side it was somewhat lengthened at the upper
part. At a little distance from the left corner of the mouth a
hanging sort of growth ran along the lips and these lost their
shape completely, they grew flatter, and ended in a small white
strip, which was also moistened with saliva. The whole growth
forms a sort of flat swelling, from the crown of the head to the
shoulder; from there it hung down, so that no jaw could be
distinguished ; at the neck it was also loose, and hung down, like
a wrinkly rag, about two inches thick. In the place of the nostrils
there was a furrow, and lower down under the navel this
growth was divided in two lobes; it grew a little thinner but
kept the same width. The inner lobe hung down as far as the
middle of the thigh, where it diminished in width, but increased

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA 149

many times in thickness, and ended in the shape of a club. The
other lobe hung down as far as the knee and ended in the same
way. ‘The gums were very thick, and she only had-teeth at the
sound side of the mouth. Her hair was still black, for the most
part standing straight up, and on the growth itself it was rather
thinner. After she had been on view for one day, the king sent
her back to her home, and gave her a little present.

16.—I made again a small excursion to collect seeds and
some new specimens for my flora. I found a beautiful Ajuga,
with blood-red leaves and beautiful blue blossoms.

18.—I went to a temple, situated about half a mile from the
town. There I found some very beautiful Ce/osia, some with
yellow and others with red blossoms; I obtained both blossoms
and seed thereof. [ came across a big tree, which had big’ oval
leaves, three of them always growing together, but it had -no
fruits yet. There was a large sugar plantation here. The roots
of the sugar canes stood in a kind of watery soil, but the earth
had been heaped up round the stem. At their side grew an Arwin?
to half the height of a man.

In a ruined temple I saw some of the minor idols, which
were ranged in standing attitude before the chief sitting idols,
they were painted black and had gilt faces. I obtained several
rare kinds of seeds, and I saw some goldfish being kept in vessels
by some Talapoins.

19.—I obtained a Ceci’ia, the skin was like shagreen and of a
dark brown, rusty colour, it was about 14 feet long. There were
some oblong dark spots at its side, which were more conspicuous
near the head. ‘The whole body is rather compressed, especially
the stomach, which, however, widens considerably near the back
extremity. The skin of the stomach is so loose that it can
swallow many larger animals. This class of animals live here in
the streams and find their food mostly between the bamboo-poles
on which the houses are built; they are able to swallow a chicken’s
ees entirely.

(Also) An Anguis Scytale? but it had 194 scales at the stomach,
and three scales at the tail. The head and back are black; the edge
of the mouth is white. The stomach hasa blue-black colour, with
broad white cross stripes, which divide near the tail in the middle
of the stomach, and further back they are almost alternate. The
short tail is yellow at the lower side, with a few black spots. The

150 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

whole animal is about twenty inchesin length and one inch in width.

20.—I went again to a temple, which of all the temples I
have seen here in Bangkok is the most magnificent. The portico
and whole facade were gilt and ornamented with rich carvings,
intersected with green and whte mirrors. The columns, being
covered with so-called leaves against the evil spirit, were all
still well gilt; and behind the temple, in a niche, a gilt idol
life-size had been placed. There was a brook close by this tem-
ple, and near it were many Chinese tombs, built in the shape of
houses, but being only two feet high and proportionately long
and broad. In the front part there isa wooden board instead of
a door, whereon are painted Chinese letters, partly red and partly
black. Near some of these graves feasts had been held lately,
and some vessels still stood before these painted boards, leaning
against the front part. On these graves grewa kind of Justicia,
the blossoms of which were borne at the extremity of the bran-
ches, at the angle where they joined the principal stem. They
had extraordinarily wide pointed bracts. Amongst the Justicia
grew very high trees with oval leaves, which at the lower part
of the stem produced much resin; their bark resembled that of
the fig trees. Behind this temple a large expanse of forest had
been cut down; assoon as the weather becomes dryer and the cut-
down trees themselves have dried a little more, they are to be
burnt. /edysarum Strobiliforme was here in full blossom, but had
little fruit; at the same time I also obtained Pederia foetida
with ripe fruits. There was a large seminary for Talapoins here.
In the afternoon I went with my boat up-stream to a temple
situated two and half miles from my quarters, in order to collect
some of the seed of a Phaseolus, which seemed unknown to me;
and I was successful. I penetrated a little into the wood, and
came to a place which was dried by the heat. Here I found
many specimens of a plant, the leaves of which resembled those
of a Musa, only they were much smaller. The stems of some of
them were more than two men’s height, and not much thicker
than one and half inch in diameter near the club-shaped root;
there were neither blossoms nor fruit. I dug up some of the
roots, which smelled like civet, and tasted aromatically. It
seems to me to be identical with the Lampujum majus of
Rumph in his 5th vol., tab. 64, fig. 1.* In the evening, at

* Zingibere.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 151

eleven o'clock, I let my boat float with the out-going tide of a
small arm of the river, which empties itself into the sea, near the
town of Pipli, so as to have an opportunity of reconnoitring
this part of the country as well as the time would allow me to do.
At the extremity of the town, I passed one of the houses of rest,
which was illuminated. These houses of rest, generally serve
the purpose of delivering sermons or prayers. I could see
a young Talapoin sitting in a high, ornamented armchair; he was
holding a palaver; on his knees lay one of their books, and before
him, on a wooden pedestal of one and a half yards high, was fas-
tened some iron in the shape of a cresset, carrying many burning
lights. Behind him sat two old Talapoins and his andience were
lying on their knees before him, listening to him devoutly. I
continued my journey through the night, and everywhere I came
across some boats carrying torches. The people in these boats
were engaged to fish either with the angle or with nets, which
were tied at the four corners to two bamboo sticks, crossing
each other in the middle. These nets seemed to be very useful,
as they caught a great quantity of a kind of black broad
fish in the muddy soil, and the further I came the more boats I
saw and men engaged in different ways to catch these fish. There
was this remarkable fact to be observed, that wherever there was
a temple or a dwelling of any Talapoin, the water was crowded
with all sorts of fish, for neither near the temples nor in the
presence of any Talapoin may they catch fish. A Talapoin called
out to one of my servants, that he ought to know better than to
hit any fish in the presence of a Talapoin, because my servant had
as a pastime aimed at the fish with a thin bamboo stick. My
people caught many of these fish with their hands.

I went down the river until the turning of the tide; where-
upon I returned and went ashore near a temple in order to collect
new specimens for my Siamese Ch’oms. I found a kind of
Didy ama, with included capsules, which are sometimes reckoned
among the Rhinanthera by Linné. It had orbicular leaves, the
blossoms grew in verticils round the stalk, but they were not
much larger than the calyx, and woolly; in this regard it re-
sembled the Leonitis. I came. across a very rare kind of
Me/ochia, with ripe seed. The trees forming the avenue were
Saraca, Ovieda, Mimosa, intermixed with the Ficus religiosa. The
temple was very large, but ruined like all the others. The

152 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

dwelling places of the numerous Talapoins were here excep-
tionally regular, high, and very gorgeous. On my way back I
stopped near different temples, because around them is generally
the greatest variety of plants to be found. However, I did not
discover anything new, only a Convolvulus with ochre yellow
blossoms, which were however rolled up. They grew together
on a common stalk in the shape of an umbell, which was of
medium size. The leaves grow close to the stalk, they are
heart-shaped but at the wider side of the heart they are angular
and at the other extremity they terminate in an oblong manner.
I obtained many kinds of seeds, especially good ripe ones of the
Cassia alata, which has nine to twelve pairs of leaves. There
were many trees, either without foliage, or just forming new
foliage; thesé all were unknown to me.

29.—Through all these days the Roman Catholic Christians
held their festivities. They are allin the service of the king of
Siam, and almost all natives. I had the opportunity to see the
king’s dancers, who had been bronght hither from Pegu; I also
saw a dumb-show,a kinl of comedy. Their musical instruments
consisted of a peculiar kind of violin, only having four strings
and a long neck; the sounds produced by this instrument were
very much like the human voice, and in the shape it resembled
the one which Kempfer has drawn. Furthermore they had a
kind of flute, which squeaked more appallingly than an Haut-
boy; another flute of bamboo, which produced very agreeable
sounds. They put the whole end of the instrument, which
is as thick as that of our flutes, into their mouths before they
could produce any sound. Then they had two kinds of ordi-
nary little drums, one of them consisting of a vessel, over which
common leather had been fixed, and the second kind resem-
bled a little barrel. But the most remarkable sound was pro-
duced by an instrument consisting of nineteen pieces of bamboo
the longest of which was a little more than a foot long, and
about three inches wide; they grew gradually shorter and
narrower, so that the nineteenth was only three-fourths of a foot
long and a little less than three inches wide, but much thinner.
All these pieces had two holes at their ends and were joined by
means of strings and fastened upon a long piece of wood, cur-
ving up at the ends and hollowed out in its whole length, so as
to resemble an ordinary trough, but with that difference, thatthe

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA 153

sides were quite straight. The performer hit these pieces of
wood with two club-shaped wooden sticks, which were covered
with linen on the part which touched the bamboo, and the
effect produced was that of chimes; there was no clattering
noise, as the two wooden sticks with which he played were
covered with linen.

Another kind of chimes was produced by an instrument
which consisted of an oblong ring composed of thin split bamboo
sticks. Its outer circumference was four and half feet; it was
three feet wide and more than half a foot high. The width of the
ring proper was more than half a foot and it was a good hand
high. It consisted of bamboo sticks of one finger’s width, which
were tied together in such manner, that the surface had only a
few cross-sticks. However the little sticks, placed perpendicularly
were sometimes so much longer that the ring was lifted from the
ground and was about one foot high.

Between these last mentioned sticks fourteen brass lattens
were fastened, resting horizontally on strings in such a manner
that they neither touched the bamboo sticks at the side nor one
another, but they could be moved in all different directions and
their number filled the whole ring. Each of these lattens is
convex at the edge, and concave at the other side, but in the
middle they bulge out and are about an inch higher forming a
rounded sort of surface, this raised place is two inches in diameter.
The thickness of the metal is between 2 and 3 lines; they vary a
little in size, according to the tone which they are to produce.
The performer sits in the middle of this ring on his feet, after the
oriental fashion, and with a little stick, about one foot in length
and as thick as a little finger, widening at the end to the shape
of a ball 14 inch thick and covered, he hits the fourteen lattens
which almost.surround him. Sometimes he touches the edge,
sometimes the middle, according to what strength he wishes to
produce, and all this is done with wonderful quickness.

The male and female dancers wear a heroic sort of costume.
They have crowns on their heads, which are about two fingers
wide at the lower edge, and have unequal branches, those in
front being the highest. They wear a sort of wingshaped
ornament for their ears, which is almost as high as their head,
and both the crown and this ornament are gilt. The hair is tied .
behind and parted in the middle. |

154 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

I asked one of the chief doctors of the king of Siam about
their medical instruction, but learned very little from him. He
said that their chief books on medicine had been burned or taken
away by the Burmans, and I had much difficulty to get a look into
the books which had remained intact. They don’t know anything
of the pulse; in its stead they feel the heart, and from its beating,
the temperature and kind of pespiration, they judge the nature
of the illness, But they believe themselves to be better doctors
than the Burmans, because the latter do not understand any
measuring of the beating of the heart.

They sing to the invalids who are deadly sick and pray for
help to one of their first doctors, who was said to have treated
one of their great idols; they shut the door of the house, that
no evil spirit may enter, and in case of a merchant being ill they
even close his shop. They don’t understand anything about
anatomy, only at times they dissect children in order to find the
cause of an illness. They believe that the seat of the soul is in
the pit of the stomach, because this is the most sensitive part of
the body in case of any illness or passion. They do not know
where the first germ of human life in both sexes has its seat, both
soul and life after their opmion come from heaven.

The heathens here take also part in the New Year’s fes-
tivities of the Christians, like the natives of the Coromandel
coast, in so far as the festivities regard the New Year’s gifts.
The Romish Christians inaugurate the New Year with drunken- —
ness and the vices issuing from it,

As the ship was said to start from here in a few days,
I went out in the afternoon to fetch some roots of the different
Cannas and a new kind of Clercdendron. -

2.—To-day we, saw the Cochin Chinese dancers; in reality
only two of them danced, three others played on different instru-
ments, consisting of two little drums and a kind of Zither, an
instrument of three feet long and ? of a foot wide, having every-
where the same length and being convex; upon it were fastened
some brass strings. The girl who played it, used her nails for
this purpose, which were almost an inch in length, and were
guarded with a ring, so that they should not break. The dress
of the dancers was Chinese; they had no head dress, their hair
was tied in a round bundle on the top of their head. They wore
a long dress, reaching down as far as their knees, and open on

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA 155

the both sides, but only little open on the breast; this garment
had white sleeves. Underneath this they wore some kind of
white trousers, reaching down to the ground.

While they dance, they are constantly singing, the time of
these songs, as well as the words, being very monotonous. One
could distinguish nothing else but the ever recurring end-syllables
of ang nang, etc. Their dance was just as monotonous; they
stood for a long time side by side singing, and with the fans
which they carried in their hands, they made some circular
movements, or fanned themselves; at times they beat time with
their fans, then they faced each other, advanced three or fcur steps,
and went back again; then each put one foot so much out that
their knees touched, and this they repeated several times. In
the end one of them stepped aside and poured out a glass of
wine to each of the Europeans out of a bottle which had been
handed to her for this purpose. This glass of wine was to
be paid for and they continued singing through this whole
performance. This was all that the pleasure consisted in.

3.—Harly to-day I went with my boat along the minor
arm of the river, which takes its course to Pepri and to a
temple which is called Wath Saiskoy; my aim was to get
some blossoms of a tree which had not been in blossom before.
Just this day there was a festival being held here, and the
front and upper part of the new temple were covered with
white linen. The idols themselves were covered with a
painted cotton carpet and there were many framed pictures
on the walls, most of them being Chinese productions of
art, representing buildings, and pleasure walks; only few of
them painted by Europeans. Between these pictures being
some European looking glasses, placed there without any
order, and at the feet of the idols, two lights had been
laid on the ground, and round them many small lights had been
placed. The real festivity was celebrated before the gate of
the temple, behind a large white cloth; dances, comedies, and
music were produced alternately. I was told that all those who
had come there without bringing anything to eat were treated
by the others, who for that purpose had a great amount of food
prepared. The botanical aim of this excursion was to visit
several trees, which I had not found in perfect bloom before.
Amongst these was specially the Durion tree, the blossoms of

156 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

which had developed much more since last I saw it, but had
not attained their full size yet, so that I cannot say with cer-
tainty that it has a double calyx, or that the outer part is rather
an Involucrum, but I made a description of it as well as I could
I obtained some roots of the Plumbago coccinea, and some ripe
seed of the Saraca.

In the afternoon I went into a ricefield, which was dry at
present, where I found various seeds of Hedysarums, of the
Phaseolus inebrians in Badhaum Herm mus Zeyl pag. 55, and
several other kinds. On my way back I passed a Chinese
pagoda, the beams of which some parts of the woodwork inside
were painted with beautiful bright colour, which made me
inquire after the oil with which these colours had been prepared,
and as I had the good luck to enter the house of one of the rich-
est Chinese merchants, I received the information that the colours
were mixed with the finest so-called wood oil, which is quite white.
I bought a bottle of this oil for an experiment, and paid one Zubug
for it. At this rich Chinaman’s place 1saw many sorts of trees, the
stems standing hardly a hand wide above the ground; they were
four to five inches thick, and were planted in flower-pots. From
these stems issued thin short branches, bearing blossoms. ‘This
whole arrangement was of the same nature as that, which I had
seen in Inthia near the doctor’s house. This Chinese merchant
had also a little temple for his own private use; there was a kind
of altar erected in it, upon which was placed the sitting figure
of a stout fat idol, with small eyes; near it were some books
and other figures. This temple stood apart in the garden, some
steps leading up toit,and round this temple, which was about
six steps long and four steps wide, there was a covered pass-
age. It was made of wood, covered with many pictures, and
specially at the farthest end there were many representations
of man after death; below these were represented punishments,
in some metamorphosis into hideous animals was depicted, others
lay in flames, other were devoured by hideousanimals. Those who
had killed many animals were devoured by long beaked birds,
etc. The blissful condition, after death was depicted as life
in fine houses with beautiful women.

From here I went to the Chinese chemists, who are doctors
at the same time. I found there a kind of oil made by infusion.
I inquired for some ethereal oils, specially for Cajeput, but it was

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 157

either the fault of my interpreter or the ignorance of the chemist,
which prevented my finding anything like it. I bought another
kind of oil, which was green, and had a bad smell, it was an
Oleum Coctum. Most of the remedies which they keep in their
shops consist of herbs and roots, which are packed up in little
parcels of about one pound’s weight, with the name of the contents
written on the outside. These parcels fill up the upper part of
the walls, while lower down stood some glasses and vessels in no
order, of unequal size and shape; below these were a few drawers
for minor articles, as cut roots, seeds, etc. The chemist also had
some medical books in big octavo; they contained some miserable
woodcuts from plants, about one inch in size, but I could not really
recognise one among them all, and the anatomical figures were
of a similar kind. As for instance, the bowels were designed in
five equal rows, lying horizontally one on the top of the other, a
testis, like an upturned bottle, from which rose three tubes.
The same manner of treatment was followed as regards repre-
sentations of animals and stones. I should have liked to have
bought these books or to have found out their names, but did
not succeed in doing either.

4.—In the middle of the day the ship sailed from Bangkok,
and I was glad to leave this disagreeable place, which only as
far as natural history was concerned had given me some pleasure.
But before I leave it, I will make the following description of it.
The stream divides the town into two principal parts, one of
them is situated at the right side, as one goes up the stream
towards the north, and has formerly been a French fortress.
The other part lies at the left side towards the south and belonged
to the Portuguese. The French town, as well as that of the
Portuguese, was oblong in shape, and they both have small
fortifications along the stream, consisting of solid ramparts and
walls; there is also a wall all around each town, and at the side
towards the land there is a deep ditch, which is navigable for
small boats. There are few batteries on the walls outside the
fortress. The wall on the ramparts, which has more than a man’s
height, is divided into leaf-like partitions, being so large that a
man could stand in them.

The French town begins a little before the former Portuguese
one, but does not extend as far at the other end. It is intercepted
by ditches, navigable for boats; like the whole country it lies

158 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

under water in the rainy season; its lanes are somewhat raised,
irregular, and narrow, and only very few places are paved with
large bricks standing on their edge. In many places nothing
has been built, and these places are generally transformed into
swamps. The houses are all built upon bamboo poles or rafters,
about one man’s height above the ground. Most of them consist
of bamboo and matting which has been made from the Nipah Palm.
Only the richest fill these bays with planks. The temples alone
are generally built of bricks, and are situated on more elevated
ground. ‘This part of the town is only inhabited by Chinese and
Cochin-Chinese, they have a chief of their own nation. A
prince from Cochin China also lives on this side, and also a beggar
prince from Canco, who fled hither on account of an insurrection
that had broken out against him. I visited them both to-day.
All along the stream there are many swimming houses, mostly
inhabited by the Chinese who have shops, and also by some
artisans, as shoemakers, pewterers, colour-merchants, ete.

Such a house is built on big bamboos, which are enclosed
by strong rafters. and they have nearly all two roofs. The first
roof covers the shop or the work room; it has generally another
little roof added, which however is lower than the principal one.
The room behind this is the place where the family lives. At
both ends there are still some rooms, one of them forming the
kitchen, the other the living-place for the servants. When such
a building is new it floats about one foot above the water, but it
cannot last longer than four years at the utmost, after which
period it has to be destroyed, and rebuilt on new bamboo poles.
These houses are all built in firm bays, filled with planks of wood.
When such houses have been standing for some time, they are
filled with all sorts of poisonous snakes, mostly water-snakes.
People go with these houses often from one place to another,
mostly led by prejudice and superstition if there have occurred
too many cases of death or misfortune in any family. The remote
part of the town before the walls, is inhabited by Cochin-Chinese.

The former Portuguese town is now inhabited by the Siamese.
The King himself lives in the first fortress. The streets, houses,
canals, and the soil are like those in the French town.

The palace of the king is built of wood, and irregularly
covered with tiles; it consists of several smaller houses, lying
close together. There are no swimming houses before this town,

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA 159

except one swimming pleasure house for the king. It is open
on all sides and has a low gallery around it. Inside there
is a partition made of turner’s work, which is the king’s real
place, and before this stands a large gilt chair of old-fashioned
shape and ornamented with paintings. ‘The whole front of this
swimming house was painted and gilt, and the roof was covered
with palm-leaves.

There is a second swimming house for the queen close to
to the king’s; it has walls and shutters, is a little higher, but
only half the size of the above-mentioned one.

In both these towns there are elephants kept in the unbuilt
places; they live in high barns, especially built for them; they
are daily led out for their walk, and must daily be washed.
Round both parts of the town there is a number of houses built
close to the town walls, most of them at the side of the big
river, but there is seldom more than one row of these houses.

In this part dwell the bishop and two priests, all three
of the French nation and also paid by the French, but ordain-
ed by the pope himself. The houses still continue in single or
double rows for a long time after one has left the town, on
both sides of the river. Their inhabitants are people from Pegu or
Leo (Laos), or a few Burmans, having been brought hither as pri-
soners of war; they have either adopted the agricultural life or have
taken to manufacturing, for which occupation they are particu-
larly suited. The magazines of Sappan wood belonging to the
fugitive king of Leo on the left, and a temple on the right side,
end this suburb, so that the whole length of the town, taking all
in all, is about two English miles.

On the arm of this large river, which is about a gunshot wide,
lies another suburb. ‘The rivers divide close before the Portu-
guese fortress, and the smaller arm runs in a south-westerly direc-
tion towards the sea. On entering this town, one also sees many
swimming houses, and also some built on poles; the town
stretches about one English mile along the river. There are also
many kinds of shops here, specially some booths, belonging to
Mohametans.

At the month of this river there is a bazaar or market, con-
sisting of boats in which all sorts of victuals, as vegetable, fish
and pork are sold. This arm of the river forms yet another minor
arm, which surrounds the whole Portuguese town, and on the

160 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA:

left bank of which a great number of the king’s boats are
sheltered. A very small arm of the river surrounds the former
French town; there are fewer houses built outside its wall, and
they are only inhabited by Cochin-Chinese.

The principal river, which affords many means of existence
to the people, and which divides the two parts of the town,
changes its course first from east to north-west, but at the
beginning of the Portuguese town it turns with a curve towards
the north and continues in this direction for some time after it
has passed the suburbs.

The stream at the eastern extremity of the town is about 500
feet wide; it is narrowest at the beginning of the former French
fortress, but widens again and is twice as wide in the curve,
after which it grows almost immediately narrow again. Its depth
at the place where our ship lay at anchor was about thirteen
fathoms. In popular opininon this stream is said to come from
Tartary; it is certain that it passes the kingdoms of Leo and
Barman, and that at times Chinese boats from the inner part of
the country come down with its current. In spring, or in the
month of February, it causes an inundation in these parts, and
the water then assumes a red colour, which however only lasts
for a few days.

The water is always turbid here, because of the mud which |
settles at the bottom of any vessel when kept there overnight.
It contains little salt, but if taken from the river, it gives diarrhcea
and the Indian dysentery to any stranger. At the time of inun-
dation the water is said to be salt here, and even higher up the river.

One can only perceive the effects of tide in this stream once
in every twenty-four hours, the difference between high and low
tide at the time of inundation being one fathom and the current
at that time is said to be very rapid. The water abounds with
all kinds of good fish.

The trade of this place principally consists of export of
sappan wood, aloes wood, or agallochum, and an inferior kind
called May Crisena, this latter being a tribute which the inhabi-
tants of the provinces of Ischanthebuhn, Cambodia and Concao,
have to pay to this king. Furthermore they export tusks of
elephants, gutta, and salt. Formerly gold and silver could be
bought here with great profit, but since the war this trade has
sunk considerably. Gold is said to have been found in large

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 161

pieces near a stream on the way from Mergie to here. The
present king however does not permit any digging for gold any
more, in order not to furnish the Burmans with an excuse for
new invasions, which they have to fear every year again, and
just this very year he had sent out armies partly for the purpose
of guarding the frontiers against these guests, and partly to
conquer the capital of the kingdom, where the usurping brother
of the king of Leo, who is living here, defends himself. The
silver, which was sold here formerly, is said to have come from
Leo, and was very friable. As I have mentioned the place
where they found the gold, I will add the tale of some Christians,
who made this journey, concerning a class of creatures, which
are probably the Homo Lar of Mr. Arch. v. Linne. This animal
is said to walk erect, and to live principally on honey, and as the
Siamese consider its skin and flesh to have some medical virtues,
they kill it in the following manner. Those who go out for this
purpose take two bamboo sticks, of about an arms length, which
they hold close to their arms. As soon as the animal sees the
man it comes up to him and seizes one of his arms, with signs of
joy and as if it wanted to caress him. The man drops one of
the bamboo sticks, which the animals keeps in his paws, and
which it contemplates with joy and admiration; meanwhile the
man sizes the other bamboo, and hits the animal over the
head, until it is dead. The animal is said to be good natured,
but it only lives in the densest forests.*

The best articles for trade which one can bring here, are all
kinds of linen, surah silk, or materials embroidered with gold,
also silk from Bengal.

This country moreover is amply provided with all sorts of
articles from China; they are exchanged for the above-mentioned
goods.

The most important trade is made by the Chinese living
here, the king himself favouring it, but the greed for riches of
this latter and the constant fear of rebellion, are very great
drawbacks for irade. The king wants to be the first seller of
the products of the country, and buys the best goods imported
at a very low price, selling them again to the merchants of the
town at 100 per cent interest.

The soil in these parts is very fertile, and particularly suit-

* The Wawa. AHylohates Lar is intended.

162 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

ed for the cultivation of rice, because it has abundance of water
and it very rich. There are generally two harvests of rice
yearly, the first one being in December. In January the fields
are mostly dry, and then they burn all the stubbles and the
grass which has been growing during the rainy season, the
ashes furnishing the manure for this clayey soil. Along the
banks of the river only there is wood, from 100 to 1,000 feet wide,
and behind this wood beyin the never-ending rice fields. The
inhabitants ofthese woods live in houses which are built on
bamboo poles, a man’s height above the ground; these houses
are. built of split bamboo and palm-leaves. They have their
gardens in these woods, and have rarely any hedges, but as the
soil is so very fertile, long deep ditches have been made, cutting
it in all directions and being commonly so broad that a man can
jump. over them. Deep in the woods one sees now and then
such ditches; the ground thrown out of these ditches, raises the
soil and prevents it from being undated too often; such raised
part of the soil is seldom broader than three to four steps, and
pretty long, the width naturally depending on how low the soil
was originally and what height is required to ward off an
inundation.

On‘ this raised part they sow all their vegetables and plant
their pisang shoots. . Now'and then one sees b!ack pepper climb-
ing-on-an Hrythrina; all other fruit trees grow wild, several
eatable kinds of Dolichos grew wild at the banks of brooks and
rivers,. among the frequently occurring Verbesina biflora, Coix
Lachryma-Jobi, and others. Most of the wild trees were at this
time almost without leaves or blossoms; some had half-ripe fruit,
so that I could make out little about them. One Diospyros was
in blossom and had fruits, which I described. “Spondias ambalam
began to bloom, but had no leaves. Here and there grew some
kinds of figs as L%cus indica, bengalensis, religiosa, etc. I often
Saw Michelia growing wild and very high and also Crateva
Marmelos; these are the chief kinds which I recognised.

Among the bushes there: were some small kinds of palms,
which. I have partly described, specially the Aralia, Phyllanthus
with white fruits, the one which Burman reckons among the
Rhamni and called Vitis idea ; an Alloph yllus, which had’ large
orbicular: leaf auricles,

There grew many kinds of: erasses in the ditches, hes were

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 163

very high. The Lachyma-jobis minor of Burmann was the tallest
and most frequent; Saccharum spontaneum, Arundo kora, Coix
Lachryma, and one kind of broad grass, which seemed to belong
to a special class, resembling the Ap/uda; above all the Panicum
dinidiatum, were the most frequently occurring grasses.

The kinds of plants I saw were: Piper Malmire, very com-
mon, but it disappeared soon, and in its place grew a newly des-
cribed beautiful Justicia, followed by another, which had long,
oval-shaped, hairy leaves. In some places Plumbago grew very
frequently, and Canna indica was very common here, specially
the red blossomed one; that with yellow blossoms was rarer.
All along the foot-paths grew a kind of weed Hedysaruwm which
I had not seen on the other bank.

The character of the nation is peaceful, gentle, obliging and
curious, and the corruption of their morals has been produced by
the intermixed Mohametans, who are here, like everywhere else,
a vicious class of people, and by a hard and cruel Government.
Their chief sin consists in a kind of venereal disease, and dissolute-
ness resulting thereof. Besides the Mohametans. the Chinese
have had a bad influence over them; they are mostly inclined
to deceit and are very cunning in every respect. The dress of
the men and of the womer is almost alike.

The country swarms with Talapoins and temples. The Tala-
poins live in the most agreeable parts of the country, but I have
seldom seen an old Talapoin. This has its cause in the fact that
most people send their boys to the Talapoins, where they are
instructed in reading, writing and religion, and if this calling does
not suit them any more they choose some other profession, what-
ever they think they will best succeed in. Therefore near the
temples, which they generally call Watt, one is surrounded by boys
and young people. Sometimes their houses form little villages.
A Talapoin has his hair shorn, and generally wears a brown,
or lemon-coloured, long piece of cloth across his shoulders and
another one round the body, which however is not taken up again
between the legs, as other men generally wear it. _As long as
they follow this calling they cannot marry. I could not learn
much about their religious ceremonies, because they never would
converse with me about religion, but as I was near their temples
almost every day, I have heard them saying their prayers between
three and four o’clock in the morning, also in the evening at sun-

164 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

set, and heard them preaching between ten and eleven o'clock at
night. At other times I have found them reading, singing or
working in their rooms. I also watched them making some
ornaments for their idols or their prayer houses, or preparations
for the funeral ceremonies of a rich Talapoin, or even working
at their boats, and I saw that the young men worked while the
more experienced showed them how to do it.

The present king has gained the kingdom by his bravery
and cleverness. On his father’s side he belongs to a kind of
Siamese aristocracy, and on that of his mother to the Chinese.
At the time when the Burmans invaded this kingdom he was
governor over a small part of the country.

The Burmans committed the fault of going home with their
booty after they had robbed and plundered the land, and only
leaving a few people under a governor’s command in Siam, who
were not even able to prevent the Chinese living in the country
from breaking the idols and ruining the temples. The present
king saw this; he waited fora favorable time, circumstance and
opportunity. He surprised the Burmans left in charge, and
treated them with such severity as they had deserved by their
former crueliies to the country, and in a short time he conquered
the whole land, because all came tohim on account of his success,
and after he had re-established order, he proclaimed himself as
their king. He is rather small in stature.

His character is not one of the best, as he allows his anger
to over-master him completely and for small crimes he has people
beheaded, regardless of what rank they may be. His sons, most
of them grown up, his nearest relatives, even his generals and
ministers, he has had at some time or the other publicly punished
with rotan sticks, and as the Siamese seldom wear their jackets
one can see that all the grandees have had their backs torn with
the rotan whips. ,

Moreover he is jealous, fears everybody and everything, and
is grasping, and with all that he believes that according to their
religious creed he will one day bea god. To be able to draw
breath so that one does not perceive any movement in the pit of
the stomach, is considered a sign of his commencing divinity.
Moreover there are some other sure signs thereof, consisting in
his being able to sit perfectly rigid for hours like the idol Rill,
with meditative features and fixed eyes, and lastly he believes

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA, 165

that by reading he is going to have white blood, as the gods are
said to have that too. With these capacities he believes he will
finally succeed in flying.

He relates all this nonsense to all who appear before him,
and asks them whether they do not think them possible, and
whether they do not believe that one day he well be able to fly,
whereupon he is assured by all his courtiers, doctors and Talapoins
that he surely is right.

Unfortunately for the old bishop and his two priests, he had
them brought before him two years ago, and also questioned them
about these things and whether they did not think them possible.
As they all unanimously denied this, he ordered each of them
to be given 100 strokes with the rotan sticks; some other Chris-
tians had the same fate. Afterwards they were laid in irons, and
thrown into prison. The old bishop remained there for one year,
the others were released after half a year, but the old man still
suffers great pains from the wounds which the iron has made in
his feet.

Another story of his cruelty, which happened shortly before
our arrival, runs as follows: His hair-cutter had shorn his hair a
little unevenly, because he was short-sighted. The king looks
into the looking glass himself; and asks afterwards his oldest
prince and his nephew, whether his hair was properly cut, who
both say it was. Hereupon he goes to his women, who do not
approve, or perhaps laugh at him. He returns in a fury, pro-
nounces death-judgement on the old hair-cutter, and orders his son
and his nephew each to receive 150 strokes with the rotan, which
are immediately dealt out tothem. One of the old ministers begs
for the prince and offers his back instead; he also is flogged im-
mediately. The hair-cutter was beheaded three days after, for the
king had made a law that he had to pronounce a death warrant
at three different times, before it could be executed, in case he
might have been over-hasty in the first instant.

The rotan floggers have a certain rank; they are many in
number, and each carries his bundle of three to twelve rotan
sticks in his hand. These sticks are about three feet long and as
thick as a little finger.

He has no real soldiers, only there are some kinds of guards
near him, together with his courtiers, specially such as they call
pages. They do not allow any stianger to appioach bim nearer

166 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

than thirty steps, at which distance everybody must prostrate
himself before the king. All people near him must fall down as
soon as he stops in his “walk, or at whatever place he may choose
to be; they may only approach him creeping on their knees, with
their hands folded and uplifted, speaking in humble tones.

Whenever he is in his swimming houses nobody may row
close past them, nor cross the river; such a crime, according to
the laws of the country would be avenged by capital punishment.
However two of his pages were ouilty of this crime during my
stay and they escaped with eighty strokes with the rotan.

Ten christians are on guard in the little fort where he lives dur-
ing the night; they are intended to represent soldiers. He trusts
more to the christians than to anybody else, and they are con-
sidered as soldiers of artillery, but they have no weapons, except
their chief, who at night has a sword in his hand. They wear
a white coarse short shirt, and long blue trousers, some of them
wear hats. Most of them are direct bastards of Europeans, or
their ancestors were Europeans, but they are as dark as the
Indians. They have neither implements for the cannons, nor
powder at hand; the only existing powder being either in the
quarter of the Christians or in the house of a black Mandarin.
They have no granulated powder, neither do they know how to
prepare it. The coal for their powder is made from the wood of
the Cerbera Mangas.

Each of the cannons of this small fortress, stands peemees
four thick beams, which stand perpendicularly and are firmly
rammed into the wall; to these beams the gun-carriage is tied
with strong vords, so that the cannon cannot kick. This of
course is a new impediment for these unpractised people when
they want to load the cannon and no side-ways movements are
possible..

I busied myself with packing to-day, and directly after dinner
the anchors were lifted. I followed the ship in my small boat,
and amused myself by going on shore from time to time. I
found a kind of Smilax with oval- shaped leaves, which I had not
seen before, and also the Waringa rubra, a kind of fig tree, on
the banks of the stream. The water began already to be salt;

towards evening we came to the custom station, where the
anchors had to be let down.

6.—I rowed again in my boat along the shore, my chief

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 167

aim being to find a specimen of the Granatum Littoruem
in bloom*, and I succeeded and found it pretty frequently, also
good ripe seed of the Cesalpinia nuga, and some other seeds, and
moreover fruits from the tree, which I have already . described
in Tringuemalle; the one which I first thought to be a Hernandia.

On my return to the ship I made a description of the above-
mentioned tree ; its wood is considered here to be the best for
building purposes.

7.—We sailed out of the harbour and had fine sioner and
very favourable wind, but we could not obtain a pilot to pass a
bank, and therefore we had to cast anchor four English miles
from the mouth of the river.

8.—The pilot came on board to-day, but by ill- luck we
stranded on a mudbank of about German mile’s length, and we
were told that we should have to remain there patiently until
the next new-moon.

9.—We certainly were settled there beautifully firmly, and
as the tide was about one foot lower to-day than yesterday, all
attempts to get the ship afloat were useless.
I obtained to day a stem, roots, and a few branches of the
Radix Dei para. The odour of the fresh root is very sweet and
agreeable ; the stem had a white-grey rough back; the branches
had prickles underneath the leaves. The leaves were like the
drawing Rumph gives of them, long in shape. They dried quickly
and were hard to the touch, harder than those of the Gmelina
asiatica, therefore Mr Burmann must have been wrong in what
he says, aS Gmelina asratica has smooth, fleshy leaves.

11.—However much trouble they took to get us out. of the
mud, it was all in vain, and moreover by their using strong wind
classes and cast the bie anchor, we were in danger of being wreck-
ed on the sandbank lying before us. I obtained some of the soil
which had been brought up by the big anchor; it consisted: of .a
grey kind of drifting sand, intermixed with much mica and a
little clay, but it had a strong odour of the Bitumen.

12.—This afternoon I took an opportunity to go back to the
land, and had the good luck to have favourable wind, so that- I
reached the custom station about five. o'clock, and one hour and a
half after that I got another boat, with which I went. on to. the
town this-evening. . Before sunset-I botanized a little and. found

* Carapa moluccana, L.

168 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

a peculiar kind of Contorta. It climbed, had opposite oval or at
times heart-shaped leaves, which were fleshy, smooth, and shiny
on the top. The fruit is peculiar ; it is of the size of a very big
apple and is almost round ; at its stalk grows a projecting, sharp,
fleshy keel, which runs down almost half the side and grows
gradually smaller ; outwardly it is covered with a white-grey
rather shiny skin, and little sharp projecting dots, which are
sharp and irregularly distributed make it rough. Inside it is
fleshy and has many (seeds).

People here eat both the fruit and the leaves in their curries
and consider them to have healing qualities. But no aninal can
eat this fruit without dying, one has specially observed that as re-
gards pigs; only on the monkeys it does not seem to have any bad
effect, because people are said to have observed that they eat the
ripe fruits. The fruit is full of an acid milk; the whole descrip-
tion can be found among my description of other plants. I got
much ripe seed of the Phaseolus inebrians. It grew dark, and
nature presented another wonderful spectacle to my eyes. There
were millions of phosphorescent Cantharides, hanging among the
thin branches of the Siamese Lampu, bending as low as the
water; they let their phosphorising light shine and disappear in
equal periods of time, and this time was so exactly kept that
practised soldiers could hardly have kept it more exactly ; it was
very rare that one of them was out of time. This spectacle
could be watched all along the river, further up than there were
any houses on its banks.

13.—Early to-day I went again to two temples, which both
lie down the Pipli river. To the first of them I went on account
of two trees, from which I had only got imperfect blossoms; one
of them had blossoms resembling those of the Mangostang, with
small lancet-shaped petals; the other one has blossoms like those
of the Mangos, with three large petals; both of them however
had not much advanced in growth during the last eight days.

From here I went to another temple, to which the king after
resorted last year; it had many pictures of different size on the
walls and on all pillars. There were two rows of pillars, six in
each row. The pictures represented a procession of boats, and
many scenes showing the splendour of their kings, their cars, etc.
Round about there were niches of about one foot high; they were
all in one row and in them were placed gilt figures in sitting pos-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 169

tures. The chief idol was only moderate in size; before it stood
two other idols, apparently of the female sex. They hadruby rings
and other jewels painted on each of their fingers. Above them
there hung canopies which were round and had four divisions,
one above the other ; they were ornamented with flowers and tinsel.

There was another smaller idol, sitting back to back with
the chief one; on the wall at the side of two doors were two
hieroglyphic boards, the signs being about four inches long and
painted in equal rows, representing all sorts of animals, flowers,
and leaves. They were said to be copies from originals which
exist in Inthea in a temple. They represent the footprints of
one of their gods. The whole plates were about three feet long
and two feet wide. Others say that they are the tables of their
Metempsycoses. I could distinguish an archer, a ram, fishes and
such signs, and therefore am more inclined to think that they are
the tables of their signs of the Zodiac, because some of the
Malabars on our coast have similar tables, and the leaves of the
ebony-tree, which they call Karingalli, and which occurred often
on those tables, are often mentioned in their poems. In the
pronaos I found many Saraca trees in full bloom; I was told,
that these flowers furnish a good vegetable. I also found the
small parasitical Contorta with orbicular leaves,* of which
Rumph has made a drawing in his third volume. It grew abun-
dantly on a tree, but had neither blossom or fruit. The ordinary
mangestang began to bloom.

In the afternoon I started on my way back towards
our ship and as the water was very shallow in some places,
I went on shore. First near a temple, which lay at some
distance from the stream and was called Bang-Plung. Here
I found Averrhoa acida in full bloom, but most of the blos-
soms were male ones, and it is no Overrhoa buta Phyllanthus*.
Cercophyllum arborescens began to bloom ; both its leaves and its
blossoms are eaten by the natives. There was a plantation of
many young trees here. Terminalia Catappa grew everywhere
wild on the banks of the river, specially in such places where
the water began to be salt.

At other places I found a Nyctanthes ; it had many branches
and lancet-shaped leaves, which were shiny on the upper

* Dischidia nummularia.
¢ Cicca acidissima.

170 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

side. The Varinga rubra of Rumph grew also frequently
where the water began to be salt, and my climbing Tetrandria,
with three long leaves, I found with beautiful open blossoms and
fruits. The common monkeys diverted themselves towards
evening with the fruit of the Lampu. They sat on the big
branches and drew the thinner ones, which hung into the water,
up towards them until they could reach the fruits. The water-
hens sought for their supper in the shallow water at sunset.
They were of the kind commonly seen on our coast, with a lead-
coloured greenish back, white neck and stomach; they have
some rust-coloured feathers at their sides. At dark I came to
the custom-station called Chanki. ;

14.— Quite early I left Chanki to get to our ship. I took
a boat which was to bring water to the ship, because all our
water had been spilt, when we struck the ground. The wind
was very strong after we left the river, and large waves came
into our boat. After 9 o’clock we happily arrived on board of
our ship, and hardly half an hour after, the boat in which I had
come split, so that it had to be tied together with ropes. I dis-
covered from what danger I had escaped and thanked God who
had saved me from it.

In the evening I went to a place where fish are caught.
This is done in the followmg manner :—For about half a mile
two rows of thick split sticks are firmly planted in the ground,
so that they meet in a sharp angle. At this point there are again
many sticks planted in the ground, which form a square. On
these sticks stand two men, one facing the other, tying the
front part of the net to a trigger; at the other end there are two
men in a boat, who hold up the net, which at the other end has
been fastened at the open side of angle formed by the sticks.
As soon as it grows dark, they let the front part of the net fall
down, while the other end is kept above the water. A very
rapid stream which at this point flows into the sea bring's the fishes
down into the net, which the fishermen raise every three or four
minutes. First of all they only: caught small Gasterostei, but
ater in the night, Scombri and other good fish were caught;
among them I found one Gasterosteum, which resembled - the
Western one very much, and is called St. Peter’s fish by the
Portuguese. . ae

15.—Early this morning I nade a description of the Gasteros-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 171

teum obtained yesterday. In some of these fish I found some
Onisci, and some others, especially the St. Peter’s fish, had
Oniscus parasiticus in their mouths.

16.—My occupation was to try and preserve the collection
of herbs and seeds. Meanwhile we were agitated both with fear
and with hope, as we lay near a sand-bank and the wind grew
daily stronger from the north-east.

17.—To-day the water rose higher, because it was near the
time of the new moon; the wind was strong from the north-east
and we had the great luck to get afloat without any damage.
Never is the heart more inclined to give thanks to the protecting
Hand of God, than when one has escaped from a pending danger.
At least I felt more deeply grateful than I cared to show to the
fashionable world. The wind was very strong.

18.—A hired man brought me to-day some branches from
the shore; they had oblong leaves, full of nerves and blue
blossoms. Some other branches had lancet-shaped leaves, equal’ y
full of nerves and rough.

19.—We got to-day again water on board, because when
we had struck it had all been poured out, in order to make the
ship lighter; also the anchors and ropes, with which they had
vainly tried to get us afloat, were sent bavk.

20.—To-day everything was ready for sailing and we only
waited for our captain, who came towards evening and paid the
people who had come with him.
21.—In the night, towards three o’clock, we had a favourable
wind, whereupon the anchor was weighed and with joy we left
the place where we all had experienced so much danger and
vexation up to the last hour. We passed quite close by the
high hilly islands on our left, where the bird’s nests are collected
in such quantities, and where now and then they also find black
pepper ; they were all stony, intermixed with red soil; near the
sea the sand seemed to be white. I was told that the best pepper
grows on a red clayey soil on alittle hill. Wesaw several boats
which had come from Siam, in order to buy pepper from the
inhabitants. In the distance we saw the continent, which seemed
to be flat, and had only some small mountains. The wind
changed and was in the evening north-west. It was rather cold,
and there were some clouds, but the whole atmosphere was so
misty that we could not see farther than two German miles. In

v2 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

the evening we had calm, which lasted part of the night.

22.—We had calm through the whole night, and only
towards 7 o'clock there was a little north-east wind. We passed
aus near as i of a mile by an island, the water being twenty
fathoms deep; the shores looked sterile. I fished frequently for
Fucus natans and lendigerus. About two o'clock in the afternoon
passed quite close by the island, which is called Cape Liand in the
charts. The stratums of earth were distinctly visible, as they
descended slantingly from north-east to south-west; they con-
sisted of stony strata resembling a Cos; their (Stalbander) were
probably red and white (bands). Here and there we perceived
on the perpendicular walls some fine green plant, which much
resembled the Lycopodium phlegmatitis. The steep slopes moreover
were often covered with light green plants, looking more like
nlOss.

23.—We advanced moderately, and in the afternoon we
came to a harbour, where we had some high pointed mountains
on the left and a chain of islands on the right; we intended to
pass them by closely, but the fathomless depth of the sea forced
us to keep to the harbour.

One of the steersmen had gone on shore while measuring the
depth of the sea, and the natives brought me many rare things,
most of them were however fractured. The most remarkable
was a new Alcyonium.

24.—I was so lucky to-day as to get the permission to visit
one of the islands with the boat belonging to our ship. This
island consisted of schistous stones, with many coloured veins,
mostly runnin in stripes. Many of them were bright red and
porous; now and then I found some sponge-like porous stones of
black colour, which no doubt were of volcanic origin. ‘The
eastern side had a rather projecting sand shore, consisting mostly
of shell sand, intermixed with a few grains of quartz. The sea
was filled here with many kinds of coralstones, The most peculiar
stones which I found, in a slaty white grey fine sand, was a stone
with thin green stripes like malachite, and another piece which
resembled the heavy spatum from the Harz-mountains. The
most important plants on the sand were: fenus musiades, Ulva
paconia, and labyrinthiformis; both were frequent; Fucus natans
was rarer; further on there was nothing but Ginora. A little
deeper inland I saw a plant which had the habit of an Amonum

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 173

and further I often met a plant without stem, with long oval
pointed fibrous leaves, the single stalk of which was angular
thin, smooth, and almost longer than the leaves themselves; from
the root grew, between two sheathy leaves, a raceme of about
one finger long, bearing very fine beautiful blue oval fruits; they
had only a thin skin and little flesh over a bali-shaped white kernel

I saw a special kind of fern with asingle stipitate ternate
pinnate frond, with the pinnce tripartite striped; also a Bauhinia,
the leaves of which were perfectly divided, smooth and beauti-
ful; it had no blossom, but I obtained much seed. I also found
frequently the Convo/volus maximus, seminibus, hirsutis, marginibus
petiolatis, Hermanni minor, and seed of some other plants. My
stay here was only of short duration, two hours at the longest ;
we had to catch up our ship which was going with full sails.
We had to overcome much danger, and succeeded in reaching
it after five o’clock in the evening.

25.—To-day we came at last to the mouth of the river
which flows past Chantibuhn. We cast anchor in the harbour of
this town, between two islands; it was late in the evening.
We prepared everything to go on the followmg morning to the
town with our boat. <A very big tortoise, which had been caught
near one of the is lands was given us to take away with us.

26.—Between three and four o’clock in the morning we went
on shore with our boat; none of us had ever seen this country
before, and so we went about as chance would lead us. On the
right hand the mouth of the river had forme1 a low back-water ;
it was stagnant, and the country was overgrown with trees.
On the left there was a high stony mountain range, also covered
with high trees. We looked about for houses in the dark, but
in vain. At the break of day we saw some houses near a bay,
which cut deep into the land and on approaching these houses we
found them to be the custom houses. ‘The water was not very
deep, although at was high tide, and we had to be carried for a
considerable distance.

Soon after I went into the forest, which consisted of high
trees and only little undergrowth, the soil being a yellow dusty
sand. The first plant I found was a climbing kind of cucunber,
which I had already found before in Inthea. I frequently
found a thorny Mimosa, which resembled the cassia but had
different pods; it had ripe seed but no blossoms, I also saw

174 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

many plants which were unknown to me, part without blossom
and fruit. There were many so-called oil trees* here ; they were
very high and had splendid stems, but none of them was at
present producing any oil. Some of them had two holes hewn
into their stem, the lowest one being about of a man’s height
from the ground, was about one foot broad and was first cut
horizontally, but then it sloped a little downwards for about six
inches and ended ina half round niche, which was about one
and a half feet high. The inside of this hole was only little
burnt and at the beginning there was no trace of charcoal, but
it was still showing marks of the oil. This tree seemed to have
only been burnt once, for the holes of the other trees were
much more burnt; nevertheless these trees had just got new
foliage and were beautifully green; the leaves were oval, had
serrated edges and were striped by the veins; there were neither
biossoms nor fruits at this season. J saw a small shrub, hardly
one and a half foot high with blossoms and fruits, which I des-
cribed. It belonged to Mr. Ritter’s fifth class. The calyx and
corolla were divided into five parts, the anthers grew on the
corolla above the division. The seed bud was ball-shaped, the
style round, shorter than the anther, the stigma pointed; the
fruit was pear-shaped, and was of the size of an ordinary pea.
The corolla was white-pink, speckled with yellow. The big trees
were swarming over with green caterpillars.

After we had got a man to accompany us up the river we
continued our excursion at seven o'clock in the morning. In the
beginning the river was very large and full of fathomless depths ;
both banks were densely covered with trees, which at high tide
stand in the water; they were only Rag. Sophoras, Avicennias,
trees, which I have already described at the Bangkok river,
also Lampu and Granatus Littoreum. Nowand then it seemed
as if the river was about to divide into several arms, but
afterwards it grew narrower ; the bank was for some time higher,
but soon it was swampy again and overgrown with a coarse kind
of grass. I saw a kind of Avicennia, with white shiny lancet-
shaped leaves, and at last towards five o’clock in the afternoon
we reached the town, after having alternately sailed and rowed
for about four German miles. We went to the Governor of this
province and after I had paid my respects, I tried to pass the

* Dammar trees.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. WIS)

time until our captain had found suitable quarters, by contemplat-
ing the things of nature. The first view which I took at the
large fat buffaloes, which were pulling square massive carts was
formidable. I could form an idea of the wild buffaloes, living
here in the woods. The grazing places, which lay close to the
Governor’s house, were mostly burnt down, and consisted of a
kind of sugar-cane, which grew very high, had broad leaves and a
very narrow panicles, and stood about as high as one or one and
third men. Mr. Arch v. Linné does not mention this cane.* There
was also some Saccharum diandrum, which grew also unusually
high here, only in the most fertile places grew Saccharum
spontaneum. Besides these there were few other kinds of grass
which I managed to recognise. From the leaves of the first kind
they plait here the common mats. Between these high grasses
g@rew some shrubs with simple branches, their leaves were lancet-
shaped, rough and a little wavy; they had no blossoms, but many
ball-shaped fruits, having five winged edges, and the fruit itself
was woolly and larger than a hazelnut. Deeper among the
erasses I found some kind of Hedysarum; they had fruits but no
blossoms. Among them was the Hedysaruwm umbel/atum; lastly
I found a Hedysarum ulche!lum, which I only could recognise by
the nodding distichous branches with opposite orbicular stiff
veined bracts; only here and there I could see a few leaves at
the base. I collected much seed from this kind. At last I came
to a dense forest. ‘The first plant I saw there was Laurus cassia,
which had just got fresh leaves, with their spreading panicled-
racemes, but hardly had one of the blossoms begun to bloom
when it was devoured by innumerable ants; the se/amonic? ant
being the worst among them. There was a diadelphous shrub,
which as it had support for its branches in those of some other
shrub, had climbed up ; it had many blossoms, and I have found
many other specimens of this same class on our coast ; the blossoms
resembled the Pungum of Rheede, which has been classed by
Mr. Zolander among the Giycines. 1 took many of these
blossoms with me, as well as specimens of the Lichousand of the
Laurels, and went joyfully back to my boat. We rowed on
about hundred steps and took up our quarters with a well-to-do
Chinese merchant; we learned there to live like the Chinese and
did very well. The weather during the last days was fine, only
. * Probably Saccharum arundinaceum, L.

17S VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

the heat at the foot of the mountains was very great in the
afternoon.

27.—During the night it was just as cold as it had been
hot in the afternoon. There was mist and heavy dew towards
morning, which revivified the plants. I should have liked to go
out early in the morning, but there were many hindrances, until
at last I got hold of a woman, who could speak Portuguese a
little; she brought with her a boy who could climb the trees. I
went out at about nine o’clock and passed a temple, which stood
some fathoms above the sea on a little hill; broad stone steps led
up to it. JI saw here upon a high tree a parasitic plant; its sim-
ple racemes were ear-shaped and as long as a hand is wide; its
stalks and blossoms were,of the most beautiful carmine colour ;
the fruit was whitish; some projecting anthers stood out against
this beautiful colour. The tree however stood at the side of
the steep precipice, and the parasitic plant grew on the outmost
branches, and so nobody would undertake to get me some of it.
I continued on my excursion and found on the pedestals of the
ordinary columns of the temple several ferns. On a stem of
more than two men’s height I found a peculiar kind of pepper
with oblong leaves. I hastened to penetrate deeper inland and
found many things unknown to me. A peculiar kind of Nyctan-
thes was in blossom, and a Panicum with a long panicle, which
however was so rough that the branches intertwined. [alsosawa
peculiar kind of Ruel/ia, with large blue blossoms, climbing among
the shrubs. My real wish was to find the Cambogia gutta tree,
which grows here frequently and also the L. A. both of which
my guide promised to show me. We hurried to a temple, which
she said was the nearest place where both the much desired plants
erew, but when we arrived there everything was wrong, and the
people said that they grew half aday’s journey further, near an-
other temple situated near Eben. This news disappointed me
very much, because it was by this time already midday, and my
departure had been fixed for the morrow; so I went to a big
forest lying near, though they all dissuaded me on account of
the wild animals living there, as tigers and rhinoceros, but I
ventured to advance about 500 steps; first there was very dense
and thorny underwood, but a narrow footpath helped me on.
Most of the trees were unknown to me; a plant which I recog-
nised as belonging to the Monandria, grew very often in these

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA Te

™ woods. As my guide and the other people accompanied me, I
grew more daring an:] I advanced still further; but the deeper I
penetrated into the woods, the more often I found this plant. I
rubbed the leaves, and found them to havea strong smell of
Cardomum. I showed it to the people, who assured me that it
was Cardomum, of which two different sorts grow here. None
of the natives are allowed to sell any of it to strangers, who pay
them well for it. All had to be delivered to the king, who paid
very little for it. Lastly i found some capsules on the ground,
which were overgrown with small fibres. The plant which pro-
duces them consists only of one stem growing up slantingly,
curving slightly at the end; it was notastallasaman. The
roots are horizontal, have knots in rings, and are a little raised
and as thick as a finger, like those of the ginger. The stalk is
round and had on both sides distichous alternate widely spread-
ing leaves, oblong, acute, the upper surface smooth, the lower
glabrous whitish. The real time of blossom was in November,
the fruits are gathered in December.

My curiosity urged me on. I found the Cassta lignea and
Cardomum, but I was still very far from the mountains, which
Mr. Toren mentions in reference to the thunder in the Cardomum
mountains.

I had the good luck to shoot a Siamese cuckoo in this
wood. It had its two long tail feathers, and I saw several
birds of this kind here; they were all of a shiny black colour.
The inner side of the wings had small white spots as large as an
ordinary pea, and there were also some white speckled feathers
on the rump, but all the rest was pitchblack. They were busy
catching insects. Some Talapoins came after me and warned me
not to penetrate deeper into the woods, so I re-collected my flora
as much as was possible in a hurry, and went home with many
new things. In the afternoon I went to a black pepper planta-
tion, which the Chinese have made a quarter of a mile from the
town. The pepper plants are planted in the ground, and trained
up dry stems of trees about the height of three men; they stood
four steps distant from each other. Little ditches of hardly a
foot deep had been made between the stems in order to moisten
the roots. The plants were now full of almost ripe fruit, some
were already being dried on mats. The king had ordered
30,000 piculs to be brought to his capital from this Drago, and

i78 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

there were two vehicles standing ready to take them. A pigeon
of the size of a chicken was shot. It was dark green on the back,
and its stomach was whitish-green, the feet and bill were ash-
coloured.

I saw the Gramen arguens of Rumph in a wilderness, but
it was almost dry ; also some plants without leaves or blossoms,
of which I only obtained some seed. The trees were everywhere
filled with green pigeons and other birds, specially with the Gra-
cula calva and cristatella, which were feasting on the nectar of
the Erythrina cora'lodendron.

28.—We prepared everything for our departure to day, but
to my gteat pleasure we stayed on. I had sent a fellow for the
blossoms of the Cambogia; I paid him in the hope that he would
keep his promise, and was delighted that the time would be long
enough to await his return. | went to another part of the wood,
where I found a peculiar Loranthus growing on a small tree; I
took several specimens with me. I also saw a Dracena in
blossom, but it had no fruit. To-day I was not as lucky as yes-
terday in hitting upon a very rich part of the country, as near the
mountains everything was burnt. I found many places where
the wild elephaiits have their track to the water. I went back
and paid a visit to the Roman Catholic priest, Jacobo Philippo de
St. Corol, in order to make some inquiries regarding the country.
He had really been born in Macao, of Cochin-Chinese parents,
had acquired his theology in Manila, and had been sent to Co-
chin-China. In the many civil wars and revolts of the country
he had lost everything. He was taken prisoner and expected
his death at every moment; afterwards he had an opportunity of
escape and was for the time set over the congregation here,
which consisted of about 250 Christians. My curiosity regarding
the products of this country directed my questions. I was
pleased to learn that there are two different kinds of Cardomum
here, one of them being round and smooth and the other more |
oblong and overgrown with fibre; the former kind grew a little -
more inland, the latter was very common in all the woods of the
country. The Gummi Gutta was much collected by the people of
the country. The tree was very comnion; it had a high stem
and oblong leaves. The red sandal-wood was frequent in these
mountains; in the house of a Chinese I saw a large beam of it
being split. The yellow sandal-wood grew frequently in the val-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 1¥9

leys, but was called rose-wood by him; but from one branch which
one of his pupils brought me, I saw that it was the same as that
which on our coast is called white sandal-wood, only it grows
smaller and has thinner stems, while on the coast of Malabar it
has thick stems and turns yellow and oily; it is the Lignum San-
talum Citrinum officinale. According to what the priest said this
wood here has lighter,and darker veins. He had just the day
before ordered a stem to be cut, but it had not yet been brought
to his house. |

There was some black ebony wood here, but it was not
called so in this country. He also spoke of a kind of oil, used for a
varnish, and in his language he called the tree Rock. He says
the branches are broken off this tree and from those places issues
a milky juice, which burns very badly when brought in contact
with the skin, but which soon, when exposed to the sun, changes
into a kind of oil, which is used for painting purposes. The real
so-called Chinese varnish tree did not grow here, but in the
kingdom of Cambodia. The resin-trees were everywhere very
common in the wilderness, and furnished the means of living to
many poor people. He also said that agall ochum (Gharu agallocha)
grew pretty frequent in these mountains. It is a twisting tree,
which makes many curious bends in its growth; at this time of
the year it was dry and had no leaves at all. In the end of
February and in March the oblong leaves being to come out, as
there is some rain in these parts during those months. Very
soon the small white blossoms come forth; they are divided and
red at the end, and they are followed by a fruit, which ripens in
the month of July or Augnst, is about as large asa thumb, and
has a sweet agreeable taste—a reason why the natives often eat it.
The stem when perfectly sound does not furnish this valuable
wood, or at least not the kind so much sought after in trade, but
the birds, which come to pick at the fruits, break the branches
and in those place a kind of blight is thus originated, the plant
begins to sicken and the sap is irregularly distributed, so that
there is more in some places, whence it grows resinous. The
tree dies, and the ants gnaw the loose much putrified wood and
build their nests in it. Probably these insects must at the same
time find their nourishment in this way, because they occur in
great numbers and remain there even when the wood has already
been brought into trade. They are the black, small, long-legged

180 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

ants, so common in India. The more a part has been permeated
by the black resinous wood, the more aromatic and heavier it
grows, and they have three or four different qualities, which
fetch very different prices. The first is blac’ -brown, shiny, hard,
and dry; it has an agreeable perfume, even without being burnt.

The second quality has now and then little white spots; it is
not as heavy, smooth, shiny, with a fine grain, and suffused with
resinous sap.

The third quality has only very little resinous matter, which
can be cut out with the knife, for what the ants and the
putrefaction do not consume, is generally cut out with knives.

The fourth quality is a brown, light fibrous wood; it really
being in its natural condition. This is notexported but used in Siam
for ordinary fumigating purposes. Every poor Cochin-chinese
Christian must pay a tribute to the king, consisting in two katties
of the first quality wood. Whatever more they find they may
sell. For this purpose these poor people must go into the
wilderness of the mountains in the months of February and
March, and search there for this wood. The Siamese call it May-
kisna. There is still a better quality, which they called Calampack,
but this is not to be found here. The first quality is sold here for
six tekal, and the second for four and a half, or at the highest five,
of the same coin; if some merchants trading on these coasts give
them goods for it, they reckon 100 per cent higher on his goods,
from which fact one may see how great the gain is and how
anxious they always are to get people to witness such bargains.
The king of Siam takes twenty for each ‘wo, and the Siamese weight
is here in use. The king very seldom sells the first quality, but
generally the second. Whatever is produced of Gummi Gutta has
to be delivered to the king like the Cardomum, and he sends it
away or sells it to the Siamese, or he sends it to Batavia on his
ships, to besold there. Theelephants and elephant tusks are also
brought to the capital. The horns of the rhinoceros, which are
usually shot here in the evening, are delivered to the king, who
pays very little for them; the flesh is said to be bought for food
by the Cochin-Chinese.

28.—I had to pack up my things early this morning and be-
fore leaving this excellent country I wanted to give nature one
last visit. I first went to the woman who could speak Portuguese
and had promised to procure me the roots of the Plumbago Cocer-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA . 181

nea for payment, because the other, which I had taken with me
from Bangkok, was already dead. She considered it here as an
abortient. I saw a peculiar kind of Bignonia, with long flat pods
full of knots. I desired very much to obtain ripe seed, or if
possible some of its blossoms, and I succeeded. Ina little wood
before the town I saw different kinds of seeds which I had not
seen before. There were especially high trees, two different kinds
of Lagerstrémias, and at the same time I found a few blossoms.
The bark of this tree was white, the leaves oblong and large;
the other kind was smaller, with a darker bark and had capsules
of an oval-shape. I sawa shrub in this wood with oblong stiff
leaves without any fibre. Scarcely did I touch the little tree
when a strong spicy smell of clover and cinnamon spread all
round. I did not get any blossoms, because I was in a great
hurry and so I took two almost ripe fruits and a few specimens
of leaves, and went back glad of what I had found. Soon after
I started for the ship in a hired boat. Before leaving | called
again on the Roman Catholic priest, who promised to provide me
in the course of the year with fruits and blossoms of the eagle
wood and with the Gummi Gutta; at the same time he gave me
two little pots filled with earth, in which scented plants had
been planted.

N.B. The town of Chanthebuhn lies on a river, which the
inhabitants call May-Nam, which is hardly 200 steps wide. The
houses are built ou the banks in the same manner as those of Bang-
kok. On the right towards the east is the part where the Siam-
ese live, and on the left, the quarter of the Chinese; the houses of
the latter are generally better and built of wood, while those of
the others only consist of bamboo and Nipa palm-leaves. There
were not more than about 200 houses altogether. The Cochin-
Chinese, who are mostly Christians, live about 400 steps from the
town, also on the banks of the river. The people all live very
poorly, or are forced to do so by the tyranny of the government.
There are few merchants or artisans here, but many servants of
the king, who always jealously watch each other. The products
of the country are not sufficiently utilised, because encourage-
ment is wanting and no one knows how long he may possess the
little he has. Frequent examples are constantly before their eyes,
viz: The dragging away of all Cochin-Chinese who have lived
there; the manner in which a Siamese, who was rather wealthy,

182 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

had been treated merely because he had asked for the permission
to go to Bangkok, etc.

The chief products are: Rice, pepper, elephant tusks, lign
aloes, gutta, cardomums, very ood building wood, rhinoceros
horns, white, yellow and red sandal wood and ebony, and how
much more would be produced under a better government. There
is an abundance of domestic animals that thrive here. No kind
of manufactory exists here, and no foreign trade is allowed; every-
thing must be brought to Bangkok, and all the products of the
land must be sent thither.

On my journey I went out on shore several times to increase
my Siamese Chloris. I found the large M/alestoma with blossoms
and fruits, but the place was very dangerous, because many tracks
of elephants led down to the river. At another place I found
the small, very pretty balm tree, which I described. I found male
and female blossoms on a tree in separate panicles. Therefore
it must be a Monecia hexandria trigynia. The panicles in this
species were compact. The calyx was a one-leaved urceole
and in the female blossoms it was more distinctly and unevenly
serrated ; the fruit I have not seen as yet, but it is said to fall
often to the ground here as well as in Junk Zeylon, and is eaten.
I made my description as detailed as possible.

I saw an Avicennia with lancet-shaped leaves growing in
the stream where the water began to be salt; it was a high tree.

At the mouth of the river I found a small Monoccolum poly-
phemum in the mud, and on the high projecting point of land I
found some new plants at the foot of a mountain, which will
surely keep the remembrance of this place fresh in my mind.
The sun was setting at the horizon and [| had still a quarter of a mile
of sea to cross before reaching the ship. I arrived there happily
at seven o’clock and anchors were still weighed the same even-
ing, and we started for the sea.

29.—We had little wind. The mountains of Chantibuhn
still excited the wish in me to be able to pay them a longer visit.

31.—We often saw the purple blue helix, many cliones, and
the Medusa porphivta swimming past; also a brown sea-snake,
which I tried to catch.
| February 2-3.—In these days we faced the island of Pullu

Wai. A feeble and contrary wind forced us to remain in this
neighbourhood.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 183

4-5.—During the night we had approached the two islands
of Pullu Wai lying close to each other as near as a quarter
of a mile. The sea was filled with the blue snails. They
keep above the water by means of a cellulous long flat air
bladder, which is many times larger than their thin shell, at the
same time they stretch out their two feelers, with which they
probably seize their food. There is a large slimy bladder inside
the animal, containing a beautiful purple-blue, thick fluid. The
first-mentioned white bladder and the Medusa porphita, with
their white plate-shaped body, gave the appearance to the sea of
being speckled with white. I did not see the swimming Tritons,
which I had seen here so often last October, and also the different
kinds of Cliones were not so frequent, although I caught some of
them, especially the Concatenata, which I dried. I also saw the
the mollusc of sapphire golden colour, but some feet below the
surface of the water, so that I could not reach it. .

In the afternoon we had so much wind, that we could leave
the neighbourhood of these islands, which with their magnificent-
ly green trees had been very pleasant to the eye. In the south-
east at some distance from these islands some rugged rocks
could be seen.

A Peiican aqui’a (frigate bird) was caught yesterday; I
stuffed if to-day. Mr. Itatius Miiller is wrong in the description
of the beak, which Mr. Osbeck describes better. Mine had a
brown head; neck, back, wings, tail, stomach, and half of the chest
were also brown; the lower part of the wings was silvery white.
The iris of the eye was straw-coloured,. but I saw one to-day
which was also brown underneath, and had only a lighter line
across the chest.

In these days the water of the sea was turbid and some
white woolly substance was floating in the water.

6.—To-day we saw Pullu Pensang before us; we were still
at a great distance from it.

7.—Already yesterday we saw Pullu Pensang ; to-day we had
approached it within two miles distance, at the north-western side.
From here we took our course to East-South-East, and in the after-
noon we thought we were near Pullu Ubi because we saw a great
number of birds hover over one place. The sea was very wild:
the waves were rolling m a south-eastern direction. Our captain,
who had often made this journey, told us that there was a strong

184 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

storm from the north-east raging in the Chinese sea, only the
waves were broken by passing through fathomless depths, which
from Cambodia stretch far into the sea. To this circumstance
the changing course of the waves was also due. We were to-
day between the eighth and seventh degree.

In the afternoon we had strong wind from the north-east,
which generally comes from the south-east, like the waves, and
it only assumes any other direction passing the Cambodian
mountains if there is a strong storm from the north-east raging
in China.

The air looked very stormy and we had some fine rain-
showers.

8.—The north-east wind, which had sprung up yesterday,
increased during the night, and the further we came from the
land, which of course we did on account of our course being to
East-South-East, the more it increased in violence and the higher
grew the waves. We heard several things being broken and
some of the sails being torn. The changeable dull weather,
combined with small showers, continued and all port-holes and
windows had to be closed. The terrible night began, and we
were quite uncertain of what our fate would be, because our ship
was old and the north-east wind seemed to split the upper part of
the vessel on one side. Towards three o’clock we met a big ship,
which seemed to have lost its upper masts; its course was towards
South-South-East, but we kept to the course which we had
taken. In the evening after sunset the wind calmed down a
little, which renewed our hopes, but the sea was very high all
during the night, and the atmosphere was dull and rainy.

9.—The wind continued from the same quarters as yester-
day, but was not so strong; the showers were strong and calmed
the waves; it continued to rain all through the day and the sea,
which had been filled with foam had cast them off after the
storm. Yesterday morning I could still see some of the masses
of foam rolled conically together, but to-day I did not discover
any trace of them.

10.—Early to-day the rain continued until about nine
o'clock. The wind was more favourable, as we directed our
course to the North-East and at times to the South. It was dis-
agreeably cold for this climate. After noon we rejoiced greatly,
when just in front of us Pullu Simon was discovered, whereto

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 185

we directed the course of our ship. In the evening before sun-
set we saw Pullu Timon, and that it consisted of high mountains ;
we sailed quite close to it.

The water was filled with-red swimming objects, which in
some places covered it entirely. The sailors call it fish-spawn
in the English language. Some birds from the land passed our
ship and a tern was caught. The atmosphere continued to be
cool, but it was dry.

11.—EHarly this morning we had approached Pullu Aor as
near as half a mile. The high mountains have no trees and our
captain, who had cast anchors here last year, told us that it was
inhabited by many very poor people.

Some amber* and birds’ nests are collected here, and many
coconuts grow on the island. The inhabitants make a very good
kind of mat. They venture far out on the sea, even in stormy
weather, in their small but specially well-built canoes. I was not
so lucky as to be able to go on land.

I gathered much of the so-ealled fish-spawn, as the sea was
calmer and we had fine weather. As soon as it was taken from
the sea it lost its red or ochreous colour and turned grey. It
consists of small oblong roundish pieces, pointed at both ends;
they are hardly more than two lines long and half a line large.
Under a half-inch magnifying glass, one sees that they are
composed of innumerable fine fibres, many of them beine green.
If one touches them with a knife or a finger, they are like the
finest mud and slimy. I kept some of them in spirits of wine.
They became a little smaller and green, which colour they also
communicated to the spirit. Those pieces which had struck to
the glass, had turned black. I[t seems to me that they are no-
thing else than those foam-like particles, which we saw a few
days ago floating on the sea, and which have been driven to-
eether to their present shape, by the fury of the storm. Probably
they sink down to the ground, when they have been thoroughly
saturated with the salt of the sea. Another idea is that they
may be the swimming seed of the green strong Conferva, which
clings to the rocks and the ship, and can resist the strongest
waves. ‘It is quite certain than they are organic particles, as
far as | conld discover.

We had north-easterly winds and the sky was covered with

* Damar.

186 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

clouds; towards evening we had some lightning of a brilliant
red colour in the direction where we supposed the peninsula of
Malacca to be. After eight o’clock the anchors were cast in
twenty fathoms of water, and the very favourable wind was not
used for our journey.

12.—We passed the morning in exploring the island from
our ship, and discovered several mountains. About seven o’clock
the anchors were weighed and soon after we passed the island
Bintang. There were two conical mountains on it, the one farth-
est inland being the highest, it has a divided summit, and could both
be seen from very far. The rest of the island seemed to be flat;
on our right we had the Malay coast; its shores are high and
hilly, among these hills is the Barbuset, a mountain of medium
height, which the sailors take as a mark. We had the good luck
to pass the rock Pedro blanco with favourable wind about three
o'clock. This rock which rises from the sea on the Bintang coast
is remarkable, as its side declining towards the west is white,
while the steep sides were red, probably on account of the
breaking waves. The stones looked like a mixture of felspar and
quartz. This rock is very useful for those who pass the Strait of
Malacca, specially when coming from India, because it is said
that the depth of the water in front of it is about 30 fathoms. At
the back there were many small pieces of stones showing above
the water, being of black colour,

We were here close to Bintang, and saw that this country
produced hardly enough rice to keep the inhabitants, but there
was much sago planted. The king of the island has his residence
in Rio, a place on this island; he also possesses some land on the
coast of Malacca; amongst these possessions Javar is the place
best known, because much tin is melted there. Now the
Europeans avoid this place, because the crew of some ships have
been murdered and the ships were taken away. It has become a
real retreat for robbers since the fall of the government
formerly established there. So the present possessor, the king
of Rio, orders all produce, as sago and tin, to be brought to his
residence, and the Europeans fetch it from there, exchanging
products from the coasts of Coromandel, Bengal, and Suratte,
etc., for them, at the same time enjoying pretty good security
for their lives. We left this coast and crossed over to the Malay
coast, to the point Romania, I do not know the origin of this

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 187

name and from what I saw I could not be sure whether the name
indicated the seven land points or seven smaller islands, which
lay near one of these points of land, the number of them being
however very difficult to fix. Whether the Roman Catholic
Portuguese held them to be seven in number I cannot decide
here. The soil of all these islands was red and wherever there
were no shells, the sand was of the same colour. The foliage of
the trees growing on them was of a very dark green. We were
hardly one German mile from the shore. After having passed
almost all the cliffy points of land the anchors were cast.

138.—The anchors were weighed in the morning, and we
passed the dangerous place where the current is very violent,
sometimes more than two miles in one hour, the passage being
very narrow on account of rocks underneath the water; this is
near the island of St. John. This part of our journey was very
pleasant, as we passed by many islands which were only separ-
ated by narrow canals; part of the shore of a long-stretched high
island had broken right away, and the bright red soil showed up
brilliantly in the clear morning. But the pleasure of sailing past
these islands was only of short duration, only till about 10 o’clock.
At that time a strong contrary wind arose from the west, with a
cloudy atmosphere and strong rain; when it ceased we had to
sail a long way back before we came to a place where we could
cast the anchors. The atmosphere continued to be cloudy till
the evening. We had taken a pilot with us from Cachin-China;
he was a Portuguese and did not seem to know the water of these
parts very well. In the evening we saw four ships in one line
entering the Strait, and casting anchors where we had been yes-
terday. The sea when seen from this calm place offered a ter-
rible spectacle, the darkest clouds towered above and we could
surmise the height of the waves outside by the rolling of the
water. We could not make out what ships those four were
which had entered the Strait, they seemed to be large and they
alllet down their anchors atasignal given by the firing of a cannon.

There was a weak but favourable wind. We made up for
what we had lost in the morning, and towards 8 o’clock the
anchor was cast again.

14.—Early this morning, at four o’clock, the anchor was
weighed, and about seven o’clock we passed the narrow passage
near St. John, where the rapidly flowing waters from innumer-

188 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

able eddies, which’gave quite an unusual appearance to the surface
of the sea. After eight o’clock we passed another narrow passage,
which is called Rabbits and Coney. After that we passed a long
narrow island, which is called the Carren island. We took this
course in order to avoid some fathomless depths, specially those
near an island which is called Three island. It scarcely shows
above the water and consists of rocks and sand ; on it grow three
small trees apart from each other, by which the island is distin-
guished. There were some trees growing in the shape of an
arbour on one of the red islands.

14.—The wind and current were both favourable, so that
we passed the Cormans (Carimons?) in the afternoon; the Dutch
call them the Cardamums on account of the Cardamum growing
wild upon them. Near the point of land Tanjange Bolus lay two
small Dutch cruisers and a small English vessel at anchor. We
wanted to get some information as to the circumstances of war
on the Coromandel coast, and therefore sailed close to them, but
our friend did not show any inclination to talk to us and the wind
was too favourable to cast anchor, therefore we continued our
journey. In the evening we passed the so-called Pullu Pisangs.
During the night we had complete calm.

15.—With weak wind we sailed along the coast and came
near to a high mountain, the Mount Formosa. At nine o’clock we
saw a Brigantine before us, which we deemed to be a ship com-
ing from Bengal. About ten o'clock they fired a cannon and
hoisted a French flag. A few minutes after they fired a shot
loaded with cartridges on to our ship, which however did not
reach us, and again a few minutes after they sent a ball, which
however passed the ship without any harm. We had not expec-
ted such doubtful compliments but two of our cannons were short-
ly loaded with balls and fired off on our opponent, at the same
time the English flag was hoisted. After that we got two more
cahnons ready, The engagement lasted on, and we shot their
flagstaff down twice, and in the end their flag was torn by one
of our balls; some of our balls also went through their sails. At
last they tried to come up to our stern and to board there, but
luckily for us, two of our best cannons were placed there, with
which they were most heartily welcomed. This made them decide
upon retreating and only from time to time they fired a shot, which
however was always doubly answered from our side. About one

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 189

o’clock the former calm changed into favourable wind, and as
we had until now been sideways in the current to follow it, we
turned now to continue our journey. The enemy took the same
way and had the wind in his favour, but we prepared to give him
a hearty welcome if he were desirous ofone; a few moments
later he turned away from us and sailed in the direction from
which we had come, whilst we sailed on to the place whither we
were bound. RGN a0 ee

About three o'clock this pirate had disappeared. but we
heard a cannon shot fired, possibly in honour of one of their
officers being killed in the encounter, whom they buried im the
sea, but this was only a surmise on our part. Only a few balls
had struck our ship in the watergang (water line) and had caused
little damage. Most of his shots had struck the deck, between the
middle and hind mast and alsoon to the helmand watergang of the
ship. Wedo not know how many shots were fired on us, because
at first there were many at the same time; we had fired about eighty
shots. A remarkable thine was that our captain could distinctly
see through a telescope, that after the first sharp shots had
been exchanged, a Roman Catholic priest blessed the whole crew,
who received this blessing with bent heads and folded hands,

We passed the Strait during the night.

16.—Towards noon we cast anchor in the harbour of
Malacca, and shortly after we went on shore, because we -need-
ed a recreation aiter so many adversities.

17.—To-day I looked about in the town, and found some
people who could show me about in the gardens and the neigh-
bouring country. I happily had an introduction to Mr. Abraham
de Went, who is a brother of the late gentleman of whose strange
ways and love for natural history | had heard very much. This
Mr. de Went promised to send me some of his people.

In the churchyard of the town, which was open to-day on
account of a funeral, I found frequently Justicia fastuosa and Cas-
sia alata, and also Acrostichum nummularifolum and Polypodium
lauceolatum. P

Atthe town-chemist’s I found the small Contorta with the juicy
orbicular leaves; it had many blossoms, which I described to-day.

18, 19, 20, 21.—Duringe these days I visited all the gardens
where any sago-trees were growing, in order to study them very
minutely. Many trees had only begun to bloom, while others

190 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

had already ripe fruits, which however are quite useless. The
leaves of the young trees resemble those of the coco tree very
much, but at the first glance one sees that they are much longer.
The sheath at the principal stalk of the leaf is only a thin leath-
ery skin, and there is not the same kind of fibre as in those of
the coco tree; the stalk is not so thick in proportion either.
Moreover, this stalk is concave on the lower side, smooth and
shiny, the back is concave, and has generally a brown stripe
running down its whole length.

The divided leaves also resemble those of the coco tree, but
about a foot of more from their end there grow some prickles on
the nerve of the leaf, which are turned back. The nerve itself
ends in a three-cornered sharp point. Their colour is dark
green. The stem is twice as thick as that of the coco tree and
nearly as tall.

[ Then follows a minute description of the tree which 1s unneces-
sary to insert. |

Such a tree is said to reach its perfection in ten years time,
when it is planted in suitable soil, that is to say damp and rich
soil, When the branches that bear the blossoms and fruits have
come forth the tree is cut down and from its mealy marrow the
sago is made. A good tree yields sometimes five to five and a half
piculs of sagio; this however must be a rare case, because in most
of the gardens which I visited they told me that those trees would
only yield three or four piculs, and also that the trees were
twenty yearsold. Hach tree only blossoms once and then dies, but
it leaves many young shoots from the root, which can be trans-
planted; they however seldom grow well, but most of them die.
One does not deem sago to be as wholesome in these countries
as it is considered abroad.

The Governor von Schillingen, who for several years had
been in Amboina, assured me that only utter need forced the poor
living there to eat sago. Whoever was rich enough to buy rice,
which must be imported as it does not grow there, would never
be induced to touch sago ; he also said that the health of those
who are obliged always to eat sago is not very strong.

The variety which I saw in Malacca was the fourth variety
of Mr. Rumph, in his Herb. Amboin (page 76, No 4). It is the
kind from which much of the exported sago is taken in Jakor.*

* (?) Johore,

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 191

I also saw the Sagonwahr * tree frequently; from it sago is. also
obtained, which is said to be even better, but it only yields small
quantities. The tree is mostly used to extract from it the common
toddy, which beverage is only obtained from the longest stalks
of the male blossoms.

The stem is thinner than that of the coco tree and not as
high and is from the root to the crown covered with the sheaths
of dead leaves, which in this specimen are more of an oblong
shape; underneath the crown there is a tissue of sheaths which
are not quite dead yet, representing the aspect of burnt hair, they
are of ared-black colour. From these sheaths strong ropes are
made. Between this hairy tissue stand some prickles, which are
about three feet long with sharp corners, and about eight lines
thick, horny, and standing in a slantingly erect position. They
are used instead of pens by the Malays.

The real botanical description J made afterwards, in
accordance with Mr. v. Linne’s system. It agrees with Caryota
in Rumph, Herb Amboin, the first part from paze 54 to 64 is
an explicit description, and Tab. 13 of the same drawing
(is correct), but the small leaves in the drawing are wrong,
because they are all torn at the ends and not pointed.t The
bundles of fruit are probably only drawn few in number for the
sake of distinctness, because their number amounts to more than
100 in every bunch, male as well as female blossoms, which grow
on one tree but in separate bundles, only the male blossoms
always hang downwards. The remaining sheaths of these trees
furnish gardens for many parasitical plants, which in some cases
covered the whole stem. The crowns of these trees are
generally more erect and thinner or do not contain so many
leaves, which however are longer than those of the coco trees.

There were a few Cycas trees growing here, but they were
only about two feet high, and looked very weak in comparison
to those which I had seen growing wild near Madras and Ceylon.

I also saw another kind of palm here,t first in the garden of
a Malay, but afterwards frequently near the mountains. It is
very much like the areca; although I could not find any male
blossoms, I found the fruit to be like the areca nut; it was

* Kabong Palm. Arenga Saccharifera, Lab.
+ Koenig is wrong here in comparing these two very distinct palms.
t Nibong, Oncosperma tigillaria.

192 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

perfectly round, of the size of acherry, and contained some fleshy
_ matter, but nothing of a fibrous character like the common areca.

The stem was a little thicker, very straight and high. Below
at the stem and underneath the crown it was closely overgrown
with thorns, standing out horizontally.. The rings of the stem —
were like those of the areca tree, the colour was darker, the
leaves were more like those of the coco tree, but they were
prickly at the back.

It is the useful tree which furnishes the wood for the light
articles made on ovr coast, which are commonly supposed by the
_ sailors to be made out of the areca tree. They sometimes grow
_ together in groups. The Dutch people call them Landohsen,
and from their sheaths, which are leathery and faintly striped,
small vessels are made for the purpose of drawing water; they
are light and convenient.

[ Here ends the first part of Vol. 2. ] .

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 193

Continuation Vol. 18, from Page 43.

FEBRUARY 15.—We had the rencontre with the French
~ ship.
16.—We arrived in Malacca.
21.—To-day was Sunday; I went to church and dined with
the Governor.
22.—I went for a drive with the Com. v. Schillingen and saw
the place where the Gatta kamber is made.
23.—Tuesday; I made some experiments with the Malacca
water.
24,—We were told to go on board, but after all we did not,
nevertheless I could not make any excursion further inland. I
saw the house of a rich Chinese.
25.—The same order was given. I botanized near the town;
towards 9 o’clock we had such violent rain that I was soaked,
and returned at 1 o'clock.
26.—Thursday. The order to go on board was said to be
meant seriously to-day, and so this day was again spoiled for me.
- I took leave of my friends.
27.—We went on board after breakfast, and afterwards set
out in a small boat for the red island.
In the evening the anchor was weighed.
28.—We passed Cape Rachado.
MarcH 1.—We passed the Porceler Mountain.
2.—We entered the Strait of Callang. (Klang)
3d.—We left it again.
4,—\We came Sallangor early. (Selangor)
5.—We stayed there.
6.—We left it.
7.—We sailed with contrary wind along the coast. <A
silverfish was caught.
8-9.—We only advanced very little. The ninth was a
- Sunday; we could distinctly see the Zambelangs. (Pulau
Sembilan.)

194 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

10.—Monday; the wind continued to be contrary; we
approached the Samblone (Pulau Sembilan) and Pullu Java. .

11—Strong lightning during the night and some favourable
wind; we passed the Samplans and Dindis (Dindings) and in the
evening we came to Pullu Pehra (Perak). Alcyonium Spirale
was drawn up by the souuding-lead; it was fleshy and ochre
yellow; the animals were small red dots. We saw Pullu Pinang
in the distance.

12.—We came to Pullu Pinang. At sunset the whole sky
looked yellow, and one cloud specially seemed to have large
round holes. During the night we had strong showers and
lightning sometimes; it seemed as if fire were being poured
down from the sky.

13.—We were still near Pullu Pinang’, quite close to the
south-western side, which forms a semi-circle and has high
mountains. Towards evening we had the same phenomenon as
yesterday, only the heavy thunderstorm combined with torrents
of rain began earlier in the night, and there was less wind.

14.—Early this morning we passed at last Pullu Pinang,
but the atmosphere was still misty and the wind was contrary,
so that we advanced but slowly. In the evening we saw Pullu
Lada straight in front of us, and on the left we had the high
mountains of old Kador. In the evening we had again violent
rain and lightning.

15.—The air was very (missing in M.S.). We had all the
time wished for some north east wind, but to our regret our
wish was fulfilled to-day, because as the captian wished to cruise
between the islands, this wind was contrary for us; he had taken
this course in order to arrive the sooner in Junk Zeylon. The
wind remained North-East; on other days we only had had it for
a short time and towards the afternoon it had generally changed
to north west, driving the clouds against the high mountains of
the islands and against those of the continent, which circum-
stance always produced strong thunderstorms in the evening. _

In the afternoon we were quite close to the three small is-
lands called Pullu Payer, which lie close to the harbour of
new Queda. The ship went near the coast of Queda, and at
eight in the evening we were so close to it that we could dis-
tinctly see the low shore. The sea-water looked white and
sparkling; we had only hali a fathom of water. The waves

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 195

round the ship were very phosphorescent, which made us hope
for east wind.

16.—All during last night we had travelled along the coast,
and at day-break we passed the harbour of Queda, where we
only saw one big English ship at anchor, which had been our
companion from Salangor, and which we had lost sight of a few
days ago. They had cast their anchors here to buy provisions,
which could be done here very easily, and then they followed us
to Junk Zeylon.

At sunrise we passed a mountain called the Elephant, on
account of its resemblance to this animal. It is a medium high
mountain, overgrown with trees, and is situated in a plain. The
wind was favourable for us to-day and we also had fine weather,
therefore we advanced quickly in the channel, which lies between
the islands Pullu Lada, Cancag and Trottim (Terntan). The
channel in most places is between two and three German miles
wide, and several miles long.

We kept close to the above-mentioned island, because the
water 1s deepest at their sides. The continent, specially at the
entrance of the channel, had high mountains, which stretched
along the coast for a considerable distance, aid seemed to get
gradually lower; there were many small islands lying near the
continent. The above-mentioned islands stretched from south-
east to south-west, but they were frequently intersected by
mountains and valleys, and the further we advanced in the
channel the more intersected they did grow; some of the mountains
having the shape of pillars, which of course lo »ked very peculiar.
The whole formation resembled the volcanic formations of Iceland
very much. The highest mountains were near the coast, but
they were all covered with trees. In some places the mountains
had perpendicular slopes, which were quite covered with a white
shiny substance, probably some matter which had been dissolved
by the rain and ran down; at times describing a zigzag. We
saw a very nice Malay ship; they are called Prohs; it was sailing
between the islands. It was supposed to belong to the renters
of the bird’s nests, and was either there to collect them, or to
guard them from any one else collecting them.

After it had grown dark, the anchor was cast, because we
were in the mouth of the channel, where it grows very narrow,
and there were several islands to be passed as well, so it was

196 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

not advisable to advance any further in the darkness. —

17.—At 4 o’clock the anchor was weighed ; we had favour-
able wind and soon left the mouth of the channel. We then
passed many cliffs which stood high out above the water and
also a few islands. The rocks were of a peculiar shape; some
were only high, steep square blocks, others had the shape of
pillars, others again stretched in long rows from east to west,
and they had obtuse points, which looked like carved work.
Their colour was red, from time to time striped with white; this
was either caused by their being injured by the influence of the
weather or by the excrements of the birds.

About midday we passed a very narrow strait between two
small islands; at one side the steep rocks were red and I could
distinguish the strata, which resembled the red rock felspar
very much. There was a deep horizontal cave in another rock,
about one man’s height above the water, from which bird’s nests
are collected.

We also saw a Malay Proh or ship sailing towards these
islands. Towards evening the clouds gathered very threatening ly
in the north, and at 5 o’clock the anchor was cast in twenty
fathoms of water, and the small islands, the Three Brothers, lay
before us at a distance of four German miles.

The sailors caught some silver Catfish, which is often fished
for here, but several of them had already paid for this luxury
with gastric fever, which had to be cured with tartar-emetic
and a special diet.

18.—In the morning the atmosphere was misty; we had a
storm and some rain, therefore the anchor was not weighed until
5 o'clock. At 10 o’clock we passed the Three Brothers and at
midday the four so-called rocks on our left and Pullu Lontar on
the right. The latter is a mountainous island, bigger than those

on our left, which consisted of the same kind of cliffs as I have -

described yesterday. After that we saw the birds’ islands; there
were many of them, and they consisted almost only of rocks.

After six o’clock the anchor was cast again before the strait
situated between two particularly steep birds’ islands, which are
in fact only steep rocks.

19.—Before day-break the anchor was Schell again, but
though the wind came from the land it changed and was not very
strong, therefore it was later than nine o’clock before we passed

' VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. ES) Tf

between the rocks, which were very steep on both sides and
formed a semicircle. They were not thick at all. The stone
seemed to be a very fine kind and in many places the water had
deeply undermined them; only at one side I saw some granite
projecting into the sea, which seems to form the base for all the
other stones. They varied in colour, they were more or less
black, at times even red, and as I was scarcely fifty paces from
these rocks they seemed to me to be very much like the Lapis
Ollaris. The slopes of these steep rocks were in most places
overgrown with small pendulous parasitical plants; my curiosity
was very much excited, but it may be that they were only
Eipidenra or Lycopodia, probably L. Phlegmaria, because I saw
many light green twigs hanging down in bundles.

Afterwards we passed a very pleasant-looking island, Pullu
Pausang, and straight before us ina narrow strait we saw many
differently shaped rocks, projecting from the sea, the biggest
among them had the most peculiar shape.

The anchor was cast at three o’clock in the afternoon between
the islands Pullu Sallang, which consist of two islands, one smaller
than the other.

20.—At midday I went with the boat to a small (missing in
M.58.). Did nothing to-day.

21—22.—I looked round.

23.—I had annoyances.

24,—Early I went to the tin smelting place and botanized ;
at four o'clock in the afternoon we arrived at the first hamlet,
which is called Ringluy, and is the largest of them all; an hour
after we came to Kockren. I saw the manner of smelting in the
evening.

25.—I went to the mine which lies about quarter of a mile
from Kockren. The way passes through a dense forest. From
there I went further to a place the tin of which was exhausted.

26.—Went back across the mountains, and arrived at twelve
oclockin Tarmah. The captain went on the board at five o'clock.

27.—I wanted to go on board earlier but there was no V,
therefore I had to wait till four o’clock in the afterncon. It was
dark when I came to the ship.

28.—I went to the island Pullu Sallang minor, with the
boat, the crew of which was to cut and fetch wood for the ship.
I found many remarkable things. At five o’clock the ship went

198 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

under sail, and we had to follow in our boat, but reached the
ship before sunset.

29.—We could still see the land in the distance.

30.—My slave-boy died, and was sunk at eight o’clock.

31.—We had almost calm, and advanced but little. Rain-
showers refreshed my plants.

1.—We had alternate showers, calm and wind from all
directions, and the waves were very high, and made a plaintive
noise. We saw to-day the Dorados several times. The English
call them Ripling.

2.—We had some showers of rain and wind from all direc-
tions. At last it grew favourable for us.

4.—In the afternoon we saw the large Neckkebahr island
(Nicobar), which is very mountainous.

We sailed past the before-mentioned island, and saw that it
was covered with woods and had many valleys. The weather
was fine, with soft north-westerly wind.

6.—We lost sight of the land and our captain had sailed
quite straight according to our compass. We were between the
6th and 7th degree of N. Latitude.

8—9.—During these days we had little wind but it was not
contrary. We were little more than six degrees of N. Latitude
in these days.

10.—Friday. Millions of the shiny Scyllaea passed our
ship in the early morning, we were at that time just on the
seventh degree of N. L. I tried to catch some, but they were
too low in the water, and the wind began to blow strongly from
the south-west. They also varied in colour here, from blue to
green and silver.

I obtained a piece of rotten wood; upon it were Nereis and
the Penna Marina.

On this 10th of April we were at seven anda half degrees of
N. L. and at least two degrees of longitude from the nearest land.
In the afternoon a sea-snake passed us, which was two and a half
feet long, brown on the back, and at the sides it hada yellow
stripe, the stomach was white.

13-14.—We had dead calm and heavy showers of rain, and
from all this it was clearly to be seen that a change of weather
was shortly to be expected.

16.—The rainshowers were exceedingly strong, and the ho-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 199

rizon was covered with clouds. The top-masts had been lowered
for fear of a storm; in every case prudence was advisable.

17.—The anticipated storm seemed to be above our heads.
A large number of birds few past our ship towards the north,
among them Pelecanus Piscator and the Tern, together with other
tropical birds, all of which I knew. It was almost midday before
the storm began, and we thought the circumstance of the whole
horizon not being dark a good sign, that the weather would not
be bad for very long. We had not seen the sun for almost two days
and we deemed ourselves on the 8th degree of N. L, and accord-
ing to our calculation we were still five degrees of distant from
Zeylon, to which our course had originally been directed.

18.—We had storms from different sides with frequent
showers of rain, which lasted for some time. In the evening the
sea was very electric, and the ordinary luminous spots, caused by
many small infusory animals, were very bright. Also the fish left
long furrows of light behind them when they touched the sur-
face in swimming.

19.—The storms and showers were even stronger to-day,
and the horizon was covered all around; specially in the evening
we had some violent showers which lasted for very long, and
there was strong lightning all around. The sea was not as
luminous as yesterday.

20.—EHarly this morning at 4 0’clock we had the most violent
storm which we had hitherto experienced. Our captain was
forced to return to where we had come from, because the top
part of our ship, which ought to have been repaired long ago, had
become quite loose in the fight with the elements and as the
whole ship was old, this might have been dangerous. A second
circumstance which made him take this decision was that the
native sailors, who did not wear any clothes, were in danger of
being ill with great fatigue and the continual wet. The wind
continued in full force; at 11 o'clock we saw a rainbow round
the sun, which had about ten degrees in diameter; we deemed
this to be a favourable sign.

The storm and rain continued; at midday we were eight
degrees and two minutes of N. L. Towards evening the rain
and wind abated little. A Sterna stolida was caught with the
hand as it grew dark. It had a large wound in the middle of the
right wing, and must have been attacked by some animal of the

200 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

sea, because we were still at four degrees of longitude from the
Neckkebars, which was the nearest land.

We continued our journey back.

21.—The weather continued to be the same as yesterday.

22.—My Sterna stolida, which | thought to have killed last
night, had come to life again and had vomited a small Nautilus,
which was the most perfect that I had seen among thousands.
The fleshy part of this shell was almost perfect, but more than
two-thirds of it had changed into a grass-green colour. I can’t
decide whether this colour was common to all those that swim
in the open sea or only accidental in this one.

The wind was to-day fairly strong from the west; we had
little rain and were nine degrees and nine minute. We continued
our journey back. I stuffed the bird.

23.—We had little wind and only a few showers. A very
large Squa!/us Caninus followed our ship for a long time and had
four to six of his pilots with him. They sometimes swam under-
neath, sometimes above its head. Their colour was sky-blue, and
some were almost one foot long. Many thmgs to eat were
thrown down, but it seemed to be suspicious, for though it flaired
them it refused to eat and so did the pilots. In the evening the
Karre Nicobar island could be seen from the mast in the south-
east; we were to-day on the ninth degree and some thirty
minutes.

24.—The weather was fine to-day and the wind moderate.
The Neckkebars were at our side to-day; we were on the ninth
degree and nineteen minutes,.[ ut so far from the afore-mentioned
island that it could only be seen from the top of our mast.

25.—Harly this morning we saw another of the Nicobar
islands, called Katschin; it was a long, narrow strip of land with
high mountains, and at the distance it seemed to be divided along _
the middle but from the top of the mast, one could see that it -
was not so. When we were nearest, we were at four German
miles distance. At midday we were eight degrees and some
forty miutes. The wind and weather were fine.

26.—To-day we still saw the mountain necks of the island
we passed yesterday. The wind grew more favourable and
stronger, and we had only few small showers. At midday we
were eight degrees and twelve minutes. Our course was towards
east. Many things drifted past our ship as: Fucus Sargassum, ete.

201 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

27.—The favourable wind lasted on; at midday we were
on the seventh degree and fifty-five minutes. To-day I saw for
the first time the young ones of the Blatta vivipara creep alive
from the living mother.

28.—We had continued favourable wind for our journey
back. From the top of the mast land was seen towards evening,
which was supposed to be Junk Zeylon, or its foremost islands.
The sky was very red in the evening, specially in the east; in the
south-west there were some yellow-green spots.

29.—Between three and four o’clock in the morning I saw a
faint rainbow in the north, which was caused by the moon being
clear and almost full.

30.—We arrived between the islands and castanchor towards
midday near a small island. There we found two English ships,
that of Captain James Scott and that of Captain Theserten.

SHORT NOTES.

The ‘‘Malingkote’’ in Borneo in June, 1891.

The ‘“ Malingkote” appears to have taken rise from the
Sipulote country, the founder being a man named Tahang who
dreamed during a severe illness that if certain ceremonies were
gone through an angel would appear and if anything was asked
for by the angel it must be given at once. If everything asked
for was given then the parties would be empowered to see angels
(‘“‘malikot”) and would become invulnerable (‘‘cabal”). They
would also receive the power of raising the dead and would be
given wings wherewith to fly to the sky.

Those who believed themselves to have been thus empowered,
viz.: Tahang’s people, went about the country spreading the
belief and frightening the other villages into giving up property,
&c., to them, stating that if they did not join in ‘“malingkote”
they would all be killed by thunder-bolts and their houses
destroyed by a hurricane. During the “ Malingkote” all fowls,
cattle, pigs, and evendogs, &c., have to be destroyed. The people
drink all day, and plant no padi, the idea being that when their
wings have grown they will fly to the sky and live on the padi
there.

One seed of padi planted there grows in ten days, has a never
failing crop, and as soon as plucked has a fresh supply next day.
The people did not stop at giving away their property, one man
even gave away his wife, on condition that his wings shou'd grow
in seven days.

It is reported also that one man climbed up into a cocoanut-
palm to fly, apparently under the impression that his wings would
develope before he reached the ground. They did not do so, and
his leg was broken by the fall.

H. WISE.

204 SHORT NOTES.

Stick-Insects destroying Orchids.

A considerable number of insects of different kinds attack
and damage orchids under cultivation. These are chiefly beetles,
but I have now to record two. pests of a-different order as most
injurious to orchid culture, namely -two--species of Phasmide,
commonly known as stick imsects. _ It was noticed that the leaves
of Dendrobiwins and other orchids were constantly being gnawed
away, especially during the night, and a search disclosed that the
damage was being done by two curious stick insects. Specimens
were forwarded to Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, of the British Museum,
who identified one as a species of Py/loemenes very near P. coronatus
Westw, a native of Ceram,and Datames Oileus Westwood, of which
there was an unique specimen from Java in the British Museum.

The Pyloemenes is by no means as abundant as the Datames.
It is a cylindrical insect, about an inch and a half long, dark Br,
and ornamented with thorn-like tubercles.

Datames is about two inches long, and of a light brown
colour looking like a piece of rotten wood. Its head is prolongea
backwards into a kina of knot-like crest, and ornamented with
short sharp tubercles. On the first joint of the thorax is also a
small triangular crest and there is another towards the end of
ihe abdomen on the back. A row of small tubercles runs down
each side of the body, which is very flat, so that the animal
clinging with its powerful legs close ‘to the plant is very easily
overlooked. ‘The legs are also roughened with tubercles. The
antennoe are finely jointed and shorter than the lees.

These animals are very voracious, and rapidly devour the
leaves of any of the epiphytic orchids.

3 Ei-ANeolie

Notes on an Infant Maias.

Mr. Wallace in his Malay Archipelago describes an infant
Maias (orang Utan) most graphically ; it cut its first milk teeth
shortly after he had it, but it lived only three months. Two
years ago I had a Maias of the same age, and when watching it,
it was impossible to help being struck with the accuracy of
Mr. Wallace’s observations. My Maias lived however for fifteen
months, during almost the whole period of milk dentition, hence

SHORT NOTES. 205

such notes as I made upon it, though very imperfect, may be
‘worth recording: I find they are as follows.—
July 28th, 1890.—The two Maias which I bought of some

Dyaks about a week ago are doing well, the baby has only cut
the two middle incisors-of :the lower-jaw, and lives entirely on
- milk. Its instinct to grasp hold of something to prevent acci-

dental falling is so strong as to lead it in the absence of any-
thing else, to. grasp the hair of its own head, to which it holds
on vigorously sometimes with both hands.

August 12th, 1890.—The elder Maias left five days ago for
England and the baby is alone, it is very good and cries only
when it feels hungry or lonely, its blanket is sufficient companion-
ship for it, wrapped in this it will lie quite quiet, or let me throw
it high in the air and catch it again without any sign of fear, but
without its blanket, or unless | hue it close to my body it is
terribly afraid of falling, catching. tight hold of the hair of its
own head with both its hands, and clutching with its feet for
something else

August 15th.—The elder Maias has returned again, not
having been further than Singapore.

August 30th.—Both Maias are getting on well; the baby
has now besides the two lower median incisors cut also the left
median upper incisor, and is about to cut right one. It is begiu-
ning to climb and gets a little way, it weighs 4tb 1loz. The
elder one is becoming destructive.

September 29th.—The baby Maias has now cut all four
median incisors. ._— :

January 15th, 1891.—Weight of the baby Maias is now
dib 1202.

April 13th.—The baby Maias has been very ill with
diarrhcea and is still ill. The lateral incisors above and below
are now through, the first bicuspids have been some time.

__ April 21st.—The elder Maias died to-day of acute tuber-
culosis, its liver and lunes were found crammed with tubercle.
It had been apparently well till five days ago except for an
attack of diarrhoea a week or two before. It had not given up
a filthy habit of eating its own dung. The baby is still ill with
frequently recurring diarrhea.

‘April 28rd.—The baby Maias eats its own dung unless an
unlimited supply of such indigestible food as raw Krebong is given

206 SHORT NOTES

it; it still holds on to itself when any one comes near it, but walks
and climbs much better now when left to itself. It is in perfect
health.

September 28th.—The Maias weighs 9lbs; it has been in
excellent health for a long time, suffering only from chronic nasal
catarrh, which makes it usually breathe through its mouth. It has
now cut three of its canine teeth, the right upper one alone remains
uncut. It climbs about readily, but still has the habit of clinging
to itself when picked up.

Oct. 5th.—It accidentally strangled itself. It had been tied
up to keep it out of mischief, and it wound its chain tightly round
a bar in trying to get free.

Its skeleton is now in the Sarawak Museum.

The difference in the rate of developement of children and
of the young of the lower animals is mentioned by Darwin in his

“Descent of Man” and he says “the Orang is believed not to be
adult till the age of from ten till fifteen years.”

The average ages at which a child cuts its milk teeth are
usually given thus.

Central Incisors ... .. @ months:
Lateral Incisors ... .«. 9 months:
First Bicuspids... Soh UA alles
Canines oe ee Bae
Second Bicuspids ... Bn: Sai a

This rate of teething is taken from observations on European
children, whilst natives of tropical climates are supposed to de-
velope more quickly. On the other hand ill-fed town children
are apt to cut their teeth more slowly than those in more natural
conditions, and my Maias might have developed its teeth more
rapidly in the jungle under the care of its mother.

The ages, too, at which the milk teeth are acquired need not
be proportional to the general rate of developement in Man and
in Maias.

G. F. HAVILAND.

SHORT NOTES. 207

Hints on Reconnaissance for Explorers in
Unsurveyed countries.

The following Memorandum has been prepared and distributed
by the Intelligence Division of the War Office. It cannot but
prove useful to travellers and others in the Malay
Peninsula, and for this purpose it has been
reprinted in the Journal.

During the last few years so much has been done in the
way of exploration, both in Africa and in Asia, that it may be
safely said that there is now no large portion of either continent
regarding the configuration of which we have not some
information.

Travellers in Africa, and still more in Asia, can no longer
hope to explore thousands of miles of country never before
visited by the white man, nor to discover huge mountain ranges
or gigantic lake systems hitherto unknown. There still remains,
however, plenty of room for geographical, or, perhaps, to speak
more correctly, for topographical enterprise.

Although we now possess a knowledge of the main features
of the unsurveyed portions of the globe, sufficient work remains.
in the way of filling in detail, to occupy the energies of our
explorers for many years to come.

Owing partly to ignorance of the compiler’s wants, and
partly to a want of appreciation of the manner in which our
improved knowledge of geography has affected the class of
mapping required, the sketches brought back by explorers are
often disappointing. It has been found that, in very many cases,
work over which the very greatest possible pains have evidently
been taken, is robbed of half or more than half of its value,
owing to the traveller having neglected some precaution which
would have added little, if at all, to his labour. It is thought,
therefore, that a few hints, most of them suggested by actual
cases, may prove of use to intending explorers, and tend to
ensure their work attaining its full value.

Scale to be adopted.

(1).—Intending travellers are often at a loss what scale to
adopt, so a few remarks on the subject may not be out of place.

208 SHORT NOTES.

The size of the scale is, of course, affected by the object in
view, but there are some considerations that apply generally to
all cases.

The rapidity with which a traveller moves, and the amount
of time that he can afford to devote to topography, place a limit
to the amount of detail that he can hope to map. The proper
scale for him to use, then, is the smallest that will permit of his
showing that amount of detail.

The advantage of using the smallest possible scale is that
the explorer is thereby enabled to sketch more widely on each
side of his route, and the larger the area that he has on one
sheet of paper, the easier it will be for him to grasp the
configuration of the country.

On the other hand, there are cases, for instance, when the
traveller moves along the winding bed ofa river enclosed between
steep hills, or through thick bush in which it is difficult to plot on
a small scale the necessarily very short bearings. In such cases
it is advisable to plot the route on a conveniently large scale, and
transfer it by reduction to the general.

As a general rule, for sketches not of a purely military
character, it may be said that one fourth or one fifth inch to a mile
is the largest that the traveller is likely to be able to work up to
(except in the cases mentioned above), while one eighth or one
tenth inch to a mile will be more suitable for any one who is not
devoting his time exclusively to topography.

On the latter scales a large extent of country can be
embraced in one sheet, while the smallness of the area of paper
covered by the traveller’s route and what he can see from it, has
a wholesome effect in urging him to make excursions on either
side.

It may be sa‘d, therefore, that the ovtside limits between
which travellers should select the scale of their general map, are
one half to one tenth inch to a mile.

Starting and closing points.
(II).—On receipt of any new work, the compiler begins by
locating it.
The -work should, therefore, commence from some well
known and, if possible, ‘well fixed place shown on some published
map The actual starting point should be described in the vogue:

SHORT NOTES. 209

or delineated on the sketch in such a manner, with reference to
the surrounding objects, that there may be no difficulty in
recognizing it on the published map or on the ground.

It is essential that the route should be continuous, and that
it should close either on itself, or on some point that has been
well and independently fixed.

In closing, the same accuracy of description is required as
at starting.

Information as to the method employed and circum-
stances under which the work has been
executed to be always furnished.

(III).— As the compiler has to fit together routes executed
by different men under different circumstances, but all alike in
the one respect that they have been mapped under conditions
precluding absolute accuracy, it is of the greatest importance to
him to have the fullest information as to how the work has been
done, in order that he may weigh the evidence properly.

The explorer should, therefore, attach to his map a clear
statement as to the following points :—

1. How he has measured his distances; if he has used a
base line, he should indicate the position, and state the
length and how it was measured.

2. How he took his directions; if a compass was used, what
sort of compass It was,

It would also be an advantage if the traveller would occa-
sionally take observations for the variation of the compass. By
doing this, he will discover if his bearings are being affected by
any local magnetic attraction.

Should he take such observations, he should state where
and how they were taken, and with what result.

9

3. If he has reason to think that the compass needle may
have been deflected by local magnetic attraction during
any portion of his route, he should state the limits of
such possibly disturbed areas.

4. He should also give information as to any portions of

his route that differ from the rest in having been mapped

with more or with less care or under more favourable
or less favourable circumstances.

210 SHORT NOTES.

Use of published maps by explorers.

(IV.)—It is not uncommon for explorers to take a published
map and to fill in from their own observations portions of it that
have been left blank or that have been incorrectly shown.

In such a case the explorer should state clearly what map
has been used, and what points on it have been assumed to be
correct.

As it is the compiler’s business to study the evolution of
maps, he may possibly know that some or all of these points are
not so well fixed as the explorer supposes, or he may afterwards
receive information.of undoubted value, which alters the positions
assigned to some of them.

In view of such a contingency, it is very necessary that the
explorer should state whether his work fitted correctly into the
points as shown in the map used or not. If it did not fit, and if
he has altered it to make it fit, he should state what alterations
he has made, and how the route would have worked out if it had
not been altered. Cases have been known where explorers have
distorted their really accurate work, under the impression that
they were improving it.

Where, on the other hand, the explorer finds reason to alter
hitherto accepted ideas as to the configuration of the ground,
he should state clearly that he considers his delineation more
nearly correct than the old version.

Where he is at all doubtful as to the truth, but inclined to
prefer his own work, he should explain how he would adjust it
to the old, should adjustment prove necessary.

Astronomical observations.

(V.)—The places where astronomical observations are taken
should be carefully marked on the sketch, and a description
should be given sufficiently detailed to enable any subsequent
visitor to identify the spot within very narrow limits.

It is not uncommon to see observations for latitude taken
over and over again with the greatest possible industry, so as to
obtain a value within very few hundred feet of the truth, while
the place of observation is described so loosely, with regard to
surrounding objects, that the door is opened to an error to be
measured in miles. These remarks apply particularly to cases

SHORT NOTES. 211

where no map is made on the ground, and only notes taken to
- be afterwards used for the compilation of the route. Many of
the important towns in unsurveyed countries are ill-defined
straggling places that extend over a considerable area, and are
surrounded by outlying villages and gardens. Now, suppose one
traveller pitches his camp in a garden to the north of the town,
observes a latitude, and gives his result as the latitude “of the
town; while another traveller does the same south of the town,
it is obvious that the two values will differ considerably.

As a matter of fact, in some cases the latitudes given for
the same place by competent observers have been found to differ
by as much as two to three miles. The explanation is, of course,
simple—the observations were no doubt taken at different places;
but, all the same, the compiler is at a loss which to adopt.

If, however, each traveller were to state how far and on
what bearing his place of observation lay from the ceitre of the
town, or, better still, from the most conspicuous object in the
town, the position of which with regard to the town should be
described, the discrepancy would be at once cleared up, and the
observations of both travellers would be strictly comparable.

It is essential that all the original observations should be
carefully recorded in ink and sent home to the compiler, so that
he may check the working and form a sound opinion as to their
reliability.

Importance of identifying and fixing places
visited by former travellers.

(VI.)—Travellers should remember tkat a well-executed
route reconnaissance is valuable not only for itself, but also for
the light it throws on the work of previous explorers, and for the
use that can be made of it as an anchorage on which to tie the
work of subsequent explorers. They should, therefore, take
every opportunity of cutting routes that have been previously
traversed, and of fixing on their sketch points that have been
shown already on other travellers’ routes.

The difficulty that they will experience in recognising the
routes of other travellers will teach them better than anything
else the precautions they should take to render their own route
easy of identification.

212 SHORT NOTES.

The importance of sketching as broad
an area as possible.

(VII.)—The various methods of mapping ground are treated
so fully in many handbooks, that it is necessary here to touch on
only one or two points that have a special bearing on the case,
or that have not received adequate attention.

It has been stated above that our improved geographical
knowledge has caused a change in the class of mapping required.

Not very long ago any information brought back by an
African explorer was compiled into very small scale maps. If
the work was to be put to much use it was obviously unnecessary
for the explorer to expend his time in mapping details which
could not be shown on the scale. All that he required to do
was to show the pos.tions of important places, and to delineate
generally the larger physical features that he came across.
Now, however an explorer’s route in the same country would,
perhaps, be compiled into a map of 20 miles, or, possibly, 8 or
10 miles to the inch. The difference in the class of work
required is obvious. What is now wanted is topography, and as
much of it as possible. It cannot be insisted on too much that,
to meet our requirements, the traveller should sketch in all he
can see. Much of it, no doubt, will be more or less incorrect,
but it need not necessarily be misleading. If it is properly
distinguished from the rest of the work, any one using the map
will know the class to which each portion belongs, and estimate
its value accordingly.

Further than that, he should sketch or record all the
topographical information that he can obtain from the natives.

His topography will then consist of three classes, which
being of different values must be drawn in different styles, so as’
to be clearly distinguished the one from the other.

Different classes of topography, and method of
distinguishing between them.
(1) What he has actually traversed himself and seen
sufficiently well to sketch with tolerable accuracy.
This should be drawn in firm lines, that is to say, streams,
roads, and contours or form lines should be shown in continuous
lines, as in any ordinary map. If the hills are represented by

SHORT NOTES. 213

hachures or stumping, they will naturally be shown in as great
detail as possible under the circumstances.

(2.) What he has seen from a distance.

---He knows that this exists, but cannot be sure of its exact
position. _ This should be drawn in dotted lines, with the hills.
where they exist, shown in a rough conventional style.

(3.). What he has obtained from native information.

This should be clearly distinguished from the other work,

both the style of drawing, and by a note on the map. ‘ Obtained
from hear-say.” Unless the explorer is very careful, there will
always be a chance of its being mistaken for the representation
of ground that he has himself seen. So much is this the case,
that some compilers would prefer to have this information
recorded in a report, and not shown on the map at all.
On the other hand, a native guide can often point out the
general direction of a place, that is not visible at the time, and
its approximate position with reference to surrounding objects,
which have, perhaps, been located on the explorer’s map. It 1s
easier, then, to draw its position on the map than to describe
it in words.

Again, the moment a man tries to draw on paper hear-say
topography, a host of questions suggest themselves that would
probably never have occurred to him if he had contented himself
with recording the information in a note book.

If such topography is drawn in a different colour to the rest
of the work, or cut off from it by a chain dotted line, there ought
to be little chance of mistake.

In any case a record should be kept of the source from which
the information is obtained, and of the traveller’s opinion as to
its probable accuracy.

While dwelling upon the importance of mapping areas and
not mere lines, and of getting in all the country right or left of
the route that time and opportunity permit, it cannot be too
strongly impressed upon the explorer that it is absolutely
necessary for the proper utilisation of his work and for his reputa-
tion as a reliable observer, that this marked distinction should be
made between topography of different degrees of accuracy.

While it is most depressing to receive from an explorer a
sketch of his absolute track and nothing more, as if he had never
looked to his right or his left, it is perhaps more fatal to the

214 SHORT NOTES.

interests of geographical knowledge, when the traveller’s work
of all descriptions is beautifully finished up, as if it was all of
uniform quality, and that the very best possible. Such a map is
one of the compiler’s greatest difficulties.

If in the first case he laments a lost opportunity, he knows,
at any rate, the value of the little he has got; while in the
second case he is tantalised by the possession of an apparent
wealth of topographical information, the accuracy of which it is
morally impossible for him to gauge. Consequently, he cannot
tell what to accept and what to reject. If he is too cautious he
may reject valuable information; if he is too trusting he may
introduce into his work some gross error.

As an additional precaution against a misunderstanding it is
most essential that explorers should always show the actual
route they followed, and that they should mark with small
circles, or in some other way, all points off the route from which
they have taken bearings of any importance.

It would then be always possible for the compiler to form
some sort of estimate as to what portions of the ground could
have been adequately seen.

Importance of taking bearings to distant points.

(VIII.)—Closely allied to the above considerations is the
question of recording bearings to different points. Such bearings
afford a most useful means of checking the accuracy of the
route and of connecting 1t to other work where the points have
been already fixed. These bearings should be separately re-
corded in a note book in ink, with a note to say whether they
have or have not been corrected for the error of the compass.

The best plan is always to record the magnetic bearings
exactly as read, and to state that this has been done.

Even though it may be obvious to the explorer that the
direction of his route will not enable him to obtain a second
suitable bearing to the distant point, he should not omit to take
an observation on that account. Cases have occurred where
single bearings taken independently by each of two travellers,
from points some 50 or 60 miles apart, have sufficed to fix the
position of an important hill with considerable accuracy.

SHORT NOTES. 215

A commanding point, well fixed in the early part of the
route, may afford most valuable assistance in checking the work
further on.

The difficulty, however, of identifymg a peak on a range
of mountains from different pomts of view, is very great, and
considerable care and attention is required to turn such a feature
to good account.

Altitudes.

(1X.)—With regard to altitudes, much the some considera-
tions apply as in the case of the traveller’s route. If possible,
some place of known height should be selected to start from;
the series of observations should be unbroken, and should close
on some other place of known height.

It is very desirable that the original observations should be
sent home to be worked out afresh.

In any case the traveller should explain what datum point
he has taken, what height he has assigned to it, and on what
authority, what instruments he used, and how he took his obser-
vations.

If any heights are entered on the sketch of his route, he
should append a note to say whether they denote relative heghts
or heights above sea level.

Importance of mapping the drainage systems
met with. |

(X.)—Every effort should be made to delineate the drainage
system of the country. Even now it is not unusual to see
sketches of routes crossing rivers with nothing to show which
way the water flows. Whenever possible, the traveller should
state where the rivers rise and where they flow to. If it is
impossible for him to work this out himself, he may do much
from native information, while any notes he may make as to the
width and depth at various seasons will assist the identification.

In many countries rivers have different names at various
points of their course, and it occasionally happens that the travel-
ler hits upon a river which he assumes, wrongly, to be some
well-known one, and which he, consequently, calls by that name.
To guard against confusion of this sort, he should always insert
the local native name, and if he identifies it with any other river
he should state his reasons for doing so.

216 SHORT NOTES

Record of character of country.

(XI.)—The travellers would naturally record in his report,
when passing through new ground, everything that he could
observe as to the nature of the physical features of the country;
the extent and character of the forests; particulars about rivers,
both at the time of his visit, and at other seasons, &c., &c.

Much of this should be entered on the map, as it is much
easier to indicate there the extent and shape of a forest or
marsh, than it is to describe the same in a report.

The points of chief importance are enumerated in any work
on reconnaissance. In some countries special points have to be
noticed, which might not occur to an ordinary traveller.

It is particularly desireable that travellers should note on
their maps the boundaries of the different tribes, carefully dis-
tinguishing between those boundaries or portions of boundaries
that are well determined and those that are only approximately
represented. They should also state the name of the paramount
chief, if any, to which the tribe is subject.

All boundary negotiations in Africa turn upon this point,
and it is always a fruitful source of trouble; boundary lines are
sometimes drawn cutting off tributary tribes from their para-
mount chief, the result being invariably discontent and often
bloodshed.

Names of mountains and villages.

(XII.)—In all countries that do not possess a written lan-
guage, names are a great difficulty. Even where there is a
written language, it is frequently impossible to get one general-
ly accepted name for a mountain, however conspicuous it may
be, as it often happens that a peak or range is known by several
different names in the different districts around.

It is necessary, therefore, that the traveller should satisfy
himself as to whether the important places that he locates are
generally known under one name or not, and should state his
authority in his report. If he hears of more than one name for
a mountain or range of mountains, he should, of course, state
both, with the source from which they were obtained.

A difficulty occurs in the nomenclature of villages also,
from the fact that they are so often named after the ruling

SHORT NOTES. HUT;

chief, and take, on his death, the name of his successor. At the
same time the villages often have, in addition, another name that
does not change with the chief. In such cases it is advisable
that the traveller should insert the permanent name with the
name of the chief in brackets.

Again, it sometimes happens that even after the death of
some peculiarly famous chief, his village continues to be called
by his name. Or, on the other hand, a chief may move his
residence to a new place, which at once takes on his name.

It also frequently occurs, that owing to intestine wars towns
and villages which were once well-known and have appeared on
travellers’ routes, are found by later travellers to have been
entirely wiped off the face of the earth without leaving a trace
of their having existed; others with new names may have sprung
up on or near the original sites. The result is that, when two
reliable explorers have gone over the same route at a few years
interval, it sometimes happens that their itineraries contain hard-
ly a single name in common.

It is obvious, therefore, that no general rule can be given
about such names; and the value of the travellers’ map or report
will much depend on the trouble that he expends in the investi-
gating and clearly explaining such points.

All names that occur in the report or map, should be prin-
ted, in at least one place, in block printing, so that there may be
no possibility of any mistake occurring in the spelling.

Method of showing the relative importance
of different localities.

(XIII.) In drawing fair maps it is customary to employ
different type for different classes of names, such as countries,
provinces, capitals of countries, large towns and capitals of small
provinces, small towns, villages, tribal districts, chiefs’ names,
native kraals, rivers, wells and springs, mountains and hills, and
descriptive names.

Naturally the explorer cannot be expected to print in a
different manner each of the above classes of names; but any
indications will be of value that he can give, to show to which
class each of his names belongs.

215 SHORT NOTES.

In order to ensure the importance of the different localities
being shown clearly on the map, it is necessary for the traveller
either to print them on his map in letters proportionate to their
relative importance, or to give a list of their names in classes of
the various degrees of importance. The identification of names
and their proper recording in maps would be much facilitated if
all travellers would spell them phonetically in accordance with
the system promulgated by the R.G.S., and officially adopted by
the Government Departments and by the Intelligence Division,
War Office.

Any traveller can do useful work whether he
can draw or not.

(X1V.)—In conclusion it must be pointed out that much as
detailed reconnaissance of large areas are wanted, it by no means
follows that useful work cannot be done by any intelligent
traveller, who carefully records the distances and general direc-
tion of his marches, and all that he can see or learn as to the
physical feature of the country. Routes, of which the traveller
has made no sketch at all, are sometimes, in the absence of other
information, made the basis of important negotiations; so that no
one need be deterred from contributing to the advancement of
geographical knowledge, because he has little confidence in his
powers as a draughtsman. But under all circumstances it is
essential that the traveller should not trust to his memory, nor
to the chance that he will be able to assist in the compilation of
his work. Everything should be noted down in sucha way that
it would be intelligible to a person absolutely ignorant of the
country.

It is only by doing this that the explorer can ensure his
work obtaining full justice.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA,*
: - From JULY, 1891, TO JUNE, 1892.
Re
C. DAVIES SHERBORN, F.G.S., F.Z.S.

oo

In compiling this Bibliography all sources of information
have been utilised. In inserting, therefore, every publication
that has come under his notice, the compiler hopes that the
entries will prove of considerable assistance; but as a large
proportion of the literature of this district either never reaches
England at all, or else arrives so long after as to be too late for
examination for this purpose, he begs the reader’s indulgence for
any error that may be present. His thanks are due to
M. Martinus Nijhoff, of the Hague, for information as to some
of the more recent books.

“M. A.”—De Batoe Tinagat. Eigen Haard, 1891, pp. 267-270.

ABENDANON, J. H.—Publiek- en Privaat-rechtelijke verhoudingen
tusschen Nederland en de Nederlandsche Kolonién. 8vo.
Batavia, 1891, 268 pp.

*By ‘* Malaya” is here meant that part of the Archipelago enclosed
in a line drawn round the north of Siam and the Philippines, through Ma-
cassar Strait, between Lombok and Bali, round the outlying islands of Java
and Sumatra. and to the east of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands.

220 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

“ ADELANTE.”—De ontwikkeling van de inlandsche hoofden op
Java. Ind. Gids. xiv, 1892, pp. 683-687.

(SEIJID) AHMED DAHLAN (et alii).—Muhimmat en-nafa’is. 4to.
Qahira, 1309, 60 pp. (Concerns Java.)

ALEMAN Y GONZALEN, J.—Lvile de la Paragua (Philippines)-
Bull. Soc. Acad. Indo-Chine, France, sec. 2, vol. iii, 1890,
pp. 328-335.

ALMANAK.—Regeerings-almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indié. 1892

2vols. 8vo. Batavia, 1892, xvi, 452 and 673; and xxvii:
846 pp.

Indische Cultuur-almanak, 1892. 6Jaarg. By Ber-
khout, Bergsma, Gorkum, Hagenaar, Fiirth, O.Holander,
Meyier,’ Morren, and Stuffken. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1891, iv,
347 pp.

bahasa Melajoe. Maleische Almanak 1892. xvi.
jaarg. 8yvo. Dyjokjakarta, 1891.

Javaansche Almanak voor 1892. 39 jaarge. 8vo.
Semarang, 1892.

dengan tafel pembatjaan elkitab, jane tundjuk sasa-
hari duwa nats bagi tahon 1892. 8vo. Bataria, 1891.

———

(Takwim) atau hitoengan hari, boelan, tahoen orang
mesehi 1892; tahoen orang Islam 1309-1310; tahoen orang
Kong-si 17-18. 8vo. Batavia, 1891.

ALVAREZ, J. R.—Redevoering uitgesproken door den directeur
van de Practische School voor Kunsten en Handwerken te
Manila, den Heer J. R. Alvarez, bij] den plechtigen over-
gane van den cursus 1891 op 1892. Jnd. Gids. xiv, 1892;
pp. 910-926.

ANDRE, A. T.—Cultuur e. bereiding van indigo op Java. Met
teekeningen en plattegronden. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1891, 8
and 314 pp.

ANDRIESSEN, W. F.—Der Islam in Nederlindisch-Ost-Indién.
Deutsche Rundschau Geogr. vol. xiv, 1892, pp. 345-351.

ANON.—Een Ambachtschool voor Semarang, Ind. Gids. xiv,
1892, pp. 816-820.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 221

De uitwerking vande blokkade van Atjeh. Jnd.
Gids. xiii, 1891, pp. 2012, 2018.

—————Prof. Mr. L. W. ©. van den Berg over het arrest van
het Hof in zake Atjeh. Jnd. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1992-
1994.

————-—en uitdrukkelijke voorwaarde voor Bezuiniging in
Indié. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 283-285.

—————_— De Billiton-zaak in de Tweede Kamer. Jnd. Gids,
xiv, 1892, pp. 224-271.

De Weeskamers als Boedelberedderaarter. Ind. Gids,
xiv, 1892, pp. 119-123.

—De Europeesche industrie in Borneo’s westerafdeeling.
IndeGcds Sil 18k pp. 20tI 2012.

Twee Zendingsreizen op Borneo. I. Reis naar den
Katingan. II. Reis naar den Miri. De Riinsche Zendine.
Ydschrift. 1891, pp. 51-61.

—_—__———T wee stationsberichten uit Borneo. I. Kwala Ka-
poeas. Il. Kwala Rongan. De Rijnsche Zending. T7jd-
schrift, 1892, pp. 67-73.

———_——— Het Borneo-tractaat van 20 Juni 1891. Tijdschr.
Ned. Ind. 1893, pp. 81-97.

De beraadslaging in de tweede Kamer over het
nieuwe Borneo-tractaat. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 1148-
1150.

— —

ae eS

Uitgifte van grond in erfpacht op de Buitenbezit-
tingen. Ind. Gids, xii, 1891, pp. 2008-2011.

Chineesche vertalme van het reglement op de
Brandweer in de afdeeling Stad en voorsteden van Bata-
via vastgesteld door den Resident van Batavia, den 30
Januari, 1891. (vertaald d. A. A. de Jongh.) Batavia,
Woke

—_————

Ken middel om geregeld aanvoer van Chineesche
koeli’s te verkrijgen. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 296, 297.

De Chineezen in de Philippijnen. 7%jdschr. Ned. Ind,
1891, pp. 206-222,

222 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

—De Resident van Japara over het tegengaan van
Chineezen in de binnenlanden. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1822, pp.
681, 682.

Het Contract van bondgenootschap tusschen de
Minahassa en de Compagnie. Ind. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp.
1779-1783.

Handboek voor Cultuur-en handels-ondernemingen

in Nederlandsch-Indié, 1891. 4e jaarge. 8vo. Amsterdam,
1891, 8 and 641 pp.
Dag-Register gehouden in’t Casteel, Batavia, van’t
passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-
India. Anno 1663. 8vo, Batavia, (Batav. Genootsch.
Kunst. Wet.) 1891.

Mr. W. K. Baron van Dedem als Minister. Jnd.
Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1775, 1776.

Proeve van beschreven Désa-adats. Ind. Gids, xiii,
1891, pp. 1905-1943.
————~—Het Amerikaansche plan voor een spoorweg van
Djember naar Banjoe wangi. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, p. 107.
De G. G. Duymaer van Twist en de A. R. Douwes
Dekker. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1882, pp. 116-119.
-De aanleiding tot de Edische onlusten van 1890.
Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892 pp. 112-116. (From the Jnd. Milt.
Tijdschr. )
Evangelisatiewerk in Indié. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892,
pp. 151-157.
———-—————Finance of Ned.-Indié. v. Bos.

Ken gedachtenwisseling in de Kamer over Indié’s_
Financién. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 1046-1048.
—Finances of Netherlands India for the year 1890-91.
8vo, London, 1892, (Parl. Paper [ 6205 | ); 14d.
—Flinances of Netherlands India for the year 1891-92.
8vo, London, 1892, (Parl. Paper [ 6550-67 ] ), 2d.

Hoe de Gouverneur-generaal zijn belofte jegens de
Minahassa nakomt. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 844-846,

Se

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 223

Engelands Hydrographische opnemingen in onze

Kolonién. Jnd. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 2013-20105.

—De Heer Fransen van de Pulte over Indische
Bijdragen die men niet ziet. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 286-
288.

——-———— Het Indische leger in de Staten-generaal. I. Ind.
Gids, xii, 1891, pp. 1529-1556.

—__—_——Het Indische leger in de Staten-generaal. II. Jnd.
Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1782-1755.

—————Het Indische leger in de Staten-generaal. III.
Ind. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1944-1967,

Java. Trade of Java for 1891. 8vo, London, 1892,

(Parl. Paper [ 6550-91 ] ), 13d.

Verslag betreffende de Irrigatiewerken op Java in

1890 en de eerste maanden van 1891. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp.
139-147.

Het overnemen door den Staat van de particuliere
landerijen op Java. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 679-681.

—Heerendienstregelingen op Java. Jnd. Gids, xiii,
1891, pp. 2282-2236.

Wat een Fransch reiziger over Java en Bali al zoo
vertelt. Ind. Gids, xii, 1891, pp. 1237, 1238.

—De Javaan blijve Javaan. Indi. Gids, xiii, 1891,
pp. 201%, 2017.

Is de Javaan een luie roofbouwer? Ind. Gids, xiv,
1892, pp. 1049-1051.

Fen brief van den Gouverneur-generaal betreffende
de gouvernements-kofliecultuur op Java. Jnd. Gids, xiv,
1892, pp. 641-670.

—Het rapport van den resident van Menado over the
verslag der Koffie commissie; met eenige kantteekeningen.
Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 820-844,

Kenige inzichten en voornemens van den munister
van Kolonién. Jnd. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 2237-2243.

—

224 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Koloniaal bezit en beheer. 8vo, Gravenhage, 1891,
14 pp.

Een débat over het onderwijs te Wageningen in
kolonialen Landbouw. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 128-126.

De Landrente op Java en Madoera. Ind. Gids, xiii,
pp. 2005-2008.

LABUAN. Annual Report on Trade and Finance of
Labuan, for 1890. 8vo, London, 1892 (Parl. Paper [6562-3] ),
idd.

Ken bezoek te Larautoeka. Kathol. Missién, Jahre.
16, 18915 Nowa:

————-—Het bevaren volk bij de Marine. Jnd. Gids, xiv,
1892, pp. 460-463.

————— Geschiedkundig overzicht van de samenstelling der
Maritieme middelen in den Nederlandsch-Oostindischen
Archipel van af 1816. Ind. Gids, xili, 1891, pp. 2118-2148,
2351-2374.

—Meterologische Waarnemingen in Nederlandschi-
Indié, Juli, Augustus en September, 1889. Nat. 7ijd. Ned.
Ind: vol. 1, 3891, pp: 61-90.

—_—————Meterologische Waarnemingen in Nederlandsch-
Indié, October, November en December, 1889. Nat. Tijd.
Ned. Ind. vol. 1, 1891, pp. 349-377.

——Mijnbouw op Borneo, Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1882, pp. 108-

112.

Ken brief van een inlander in de Minahassa. Ind.
Gids, xii, 1891, pp. 1235, 12386. i
Een brief van een inlander uit de Minahassa. Jind.
Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 1052-1058.
——-——-—De Minahassa-zaak in het Indisch Genootschap. Jnd.
Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 274-280.
—Mohammedaansch - godsdienstige broederschappen

door een oud O. I.ambtenaar. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1891, pp-
187-206. | ,

ae eee

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 225

Overbevolking der gevangenissen op Java en
Madoera. Jnd. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1289, 1240.
Een onderzoekingsreis door Nias: De Rijnsche Zend-
ing. Tijdschrift (7), 1891, pp. 171-195.
Verzameling van consulaire en andere verslagen en
berichten over Nijverheid, Handel en Scheepvaart. Jrg.
1891, No. 200, Singapore. 8vo, s’ Gravenhage, 1891, 8 pp.
—History of Opium, opium-eating, and opium-smoking,
Journ. Anthrop. Inst. G. Britain, vol. xxi, 1892, pp. 329-
382.
——De Heer Groneman over Opium-regie. Znd. Gids, xiii,
1891, pp. 2226-2231.
——Het smokkelen van Opium tusschen Singapore en
Ned.-Indié. Jnd. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 2015, 2016.
Een ontwerp-overeenkomst met de _ Billiton-maat-
achappij. Jnd. Gids, xii, 1891, pp. 1218-1231.
————— en ondervraging van eenige oud-ambtenaren van
Indié betreffende de Opiumzaak. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp.
449-452.
De Opiumvloek. I. Tijdschrift van den Anti-opium
-bond. ’s Gravenhage, 1891.

Hoeveel wettig verkregen Opium op Java en
Madoera wordt gesleten. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 906-908.

Een nieuwe Overeenkomst met de Billiton-maats-
chappij. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 1033-1046,

—Overeenkomsten met bestuurders op de oostkust van
Sumatra; gebieds-omschrijving betreffende Palos en Dong-
gala; suppletoire contracter met Taroena, Kandhar en
Tagoelandang. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 1012-1018.

—————Overeenkomsten met den Kedjoeroean van Malaboeh,
den Radja van Tanah Djawaenden Sultan van Siak Sri
Indrapoera. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 792-796.

Overeenkomsten met den Soesoehoenan van

Soerakarta, de bestuurders van Tampat Tuan en de hoeloe-

balang van Langsar en Modjopahit. Ind. Gidds, xiv, 1892,

pp. 633-641,

ee ee

—_——_—_

226 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Philippines. Trade of the Philippines for 1891. 8vo.
London, 1892 (Parl. Paper [6550-94]), 2d.

Het ontslag van Kolonel Pompe als gouverneur van
Atjeh. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 463-467.

Postspaarbanken in Indié. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp.
272, 273.

Een oud-machinist overeen versleten Regeerings-
machine. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 107, 108.
Regenwaarnemingen in Nederlandsch-Indié. 126
jaarg. 1890. Uitgeg. door J. P. van der Stock. §8vo,
"S Hage, 1892, 8 and 419 pp.

Alphabetisch Register op deel xxxi-l van het
natuurkundig ‘Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié. 8vo,
"s Gravenhage, 1891, 4 and 127 pp.

Javaansche namen voor dieven en roovers. Ind.
Gids, xiii, 1891, p. 2814.

———-——Salinan Staatsblad dan Bijblad dari yang baroe
kaloear teroes keblakang sampe tahon 1816 aken goenanja
anak negri dan sesamanja. 8vo, Batavia, 1891, vili, 156 pp.

De spreuken van Salomo, in het Boegineesch ver-

taald door B. F. Matthes. 8vo, Amsterdam, 1891, iv, 94 pp.

Sarawak. Notes on a visit to Sarawak and its

Trade. London, 8vo. 1892, ( Parl. Paper [551-1] ), 14d.

De opname van het Serajoe-dal en het groote

verkeer. 8vo, Semarung, 1891, iv, 51 pp., pls. and map.
—Dr. Beneche over de ‘‘Sereh.” Ind. Gids, xiii, 1891,

pp. 23812, 2313,

Siam. Trade, etc. of Siam for 1890. 8vo, London.

1892 ( Parl. Paper [6550] ), with map. 104d. res

Soerabaja. Door den schrijver van ‘‘ Het Drama van

Tjilegon.” Higen Haard, 1891, pp. 628-632. _

Mededeelingen der Vereeniging ‘“Soeria Soemirat, ”

1891, No. 1. 8vo, Semarang, 1891, 24 pp.

Westindische Negers als Soldaten. Ind. Gids, xiv,
1892, pp. 282, 283.

SaaS

ee eee

——

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. eae |

——-———Statistieck van het vervoer op de Spoorwegen en
tramwegen in Nederlandsche Indié van het jaar 1891. 8vo.
’s Hage, 1892, 44 pp., 4 pls.

Een gedenkdag op Spoorweggebied. Jnd. Gids, xiv,
1892, pp. 1051, 1052,

——Netto-ontvangsten van Spoor- en tramwegen op Java
en Sumatra. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 148-150.

—Berichten uit Nederlandsch-Oost-Indié ten dienste
der eerwaarde Directeuren van den St. Claver-bond. 8vo,
s Gravenhage, 1891, vill, 132 pp.

——_————-Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indié over het jaar
1890. 4to, Zalt-Bommel, 1891, xiv, 165 pp.

——_———Fen en ander uit het ontwerp van een wetboek van
strafrecht voor de Europeanen in Nederlandsch-Indié, met
een paar kantteekeningen van een leek. Ind. Gids, xiii,
1891, pp. 2080-2117, 2316-2350; xiv, 1892, pp. 160-174,
802-311.

Ontwerp van een wetboek van Strafrecht voor de
Europeanen in Nederlandsch-Indié, met memorie van
toelichting. 8vo, ’s Gravenhage, (Minister van Kolonién),
1891, xvi, 189 pp.

Een advies van den Heer Fransen van de Putte in
zake Suikercultuur. Jnd. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 807-815.

——De uitvoerrechten op Suiker. Jnd. Gids, xiii, 1891,
Pp. lig, 1778:

Nadere schorsing van het uitvoerrecht op Suiker in
Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892 pp. 455-458.
——Nog een en ander uit Sumatra. I. Sipirok. II. Eene
vergelijking tusschen Silindong en Sipirok. III. Eerste
bericht uit Simangoemban. IV. Jaarbericht over Siman-
goemban. YV. Berichten over Lagoe Bati en zijne buiten-
posten. De Rijnsche Zending. Zijdschrift, 1891, pp. 12-46.

—De tocht van den hoofdingenieur Ijzerman dwars door
Slmatra. Ind..Gids, xi, 1891, pp. 1213-1291. (Bat.
Nieuwsblad.) :

228 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

eel

Kolonisatie in Suriname met Javanen. Ind. Gide, xiv,
1892, pp. 459, 460. s

——_-—_—Tabaks. Kaart der Tabaks-ondernemingen in Langat,
Deli, Serdang, Bedagei, Padang, Batoe-Bahara, Asahan,
Kota-Pinang, Bilah, Laboean-Batoe, en Kota-Pinang.
Oostkust van Sumatra. 1: 200,000. Bij W. J. M. Michiel.
P. de Vries & Zoon. Amsterdam, 1892, 12 fl.

Theevervalsching op Java. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp.
528, 524.

Een verhaal van de Tjilegonische troebelen. Ind.
Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1234, 1235.

——De wording en het verloop van de Tjilegonische troe-
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———_

—

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——d

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ee

pe

240 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 2.41

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242 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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eee

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es

Letter on Pithechir melanurus. Proc. Zool. Soe.
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eee

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 243

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———

——

es

244 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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—E

———e

—— eee

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 245

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———_ ——

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_—— —— ———

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oe

———

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250 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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es

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. | 251

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ee ee

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——__—__——-Anteekeningen omtrent de godsdienstige begrippen
der Karo-Bataks. Sijdr. tua:-.and- Vock. N.L. vol. vii, 1892,
pp. 208-254. :

WESTERMARCK, E.—The History of Human Marriage. 8vo,
London, 1891. [ Refers to Malays; v. also Wzn. ]

=

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 26!

WESTHOFF, J. P. G.—De vermoording der twee Barmer zende-
lingen Scheidt en Bésch op Nieuw-Guinea. De Rijnsche
Zending. Tijdschrift, 1891, pp. 112-144.

Koeala Kapoeas op Borneo. De Rijnsche Zending:

Tijdschrift, 1891, pp. 149-156.

WESTHOFF.—Sipoholon op Sumatra. De Rijnsche Zending.
Tijdschrift, 1891, pp. 156-161.

WICHMANN, A.—Bericht iiber eine im Jahre 1888-9 ausgefiihrte
Reise nach den Indischen Archipel. Tijdschr. Ned. Aard.
Genootch, vol. ix. 1892, pp. 161-277, 5 pls.

WierRSMA, J. N.—Moet het Maleisch van de scholen en uit de
godsdienstprediking in the Minahassa worden geweerd?
Ned. Zendingsts, vol. ii, 1891, pp. 223-242.

WrersMA, C. H.—Het Buiten - Christelijk Huwelijk. Ned.
Zendingsts. Vol. ill, 1891, pp. 266-276.

WisMA, J. and J. C. SANDER.—Bezoek aan Nederlandsch Oost-
en West-Indié. 5 ed. 2 vols. 8vo. Schiedam 1891, 3 and 102;
4 and 107 pp.

WIINEN, R.—De grensregeling op Borneo. Ind Tolk, Nieuws v. d.
Dag, 1-91 (No. 104-107).

De grensscheiding tusschen Noord-Borneo en de

Nederlandsche bezittingen. Ind. Tolk, Nieuws v.d. Dag,

1891 (Nos. 99-103),

Ter herinnering. Ind. Gids, xiv, 1892, pp. 723, 724.

WIJNGAARDEN, J. K.—Verslag van mijne verrichtingen en
bevindingen over het jaar 1890. Med. Ned. Zendel. vol. xxxv,
1891, pp. 233-268.

Savoeneesche tijdrekening. Med. Ned. Zendel. vol.
Xxxvi, 1892, pp. 16-34.

WILKEN, G. A.—EHene nieuwe theorie van den oorsprong der
offers. De Gids, 1891, pp. 535-573.

: Over het huwelijks- en erfrecht bij de volken van

Zuid-Sumatra. Hene bijdrage tot de ontwikkelingsgeschie-

denis van het familierecht. 8vo. ’s @ravenhage, 1891, 87 pp.

—!’e Hagedis in het volksgeloof der Malayo-Polynesiérs

Bijdr. taa'-land-Volks, N. I. vol. vi, 1891, pp. 463-492, 2 pls.

——

————

——____.

262 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Handleiding voor de vergelijkende volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indié, uitgeg. door C. M. Pleyte-Lzn.

_ WILKEN, GEORGE ALEXANDER.—1847-1892. —Obituary notices
| appeared in Ind. Gids, xiii, 1891, p. 1705 (Prof. Kern);
Globus, |x, p. 13 (J. D. H. ‘Schmeltz ); De Gids, 1891, pp.
168-171 (W. van der Vlugt); Z’ owng Pao, vol. ii, p. 350;
Rev. hist. rel. vol. xxiv, pp. 399-401 ; Mélus. vol. vi, pp. 4-19
(A. Barth); Intern. Arch. Ethnogr. vol. iv, p. 263 (H. Kern);
Bijdr. t.-l.-V. N. L. vol. vii, pp. 189-156, portrait (T. H. der
Kinderen ); Vragen v. d. Dag, 1891 (C. M. Pleyte Wzn.);
Tijdschr, Ned. Aard. Genootsch vol. viii, p. 1024 (Quarles van
Ufford); Am. Ur-Quel/, vol. i. p. 12 (J. D. E. Schmeltz);
List of works: of, Journ. Anthrop. Inst. G. Britain, vol. xxi,
1892, pp. 192-195.

WILLINCK, G. D.—De grondrechten bij de volken van den Oost-
Indischen Archipel. 8vo. ’sGravenhage, 1891, 36 pp.

Wi1rkKAMpP.—Het oordeel van Prof. Wagner over de statistische.
opgaven betreffende N.-I. Jnd. Gids. xiv, 1892, pp. 444-448.

Wrma, J. and J. C. SANDER.—Bezoek aan Nederlandsch Oost-

en West-Indié. Leesboek. ed. 5, 8vo. Schiedam, 1891, 2 plts,
viii, 102, and iv, 107 pp.

‘* X¥”.—Lasten der suikerindustrie op Java in verband met de
McKinley-wet in Amerika. Ind. Gids, xiii, 1891, pp. 1644,
1645.

YZERMAN, J. W., see I. Jzerman.

ZELLE, L, J.—Les orangs-Konbons. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris,
vol. ii, 1891, pp. 25-35.

ZONDERVAN, H.—Steinkohlen und Eisenbahnen in Sumatra.
Deutsche geogr. Blatt. vol. xiv, 1892, pp. 233-261, map.
Fosrchungsreisen° in Niederlindisch-Ost-Indién.

Ausland, 1892, pp. 2-5, 17-20.

ZUISLEN, G. HE. V. L. VAN.—Het beleid in Atjeh. Ind. Tolk,
Nieuws v. d. Dag, 1891, Nos. 108-111. )

—Atjeh-Pacificatie. Ind. Tolk, Nieuws v. d. Dag, 1891,
(No. 82-89).

——— Het vervoer te water van militairen in Ned.-Indié.
Ind. Tolk, Nieuws v. d. Dag, 1891, (No. 82-89.)

ooo

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 263

MAPS.

INDIE.—Zendingskaart van Oost- en West-Indié, 1: 2, 300,000:
by E. Nijland. Utrecht, 1891, 4 sheets.

————-Zendingskaart van Oost- en West-Indié. 1:2,
300,000 by E. Nijland. Utrecht, 1891.

MALAY PENINSULA.—Map of the, 1891, Published under the
auspices of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
1: 563, 900 or 7.7 geogr. miles to 1 inch. London, 1891, 12/.

RIOUW EN LINGGA ARCHIPEL. Blad i.

—_—_—— [hid.—Blad ii. 1:250,000. Batavia, 1891.

SOBRABAJA.—Westervaarwater van Soerabaja. Noordelijk ge-
deelte tot aan Tandjoeng Sace door J. E. Phaff, 1890.
Zuidelijk door H. Nijgh, 1879. 1:75,000. Butavia. (Hy-
drogr. Bureau), 1891,

SUMATRA, Bangka, en de Riouw-Lirgga Archipel, kaart van

oo I laden, 1-1 000,000, | Amsterdam, 1892.

SUMATRA OosTKUST. Mond der Deli rivier. Trigon. opgeno-
men door G. F. Tijdeman, 1890. 1: 40,000. Batavia, 1291.

SUMATRA.—Kaart van Sumatra, Bangka en de Riouw-Lingga
Archipel, 1: 1,000,000. By J. Dornseiffen and Z. de Geest.
12 sheets. Amsterdam.

Kaart van het eiland Sumatra. 1: 300,000, By J. H.
Schmiill. Tydschr. Ned. Aard. Genootsch. ser. 2, vol. viii,
1892.

BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE VERNACULAR.

BAGINDA MARADJALAN, Sja’ir nasehat bagi sekalijan peng-
gaway, 16mo. Batavia (Inst. Reg. Orient), 32 pp. [Malay
characters; the same work is issued in Latin characters. ]

BERBAGAI-BAGAI peladjaran daripada Elmoe Alam, terkarang
oleh D. Gerth van Wijk. Tjetakan jang ka-3. Gouv. besl.
dd° 15 Juli, 1890, No. 28. 8vo. Batawi, 1891, 89 pp.

264 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA,

BOEKOE MASAK-MASAKAN _ roepa-roepa. Mengoendjoeken
bagimana bikinnja makanan tjara blanda, makanan tiara
djawa, koeweeh-koeweeh tjara blanda, koeweeh-koeweeh
tjara djawa, Manissan, Stroop, Likeur, dan lain Minoeman,
Assinan, Atjar, en Sosijs besar kejtil, roepa-roepa. 8vo.
Diokjakarta, 1891, 186 pp.

BOEKOE Tjerita’an Hon Se Yoe tempoe keizer Tong Hian Tjong
merk “Taij Tong Tiauw.” 8vo. Betaw7, 1891, pp. 1-560.
BOEKOE tjerita’an dahoeloe kala di negri Tjina tersalin dari
Tjerita Gak Hoeij Tempo Hongtee Hwi Tjong merk Taij

Song Tiauw. 8vo. Batavia, 1891, pp. 1-960.

DAFTAR goedang kitab Goebernemen di Petawi tahun 1892.
Djilid i. 8vo. Batavia, 1891, 32 pp.

HIKAJAT 1001 malam ja-itoe tjeritera-tjeritera Arab, disalin
kapada behasa Melajoe oleh toean Gijsbert Francis, Redacteur
dari soerat kabar “‘Pembrita Betawi” dengan menoeroet
karangan toean Gerard Keller di dalam behasa Olanda. 8vo.
Betawi, 1891, pp. 1-128.

HIKAJAT bibi Sabariah Geschiedenis van Tante Sabarieh, geor-
dend ten behoeve van iedereen, die wil spreken Maleisch
naar behooren door J. P. G. Kruijt. 8vo. Delft, 1891.

HiKAJAT Said Hamzah. I. 8vo. Batavia (Inst. Reg. Orient ),
1891, 100 pp.

HikaJAT Kalila dan Damina, tersalin daripada nasehat Malajoe,
dengan titah Goupernemen Hindija Nederlanda oleh J. R. P.
F. Cronggrijp. 8vo Leiden, 1892, 60 and 393 pp.

INTJE NANGGONG, Makassaarsch verhaal van J. Koekang. 8vo.
Batavia, 1891.
Ini tjarita namanja Lawah-Lawah merah ija itoe satoe Tjarita
dari negri Tjina. 8vo. Betawi, 1891, pp. 1-316. |
MELAJOE BETAWI. Kitab darihal perkataan-perkataan Melajoe,
hal memetjah oedjar-oedjar Melajoe dan hal pernakkan
tanda-tanda batja dan hoeroef-hoeroef besar. Dikarang oleh
Lie Kim Hok. 8vo. Betawi, 1891, 116 pp.

OxrlJ PENG LonG, Boekoe sair roepa-roepa seperti Sair orang
Bersobat, Sari Nona Boedjang dan Sair segala Boea-boehan,
8vo. Batavia, 1891, 30 pp.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 265

PAWOEKON. Serat Pawoekon katedakkan Saking karaton Soe-
rakarta. 8vo. Semarang, 1890, 92 pp.

PERATOERAN BAROE dari hal membikin dan merombak roemah-
roemah dan sebageinja di dalam afdeeling kota dan kota
kota moeka. Betawi, dan pada iboe-iboe kota dari afdeeling
Bogor, Meester-Cornelis dan Tangerang, Besluit padoeka
toean Resident Betawi tanggal 10 Maart 1891. 8vo. Batavia
1891, 16 pp.

PERDJANDJIAN dari Pemborongan hal Pemasoekan dari Paker-
dja’an aken goenanja Bagian Perang (Depart. van Oorlog) di
tanah India Nederland jang masoek bagiannja melitaire
administratie. 8vo. Soerabaia, 1890, iv, 110 pp.

PEWARTA-BOEMI. Tyjonto jang pertama. Hari Reboe 22 April,
1891. Jang mengarang dan mengaloewarkan soerat chabar
ini, Y. Strickwerda. fo. Amsterdam, 1891, 4 pp.

PRIJAMANAH.—Tyjitrawarna. Indische Schetsen naar de natuur
geteekend. LHigen-Haard, 1891, pt. 458, 470, 494, 510.

——Soedarsa [Indisch novelle.] 8vo. Haarlem, 1891,
174 pp.

RANGGA KARTA WINATA (Raden). Pagoenéman Soenda
djeune Walanda, sarta piwoeroekna teewan K. F. Holle.
8vo. Batavia, 1891, 216 pp.

RoDJA MELATI ja-itoe boekoe pantoen roepa-roepa jang terpilih
amat bagoesnja oleh dikarang Si Nonah Boto. I. 8vo.
Batavia, 1891, 69 pp.

SALIMAN dari pada Boekoe Ondang-Oadang (Burgerlijk Wetboek)
sebrapa jang terpakei pada orang-orang Asing di Hindia
Olanda. 8vo. Betawi, 1891, iv, 128 pp.

SOERAT niau wassa be marariabaisi niau na aniosepai Windessi.
8vo. Utrecht, 1891.

SOESOELAN, jang Pertama pada Soerat kandoegan boeat-
goenanja Priajie-priajie jane memegang pakerdjaiin di
tanah Gouvernemennan die Poelo Djawa dan Madoera,
terkoempoel oleh L. TI. Mayer. 8vo. Samarang, 1891, 8,
124, xili pp.

266 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

TAN TENG KIE, Sair dari hal datengnja Poetra Makoeba kera-
djaiin Boes di Betawi, dan pegihnja, tersamboeng dengan
Sair Sekalian Binatang di Hoetan, akan mengingetin anak-
anak, soepaja mendengar kata, dan sajang kepada harta
banda. 8vo. Betaw?, 1891, 28 pp.

TIEKITA Aboe Nawas dengan Radja Haroenarrasid di negri
Bagdad. 8vo. Batavia, 1891, 102 pp.

Woelange Reh, Téko-werdi en Soeloek. 8vo. Batavia, 1891.
[Jav anese characters. ]

of the a Ge,
oe eee nee | TRURNER & Co.

es ee Bagh Lerovx & Cir.
“KF, Kornrer’s s ANTIQUARIUM, Leipzig.

at v

ED ar THE An RICAN “Mrsston Press.

ENo. 27. ]

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OFA HE

Royal Asiatic Society

OCTOBER, 1894.

Agents of the Society:

London and America - me he TRUBNER & Co.

Paris fois Se a ... ERNEST LEROUX & CIE.

Germany ... K. F. Korenier’s ANTIQUARIUM, Leipzig.
SINGAPORE:

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MIssion PRESS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Council for 1894 Eee es Yas Bee v.
List of Members for 1894 Ae ie ui vi.
Annual Report of Council for 1893 eee Sdc xiii,
Proceedings of General Meeting 506 506 xvi.
Treasurer’s Account for 1893 ae dao OKA

Early Indo-Chinese Influence in the Malay Peninsula.—

by C. Otto Blagden ae 586 alas 21
Comparative Vocabulary.
1.—Family Relationships — ae eee a?
II.—Parts of the body... wes ee 27
ITI.—Animals, etc., See nie dive 31
IV.—Plants, etc., iis wis ae 32
V.—Miscellaneous Articles and inanimate things 33
VI.—Qualities, conditions, etc., aie ie ou
VII.—Actions _.... xis ee sie 38
VIII.—Numerals ... ele ane we 40

Journal of a Voyage from India to Siam and Malacca
in 1779. By Dr. J. G. Kenig.—Translated from
his Manuscripts in the British Museum.—Continuation

vol. 2, from page 1 S06 ee 57
Second Part of Vol. II malate a 108
Volume XV.—Quedar .. dias 127

A Bibliography of Malaya from I une, 1892, to aie,
1893.—By C. Davies Sherborn, F.G.8., F.Z.8. «. 135

un
’

.

THE
STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.,.

OFFICERS FOR 1894.

Right Rev. BisHop G. F. HostE—President.

The Hon. W. E. MAXWELL—Vice-President for Singapore.
Mr. Justice LoGaN—Vice-President for Penang.

Mr. R. J. WILKINSON—Secretary,

Rev. G. M. REITH, 7}
W. J. NAPIER Esquire, |

H. L. Noronua Hsquire. Lo CON ee iss
A. KNIGHT Hsquire, |

H. N. RIDLEY isquire,

LIST OF MEMBERS

FOR

1894.

Nos.| Names.
1 | ABRAHAMSON, E. E.
2 | ALLINGHAM, S.
3 | ANTHONISZ, J. O.
4 | ATKINSON, H. 8.
5 | BAMPFYLDE, C. A.
6 | BARNES, W. D.
7 | BEESTON, Capt. R. D., B. A.
8 | Bini AM ys Ga O.. BoA
9 | BERNARD, F. G.
10 | BERRINGTON, A. T. D.
MM | BICKNEIAG, Wi-_A-
12) Brees, J. Ke
13 | BLAGDEN, C. O.
14S AUN eden eN
15 | BONSER, Sir J. W.
los) Born. Dr Wen:
17 | BRaDpowN, Dr. W. L.
18 | BRANDT, D.
19

| Brown, Dr. W. C.

Addresses.

|

| Sandakan, B. N. B.

25, Grosvenor Street,
Grosvenor Square,
London, W.

Singapore.

Singapore.

| Kuching, Sarawak.
Penang.
| Sandakan, B. N. B.
| Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
_Woodleigh, Seranggong
| Road, Singapore.
| Selangor.
_ Audit Department,
Penang.
_ First Magistrate, Penang.
| Malacca.
| Sungei Ujong.

Colombo, Ceylon.

The Grange, Grange
Road, Singapore.
i Sungei Ujong.
| Singapore.

Penang.

MEMBERS FoR 1894,—Continued.

Names.

BRYANT, A. T.
BUCKLEY, €. B.

CAMERON, Capt. M. A., R.E.
CAMUS, M. DE
CLAINE, J.

CLIFFORD, H. C.
COLLYER, The Hon. W. R.
Corn, J._H.

COPLEY, GEORGE

CREAGH, His Excellency C.
VANDELEUR, OC. M. G.

CROIX, J. HERRINGTON DELA

CURRIE, ANDREW

DANE, Dr. R.
DENT, Sir ALFRED, K.C.M.G.

DEW Ay cL:
Down, ST. V. B.
DUNLOP, C.

Dr Re NV,

EGERTON, WALTER
ELCuM, J. B.
ESCHKE, H. H.

EVERETT, A. HART
EVERETT, H. H.

FEILDING, J.
FERGUSON, A. M.. Jr.

|

Vil

Addresses.

District Office, Dindings.

Orchard Road, Singapore.

Dover, England.

Singapore.

87, Rue du Cherche Midi,
Paris.

Kuala Lipis, Ulu Pahang.

Singapore.

District Office, Kuala

Selangor.

| Municipality, Malacca.

Sandakan, B. N. B.

Paris.

28, Fenchurch Street,
London.

| Province Wellesley.

11, Old Broad Street,
London, E. C.

| Perak.

Singapore.
Powell & Co., Singapore.
Pahang.

Singapore.

Singapore.

German Consulate, Sin-
gapore.

Labuan.

Sarawak.

| Scotland.

18 & 19, Baillie Street,
Fort, Colombo.

Vill

66
67

| InvinG, C. J., C.M.G.

MEMBERS FOR 1894,—Continued.

Names. Addresses.
|
GAGGINO, G. _Gaggino & Co., Singapore.
GENTLE, ALEX. Grange Road, Singapore.
COLDNEN, Eis) Honour sina.)
Jeni; | Trinidad.
GosLine, T. L. River Valley Road, Singa-
pore.
GOTTLIEB, G..S: H. Penang.
JRAHAM, JAMES Glasgow.
GULLAND, W. G. Paterson, Simons, & Le.
England.
HALE, A. | Negri Sembilan.
HAUGHTON, H. T. _ Singapore.
HAVILAND, Dr. | Europe.
| HERVEY, The Hon’ble D. F. |
p ek werner | Kurope.
Hin, B.C. . Inspector of Schools,
| Singapore.
|G AIGib Byyal ceen he | Selangor.
}

Hose, Right Revd. Bishop G. F.,|
M.A., D.D. (Honorary Member) Singapore.

HOSE, cl | _Baram, Sarawak.
HOUTHUYSEN, C. L. Baieme.
HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT, |

PG, | Singapore.
HULLETT, R. W., M.A., F.L.S. | Singapore.
Hupsown, H. H. Penang.

IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH, Dato.

Dalam. Johor Bharu.
- Hillands,Tiverton,Devon-
shire, England.

| JOAQUIM, J. P. | Singapore.

JOHOR, H. H. the Sultan of the!
State and Territory of, G.C.M.G. ;
G.C.8.1. (Honorary Member) | Johor.

91

MEMBERS FoR 1894,—Continued. ix

Names.

NER & Co. )
| KEHDING, F.
PktpEre. Dr A.

| KELSALL, Lieut. H. J., R.A.

| KENNEDY, ARCHIBALD
| Ker, T. RAWSON
| KNIGHT, ARTHUR

Krom MUN DEWAWONGSE |
| VAROPRAKAR, H. R. H. Prince) Bangkok, Siam.
| KYNNERSLEY, THE HON’BLE |

CEN Ss

| LAKE, H.
| LAUGHER, H.
| LAVINO, G.

| Member)
| LEASK, Dr. J. T.
LEES, F. BALFOUR
| LEWIS, JOHN HE. A., B.A.
|
| LISTER, Hon. MARTIN
Den Pim: elecaNl.
LITTON, G.
LOGAN, DANIEL

Low, Sir HUGH, G.C.M.G.

MACBEAN, W.
!

| MacuHapo, A. D.
| MARTIN, Dr. L.

| KEGAN, PAUL FRENCH (TRUB-

| LAWES, Revd. W. G. (Honorary

Addresses.

London.

Laboean, Deli.

Bangkok.
| Malta.
| Batu Gajah, Kinta, Perak.
_Johor Bharu, Johor.
(rrassdale, River Valley

Road, Singapore.

| Malacca.

_ Johor.

| Singapore.

Dutch Consulate, Singa-
pore.

| Port Moresby, New
Guinea.

_ Penang.

Office, Sarawak.
| Negri Sembilan.
| Gaya, B. N. B.
' Canton.
| Singapore. ( Penang. )
| England.

| Straits Insurance Office,

_ Hongkong.

| Bangkok, Siam.

| Mabar Estate, Deli,
Sumatra,

x MEMBERS FoR 1894,—Continued.

Nos. | Names. | Addresses.
92 | MAXWELL, H.E. W. E., ‘Colonial Secretary’s
| O.M.G. _ House, Singapore.
93 | MAXWELL, R. W. _ Inspector-General’s
| Office, Singapore.
94 | McKILLoP, J., F.C.S. | Pulau Brani, Singapore.
95 | MEREWETHER, E. M. | Singapore.
96 | MILLER, JAMES | Gilfillan, Wood & Co.,
| | Singapore.
97 | MELDRUM, Dato J. Johor.
98 | NANSON, WM., B.A., F.S.A. 'Craigton, Tanglin, Singa-
| | pore.
99 | NAPIER, W. J., M.A. Paterson Road,
| | Singapore.
100 | NEAVE, D. C. | Cluny Road, Tanglin,
| | Singapore.
101 | Newron, Howarp | Singapore.
102 | NORONHA, H. L. _ Singapore.
103 | O'BRIEN, The Hon’ble H. A. _— Singapore.
104 | O'SULLIVAN, A. W.S., B.A. | Penang.
105 | OWEN, F. F. Kuala Pahang.
106 | ORMSBY, G. _ Labuan.
107 | Parkes, D. G, Taiping, Perak.
1087) PAU. WEB: Europe.
109 | PERHAM, The Ven. Archdeacon |
| (Honorary Member) | Singapore.
110 | READ, W. H. M., o.m.c. | 9, Petersham Terrace, |

!
'

Queen’s Gate, London.

111 | REITH, Revd. Gro. M., M.A. Cavenagh Road, Singa-
pore.
112 | RICKETT, C. B. | Hongkong and Shanghai

Bank, Foochow.

MEMBERS FOR 1894,—Continued.

Xi

Nos. Names.
113 | RIDLEY, H. N., M.A.,F.L.S.
114 | RODGER, J. P.
115 | Rost, Dr. REINHOLD ( Honorary
| Member)
|
116 | SALMON, J.
117 | SARAWAK, H. H. The Raja of,
G.C.M.G. (Honorary Member)
118 | Satow, E. M., C.M.G.( Honorary
Member)
119 | SCHAALJE, M.
120 | Scort, Dr. DUNCAN
121 | SEAH LIANG SEAH.
122 | SEAH SONG SEAH.
128 | SHELFORD, The Hon ble T. A
C.M.G. |
124 | SHELFORD, W. H.
125 | SHELLABEAR, W. G
126 | SKINNER, The Hon ble A. M., |
C.M.G.
127 | SMITH, Sir CECIL CLEMENTI,
M.A., G.C.M.G.
128 | Soust, T.
129 | SOURINDRO MOHUN TAGORE,
| Raja, Mus. Poe.
130 | ST. CLAIR, WG.
lanl | STRINGER, C.
132 | SWETTENHAM, The Hon'ble

or can @:

Addresses.

Botanic Gardens, Singa-
pore.
Europe.

Kurope.

eseseeseee

Kuching, Sarawak.
Monte Video, S. America.

| Medan, Deli.

| Europe.

| Chop “Chin Hin,” Singa-

| pore.

Chop “Chin Hin,” Singa-
ore,

| Broadfields, Paterson
Road, Singapore.
| Singapore.
| | Singapore.
| Resident Councillor,
| nang.

England.

Mount Rosie, Chancery
| Lane, Singapore.
| Pathuria Ghata Raj Bati,
| Calcutta, India.

| Singapore Free
| Office, Singapore.
| Singapore.

Pe-

Press

_ Resident, Perak.

Xi MEMBERS FoR 1894,—Continued.

Nos. | Names. Se Addresses.
133 | SYED MoHAMED BIN AHMED |
AL SAGOFF Singapore.

134 | SYED ABUBAKAR BIN OMAR AL |

| JUNIED _ Arabia.
13D | SYERS, H.C: Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
136 | SKEAT, W. W. | Klang.
137 | TaLBoT, The Horble A. P. | Singapore.
138 | THOMAS, O. V. _ Singapore.
139 | TREACHER, W. H., O.M,G. Resident, Selangor.

140 | VAN BENNINGEN VAN HELS- |
DINGEN, Dr. R. | Deli, Sumatra.
141 | VerMONT, The Hon’ble J.M. B. | Batu Kawan Estate, Pro-
| _ vince Wellesley.
142 ) WALKER, Lieut.-Col. R. S. F.
C.M.G. | | Perak.

}

|

|

|

143 | WALKER, H. Land and Survey Depart-

| ment, Sandakan, B.N.B.
144 | WARREN, H. E. Major-General
_ SirCHARLES, G.C.M.G.,K.C.B. | Singapore.
145 | WATSON, E. A. Pahang.
146 | WELLFORD. J. | Selangor.
147 | WEST, F. G. | Selangor.
148 | WHEATLEY, J. J. L. / Muar.
149 | WILDMAN, R. U.S. America.
150 | WILKINSON, H. J. | Singapore.
151 | WISE, E. A. _ Pekan, Pahang.
1o2e |W AY Le ir. | Perak Museum, Perak.
153 | WRENCH, W. T. | Singapore.

Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any change of address
or decease of members, in order that the list may be as complete as possible.

All communications concerning the publications of the Society should
be addressed to the Secretary ; all subscriptions to the Treasurer.

Members may have, on application, forms authorising their Bankers or
Agents to pay their subscription to the Society regularly each year.

COUNCIL

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

ROR OTHE, YHAR 1893.

The Council are happy to state that the finances of the
Society are in a satisfactory condition.
The following members have been during the year elected,
subject to ratification by the General Meeting.
Messrs. J. MELDRUM.
H. H. Hupson.
H. 5S. ATKINSON.
JOHN WELLFORD.
R. W. DUFF.
J, H, Cope.
W. W, SKEAT.

ANNUAL REPORT. X1Y.

The following gentlemen resigned their Membership:
Mr. THOROLD Dickson, Mr. BURKINSHAW, and Mr. DIETHELM;
and the Council regret to have to record the loss by death of
Sir E. C. BOVILL, and Mr. H. M. BECHER.

During the year it was resolved by the Council that, owing
to the constant delay in publishing the Journal, the printing
should be put into the hand of the Manager of the American
Mission Press; one number of the Journal was at that time
being printed by the Government Press, and this with another
printed simultaneously by the Mission Press will shortly be in
the hands of the members.

The delay in the printing of the first number was caused
by unusual stress of work at the Government Press, while an
accident to machinery caused delay in the number printed at
the Mission Press. The Council hope that the next numbers
will be printed with greater rapidity. The new edition of the
map is well in hand. Great assistance has been given by the
various Residents of the Native States, the Resident Councillors
of Penang and Malacca, and others, who have supplied revised
copies of the maps of different States, and have sent plans of
surveys of various little-known districts. Copies of the published
maps of Perak, Siam, and Johor have also been received from
those Governments, with permission to utilize them in the
new edition. The coast-line has undergone much revision, |
and the latitude of several points has been more one
determined.

The Council desire to express their great regret at the
death of Mr. H. M. BECHER, who had taken an active interest in
the compilation of the map and kad devoted much time to it,
and who indeed lost his life while exploring the Tahan district,
in Pahang, in the interests of Geographical Science.

XV. ANNUAL REPORT.

The Government has been unable to grant any pecuniary
assistance this year towards the bringing out of the map, as
it has done on former occasions, but an offer has been received
from the War Office to photo-zincograph the map at their
expense and to supply the Government and War Office with
copies, and put the map on sale to the public.

This proposal is still under consideration of the Council.

A large number of pamphlets, journals, and books have
been received from kindred Societies and private persons, and
have been added to the library. A book-case was purchased for
their reception, and the library has been partly catalogued.

PROCEEDINGS

GEN ERAT ae aN

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

HELD ON
JANUARY 307TH, 1894.
Bacar :

H..E. Sir CHARLES WARREN.
Right Rev. BISHOP G. F. HOSE.
Mr. JUSTICE LOGAN:

Rev. G. M. REITH.

Messrs. NAPIER. Messrs. H. N. RIDLEY.
NORONHA. HAUGHTON.
DE CAMUS. KNIGHT.
Sip. Civ: ESCHKE.
PT MiLBOD: STRINGER.

H. O'BRIEN.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The following new members were proposed and elected :—

Mr. JUSTICE COLLYER, proposed by Mr. ST. CLAIR, second-
ed by Mr. LOGAN. .

Mr. WILKINSON, proposed by Mr. W.: HE. MAXWELI,
seconded by Mr. HAUGHTON.

Mr. SHELLABEAR, proposed by Mr. RIDLEY, seconded by
BISHOP HOSE.

The Report was read and passed.

The Treasurer’s accounts were passed.

PROCEEDINGS. XVil-

The following were elected as Officers for the ensuing
Vear :—

President—Right Rev. Bishop G. F. HOSE.

Vice-President for Singapore—The Hon. W. EK. MAXWELL.

» Penang—Mr. JUSTICE LOGAN.

Secretary —Mr. R. J. WILKINSON.

Counci/—Messrs. G. M. REITH, W. J. NAPIER, H. L.
NorRondA, A. KNIGHT, and H. N. RIDLEY.

Sir CHARLES WARREN proposed a vote of thanks to Sir
CECIL CLEMENTI SMITH, who had been for so long patron of
the Society.

The Rey. G. M. REITH proposed that instructions be given
to the Council to consider, and with full power to make necessary
arrangements to compile, an Encyclopedia of Malaya, provided
that the scheme be practicable. Mr. NAPIER seconded the
proposal, which was carried.

Sir CHAKLES WARREN proposed that the Map Committee
of last year should continue their work as before.—Carried.

The Right Rev. BISHOP HOSE proposed a vote of thanks
to the late President, which was carried.

Sir CHARLES WARREN proposed a vote of thanks to the
Secretary.—Carried.

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EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE
IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. ~

As Illustrated by some of the
Dialects of the Aboriginal’ Tribes.

On a visit to Burma, in January 1892, I happened to meet
with a vocabulary”? of the language of Pegu, spoken by a race
who call themselves Mon, but who are also sometimes termed
Talaing. While reading casually through it my attention was
arrested by several words with which I seemed somehow to be
familiar, and a more careful perusal convinced me of the fact
that a considerable number of the Peguan words closely re-
sembled their equivalents in the Besisi dialect of the Malay Pen-
insula, of which I had collected a short vocabulary from some
aborigines of that tribe living in Malacca territory. This coinci-
dence struck me at the time as being of great interest and I
determined to look into the matter more carefully on my return
to the Straits. A mere comparison of the vocabularies of the
two languages could not have led to any very satisfactory re-
sults and it seemed desirable to take into account as many of the
other aboriginal dialects of the Malay Peninsula as I could get
hold of and to include in the comparison a few other Indo-Chinese
languages of cognate origin, especially the language of Camboja
(Khmer) and such of the ruder dialects of the Mekong valley and
southern Siam as seemed to throw any light on the subject.

IZ. The words ‘‘ aborigines ” and ‘‘ aboriginal” are used inthis paper to
denote such of the non-Muhammadan inhabitants of the Peninsula as are
not, like the Chinese and Hindus, settlers who have in historical times
arrived from elsewhere. It is not intended to imply that all, or any, of
them were absolutely autochthonous, or even that they were the first settlers ;
but it is assumed, as sufficiently proved elsewhere, that their presence in the
Peninsula was antecedent to the immicration of the Sumatran Malays.

2. In * Specimens of the Languages of India” published in 1874 at
Calcutta by the Bengal Government.

22 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

Annamese I thought it as well to avoid, and I have hardly looked
into it at all; first because owing to its geographical position, both
past and present, it could not possibly have exercized any in-
fluence on the aboriginal dialects of the Peninsula and secondly
because it has been so deeply modified by Chinese influence, that
it cannot be regarded as a typical member of the Mon-Annam
stock.

The collection of materials naturally took a considerable
time. A good many, itis true, happened to be in my possession,
more especially the vocabularies of the aboriginal dialects published
in former numbers of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, but the greater part had to be procured
from elsewhere. The materials are fairly numerous but their
value is often much reduced by the inaccuracies with which they
abound, the scantiness of the information they contain, and the
absence in many cases of anything like systematic arrangement.
Of the latter fault I consider Newbold’s vocabulary of the “Orang
Benua”’ a glaring example: for he has evidently mixed up in one
list fragments of the dialects of three or four distinct tribes, thus
producing a language which was certainly never spoken by any
one aboriginal tribe that ever existed. Yet his vocabulary is
perhaps the fullest that is available for the study of the dialects
in the neighbourhood of Malacca and, in spite of its faults, is a
very valuable one.

Many of the materials for the comparison of these various
languages and dialects are scattered about in different books
which are not readily accessible except to persons within reach
of a good library; and the greater part of this paper was put to-
gether before I had been able to refer to the ‘Journal of the
Indian Archipelago” and the late Mr. J. R. Logan’s numerous
notices of the wild tribes and their languages. A reference to
those notices showed me that the conclusions I had drawn from
the evidence I had then collected had been to some extent anti-
cipated by that high authority, who recognized the existence of
of Mon-Annam words in the dialects of the “Orang Semang”
and the “Orang Benua,” being led thereto, curiously enough,
by the same Besisi dialect, in which he found analogies with
Annamese.® Nevertheless it seemed to me worth while to proceed

8. v.J.I. A. vol. iv, p. 345; N.S. vol.iv, p. 159; J.S. B. BR. A. 5. No. 7,
pp. 84-92.

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA 23

further in the matter, first because the subject is not at all fully
treated by Logan in his comprehensive philological schemy of
which indeed it forms but an insignificant part, and secondly
because considerable additions have been made since his day to
our knowledge of the dialects in question and new evidence
can therefore be adduced in support of his conclusions. I was
also impelled by the consideration that since Logan’s time no-
thing, so far as I could discover, had been done either to confirm
or to controvert his views: his conclusions appear to have
been lost sight of or ignored by those who in recent times have
dealt with these matters. The result has been that several
of these authors have delivered themselves of the most extra-
ordinary dicta regarding the relation of the aboriginal dialects
to other languages, some* without any attempt at proof having
asserted their connection with a variety of families of speech
with which, so far as is at present known, they have nothing
whatever to do, while others have been content to assert or
imply that no known element except the Malayan has as yet
been discovered in them. A perusal of Logan's articles in the
“Journal of the Indian Archipelago” will convince anyone that
the latter statement is incorrect.

The purpose of this paper then, is to point out again, how-
ever imperfectly, a line of research which was opened by the
enquiries of Mr. J. R. Logan about forty years ago, but seems to
have been forgotten and never followed up, although the results
to which it may eventually lead might be expected to prove
most interesting. In general terms it may be called the study
of the early influence of the main-land of Indo-China on its out-
lying province, the Malay Peninsula, closely connected as they
are in geographical position but widely sundered at the present
day in regard to the ethnological and philological characteristics
of the greater part of their inhabitants. For many generations
the Peninsula has had intimate relations with Sumatra and in a
less degree with Java and Borneo, with all of which it has many
affinities; but, with the exception of the Siamese suzerainty over
the Northern States and provinces, it has had little to do of late

4. H.g. Mr. Vaughan Stevens is reported by Mr. Clifford in J.S.B.
R. A. 8. No. 24, to have said that Sakaiis allied to Tibetan. It would be
interesting to know what prompted this statement and on what evidence it
was made.

24. EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

with Indo-China, and for practical purposes, as well as for purposes
of scientific classification, it may be reckoned as part of the Hastern
Archipelago rather than as an outlying portion of Further India.

I venture to think, however, that a careful analysis of the
languages of the races that preceded the present Malay inhabitants
of the Peninsula, the dialects, that is to say, of the scattered
aboriginal tribes known generally to the Malays as “ Orang utan”
(jungle-men), or ‘Orang bukit,” (hill-men) as well as by a variety
of other names and nicknames, will bear out a view which seems
to me foreshadowed by the fragments of linguistic evidence I have
been able to collect; the view, namely, that in former times the
connection of Indo-China with the Peninsula was more vital and
effective than it is now or has ever been in recent years; and that
an Indo-Chinese race, closely allied to the Peguans and their
cousins the Cambojans and speaking a language of the Mon-Annam
type, held some sort of sway over at least a part of the Peninsula
at a time when the Malays had not yet established a footing
there as the dominant power.

It may seem rash to base theories of this sort on such com-
paratively slight evidence as I am at present able to bring for-
ward; but I imagine that in expressing what seems to me the
conclusion to which that evidence leads, I am not exceeding the
limits of a strictly legitimate hypothesis. Additional facts collect-
ed subsequently or independently can only serve either to disprove
or to confirm this provisional conclusion, and either alternative
should be welcomed as an addition to our knowledge of a subject
which is at present involved in obscurity and has hardly perhaps
met with the attention that from the historical point of view it
would seem to deserve.

I will now present the linguistic evidence in the form of a
comparative vocabulary in which a considerable number of words
of the aboriginal dialects of the Peninsula are compared with
their equivalents in Mon (Peguan), Khmer (Cambojan ) and a
variety of the dialects of the wild tribes of Indo-China which
have been deeply influenced by the languages of their civilized
neighbours and sometimes preserve archaic forms that are more
primitive than the modern colloquial forms of those languages,
With the exception of Besisi and a few Malacca Jakun and
Mentra words collected by myself, all the words in this compara-
tive vocabulary are given on the authority of the published works

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 25

in which they are to be found. The original spelling is left
unaltered in all cases, except that the elaborate diacritical vowel
marks of the French transliteration of Khmer and the tonal
marks of Annamese have not been reproduced ; to have done so
would have involved much additional trouble and would have
served no useful purpose in the present paper.

The authorities in question are, for
I.—Aboriginal dialects of the Malay Peninsula.

(a) Orang Utan of Johor, Ulu Endau, Ulu Rumpin;
Aborigines of Ulu Kelantan and Ulu Patani—Miklucho-
Maclay, Straits Asiatic Journal, No. 1, pp. 41-44.

(5) Orang Benua, Kedah Semang and Jooroo® Semang.
Newbold, British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca,
vol. ii. p. 422 seqq.

(c) Semang—Begbie, The Malayan Peninsula, pp. 14-18.
(No locality is given; and it seems doubtful whether
this may not be a Sakai dialect).

(d) Senoi, Tembe, Blanja and Slim Sakai.—Clifford, Straits
Asiatic Journal, No. 24, pp. 13-29.

(e) A few words of Kedah Semang from Crawfurd, Ma-
lay Grammar; of ‘‘ Benua” and “ Pantang Kapur” from
Logan’s articles in the Journal of the Indian Archipel-
ago and the Straits Asiatic Journal, Nos. 3 and 9; and
a word here and there from other sources as indicated
in the notes when they occur.

(f) For the rest, the vocabularies in the Straits Asiatic
Journal, No. 5, p. 129 seqq.

IT.— Languages and dialects of Indo-China.—
1. Civilized.

(a) Mon’—Haswell, Grammatical Notes and Vocabulary
of the Peguan Language.

(6) Khmer’—Moura, Vocabulaire Cambodgien.

5. J.e.—Juru, near Province Wellesley.

6. Reference has also been made to Specimens of the Languages of
India (v. note. 2) and Hodgson’s Essays on Indian subjects, vol. ii. pp. 45-
50; and I would here express my indebtedness to my friend Mr. H. L. Eales,
B.C.s., lately Superintendent of Census Operations in Burma and now
Deputy-Commissioner, Magwe, for much valuable assistance in connection
with this language.

7. Reference has also been made to Aymonier, Dictionnaire Khmer,
Francais.

26 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

2 Uneivilized.

(a) Kaand Chong—Crawfurd, Embassy to Siam, etc.
vol. il. ad fin.

(b) Samre, Por, Cuoi, Phnong, Stieng and Prou.—Moura,
Le Royaume du Cambodge, vol. i. pp.440-447.

(c) Samre, Chong, Stieng, Banar, Cedang, Huei, Cat,
Souc, Soue, Hin, Proons, So, Nanhang, Mi, Khmous,
Lemet.—Garnier, Voyage d’Exploration en Indo-Chine,
vol. ii. pp. 490-517.

A few words of old Khmer and of Annamese have also been
extracted from the last named authority.

The languages aud dialects here mentioned extend from the
tropic of Cancer to the neighbourhood of the equator and over
some fifteen degrees of longitude, and they have been collected
by a number of different persons, on all manner of systems.
Allowance must therefore be made for the various methods of
spelling adopted, which, as already stated, I have not ventured
to meddle with. In the case of the Indo-Chinese words (7. e.
those in the last column), except Mon and the two dialects given
by Crawfurd, the authorities are French and have followed a
French system.

In transliterating the Mon words from Haswell’s vocabulary,
which is in the native character, I have endeavoured to follow
the method of spelling now universally adopted for the English
rendering of Oriental languages, but as [ have had no opportunity
of hearing the language spoken it is to be expected that the render-
ing of the vowels, which are numerous and complex, is somewhat
deficient in accuracy, though no doubt precise enough for the

present purpose. In Besisi words n represents the sound of s,(=ny)

but unlike 3, it occurs as a final sound; the modified vowels

d and 6 are sounded approximately as in German; a has
the sound of the English ‘‘aw”; an apostrophe after a vowel
represents the abrupt tone of the vowel, when it occurs
without a vowel at the beginning or in the middle of a word
it indicates a sound something like the Malay é only if possible
shorter and hardly audible; tinal consonants, which are almost
inaudible, are written above the line in small type.

Comparative Vocabulary.

English. Aboriginal dialects of Indo- Chinese
the Malay Peninsula. languages and dialects.

I. Family relationships.*

Father ikun (Besisi) kunh (Samre)
ikun (Benua) kunh (Por)
conh (Cuoi)

kuny (Chong)

Father ita (Endau) ta (Old Khmer)
[ =grand-father ]
Chiid knon (Besisi) kon (Mon)
knon (Johor) con (Khmer)
kénod (Senoi) con (Annam)

con (Cat)
con (Souc)
con (Soue)
Son kon (Perak Semang) ken (Old Khmer)
ken (Samre)
ken (Chong’)

Grand-child kanun (Benua)

II. Parts cf the body.

Arm (biceps) bleg™ (Besisi) bleng (Soue)
beling (Benua)
baling (Semang))

Back chélon (Besisi) khnang (Khmer)

&. A number of words of relationship are so similar in the Mon-
Annam and Malayan groups that no safe conclusion can be drawn as to the
origin of mary of the forms in the aboriginal dialects which resemble them ;
they have therefore been omitted here.

28
Back
Blood
Body

Flesh
Bone

Breasts (female)

Milk
Kar

Kye

Finger
Foot

kiah (Benua)
ki-ah (Semang

cheong (Kedah Semang’)

so’ (Besisi)

usi (Perak Semang’)

isi (Ijoh Semang)

see (Jooroo Semang)
ja ang (Besisi)

jahang (Benua)

aieng (Kedah Semang)
laang (Perak Semang)

tuh (Besisi)

thuh (Benua)

kantak (Perak Semang
ntokn (Johor)

inteng (Ijoh Semang) .
anten (Kelantan)
anten (Patani)

tog” (Besisi)

miit (Besisi)

mat (Benua)

med (Jooroo Semang)
med (Kedah Semang’)
met (Semang’)

med (Ijoh Semang’)
med (Kelantan)

med (Patani)

mat (Perak Semang))

met (Kenering Semang)

mot (Endau)
mot (Johor)

raan (Johor)

jaung eon
joke f ( Besisi)
iuk (Perak Semang)

yohk (Kenering Semang)

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

cha’ (Mon)

chhim (Mon)

sach (Khmer)
[= flesh]

cheong (Khmer)
khong (Chong)
xvong (Annam)
cheang (Khmous)
tah (Mon)

da (Khmer)

tucda (Khmer)
k-to (Mon)
tour (Stieng)
dou (Banar)

mot (Mon)
mat (Ka)
mat (Chong)

mat (Banar)
mat (Cedang)
mot (Samre)
mot (Por)
mat (Cuoi)
mat (Phnong)
mat (Pron)

meream (Khmer)

chung (Mon)
chung (Khmer)
sang (Old Khmer)
jiung (Soue)

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 29

Foot diokn (Johor) young (Proons)
chung (Benua) sinh (Por)
chau (Jooroo Semang’) jung (Cuoi)
tchan (Kenering Semang) jong (Phnong)
chan (Ijoh pce chong (Stieng)
chan (Selama Semang:) gion
chan (Semang’) Gai ea)

cho’n (Annam)

Hair - so’ (Besisi) sok (Mon)
sak (Semang’) sac (Khmer)
sok (Kenering Semang) souk (Old Khmer)
sok (Kelantan) tioc (Stieng )
sok (Senoi) xoc (Banar)

sog (Ijoh Semang)
sog (Selama Semang’)
sogk (Patani)

suk (Endau)

suk (Johor)

Hand thé (Besisi) toa (Mon)
vhi day (Khmer)
ae ome) ti (Old Khmer)
toong (Semang) ti (Chong)

- ting (Perak Semang) ti (Soue)
tong (Jooroo Semang’) ti (Proons)
tein (Johor) tay (Annam)

Arm ti (Banar)

Finger ting (Perak Semang)
ting (Kenering Semang)
tii (Johor)

wantung (Jooroo Semang’)
; [lit.—* child of hand” ]
Head koi (Besisi) tuwi (Ka)
koi (Benua)
kay (Kedah Semang)

kuya (Jooroo Semang) toui (Huei)
ko-i (Semang)
kai (Perak Semang’) toui (Proons)

kai (Ijoh Semang)

30 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. |

Head kai (Senoi)
kai (Tembe)
kui (Kelantan)
kui (Patani)
k6e (Selama Semang)
koi (Endau)
koi (Johor)

Mouth pang’ ( Besisi) paing (Mon)
ban (Kedah Semang) mieng (Annam)
hain (Kenering Semang))
hein (Selama Semang)

Navel shok (Senoi) phchet (Khmer)
Nose mi (Besisi) muh (Mon)
mt (Perak Semane) mouh (Banar)
muh (Kenering Semang’) mui (Annam)
mu (Endau)
mu (Johor) mo (Phnong)
moh (Ljoh Semang’)
moh (Patani) mus (Cuoi)}

mo (Kelantan)
mah (Semang)

Thigh bléu (Besisi): phlou (Khmer)
balah (Semang’)

Tongue litig (Jooroo Semang’) lataik (Mon)
letik (Semang) ntac (Khmous)
letig (Selama Semang’) andat (Khmer)

lentak (Perak Semang)
lentek (Kelantan)
lentek (Patani)

rentak (Senoi)

Tooth lemon (Besisi) thmenh (Khmer)
lemun (Benua)
lemun (Jooroo Semang)
lemun (Perak Semang)
lamo-ing (Semang)
limon’ (Endau)

Tooth nis (Patani) onék (Mon)

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 31

III. Animals ete.

Bird chim (Besisi) kachém (Mon)
cheym (Perak Semang) chiem (Chong)
tchem (Kenering Semang:) chim (Banar)

chép (Senoi) chiem (Huei)
chép (Tembe) kiem (Souc)
chim (Annam)
Egg | k’poh (Besisi) pong (Khmer)
kepoh (Benua)
Keg tab (Perak Semang) khtap (Phnong’)
Centipede kiip ( Besisi) kaep (Khmer)
Dog cha (Besiri) tcho Old Khmer)
chu (Perak Semang) cho (Ka)
tchiau (Johor) cho (Ka)
koih ) cho (Annam)
chor » (Benua) achor (So)
chooh ) achor (Nanhang)
cho’ (Senoi) chor (Huei)
cho’ (Blanja Sakai) so (Mi)
cho’ (Slim Sakai) so (Khmous)
chuor (Tembe) so (Lemet)

chioke (Kenering Semang)
? cf.chhke (Khmer)

Elephant "mrat (Besisi) tomrey (Khmer)
tameenda (Jooroo Semang)

Ivory bala (Benua) phluc (Khmer)
bala’h (Semang)

Fish ka’ (Besisi) ka (Mon)
ka’ (Senoi) ca (Stieng)
ka (Benua) ca (Banar)
ka (Perak Semang) ca (Soue)

kah (Kenering Semang) ca (Annam)
ka (Khmous)
ka (Lemet)

Millipede klui (Besisi) khlos (Khmer)
klui (Mentra)

32 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

Mosquito kémitis (Mentra) mus (Khmer)
Mosquito kemit (Senol) kamit (Mon)
sabet (Perak Semang)
sben (Ijoh Semang)
semon (Malacca Jakun)

Rat kané (Besisi) condor (Khmer)

kedeg (Perak Semang) kane (Phnong)
kanye (Benua) kane (Prou)
kannik keney (Stieng)
kone (Banar)
Wild cat kélara (Mentra) khla rokhen (Khmer)
Monkey hol (Seno) [sva | khol (Khmer)
[= the siamang = a large species of monkey |
IV. Plants, etc.
Flower bakau (Perak Semang) phca (Khmer)

bekaau (Kenering Semang) kau (Mon)
kao (Stieng)

Fruit pli (Besisi) phlé (Khmer)
Leaf laluk (Benua) sloc (Khmer)
sela (Perak Semang) sla
selah (Kenering Semang) lha j ula
Tree log” (Besis1) long (Proons)
delokn (Johor) long (Phnong)
| =firewood ]
long (Stieng)
Tree chuck (Kedah Semang) chhu (Khmer)
joho (Benna) [wood |
jo-ho (Semang) chhu (Mon)

johu (Perak Semang )

ioh (Selama Semang’)
Wood jeéhu (Senoi)

jéhu (Tembe)

jéhu (Blanja Sakai)

jéhu (Slim Sakai)

chue® (Pantang Kapur)

9. Logan J. I. A. vol. L, p. 263.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 3s

Pith
Climbing rattan

Plantain
Plantain

Rice

Padi

Cooked rice

kol (Senoi)

chok” (Senoi)

chyung (Besisi)

diok (Johor)

teli (Perak Semang)

be (Besisi)
bei (Jooroo Semang’)
ba’? (Perak Sakai)

biyun (Perak Semang)

tchana (Perak Sakai)
cha’na’ (Senoi)
cha’na’ (Tembe)

khuor (Khmer)

[| —=marrow
chuk (Mon)
[=rope |

chec (Khmer)

[tout] taloi
(Khmous)

bai (Khmer)
[cooked rice]
ba (Banar)
[padi |

phe (Banar)
[—béras |

pung (Mon)
[cooked rice }
pien (Stieng)
chana (Mon)
[food |

V. Miscellaneous Articles and inanimate

Salt

Stone

Arrow

things.

empaut (Perak Semang)

tmu (Kelantan)
emu (Endau)
emu (Rumpin)

lo-i (Semang’)

laut (Perak Semang’)
lod |
lelad I
loig (Selama Semang’)

(Ijoh Semang)

ambel (Khmer)
po (Mon)

tma (Mon)
thma (Khmer)
tmo (Chong)

tamau (Stieng)

tamao (Soue)
tamao (Nanhang’)

leau (Mon)

10. Brau de St. Pol Lias, ‘‘Perak et les orangs Sakeys,” pp. 271-273.

34

Arrow
Quiver

Blowpipe

Mat

Pillow
Hut

Jungle

Mountain

Mountain
River

COMPARATIVE

tornan” (Jakun)
lék (Besisi)
télak (Mentsa)
bélau (Besisi)

blau (Perak Semang)
belau (Ijoh Semang:)
blau Selama Semang)

blahan 1*( Johor)
bélau (Senoi)
blahu (Tembe)

pil (Perak Semang)

pille (Kenering Semang)

ténti (Senoi)
dig” (Besisi)
dérk" (Senoi)
déh (Tembe)

‘mbri (Besisi)

débi (Perak Semang)

bri (Rumpin)
bri (Endau)
bri (Johor)

bnum (Kelantan)
bnum (Rumpin)
benum (Endau)
benum (Johor)

butjak “tul (Patani)

biteu '(Ijoh Semang’)

17. J. SB. Re A S83, No: 4; prc:

12. Comphio would seem to be a derivative of phlo, ‘‘double,” the
reference being to the constuction of the blowpipe of two bamboos, the one
fitting inside the other. cf Comphlung, ‘‘ musket, ” from phlung, ‘é fire.”

13. Evidently a misprint for blahau.

14. Butjak=puchak or punchak, whence Malay Kemunchak ‘‘ peak.”

18. Biteu is for bz deu

‘‘river of water”: v.

VOCABULARY.

pruonh (Khmer)
clac (Khmer)

[= etuz] :
comphlo (Khmer)

contil (Khmer)

khnoi (Khmer)

tong (Old Khmer)
tong (Samre)
tong (Chong)
doung (Souc)
dong (Nanhang)

prey (Khmer)

bri (Old khmer)
bri (Chong)

bri (Banar)

mpri (Khmous)
pri (Lemet)
phnom (Khmer)
nong (Old Khmer)
nong (Chong’)
bnom (Stieng)

tu (Mon)
bi (Mon) [=river ]

‘¢water.”

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 35

River biteu (Selama Semang) daik (Mon)
[ water ]
Rivulet wang batauh (Semang’)
Earth té (Besisi) ti (Mon)
: teh (Perak Semang) dey (Khmer)
teh (Ijoh Semang) te (Chong)

teh (Selama Semang’)
tei (Patani)

atei (Rumpin)

ate’ (Endau)

atei ‘Johor)

té (Senoi)

té (Tembe)

Land teh (Benua)
es teh (Jooroo Semang)

teh (Kedah Semong)

Sun tunkat (Endau) t-gnoa (Mon)
tunkat (Johor) thngay (Khmer)

Sun matbri (Rumpin) matpri (M1)
matbri (Johor) matpri (Khmous)

Moon kachik (Kedah Semang) khe (Khmer)
kitchi (Patani) kato (Mon)
kachil (Benua) mechiai (So)

euchah (Kenering Semang

gechai (Perak Semang) cachai (Hin)
siché (Kinta Saka) kaosai (Soue)
kichek (Ijoh Semang)

chi (Selama Semang’)

16. The words for ‘* Sun” and ‘‘moon” deserve a note to themselves.
(1.) For the former we find apparently two distinct sets of words: (1) égnoa
(Mon) thgnay (Khmer) and representative forms is other dialects, represented
perhaps by the first syllable of the Johor tunkat ; (2) some combination of the
root mat *‘ eye” with some other word, as prt, forest, or K-to, which seems to
be identical with the root meaning ‘‘moon.” Thus Jooroo and Kedah
Semang have mitkatok, Selama Semang mekator, Ijoh Semang maktok,
etc. (II.) For ‘‘moon” we find the last-named root by itself. It is a very
wide-spread one: cf old Chinese gwat ‘‘moon,” which appears in modern
dialects as *‘ gueh” &c, but is evidenced by the early Japanese loan-word
gwatsu or getsu, to which these Peninsular forms closely approximate.

36 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

Moon g@éche’ (Senoi)
e@éche’ (Tembe)
oéche’ (Blanja Sakai)
bi-che (Slim Sakai)
Star . puloi (Benua) phlu (Khmer)
[== to shine]
perlohi (Chendariang Sakai)
pelaui (Seno1)
poolo-e (Semang’)

Fire us (Besis1) oh (Mon) [fuel]

hus (Benua) os (Khmer
[firewood ]

has (Semang’) us (Cuoil) [fire ]
us (Jooroo Semang ) ounh (Banar)
us (Kedah Semang’) ounh (Proons)
os (Perak Semang’) ounh (Stieng) ~
ass (Kenering Semang) oun (Cedan)
oss (Ijoh Semang’) ouidj (Souc)

aus (Selama Semang’)
oos (Kelantan)

oos (Patani)

us (Rumpin)

us (Endau)

us (Johor)

ois (Senoi)

ois (Tembe)

Water déu ab daik (Mon)
do } Ca) tuc (Khmer)
dak (Rumpin) dak (Ka)
dati tak (Chong)
@’hu t (ert trak (Old Khmer)
diau (Johor) do (Nanhang)

“bateao (Kedah Semang) doi (So)
biteu (Ijoh Semang)
beteu (Selama Semang’)
téu (Senoi)
téu (Blanja Sakai)

17. OV. Supra stiyers,

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. Si

Water téu (Slim Sakai)

Rain g2éma (Besisi) koma (Chong)
gumar (Benua) ma (Soue)
kumeh !*(Pantang Kapur)

Evening yoop (Semang) jop (Khmer)

VI.—Qualities, conditions, &c.

Alive ris (Besisi) ros (Khmer)
agos (Perak Semang) eri (Banar)
gwose (Kenering Semang)
eumos (Selama Seman)

cf to live caimas (Semang)

Dead mbis ) - kmoch (Khmer)
k’bis f (Bests) i= corpse]
kabus (Perak Semang)
kaboss (Kenering Semang’)
kebiss (Ijoh Semang)
kebiss (Selama Semang)
kobs (Johor)

ef to die kabus (Semang)

Cold teket (Besisi) cacat (Phnong)
tkat (Johor) cat (Khmous)
tekad (Kenering Semang)

Hot pedee (Jooroo Semang’) cadau (Khmer)

~pedé (Selama Semang) k-tau (Mon)

Small hedet (Besisi) dot (Mon)

Male ongkon (Perak Semang) angquang(Phnong)

Male lemol™) (Bess chhmul (Khmer)
réemol j

Female marbe *°(Selama Semang) mame (Phnong)

Black réngah (Seno) rongit (Khmer)

[= dark]
HS OOCAU Sy eA INO) M,. p260:
19. cf ** Man” Limo (Rumpin, Endau, Johor)
: Simo (Endav, Johor)
20. ef Woman tumaheh (Kenering Semang) mabeh (Benua)

mabeh (lioh Semang)
marbe (Selama Semang) mabe (Semang)

28 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

White pintul *1(Pantang Kapur) p-taing (Mon)
pelétau (Ijoh Semang)
plétau (Semang)
Deep jero’ (Besisi) chrou (Khmer)
EOE eg chrou (So)
chruh (Mon)

Full *mbun (Besisi) penh (Khmer)
Quickly joh (Besisi) chhap (Khmer)
Below kiyom?? (Kedah Semang) crom (Khmer)

Many kérp” (Senoi) kep (Chong)

VII. Actions.

To go cho’ (Besisi) cho (Khmer)
chup (Ijoh Semang) [=go down ]
chip (Perak Semang) jib (Old Khmer)
chip (Kenering Semang) [come |
iok (Madek Jakun cheo (Samre)
chup (Selama Semang) [| eon
chiop )

(Benua) chea (Chong’)

chohok )
chip (Senoi)
chip (Tembe)
chi-tip (Semane)

To eat chi (Selama Semang) cha (Mon)
ntia (Johor) cha (Soue )
nacha { Besisi) si (Khmer)
machi (Ijoh Semang) chha (Samre)
Chacha (Benua)j cha (Cuoi)
cha, (Senol) chha (Phneng)
chioh (Seman) cha (Prow)
cha’ (‘Tembe)

(f food inchi (Benua)

inchih (Semang)
215. Jeosan I... vole ps2 Gas
22, Crawford’s Malay Crammar vol. I, pp. seqa. -
238. Cf he varicus Chinese dialce:s in which this widespread root is
alo found.

To drink

To void
Rorsut

To get up

To awake
To sleep

To walk
To bathe
To stand
T'o bake

To cut

To chop
To catch
To plant
To stab

To lie

To cry
To cook

cha déu (Besisi)

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, 39

(7.e. literally to ‘‘ eat water. ”)

chedo (Benua)
choh (Senoi)

efi (Senoi)

efi (Blanja Sakai)
eul (Tembe)

eéri (Slim Sakai)
h* (Besisi)

ngak (Semang)

tag (Perark Semang’)
taig (Kenering Semang’)

jetek
letik
tiok
settik Genus)
ietek (Johor)
te-ik (Semang)
dt (Besisi)
hum (Besisi)
jog" (Besisi)
cho’ong (Besisi)

; (Besisi)

kah (Senoi)

toit (Besisi)
chép (Semang)
méting (Besisi)
chéok (Senoi)
pa’-ho’ (Senoi)

(2. e. tell a falsehood.)

j-m (Semang)
chin (Besisi)

chac (Khmer)
angcul (Khmer)

lue
cro

phnheac (Khmer)

; l (Khmer)

dec (Khmer)
tekla (Old Khmer)
tep (Banar)

theac (Samre)
theac (Por)

dor (Khmer)
hum daik (Mon)
chho (Khmer)
chong (Mon)
[to burn]
a (Khmer)
chet (Khmer)
chap (Khmer)
dam ' Khmer)
chac (Khmer)
cahac (Khmer)

jom (Khmer)
chien (Khmer)

40 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.
To be mung (Senoi) mean (Khmer)

moh (Tembe)
mo-ah (Semang )

VIII. Numerals.

One hmoi (Besisi) mwoa** (Mon)
mooi (Benua) muey (Khmer)
Two ma (Besisi) ba (Mon)
mar (Benua) pir (Khmer)
Three "mpi (Besisi) pi (Mon)
npe (Johor) bey (Khmer)
ampi (Benua)
Four npun (Johor) pan (Mon)
Five massokn (Johor) mason (Mon)
Six pru (Johor) tarau (Mon)
Seven tempo (Johor) tipah (Mon)

24. The numerals occur in similar forms, with certain variations,
in other Indo-Chinese dialects, v. znfra.

EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE 4]

Although many of these identifications are very doubtful
and some will probably turn out to be erroneous, it will be
admitted, after full allowance has been made for such cases, that
coincidences as numerous as the above cannot be the result of
mere accident but point to the influence of one common language.
It would however be rash to conclude that all these aboriginal
dialects, or any of them, are cognate to Peguan or Cambojan,
and still more rash to thence infer that the races which speak
them are ethnologically and genealogically related to the Peguan
and Cambojan peoples. It seems pretty clear that the abori-
gines of the Peninsula cannot be regarded as one stock and the
evidence” ayailabie seems to separate them into at least two
cistinect families: (a) the Negritos, (>) the relatively fair race of the
centre of the Peninsula; to which I should be disposed to add
as a doubtful third (c) the mixed tribes of the South, 7. e. Johor,
Malacca and parts of the Negri Sembilan, in which there is much
reason for suspecting an aboriginal Malayan stock distinct from,
though no doubt to some extent crossed with, the other two.
To the best of my belief I have included in my comparison
specimens of the speech of all three varieties, and it has been
observed that all three, in varying degrees, show traces of
Mon-Annam influence. If however they belong to different
stocks, it is clear that they cannot all be ethnologically related
to the Mon-Annam races, and in the case of the Negritos the
thing is entirely out of the question. Without, therefore,
going into details of ethnology which are outside the scope of
this paper and which I have had no opportunity of studying, I
will merely remark in passing that the fact of several distinct
dialects of wlld tribes of apparently different stocks bearing the
impress of one common language is strong evidence that the
influence in question was due not to the casual intrusion of an
uncivilized tribe, but to the circumambient pressure of a race of
relatively higher culture: that is a point to which it will be
convenient to recur later on.

The ethnology of the Peninsula seems, however, to bea
matter of much complexity and one towards the elucidation of

25. Besides the more recent authorities referred to in this paper
Anderson (Considerations relative to the Malayan Peninsula App. p. xxxv.)
is quite clear on this point.

42 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

which, I fear, very little positive help can be expected from the ~
present paper. It is to be regretted that the compilers of most
of the vocabularies here drawn from give little or no ethnological
information regarding the people who speak the dialects they
illustrate. It would have been better, if, while giving the name
by which a tribe distinguishes itself and that by which it is known
to Malays, they had added also a careful description of its
physical characteristics. The names “‘Semang” and “Sakai”
are conventional terms*’ and have no fixed ethnological meaning.
‘““Semang” in Malay (according to Favre) merely means ‘ debt-
slave” and “Sakai” “servant,” “dependent.” According to
D.F.A.H. in J.S.B.R.A.S. No. 19 p. 35 (note) Sakaz means “ dog ”
in which case it might perhaps be connected with the Cambojan
chhké, which also has that meaning. Mr. Clifford in J.8.B.R.A.S
No, 24, p. 14, applies “‘Semang’” to the Negritos and ‘“ Sakai” to
the fairer race of jungle-men, and that appears to be the usual
terminology ; yet an anonymous author quoted in No. 1, p. 111. of
the Journal does precisely thereverse, and Mr. Clifford himself (1.c.
p. 18) speaks of a tribe calling itself ‘‘ Semang” which was cer-
tainly not Negrito in character, while Miklucho-Maclay does not
distinguish between Sakai and Semang as ethnical types, styling
both of them ‘‘ Melanesian” races.?’ All this makes it clear that
these terms have no definite meaning; and as that is the case,
there is an additional reason why caution should be shown in
attempting to draw any positive ethnological conclusions from
such data as are now under consideration.

But even to assume that the aboriginal dialects are cognate
languages which should be classified in the Mon-Annam family
would be going further than our evidence justifies us in doing.

26. The same is true of most of the other names of these tribes: the
Sanskrit origin of ‘‘ Mentra” is well known, and I suspect that Jakun
represents the Pali Yakkha, (demon) and was therefore like Mentra an
appellation given to the jungle-men by their Hinduized neighbours. The
same applies to Gargast. I believe the wildmen of Ceylon are similarly
dubbed Yakkho by the Singhalese.

27. \. ec. No. 2 pp. 208-9. ‘*I have come to the conclusion that the
Orang Sakai and the Orang Semang are tribes of the same stock; that
further, in their physical habztus and in respect of language they are closely
connected with each other and represent a pure unmixed branch of the
Melanesian race,”

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 4.3

Apart from the fact that in the case of some of the tribes, the
weight of ethnological facts, so far as they can affect a
philological question, tends to oppose such a conclusion, it must
be remembered that the words that have been shown to be of
Indo-Chinese origin constitute but a small portion of the
vocabulary of the aborigines. There is nothing to prove that
the basis of their languages is not entirely distinct and that the
Mon-Annam words are not merely adopted, like the Sanskrit
words in Malay, and grafted on to their primitive dialects.
Partial identity of vocabulary proves historical contact but not
necessarily family relationship among languages, and in comparing
them the structure must be considered as well as the bare
materials.

Now as regards the syntactical structure of these dialects
very little evidence is forthcoming, and until a careful examination
has been directed to that point it will be impossible to classify
them with absolute certainty in any family of languages.
M. Terrien de Lacouperie in ‘‘ The Languages of China before
the Chinese,” enters somewhat fully into the varieties of
ideological structure in different languages and points out the
importance of duly considering the order of words in a sentence
in languages, where that order is practically fixed and where in
the absence of inflection or a developed form of agglutination,
there is nothing but the syntactical structure and the identity of
root-words to guide us in comparing different groups. He
mentions incidentally*> that the ideology of the ‘“Semang” can
be expressed by the formula 1, 4, 5, 8, III., that is to say:

1.—Genitive precedes noun.

4.—Adjective follows noun.

5.—Object precedes verb.

8.—Verb follows subject.

III.—Subject object verb is the normal order
of the sentence.

I do not know whence he derives his information as to this
point, for he quotes no authority, and some doubt remains there-
fore as to what particular tribe he denotes by the term “‘Semang,”
but from the context it is plain that some of the Peninsular
Negritos are intended.

28. op. cit. p. 75. (note 2).

ae EARLY INDO-CLINESE INFLUENCE

Now the ideology of the Mon-Annam group of languages
expressed on the same yrinciple is 2, 4, 6, 8, VI., that is:—

2.—Genitive follows noun.

4.—Adjective follows noun.

6.—Object follows verb.

8.—Verb follows subject.

VI.—S.ubject verb object is the normal order
of the sentence.

Assuming then the “ Semang” ideological formula to be cor-
rect, it is clear that the syntactical structure of these Negrito
dialects differs considerably from that of the Mon-Annam
languages, but (as the author above mentioned points out)
conforms to the same type as the Selung (a mixed or hybrid
Malayan dialect of the Mergui Archipelago) and is very similar
to that of Andamanese, which is given as 1, 4, 5, 8, I. IIL,
which means that in addition to the points above noted the
object sometimes preced’s the subject instead of coming after it.

On the other hand, according to Mr. Clifford,’ the ideology
of the Senoi dialect of Sakai, and presumably of the other Sakai
dialects also, would appear to be identical with that of the Mon-
Annam group. This in itself is enough to draw a line between the
speech of the Negritos and that of the fairer race, which accord-
ing, to Mr. Clifford differ also widely in vocabulary, and the
identity of the Sakai and the Mon-Annam structures must Le -
admitted as an argument in favour of classing the former dialects
in the sane group as the latter and might even be brought
forward to support the view that a strain of Indo Chinese blood
exists in these aboriginal tribes. While however admitting
that conclusion to be a possible one, it is necessary to point
out ‘hat the argument on which it is at present assumed to rest
is ly no means strong: the Malay ideology is also practically
the sare as that of the Sakai and Mon-Annam groups and
it has not yet been proved that the Sakai structure, though
identical with the other two, is not in its origin mdependent —
of both. At any rate, its connection with the one may be quite
as remote as with the other. That both have been in a position
to exercise an influence over it, is, as we have seen, sufficiently
proved by the mere verbal eyidence of a comparative vocabulary

2a, J. 9. B. RecA’ Ss, No. 24, ip. Ze:

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 45

but whether the connection is one of language—affinity or mere
contact must for the present at least be left an open question.

After making all these deductions and rejecting, if not
absolutely, at any rate for the time being, the inferences of race—
identity and linguistic relationship which one might be tempted
to draw from the somewhat scanty materials now under con-
sideration, a real historical conclusion remains: there is evidence,
that is to. say, of the strong influence of some Mon-Annam form
of speech on the dialects of the Peninsular aborigines; and it is
obvious that such influence cannot have been exercised without
direct social contact of some kind or other. The low state of
culture of the jungle-tribes entirely precludes the idea of a
literary influence comparable to that of Greek on English, and it
follows that if not themselves of Mon-Annam stock, and many
of them certainly are not, they must have been in direct contact
with a race that was.

We have seen too, that even the Negrito tribes of the North
and the mixed Malayan tribes of the South show the impress of
the same influence; and it is noticeable that the Mon-Annam
element, though seemingly strongest in the Sakai, is considerab'e
in the Negrito Semang, and appears to exist in varying propor-
tions, even in the dialects of the mixed Malayan tribes of the
south of the Peninsula: we are therefore driven almost irresistibly
to the conclusion that it must have been due to direct contact
with a superior and as we may fairly infer, a politically dominant
race. There must have been a time, that is to say, when the
ancestors of the present jungle-men of the Peninsula were held
in subjection by an Indo-Chinese race of the Mon-Annam family,
and it seems probable that such a race at some time or other
held sway in the Peninsula itself. The only other alternative
is to suppose that the so-called aborigines, after having been
subjected to Mon-Annam influences in Indo-China, wandered
down to their present haunts at a later period. That is a view
consistent perhaps with the imperfect linguistic evidence at
present available ; but apart from the intrinsic improbability cf
a relatively recent migration of several independent and Cistinct
races from Indo-China into the Peninsula, it is to be cbhserved
that the Mon-Annam stock was in former days dominant over
afar more extended tract of country than would now seem
probable if one judged merely by its present comparative

46 EARKY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

insignificance. Traces of its influence have been detected® in the
aboriginal dialects of the Kolarian tribes in India as well as in the
dialects of independent tribes within the limits of what is now
the®! Chinese Empire, and though the subject is one of very
remote historic interest and has only been partially explored, it
seems pretty clear that the Mon-Annam family was formerly a
very important and widespread group, which has left the marks
of its presence in many parts of South-Eastern Asia. Certain® it
is that in the early centuries of the Christian era the Mon-Annam
races of Pegu and Camboja were the dominant races of Southern
Indo-China and became eventually the main channel through
which Hindu civilization and the Buddhism of India and Ceylon
were communicated to the other and more backward Indo-Chinese
races, the Burmese and Siamese, who had not then made their way
to the southern seashore but dwelt inland while the Mon-Annam
races held the coast line.*? It is therefore in no way surpris-
ing to find traces of their widespread influence as far south as
the Malay Peninsula. Retreating, as we may imagine, in pre-
historic times, before the advancing inroads of Aryan invaders in
the Ganges valley and the increasing pressure of the growing
power of the ‘‘ Middle Kingdom,” which was then developing
into the Chinese Empire, the Mon-Annam races no doubt
concentrated their main forces in Indo-China, where after
centuries of obscurity some of them, under the teaching of Hindu
immigrants, developed the flourishing civilizations of Pegu and
Camboja, while an important eastern branch, the ancestors of the
Annamesg, falling early under Chinese influence, founded the
half-Chinese state of ‘lungking, from whence they eventually
spread into Annam and lower Cochin-China.

What then could be more natural and more consistent with
the facts now under consideration than to believe that from the
south of the Indo-Chinese maimland where the ruins of their

80. Mason, Burmah, Ist Ed.; Forbes, Languages of Further India
pp. 3d, 140.

31. de Lacouperie, op cit. passim.

82, Forbes, op. cit, pp. 21, 150, etc.

83. Exception must of course be made of the strip.along the Eastern
and South-Eastern coast, which comprised the Kingdom of Champa and was
eventually absorbed by the encroaching Chinese and Annamese.

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 47

old temples and palaces still bear witness to the former splendour
of a now decayed civilization, the Peguan or Cambojan race
spread into the Peninsula and remained there long enough
as a dominant power to make a lasting impression on the ruder
tribes inhabiting these regions?

That at any rate is the conclusion to which the evidence I
have adduced all appears to me to tend.

There remains the question whether the Indo-Chinese domi-
nion in the Peninsula was that of the Cambojans or the Peguans
or both, either mixed together or in successive epochs. ‘That is
a point of considerable interest, because closely related as these
two races appear to be and intimately connected as they un-
doubtedly were at former periods of their history, it is neverthe-
less a fact that their language, letters and general civilization
did in course of time diverge and each accordingly left its pecu-
liar impress on the race with which it came into contact, the
Peguans handing on their civilization to the Burmese, the
Cambojans to the Siamese. Accordingly in** western and central
Indo-China two distinct but closely connected sets of alphabets,
two different modes of dress, and so forth, are discernible, the
one derived from the Mon the other from the Khmer race, and
both ultimately traceable to Indian sources.

In language however the relationship of these two races is
after all more striking than their divergences, and it 1s hardly to
be expected that with the materials now before us, we should
positively decide to which of the two the aboriginal Peninsular
dialects owe the Mon-Annam element in their vocabulary. The
materials now available appear to me to be too scanty to enable us
to come to a certain decision and it would, moreover, be necessary
to carefully investigate archaic Peguan and Cambojan, as well
as the modern forms of those languages. For it is at any rate
quite certain that any Mon-Annam influence that may have been
at work in the Peninsula dates back a considerable time and has
now for a good many centuries been entirely cut off: it follows
therefore that a really accurate comparison should be based on
the archaic forms of the Indo-Chinese languages and not on their
modern vernacular representatives. Unfortunately, with the
exception of a few words of old Cambojan found in Garnier’s

34. Forbes op. cit. p. 96.

43 EARLY INDO-CHINESE 1INFLUENGE

comparative vocabularies, no materials of the kind have been at
my disposal, and I have been compelled faute de mieux to fall
back on the modern colloquial forms of the languages.

At the same time, it may be worth while to draw attention
to a few facts which bear on the question. On general grounds
it might have been anticipated that old Peguan and old Cambojan
would approximate to each other more closely than their modern
representatives; and in the Peninsular dialects we sometimes find
forms that are decidedly more archaic than their equivalents in
either of the modern languages. We know however from evi-
dence derived from the inter-comparison of the dialects of the
Mekong valley that the old Cambojan of which they have preserved
the impress, was in several points nearer to the modern, and
therefore to the old, Peguan, than to its own descendant the
Cambojan of the present day: that isto say the modern Cambojan
is certainly in many respects more corrupt than the modern Pe-
suan. That point which is pretty clearly made out by Forbes *
is best illustrated in the numerals: a comparison of these shows
that modern Cambojan has abandoned its old system of numer-
ation and has adopted a quinary system of which no traces are
found in the other languages.

It does not therefore follow, because a word in a modern
aboriginal dialect of the Peninsula approximates more closely to
modern Peguan than to modern Cambojan, that itis derived from
Mon and not from Khmer: the old Khmer form may have been
quite as close to it as the present Mon form or even closer, if we
only knew it.

It must be admitted, however, that in certain cases where
an archaic Cambojan form is known, the equivalent in the Penin-
sular dialects does not correspond with it but with the Peguan.
In the comparative vocabulary illustrating the present paper there
is no lack of words in which modern Cambojan agrees well with
the aboriginal Peninsular dialects and among others with the
Johor dialect given by Miklucho-Maclay: *° but the latter, which

3d. Op. cit. pp. 49, 50.
36. Miklucho-Maclay’s other dialect has clearly gone wrong: surely
its numerals must be;

1 2 3 = Di the 6
. moi — npe npotn —_ prui
i 2 3 4

nor moi, npotn, npe, prui, as he gives them

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 49

I believe stands alone among the published dialects in having a
series of numerals extending beyond four, has a distinctly Peguan
system of numeration and does not agree either with modern
Cambojan or with the old Cambojan of Garnier, though it does
agree with some of the dialects of the Mekong valley and southern
Siam which doubtless point back to a still more archaic form of
Cambojan. I subjoin the numerals in question so that any ono
may make the comparison for himself: for those in the last
column I am indebted to the Hon'ble D, F, A. Hervey.

=
aS io a |
fs TO eee ely
‘2S s = (o) oS
S 5 ae R
Se Soe, al ea) Oss
A) Ske cS Ss (2:
=
3 5
> = DB
S = a) =
. 5 fs & es eee
= Sorel a. 8 8 oi 2
a Sea 8
38 OL a Ss oe Ss oI
< Sap So eS.
op
~ fn aa
Ss = pe | = a
= ae Oo |
A, S| us Se Ore ah oe
=~ gay el) =) vo)
S Sea se a
CS) si toa fon ola © fences
=
= S 1S > mies!
= a COS
~ 2 “ = = 1S a= oe
x SS ses eS. os
>
= =
S = =
Z Ps a ay a;
g en es ae <S Fe = =
See Bi fen de) BS rah on ty
=
RS —~ 5 =| of
So & Se a Ss) .o'. O
= eS a} fo) R P oa
OF ea eee, ee ee BS

|

3

4,
5)

6.
tle

50 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

As to the first four numbers, no difficulties arise: except for
the Malay form of two in the Johor and Serting dialects, they
correspond well enough in all the lists; but the Johor and Ser-
ting numerals for jive and s‘x and the Johor word for seven, are
evidently the same as the Peguan forms and do not correspond
either with the old or the modern Cambojan. On the other hand
they agree fairly well with most of the forms in Cuoi, Prou and
Ka, which from their geographical position can hardly claim a
Peguan parentage.

It is clear therefore that the Mon-Annam element in the dia-
lects of the Peninsula points back toa very ancient connection ;
and as there isso much in common between them and both Mon
on the one hand and Khmer on the other, possibly the best ex-
planation of the matter is that the Indo-Chinese words in them
must be referred to the speech of the former inhabitants of the
lowe1 Menam valley, which lies between the modern Peguan and
Cambojan language-fields and which may therefore not unreason-
ably be presumed to have stood midway between them in linguis-
tic characteristics. It is also the part of Indo-China from which
access to the Peninsula is easiest; and to this day a portion of the
Peninsula to some extent owns the supremacy of that region.

At this point, therefore, my inferences from purely linguis-
tic evidence must stop and I should be content to end this paper
here, but for the corroboration which can be adduced from other
sources and which slight as it is, it seems desirable to mention.
In the Chinese chronicles of the Liang dynasty (A. D. 502-556)
5’ under the heading Tun-Sun we find the following entry :—
“More -than 3000 & to the south of Fu-nan there is the
country Tun-Sun; 38 it is situated on a Peninsula more than
a thousand /: in extent, and the capital is ten 17 (about three miles)
away from the sea. There are five kings, who all acknowledge
the supremacy of Fu-nan.” ;

Now all we really know of Fu-nan is that it was a large
kingdom situated on the southern coast of Indo-China® and
inhabited by a people somewhat darker than the Chinese who

87. Indo-Chinese Essays, series ii, vol. i, p. 239.

38. Cp. ib. p. 248. Inthe history of the Ming dynasty, ‘‘ Malacca
wegeenawe is supposed to be the old country Tun-Sun and the Kora Fusa of the
T’ang dynasty.”

39. Forbes op. cit. pp. 43-47.

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 51

practised certain customs which the Chinese chroniclers describe
and, amongst other things, worshipped the Hindu deities. It
has been variously identified with Pegu, Siam*® and Camboja,
and perhaps the most probable solution is that at one time it
included all three. But if its centre was in the country now
known as Siam, it is at any rate certain that its inhabitants
were not Siamese. It must not be forgotten that the Siamese
are comparatively recent intruders in the southern parts of
the land that now bears their name, and that the whole
southern seaboard of Siam was formerly in the hands of the
Cambojans, at a time when the germ of the Siamese monarchy
was a little inland state on the upper Menam owning the supre-
macy of the Cambojan Government*'. The Siamese themselves
have not forgotten the fact and they admit that their old capital
Ayuthia* was founded about the year 1350 on tbe site of an old
Cambojan town named Lawek or Lovec which they had taken
and destroyed in a series of wars with Camboja. These wars
ended in the crippling of the latter power and thus laid the
foundation of the greatness of Siam. It is clear therefore that
the lower Menam Valley was at one period included in the King-
dom of Camboja and according to Garnier that kingdom extend-
ed westwards to the river Sittang in Pegu; this kingdom there-
fore he identifies with Fu-nan, and hazards the opinion® that for
some time between the 38rd and 10th centuries of our era Camboja
had supremacy over the Peninsula generally, as well as over a
a very large portion of Southern Indo-China.

Logan** on the other hand speaks of a Peguan colony in
Kedah, as attested by inscriptions in the Mon character found
in Province Wellesley; but it may be doubted whether any

40. Garnier op. cit. pp. 103 (note), 108, 113. 127, (mote).

41. We sometimes hear of the ‘‘ venerable claims ” of Siam to suprem-
acy in the Malay Peninsula: as well might one speak of the ‘‘ immemorial
antiquity ” of the Ottoman dominion in Europe. Still no doubt, the King-
dom of Siam is in a manner the modern representative of the old Cambojan
Kingdom, just as the ‘*‘ Sultan of Rim ” claims to be a successor of the
Byzantine Caesars; but thatis all. v. Forbes op. cit. p. 28. Garnier op.
cit. vol. 1, p.105 (note).

42, Crawfurd Embassy to Siam, vol. ii, p.141. Forbes op. cit. p.84
but see Garnier |. c. p.137 note.

43, Op. cit. vol. I, pp. 116, 125, 135.

G4: J... B. KR. A. S, no: 7, p: 85.

52 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

inscriptions hitherto found in the Peninsula are sufficiently
characteristic to prove a specifically Peguan origin: they are,
I believe, mainly in Sanskrit* and the character is one of the
numerous forms into which the Indian alphabet has diverged,
but whether Logan is right in distinctly asserting them to be
Peguan J have no means of ascertaining. Elsewhere he speaks
also of a period of Cambojan influence in the Peninsula, and his
view*® would appear to be that there were two successive epochs,
the first of Peguan, the second of Cambojan supremacy.

Moura” in relating the history of Camboja from Chinese
sources, states that,in 627 A. D. the “‘ King of Chon-lap (Camboja)
united the whole of Fu-nan under his authority. From this
period onward the Chinese chroniclers denote Fu-nan by the
name of Chon-lap...... About 650 A. D. the countries of Cuu-mat,
Phu, Na, Gia, Tac, Vo, Hinh, Seng, Kao, situated towards the
isthmus of the Malay Peninsula were united to Chon-lap.”

That is all the historical evidence I am able to adduce and
it really amounts to two statements, viz. that at an early age a
part of the Peninsula was under the dominion of Fu-nan, which
Forbes** regards as Pegu and which probably included the lower
Menam valley, and that Fu-nan and Chon-lap, which latter is
certainly Camboja, became united in the 7th century and Chon-
lap took over the suzerainty of certain southern states whose
names Iam unable to explain, but which are admitted to be
somewhere in the Peninsula or the isthmus leading to it. In
spite of many intestine quarrels and frequent struggles with
surrounding nations it may fairly be stated as an ascertained fact
that for a long series of ages the Mon-Annam races held the
broad river-valleys and alluvial deltas of Southern Indo-China in
almost undisturbed possession, and no doubt it is to this period
of comparative peace and prosperity that the civilization of
Camboja and the Indo-Chinese suzerainty in the Malay Peninsula
must be attributed.

Whether their hold on this comparatively distant region was
shaken by the growing influx of Hinduized Malays from Sumatra,
or whether the pressure of their inland neighbours, the Siamese,

45. indo-Chinese Essays, series I, vol. I, pp. 219-234.
46. J.I1. A passim.
47. -Le Royaume du Cambodge vol. II, pp. 25, 365.
48. Op. cit. p. 43, seqq.

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 53

compelled them to retire from their outlying provinces and
attempt to rally their forces in lands more peculiarly their own,
is a question which the evidence of language can hardly be called
upon to settle, aud which history does not appear to answer. But
it seems probable that the latter was the determining factor in
the situation; otherwise we should expect to find some traces,
either in Malay legend or elsewhere, of the Sumatran Malays
meeting with strong opposition when they made their settlements
in the Peninsula, whereas that does not appear to have been the
case. There is no record,* apparently, of the Malays having
found an Indo-Chinese race dominant in the Peninsula and there
seems to be no tradition of their having conquered or expelled
such a race. It is no doubt possible, as I have already
Suggested, that a strain of Mon-Annam blood still exists in the
Peninsula, blended in the veins of the aboriginal tribes in Perak
and Pahang who while speaking distinctly non-Malayan
languages, which contain alarge proportion of Mon-Annam words,
are described as quite the reverse of the Negritos in physique,
being men of comparatively tall and shapely stature and
somewhat fairer than the Malays. On the other hand it is not
unlikely that a remnant of the old Indo-Chinese stock, may have
been absorbed by the Malay immigrants, and may form some
small element in the modern mixed Malay race of the Peninsula.
The Malays seem to possess in an exceptional degree the power
of assimilating and absorbing individuals of other races, and in

49. Theaccount in the ‘‘ Sejarah Malayu ” of the taking of Glangkiu in
Johor by the Kling Raja Suran, the mythical founder of Vijayanagar, may
perhaps be a faint echo of the last stand made by the Indo-Chinese power in
the Malay Peninsula, and although the Raja of Glangkiu is spoken of as a
Siamese, it is not impossible that the Malay tradition of an early Siamese
occupation of the Peninsula may preserve the remembrance of the older Mon-
Annam suzerainty which probably proceeded from Siam before that country
hai been peopled by the Thairace. Except this first and purely legendary
account, there is no mention of the Siamese till some time after Muhamma-
danism had become the established religion in Malacca, a time which coinc.des
with the period in which they finally broke up the old Cambojan empire and
intruded themselves like a wedge between Pegu and the present Camboja.
From that period onwards the Malay Peninsula was entirely cut off from the
Mon-Annam kingdoms but appears to have been subjected to a succession of
Siamese invasions, and it is therefore not inconceivable that floating legends
of an older Indo-Chinese supremacy were then by a natural contusion
attributed to the Siamese.

54 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

the old pre-Muhammadan days there would be hardly any. social
barrier between Malays and Indo-Chinese. So slight to an
outsider’s eye was the difference between them at that time
that an Arabian®® authority speaks of the Malays as a branch of
the race of Comer, by which he undoubtedly meant Khmer, that
is Cambojan. Any Cambojans remaining in the Peninsula, who-
did not retire into the interior and throw in their lot with the
wild tribes, could hardly fail to be absorbed by the Malays. —

Be that as it may, we have at any rate clear proof of
a former connection or contact between the Peninsular aborigines
and a race of Mon-Annam stock. From Patani to Johor among
a great number of isolated tribal communities, which appear to
belong to several distinct races and whose dialects are mutually
unintelligible, we yet find clear indications of a dominant Indo-
Chinese influence imbedded, as it were, in the elements of their
speech, the evidence, as it seems to me, of the former presence
of aruling race that has long since passed away from the land.

Before concluding this paper, I wish to point out that the
fact of these dialects having much in common has been recog-
nized before and, as I think, entirely misinterpreted. Nearly
twenty years ago the identity of many words in the different
aboriginal dialects was pointed out by M. de Miklucho-Maclay ; *
it astonished him and confirmed him in his belief that a trace of
‘Melanesian ” (orasit would perhaps be better to put it ‘“Negrito”)
blood exists in the Orang Utan of the southern parts of the
Peninsula. Some years later, M. de Quatrefages*” remarked
on this fact “there is nothing in it which will not seem quite
natural to any one who studies the history of Negritos taken as
a whole.”

I may be pardoned if, with all deference to an enterprising
explorer and a distinguished man of science, I venture to point
out that as the words in question are mostly of Indo-Chinese
origin, they cannot be adduced to support the theory of the
existence of Negrito blood in the Orany Utan of the South of
the Peninsula, or to illustrate “the history of Negritos taken as
a whole.” The Negrito theory, the truth of which I do not for

50. Ibn Zaid inthe middle of the 12th century. The identity of

Comer and Khmer was pointed out by Col. Yule. v. Forbes op. cit. p. 47.
SL) 28s A. Seckas AG.) Nov la nao:
gn UADId 2 Nord a5 pt.

IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. 55

a moment dispute, must reston other evidence; and I may be
excused for adding that we have here yet another instance of
the danger of trying to draw ethnological conclusions from
philological data without at least a critical examination of the
latter.

So much for the unwritten and-long forgotten chapter in
the history of the Malay Peninsula, which it has been the object
of this paper to recall to the attention of such as are interested
in matters of this sort. In our time the aspect of affairs is
changed: the influences to which the aboriginal tribes of jungle
men are exposed are widely different. Year by year words of
Malay origin are supplanting their old equivalents in the speech
of the aborigines, and the time is doubtless not far distant when,
except pehaps in two or three remote districts, the old languages
will be altogether superseded by Malay. In other words, the
Peninsula has now for centuries past been more closely connected
with the neighbouring islands than with the continent of which
it forms an outlying part, and the traces of its old subjection to
Indo-Chinese influences have so far faded away that it is hard to
realize that a closer and more intimate connection at one time
existed between them. To collect and analyse such evidence
as still remains of an earlier order of things seems to me a work
well worth doing, the importance of which as a branch of Oriental
research it is hardly possible, as yet, to estimate, but which in
any case will not be labour lost. The present paper cannot,
in the nature of things, pretend to be more than a slight outline
sketch of one side of the matter: it raises more questions than
it solves and does not profess to be in any way the last word on
the subject. Itis to be hoped therefore that this and similar
lines of enquiry will be followed up by the more detailed in-
vestigations of others, whose opportunities for pursuing them are
far greater than such as fall to the lot of any one living in a
Malacca district where no aboriginal dialect has been spoken
with anything like purity for several generations. To record
-and study the rude jargons of jungle tribes is not indeed an
inviting task and if the matter ended there, it would hardly,
perhaps, be worth the trouble: but when it is considered that
such researches, trifling as they may seem and wearisome
as they may be, are likely to throw a new light on the
history of the Peninsula and the relations of the races that

56 EARLY INDO-CHINESE INFLUENCE

have from time to time occupied this region, to establish, it
may be, on a more certain footing the ethnology and philology
of Southern Indo-China, and to furnish additional data towards
the elucidation of the origin of the Malay race, it will be admitted
that even the collection of a short vocabulary, provided it be
accurate, is a valuable contribution to what is at present an
almost unexplored field of investigation. Those who have the
opportunity should however aim at more than that, and should
supplement every list of words by a series of sentences and
phrases illustrating as fully as possible the construction and
erammar of the language, dialect, or jargon which they represent,
as well as by a careful description of the people who speak it.
It is only by the collation and comparison of a large mass of such
materials, collected independently but according to the same
general plan, that we can hope to attain to a thorough knowledge
of the pre-Malayan philology of the Peninsula, which will enable
us to fill up many a blank in its history and ethnology, besides
contributing an additional chapter to the ever growing Science
of Language.

C. OTTO BLAGDEN.

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

FROM
India to Siam and Malacca in 1779.
Bye De J -G KORNIG.

Translated from his Manuscripts in the British
Museum,

Continuation Vol. 2, from page l.

May 1.—I wrote some letters to Europe, which I delivered
into the care of Captain Schott, who was to take them to Malacca,
whence they were to be sent on by the first opportunity. In
the afternoon I went to an island called Kopran, which was
at 1000 steps distance from the ship. My botanical purpose was
frustrated by continual rain, and so I looked out for other things
of interest. I turned my attention first toa prominent mountain-
peak. It consisted of a clayey very fine stone, which varied much
in colour; most of it was grey, some was green, black or pink.
It did not form any big blocks, but strong ferruginous veins
divided it into many irregular parts. This kind of stone is used
by the Siamese to write their books with, which books consist
of black cardboard. They cut the stone into small sticks, one
inch in length and half as thick as a quill. The other kinds of
stones were either black schist, rough and porous, or pieces of
old corals. The soil itself was light yellow mountain mould.
I found two kinds of Holothurians here, one was the kind that
has a white stomach and an ashy grey back; it was the rough,
stiff Holothuria which is called Bitshide Meer by the Portuguese.
Some Malays, who came to this island in their Praus and boats,

58 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

collected them for sale. The other kind was the black one,
which have a rather prickly roughness on their skin; they are
thinner, softer and longer, and are not collected. There were
many kinds of shells here, specially kinds of Neritas, which
clung to the rocks, two kinds of patochis, many Chitons, which
are also collected to be sold to the Chinese, some kinds of
Porcelains, etc. The most remarkable things I found, were some
kreuz hapen and ostrea isognomum ; they were in such places where
the shore was low and shingly, and covered with a little mud.
The ostrea isognomum specially are most frequently found under
medium-sized stones or between them. ‘The sea-stars were very
big here, each point measured about one and half feet, so that
stretched out the points from one to the other opposite one were
three feet in length, although the real body was not larger than
a Dutch ducat. Between the stones I found many kinds of
flesh corals, which all had opened. Some of them consisted of
angular tubes, which were easily divisible; they were quite
yellow and could easily be detached from the stones. Others
crept back into their respective holes as soon as I touched them,
and it was impossible to get anything else but fragments. To-
day I could only find out that their mouths were sometimes
+ of an inch in diameter, they took different shapes and were
sometimes oblong, angular, or round; at times they stretched or
they were pressed together by others near them. The inside
(Discus) of this species was of the most brilliant green that can
be imagined, and was smooth and convex. The edge consisted
of innumerable fibres, arranged in irregular order; they were
purple with white points. I could not see the opening of the
mouth without a magnifying glass, but as soon as I touched them
they, all sent forth some water.

The other kind had a sky blue disc, and the edge was
yellow-grey. The bottom of the sea was filled with many kinds
of Alcyonius all of which I had already seen in Trinquemalle.
The dark night made me postpone my researches until the next
morning. :

3.—At midday I went again to this island first as the low
tide was setting in. First of all I visited the huts of some
Malays and learned from them that they boil the large Holothuria
first in salt-water; after that they are put on a stand, whide is
made of split bamboo, is half a man high, two yards broad and

-VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 59

six feet long. They kindle a bright fire underneath this stand,
which has the effect of both drying and smoking the Holothuria.
I saw that they had gathered some fruits of the Lycas, which
are oval in shape. They were being cut into thin cross slices
and put for some time over the fire to be dried. They told me
that this fruit is more nutritious than rice in this dried condition,
but when eaten fresh it is unwholesome.

After this I went to the wood and found first of all a dry
male blossom. afterwards a very young cone with female blos-
soms, and at last a beautiful perfect male inflorescence, which
had a completely oval cone about one foot long. This furnished
me with an opportunity to make some minute observations
concerning the character in the second Montissa of Mr. von
Linne. On the mountain ridges of this island 1 found some high
trees of the Lagerostremia, as thick round as a man. The bark
was smooth and had slightly inducted big irregular scars, and
resembled the bark of the Gujava though the colour was lighter.
A new species of 7schemum grew among Scevola and Amaryllis
Teylanica and Sophora Tomentosa. Near the shore of this island
in a sandy place grew some Casuarin trees, which I have already
described before now.

4,—| went again to another island, and found some new
kinds of plants, specially a tree the blossoms of which resemble
those of a Contorta, specially those of a Nerium. The blossoms,
when they had fallen off were also purply-red, like those of the
Nereis, but they had ten anthers; five of them stood inside and
were connate in pyramid shape a little before the pointed ends;
the others stood stood erect at the side and seemed nearly all
unfertile. There was no fruit upon the tree; on account of the
wet weather most of the blossoms fell down without forming
any fruits. lIalso founda new kind of Capparis with oblong
leaves and prickly stalks; the large Solomon’s ants often covered
the whole fruits, and whoever touched one of the fruits could be
sure to be covered with hundreds of these biting insects. I
came to a place where shortly before a rhinoceros had come on
shore. My companions advised me to go back, as the animal
has the habit of often returning to the sea to refresh itself in the
water from the burning heat of the sun.

Tn the afternoon I went to another island, and found several]
Epidendra in bloom; some of the blossoms I took with me to

60 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

describe them. There also bloomed Cordia Sebestena, Guettarda,
Speciosa, Ixora flava, Lophora tomentosa; they were all very
beautiful.

5.—It rained during the whole day ; I described some plants.

6.—I went to an island which lay one mile northward from
our ship. My researches were soon interrupted by the arrival
of seven or eight Malay praus, whose neighbourhood is always
dangerous for all Kuropeans. I only saw that the stones consisted
of a Schist, which was thin, grey and weathered on the surtace
by the heat of the sun and the sea. Sometimes they were inter-
sected by some quartz, or by some red iron ore; these veins
mostly ran down perpendicularly. I also found some traces of
splendid corals here. Dark clouds rose from the sea in the
north-west and though there was a strong west wind, the sky
soon looked very threatening. This, the Malays, and the
dangerous storms which we had had a short time ago, combined
with heavy rain, made it advisable tor me to return. I arrived
at the ship just as it was beginning to grow dark. After 8 o’clock
the anchor was weighed to go to Tamah, were we had been a
month ago.

7.—We had hardly made half our way, and the weather
grew more and more sturmy. We had had rain and storm every
day which we passed on saore, but now there was a fresh storm
nearly every second hour. We travelled between the islands of
Pullu Penjang and the Lehlands, as far as the French island, but
the ship did not advance, because if the wind was moderate we
had not enough sails, as some had to be taken down from the
upper mast, and it there was a storm the body of the ship alone
suiticed to serve the storm in driving us back; therefore the
anchor was cast and we were glad to be in our dry cabins.

8.—We tried again to get rear the land, and succeeded a
little better than yesterday, and about 10 o’clock we went on
shore with a boat to the place where we wanted to go, which
was at about three German miles distance. We got wet on
account of the rain, but the wind though contrary was moderate
and at four o'clock in the afternoon we arrived at ‘Tamah.

13.—Until this day we had most violent storms and s..owers.
I botanized in the few dry-hours, but the damp spoiled every-
thing because the houses here are like sieves. Moreover, there
was the annoying circumstance that my servant, whom I had

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 61

sent to the ship in a boat, had been carried away by the storm
and everybody deemed him lost.

14.—I went out to botanize; the monandria (Gingers)
began to bloom on account of the rain which we had had. The
Mussaenda had some sort of fringe at the blossom, and so they
seemed to belong to the class of blossoms, which Burman has
drawn in his ‘‘ Thesauruss Teylanicus,” but in reality these fringes
are only a projecting Sacinia of the corolla, which has been
caused to grow by the continual wet weather. I had the pleasure
of seeing many specimens of Papilio priami seeking the honey
out of this beautiful bright red blossom. They were later than
all the others, as Hector, Helenus and many other kinds had
already visited these blossoms.

- I found some very rare chrysalis on the shrubs, which I
could not compare to any other kinds, and which made me hope
for some fine Papilios in the future.

15.—The weather continued to be showery, but I tried to find
some object of interest. I obtained to-day a somewhat damaged
specimen of Papilio priami and many other kinds, but as the
blossoms of the Mussenda grew very high up and this was the
only tree in blossom I had to content myself with having seen
these beautiful Papilios, A Chinese told me that in Pegu no real
silver ovin is used. The silver is smelted together into big pieces,
and smaller pieces are cut off according to the present necessity.
The value of the silver is taxed according to the finer or coarser
crystalline figures, which form as the silver gets cold.

16.—I obtained some plants unknown to me. I described
two kinds of Contorta, as I succeeded in finding both their frints
and pericarp. They grew frequently in such places which are at
times flooded by the sea. What is peculiar in the blossoms, I
mention in my description. One of these plants, which had thin
threadlike twigs, I found climbing among the bushes specially on
a very thorny shrub, and as I searched carefully for the pericarp.
I found a fruit which was three cornered pointed and smooth and
I first thought it to be the fallicles of this contorta; but what
struck me as peculiar was that no milk came out as I broke them.
The smell which they exhaled was a strong smell of orange.
In this manner I discovered the tree which Rumph describes in
the 2nd volume of his ‘Herbarium Amboinense,’ and calls
Simorelli ; he has given a drawing of the same on the Tab: 382.

62 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

I afterwards saw many of these trees but did not find a single
blossom ; therefore this kind remained unknown to me.

17.—We had again rain all through the day, and I had
news, that my boy was still alive, and that he and his companions
had lived on fruits and leaves in the island of Pullu Panjang,
where tney had been for 5 days.

18.—I went out to get some insects. I found several, but
most of them escaped to the top of the high trees.

19.—I described a new peculiar Pentandria. In the after-
_ noon, after it had rained a little, I found the biggest Phalena just
crept out of the chrysalis.

20.—1 described two Epidendra,and found some mae: the
weather continued to be showery.

21.—I went out again to search for insects, but as I was
lucky enough to find a new Pteris and the Acrostichum Digitatum,
[ stuck to botany. I found moreover a Pentandria with creeping
stalks and with white, funnel-shaped blossoms, which I described.
Its leaves resemble those of the Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae or the
Cochlearia, Psychotria.

22.—I took the road, leading to Cockreu, which was very
muddy and often intersected by rivulets. I found a large Scirpus
a Laurus with sky-blue blossoms, which at times had seven and
at other times eight stamens; generally two or three of these
stamens were connate in each blossom. Ina very dark wood,
often traversed by the rhinoceros, I found on their dung a
special kind of Boletus Stipitatus. The roots consisted of a bulb;
it was club-shaped, irregular, covered with a black skin on the
outside and inside it was quite white, rather hard, and a thick asthe
point of the little finger. The stalks were about eight inches
long, smooth, bending, stiff as thick as a straw, black, brown,
and white underneath the hat. The pilens was umbrella-
shaped, round, and had a small hole at the top. It sends out a
sort of white dust. I found Clerodeudron flamma Sylo. Maximum
under a Sagestrocmia, with perfect blossoms. The first time, I
saw this plant in Kara Nicobar, and afterwards near Cockreu.
The Polygate, whide I have often seen in India, the one with the
yellow blossoms grew here frequently in the meadows, but the
rainy weather had spoilt it.

23.—1 went again to the place in the wood which is often
flooded by the sea and found several Epidendra, two of which

“VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 63

I described. One of them had a Hypomochlion like that of the
Contortis, but the glandula was more fastigiate in two bundles,
each of these bundles containing three glanduias.

24.—I described some Epidendra and searched for insects
in the afternoon. We had still some showers, but they were of
short duration. A tiger visited our house, but was satisfied with
only one goose for this time, which he carried away with him to
his hiding place, which was about 200 yards from our house
in a dense opening wood at the back of the house.

25.—I collected some insects and described the smallest
Epidendrum, which was of the kind called herba supp. by
Mr. Rumph. The leaves are swordshaped, and one sheathes the
other. The blossoms grow together in a single thin fine spike.
They are verticillate, very small and red in colour; the fruit is
ballshaped.

26.—I went after some insects, and had the good luck to
catch two couples of Papilioo Priamus. Isaw several large
Papilios Achivi, one of them was twice as large as the Priamus.
The upper wings were black and those underneath were white,
with black veins and red spots. I also saw another very large
species with black upper wings and yellow underwings with
black veins.

27,-28.—I continued to collect insects. Towards evening I
met a wild elephant, from which I had to escape. The bishop of
these parts told me that the leaves of the Sussa Radja, Rumph :
Amb. P. VII., pag. 29, Tab. 15, are used as resicatories.

I described a kind of laurel, the flower-stalks and calyx of
which are of a beautiful orange red colour. The corolla was only
small and violet; it had only eight stamina. The anther had a
lancet-shaped spur, which was a’so purply-red.

29.—I went again to search for insects, and among other
rare specimens | caught two Priami and some very pretty
Sphinxes, the wings of which were quite like those of the Phalina
pyralides. I described an Alisma, the Cotyledon-leaves of which
were lancet-club-shaped and fleshy ; the others were heart-shaped,
only the broader ends were not round but pointed. The calyx
consists of three sehals and therefore the whole blossom forms a
triangle. The corolla also consists of three petals, which are
larger than the calix and white. There were not more than eight
stamina, three and three growing together, and the remainirg

64 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

two also grew together. This was the case in most of the blos-
soms; among ten blossoms which I opened, only one had nine
stamina. They have no receptable for honey ; it must be a Ramun-
culus, and grew frequently in pools where the mud was deep.

30.—We went to our ship, which lay in the harbour, but
we had much trouble to reach it, on account of the many trees
floating in the water, cast there by recent storms; however we
arrived at midday.

31.—I went to the larger Pullu Salang, which is only
separated from the smaller island by a narrow passage, it is
twice as large as the smaller one, and lies paralell with the land,
stretching from North East to South west. It was here that I
first found some Aveuz Ostern and some ostrea isognomum. I
intended to collect some more of them, and had the luck to find
about eighteen of the first kind. Higher up on the shore, higher
than the sea-water would rise, I often found that plant which I
had seen between Bangkok and Chanthebuhn, and which at that
time already I believed to be a kind of palm. 1am even more
certain on that point now, because under the fleshy skin, which
is very smooth and shiny on the surface and of the most perfect
sky-blue colour, the kernel is horny and therefore resembles the
nuts of the different kinds of palms very much. There were two
species here; one of them was the species I have already described
before. The second kind had a much longer racine about a span
long. The ue erew sometimes three or four together in a
bell-sl japed calix: each of the fruits was oblong. smooth and not
of the same intense sky-blue colour as the first kind. I searched
very diligently for their blossoms, but till now I have not been
so lucky as to find any.

Jn the mountain ridge I found a kind of fern, which had both
very large pinnatified leaves and simply pinnate ones; and they
were the largest fern leaves that I have ever seen. The fruit-
bearing leaves were somewhat smaller and divided in character-
istic lines. The Papiliones here were of the same kind as those

which always live in dark shady forests; they were of a brown
colour and Leautifully speckled; they were of an unusual size,.
The high forests here consisted mostly of very prickly leaves, as
Rottan and other kinds of palms; these prickles tear both skin
and dress if one wishes to pass through them quickly, and so my
servants and I had to desist from penetrating any further.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 65

I found nothing new here as regards the formation of stones,
only they seemed to be more intersected with quartz. The har-
dened clay was also more vivid in colour. After low tide we
returned to our ship, which lay three miles from this island.

June 1-2.—I had an opportunity to send some intelligence
of my present condition to my friends on the coast of Bengal,
as Captain Peters returned thither. Captain Peters is a very
merry, industrious, honest, and obliging man, and so I used
part of these days to write letters. The rest of the day I cleaned
my shells, which might otherwise have proved unpleasant for the
ship on account of their commencing putrification.

3.—Captain Peters took all my letters. His ship took tin
from our captain and left the harbour in the afternoon to sail for
its destination. My best wishes for a happy and speedy journey
accompanied him.

4.—I went to Pullu Jambu, an island, which might rather
be called a land-point because only a swamp, which is only
flooded at high tide, separates it from the island Junk Ceylon.
It has the same direction as the two Salangs and on entering
the harbour it lies on the right-hand side. It consists of two
middling high but narrow mountains, which are separated by
a valley. The front part of this island is closely covered with
high trees; there seems to be one place in the valley which
is not overgrown with trees, and also a hill, which lies in front
of the mountain furthest inland, and seems not to produce any
trees, but is covered with a kind of light green grass, which
gives a very pleasant view in the distance. Unfortunately
however this grass grows to almost a man’s height and con-
sists of a kind of sugarcane, which according to my former
description is a Sacharum diandrum, so itis more preferable to
look at it from the distance than to be close by. The foot
of the mountain consists of a hardened many-coloured kind of
clay, and here and there one can see some schist at the
southern side; the rest of the mountain consists of yellow-
red clay, much intermixed with mould.

The bamboo and the sugarcane made this island a favourite
resort for elephants, therefore as soon as one comes into the
jungle, one finds many paths made by the elephants, and that
these paths really originate from them is shown by their

dung, which one finds everywhere. I was told that there

66 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

were specially white elephants with their young ones living
here, the latter however were of the ordinary colour; but
I should not like to pledge myself for the truth of this as-
sertion. I mention at the same time that the white elephants
are considered as especially sacred and valuable among the
Siamese and Barmans, and are reckoned amongst their gods.
In the picture of their idol Potho, or as the Dutch call him,
Budduk, one often finds white elephants drawn; the animal
is generally represented with his trunk uplifted in homage of
the god.

However, it is a very wrong idea. that because this ani-
mal is rare it is of greater value, and we also make the same
mistake in paying great sums for such an animal, if it can be
bought. The elephants are like the white niggers of Mauper-
tius, the white monkeys, rats, mice, sparrows, ravens, beetles,
and some such animals. ‘The colour is surely a kind of skin
disease cause by the sap of the nerves, and all these animals
have something repulsive. I have seen many such animals
here in India, and lately the son of the Loximannies, prince
of Quedar, presented our captain with a white swallow of the
kind that build the celebrated bird’s nests. He called this
bird the King of swallows, though he was a Mohammetan.
These kinds of animals are even hated by other animals, e. 4.,
the white ravens of Ferrii.

Among the speciai plants which I found here, there
was a large tree of a Cargota wrens; it was not of the common
species. The racimes were very long, about two men’s length
between the lowest leaves, and were divided into small
alternate brown sheaths. Most of the fruits were already ripe.
They had a smooth, fleshy, blue skin and were as big as pigeon’s
egos. The nut hada hard outside. The outside of the kernel
was very hard and had dark brown veins, but the heart was
very soft. Ae

I obtained here two kinds of Monandria, which I had never
seen before. One of them is in shape like the Jngofeher of
Mr. Rumpbh, but it is not this kind. The oblong pointed cone-
like shape is of a beautiful crimson red.

The second kind has its blossoms at the root, growing in
a thick bundle; the lower lip, which is the biggest, is of
the most beautiful carnime red colour, like the Amaryllis

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 67

formosissima. The edge is of a beautiful orange yellow, wavy
and has sometimes the appearance of being slightly torn. I,
described both these plants. People here eat both the blossom and
the fruit, which I learned to my disadvantage, because out of
four bundles of blossoms, two were eaten by the time we came
home. To-day the four English ships lying in the harbour
celebrated their king’s birthday with many cannon shots.

5.—I was again in this island, and obtained a remarkable
big species of Zradescantia, which 1 described. There were
many other kinds in blossom, but they had no fruit; among
them were two kinds of Hchites.

I found a peculiar Hpidendrum with blossoms and _ fruits,
and have called it for the moment Orchiordeum?.

In the afternoon I went back to Tarnah, where we arrived
late in the evening.

6.—I went out to botanize and to search for insects. I
described a peculiar kind of small Polygala. I found a very
curious #Zonandria which had ar. oblong narrow spike between
the middle leaves, but, as there were only five open blossoms
on three plants, I postponed the description.

I obtained a Lacerta volans to-day, which I prepared for
drying.

7.—I went out to botanize and to search for insects. 1
obtained three kinds of Hpidendra with blossoms, and described
them. [also found a 7riandiia, with a superior tristyleJ flower,
it cannot be classified among Mr. Linné’s classes; the leaves res-
emble those of the Vallisneria.

A Lemur was brought to me to-day. It was of the size ot
a small cat; the head was round, the mouth black withouf
whiskers. The tongue was broad at the end, rough on the sur-
face, and smooth underneath. Underneath the tongue there
was a small hinder tongue; it was lancet-shaped, had _ stiff
straight fibres, was white, horny and much smaller than the real
tongue; at the root of the upper tongue it was spike-shaped.
The front teeth were all pointed; one of them on each side was
longer in the upper jaw as well as in the lower one. It has
three pairs of grinders at each side. The eyes are round; the
iris is rust-coloured and projecting, the pupil is only small.
Round the eyes there was a black ring of short hair.

a. Aratochilus orchidous,

68 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

The nails of the front feet were round and flat at the end;
the hind feet had also the same kind of nails, only the hindmost
toe had a pointed bent nail, which was rather long and black.
The hind paws were longer and stronger than the front ones. The
whole body was covered with soft, rust-coloured hair, which was
white at the ends. The hair underneath was woolly and grey.
From the forehead ran a dark brown line, ending gradually at
the hindmost haunches. The tail ends abruptly and is quite
short. The animal has a creeping walk and always bends the
head.

It climbs, or better, creeps up, with great agility. When
it is skinned the body looks long and thin.

8-9.—I went out botanize and to search for insects. I des-
cribed a Contorta and a peculiar kind of Epidendron, with awl-
shaped long leaves and a fruit which had almost the same shape
as the leaves. Early this morning my boy chanced to come
across the haunt of a big tiger, but the animal seeing himself
between my boy and myself with my companions ran away from
us in great haste.

10.—We had violent rain and a thunderstorm, which ceased
in the afternoon; the air was hot and oppressive.

11.—I obtained a Monandria, very much like the Globdba,
which Mr. Rumph describes in his 6th part. I frequently found
blossoms and fruits of the same and described it as minutely as
as possible among my monandrists, page.16. The fruits are
almost ball-shaped and as big as ablue plum; the surface is smooth,
fleshy, and blood-red. Inside the fruit has three divisions; none
of the fruits were ripe as yet. The blossoms are the smallest
among the monandrists of Junk Ceylon, which I have described
hitherto; they are not longer than the Lamium album, but much
wider.

The blossoms and calix decay on the ovary, therefore the
whole bundle of blossoms has always a decaying appearance,
except when they are just in full bloom, or have not attained
that stage yet.

12 parr breakfast I was treated to some rhinoceros hide;
I tasted some of it for curiosity’s sake, but there was little taste
in it beside that of the manifold spices, which are used in its
preparation. It gets quite soft by being boiled for a long time.
It is brown and half transparent and has been cut into long

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 69
narrow strips, which have been soaked and boiled for a long time.
The boiled hide is about one finger thick. I obtained a piece of
raw hide on this occasion. The rhinoceros are said to visit this
island from time to time.

In the afternoon I described a Decandria which has beautiful
yellow blossoms and a peculiar kind of capsule. There are three
star-shaped capsules, flat outside and convex inside, growing to-
gether in the shape of a pyramid. The number of stamens varies
from nine to eleven, but generally they have ten. As it blooms
in the rainy season, one finds several Luaxurirendes.

I also described a peculiar kind of Epidendrum, which had
only a few leaves growing on the ovary; there are two on each
ovary; they have very short stalks and stand in a horizontal
position. The blossoms are boat-shaped, growing on a thin tube
of three quarters of an inch long, which has some smal! compressed
fragile sheaths instead of a calix. The lower petal is the largest,
and encloses all the others. At the obtuse ends two pointed lobes
project a little; between them are two erect lancet-shaped
pointed small lobes as high as the two others; they form the
lower obtuse end and enclose the truncate nectary ; the other end
rises a little higher, is smaller, a little puffed up, or hollow and
round. The end itself is round. At this end a fourth lobe grows
which is covered a little by the larger ones; it descends with a
bend, is club-shaped, and reaches with its wider end over the end
of the truncate body, covers it, and is here stiffer, thicker and
of an orange colour. It is moreover convex on the outside and
therefore concave inside. The whole blossom consists of a thin
milky white Corolla, and has much resemblance to an Impatiens
noli me tangere not quite open, and is very much like it in size as
well. In most of the Hpidendra it is impossible to consider their
blossoms to have several petals and surely they form more than
one class. I have made a more minute description of it among
my Hpidendra under the name of Epidendrum nudum.

13.—I went to the ship to look after some of my shells and
corals, and arrived there towards evening.

14-15.—I went to the big Pullu Salang, where I only found
about a dozen of Kreuz-Ostern. Ona Cordia Sebastena I found a
splendid large Papilio of the genus Danais. It is white, the ends
of the upper wings are of a splendid orange yellow; the under
wings were white and had black edges; they are speckled at the

70 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

back with a kind of dirty yellow.

I have already often observed that the wings of the Papilios
lave ike sane cclour as that of the blossoms on which they live.
A few years ago I saw a vely large Papilio sucking the honey
of the Justitia Echolium ; it bad the same sea-green colour as the
blossoms of the above-mentioned plant. In this instance a great
part of the wings had the same colour as the Cordia, which is of
a beautiful orange colour, and this circumstance made me search
the next day for some more specimens, but I only caught six.

16.—I went quite early to Pullu Jambo to botanize and
search for insects. I found a big tree, which had funnel-shaped
blossoms, which were divided into five lobes at the mouth and
were superior. It resembles the family of the Gardenias. The
fruit is oblong, five-cornered, with irregularly large sides, but
underneath a thin fleshy skin is a hard nutshell, which contains a
large amount of small rather fleshy seeds, disposed like eggs in
a nest; this I have also often observed to be the case in many
kinds of wild growing Gardenias on the Coromandel coast.

In the afternoon I searched for molluscs, corals, and the like.
I have already said before that among other corals, there are
many fleshy corals on these shores. When the tide is very low
they le on the stones in a very limp condition, as the fleshy parts
of the head lie in the anatomic balls, but as soon as the water
rises again they revive and regain their habitual tone. I happened
to touch one of these fleshy corals when the tide was high; it
had a broad base, the edge was sharply bent and had many inter-
sections; it was very fleshy and flesh-coloured; I must have
touched it too hard and it broke. At the same moment innumer-
able animals came out of the cells and pores. These animals
resembled Neries exactly; they also had the broad stripe under-
neath and a narrower one along the back, and ring-shaped stripes
near the mouth. The mouth was surrounded by eight feathered
arms, which were white in colour, while the rest of the body was
coffee-brown. Under a half inch microscope they seemed to be
about one inch long.

‘This chance discovery made me repeat this experiment and
I tried to vary the manner of breaking the corals. I succeeded
best when the water began to cover the coral. Those which
had been covered by the sea-water and had dried out several
times were rather entangled, but in the one case, which I men-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 71

tioned before there can be no doubt, because the body and eight
principal arms had hardly been covered. All the other stony
corals had lost their animals, and this circumstance showed me
that the animals are most lively in this season. It would be
impossible. to describe their different species and varieties in
colour, and as my researches concerning them are not of very
long standing, I postponed my description until I should have
time to make closer observations.

In the evening I was fetched out one and a half mile, to the
ship of Captain Welsch, which had just arrived on the coast of
Sumatra. His child was not well. Although I lost some time
in this way, the captain made up for it amply by presenting me
with the beak of a bird, which he had received in Sumatra on the
Padidir coast. Mr. Grew has described this beak before, but
very incompletely. It really belongs to the Buceros Rhinoceros.
It is not probable that this bird should live on carrion, because
the beak is much too weak, it is more likely that the people here
are right, and that he lives on fruit like the Buceros nasutus,
which also lives here frequently. The horn on the beak resem-
bles the shell of lobsters both in substance and colour. The
Chinese believe a stone of wonderful virtues is contained in the
beak of the Buceros and as they buy all the specimens they can
eet, these bird are very dear here.

18.—I went again to Pullu Jambo. I found a kind of
Amomum; the blossoms were white and grew in bundles; the
fruits were covered with fibre. The leaves are very much like
those of the Amomum with the single large blossoms, but their
fruits grow close to the root. I described the Amomum. Near
the sea I found here many A/cyonia, which were of a pale fleshy
colour and had many cylindrical branches. Holothurians were
very frequently between the stones on the shore, and also the
shiny, many-limbed, transparent Holothurian, which has a red
stripe on either side along the back. The first kind I found
during the first days of my return in the island of Cockren, and
I have then already made the observation that if one tries to pick
them up, everything that they contain in their bodies runs down-
wards so that they swell out at the lower part and augment in
weight, and this causes them to break near the point where the
finger touches them. The shiny skin burns the fingers, like that
of so many other molluscs. As the weather was fine, I often had an

T2 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

opportunity of counting their eight stretched-out arms distinctly ;
they are about two inches long, and between two or three lines
thick and are a little compressed, at both edges and at the inner
side they were covered with projecting warts; the colour was
grey, less transparent than the rest of the body. Many of these
molluscs were here hardly as thick as a thumb and about three
feet long; those which I had seen before were much larger.
Among the many fleshy kinds of corals there were some which
were shell-like and cupular. Their projecting edge was curly, with
many folds and bends; there were many threadlike arms at the
edges which could be stretched out as far as an inch, and as
the flood rose they made wave-like movements. The other part
of the body was brown on the concave side and red on the out-
ward side. At first I deemed this fleshy growth to be a kind of
coral, but as soon as I touched it the arms were drawn in, and
when I wanted to pullit out by force it crept deep into the
ground, spirting some water from its centre. I dug more than
half a foot into the sand to find the root, but I had not yet dug
deep enough, It was without doubt an Actinia, but a very large
kind, the diameter of some being half a foot, not counting their
arms. Onsome old coral remains polypus had fastened, they were
all threadlike, close together, more than an inch long and coffee-
brown; they also were soft and fleshy. It was impossible to
count the number of their arms m the water, they could only be
distinguished on account of their white ends; as soon as they
were taken out of the water they formed a tangled mass.

The peculiar thing was that I did not find a single porcelain
shell nor an Ostrea tsognomum in any of these islands.

19.—I went with my captain again to the island Pullu Jambu.
He had been ill and wanted to recreate himself. We had many
armed people with us, and so I dared to penetrate deeper into
the wood of this island, which in reality is only a peninsula.
We wanted to go across the mountains, and after we had worked
our way through the bamboo and rottan jungle, we came into
a forest, which had very high trees and only little undergrowth.
I found a shrub, about three or four feet high; male blossoms
grew directly on the stem or the branches in horizontal position
and they had sometimes not the slightest prominence on which
they grew; they were funnel-shaped, the tubes were very thin
and about three quarters of an inch long. The limbs spread and

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 73

were divided into five egg-shaped lobes, which were about three
lines wide. The volour is a beautiful ye'low, with blood-red stripes.
The male parts are: a thick stamen, standing erect (Adelphia),
and which first divides into three horizontal parts ; at their ends
are the anthers, also divided into two parts. The pecuharity of
these blossoms is, that in half-grown blossoms the anthers seem
to be single and so are only three in number, but when the
blossoms have reached their perfection they split and then they
form six anthers with very delicate furrows, their colour also
beng yellow. The female blossoms grow on a high stalk, which
grows erect, somewhat compressed, striped and smooth, and
has one or two alternate ovate leaflets, and at the end grow one
or two, rarely more, female blossoms, which are almost sessile.
They are distinguished from the male ones by the greater thick-
ness of their tube; all the rest of the corolla is like that of the
male ones. Pavetta, which was just in bloom, grew here also
frequently, and some other shurbs unknown to me; most of them
seemed to be monandrias, among them the splendid cone of the
Amonim showed to perfection. I have described it among my
Monandria, page 9. It has a carmine red colour, and is often
eaten by the Siamese, who call it Kalch. I observed that the
ripe seed, which is oblong, angular and black is often eaten by ani-
mals, who open the cone. ‘he Siamese told me that the ele-
phants too are very fond of this cone. I saw a peculiar kind of
palm-tree, with prickly stem and stalks, which resembled the
rotan very much. The leaves were simply pinnate apices un-
divided or confluent distichous; each pinna had a long rhomboi-
dalshape, and was rather longer at the base and ended in a
harrow point; this last observation, and that they are Sadentite
on two sides, distinguish this plaut from the kind of palm-tree
which I described on my journey from Cockren to Tarnah, which
was about the 26th March. Atterwards I saw many of
the above described trees, but their stem was quite small, and
they had neither. blossoms nor fruits) We now reached the
opposite shore, and saw many large trees of the already described
Guirdema, the blossoms of which refreshed our invalid with their
sweet smell. We turned back to the wood, and after a few
steps. my captain discovered some beautiful red blossoms, which
grew in large quantities upon a very high tree. I soon saw
that it belonged to a climbing plant, and my boy, who was

74 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

trained in climbing, soon brought down some blossoms and fruits.
The calix had the same peculiarity as most. of the Bauhinias, it
split irregularly on the upper side. The corolla was like those
of the Bauhinia, but there were three stamina, which spread
out on the petals; the style was like that of the Bauhinia. The
pods were threadlike, compressed, pointed, a little hairy, indented
and woody. The leaves also were serrated at their ends.
I was told that the natives of Pegu eat this pod, which has a
bitter taste, and causes an indigestion if eaten in great quantity.
Not far from these plants, which covered several trees, grew a
large tree, of the Sontarum syloster, Rumph: Amb, Par 11, page
53, Tab. xi. It had no blossoms at this moment, and the fruits
lay on the ground, part of their flesh having already Cecayed,
they were of the size of a gunball and most of them were
g@erminating where they lay. I made a small collection of the
best among them.

_ We then came to some high trees, and saw many thread-
like stalks which climbed along their stems. These stalks were
three-cornered, about as thick as a quill, wood-like, dark brown
and full of projecting prickles. Close to the bark they had short
strong fibres with which they clung to the tree. The leaves
only began to grow at a height of three or four fathoms, and
by their form I could see that it was a kind of fern. After
many vain attempts, I succeeded in detaching one of these
stalks and managed to pull down a good amount of leaves and
fruits. I discovered it to be an Osmuda, resembling the Lonchi-
tes valubites, Rumph, amb, p.vi, page 73, tab. 31. However I
have seen all the varieties he mentions in Siam, Malacca, Sallangor,
and here, and so I cannot consider this to be a variety as well.
The stalks are half round, prickly, dark brown, and equal in size
almost to the end; the iuner side is flat; between the leaves it
divides into a few branches. The leaves are distichous petiolate,
simply pinnate, and three feet long. The pinna are alternate,
bifarious, lanceolate, acute, spreading, shortly-lined, membranace-
ous. The fruit-bearing leaves have the same shape, and the dust
almost covers most of the round leaflets entirely ; some of them
have at their base leaflets like the other leaves not covered
with this dust.

At a little distance from here I found the Pothos pinnate ;
the leaves.end. obtusely, they are fleshy, and I rarely saw one un-

V OYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 75

touched by the insects. The stalks or roots which climbed upon
the trees had not those burning fibres, which Rumph mentions.
I only found cones which had already fruits but no blossoms.

As we were descending the mountain I found a small shrub,
about as high as a finger; the stems are woody and the blossoms
grew inacorepub. ‘The corolla was funnel-shaped, divided into
five small pointed lobes; the mouth was bare, deeper, inside the
tube there were five authera. The tyle was divided at the
end; it just began to bloom and had no fruits yet.

About midday we turned back to our ship, and I tried to
arrange my conquests as best I could.

In the afternoon I sent my boy and some of the Siamese to
fetch me some beetles of which they had spoken. They said
that this beetle builds its nest one foot deep in the ground, by
preference in such places where the wild elephants have left their
dung. In the evening they came back with fifteen beetles of a
very large kind, which resemble the Scaraboa actecn. The
Siamese wash these insects, fry them, and eat them with great
appetite; they assured me that they had an excellent taste,
which opinion my captain confirmed, who had himself eaten them,
prepared in some other manner. I am convinced that they contain
many particles of fat, and that they decay with the most deadly
of smells. I am equally convinced, that they are eaten by
monkeys and other quadrupeds, which fact I conclude from
observing their dung.

The Siamese call these insects Phu-zi vel Tzuh-tzhi.

The weather had continued dry for eight days, the air was
cool, and we had east wind, circumstances which much favoured
my researches.

20.—I went again to the large Pullu Lalang, to enrich the
collection of my beautiful Pzpilia, which I found here on the
Cordia, but I was not as lucky as I wished. The weather
changed to-day and we had strong westerly winds with rain,
and the beautiful Papzlions flew so high, that it was not possible
to catch any. So I continued to botanize and went across the
forest to the other side of the island, where I found a bay far
reaching into the land. There was very little water in this bay
and as all was very quiet saw many Scolopaces Pheopt and
monkeys searching for food in the muddy ground, which contained
a shells and small fishes.

76 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

The monkeys were specially delighted with the oysters,
which they knew how to open very dexterously; on my arrival
the whole society was frightened and fled away in all directions.
Meanwhile I went on to botanize and found a great number of
parasitic plants, more than I have ever seen together in so small
a space. There were many kinds of Epidendra, among them
one species which I have never seen before. They climbed with
their roots to the very tops of the trees. The leaves came out
of a compressed somewhat tessellate wrinkly green shiny bulb.
The flower stalk grew out near the base on the edge of the bulb
and this stalk as well as the outer pericarp were covered with
a brown sort of wool. For the detailed description see: Lit. B.
between pagina 52 and 53. Liter. J. Epidendrum retusum had
fruits here. I also found here frequently another kind of Epi-
dendrum, with egg-shaped wrinkly bulbs; it had no blossoms.

I also saw another plant, which I thought to be an Hpiden-
drum; it was a climbing plant with white jointed thread-like
stalks, which had opposite leaves without stalks; they were
oblong, eggshaped, pointed, and had bloodred serrated cross-
stripes; the rest was dark green. They did not have any milk
when I broke them, and I looked in vain for blossoms.

Among the ferns I found a very large Oteris, with linear
leaves, three to four feet long, growing together in large bundles;
their pericarp seemed to grow almost on the edge of the leaves.
I have seen this kind often before, but never so large and in such
numbers together.

Among these I found three specimens of Acrostichun cor-
nutum. <Acrostich: heterophyllum, Polypodium lanceolatum, pilosel-
loides, comosum, Quercifolium, Asplenium Chinense, Caudatum,
philippense, Osmunda Scandens, Ophioglossum pendulum, Blechnum
Orientale, Blechnum Pteroides, aspleinum nidus, Salicifolium and
many more were here in great number. The creeping Bromelia
aborescens Y. Zeylon, the common kind, the kind growing as high
as a tree, the long broad prickly kind, from which the Indians
make their best mats with which they cover their goods, and a
kind of palm, grew here abundantly, but only the common kind
had a male raceme and a large amount of fruits. The rain-
showers continued and the wind grew more and more violent.
I had to make a good German mile against the wind and the
current with my small boat, therefore, I started on my way back.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. Wa

I saw two quadrupeds lying on the top branch of a tree, one
behind the other; I shot twice at them and so did one of my
people, but in vain; they remained where they were, without
even moving very much. I only reached the ship in the after-
noon, on account of the strong wind.

In the evening I went to see the sick child of Captain
Welsch, and I had the good luck to learn from him in what
manner the Malacca dragons-blood is made. They boil the sap
of the flower of the cane Dsiernang Rotting, which forms a dark
substance when boiled; then they take three or four parts of
Damar resin and pound it in their usual wooden pounders until
it forms a fine powder: then they mix it with the equally pound-
ed genuine sap of the dragon’s blood, pour boiling water over
all, form it into a kind of molass by stamping it well and take
it out while it is still soft, putting in into proportionately sized
little sacks, made of matting. Then the water is pressed out and
the whole substance allowed to dry. ‘This furnishes the best
kind of dragon’s blood. The inferior kind consists of inferior
sap and a greater addition of Damar resin. He told me many
things concerning the Damar, as he has been trading with it for a
considerable time in Sumatra and the Malay coast. He told me
that the clear fine Damar is often found among the common
damar resin in Quedah, and that just now he had entered upon a
special contract with a merchant living there, who who was
to pick out a pikul for him, which he could sell in Bengal for
a much higher price, as the commercial houses there use it in-
stead of the powder of the Laudracis, to cover spots in the paper.
He said that when quite fresh this Damar was greenish white
and quite transparent like venetian glass. In the course of
time however, and specially among the large amount of inferior
Damar, it turned more and more yellow. He had experienced,
much to his loss, that this Damar could not be dissolved with
common oil, that it burns into hard lumps, and could not be
lighted in the fire, at least only with great difficulty. At this
occasion he showed me a piece, five ounces in weight, which was
quite transparent and yellowish green.

He also said that according to his experience, the Chinese
Damar was very much superior if used for ships, but I will not
assert that he is quite rightin his opinion that there was a difference
from eight to ten parts to two parts of oil, and that the Chinese

78 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

one was much more liquid.

He told me moreover that on the coast of Padri, in Suma-
tra, gold was hewn from the steep mountains by means of small ~
instruments, and that there were often medium sized grains to
be found, rarer real nuggets. He showed me one nugget which
was of the weight of eighteen Spanish Dollars. The mountain
rauge where this gold was found was called Laboh, and lay
about three days’ journey inland. ‘The people living near there
were mostly uncivilised, and at times pay for opium with equal
weights of gold.

21.—Early in the morning I made preparations to go to
Tarnah in the afternoon, and then I went for a short time to
Pullu Jambu. I lost my way a little and found a kind of grass
climbing on the trees. The leaves and stem were so completely
like those of the bamboo, that I first thought it to be this kind,
specially as it also crept along on the ground and grew erect in
other places. I did not see one among many hundreds bigger
than my little finger. I also saw a Panicle, the blossoms of which
however had all dropped, but eventually I found many ends of
this plant hanging down from the trees. The stalk was joimed
and rough on the surface. Inside it was woody, and hollow in
the middle. The joints were about one foot long, and near the
end several branches grew out of the points; there were only
a few leaves at the end of these branches.

I found another tree resembling the rotan, with a fascicle
of fruits, the spadices of which were bright red. The fruits
were oval, oblong, smooth, ressile and fleshy inside; they were
of a beautiful blood red colour, and were twice as big as the
ordinary sized quills. The fleshy part encloses the kernel with a
layer of prickly stiff fibres, which were rather loose at the top
part. The kernel consisted of an oblong nut, which was exact-
ly like an nut when cut, and contained some red juice, which
dyes the linen red when brought in contact with it. Soon after
one of my people brought me the male blossom, which had
the spathe; it was oblong, bicarinate, membranaceous, white,
simple. The blossoms were sessile on the beautiful carmine-red
spadi and consisted, like thuse of the Betelnut, of three semi-
orbicular sepals. The corolla consisted of three oblong fetals;
this blossom was bright red in all its parts. The stamens of
this blossom were not quite distinguishable because it was still

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 79

very small. The treeis well known by the natives here who
call it Gkottschoh, and use these nuts sometimes instead of the
ordinary Betel nuts.

_ I came to a path in a bamboo jungle, which evidently was a
favourite resort of the elephants, and succeeded in climbing down
again the steep shore, where I found some buds of a monandria
hitherto unknown to me, but they were was yet too young for
any examination. I found here the female biossoms and fruit of
a shrub of which I had only as yet found the male blossom.
It was the sbrub with the three leaves, and so I completed my
description thereof. I went round the island and found a kind
of large tree, which was frequented by several Buoceros, proba-
bly piperacious. The Siamese call this bird Nock Nang; it only
lives on fruits and seldom flies low. The remarkable thing in
this bird is that it makes a peculiar noise with its wings at it
flies along. I think the chief cause of this is its having at the
ends of the large feathers of the wings small poinis, standing
apart from each other, with which they cut the air when flying
and produce this rustling noise. I cannot decide whether there
are other causes contributing to this noise, as I have only seen
them flying along singly or three to five at a time, or rarer still,
sitting on very high trees, and I have observed that their feet
are very short and most of their plumage black, except at the
beak, which is surrounded by a skyblue colour, but I cannot say
whether they are feathers of this colour, or merely skin, and the
description which the people here give is too uncertain. At
my return I got an Albuca which I described, and the blos-
soms of a kind of fruit resembling the Strychnos Nux-vomica.
I looked about for fruits of the Eehites, but all blossoms had
dropped without leaving any ovary. The Phyllivea however had
many blossoms and fruits and also the Hrythroxyion, which
grew as a rather large tree. Inthe afternoon I went from the
harbour to the shore, sad that the fine weather was passed, and
that we were again threatened with storm and rain.

22.—l arranged my newly collected things and my other
plants, which were almost decaying during the time that I had
not been on the ship. The Scarabei had sucha disagreeable smell,
that I got a very strong headache; I only wished the ants hac
eaten the delicate fat, which is in such favour with the Siamese.
but however often I offered them this Siamese delicacy they

8O VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

would not touch it. .
23-24.—-The continual rain made it very difficult for me to
preserve my collected treasures, which continued decaying.
I described the above-mentioned monuandria, which had leaves of
beautiful red underneath, but had no fruits as yet; and also a-
shrub, which was a monandrist and had a very aromatic bark.

25.—I obtained a few insects. A beautiful bird with a blue
beak had come here; it seemed to be a /nuscicapa and was of the
size of a pigeon. I described a tree, which was a Matthio/a.

26.—The atmosphere on land was rather unsafe for Euro-
peans during the last days, on account of some quarrels between .
some English captains and the king; I wastherefore called back
to the ship. Before I left the land I botanized a little and found
a very pretty small ELpidendrum, which I described still ore
page 4. lit N.

A Chinese merchant, living at Tarnah, told me that tin was
also being found on the height of the mountains, because the
violent rain washes the earth away and so uncovers the tin and
sometimes even washes this down as well. The old women
collect it, and bring it to the smelter, who renders them 4 of
what they have brought him, because the prevailing custom here
is to give the smelter } of whatever he smelts, which is the only
payment fur his trouble.

All the tin in Pullu Panjang had formerly been collected in
this manner, and was not dug for as they do here, and there was
enough tin there to furnish many people with an occupation.
But Malay ships had often killed and robbed these people, so that
in the end they had fled.

On the whole Malay coast people are said to collect the tin
in this primitive way and not to dig for it as they do here.

27.—I looked at all the plants which I had lately collected,
and found them, to my greatest grief, almost all decayed. The
feelmg on land was so dangerous, that I prefered to return to
the ship, in order not to be exposed to any annoyance, or to the
danger of being illtreated by the tyranical government.

28.—I examined some of the infusory animals of the corals.
The weather was rainy and it was cold in the evening, which
began to be very bad for my health. During the earlier part of
the day it was hot, and all my pores were blocked up.

30.—The weather was againa little better and I went on

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 81

shore in the afternoon and saw some branches of the big Lager-
stroemia tree blossom; they grew too high for me. In aswampy
place grew the Lycopodium cernum; it was very high and had
some filicibus, but I have not been able yet to find out their
fructification. There were also some kinds of Sictamiznis.

July 2.—I went again on shore and caught some Papiliones.
I saw a shrub which had three leaves; the blossoms grew in
a spica about one finger long, there were two fruits from each
blossom; they were ob‘ong, puffed up and as big as a pea.

5.—I spent this day in Captain Light’s company, and we
could dare to penetrate deeper into the wood, because we had
many people with us who were armed with guns.

The first new discovery which I made was a small shrub,
which grew like a little tree with only a few branches at the
upper end; it might have been two yards high. The little
stem and the branches were covered with a black, grey bark,
and they were strewn here and there with orange-yellow
blossoms, which had the shape and size of the Primula; they
grew on a small peduncolo squamuloso, only about half an
inch long. I could not make any description of it as yet,
because the blossoms were all male ones; the female blossoms
which I found were not perfect. The capsulas were tricoco
and so resembled the Fatrophis.

We went right across the island, which was covered with
a dense forest, consisting of many very high trees; the ground
was strewn over with their fruits and we gathered some of
them. I found a kind of palm growing in great abundance
on the other side of the shore; the stems were high and strong
and resemble the Borasso. Most of the fruits had already
fallen off. Those fruits which had still their fleshy parts were
oval, and had the size of a pigeon’s egg. The skin of the fruit
was smooth and blue. The fleshy part brown, sharp and stringent
in taste, and as thick as the back of a knife. The nut was
less oval.

9.—We had had rain and storm during some days. I went
out in the afternoon to examine the polyps more minutely than
[ had hitherto done. At this occasion I found some <Actimi,
which had been left behind in some hollows of the shore as the
water fell. Their arms were stretched out, and they measured
more than one foot in diameter. The-ariis were so closely

82 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

pressed together at their base that I believed the whole ani-
mal to be an Asterias from the distance. These arms were
striped in many colours—white, red, yellow, and blue ona grey
ground. I found several more, and tried to dig them out, but
they sat- more than one foot deep in. the sand and clung to
some stones, so that I only succeeded in unfastenirg two different
kinds. The body of one of them is covered with a rather hard
skin, which has the brightest red colour, and when the animal
has drawn itself together it is two inches in diameter and is
as long as a hand is wide; the skin of the other kind was
grey and soft and it had half the size of the other. All others
broke before I could unfasten them from the stones.

I could not make out the different species of corals on
account of the rapid flood, but their little infusory animals were
all hydra. The stretched body is brown and the arms are white
and eight in number. These infusory animals clung to different
small stones or pieces of wood, and they form large lumps in the
sea, but as soon as either the stones or the wood was taken out
of the water there was nothing to be discovered upon them
than a yellow crust full of small warts. I saw a coloured Doris;
the back was almost quite flat, the lower edge was projecting
and wavy; the surface had fine scars, the size wes one and half
inch long by one inch wide. The whole body was _ black,
only the wavy edge was white and had black stripes. I also saw
the common Indian Doris, which I have so oftenfound near
Jaffnapatnam ; both these species do not have the usual opening
on their back. The infusory animals of the sea amaranth,
Madrepora Amaranthis, had all stretched out their arms, which
were of a splendid »reen on the upper side; underneath they were
ash-erey. All these arms, which stand in a circle-shaped mouth,
are very numerous and like fingers. I have seen them as long
as half an inch and even one inch. This mouth in the disco
consists of swollen grey lips with fine milk-white stripes; the
thin body is underneath this mouth. There are as many different
animals as there are little holes in every amarantho, which shows
clearly that they cannot be counted among the Medusas, but
much rather among the Actinia; all the different kinds of polyps,
which live between the stones and were as thick as a finger
and one inch long, belonged to this same kind. —

_ I obtained several Gorgoniu, the animals of which had come

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 83

out; they were hydra, their body was snowy white and had
eight arms which spread out.

12.—The dreadful weather, combined with a feeling of weak-
ness and a disinclination against any work, kept me in for a few
days. As it seemed to be fine to day, I asked Captain Light to
let me have a boat and a few men; we rowed to a part of the
island which did not make it necessary for me to climb. I had
already at different times seen a Bauhinia in this place; its stem
is as thick asa hand, and it first climbs up the trees without
forming any branches, only on reaching the top it divides itself
into a great number of branches, which spread all over the tree.
The bark-is dark ashy-grey, the leaves are orbicular, a little
divided or cut in front; they are bigger than those of any other
kind of Bauhinia. The blossoms were a big Panicula and were
in all their parts a perfect Bauhinia. The petals were like the
Iscoraloce, bright red, but it had only three bending stamina,
which were blood-red. The stylus was bent like that of the
Bauhiniis, the Legumina linear was thread-like, round, pointed and
longer than a finger. One of my people, who had lived in Pegu
for some years, told me that poor people there boil the silices
and eat them; they have however always a bitter taste and
remain hard even when they had been boiled in several fresh
waters, therefore if eaten too often they cause a Dysentery or
Mal de terre.

I went a few hundred steps up the mountain and found to my
great astonishment two kinds of Areca trees. I had often given
much money to the natives to procure me some parts of these
trees, but they had always asserted that they only grew deep
in the wilderness. There was a whole wood of them here,
white ones as well as the red kind. At first | found the white
kind; it grew as high as a man; the stem was single, thick,
striped like that of all palms, without prickles; the bark was
green. The crown was moderately large, the leaves pinnate,
the leaflets linear, convex at the top, had three strong nerves;
the ends were obtuse. The edges of the leaves were smooth
and not sharp; the colour was light green. Many trees had
fruits and the male spadix still hung down from them, dry and
without blossom. All spadices consisted only of a few branches,
five or six, seldom more. They divided at the base and not any
further up, were strong and not quite a span long.

34 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

Many of the fruits of these white Areca nuts were quite small,
others were almost ripe and began to turn white. They were
‘egg-shaped, pointed at the outer end, smooth and shiny; the
kernel contained some sap and enclosed a nut which had the
size of a laurel. The calix, the corolla, and the stylus were like
those of the areca nuts.

The second species grew thrice as high; the stem was
as a strong hand, the leaves were like those of the other kind
and had three nerves. A small young spadix had its spatha
membranacea cymbi formis nivea hanging on it still; the spadix
was blood-red, and consisted of few branches, which were about
one foot in length. They grew underneath the crown, where a leaf
had fallen off. The female ones had their spadices a little longer
and on them grew some blood-red, oval, smooth fruits, having
the size of a plum. From the nuts I judge that it must be an
areca, because I found the same characteristics in all the new-found
specimens; there was nothing remarkable about the stamina and
stylus. The calyx and the coralla have been wrongly described
by Mr. Linné. They all have the prickly fibrous substance
enclosing the kernel.

I also saw here a peculiar kind of tree which resembled the
Calamo Rotan. The stem grew in a slanting manner, and like
that of all Rotans it was covered with prickles. It was about
one and half man high. The leaves were simpliciter pinnate, and
three feet long; their pinna were Rhomboidal, and grew with
one side of the Rhombi on the common stalk. They were quite
flat, striped with nerves, a little leathery and smooth. The point
of the leaflets was lengthened, both edges running down were
integerrima, the upper ones laccerodenta. ‘They are eight inches
long and four inches wide. I took some of them with me, and
also some leaves from the Areca trees, but the negligence of my
people and my present weak memory let me only keep a white
Areca tree and a leaf of the Rotan, because I carried both
in my own hand. Se
: 13.—I was seized with a violent bilious fever, combined
‘with cold shivers and general weakness. ‘This sinking of my
strength was an even stronger proof of my illness than all exter-
nal signs. I therefore took an emetic in the evening and I
vomitted an unusual amount of gall. The day after I used Tart:
emet. gr. uj. in Hij. disolved in water. and continued taking this

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 85

during the two following days, repeating the emetic again in the
evening and again vomiting a large quantity of gall. The
violence of the illness was broken, but the tota! want of purging
medicines prevented a perfect cure. Meanwhile my great weak-
ness, loss of appetite, and a rapid decline, threatened to kill me.
Therefore I resolved to go with Captain Scott’s three-masted
ship, which was bound for Malacca, my Captain readily made all
arrangements for my passage, as he feared to have a corpse on
his ship, while Captain Scott could easily make funeral arrange-
ments at sea; and late in the evening of the 17th I went on
board of Captain Scott’s ship, called “Prince.” We sailed still
the very evening. The movement of the sea soon excited the
marasmatic quietness of my blood, and the fever broke out with
greater violence. I had no other meaus of cure, than frequent
water-drinking.

23.—I1 went on deck for a little while in the morning; we
passed a long-stretched island, called Pullu Trotto, which consists
of steep mountains overgrown with trees, and only showing
white spots in a few places. The stone must be weather-beaten.
We. were only one English mile far from it, and could distinguish
everything very well through a Dolland telescope. I was told
that no people live in this island on account of the many tigers
having their resorts in it, but this tale was immediately conira-
dicted by the other statement, that there were many wild boars
and many stags living here at ‘the same time.

However many people go to this island, both from the main-
land, which is about two German miles far, and from Pullu Lada,
which is only separated from it by a channel about half a German
mile wide. People gather the Damar, which is found here in
large quantities. If these people are obliged to sleep in the
island they climb upon high trees. A Diodia was caught at
midday, during the calm generally prevailing in the channel.
The back was green, the stomach was white, quite smooth with-
out Spina, only near the Ano there were some slightly projecting
warts. It was about one span long, and had a very bad smell.
I had exerted myself too much to-day by going on deck, and had
to pay this with an attack of extreme weakness, followed by a
critical fever.

24.—I was slightly better in the morning and could not bear
to lie down any. longer, although my.weakness often made me

386 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

sink down. I got an Aphrodita, which is different from the
Aculeata. | | oe

In the afternoon when I was alone, I tried to go down some
steps about four yards long, but I fell down these steps and it
was very lucky for me that someone just came to meet me, who
prevented my breaking any bones at a wall near to me. How-
ever my shoulders and elbows were badly bruised. My usual
fever was not as bad this evening, the pain from my fall had
taken its place.

25.—We passed the high country of Pullu Lada, which is
ad to be very populated. The inhabitants live by agriculture,

s:ing, gathering bird’s nests and Holothuriis, and at times they
make hunting of men their business, whom they sell as slaves to
the Dutch. There is rain or a thunderstorm almost every even-
ing, on account of those nigh mountains, and so the island is very
fertile. We happily left this channel in the evening.

26.—We arrived to-day in the harbour of Quedar, where the
anchor was cast. Captain Scott went on shore for trading pur-
poses. I felt worse and could not go about much, but had to
lie down a good deal. The pain from my fall was very bad.

28. —Uaptain Scott came back on board and brought with
him some tins and provisions, which can be bought here very
cheaply. They consisted of pigs, ducks, birds, and chickens; he
had bought them from a Chinese living here. The anchor was
weighed in the forenoon still, and we left the harbour without
taking any fresh supply of water. That which had been in
barrels was consumed and we were now obliged to drink that
from the cistern, which was very bad and had a horrible smell on
account of many thousands of insects having been drowned in it
and decaying slowly i in the water. The water was passed through
a filtering stone for cabin use. My right side, and specially my
right arm, was paralysed, so that I could not lift the latter, and
if I tried to do so with force I suffered terrible pains in all
muscles. I abstained totally from drinking any water, because
it was so very bad. I also felt some rheumatic pains in my left
shoulder, which were very annoying, but I could at least move
the arm with some effort as much as to make eating possible.
My illness increased, as I had used all remedies, during our long
journey, and for want of any purging medcines the illness

_assumed the character of an appoplectic slumber, with inclination

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 87

to: bend the neck down very low, but I tried to fight down this
desire for sleep as well as I could. A great lon sing for heating
drink made me take several glasses of Madeira wine during the
day, they were the only remedy I had. My food consisted in the
middle of the day of chicken broth and rice, there was no Aromata
on board, and in the evening I had some boiled Sago with
Madeira poured over it, which looked and tasted equally bad on
account of the bad water, but this was a case of eat or die.

A glass of Dutch beer drove away all paralysis for a few
hours, and this circumstance convinced me that my pains were
more marasmal or paralitical than rheumatical. The continual
contrary south wind made our journey very slow, but Captain
Scott, who used every possible advantage, succeeded in bringing
us to the harbour of Sallangor on the

2nd of August—We found there two other large English
ships, which had arrived before us. Our captain went ashore
directly ; we were only two English miles distant from the land,
and I sent for some better drinking water to one of the Englis’1
ships. I obtained some the same evening, which was very
welcome to me.

- 4,—lI was refreshed with some excellent fruits, and found
the interior watery part of the cocoanuts highly beneficial. I
also obtained some purging remedy, which gave me considerable
relief, so that I tried to get up a little, although I could lift
nothing with the right, and very little with the left, hand; I
could scarcely lift the spoon to my mouth.

5.—The captain sent among other things a great quantity
of Stock Lack (varnish), which was particularly good and came
from Pegu. The gum in many places was more than three inches
thick on the little pieces of wood, where it had been heaped up
by insects. The surface was rough, like much used Shagreen,
and had not the same bright yellow colour as the artificial one
from Hamburg. When one breaks it it looks almost like wax
in a beehive, only the intercepting spaces are larger, and there is
only one single layer. ach cell is linear; the sides are of
undetermined outline, but rather inclined to form corners. In
many of them there were still the dried up insects, and in some
others from which the insects had gone there was some white
woolly substance at the end, as is usually the case with the.
Chermes and Caccos. I picked out a few pieces, which I shall

83 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

send to Europe as specimens. An Armenian, Mon. Lathier, who
had lived in Pegu for a number of years, and had devoted much
attention to the insects. and the making of this varnish, assured
me on his word of houour, that he had often seen these insects -
building, specially on the bank of the river which flows to the
ca)ital Tavoy. According to his version he has seen many very
small, unwinged ants run along the ground in thousands, and
when they had arrived at the special place they had nodded their
heads as if they were pressing something against the wood,
whereupon they had come down again. When he contemplated
the place where they had been he found a tiny spot. The most
peculiar assurance he gave me is that the gum-varnish is quite
green in the beginning, and looks like the stalks of garlic. When
he took this green gum and rubbed it between his fingers he
could press out a red sort of juice; the varnish itself was very
elastic and soft.

- An English captain, who trades year!y on this coast, says
that he has not observed this, but he has seen that the inhabitants
sprinkled the shrubs with honey in places where they stood very
closely together in order to attract these little insects. .

_ 4,—There was a great quantity of Sango Draconis; it. was
white and had the appearance of flour. It was said to be pro-
duced in tkis shape by nature. There were some sacks a little
torn, and ] examined their contents. I found some fruits of the
Ca amo Rotang wh.ch were oval, and contained the same kind of
flour inside. I examined some others and some broken fruits;
they all contained this flour, but it was of a darker colour in some
of them; at the same time I found some small pieces of Pedi-
celli of the Racemo. I had been frequently told that it was taken
from the fruits, and here I was convinced of the fact. It also
forms an article for trade, and is as red as the Sappan wood,
which they use for dying purposes in China.

5.—We got to-day some tin on board in small square pieces.
The tin from Sallangor is considered superior to that of Junk
Ceylon, but that in the kingdom of Rhombo is considered to be
the best, and is paid with the highest price. There is still an in-
ferior quality, that from (missing in M.S.).

6.—We got some water and provisions on board to-day, and
goon after our captain also arrived, who commanded the anchors
to be weighed instantly. We sailed towards the Straits of

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 89°

Calang, and from thence to Malacca.

Zl. Early this morning we were at the entrance to the Strait
of Calang. This strait is peculiar, as it seems to be situated in ~
the middle of a forest, as the low shores on either side; which.
are covered with water at high tide, are overgrown with high
trees, which were mostly of the kind of Rhyzophoris and Grana-
tus fittoralis Rumph Aricenna; on the shore grew also the kind
of palm without stem called Nipa or Nipang by Rumph. I had
found their fructification here for the first time where I went on
shore on my journey to Siam. The Strait is generally only 8
gunshot wide and there was a strong echo which made the song
of the birds resound agreeably. I saw here Pica and some
Garuli, together with some monkeys, a special kind of Sciuri,
with a rust-coloured stomach, also some pigeons, but I only saw
them flying. This Strait forms many minor channels and as the
water often covers a great part of the land it is very dangerous
for everybody not knowing it very well. The length is about
four miles, and the ships are only carried through by the high
and low tides, which rush through this strait very rapidly.
The wind can help very little, as the channel winds very much
and is very narrow.

As soon as we had passed the strait the wind was contrary,
and we only advanced very slowly along the Malay coast.

11.—At last the current carried us as far as Malacca in
spite of the wind (for when the current was unfavourable, we
cast our anchor ), and with great trouble we managed to reach the
harbour towards evening, and we sailed straight up to the town.
At low tide the current flows from the Strait of Dragon towards
the Bay of Bengal, and high tide brings back the water from the
Bay of Bengal through the strait as far as the Strait of Dragon.
This same direction of the current is visible as far as the narrow
passage between the two island Rabbet et Canni; from there the
current takes an opposite course towards the Chinese Sea.

As soon as I came on shore I went to the Governor v.
Schilling, who gave me many varieties of — ore, which had been
brought to him from Pera, and also many different kinds of
dragon’s blood, which he had grown himself, so that I had a
complete collection of these two things from the Dutch governor ;
they deserve a better description than I-can give of them here
for want of space.

90- VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

16.—I went with the Governour v. Sch. to the country house
of one of the richest merchants in Malacca. On my way I saw
the wild Cardam: and also Apluda Mutica. In a swamp grew a:
Mimosa folovatis, and in the ditches stood Atriculoria, Schoenus
aureus, etc.

The two miles of this journey had made me so weak that I
could neither sit nor lie down. Towards midday I recovered a
little. The master of the estate told me that the women make
everlasting flowers out of the marrow of the Sceevola. The young
leaves are eaten by the Malays as remedy against indigestion, they
have a very bitter taste.

20.—All these days I had to keep indoors and to take
medcines. The lameness of my right hand and especially of the
fingers hindered me very much in any examination of plants or
in writing. I described a peculiar kind of Buceros, and also
stuffed it. But I am not sure whether it is a new species, as I
have not got the first volume of Tine’s system.

28.—During all these days I was busy writing letters to
Dr. Solander, to whom I sent a short description of my journey;
also to Professor Friis, and other good friends in Copenhagen.
I sent all these letters, both those for Denmark and for England,
with a ship passing here on its way to China.

30.—I made a minute description of the Amono Zinziber,
Amono Cardamom, and another kind of Monandrist. It is astoni-
shing how different all the existing description of Monandrist are
from the reality, and that one has not observed the long cylindric
Nectarior.

Sept. 1.—I changed my quarters; in the former one there
was too much noise, because many people went in and out.

In the afternoon | went to the garden of a Chinese captain
living here. I found many flower pots and flat iron vessels con-
taining many Lpidendron ensifoiium, which lately had ceased
blossoming; three pots were covered with the Oscalis corniculata,
and the Hydrocoty’e Americana, which were agreeable to the eye
on account of their star-shaped shiny leaves; they were also being
cultivated on account of their medical virtues; the Malays call
them Pangagar-China. There was a beautiful kind of dark red
rose on very short and slender stems; they were planted both in»
pots. and at the borders; the description can be found in my
Enchiridic. Chrysanthem indic. grew in pots, and had remarkably’

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. - 91

large blossoms. Two Bromelias, the leaves resembling those of
the large Aloe, grew at the entrance of the garden; one of them
had a beautiful wide band along the leaves, which was of a light
yellow colour. Jscora Coicinea had orange coloured blossoms
on one side and white ones on the other. They were a kind of
(missing in M.S.) A kind of Scitaminis filled two large beds; it
it was only cultivated on account of the medical virtues which it
is said to possess.. The leaves are like those of the Curcuma, the
roots were only thin and yellow. The people said it had no
blossoms, and that the fruit grew underneath the earth. The
common Chinese rose grew here everywhere.

In beds along the walls grew a stiff kind of grass, mbieh
had narrow, dark green leaves: I was told, that it never had any
blossoms, but can easily be transplanted by the roots.

3.—I obtained the permission to visit the high mountain of
the fortress of Malacca. As I went up I saw, as I had already
often down in other places, the Polypodium, which Burmann has
drawn in three or four parts in his Fl. Zeyl. This plant under-
goes great changes. At first it has single, oblong leaves; soon
they divide on one side, and later on they divide into five or
more pointed lobes. The green root is as thick ag a quill and
creeps along the wall; it has every now and then some rust-
coloured thin dry scales on its surface.

When I had almost reached the summit I saw, lower down,
some Cassialata, Clerodendr. paniculat, among them a kind of
fern, which I held to be-a Tricpomenes odinth ?

The real avenue leading up the mountain is lined with two
rows of trees, which are all Pterocarpi. On the top of the moun-
tain stands the real flag staff of the fortress, near it a massively
built, beautiful church, which however is not used any longer
because there has been a new one built at the foot of the moun-
tain, close to the house of the governor, which is easier accessible
than this one. The gravestones of the governors, commanders,
and consuls are ornamented with such elaborate coats of arms
that one night think those buried here to be members of the
Nassan and Hanoverian families, though in reality most. of them
have been peasants or artisans in Europe, and their only merit
was that they served as soldiers under some noble master.

I was taken to the governor's garden; the way- thither

wound through a dense shrutery of Conyza balsam, cassia on icuiutis,

92 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

and Guillendia Bondus. The real purpose which had brought me
there was to find the different species of Aries in blossom, but I
was not so lucky asto findany. Between the stones of the garden
grew Urtica Alienata; the Capsicum with blue black stalks, leaves,
and fruits, and some beautiful blossoms grew in abundance near
the gate of the garden. The arrangement of the garden did not
show any thing remarkable, although there was much opportunity
to build beautiful terraces. A little hill was surrounded by a
wall three feet high, and on this hill in a hedge grew the Jnstitia
Coccinea, which looked splendid with their profusion of beautiful
orange-coloured blossoms. There were some Tuberoses here with
seeds. The tree Boa Cross Rumphit grew here and had blossoms,
but I only described the male ones.

5.—I went to the garden of an old Chinese woman, who
kept several kinds of aromatic plants, which she had brought here
from her former large garden after her husband’s death. Among
them was the Cardamom, a wild kind of Zinziber, two other kinds
of the Scytaminis, one of them leaving lost all its blossoms, the
fruits having the shape of a pear, and resembling a bell. The
other kind resembled the young Bamboo in its growth, but the
leaves were very aromatic. People told me that the blossoms
grow near the root, but they are only transplanted from the root
to form new plants. Acmel/la grew wild near a Zugher bush; the
Polypodium Phyllitis grew abundantly on an old Sago tree; people
took the leaves and put them between their clothes which were
agreeably scented in this manner. Ina Malay garden I found,
in a wood of Mangastang trees, a very beautiful specimen of
Epidendron, which had an ear at the point, and resembled the
Lycopadio very much. I obtained the male and female blossoms
of the Strecca Ripa. This tree is very useful on account of its
wood, which is very hard and resembles that of the black palms.
It is cut into very long pieces, which are two inches wide and
three-quarters of an inch thick, and these pieces are sent to the
coasts specially, where they are called Riper and. are much used
for building roofs.

The collection'I obtained to day"gave me plenty of occupa-
tion during the next day, because I dried, examined, and des-
cribed the different specimens. ,

7.—The rain, which had fallen i in the night and continued
in the morning, prevented me from— using the early hours;. if

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 93

caused moreover much decay in the fields and also inmy collection

In the afternoon, I walked for about one German mile to-
wards the north east of the town, and saw in a garden the coffee
tree with fruits. I collected some of the less ripe ones for sowing
purposes, some blossoms I kept for my collection. The way led
continually past gardens, where the Chinese plant all sorts of
vegetables; their beds were all long, raised, and about two feet
wide, so that the water of the frequent rains could easily flow off.
They did not observe any other rules in their gardening than
those imposed by necessity. Their houses stood near the gardens
and were built upon poles, but the cause of this way of building
was not so much the water as the fear of wild beasts.

Their fences consisted only of thin pieces of wood, standing
apart from each other.

The most frequent shrub here was MWelastonia letis. I found
the two kinds of Kuropean Ut-icularia, some kinds of new Filicibus
which I took home to examine ere it grew dark.

8.—To-day I found in the garden of a Malay a small Mon-
andrist, of the class of Scitaminum, which was in blossom, The
plants grew in tufts with knotted twisted roots, and have long
beard-like fibres at their base. The leaves lie on the ground,
they have short stalks-and are sheathed one into the other. Be-
tween these sheath-like stalks grow the blossoms in small bun-
dles sessile near the root. |

The blossoms have a tube of half an inch long, which rea:-hes
over the leaves; it is double at the top. The outer coiolla is
divided into three very narrow parts; the inner lobes stand flat
and spread out; two of them are club-shaped and stand near
together, the third is muci: wider, concave and much stiffer,
specially towards the middle, it is again divided ito four parts.
The two parts at the side are small delicately ol solete serrated,
and round at the ends. ‘Lhe middle one is divided down to the
middle, the lobes are club-shaped, the incision is linear and the
edge lightly serrated. At the base before the division itis yellow,
the edges of the incision are pu:ple at thew base; all the rest is
snowy white. The blossom has the size oi a lar ge pink. The
detailed description is to be found among the Monanarists. It is
cultivated in the gardens as a medical plant, and is said to {loom

rarely. The root is quite white and has an aromatic care and
smell, |

94 VOYAGE FROM EXDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA

| 9.— To-day I desciited the Mcnendrist mere in detail, after
I had received some better specimens from the garden. They
are kept for medical purposes. It is a pity that most of the
Monandrists have no fruits now, so that it is not possible to
classify them corectly. This kind has of all those I have seen
the most spreading Petala, and I was in doubt whether or not to
classify it among those which have the crown divided into four
lobes; I have however not done it because they grew together
a long way up like in an Ungue; the others hang directly at the
tube and have almost a kind of Unguis.

10.—I described to-day a new species of the family of
Phyllonthos. I have often found them in Siam, but never with
such perfect leaves and fructification. The leaves are here used
in medicines for children against any bronchial illness, because
they have a sweet after-taste. The fruit has the shape of a pear,
but only the size of a cherry, it is snowy white and has no taste,
there is just a faint salt or acid flavour. They look very pretty
with their blood-red lasting calyx

12.—I went this mo:ming along the southern coast to
botani: e and found several kinds of plants which I had not seen
before. I found an Epidendrum ensifor amongst many hundrecs,
which had lost their bloseonis. Pterocarp: Drace. was still bloom-
ing.

In the garden of a Pcriuguese, where I wanted to examine
a Savo-tree, I found a great quantity of Ostea pleuronect, which
plant i is often fetched out cf the water at low tide just in this
month. ‘They are preserved like all the other Osteas and eaten
like them; their animals are towever very small and many of
them are required for ove meal.” I was told -that one can only
set them at two periods of the year, because at all other tin.es
they go down to deep parts of the sea

After I had passed many gard ens, I found a beautiful
Monandrist at the foot of a mountain. ‘The blesscms grew Ina
Strobilum, which was sessile at the root and which had a some-
what spreading edge at the end. It was as long asa hand is
wide and half an inch in diameter and the spathes, which were in
oreat number in this Strobilum, and were of different ages, were
all of a beautiful red colour.

The stalks with the leaves were, like those of most of the
monandrists, biforia, only the leaves were more leathery than

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 95

those of all others, and have dark stripes. This I have observed
in no other species until now. I had often seen Grevia Miccrocos,
but always without fruit ; here was a pretty thick tree, which had
both blossoms and fruits.

There were many Malay graves at the foot of the mountain.
There is a superstition that whoever comes near a grave,
oF worse who steps upon it, will soon die, or at least will have
some dangerous illness. I took the risk how ever, and gathered
some fruits from a shrub, which was a Monandrist.

14.—During these two days I was very busy examining and
describing my new plants. To-day I received four green pigeons,
which I described; I stuffed a male and a female one. In the
afternoon I botanized a little, and found a very rare Epidendrum,
which had folia biforia, sessilia compressa, and a Spica at the end,
which resembles that of the Lycopodia completely. I had to
postpone the more minute description till the next day, because
it had grown too late.

16.—I examined the water of a warm spring, which is
situated near the sea, a few miles from Malacca. The water
was already a few days old and contained no vestige of fixed air
(sec in M. §.); nor did I find any iron; and there were fewer
particles of salt than I have found in any other water. The
only thing I could discover were a few alkali minerals. The
smell had nothing peculiar either.

17.—I received from the place where the hot spring is said
to be some pieces of black, white and red striped Petrosilex; in
the middle was a wide white stripe, which seemed to consist of
some quartz sand. Very likely it came from the mountain which
the Dutch call Ophir.

From some place near here I received some specimens of
white Porcelain clay. I tried it with my tongue, and found that
it exercised a certain adhesion but did not effervesce. It was not
heavy but very fine and does not form a very firm substance. [I
could not detect any glimmer or nitrogene parts, through a half
inch microscope. During the night I put it m some fluid
and the liquid did not change in liquidity and colour, neither did
the clay. I could not make any examination in reference to fire.
The clay can easily be shaped into balls and dries hard, but
breaks when one rolls it. It stains the fingers very little.

19.—We had remarkably fine weather yesterday; it was

96 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

Sunday. An English ship arrived here yesterday; it is bound for
China, but it is doubtful whether it will accomplish this journey
because the change of the monsoon in the Chinese sea is so
near.

The fruits of the Cysto Madlaccensi, which are called karamun-
tin here, were being sold in the streets; they have a sweetish-
sour agreeable taste and are filled with many seeds. They are
smaller than the common European plums and more egeshaped
and preserve their calyx. The surface which is really red,
looks white on account of a woolly substance covering it; the
juice is red. It is considered an excellent remedy against
dysentry and is given to the invalids to cure them of this
illness.

20.—I botanized on the high hill, which lies a cannon-
shot from the town in the south east, and which is generally
called Bukit-China by the Malays, because the Chinese bury
their dead here. Itis higher than the Paulus mountain inside
the fortress, is long stretched, and slopes off towards the south.
It consists of red mountain mould and various porous red _ tufa-
ceous stone. The mountain is quite bare now; formerly it was
covered with shrubs, specially with Melastoma listus Malzeccensis,
Suffa-Radja Rumphii, Cassia alata, etc ; 1 ow there were only small
plants, among them a beautiful Polygala with red or white
blossoms, a new Stedyotis Leonurus tartarica Teylonica, Cassia
Thora, etc. On the opposite side is a large swamp; in it I found
many things interesting for botany. All five spec. of Utriculartis
grew here often, and both my new plants, one of which |
believed to be a Gynandrist. I found that they had only female
blossoms at the top, and that the male ones grew lower down.
The detailed description is in Lit. A. pag. 13.

Nepenthes Cissus, Smilox, Cattuhrus, a kind of Ophioryza
were specimens for my Malacca Chloris, with which I shall be
busy during the following days. :

23.—During the last few days I was very one with the
plants, which I “found on the 20th. To-day I hired a man who
was to show me a real shrub of the Rais de Madre de Deus
We went to the forest for this purpose, and found the first
shrub half a mile from the town. It wasareal Gmelinia; the
leaves were large, orbicular and ended in a point. The upper
side is somewhat rough, the lower side is woolly. The thorns

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 97

are as long as a finger and the fruits are quite round instead
of being obverse ovate like those of the others. The man
whose real profession it was to dig for the roots and to sell
them, told me, that the further inland this root was dug, the
more aromatic it was; he said one had to dig it out at least
so far from the sea, that one could not hear the noise of the
waves any more.

He further maintained that the root must be dug accord-
ing to the compass, and that only those growing northward
were good, the others had just the reverse effect.

The use of this root is very general amongst the Portu-
guese, although it has no taste and only a faint sweet odour.
They specially use it against any kind of headache. They
either grind it with a grater or with the skin of the ray;
they then mix it with the urine of very small children, and with
this mixture they rub their forehead and temples. They use
it in the same manner against eruptions of the skin and against
rheumatism. I have not heard that they use it for any in-
ternal purpose. The root is sometimes as thick as an arm and
has a bark, which is white outside and brown on the inside
and about as thick as the back of a knife; it is spicy, salt and
very brittle. The woody part is fibrous, shiny, pretty hard,
white-grey and resembles the birch-wood, only it is not as
white. I for my part believe that the name of the root and
the urine have more effect upon the old women, specially the
Roman Catholic ones, than the root itself. This has had the
effect that the root is often dug for here in Malacca and has
been sent to Goa and other Roman Catholic places, but as this
creed is rather in decline at this moment, the belief in this
consecrated remedy is also in decline.

24.—At last this morning I got some small plants of the
Inmones, which Mr. Obeck describes in his voyage to China,
pag. 129 in the German translation. He calls it Pompelnut,
like the people of Java, but the Malays call it Limau Burroh,
I first saw them in Sallangor being sold for washing purposes,
as they have such agreeable odour, stronger than all the other
kinds of Lemons. Their leaves are like those of orange trees;
only the divisions are still deeper than those of the oranges
and the smell of their leaves is much more agreeable.

i prepared myself for a journey to the Water islands,

98 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

which lic two German miles to the south of Malacca, and con-
sist of several islands lying close together.

~25.—At four o'clock in the morning I set out in a hired
boat for the Water islands, and ere dawn we had almost made
half the journey. At sun-rise we were just opposite Mr. de
Wint’s country-house, who has ordered some trees to be cut
down, so that one has a good view of the principal building.
The high mountains, which are called Ophir mountains by the
Dutch, lay in the North-east, and were clearly distinguishable.
‘They consisted of some lower and several high pointed moun-
tain ranges. The second range seeined to be highest : the high-
est mountain was steep and looked as if it “hung over the
others, pointing northward, which circumstance is used by the
Malays to know what direction they have to take.

The mountain is called in the Malay language (missing in
M.S

At seven o'clock we came to a small island which lay
foremost, having the lowest shores at the side nearest the
Water islands, and here lay some debris of a ship lately foundered
here. The low shore was quite overgrown with Sacharum
chandrum; higher up were many kinds of Filicices, specially
the Polypadium distichum, which Burm. has drawn in his FI.
Zeyl, which tried to out-rival the Osmunda as regards climbing.
I saw many trees without blossoms or fruits which I had not
seen before, and so I collected some paris of them. Strong con-
tinual rain made my way through the high grass very trouble-
some. I found many climbing plants, specially the Cissus cor-
difolia, Smilax laurifolia, the common large Glycine, which fre-
quently entangled my feet. The grass was almost of a man’s
height.

I picked up a fruit, which resembled a blue plum, but. it
only consisted of a kernel and was not as large as this kind
cf plum generally is. The cliffs were covered with Kpidendris, ~
of which L had until now not had any blossoms. Convro!vu/us
Macrorhyzon, Convolvulus pes Capro were entwined in some
shrubs, these being mostly Melastoma. Near the shore there
were some Fuci of the kinds already known.

I then went to the large island which lies about a cannon
shot distant from the smaller one. They are almost joined
together by a long sandbank. \We landed at the north ea

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 99

side, where the shore was low. Near the shore was a pond
which had been surrounded by tufaceous stone.

The seashore here was overgrown with Vite and Negundo
Scovala, Pungu Hort malab: Hibise liltiac; Bromehia Arbor; I'l. Zeyl.
some kinds of figs; Guettorda, ete. The more sar.dy parts were
covered with Apluda Cystus Malaccensis; Xyris an nov. Spec. Hedy-
sarum Viscosum and a new kind of Seirprs. In more shady parts
grew the Dracena ensifolia; the fuirenu had fruits.

Eriocaulon quinque angulare grew two feet high. Tere
erew also Nepentos distiliatoria, several Seirpi, amongst them
one resembling the Corymbosa, but the stalks and leaves climb-
ing up the trees differed too much from the Corymbosa. |The
plant is a wonderful kind of Contorta, which has been amply
provided by nature that it should not easily die. The real root
is inthe ground, but when the stalk Las ciimbed a few feet, it
clings to the tree by means of kidney-shaped leaf supports
(Blatsetuitzen) which cover some fibrous roots. The leaf sup-
ports themselves are concave, fleshy, and some are larger than
a Spanish Dollar and though they grow alternate, they stand so
close together that the edge of the one covers that of the next.
This row of leaf supports extends sometimes for more than one
foot. After this the thread-like round stalks divide into many
long climbing and twisting branches, which at times hang down
or cling to other plants in “their reach, from where they continue

to climb. Other branches ascend and twist round the branches
of the trees. But in order to give them proper strength, nature
has provided them with other means. Instead of the afore-men-
tioned leaf supports (Pulcra) the stalk in some. parts. has many
small bladders growing close together; they are heart-shaped
and of a somewhat leathery substance, Their surface is. smooth
or sometimes has small scars and yellow ; inside they are blood-
red, a little compressed, have sharp edges, hollow inside and
puffed up so that the smaller ones can hold three ounces of
water, the larger ones even more. At the base there is a large

hole, larzer than a quill is thick; the edges of this hole are com-
pressed round and smooth, they slope inward like a funnel, but
the end of this funnel widens, and berds slightly. Behind this
funnel-shaped edge grow some of the principal roots, which send
out many minor roots, these again subdividing into nutherous
hair-like fibres and forming quite a bundle of fibre. These

100 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

bladders grow as well on the 1eal stalks of the plants as on the
stalks of other plants quite closely together, so that the rain can
How into them and fill them. I have first seen this plant in
Sallangor, but they had neither blossoms nor fruits, and those I
saw there had only the one root in the ground, the branches were
nourished by means of small bladders. Perhaps these are the
little bladders filled with water which Burman refers to in his
travelling description.

These plants here had both blossoms and seed. In some
places I saw some seed ona rock, which the wind carried off
towards midday. I climbed these rocks and succeeded in getting
some ripe seed in a follicule; my opinion is that this plant to-
gether with two other form a new family, because the Inbus of
their corolla is ball-shaped and puffed up, and the limbus is erect
and does not widen ; moreover they havea peculiar kind of Fulcra
standing round the Corpus Truncatum, which is not to be found
in any kind of Contortis; furthermore they have a Stigma prouan-
uum In Disco opicis corporis truncti. I have dedicated this plant
to Professor Friis, because I think he has the greatest right to
any new discovered specimen of this class, on account cf his
little book, which treats the Contortis so much in detail.

A new kind of Lauro, which I had seen in Junk Ceylon,
I found here growing between the cliffs, only the stalks were
not of the same bright orange colour. At low tide I found again
the feathery Fucum, which I had already discovered near Ceylon.
Ulva pavonis, Corailina opuntia as well as parasitica and bubbosa,
stood here in the muddy soil but not in such abundance as in
Junk Ceylon. I also found here a Spongia bobbossa, erecta
orbicu ato Blana margine acuio, viridis. It is hardly thicker than
the back of a knife and the la: gest have hardly an inch in diameter:
rarely they consist of two such leaflets. I often found them near
Junk Ceylon formerly.

The town wasata good distance; the weather was changeable, -
because the rainy season had begun, and all these circumstances,
combined with the fear of robbers made me return, although we
had weapons with us. The robbeis, who come fiom one ot
the neighbouring Malay islands, killed and robbed some Chinese
w short time ago. |

We arrived in town at 8 o'clock. .

On our way we passed a place which the crew, who were

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 101

Roman Catholics, would not approach. It was the grave of some
Moorish Saint, who was said to have stood here with one foot,
while he placed the other on a cape which lies at some distance
towards the north-west. It is strange that the Roman Catholic
Christians have more fear of certain places thau the Malays, who
in spite of all the errors and superstitions went to this Mahometan
grave without fear.

Coriandrum arboreum.

A Happea.

A very beautiful climbing plant resembling the Cassiis.
without fruits and blossoms.

The wonderful plant, the large root of which resembles a
cat in shape; vide figura in Rumph., Tom 6., pag. 120., Tab.
aos. 2.

Also the Nidun germinans of Rumph; the former had ne
blossoms, but many minor Bulbi, which I broke off and took te
Madras quite fresh still, and they continued to be so till the end
of the follwing year.

The second kind I have already described in Junk Ceylon;
it belongs to the 4th class of Mr. v. Linn, has flor; vuperi,
Corolla Hypocrateprisormes alba, hardly bigger than Oldeul.
Unlullata, The fruit is an oblong, smooth, orange-coloured
berry, having double the size of a grain of wheat. Two oblong
seeds, pointed at the ends, lie in the juice in very little fleshy
substance. I have moreover described them in detail. They
eesm to me to belong to a new family.

Vid. Rumph; Amboin. P. vi., pag. 120., Tab. 55, Fig. 1.

END OF VOLUME 38,

et

SECOND PART OF Vol. II.
Third Continuation of my Journey to Siam.

MALACCA.

Sept. 28.—The previous days I had busied myself in classifying
the plants and in making a description of them. There was one
tree of medium size; it had branches which were almost straight,
and they had no leaves except at the end of the small twigs,
branching off from the larger branches. There were many
leaves growing close together, having no stalks. It belonged to
Polyadelphia pentagguia. J did not obtain any ripe fruits, al-
though the tree grew here very commonly. The blossoms
resembled those of the Cystis, were pretty large and rose-coloured.
There was another peculiar tree; it was about the high of four
men and only as thick as the arm; it has no branches, and the stem
was covered with a bark with many scars. The corolla showed
that it belonged to the Umbellifere. The seed is round, ball-
shaped, crowned, and as big as a nut. I placed it among the
Coriander family, although this will hardly prove correct.

There were some others which I have either mentioned in
my description or in the definition; some others I could not de-
cide upon and deferred their classification till some other time.
The big Filix does not seem to be anything else but a Pteris
aquilina, it was sometimes more than the height of a man.

The kind of stone was granite, intermixed with some white
and black mica, and some felspar, there was no trace of any other
kinds to be seen wherever I went. A little more inland I found
some sand of a quartz-like nature.

29.—To day I obtained at last good ripe seed from the plant
of the Gambiers. The pericarp remains closed at both ends, and
only splits in the middle at both sides to let the seed out. The
seed itself is very small, flat, oblong and winged at both ends,
and so it seems to be a Cinchona. A third kind I have as yet
undecided, although the blossoms have in all details the same
character, even as far as the leaves are concerned ; only they are

104 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

cut and have stipula which are winged, bent, and pressed together
like the Hugonia Afystox, but the young fruits were perfectly
oval, although crowned like that species, but they all were also
pear-shaped.

To-day all the upper classes prepared for a feast given by
the Governor in honour of the now ruling Dutch Governor
General of the Indies. His appointment had just been brought
by a ship coming from Holland and this arrival was celebrated
with many gun shots from the ramparts as well as from the ships
of all the different nations which lay in the harbour. All the
captains of English ships showed their respect for the Dutch
nation, and fired their guns voluntarily; the number of shots
varied according to the size and importance of the ship.

30.—The festival which had begun last night continued till
early morning. I had the honour to be among the guests, and
can only admire the wonderful order which was kept up through-
out. ‘lhis is the more to be admired as there are often excesses
commited by hasty natures on such occasians, when there is a
superfluity of good things. But the presence of the Governor
sufficed to keep everything and every one in order.

Now, after the full-moon, strong rains have begun to fall,
and I fear that my newly-gathered specimens of Malacca flowers
will be spoilt.. I shall not be able to prevent it if the present
weather continues.

Oct. 1.—I sent some people to fetch me some Fucus kali’
from the 1ed island in the harbour. Late in the evening they
brought me very little of it, and asked to be paid with three
Spanish Matten. The people here, who have so seldom
opportunity of any extra earnings, always charge dispropor-
tionately high prices for any service which is different from their
daily occupation, and this is the reason why one always hesitates
to engage other people for such occasions and prefers to do
everything oneself. 2

This Fucus is greedily eaten by the Malays in its natural
condition. The Chinese put the plant on their tiled roofs
and let it te bleached by the sun, and the more rain falls during
the night the more thoroughly the plant is bleached. When
it has turned quite white they let it dry and keep it in this state.
They also make a refreshing jelly of it in the following manner;

a. Agar-agar.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 105

They take a good handful of it and wash it in water, so that as
much dirt as possible is removed; then they boil it in a pro-
portionate amount of water, until it is quite dissolved, which pro-
cess takes several hours, the vessel always being covered.
When it is quite dissolved they add so much sugar as is necessary
to give it the nature of jelly. Some add some spice besides, as
pieces of cinnamon or lemon peel. This jelly is also made of other
kinds of Fuci as of the Fucus Mussoides. I had the misfortune
to obtain very little of this plant for a great deal of money.
and moreover this little found great favour with the Malay
slaves, who feasted on it.

4.—I went to the gardens of Mr. Clas de Vents; they lie
almost immediately under the walls of the fortress.

I found a peculiar kind of Areca tree here; the natives
attach a special superstition to its fruits, because they believe
that they cannot be hurt by anyone when they carry one of
these nuts upon them. To my great annoyance the tree was
not yet full grown, and therefore it had neither blossom nor
fruit I was told that the fruit is a little bigger than that of
the common Areca trees. The single leaves were not folded.
but quite flat; they all ended in a rounded point and were much
narrower than those of these kinds of palms generally are; they
had three nerves. ‘The colour of the leaves was yellow-green,
as that of the. common kind. Thisis the third kind of Areca
tree with three-nerved leaves which | have seen on my journey.
The tree really does not grow in these parts as a rule, but it was
brought over from the Bornese islands as a rare specimen. The
Malays call it Pmang-Pennardar® ( Arecca Olevacca). A Malay
told me that there was another species, which according to his
belief had much greater power still.

The front part of the garden was full of all sorts of fruit-
bearing trees, as Areca, Cocos, Mangos, Jambo, Cynomorium,
Cauliflorum, Mangostangs, ete. Behind this garden there was a
kitchen garden and then followed yet another garden which
beside Coco and other trees, contained several medical plants.
An:ong these were a great-quantityrbelonging tothe family of
Mr. Linne’s Scztamina; they were: Cardamun Curcuma, a specially
bie species of the latter, Zinziber vulgaris, and Zinziber Spuriuin.
One specimen of this class was very peculiar. It was taller than

b, Prob Pinang Penawar Actinorrhytis Calapparia.

106 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

a man; the stalks were single and had leaves which did not stand
more than three inches apart; they were spreading, oblong, and
pointed, of the same character as those that all these plants have.
Near the end the stalks were bent in a spiral and bore a spike
which was as thick asa fist and about a span long. The blossoms
grew close together and formed nine regular rows, being
separated by deep furrows, which were due to the fact that the
calyx was thinner at the end; these furrows terminated in a
spiral. ‘The colour of the calyx was blood-red, smooth, and
shiny, and looked very pretty. The blossom was big. I only
found one on every spike which was in full bloom ; they are bell-
shaped, opening wider at the end and having an irregularly serrated
edge. At the back it splits as far as the tube near the ovary,
and the left folds over the right, and so gives the appearance of
a paper bag, but in the calyx they open again wide over the back
of the stamen and join the outer corolla. This corolla which I
have first described is only the inner one, but it shows more on
account of its size. The outer corolla consists of three equal
lancet-shaped parts ; they are pressed to the inner one, pointed,
and have smooth edges. They are beautifully white, smooth,
fleshy, and shorter than the inner ones. There is still to be added
that the shorter corolla curves a little, so that it stands quite
horizontal, and has the appearance of a convolvulus blossom.
The detailed description is among the description of the
Monandrists.°

I obtained many specimens of all these plants to dry and
describe, and also some roots for transplanting.

5.—During the whole morning we hada strong storm, so
that the lightning seemed to come from all directions and there
were also some heavy showers of rain. I examined my yester-
day’s conquests, and put them as much as possible into proper
order; but the plants dried very slowly in this rainy weather.
For a few weeks there has been continual rain, either in the da y-
time or very strong showers during the night. At midday it is —
very hot, and the mornings and evenings are cool. This has
great influence on people’s health, many of them feel ill by the
constant change of temperature. Some of them had great pain
in their feet combined with fever, others suffered with dysentery,

This atmosphere also affects the plants which I meant to dry;

¢. Evidently Costus speciosus.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 107

it makes them decay and makes spots on them, although I took
infinite pains to keep them locked up during the damp weather.

7.—In these days I obtained a Didynamia of the second
order, which by the natives is used against leprosy, an illness
frequently occurring here, specially among the poorer people.
One sees them at times begging in the streets with bent swollen
fingers; at times their fingers have even quite fallen off.

The government here has a hospital for these people further
inland, but I could not learn what progress the doctors are mak-
ing there. The use of this remedy was unknown to the man who
had brought me the plant, as only the negroes know of it. I
made a botanical description of it. The flower calyx has only
four leaves; the two outer ones are connate heart-shaped and
big; the inner leaves are quite narrow, bent back, and small. The
blossoms resemble the Columna (ringars).

The capsula is compressed, round, and resembles the Pnieaee
thus. What is more remarkable in this plant is that the anthers
are attached to the longest stamens and run down to the tube
for an equal distance. They are ball-shaped and produce a
sort of yellow dust. The shorter stamina grow in a half circle
at the lower part of the blossom, and afterwards also run down
in the tube. At the end they are connate and the anther form a
kind of cross or an English x, but so that they separate in the
middle. They are white with a blueish tint and the pollen
has the same colour. The leaves have some resemblance with
the Corchoris; they are light-green and veined. The taste is
sharp and stringent; the effect is diuretic.

8.—I obtained some new plants. among them a Psychotria,
with party sweet, partly ill-smelling blossoms, of which I made
a short description. The difference of the Kaldeer which Mr.
Rheede in the Hortus Malabaricus p. 2, tab 1-2, calls kadi, drew
drew my attention to this kind of palm. Mr. Linné has in his
Flora Zeylonica placed them with the Bromelize on account of the
the-different anthers, but they are very different from them.
The ordinary kinds, which are very common here, and are those
which Mr. Rheede has drawn, belong, according to my observa-
tion, to the Dis plants, and only form a variety.‘

I found quite a different species in Junk Ceylon, when I
wandered over the mountain. It climbed on the highest trees;

: d He is here speaking of Pandans.

108 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

the stem was not much thicker than a thumb and had also raised
parts in ring-shape like the common kinds. The leaves grew in
bundles growing far from the next; they are attached to the stem
and grow upwards. I only found fruits which were almost ball-
shaped ; the female blossom was prickly. To-day I got some fruits
of another kind ; they grew on a stalk, which was one foot long
and as thick as a finger, it curved, was smooth, and woody;
near the end there are four or five round, pointed, long, and
woody styles, close together. The fruits are prickly, blood-red,
and of the size of a full-grown apple. The fruits are sessiles,
alternate and do not grow close together. The stigma grows
at the side of the styles and is a long slit. I could not obtain
the male blossoms yet. But as I had some male blossoms of the
first species, one of them nearly always being in bloom, but
generally only one at a time, I described that. There are indeed
many varieties ; the bracts of the one smell deliciously, and the
Portuguese and Chinese put the blossom among their clothes;
while the anthers have a somewhat sickening smell and produce
a great amount of white dust.

A second kind does not smell at all, therefore the Malays
call this kind by a different name. I do not know the fruit of the
unscented one; the leaves are only slightly different in the two
kinds. ;

There is another kind here. treasured by the Chinese on
account of the lovely smell of its leaves. This is specially strong
when one cuts the leaves into strips and dries them; the scent
then surpasses that of the bracts of the first-mentioned kind.
The stem is exactly like that of the other, but the leaves, though
sword-shaped, are almost quite flat; it has no prickles, either on
the edges nor at the back, but everything is smooth and much
more delicate. The point of the leaves is quite short. There is
a general idea prevailing that it never has blossoms in the gardens,
but that it has both blossoms and fruits in the jungles, but it has.
no smell there; this gives rise to the belief that there must be a
different species still. I have already mentioned before that I
have seen such a little tree in Kar Nicquebar, and that it had
no prickles. The Malays call it Pandang.

12.—The frequent rain, which falls now almost daily,
hindered me from making any botanical excursion. I got how-
ever some Epidendra of a tree, the front part of which was

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 109

projecting and looked like the point of a shoe; upon it grew an
anther which bent back and yet preserved the obtuse part of the
nectary; they were rather large and yet as long as they were fresh
I could not perceive any pollen. I sent my people in vain
searches for the male blossom of the species of Kaldeer which I
had seen lately; I saw them often enough from a distance in
deep swamps. Their crown forms a bundle as thick as the arm ;
the leaves stand erect, are long and sword-shaped, with very
long points; their colour deteriorates into blue-green. I got many
blossoms of the Amomun Scyphifeum instead, very good specimens,
and a kind of Languash, which grows in the water. It has black
pears, which contain five three-cornered grains, being three times
as large as the common Cardamons. My people also brought
me some kinds of moss, among them the Hypnum Bryotdes, the
Tungermanina platyphylla. Also some leaves they brought, but
as they had not taken any fruits with them as well, I could not
decide to what plants they belonged. ;

13.—The illness prevailing here began to kill many of the
Coromandalians living here, who are partly Mahometans, partly
heathens. The most general illness is dysentery, which begins
with pain in the knees, fever, and sometimes loss of blood. The
common native physicians are so unconscientious, that they give
the people powdered Mangostang bark, or they take peels of
unripe pomegranates, roast these with some other ingredients
which they make a secret of (in some cases I know that they
added alum ), and this mixture was given to the invalids. Some
healthy stong natures are cured by it, as 1 had the opportunity
of seeing in the case of two boys in the same house with me.
They were cured after three or four days. But with weak
natures it generally has sad consequences, the least of them
being that they have to suffer from a general hardening of the
digestive organs for several months. But I have seen other
cases that tne invalids died suddenly from inflammation of their
bowels.

There is «nother illness, frequently occurring among the
European soldiers here; it begins with rheumatic pains in all
extremities, which pains sometimes spread all over the body.
But the surgeon, who by the way is a very clever man, told me
that this illness could be cured by using remedies favouring
perspiration, as relaxing salts, and that there were never any

110 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

fatal consequences attached to this illness.

The rain which fell during the night was so strong that
it seemed as if we were to have had a general flood. After
8 o’clock this morning the weather was fine, but cool ; we scarcely
had sixteen degrees Réaumur.

15.—I went into the jungle after botanical researches. The
swamps were full of water on account of the heavy rainfall
yesterday, and although I saw many beautiful blossoms from a
distance, I could not reach them. I therefore remained in the
mountainous region, and was amply rewarded, as I found many
kinds of trees and shrubs and obtained some of their blossoms.
Among them was a new Phyllanthus. Itis an erect aufstiegend
plant, with two stamens and resembling the Chionanthus. I found
an Hythroxylon which I had frequently seen in Ceylon, a Hameiia,
and a Morinda with four stamens, which resembled the Ragac, as
it is partly erect and partly creeping. Moreover I found a new
kind of plant with beautiful light green leaves and white blos-
soms; it grew in the wood and belonged to the Polygamia.
There were many other plants besides which enriched my Flora
Malaccensis.

16.—After I had classified the plants I found yesterday, I
accompanied my Malay servant in the afternoon, who went out
shooting and shot for me some flying lizards with a blow pipe
afew days ago. At the same time I wanted to see the way in
which agriculture was handled in these parts. About a quarter
of a mile from the town I saw the first lizards with spread wings
high upin a coco tree ina Malay garden. They were of the same
colour as the stem of the coco tree. At the first shot, which hit
the branches near them, they began to nod their heads, and then
they put out a keel of bone—this grows ona skin which is flexible;
at both sides of the head there is a shorter thinner rib, (Ribbe in
M.S.) to which this skin is fastened. The animals continued to put
this bone out repeatedly ; it is lemon-coloured. After a short while
they puffed themselves up and at last they flew to the next tree,
which was abont ten feet distant. The wings consist of a thin skin,
which is black-grey, and has round red spots on the upper side; un-
derneath it is blue and has some long black spots. This skin is in-
tersected by six ribs, which almost reach to the edge, and both
wings put together almost form the shape of a heart. As they nod-
ded their heads they uttered a faint squeak, almost like that of the

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 111

house lizard. They live on ants, which frequently creep up the
coco-trees after the honey of their blossoms. Most of these ants
were of the kind which have a heart-shaped head, which is at the
same time flat round and shiny. The back has two pairs of pric-
kles which stand erect, the front pair being the highest. There
is yet a third pair of prickles growing in the middle of the body,
which are the smallest. The whole body is black as far as the
root of their back body, the feet are brown. The animal is of
medium size, but may be reckoned among the ants.

The lizards changed their colour like chameleons and some
other kinds of lizards. As I was dressed in black, they turned
black in my hand, and blue in the hand of my servant, whose
clothes were blue, some, which had been wrapped in a red pocket
handkerchief, turned red. The colour, as far as one could see,
came on gradually, but I want to see whether, with the help of
the microscope, I can make any further discoveries.

17.—After divine service I went to some gardens and looked
at the Areca tree idolised here. It had only some very young
fruits and some which were quite ripe. ‘The former had no real
style, but the stigma was divided into three three-cornered
parts, which were egg-shaped, woody, black-brown and easily
recognised. The ripe fruit is a little larger than the common
nut and those who eat it will find a particularly agreeable taste
in it. I split one, and could not find any remarkable difference
from other Areca nuts, only it seemed to be speckled with a
faint red.

There were no male blossoms at present, but the two large
spadices were almost on the point of bursting. In shape and
size they resembled the common Areca spadices. The stems are
also alike only the leaves are quite pointed. I was told that
many of these Areca trees grow in the island Pullu Dinding.

In the evening I prepared for journey up stream. Mr. Clas
de Vent had invited me to go by boat to one of his country
houses lying some miles inland.

18.—Before four o’clock this morning I was ready for my
journey, and we started shortly after. The weather was not
favourable on account of the continual rain. The stream more-
over made so many bends, and rendered our progress very slow ;
first the stream was very broad, but then it grew narrow on
account of the waterplants growing in it; at times it was so

112 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

narrow that we could not use our cars on either side. The
plants which had the longest roots underneath the water were
the kaldeer with the briiliant red, prickly fruits, the points of
which fall off like anaperculum. Their roots went down as deep
as two fathoms, and to them stuck some kinds of grass, as Oryza
avium, Tizania, etc. We passed the place where the beautiful
white clay is found; the water was very high, and so the shore
formed by the clay was only half a foot high. The Chinese
export this clay to Java and China, and pay the proprietor,
who is a Malay, a certain amount for each pikul.

In Batavia this clay is said to be used for forming face
masks, but I could not learn in what way they use it in China.

After we had passed many narrow places, we had at last a
wider stretch of water though it was overgrown with a high
kind of grass which was a Scirpus. The Involucre was two
leaved spreading with a three-angled point and the flowers crowd-
ed in panciles, and further in the stream everything was covered
with tfelalenca Leucadendron which is here used as agricultural
wood, the transplanting of which is managed in the following
manner.

In the dry months, which according to the opinion prevail-
ing here are from January to the end of March (though it rains
at least once a week), they hew down the full-grown trees and
cut off the branches bearing the seed; they let these dry, to-
eether with other shrubs and grasses, and then set fire to them
and let them all burn down; it is said, that this burning makes
the Melalencs grow more luxuriantly. One could distinctly see
the trace of fire on some half-grown trees by the black bark. It
is certain that the seeds, roots. trees, etc., can stand fire in India.
I have hada proof thereof in the I Palliattie mountains, where a
special kind of Huphorbia, with a bulby root, a beautiful Ba'eria,
the trees of the Myrobulanus Citrinus and the Sautalum rubrum,
had been exposed to the same treatment, as the bark showed
still traces of burned coal.

At last, at ten o'clock, we arrived and I went immediatly
into the jungle, where | found many new kinds and species,
which it will take me some time to classify.

Specially I found a kind of palm with simple feathered- leave es;
it had no stem, and the stalks of the leaves were very prickly.
‘’o my annoyance, I could not detect any male blossoms. The

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 1s

young fruits grew in a spreading panicle, which much resembled
the Elate, but the calices, which stood at the first partition, were
peculiar; they were obverse ovate, about a hand in width and
almost one span long. I also found another kind of palm, equally
stemless with no leaves, fitting one into the other at the root; be-
tween them grows the fruit-bearing stalk, about two feet hich,
which has a few leaves sheathed one into the other. It has an
erect panicle, closely pressed together and obtuse at the end, which
was not as thickasa man. Upon it grew the male and herma-
phoditic blossoms in great quantity. The fruit has the shape of a
European pear; the peel is scaly, very hard, and woodlike on the
inside. The kernel is a short cone, broad at the base, and pointed
at the end; it has deep furrows, and consists of a blueish white
horny substance.*

I also discovered a monandrian by the smell, because if one
touches these plants in passing they fill the air with an odour of
clover. ‘The leaves are oblong like those of most of the Seztann-
na, but their surface is more shiny than that of any others. All
along the edges the leaves are lined with fine gold shiny fibre,
which fact distinguishes them from others. The blossoms have
a spike like a kind of cone, which grows at the side of the root;
it is hardly as lone as the width of a hand and as thick as a
finger, being thinner at both ends. However the resemblance
which this plant has with the Amomo Scyplieferm, which 1 have
mentioned and described, is great. The blossoms are only little
raised above the ground, and almost the whole spike grows
underneath the soil. -The blossom of this specimen was dark red ;
that of the former is very light red. This one has a very wide
open labiate corolla, and therefore deserves the name of
Leonurus.

As the blossoms are fleshy, they decay after the two or three
days of their bloom, and therefore the ear or cone is dirty and
sticky when one picks it up. After I had wandered about in the
deepest forest and come across the fresh track of an elephant, I
hurried back to my host, who offered me excellent refreshments,
and about 5 o’clock we, started on our journey back. and ariiv ed
at 8 o’clock in the evening.” ~

22.—All these days I was busy classifying my lately-found
plants, among which I found much interesting matter for descri ip-

* Probably Bertam. Hnqussona tristis.

114 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

tion. As the weather was so beautiful, it tempted me to under-
take another botanical excursion in the afternoon. I intended to
examine three kinds of Utriculerias thoroughly, and | brought
home six different kinds, in order to compare them the better.
They grew nearly all in the swamp at a little distance from each
other.

23.—My Utricularia, which I brought home yesterday
evening, were all in bloom this morning, because I had put them
into water. I found that the large Utricularia was a variety of
Rivins, which Mr. Arch Linné mentions in his Spec. Plant. The
lower petal of these Malay specimens is much wider than any I
have ever seen before, and is of a bright yellow colour. The other
three, of which | spoke already yesterday, were new species.
Unless the description of Osbeck is incorrect, the yellow blossom
was bifid. The other two kinds were the Urticularia Coerulea
and the Utr. Minor.*

I also described a shrub, which I called Magnolia, to which
plant it bears much resemblance. I found it often here in bloom,
but could not obtain any fruits.

24.—In the afternoon, after divine service, I went out with
an English man, a Mr. Hay, who is here on account of his health.
We went out to see the tombs of the Chinese, specially that of
the present chief of the Chinese living here. The tomb is being
built on a mountain in front of the fortress on the southern side.
The different partitions of the tomb were only as yet indicated
by ditches; when finished it will occupy a large space.

My botanical treasure I found was an Indigo, which
grew on that mountain and spread several feet wide. It resem-
bled the Enneaphylla, although there are many differences to be
found. The greatest difference can be recognised in their pods
which in the one case are short, round, thick, and not pointed,
while in the other they are four-cornered, furrowed, pointed,
bending back. The one plant only grows one foot long, and is.
covered with leaves; the other has a round, red and smooth
stalk, and is more than two feet long, and the leaves stand apart
from each other, etc. Vid. Defin. pag. 71.

I also stuffed a beautiful bird to-day; it lives on our coast also,
but its colours are not so vivid there. It is of the size of a young
guinea fowl and belongs to the kind that have naked knees,

a. No doubt H. exoleta

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 115

A more accurate description can be found in my Enchiridion,
pag. 27.

25.—I was presented with a Juno bird” by Mr. Clas de
Vent, who bought it for one piaster from a Malay. It wasa
male bird of the size of a peacock. The bill is black, conical and
the upper part only projects slightly. The head is oblong,
covered with thin black feathers; on the forehead these feathers
grew thicker and were a little longer; they ended in a stripe
down the neck. The skin showing through the feathers was
blue. The back and lower part of the neck were covered with
feathers of a rust-brown colour, having black spots. The wings
had twenty-two large feathers, eleven at each joint, the longest
erowing on the second joint; on the wider side of the feathers
there were some kidney-shaped eyes. These eyes were near the
traversing quill on a grey and black spotted ground. The shades
of these eyes were: first a narrow white stripe, then a black one,
which changed at the side nearest the quill first into dark-brown,
then into a greenish tint, which shaded into yellow and it ended
with a blue white shade; at the other edge the brown began again,
followed again by black. These eyes took up the third part of
the wider side of the feather. From the outer edge of the feather
to the eyes there were some black and brown stripes of different
width ; further from the eye these stripes were intersected and
the black ones changed into a series of big round spots, one close
to the other, finishing at the edge of the feather. The other part
of the feather has first at the side of the quill a narrow black
line, and then a white one; after this follow round black spots
with fine circles round them; later on there are only these spots
on a white ground. The spots nearest the edge are oval and
small. ‘The rays of the feathers increase in size towards the end;
they are obtuse and have white star-like dots on a black ground.
The quill itself is first of all black, and has then at both sides
white lines enclosing the black ; shortly after the outer half is
white the other remains black; the black disappears entirely
towards the middle but the end is black again.

The whole length of the feather is more than two feet ; the
end is half a foot wide and at the beginning it is about two inches
wide.

The front feathers have a beautiful blue quill, turning into

6. Argus pheasant.

116 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

white towards the end ; the rays are rust-brown and have first
white dots, which change afterwards to black oval spots. The
after-wing or thumb is at the edge of the upper joint and has
five short feathers.

The tail-feathers were twenty-four in number, two of them
being twice as long as the whole bird; their colour is black,
strewn over with fine white specks.

The breast is rust-coloured, the stomach lgehter. The feet
are like those of the chickens and have a beautiful red, shiny
colour, the eyes have a yellow ring, otherwise they are black.
The nostrils are oval.

Everything points out that this bird is a kind of pheasant;
it lives in the woods and eats all kinds of fruit, at the same time
digging for worms in the manner of chickens. The cock puffs
himself up like the Calcutta cock. They are caught with bait
in cages.

I intend giving a more minute description of this bird, when
both the cock and the hen, which are kept in Mr. de Vent’s
garden, have grown a little tamer.

27.—I described some plants, which I collected yesterday.
In the afternoon I went to visit the hospital, built here for the
lepers, especially for those attacked by the disease called here,
Mal de Lazar. The hospital lies half a German mile northwards
from the town on the shore, ina place highly fit for it, as from
there one has a beautiful view over the whole of Malacca.

Behind this hospital is a small wood with some swamps
which stretch out at the eastern side not very far from the
hospital.

This hospital has been founded by the Compagnie, and is kept
up by alms money ; the second councillor has the supervision.
At first they intended to build the hospital on a much larger
scale, for there is stilla gate to be seen with two wings, and solid
sloping walls close to the sea, which bears the date of 1697.
But after this gate had cost so much, they did not continue to
use bricks for the whole building. It is now enclosed by a fence
of thin poles, which measures about 150 steps square. ‘There is
a so-called doctor there ; he isa Portuguese born out here, he
is old and pretty ignorant. His house stands in the first enclosure.
It is at about forty steps distant from the hospital and by as much
from the outer fence. The building for the invalids is a Malay

_ VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 117

Palliote ; the inmates live about half a man’s height above the
ground; it is small, and only has light from the north
east, at which side the building is open. The side looking to-
wards the sea is closed. Beside this building they have still a
sort of shed, which stands on poles; in it they prepare their
food. The inmates at this moment are only twelve in number,
all of them being native Portuguese, Malays, and Chinese, of both
sexes. Among them was a boy of 16 years, who was quite
merry.

I tried to find out what remedies were used, but the doctor
could not tell me more about them than that they went to town
from time to time to fetch different things with which they
bathed the ulcerated parts. The intention of curing these miser-
able beings was not combined with this hospital.

I felt the pulse of some of them, and could find nothing
remarkable; in the worst cases it was slow and weak. The skin
in the healthy places was soft and moist. I inquired into their
taste, tongue, sleep, and pains, all was as in a healthy state,
only when a part was falling off they felt pain, but they
had no pain in their extremities, which are really the seat of the
illness. Their lungs were prefectly free and I could detect no
vestige of hoarseness as in the case of the Kakerlacks and the
Iceland lepers.

This kind of illness consists of a sort of shrinking of their
fingers and toes. The fingers and hands begin to dry cut, they
are quite stiff and insensible, so that they can even touch fire
without feeling any pain. After this state appears a small inflam-
ation and a malignant matter detaches the joints by degrees.
At the feet there is generally an odoematous swelling to be
observed; the nails produce a malignant moisture and the limbs
fall off with much matter.

Here, like elsewhere, the belief is general that the illness
is contagious, but none of the present immates had caught it in
that manner. The doctor had indeed lost his teeth and only a
few still remained and stood out like those of a squirrel, but he
assured me that there was not a sign of leprosy in his whole
body, though he had spent the greatest part of his life in this
hospital.

It is more likely that this disease is produced by taking
indigestible and unnatural food, as many kinds of tortoise shells,

118. VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA,

land-snails, amphibians (lizards), rays, sharks, and several kinds
of molluscs, such as Hollothurians, Medusae, etc., which custom
prevails with the Chinese, who suffer most from this disease.

I could distinctly see that these people either did not
know anything about diet, or did not want to keep to it, because
one of them had bought a Monoculus polymorphus for his supper,
and they told me themselves that whoever did not know
how to prepare it risked having much headache, giddimess,
‘and depression, from eating the intestines. From a European
surgeon, who had formerly had the charge of these invalids, I heard
of the only remedy. He had put some spirits of wine and a few
drops of oil on the wounds of one of the invalids, whose hands
were in a high degree leprous; the malignant festering ceased
directly and the wound soon after healed. I asked him why he
used this remedy ; and he said that he knew no better one and had
just wanted to try. Headded that the illness had never recurred
in that hand.

There was no mortality attached to this illness; the invalids
could grow pretty old.

I looked about in their little garden, which had not much
interest for me, especially in the present season. There are some
trees growing in it. among them a very big tree of the Cassta
Fistula; it sheltered the building entirely from the north-west
wincs, which are said to be very strong here at times; there
were some other smaller trees of the same species. Also some
Pterocarpus Draco trees, some Coco trees and Papayas, etc. Among
the plants they had some wild Lanquos with a kind of leaf
very large, heart-shaped, pointed, intersected by many nerves,
shiny, and of a bright green colour; the tree had neither ~
blossoms nor fruits. According to the oblong bulb-like root it
seemed to be a Dracontian or a Calla. Moreover, I found here a
stinging Acolypha, the leaves of which were like those of the
‘common European nettle, but the fruit was different. The male
blossoms grew at the end of the ears; their corolla consisted of
four petals, which were very small. The Involucre was kidney-
shaped, and serrated at the edges. The capsule was three-corner-
ed and contained three round seeds. There were three wells in
the enclosure, but they only had common kinds of moss on their
walls.

29.—I received a splendid_ big Gorgonia; some swallows’

| VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 119

nests had been built upon it. Fucus grew on the rocks
like the Coctis in an angular sort of fashion. Underneath the
water its colour is dark green, but in the air it is yellow and
looks as if enamelled. I often saw this kind of Fucus in the
Straits of Ceylon at no great depth and only one foot high; but
here it had been fished up from a depth of thirty fathoms by
means of a fishing line. There were all broken on account of
the rough handling they had undergone.

30.—I went out to botanize and obtained a quantity of new
plants, which I must describe during the next few days. ‘There
was specially a great number of the family of the Phyllanthi and
if one wanted to classify them properly, one would have to
distinguish several families. They are in this country what the
numerous Salices are in the colder parts of Europe.

Novy. 1.—I examined the family of the Phyllantht more
minutely and found the specimens, which in the main points
were like most of the Phyllanthi. Their styles however were
erect and cylindrically grown together, they were club-shaped
and at the end divided into three parts, each of which was sub-
divided in its turn. I also found a simple shrub, only one and
half feet high; it had large egy-shaped leaves and large hanging
bell-shaped blossoms, and their fruit was a long four-sided pod ;
this shrub evidently is one of the Gynandria, and in remem-
brance of my friend, Professor Brannicke, I called the plant after
him.

4.—I went to Pringi, and found there some blossoms of the
Rambutang; those I found were all six stamened and if the rainy
season had not done too much damage, I could have classified
them also on this occasion. There were also many fruits on the’
tree in various stages of ripeness. The Dutch call them Serjiants
or Hunde Kloten, because two fruits always grow out of one
blossom.

7.—I went out specially to see the tree from which the
Lign aloes is gathered. They showed me four pretty big trees,
but I searched in vain for some blossoms. These trees grew
really ina Malay garden hedge. I left the detailed description
until such time as I could perhaps obtain some blossoms.

10.—I found a special kind of fig tree, which distinctly
showed the parts of fructification. The male ones consisted only
of a single tube and a stamen, which projected a little with the

120 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

anther. Many of them covered the whole surface of the fruit,
which was bigger than a cherry and of a dark purple colour.
The female ones are green on the outside, but the fleshy part of
the inside is also of a beautiful purple. Their stigma is also single.
The detailed description is in the definitions.

12.—The rainy weather continued more steadily than ever
before, and the lower part of the country was inundated. I
waded to a place where grew a big fig tree, which had ripe fruits
on one side of the crown. It was much frequented by monkeys
and by many kinds of birds, as the black Martins with the
yellow ear-lobes, many kinds of pigeons, and specially the long
beaked Buceros. I could not get near enough with my rifle,
because the monkeys soon became alarmed and frightened all
the birds away by their yells.

16.—I botanized a little; nearly everything was under water.
The principal thing I found was a Dillenia with yellow blossoms,
which Rumph has down in his Herb. Amboin.

A tiger had come down from the mountains and had caused
much damage.

22.,—Up to now we had most terrible rains, everything was
saturated and my collection suffered greatly as everything be-
gan to decay. Captain Banton arrived in the harbour to-day
with the war frigate “Sea Horse,” coming from China.

24.—To-day I sent away whatever was dry in my collection
by the war frigate “Sea Horse,’ which starts for Madras to-day.
I trusted my plants to the special care of Mr. Stuart, doctor of the
frigate.

25.—We had an eclipse of the moon last night, and all the
Chinese were about with light and fire in order to help the
moon.

26.—I had the pleasure of Captain Light’s arrival, who came
from Kedar, and will only stay here fora short time.

29.—I went on board of our ship to look at all my things, |
which had suffered very much from the moisture, not only my
collections, but also my books. It took me some days to repair
the damage, because the uncertain weather continued.

Dec. 2.—I went out to botanize and found thé Asplenium,
the peculiar kind of pepper with the fat, lancet-shaped, pone
leaves; the blossoms were monoicous.

There was a dare’ ne kind of fig with beautiful look-

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 121

ing fruits. As their parts of fructification were big, I had
no difficulty in describing them.

3.—During the last days we have had some north wind and the
weather was better. I still collected many plants, specially
fruits, which I had not yet got. In the middle of the day I dried
my plants in the sun and obtained some beautiful specimens.

4.—I obtained many kinds of corals and a new species of
Holothkuria and a special kind of mollusc. I also went to Pungul
to-day, where I made as many inquiries as I could concerning
the Gambier and made a description. It seems to be a peculiar
fact that the seed cannot be kept for very long. ‘The place
where the boiling was to be carried on was just being built.
There were three large holes, surrounded by a wall, they were
three feet in diameter and two feet deep. These holes were
made to contain the boilers and they were dug into the mountain
quite straight ; there were some other holes to contain the fire-
wood. The edge of the boilers was surrounded by a certain
bark, forming a circlet about 3 of a foot high. There were also
some gutters manufactured of wood which was 14 inch thick; the
gutter itself was three feet wide and four feet long. These
gutters lay in perfect order on a slanting stand and were destined
to bring the lie into the boiler.

The merchant and architect living here will give a perfect
description of this boiling establishment to the Ravi society, but
1 content myself with the above-mentioned facts, on account of
my short stay here, and because of the false information which
people are so apt to give about such matters from suspicion
or jealousy. The ways of boiling are different, but the
Chinese is said to be the best. The whole place is fourteen paces
long and eight paces wide ; the roof is covered with the bark of
the Melalenca tree, and I was astonished to see that the house
was situated in such dense jungle, and that people were allowed
to stay here, on account of the tigers. Only at one end of the
house they had a small partition which could be closed; it was
scarcely the height of a man and this was their sleeping place.
It was peculiar that from underneath the fire hole.of, one- of the
boilers there came out a beautiful clear spring. This may
however only have been originated by the rainy season, which
had begun uncommonly early this year, and still continued.

_ I went a little deeper into the dense jungle, which was now

122- VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

transformed into a swamp, and saw some small trees of the
Gambier, which had been planted on a hill. Some of these trees,
the oldest were about a span thick above the root, but soon after
divided into branches, which grew slantingly upwards, and to-
wards the end they bent down again.

They require a stony grassy soil with mountain mould, like
that of the hill were they grew in this instance. The stones
were nothing else but porous tufa in small pieces, at least lL
thought them to be, so as far as I could judge from their
appearance. ‘The mountain mould and the stones were much
intermixed with a fine sort of yellow mica.

Wild Cardamoms grew among the shrubs, also the Nutans
alpinea with the bending stalk, but I could not find one single
blossom. Deeper in the jungle I found many Amomum Scyphiferum
and Amomum Leonurum. The latter has a beautiful smell and
the edges of the leaves are of a beautiful gold yellow, but the
leaves of the Scyphiforum are slightly wavy. There was another
Monandrist which had leaves half as long again as aman. The
Malays whom I had taken with me, said that the blossoms grow at
the end of their stem or leaves; the plant was unknown to me.
The Chinese bamboo grew wild, but it had neither leaves nor blos-
soms. I saw many kinds of wild Mangas; they were just beginning
to have new leaves and were developing the buds of the blossoms.
There were also many climbing plants; they held firmly on to
the trees; and seemed to be several kinds of Pothos and of the
beautiful fig. A shower of rain put a stop to my zeal in
botanizing. Afterwards I made a little excursion to the sea-
shore, which however one could not reach, on account of the
deep mud. On a fig tree, which had beautiful orange-coloured
fruit,.not larger than a small cherry, I saw a Buceros; my
presence did not seem desirable to him and he flew away into
the wood. There was a small kind of the so-called kaldeer, it
had fruits, but I was not so lucky as to get a male blossom. ‘lhe
whole tree was not as high as a man, and the stem hardly as’
thick as a hand. I tried to find some peculiarities in the leaves,
but could see none, and so I| had to stick to the fruits, . which are
almost as round as a ball. Many of these fruits grow on a coin-
mon.stalk; at one end they have a horny style, with bent ends,
which when the fruit is ripe drops off like a Cu/ypton. These
Racemes were yet young and had therefore not the Leautiful

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 128

red colour which they usually have.

There was a second kind growing here as well; it stands
erect and the stem is high, naked, jointed and red. The leaves
form an erect Fascicle. They always grow in damp parts, at
times even in deep water; their fruits are single like those of
the common kaldeer, but they are completely parallel. Standing
closely together at the banks of the rivers, they make a nice
show with their slender red stems. Their leaves are more blue-
green than those of the others. The creeping kaldeer also grows
here frequently in the wood, but I have not found any of its fruit,
except in Junk Ceylon.

6.—In the last days I arranged my things, and dried and
packed as many of them as I could in this weather. I found some
Nepenthes in blossom, but they were only male ones. They have
separate male and female blossoms, and are polygamists.

7.—I saw a corpse jin the house of a Chinese. It was that
of an old rich woman who two days before her death had distri-
buted 500 piasters and 300 rupees to be expended at her funeral.
She had died from old age, and had foretold the exact hour of
her death. The body was already in the coffin, and this stood in
a front room between two rows of curtains, which had been hung
across the room. They were looped up in the middle. The
coffin stood on a special bench, the feet of which were like those
of a carpenter’s bench. ‘The coffin was peculiar. It had a kind
of foot about a hand high which slanted inward, then it bulged
out at the sides and was half-round, but the lid projected again in
slanting manner over the edge and was as thick as the foot of
the coffin; the same plan was followed at both ends. The end
for the head was somewhat thicker and was convex at the top,
being slightly raised at both ends. The whole coffin was three
feet high and covered with a thin shiny varnish on the outside.
At both sides stood two candle sticks with wax candles, which
burned continually. In the middle of each side stood two idols,
Josses of 14 foot high, they were placed on a three-cornered
pedestal, which also had three feet. The coffin was said to have
been covered with many layers of paper inside, so as to let no
manner of smell of decomposition pass. The body itself was
clothed in eleven different kind of garments, so that this old
woman might have an ample supply of clothes if she should soil
some of them on her long journey. In front, outside the curtains

124 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. .

stood a square painted table and upon it stood an idol on each
side ; they were dressed in the same way, only their dress was
white with artificial flowers; they held in their hands white
staves, longer than the whole Joss, and at the end of these
staves were fastened streamers. Everything had been removed
from the room except afew chairs standing at the sides. In
front of the door there was a strip of yellow paper three feet
long and scarcely one foot wide ; on it were painted black Chinese
letters. Up in the room there hung first some green squares of
paper and underneath these were narrow streamers of many
different colours; they were one foot long and two inches wide.
There were many streamers of black, green, and pink paper.
From the roof of the house hung down longer streamers of red
colour without any letters, and also two big lanterns about 14 or
13 of a yard in diameter; they were round and made of fine rotan
covered with varnished paper bearing large Chinese letters.

8.—The dead woman was buried with many ceremonies.
First of all a table with many viands was spread, among them
were a capon, very fat pork and different kind of comfits. There
were small and big flags, and all sorts of big lanterns. Two idols,
one clothed in green, the other in red silk, were being carried
about, on a three-cornered pedestal, also one idol sitting in a litter.
They were nearly all of one size. The coffin stood on a bier,
which was covered with blue linen. The nearest relatives
walked before it; they were clothed ina sort of thin straw-
coloured linen. Behind the coffin followed the women, who were
most nearly related to the dead ; they were surrounded by ascreen
of white linen fastened upon sticks. Behind them came many
other women. The ceremony was interrupted by a heavy rain,
and some discorder ensued. The coffin was let down into the
earth at the side of a mountain, the grave being about one man’s
height deep. Underneath the coffin they put some money and
layer of dead embers mixed with chalk, and from the mountain -
mould and Q, akind of mould Q was prepared, which was laid
over the coffin, before the other earth was put upon it.

I botanized here a little and found often the Frisea Nummu-
laria and the Mftrifica in blossom. The latter also had fruits. A
kind of Epidendris amongst the shrubs had finished biooming,
I therefore could not examine the blossoms. The root consisted
of long furrowed woody bulbs; the leaves were oblong, lancet-

-VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 125

shaped and spreading, growing half down the stalk. It had had
blossoms, but I could now only find some oblong petals pointed
at both ends. The Viscus opuntia grew here frequently on the
Memicylon capitellatum and among them climbed Cassytha.

10— During the last days I was busy drying and packing
my things, which was very difficult on account of the frequent
rain; the corals, which I wanted to dry, gave me much trouble.

11— I went out again to find the blossoms of the Nepenthes,
because for along I have had doubts whether they are herma-
phrodite. I often came across their male blossom, but the female
ones were too ripe. On the Chinese graves I found a special
kind of Pteris and gilongifolia, Burm. Fl. Seyl., Tab. and Pteris
triphylla. There ought to be careful researches made in order to
find out whether they are not hybrids among themselves.

The Hchites Candata began to bloom; itis of a peculiar
construction. The long ends of the blossoms, which are of the size
of the Migellastrum hang down as much as three inches and are
dark blood-red in colour. It is a kind of shrub which grows on
other trees and spreads very much. The pericarps are the biggest
of any kind of contorta which I have hitherto seen.*

12— I sentall my things on board, and tried to overcome my
disappointment about the failure of the journey. and my anxiety
about the many troubles which I might yet have to overcome
on account of the war. I went ona botanical excursion to a plain
situated between the western suburb of Malacca and the leper
hospital. I frequently found Schoenus Cruciatus, Agrestis Matrella,
Stemodia and three species of Utricularias which are very common
here, viz: the nivea, the aurea, and the small pruple-coloured
one. Among them I found a beautiful Didynamist of the second
order of this class, and of the third sub-division. Tle blossoms
are bell-shaped and are cut into four equal round lobes at the end,
before these lobes divide they grow crossways and are pressed
together, the outside is yellow; inside, underneath the lobes it is
bearded with curly white fibre, and the colour is here of an even
more vivid hue than on the outside, and there are some fine orange-
coloured stripes. The stamen are shorter than the corolla and
stands close to the stylum; the anthers are white, compressed and
heart-shaped.

* Strophanthus.

END OF PART 2,

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VOLUME XV.
DECEMBER 15—380, 1779.
QUEDAR.

Dec. 15.—I went on board in the afternoon.

16.—The pilot and all my travelling companions came on
board. In the afternoon at 4 o’clock the anchor was weighed |
and we sailed past Tanjong Cling.

17.—We came as for as Uape Rachado; had some wind and
rain and saw Sumatra. Strong thunderstorms and rain during
the night.

18.—Saturday. We came to the Porceller mountain, and
towards evening we cast anchor at the month of the Strait of
Callang. The weather was fine; there was very little rain.

19.—We passed the afore-mentioned Strait almost entirely,
but near the last bay the current turned against us. The
weather was fine, some rain, but very little wind.

20.—Quite early the anchor was weighed; we passed the
two rocky islands Niodd and Joss which lie close together ;
this was still in the morning; also the three islands called the
Bontsilies, and cast anchor at Sallingor towards five o’clock in
the afternoon.

21.—I went on shore but obtained very little. The heat was
very great; Hedysorum Strobiliferum had blossoms; there were a
kind of Polypodium with simply pinnate leaves and scandent stem,
Bryonia with hastate leaves. The mountain ranges of this
country were very high and enclosed in mist. At four o'clock
we went on board again and sailed on.

22.—Towards evening we saw the Dindies, and not far
them the Sambilangs.

23.—We passed the nine Sambilang islands and the Dindies.
Pullu Perah we saw in the distance; it is very high and enclosed
in mist. It is a remarkable fact that the Sambilang islands lie
all in one direction with the small island Pullu Issarah, which is

128 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

at six miles distance, and another island which is near Sumatra -
and is called Varella; this direction is East N. E. towards
W. South W. We had much lightning in the evening.

There is much dragon’s blood collected on the Dindies, and
according to what Captain Schilling told me the cane cut here is
the very best. We saw a Malay Proh close to the shore. The
islands are not inhabited, for fear of slave dealers.

24.—On account of the calm, we still were near the Dindies
and Pullu Issarah; in the distance we could see the high moun-
tains of Pullu Pinang, rising out of the sea. At nine o’clock the
wind began to be very favourable and we soon lost sight of the
Dindies ; we passed Perah, which is always wrapped ina blue
mist. In the evening as the moon rose there arose also a strong
north east wind, which lashed the sea, The high waves hindered
us. very much in our progress during the night. ‘The weather
was fine after we had a rain-shower, which cooled the atmosphere
considerably.

.. After the moon had risen there was a rainbow-like circle
round it at two degrees distance; there was a spot of the same
rainbow hue at the side.

25.—Harly this morning we were near Pinang island, which
has a smaller island at its side. The high mountains have many
cliffs; at the north-western extremity they are dome-shaped.
The length of the islands is about three leagues; they are said
to be uninhabited on account of the kidnapping which the Malays
exercise upon one another. Judging from the blue mist, the
mountains must contain various metals. The name has been
given to this island on account of the Areca trees, which are
called Pinangs in the Malay language. In Malacca I had been
told that here, as well as in the Dindies, many Areca Clitoria
grow wild.

At eight o’clock we had the kigh mountain straight before
us; it has the shape of a cone; we had seen it quite distinctly
from old Quedar, being on land then. These mountains are
called Girai by the Malays, and it is here that much tin is dug
out and melted.

26.—We had to cruise between the island, Ewen with the
high mountains, and old Quedar, on account of the contrary wind.
The weather was fine during the day; in the evening we had
calm, followed by some showers, and in the end the contrary

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 129

wind returned with its full force. The depth of the sea in this
bay varied between twenty-two and twenty-six fathoms.

26.—In the course of the morning we saw the long narrow
rocky islands in front of Quedar, which are called the Peers, and
also at some distauce from Quedar, a mountain which is called
the “ Elephant,” on account of its resemblance to this animal.

27.—We arrived at last in the harbour of Quedar at half
past nine in the morning, after we had been cruising for a long
time on account of the contrary wind. The weather was fine.
In the afternoon I went on shore and to the town, which in the
maps is called Queda, bnt this name really belongs to the whole
country.

The town is only very small; a fortress has been built at the
mouth of the river. <A wall, which is almost built in one straight
line, shows some intersections for cannons. They had some six
pounders ; apparently they were either not loaded or loaded very
insufficiently.

The stream divides the town; the houses, which are nearly
all Palliots, are built on either side of the river; they are
scarcely fifty in number, those of the Chinese being the best
among them. The shore is very low, and in the rainy season the
whole country is flooded at high tide.

I took my quarters in the compound belonging to the pilot
of our ship.

The country is very low everywhere and consists of a very
muddy soil, intersected by yet muddier canals. In the higher
parts grow Agolloss, Xyloaloes, Volkameria, Rhizophora, and some
other shrubs and trees that like a muddy soil; they are inter-
laced with Volkamerta Paderia and a new species of Contortis.
There was a raised path on the south side of the river, leading
towards the south, and from it. I could see that the soil under-
neath the mud consists only of cardia. My curiosity was too
great to be satisfied in seeing only those parts which were fenced
in on account of the wild beasts, and so I went on. The path
was lined with dense shrubbery on both sides, chiefly consisting of
Phyllanth. Siam. (Cusio) Verbesina biflora, Baccharis indica, ete.

A few steps further on I saw some Christian graves near
the path. I could see from the thrown up earth, that the soil
consisted only of cardia and was little intermixed with clay.

28—Harly this morning I went to the bazaar, just outside

130 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

the gate, which consisted of low straw huts with open walls, built
at half a man’s height on bamboo poles. They sold only fruit, as
some kinds of Musa Chaunerts, Radices ari exulenti and others
of the same common kinds.

By chance I found to-day many Pholades with animals,

which are said to be fetched from the sea near Parlys when the
tide is low andthe water only three feet deep. The neck of
this animal is like that of an ascidian, but the rest of the body
resembles a zethis.
These animals were boiled like the other Mytyli and are used
here in curries and stews. On our table the neck was prepared
separately. In the same way Sepia officinalis is used here for
eating purposes; the smaller ones are generally preferred, and
the bladder with the ink is removed and they are well washed.
I went along the way I discovered yesterday as far as_ possible ;
it really leads to anewly planted rice-field, lying abouta good
quarter of a mile from the town.

I passed two muddy streams with great difficulty, as there
were only two small sticks laid across upright poles which stood
about one man’s height above the mud and this primitive bridge
was sixteen or twenty steps long. The bridge was enclosed by
dense shrubs on either side, consisting mostly of Gmelina en-
twined with a new Phyllanthus Verbesina Pederia, Ceitoria Convol-
vuli, Dioscoreus ; these shrubs were a resort for many animals,
because they both sheltered them and provided them with food,
amoug them was the small Capulla. Before I reached the field
I had to pass a place which was overgrown with the Saccherum
diandrum growing to half a man’s height; among them were some
Triumfetta Hedysarum Coreopsis, etc. ; they grew close to the path.

The rice was very good, had rather large ears, and was
almost ripe ; it was of the kind which has the black-brown husks.
There was a great number of birds invading this field, they
seemed to be of the Loxia kind; their bills were very big and _
well built to crunch the rice. They flew about in great swarms.
There were many small huts built on high poles in this field,
which was scarcely one-third of a German mile long. A row of
Sticks had been planted amongst the rice, and they were connected
by a kind of coarse string, which caused them to make a noise
when this. string was pulled. They were pulled whenever a
swarm of birds wanted to settle.

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 131

The soil of this field consisted of a little grey clay and many
_ particles of cardia, but nevertheless the rice grew very well
and had large eais. The field was surrounded by a high, thick
wood. I did not find anything new, only the seed of a tree, the
wood of which is considered to be the best for building purposes
in Ceylon; I have however not succeeded yet in finding any of
its blossoms,

29.—I went with our captain and the passengers of our ship
to the capital, which lies about three German miles from this town.
We made the journey in a large covered boat. The shore on
either side was very low, muddy, and flooded at high tide, and
closely overgrown with such trees as like salt-water and a
muddy soil, as Rhizophora Granata, Littorea, etc.

Underneath these trees lay several crocodiles sunning them-
selves and swallowing some mud from time to time. Their back
is almost as grey as the mud; their peculiarity is that they have
a flattened body. Their stomach is white. I was notso lucky
as to get one of them, as they live in muddy places which
are unattainable either by boat or by walking. Nearer the
capital, where the water is less salt, there grew on either side of
the shore the new kind of palm, Nipa; they stood so close to-
gether, that one could not see beyond, but they offered an agree-
able and strange aspect. The stream now divided into two arms,
which ran parallel for some time and so doubled the agreeable
view. I have already mentioned what use is made of the leaves,
and I only add that the Chinese preserve the grains of these
fruits in sugar; they are transparent in this state, but have no
special taste, except that the spice added may give them some
flavour.

After ten o'clock we arrived in the town; the shores were
a little higher and we saw every now and then a Malay
house.

The town lies on the left bank of the river; it is only small,
and irregularly built. The king’s dwelling is somewhat apart
from the town. The real buildings are surrounded by a fence
about two men high, and as much as one could see from the out-
side, it consisted of many small separate houses, built of planks
and rafters. Only the building serving for audiences stood out-
side the fence. It was built on poles which stood at man’s
height above the ground, and was covered with the leaves of

132 VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA.

the afore-mentioned palm tree. It was open at the sides, only.
the floor was lined with two feet high planks. Outside, at one
end, two ladders of five steps each had been constructed of narrow
planks. Between these ladders was a kind of throne, consisting
of square rafters, connected above and below, and crowned with
a conical red painted top. These rafters stood a little higher
than the raised floor of the audience room; they were thicker
than an arm and only planed smooth, without any other ornament.
The four foremost rafters stood just so far apart that His Majesty
could sit on his feet between them; the two other rafters which
were joined to the floor of the room had one step, by which he
had to mount on his throne. Round about there was a simple
fence of planks, which were hardly two feet high. The size of
this throne was scarcely two yards square, the steps leading up
to it were not as wide. But this time the king gave his audience
in front or at the right hand of his throne,

He is young and rather good looking, his skin is very light.
He was sitting on an old Bengal carpet. His dress consisted
only of a cotton Uavay (Kabaia’?), and a red silk cloth tied round
his body after the fashion of his nation.

This red silk belt had a shield in front with raised work;
it was as wide as a hand and about one span long.

He had tied an ordinary handkerchief round his head, in so
negligent a manner that the crown of his head remained un-
covered ; they nearly all wear this handkerchief in the same
fashion.

His questions and conversation only touched uninteresting
matter. When he saw the gold watch of one of our passengers
he showed a great wish to possess it, but none to buy it.

His ministers sat behind him in a half circle. Although
this nation is very uneducated one could detect some court
ceremonies.

I botanized in the rice fields near here. A kind of Apznia
bloomed frequently near the ditches and grew to half the height
of a man.

In the ditches bloomed two kinds of Arusus with oblong
leaves; they were peculiar and in my opinion new.

In the evening before sunset we-went back.. My attention
was caught by a peculiar sound like that of a trumpet, which
arose from underneath the boat. I made enquiries and was told

VOYAGE FROM INDIA TO SIAM AND MALACCA. 133

that it was caused by a small fish and that I could buy this fish
in the bazaar near our compound.

The darkness of the night, and the salt water caused the
track which our boat left behind to look like fire, and also the
fish escaping before us left big stripes of fire in the water.

30.—I went to the bazaar and asked for the fish, which had
produced the strange sound underneath our boat yesterday, but
there was not one to be had. The peop!e however promised to
try and find one for me.

END OF VOLUME XV.

End of Journey.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA,*

FROM JUNE, 1892. To JULY, 1893.
BY

UC. DAVIES SHERBORN, F.z.S., R.G.S.

IN compiling this Bibliography, all sources of information
have been utilized. Inserting therefore, every publication that
has come under his notice, the compiler hopes that the entries
will prove of considerable assistance; but, as a large proportion
of the literature of his district, either never reaches England at
all, or else arrives so long after as to be too late for examination
for this purpose, he begs the reader’s indulgence for any error
that may be present. His thanks are are due to M. Martinus
Nijhoff of The Hague for information as to some of the more
recent books.

“OQ, I. A.”—De bepalingen betreffende de herziening en ber-
mindering van den aanslag in de bedrijfs belasting. Ind.
Gids, 1892, pp. 1436-1440.

AALTSZ.—see Quarles.

* By ‘‘ Malaya” is here meant that part of the Archipelago enclosed
in a line drawn round the north of Siam and the Philippines, through Ma-
eassar Strait, between Lombok and Bali, round the outlying islands of Java
and Sumatra, and the east of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands.

136 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

ABBOELLAH, KESAH PELAJARAN.—Bin Abdelkadir Moensji dari
Singapoera sampai ka negeri Kalantan. Tersaling soeratannja
oleh Brons Middel. 8vo. Letden, 1893, 156 pp.

ABDOE’L-MOELOEK.—Radja Barbari (Behasa Melajoe) hoeroey
Olanda. 8vo. Betaw?, 1892, 308 pp.

ABENDANON, J. H.—De Nederlandsch-Indische rechtspraak van
1881 tot 1891. 8vo. Batavia, 1893, 4, 349 pp.

AGERBEEK, B. L. AND I. P. T. BRONDGEEST.—Gids voor den
aleemeenen ontvanger van’s lan s kas in Nederlandsch-Indié.
8vo. Batavia, 1893, 12, 361, 18. pp.

ALDRICH, T. H.—A new land sheet [Nannia ohertyi], for
Sumatra. Nautilus, vol. vi, 1892, p. 90. |

ALMANAK.—Indische cultuur almanak, 1893. Ze Jaargan ,
Svo. Amsterdam, 1892.

Soendaneesche Almanak. Eerste jaargang 1892. 8vo.
Cheribon, 1892.

‘AMSTERDAMMER.’ —poorreisje (en Trans-Borneo). Visioenen
en droomen van een Amsterdaminer. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1805,
74 pp.

ANDRE, E.—Vovage de M. Chaper a Bornéo. Catalogue des
fourmis et description des especes nouvelles. Jem. So-.
Zool. France. vol. v, 1892, pp. 46-35.

ANDRIESSEN, W. F.—Der Islam in Niederlandisch-Ostindien.
Deutsche Rundschau Geogr. vol. xiv, 1892, pp. 409-464.
ANO’N.—Jaaroverzichten betreffende den handel in Koloniale

producten. fo. Amsterdam, 1893, 88 pp., 2 tab.

Verslag van het Mijuwezen in Nederlandsch-Indié over
het, jaar.1889. Jaarb. Min. Ned. O. L.. vol, xxi (1892);
(Tech.-Adm. Ged.), pp. 1-57.

Verslag van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch-Indié over
het jaar 1890. Jaarb. Mijn. Ned. O. I. vol. xxi, (1892),
(Tech.-Adm. Ged.), pp. 58-114.

De eeiste steenlegging van het ziekenhuis to Modjowarno.
Med. Ned. Zendel. vol. xxxvi, 1892, pp. 218-222.

————Leyer (Nederlandsch-Indisch). Regeling van de Levor-

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA 137:

dering, het ontslag en het op non-activiteit stellen van de_
Kuropeesche officieren ; benevens reglementen op het toeken-
nen van pension en onderstand aant die officieren zoomede
gagement en gratificatién aan militarien beneden dien rang,
en aan hunune weduwen en kinderen ed 2. 8vo. Breda,
1892, 4. 80 pp.

Statistiek van het vervoer op de spoorwegen en tram-
wegen in Nederlandsch-Indié over het jaar 1890. 8vo.
’sGravenhaje, 1892, 44 pp. 4 tab.

Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indié over het jaar 1891.
8vo. Zalt-Bommel, 1892, xiv, 137 pp.

Superstition in Agam (Sumatra). 77jdschr. Binninl. Bes-
(Urn Loo?) (7).

Contract met den radja van Bwool en akten van beves-
tiging betreffende den radja van Rioeng en de radja’s van
Badong. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1282- 1296,

Het rapport van den Directeur van binnenlandsch bes-
tuur betreffende de denkbeelden der koffie cultuur-comumis-
sie. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1297-1314.

Uitvoer van Ned. Indié naar Boston. Jnd. Gids, 1892,
p. 1370.

Delhi-en Java—tabak op de Duitsche markt. Jind. Gids,
1892, p. 1370.

De eee voor inlanders te Modjowarno in 1891. 7nd.
Gids, 1892, pp. 1871-1372.

Een verbetering van de rete van den heer Tijdens over
het Billiton contract. Jnd. Gids, 1892, p. 1465.

Het rapport van den directeur van Binnenlandsch Bestuur
betreffende de denkbeelden der koffie cultuur commissie. /nd,
Gids, 1892, pp. 1469-1486.

3etere bewapening of betere oefening van de Indische
infanterle? nd. Gis, 1892, p. 1486.

Ken stuk geschiedenis aangaande het ontstaan van det
Atieh-oorlog. Jnd. Grids, 1892, pp. 1487-1490.

Het onderzoek in de Minahassa. Jn. Guls, 1892, pp.
1491-1502. Sie

188 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Handel van Ned. Indié met Liverpool en Bremen. Jnd.
Gids, 1892, pp. 1555, 1556.

Handel tusschen Atjeh en Penang. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp.
1557-1559.

Uitvoer van Russische petroleum naar Java. Ind. Gids,
1892, p. 1559.

Steenkolenhandel te Singapore. Jnd. Gidss, 1892, p. 1560.
De vordering der zending op Java. Ind. Giids, 1892, pp.
1561, 1562.

Jer gedachtenis van Kolonel Diepenheim en General
Van ‘Veijn. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1563-1567.

—— —Het rapport van den Directeur van Binnenlandsch Bestuur
betreffende de denkbeelden der Koffie cultuur-commissie.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1697-1716.

Gegronde aanmerkingen op het Koloniaal verslag. Jn.

Gids, 1892, pp. 1716-1719.

Het financiéel beheer van het Department van Marine.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1720-1733.

———LEen voorstel tot sluiting van het Weduwen en Weez en-
fonds voor de officieren der landmacht in Nen.-Indie. Ind.
Gids, 1892, pp. 1733-1736.

Hulp voor Groot-Sangir. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1736-1742

Hoe de bevolkingscijfers van de inlanders op Java eu
Madoera worden verzameld. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1742-1745.
Handel van Ned.-Indié met San Francisco, Penang en
Singapore. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1787-1789.

Toeneming’ van de bevolking en vermindering van den
handel te Singapore. Jnd- Gids, 1892, pp. 1789, 1790.
Kolie-immigratie in Penang. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp. 1791,—
oz.

De handels beweging van de residentie Benkoelen voor-
heen en thans. Ind. Gids, 1892, p. 1792.

Een wetsontwerp tot wijziging van de comptabiliteitswet.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1897, 1898.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 139

De grieven en wenschen van de bevolking en hoofden der
Minahassa. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp. 1898-1902.

Het verslag van den Regeerings commissaris Gallois
betreffende de Minahassa. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp. 1902-1919.

De ongeregeldheden op Tjampea. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp.
1920-1926.

—Het officiéele relaas der Lomboksche zaken. Jnd. Gids,
1892, pp. 1926-1932.

Repeteergeweren en mitrailleurs voor Indie. Ind. Gids,
1892, pp. 1932, 1933.

Voorstel tot oprichting van een nieuw weduwen-en
weezenfonds voor de officieren van de landmacht in Ned-
Indié. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1933-1936.

——— Waar de Javaansche landbouwer in Solo aan toe is bij een
Europeeschen landhuurder. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp. 1942-1945,

———De Soekaboemische Landbouw-vereeniging over het
nieuwe plan betreffende de Gouvernements- Koffie cultuur,.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1945-1957.

——De koeli-immigratie en-émigratie in de Straits Settlements.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1987-1990.

—w—De dichtheid van de bevolking en de uitgestrektheid van
den bouw grond op Java en Madoera. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp.
1994, 1995.

——De verhouding van de Minahassa tot het Nederlandsch
gezag. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2027-2035.

Het ontwerp van wet tot wijziging der Indische comp-

tabiliteits wet. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2089-2101.

De uitkomsten der Indische diensten 1867 tot en met 1891.

Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2101-2106.

Ken en ander uit de indische begrooting voor 1893. Ind.

Gids, 1892, pp. 2100-2130.

———Het verslag van den Regeerings commissaris Gallois
befreffende de Minahassa. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp. 2142-2164.

Hongerdistricten of Java. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2164-
2167.

140 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

———Fen officiéele mededeeling aangaande den vx-regent van
Lebakkang. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2167-2169.

Hoe de bevolking van Karang-Anjar den assistent-resident
Drossaers op prijs stelt. nd. Gids, 1892, pp. 2170-2172.

Torpedobooten en torpedokruisers voor Indié. Jnd. Gids,

1892, p. 2172.

De Zoutaanmaak op Madoera. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp. 2235,

2236.

De bevolking van de Minahassa en die van Oost-Java.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2354-2356.

——Het lot van den inlander in Djokja. Ind. Gids, 1892, p.
2356. i |

Ken gewraakte aanmerking op het Koloniaal verslag van

1891. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 2357, 2358.

Handel van Ned-Indié met Marseille en Bangkok. Jnd.
Gids, 1892, p. 2383.

———Officiéele mededeelingen omtrent de slavernij in Ned-Indié.
Ind, Gids, 1892, pp. 2394, 2395.

——w—De spraak der Indo-Europeanen. Jnd. Gids, 1892, pp.
2396-2400.

Wat een zendelings vrouw vermag. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp.
2416, 2417.

——w—Fen nota van den Heer Geertsema over de keuring van.
Indische landsdienaren in Nederland. Jnd. Gids, 1892, p.
2323,

——Het verslag van den Pacentnes comimissaris Gallois
betreffende de Minahassa. Met aanteekingen. Jnd. Gids,
1892, pp. 2332-2354.

Een wetsontwerp ten behoeve van een spoorweg van

Probolinggo naar Panaroekan. Jnd. Gids, 18938, pp. 57-60.

De algemeene secretarie van Indie een de laatste re-
devoeringen van het lid der tweede kamer Mr. H. D. L.
Norman. Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 60-64.

Fouragegelden en bezuiniging. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 64,
65.

—

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 141

Hen voorstel om meer geld uit te geven voor het besturen

van Ceramen de Z. O, Hilanden. Jnd. Gids, 1893, pp. 66, 67.

Ken motie tot afschaffing van de Gouvernements-koftiecul-
tuur in de Minahassa. Jnd. Gids, 1893, pp. 68-85.

———Rangschikking der koffie dristricten van Java naar de
opbrengst per bouw. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 1387-141.

—wHOordeel der Handelmaatschappi] over de qualiteit van
particuliere en van Gouvernements koffie. Ind. Gids, 1893,
pp. 141-143.

Het gehalte van het Indische leger. nd. Gids, 18938, pp.
144-140.

—-—— Hen statistieke opgave betreffende de inlandsche bevolkinge
en nijverheid van Bandjarnegara. Jnd. Gids, 1893, pp. 145,
146,

———Suppletoire contracten met Indragiri en met Tanetie.
Ind. Gids 1893, pp. 224-231.

———De nieuwe mailcontracten. Jnd. Gids, 18938, pp. 231-
236. een

—w—De prémbé en de opium pacht. Jnd. Gids, 1893, pp.
236-239.

Antwoorden op aanmerkingen betreffende het Koloniaa

_ -verslag van 1891. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 241-248.

———Onveiligheid in Djokja. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 248-250.

———Kenige opmerkingen van Dr. Snouck Hurgronje over
schrift-en klankleer. Jnd. Gids, 1893, pp. 288-294.

Proeven met het golfstillend vermogen van olie in den
Compagnie’s-tijd. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 295-297.

—— —Herinneringen aan een artillerie-en marineschool te Sema-
rang. Ind. Gids, 1898, pp. 297, 298.

—w—tEen heidensche trouwplechtigheid op Savoie. Ind. Gids,
1893, pp. 299-801.

——-—Krijesaventuren van een Oosten-rijker in Nederlandsch- :
Indie. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 802-830. [See Barfus. }
Overeenkomsten met Soeppa Aliettaen Sawitto. Ind. Gids,

1898, pp. 391-401.

142 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Suppletoire contracten met Sidenreng en Rappang. Ind.
Gids, 1893, pp. 401-403.

———LEen wetsontwerp ten behoeve van de bevloeiing en af-
watering der Solo-wallei. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 403-412.

——w—Hen gedachtenwisseling in de Eerste Kamer over de
maritieme verdediging van Indié. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp.
412-418.

——Oorlogsschepen van buitenlandsche en oorlogsschepen van
Nederlandsche werven. Jnd, Gids, 1893, pp. 418-424.

De heerendienst-regelingen in de practijk. Ind. Gids,
1893, pp. 425, 426.

———De pupilenschool te Gombong. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 429,
430.

———De resultaten van het onderzoek naar de grondrenten
der inlanders op Java. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 4380, 431.

— Handel tusschen Malakka en Sumatra’s oostkust. Jnd.
Gids, 1893, p. 531.

——Handel van Ned-Indié met Hamburg. Ind. Gids, 1893,
pp. 932-536.

———Het nieuwe infanteriegeweer. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 536,
537.

Resultaten van de bevloeiings werken aan de Kali Kening.

Ind. Gids, 1898, pp. 537-539.

Overeenkomsten met Maiwa, Doerie, Batoelappa, Kassa

en Wadjo. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 588-596.

Ken wetsontwerp tot regeling van de mijnontginningen

in Ned-indié. Ind. Gids, 1898, pp. 596-620.

Het steeds vermeerderend Kantoorwerk. Jnd. Gids, 1893,

pp. 620-622. ;

De Soekaboemische landbouw-vereeniging over een

Koeli-ordonnantie. Ind. Gids. 1893, pp. 623-625.

Ken zoogenoemd vrije tabaks-cultuur. Ind. Grds, 1893,

pp. 625-627.

Handel van Java met Calcutta. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 701.

Bacterién als oorzaken der sereh. Jnd. Gids, 1893, p. 702.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 143

De Javaansche anthropopithecus. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp.
703-706.

Wetsontwerp voor een spoorweg van Malang naar Blitar.
Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 786-789.

Nogmaals de heerendienstregelingen in de practijk. Ind.

Gids, 1893, pp. 789-791.

—De particuliere nijverheid, de Gouvernements-koffie cultuur

en de emigratie van Javanen in de Preanger. Ind. Gids,

1893, pp. 791-7965.

Ken vergelijkende studie over huwelijken tusschen bloed-

verwanten. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 880-884.

—De oog'st van fabrieks-kinabast op Java. Ind. Gids, 1893,

pp. 891, 892.

Het steenkolendepot of Poeloe-Weh. Jnd. Gids, 1898,

p. 892.
De Soesoehoenan van Soerakarta vazal. Ind. Gids, 1893,
pp. 1029-1035.

Uitvoeren van katoenen goederen uit Groot-Brittannié

naar Ned-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1064.

Stoomwaart tusschen Swatow en Ned-Indié. Ind. Gids.

1893, pp. 1064, 1065.

De boomflord van Java. Ind. Gids, 1893, pp. 1065, 1066,

Overeenkomst van de Korintjische poesaka’s met de

Makassaarsche en Boegineesche ornamenten. Ind. Gids,

1893, pp. 1066-1068.

De oeconomische toestand van de gewesten die door den
geprojecteerden spoorweg Probolinggo-Pasirian worden
doorsneden. Jnd. Gids, 1893, pp. 1073-1098.

ARCHER, W. J.—[ Explorations in the Valley of the Mekong. |
Rev. Franc. et Etranger, Mar. 15, 1893.

BADEN-POWELL, B. F. S.—In savage isles and settled lands:
Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, 1888-1891. 8vo. London,
1892.

BADINGS, A. H. L.—Hollandsch-Maleische en Maleisch-Hol-
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144 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

BASSLER, A.--Uber den Batak.-Stamm der Rajas. Tertschr. f.
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BALEN, J. Hendrik van.—De Nederlanders in Oost’ en West, te
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BARET.——[ On the opi traffic. ] Li Med. navale et. : eowntale,
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BARFUS, C. von.—Kriees fahrten eines alten Soldaten i in fernen
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BECHER, H. M.—On the gold-quartz deposits of Pahang ( Malay
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BEDDARD, I’. E.—On some species of the genus Perichaeta (S. §.).
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BEEKMAN, A. A.—Kleine schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne
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BELTRAN Y KOZPIDE, R.—Descubrimiento de la Oceania por los
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Berea, L. W. C. van den.—De afwijkingen van het Moham-
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BERGROTH, E.—Aradidi dellisola do Engano raccolti dal dott.
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BrRGsMA, W. B.—Hoe de bevolkingcijfers van de inlanders op
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BETTINK, H.—De protestantsche zending gee mislukking, maar.
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BEVERROORDE, K. T. E. van.—Ken Bezoek aan de Batatsche
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| 609-621. :

BiInLEs.—see British Museum.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 145

BIBLIOTECA historica Filpina.—Historias, cronicas, anales,
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146 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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Ibid. II. ibid. pp. 209-214.
-———Fen verslag van Professor A. C. Vreedt omtrent eene

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 147

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA 149

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA, 16}

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Ibid. . . . Batoelappa (Masenrempoeloe) op den 23-en
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ibidk. . . .soeppa (Adjatapparang) op den 18 en
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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 165

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166 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.’

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 167

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168: A .BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. -*

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA 169

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VRIES, jr., J. H. DE.—Schetsen uit Indie. In de Molukken.
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VROLIK, W. K. M.—Billiton Onuitgesproken rede. 8vo. ’sGran-
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———De vverlenging der Billitonconcessie. Nabetrachting.

Vervolg op de “ Onuitgesproken rede.” 8vo. ’sGr avenhage,
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WAAL, G. de.—Aanvullingen op Van der Toorn’s A ise cRapuscht
Maleisch-Nederlandsch Woordenboek. Inds. Gids, 1892, pp.
2210-2220.

WAANDERS, F. G. VAN BLOEMEN.—Ter gedachtenis van der

Wiceer.. 3% nd: Gids; 1892: pp. 2006, 20007.

WALL, A. F. VAN DE.—Kort begrip der beteekenis van de tare-
kat, naar het Maleisch van Sajid Oesman ibn Abdoellah ibn
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228.

WEBER, M.—Notizen iiber Siingethiere des Indischen Archipels.
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260-268.

WENT, F.—[Tidal Forests (Mangroves) in the Pope Teys-
eee, no. 4, April, 1892.

172 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

WERSHOVEN, F. J.—Lehr-und-Lesebuch der Siamesischen
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De nieuwe toekomst der Gouvernements- Kofiecultuur op
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De voorstellen van de Indische Regeering omtrent de
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WESTENBERG, C. J.—Wetenschap op Humbug. Geschreven
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eene door hem gemaakte reis in de Karo-landen. Tijdschr.
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WESTERRODE, W. DE WOLFF VAN.—ljzeren belastinggaarders.
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WIEGMANN, FR.—Beitrage zur anatomie der Landschnecken des
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WiGMAN, H. J.—[Orchids]. Teyssmania, May, 1892.

Wk, D. GERTH VAN.—De Koranische verhalen in het Maleisch.
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249-345.

WILKEN, G. A.—Handleiding voor de vergelijkende volken-
kunde van Ned. Indié. Parts 7 and 8. 8vo. Leiden, 1893,
pp. 483-642.

WILLIAMS, see Hughes.

WILLINCK, G. D.—De grendrechten bij de volken van den In-
dischen Archipel. 8vo. Haag, 1891. |

WITKAMP, H. PH. TH.—Kaart van Nederlandsch-Indié. 2
sheets, fo. Amsterdam, 1893.

De grootle der eilanden en der gewesten en afdeelingen

en Nederlandsch-Indié, Tijdschr Ned. Aard. Gen. (2), vol,

ix, 1892, pp. 361-372. ee ee 7

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 173

WOLFF VAN WESTERODE, W. de.—Ijzeren belastinggaaarders.
Ind. Gids, 1892, pp. 1395-1414.

WORSFOLD, W. BasIL.—Dutch Society in Java.—Fortnightly
EE Mar. 1893.

WorsFoLp, W. B—A visit to Java, with an account of the
founding of Singapore. 8vo. London, 1893, pp._xii, 284.

WRraAY,—Notes ethnographiques sur les naturels de Vile de
Nias, sud-ouest de Sumatra. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Lyon,
vol, x, 1892, pp. 36-39.

WULP, F.M.v.d. —Einige uitlandische diptera (Java). Tijdschr:
Ent. vol. Xxxiv, 1892, p. 193, pl. xii.

YERSIM, A.—Map and description of the River Sebong, from its
source to its confluence with the Mekong. C. BR. Soc. Geogr.
Paris, 1893, nos. 15 and 16,

ZELLE, L. J.—Les Kodja’s. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris, (4) vol.
ili, 1892, pp. 68-71.

ZONDERVAN, H.—Sumatra. Deutsch. geogr. Blatt. vol..xv, 1892,
pp. 256-263.

K. Martin’s Reisen im hinterindischen Archipel. Ausland.
1892, p. 638. :

Niederlandisch-Indische Kartographie. Ausland, 1892,
p. 718.

MAPS.

Kaart van AMBOINA, de Oeliassers en de Banda-eilanden. fo.
Amsterdam, 1892. [Banda-eilander 1:5,000,000; West Indis-
che-eilanden 1: 1,000,000 ]

BALI, Lombok, and Sumbawa.—Ports et mouillages aux iles.
Paris (Serv. Hydrog.), 1892.

Kaart van de BANDA-eilanden. 1:5,000,000. Amsterdam, 1892.

BORNEO.—LKast Coast; Silam Harbour. 1: 14,600. London,
(Admiralty), 1891.

174 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

JAVA. Isles 4 lest de la Rade de Palmede, Baie de Wanigapung
et Nagamessi, ete. (No. 4675). Paris, 1892.

Kaart der landbouw- -ondernemingen in Oost- JAVA. ‘Soerabaja,
Kediri, Pasoeroean, Probolinggo en LAZO ES t= a0; 000. 12
sheets, fo. Amsterdam, -1892. e. 2

New Sketch Map of the Protected MALAY State of Perak.
Scale 4 miles 1 inch. 2 sheets OI SILON SEES Survey),

7892:
Kaart van oF . EDERLANDSCH-INDISCHEN nities! met toeli-
chting. 1: 6,000,000. By C. M. Kan. Amsterdam, 1892.

Index van kaarten van den NEDERLANDSCH-Indischen Archipel
' fo. | Batavia, 1892.

Schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne bezittingen. By BP
Witkamp. ed. 5, 4to. Arnheim, 1892, (16 double maps).

Kleine schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne Overzeesche bezit-
tingen. By P. H. Witkamp. ed. 5, 4to. Arnheim, 1892
(18 maps).

Kleine schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne overzeesche _bezit-
tingen. By P. H. Witkamp. ed. 15, 4to. Arnheim, 1892,
(15 maps).

VOLTELEN’S eerste schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne bezit-
tingen, ed. 3, 4to. Arnheim, 1892 (14 maps).

Kleine schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne overzeesche bezit-
tingen. By A. A. Beekman. ed. 2, 8v0. Zutphen, 1892
(14 maps).

Schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne overzeesche bezittingen. By
R. Bos. 4to. Groningen, 1892 (16 maps).

PHILIPPINES.—Katbalogan Buri, and Darajuai anchorages
1: 22,100; Mauban Bay 1: 21,500; Port Libas 1: 18,250.
London (Admiralty), 1891.

Kaart van SUMATRA, Bangkaen de Riouw Lingga Archipel.
1: 1,000,000. By I. Dornseiffen and Hi. de Geest. 12 sheets
fo. Aopen air. 1892,

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 175

SUMATRA.—Cote ouest: Baie de Krung-Raba, Passage Raja
Baie de Ketapan Pasir, etc. (No. 4669)—Baie Sidoh, Rade
de Trumon, Passage entre Grand Simalu et Petit Simalu,
etc. (No. 4670)—Rode de Tapus, Tabujong; Baie de
Tabujong, etc. (No. 4671)—Iles Sipora, Pagé, Engano.
(No. 4672 —Baie de Simalapeh. Tabekat; Rade Prianam,
Tiku; Baie de Kadorei, Bunga; Detroit de Zeebloem; Rade
de Padang. (No. 4682)—-Cote nord. Mouilloges. Baie
Krung-Raja ; Rade de Lok-Semawee, d’Hdi-Rajut; Entrées
des rivieeres Benjalang, Djambu-Ajer, etc. (No. 4673).
Paris, 1891.

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