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STRAITS BRANCH
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY |
[ No. 35 ]
JOURNAL
January 1901 —
aa Agents of the Society:
London and America a = ee TRUBNER & Co.
Paris — en a, a ... ERNEST LEROUX & Co.
Germany Otto Harrassow!Tz, Leipzig.
- PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS, SINGAPORE.
eee et Sr tena ome Me
[No. 35]
JOURNAL
of the
Straits Branch
of the
Royal Asiatic Society
JANUARY 1901
Agencies of the Society
London and America ee a He TRUBNER & Co,
Paris a ie Ne ... ERNEST LEROUX & Co.
Germany . ... am ... OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
SINGAPORE :
PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS
I9OI
ao
Table of Contents.
Council for 1901... a sa ace yt Vv
List of Members for 1901... ae cae ee v1
Proceedings of Annual General Meeting sis ve x
Annual Report of the Council 5 we on Xl
Treasurer’s Cash Account for 1900 ... oe wat xii
The Flora of Mount Ophir, by H. NV. Ridley 1
Butterflies of Mount Penrissen, by 2. Sheljord ae 29
A List of the Reptiles of Borneo, by &. Shelford ses 43
Notes from the Sarawak Museum, by 2. Shelford im 69
Garu and Chandan, by H. N. Ridley ... Ase es 73
Calogramma Festiva Walk., by H. V. Ridley ... ace 82
Supplementary Notes on the Flora of Sing carer By
HH, N. Ridley ae ne 84
The Sakai Dialect of the Ulu es pee by
A. L. i. Luering mee i Roe Ot
Short Notes a an cm ae osu tol 5
THE
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
Meet ASIATIC SOCIETY.
COUNCIL FOR 1901.
The Right Rev. Bishop G. F. HOSE, President.
Mr. A. KNIGHT, Vice-President for Singapore.
The Hon’ble C. W.. Kynnersley, Vice-President for Penang.
Mr. P. J. BURGESS, Honorary Secretary.
Dr. HANITSCH, Honorary Treasurer.
H. NANSON, Esq., }
A. W. §. O'SULLIVAN, Esq., |
E. ROSTADOS, Esq., > Councillors,
W. G. 8ST. Chair, Esgq., |
The Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, 5}
List of Members for 1!gQo1.
ees SS
ANTHONITZ, J. O.
BAMPFYLDE, Hon’ble C. A
BANKS, J. E. *
BARKER, Dr. A. J. Gi
BARNARD, B. H. F.
BARNES, W. D.
BELFIELD, F. {
BICKNELL, W. A.
BIDWELL, R. A. J..
53 Grange Road, Singapore.
Kuching, Sarawak.
Anglo-Chinese School, 8’ pore.
Sarawak.
Forest Department, Selangor.
Kuala Lipis, Pahang.
Taipeng, Perak.
Audit Department, Penang.
Swan & Maclaren, S’pore.
BINTARA LUAR, Hon. Dato, 8.P.M.Y., Batu Pahat.
BircH, Hon. J. K.
BISHOP, J. E.
BLAGDEN, C. 0., M. A. *
BLAND, R. N. ° ;
BRADDON, Dr. W. L.
BRANDT, D. VON
BROCKMAN, E. L.
BROWN, Hon. Dr. W. C.
BRYANT, A. T.
BrYDGES, H. E. H., M. A.
BUCKLEY, C. B.
BURGESS, P. J., M. A.
BUTLER, A. L.
CAMUS, M. de
CERRUTI, GIOOANNI BATTISTA
CLIFFORD, H. C. i
COLLYER, Hon. W. R.
CONLAY, W.
Cook, Rev. J. A. B.
England. »
Federated Malay Service,
England. Pekan, Pahang.
Singapore...
Seremban, Negri Sembilan.
Stanmore, Singapore.
Singapore.
Penang.
Penang.
11 Stone Buildings, Vinealie
Singapore. Inn, London.
Government Analyst, S’pore.
Kartoum. .
Battery Road, Singapore.
Tapah, Perak.
England.
Singapore.
Kuantan, Pahane.
Singapore,
MEMBERS FOR 1901. vii
DANE, Dr. R.
DENT, SIR ALFRED, K. C. M. G.
DEw, A. T.
Dickson, E. A.
DRIVER, JAMES
DUNKERBLEY, Rev. W. H.,M. A.
DUNLOP, C.
EDGAR, Dr. P. GALSTANN
EDMONDS, R. C.
EGERTON, Hon. WALTER
ESCHKE, H. H.
HVERETT, H. H.
FLEMING, T. C.
PEOWER, 5. 5. *
ForT, HUGH
FREER, Dr. G. D.
GERINI, MAJor G. S. *
GRAHAM, JAMES
GROOM, 8. R. *
HAFFENDEN, JOHN
HAINES, Rev. F. W.
HALE, A.
HANITSCH, Dr. R.
Hége, G. T. {
HAVILAND, Dr. G. D. t¢
HELLIER, M.
Peevey, D.-F, A.C. M. G. ft
Hoe, Hon. EK. C.
Hose, Rt. Rev. Bishop G.F., M.A.,
Hose, Dr. CHARLES
Hosg, E. 8.
Poem bh, W., M. A:, F. i. 8.
oaQuiM. J. P. FR. G. 8.
JOHNSTONE, L. A. M.
KEHDING, Dr.
KER, J. CAMPBELL
Province Wellesley.
11 Old Broad St., London, E.C.
Parit Buntar, Krian, Perak.
Serendah, Selangor.
Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Ipoh, Perak.
Jugra, Selangor.
mingapore.
singapore.
Sarawak.
Pekan, Pahane.
Cairo.
Singapore,
Penang.
Siam.
Glasgow, Scotland.
Kuala Lumpor.
Singapore.
Malacca.
Kuala Lumpor.
Singapore.
Kuala Lumpor.
England.
Singapore.
Aldeburgh.
Singapore.
D. D. | Singapore.
Baram, Sarawak.
Perak.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Germany; c/o Menke & Co.
Johore Bahru. .
vill MEMBERS FOR 1901.
Koss, C. BODEN
KNIGHT, ARTHUR
KYNNERSLEY, Hon. C. W. 5.
LAWES, Rev. W. G. ft
LEASK, Dr. J.T.
LEMON, A. H.
LEWIS, J. HK. M., B. A.
LiM Boon KENG, Hon. Dr.
LUERING, Rev. Dr. H. L. E.
MacHapo, A. D.
MACLAREN, J. W. B.
MASON, J. 5.
McCAUSLAND, C. F.
MELDRUM, DATO JAMES
MEREWETHER, Hon. EK. M.
MICHEL, W.-C. Bian?
NANSON, W., B. A., F. 8. G.
NAPIER, Hon. W. J., M.A., B.G.L.
NORMAN, HENRY
O’SULLIVAN, A. W..5S.,.B. A,
OWEN, J. F. t
PARR, ©.W Cot
PEARS, FRANCIS
PERAK, Govt. Museum,
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Port Moresby, New Guinea.
Singapore.
Penang.
Sarawak, Govt. Printing Office.
Singapore.
Ipoh, Perak.
Batu Pahat.
Singapore.
Raub, Ulu Pahang.
Kuala Kubu, Selangor.
Johore.
Malacca.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Paterson Road, Singapore.
Kuala Lipis, Pahang.
Singapore.
Port Dickson.
Negri Sembilan.
Muar.
Taiping, Perak.
PERHAM, The Ven. Archdeacon ¢ Singapore.
PUSTAU, R. VON
RANKIN, H. F.
RIDLEY, H. N.
ROBERTS, B. ae
RODGER, . Pee yahie Gg:
RosTapos, E.
ROWLAND; W. R.
Austrian Consulate, Singapore.
Amoy.
Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
North Raub, Pahang.
Kwala Lumpor, Selangor.
Kota Tinggi, Johore.
Negri Sembilan.
SARAWAK, H.H. The R.C.5. of, { Sarawak.
SaRAWAK, H. H. The Rajah of, G.C.M.G. T aches Sarawak.
SATOW, Sir, KE. M., K. C. M. G. + Pekin.
SAUNDERS, C. J,
Singapore.
MEMBERS FOR 1901. IX
SEAH LIANG SEAH Chop ** Chin Hin,” Singapore.
SEAH SONG SEAH Chop “Chin Hin,” Singapore.
SHELFORD, R. Sarawak,
SHELFORD, W. H. Singapore,
SHELLABEAR, Rev. W. G. Singapore.
SKEAT, W. W. Cambridge.
DKINNER, A. M., Cc. M. G. t Canterbury, England..
SMITH, SIR CECIL C., G.c.M.c. f England.
SOHST, T. Singapore.
oT. CLAIR, W. G. Singapore.
STRINGER, Hon. CHARLES England.
SUGARS, J. C. Telok Anson, Perak.
SWETTENHAM, His Hon. Sik, J. A., K.C.M.G. Singapore.
THOMAS, O. V. { Penang.
TOLLEMACHE, R.C. t Sungei Rambei Estate, Kuala Selangor.
VAN BENNINGEN VON HELSDINGEN, Dr. R. Tandjong Pandan,
a ss illiton.
VERMONT, Hon. J. M. Province Wellesley. Buty
WALKER, Lt.-Col. R.S. F., c.M.G. Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.
WALTER, W. G. C. Klang.
Watkins, A. J. W. Selangor Govt. Railway, Kuala Lumpor.
WELLFORD, Dr. F. ¢ Riverside Estate, Kuala Se-langor, Selangor.
West, Rev. B. FRANKLIN 149 Anson Read, Penang.
WICKETT, FREDERICK, M. J., C.E., Surukai Mine, Lahat, Perak.
WIsE, D. H. Pekan Pahang.
_ Woop, C. G. Batu Gajah, Perak.
Woop, J: B. {
Wray, L., JR. { Taipeng, Perak.
Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any
change of address or decease of members, in order that the list
may be as complete as possible.
All communications concerning the publications of the
Society should be addressed to the Secretary: all subscriptions
to the Treasurer.
Members may have, on application, forms authorising their
Bankers or Agents to pay their subscriptions to the Society
regularly each year.
PROCEEDINGS
of the
Annual General [leeting
The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society met at the
Raffles Museum, Singapore, on L8th January, 1901.
Present :—Right Reverend BISHOP HOSE, Messrs. R. W.
HULLETT, W.G.St. CLAIR, E. ROSTADOS, Hon’ble W. R. Comm-=
YER, W. NANSON, Hon’ble W. J. NAPIER, A. KNIGHT, Hon'ble
W. EGERTON, Rev. W..G. SHELLABEAR, Dr. HANITSCH, H. N.
IUD IGII NG.
The Minutes of the last Annnal General Meeting were read
and confirmed.
The Members elected by the Council during the year were
confirmed in their election.
The Council’s report was read and adopted on the motion aE
Hon’ble W. J.. Napier, seconded by W. G. St. Clair.
The accounts presented by the Treasurer were adopted -
subject to audit proposed by Mr. Egerton seconded by Mr. Napier,
Mr. A. Knight was asked to audit the accounts.
The Council and Officers were then elected, viz.:
President: Right Reverend BISHOP HOSE; proposed by
Hon. W. R. Collyer, seconded by Hon. W. Egerton.
Vice President for Singapore: Mr. A. KNIGHT; proposed
by Mr. Collyer, seconded by Mr. Napier.
PROCEEDINGS. Xl
Vice President for Penang: Hon. C. W. KYNNERSLEY ;
proposed by Mr. Egerton, seconded by Mr. Knight.
Hon. Secretary: Mr. P. J. BURGESS; proposed by Mr. Ridley;
seconded by Mr. Napier.
fon. Treasurer: Dr. HANITSCH; proposed by Mr. Nanson,
seconded by Mr. Collyer.
Councillors elected by ballot were:—Reyv. W. G. Shellabear,
Pec ee Clair A. W. S- O'Sullivan, W. Nanson, and KE.
Rostados.
A vote of thanks to the Chairman was proposed by Honor-
able W. R. Collyer and carried by acclamation.
———
Annual Report of the Council for 1900.
The Council are pleased to be able to state that the Finances
of the Society are in a very satisfactory condition and that there
has been a larger number of members added to the society than
on the previous year. The members added were :—
Mr. C. BODEN KLOSS. Mr. J. CAMPBELL-KER.
Mr. B. H. F. BARNARD. | Mr. H. F. RANKIN.
Mr. H. NORMAN. Mr. P. J. BURGESS.
Mr. G. B.. CERRUTI. Mr. W. G. C. WALTER.
Dr. B. F. WEST. Hon. DATOH BINTARA LUAR.
Mr. R. VON PUSTAU Mr. J. EK. BISHOP.
The Council regret to have to record the death of a Mem-
ber, Mr. H. 8. Haynes, and feel that they could not pass over
in silence the death of Dr. N. B. Dennys, who was one of the
original members of the Society when it was founded in 1878.
He was a councillor of the Society for many years, and also
secretary, contributing many articles to its journal. He resign-
ed his membership on going to Borneo.
Two Journals No. 383 and 384 were published during the
year, and another is now being printed off and would have been
in the hands of the members, but for the difficulty of procuring
sufficient material, the number of contributors to the Journal
being very small in proportion to the size of the Society.
The sale of the Map of the Peninsula was very satisfactory.
On the suggestion of a member, corresponding members
for the various Native States were instituted to collect notes and
correspondence for the Journal and to obtain new members. It
was found difficult however to get corresponding members for
all the Native States, but Dr. Luering kindly consented to act
for Perak and Mr. A. L. Butler for Selang OL:
A large number of books, pamphlets and periodicals were
received from kindred societies in exchange for copies of our
own Journal, and were added to the Library.
“LHDINY “V
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"OOBI ‘49eqwUis0eq ISIS Sulpus 1esK uj} AOJ ‘JUNODOY YSeD S,Aainseeiy A1e1OUOH
The Flora of Mount Ophir.
BY. N. RIDLEY.
The isolated group of hills commonly known as Mount
Ophir has been visited and explored by a number of naturalists
and others, and general accounts of its position, itinerary, etc.
have been published from time to time, but no account of its bot-
any has yet been given and it may therefore be of interest espe-
cially to those who may be intending to make the ascent to give
an account of the more interesting plants to be found there, and
in particular those from the uppermost peaks of the mountain.
The Mount Ophir early attracted the notice of the first
naturalist in this country, on account of its isolated position and
of its being the only high mountain accessible with safety in the
early days. Griffith was the first botanist to make a really ex-
tensive collection of the plants there. He visited the mountain
in 1845, ascending not only to the top of the main peak, but also
to a certain height at least on the lower, seldom visited peak,
Gunong Mering. A rough-field list of the plants he noticed is
published in the Notule. He only lived a year in Malacca
dying there the same year he visited Mt. Ophir.
Cuminz, the orchid-collector, who also made extensive col-
lections in the Philippines, and Lobb piant-collector for Veitch
also visited Mt. Ophir, but devoted themselves more .to cultural
plants such as orchids than to less showy plants, and though they
both brought down a number of dried specimens as well, no
account of their collections nor indeed of their expeditions was,
it: appears, ever published.
Wallace (1854) marched across to Mt. Ophir from Malacca
via Ayer Panas and remained a week there, collecting birds and
insects. His letters, notes, and a pajer written for the Royal
Geographical Society were unfortunately all lost; (the Malay
Archipelago Chap. III). Maingay made a very extensive collec-
tion of plants in Malacca and did not neglect Ophir. He added
2 THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR.
a considerable number of species to its flora as then knowng but
left no account of them, though they were described in the Flora
of British India by Hooker and others. Mr. Hullett later made
a small collection here which contained a number of important
additions and novelties. His collection is preserved in the Her-
barium of the Botanic gardens, Singapore where are also plants
collected by R. Derry, and the Pos obtained by myself in two
expeditions to this locality.
With all these collections made in so limited a district we
may be certain that we have secured at least the greater part of
the flora of the uppermost part of the range. The lower woods
will still repay the researches of the botanist, but as the flora
for the lower thousand or two thousand feet differs but little
from that of similar altitudes in other parts of the peninsula,
I intend to devote this paper to the characteristic upper flora of
from 3,000 to 4,000 feet altitude, only referrins to a few of the
rarer plants met with at lower levels.
In the flora of British India where plants are referred to as
having been collected on Mt. Ophir by Griffith, Maingay and
others it frequently happens that the specimens were really ob-
tained quite low down at the foot of the hills, or even some
cases, in the plains and not really probably on Ophir at all, I
have excluded these plants, they being evidently lowland kinds.
~The usual way to arrive at the camping ground at Padang
Batu is to start from Chabau and march across the lowland
country to the foot of Bukit Besar, where the ascent commences.
This district is now for the most part under cultivation or has
formerly been so and what remains of the indigenous flora re-
resembles that of other parts of Malacca. But. "I may note that_
at Rellau formerly grew two interesting plants in some pasture-
land which I fear is now under tapioca- -cultivation, namely the
pretty ground orchid Geodoruni pur. pureum R.Br. with its nodding .
head of pink flowers, and Knoxia Corymbosaa, Rubiaceous
herb with heads of pale ‘pink flowers which though of wide dis-
tribution is not by any means common in the peninsula. Arrived.
at the foot of Bukit Besar the path ascends. somewhat steeply at
first, to about 2,000 feet altitude, then after a short steep des-
cent rises steeply to the Padang Batu, The whole of Bukit Be-
sar is densely wooded, and contains many interesting plants. On.
—
THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR, 3
a recent visit I rediscovered here the rare and curious saprophy-
tic orchid Leucolena ornata Ridl, previously only known from
Bukit Sadanen, and also the scarce fern Pteris Dalhousie. The
flora here is that of the higher Malacca hills. Dipterocarpew
and oaks (Quercus Rassa) occur quite to the highest point of the
ridge, but with these appear some of the typical plants of the
range, such as Gastrochilus scaphochlamys, Geostachys elegans,
Gahnia Javanica, Didymocarpus longipes; and the elegant little
palm Pinanga puradoxa, x8 well as Licuala glabra. One of the
commonest trees here is the Pulawan, 7ristania Merguensis. with
its grey foliaze and strange red stem off which the bark peels
in long flakes which remain in piles at the foot of the tree. Here
also grows the largest of all the Kopsias Kopsia pauciflora
Hook, a big tree with white flowers with a pink eye. After pas-
sing the depression between Bukit Besar aud Padang Batu, the
trees as one ascends become smaller and more slender and more
of the typical hill plants appear. Padang Batu is a large sloping
rock-face covered in part with thick grass, [schuemum Feildingi-
anum, and with Matonia pectinata, among which grow gnarled
trees of Buaeckia, Leptospermum, Podocarpus, Rhodoleia and
other mountain forms, while in damp spots, especially near
and in the stream are the peculiar Ophir sedges, the white
flowered Hedyotis Maingayi, dwarf pink Utricularias, Didymo-
carpus semitortus,and the orchids Arundina speciosa, Spathoglottis
aurea, and Cypripedium barbatum. The stream which runs down
over the rocks to the west is well worth exploring as the flora
is rich and interesting, for besides the hill forms which follow
the sides of the stream far down, there are many peculiar plants to
be found, among them the large yellow flowered shrub Brachy-
lophon Hullett?. While in the damp wood by the side of the
stream was found the curious Thismia Chrysops. Above the
Padanz Batu the rocks rise covered with a forest of close but
small trees, the largest being Podocarpus, Tristania and Dacry-
dium and from this point to the top one gets the most character-
istic part of the Ophir flora. A steady rise brings the explorer
to the top of Gunong Tunduk. where there is a large bare
rock from which a good view is obtainable. A short descent
into a damp valley is made and then Gunong Ledang is ascended,
a stiff steep climb through thickly wooded slopes. Just below
4. THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR
the top is a very large rock with one side quite precipitous. At
the base of it is a small spring. This is the old camping ground
of the earlier explorers, Wallace and Griffith but it is seldom
used now as the water supply is very limited. The extreme top
is of no great size, in fact a very small space surrounded by
stunted shrubs, Rhododendrons crimson and white, Annesloea,
the biggest tree up here, Rhodamnia, etc. with pitcher plants
scrambling over the bushes and in the damper more sheltered.
spots, below the top on the north side grow Huabenaria, Burmannia,
Sonerila and other herbs in dense deep wet moss. I was unable
to collect the mosses satisfactorily on either of my visits as most
were not then fruiting, and those that were collected have not
yet been identified. Two mosses here however are very attrac-
tive and merit special mention. One is the very pretty Hypned-
endron arborescens, with a slender stem from which spread out
two or three whorls of golden green branches some distance
apart, the whole looking like a toy tree. It occurs in many
parts of the range and is indeed to be met with all over the hill
ranges of the peninsula. The other is Pogonatum macrophyllum
a tall stemmed moss 6 inches high covered with close narrow
_blackish green leaves.
Animal-life is by no means common above Padang Batu.
I saw tracks and dung of a tiger at the flat rock on the top of
Gunong Tunduk, and I ‘have also seen the footprints of a good
sized deer on the highest point of Gunong Ledang, but no signs
of other Mammals. Elephants were formerly common in the
lower woods (Braddell in Logan’s Journal vii. 1853 p. 85) and it is
said that the wild doz was abundant here but it is probable that
this animal has disappeared of late years as the elephants certain-
ly have. Birds are scarce also, swallows, a small tailor bird
(Orthotomus) and a few others are all I have seen. I captured
a small brown frog in the stream and caught a glimpse of a
lizard’s tail disappearinz in the long grass. Butterflies are few
and chiefly belong to common lowland species. Beetles are not
very abundant. “The big stag beetle Odontolabris Gazella may
be met with, and I have also obtained a single example’ of a
small but very beautiful blue Buprestis, and a number. of very
small brown chafers.
i
THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR. 11
d attached to the petals free portion of filament short,
anther-cells separated oblong obtuse. Style thick, stigma
broad curved. Fruit 3/4 inch long elliptic narrowed at
the base with a curved acute beak. Gunong Mering and
Gunong Ledang. Allied to A/. elliptica King, a Penang
hill plant, but with much more coriaceous leaves with
inconspicuous nerves. The leaves vary, however, one
form from the lower part of the range has much larzer
leaves elliptic or ovate acuminate 4 inches long by 14
wide, while those from the top of the mountain are much
smaller and narrower.
Euonymus Javanicus Bl. Close to Padang Batu; a widely distrib-
uted shrub occurring on most of our higher hills as well
as in the low country.
Pygeum brevifolium Hook. fil. (Rosacew). A bush or small tree
with small white flowers and globular one or two seeded
green fruits. Common all about the top of the hills, only
known from this locality.
P. Griffithii Hook. fil. A slender little tree or bush with larger
red tomentose branches, flowers small white. Peculiar
to Mt. Ophir.
Weinmannia Blumet Planch. (Saxifragacee). A tree with pinnate
leaves and racemes of pinkish white flowers occurs on the
Perak hills also.
Drosera Burmanni Vahl. (Droseracew). Mossy spots on Gunong
Mering. ‘The plants here all had green not red leaves, as
_ they have in the lowland district. This our commonest
sun dew, occurs usually in sandy spots near the sea and
rivers. It is very widely spread from West Africa all
through the East Indies to China, Japan and Australia.
Rhodoleia Teysmannia Mig. (Iamamelidee), A tree with small
pink flowers occurs also on Kedah Peak in Perak and
Sumatra. The only other species known ¢ rows in Hong-
kong.
12 THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR.
Boeckia frutescens lL. (Myrtacew). “Daun Chuchor atap.” A tree
or shrub with rough flaky bark, and narrow setaceous
leaves strongly aromatic, and small white flowers. The
wood is exceedingly hard and compact, dark brown. The
leaves used as tea give a refreshing aromatic drink and
are much used as medicine by Malays. It is common all
over the lower and theupper part of the range and occurs
in most of the hill ranges of the peninsula.
Leptospermum amboinense Bl. A shrub with stiff lanceolate leaves
and fairly large white flowers. Like the last is very
aromatic and the leaves are used in the seme way.
Tristania Merguensis Griffith. Pulawan. .
Atella alcippe (Cram),
Terinos clarissa (Boisd). Occurred round our hut (3,500 ft.)
Cynthia deione (Erich). A very common species of the low
country.
Cirrochroa orissa (Feld).
Limenitis procris (Cram). A common low-country species.
Athyma abiasa (Moore).
Symphedra dirtea (Fab).
Euthalia ambalika (Moore).
Euthalia Whiteheadi (Grose Smithj. Also abundant on
Matang.
Symbrenthia hypatia, var. hippocrene (Staud).
Cyrestis nivea (Zinken-Sommer).
Cyrestis? semi-nigra (Grose Smith).
The description of this species previously recorded only fron
Kina Balu is somewhat sparse, but I am nearly sure that_
my identification is correct, at any rate it would be
unwise to describe the Penrissen specimens as a new
species without a comparison with Mr. Grose Smith’s
types. The nearest ally of the species is C. irme Forbes.
BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN, 33
(27) Chersonesia rahria (Horsf and Moore).
Fam, Lemoniide.
Sub fam. Nemeobiine.
(28) Zemeros albipunctata (Butl.)
Fam. Lycenide.
(29) Neopithecops zalmora (Butl.)
One example with a white discal patch on the upperside of
the forewing. Specimens, corresponding to the wet and
dry season forms of this species in India, occur in Bor-
neo, but occur quite independently of the season. A so-
called wet season form may be captured in the 8. W.
monsoon and vice versa; the same is also true of the
Satyrid Melanitis ismene (Cram.); of this species the
Sarawak Museum possess a long series of the typical
form and another of the form /eda (L.) captured in nearly
every month of the year, and all within a radius of two
miles of Kuching. ‘The difference between the wet and
dry seasons is not nearly so well-marked in Borneo as in
India, and I imagine that the colouring of butterflies exhi-
biting seasonal changes is determined by the state of the
weather during the early stages of the life history, so
that a wet August (for example) would produce the
wet-season form, a dry August the dry-season form; in
Borneo, at least, these forms should rather be called
weather-varieties, occuring as they do, independently of
the seasons.
(30) Cyaniris placidula (Druce). Previously recorded from
Kina Balu.
(31) Cyantris selma (Druce).
Upperside-forewing, pale blue with a white discal patch and
with broad black costal and outer margins. The cell is
closed with a small black stigma. Hindwing, greyish blue,
the cell is closed with a stigma. A marginal series of
fuscous spots. Underside, exactly as in male.
oO
34 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN.
(82) Cyaniris strophis (Druce).
(33) Cyaniris planta (Druce).
This species leads up to C. haraldus (Fab.) placed by some
authors in a separate genus—Lycenopsis.
(34) Nacaduba sp?
A couple of females only were taken, and though I am
strongly of opinion that they will constitute a new species.
I defer adescription until I can procure a male. The
colouration and markings are much the sameas in JN. aluta
(Druce.) but there is no basalband on the underside of
the forewing as in that species.
(35) Arhopala similis (Druce).
This is the variety a of A. agesiase (Hew.)
(36) Tajuria isaeus (Hew.)
(37) Biduanda sp? (Nov.)
I am pretty confident that this species of which one female
example was taken, will prove to be new, but I must
defer a description of it until I can obtain access to larger
collections and more recent literature. The species ap-
pears to be related on the one hand to Biduanda thesmia
(Hew.), on the other to Biduanda lavitsoni (Druce.), judg-
ing at least by the pattern of the wings on the under-
side. If ever the phylogeny of the Lycanidw comes to
be traced, the wing patterns on the underside must care-
fully be taken into consideration; from a study of these,
extending over three years, I have come to the conclusion
that the more highly organised the butterfly, the more
the underside wing-pattern tends to disappear from the
discs of the wings and concentrate at the margins and at
- the anal angle of the hind-wing, in some cases disappear-
ing even from these areas, as for example in Bornean ex-
amples of Loxura atymmus. A reason for this concentra-
tion of wing-pattern may perhaps be sought in the follow-
ing considerations :—the typical Lycenid wing-pattern on —
(A? c=
BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN, 35
the underside is that presented _ by such genera as Naca-
duba, Lampides, Cyaniris, Catachr ysops, consisting of
catenulated bands or bands and spots crossing the ‘discs
of the wings in a more or less definite manner, at the
anal angle ‘of the hindwing is almost invariably present a
conspicuous eye-spot: this eye-spot is supposed (and
there is evidence to justify the supposition) to direct the
attacks of enemies such as birds or lizards to a non-vital
part of the body, the eye-spot being highly conspicuous
when the butterfly is at rest (the brizht patches of colour
at the tips of the forewings of soberly coloured butterflies
of otherfamilies is supposed to serve the same purpose ; cf.
also the Orange Tip of Europe). Now if the pattern dis-
~ appears from the discs of the wings, this eye-spot, which
by the way may degenerate into a mere patch or streak
of bright colour, becomes still more conspicuous and con-
sequently of greater value to the butterfly, whilst the
risk of the main body of the wings proving a source of
attraction to enemies is now much lessened, seeing that
- they are unornamented: in Lowura utymmus the absence
of eye-spot is compensated for by the long tails into
which the hind wings are drawn out. The axiom then
with which this short dessertation commenced that the
more highly organised the Lycwnid the more the under-
side wing-pattern concentrates outwardly, seems to follow
naturally on the more general axiom, that the more highly
organised the animal, the more diverse and complete are
its methods of defence. The species under notice is of in-
terest as affording a glimpse of the manner in which the
diffuse wing o--pattern of Biduanda thesmia (Hew.) may be-
come ‘outwardly concentrated as in B, hewitson’ (Druce).
Fam. Pieridae. Sub. fam. Pierine.
(38) Delias eumolpe (Grose Smith).
Q upperside Black. Forewing with a large white oblique spot
closing the cell and extending somewhat above and below
it ; Hindwing g with a large discal area whitish dusted with
ochreous and black scales. Underside, Forewing, black,
l\ |
36 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN.
cell-spot as above. A marginal row of spots, the upper
yellow and the larger, the lower white, the last being
bifid. Hindwing as in male but the discal yellow area
much reduced. Expanse 88mm.
This sex is described here for the first time. The species
which was originally described from Kina Balu is not
mentioned by Dr. Butier in his recent revision of the
genus Delias (Ann. Mag. N. H 16. vol. 20., Aug. 1897).
(39) Delias Singhapura (Wall).
(40) Delias cathara (Grose Smith) Exactly mimicked by a
Chalcostid moth. Mimeuplwa pieroides Wik, ;
(41) Deltas parthenia Staud. Previously recorded from Kina
Balu.
(42) Verias hecabe (.) Common everywhere.
(43) Catophaga (Hyposcritia) plana (Butl).
(44) Catophaya (Tachyris) cardena (Hew).
(45) Huphina hespera (Butl.) ‘This form has recently been sepa-
rated from H. lea (Doubl.)
Sub. fam. Papilionine.
(46) Troides brookianus (Wall.)
(47) Troides helena cerberus (Held.)
(48) Papilio demolion (Cr.)
(49) Papilio nephelus saturnus (Gir.)
(00) Papilio paradoxus telesides (Feld.)
(51) Papilio arpina carnatus (Rothschild and Ford).
Fam. Hesperidae..
(52) Tagiades waterstradti (Elwes).
(93) Telicota bumbusae (Moore).
(54) Notocrypta feisthamelit (Boisd. )
(99) Parnara moolata (Moore).
(96) LHasora chabrona (Plétz).
—
BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. 37
Table of Species of Butterflies Occurring on Mounts
Matang, Santubong and Penrissen.
| |
|Matang. Santubong Penrissen
Vymphalide- Danan. |
Hestia lynceus, Drury ae Seton ee NE a
Tirumala septentrionis, Butl. ... —
Parantica crowleyi, Jenner-Weir | etre
Caduga larissa, Feld. 5550 | | —
Adigama scudderi, Butl. shot — |
Penoa menetriesii, Feld. see et —
Trepsichrois mulciber, Cr, 85 MIS ie RO gua ed
Danisepa lowi, Butl. seh | hater i ee
Salpinx leucostictos, Gun. a |
Isamia egyptus, Butl. seek | ached |
Satyrine. | |
Satoa maianeas, Hew. yan | | =
Neorina low, D. & H. eee eee 5
Ypthima pandocus, Moore td — meen Mt ere
Amnosia baluana, Fruhst. —
Elymniine. |
Elymnias aroa sp. n. vs —
35 lais, Cr. 2oe | —— F cS ead
Amathustine.
Thaumantis odana, Godt. sectes'| —
¥ aliris, Westw. one |
Clerome stomphax, Westw. ...
Xanthotenia busiris, Westw. ...
Ltt
{ |
Nymphatline.
Euripus halitherses, D. & H. ...)5 —
Cupha erymanthis, Drury ee —_
38 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN.
Atella alcippe, Cr.
,, Sinha, Kollar.
Terinos clarissa, Boisd.
Cynthia deione, Erichs
Neptis dindinga, Butl.
,, miah, Moore
5, . anjana, Moore
Cirrochroa malaya, Feld.
“3 orissa, Fab.
Stibochiona persephone, Staud.... |
Pandita sinope, Moore
Limenitis daraxa, D. & H.
SP PEOCHIS. Ole
Euthaha vacillaria, Butl.
55 ambalika, Moore
» ?¢ magnolia, Staud.
i lavernalis, de N.
an merta, Moore
bi garuda, Moore
as adonia, Cr.
whiteheadi, G. Smith ...
Tanecia ellida, Staud.
,, valmikis, Feld.
,, lutala, Moore
Athyma abiasa, Moore
»,. euloca, sp. n.
» nefte, Cr.
ienaimbkara.sOEuce
Sympheedra dirtea, Fab.
Symbrenthia hypatia
var. hippocrene, Staud
Cyrestis seminigra, G. Smith
,, rahria, Moora
Eulepis jalysus, Feld.
Charaxes distanti, Hour.
_Matang
{
{
:
Santubong Penrissen
BUTTERFLIES OF
Lemoniide.
Zemeros albipunctata, Butl.
“3 emesioides, Feld.
Dodona elvira, Staud.
» deodata, Hew.
Abisara kausambi, Feld.
~~ Savitri, Feld.
Lycenide.
Paragerydus pyxus de, N.
a contestus sp. n.
Allotinus subviolaceus, Feld.
Logania staudingeri, Druce
Cyaniriodes libna, Hew.
Simiskina pharyge, Hew.
Neopithecops zalmora, Butl.
Cyaniris puspa, Horsf.
,, placida, Moore
. placidula, Druce
r ? transpectus, Moore ...
‘. lugra, Druce
3 selma, Druce
, Strophis, Druce
= plauta, Druce
haraldus, Feld.
Lyceneesthes lyceenina, Feld.
os emolus, Godt.
Luthrodes mindora, Feld.
Nacaduba pavana, Horsf.
sp. wa
3 hermus, Feld.
“ ardates, Moore
ss atratus, Horsf.
* berce, Feld.
? ancyra, Feld.
Lampides coruscans, Moore
Matane
MOUNT PENRISSEN.
Santubong
39
Penrissen
40 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN,
Castalius ethion, D. & H.
Traota rochana, Horsf.
, nila, Dist. a8
Arhopala centaurus, Fab,
. borneensis. Druce
- fulgida, Hew.
a similis, Druce
" capeta, Hew.
Curetis malayica, Feld.
Dacalana vidura, Horsf.
Pratapa lucidus, Druce
ie devana, Druce
= calculis, Druce
Aphneeus lohita, Horsf.
Tajuria mantra, Feld.
i isaeus, Hew.
“ donatana de, N.
a5 travana, Hew.
Britomartis sp.
Purlisa giganteus, Dist.
Chliaria skapane, Druce
= minima, Druce
Mantoides licinius, Druce
Neocheritra amrita
var. theodora, Druce
Horaga corniculum, Druce
Semanga superba, Druce
Biduanda sp.
Drina maneia, Hew.
Lehera anna, Druce
Araotes lapithis, Moore
Deudorix epijarbas, Moore
Ss staudingeri, Druce
as strephanus, Druce
= diara, Swinh.
Rapala abnormis, Elwes
Matang |Santubon
a
a
|
Penrissen
BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. 41
= = a ear i an ne el
Matang : Santubong Penrssen
Bindahara phocides, Fab. ace eee
Virachola smilis Hew. = —
5 aul
Liphyra crassolis Westw. a3 | ==
Fam. Papilionide
Sub. fam. Pierine | |
Delias metarete, But. cS een 7
;
P.
» amphrysus flavicollis
Druce ab. ruficollis ...
Papilio demolion, Cr. ; |
bs helenuspalawanicus, Stand, oe ope
5 iswara, White ee A ==
;; fuscus prexaspes, Feld. . Wee |
., Slateri hewitsoni, W Sie | ae |
,, paradoxus telesicles, Feld.) — | eases
», singhapura, Wall. Bah cape Sah = 1b. Tae
» cathara, G. Smith sa. | | ie Mares
,, parthenope, Wall. Ba | ==
.. parthenia, Staud. aI | eae eae
5 hermione sp. nu. a
eumolpe, G. Smith ee ona
Prioneris vollenhovii, Wall. ... _ |
55 cornelia, Vollenh. A ules = |
Terias nicobariensis, Feld. Rete eee | = =a
5 sari, Horsf. Gg Se ce
Dercas gobrias, Hew. eg a i
Catophaga plana, Butl. Pee ae Se a oe a
am distanti, But. eee) er — ai |
= cardena, Hew. tae — = |
Huphina hespera, Butl. SE ies at ert ea
Sub. fam. Papilionine dsl |
Troides brookianus, Wall. “est are
Troides helena cerberus, Feld. ... _ [he See
|
{
|
|
,, caunus mendax, Rothsch.
», arjuna carnatus, Rothsch.
©
42 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN.
Papilio nephelus saturnus, Guer.
55 payeni brunei, Fruhst. ...
5, bathycles bathycloides,
Honr.
5» macareus macaristeus,
~ G. Smith.
5, sarpedon-L. Be
5 agamemnon L, 305
Fam. Hesperidae.
Charmion ficulnea, Hew.
Odina hieroglyphica, Butl.
Tagiades waterstradti, Elwes. ...
Koruthaialos hector, Wats:
Gangara thyrsis, Fab.
Plastingia fruhstorferi, Mab. ...
Notocrypta feisthamelii, Boisd ..
Telicota augias L. Be
» bambuse, Moore
ie palmarum, Moore
ee dara, Kollar
Halpe zema, Hew. és
Parnara moolata, Moore secu
5» guttatus, Brem. & Grey
5 contigua, Mab.
Hasora chabrona, Plotz. ~ -
Hasora borneensis, Elwes
5. CHUZa. SLEW one.
Badamia exclamationis, Fab. .
Rhopalocampta crawfurdi, Dist.. st
a
|
Matang
Santubong’ Penrissen
oe
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, - 43
A List of the Reptiles of Borneo.
By R. SHELFORD, B.A, (Cantab.)
Curator, Sarawak Museum.
The following purports to be nothing more than a mere
list of the reptiles recorded as occurring in Borneo to date De-
cember, 1900. Doubtless a few species still await discovery,
seeing that so recently as March 1899, Dr. R. Hanitsch found
on that well-explored mountain, Kina Balu, a- new gecko and
two new snakes, and that the collections made by Mr. E. A. W.
Cox and myself on Mount Penrissen in the same month contained
also a new lizard* (Lygosoma Shelfordi Blgr.); nevertheless the
herpetological fauna of the island may fairly be described as
being well-known, thanks largely to the admirable collections
formed in past years by the late Mr. A. H. Everett, the late Mr.
John Whitehead and by Dr. C. Hose, and the time appears ripe,
even if the need is not very pressing (though I have seen no list
pretending to such completeness as this since the publication of
Mocquard’s Recherches sur lu fauune herpetologique des isles de
Borneo et de Palawan in the Nouvelles Archives du Muséum
1890) for the production of such a list as this.
I have not included the reptiles occurring in those zoogeo-
erapical dependencies of Borneo, the islands of the Natuna and
Palawan groups, as lists of these may be found in the Novitutes
Zoologice and Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
References to the literature treating of the various species
have been reduced as far as possible. I have given asa rule
merely a reference to the British Museum Catalogues or to the
earliest published description of the species.
In those cases where I have found that the colours of
living or newly dead specimens differ markedly from the pub-
lished descriptions, compiled apparently from faded spirit speci-
* The new snakes described by Mr. Boulenger in the same paper together
with this lizard had been stored in the Sarawak Museum for several years,
unidentified. Qne,—Amblycephalus nuchalis—was rediscovered a few
weeks ago,
a4 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO
mens, I have written short notes correcting the errors. No
attempt at field notes has been made. ;
In a list.of such local interest.as this, it is necessary that
more detailed localities be quoted than merely Borneo or
Sarawak—though these are quoted when no other can be given
—and some attention has been paid to this point; on the other
hand I have not considered it worth while to give a long list of
the localities in which such common species as Geomyda spinosa,
Gecko monarchus, Coluber melanurus, etc., etc., may be obtained,
but have contented myself with remarking that the species is
widely distributed throughout the island. For the benefit of those
unfamiliar with the geography of Borneo, the following details of
the position of the localities quoted below may be useful :—
Sarawak River, Samarahan R., Sadong R., Batang Lupar R.,
Saribas R., Baram R., Limbang R., Trusan R., are main rivers of
Sarawak taken in orderasone proceeds N.E. Kuching (the capital
of Sarawak), Paku, Bau, Busau, Braang, Pankalan Ampat are on
the Sarawak river or its tributaries, the two latter are near the
foot of Mt. Penrissen. Matang isa mountain 7 miles distant from
Kuching ; Santubong is a mountain at the mouth of the Sarawak
river, a village of the same name lying at its foot. Buntal is
near the mouth of the same river. Simanggang is on the Batang
Lupar R. Sibu, Kapit and Belaga are government stations on the
Rejang River. Oya is on the sea-coast between the Rejang and
Baram. Niah is at the mouth of the Baram; Dulit, Batu Song and
the Pamabo range, mountains in its head-waters. The Padas river
is in the territory of British N. Borneo, it debouches on the N.
coast. Mt. Kina Balu, Bandjermassin, Koti, Labuan and Sandakan
mmay be found on any map of Borneo. Telang, Sinkawang, Barabei
and Tanjong are in S. W. Borneo (Dutch), Sintang is near Pontia-
nak. Sebroeang is an affluent of the Kapuas, N E. of Sintang.
Of the 87 genera enumerated here, 6 are peculiar to Borneo,
V1Z.—
Chelonians, Brookeia.
Lizards, Lanthanotus.
Snakes, Hydrablabes,
Lepturophis,
se : Oreocalamus,
Idiopholis.
-A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 45
Of the 212 species, the following, 64 in number, are peculiar
to the island.
Chelonians. Belha borneensis. Brookeia baileyi.
Lizards. (eymnodactylus baluensis. Aeluroscalabotes dorsalis.
Snakes.
Gecko rhacophorus. Draco cornutus. D. obscurus. D.
cristatellus. .D. maximus. D. microlepis. Gonyocepha-
lus dorie. G, hogaster. G. miotympanum. Japalura
ngrilabris. Lanthanotus borneensis. Varanus hetero-
pholis. Lygosoma tenuiculum. I. shelfordi. (?) L. vitta-
tum. LL. nitens. L. parietale. L. whiteheadi. L. alfredi.
Tropidophorus becearii. TT. brookii.
Stoliczkaia borneensis. Tropidonotus conspicillatus.
T. petersi. ‘T. sarawacensis. TT. flavifrons. Opistho-
tropis typica. Hydrables periops. H. prefrontalis.
Xylophis albonuchalis. Lepturophis borneensis. Xene-
laphis ellipsifer. Simotes subcarinatus. Simotes annulifer.
Oreocalamus hanitschi. Idiopholis collaris. Calamaria
baluensis. C. grabowskii. C. prakkii. CC. bicolor. C.
lateralis. ©. brookii. C. brachyura. C.hosei. C. bec-
cari. C.rebentischiit. C. schlegelii. (©. borneensis. C.
benjaminsil. C. melanota. C. lov. C. gracillima. C.
picteti.. Hypsirhina alternans. H. dorie. Dipsado-
morphus nigriceps. Hydrophis brooki. Distira sarawa-
censis. Amblycephalus nuchalis. Lachesis borneensis.
The initials S. M. signify that the species is represented in the
Tomistoma schlegelii (S. Miill.): Blgr. Cat. Chel. B. M. p. 276.
Sadong R., Sarawak, Muka, N. Borneo. S. \
Sarawak Museum collection.
Reptilia.
ORDER EMYDOSAUBRIA.
Fam. Crocodilide.
Genus TZomistoma.
i.
Genus Crocodilus.
Crocodilus porosus (Schneid.): Blgr. lc. p. 284,
~ Occurs in every river in Borneo, Eee Os. NE,
46 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO.
ORDER CHELONIA.
Suborder Thecophora, Super. Fam. A. Trionychoideu.
Fam. Trionychide.
Genus Tyiony.x.
Lrionyx subplanus (Geoffr.): Blgr. Cat. Chel. B. M. p. 246.
Kuching. S. M.
Trionyx hurum (Gray): Blgr, le. p. 249.
Santubong. 5. M.
Trionyx cartilagineus (Bodd.): Blgr. l.c. p. 253.
Kuching, Bau, Limbang, Baram (Hose), Sebroeang (Chaper).
Genus Pelochelys.
Pelochelys cantoris (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 263.
Koti (Carl Bock).
Super. Fam, B. Cryptodira, Fam. Testudinidae.
Genus TVestudo.
estudo emys (Schleg. & Miill.): Blgr. le. p. 158.
Simanggang (H.H. the Rajah). Batang Lupar. Ss. M.
Genus Geomyda,
Geomyda spinosa (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 187.
An extremely common and widespread species. S. M.
Genus Nicoria,
Nicoria spengleri (Gmel,): Blgr. lc. p. 120.
Borneo.
Genus Cyclemys.
Cyclemys platynota (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 130. |
Kuching. Limbang (Bartlett). 5. M,
Cyclemys dhor (Gray): Blgr, l.c. p. 1381.
Widely distributed and very common. S. M.
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 47
Cyclemys amboinensis (Daud): Blgr. l.c. p. 183.
Kuching. S. M.
Genus Bellia.
Bellia crassicollis (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 98.
Borneo (Dillwyn).
Bellia borneensis (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 100.
Sintang (Bleeker).
Genus Callagur.
Callagur picta (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 60.
- Kuching. Buntal. Oya. Baram (Hose). S. M.
Genus Kachuga.
Kachuga trivittata ae Ga») bier. ie. p. 5a:
Kuching.
Genus Brookeia.
Brookeia baileyi (Bartlett). S. M.
The literature relating to this species is as follows :—
Hardella baileyi, Bartlett. Sarawak Gaz. vol. XXV, p. 83,
(1895).
Hardella baileyi, Bartlett. Zoolog. Note Book of Sarawak
No. 1, p. 60. 1893.)
Brookeia baileyi, Bartlett. Sarawak Gaz. vol. XXVIT, p. 113,
(1899).
ee baileyi, Bartlett. Zoolog. Note Book of Sarawak
No. 2, p. 81. (1896).
Liemys inornata, Blgr. Ann. Mag. N.H.(6) vol. 19, p. 468-469.
Lobok Antu district, Batang Lupar river (D. J. 8. Bailey,
Esq.) Type in Sarawak Museum.
Family Chelonide.
Genus Chelone.
Chelone mydas (L): Blgr. Cat. Chel. B.M. l.c. p. 180.
Bornean seas. toi gel au
48 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO,
Chelone imbricata (L)!: Blgr. l.c. p. 183. | :
Bornean seas. Ss. M.
Genus Thalassochelys.
Thalassochelys caretta (Linn.): Blgr.1.c. p. 184. Borneo (Bleeker);
Suborder Athecae. Fam. Sphargidae.
Genus Dermochelys.
Dermochelys coriacea (Linn.): Blgr. lc. p. 10.
This species probably occurs in these waters though I have
seen no record of its capture.
ORDER SQUAMATA.
Suborder LACERTILIA.
Family Geckonide.
Genus Gymnodactylus.
Gymnodactylus marmoratus (Kuhl.): Blgr. Cat. Lizards B. M.
I, p. 44.
Mt. Kina Balu (Hanitsch). Mt. Dulit (Hose). Mt. Penrissen
(Shelford). Kuching (Shelford). Mt. Matang. Sebroeang
valley (Chaper). :
Gymnodactylus consobrinus (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 47.
Matang. Mt. Santubong. Kuching (Shelford). Belaga
(Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). S. M.
Gymnodactylus baluensis (Mocq.): Mocquard. Nouvelles Ar-
~ chives du Muséum. (8). II, p. 125. PI. vii, fig. 1, a.b.e.
Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Genus Gonatodes.
Gonatodes kendalli (Gray): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 63, Pi,
v, f. 4.
Matang. Santubong. Kuching. Simatan (Shelford, Bart-
lett). ey
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 49
Gonatodes affinis (Stol.}: Stol. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix.
rSe0, 0: 167, Pl. x, f. 1.
Gonatodes penangensis. §. Flower. P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 863,
plexity. t. 1.
Mt. Penrissen 3000’ (Shelford and Cox). The species is
now recorded for the first time from Borneo. S. M.
Colours of Bornean examples. Coal black with minute yellow
spots on the back, tip of tail yellow. This is very dif-
ferent from the colouration of Malay Peninsula specimens.
xenus Aeluroscalabotes.
Aeluroscalabotes felinus (Giinth.): Blgr. Cat. Liz., B. M. I. p. 73.
Byin, 4.8.
Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Penrissen (Shelford).
Kuching, Saribas. S. M.
Aeluroscalabotes dorsalis (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 74.
Sarawak. (Doria and Beccari).
Genus Hemidactylus.
Hemidactylus frenatus (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 120.
Widely distributed throughout the island. S: M.
Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneid.): Blgr. l.c. p. 143.
N. Borneo (Whitehead, Hanitsch). Kuching (Bartlett).
8. M.
Hemidactylus brookii (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 128.
Very doubtfully included in the Bornean fauna.
Genus Mimetozoon.
Mimetozoon craspedotus (Mocq.): Mocquard Le Natur 1890,
p. 144.
Mimetozoon floweri Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1896, p. 767, Pl. xxxvi.
N Borneo (Whitehead). Kuching (Shelford). S. M.
Genus Gehyra.
Gehyra mutilata (Wiegm.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I, p. 148.
Widely distributed, .
~~] ee
\2
=
50 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO.
Genus Lepidodactylus.
Lepidodactylus ceylonensis. (Blgr): Blgr. l.c. p. 164, Pl. xi, f. 3.
Lepidodactylus aurantiacus. (Bedd.): Blgr. le. p. 164, Pl. xi,
Ae Sarawak Museum has a young specimen from Santubong
which I rather doubtfully refer to this species.
Lepidodactylus lugubris (D. & B.): Blgr. 1.c. p. 165.
Bintang (Bleeker).
Genus Gecko.
Gecko stentor (Cantor): Blgr. lc. p. 184.
Widely distributed throughout the island. Ss. M.
Gecko monarchus (Schleg.): Blgr. lc. p, 187.
Widely distrbuted. S. M.
Gecko verticillatus (Laur.): Blgr. l.c. p. 183.
Rejang (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). . s. M.
Gecko rhccophorus (Blgr.): Blgr. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) Vol. iv
(1899) p. 451.
Hanitsch: Journ. As. Soc. Straits Br. No. 34.1900, p. 70
Pe ton
Kina Balu ( Hanitsch). Type in Raffles Museum, Singapore.
Genus Ptychozoon.
Ptychozoon homatocephalum (Crey.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I.
p. 190.
Brang (Haviland). Pamabo range (Hose). Pankalan ampat
(Shelford and Cox). Kuching. Ss. M.
Ptychzoon horsfieldii (Gray). Gray. Phil. Mag. (2) iii, p. 54,
F. Miiller (Veth. Nat. Ges. Basel, 1892, p. 210).
Genus Yarentola.
Tarentola delalandii (D. & B.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 199.
Very doubtfully included in the Bornean fauna.
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 51
Fam. Agamide.
Genus Draco.
Draco volans (l.): Blgr. lic. p. 256.
Almost universally distributed throughout Borneo. — 5. M.
Draco cornutus (Giinth.): Blgr. Le. p. 258, Pl. xx, f. 4.
-Kiou, N. Borneo (Hanitsch). Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Pamabo range (Hose). Matang, Santubong Kuching
s. M.
Colours, above dark green, mottled with paler green, outer half
of wing membrane crimson; belly blue; basal two-thirds
of gular appendage of male salmon pink.
Draco rostratus (Giinth.): Blgr. lec. p. 261.
Doubtfully mcluded in the Bornean fauna.
Draco funbiiatus (Kubl.): Blgr. lc. p. 265.
Matang (Bartlett). Pamabo range (Hose). S. M.
Draco obscurus (Blgr.): Blgr. A. M. N. H. (5) 1887, Vol. xx, p. 93.
Draco cristatellus (Gunth.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 266.
Banting. Kuching‘(Bartlett). S. M.
Draco hematopogon (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 267,
N. Borneo (Whitehead). Sarawak. Sees
Draco teniopterus (Gunth.): Blgr. Le. p. 269.
Matang. Ss. M.
Draco quinquefusciatus (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 269, Pl. xx, £. 8.
As widely distributed as D. volans. S. M.
Draco melanopogon (Blgr.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. iii, p. 492.
Another extremely common species. s. M.
Droaowmarmus (bler.): Blor. P. Z. S. 1893, Pl: xxii, f. 1.
Mt. Dulit (Hose). Mts. Matang and Penrissen (Shelford),
5. M.
Draco microlepis (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 3. 18938, Pl. xcii, f. 2,
Merabah, N. Borneo (Everett). :
52 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEU.
Genus A phaniotis.
Aphaniotis fusca (Peters): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 274.
Santubong (Shelford). s. M.
Genus Gonyocephalus.
Gonyocephalus doriw (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 284.
Mt. Buri, Sadong River. S. M.
Gonyocepalus lioguster (Giinth.): Blgr. lc. p. 286.
Kuching, Santubong, Samarahan. S. M.
Gonyocephalus miotympanum (Giinth.): le. p. 287.
N. Borneo (Whitehead). Labuan (Dillwyn).
Gonyoephalus borneensis (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 288.
N. Borneo (Whitehead).
Gonyocephalus grandis (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 298.
Mt. Dulit (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Simang-
gang, Kuching. Ss. M.
Gonyocephalus tuberculatus (Giinth.) : Blgr. le. p. 291.
Santubong. (Shelford). 8. M.
Genus Japalura.
Japalura nigrilaubris (Peters): Blgr. lc. p. 311.
Kina Balu (Whitehead and R. Hanitsch). Penrissen, Matang,
Santubong, Kuching (Shelford). S. M.
Genus Calotes.
Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl.): Blgr. lc. p. 316.
Universally distributed throughout the low-country. §. M.
Fam. Helodermatide.
Genus Lanthanotus.
Lanthanotus borneensis (Steind.): Blgr. Cat. Liz, B. M. II, p. 302.
Blgr, P. Z. 5. 1899, p. 596.
One example is in the Sarawak Museum from the Plagus
Rapids, Rejang River, collected by the Hon’ble C. A.
Bampfylde. The type apd only other known specimen
is in the Vienna Museum. . . ST
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 53
Fam. Varanide.
Genus Varanus.
Varanus heteropholis (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 5.1892, p. 006, PI. XNIX,
Mt. Dulit (Hose). S. M.
Varanus dumerilii (Miiller): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. II, p. 312.
Baram (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Kuching,
Buntal. ©. M.
Varanus rudicollis (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 313.
Baram (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Matang, Ku-
ching. S. M.
Varanus salvator (Laur.): Blzr. l.c. p. 514.
Dulit (Hose). Sebroeang (Chaper). Rejang R.(Hon. C. A.
Bampfylde). Kuching, Santubong (Lewis). S. M.
Fam. Lacertide.
Genus. Tuchydromus.
Tachydromus sexlineatus (Daud.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. IIT, p. 4.
Universally distributed throughout the low-country. 8. M.
Fam. Sezneide.
Grenus Mabuia.
Mabuwia rugifera (Stol.): Blgr. lc. p. 184.
All these three species of Mabuia are abundant in every
part of the island. S.M
wn
Mabwa multifusciata (Kuhl.): Blgr. le. p. 186,
Mabuia rudis (Blgr.): Blgr. le. p. 188.
eg
EB
Genus Lygosoma.
Sub.-Genus Ainulia.
Lygosoima oie (Mocq.) Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3) II, p. 133, Pl.
vii, f. 2, Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Lygosoma variegatum (Peters): Blgr. Cat. Liz. III, p. 246.
Common everywhere. A variable species. --= 5; MM.
54 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO.
Lygosoma shelfordi (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 182, Pl. xiv,
teal ». M.
Mt. Penrissen (Shelford). ‘Type in Sarawak Museum.
Sub.-Genus Aeneuxia.
Lygosoma olivaceum (Gray): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. i, p. 251. 8. M.
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching (Ba1tlett).
Lygosoma vittatum (Edel): Blgr. le. p. 252. Ss. M.
Common in all localities.
Sub.-Genus Liolepisma.
Lygosoma nitens (Peters): Blgr. le. p. 262. S. M.
Kuching.
Sub.-Genus moa.
Lygosoma parietale (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 299. S. M.
~Common in many localities but chiefly near the coast.
Sub.-Genus Riopa.
Lygosoma bowringu (Giinth.): Blgr. Le. p. 308. SiMe
Kuching.
Lygosoma whiteheadi (Mocq.): Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3) ii, ‘p. 184,
Pl wa, t. oa(eoe):
Kina Balu (J. Whitehead).
Lygosoma bampfylde: (Bartlett): Bartlett. Journ. As. Soc. Straits
Br. No. 26, p:96: S. M.
Rejang River, (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Types in British
Museum and in Sarawak Museum. The species has also
been recorded from the Larut Hills, Perak.
The only published description is so madequate that I
append a more detailed diagnosis.
Body elongate, limbs very short: the distance between the
end of the snout and the fore-limb is contained twice in the dis-
tance between the axilla and groin. Snout obtuse. Lower
eyelid scaly. Supranasals present, in contact behind the rostral.
Frontonasal much broader than long forming a crescentic suture
A. LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 55
with the frontal; preefrontals small; frontal in contact with the
first and second supraoculars ; four suprsoculars; six supracilia-
ries; frontoparietals distinct: interparietal smaller; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal; a pair of temporals
border the parietals ; nuchals not disting uishable. Seven upper
labials; the first and second the largest ; the fourth to sixth
border the eye; ear opening small, round ; three auricular lobules.
Thirty-eight scales round the body. Dorsals smooth, Marginal
preanals a little enlarged. The hind limb is contained two and
a half times in the distance between the axilla and groin. Digits
short, compressed ; fourth toe a little longer than the third; 14
subdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe. Tail very thick, con-
tained five times in the total length. Yellowish brown with a
white band across the nape. Measurements in millimetres :—
Total length 163, Head 20, Width of head 15.5, Body 109,
Fore limb 20, Hind limb 29, Tail 32.
Lygosoma alfredi (Blgr).
-Unfortunately I can give no reference to the literature
relating to the species, nor any exact locality. Mr, A. H. Everett
was the collector.
Genus Tropidophorus.
Tropidophorus beccarii (Peters): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. p. 360,
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Matang (Beccari).
Tropidophorus brookii (Gray): Blegr. l.c. p. 361.
Dulit (Hose). Santubong (Bartlett). Pankalin ampat.
Kuching (Shelford). Matang. o. M.
Suborder OPHIDIA.
Fam. Typhlopide.
Genus Typhlops.
Typhlops lineatus (Boie): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B, M, I. p, 15.
Kuehing. S. M.
Typhlops braminus (Daud): Blgr. |.c. p. 16.
Kuching. S. M.
56 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO.
Typhlops olivaceus (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 50. S. M.
Baram (Hose).
Fam. Boide.
Genus Python.
Python reticulatus (Schneid.) : Hee Le. p85.
Widely distributed. Ss. M.
Python curtus (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 89.
Kuching : Sibu (H. H. the Raja Muda). Telang 8. E. Borneo
(Grabowsky). Ss. M.
Fam. I/ysiide.
Genus Cylindrophis.
Cylindrophis rufus (Laur.) Blgr lc. p.155.
A very common species. S. M.
Cylindrophis lineatus (Blanf.) Blgr. l.c. p. 137 -
Matang (Peake). Pankalan ampat (Shelford and Cox).
Previously unrecorded from Borneo. The type is in the
Singapore Museum. S. M.
Colors of living specimen. Above.-—Black with irridescent sheen,
head and tail red, and two longitudinal bands on each side
of the middle line red. Beneath—White blotched heavily
jwith black, constituting from 30 to 35 irregular transverse
bands ; the under surface of the tail is immaculate white.
Fam. Xenopeltide.
Genus Xenopeltis.
Xenopeltis unicolor (Reinw.): Blegr. l.c. p. 168.
Kuching.
io?
Fam. Colubride.
Series A. A glypha.
Sub. Fam. i. Acrochordine.
Genus Acrochordus.
Acrochordus javanicus (Hornst.): Blgr. l.c. p. 173 .
‘Sadong River (Bartlett). Ss. M.
A LIST OF THE RRTILES OF BORNEO, 57
Genus Chersydrus.
Chersydrus granulatus. (Schnied.): Blgr. l.c.p. 174.
Buntal (Haviland). 5. M.
Genus Stoliczkaia.
Stoliczkaia borneensis (Blgr.): Blgr. A. M. N. H. (7) Vol. iv. p. 42.
(1899). Kina Balu (Hanitsch). ;
Hanitsch. Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. No. 34 (1900) Pl. j. f. 2.
yenus Xenodermus.
NXenodermus javanicus (Reinh.): Blgr. Cat, Snakes. B. M. I.
p. 175.
Kuching (Shelford). Previously unrecorded from Borneo.
Sak
Sub. Fam. ii. Colubrinae.
Genus Polyodontophis.
Polyodontophis geminatus (Boie): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. I.
p. 189.
Kuching (Haviland and Bartlett). S. M.
Genus 7Z'ropidonotus.
Tropidonotus conspicillatus (Giinth.): Blgr. lec. p. 222.
Dulit (Hose). Tampassuk N. Borneo (Hanitsch). Kuchine.
Simanggang (H. H. the Raja Muda). Matang. S. M
Tropidonotus trianguluigerus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 224.
Oya. Kuching. Rejang River (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Te-
lang and Lihong. Bahaja, 8. E. Borneo (Grabowsky.) 8. M.
Tropidonotus petersii (Blgr.): Blgr. lc, p. 225.
Kuching. Saribas. SM.
Tropidonotus piscator (Schneid.): Blgr. l.c. p. 230.
Borneo.
Tropidonotus stolatus (L.): Blgr. l.c. p. 253.
Doubtfully included in the Bornean fauna.
5S A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO,
Tropidonotus chrysargus (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 258.
Dulit (Hose). Kuching (Bartlett). Rejane River (Brooke
Low). |
Tropidonotus maculatus (Edel): Blgr. l.c. p. 260.
Dulit (Hose). Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching. Limbang
(Bartlett). Ss. M.
Tropidonotus saravacensis (Giinth.): Blgr. l.c. p. 261.
Dulit (Hose). Kina Balu (Whitehead and Hanitsch). Ma-
tang. Kuching. S. M.
Tropidonotus flavifrons (Blgr): Blgr. l.c. p. 263.
Kina Balu (Whitehead and Hanitsch). Valley of Sebroeang
(Chaper). eho S. M.
Genus Macropisthodon.
Macropisthodon flaviceps (D. and B.): Blgr. l.c. p. 266.
Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching.
Skin‘of nape bright red. A black vertebral stripe edged
anteriorly with white streaks. S. M
Genus Opisthotropis.
Opisthotropis typica (Moceq.): Blgr. l.c. p. 285.
Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Genus Hydrablabes.
Hydrables periops (Giinth.): Blgr. l.c. p. 296.
Matang.
Hydrables prefrontalis (Mocq.): Blgr. lc. p. 297.
Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Genus Xylophis.
Xylophis albonuchalis (Giinth.) : Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) vol. 17, p.
7 2297(s96):
Baram (Hose).
Genus Lycodon.
Lycodon effrenis (Cantor): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B. M. I. p. 356.
Sinkawang (Bleeker).
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 59
Lycodon subcinctus (Boie): Blgr. 1. c. p. 359.
Kuching (Bishop Hose). poms ie
Lycodon albofuscus (D. and B.): Blgr. Le. p. 357
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching. Se ME
Genus Lepturophis.
Lepturophis borneensis (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1900, p. 183, Pl xv.
Kuching. Type in the Sarawak Museum. S. M.
Genus Dryocalamus.
Dryocalamus tristrigatus (Giinth.): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. I.
p.ef2.
Kuching. S. M.
Genus Zuuciys.
Zaocys curinatus (Giinth.): Blgr. Le. p. 377.
Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching. S. M.
Zaocys fuscus (Giinth.): Bligr.l.c.p. 378. - -
Kuching. Sibu (H. H. the Raja Muda). me ME
Genus Yeneluphis.
AXeneluphis hecayonotus (Cantor.): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B. M.
ll, p. 8.
Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching, Rejang R. (Brooke-
Low). Baram (Hose). S. M.
AXeneluphis ellipsifer (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1900, p. 184, Pl xvi.
Type in the Sarawak Museum. Pankalan ampat. Caught
ina Dyak fish-trap. 5. M
Genus Coluber.
Coluber teniurus (Cope): Blgr, Cat. Snakes II. lc. p. 47.
Braang, Sarawak River (Haviland). §. E. Borneo (Grabow-
sky.) 5. M.
Coluber vxycephalus (Boie): Bley. lc. p. 96.
Kuching, Rejang River (Brooke-Low). |Baram (Hose).
A specimen obtained near the mouth of the Trusan river
amonest sandy scrub was bright ochreous in colour. §. M.
EO A LIST OF THE. REPTILES OF BORNEO.
Coluber melanurus (Schleg.): Blgr. le. p. 60. .
Widely distributed throughout Borneo. Ss. M.
Genus Gonyophis.
Gronyophis margaritatus (Peters): Blgr. lc. p. 71.
Dulit (Hose. Kuching (Bartlett).
Colours of living specimen. Bright green, scales black, bor-
dered throughout three-quarters of the total length, tail
pale blue, seventeen yellow bands on the body: ventral
shields yellow with black borders. Ss. M.
Genus Dendrophis.
Dendrophis pictus (Gmel.): Blgr. le. p. 78.
Very widely distributed. S. M.
Dendrophis formosus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 84. :
N. Borneo (Whitehead). Kuching. S. M.
Genus Dendrelaphis.
Dendreluphis caudolineatus (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 89.
A very common species near Kuching. WE
Th
Genus Simotes.
Stmotes purpurascens (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 218.
Kuching. Saribas. Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Matang.
Labuan (Dillwyn). S. M.
Simotes octolineatus (Schneid.): Blgr. le. p. 224. ;
A widely distributed species. s. M.
Simotes subcarinatus (Giinth.): Bley. Le. p. 226.
Kuching. Matang (Shelford). S. M.
Colours of living examples dark olive above, head suffused
with crimson, body with pinkish cross bands edged with
black. Ventral surface crimson.
Simotes annulifer (Blgr.): Blgr. l.c. p. 226.
N. Borneo (Everett).
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 61
Genus Oligodon.
Oligodon everetti (Blgr.): Blgr. le. p. 289.
Kina Balu (Everett).
Oligodon vertebralis (Giinth.): Blgr. lc. p. 240.
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Banjermassin (Dillwyn).
Genus Ablubes.
Ablubes tricolor (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 281.
Matang. ». M,
Ablabes baliodirus (Boie): Blgr. |. c. p. 283.
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Ku-
ching, Saribas, Baram (Hose). ». M.
Ablubes longicuudu (Peters): Blgr. le. p. 234.
Batu Song (Hose). Rejang River (Brooke-Low), Busau.,
Baram (Hose). Matang. S. M.
Genus Oreoculamus.
Oreocalumus hanitschi (Bler.):: Bler. Ae MOON. H. (7) Vol. iv.
(1899) p. 453. |
Hanitsch, Journ. As. Soc, Str. Br. No. 34 (1900) p. PL.
Kina Balu (Hanitsch). Type in Rafiles Museum, Singapore,
Genus Ldiopholis.
Idiopholis collaris (Mocq.) Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. II. p. 327.
- Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper).
Genus Pseudorhubdium.
Pseudorhabdiun longiceps (Cantor): Blgy. l.c. p. 329.
Pontianak (Peters), Kuching, Simanggang.
Colours of fresh specimen black, brilliantly irridescent. a
narrow sealing-wax red collar and an oblique streak passing
behind the eye from the last upper labial to the parietal, also
5 red. s. M.
Genus Calamaria,
Calamaria vermiformis (D. & B.): Blgr. lc. p. 333.
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching, Batu Song (Hose). Ma-
tang. S. M.
62 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO,
dlaumaria baluensis (Blgr.): Blgr. Le. p. 335.
Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Calumaria grabowskii (Fisch.): Bley. l.c. p. 335.
Kina Balu (Whitehead). $. E. Borneo (Grabowsky).
Calamaria praki (v. Lidth de Jeude): Blgr. lc. p. 337.
N. Borneo.
Calamaria everetti (Blgr.): Blgr. Le. p. 340.
Sarawak (Everett). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). s. M.
” Calamaria leucoguster (Bleek): Blgr. lc. p. 341.
Kuching (Bartlett). Matang (Sands). Labuan (Everett).
Kina Balu (Everett). S. M.
Colours of fresh specimens. Above, ivridescent brown with 8
longitudinal black stripes, broad transverse black band on
nape; tail, red with 3 longitudinal black stripes and two
transverse bars. Beneath bright red, except the chin and
throat which are white, a black stripe on the sub-caudals
may or may not be present.
Calamaria bicolor (D. & B.): Blgr. Le. p. 342.
Kina Balu (Whitehead). Paku, Upper Sarawak. S. M.
Calamaria lateralis (Mocq.): lc. p. 342.
Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Clamaria brookii (Bley.): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. III, p. 647.
Matang (H. H. the Rajah). S. M.
Caulamaria brachyura (Blgr.): Blgr. le. p. 647.
Kina Balu (Everett).
Calamaria hosei (Giinth.): Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) Vol. 17, p. 229.
(1896). Entoyut river (Hose), Baram district.
Calamaria beccarit (Peters): Blgy. Cat. Snakes B.M. II p. 343.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).
Calamaria rebentischii (Bleek): Bler. lc, p.0343.
Sinkawang (Bleeker).
Calumaria agamensis (Bleek): Blgr l.c. p. 348.
Sinkawang (Bleeker).
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 63
Calamaria leucocephala (D. and B.): l.c. p. 344.
Kuching (Bishop Hose). Matang. SME.
Belly red, the colour extending on to the sides of the tail;
anterior part of the body paler.
Calamaria schlegelii (D. and B.): Bler. le. p. 345.
Borneo.
Calamaria borneensis (Bleek): Bley. l.c. p. 347.
Sintang (Bleeker). Matang. Kuching (H. H. the Rajah).
Simanggang. Baram (Hose). S. M.
Calamaria benjaminsi (Kdel.): Bler. lc. p. 347.
Borneo.
Calamaria melanota (Jan.): Blgr. Le. p. 349.
Tandjong. $. E. Borneo.
Calamaria lovii (Blgr.): Blgr. l.c. p. 350.
Rejang R. (Brooke Low). Niah (Hose). Sa ME,
Calamaria gracillima (Giinth.): Blgr. le. p. 350,
Matang. Tegora. | S. M.
Calamaria picteti (Perraca): Perraca. Revue Suisse Zool. vii, p.
325, Pl. xiv (1899).
Sarawak (Pictet and Bedot).
SERIES B. Opisthoglypha.
Sub. Fam. i. Homalopsine.
Genus Hypsirhina.
Hypsirhina alternans (Reinw.): Blgr, Cat. Snake B. M. IIT, p.
Kuching. 5.
Hypsirhina plumbea (Boie): Blgr. le p. 5.
Labuan (Dillwyn).
Hypsirhina enhydris (Schneid.): Blgr. l.c. p. 6.
Simanggang. Saribus. S. M.
Hypsirhina punctata (Gray): Blgr. le. p. 12.
Sinkawang (Bleeker). Kuching. . S. M.
64 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO.
Hypsirhina dorte (Peters): Bler. l.c. p. 138.
Sarawak (Everett). Kuching. S. M.
Genus Homalopsis.
Homalopsis buccata (LL): Blgr. l.c. p. 14.
Pontianak and Sebraoeng (Chaper). Labuan (Dillwyn).
Genus Cerberus.
Cerberus rhynchops (Schneid.): Blgr. lc. p. 16.
Sibu (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Kuching. Buntal. S. M.
Genus Fordonia.
Fordonia leucobalie (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 21.
Niah (Everett), Kuching. Santubong (Lewis). S. M.
Genus Cantorva.
Cantoria violacea: (Gunth.) Blgr, lc. p. 23.
Borneo.
Sub. Fam iv. Dipsadomorphina.
senus Dipsadomorphus.
Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 70.
A widely distributed species. s. M.
Dipsadomorpus nigriceps (Gunth.): Bler. le. psat2.
Bongon, N. Borneo (Everett).
Dipsadomorphus jaspideus (D. & B.): Blgr. l.c. p. 73.
Labuan (Dillwyn). Kuching. Saribas Baram (Hose). Pan-
kalan ampat (Haviland). s. M.
Dipsadomorphus drapiezii (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 74.
Kuching. Sandakan (Cator). Baram (Hose). Pankalan am-
pat (Haviland). S. M.
Dipsadomorphus cynodon (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 78.
Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching, Rejang R.
(Brooke-Low). Sandakan (Cator). iS. Wi
—— os ee
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 65
Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie): l|.c. p. 173.
Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kina Balu (Whitehead).
Barabei, S.E. Borneo (Grabowsky)., Pankalan ampat (Ha-
viland). Seale
Psammodynastes pictus (Gunth.): Bley. l.c. p. 174.
Dulit (Hose). Labuan (Dillwyn). Telang, §. E. Borneo
(Grabowsky). -Rejang River (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde).
Kuching (Bartlett). Ser
Genus Dryophis.
Dryophis prasinus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 186.
A very variable species in colouration—green, brown, sal-
ev = . . . =
mon coloured or speckled. Very widely distributed. 5. M.
Dryophis jasciolatus (F isch.) : Bier. Le. p. 182.
S.E. Borneo, (Grabowsky). Baram (Hose). Kuching. S. M.
Genus Dryophiops.
Dryophiops rubescens (Gray.): Blgr. l.c. p. 194.
Sandakan (Cator). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).
Genus Chrysopelea.
Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw): Blgr. l.c. p. 196.
Dulit (Hose). Labuan (Dillwyn). Braang (Haviland). Ku-
ching, Rejang R. (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde), Pontianak
(Chaper). Oya. - S. M.
Chrysopelea chrysochlora (Reinw.): Blgr. lc. p. 198. ;
Kuching (H. H. the Rajah). >:
a
ca
aa
SERIES ©. Proteroglypha.
Sub. Fam. v. Hydrophiine.
Genus Hydrus.
THydrus platurus (lL): Blgr. le. p. 267.
Oya. S. M.
66 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO,
Genus Hydrophis.
HHydrophis gracilis (Shaw): Blgr. l.c. p. 280.
Borneo.
Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneid.): Bler. le. p. 281.
Off coast of N. Borneo (Whitehead).
ITydrophis brookit (Gunth.): Blgr. l.c. p. 282,
Sarawak River. Soe
Hydrophis obscurus (Daud): Blgr. Le. p. 284.
Borneo.
Hydroplis flower (Blgr.): E97... 3. 3890 \e py 0G:
N. Borneo, (Flower).
Genus Distira. ;
Distira brugmansii (Boie): Blgr. Cat. Snake B.M. IIT, p. 292.
Muka (Capt. H. W. Peck). S. M.
Distira jerdonii (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 299.
Borneo.
Distira sarawacensis (Blgy.): Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1900, p. 184, Pl. xiv,
f.2. Sarawak river: Type in Sarawak Museum. 58. M.
Distira(2) viperina (Schmidt): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. III,
p. 298.
Oya (Cox). If correctly identified this is new to Borneo.
S.-M.
Genus Hihydris.
Enhydris hardwiekii (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 301.
Borneo (Sir KE. Belcher). Santubong. S. M.
Genus Enhydrina.
Enhydrina valakadien (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 302.
Santubong. Sarawak River. Trusan River.
A specimen was captured at the mouth of the Sarawak river
in February 1900, with several examples of a Cirripede
allied to if not identical with Dichelaspis pellucida (Darwin)
adhering to the scales. . M.
A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 6/7
Sub. Fam. vi. Elapinae.
Genus Bungarus.
Bungarus fasciatus (Schneid.): Blgr. Lc. p. 366,
Kuching; Baram (Hose).
T
i
—
Bungarus flaviceps (Reinh.): Blgr. lc. p. 371.
Kina Balu (Everett). Kuching. Sibu (H.H. the Rajah
Muda). Simangegane. Se tile
Genus Vaid.
Nata tripudians (Merr): Bley. Le. p. 380.
Var Miolepis. Rejang river (Brooke-Low), Labuan (Dillwyn).
Kina Balu (Everett), Kuching. Limbawang, lower Padas Rk.
(Everett). Oya. S. M.
Var paucisquanis. Sarawak (Pictet and Bedot).
Naia bungarus (Schleg.): Blgr. lc. p. 386.
Baram (C. Hose). Sibu (H. H. the Raja Muda). Pankalan
ampat (Haviland). Kuching.
The young is very variable in colouration, an example re-
cently captured at Sibu by H. H. the Raja Muda was mark-
ed almost exactly like Bungarus bungarotdes (Cantor) but
with an additional white band behind the eyes.
Genus Doliophis
Doliophis bivirgatus (Boie): Blgr. lc. p. 400.
Sibu. Busau. Sintang (Bleeker). Matang. Bongon (Everett)
Pontianak (Chaper) Kuching. Pankalan ampat (Haviland).
Doliophis intestinalis (Laur.): Blgr. le. p. 401
Dulit (Hose). Labuan (Collingwood). Matang. 'Tandjong.
S. E. Borneo, Sintang (Bleeker). Kina Balu (Everett).
Kuching, Simanggang. S. M.
Fam. Amblycephalide.
Genus Haplopeltura.
Haplopeltura boa (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 439.
Kuching. Baram (Hose). Saribas. Pankalan aimpat (Havi-
land), S. M.
68 A LIST OF THE ‘REPTILES OF BORNEO,
Grenus Amblycephalus.
Amblycephalus levis (Boie): Blgr. lc. p. 441
Kina Balu (Everett) Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Kuching
(Bartlett). S. M.
Amblycephalus malaccanus (Peters): Blgr. lc. p. 442.
Dulit (Hose). Bongon (Everett).
Amblycephalus nuchalis (Blgr): Blgr. P. Z. 8. 1900 p. 185 Pl.
AVS To le s. M.
Matang. Saribas. Type in Sarawak Museum. .
Fam. Viperide.
pub, Fam. Crotalina.
Genus Lachesis. |
Luachesis gramineus (Shaw): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B. M. III, p.
ood,
Dulit (Hose). Kina Balu (Whitehead). Pankalan ampat
(Haviland). : S. M.
Lachesis sumatranus (Raft.): Bler. Le. p. 007. |
Dulit (Hose).
Lachesis puniceus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 060.
Borneo (Sir H. Low).
Lachesis borneensis (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 561.
Dulit (Hose). Matang. Pankalan ampat (H. H. the Rajah),
Paitan, N. Borneo ( Byerett) and Baram. Ss. M.
Lachests wagleri (Bole): Blyr. Le. p. 562.
Wideiy distributed throughout the island. 5. iE
NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 69
Notes from the Sarawak Museum.
By R. SHELFORD.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE MIMETIC LOCUSTID Condylodera
tricondyloides (WEST.) IN BORNEO.
This locustid which most closely mimics a large blue tiger-
beetle, 7iricondyla sp., was originally discovered in Java and was
described by Westwood in the Transactions of the Linnean Society,
Vol. xviii, p. 409. The insect had so entirely deceived this re-
nowned entomologist that it had been placed in the Hope collec-
tion of tiger-beetles (Cicindelide), the mistake not being dis-
covered for some time ; subsequently another example was taken,
in Java again, and was actually given the MS. name of Tricon-
dyla rufipes by Duponchal. This specimen is also in the Hope
collection, U niversity Museum, Oxford. In Feb. 1900, my Dyak
collectors brought in a locust which I immediately suspected to
be the same species as that occuring in Java, and Dr. E. B. Poul-
ton, F.R.S., to whom I have sent the specimen, informs me that
if not the same species it is very closely allied; it is somewhat
larger than the type. As the insect is undoubtedly very rare
the following brief description of the colouration and external
characters of a newly-killed example may be of some interest.
The general colour is a dark blue of a shade identical with that of
the Tizcondyla; all the femora are bright red, the tibie and tarsi
brown, again as in the model; the antenne are long (two and
one-half to three times the length of the body), and of an ex-
treme tenuity and fragility; “the head is extr emely Cicindelid
m form, with its prominent eyes and large mouth parts; the
pronotum is elongate, somewhat constricted anteriorly and about
its middle, the whole corresponding in length and shape to the
prothorax and narrowed anterior third of the elytra of the tiger-
beetle ; the wing-rudiments are closely adpresed to the body ‘and
so do not break its smooth outline; the abdomen is slightly
swollen ; in the tiger-beetle the prothorax is smooth, the elytra
70 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM.
strongly punctured, whilst in its mimic the pronotum is strongly
punctured and the nervuration of the wing-rudiments gives also
an impression of punctures. The locust seems to frequent old
jungle and one example was found running about amongst dead
and decaying vegetation, a situation in which the model is fre-
quently met with. As might be expected from the comparatively
small size of the hind femora the insect possesses but feeble
leaping powers, appearing to trust rather to its turn of speed
as arunner. Whether this is the adult stage or not is uncer-
tain; the presence of wings would seemingly detract from - the
marvellously close mimicry, and one is inclined to suspect that
they have secondarily become atrophied. In July another
specunen differing in no wise from that just described was
obtained, and also a very young. example. This last was
most interesting, since at this stage both body and legs were en-
tirely dark blue and constituted a close mimic of a very small
tiger-beetle of the genus Collyris, a flower-haunting species ;
the young locust was taken on the blossoms of a flowering tree,
so that not only in colour but also in habits it differed markedly
from the adult. Bearing in mind the mistakes made over this
insect by such distinguished entomologists as Westwood and
Duponchal, I made a careful search through our collection of Cicin-
delide, and was delighted to find in it yet another specimen of
this very deceptive locust; this was intermediate in size between
the youngest and the oldest stage known and mimicked another
species of tiger-beetle (? Collyris sp.). Except in the matter of
size there was little difference between this stage and the oldest
stage, and I have naturally nothing to-record of its habits.
I am unaware of any other example in the insect world af-
fording a parallel case of mimicry; it is the general rule that a
mimetic insect is mimetic at only one stage of its life history,
or if at more than one, the models for the different stages are
different; e.g., the larva of the hawk-moth Chaerocampa aurata,
is remarkably snake-like, but the pupa is buried and the imago is
protectively coloured; or again—the Mantis, Hymenopus bicornis
is, when adult or when half-grown, a floral simulator, but the ©
newly-hatched young mimic the newly-hatched young of an ex-
tremely common and highly distasteful bug, Eulyes amena. The
Condylodera, however, at all stages of its life history, so far as
= ea
se Yh PF TS
NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 71
they are at present known, mimics a tiger-beetle; the models
are, it is true, of different species, but a moment’s reflection will
shew that this is a necessity, for the young stages of an ameta-
bolic insect such as this locust cannot mimic the corresponding
stages (larva and pupa) of a holometabolic insect, such as the Tri-
condyla, which when adult serves as a model to the adult locust,
without undergoing a series of modifications of structure that
would completely alter the nature of the insect,—in short, the
locust would no longer bea locust. The difficulty is obviated by
the mimicking of different species of beetles, the model in each
case corresponding in size to the mimic. It would be a matter of
the greatest interest to discover the life histories of the Philippine
grasshoppers Scepastus pachyrhynchoides and Phoraspis sp. which
in their adult stages mimic respectively a weevil and a ladybird,
sa these might afford parallel examples to the life history of
Condylodera:
ON A COLOUR VARIETY OF Coluber Oxrycephalus (BOIE).
This well-known snake is usually brilliant blue-green in
colour, the tail alone being brown, but recently I obtained
amongst sandy scrub fringing high-water mark near the mouth
of ae Trusan River an example aor the head and body bright
ochreous and the tail pale brown. Coloured in this manner the
snake was, considering its size, very inconspicuous against its
sandy background and it undoubtedly presented an example of
adaptation to the colour of its surroundings such as may be met
with in every desert area. The snake was preserved i in formol and
when examined next day was still quite ochreous. Three days
later, however, the colour had reverted to the familiar blue-
ereen; the preservative fluid was not discoloured so that the
change must have been brought about, not by a dissolving out of
pigment, but by some alteration of the shape or size of the pig-
ment cells or chromatophores.
Mr. H. N. Ridley described in this Journal (No. 31, p. 89)
an interesting colour variety of another species of this genus,
Coluber teniurus (Cope), from the Selangor caves; this variety
was also protectively coloured but in adaptation to very differ-
ent surroundings from those of the C. orycephalus variety just
described.
GARU AND CHANDAN, 73
Garu and Chandan.
By H.. NN RIDLEY,
Incense woods have always been highly prized by Orientals
from the earliest years, and a good deal has been written about
them in various works, so that it is rather surprising to find
how very incompletely the trees producing them are known.
The two most important and interesting ones in the ~ Malay
Peninsula are the Garu or Calambac and the: Chandan. Both
of these belong to the genus Aquilaria, of the order Thymelea-
cee and as neither have been adequately described, I will give
descriptions of the trees in dealing with each wood.
GARU OR GAHARU, KALAMBAK, TUIKARAS.
Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam. Dict. 1.49. Ill. t. 356. Dec. Prodr.
i. 59. Kurz. For. Flor. 11. 336. Hook. fil Flor. British India v. p.
200. A ovata Cav. Diss. vii. 377. t. 224. A secundaria Dec. le.
Rumph. Herb. Amboin. ii 34 t. 10. A tree 70 to 80 feet tall with
whitish rather smooth bark. Leaves elliptic acuminate glabrous
when adult, sub-coriaceous thin 3 inches long 14 wide, light green
shining, nerves about 13 pairs not much raised beneath and quite
invisible on the upper surface, young leaves and shoots silky.
Flowers in short axillary silky panicles of umbels an inch long
with two or three umbels of about 10 flowers on each, on slender
pedicels } inch long, lobes 5 hairy oblong obtuse recurved, as
long as the tube, alternate lobes smaller than the others. In the
mouth of the tube and projecting conspicuously beyond it are ten
oblong silky scales. Stamens 10, projecting beyond the tube, fila-
ments free from the tube for some way, anthers obovate. _ Pis-
til cylindric hairy much shorter than the tube, tipped with a
thick conic stigma. Fruit a flattened obovate woody capsule,
green and fleshy when fresh, woody when dry, 1 inch long and
2 inch wide, walls very thick, + inch through, splitting into
two valves with a partition down each, and containing one seed
in each cell, Seed ovoid globose orange covered with red hair.
10
74 GARU AND CHANDAN.
When the capsule splits the seed hangs out by a slender thread
the funicle.
Occurs in dense forests in Singapore, Garden Jungle, Kranji.
Johor. Malacca, Bukit Bruang, Sungei Hudang, Brisu. Negri
Sembilan, Tampin, Bukit Sulu. Pahang, Kwala Luit. Penang
Waterfall, Balik Pulau. Borneo, Labuk bay. Sumatra, near
Kebang, Turabangi River, Lampongs. Banka near Jebus (Miquel
in Flora of Sumatra).
The plant in the garden jungle produced remarkably small
more rounded capsules 4 an inch long so that I at first took it to
be a distinct species but as the leaves and tlowers were absolute-
ly identical I conclude it is but an-abnormal form.
There seems to have been much confusion between this
species and the Indian Aguilaria Agallocha Roxb. which is well
figured by Roxburgh and Colebrook in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society xxi t. 21. This tree certainly closely resembles
our plant, but apparently attains a greater size; the nerves of
the leaf are more numerous; the umbels of flowers are solitary
and not panicled, and contain 20 to 40 flowers in each. The
flowers are nearly twice as big, with ovate obtuse spreading
lobes, the scales at the mouth shorter and not or only just pro-
jecting beyond the mouth, and five in number, the pistil is
flask shaped with a distinct style narrower than the ovary and a
large capitate stigma which reaches up to and fills the mouth
‘of the tube. The capsule as figured much resembles that of the
Malacca species, but is described as clavate turbinate and vil-
lous like a peach. Roxburgh states that capsules and young
plants sent by Farquhar from Malacca in 1851 quite resemble
those of the Indian species. Hooker, however, says that the
ficure of the fruit is quite like that of A. Malaccensis and very
different from that of the Bhotan and Khasiya species, A agal-
-locha, which he describes as oblanceolate acuminate thinly
coriaceous and glabrous. However this may be it is clear I
think that the Malacca plant is very distinct from the Indian
one. The only figure of the flower of the Gaharu I have seen
published is a very good one in Baillon’s History of Plants, vol.
vi, p. 108.
The valued drug is obtained from the centre of old trees,
and the Malay garu hunters pretend to be able to see from the
eS ee
i et on ek»
a». he
GARU AND CHANDAN. $5
outward appearance of a tree whether or no it contains any.
The greater number of trees do not. The ordinary wood of
the tree is soft and white and seldom used for any purpose, but
apparently from some injury or other certain trees are hollow
and contain a certain quantity of the dark brown resinous wood
with its peculiar odor. An account of the ceremonies used and
the names of varieties of Garu was published by Mr. Bland in
Journal No. 18 pages 359 to 361, which is quoted by Skeat in
Malay Magic p. 206, with further additions and notes on the
subject. Hight varieties are mentioned including the Chandan,
which, however, is from a different tree and perhaps some of the
-others are not strictly speaking Garu, but it is admitted that
there are several distinct varieties, of very different values.
The early history of Garu is interesting although it cannot be
certainly known to which of the two kinds the early records
refer. It is always considered that the lign-aloes of the Bible,
Ahalim, was Garu or Eagle wood, but the passages in which it was
mentioned seem hardly to bear this out; thus Balaam refers to
‘“‘ the trees of the lign-aloes which the Lord hath planted,’ which
if Garu he could have never seen, and though it is also referred
to as being used for scenting the clothes and body in several
passages, it does not appear as an ingredient in incense, for
-which it would be more likely to be used. The earliest definite
mention of itappears to be by the Arab physician Abu Ali Al-
hosain (commonly known as Avicenna), who lived from 980 to
.1037. He mentions two kinds, Xylaloes and Agalugen. The
-first word Xylaloes is a Greek form of Lignum Aloes, which is
~a perversion of the Arabic Alud (literary the wood), which was
modified into aloe wood and so Lignum Aloes. The first good
account of the Garu is that by Garcia de Orta, who. visited
Malacca about 1534. He gives its name as Garo, and the best
-kind as Calambac, and states that it comes from Malacca and
Sumatra whence it is brought by the Chinese, and is not as some
persons supposed drifted down the rivers from paradise whence
its old popular name paradise-wood. He obtained twigs and
-leaves from Malacca but was unable to get fruits or flowers on
~account of the difficulty and danger of daily observing the trees,
because tigers frequently prowled about there. He states also
. that the natives of. Malacca used to-repurge the Garu before
76 GARU AND CHANDAN.
selling it, perhaps he found them adulterating it, as they do to
this day. Mr. Bland’s varieties are named Chandan, Tandok,
Menjulong-ulong (Jenjolong in Selangor according to Skeat, is
this Julong-Julong, Agrostistachys longifolia Benth?), Sikat, Sikat
Lampam, Bulu Rusa, Kemandangan, Wangkang, to which Skeat
adds Garu Isi Kang Tua, Garu Tutor, Garu Dedap, Garu Kun-
dur, and Garu Akar. The last four of these are said by Skeat
to be useless for market purposes and it may be doubted whether
the six last in Bland’s list are derived from any Aguilaria as the
wood of most is described as whitish or yellow, fibrous and light.
Perhaps the Garu Akar of Skeat’s list is Getah Gaharu ( Willugh-
beia coriacea). Chandan is a distinct tree but I have seen typi-
cal specimens of Garu called Chandan also. There are several
other jungle trees which produce incense wood besides the
Aquilarias, among them Acronychia laurifolia (Rutacew) the Men-
tua Keminiyan. The Garu tree is called by the Malays, Karas,
Tuikaras, Tengkaras, Kakaras. Skeat also gives Tabak or, long
Tabak as a name used by the Sakais and also as the Pantang
Gharu word of the Pawangs. Pomet (Histoire des Drogues)
gives also the word Tambac, as a name for the drug, which may
be the same word.
The history of the popular names for the wood is curious.
The earliest name is the Hebrew Ahalim, which is probably con-
nected with the Agalukhi of the Arabs, whence Agallochon of the
Greeks and Romans. Hence comes the name Agel wood, Eagle
wood, the Portuguese Pao de Aquila,and the genus name Aquilaria.
It was also called by the Arabs Ud (wood), or Alud, hence Aloe-
wood, Lignaloes, which so confused the early druggists that they
thought the Aloe-wood came from the plant which produced
Aloes. Garu is from the Sanskrit Aquaru. Kalambak is the
name commonly given by Malays to the best class of Garu.
Rumph derives it from Kilam or Hokilam, the Chinese name for
the tree, and Bac, which means knots or buds. Loureiro gives
Chinhiam and Manhiam as Cochin-Chinese for the plant. Favre
gives as connected words Halombak (Battak), a sort of wood of —
which they make beers, and Kalamba (Macassar), which is evi-
dently a mere form of Kalambac. Miquel says it is called Halim
in Sumatra. Another old name for Garu was Paradise wood,
because it was supposed:to be drifted down rivers from Paradise.
GARU AND CHANDAN. TH
Rumph in the Herbarium vol. xi gives a long account of the
Garus, with a figure of the Malacca plant. He distinguishes
two, Agallochum primarium Calambac, and Agallochum secunda-
rium Garo. The first was obtained from Tsjampoa (Chiampa)
in Hastern Cochin China and Siam, where it is called Kilam or
Hokilam. What the plant that produced this is uncertain, as no
one of late years has procured any specimens of an Aquilaria
from Cochin China or Siam. Loureiro in the Flora Cochin-Chin-
ensis gives very insufficient descriptions of Aloexylum Agal-
lochum, a plant of which he got some battered scraps from the
highest mountains of Cochin China near the great river ‘ Lavuim”
which flows between this kingdom and Laos, and of Ophisper-
mum Sinense (evidently a species of Aquilaria) of which he does
not give the locality. This region has been so little explored
by botanists that it is not to be wondered that the plant what-
ever it is has not been recovered. Marco Polo also mentions
that Ziamba (chiampa) abounds in lign-aloes of the Agallochum
secundarium, or Garo. Rumph gives two forms Agallochum
coinamense the Garo Cominyan (Gharu Kemeniyan) which comes
from Malacca, the islands of Johore, Bintang, etc., and especially
Billiton. There are three varieties Garo Capalla or Garo Tinge-
lam; Garo Ramas or Tengga-Tengga anda cheaper kind, Garo
Kekor, (is this last Skeat’s Garu Akar?) The best kind is found
in the region inhabited by the forest people ‘“‘ Bunoang” (Orang
Benua). Around Malacca also he says is found a kind called
Garu Masang (Musang) which inflames the eyes. This is prob-
ably the wood of Excoecaria Agallocha (Kuphorbiaceae) which
-is a common poisonous sea-shore tree. It is perhaps noteworthy
that Garu is not mentioned as being derived from India proper
till comparatively late. Pomet mentions that it was sent
to Europe from Calecut. Marco Polo states that Java minor
(Sumatra) contains lign-aloes.
In very early days in Europe the Garu wood was used in-
ternally for colic according to Paul Aegineeta in 1531 and it is
still used for the same complaint and for malaria by Tamils here.
Rumph recommends it for strengthening the heart, stopping
palpitations, oppression of the chest, and cardalgia. Pomet in
the Histoire des Drogues published in 1694 says it has no use
in medicine as far as he knows except that it is very aromatic
4s GARU AND CHANDAN.
He gives a picture of the tree which bears no resemblance to
anything in particular. Its greatest use has always been for
fumisating and it is highly valued by Orientals for ceremonial
purposes. Imitation gharu is often made and sold; pieces of
decayed brown wood being scented with incense till they retain
the smell long enough for selling purposes. In about a month
the scent disappears. Rumph mentions this fraud. He says the
wood is put into a pot with some shavings’ of Calambac and
kept it closed for a month so that the smoke may not escape,
and it will last scented for two or three months. The present
value of good Garu is four hundred dollars a picul.
CHANDAN.,
This tree I heard of as distinct from Garu some years ago
but could not get any information about it. The name is abso-
lutely the same as the Indian vernacular for sandalwood, San-
talum album, but 1t was clear that this plant did not grow here.
While on a botanic expedition in Batu Pahat this year I met
with the plant on Bukit Pengaram in dense forest at an altitude
of nearly 1000 feet. An old Malay who was with me com-
menced chopping at a small tree and on my inquiry why he did
so he said it wasa Chandan tree. There were no fruit or flowers
on it but I obtained leaf specimens and portions of the inner
wood which on being burnt gave out an aromatic odor some-
what like that of Garu, but distinct. The Malay said that the
tree was not old enough to produce good Chandan, and that
there was little to be met with in that part of Johor. From the
foliage I identified it as an Aquilaria of which I had in the her-
barium flowering specimens without locality, Kayu Chandan,
by Murton, and fruiting ones collected by a plant collector at
Kranji in Singapore. Itis referred to in my list of Singapore
plants as A grandiflora Benth., but on comparing the specimens
_ with the description of that plant I conclude it is quite distinct
and propose to call it Aguilaria hirta n. sp.
Description. A slender tree about 380 feet tall, and four
inches through, with whitish rather smooth bark, } inch thick.
The shoots and young twigs covered with silky hairs. Leaves
alternate 3 to 6 inches long 14 to 24 inches wide, elliptic or
elliptic ovate acute, coriaceous with a thickened edge glabrous
sn ee ee a
Se ee
GARU AND CHANDAN, 79
and very smooth above, beneath covered with hair especially on
the midrib, nerves about 18 pairs almost or quite invisible above,
petiole less than } inch long hairy. Flowers in peduncled cymes
axillary silky, peduncles + inch long covered with silky hairs.
Pedicels stout + inch long, tube of the flower as long cylindrical,
lobes five ovate much shorter than the tube, silky outside, a
thickly silky ring in the mouth at the back of the stamens and
barely longer than the mouth of the tube. Stamens ten, anthers
oblong nearly sessile in the mouth of the tube, 2 celled apex
below bifid, filaments adnate to the tube for their whole length,
distinctly elevated hairy. Pistil oblong hairy, much shorter
than the tube, dilated above, stigma conic. Fruit with. the per-
sistent perianth much enlarged, half an inch long, capsular, flat-
tened pear-shaped with a long narrow base dilated at the end,
14 inch long pubescent grey when dry, grooved down each
face and 4 an inch wide at the widest part, thinly woody two
valved with a partition along each cell. Seed 2 inch long ovoid
cordate with the funicle ? inch long conic at the base and taper-
ing into a filament. Dense woods Singapore, Kranji; Johor,
Bukit Pengaram, Batu Pahat.
The species belongs to what was originally made a distinct
@enus under the name of Gyrinopsis, differmg from the typical
Aquilarias in its long-tubed flowers. In this it is allied to a Philip-
pines species known as A. Cwmingiana but it differs from that in
in the hairiness of its leaves. The hairiness of the back of the
leaves distinguishes the species from any others yet described,
in all of which the leaves when full grown are quite smooth.
The flowers are silky within and without. The scales in the
mouth of the tube are represented by a thickened densely hairy
ring between the anthers and the lobes of the flowers. The
tube of the flower is also covered thinly with silky hairs. The
pistil has a narrowed base and is rather abruptly dilated above;
this narrowed portion perhaps corresponds to the stalk of the
pistil in Gyrinops, the ovules being in the slightly dilated portion
of the upper part. The tree as has been said is much smaller
than the Garu. When cut down, however, it is seen that the
centre of the wood (more than half of it) is of a dusky blackish
grey, the sapwood being white, This centre is the aromatic
portion,,
SO GARU AND CHANDAN.
A list of the known species of Aguclaria with their distri-
bution may be useful.
A. agallocha Roxb. India—Eastern Himalayas from Bhutan to
Martaban.
A. malaecensis Lam, A. ovata Cav. A. secundaria Dec. Malay.
Peninsula from Penang to Singapore; Bintang, Borneo,
Sumatra.
A. microcarpa Baill. Borneo.
A. ophispermum Poir. A. chinense Spring. Ophispermum sinense
Lour. Cochin China.
A. grandiflora Benth. Hongkone.
A. hirta Ridl. Malay Peninsula.
A. cumingiana Dec. Philippines.
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
A. bancana Miq. A. macrophyllus Miq. Both Gonystylus.
A. pentandra Blanco.
Flute
Foot
Forget, to
Four
Fowl
Friend
Frog
From
Front, in
Fruit
Fry, to
Full
Gill of fish
Girl
Give, to
Go, to
Go down, to
Go up, to
Good
very good
Great
Green
Hair
Half
Hand
Haste
Head
Hear, to
Heart
Heat
Heavens
Heavy
He, him, she, her
Hen
Here
High
Hold, to
saty.
res.
jniloi, jniloy.
ju’, juk.
Sep.
*ampat.
pok.
eee (d), *kabad.
tabée.
jinj alk.
mar
ple
*oorerp, *réndarg.
tebik.
ntak (ear).
kna’, sargit kérdol.
ag, og.
chichép.
cheélw’
han(d)
bor.
abor-bor, bor ménanar
ntoi, ntoy
blaar.
sok.
lik.
tak.
seg, ager.
kui, kay.
oértik.
nis, ints.
pryriik
sill, sily.
nyii’.
iliii, iliiy.
pok iknan
madé
chérak (i. e. long’).
chap, *pégak (pégarp).
13
O7
98 THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR.
Hot
House
How many ?
Hush
Hut
I
In
Incantation
Is, there is
Kick, to
Knee
Knife
Ladder, stairs
Land (darat)
Leaf .
Leech, jungle-
Leech, swamp-
Leg
Lie down, to
Light a fire, to .
Lightning
Lime (mineral) .
Listen, to
Little, a :
Live, to (dwell).
Lizard, gecko
Long (measure).
Long (time)
Look at, to
Look for, to
Lose, to
Low
Mad
Maggot
Make, to
Malay
Male
Male (of animals)
Man ‘
bekiik.
ditk
briip 1 joi.
di
dik
ayane (1dr, oe
katé :
*jampl.
tl
chégoe
kuron.
yod.
rekal
srak.
sla
plap
*lintah.
kémirg
dada’
pédar as
bled
kap
oértik
Ses
haus, iil, iiy
*chichak
chérak
ling
ner
kiih
"nyap
lém, pate’
*oila’
kming
bii
Mai gop, mai 24
kral, ’nesil
ibii'
sm-on
THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR. 99
Mangost2en .
Many :
How many? .
Market
Marry, to
Mast
Mat
Mat (kajarg)
Matches
Mattress
May be
Me
Meat
Medicine
Meet, to (congregate)
Mind, to
Mind, to (think of)
Mind, to (beware)
Mind, sense
Never mind
Miss, to
Mistake
Mix, to
Moment, a
Money
Monkey, pig- -tailed
Monkey, long-tailed
Moon
More
Morning
Mosquito
Mother
Motion, to have a
Mountain
Mouse
Mouth ,
Move, to (remove)
Much :
Mud
ple séméta
je’Ol, je oy, jngoy
rip | 1 jmoy
*pasar, *pékan
bé-kna’, gigtiy sama krdol
chénor
eheru: jeru:
*kajak
*ora’apl
*tilam
kénid ji'
ain, erp
saty
prelai, prelay
kamin
*pduli
“iat
*jaga’
*akal, nis, ints
ta’ ma
Sa
*salah
*champur
bramos
ibas, *duit
dak
rao
o@échek
nan, lad
po glap
kémin
ame’, kéniing
chacho
lip
plak
nyu, nyliy
hi at
jéoy, Jrpoy
“payak
100 THE SAKAI DIALECL OF THE ULU KAMPAR,
Nail, finger-
», toe-
Net, casting
Nice
Night
Nine
Nose
Not
Not, do
Not yet
Now
Old
One
Painful
Paint, to
Pair
Palm, Bertam-
Parcel
Parents
Partly
Pass, to
Past
Path
Pattern
People
Perhaps
Pick up, to
Picture
Pig
Pigeon, green
Pineapple
Pipe for water, etc.
Pitch
Plant, to
Plantation
make a plantation
Plate ;
Poison for arrows
mu tak
chrroés
imu’
ala’
*sédap
mmad
*sémbilan
ma
ti ta’
duagu
pasek
da’hn, gagek da
dimgra'
nanu’
ni, nyl
hichit chat
nanw klamin
*béltap
cha 4m
kéniim-méniirg
re lik
Valu
hod
nur, nor
*achu
mai
kénid ji’
hi chod
*achu
li
mryi
nénas
trglor
*damar
chad
slai, slay
bii slay
*piman(d)
chrprit’
THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR.,.
Poisonous
Pot, earthenware
Pour, to
Power, ability
Prawn ‘
Pray, to
Present, to
Present, at
Presently
Press, to ;
Profit
Promise, to
Pull, to
Pull out, to
Put there
Put on (clothes).
Put out (fire)
Python
Quiver
Rain
Red
Remain, to
Rest
Return, to, go home
Rice (in the husk)
Rice (husked)
Rice (boiled)
Rice-pounder
Righteous
Ring
Ringworm
Ripe
Rise, to (get up)
River
Roof, thatch-
Root :
Salt :
Salt, saltish
Say, to
mar chrprii’
blarga’
ka (tii)
Sségao, S3caw
*udar
sman
ag, og
da’hn
bramdés, brama
*tékan
*untorm
*janji
jak
hitak
dii pas?
lok
lat
érloi, érloy
lak
mant’
ran
gigi, gigiy
gig iii, gigtiy
nyjtik
ba
chryrorg
chana
cil
ninai
*chinchin
oa
nim
kui, kiiy
tii
plok
*akor
*mpoi, "mpoy
*masin, *asin
pédér
101
102 THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR.
Scream to ‘ ;
Search, to : 2 -
Season
Seed
Seize, to
Seldom
Sell, to
send, to
Send for, to :
Send for, to ee
Sense
Serine 2
Separate, to :
Serious, important
Set, to (said of the sun).
Seven J
Sew, to
Shade
Shake, to : :
Sharpen, to ; ae
Shoulder
Sick
Sick, to be (v omit)
Sickness
Silent
Silly
Sing, to
Sister, elder
Sister, younger .
Sit, to
Six
Skin
Sky
Slay, to
Sleep, to
Slip, to
Slippery
Slow
Slowly
jinjap
kih
*musim
kébi’
chap, *pégak
ras
Oe
*kirib (kirim)
*pargil, (parggil)
*bsad (pésan)
*akal, nis, ints
bor akal, bor nis
ti ti
nyi’
*tiba
*tujoh
hi chiik
*tédi’
pyiik
chini'
oélpaul
ni, nyi
takii’
ni, nyl
dii.
*binr ung
*dindar
tena vknd 5
ménarg kna’
gigui, gigiy
*anam
getii
Sil, siiy
pérdat
bat, bubat
yiok slaty
slaty
*lemah
*plahad-plahad
THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR, - 103
Sly
Small
Smell
Smoke
Smoke, to
Snake
Softly
Soil, the
Soul
Sour
Speak, to
speak lies
Spirit
Spit, to
Stag
Star
Step on, to
Stone
String
Sun
Tail
Tasty
Tear, to
Ten
There
Thigh
Three
Thumb
Thunder
Tie, to
Tiger
Tin
Tobacco
Tongue
Tooth
Tree
Two
Urinate, to
Vegetables
*chérdek
bachin, bachit
mil, muy, ingiy, inpoy
chas as
nvor roko?
tijl
*plahad-plahad
teh
laham,-naham
*asam, *masam
péder
linglod
nya’ nl
greta’
mip-har
pérloi, pérloy
bibat
*batu
smyrol, smroy
mayji'
sntao, sntaw
*sédap
ten, *charek
*s-puloh
ajé, ditii’
lémpao, lémpaw
nl
bu tak
‘rekuh
chékat
manus
*timah
*bakau
Inta
lémin
jéhu, jilok jéhu,
nar
urgnom
subai, subay
104 THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR.
Very
Village
Want, to
Weep, to
West
What ?
Where ?
White
Who?
Win, to
Wind
Wire
Wise
Wish, to
Woman
Wood
Wrong
Yes
You
ménanar
*kamporg, *kampuk
"rehon
jap, jinjap
(mayji') tiba
ma
bélo, kuma, ménur
bide
bo i man
*ménar
pint, piniiy
*dawai
bérnis
"rehon
kna’, kérdol
jéhu
*salah
ha®, ’n-hry
he
SHORT NOTES, 105
Short Notes.
HABITS OF THE DRONGO,
It may often be noted that the common racket tailed Dron-
go, Dissemurus platyurus, has a habit of accompanying the com-
mon monkeys known as the K’ra (Macacus cynomolgus) as they
wander along among the branches of the trees; so conspicuous
indeed is this that the Malays sometimes call the bird Hamba
Kerah ; the slave of the monkey. Why the birds did so puzzled
me for some time till I noticed that the monkeys as they go
through the foliage disturb many insects such as the grasshop-
pers, moths and mantises. The drongo which always takes its
food on the wing waits in a more or less open space generally
behind the advancing monkey and catches the insects as they fly
so that it is the monkey who is serving the drongo by driv-
ing its prey for it rather than the drongo who is the slave of
the monkey.
THE SHORT-EARED OWL IN SINGAPORE.
A fine specimen of the short-eared owl (Asio accipitrinus
Pall.) was captured in December last in the Alexandra Road, in
Singapore, by a native who brought it to the Gardens where it
is still alive. This owl has a very wide distribution, occurring
in Europe including England, Siberia, China, India and Ceylon,
but has never apparently been previously obtained in the Malay
Peninsula. The bird was identified by Mr. A. L. Butler.
THE SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS.
It is well known that two species of Rhinoceros occur in the
Malay Peninsula, the Javanese one-horned species 2. javanicus
and the two horned R. swmatrensis, but though many of these
animals have been recorded as having been trapped or shot in
various parts of the Native States, there are no records as to
where the different species have been obtained and it is very
seldom that any portions of the specimens have been preserved.
Lately, however, two examples of R. swmatrensis have been on
106 SHORT NOTES,
view at the Botanic Gardens and some notes on them may prove
of interest. Both were females trapped at S’tiawan in Perak.
The biggest and evidently the oldest measured 4 feet 8 inches
at the shoulder with a length of 7 feet 4 inches to the root of
the tail which was 22 inches long. The hide is covered every-
where with stiff black hairs, longest on the ears. In both the
front horn was very short, a mere conical process, and the only
trace of the second horn was a small rough plate in the older
one and even that was absent in the second one. The animals
were both of a quiet and inoffensive disposition, allowing them-
selves tu be stroked and patted and readily fed from the hand
although they had been quite recently caught. They ate sweet
potatoes, sugar cane, champedak, fruits and leaves, and the
leaves of the Mahang Putih (MJacaranga hypoleuca) and various
species of /icus especially the Waringin (Ficus Benjamina),
and when they wanted food call for it with a kind of whistle or
squeak much out of proportion to the size of the animal. They
made no other noise except by snorting now and then but in the
forests, what I suppose to be the same species makes a loud
neighing sound. ‘These animals in captivity are very quiet for
most of the day remaining immersed in a wallow of liquid mud
and thickly coated with it after the manner of a buffalo. During
the evening and night they are much more active roaming up
and down the enclosure. They drink remarkably slowly and
only a small quantity at a time, eat very larze quantities of food,
and pass the excreta always in exactly the same spot and almost
always at night as the tapir does. - NE
In Memoriam.
Dr. 'N.. B.. DENNYS,
The death of Dr. Dennys in Hongkong on Dec. 10th, 1900,
will be deeply regretted by all who knew him, and as one of the
first members of the Society, all must deeply deplore the loss of
one who did so much for the Society in its earlier days. A short
notice of his life has appeared in the North Borneo Herald from
which I take a few facts as to his history, Nicholas Belfield
onal
SHORT NOTES, 107
Dennys entered the civil department of the navy in 1855 and was
present at the bombardment of Sveaborg, for which he received
the Baltic Medal. He was appointed Student Interpreter at
Peking in 1863 and from 1866 to 1876, edited the China Mail of
Hongkong, was Secretary of the City Hall and curator of the
Museum atthatcity. In1877 he wasappointed Assistant Protector
of Chinese at Singaporeand Librarian and Curator of the Museum.
From 1879 to 1888 he was employed in Magistrate’s work in
Singapore, and then at Gopeng. Invalided home in 1889 he re-
signed in 1890, but in 1894 was appointed Protector of Chinese
and Magistrate in British North Borneo and became the Editor
of the British North Borneo Herald, and in 1899 Acting Judge
and Member of Council. Dr. Dennys was Member of the Council
of the Society from its very commencement in 1878 and remain-
ed so for several years and contributed largely to the Journal.
Among his other publications were, Folklore of China, Notes for
Tourists in the North of China, Handbook of Cantonese, Hand-
book of Malay, the Treaty ports of China and Japan, and other
short papers on Chinese and Malay subjects, Natural History,
etc. Although he resigned Membership of the Society in 1889
he took a great interest in its affairs till towards the end of
his life. Eee NOR:
JOURNAL No. 1 to No. 35, Price to members, $1.00 each.
cae : mes x % , to non-members, 1. 50 each,
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THE WAT-SENG Lorrery, by. G. T. Hare, Esq. — ag
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T9OI
Table of Contents.
tes on the Millipedes, Centipedes, Scorpions, etc.,
of the Malay Peninsula ane Siam, by Cnt
Stanley S. Flower Aap sae Taya
lotes of 2 Tour through the samen States on the
West Coast of the Malay Peninsula, 1900, by
¢ W. S. ee wee i ar
es oo Settlements, by W. A. O'Sullivan...
2 Evolution of Malay Spelling, by Rev. W. G.
— Shellabear a re aa sae
=
nee aoa |
eee
ca MOG
sa eeo
137
Notes on the Millipedes, Centipedes,
Scorpions, etc., of the Malay
Peninsula and Siam.
By CAPTAIN STANLEY 8. FLOWER, 5th FUSILIERS.
I, Introductory Remarks.
The animals which this paper is about, from their strange
shapes, curious habits and the power of inflicting dangerous
wounds which some possess, are of interest to most people, but
especially to those who, having been brought up in England,
where none but very small and harmless species exist, come to
live in the East Indies, where a wonderful variety of these
creatures flourish. However little one may care for natural
history, one must come in contact with them, millipedes,
centipedes, scorpions and spiders all entering houses and often
turning up where least wanted, even in one’s bath-sponge and
bedding. When I arrived in the Straits Settlements, in March
1895, I knew practically nothing of these animals, how they
were classified, how to distinguish between them, or which
were poisonous and which harmless, and in no book or paper
could I find the information wanted, so I set to work to collect
and examine specimens, and compare them with such literature
on the subject as was available. Mr. R.J. Pocock, of the
British Museum of Natural History, most kindly gave me in-
valuable assistance in identifying specimens, and answering
questions of all sorts about these animals, and finally has been
so good as to look through my notes made in the Peninsula and
Siam from 1895 to 1898. These notes, then, I venture to lay
before the Society, hoping they may be of use to residents in
the Straits, Native States and Siam, who are interested in these
strange animals, and also hoping that they may help some more
competent writer to compose a full catalogue.
The specimens I collected were distributed between the
British Museum, and the Royal Siamese Museum, Bangkok ;
except some now in the Raffles Museum.
f
2 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
II. Position in the Animal Kingdom.
Millipedes, centipedes, scorpions and spiders all belong to
the great collection of invertebrate animals with jointed legs
which is for convenience grouped together and called the
Sub-kingdom ARTHROPODA (or GNATHOPODA). Various opinions
are held by naturalists as to the divisions into which this Sub-
kingdom should be divided. Valuable papers on the subject ap-
peared in “‘ Natural Science” in 1897, by Mr. R. J. Pocock in
the February number (p. 114), and by Prof. Ray Lankester in
the April number (p. 267); from these the following provisional
classification is adopted.
Sub-kingdom Arthropoda.
SECTION I. Prototracheata (or Malacopoda).
Class (1). Prototracheata (or Peripatoidea).
Containing the single family Peripatidee, now divided
into about four genera.» A single specimen is on record
from Sumatra, and Mr. H. N. Ridley informs me that
the Skeat expedition recently obtained it in the Malay
Peninsula. This very interesting animal has somewhat
the general external appearance of a caterpillar, it has
a pair of antenne, and in the Sumatran specimen 24
pairs of legs (t. Sedgwick, Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol.
Va 189059: 20).
SECTION II. Tracheata (or Lipobranchia).
Subdivision A.—Progoneata (or Prosthogonea).
Class (11). Diplopoda. ‘‘ Millipedes”’ (vide post).
Class (iii) Paurepoda. Containing the single family
Pauropide.
Minute creatures with twelve body segments and
branched antennz; which I believe have oe so far
been found in Malaya.
Class (iv). Symphyla. Containing the single fama
Scolopendrellidee (vide post).
Subdivision B.—Opisthogoneata (or Opisthogonea).
Class (v). Chilopoda. ‘* Centipedes” (vide post).
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 3S
Class (vi). Hexapoda (or Insecta). The true insects, such
as wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles, grasshoppers, etc.,
etc., divided into several orders.
SECTION III. Branchiata (or Acerata, or Sozo-branchia).
Class (vil). Crustacea. Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, wood-
lice, barnacles, etc., etc., divided into several orders.
Class (vii). Gigantostraca, divided into 3 orders :—
Ist Order Xiphosura. Containing the single family
Limulidee (vide post).
2nd order Merostomata (or Eurypterida), extinct.
ord order 7rilobita, extinct. [It is probable that the
Trilobita should form a distinct class].
Class (ix). Arachnida. Scorpions, spiders, etc., (vide post).
Class (x). Pantopoda (or Pycnogonida) ‘* Sea-spiders.”
II. Diplopoda.
The Millipedes, Class Diplopoda, are invertebrate animals
found in all temperate and tropical regions, herbivorous, slow-
moving and incapable of biting a human being, some are nearly
10 inches (254 mm.) in length. Head. The head is distinct
and has a pair of short antenne (composed of seven or eight
segments) in front and two pairs of jaws on its lower surface.
Body. The body is more or less elongated and consists of from
9 to over 100 segments, all much alike in structure. The
majority of species are nearly cylindrical in cross section (but
some are flattened), each segment being cased in a horny ring.
Legs. The bases of the legs are almost in contact in the middle
of the lower surface of the body, there are two pairs to most of
the segments, the last pair of legs are never elongated.
Native Names for Miliipedes.
Malay, Gongok, Ulat-bulan.
Siamese, Avng hkeu. [1894, p. 56).
Jakan, Gr-gok (Lake-}+Kelsall, J. 5. B. R. A.S., No. 26,
Occasionally Millipedes are met with in very large numbers.
The late Mr. Whitehead in his book “ Kinabalu,” p. 17, describ-
ing his visit to Malacca, writes, “On the way down from Mount
Ophir I saw a wonderful gathering of pale yellow Millipedes.
4 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.,.
te). 7)
the other, which must have numbered several hundreds, and
reminded me of a huge dish of macaroni.” And I myself saw
enormous numbers on the island of Kosichang, in the Gulf
of Siam, when visiting it on the 27th and 28th of August
1897; the following extract from my diary may be of
interest :—
“The chief living feature of the island was the Millipedes.
From sea-level to the top of the hill, all about the ground under
the shade of the trees and in the hot midday sunshine they were
crawling about in hundreds and hundreds; the big red-brown
ones (7Thyropygus) were particularly conspicuous, 5, 6 or 7 often
to be seen crossing the path within afew yards: some of these
were uniform in colour, others banded alternately hehter and
darker; then there were smaller Millipedes of a beautiful grey
colour, and flattened ones (Orthomorpha); when we turned over
dead leaves in the wood we found in the soil many small white-
legged Millipedes, which when disturbed sprang about, very
lively, hopping an inch or two off the ground, and were quite
difficult to catch; a contrast to the numberless ‘‘ Tikal’’ Mulli-
pedes (Zephronia), which were exceedingly numerous on the
artificial stone work, and which when picked up always rolled
into a ball and remained quite quiet.” At the end of February
1898, I was again at Kosichang; not one single Millipede was to
be seen abroad, but we found a few by searching in damp spots,
underneath timber, old tins, etc. This shows how the different
seasons affect these animals; and how a locality where in the
dry season there seem to be none, in the wet season literally
swarms with Millipedes.
An anomymous writer in a Singapore paper of(? 13th) Octo-
ber 1897, gives the following Malay account of the evolution of
Millipedes, etc. :—* There is a belief that if the vertebral bone of
a fish is kept under a mattress for some time it becomes a centi-
pede, and that the strands which are found between the pulp and
the rind of a plantain, commonly known as pisang klat, when
securely bottled up and kept in a dark corner become Millipedes.
There is also a belief that a fresh water fish, not unlike the
European sly, and known to the natives as ‘ekan klee,’ 1s
generated from a tadpole.”
about six inches long; they were in a mass, one on the top of
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 5
Key to Classification of Millipedes.
I. Body furnished with tufts of scale-like hairs. Antenne
eight jointed. Scent-glandsabsent. Sub-class PSELAPHO-
GNATHA; contains the single family Polyxenidw, minute
millipedes, ‘‘only about one tenth of an inch long”
(Pocock, R. N. H. vol. vi, p. 209), so far not known from
the Malay Peninsula.
II. Body not furnished with tufts of scale-like hairs. Antenne
seven joimted. Scent-glands usually present. Sub-class
CHILOGNATHA,; divided into three orders.
A. Body short and broad, 12 or 13 segments, second and
last segments enormously enlarged, capable of being
rolled into a ball, no scent-glands. Order ONISCOMORPHA.
B. Body elongate, 19 or more segments, none of them very
much larger than the rest, capable of being spirally coiled
(except Spheriodesmus).
A. Last back plate forms a hood over the last pair of
legs, 19 or 20 segments, no scent-glands, no known
species exceeds a quarter of aninch (6 mm.) in length.
Order LIMACOMORPHA, contains the single family
Glomeridesmide ; a species occues in Sumatra.
B. ULast back plate forms a complete ring, enclosing the
anal valves, 19 to over 100 segments, some species
exceed 93 inches (say 200 mm. in length). Order
HELMINTHOMORPHA.
a' Mandibles degenerate, from about 30 to over 100
segments, species seldom exceed 14 inch (38 mm.) in
length. Sub-order Colobognatha.
b‘ Mandibles normal.
a’, Pedal lamine free, 30 to 32 segments, Sub-order
Chordeumoidea. Small Millipedes known from Sumatra,
Burmah, etc., but so far not from the Malay Peninsula.
b’’, Pedal laminve united to the terga.
a’, From about 30 to over 70 segments, Sub-order
Luloidea.
b'’, 19 or 20 segments, Suborder Polydesmoidea,.
6 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES,
Sub-class Chilognatha.
Order Oniscomorpha.
Short, robust Millipedes, convex above and flat below, ca-
pable of rolling themselves into a ball, hence popularly called
‘Pill Millipedes.” The body consists of 12 or 18 segments, of
which the first is very small, the second is enermously expended
at the sides, and the last expended laterally and posteriorly, so
as to entirely cover the anal region. Hach typical body segment
consists of 7 pieces; a large vaulted semi-circular horny plate
forming the upper surface, and concealing the legs, beneath this
on each side a small pleural plate, and between this and the two
legs two still smaller tracheal plates bearing the stigmata, one
corresponding to each leg. The legs are in contact in the middle
line of the body, and those of the last pair, or last two pairs, are
enlarged in the male and transformed into a pair of clasping
organs. The back plates are not furnished with scent-pores.
Pill-millipedes are found in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia
and Australasia; some species attain a length of over 2+ inches
(or 60 mm.); they are divided into two families :—
A. 12 segments, antenne close together. Glomeride.
B. 13 segments, antenne further apait. Zephroniide.
Pill-millipedes may possibly be confounded at first sight
with Woodlice, belonging to the Crustacea, and with certain
wingless Cockroaches, belonging to the Hexapoda, which both
occur in similar localities and surroundings; the cockroach can
be at once detected by having only 3 pairs of legs, and the
woodlouse by its having only one pair of legs to each segment,
instead of two pairs to most segments as in the Millipedes.
‘‘ Moreover, the hinder end of the body in the crustacean is com-
posed of a number of small segments more or less closely
crowded together, but in the Pill-millipede the last segment is
much enlarged, and acts as a kind of protective cover to the
lower side of the body when it is spherically rolled. Of course
there are other differential characteristics between the two not less
striking than that already mentioned ; but it is needless to enter
into them here.” Pocock, J. B. N. H. 5. vol. xii, p. 269 (1899). -
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 7
Family Glomeride.
Pill-millipedes with the antennz relatively close together
on the front of the head, eyes with a single (lateral vertical) row
of ocelli, a conspicuous horse-shoe shaped “sensory” organ
between the eyes and the antenne, and the body consisting of
twelve segments; they are usually of small size, under 8 of an
inch (15 mm.) in length, and are found in England, Europe,
North America, and parts of Asia. Though species of Glomeris
are known from Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo, they have
not yet, to my knowledge, been recorded from the Malay
Peninsula.
Family Zephroniide.
Pill-Millipedes with the antennee widely separated, situated
completely at the sides of the head, eyes composed of a spherical
cluster of ocelli, no “‘ sensory” organ on the face between the
eyes and the antenne, and the body consisting of thirteen seg-
ments; they attaina length of over 2} inches (say 60 mm.),
and are found in Africa, Madagascar. India, Ceylon, Sikkim,
Burma, Siam, Cochin China, the Malay Peninsula and Archipel-
ago, Australia and New Zealand. Over sixty species are known,
divided into about seven genera. ‘“ A Monograph of the Zephro-
nidee inhabiting India, Ceylon and Burmah” by Pocock, will be
found in the Journal of the Bombay Nat. His. Society, vol. xii,
(1899), pp. 269-285 and 465-474.
Genus Spheropeus, Brandt.
_ Apex of the legs broad and truncate, the upper angle bear-
ing a long spine above the claw, there being a considerable
space between the claw and the spine.
1. Spheropewous zonatus, Pocock. A.+M.N.H. Ser. 6, vol. xvi,
1895, p. 412. Recorded from Malacca.
2. Spheropeus bimaculatus, Pocock. A.+M. N. H. Ser. 6, vol,
Xvi, 1895, p. 412. Recorded from Singapore.
Genus Zephronia, Gray.
Apex of the legs narrowed and pointed, the spine and the
claw nearly contiguous.
Ss NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.,
3. Zephronia anthracina, Pocock. A.+M.N.H. Ser. 6, vol.
xvi, 1895, p. 413. Entirely black, shining; reaches a
length of 52 mm. recorded from Perak.
4. Zephronia impunctata, Pocock. A +M.N.H. Ser. 6, vol.
Xvi, 1895,p.4138. Pitchy black hinder borders of terga
obscurely ferruginous, legs olivaceous; length 36. mm.
I found a single specimen (the type) in the jungle near
the big waterfall in the Botanical Gardens, Penang, in
March 1895.
I got specimens of Zephronia also from Singapore, Selangor
and Kosichang, of so far undetermined species.
Order Helminthomorpha,
Sub-order Colobognatha.
small Millepedes, largest about 14 inches (or 40 mm.) in
length, with elongate bodies composed of from about 30 to over
100 segments; head often tucked under the first segment ;
mouth more or less adapted for sucking, the jaws being degene-
rate; known from England and also from most warm parts of
the world; divided into several families.
Family Pseudodesmide.
3. Pseudodesmus verrucosus, Pocock. A.+M. N. H. Sept.’87,
p. 222. Originally described from a Perak specimen,
34 mm. in length. In Sept. ’97 I found one specimen of
a beautiful pale cream colour at. JDumdruan Estate, 700
feet elevation, Gunong Pulai, Johore.
6. Pseudodesmus sp. Yellow millipedes, 28 mm. in length.
Ten specimens found under logs, etc., in the jungle near
Hinlap, 700 feet elevation, and Muok Tek, 900 feet, in
the Dong Phya Phai, Siam; November 1897.
Sub-order Julozdea.
This sub-order includes the most typical millipedes, and also
the largest, some being nearly 10 inches (254 mm.) in length;
it is cosmopolitan. ‘The mandibles are normal, the pedal laminz
united to the terga, and there are from about 30 to over 70
segments. ~
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. =
Families Spirostreptide and Spirobolide.
The Millipedes of these two families are numerous in the
Kast Indies both in species and individuals; they may be thus
distinguished :—/Spirostreptide, first three segments with a pair
of legs each, fourth legless. Spirobolide, first four segments
with a pair of legs each. The collector will soon get to know
the form of eye characteristic of each family, a useful way of
distinguishing them, but not infallible, some species having eyes
of intermediate shape.
Family Spirostreptide.
Genus Spirostreptus.
Ventral grooves short; distance between eves about equal
to half the long diameter of an eye.
7. Spirostreptus vittatus, Newport.
Pocock has given a coloured figure and description of. this
species :—
‘Max Weber, Zool. Ergebnisse III, p. 387, plate xxi, fie. 8
(1894). :
This is a very handsome creature when alive, coloured in
alternate bands of black and red-brown. When walking it
carries the head low, and the antenn are constantly employed
feeling everything the animal approaches. [Each lee seems to
move independently, thus crossing each other in walking, and
apparently impeding any rapid metion. They are usually found
in jungle, crawling on tree trunks or on the ground, in the
middle of the day, quite fearless of any enemy, and as far as
my experience goes submit quietly to be picked up by a col-
lector. I have found them on Penang Hill from 1100 to 2500
feet elevation (March and Nov. ’96), near Chumar, Perak
(Dec. *96), and on the Kuala Kangsa Pass, Perak (May ’98);
this last was the largest specimen I have seen measuring in total
length 93 inches (== 248 mm.).
I also obtained a Spirostreptus of this, or an allied species,
at Kulim, Kedah, in 1895; and two specimens near Muok Lek,
900 feet elevation, in the Dong Phya Phai, Siam, in Nov. 1897.
>
10 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES,
Genus Thyropygus.
Ventral grooves long and deep, distance between eyes
about equal to or greater than the long diameter of an eye.
8. Thyropygus perakensis, Pocock.
Spirostreptus perakensis, Pocock, Linn, S.J. Zool. xxiv, p.
322 (lead figured). [1892].
The type specimen, from Perak, was presented to the
British Museum by Mr. J. H. Leech; it is described as a male,
210 mm. in length, with 69 segments, and in colour polished
black, with antennee and legs reddish vellow.
9. Thyropygus bowringii, Pocock.
Spirostreptus bowringi, Pocock, Linn. §.J. Zool. xxiv, p.
521 (head fig. p, 322) [1892].
During “the rainy season this species is very plentiful in
Siam, coming out usually towards evening and wandering about
gardens and paths, and also occasionally entering houses;
during the rest of the year it seems to quite disappear, presum-
ably it hides away in holes. I have met it in the following
localities :—
Bangkok (May, June, July and August).
Ayuthia (June).
Pachim (April).
Kosichang (August).
Adults, of both sexes, have from 60 to 72 segments. The
longest male I measured was about 5? inches (148 mm.), the
longest female about 88 inches (or 220 mm.).
Colour (from life), drawn up from a large series of Bangkok
specimens.
The whole animal is of a very rich warm yellow ochre, with
these exceptions :—the front surface of the head is a rich red-
yellowish brown, sometimes darker between the eyes, it also
gets darker towards the mouth shading into black on the upper
lip. The antenne are rich red-yellowish brown. The eyes.
black. The first sexment behind the head is rich red-yellowish
brown, getting darker towards its posterior edge. The remain-
ing segments have each on their posterior part a very dark
brown ‘band, i in some individuals pure glistering black, this band
gets narrower and lighter in colour underneath as it approaches
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 1]
the bases of the legs, and is broadest on the centre of the back,
where it is about twice the width of the intervening yellow
spaces. The tail (last segment) is yellow, on its broader portion
obscurely banded once with reddish-brown, and the hinder
portion (as for instance the sides of the anal valves) are picked
out with reddish brown, the sharp tip of the tail is, in some
specimens, black. The legs are more or less shaded with light-
reddish brown, differmg in individuals. The position of the
foramen-repugnatorum is marked on the sides of the somites by
a dark grey half-moon shaped line.
These big Thyropygi when caught in the hand do not
passively submit as most les do, but twist about, rear up
their heads, and bite one’s fingers with their jaws, but of course
without breaking the skin or hur ting in the least; but their show
of resistance is so vigorous that anyone unaware of their harm-
less character would naturally not attempt to touch them twice.
I have kept many individuals of this species in captivity ;
they feed readily on bananas, etc., but never seem to stop eating
as long as food is available. One I noted (as far as I was able
to attend to it) eat without stopping for fifteen hours on end.
The difficulty of keeping them alive is to strike the medium be-
tween starving them and allowing them to overeat themselves,
which results in a week or so in diarrhoea, and then death soon
supervenes. While eating the lower jaws work away steadily
with a lateral in and out motion, and all the time the antenne
keep moving, examining every bit of food just before it enters
the mouth. The females seem always ready to eat, but the
males (in the early summer in Bangkok) suffer much from
sexual excitement, refuse to feed and become very pugnacious.
In the jungle near Hinlap, 700 feet elevation, in the Dong
Phya Phai, Siam, I obtained three specimens of a Zhyropygus,
T. bowringti or an allied form, in November 1897. 164 ie eae: a28 ae Ld
of hind-legs
2. Scutigera birmanica, Poc. The Burmese Shield-Bearer.
Localities. On the 16th March 1896 I caught two specimens
at the “Crag,” Penang Hill, elevation 2260 feet; and subse-
* End of body projects 2 mm, beyond base of hind legs,
20 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
quently in March 1898 obtained a third specimen at the same
place. They are exceedingly active, running so fast that unless
you know them by sight it is hard to tell what sort of animals
they are; if found at rest they may be picked up with a pair
of forceps or else made to walk into a wide-necked cyanide-
of-potassium bottle, but if first frightened all you will probably
see of them is a @limpse of (apparently) a spider with an impro-
per number of very attenuated legs disappearing round the
corner. It is very difficult to secure a perfect specimen, as
when caught they seem to shed their legs voluntarily, almost as
if to spite the collector.
District. Burma and Penang.
3. Scutigera marmorea, Poc. The Marbled Shield-Bearer.
Localities. On the 14th March 1896 I caught one specimen
under the bark of a tree at ‘‘ Richmond,” Penang Hill, elevation
about 2300 feet; its general colour was reddish-brown. In
March 1898 I got another specimen also on Penang Hill at
nearly the same height above sea-level.
District. Burma and Penang.
Sub-class Artiostigma.
ist Order, LITHOBIOMORPHA. 10 pairs of legs.
Contains only the Family Lithobiide. Species of Lithobius
are known to occur in Java, Sumatra, Burmah and possibly the
Nicobar Islands, so will probably be eventually found in the
Malay Peninsula; the largest of the known 8. EH. Asian forms is
only 124 mm. long.
2nd Order, SCOLOPENDROMORPHA. 21 or 28 pairs of legs.
Eyes, either absent or consist of 4 ocelli on each side of
the head.
Antenne, 17 to 29 segments.
Divided into several families.
The usual centipedes met with in Malaya and Siam all come
into the family Scolopendride, which have 21 pairs of legs, 4 eyes
on each side of head, and reach nearly a foot (305 mm.) in
length. 7
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 2]
drd Order, GEOPHILOMORPHA. 389 to 161 (or possibly more)
pairs of legs.
Kyes, absent.
Antenne, 14 segments.
This order consists of long, thin, worm-like centipedes ;
some species are at times luminous; they are divided into
several families, and individuals reach 130 mm. in length.
Order Scolopendromorpha.
Family Scolopendride.
4, Scolopendra subspinipes, Leach. Common Centipede of 8. E.
Asia.
Localities. Of this species I got several specimens in Penang
both from near sea-level (Sepoy Lines) and from the _ hill
(“ Crage”’), one in Singapore, one in Johore Bahru, onein Bangkok,
and one received from Sourabaya, Java: it also occurs in
Sumatra and Flores, and is found (possibly introduced) in tropical
Africa and in the West Indies.
Colour. Most individuals I have seen were bright reddish
brown, but the Johore specimen (mentioned above) and one
from Penang Hill were purplish-black above, pale reddish-
brown below and had reddish antenne and legs.
Size. The red and the black individuals seem to attain equal
dimensions, the largest I have measured was in length (exclusive
of antennze and hind-legs) 166 mm. or 64 in.
5, Scolopendra de haanit, Brandt. De Haan’s Centipede.
This may be only a variety of S. subspinipes from which it
differs in the absence of spines from the under surface of the
anal femora.
Localities. I got several specimens from the hills of
Penang, at about 2300 feet elevation; one from Batu Gajah,
Perak; four from Kulim, Kedah; and about thirty from
the following places in Siam—Bangkok, Ko-si-chang, Chanta-
boon, Kabin and Muok Sek, in the Dong Phay Phai: it also oc-
curs in the Mergui Archipelago, Java and Sumatra.
Colour (from life.) Above rich reddish-brown, antennz
paler reddish-brown; legs pale yellow, distally dark reddish-
22 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES,
brown, claws black; hind-legs reddish brown, getting darker
distally, last segments nearly black; underneath of head reddish
brown, last joint of poison-fangs black; lower surface of body
brownish yellow.
A young specimen from Kabin was black with orange-red
legs and a broad orange-red band behind the head.
A centipede 53 mm. (say 2 inches) in length (excluding
antenne or hindlegs), which Pocock considers to be probably the
young of this species, had the upper parts reddish-brown, but
the posterior part of each segment very dark, nearly black; the
antenne, head and first two segments of body olive green ;
legs on remaining segments pale red; and the under surface
pale reddish-brown.
Size. The finest De Haan’s Centipede I have measured
was caught in our compound in Bangkok, 19th December, 1897.
Its dimensions were :—
Total length, from tip of antenne to claw of hind foot 281 mm.
Length, without antenne or hind legs .. aie era l@
5 antenne ... a oa : ons aries
‘ hind-leg... ae ae ae i wee OO
Width, 2nd segment ..... on sigs a ee lie
St Re ee
i. Zilina ers se Ae, m0 suas bi; EO
ie 22nd (last) Se Ld
These two species, supposing them to be distinct, § seem simi-
lar in habits; they are for the most part nocturnal, but I have
met them roaming abroad in the day time; they are to be found
in houses and gardens as well as in the jungle, and even on board
ship. They run very swiftly, and try to bite fiercely when interfer-
ed with; what the effect of their bite on a man could be I do not
know, I only once saw one bitten—Surgeon-Captain Smith at
Penang in 1895. He felt no ill effects from the bite, but the centi-
pede had previously been biting at some cord, in a loop of which
we were trying to secure it, so had probably exhausted its sup-
ply of poison. It is said that their claws are poisonous, and |
have even been told in Singapore that a centipede ran over a
man’s face and left a line of bad sores where its feet touched his
skin. I cannot believe this—for I have seen Malays allowing a
big centipede (with poison fangs extracted) to run about their
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 2s
bare shoulders and neck without recieving any harm, and I have
myself had them crawling over my hands as an experiment but
without being able to see, or feel, the smallest wound. Nothing
seems to be known about their breeding habits. In Penang I
have seen a dead centipede hung from the front axle-tree of a
gharry; why this is done I have no idea; perhaps other mem-
bers of the Society have noticed this?
6. Scolopendra Morsitans (Linn.) The Biting Centipede.
I caught specimens of this species at Gunang Pulai in Johore,
and at Kabin in Siam, received one from near Raheng, Siam.
The Kabin specimen was purplish-green in colour, and measured
in length (without hind legs) 71 mm. (with hind legs) 823 mm.
Dr. Max Weber obtained this species in Celebes, Saleyer and
Flores. It is also found in central Africa and other tropical
countries.
7. Otostigmus scaber, Porat. The Rough Centipede.
“Takhap-fai” (fine-centipede) of the Siamese.
Localities. { found this species numerous in Bangkok
under flower pots in the garden of the Wang Na, and also
got specimens on Gunong Pulai, Johore.
Colour (Bangkok specimens). Above reddish-brown, redder
on the margins, browner in the vertebral line; the anterior
portion of the head sometimes black ; lower surface of body pale
reddish-yellow ; eyes black; antenne light-red or else basal
portion reddish-brown, turning darker distally till the tips are
almost black ; legs, basal segment and greater portion of next
segment buff, remainder rich dark blue, or in some specimens the
legs are grey, basally bright blue, distally buff, the hindmost
pair of legs are blue banded with pale buff or white at the
joints.
Size (Bangkok specimens). ‘The largest i noted measured
48 mm. in length, without including the hind-legs.
Another was :—
length, without antenne or hind legs, 314 mm.
antennee De ear.
hindlegs 12
bP)
bole
9 9
24 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
I also collected specimens of Otostigius on Penang Hill,
in the Larut Hills of Perak, in Johore, at Chantaboon
(purplish-blue in colour) and at Paknam-Menam, which
are difficult to determine specifically, as there are many
species of this genus described from Ceylon, Japan,
China, Mergui Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes,
Flores, ete.
8. Rhysida longipes (Newport).
I got two specimens at Tanglin, Singapore, one found
under a flower-pot, one running about in my _ bathroom
at night, and several from Siam, from near Raheng and
from the island of Ko-si-chang. This centipede usually
has its back coloured dark reddish or purplish-brown, the
legs may be lighter; it is of small size reaching a length
of 68 mm. (2.68 inches) It is distributed in many parts
of tropical Asia and America.
9. Rhysida immarginata (Porat).
Of this small species I got six specimens near Alor Star,
Kedah; one in Taipeng, Perak ; a friend found it climbing up his
leg inside his trowsers; and two in Singapore, one in the
Officers’ Mess, Tanglin, and one in a bathroom of Raffles Hotel.
In these centipedes the antenne, when not in use, are carried
curled up very elegantly. Dr. Max Weber obtained this species
in Sumatra, Java and Saleyer.
10. Rhysida carinulata (Haase.)
In January 1896 Mr. Ridley and I found one of these rare
centipedes on Bukit Timah, Singapore; it was a female lying
curled up round its eggs, hidden under a rock in the jungle.
The species was previously known from Celebes.
11. Rhysida rugulosa, Pocock.
This species is described and figured (nat-size) by Pocock
in Max Weber’s Zool. Ergebnisse III, p. 314, Pl. xix, Fig. 6.
The type specimen is from Sumatra. In November 1896 I
caught one in the garden of “ the Crag,” Penang Hill, 2200
feet elevation; its colours were:—back purplish black ; antennee
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 25
and lees bottle green; underneath pale olive green. Leneth
(excluding antenne and hind feet) 85 mm. (3.33 inches.)
[also got specimens of Phys/da from Blakan Mati, Singapore,
and from Chantaboon, that apparently do not fall into any of
the above species.
Order Geophilomorpha.
Family Geophilide.
12. Orphneeus brevilabiatus (Newport). The Luminous Centipede.
Malay Alamayer.
I have caught this long, thin red centipede at Tahkamen,
Siam, in March 1897, in Government House, Singapore, October
1897, and in Bakar Bata House, Kedah, in May 1898; always
in roofs or upper stories of houses. On more than one occasion,
Ihave seen them at night on my mosquito curtains. Each
time I tested their luminosity; when disturbed they give out a
bright but lurid green ‘“ phosphorescent” hght, and as_ the
centipede moves it leaves a trail of light behind it on the surface
it is crawling over ; this trail olimmers for a moment or so, and
then goes out.
Besides Siam and the Malay Peninsula this species occurs
in other parts of the Oriental Region (Mergui Archipelavo,
Java, Celebes, Flores, etc.) and also in Hoole America.
Family Dicellophilide.
13. Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport.
Of this long, thin centipede I got four specimens in the
earth at Chantaboon in January 1898 (no luminosity observed),
and also found a single individual under a piece of wood on the
top of Western Hill, Penang, elevation 2725 feet. This latter
measured :—
length (excluding antenne and hind legs) 52 mm.
7 (including e a) ee yeni
This species is also recorded from the Mere Archipelago,
Sumatra, Java, Flores and Mauritius.
Family Eucratonychide.
Species of Eucratonyx may eventully be found in Malaya as
they occur in Burmese territory on the one side, and in islands
at the Eastern end of the Malay Archipelago on the other.
26 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES,
VI. Class Gigantostraca.
Order Xiphosura.
Family Limulide.
The King Crabs, or Horse-shoe Crabs.
“ Mengdahn-ndm” of the Siamese.
Belangkas” of the Malays.
1. Limulus moluceanus.
I have got live specimens in the Singapore Market on the
dth April, in the Bangkok Market 18th June, and in Brunei,
Borneo, on the 2nd October.
I was told in Siam that the King-Crabs usually frequent
deep water, but in June, July and August resort to the shallows
at the head of the Gulf for breeding purposes; they are then
caught in large numbers for the markets. They will live for a
few days in a tub of fresh water.
In life the carapace is a beautiful, rich, dark, shining, olive
colour.
The largest specimen I measured (at Bangkok) was :—
Total length, 19.7 inches, ==—o00 mum
Length of carapace, 10.2 ,, SG)
- sj bake DD se ——— ee
Width, ,, carapace; 102] — ee
2. Limulus rotundicauda.
Easily distinguished from 1. moluccanus by the round shap-
ed tail. .
To be seen for sale in the Bangkok Market with the above.
The largest specimen I measured (at Bangkok) was :—
Total length, 15.25 inches = 3377 ml
Length of*carapace, 8 — 2050
7 i, wal, 7.25 ¥. —— ae
Width ,, carapace, 7.75 ae = ieee
3. Limulus tridentatus, Leach.
Also known as) Limulus longispinis. My. A. C. Cluneis
Ross gave me a large pair caught at Kudat, Brit. North Borneo:
the female was the largest and measured :—total length 35.25
inches =894 mm., width of carapace 15 inches = 381 mm.
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 27
VII. Class Arachnida.
In this class are included the Spiders, Scorpions, Mites, Ticks
and their relatives.
These animals have no distinct head, the head and thorax
being fused together, and the result of this union (called the
‘‘cephalothorax”’) and the abdomen may or may not be seg-
mented.
Breathing is carried on by air-tubes, lung-books or both.
The sexes are distinct individuals.
There are no antenne, such as exist in the insects, centi-
pedes and millipedes.
The cephalothorax bears six pairs of limbs ;—
1st pair (the mandibles) composed of 2 or 3 segments, acting
as seizing or biting organs.
2nd pair (the chelce, or palpi) composed of 5 or 6 segments ;
of which the basal segments (the maxillce) are used for crushing
food, and the remainder variously modified as seizing, feeling or
sexual organs.
3rd pair, composed of 6 or more segments, used for feeling
(as in the Pedipalpi), or for walking.
4th, 5th, and 6th, composed of 6 to 9 segments, used for
walking.
The abdomer bears no true limbs.
The class may be divided into 8 orders, one of these con-
tains the Mites. Ticks and a varied host of small forms, some
very degenerate, in some various limbs are lost, in some there
are apparently no organs of respiration, and in the ‘ Water
Bears.” or Tardigrada, the sexes are not distinct but are united
in each individual.
The following table may be of use*to the collector in
determining to which Order an Arachnoid beast, he may hap-
pen to have caught, belongs.
A. 2nd pair of limbs modified into oreat seizing organs (chelce).
A, no “ waist” between caphalothorax and abdomen.
érd, 4th, 5th and 6th pairs of limbs of similar con-
struction and used for walking.
a. posterior segments of abdomen narrowed, forming a
distinct jointed tail, ending in a poison-sting.
28 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
breathing by means of 4 pairs ot lung books.
abdominal combs present.
no silk-secreting glands.
some species attain a length of 8 inches.
(Scorpions). Order Scorpiones.
b. no tail.
breathing by weaus of air-tubes.
no abdominal combs.
silk-secreting glands present.
some species attain a length of } inch.
(False Scorpions). Order Pseudoscorpiones.
B. a * waist” between cephalothorax and abdomen.
3rd pair of limbs modified into feelers, the last segment
being clawless and divided into a number of secondary
seginents.
4th, 5th and 6th pairs of similar construction and used
for walking.
c. no tail, or a thread like one.
breathing by means of 2 pairs of lung books.
no abdominal combs.
no silk-secreting glands.
some species attain a length of 2 inches.
(Whip Scorpions) Order Pedipalpi.
B. 2nd pair of limbs not modified into chelee.
(, cephalothorax segmented.
mandibles form large pincers.
abdomen with ten segments.
palpi leg-like.
d, a long jointed tail.
size minute; only one species known, from South
Hurope.
Order Palpigradi.
e. no tail.
reach nearly 2 inches in length; many genera and
species known from South Europe, Africa, Asia and
America.
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. a
(False Spiders). Order Solifuge.
D. cephalothorax not segmented.
f. a“ waist” between cephalothorax and abdomen.
mandibles form a poison fang.
abdomen not segmented (except in sub-order Meso-
thelce).
breathing by means of 2 pair of lung books, or else
1 pair lung books and 1 pair of air-tubes.
spinning glands present.
(Spiders). Order Araneae.
g. no * waist” between cephalothorax and abdomen.
a.’ abdomen composed of 3 to 8 segments.
mandibles pincer-like.
basal segment of 5rd pair of limbs always adapted
for mastication.
breathing by means of air-tubes.
no spinning glands.
(Harvest Spiders). Order Opiliones.
b.’ abdomen not segmented.
mandibles pincer-like, or simply pointed.
basal segment of 3rd pair of limbs never adapted
for mastication.
breathing by means of air-tubes, or without
distinct organs.
spinning glands sometimes present.
size usually minute.
(Mites, Ticks etc.) Order Acuri.
Order Scorpiones.
The True Scorpions.
Malay * Nalajinking.”
Siamese ‘Valaang-pon,’ or more commonly “Jleng-pon.”
Pantang Kapur “ Simpaz,’ and “P’nipet,’ (Lake—Kelsall,
J.S. B. RB. A. S. No. 26, 1894, p. 41.)
The true Scorpions have four pairs of legs, of similar con-
struction, each composed of seven segments, and used for loco-
30 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
motion, and two modified anterior pairs of limbs, one (the chele)
forming great pincers and composed of six segments, and one
(the mandibles) forming small pincers and composed of only
three segments.
The abdomen is distinctly segmented, and the last six seg-
ments, are narrower than the rest, forming a distinct tail; the
last segment of all (the telson) ends in a sharply pointed poison-
sting.
On the lower surface of the second segment of the abdomen
are a pair of comb-like organs (the pectines); the exact use of
which does not seen to be known, but I have noticed scorpions
are continually moving them about as if they were organs of
touch. |
Scorpions are divided into several families; two of which
occur in our region and may be thus distinguished :—
Ist. Buthide. Sternum of the cephalothorax small and trian-
gularly pointed in front.
Two spurs on the articular membrane of the tarsus.
2nd. Scorpionide. Sternum of the cephalothorax broad and
pentagonal.
One spur on the articular membrane of the tarsus.
Family Buthide.
1. Archisometrus mucronatus (Fabr.) The Sharp Scorpion.
“ Mengpon tahkepp” of the Siamese.
This small yellowish scorpion is widely distributed in the
Kast, being recorded from Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Vochin China,
China, Japan, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Flores, Saleyer, and it
is said from New Zealand and Madagascar. Pocock has given
an excellent coloured figure of this species, natural size in Max
Weber’s Zool. Ergebnisse III, Pl. vi, fig. 1, (published at Leyden,
1893.)
Scorpions of this species are to be found inside and outside
houses, both downstairs and upstairs, as well as in gardens and
in the jungle; they spend the day hidden in crevices, or under
stones, rocks, etc., and at night roam about for food ; they run
about the walls of houses with ease, but I doubt their being able
to cross ceilings, as the house-lizards of the family Gechkonidw do.
< sigios kd Ue
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 31
In Bangkok I found this species very common, and also
caught specimens at Ayuthia, in the Dong Phya Phai, at Kabin,
at Chantaboon and on the island of Ko-si-chang.
When suddenly found under a stone they seem to seek
safety rather in remaining perfectly motionless than in taking
instant flight.
I have noticed them eating crickets and moths, possibly they
will eat any insects they can catch and overpower, but I have
watched them encounter and leave unmolested, though hungry,
a beetle (Carabidv) and a small green bug. On _ several occa-
sions i have placed these scorpions with whip-scorpions
(Thelyponus sckimkewitchii) and with large spiders (/eterapoda
venatorea) to see if they would try to tackle other Arachnida,
but I found the three sorts all left one another alone. I
have not observed them even attempt to feed on insects they
have not killed themselves, nor to pay any attention to fruit. I
do not know if they ever drink, I find an entry in my diary for
the 26th December, 1897 :—‘‘A. mucronatus caught on the
15th of this month is still alive and well. It has had no water
all the time.” Unfortunately I find no note as to the further
career of this scorpion, or how long it lived in captivity. When
walking this species ofter has the combs extended and pointed
forward. It seems quite blind (at any rate in a full light), it
runs swiftly with both chele extended, but if an upright thing,
such as a stick which the chele pass on each side of without
touching, is met with, the scorpion runs right into it and is
pulled up short; just as a man feeling for the door in the dark
with outstretched arms may, if the door be standing open,
suddenly find himself hit in the face by it; but on the other
hand I have seen a scorpion pursue a fluttering insect, but this
may have been by sound (or smell ?).
The following extract from my diary of the 15th December
1897 will give some idea of how these animals feed.
A. mucronatus; in the evening I watched it sitting quite
still, body very flat on the ground, chele extended, tail curved
over back with the point of the sting carefully protected in the
usual manner; a small moth settled near it, the scorpion imme-
diately seized the moth in both chele and quick as hghtning
brought its tail over its head, stung the moth and recovered
QD NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
its tail to the ‘rest’ position, it then placed the moth’s head to
its jaws and ate it off, holding the moth in its chelee and tugging
off pieces with its mandibles; aftera few bites the scorpion ran
off holding the moth in one chele; on the way another small
moth came just by it, the scorpion promptly seized it in the
disengaged chele, and again quick as a thought its tail was
thrown forward and again withdrawn; it then ran on witha
moth in either hand, when it met a third moth the scorpion trans-
ferred the first moth to its mandibles and with the chele thus
disengaged it attempted to seize the live moth but it fluttered
on; the scorpion, pursuing with one moth in its jaws, one moth
in one hand and the other hand grabbing at the third moth, was
decidedly comical; it failed to catch the third moth, and after
running a little way settled down to eat its captives; the first
moth was eaten wings and all, only one lower wing and four
legs being left, which may have been dropped accidentally, it
then began eating the second moth but after a time (whether
anything frightened it or not I do not know) the scorpion
dropped the moth and ran off; after some minutes another live
moth came in its way which it seized and commenced eating ;
while doing so it caught another, and again ran off carrying one
moth in its jaws and one in its hand.”
Effect of Sting.
Two cases of scorpion sting have come under my notice ;
each time the scorpion was caught and identified as Archisometrus
mucronatus.
Ist. 27th Nov. 1897. Basdeoh, a native of India, acci-
dentally put his hand on a scorpion which stung him in the finger;
he said he had very great pain all up the hand and arm as far
as the shoulder; he applied a small native poultice which some-
what relieved the pain. This happened at 6 a.m. At 7.30 a.m.
the finger was very swollen, but not appreciably discoloured, he
said there was then no pain above the elbow but it was very bad
in the forearm and hand; we got him to put the injured finger
in a strong solution of permanganate of potash and keep it there
for half an hour, first opening the wound by squeezing it; by
8.30 a. m. he wasall right again.
2nd. 26th December 1897. Maa Deng, Siamese woman,
stung in her foot in the evening ; the effect was at once a rather
OTES ON MILLIPEDEs. os
swollen foot and much pain: we were able to bathe the foot
almost immediately ina very strong solution of permanganate
of potash and the pain subsided in a quarter of an hour.
Colour.
Yellow mottled with brown, the four pairs of breathing
orifices on the abdomen being very conspicuous as lemon yellow
spots. A small specimen (36 mm. in length) was coloured
pinkish underneath.
Young.
I have not been able to make out at what times of year
these scorpions breed. On the 9th May in Bangkok I caught a
young one (10 mm. in length) by itself, and on the 3rd Aug ust
also in Bangkok found one (11 mm. in leneth) being carried
about on its mother’s back.
Sexes,
Mr. R. J. Pocock, in answer to enquiries, writes to me:
‘In A. mucronatus the male has the tail stouter and the claws
longer with sinuate fingers, as compared with the female.”
Size.
Length from front of mandibles to tip of sting of 58 adult
Siamese specimens which I have examined :—
average 445 mm. smallest, 36 mm.
largest, 55 mm, (roughly 24 inch.)
Pectinal Teeth.
Usually about 21 on each comb, occassionally there is one
more tooth on one side than on the other, and once [-found a
specimen with two more teeth on one side than the other i. e.
19 and 21.
The fewest I have counted were ina Bangkok specimen,
1. e. 18 and 18: the most I have counted were ina Dong Phya
Phai specimen, i. e. 24 and 24,
2. Archisometrus scutilus, C. K.
This is is a small yellowish-brown scorpion with very long
attenuated claws and tail; I caught one specimen under the
bark of a fallen tree in the Experimental Gardens, Penang Hill,
about 1900 feet elevation, and one in the verandah of ‘the
Crag,” Penang Hill, 2260 feet elevation, both in March 1898.
This species is also recorded from Tenasserin, Selangor, Singa-
pore, Sumatra and Java.
ao} |
34 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
3. Tsometrus maculatus (De Geer).
This is another small yellowish brown scorpion; it has
been found in Spain, Africa, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula,
Siam, Hongkong, Java, Timor, Mauritius, Madagascar, Sandwich
Islands, West Indies and South America. I caught two speci-
mens in the Officer’s Mess, Sepoy Lines, Penang; one in the
Officer’s Mess, Tanglin, Singapore; one in Raffles Hotel, Singa-
pore ; and two in Bakar Bata House, Kedah. I was given two
specimens in Bangkok said to have been caught there, but I
never myself came across it alive in that city. This species,
when suddenly found, will often lie still as if feigning to be dead,
till touched, when it tries to run away.
Sexes.
“In J maculatus the tail and pincers of the male are very
lone and thin as compared with the female.” Pocock.
Family Scorpionide.
4, Cherilus agilis, Pocock. The Agile Scorpion.
This species was discovered by Mr. H. N. Ridley at the
Batu Caves, Selangor, and described by Mr. R. J. Pocock (Annals
1 Mae. Nat. Hist. Series vn, vol. in, No: 175) May iiss oe
416). The general colour is dark reddish brown, not distinctly
variegated. Pectinal teeth 4. Length 56 mm.
5. Cherilus rectimanus, Pocock. The Straight-handed Scorpion.
Mr. H. N. Ridley discovered this species in Singapore, and
it has been described by Pocock (loe. cit. supra, p. 418).
The general colour is ferruginous, variegated with black.
Pectinal teeth 3 (7). Length 24 mm.
Other species of this genus will probably be eventually found
in the Malay Peninsula.
6. Palamneus oatesii, Pocock. Oates’ Scorpion.
This large species, known as ‘“‘ Kala” by the Kedah Malays,
is often identified as Palumnwus spinifer (Hempr. + Ehrenberg).
L. Wray, jun., J.5.B. R.A. 5. No. 21, 1890, p. 148; "mentions
“a large dark metallic green scorpion (Buthus spiniger)” in
Batang Padang, Perak ; he probably refers to this species.
I obtained one specimen from near Jenan, Kedah; four
from Kulim, Kedah; two from Penang Ifill (one at 2500 feet
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 35
elevation, given me by Mr. L. Brown); three from Johore
Bahru, and two from the foothills of Gunong Pulai, Johore.
folour (in life):-very rich dark olive green. ‘The poison-
vesicles in the Gunong Pulai specimens were white.
Size.
oe irom front of mandibles to’ tip of :stine, 102 mm.
Pectinal teeth, 16-+17.
?. from front of mandibles to end of penultimate segment,
107 mm. Pectinal teeth, 17-+17.
District.
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (°).
7. Palamneus silenus, Simon.
Siamese, **Iengpon chang,” == Elephant Scorpion.
Of this fine species I obtained four specimens from Bang-
kok, three from Tahkamen, one from near Kabin, one from near
Raheng, and thirty one from Chantaboon. It seems to be
strictly nocturnal; at night roaming about for food, and lying
hid by day : at Chantaboon I found most by digging in the soil
4 or 6 inches deep, under fallen logs, to find their burrows,
which the scorpions often tried to escape along, but we followed
them (digging up the soil) and eventually ‘secured them. In
one spot (in Jan. 1898) we found about ten individuals, all of
about the same size, huddled up close together in a hole in the
ground.
Colour (in life.) shining rich dark green.
Size. A good specimen had the following dimensions :—
serene from front of mandible to point of sting—135
mm. (about 54 inches).
Leng th, of cephalothorax (in median hne)—18 mm.
Width of cephalothorax 19 mm.
Length of tail 66 —
a ,, humerus 16 —
rs ,, brachium 1G ee
a 5 pincer (to end of fixed digit) 35 —
,, moveable digit a | ea
W idth of hand {6 —
Pectinal Teeth vary in number from about 15 to about 18
on each side.
36 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
The usual numbers seem to be 16-16, or 16-+17.
Serves. “In Palanneus silenus and Hormurus the male has
the two halves of the genital operculum separated so that this
can be pulled apart, while in the female, though the suture
remains, the two are inseparable. The combs are also larger in
the male.” Pocock.
District. Siam, and Cochin China.
8. Lormurus australusiv (Fabr.)
Siamese ‘ J/engpon-ton” == Tree Scorpion.
This is a small dark brown scorpion with large pincers, a
comparatively short, slender tail and a very small sting, com-
monly to be found under the bark of trees, but I have also
obtained it among a pile of logs, and under dead leaves on the
ground. Pocock says “ this species is found in 8. East Asia and
all over the Islands of the Indo-Malayan, Austro-Malayan and
Australian Region,” and mentions it being recorded from the
Himalayas, Corea, Sumatra, Java, Flores, Saleyer, New Britain,
Solomon, Loyalty and Fiji Islands.
Personally I have caught seven specimens on Penang Hill,
at elevations of 1800 to 2300 feet; three in Bangkok; one at
Chantaboon; and two on the island of Kosichang. I also re-
ceived one from near Raheng, Siam.
A Hormurus, probably of this species, is found on Maxwell’s
Hill, Perak; I found the remains of one inside a frog (Rana
macrodon) caught at 3,300 feet elevation in April 1898.
The largest specimen I have measured was from the front
of the mandibles to the tip of the sting, 45 mm.
The pectinal teeth in four Siamese specimens examined
were: — 02> fwO4-4, (4-4 ald foin7
Order Pseudoscorpiones.
The alse Scorpions.
These are the minute and harmless animals sometimes called
“ Book Scorpions.” At Chantaboon I found a species of the
venus Chelifer ; and also in Bangkok under the bark of trees,
under flag-stones and in packing cases.
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. Si
Order Pedipalpi.
(see Pocock, Royal Natural History, Vol. vi, p. 217).
Sub-order Uvropygi (Tailed Pedipalps).
Section Oxopwi.
Family Thelyphonidx. (Whip Scorpions).
1. Lhelyphonus skimkewittchii, Tarnoni.
Siamese ‘“UVengpon-menn,’ i. e. Stinking Scorpion,
Localities. I met this species in Bangkok, Chantaboon and
Kosichang. Pocock records it from ‘t Lacan, via Raheng, in
piam ®” (A.+M. N. H. Ser. 7, Vol. v, March 1900, p. 298).
Description of body from a Bangkok specimen :—
Cephalothorax slightly convex, considerably narrowed
anteriorly. ‘The anterior eyes are black, they are separated by
a prominent elongated smooth tubercle which extends to the
anterior edge of the cephalothorax, which consists of a sharp
ridge which curves back on each side as far as the lateral eye where
it disappears ; the three lateral eyes are pale yellow, the dorsal
pair being very conspicuous in the live animal. The whole
surface of the cephalothorax is roughly granulated, on the
whole more coarsely anteriorly; the cephalic and thoracic
erooves are well marked. Abdomen moderately depressed,
elongately oval, at its widest part 1/7 wider than the widest part
of the cephalothorax ; upper surface granular, with the posterior
edge of each segment ‘“ crenulated”; ‘‘ the muscular points ”
are round and well marked on the second to eighth segments.
Colour (in life); drawn up from several dozen Bangkok
specimens,
Adults :—Upper surfaces of cheloe, cephalothorax, abdomen,
two joints of legs nearest body and lower surface of abdomen
very dark brown, almost black, but sometimes the greater part
of the lower surface of the abdomen is reddish-brown. Along
either side of the abdomen there is a broad pale yellow longi-
tudinal line. ‘The tail, limbs (where not dark brown), lower
surface of cephalothorax, and the first two segments on the
underneath of the abdomen are a rich red-brown.
38 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
Young :—specimens of about 8 mm. in length have the
cephalothorax and abdomen of the usual dark brown colour, but
have pale yellowish red chele.
Size, of three typical Bangkok specimens, in millimetres ;—
Total length of cephalothorax and abdomen. 28) 20% 28
Length of cephalothorax, ly 11s
x ,, abdomen, including terminal joints, 17. Tita
a ,, the narrow tail, 20°) 25 2a26
,. », five terminal joints of chelce, in articulation, 13
fe ,, first leg, excluding the coxal joint, 30 ot | ae
1 ,, second lee, 195 18
Width of cephalothorax, 6 6
Habits. Strictly nocturnal; hiding by day under logs,
stones, etc. and at night roaming about for food. They are
chiefly to be seen during the rainy season from April to August.
In January and December I have sometimes noticed a very faint
and peculiar smell given off by these creatures, but have not
been able to detect it at other times of year.
‘To collect—when found they can easily be picked up by a
pair of forceps, the points placed on either side of the hard
cephalothorax, and they quickly die in a cyanide of potassium
“insect killing bottle.’ When placed on their back on a sheet
of glass or other flat surface these 7helyphoni seem very helpless
and unable to right themselves.
Food. In captivity they feed readily on dead insects; they
first carefully and slowly examine the object, then take it up in
their chelce, and in the case of a moth almost completely devour
it, or if a dragon fly eat all but the wings: very rarely I have
seen a Thelyphonus catch a live insect in its chelce and eat it:
they do not attempt to interfere with beetles or grasshoppers
larger than themselves. Besides insects they will eat very small
bits of over-ripe bananas.
One that I caught with a broken tail lived 24 days, during
this time there was no sign of a reproduced tail growing. |
Effects of Sting. These animals are usually supposed to be
harmless to man, but in Bangkok on the 30th April 1897 I had
a curious experience with one. Seeing a Vhelyphonus, of this
species, running on the ground I picked it up by the cephalo-
thorax between the first finger and thumb of my left hand; it
oi
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 39
at once bent its thread-shaped tail over its back (as a scorpion
does) and also scratched about my fingers with its legs, but the
pincers did not touch me; I thought nothing of its tail, etc., till
I felt a sharp pain and found the animal fad somehow stung me.
I went straight into my house, and already the first joint of my
finger was very swollen and inflamed, there being a rapidly
erowing white lump, and the rest was red; at one spot was a
fresh puncture as if a needle had been driven in, in a horizontal
direction, and gone some little way under the skin. After cut-
ting and squeezing the wound, I put my finger into a strong
solution of permanganate of potash, which at once relieved the
pain and stopped the swelling, but the little wound continued to
smart for some hours. Since then I have been careful never to
let a Thelyphonus touch me.
Sexes. ‘ You can tell the male of this species at once by
the presence of a shallow circular pit upon the fourth ventral
plate of the abdomen, by the different shape and size of the first
plate, and by the simple structure of the small segments of the
tarsus of the first pair of lees, that is to say of the antenniform
leas; the tarsal segments of the adult female being peculiarly
modified.” (R. I. Pocock).
2. Thelyphonus Johorensis. Oates.
“Toong-gee” of the Malays of Johore.
I have caught this species in Johore Bahru, and up to about
500 feet elevation on Gunong Pulai. One specimen, out of three
caught Sept. 97, smelt slightly. Two Thelyphoni, probably of
this species, caught in the Botanical Gardens in March ’98 also
smelt slightly but perceptibly. A specimen obtained at about
3400 feet elevation in the Larut Fills, Perak, in April ’98, is
referred doubtfully to this species.
eo. Lhelyphonus wayz, Pocock (A. +M. N. H. Ser. 7, Vol. v,
March 1900, p. 295).
Found by Mr. Herbert W. L. Way in Battambang, Siam.
4. Typopettis dalyc, Pocock. (loc. cit. supra. p. 297).
Found by Mr. Mahon Daly at “ Lacan, Via Rahene, Siam.”
——Ee
Pen eee ee eee
40 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
5. ITypoctonus formosus (Butler).
This species found in Burma and on Owen’s Island, Merewi,
(Pocock, Linn. Soc. Jour. Zoology, Vol. xxxvi, p. 316); is pro-
bably the same as that recorded from Penang as Thelyphonus
angustus, Lucas by Stoliczka, J. A. 5S. B. Vol. xl, Part 2, 1873,
p. 134.
Sub-order A mblypygi (Tailless Pedipalps).
Family Yarantulide.
6. Yarantula phipsoni (Pocock) Phipson’s Tarantula.
This species is named after the able Honorary Secretary of
the Bombay Natural History Society. The genus Yurantula
has also been called Phrynus and Phrynichus.
At Chantaboon in January 1898 I found fifteen individuals
of this species on one small hill, by turning over some piles of logs ;
they can run very swiftly, and rapidly efface themselves from
view by going into crevices; but usually, like scorpions, they
seem to seek concealment by squatting quite still among their
natural surroundings. Daylight seems to confuse them, and
when caught they move their pincers wildly about in a most
aimless manner.
Dimensions of a Chantaboon specimen :—
Length, from front of mandible (folded at rest) to end of abdo-
men, . 40 millimeters.
Width of cephalothorax, 19 -
en + , abdomen, : |W aaa =
Total length of chela limb, 110 x
i 3 ,, antenniform limb, 128 a
= es », lst walking lee, ay) as
é i, 5) 2nd ‘ és 60 e
” ” 3rd ” ” 08 Chien
Span from tip to tip of outstretched chela, 220 mm.
An animal allied to Phipson’s Tarantula inhabits the Batu
Caves, Selangor ; I saw one specimens far into the caves in June
1898 but failed to catch it.
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 41
r Order Aranee.
The True or JWeb-Spiders
Malay ‘Laba-laba”
Siamese ‘ Jleng-moung ”
Jakun ‘7’ wowoh” (Lake-+ Kelsall, J.S.B.R.A.S.
No. 26, 1894, p. 56.)
The true Spiders have fcur pairs of legs, of similar con-
struction, each composed of seven segments, and used for locomo-
tion, and two modified anterior pairs of limbs, one (the palpi)
leg-like and composed of six segments, including the basal
segment or maxilla, and one (the mandibles) composed of only
two segments and containing a poison-gland which opens at
the tip of the second segment which forms the poison-fang.
The spinning mamille, upon which open the silk glands, are
situated on the lower surface of the abdomen, and are a charac-
teristic feature of the true Spiders.
The sexes of spiders may be distinguished by the last seg-
ment of the palp which is modified into an intromittent organ in
the male, while the female, in most families, has a horny plate
(vulva) on the forepart of the lower surface of the abdomen.
The true Spiders are divided into two Sub-orders :-—
1. Sub-order Mesothelw. Abdomen segmented, its upper surface
covered with eleven dorsal plates. Eight spinning:
mammille placed in the middle of the lower surface
of the abdomen. This sub-order contains only one
family Liphistiidw, and one genus Liphistius, known
from Burma, Sumatra, Penang and Selangor, where
it has been recently discovered by Mr. H. N. Ridley.
2. Sub-order Opisthothelw. Abdomen not segmented. Six. or
fewer, spinning mammille placed near the hinder
extremity of the lower surface of the abdomen,
This Sub-order contains a host of forms, divided into
two sections of many families; only a few of the
more noticeable can be mentioned in the limits of
this paper.
42 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES,
Section Mygalomorphe.
Family Theruphoside.
These are the very large hairy spiders commonly called by
the English in the Straits Settlements “ Tarantulas”, and called
by the Siamese “ Boum,’ what the effect of their bite on a man
would be I cannot say; it is commonly supposed that the
consequences would be very serious, if not fatal.
1. Coremiocnemis cunicularius, Simon.
These large dark brown and very hairy spiders are numer-
ous on Penang Hill; most of my specimens were obtained near
“the Crag” at an elevation of about 2200 feet. They make
burrows, sometimes a couple of feet deep, in the steep banks at
the side of the hill paths; the round entrance hole of these
burrows is easily seen, and then the spider, if at home, may be
carefully dug out. The Kling coolies I employed to help me
digging were extremely afraid of these spiders, which they
called (Gn Malay) ‘“ Laba-laba gigi sakit” (= the spider with
the poisonous teeth). These spiders are fierce, very strong and
difficult to kill without damaging them ; I have found a specimen
after three or four hours immersion in spirits of wine still to
be so lively that it had to be handled with caution. The length
of the caphalothorax and abdomen of one I measured was
46mm. (1.8 inches), its hind-lee measuring 68 mm. (2.7
inches).
2. Melopwus albostriatus, Simon.
This species occurs in Siam; I was given a specimen said
to have been caught at Ayuthia, but never came across it alive
myself.
Family Barychelide.
3. LEncyocrypta sp. incert.
I got this spider near the foot of Gunong Pulai, Johore, in
September, 1897, but did not observe whether it had a “ trap-
door” home or not.
Section Arachnomorphe.
Family Pholcide.
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 43
4, Artema atlanta, Walck.
This elegant spider, better known as Pholcus borbonicus,
with exceedingly long and slender legs is common in disused
- buildingsin Bangkok. It is pale reddish brown in colour, ex-
cept the abdomen which is grey. ‘They apparently make no
webs ; they can run very fast, but, as long as these is no crevice
to dart away into, are easily caught in the hand. They may
be from the tip of one extended fore-leg to the other as much
as 140 mm. (or 5$ inches) ; though the length of the cephalotho-
rax and abdomen is only 10 mm. (or .4 of an inch).
Family Arg/opide.
5. Argiope wmula, Walck.
This species, which is widely distributed throughout the
Criental regien, I obtained in Bangkok.
6. Araneus de haanii, Dol.
Collected in a house in Bangkok in July 1898.
~I
Flerennia multipuncta, Dol.
Obtained on Penang Hill in March 1896.
8. Nephila maculata, Fabr.
This is the most striking in appearance of the Malay spiders
I have come across, and is by no means rare. _ It lives on trees
both in gardens and in the jungle, but occasionally wanders
into buildings, as I got a specimen in the Officer’s Mess at
Tanglin in April 1896. Its large web, constructed of beautiful
yellow silk, is usually spread between two trees, and the great
black and yellow spider sitting motionless, with legs spread out
in the middle of it, in bright sunshine makes a fine picture. If
taken in the hand, the collector will find this spider can bite
hard with its powerful nippers. Besides Singapore I have noted
this species in Taiping, Perak, in Bangkok and at Muok Lek in
the Dong Phya Phai, Siam: it also occurs in Borneo, Celebes,
Halmahera, Ternate, Batchian, New Britain, Solomon Islands, etc.
A Bangkok specimen was coloured as follows :—
44. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES,
cephalothorax, shining intense black.
abdomen, various shades of brown, with black marks
and two conspicuous yellow spots.
limbs, red brown, black at the joints.
This species attains a great size; in an individual I meas-
ured the length of the cephalothorax and abdomen was 36
mm. (1.4 inches).
9. MNephila malabarensis, Walck.
This prettily marked spider is very common, especially
about houses, making large webs under the eaves of roofs, in
verandahs, etc; when houses are not at hand it seems equally
content with rocks. I have noticed this species in Penang
(especially near “ the Crag ”’), in Singapore, in Alor Star, Kedah,
in Bangkok and in Chantaboon: it also occurs in Java, Hal-
mahera and other places in the East Indies. Quite small spiders
will nearly always be found living in the webs of this species.
I have not been able to make out so far if they belone toa
different species, or if they are the males of the big females
which construct the webs.
Colour (in life.) Upper surface of cephalothorax dark brown -
or dark red; upper surface of abdomen mottled olive brown,
or whitey buff with brown marks. The specimens with the
brown cephalothorax usually have red or rich orange mark-
ines underneath the cephalothorax and abdomen, those with red
above have bright yellow markings underneath. The legs are
pale yellow, black about the joints, and the last segment in each -
leg is brown.
10. Gasteracantha sp. ineert.
This curious looking spider, with hard transversely dilated
six-spined abdomen, is not uncommon in the jungle on Penang
Hill. I have found it at elevation of from 2000 to 2400 feet
during March 1898. It makes a very large, strong, geo-
metrically arranged web of white silk between the stems or
branches of trees; this web it keeps very tidy. One web, which
I particularly noted, was situated between branches of trees
over 15 feet apart, and was about 9 feet from the ground. The
transverse width of its abdomen from point to point may exceed
one inch (one fie specimen measured 285 mm.)
|
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 45
Family Psechride.
11. Psechrus singaporensis, Thor.
In the Batu Caves, Selangor, in June 1898, in caverns
remote from daylight, Mr. A. L. Butler and myself found certain
spiders numerous, which make strong, untidy webs in crevices
of the rocks. Specimens of the spiders were sent to Mr. Pocock
who considers they probably belong to this species.
Family Ctenide.
12. Ctenus fungifer, Thor.
Known from Penang, (F.O.P. Cambridge, A. + M.N. H.
[vi] xx, 1897, p. 334).
13. Ctenus flower?, Cambridge (loc. cit. supra. p. 348).
The types of this species I got on Penang Hillin March 1896,
Family Heteropodide.
14, J/leteropoda venatorea (.) The Hunting Spider.
Nearly every resideut in the East Indies must know ‘this
fine spider which runs about houses, in the evening, catching its
insect prey; it makes no web, but the female spins a whitish
silk cocoon in which she carries about her eggs, which she looks
after with great care and vigorously defends from enemies.
What the effect of the bite of this spider on a human being would
be I do not know, but it is certainly not prone to bite and I
have never heard of its doing so, while as it is known to be very
useful to mankind in destroying superabundant insects, it certain-
ly ought to be encouraged and native servants should not be
allowed to carelessly or wantonly kill them.. It feeds on moths,
crickets, etc., especially the big red cockroaches, which are such
a nuisance in some places in the Straits Settlements. In a house
individual spiders will often take up particular beats, which they
occupy regularly night after might; in Bangkok one lived for
many months behind my dressing table. Every evening when I
placed a lamp on the table the spider came out from its retreat
and took up his position by the light; at first we rather mistrust-
ed each other—lI being afraid the spider might some day bite me,
and he carefully avoiding my coming too close to him, but as the
A6 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
weeks went by such mutual confidence sprung up that even
when I touched him the spider would hardly shift his position.
I have noted this species in Singapore, Johore, Georgetown
(Penang), Kedah, Bangkok, Ayuthia, Tahkamen, Chantaboon
and also on board local coasting steamers.
It is also recorded from Java, Borneo, Celebes, Halmahera,
Ternate, Batchian, New Britain, Solomon Islands, tropical
Africa, etc., etc.
A specimen I kept for a time in captivity ina large glass
jar together with a small scorpion Archisometrus mucronatus, and
a Thelyphonus did not interfere with them in any way or they
with it. Whenever the spider rested on the glass sides of the
vessel it put its spinnarets in rapid motion and formed a small
anchor of white silk and then let down one fine silk thread as if
to help support itself: in a few days it had to some extent
obscured the whole surface of the glass by the number of these
anchors it had made and abandoned.
15. Heteropoda thoracica (C. Koch).
I caught specimens of this very handsome spider in the
inner, deepest caves, far from daylight, over an hour’s walk from
the entrance in the hill side, Gunong Gajah, Kedah, in June
1898. They ran with great agility over the rough walls of
rock, and also when we tried to catch them sprang away from
the rocks into the air; the Malays were very frightened of
them. Although living in darkness the spiders did not seem at |
all confused by the light of the lamp and torches. On the two
occassions I have collected in these caves, in April 1895 and
June 1898, we only met these spiders in one part of the caves,
the deepest part.
Colour, yellow ochre, marked with rich dark brown.
Size, Cephalothorax, length, 16 mm.
wide, A250 e3 y,
99
Abdomen, length, 17, 3 4..
% WAGED Onn.
Palp, length 27 sf
ist _leg, aoe a
2nd ” ” 1 2
NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. A7
ord leg length 73 mm.
4th : noe
bh)
Total span (across 2nd pair of legs from tip to tip)
194 mm. ( = 72 inches).
This species has been recorded from Sumatra, Java, Am-
boina, etc.
16. Thelcticopis modesta, 'Thorell.
I obtained this species in Penang in 1896.
Order Opiliones.
The Harvest Spiders.
Animals superficially resembling the true Spiders; like them
they have four pairs of legs, of similar construction, and two
modified anterior pairs of limbs; one (the palpi) not pincer-like,
but sometimes capable of folding back on themselves, sometimes
armed with spines, and composed of six segments, including the
basal segment or maxilla, except in the Ricinulet which have five
segments ; and one (the mandibles) pincer-like and composed of
three segments, except in the Ricinulec which have but two.
The abdomen is segmented, composed of from 3 to 8 seg-
ments. In the true spiders the breathing apparatus consists
sometimes of four pairs of lung-sacs, but generally the hinder
pair are replaced by tracheal tubes; in the harvest spiders the
breathing apparatus consists of tracheal tubes, opening by one
pair of orifices situated on the sternal plate of the abdomen.
There are no spinning glands.
Family Oncopodide.
1. Gnomulus rostratus, Thorell. (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx, p. 378.
. 1890); found in Penang.
eeemencopus jee, Uhorell. (Ann. Mus. Genov. ‘xxx, p. 375,
[1890]); found in Penang.
Oncopus truncatus, Thorell. (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx, p. 764,
[1890]); found in Singapore.
‘The British Museum has from time to time received a
number of specimens from Mr. H.N. Ridley” (A. + M. N. H.
Os
48 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.
Ser. 6, xix, p. 288). I obtained one individual of this species in |
the jungle at the foot of Gunong Pulai, Johore, in September,
1897.
4, Oncopus alticeps, Pocock (A. + M. N. H. Ser. 6, vol. xix,
1897, p. 287).
The type specimen I found on Penang Hill, about 2200
feet elevation ; 29th November, 1896.
Family Phalang Gide
d. Gagrella sp. incert.
I obtained specimens of these very long legged beasts in
Bangkok and at Bortong Kabin; at the latter place in March
1897 there were countless thousands of them collected in certain
spots, a wonderful sight.
a 2 tie
>
Notes of a Tour through the Siamese
States on the West Coast of the
Malay Peninsula, 1900.
By 6. W:-Ss KYNNERSLEY:
Having assumed charge of the Consulate in April this year
and wishing to become acquainted with some of the Western
Siamese States which have not been visited since 1894, I left
Penang in the colonial launch Seabird at 10 P. M. on
Tuesday 11th December, taking with me Mr. PEEL, District
Officer, Bukit Mertajam. I elected to go in December as the
weather at this season is settled with a N. EK. wind blowing
from the land. It was a fine moonlight night and we reached
the mouth of the Kedah river before daybreak.
Wednesday 12th December.—The Sultan’s Secretary came on
board at the entrance to the river and we reached the landing
place at Alorstar about 6.0 A. M. Here I was received by some
of the leading officials and a guard of honour and we drove in a
carriage and pair to the Sultan’s country house at Anak bukit.
H. H. the RasgA MUDA accompanied us. I arranged to be at
the Consulate at 9.0, previous notice having been given of my
intended visit some time before. After breakfast we drove to
the Consulate which has been lately repaired. Every assistance
was given to me by the Kedah Officials. [ enquired into several
cases of minor importance and a considerable number of British
subjects presented themselves for registration. Having des-
patched the business in hand and arranged to attend the next
day, we drove back to Anak bukit where | discussed various
questions with the RAJA MupA. At 3.0 p.M. I paid an official
visit to H. H. the Sultan who is in very feeble health and at
times hardly equal to transact public business. Having taken
leave of the Sultan we proceeded with the RAJA MUDA to in-
spect the Public Offices. The buildings are excellently adapted
for the purpose and present quite an imposing appearance, though
od
‘
—E——<« ee ee ee
50 THE SIAMESE MALAY STATES.
the style of architecture may not be of the highest order.
They were completed about four years ago and reflect great
credit on the designer who carried out the work—MAHOMED
LEBBY TAMBI, formerly employed under me in the Police
Court, Penang. He is now building a fine new house for the
RAJA MUDA. :
The offices are admirably arranged—Treasury, Land and
Survey, Courts of Law, and lastly an office for the Auditor-Gen-
eral, The various officials, including the Judge, were introduced.
We were shewn a survey map- of the town with all the various
lots marked on it. The offices are open from 10.0 to 4.0,
Malays being exclusively employed, and in outward appearance
at all events our colonial system is followed. So far as we
could ascertain the office of Auditor-General is somewhat of a
sinecure. Ile is said to query and examine accounts but there
were no papers or books in his office. A census has lately been
taken and we were shewn the figures which, however, are still
incomplete for some of the up-country Mukims. I have on form-
er occasions inspected the gaol, but did not do so on this visit.
I noticed that the outside wall was beautifully white but the in-
terior arrangements are I fancy what they have always been
and are hardly up to date. Prisoners in chains are employed on
outside labour in the town. £22 op OAR ere oe gel
itu jude kali kami kamu kayu keyé cembali lage laki — lalu
eee te ew ws NM SS
mandi mati Wal neLnepr memli menchabuli INEM mLeryuinipu
D2 z oF57-
- e w
Sue wh Ae wie ule 2 Pn Us (aia
menjudi negri oleh-mu perygs prahu puji ratu sa-kali seperti seri
: : \ Ss = \ = = = a) =
o\s S&S As) SS Shee een ie =, Je re
sa-ribu snatu suchi suka tahu terlalu Ternati tinggi tetapi
eee oy SG NG a SE is
’
sO THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
But the following words ending in a diphthong are spelt
with final waw and yu in every case in which they occur in these
MSS :—
aykau atau bayat berchrai biran hat harau hijau jikalau kalau
Da |
Kes ; &
SS Sk ore or Go oe & be
kerbuu limau prisat rambat. rantae rantau — suigat tajan
A & By me = *
B30) ot. wee iS) ce) ces oe a
We find however that the scribe who wrote MS. G. had a
strong prejudice in favour of final waw and ya, even in words
which do not end in a diphthong, for he writes :—
bri brant budi chuchu hare kasture lembu mentrie madelt nafire
Sy: 3 iy S93 = us AG Ss) ES: on “sya d- Spe
negry pre putri— sakte sendire sre bahru
Sm Se pe ED hoe EI
But he also spells Aar¢ without the yu, and all other words
of this kind are spelt without the ya as aku, hati, lalu, kembali,
menjampu, tetapr, etc.
The Leiden MSS. E. and D., which were written at the end
of the 17th century, contain five of such words written with
final waw or ya, and F., which is also of a later date, contains
three. In all the other MSS. the only instances are Luti, which
is found once, and negi7, which is sometimes spelt with the ya
and sometimes without, and a few names of places in MS. C.
which being unvowelled would hardly be recognized without
the final weak letters.
It should be remarked that some of the words given above
are spelt in a way which would be quite inexplicable on any
other supposition than that they were originally vowelled, and
these peculiar spellings are just the ones which never vary in
any of the MSs. and are still in use at the present day, as for
instance :
TUE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. Sl
rt me Jikalau seperta suatu
But though their spellmg appears at first sight so peculiar, it
must be remembered that according to the rules of Arabic or-
thography these words could not be spelt in any other way, ex-
cept that perhaps JS might be spelt NS but it will be
noticed later on that only one weak letter appears to have been
used in any word, and that therefore, the wuw being required to
form the final diphthong au, the alif which would otherwise be
inserted to mark the stress has been omitted.
It is interesting to note that the Dutchman van Elbinck,
who with his own hand copied portions of the Cambridge Mss.,
adhered rigidly to the Arabic orthography of the orizinals from
which he was copying, but when left to his own unaided genius
in writing out a list of Malay words with their meanine's in
Dutch, he followed the more natural method of spelling to which
the Malays have now attained, as will be seen from the following
examples taken from his vocabulary, dated Ist June, 1604 :—
anak dura paha susu’ hati juri bahu. gigi bulu an
Pees Gk ce yk SS ly
At the present time the use of final waw and ya has become
almost universal, and many Malays would be quite unable to
read the words given above if they were spelt thus.
2. In modern Malay, for the sake of legibility, a final alif
is usually written in such words as bawa, ara,etc. In the Arabic
system of orthography, the sound of the short final a as it is pro-
nounced in most Malay words is represented merely by the
vowel fathah placed over the preceding consonant ; the addition
of alif would indicate a lengtheuing of the vowel. The number
of Malay words, however, which have the lone a sound in the last
syllable is very small, the following being a few of them :—
OG, UBM SAUD TKO GD
ee ees 5
7 ai
11
ua
So
ee ees
+,.
82 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
These and a few Arabic words such as
dunia ulama hukama
-
eee \a=
are the only ones which by the rules of Arabic orthography will
allow a final ali In modern Malay, however, the following
forms are common :—
are antara bawa bichara bila buta bahwa dua jala
Vler lel Ae Uke Sh oy eee ee
jawa jua kala kota kuda lada mulia pala perkara pinta roda
Vale Nom nie BS Iss 1s \de SM 63 \u3 lou,
subda — sahya __sedia sigra. setia tara tunda tua
a
Vee Agee = te USN F
This spelling will not be found in these ancient MSS. It is there-
fore very evident that in this respect the Malay has a tendency
to depart from the strict Arabic spelling of former times. Such
words as the following, on the other hand, continue to be spelt
without the final ali/:—
ada anyaya apa apabila bapa biasa binasa daya dia hamba ta
Vl Hl Sl Bl ole Cpl
jika kacha kata kaya kerja kuasa lama mata masa manusia mula
Ke EF a BS CSS A sh Gk wil Jy
nama pada puasa pula raja rasa rupa serta suara suka sagala tanya
8 NS J ch ly Say be lye Soe Jo al
(3) In the old Malay M53. the weak letters al//, wau and
yu are not used in the middle of a closed syllable to lengthen
the vowel sound, except in words of Arabic origin, such as :—
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 83
fakir huruf rwlam jawab kitab maidan iniskin
oe 3 i) ws oe ol AES as Votes CON pre |
These words are pronounced by the Arabs with the stress on
the last syllable, but the Malays, though retaining this spelling,
put the stress on the penultimate, where it is found in the great
majority of Malay roots. There are quite a number of wordy
in the Malay language w hich have the stress upon the final sy]
lable, and in many cases this final syllable which bears the stress
is a closed syllable, but the long vowel sound which the Arab
eives to the words quoted above is never heard in a Malay
word, it is therefore not to be expected that the Arabs would
teach the Malays to write the quiescent weak letter in such
words as sebot, renoig, pray, dras, krig, etc. As a matter of
fact we never find the weak letter in such words in the old MSS.*
though in modern Malay these words are frequently written
us eae e\3 3) yee
and we now even find such forms as the following, where the
stress is distinctly on the penultimate :—
chor habis menamgis sakit sayur — tanjorg — tulus tikus
The nearest approach to the long vowel sound in a closed
syllable in Malay, is to be found in the two mono-syllables
pun and dan, and it is a remarkable thing that these two
words are invariably written with the weak letters waw and alif
respectively in all of our old MSS. and are so written up to the
present time. Robinson in his ‘+ Malayan Orthography ” rejects
this method of spelling ae and dan, which he ‘considers ought
"3 and the evidence of the old MSS. is,
to be spelt |,
5
* The spelling Sew yp on p. 116, line 12, R. A. S. Journal Str, Br.
No. 31 will be found on reference to the photographic reproduction of MS,
A. to be a misprint.
a ee ae
RS. Bes" S174 LS |) Se eee eo ee tS
—— = aa
= i oe Sea A BS See * ~*~
84 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
however, strongly in favour of the received method of spelling
these words.
(4) Another remarkable difference between the spelling of
our MSS. and modern Malay spelling 1 is in the use of the ortho-
eraphical sign tashdid, which means ‘“‘ strengthening,” and indicates
that the letter cover which it is placed is to be doubled or sounded
twice. This sign is now hardly ever used by Malays, except in
\ e)
Arabic proper names, such as Allah ay\and Muhammad 32 but in
our MSs. it is used with great frequency.
(a) Itis used over the weak letters wau and ya whenever
the preceding consonant bears the corresponding vowel sound,
thereby showing that the said weak letter answers the double
purpose of vowel and consonant. Thus the word dia is con-
sidered as consisting of the two syllables d/-ya, and is written
not Bo but Ss and buat is considered as consisting of the two
) work a?
syllables bu-wat and is written not 55) but ys This use
of tashdid appears to be precisely the same as is found in the
a
w w
Arabic words iyak aul niyat &3 and in the termination 4,
This appears to be sufficient to account for this method of spel-
ling, which is found in the following words in the old MSS.,
buat dia diam dua ia jua luar muat
o BF og 3 rg o oo Oi ee
This double use of the weak letter, first as vowel and then
as consonant, finds its counterpart in the Dutch language, where
one meets such words as huwen, vrouwen, ete., and it is therefore
not unnatural that the Dutch have adopted this peculiar spelling
of Malay, even in the roman character, thus :—diya, buwat,
diyam, duwa, iya, juwa, luvar, muacat, etc., though one or two of
the Dutch scholars have protested against the use of the wand y
as being redundant. J’or instance Dr. Gerth v. Wijk writes in
his grammar, p. 21: “ Although in the Javanese, for instance,
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. — 85
“owing to the nature of its spelling, in snch words as
* hoewang, tijang, the wand are written, and must be used in
tranliterating them in our character, if one wishes to reproduce
“the original spelling exactly, these letters are quite superfluous
‘in Malay transliteration. The union of ve and i with the follow-
“ing a, 7, oe, takes place of itself in the pronunciation ; we do not
“ write bowa, kniejen, but simply boa, knicen ; and even less is w
‘or 7 necessary in boeang, tiang, etc. If the Malay wrote the
* tushdid, it would be reasonable to represent it in the transliter-
“ation. Being opposed to superfluous letters, I write za, tiap,
“ loear, etc., which seem to me quite sufficient, as this method of
‘ spelling represents the pronunciation as clearly as one can de-
sire.”
The Malays appear to prefer to divide the syllables as
follows:—bu-at, du-a, di-am, ju-a, mu-at, ete., for the modern
Malay spelling of such words is
buat dua hath jua muat luar SUA-S7U
wis \yo ols \ > oh ya 3 Gas
(b) Another frequent use of tashdid in the old MSS. is for
the purpose of doubling the consonant which follows the short
vowel, called by the Javanese pepet, the sound of which may be
described as equivalent to the short a in the English words “ ba-
loon,” ‘ machine,” ete.
Among our old MSS. we find that h. 6. 45 of the Cam-
bridge MSS. is the most consistent in this use of the tashdid, the
following words which contain short vowels being thus spelt in
the brief extract given by v. Ronkel.
bahwa besar benar dergan kekal kras lebeh telah — tergah
she ow oe o BL ot 0 ow oo oge
A portion of another Cambridge MS., Ge. 6. 40, in the hand-
writing of the Dutchman vy. Elbinck, has the following words
bahwa besar belah guar kechil sru sudah telah tetap
Saas oo - ot, o 3 pe = a
Pat 2 eee al, iS je SD i 4 Le New al; aa oa)
See Rees gS Se SE Sere
S6 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
and Dd. 5. 37 of the Cambridge collection, which is in the same
hand-writing, has sa-blas_ tebus
wo e 37
ol (omen
but also bahwa dengan lebeh telah without the tashdid.
Bic oF ) a.) als
The only other Cambridge Ms. in which I have found the
tashdid used in this way is Ll. 6. 5, which has ee once, and
i) Chas
pawy
In the Oxford MSS. marked A. Bb. and C. in my paper
in No. 31 of this Journal, we find the following words:
bri blum Chelag Deli dear dean glar kapal kapitan
Sy Pe ple oe 53 eo Se ES Cre
kati kekarg keji megat memegarg memeli meli negri netiasa
pase é os $8 2 | ee
pesan petrana Rekan suka suka-chita Sanudara sudah seni tetol:
tad, Ae eed eae re ae ane ‘ae
oe ol Ping os ee ae pos Ae. os gh
But these MSS. have also some of these very words, and
several others of the same kind, spelt without the tashdid.
Deiygan has the tashdid only once, in B. LBahwa, which almost
always has tashdid in the Cambridge MSS., never has it in the
Oxford MSS. Dergar is spelt without tashdid in A. |
The Oxford Ms. of “ Hikayat Sri Rama” has the following
blas besar betul genap kechil selang sa-telah sudah
oe ae oe HS ee pi alee . a
on
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. SF
but one or two of these are also found without the tushdid, as
well as some which have it in the other MSS., as,
bahwa bre dengan menenar — tergah
It is a remarkable fact that the early Dutch translators of
the Bible made a wide use of the ¢ashdid, and even when spellin-
such words in the roman character they were in the habit of
placing a stroke over a letter in place of the tashdid. Thus we
find : **suddah, kenna,” etc., and even the following words, which
are not found in our MSs. viz.,
“makka, padda, derri, sagalla, adda, appa, bagyt.”
Curiously enough the use of tashdid with the short vowel,
after having completely gone out of use, was introduced once
more in the middle of last century by the lexicographer van de
Wall. This writer, however, does not use the tashdid indiscri-
minately with all words containing the short vowel, as appears
to have been done in the old MSS., but confines its use to those
words which have the accent on the short vowel. Such words
for instance, as,
kras kekal betul blum pegarg bli kejt glar blah
aS a aoe - ne “rat - iS al,
which carry the asda in the old MSS., are written by van de
Wall without it, and we find him using this sign only in such
words as :—
“déngngan rédda kenna petjtyjah”
oS ee
In regard to this use of tashdid he himself says in bis intro-
duction to the first volume of his uncompleted dictionary, p.
xvi: “As inthe case of the vowel points and other sigus, the
Malays i in their ordinary writing disregard the tashd/d, ‘sign of
* strenvthening,’ which when plac ced over a letter shows that that
* letter must be doubled; but that is no indication of its non-exis-
ry
i, ee ee ee ee. sll ee ee ee ee ee
SS ee
ee
Sp 6g OSs On a es
nando
a rc.
rat
’
J
e
x
ogre eer
88 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
‘tence or of its being unnecessary. The Malay who has learnt
‘to read the Koran, not only knows what the tashdid is, but also
‘“feels the advantage of it in Malay, for if one gets him into a cor-
‘ner he will at last say: buboh-lah tashdid, ‘just put a tashdid
“ over it.’
‘The non-use of the tashdid leads the Malay sometimes to
“the most peculiar spelling. Forinstance he is conscious that in the
“word rédda, ‘to abate’ (as a storm or sickness) the accent lies
‘on the first syllable and ought to be expressed, which it is not by
io CHENS oe therefore he lengthens the vowel of the 5 (é) and
2
“writes »\ na without troubling himself about the fact that it is
‘absurd to lengthen the é. Some words, which are written with
‘the same letters and vowel points, could not be distinguished
o-7
‘from each other without the tashdid,as oo létak (accent on the
‘2nd syllable) inter}. fora certain clinking sound,and | 3;)léttak
‘to place. I therefore use the tashdid everywhere in my diction-
“ary, where the pronunciation demands it, and write» » redde,
(a
° rg
- oF » déngngan, cra métta ‘raging. And do wenot ourselves
“write for instance kud-de, kun-ne, indifferent as to the reason
“for doing so. It should be noted that in Malay words the
“ double consonants only appear after the é.”
From this it is evident that the Malay writers of the begin-
ning of the 17th century used the tashdid ina different way to
that advocated by Werndly, Robinson and van der Wall, and
moreover none of these methods of using this sign can be regard-
ed as being directly based upon the Arabic system of ortho-
graphy. The methods invented and used by Werndly, Robinson
and van der Wall were purely arbitrary, and soon fell into disuse,
and there seems to be every reason to believe that the use of tash-
did as. found in our MSs. was also purely local and arbitrary,
for it is a remarkable fact that all the MSS. in which this use
of tashdid is found almost certainly came from Acheen, and I
have not been able to find the tashdid used with the short vowel
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 89
in any of the MSS. which we know to have been written else-
where. The Oxford MSS.. A. B. C. have already been proved
to have come from Acheen; of the Cambridge MSs. Ge. 6. 40
contains a vocabulary written by Pieter Willemsz. van Elbinck,
and dated Acheen, 1st June, 1604; Dd. 5. 37, and the 2nd _ part
of Ge. 6. 40, which contains the writing in question, are both
written by the same hand as the vocabulary, and the former
closes thus (in Dutch) *‘ end of the Story of Joseph, written the
Ist October, 1604, by Pieter Willems.” ‘The only MS. therefore
ahout which there remains any uncertainty as to whether or
not it was written at Acheen, is Ll. 6. 5. of the Cambridge MSs.
but there seems, from what Dr. v. Ronkel says, to be no reason-
able doubt that this MS. came into the hands of Erpenius
with those bearing the name of the same Pieter Willems,
whom he believes to have brought all these MSS. from the
East, with the exception of Dd. 9. 55., which never belonged to
Erpenius. :
It should not be forgotten that, at the time when these MSs.
were written, Acheen was one of the most powerful Malay
States. In his letter to King James (Oxford MS. C.) the King of
Acheen claims sovereignty over all the rajas in Sumatra as well
as Perak and Pahang on the Peninsula, and from the accounts
of Lancaster’s voyages he seems to have been able to enforce
his authority at least as far south as Priaman (near Padang). In
this connection I was interested to find the statement made by
van de Wall, in his introduction mentioned above, that the
original Malay spelling is known as “ Achinese spelling.”
Where van der Wall obtained his information in revard to the
name heja Acheh I have not been able to discover, but if it is a
fact that this method of spellinz, found in all its purity in our
Acheen MSS. of 300 years ago, is still known by tradition among
the Malays as *“* Achinese spelling,” this would seem to point to
Acheen as having been the chief centre of learning and _litera-
ture at that time, and perhaps evenearlier. ‘This would entirely
agree with the accounts of Lancaster’s first voyages, which
state that the educated Malays at Acheen spoke Arabic fluently,
and Lancaster himself held intercourse with the Malays at that
place in the Arabic language, having as his interpreter a Jew
who spoke Arabic. ;
12
90 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 3
My contention therefore is, that the use of tashdid to indi-
cate the short vowel sound was merely a local custom at Acheen,
which the influence of even such a comparatively powerful
State did not avail to bring into general use in the Archipelago.
If this usage had been in accord with the Arabic orthography,
it would undoubtedly have leen universally adopted in the same
way as the tushdid over wou and ya mentioned in the last para-
eraph (4. a.).
(5) We next come to the use of the weak letters alif, wau,
and ya in open syllables. Their use at the end of a word has al-
ready been considered in (1) and (2). We will now inquire when
and for what purpose these weak letters were used in the old MSS.
in the middle of («) root words, (}) derivatives.
(a) In root words, the weak letters are found in the open
syllable upon which the accent falls, except in the case of the
short vowel. The accent being usually on the penultimate, that
is the syllable in which the weak letter is usually found.
In accordance with the rules of Arabic orthography, a weak
letter when thus placed in an open syllable after a correspond-
ing vowel is ‘‘ quiescent and then serves only to lengthen the
vowel which precedes it.” * Thus in the word s\i “sufficient.”
the vowel of the penultimate is lengthened by the alifi The
preposition 33 is, however, never spelt with an ali/; not that
there is any very appreciable difference in the pronunciation of
these two words, but rather perhaps on account of the fact that
in conversation less stress will naturally fall upon a preposition
than upon a noun, adjective or verb. This seems to be the
only possible way to account for the absence of the alif, wau
and ya in such words as
sudah maka pada deri sagala
which in our MSS., as far as I have noticed, are the only words
which do not have the lengthening weak letters in the accented
syllable. with the exception of the foreign word saudagar which
* Faris’ Arabic Grammar,
Fiala e . ».
5 ee Ne ee
ri
Pt
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING, 9I
is spelt se po in every case, the a/i// being perhaps omitted in
the penultimate on account of there being already a weak letter
in the first syllable to form the diphthongs au.
The following are words of two or more syllables having
the weak letter in the penultimate,
beniaya chilaka ue u hanya itu Jalan kliling Diane. suatu
Ste SNe | pp Ole sel ole al A eI
y)
Kerna is invariably spelt aS which would indicate that this
word was at that time a three syllable word with the accent
upon the first syllable ; now it is sometimes pronounced as if it
were a two syllable word.
(6) In derivative words formed by the juxtaposition of two
roots, the lengthening weak letter is almost invariably found
only in the penultimate, being entirely omitted in the first of
the two words forming the compound, as:
apabila hulubalaig — suka-chita
ee
The same is the case in reduplications wherever the argka dua
is not used, as,
dagarg-dagarg, mudah-mudahan, raja-raja
: ; oe Sp Deis:
AS13853 CyP lied Le os
The omission of the weak letter in the first word in such
cases is undoubtedly phonetic, the stress being strong on the
penultimate of the compound.
When, however, we come to the case of derivative words
formed by the addition of suffixes, we immediately meet with a
difficulty which, as far as my reading has gone, has never yet been
explained by any European writer, namely that when the suffix,
pronoun or other particle is added to the root, the position of
the lengthenmg weak letter is changed, and is found in the
penultimate of the derivative word thus formed. For instance:
92 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
5 Ss by the addition of the preposition é) becomes in the old
MSS. i, although the pronunciation is not kudd-nya, but
kuda-nya; and >\> becomes Kane although the word is
pronounced jddikan and not jadikan.
The first of the Dutch scholars to point out this discrepancy
between the spelling of derived Malay words and their actual
pronunciation appears to have been van de Wall, whoin the year
1859 wrote as follows in the 7ydschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-
en Volkenkunde:—* But the change of position of the lengthen-
“ing letter to, or its appearance in the penultimate of
“root words, has in most words no influence upon the
“accent, or at least very little; that is to say, the accent
“is in such cases not inherent in the long vowel. In
‘general, the Malay retains in such cases the original accent, and
“says: bantu, bantut, perbantuan, bantu-nya, etc., sewa, sewakan,
‘ sewai, persewatn, sewa-nya, etc. But as the literary Malay al-
‘“ways has an inclination to modify the pronunciation of the
‘‘ people according to the way a word is written, he also lays a
‘stress to some extent on the syllable which has the long vowel,
‘‘so that there come to be, as it were, two accents—a strong or
‘commanding one, the natural accent of the root, and a weak one,
‘the grammatical accent on the long vowel. The variations be-
“tween strong and weak are very numerous, in different words
‘‘and with different individuals, and there exists no fixed rule;
“there are even words, though very few, in which owing to the
‘change in the position of the long vowel the natural accent of
‘the root is entirely lost and only the grammatical accent re-
‘mains; e.g. hatd-nya, from kata; tambagan from tambarg ;
‘though one also hears tambargan.”
Three years later, in Vol. XII of the same Journal, A. B.
Cohen Stuart raises a somewhat half-hearted protest: against
van de Wall’s statement in regard to the pronunciation of such
words. He says (page 68): “It is not without hesitation that
“T venture some objections to this proposition. I feel how
‘unfavourably I am situated as compared with Mr. van de Wall
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING, 93S
“in regard to a subject about which he is in such an infinitely
“better position to forma correct opinion. I was therefore at
“first inclined silently to accept as information his observations
“as to accent; after further consideration, however, I found it
“ preferable to come forward fearlessly with my doubts, and to
“expose myself if need be toa crushing reproof, if this should
‘be able to bring me, and perhaps others also, to a better view
‘on the subject.
“T confess then that I have hitherto been under the convic-
“tion that in Malay the accent in derived as well as in root
‘words fell as a rule upon the penultimate; that on the addi-
“tion of a suffix the position of the accent changed as a rule
“from that which was originally the penultimate to that which
“was originally the last syllable; and that the pronunciation
‘which according to Mr. van de Wallis the true and natural
“one, was quite peculiar to Europeans. It is so, I believe, in
“ Javanese. It is true that there the accent does not come out so
“clearly as in lutch, and in the Javanese grammar of T. Roorda
‘“*($ 87) the very existence of any accent in Javanese is denied ;
‘“‘ but what is there called ‘a slower or more sleepy pronunciation
“ of the two last syllables of every polysyllabic word’ is more cor-
“rectly interpreted, as it seems to me, as being a real accent on
“the penultimate, and a drawing out or lone er holding on to
“the last syllable. Indeed, if one pronounces s tilis, for insta nce,
“in the pure Dutch style with a clear accent on the penultimate,
“though this may not give the exact Javanese pronunciation, it
‘is certainly much nearer to it than if one should say tuw/is, with
‘an equally plain accent on the last syllable; and similarly the
“pronunciation of the same word with the affix an, would, |
‘believe, be better represented by tulissan or tulisan than by
“ tulisan or tulisan. If the word is again increased by the addi-
“tion of another suffix, so that the original accented syllable is
“ separated from the new suffix by one or more syllables, then
“ besides the principal accent, which goes over to the last, the
‘ original accent again makes its appearance to some extent, as
“in tuliscine, mgdturdken. Ina word, without digressing further,
‘‘my proposition in the main is this: that in Javanese at any
“rate there actually is in the pronunciation of every word of
“two or more syllables a sort of stress, which can properly be
.- — & aot
Gare 2 Ses OF RSE Zane wtit a. 2.5
:
94. THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING,
‘called an accent, and is usually situated in the penultimate,
“and with the addition of an affix changes its position to the
“new penultimate. The fact that Europeans pronounce. both
‘‘ Javanese and Malay words so frequently, I might say almost
“always, with the accent on the ante-penultimate, even when
“this is merely a grammatical prefix, and say for instance
“tulisan, Padgeran, Kdlitan, Pachitan, would surely be the
“strongest argument against that assertion, if that provunciation
‘‘must be considered as having its origin in an unprejudiced con-
‘ception of the native pronunciation. But the Javanese and
‘Malay words which are most used by Europeans are generally
‘learned not so much by conversation with the natives as from
“writings, in which owing to faulty transliteration the exact
“pronunciation and particularly the accent are left quite uncer-
“tain. For one European who first learns to pronounce say the
“word Panyeran from the Javanese, there are perhaps twenty
‘who became acquainted with it only or in the first place
‘through European conversation or writings; and even if one
“afterwards had the opportunity of hearing it pronounced by
‘natives, then one would have to pay a good deal of attention
‘and must have some interest in the subject in order to re-
‘“cognize and to abandon a wrong pronunciation which one has
‘once appropriated ; especially when it is so generally accepted
“among our fellow countrymen that it would appear to be
“ pedantic or eccentric to deviate therefrom. If one considers
‘that in Dutch and kindred languages the accent, far from
‘having any preference for the penultimate, usually falls fur-
‘ther back, one will not be surprised to see this tendency in the
‘European pronunciation of native words. This phenomenon
‘therefore has in my opinion no more value in deciding the true
‘native pronunciation, than one would be justified in doubting
‘‘that the name Palembang should properly be pronounced
‘‘Palémbang (Javanese pa-/ém-bang) because the majority of
‘‘Huropeans, even if they have lived there for years, called it
‘“ Palémbang ; or that the place where I am writing this is called
«3414, because Europeans, although they know better, never
‘call it anything but Solo among themselves.
‘As regards Malay, no one is less able than myself, espec-
‘“jally in opposition to Mr. v.d. Wall, to refer to my own
J
‘
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 95
‘observations on the native pronunciation. So let us rather
“consider what others have said on the subject. In Marsden
“(Hlout’s translation p. 202) I only find the general statement,.
“that the accent usually coincides with the long vowel, and
“falls by preference upon the penultimate, but without further
“elucidation of peculiarities. De Hollander (//undleiding tot
“de beoefening der Mal. taal- en letterkunde, 2nd ed., Breda,
* 1856) says on the accent in words having only one suffix
“(page 23,§ 7), that they are pronounced both ways, either
“with the accent on the syllable which had the accent in the
“root (menddpatkan, karddjudn) or on the penultimate of the
“ derived word (mendapdtkan, karajddn), andnothing further, By
* Werndly (Mal. Spraukkunst, Amst. 1736) the subj ect is treat-
“ed more fully (p. 49 et seq.), and in the following manner,
“namely that the suffixes kan, 7, an, ku, mu, nya always cause the
“accent to change its position to the syllable immediately pre-
‘ceding them, whether that syllable ‘be open or closed ; that
“the same thing takes place before hah, tah, lah, if a vowel,
“diphthong or h precede them; while on the other hand, if
‘‘another consonant precedes one of these three suttixes, the
“accent shifts to the preceding syllable or remains un-
“changed at will (sambot-lah or sdmbot-lah); and_ that
“the change of accent results in the change from long
“to short vowel and vice versa, except when the final
‘consonant meets the initial consonant of the suffix, as
“jadlankan. In the new edition of Werndly’s grammar by
* Angelbeek (Batavia 1823, p. 38) it is only stated in general
“that in words of two or more syllables, whether they be roots,
‘or compound or derived words, the accent falls usually upon
“the penultimate, and that ‘the syllable on which the accent
“falls must naturally be pronounced longer than the others.’ |
“do not know how much reliance can be placed upon the testi-
“mony of these writers on such a point as this; certainly under
“the most favourable circumstances they can hardly outweich
“the dictum of Mr. van de Wall; but their rule, as regards the
‘cardinal point, seems to me to find such strong support,on the
“one hand inthe analogy of the Javanese language, and on the
* other in the indications given by the spelling of Malay in the
“ Arabic character, that even the dictum of Mr. van de Wall.
Seton aes 2
_ ee ee
— ss
oT
ee es
Me
ig
~-
ees
96 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING,
‘“ while it shakes my belief in their accuracy, has not been able to
‘destroy it; and so much the less because Mr. van de Wall’s
‘presentation of the subject is itself not quite clear. He says
(73, 399) ‘the first result of the suffixes Lan, 7, an, nya, bu, lah,
“tah, kah,on roots which end in an open syllable is, that they leng-
“ then the v owel of that syllable and cause the original long
‘vowel of the root to drop out; . ... . . the suffixes an and
“7, since they begin with a vowel, cause the same result in
‘words which end in a closed syllable, and in that case the final
“consonant of the root becomes the initial letter of the suffix
‘‘with the corresponding vowel ... .. . while the other
‘suflixes leave such words unchanged . . . 92.28: sbuieuhe
“change of position of the lengthening letter to or its appear-
‘ance in the penultimate of root words (read, of derived words ?
“or in the /ast syllable of root words) has in most words no in-
‘fluence upon the accent, or at least very little; that is to say,
‘the accent is in such cases not inherent in the long vowel.’
* Here first of all the question arises: is the change of posi-
“tion of the leng gthening letter a mere graphic phenomenon,
“does it only exist in the Malayo-Arabic character and the trans-
‘literations thereof, or does the same change in the length of
‘the vowels take place in the pronunciation? If this is maintain-
‘ed, I must then further ask how such a rule can have arisen in
“the written character, a character which so to speak does not
“belong to the language, and if such were the case might be
‘expected to have preserved in this respect the traces of a long
‘ obsolete condition of the language or-perhaps of some kindred —
“ dialect, but which, borrowed from an entirely foreign language
‘and probably first applied to the Malay in comparatively recent.
‘times, must be reckoned as rendering the native pronunciation in.
‘common use as accurately as the foreign characters will allow ?
“T could understand that the retention of the original spelling of
‘a root ending in a consonant when followed by a suffix beginning
‘‘ with a consonant, might arise from an idea of producing legi-
‘bility, so as not to entirely deprive the word of vowel signs,
“and that one might therefore write for instance SGilaw
‘ although perhaps (according to Werndly ) Ss Swe night better
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 97
“represent the pronunciation; but how could anyone think of
* writing PAL 3 if in this derivative, as in the root, the first a is
* to be pronounced long and the second short, or above all things
‘ how could this spelling come into general use? If, however, in
“this respect the pronunciation agrees with the spelling,
“then though allowing that the length of the vowel is some-
‘“ thing quite different from the accent, it would be difficult for me
‘to Imagine such a change in the first syllable and in the division
‘of the syllables otherwise than in connection with and a result
‘ of a corresponding change in the position of the accent. Even
“if it be admitted that the first change could be imagined with-
‘out the last, and that it actually exists in Malay, how can one
“ conceive that the ‘inclination to modify the pronunciation of
‘the people according to the way a word is written,’ could lead
“to the alleged tendency of literary Malays to place, in addition
“to the natural accent, a second, grammatical accent on a syl-
“lable which properly had no claim whatever to any accent at
“all? Indeed in that case the wiitten word is already, without
‘that misplaced accent, in entire agreement with the true pro-
“nunciation; but then the Malay himself must comprehend too
“well the difference between length and accent to confuse the
‘one with the other and thus to let himself be misled into such
‘“an unnatural pronunciation.
“ Moreover, that the Arabic character, by its imperfect re-
“presentation of the pronunciation and especially owing to the
‘habit of omitting the vowel points, has really exercised some
“ influence upon the pronunciation, can, I believe, be properly in-
‘ferred from some corruptions which find therein a complete ex-
“planation. I find a strong example of this.in the word a.
““which is pronunced margastoewa, instead of mrega-sattwa, as it
* should be sounded according to the Sanskrit spelling. ‘There
“would certainly be nothing astonishing about this corruption
“in itself; but it is difficult to ascribe to mere chance the fact
“that the corruption is just of such a kind, as is favoured by the
‘illegible manner of writing without vowels; to which the fact
“that it is probably not an everyday word may also have con-
“tributed. The same thing, though with less foundation, may
1d
|
|
98 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
‘“be supposed in regard to ie a pronounced sutiad, manusia,
‘with three and four syllables,in place of satya, manusya, with two
“and three syllables. Perhaps in the same way the spelling
eS Sail. might have caused the change in the pronunciation
‘from mendapathan to menddpatcan ; but in grammatical forms it
‘is more difficult to admit that-much an influence upon tke
‘* pronunciation of the people could have come from a compara-
“tively recent written character. And for the influence which
‘““Mr. van de Wall ascribes to it, I can not even find a reason-
“able cause.”
These extracts have been translated from the Dutch, and
are given here at such great length for the benefit of those to
whom the Dutch Journals are not available. Before stating
my own views on this question of the spelling and pronunciation
of derived words, it seemed only fair to give the reader the
facts and arguments which have already been used on both
sides.
There can be no question but that, as stated by Cohen Stuart,
the Dutch scholars up to the time of van de Wall universally held
that the Malays actually pronounce such words as they are
written. low they can have been led to this conclusion can
perhaps be understood when it is considered that their study of
the Malay language was prosecuted for the most part in Java or
in places which are under strong Javanese influence. Robinson
formed this opinion because he learnt the language in Batavia
and Bencoolen. Marsden also studied at Bencoolen, and wrote
his grammar and dictionary in England, where of course he had
not the advantage of native help.* |
*The Dutch scholar H. N. van der Tuuk seems to have had no personal
knowledge of the way in which the Malays of the Peninsula pronounce
derived words, for he wrote in 1866 in his notes to Abdullah’s Pancha
Lundaran:—ahy gg:S The writer always spells thus, and not
es
a dy sgSo and so also he spells Aallls and not ine FOS and not
°u SiS; Sal, and not SG In the Menangkabau dialect the 1ecent
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 99
Whether the Dutch scholars of the present generation have
universally accepted van de Wall’s dictum in rezard to the
change of accent in derived words, I am unfortunately not in a
position to know, the Library here not being very well supplied
with the latest Dutch works on the Malay language, but as far
as I am able to discover, the grammar of Gerth v. Wijk, pub-
lished in 1893, is now considered the best Dutch work on the
Malay language. ‘This author is in entire agreement with van
de Wall, for on page 46, para. 96, he writes: ‘ The original,
“natural accent (of the root word) is usually retained when the
‘word takes a suffix, e. &., banding, bindingan ; kiimpol, kiumpolan ;
dapat, mendapati ; lempar,melemparkan. And the phenomenon here
“ presents itself, that if the accent is not very easily distinguishable
“in the root word, it sometimes comes out clearer in the derived
“word, e. &., béigis, kabeigisan.”
After quoting from van de Wall part of the passage which
we have given above, Gerth v. Wijk adds: ‘The tendency
“to change the position of the accent more or less is chiefly
‘“‘ noticeable, as it seems to me, in words which have the a sound
‘in the last syllable; such a pronunciation, however, as kuda-
“nya from kida, pada-nya from pada, whereby the first syllable
“of the root entirely loses its accent, which falls wholly upon
“the second, as is the case with kata-nya,t can only be attribut-
‘ed to Huropean-Javanese influence; one never hears it from
“the Malay.”
We shall see later on that van Wijk is probably correct
in attributing to Javanese influence this mistaken idea about
the change of the accent to the penultimate in all derived words.
It seems necessary, however, before going into that question,
to inquire first of all which are the wor rds in the Malay language
that actually do undergo a change of accent. In order to
make an independent investig ation of this subject I have
written out a list of derived words and have caused them to
*¢ of a word does not change its position on the addition of the particles /ah.
‘ah and tah. From the spelling of Abdullah it would appear that this is
‘* also the case in the Malay of Malacca.”
+ Where van de Wall and van Wijk came across this pronunciation of
kata-nya IY cannot imagine. The Malacca and Johor pronunciation
certainly gives an accent identical with Auda-nya.
100 THE EVOLUTION GF MALAY SPELLING.
be read in my hearing by a number of Malays, with the result
that I have only been able to detect an entire change of accent
in the following classes of words:
(A) In some words derived from roots ending in ay by the
addition of the prefix an, as tembany, timbdigan; ldraig, lardngan ;
bilurg, bildigan; dagarg, dagaigan ; pandarg, pemandargan.
(B) In some derived words formed by the addition of the
suffix 7, as: buka, buk@i; sérta, sert@i; mula, mul@i; turun,
turunt; tdhan, tahani; kdsehan, meryasehani.*
(C) In some polysyllabic derived words formed with the
suffix 7, the accent is carried forward to the suffix 7 on
the addition of the possessive pronoun nya, as, jdlant, di-jalani-
nya; memgdbati, di-obati-nya-lah. This should probably be
attributed to the difficulty of pronouncing the consonant nya
following the vowel 7, which necessitates a pause. .
In the majority of words the root most distinctly re-
tains the original accent, as for instance jdd?, jddikan ; makan,
nvikanan ; déigar, kedergaran ; dbat, meigobati ; salah, kesdlahan ;
surat, di-surat-nya-lah, It would be ridiculous to pronounce
these words, jadikan, makdnan, kedergdran, mengobati, kesalahan.
There are, however, a large number of derived words, chiefly
words of four or more syllables, in which the original accent
almost or perhaps entirely disappears, without, however, any
particular accentuation of any other syllable, the word being
pronounced with an equal stress on all the syllables. Such
words are: perkata’ an, kekaya an, menjalani.
Taking the pronunciation of the above-mentioned words
into consideration, it would be easy in the case of the words in
(A) and (B) to account for the position of the strengthening let-
ters, alif, wau and ya; and even in the case of the words given
above where the stress is equal on all the syllables, one could
understand the omission of the strengthening letter from its
proper place in the root, though its transference to the pen-
ultimate would be difficult to explain; but when we come to
such a spelling as,
* It should be noted that in such roots as turun and tahan the stress is
nearly equal on the cwo syllables. the change of stress in durunt, tahant is
therefore very slight. ;
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 10]
perbudtan .perardhan pekerj@an jadikan katdkan di-perlakukan
= a 2 : a , Bae 2 a
oly PS OS Sure MM \S SHV
it becomes simply impossible to account for it on any theory
of phonetics, unless indeed one is prepared to admit the
possibility of a complete change of pronunciation in the short
space of 300 years, which appears to me to be out of the
question. E
There is, however, it seems to me, a much more feasible
explanation of this peculiar discrepancy between the spelling
and the pronunciation of those words, and that is to be found
in the existence of a cognate language, the Javanese, in which
it is admitted that the accent in derivatives actually does change
its position and fall upon the penultimate. Moreover the pro-
bability that Javanese was the pattern from which this peculiar
Malay spelling was copied becomes still stronger when it is
pointed out that Javanese words of this kind are written in the
Javanese character in a way which has quite a strong analogy
to this peculiar use of the strengthening letters in the penulti-
mate. As the Javanese characters are not obtainable in Singa-
pore it has been necessary to resort to the arrangement e@iven
below, which represents as nearly as it is possible in Roman
characters the way in which such words are spelt in the Java-
nese character.
t t
Goeol. 12D gl 1. gn gn y UN woe yo man ReMi
l t t tu tu
be-gal_ be-gal-lan gan-ti gan-ti-ya run-tuh run-tuh-han
ois S Pe Ga ay Ons 5. oe: Ge eas sonra ome
Si Cie oh a! aS & S an ) OSG? > oP Bo )
119 gt
Ene nev ee A ie ea)
I:
a-nak a-nak-ké pa-rig § ma-riig-7g? ,
Saat eee I Ala aa
Gi) ail ( ‘| ee ze ,\. pM
Ce Se een ate
>
i ae a SE
gt ae
a
+ ee EIST BF
Sy ST
2 Se
102 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
It will be seen from the above that in Javanese the addition
of the suffix an, a, € or 7 doubles the preceding letter. Thus,
the addition of é to anak produces not anaké, but anakké, the
accent being shown in this way to be on the penultimate. When
Javanese is written with Arabic characters, the weak letter al/f,
wau or ya is substituted for one of the double letters used in the
Javanese character.
The resemblance between these Javanese forms* and the
spelling of Malay derivatives is so close that it amounts almost
to a demonstration that the Javanese or some similar character
was the medium through which the use of the strengthening
letter in the penultimate came into Malay spelling, regardless
of the pronunciation. The question has been raised before
whether the Malays had a written character of their own,
before they adopted the Arabic character. If that were so,
analogy would naturally lead us to suppose that such a clharac-
ter would, like the Javanese, be based upon the Sanskrit, and
that would make the step from the Javanese to the Malay spell-_
ing of derivatives which has been outlined above still easier. +
* These Javanese double-letter forms can stil! be traced in Malay in the
double &, which has no doubt survived owing to the existence of the two
letters af and kuf ‘Thus we find that the Malays invariably use this me-
thod of spelling the words given below : ‘
Sud $23 Sioa Sthe SNS
although the Dutch scholars have endeavoured for more than a century to
introduce what they consicer more correct forms of spelling, namely :
BF SSH CEG 8
The fact that the Malays refuse to adopt these European spellings and
retain the double-letter forms, 1s to my mind at once a strong argument in
favour of their retention and an additional evidence in favour of the theory
that the spelling of Malay derivatives can only be explained as being based
upon the Javanese system of spelling.
+ Werndly, in the introduction to his grammar, written 170 years ago,
says on page 50: ‘* The first language from which the Malay language has
‘«* borrowed some words is her neighbouring and kindred friend and sister the
‘© Jayanese language, with which many persons conjecture that she for-
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 1OS
We will now proceed to inquire :
Il. What changes have the Malays introduced in their
spelling during the last 300 years with a view to greater
legibility.
It has already been pointed out in I. (1) that it is now
the almost invariable custom of the Malays to write final awaw
and ya in words which end in the vowels cand /,o and wu, as well
as in those which end in a and av. This change has been accept-
ed by van de Wall, Pijnappel, Klinkert, v. Wijk, Wilkinson, and
all other modern European authorities.
(2) The use of final a/if/for words ending in the a sound,
has not, however, been accepted by any of the above-mentioned
lexicographers, except in those words which have the stress on
the final syllable, as selu, kra, etc. The extent to which the
final alif is now used appears, however, to justify the practice,
in view of the fact that it renders a laree number of words far
more legible, and in the absence of any counteracting disadvant-
age. In the new Malay Spelling Book, No. 1, now used in the
vernacular schools of this Colony, the following words are found
with final al/:
bagsa bawa bisa benda buta china choba chita dada
We by ke ye te Nala
denda depa gila hasta héla heja kena kuda lada lusa
eee iss YS lin dhe \s “LS Se Int
muda nyala rusa sahya sisa semoa
eee
Whereas the following are written without final al/;:
ada apa bacha bapa bagimana biase buka choba dia
*merly had one and the sume written character in common, and now still has
‘in common a large proportien of words, which cannot well be distinguish-
‘fed except by those who know how to compare them, and by some deriv-
*© ations which are peculiar to the one language rather than to the other.”
2 peeing a Rig ae ry
Pere ser Phd) cee) Soot aed
104 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
guna hamba herga herta kata kerja kerna kita ~ kota
i & x) a « Se < in -
os: ud Sp sm olf C- FS eS ES,
lama lima luka lupa mana masa mata muka nama
a A Gs \ wan) 5) che as Ne BS el
nyata pada punya raba raga rasa rata sana _ serba
o 2 pare \ s « \ :
cl, 3 Os a) Si, ally a) oN pw
siapa suka werna werta
Se
Sle So yy yy
In the lithographed 1st editions of the //ihayat Abdullah,
and Puncha Tandaran, which Munshi Abdullah wrote with his
own hand, such words are in almost every instance spelt in
precisely the same way as the Spelling Book, as the following
will show :
bagsa bawa bichara bila blaga blanja buga china chendana
r 2 :
est Vale Wea Nice \EM \eb lea) Wee ee
a : y 2 2) = at 7 - 7: es :
dada depa dosa dua éja kapala kena nama nyala onta
Wsis a gs) Wes el aS Se we pra
perkara pinta pemglima penjara preksa sabda sahya — seksa
> igciesa 26 3 : * 5 =:
senjokala snya telinyu
Wie ie es
and without al/y,
ada apa bacha bithasu berniaga benchana cherina derhaka
$s . if WRG i 2 Ss
»\ _3\ eo oa. $y Z i) rat Oe EA >
dia juga kata kerja herna kita kreta mana mata minta
4
is Sor NS) ce 3 iS oS. SS che wl. cane
ro
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 105
pada pula punya rupa sayaja senjuta
3 3) 9? S) 5? ese) >) ) cli oilst
(3) The insertion of the weak letters waw and ya in closed
syllables appears to be a growing habit. It is this tendency of
the Malays to use the weak letters which van de Wall sarcas-
tically characterises as ‘ kitchenmaid spelling.” No amount of
sarcasm, however, will counteract this inevitable tendency,
which is not the result of ignorance at all, but rather of a set
determination to make words more legible. The only conces-
sion along this line which van de Wall is willing to give the
Malay is: ‘If the last letter of a word is a final 4, a mere aspir-
‘‘ate, then he is free to express the vowel of the previous letter
“if itis a kasrah (i, ¢) or dlammah (0. «) by the corresponding
“lengthening letter, e. g. 45 pelih o 53 runtoh.”
Robinson went further than this, and wished the weak letter
to be inserted in some words which are ambiguous, as,
ampat umpat tulis tulus
The modern practice of the Malays themselves, however,
goes further still. Abdullah wrote :
apit bayun blum betul gantog gadoh hanchor hidoy chut
°
=
a8 = die - : Oe
: mor Rees b -
4.3\ oth ey): Bee = 9 50 5 = @ 2 5
kawan-nya kechil kepig kris hulit lantek masiig menangis pedeh
ey AY 23 pS uw oS a. Ss Beal pe cee 4, 3
ringgit sabot sanudagar — scbot — suykor taggoh taroh lehun
2
telut trus tuan
14
{
eg oe
cS HEE
106 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING,
He retained, however, the old form of spelling in the words:
balek gantory habis hidop kamporg parggil puteh — telok toggal
ay ES jp Sse @ Ba 2 ee
The new Spelling Book referred to above goes even further
than Abdullah, giving
angin bagan — blum gantoy = guntog menu payorg
Ctl gba pyle Bye fe
rumput sakit — sedikit takot tunjor tidor tonghat turgyal
B gts Ung ee At oa res iSé 3 Jj 3
tumpah umpat
os vee
But retaining the old forms
bintay habis kampoy payggil — tiggal
Be ay as = SG
(4) As stated above, the tashdid is now never used.
(5) The insertion of the lengthening letters in the penulti-
mate of derived words appears to have become firmly fixed
in the mind of the Malay, and is still very ge:erally practised.
We find the fcllowing in the new Spelling Book: |
aykatun bachdan makanan pemandayan — pemblian
& a 5 .
Spe) Se ag a es ol
perkataan lanaman — laaghapan
£
oes ss ur \s oe Kal
which are absolutely in accord with the spelling of our MSS.
THE EVOLUTION: OF MALAY SPELLING. 107
But we also find several words which are not written in the
same way, ec.
bargunan minuman paiggilan pembunohan pencharian pendapatan
ou th Cr ss es Ue 5 On es cs 8
pergharapan pemlihatan petarohan petutoran pukolan tulisan
= 23 .° 25 2 \ es er Loe
ia hes Cg has yh \s8 ey Dina cr ia oes a
which according to the old spelling should be
Sas Pe ees ; itis : AG «le yd 3 ac
Saat Sl a ener ore oF bas Gilet
Pee fe ye ON
The new spelling of these words is certainly a very strong
confirmation of what is stated above in regard to the position of
the accent, and surely no one can deny that the new spelling is
very much more legible than the old.
Abdullah writes :
apa-kah —bacha@an-nya — bantahan — bagimana-kah —— di-bachahan
S\i\ eylel cele S\S Ses
di mana-lah —fikivan —-hadapan — hampiri ia pun jambatan
Pe Sn ah kh le
kbebasan kerja-nya — kedergaran kedudokan he’ esokan
eal.5- ole S ae oS SG 5 pe KES
kelakuan telihatan kesaluhan kesenargan kesuduhan kesusahan
ee eS LS ala Sal, S
kuromgin mendataygkan pakaian peranakan perhatian permulaan
oF >) SS Sire oe Sal J ors \e - oe ye
a a it
aoe tee
fi
\
108 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
peganan puasa-lah rupa-nya tambahan
It will be seen that the spelling of many of these words is
nearer to the spelling of the 17th century than the new Spelling
Book, but the strong tendency to change the spelling in the
direction of the pronunciation is very evident.
III. Is it possible to formulate rules which will fix the
spelling of Malay according to the modern native ideal, i. e.,
legibility without vowel points?
Undoubtedly it should be accepted as an axiom that the
Malays should continue to spell the common words as they have
been accustomed to do for centuries; the spelling of these few
words is easily learnt, and it would now be next to impossible
to change them, e. g.,
ini itu jikalau kerna sagala seperti suatu deri-pada
co ca! Se ono i Gyles cal yn Dye
melainkan ketahui
Also Arabic words, which have retained the original spelling
although the pronunciation has changed, should not now have
their spelling altered, as,
dunia jawab maskin umur
The first rule (1) would be, spell with final waw and ya re-
spectively all words which end in any of the sounds e, 7 and az or
vu, o and au.
(2) All words ending in the a sound should be spelt with
final alif/, except those words in which the last consonant 1s
lida 3S ast 8) and a few common words such as
4
eae + oe Pees
THRE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING, 109
ada apa apalila dia ia kerna manusia mula pada pula
ys co sl oS ol Jy. JS
serta siapa
Dim tater
Provided, however, that the final a//f may also be omitted
hen the last consonant is ¢ Or Ww rer S
when the last co (Ba hy uw to OF is henever those
consonants are preceded by an al/f, as in the following words :
bagimana biasa daya kata kaya lama mana masa matt naina
7 OO
; VS ie \y wt iS y : Nie \. ol. 8
SSeS tole Sen Ore es c
nyata puasa rasa rata sama sana supaya
(3) The following rules are suggested to govern the inser-
tion of the weak letters waw and ya in closed syllables (it being
understood of course that al/fis never thus used except in the
monosyllable dai).
(a) In two-syllable roots, when one syllable is open and
the other closed, the weak letters waw and ya shall be inserted
in the closed syllable, except when the vowel sounds of the two
syllables are similar. Hxamples of words with similar vowels :—
bilek bodoh bohoig borgsu bunoh dusun fikir ndimpt soroig susun
| tiggy titeh tolog tulus turun
Si rs wi os on
Examples of words with dissimilar vowels :—
agin blum — gadoh hidop — tkut hasut = hechil — kepiny
os) aol, 0,95 eeu eal oe iis
at -
110 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
kriny = payor taroh = tidor — timpa— tonda — tulis
(b) When both are closed syllables, the weak letter should
only be inserted in the second syllable. if the vowel sounds of
the two syllables are similar.
Examples :—
benterg dinding viiggit tindeh tumboh tundok turggul unjok:
eS eae asé y wee Oat 333s JjS8 35%)
(c) If the sounds are dissimilar, one being the a sound and
the other waw or ya, the waw or ya must be written in which-
ever syllable it occurs. Thus:
himbarg bantig bintag kambirg kumbarg taiggorg turggary
det pee | ee ik ies S $ Ss ase 4
(d) If the vowel sound in one syllable corresponds to wan,
and in the other to ya, then both should be written, as: a So
It will, of course, be understood that it is quite impossible
in this way to represent all the possible permutations of vowel
sounds that may be formed with the same consonants. This
could only be done with vowel points. The great majority of
words in ordinary use will however be covered by the above
rules, and something must be left to the imagination of the
reader.
(e) In such common words as tirggal and panggi!, it is doubt-
ful whether the insertion of the ya would be of any use. The
Malays are so accustomed to the spelling iS = and J
for these words that careless readers invariably pronounce these
forms tiggal and paiggil- even when they stand for targgal and
perggal, and would certainly continue to do so even if tiggal and
parggil were spelt JSS USS and as most Malays strongly ob-
ject to the insertion of the ya in these words, I would advocate
yore eA A
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. lil
its omission, for the present at any rate. Similarly a few other
very common words might be spelt without the weak letters, as :
minta pinta pintu jumpa chinta habis puteh timbul boleh oleh
ratus mulia himpon ésok lebeh
I be oh Gel 4
(4) The alif should be used, as explained above, in all
words where in the old MSS. a tashdid is found over wan, as in
buch buat dua jua prempuan tuan — luar
. ~\ 2 : = 5 .
ly o's \yo Vom ol gia oly 55)
This use of aliy does not appear to be necessary where tush-
did is found over ya in the old MS5., for the Malays never spell
— otherwise than —
ee es OS.
(5) («) Ju root words, the use of the weak letters to leng-
then the vowel sound in open syllables requires but few remarks.
In words of two syllables, these Jengthening letters are almost
invariably found in the first syllable, the exceptions being those
words in which the accent falls on the last syllable, the first
syllable having the short vowel sound, as:
bla kra sela tra
M \S Mu Ve
In three-syllable roots, the lengthening letter is placed in
the penultimate; but in one or two words which have final aly
the lengthening letter is omitted from the penultimate, as
(4) In derived words the aim should undoubtedly be to
bring the spelling into agreement with the pronunciation as far
as possible without making an entire revolution in the present
NN Ee Oe ee ey Oe LO ee ee
2 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
system of spelling. As a general rule, the spelling of the root
should remain the same as it was before the addition of the pre-
fixes and suffixes. No change of spelling is necessary when the .
vowel sound of the last syllable of the root is e, 2, 0, or vu. This
will be made plain by the following three sets of examples:
b*, The final syllable open :
gante gantikan gantian laku laku-nya lukukan
eS SEES ces sy 3 oy SS
/?, Final syllable closed and contaiming a weak letter :
kaseh kaseh-nya kasehi unjok unjokkan — unjoki*
a Me
b°. Final syllable closed but without a weak letter :
jikir — fikirkan fikiran bunoh bunohkan pembunohan
: ee : 2
SS cp ‘<3 NS3 a > 6S 5) Oe ns
(c) If the last syllable of the root has the open a sound,
the alif must always be written when a suffix is added, even if
the root does not require final alz/, as,
ada ada-lah rasa rasa-nya raja rajakan
(d) If the last syllable of the root is closed and has the a
sound, the addition of a suffix commencing with a consonant
produces no change in the spelling of the root, as,
dapat dapatkan susah susahkan susah-nya
but uf the suffix commence with a vowel sound, the al//is usually
written in the last syllable of the root :
* Unjokt may also be spelt oe
$341. See page 102, footnote.
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. Il3
dapat dapati kras menyrasi senay kesenaygan susah kesusuhan
NS ls Sole fe ES ye cal S
(¢) When both syllables of the root have the a sound, and
the addition of a suffix requires in the last syllable an extra al//,
the Malays invariably omit the al/f of the first syllable of the
root, unless it follows one of the letters ees thus,
2
bacha bachakan di-bacha-nya bapa bapa-nya kata katukan
ah Se oles —\, Slag ea. SES
perkataan karag karagan makan makanan nama namakan
MSS £8 AS St oh °\i Se
namai salah kesalahan taunam tanaman
s
ees A gts
But with words commencing with ye ot the spelling is,
vy,
duda-nya dagagaun dalam-nya perdayakan rasa-nya wayangan
eloio ope els cSt 53 eal 1 tl! 5
With roots in which ya is a consonant, the omission of ali/
would cause ambiguity; it should therefore be retained, as,
pee. 6 3 Sk, SbB,\ sis) SUA
G) The suffix an requires alif when the root ends with the
lepiers= = 5 or
5) 2
fikivan kedenaran kelakuan petutoran
Sat) duce VS orl eer
NSS Nis ol S06 oli?
In such words, the a//f which would otherwise be required
by rule (5) (¢) in the last syllable of the root must be omitted, as,
MoS NES AS oh-S oleh
ld
114 TLE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
(g) ‘The further addition of suffixes or particles to derived
words should cause no change in spelling. Some persons write
alif after the possessive pronoun nya when it is followed by the
particles lah, kah, etc., but this appears to be unnecessary. Ex-
amples :
bapa-nya — bapa-nya-kah — haseht — di-hasehi-nya-lah
AG Sa ee
Uv
namet di-namai-uya-lah
& =
isis allio
(6) The orthographical sign hamza *, which was very
seldom written in the manuscripts of the 17th century, is now in
common use among the Malays, chiefly for the purpose of in-
troducing a syllable which commences with a vowel; they never
employ it however for this purpose at the beginning of a word.
The hamza is placed over alif, wau or ya according to the vowel
sound of the syllable in which it is used.
(a) Root words commencing with the vowels correspond-
ing to waw and ya are written with an initial aly, but this «lif
drops. out on the addition of the prefix sa, its place being taken
by the hamza; with the prefix ce the -alif is retained and hamza
written over it. |
5) ) OOo 9 o) ON sane)
sWorag saolah-oluh — sais sachkor sa umpama ke iginan
Ligne: £ s Ge ene he re
(G= Taga (Ss DG; ood pling ual
In the following words the alif is the lengthening letter of
the preceding syllable,
iwitu kail r@eh dwiruh
aul Ws a o
(>) In similar derivatives formed from words commencing
with the a sound, the al/fis retained and the hamza written over
Teas,
\5
keadean keaumpat ke@atas s@aran-akan
£ £ £
BE Some ee ep Te
TUK EVOLUTION OF MAL AY SPELLING. 115
Hamza is used in the same way with the su‘fix an following an
alif, as,
kenyata an perkataan
WS oS
(ce) Hamza is also used with the suffix 7 when it follows an
alif, but not when it follows waw, as,
muller nanes sertat bharua ee lalui ce
Ste ck che sole 5x EN GS
(d) J/Iamzais sometimes placed at the end of a word in-
stead of final 3 to indicate a shortening of the final syllable, as
hengto dato inche ma poko — témgo
£
pee Ss OSS
(v) It also appears in a few Arabic words :
malaikat ajeib milmin
= s ‘
iS VL. eal aos
IV. For the sake of brevity and clearness the proposed
rules for Malay spelling are now recapitulated, without the
explanations which were necessary above.
PROPOSED RULES FOR MALAY SPELLING.
(1) Final wae and ya must be used in all words ending in
the sounds w, 0, au, and 7, e, a, respectively, except
(2) Final alif must be used in all words ending in the a
sound, except (a) when the final consonant is SS Gc
é) 3 (>) when the final consonant eS! op a ee Ie
ceded by alif, or (c) one of the following exceptions:
Pee ca SS JS oS J o- oo Nye
116 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
(3) (a) Intwo-syllable roots having one syllable open and the
other closed, the weak letters waw and ya are to be inserted in the
closed syllable having the e, 7, or 0, w sound respectively, except
when the sounds of the two syllables are of the same class (o and
w,oando,uand w; ori and e, eand e,z andz). (6) When both
syllables are closed and have similar sounds, the weak letter
must only be used in the second syllable; but (c) if the sounds
are dissimilar, one being the «@ sound and the other waw or ya,
the wau or ya must be written in whichever syllable it occurs ;
and () if the sound in one syllable is waw and the other ya, both
must be written. (¢) The following common words are exceptions
to this rule, being written without the weak letters,
\nne ee Ge Gol WG os ) a) sy! aS re ce la Sai JS a) >
lace less ghd
Three-syllable roots must be treated similarly.
(4) Where a syllable commencing with the a sound follows
a syllable ending in the letter S.C las the alif must
2
always be written. Hxamples:
ae es al 0} 9! \> Bye 3
(5) (a) In root words, lengthening letters are used in those
open syllables on which the accent falls. Several words of
Arabic origin, however, are exceptions to this rule, and a few
other words, such as,
cS pS Bak oe \e IS Se oS Sus Chew 5 ch.
(>) In derived words, when the vowel sound of the last
syllable of the root is e, 7, o or wu, the spelling of the root
remains unchanged. (c) If the root ends with the open @ sound,
an alif must be written in the last syllable of the root when.a
suffix is added. (d) If the last syllable of the root is closed and
has the a sound, an alif is usually written in the last syllable of
the root on the addition of a suffix commencing with a vowel
sound, but if the suffix commence with a consonant the alif is
not required, and the spelling of the root remains unchanged.
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 7
(e) When both syllables of the root have the « sound, and the
addition of a suffix requires an extra al// in the last syllable,
then if there is an al/f in the first syllable of the root it should
be omitted, unless it follows one of the letters Se i OF cs
rd
(f) When the root ends with one of the letters seks
be written before the suffix an, the alif required by rule (5 4d) is
then omitted. (g) The further addition of suffixes or particles
to derived words causes no change in the spelling.
(6) (a) When sa is prefixed to a root commencing with a
vowel sound corresponding to waw or ya, the alif drops out, and
hamza takes its place; with the prefix /e the al/fis retained and
hamza is written over it. (b) When the root commences with
the a sound, the al’f is retained and the hamzu written over it.
Hfamza is also employed in the same way with the suffix an
following an elif. (c) It is used with the suffix 7 following an
alif, but not when it follows wan. (d) At the end of a word,
an alif must
hamza sometimes takes the place of final iy > (¢) It also ap-
pears in a few Arabic words.
In order to show the application of the principles of Malay
spelling reform suggested in this paper, the first chapter of
ITikayat Abdullah, spelt according to the above rules, is here
appended, with a few notes on words which are spelt in an un-
usual way. A glossary of the words used in this paper as ex-
amples is also appended. ‘The root words are arranged in the
order of the Malay alphabet, and, wherever necessary, the
spelling of one or more derivatives is given after the root. In
order to make this list more complete, several words have been
inserted in the glossary which will not be found among the
examples; these include a number of words in the spelling of
which the Malays are very inconsistent, so that it seemed desir-
able to suggest a fixed standard of spelling in such cases.
It will be seen that this method of spelling is essentially
the same as is at present in use among educated Malays through-
out the Malay Peninsula, which is admitted, even by the Dutch
scholars, to be the home of the purest form of the Malay
language.
11s THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
In this paper but little more has been done than to explain
the rationale of this modern Malay spelling, and to reduce it to
a system which would enable those who are prepared to adopt
it to spell uniformly and consistently with themselves. It has
been sought to adhere as closely as possible to the spelling em-
ployed by the best educated Malays at the present time in
writing their own language, in the firm belief thatit is very
much more feasibie for the few Kuropeans who use the Malay.
character to accommodate themselves to the native way of
spelling, than for them to attempt to coerce a whole nation of
intelligent and self-reliant men into a return to the antiquated
Arabian system of orthography illustrated in the manuscripts
of the 17th century, which the Malays have been doing their
best to improve for hundreds of years past.
APPENDIX A.
se SI BS galt Lea. of iS dol eh 1
Sie BP BB gel lye Gyhe Ny> 3S EL VEU Glink oly
w S38 bs) ab Sle Bape Malal Ayo bye crgalt 1810
i ) Shree gx AN isis hack lee a)\,\ eal sot oe
lee S| As Gs oe oe aS s? of jel
oe Ue ie anew alls Wee phe & \ e> Ses Die 2 eee
A ; : eS : ies
See SE a hel, aby, a 5 | allace gold? al Syiu ats | Ep:
See! Se se os Ss Sets ssa 33°
Silas jy GIST erly I alas TCE olyer Sb Byer at
oe SS 0D») Fy ee) SS Smite Vee aoe Sls dls £0
= Sg Tat, de Ole a fle Sad ole Soy on
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELCING, 119
Sa Jot ol Mle Nol SI gla lol & les gl flo Sle
ee 53. ee dl ht Sly gle fle
3 ssa. eel iS Se a al.
Be pe. f2 5) Jy Bald o,f Ab 5 ole 225
SIS § 9h she Bo clio cal dy, 993 Sie Yo 535 yl oly
alge SSI Fy9\ Soyo Jodi ch. ce oS) Hie gle 53d
ols do dg ls Slee sil ESF Wess o\,-E |
Sy 4) Se iS alo Sle < ee fe S HL IST alll ae
als ka) Gem She lle ge cle Lie tg ole S
eo) jy olse Se Rolo a J 3% > Ske 358 oe
ENSW dol Sy 2b al T Shy Fy) 4 a | jd) GELS
olale 3 oe os! cle ale She Ans, Cae ae & 3) ee
ae 05) 5! z\ ne Ata See oi) & Slgzd ols GF 351
Ge {S52 hs Uy) SS Lt eae aln\ 3 SG. 3 oh.
wie" se 2 et: & ba) & SUS ge she Me Gur, oI b~
sy Mol 35 oll Fin Se oe} Mls dtJo eee alielis
te coke ee of this word jawatan is somewhat ambiguous, and the
word is sometimes pronounced jugfan by ignorant persons, but. this spell-
ing agrees with Rule (5) (e).
2. Many Malays spell the affirmative monosyllable ya in the same
Way as the two-syllable pronoun 7¢. But this spelling seems better.
3, ‘To distinguish bulod from boleh, it is better to insert the waw in the
last syllable of this word, through contrary to Rule (3) (-).
120 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
a3 Sp lnelehe £ Sala hte gS ss lage tly, ree
os ris? .)| oe ali 3 Prue eS ole ab al jae
ee Jos St ) Ds ee ab os? > garle gle TT Ly wolk als
We Sen hs Ban eS ay ey \ ke ee
Me ais a JUN cle ye, ol Sel yal. soe gis
i oe eee gle! Way, aly dl Ub ole gad 8
a Shas ae Shyer tl cles| ols ks oe
SS oho , SS Pos ee ome | iS als S 2 BS ites rel eS
2S Ne SG SG Sol oh SES eT lo Ke? Glo 5 oe
a ssh islo ole 5 Saal, 5 SSI, Ly Mol Epebgge She al Dion
| Sitio, jlo Se Goo eS & Sl ols gia! ail 33,9
IS Ss Ahan Le alee Sees »\ (S25 56 : oaks Joes 35 oO aS alo
Sees Pees) = Baas Tals), ADEs < bee Bey)
oe ole We 35 de 2 lip SS 4) LS 5 Se BGS oS, ene
iS alSce 9 get? & : Sse oe sf 5 re 6 JS SS pl
1h phe tle Blan CS) el ee i Blend sh Ary abt agi
obo Soe Pp ue ST Ms aad cal pag Oial Fab Seo
SE, og pho a) pam BAST See ob gy Ghat of dy
4, I have spelt this word in the same way as buat.
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 121
dal Sy oes S| Se hl S Sh a\ PG Bes SI Cr 3.9 tee
Shick oO S\ has Si 2S 3 a\5 \o | bie os aS Ode hal SK
> \>\ ce ee a AES z\
Cs
APPENDIX. B.
| oh oks sol ie! eel
(1) 168) asl laW alot
1. From the examples given in this glossary (which was completed
after the paper was already in print) it would seem possible to make Rule
(5)(d) more definite as to whether or not the a/7f should be inserted ina
closed final syllable having the @ sound. on the addition of a suffix commenc-
ing with a vowel. It appears that the Malays usually insert the «d7f when
the last consonant of the rcot is Gs or e but not otherwise, unless the
stress in distinctly on that syllable. ‘Thus :
dy > hele AS oer AS cle) Gh. ee
eS 2 ole eles Ss bles alk Sale el a3]
ca) > oy cal yo ae a\> oh BAS:
Roots ending in & and o which are exe eptions to this rule are :
The following are examples of roots ending in other consonants, the
derivatives being written without a/77:
cP 3 kad aoe yu EG Senet ie 2.
But the following have the accent on the last sy ite of the root and
take alr? :
eee is Be. es has alee ea cel S 3
16
Lez THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
No.) “Sel
oo 4) an >) : one
geal S\i\ _3\
ak \s | ee | eo)
cals | 45 | i3\
oe s\2 al .\ eS
pie ge clés, V3 rlies| onl
dia! aia aia
al \ si
a A eel
JU sl 2) SS58\ 54
als | ea Z|
(3) gl Saye
Se Md oll
coli) an! dl! a!
eS ou! ons) eo)
2. See footnote p. 102. i
3. Three words in this list are almost invariably spelt with the weak
letter ya in both syllables, contrary to Rule (3)(a) :
eS cna! py\
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 123
ee
as je Vs
lyst 3y
So
Seg
ot = SG
on
Kili aye —i\;
ale Jt
ole Si
Rt
ite
oleh ak
cee
Er
Ogee Ss:
124 PME EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
ISG =
«
Ve
& .
KS
we
Bee Ooty js
mi
cha)
Co
a
age
Gone
ve gle
BRS. oh
\ Yt)
\
Py al
Sy >
(4 ) OPT oly: oly:
Ga
ore \s y)
Sy
Bn sb Sy
ala\y) Na)
2
os
Ce.
4, In reduplications with the suffix an, the last consonant of the root is
repeated in the suffix, and if the root ends with a/// a hamza is written
with the suffix,
5, ‘This word is sometimes spelt
\e or eee but this spell-
ing, Which is in accordance with Rule (5)(e), seems perfectly legible.
TILE
es &
jt
Si
Sr
e
os
a on
: oh
Jat
\. ” \ s =
5 coo
+ PS)
eZ
cS) ge
ce AS
EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
125
(O) Geeks arb ot
rs
a él
(0) gal yak
os Wat S Sak
ok
iS ls Sls ob
\:
Sls ELS ES
uy
IS Ce) s ask alan
triak y oy
ie
BSS IS
6, According to Rule (5)(e) these words should be Mai and ais
and they are occasionally so spelt.
but the Malays scem to find some difli-
culty in reading these words if they are spelt in that way.
126 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING,
ose ae
ae
lacs
13
old sole
AK se
Jie
cy le ? de ole
“a
Je
Sy
(8) Ke
Hyg py
ae
CY Ob? Bays! Ong
ASE i
j
Ot? @y!
a
Fee
es 53
we *
a2
jo-=
alias gi
7. This spelling of ¢urunz docs not follow Rule (3)(a), but dys is
not easily read, and as the accent is durini it seems better to insert the wau,
8, This word is often spelt SS
THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY
Po\
(10) 88 go. z>
GS loo a\5
eae :S\5
SKe ye Se so
Jle>
ln
ged
NES £0
Bs
SPELLING. [27
oy? S\>
(9) Ne 2s
| ee
z=
NS
S oc Sse se
Oe HS
woe
“=
9. The form ede which would be in accordance with Rule (5) (e),
js unusual and not easily read.
10. See Note (6).
128 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING,
ae u\)
5S, SS,
Urmtey Urey
85,
° 5) 5
oy
\ws,
Kos,
by)
(11) CELLS 4él.,
ee
aS,
cppes alles
ole rls
a om
Pzet
ie
U2
\io
‘cme
is \ei>
3d
\yo
Os- Spe.
Siseees S3058 gs
enre
—/
is SSL > 55
BGS Sins
al\\, 2 (S >
sl no Re «>
\yio
LU”
=a
SG \
BD ol,
B\y- Ber is
ANS oO
11. See Note(1).
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134 THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING.
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HE EVOLUTION OF MALAY SPELLING. 135
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SHORT NOTES. 137
Short Notes.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MUS. SURIFER, G. 8S. MILLER,
IN PERAK.
In the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washing-
ton, vol. xii, April 21, 1900, Mr. Gerrit 5. Miller, of the U. 5S.
National Museum, describes no less than seven new species of
Rats collected in 1899 by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the mountains of
Trong, a small Siamese State on the west side of the Peninsula,
about 500 miles north of Singapore.
This paper should not be overlooked by students of the
smaller Malayan mammals, and Mr. Miller would probably
kindly supply any one interested in the subject with a copy on
application. ‘The new rats described are Jus vociferans, M.
ferreocanus, M. validus, M. cremoriventer, M. asper, M. pellax,
and M. surifer. J am able to record the last of these new
species from the Larut Hills, Perak, and it is probable that at
least some of the others follow the main range down the Pen-
insula. Mus. surifer was obtained by Dr. Abbott in February
1899. I first met with it in February 1898, catching a single
example ina steel trap near the Hut, Maxwell’s Hill. Un-
fortunately the hinder portion of the specimen had been eaten
by some small carnivorous creature, and, after noting its
appearance I threwit away. Last year on revisiting the hills
I remembered this rat and succeeded in trapping a specimen
alive. It was a charmingly pretty and fearless little creature,
quite tame from the time of capture, and I was overruled by
feminine influence into keeping it alive, with the result that it
escaped eventually in Kwala Lumpur! At thesame time I got a
very damaged specimen from same coolies, and sent it in spirit to
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who identified it as the newly described
M. surfer.
Mr. Miller’s paper above referred to is a good example of
the exceedingly thorough and careful worx of the new school
of American mammalogists.
A. L. BUTLER, FZ. 8.
4th July, 1901 Khartoum, Soudan.
138 SHORT NOTES.
RAMBONG BEETLE.
From two localities in Selangor specimens of a common
longicorn beetle Batocera octomaculata and its grub have been
sent, as serious pests destroying the India-rubber tree, Rambong,
Ficus elastica. The grub over two inches long bores up the
stem of the tree, while the beetle itself gnaws the bark, bites
off the buds and then proeeeds to demolish the leaves, eating
them quite voraciously. The grub is when full grown about
two inches and a half long and a quarter of an inch wide,
flattened soft and white except for its hard brown chitinous
head and the upper surface of the first two segments, Like all
longicorn grubs it has no feet. It makes the usual tunnels
elliptic in section through the length of the larger boughs and
trunk of the tree, and also attacks in thesame way Ficus indica
and the Waringin, F. Benjamina, and -probably others of our
wild figs. It pupates in the tube it has made, and eventually
hatches out into a handsome large beetle, one and a half to two
inches long, without the antennae. The head is brown, with
large eyes and powerful jaws. The antennae, fairly stout,
longer than the body, dark brown, and rough with short pro-
cesses in the lower surface. The thorax, short and broad with
a conic thorn on each side, is dark brown with two red crescents
in the centre. The elytra three quarters to an inch and a
quarter long, oblong, blunt, broadest at the shoulder, dark brown -
with black shining raised dots in the upper part near the shoul-
der, smooth below. There are four pair of white spotson the
elytra, the uppermost pair small and round, the next larger and
more or less oblong sometimes with an extra white spot rear
the upper edge, the next pair nearly as large, the lowest pair
much smaller. The form and size of the spots vary, but appear
to be always eight. The scutellum is also white. The under
surface of the body is hght brown and a broad white stripe runs
on each side, from behind the eye to the tail. The legs are
powerful, over an inch long, and brown. The beetle feeds
during the day, and also moves about atnight. It is attracted
by light and often flies into the house after dark. [ike most
longicorn beetles it squeaks loudly when caught and it can also
bite severely. The amount of injury a beetle of this kind could
SHORT NOTES, 139
do in a plantation of large sized trees would be very great.
Fortunately it is easily caught and very conspicuous, and by
abolishing all unnecessary fig trees from the neighbourhood of a
plantation and carefully attending to the young plants, the pest
out to be easily kept in check. HN.R
In Memoriam
ALLAN MACLEAN SKINNER, C. M. G.
The death of Mr. Skinner will be deeply regretted by
~all who knew him, and as one of the original members of the
Society it is fitting that some special notice of. thé loss the
Society has sustained by his death should appear in the Jour-
nal. At the preliminary meeting held on 4th November 1877,
it was Mr. Skinner who proposed that the gentlemen present
should form themselves into a Society to promote the collec-
ion and record of information relating to the Straits Settle-
ments and neighbouring countries. Of those present at the
first meeting the majority have died and the Bishop of Singa-
pore and Sarawak, the first President, is the only one still
resident in the East.
At a meeting held in February 1878, was exhibited a skel-
eton map of the “Malay Peninsula showing how little was then
known of the Native States. Under the personal direction of
Mr. Skinner the blank spaces were partially filled in and the
first map of the Peninsula was published by the Society.
In the first number of the Journal is a valuable paper
by Mr. Skinner on the Geography of the Peninsula, with
maps.
i In 1883 Mr. Skinner was Vice President and in the Jour-
nal published in December 1882, appeared his ‘Outline History
of the British Connection with Malaya, a most useful compila-
tion which is reproduced in the Singapore and Straits Directory.
Among his other contributions may be mentioned papers
on ‘The Java System’ and ‘Straits Meteorology’. In 1885 Mr.
Skinner was elected President. He received the cordial thanks
140 SHORT NOTES.
of the Government for the valuable results of the action of the
Society with regard to the publication of ‘Kastern Geography,’
which he edited.
In 1888 he was again elected President, but from the time
of his transfer to Penang in the following year as Resident
Councillor, he ceased to take an active part in the work of the
Society. Since his retirement in 1897 Mr. Skinner was engaged
in writing a History of the Straits Settlements.
OC. W. 5. K.
Singapore, 17th August, 1901.
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