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OAL Si Pah Okra Sa de a oe ey LOO Vad vated qari ME RE ee yy de bak tay au Wika win’ CHO Citic 1a a ere ay A) Hervey ket PSA Ho ¢ ft H Ranh tenho é Coe ee Stak STO aa na Ca # ead } 5 HL WOR eM kw eu A ee et Diet ee aL ty ee Wa ee Ral wad 4 Rte 4. hla aoe Chr a | far ie ie " Pet 14 ee ra Tree Wea OE WW a et Cs at et 4 , ey ee es CP re eC we AG db oak date @ Ad ee ates ‘, f Cv Ma cate WTA Ve AY Nee eco wrse tiers ARG WULF HL oh ea mie a ath seb Hy: Ba: PEA e TR 6 a Heh He Wie eM ele etal we i , Britta * ibe yatige Hf va ait Acie pa w y ie : i ONG eu ne Nee 1 AK i ; Ay i s i ; s OR EY 4 x i eH de (0) Beebo veh i ‘ fh th Or RGU Me eR Bais AO A es Oe We We Te S| Pgaiy RAG SUS Lee Ae Mo etn et Be aa ee H YAk O { ‘ ft Adare ‘ a of week W ch ese . > “- ¢ 4 ' } ¢ . + ‘ r n t . ’ . i \ 4 ’ t ¢ D ; : As j YY f : ? = : . \ 1% ‘ t i : r ¢ \ ’ ‘ at V t ; beri e ; 7 ‘ Rig ti H } is } / i r y, J * ‘ ; wit it i] ul ’ ; ? 4, ' tht 4 ’ 1 7 ’ bal val 4 4 4 if ut i) ri 7 2 4 ‘ é + | i ‘ y P mise iY] { Ks 4 Fue A ery ‘ + te r + I - ‘ le fe : ¢ i ‘ yal : : i J i 4 J Hie ; a “Presa * STRAITS BRANCH ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY | [ No. 35 ] JOURNAL January 1901 — aa Agents of the Society: London and America a = ee TRUBNER & Co. Paris — en a, a ... ERNEST LEROUX & Co. Germany Otto Harrassow!Tz, Leipzig. - PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS, SINGAPORE. eee et Sr tena ome Me [No. 35] JOURNAL of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JANUARY 1901 Agencies of the Society London and America ee a He TRUBNER & Co, Paris a ie Ne ... ERNEST LEROUX & Co. Germany . ... am ... OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig. SINGAPORE : PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS I9OI ao Table of Contents. Council for 1901... a sa ace yt Vv List of Members for 1901... ae cae ee v1 Proceedings of Annual General Meeting sis ve x Annual Report of the Council 5 we on Xl Treasurer’s Cash Account for 1900 ... oe wat xii The Flora of Mount Ophir, by H. NV. Ridley 1 Butterflies of Mount Penrissen, by 2. Sheljord ae 29 A List of the Reptiles of Borneo, by &. Shelford ses 43 Notes from the Sarawak Museum, by 2. Shelford im 69 Garu and Chandan, by H. N. Ridley ... Ase es 73 Calogramma Festiva Walk., by H. V. Ridley ... ace 82 Supplementary Notes on the Flora of Sing carer By HH, N. Ridley ae ne 84 The Sakai Dialect of the Ulu es pee by A. L. i. Luering mee i Roe Ot Short Notes a an cm ae osu tol 5 THE STRAITS BRANCH OF THE Meet ASIATIC SOCIETY. COUNCIL FOR 1901. The Right Rev. Bishop G. F. HOSE, President. Mr. A. KNIGHT, Vice-President for Singapore. The Hon’ble C. W.. Kynnersley, Vice-President for Penang. Mr. P. J. BURGESS, Honorary Secretary. Dr. HANITSCH, Honorary Treasurer. H. NANSON, Esq., } A. W. §. O'SULLIVAN, Esq., | E. ROSTADOS, Esq., > Councillors, W. G. 8ST. Chair, Esgq., | The Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, 5} List of Members for 1!gQo1. ees SS ANTHONITZ, J. O. BAMPFYLDE, Hon’ble C. A BANKS, J. E. * BARKER, Dr. A. J. Gi BARNARD, B. H. F. BARNES, W. D. BELFIELD, F. { BICKNELL, W. A. BIDWELL, R. A. J.. 53 Grange Road, Singapore. Kuching, Sarawak. Anglo-Chinese School, 8’ pore. Sarawak. Forest Department, Selangor. Kuala Lipis, Pahang. Taipeng, Perak. Audit Department, Penang. Swan & Maclaren, S’pore. BINTARA LUAR, Hon. Dato, 8.P.M.Y., Batu Pahat. BircH, Hon. J. K. BISHOP, J. E. BLAGDEN, C. 0., M. A. * BLAND, R. N. ° ; BRADDON, Dr. W. L. BRANDT, D. VON BROCKMAN, E. L. BROWN, Hon. Dr. W. C. BRYANT, A. T. BrYDGES, H. E. H., M. A. BUCKLEY, C. B. BURGESS, P. J., M. A. BUTLER, A. L. CAMUS, M. de CERRUTI, GIOOANNI BATTISTA CLIFFORD, H. C. i COLLYER, Hon. W. R. CONLAY, W. Cook, Rev. J. A. B. England. » Federated Malay Service, England. Pekan, Pahang. Singapore... Seremban, Negri Sembilan. Stanmore, Singapore. Singapore. Penang. Penang. 11 Stone Buildings, Vinealie Singapore. Inn, London. Government Analyst, S’pore. Kartoum. . Battery Road, Singapore. Tapah, Perak. England. Singapore. Kuantan, Pahane. Singapore, MEMBERS FOR 1901. vii DANE, Dr. R. DENT, SIR ALFRED, K. C. M. G. DEw, A. T. Dickson, E. A. DRIVER, JAMES DUNKERBLEY, Rev. W. H.,M. A. DUNLOP, C. EDGAR, Dr. P. GALSTANN EDMONDS, R. C. EGERTON, Hon. WALTER ESCHKE, H. H. HVERETT, H. H. FLEMING, T. C. PEOWER, 5. 5. * ForT, HUGH FREER, Dr. G. D. GERINI, MAJor G. S. * GRAHAM, JAMES GROOM, 8. R. * HAFFENDEN, JOHN HAINES, Rev. F. W. HALE, A. HANITSCH, Dr. R. Hége, G. T. { HAVILAND, Dr. G. D. t¢ HELLIER, M. Peevey, D.-F, A.C. M. G. ft Hoe, Hon. EK. C. Hose, Rt. Rev. Bishop G.F., M.A., Hose, Dr. CHARLES Hosg, E. 8. Poem bh, W., M. A:, F. i. 8. oaQuiM. J. P. FR. G. 8. JOHNSTONE, L. A. M. KEHDING, Dr. KER, J. CAMPBELL Province Wellesley. 11 Old Broad St., London, E.C. Parit Buntar, Krian, Perak. Serendah, Selangor. Kuala Lumpor, Selangor. Singapore. Singapore. Ipoh, Perak. Jugra, Selangor. mingapore. singapore. Sarawak. Pekan, Pahane. Cairo. Singapore, Penang. Siam. Glasgow, Scotland. Kuala Lumpor. Singapore. Malacca. Kuala Lumpor. Singapore. Kuala Lumpor. England. Singapore. Aldeburgh. Singapore. D. D. | Singapore. Baram, Sarawak. Perak. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Germany; c/o Menke & Co. Johore Bahru. . vill MEMBERS FOR 1901. Koss, C. BODEN KNIGHT, ARTHUR KYNNERSLEY, Hon. C. W. 5. LAWES, Rev. W. G. ft LEASK, Dr. J.T. LEMON, A. H. LEWIS, J. HK. M., B. A. LiM Boon KENG, Hon. Dr. LUERING, Rev. Dr. H. L. E. MacHapo, A. D. MACLAREN, J. W. B. MASON, J. 5. McCAUSLAND, C. F. MELDRUM, DATO JAMES MEREWETHER, Hon. EK. M. MICHEL, W.-C. Bian? NANSON, W., B. A., F. 8. G. NAPIER, Hon. W. J., M.A., B.G.L. NORMAN, HENRY O’SULLIVAN, A. W..5S.,.B. A, OWEN, J. F. t PARR, ©.W Cot PEARS, FRANCIS PERAK, Govt. Museum, Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Port Moresby, New Guinea. Singapore. Penang. Sarawak, Govt. Printing Office. Singapore. Ipoh, Perak. Batu Pahat. Singapore. Raub, Ulu Pahang. Kuala Kubu, Selangor. Johore. Malacca. Singapore. Singapore. Paterson Road, Singapore. Kuala Lipis, Pahang. Singapore. Port Dickson. Negri Sembilan. Muar. Taiping, Perak. PERHAM, The Ven. Archdeacon ¢ Singapore. PUSTAU, R. VON RANKIN, H. F. RIDLEY, H. N. ROBERTS, B. ae RODGER, . Pee yahie Gg: RosTapos, E. ROWLAND; W. R. Austrian Consulate, Singapore. Amoy. Botanic Gardens, Singapore. North Raub, Pahang. Kwala Lumpor, Selangor. Kota Tinggi, Johore. Negri Sembilan. SARAWAK, H.H. The R.C.5. of, { Sarawak. SaRAWAK, H. H. The Rajah of, G.C.M.G. T aches Sarawak. SATOW, Sir, KE. M., K. C. M. G. + Pekin. SAUNDERS, C. J, Singapore. MEMBERS FOR 1901. IX SEAH LIANG SEAH Chop ** Chin Hin,” Singapore. SEAH SONG SEAH Chop “Chin Hin,” Singapore. SHELFORD, R. Sarawak, SHELFORD, W. H. Singapore, SHELLABEAR, Rev. W. G. Singapore. SKEAT, W. W. Cambridge. DKINNER, A. M., Cc. M. G. t Canterbury, England.. SMITH, SIR CECIL C., G.c.M.c. f England. SOHST, T. Singapore. oT. CLAIR, W. G. Singapore. STRINGER, Hon. CHARLES England. SUGARS, J. C. Telok Anson, Perak. SWETTENHAM, His Hon. Sik, J. A., K.C.M.G. Singapore. THOMAS, O. V. { Penang. TOLLEMACHE, R.C. t Sungei Rambei Estate, Kuala Selangor. VAN BENNINGEN VON HELSDINGEN, Dr. R. Tandjong Pandan, a ss illiton. VERMONT, Hon. J. M. Province Wellesley. Buty WALKER, Lt.-Col. R.S. F., c.M.G. Kuala Lumpor, Selangor. WALTER, W. G. C. Klang. Watkins, A. J. W. Selangor Govt. Railway, Kuala Lumpor. WELLFORD, Dr. F. ¢ Riverside Estate, Kuala Se-langor, Selangor. West, Rev. B. FRANKLIN 149 Anson Read, Penang. WICKETT, FREDERICK, M. J., C.E., Surukai Mine, Lahat, Perak. WIsE, D. H. Pekan Pahang. _ Woop, C. G. Batu Gajah, Perak. Woop, J: B. { Wray, L., JR. { Taipeng, Perak. Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any change of address or decease of members, in order that the list may be as complete as possible. All communications concerning the publications of the Society should be addressed to the Secretary: all subscriptions to the Treasurer. Members may have, on application, forms authorising their Bankers or Agents to pay their subscriptions to the Society regularly each year. PROCEEDINGS of the Annual General [leeting The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society met at the Raffles Museum, Singapore, on L8th January, 1901. Present :—Right Reverend BISHOP HOSE, Messrs. R. W. HULLETT, W.G.St. CLAIR, E. ROSTADOS, Hon’ble W. R. Comm-= YER, W. NANSON, Hon’ble W. J. NAPIER, A. KNIGHT, Hon'ble W. EGERTON, Rev. W..G. SHELLABEAR, Dr. HANITSCH, H. N. IUD IGII NG. The Minutes of the last Annnal General Meeting were read and confirmed. The Members elected by the Council during the year were confirmed in their election. The Council’s report was read and adopted on the motion aE Hon’ble W. J.. Napier, seconded by W. G. St. Clair. The accounts presented by the Treasurer were adopted - subject to audit proposed by Mr. Egerton seconded by Mr. Napier, Mr. A. Knight was asked to audit the accounts. The Council and Officers were then elected, viz.: President: Right Reverend BISHOP HOSE; proposed by Hon. W. R. Collyer, seconded by Hon. W. Egerton. Vice President for Singapore: Mr. A. KNIGHT; proposed by Mr. Collyer, seconded by Mr. Napier. PROCEEDINGS. Xl Vice President for Penang: Hon. C. W. KYNNERSLEY ; proposed by Mr. Egerton, seconded by Mr. Knight. Hon. Secretary: Mr. P. J. BURGESS; proposed by Mr. Ridley; seconded by Mr. Napier. fon. Treasurer: Dr. HANITSCH; proposed by Mr. Nanson, seconded by Mr. Collyer. Councillors elected by ballot were:—Reyv. W. G. Shellabear, Pec ee Clair A. W. S- O'Sullivan, W. Nanson, and KE. Rostados. A vote of thanks to the Chairman was proposed by Honor- able W. R. Collyer and carried by acclamation. ——— Annual Report of the Council for 1900. The Council are pleased to be able to state that the Finances of the Society are in a very satisfactory condition and that there has been a larger number of members added to the society than on the previous year. The members added were :— Mr. C. BODEN KLOSS. Mr. J. CAMPBELL-KER. Mr. B. H. F. BARNARD. | Mr. H. F. RANKIN. Mr. H. NORMAN. Mr. P. J. BURGESS. Mr. G. B.. CERRUTI. Mr. W. G. C. WALTER. Dr. B. F. WEST. Hon. DATOH BINTARA LUAR. Mr. R. VON PUSTAU Mr. J. EK. BISHOP. The Council regret to have to record the death of a Mem- ber, Mr. H. 8. Haynes, and feel that they could not pass over in silence the death of Dr. N. B. Dennys, who was one of the original members of the Society when it was founded in 1878. He was a councillor of the Society for many years, and also secretary, contributing many articles to its journal. He resign- ed his membership on going to Borneo. Two Journals No. 383 and 384 were published during the year, and another is now being printed off and would have been in the hands of the members, but for the difficulty of procuring sufficient material, the number of contributors to the Journal being very small in proportion to the size of the Society. The sale of the Map of the Peninsula was very satisfactory. On the suggestion of a member, corresponding members for the various Native States were instituted to collect notes and correspondence for the Journal and to obtain new members. It was found difficult however to get corresponding members for all the Native States, but Dr. Luering kindly consented to act for Perak and Mr. A. L. Butler for Selang OL: A large number of books, pamphlets and periodicals were received from kindred societies in exchange for copies of our own Journal, and were added to the Library. “LHDINY “V ‘Mp0g oums ye pohiony ‘OUD SPADA! “MOANSDAN, hivtouo py VIALOD punof Pup payipny "HOSLINVE, “UT PES LORS VE} AGRE 60 | €68 a as elec g[quPROJey, Ul souRleg * OY | KG yueg peroyreyg ut vouryeq “* Dike fr ]E ee OE -urdIeyy “qisodeqy pexty “ | Ze | 29 “"* g.deysog pure sojog “ 00 | 09 BO NSTETES EI, 00 | OT IOPIT[OD OF UoIsstuTUTOD “ F9 | QF | Seourleg yUR_ uo yseroyuT “ OF | GL say) ee omy ‘sde yyy Oe eeove sdeyq fo epeg * ouUNOY ‘Syoog ourpurg “ 00 | 0¢ s[euINo( Jo opVg ~ c8 | Ze PE [PUNO L? FO AT pur TT] OO Tom ei ‘op c Soye[d ‘sueag pur seuop “ 00 | OOF | O06T “ ‘op : LO ORE ae PE [eumop Jo T] 00: ce = 6681 = ‘op : pure] soyeig ‘wooty soumep ‘ 00 | G QGRT 10J suoydiiosqng ‘ 0G | €86 | PE ON ‘op . 00 | O00T yued 00 | aFe ay a "ee “ON a]Queoreyy, ‘yisodeq pexiyy “* jeummor jo suyuttd 10; gg | Fle | yur opyurorepy SO(n ae SSsorq UOISSI Uvoloury AG | OOGT | TO | GOS | Weg potoyavyH ul oourleg OF} OOGT “y $ a) $ \ Te) “UT "OOBI ‘49eqwUis0eq ISIS Sulpus 1esK uj} AOJ ‘JUNODOY YSeD S,Aainseeiy A1e1OUOH The Flora of Mount Ophir. BY. N. RIDLEY. The isolated group of hills commonly known as Mount Ophir has been visited and explored by a number of naturalists and others, and general accounts of its position, itinerary, etc. have been published from time to time, but no account of its bot- any has yet been given and it may therefore be of interest espe- cially to those who may be intending to make the ascent to give an account of the more interesting plants to be found there, and in particular those from the uppermost peaks of the mountain. The Mount Ophir early attracted the notice of the first naturalist in this country, on account of its isolated position and of its being the only high mountain accessible with safety in the early days. Griffith was the first botanist to make a really ex- tensive collection of the plants there. He visited the mountain in 1845, ascending not only to the top of the main peak, but also to a certain height at least on the lower, seldom visited peak, Gunong Mering. A rough-field list of the plants he noticed is published in the Notule. He only lived a year in Malacca dying there the same year he visited Mt. Ophir. Cuminz, the orchid-collector, who also made extensive col- lections in the Philippines, and Lobb piant-collector for Veitch also visited Mt. Ophir, but devoted themselves more .to cultural plants such as orchids than to less showy plants, and though they both brought down a number of dried specimens as well, no account of their collections nor indeed of their expeditions was, it: appears, ever published. Wallace (1854) marched across to Mt. Ophir from Malacca via Ayer Panas and remained a week there, collecting birds and insects. His letters, notes, and a pajer written for the Royal Geographical Society were unfortunately all lost; (the Malay Archipelago Chap. III). Maingay made a very extensive collec- tion of plants in Malacca and did not neglect Ophir. He added 2 THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR. a considerable number of species to its flora as then knowng but left no account of them, though they were described in the Flora of British India by Hooker and others. Mr. Hullett later made a small collection here which contained a number of important additions and novelties. His collection is preserved in the Her- barium of the Botanic gardens, Singapore where are also plants collected by R. Derry, and the Pos obtained by myself in two expeditions to this locality. With all these collections made in so limited a district we may be certain that we have secured at least the greater part of the flora of the uppermost part of the range. The lower woods will still repay the researches of the botanist, but as the flora for the lower thousand or two thousand feet differs but little from that of similar altitudes in other parts of the peninsula, I intend to devote this paper to the characteristic upper flora of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet altitude, only referrins to a few of the rarer plants met with at lower levels. In the flora of British India where plants are referred to as having been collected on Mt. Ophir by Griffith, Maingay and others it frequently happens that the specimens were really ob- tained quite low down at the foot of the hills, or even some cases, in the plains and not really probably on Ophir at all, I have excluded these plants, they being evidently lowland kinds. ~The usual way to arrive at the camping ground at Padang Batu is to start from Chabau and march across the lowland country to the foot of Bukit Besar, where the ascent commences. This district is now for the most part under cultivation or has formerly been so and what remains of the indigenous flora re- resembles that of other parts of Malacca. But. "I may note that_ at Rellau formerly grew two interesting plants in some pasture- land which I fear is now under tapioca- -cultivation, namely the pretty ground orchid Geodoruni pur. pureum R.Br. with its nodding . head of pink flowers, and Knoxia Corymbosaa, Rubiaceous herb with heads of pale ‘pink flowers which though of wide dis- tribution is not by any means common in the peninsula. Arrived. at the foot of Bukit Besar the path ascends. somewhat steeply at first, to about 2,000 feet altitude, then after a short steep des- cent rises steeply to the Padang Batu, The whole of Bukit Be- sar is densely wooded, and contains many interesting plants. On. — THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR, 3 a recent visit I rediscovered here the rare and curious saprophy- tic orchid Leucolena ornata Ridl, previously only known from Bukit Sadanen, and also the scarce fern Pteris Dalhousie. The flora here is that of the higher Malacca hills. Dipterocarpew and oaks (Quercus Rassa) occur quite to the highest point of the ridge, but with these appear some of the typical plants of the range, such as Gastrochilus scaphochlamys, Geostachys elegans, Gahnia Javanica, Didymocarpus longipes; and the elegant little palm Pinanga puradoxa, x8 well as Licuala glabra. One of the commonest trees here is the Pulawan, 7ristania Merguensis. with its grey foliaze and strange red stem off which the bark peels in long flakes which remain in piles at the foot of the tree. Here also grows the largest of all the Kopsias Kopsia pauciflora Hook, a big tree with white flowers with a pink eye. After pas- sing the depression between Bukit Besar aud Padang Batu, the trees as one ascends become smaller and more slender and more of the typical hill plants appear. Padang Batu is a large sloping rock-face covered in part with thick grass, [schuemum Feildingi- anum, and with Matonia pectinata, among which grow gnarled trees of Buaeckia, Leptospermum, Podocarpus, Rhodoleia and other mountain forms, while in damp spots, especially near and in the stream are the peculiar Ophir sedges, the white flowered Hedyotis Maingayi, dwarf pink Utricularias, Didymo- carpus semitortus,and the orchids Arundina speciosa, Spathoglottis aurea, and Cypripedium barbatum. The stream which runs down over the rocks to the west is well worth exploring as the flora is rich and interesting, for besides the hill forms which follow the sides of the stream far down, there are many peculiar plants to be found, among them the large yellow flowered shrub Brachy- lophon Hullett?. While in the damp wood by the side of the stream was found the curious Thismia Chrysops. Above the Padanz Batu the rocks rise covered with a forest of close but small trees, the largest being Podocarpus, Tristania and Dacry- dium and from this point to the top one gets the most character- istic part of the Ophir flora. A steady rise brings the explorer to the top of Gunong Tunduk. where there is a large bare rock from which a good view is obtainable. A short descent into a damp valley is made and then Gunong Ledang is ascended, a stiff steep climb through thickly wooded slopes. Just below 4. THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR the top is a very large rock with one side quite precipitous. At the base of it is a small spring. This is the old camping ground of the earlier explorers, Wallace and Griffith but it is seldom used now as the water supply is very limited. The extreme top is of no great size, in fact a very small space surrounded by stunted shrubs, Rhododendrons crimson and white, Annesloea, the biggest tree up here, Rhodamnia, etc. with pitcher plants scrambling over the bushes and in the damper more sheltered. spots, below the top on the north side grow Huabenaria, Burmannia, Sonerila and other herbs in dense deep wet moss. I was unable to collect the mosses satisfactorily on either of my visits as most were not then fruiting, and those that were collected have not yet been identified. Two mosses here however are very attrac- tive and merit special mention. One is the very pretty Hypned- endron arborescens, with a slender stem from which spread out two or three whorls of golden green branches some distance apart, the whole looking like a toy tree. It occurs in many parts of the range and is indeed to be met with all over the hill ranges of the peninsula. The other is Pogonatum macrophyllum a tall stemmed moss 6 inches high covered with close narrow _blackish green leaves. Animal-life is by no means common above Padang Batu. I saw tracks and dung of a tiger at the flat rock on the top of Gunong Tunduk, and I ‘have also seen the footprints of a good sized deer on the highest point of Gunong Ledang, but no signs of other Mammals. Elephants were formerly common in the lower woods (Braddell in Logan’s Journal vii. 1853 p. 85) and it is said that the wild doz was abundant here but it is probable that this animal has disappeared of late years as the elephants certain- ly have. Birds are scarce also, swallows, a small tailor bird (Orthotomus) and a few others are all I have seen. I captured a small brown frog in the stream and caught a glimpse of a lizard’s tail disappearinz in the long grass. Butterflies are few and chiefly belong to common lowland species. Beetles are not very abundant. “The big stag beetle Odontolabris Gazella may be met with, and I have also obtained a single example’ of a small but very beautiful blue Buprestis, and a number. of very small brown chafers. i THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR. 11 d attached to the petals free portion of filament short, anther-cells separated oblong obtuse. Style thick, stigma broad curved. Fruit 3/4 inch long elliptic narrowed at the base with a curved acute beak. Gunong Mering and Gunong Ledang. Allied to A/. elliptica King, a Penang hill plant, but with much more coriaceous leaves with inconspicuous nerves. The leaves vary, however, one form from the lower part of the range has much larzer leaves elliptic or ovate acuminate 4 inches long by 14 wide, while those from the top of the mountain are much smaller and narrower. Euonymus Javanicus Bl. Close to Padang Batu; a widely distrib- uted shrub occurring on most of our higher hills as well as in the low country. Pygeum brevifolium Hook. fil. (Rosacew). A bush or small tree with small white flowers and globular one or two seeded green fruits. Common all about the top of the hills, only known from this locality. P. Griffithii Hook. fil. A slender little tree or bush with larger red tomentose branches, flowers small white. Peculiar to Mt. Ophir. Weinmannia Blumet Planch. (Saxifragacee). A tree with pinnate leaves and racemes of pinkish white flowers occurs on the Perak hills also. Drosera Burmanni Vahl. (Droseracew). Mossy spots on Gunong Mering. ‘The plants here all had green not red leaves, as _ they have in the lowland district. This our commonest sun dew, occurs usually in sandy spots near the sea and rivers. It is very widely spread from West Africa all through the East Indies to China, Japan and Australia. Rhodoleia Teysmannia Mig. (Iamamelidee), A tree with small pink flowers occurs also on Kedah Peak in Perak and Sumatra. The only other species known ¢ rows in Hong- kong. 12 THE FLORA OF MOUNT OPHIR. Boeckia frutescens lL. (Myrtacew). “Daun Chuchor atap.” A tree or shrub with rough flaky bark, and narrow setaceous leaves strongly aromatic, and small white flowers. The wood is exceedingly hard and compact, dark brown. The leaves used as tea give a refreshing aromatic drink and are much used as medicine by Malays. It is common all over the lower and theupper part of the range and occurs in most of the hill ranges of the peninsula. Leptospermum amboinense Bl. A shrub with stiff lanceolate leaves and fairly large white flowers. Like the last is very aromatic and the leaves are used in the seme way. Tristania Merguensis Griffith. Pulawan. . Atella alcippe (Cram), Terinos clarissa (Boisd). Occurred round our hut (3,500 ft.) Cynthia deione (Erich). A very common species of the low country. Cirrochroa orissa (Feld). Limenitis procris (Cram). A common low-country species. Athyma abiasa (Moore). Symphedra dirtea (Fab). Euthalia ambalika (Moore). Euthalia Whiteheadi (Grose Smithj. Also abundant on Matang. Symbrenthia hypatia, var. hippocrene (Staud). Cyrestis nivea (Zinken-Sommer). Cyrestis? semi-nigra (Grose Smith). The description of this species previously recorded only fron Kina Balu is somewhat sparse, but I am nearly sure that_ my identification is correct, at any rate it would be unwise to describe the Penrissen specimens as a new species without a comparison with Mr. Grose Smith’s types. The nearest ally of the species is C. irme Forbes. BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN, 33 (27) Chersonesia rahria (Horsf and Moore). Fam, Lemoniide. Sub fam. Nemeobiine. (28) Zemeros albipunctata (Butl.) Fam. Lycenide. (29) Neopithecops zalmora (Butl.) One example with a white discal patch on the upperside of the forewing. Specimens, corresponding to the wet and dry season forms of this species in India, occur in Bor- neo, but occur quite independently of the season. A so- called wet season form may be captured in the 8. W. monsoon and vice versa; the same is also true of the Satyrid Melanitis ismene (Cram.); of this species the Sarawak Museum possess a long series of the typical form and another of the form /eda (L.) captured in nearly every month of the year, and all within a radius of two miles of Kuching. ‘The difference between the wet and dry seasons is not nearly so well-marked in Borneo as in India, and I imagine that the colouring of butterflies exhi- biting seasonal changes is determined by the state of the weather during the early stages of the life history, so that a wet August (for example) would produce the wet-season form, a dry August the dry-season form; in Borneo, at least, these forms should rather be called weather-varieties, occuring as they do, independently of the seasons. (30) Cyaniris placidula (Druce). Previously recorded from Kina Balu. (31) Cyantris selma (Druce). Upperside-forewing, pale blue with a white discal patch and with broad black costal and outer margins. The cell is closed with a small black stigma. Hindwing, greyish blue, the cell is closed with a stigma. A marginal series of fuscous spots. Underside, exactly as in male. oO 34 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. (82) Cyaniris strophis (Druce). (33) Cyaniris planta (Druce). This species leads up to C. haraldus (Fab.) placed by some authors in a separate genus—Lycenopsis. (34) Nacaduba sp? A couple of females only were taken, and though I am strongly of opinion that they will constitute a new species. I defer adescription until I can procure a male. The colouration and markings are much the sameas in JN. aluta (Druce.) but there is no basalband on the underside of the forewing as in that species. (35) Arhopala similis (Druce). This is the variety a of A. agesiase (Hew.) (36) Tajuria isaeus (Hew.) (37) Biduanda sp? (Nov.) I am pretty confident that this species of which one female example was taken, will prove to be new, but I must defer a description of it until I can obtain access to larger collections and more recent literature. The species ap- pears to be related on the one hand to Biduanda thesmia (Hew.), on the other to Biduanda lavitsoni (Druce.), judg- ing at least by the pattern of the wings on the under- side. If ever the phylogeny of the Lycanidw comes to be traced, the wing patterns on the underside must care- fully be taken into consideration; from a study of these, extending over three years, I have come to the conclusion that the more highly organised the butterfly, the more the underside wing-pattern tends to disappear from the discs of the wings and concentrate at the margins and at - the anal angle of the hind-wing, in some cases disappear- ing even from these areas, as for example in Bornean ex- amples of Loxura atymmus. A reason for this concentra- tion of wing-pattern may perhaps be sought in the follow- ing considerations :—the typical Lycenid wing-pattern on — (A? c= BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN, 35 the underside is that presented _ by such genera as Naca- duba, Lampides, Cyaniris, Catachr ysops, consisting of catenulated bands or bands and spots crossing the ‘discs of the wings in a more or less definite manner, at the anal angle ‘of the hindwing is almost invariably present a conspicuous eye-spot: this eye-spot is supposed (and there is evidence to justify the supposition) to direct the attacks of enemies such as birds or lizards to a non-vital part of the body, the eye-spot being highly conspicuous when the butterfly is at rest (the brizht patches of colour at the tips of the forewings of soberly coloured butterflies of otherfamilies is supposed to serve the same purpose ; cf. also the Orange Tip of Europe). Now if the pattern dis- ~ appears from the discs of the wings, this eye-spot, which by the way may degenerate into a mere patch or streak of bright colour, becomes still more conspicuous and con- sequently of greater value to the butterfly, whilst the risk of the main body of the wings proving a source of attraction to enemies is now much lessened, seeing that - they are unornamented: in Lowura utymmus the absence of eye-spot is compensated for by the long tails into which the hind wings are drawn out. The axiom then with which this short dessertation commenced that the more highly organised the Lycwnid the more the under- side wing-pattern concentrates outwardly, seems to follow naturally on the more general axiom, that the more highly organised the animal, the more diverse and complete are its methods of defence. The species under notice is of in- terest as affording a glimpse of the manner in which the diffuse wing o--pattern of Biduanda thesmia (Hew.) may be- come ‘outwardly concentrated as in B, hewitson’ (Druce). Fam. Pieridae. Sub. fam. Pierine. (38) Delias eumolpe (Grose Smith). Q upperside Black. Forewing with a large white oblique spot closing the cell and extending somewhat above and below it ; Hindwing g with a large discal area whitish dusted with ochreous and black scales. Underside, Forewing, black, l\ | 36 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. cell-spot as above. A marginal row of spots, the upper yellow and the larger, the lower white, the last being bifid. Hindwing as in male but the discal yellow area much reduced. Expanse 88mm. This sex is described here for the first time. The species which was originally described from Kina Balu is not mentioned by Dr. Butier in his recent revision of the genus Delias (Ann. Mag. N. H 16. vol. 20., Aug. 1897). (39) Delias Singhapura (Wall). (40) Delias cathara (Grose Smith) Exactly mimicked by a Chalcostid moth. Mimeuplwa pieroides Wik, ; (41) Deltas parthenia Staud. Previously recorded from Kina Balu. (42) Verias hecabe (.) Common everywhere. (43) Catophaga (Hyposcritia) plana (Butl). (44) Catophaya (Tachyris) cardena (Hew). (45) Huphina hespera (Butl.) ‘This form has recently been sepa- rated from H. lea (Doubl.) Sub. fam. Papilionine. (46) Troides brookianus (Wall.) (47) Troides helena cerberus (Held.) (48) Papilio demolion (Cr.) (49) Papilio nephelus saturnus (Gir.) (00) Papilio paradoxus telesides (Feld.) (51) Papilio arpina carnatus (Rothschild and Ford). Fam. Hesperidae.. (52) Tagiades waterstradti (Elwes). (93) Telicota bumbusae (Moore). (54) Notocrypta feisthamelit (Boisd. ) (99) Parnara moolata (Moore). (96) LHasora chabrona (Plétz). — BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. 37 Table of Species of Butterflies Occurring on Mounts Matang, Santubong and Penrissen. | | |Matang. Santubong Penrissen Vymphalide- Danan. | Hestia lynceus, Drury ae Seton ee NE a Tirumala septentrionis, Butl. ... — Parantica crowleyi, Jenner-Weir | etre Caduga larissa, Feld. 5550 | | — Adigama scudderi, Butl. shot — | Penoa menetriesii, Feld. see et — Trepsichrois mulciber, Cr, 85 MIS ie RO gua ed Danisepa lowi, Butl. seh | hater i ee Salpinx leucostictos, Gun. a | Isamia egyptus, Butl. seek | ached | Satyrine. | | Satoa maianeas, Hew. yan | | = Neorina low, D. & H. eee eee 5 Ypthima pandocus, Moore td — meen Mt ere Amnosia baluana, Fruhst. — Elymniine. | Elymnias aroa sp. n. vs — 35 lais, Cr. 2oe | —— F cS ead Amathustine. Thaumantis odana, Godt. sectes'| — ¥ aliris, Westw. one | Clerome stomphax, Westw. ... Xanthotenia busiris, Westw. ... Ltt { | Nymphatline. Euripus halitherses, D. & H. ...)5 — Cupha erymanthis, Drury ee —_ 38 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. Atella alcippe, Cr. ,, Sinha, Kollar. Terinos clarissa, Boisd. Cynthia deione, Erichs Neptis dindinga, Butl. ,, miah, Moore 5, . anjana, Moore Cirrochroa malaya, Feld. “3 orissa, Fab. Stibochiona persephone, Staud.... | Pandita sinope, Moore Limenitis daraxa, D. & H. SP PEOCHIS. Ole Euthaha vacillaria, Butl. 55 ambalika, Moore » ?¢ magnolia, Staud. i lavernalis, de N. an merta, Moore bi garuda, Moore as adonia, Cr. whiteheadi, G. Smith ... Tanecia ellida, Staud. ,, valmikis, Feld. ,, lutala, Moore Athyma abiasa, Moore »,. euloca, sp. n. » nefte, Cr. ienaimbkara.sOEuce Sympheedra dirtea, Fab. Symbrenthia hypatia var. hippocrene, Staud Cyrestis seminigra, G. Smith ,, rahria, Moora Eulepis jalysus, Feld. Charaxes distanti, Hour. _Matang { { : Santubong Penrissen BUTTERFLIES OF Lemoniide. Zemeros albipunctata, Butl. “3 emesioides, Feld. Dodona elvira, Staud. » deodata, Hew. Abisara kausambi, Feld. ~~ Savitri, Feld. Lycenide. Paragerydus pyxus de, N. a contestus sp. n. Allotinus subviolaceus, Feld. Logania staudingeri, Druce Cyaniriodes libna, Hew. Simiskina pharyge, Hew. Neopithecops zalmora, Butl. Cyaniris puspa, Horsf. ,, placida, Moore . placidula, Druce r ? transpectus, Moore ... ‘. lugra, Druce 3 selma, Druce , Strophis, Druce = plauta, Druce haraldus, Feld. Lyceneesthes lyceenina, Feld. os emolus, Godt. Luthrodes mindora, Feld. Nacaduba pavana, Horsf. sp. wa 3 hermus, Feld. “ ardates, Moore ss atratus, Horsf. * berce, Feld. ? ancyra, Feld. Lampides coruscans, Moore Matane MOUNT PENRISSEN. Santubong 39 Penrissen 40 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN, Castalius ethion, D. & H. Traota rochana, Horsf. , nila, Dist. a8 Arhopala centaurus, Fab, . borneensis. Druce - fulgida, Hew. a similis, Druce " capeta, Hew. Curetis malayica, Feld. Dacalana vidura, Horsf. Pratapa lucidus, Druce ie devana, Druce = calculis, Druce Aphneeus lohita, Horsf. Tajuria mantra, Feld. i isaeus, Hew. “ donatana de, N. a5 travana, Hew. Britomartis sp. Purlisa giganteus, Dist. Chliaria skapane, Druce = minima, Druce Mantoides licinius, Druce Neocheritra amrita var. theodora, Druce Horaga corniculum, Druce Semanga superba, Druce Biduanda sp. Drina maneia, Hew. Lehera anna, Druce Araotes lapithis, Moore Deudorix epijarbas, Moore Ss staudingeri, Druce as strephanus, Druce = diara, Swinh. Rapala abnormis, Elwes Matang |Santubon a a | Penrissen BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. 41 = = a ear i an ne el Matang : Santubong Penrssen Bindahara phocides, Fab. ace eee Virachola smilis Hew. = — 5 aul Liphyra crassolis Westw. a3 | == Fam. Papilionide Sub. fam. Pierine | | Delias metarete, But. cS een 7 ; P. » amphrysus flavicollis Druce ab. ruficollis ... Papilio demolion, Cr. ; | bs helenuspalawanicus, Stand, oe ope 5 iswara, White ee A == ;; fuscus prexaspes, Feld. . Wee | ., Slateri hewitsoni, W Sie | ae | ,, paradoxus telesicles, Feld.) — | eases », singhapura, Wall. Bah cape Sah = 1b. Tae » cathara, G. Smith sa. | | ie Mares ,, parthenope, Wall. Ba | == .. parthenia, Staud. aI | eae eae 5 hermione sp. nu. a eumolpe, G. Smith ee ona Prioneris vollenhovii, Wall. ... _ | 55 cornelia, Vollenh. A ules = | Terias nicobariensis, Feld. Rete eee | = =a 5 sari, Horsf. Gg Se ce Dercas gobrias, Hew. eg a i Catophaga plana, Butl. Pee ae Se a oe a am distanti, But. eee) er — ai | = cardena, Hew. tae — = | Huphina hespera, Butl. SE ies at ert ea Sub. fam. Papilionine dsl | Troides brookianus, Wall. “est are Troides helena cerberus, Feld. ... _ [he See | { | | ,, caunus mendax, Rothsch. », arjuna carnatus, Rothsch. © 42 BUTTERFLIES OF MOUNT PENRISSEN. Papilio nephelus saturnus, Guer. 55 payeni brunei, Fruhst. ... 5, bathycles bathycloides, Honr. 5» macareus macaristeus, ~ G. Smith. 5, sarpedon-L. Be 5 agamemnon L, 305 Fam. Hesperidae. Charmion ficulnea, Hew. Odina hieroglyphica, Butl. Tagiades waterstradti, Elwes. ... Koruthaialos hector, Wats: Gangara thyrsis, Fab. Plastingia fruhstorferi, Mab. ... Notocrypta feisthamelii, Boisd .. Telicota augias L. Be » bambuse, Moore ie palmarum, Moore ee dara, Kollar Halpe zema, Hew. és Parnara moolata, Moore secu 5» guttatus, Brem. & Grey 5 contigua, Mab. Hasora chabrona, Plotz. ~ - Hasora borneensis, Elwes 5. CHUZa. SLEW one. Badamia exclamationis, Fab. . Rhopalocampta crawfurdi, Dist.. st a | Matang Santubong’ Penrissen oe A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, - 43 A List of the Reptiles of Borneo. By R. SHELFORD, B.A, (Cantab.) Curator, Sarawak Museum. The following purports to be nothing more than a mere list of the reptiles recorded as occurring in Borneo to date De- cember, 1900. Doubtless a few species still await discovery, seeing that so recently as March 1899, Dr. R. Hanitsch found on that well-explored mountain, Kina Balu, a- new gecko and two new snakes, and that the collections made by Mr. E. A. W. Cox and myself on Mount Penrissen in the same month contained also a new lizard* (Lygosoma Shelfordi Blgr.); nevertheless the herpetological fauna of the island may fairly be described as being well-known, thanks largely to the admirable collections formed in past years by the late Mr. A. H. Everett, the late Mr. John Whitehead and by Dr. C. Hose, and the time appears ripe, even if the need is not very pressing (though I have seen no list pretending to such completeness as this since the publication of Mocquard’s Recherches sur lu fauune herpetologique des isles de Borneo et de Palawan in the Nouvelles Archives du Muséum 1890) for the production of such a list as this. I have not included the reptiles occurring in those zoogeo- erapical dependencies of Borneo, the islands of the Natuna and Palawan groups, as lists of these may be found in the Novitutes Zoologice and Annals and Magazine of Natural History. References to the literature treating of the various species have been reduced as far as possible. I have given asa rule merely a reference to the British Museum Catalogues or to the earliest published description of the species. In those cases where I have found that the colours of living or newly dead specimens differ markedly from the pub- lished descriptions, compiled apparently from faded spirit speci- * The new snakes described by Mr. Boulenger in the same paper together with this lizard had been stored in the Sarawak Museum for several years, unidentified. Qne,—Amblycephalus nuchalis—was rediscovered a few weeks ago, a4 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO mens, I have written short notes correcting the errors. No attempt at field notes has been made. ; In a list.of such local interest.as this, it is necessary that more detailed localities be quoted than merely Borneo or Sarawak—though these are quoted when no other can be given —and some attention has been paid to this point; on the other hand I have not considered it worth while to give a long list of the localities in which such common species as Geomyda spinosa, Gecko monarchus, Coluber melanurus, etc., etc., may be obtained, but have contented myself with remarking that the species is widely distributed throughout the island. For the benefit of those unfamiliar with the geography of Borneo, the following details of the position of the localities quoted below may be useful :— Sarawak River, Samarahan R., Sadong R., Batang Lupar R., Saribas R., Baram R., Limbang R., Trusan R., are main rivers of Sarawak taken in orderasone proceeds N.E. Kuching (the capital of Sarawak), Paku, Bau, Busau, Braang, Pankalan Ampat are on the Sarawak river or its tributaries, the two latter are near the foot of Mt. Penrissen. Matang isa mountain 7 miles distant from Kuching ; Santubong is a mountain at the mouth of the Sarawak river, a village of the same name lying at its foot. Buntal is near the mouth of the same river. Simanggang is on the Batang Lupar R. Sibu, Kapit and Belaga are government stations on the Rejang River. Oya is on the sea-coast between the Rejang and Baram. Niah is at the mouth of the Baram; Dulit, Batu Song and the Pamabo range, mountains in its head-waters. The Padas river is in the territory of British N. Borneo, it debouches on the N. coast. Mt. Kina Balu, Bandjermassin, Koti, Labuan and Sandakan mmay be found on any map of Borneo. Telang, Sinkawang, Barabei and Tanjong are in S. W. Borneo (Dutch), Sintang is near Pontia- nak. Sebroeang is an affluent of the Kapuas, N E. of Sintang. Of the 87 genera enumerated here, 6 are peculiar to Borneo, V1Z.— Chelonians, Brookeia. Lizards, Lanthanotus. Snakes, Hydrablabes, Lepturophis, se : Oreocalamus, Idiopholis. -A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 45 Of the 212 species, the following, 64 in number, are peculiar to the island. Chelonians. Belha borneensis. Brookeia baileyi. Lizards. (eymnodactylus baluensis. Aeluroscalabotes dorsalis. Snakes. Gecko rhacophorus. Draco cornutus. D. obscurus. D. cristatellus. .D. maximus. D. microlepis. Gonyocepha- lus dorie. G, hogaster. G. miotympanum. Japalura ngrilabris. Lanthanotus borneensis. Varanus hetero- pholis. Lygosoma tenuiculum. I. shelfordi. (?) L. vitta- tum. LL. nitens. L. parietale. L. whiteheadi. L. alfredi. Tropidophorus becearii. TT. brookii. Stoliczkaia borneensis. Tropidonotus conspicillatus. T. petersi. ‘T. sarawacensis. TT. flavifrons. Opistho- tropis typica. Hydrables periops. H. prefrontalis. Xylophis albonuchalis. Lepturophis borneensis. Xene- laphis ellipsifer. Simotes subcarinatus. Simotes annulifer. Oreocalamus hanitschi. Idiopholis collaris. Calamaria baluensis. C. grabowskii. C. prakkii. CC. bicolor. C. lateralis. ©. brookii. C. brachyura. C.hosei. C. bec- cari. C.rebentischiit. C. schlegelii. (©. borneensis. C. benjaminsil. C. melanota. C. lov. C. gracillima. C. picteti.. Hypsirhina alternans. H. dorie. Dipsado- morphus nigriceps. Hydrophis brooki. Distira sarawa- censis. Amblycephalus nuchalis. Lachesis borneensis. The initials S. M. signify that the species is represented in the Tomistoma schlegelii (S. Miill.): Blgr. Cat. Chel. B. M. p. 276. Sadong R., Sarawak, Muka, N. Borneo. S. \ Sarawak Museum collection. Reptilia. ORDER EMYDOSAUBRIA. Fam. Crocodilide. Genus TZomistoma. i. Genus Crocodilus. Crocodilus porosus (Schneid.): Blgr. lc. p. 284, ~ Occurs in every river in Borneo, Eee Os. NE, 46 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. ORDER CHELONIA. Suborder Thecophora, Super. Fam. A. Trionychoideu. Fam. Trionychide. Genus Tyiony.x. Lrionyx subplanus (Geoffr.): Blgr. Cat. Chel. B. M. p. 246. Kuching. S. M. Trionyx hurum (Gray): Blgr, le. p. 249. Santubong. 5. M. Trionyx cartilagineus (Bodd.): Blgr. l.c. p. 253. Kuching, Bau, Limbang, Baram (Hose), Sebroeang (Chaper). Genus Pelochelys. Pelochelys cantoris (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 263. Koti (Carl Bock). Super. Fam, B. Cryptodira, Fam. Testudinidae. Genus TVestudo. estudo emys (Schleg. & Miill.): Blgr. le. p. 158. Simanggang (H.H. the Rajah). Batang Lupar. Ss. M. Genus Geomyda, Geomyda spinosa (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 187. An extremely common and widespread species. S. M. Genus Nicoria, Nicoria spengleri (Gmel,): Blgr. lc. p. 120. Borneo. Genus Cyclemys. Cyclemys platynota (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 130. | Kuching. Limbang (Bartlett). 5. M, Cyclemys dhor (Gray): Blgr, l.c. p. 1381. Widely distributed and very common. S. M. A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 47 Cyclemys amboinensis (Daud): Blgr. l.c. p. 183. Kuching. S. M. Genus Bellia. Bellia crassicollis (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 98. Borneo (Dillwyn). Bellia borneensis (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 100. Sintang (Bleeker). Genus Callagur. Callagur picta (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 60. - Kuching. Buntal. Oya. Baram (Hose). S. M. Genus Kachuga. Kachuga trivittata ae Ga») bier. ie. p. 5a: Kuching. Genus Brookeia. Brookeia baileyi (Bartlett). S. M. The literature relating to this species is as follows :— Hardella baileyi, Bartlett. Sarawak Gaz. vol. XXV, p. 83, (1895). Hardella baileyi, Bartlett. Zoolog. Note Book of Sarawak No. 1, p. 60. 1893.) Brookeia baileyi, Bartlett. Sarawak Gaz. vol. XXVIT, p. 113, (1899). ee baileyi, Bartlett. Zoolog. Note Book of Sarawak No. 2, p. 81. (1896). Liemys inornata, Blgr. Ann. Mag. N.H.(6) vol. 19, p. 468-469. Lobok Antu district, Batang Lupar river (D. J. 8. Bailey, Esq.) Type in Sarawak Museum. Family Chelonide. Genus Chelone. Chelone mydas (L): Blgr. Cat. Chel. B.M. l.c. p. 180. Bornean seas. toi gel au 48 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, Chelone imbricata (L)!: Blgr. l.c. p. 183. | : Bornean seas. Ss. M. Genus Thalassochelys. Thalassochelys caretta (Linn.): Blgr.1.c. p. 184. Borneo (Bleeker); Suborder Athecae. Fam. Sphargidae. Genus Dermochelys. Dermochelys coriacea (Linn.): Blgr. lc. p. 10. This species probably occurs in these waters though I have seen no record of its capture. ORDER SQUAMATA. Suborder LACERTILIA. Family Geckonide. Genus Gymnodactylus. Gymnodactylus marmoratus (Kuhl.): Blgr. Cat. Lizards B. M. I, p. 44. Mt. Kina Balu (Hanitsch). Mt. Dulit (Hose). Mt. Penrissen (Shelford). Kuching (Shelford). Mt. Matang. Sebroeang valley (Chaper). : Gymnodactylus consobrinus (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 47. Matang. Mt. Santubong. Kuching (Shelford). Belaga (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). S. M. Gymnodactylus baluensis (Mocq.): Mocquard. Nouvelles Ar- ~ chives du Muséum. (8). II, p. 125. PI. vii, fig. 1, a.b.e. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Genus Gonatodes. Gonatodes kendalli (Gray): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 63, Pi, v, f. 4. Matang. Santubong. Kuching. Simatan (Shelford, Bart- lett). ey A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 49 Gonatodes affinis (Stol.}: Stol. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. rSe0, 0: 167, Pl. x, f. 1. Gonatodes penangensis. §. Flower. P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 863, plexity. t. 1. Mt. Penrissen 3000’ (Shelford and Cox). The species is now recorded for the first time from Borneo. S. M. Colours of Bornean examples. Coal black with minute yellow spots on the back, tip of tail yellow. This is very dif- ferent from the colouration of Malay Peninsula specimens. xenus Aeluroscalabotes. Aeluroscalabotes felinus (Giinth.): Blgr. Cat. Liz., B. M. I. p. 73. Byin, 4.8. Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Penrissen (Shelford). Kuching, Saribas. S. M. Aeluroscalabotes dorsalis (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 74. Sarawak. (Doria and Beccari). Genus Hemidactylus. Hemidactylus frenatus (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 120. Widely distributed throughout the island. S: M. Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneid.): Blgr. l.c. p. 143. N. Borneo (Whitehead, Hanitsch). Kuching (Bartlett). 8. M. Hemidactylus brookii (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 128. Very doubtfully included in the Bornean fauna. Genus Mimetozoon. Mimetozoon craspedotus (Mocq.): Mocquard Le Natur 1890, p. 144. Mimetozoon floweri Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1896, p. 767, Pl. xxxvi. N Borneo (Whitehead). Kuching (Shelford). S. M. Genus Gehyra. Gehyra mutilata (Wiegm.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I, p. 148. Widely distributed, . ~~] ee \2 = 50 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. Genus Lepidodactylus. Lepidodactylus ceylonensis. (Blgr): Blgr. l.c. p. 164, Pl. xi, f. 3. Lepidodactylus aurantiacus. (Bedd.): Blgr. le. p. 164, Pl. xi, Ae Sarawak Museum has a young specimen from Santubong which I rather doubtfully refer to this species. Lepidodactylus lugubris (D. & B.): Blgr. 1.c. p. 165. Bintang (Bleeker). Genus Gecko. Gecko stentor (Cantor): Blgr. lc. p. 184. Widely distributed throughout the island. Ss. M. Gecko monarchus (Schleg.): Blgr. lc. p, 187. Widely distrbuted. S. M. Gecko verticillatus (Laur.): Blgr. l.c. p. 183. Rejang (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). . s. M. Gecko rhccophorus (Blgr.): Blgr. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) Vol. iv (1899) p. 451. Hanitsch: Journ. As. Soc. Straits Br. No. 34.1900, p. 70 Pe ton Kina Balu ( Hanitsch). Type in Raffles Museum, Singapore. Genus Ptychozoon. Ptychozoon homatocephalum (Crey.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 190. Brang (Haviland). Pamabo range (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Shelford and Cox). Kuching. Ss. M. Ptychzoon horsfieldii (Gray). Gray. Phil. Mag. (2) iii, p. 54, F. Miiller (Veth. Nat. Ges. Basel, 1892, p. 210). Genus Yarentola. Tarentola delalandii (D. & B.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 199. Very doubtfully included in the Bornean fauna. A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 51 Fam. Agamide. Genus Draco. Draco volans (l.): Blgr. lic. p. 256. Almost universally distributed throughout Borneo. — 5. M. Draco cornutus (Giinth.): Blgr. Le. p. 258, Pl. xx, f. 4. -Kiou, N. Borneo (Hanitsch). Kina Balu (Whitehead). Pamabo range (Hose). Matang, Santubong Kuching s. M. Colours, above dark green, mottled with paler green, outer half of wing membrane crimson; belly blue; basal two-thirds of gular appendage of male salmon pink. Draco rostratus (Giinth.): Blgr. lec. p. 261. Doubtfully mcluded in the Bornean fauna. Draco funbiiatus (Kubl.): Blgr. lc. p. 265. Matang (Bartlett). Pamabo range (Hose). S. M. Draco obscurus (Blgr.): Blgr. A. M. N. H. (5) 1887, Vol. xx, p. 93. Draco cristatellus (Gunth.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 266. Banting. Kuching‘(Bartlett). S. M. Draco hematopogon (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 267, N. Borneo (Whitehead). Sarawak. Sees Draco teniopterus (Gunth.): Blgr. Le. p. 269. Matang. Ss. M. Draco quinquefusciatus (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 269, Pl. xx, £. 8. As widely distributed as D. volans. S. M. Draco melanopogon (Blgr.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. iii, p. 492. Another extremely common species. s. M. Droaowmarmus (bler.): Blor. P. Z. S. 1893, Pl: xxii, f. 1. Mt. Dulit (Hose). Mts. Matang and Penrissen (Shelford), 5. M. Draco microlepis (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 3. 18938, Pl. xcii, f. 2, Merabah, N. Borneo (Everett). : 52 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEU. Genus A phaniotis. Aphaniotis fusca (Peters): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. I. p. 274. Santubong (Shelford). s. M. Genus Gonyocephalus. Gonyocephalus doriw (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 284. Mt. Buri, Sadong River. S. M. Gonyocepalus lioguster (Giinth.): Blgr. lc. p. 286. Kuching, Santubong, Samarahan. S. M. Gonyocephalus miotympanum (Giinth.): le. p. 287. N. Borneo (Whitehead). Labuan (Dillwyn). Gonyoephalus borneensis (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 288. N. Borneo (Whitehead). Gonyocephalus grandis (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 298. Mt. Dulit (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Simang- gang, Kuching. Ss. M. Gonyocephalus tuberculatus (Giinth.) : Blgr. le. p. 291. Santubong. (Shelford). 8. M. Genus Japalura. Japalura nigrilaubris (Peters): Blgr. lc. p. 311. Kina Balu (Whitehead and R. Hanitsch). Penrissen, Matang, Santubong, Kuching (Shelford). S. M. Genus Calotes. Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl.): Blgr. lc. p. 316. Universally distributed throughout the low-country. §. M. Fam. Helodermatide. Genus Lanthanotus. Lanthanotus borneensis (Steind.): Blgr. Cat. Liz, B. M. II, p. 302. Blgr, P. Z. 5. 1899, p. 596. One example is in the Sarawak Museum from the Plagus Rapids, Rejang River, collected by the Hon’ble C. A. Bampfylde. The type apd only other known specimen is in the Vienna Museum. . . ST A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 53 Fam. Varanide. Genus Varanus. Varanus heteropholis (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 5.1892, p. 006, PI. XNIX, Mt. Dulit (Hose). S. M. Varanus dumerilii (Miiller): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. II, p. 312. Baram (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Kuching, Buntal. ©. M. Varanus rudicollis (Gray): Blgr. lc. p. 313. Baram (Hose). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Matang, Ku- ching. S. M. Varanus salvator (Laur.): Blzr. l.c. p. 514. Dulit (Hose). Sebroeang (Chaper). Rejang R.(Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Kuching, Santubong (Lewis). S. M. Fam. Lacertide. Genus. Tuchydromus. Tachydromus sexlineatus (Daud.): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. IIT, p. 4. Universally distributed throughout the low-country. 8. M. Fam. Sezneide. Grenus Mabuia. Mabuwia rugifera (Stol.): Blgr. lc. p. 184. All these three species of Mabuia are abundant in every part of the island. S.M wn Mabwa multifusciata (Kuhl.): Blgr. le. p. 186, Mabuia rudis (Blgr.): Blgr. le. p. 188. eg EB Genus Lygosoma. Sub.-Genus Ainulia. Lygosoima oie (Mocq.) Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3) II, p. 133, Pl. vii, f. 2, Kina Balu (Whitehead). Lygosoma variegatum (Peters): Blgr. Cat. Liz. III, p. 246. Common everywhere. A variable species. --= 5; MM. 54 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. Lygosoma shelfordi (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 182, Pl. xiv, teal ». M. Mt. Penrissen (Shelford). ‘Type in Sarawak Museum. Sub.-Genus Aeneuxia. Lygosoma olivaceum (Gray): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. i, p. 251. 8. M. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching (Ba1tlett). Lygosoma vittatum (Edel): Blgr. le. p. 252. Ss. M. Common in all localities. Sub.-Genus Liolepisma. Lygosoma nitens (Peters): Blgr. le. p. 262. S. M. Kuching. Sub.-Genus moa. Lygosoma parietale (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 299. S. M. ~Common in many localities but chiefly near the coast. Sub.-Genus Riopa. Lygosoma bowringu (Giinth.): Blgr. Le. p. 308. SiMe Kuching. Lygosoma whiteheadi (Mocq.): Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3) ii, ‘p. 184, Pl wa, t. oa(eoe): Kina Balu (J. Whitehead). Lygosoma bampfylde: (Bartlett): Bartlett. Journ. As. Soc. Straits Br. No. 26, p:96: S. M. Rejang River, (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Types in British Museum and in Sarawak Museum. The species has also been recorded from the Larut Hills, Perak. The only published description is so madequate that I append a more detailed diagnosis. Body elongate, limbs very short: the distance between the end of the snout and the fore-limb is contained twice in the dis- tance between the axilla and groin. Snout obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Supranasals present, in contact behind the rostral. Frontonasal much broader than long forming a crescentic suture A. LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 55 with the frontal; preefrontals small; frontal in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; four suprsoculars; six supracilia- ries; frontoparietals distinct: interparietal smaller; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; a pair of temporals border the parietals ; nuchals not disting uishable. Seven upper labials; the first and second the largest ; the fourth to sixth border the eye; ear opening small, round ; three auricular lobules. Thirty-eight scales round the body. Dorsals smooth, Marginal preanals a little enlarged. The hind limb is contained two and a half times in the distance between the axilla and groin. Digits short, compressed ; fourth toe a little longer than the third; 14 subdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe. Tail very thick, con- tained five times in the total length. Yellowish brown with a white band across the nape. Measurements in millimetres :— Total length 163, Head 20, Width of head 15.5, Body 109, Fore limb 20, Hind limb 29, Tail 32. Lygosoma alfredi (Blgr). -Unfortunately I can give no reference to the literature relating to the species, nor any exact locality. Mr, A. H. Everett was the collector. Genus Tropidophorus. Tropidophorus beccarii (Peters): Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. p. 360, Kina Balu (Whitehead). Matang (Beccari). Tropidophorus brookii (Gray): Blegr. l.c. p. 361. Dulit (Hose). Santubong (Bartlett). Pankalin ampat. Kuching (Shelford). Matang. o. M. Suborder OPHIDIA. Fam. Typhlopide. Genus Typhlops. Typhlops lineatus (Boie): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B, M, I. p, 15. Kuehing. S. M. Typhlops braminus (Daud): Blgr. |.c. p. 16. Kuching. S. M. 56 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. Typhlops olivaceus (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 50. S. M. Baram (Hose). Fam. Boide. Genus Python. Python reticulatus (Schneid.) : Hee Le. p85. Widely distributed. Ss. M. Python curtus (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 89. Kuching : Sibu (H. H. the Raja Muda). Telang 8. E. Borneo (Grabowsky). Ss. M. Fam. I/ysiide. Genus Cylindrophis. Cylindrophis rufus (Laur.) Blgr lc. p.155. A very common species. S. M. Cylindrophis lineatus (Blanf.) Blgr. l.c. p. 137 - Matang (Peake). Pankalan ampat (Shelford and Cox). Previously unrecorded from Borneo. The type is in the Singapore Museum. S. M. Colors of living specimen. Above.-—Black with irridescent sheen, head and tail red, and two longitudinal bands on each side of the middle line red. Beneath—White blotched heavily jwith black, constituting from 30 to 35 irregular transverse bands ; the under surface of the tail is immaculate white. Fam. Xenopeltide. Genus Xenopeltis. Xenopeltis unicolor (Reinw.): Blegr. l.c. p. 168. Kuching. io? Fam. Colubride. Series A. A glypha. Sub. Fam. i. Acrochordine. Genus Acrochordus. Acrochordus javanicus (Hornst.): Blgr. l.c. p. 173 . ‘Sadong River (Bartlett). Ss. M. A LIST OF THE RRTILES OF BORNEO, 57 Genus Chersydrus. Chersydrus granulatus. (Schnied.): Blgr. l.c.p. 174. Buntal (Haviland). 5. M. Genus Stoliczkaia. Stoliczkaia borneensis (Blgr.): Blgr. A. M. N. H. (7) Vol. iv. p. 42. (1899). Kina Balu (Hanitsch). ; Hanitsch. Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. No. 34 (1900) Pl. j. f. 2. yenus Xenodermus. NXenodermus javanicus (Reinh.): Blgr. Cat, Snakes. B. M. I. p. 175. Kuching (Shelford). Previously unrecorded from Borneo. Sak Sub. Fam. ii. Colubrinae. Genus Polyodontophis. Polyodontophis geminatus (Boie): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. I. p. 189. Kuching (Haviland and Bartlett). S. M. Genus 7Z'ropidonotus. Tropidonotus conspicillatus (Giinth.): Blgr. lec. p. 222. Dulit (Hose). Tampassuk N. Borneo (Hanitsch). Kuchine. Simanggang (H. H. the Raja Muda). Matang. S. M Tropidonotus trianguluigerus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 224. Oya. Kuching. Rejang River (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Te- lang and Lihong. Bahaja, 8. E. Borneo (Grabowsky.) 8. M. Tropidonotus petersii (Blgr.): Blgr. lc, p. 225. Kuching. Saribas. SM. Tropidonotus piscator (Schneid.): Blgr. l.c. p. 230. Borneo. Tropidonotus stolatus (L.): Blgr. l.c. p. 253. Doubtfully included in the Bornean fauna. 5S A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, Tropidonotus chrysargus (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 258. Dulit (Hose). Kuching (Bartlett). Rejane River (Brooke Low). | Tropidonotus maculatus (Edel): Blgr. l.c. p. 260. Dulit (Hose). Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching. Limbang (Bartlett). Ss. M. Tropidonotus saravacensis (Giinth.): Blgr. l.c. p. 261. Dulit (Hose). Kina Balu (Whitehead and Hanitsch). Ma- tang. Kuching. S. M. Tropidonotus flavifrons (Blgr): Blgr. l.c. p. 263. Kina Balu (Whitehead and Hanitsch). Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). eho S. M. Genus Macropisthodon. Macropisthodon flaviceps (D. and B.): Blgr. l.c. p. 266. Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching. Skin‘of nape bright red. A black vertebral stripe edged anteriorly with white streaks. S. M Genus Opisthotropis. Opisthotropis typica (Moceq.): Blgr. l.c. p. 285. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Genus Hydrablabes. Hydrables periops (Giinth.): Blgr. l.c. p. 296. Matang. Hydrables prefrontalis (Mocq.): Blgr. lc. p. 297. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Genus Xylophis. Xylophis albonuchalis (Giinth.) : Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) vol. 17, p. 7 2297(s96): Baram (Hose). Genus Lycodon. Lycodon effrenis (Cantor): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B. M. I. p. 356. Sinkawang (Bleeker). A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 59 Lycodon subcinctus (Boie): Blgr. 1. c. p. 359. Kuching (Bishop Hose). poms ie Lycodon albofuscus (D. and B.): Blgr. Le. p. 357 Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching. Se ME Genus Lepturophis. Lepturophis borneensis (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1900, p. 183, Pl xv. Kuching. Type in the Sarawak Museum. S. M. Genus Dryocalamus. Dryocalamus tristrigatus (Giinth.): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. I. p.ef2. Kuching. S. M. Genus Zuuciys. Zaocys curinatus (Giinth.): Blgr. Le. p. 377. Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching. S. M. Zaocys fuscus (Giinth.): Bligr.l.c.p. 378. - - Kuching. Sibu (H. H. the Raja Muda). me ME Genus Yeneluphis. AXeneluphis hecayonotus (Cantor.): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B. M. ll, p. 8. Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching, Rejang R. (Brooke- Low). Baram (Hose). S. M. AXeneluphis ellipsifer (Blgr.): Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1900, p. 184, Pl xvi. Type in the Sarawak Museum. Pankalan ampat. Caught ina Dyak fish-trap. 5. M Genus Coluber. Coluber teniurus (Cope): Blgr, Cat. Snakes II. lc. p. 47. Braang, Sarawak River (Haviland). §. E. Borneo (Grabow- sky.) 5. M. Coluber vxycephalus (Boie): Bley. lc. p. 96. Kuching, Rejang River (Brooke-Low). |Baram (Hose). A specimen obtained near the mouth of the Trusan river amonest sandy scrub was bright ochreous in colour. §. M. EO A LIST OF THE. REPTILES OF BORNEO. Coluber melanurus (Schleg.): Blgr. le. p. 60. . Widely distributed throughout Borneo. Ss. M. Genus Gonyophis. Gronyophis margaritatus (Peters): Blgr. lc. p. 71. Dulit (Hose. Kuching (Bartlett). Colours of living specimen. Bright green, scales black, bor- dered throughout three-quarters of the total length, tail pale blue, seventeen yellow bands on the body: ventral shields yellow with black borders. Ss. M. Genus Dendrophis. Dendrophis pictus (Gmel.): Blgr. le. p. 78. Very widely distributed. S. M. Dendrophis formosus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 84. : N. Borneo (Whitehead). Kuching. S. M. Genus Dendrelaphis. Dendreluphis caudolineatus (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 89. A very common species near Kuching. WE Th Genus Simotes. Stmotes purpurascens (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 218. Kuching. Saribas. Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Matang. Labuan (Dillwyn). S. M. Simotes octolineatus (Schneid.): Blgr. le. p. 224. ; A widely distributed species. s. M. Simotes subcarinatus (Giinth.): Bley. Le. p. 226. Kuching. Matang (Shelford). S. M. Colours of living examples dark olive above, head suffused with crimson, body with pinkish cross bands edged with black. Ventral surface crimson. Simotes annulifer (Blgr.): Blgr. l.c. p. 226. N. Borneo (Everett). A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. 61 Genus Oligodon. Oligodon everetti (Blgr.): Blgr. le. p. 289. Kina Balu (Everett). Oligodon vertebralis (Giinth.): Blgr. lc. p. 240. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Banjermassin (Dillwyn). Genus Ablubes. Ablubes tricolor (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 281. Matang. ». M, Ablabes baliodirus (Boie): Blgr. |. c. p. 283. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Ku- ching, Saribas, Baram (Hose). ». M. Ablubes longicuudu (Peters): Blgr. le. p. 234. Batu Song (Hose). Rejang River (Brooke-Low), Busau., Baram (Hose). Matang. S. M. Genus Oreoculamus. Oreocalumus hanitschi (Bler.):: Bler. Ae MOON. H. (7) Vol. iv. (1899) p. 453. | Hanitsch, Journ. As. Soc, Str. Br. No. 34 (1900) p. PL. Kina Balu (Hanitsch). Type in Rafiles Museum, Singapore, Genus Ldiopholis. Idiopholis collaris (Mocq.) Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. II. p. 327. - Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Genus Pseudorhubdium. Pseudorhabdiun longiceps (Cantor): Blgy. l.c. p. 329. Pontianak (Peters), Kuching, Simanggang. Colours of fresh specimen black, brilliantly irridescent. a narrow sealing-wax red collar and an oblique streak passing behind the eye from the last upper labial to the parietal, also 5 red. s. M. Genus Calamaria, Calamaria vermiformis (D. & B.): Blgr. lc. p. 333. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Kuching, Batu Song (Hose). Ma- tang. S. M. 62 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, dlaumaria baluensis (Blgr.): Blgr. Le. p. 335. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Calumaria grabowskii (Fisch.): Bley. l.c. p. 335. Kina Balu (Whitehead). $. E. Borneo (Grabowsky). Calamaria praki (v. Lidth de Jeude): Blgr. lc. p. 337. N. Borneo. Calamaria everetti (Blgr.): Blgr. Le. p. 340. Sarawak (Everett). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). s. M. ” Calamaria leucoguster (Bleek): Blgr. lc. p. 341. Kuching (Bartlett). Matang (Sands). Labuan (Everett). Kina Balu (Everett). S. M. Colours of fresh specimens. Above, ivridescent brown with 8 longitudinal black stripes, broad transverse black band on nape; tail, red with 3 longitudinal black stripes and two transverse bars. Beneath bright red, except the chin and throat which are white, a black stripe on the sub-caudals may or may not be present. Calamaria bicolor (D. & B.): Blgr. Le. p. 342. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Paku, Upper Sarawak. S. M. Calamaria lateralis (Mocq.): lc. p. 342. Kina Balu (Whitehead). Clamaria brookii (Bley.): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. III, p. 647. Matang (H. H. the Rajah). S. M. Caulamaria brachyura (Blgr.): Blgr. le. p. 647. Kina Balu (Everett). Calamaria hosei (Giinth.): Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) Vol. 17, p. 229. (1896). Entoyut river (Hose), Baram district. Calamaria beccarit (Peters): Blgy. Cat. Snakes B.M. II p. 343. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari). Calamaria rebentischii (Bleek): Bler. lc, p.0343. Sinkawang (Bleeker). Calumaria agamensis (Bleek): Blgr l.c. p. 348. Sinkawang (Bleeker). A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 63 Calamaria leucocephala (D. and B.): l.c. p. 344. Kuching (Bishop Hose). Matang. SME. Belly red, the colour extending on to the sides of the tail; anterior part of the body paler. Calamaria schlegelii (D. and B.): Bler. le. p. 345. Borneo. Calamaria borneensis (Bleek): Bley. l.c. p. 347. Sintang (Bleeker). Matang. Kuching (H. H. the Rajah). Simanggang. Baram (Hose). S. M. Calamaria benjaminsi (Kdel.): Bler. lc. p. 347. Borneo. Calamaria melanota (Jan.): Blgr. Le. p. 349. Tandjong. $. E. Borneo. Calamaria lovii (Blgr.): Blgr. l.c. p. 350. Rejang R. (Brooke Low). Niah (Hose). Sa ME, Calamaria gracillima (Giinth.): Blgr. le. p. 350, Matang. Tegora. | S. M. Calamaria picteti (Perraca): Perraca. Revue Suisse Zool. vii, p. 325, Pl. xiv (1899). Sarawak (Pictet and Bedot). SERIES B. Opisthoglypha. Sub. Fam. i. Homalopsine. Genus Hypsirhina. Hypsirhina alternans (Reinw.): Blgr, Cat. Snake B. M. IIT, p. Kuching. 5. Hypsirhina plumbea (Boie): Blgr. le p. 5. Labuan (Dillwyn). Hypsirhina enhydris (Schneid.): Blgr. l.c. p. 6. Simanggang. Saribus. S. M. Hypsirhina punctata (Gray): Blgr. le. p. 12. Sinkawang (Bleeker). Kuching. . S. M. 64 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO. Hypsirhina dorte (Peters): Bler. l.c. p. 138. Sarawak (Everett). Kuching. S. M. Genus Homalopsis. Homalopsis buccata (LL): Blgr. l.c. p. 14. Pontianak and Sebraoeng (Chaper). Labuan (Dillwyn). Genus Cerberus. Cerberus rhynchops (Schneid.): Blgr. lc. p. 16. Sibu (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Kuching. Buntal. S. M. Genus Fordonia. Fordonia leucobalie (Schleg.): Blgr. l.c. p. 21. Niah (Everett), Kuching. Santubong (Lewis). S. M. Genus Cantorva. Cantoria violacea: (Gunth.) Blgr, lc. p. 23. Borneo. Sub. Fam iv. Dipsadomorphina. senus Dipsadomorphus. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 70. A widely distributed species. s. M. Dipsadomorpus nigriceps (Gunth.): Bler. le. psat2. Bongon, N. Borneo (Everett). Dipsadomorphus jaspideus (D. & B.): Blgr. l.c. p. 73. Labuan (Dillwyn). Kuching. Saribas Baram (Hose). Pan- kalan ampat (Haviland). s. M. Dipsadomorphus drapiezii (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 74. Kuching. Sandakan (Cator). Baram (Hose). Pankalan am- pat (Haviland). S. M. Dipsadomorphus cynodon (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 78. Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kuching, Rejang R. (Brooke-Low). Sandakan (Cator). iS. Wi —— os ee A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 65 Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie): l|.c. p. 173. Valley of Sebroeang (Chaper). Kina Balu (Whitehead). Barabei, S.E. Borneo (Grabowsky)., Pankalan ampat (Ha- viland). Seale Psammodynastes pictus (Gunth.): Bley. l.c. p. 174. Dulit (Hose). Labuan (Dillwyn). Telang, §. E. Borneo (Grabowsky). -Rejang River (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde). Kuching (Bartlett). Ser Genus Dryophis. Dryophis prasinus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 186. A very variable species in colouration—green, brown, sal- ev = . . . = mon coloured or speckled. Very widely distributed. 5. M. Dryophis jasciolatus (F isch.) : Bier. Le. p. 182. S.E. Borneo, (Grabowsky). Baram (Hose). Kuching. S. M. Genus Dryophiops. Dryophiops rubescens (Gray.): Blgr. l.c. p. 194. Sandakan (Cator). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari). Genus Chrysopelea. Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw): Blgr. l.c. p. 196. Dulit (Hose). Labuan (Dillwyn). Braang (Haviland). Ku- ching, Rejang R. (Hon. C. A. Bampfylde), Pontianak (Chaper). Oya. - S. M. Chrysopelea chrysochlora (Reinw.): Blgr. lc. p. 198. ; Kuching (H. H. the Rajah). >: a ca aa SERIES ©. Proteroglypha. Sub. Fam. v. Hydrophiine. Genus Hydrus. THydrus platurus (lL): Blgr. le. p. 267. Oya. S. M. 66 A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, Genus Hydrophis. HHydrophis gracilis (Shaw): Blgr. l.c. p. 280. Borneo. Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneid.): Bler. le. p. 281. Off coast of N. Borneo (Whitehead). ITydrophis brookit (Gunth.): Blgr. l.c. p. 282, Sarawak River. Soe Hydrophis obscurus (Daud): Blgr. Le. p. 284. Borneo. Hydroplis flower (Blgr.): E97... 3. 3890 \e py 0G: N. Borneo, (Flower). Genus Distira. ; Distira brugmansii (Boie): Blgr. Cat. Snake B.M. IIT, p. 292. Muka (Capt. H. W. Peck). S. M. Distira jerdonii (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 299. Borneo. Distira sarawacensis (Blgy.): Blgr. P. Z. 5. 1900, p. 184, Pl. xiv, f.2. Sarawak river: Type in Sarawak Museum. 58. M. Distira(2) viperina (Schmidt): Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. III, p. 298. Oya (Cox). If correctly identified this is new to Borneo. S.-M. Genus Hihydris. Enhydris hardwiekii (Gray): Blgr. l.c. p. 301. Borneo (Sir KE. Belcher). Santubong. S. M. Genus Enhydrina. Enhydrina valakadien (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 302. Santubong. Sarawak River. Trusan River. A specimen was captured at the mouth of the Sarawak river in February 1900, with several examples of a Cirripede allied to if not identical with Dichelaspis pellucida (Darwin) adhering to the scales. . M. A LIST OF THE REPTILES OF BORNEO, 6/7 Sub. Fam. vi. Elapinae. Genus Bungarus. Bungarus fasciatus (Schneid.): Blgr. Lc. p. 366, Kuching; Baram (Hose). T i — Bungarus flaviceps (Reinh.): Blgr. lc. p. 371. Kina Balu (Everett). Kuching. Sibu (H.H. the Rajah Muda). Simangegane. Se tile Genus Vaid. Nata tripudians (Merr): Bley. Le. p. 380. Var Miolepis. Rejang river (Brooke-Low), Labuan (Dillwyn). Kina Balu (Everett), Kuching. Limbawang, lower Padas Rk. (Everett). Oya. S. M. Var paucisquanis. Sarawak (Pictet and Bedot). Naia bungarus (Schleg.): Blgr. lc. p. 386. Baram (C. Hose). Sibu (H. H. the Raja Muda). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Kuching. The young is very variable in colouration, an example re- cently captured at Sibu by H. H. the Raja Muda was mark- ed almost exactly like Bungarus bungarotdes (Cantor) but with an additional white band behind the eyes. Genus Doliophis Doliophis bivirgatus (Boie): Blgr. lc. p. 400. Sibu. Busau. Sintang (Bleeker). Matang. Bongon (Everett) Pontianak (Chaper) Kuching. Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Doliophis intestinalis (Laur.): Blgr. le. p. 401 Dulit (Hose). Labuan (Collingwood). Matang. 'Tandjong. S. E. Borneo, Sintang (Bleeker). Kina Balu (Everett). Kuching, Simanggang. S. M. Fam. Amblycephalide. Genus Haplopeltura. Haplopeltura boa (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 439. Kuching. Baram (Hose). Saribas. Pankalan aimpat (Havi- land), S. M. 68 A LIST OF THE ‘REPTILES OF BORNEO, Grenus Amblycephalus. Amblycephalus levis (Boie): Blgr. lc. p. 441 Kina Balu (Everett) Pankalan ampat (Haviland). Kuching (Bartlett). S. M. Amblycephalus malaccanus (Peters): Blgr. lc. p. 442. Dulit (Hose). Bongon (Everett). Amblycephalus nuchalis (Blgr): Blgr. P. Z. 8. 1900 p. 185 Pl. AVS To le s. M. Matang. Saribas. Type in Sarawak Museum. . Fam. Viperide. pub, Fam. Crotalina. Genus Lachesis. | Luachesis gramineus (Shaw): Blgr. Cat. Snakes. B. M. III, p. ood, Dulit (Hose). Kina Balu (Whitehead). Pankalan ampat (Haviland). : S. M. Lachesis sumatranus (Raft.): Bler. Le. p. 007. | Dulit (Hose). Lachesis puniceus (Boie): Blgr. l.c. p. 060. Borneo (Sir H. Low). Lachesis borneensis (Peters): Blgr. l.c. p. 561. Dulit (Hose). Matang. Pankalan ampat (H. H. the Rajah), Paitan, N. Borneo ( Byerett) and Baram. Ss. M. Lachests wagleri (Bole): Blyr. Le. p. 562. Wideiy distributed throughout the island. 5. iE NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 69 Notes from the Sarawak Museum. By R. SHELFORD. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE MIMETIC LOCUSTID Condylodera tricondyloides (WEST.) IN BORNEO. This locustid which most closely mimics a large blue tiger- beetle, 7iricondyla sp., was originally discovered in Java and was described by Westwood in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, Vol. xviii, p. 409. The insect had so entirely deceived this re- nowned entomologist that it had been placed in the Hope collec- tion of tiger-beetles (Cicindelide), the mistake not being dis- covered for some time ; subsequently another example was taken, in Java again, and was actually given the MS. name of Tricon- dyla rufipes by Duponchal. This specimen is also in the Hope collection, U niversity Museum, Oxford. In Feb. 1900, my Dyak collectors brought in a locust which I immediately suspected to be the same species as that occuring in Java, and Dr. E. B. Poul- ton, F.R.S., to whom I have sent the specimen, informs me that if not the same species it is very closely allied; it is somewhat larger than the type. As the insect is undoubtedly very rare the following brief description of the colouration and external characters of a newly-killed example may be of some interest. The general colour is a dark blue of a shade identical with that of the Tizcondyla; all the femora are bright red, the tibie and tarsi brown, again as in the model; the antenne are long (two and one-half to three times the length of the body), and of an ex- treme tenuity and fragility; “the head is extr emely Cicindelid m form, with its prominent eyes and large mouth parts; the pronotum is elongate, somewhat constricted anteriorly and about its middle, the whole corresponding in length and shape to the prothorax and narrowed anterior third of the elytra of the tiger- beetle ; the wing-rudiments are closely adpresed to the body ‘and so do not break its smooth outline; the abdomen is slightly swollen ; in the tiger-beetle the prothorax is smooth, the elytra 70 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. strongly punctured, whilst in its mimic the pronotum is strongly punctured and the nervuration of the wing-rudiments gives also an impression of punctures. The locust seems to frequent old jungle and one example was found running about amongst dead and decaying vegetation, a situation in which the model is fre- quently met with. As might be expected from the comparatively small size of the hind femora the insect possesses but feeble leaping powers, appearing to trust rather to its turn of speed as arunner. Whether this is the adult stage or not is uncer- tain; the presence of wings would seemingly detract from - the marvellously close mimicry, and one is inclined to suspect that they have secondarily become atrophied. In July another specunen differing in no wise from that just described was obtained, and also a very young. example. This last was most interesting, since at this stage both body and legs were en- tirely dark blue and constituted a close mimic of a very small tiger-beetle of the genus Collyris, a flower-haunting species ; the young locust was taken on the blossoms of a flowering tree, so that not only in colour but also in habits it differed markedly from the adult. Bearing in mind the mistakes made over this insect by such distinguished entomologists as Westwood and Duponchal, I made a careful search through our collection of Cicin- delide, and was delighted to find in it yet another specimen of this very deceptive locust; this was intermediate in size between the youngest and the oldest stage known and mimicked another species of tiger-beetle (? Collyris sp.). Except in the matter of size there was little difference between this stage and the oldest stage, and I have naturally nothing to-record of its habits. I am unaware of any other example in the insect world af- fording a parallel case of mimicry; it is the general rule that a mimetic insect is mimetic at only one stage of its life history, or if at more than one, the models for the different stages are different; e.g., the larva of the hawk-moth Chaerocampa aurata, is remarkably snake-like, but the pupa is buried and the imago is protectively coloured; or again—the Mantis, Hymenopus bicornis is, when adult or when half-grown, a floral simulator, but the © newly-hatched young mimic the newly-hatched young of an ex- tremely common and highly distasteful bug, Eulyes amena. The Condylodera, however, at all stages of its life history, so far as = ea se Yh PF TS NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 71 they are at present known, mimics a tiger-beetle; the models are, it is true, of different species, but a moment’s reflection will shew that this is a necessity, for the young stages of an ameta- bolic insect such as this locust cannot mimic the corresponding stages (larva and pupa) of a holometabolic insect, such as the Tri- condyla, which when adult serves as a model to the adult locust, without undergoing a series of modifications of structure that would completely alter the nature of the insect,—in short, the locust would no longer bea locust. The difficulty is obviated by the mimicking of different species of beetles, the model in each case corresponding in size to the mimic. It would be a matter of the greatest interest to discover the life histories of the Philippine grasshoppers Scepastus pachyrhynchoides and Phoraspis sp. which in their adult stages mimic respectively a weevil and a ladybird, sa these might afford parallel examples to the life history of Condylodera: ON A COLOUR VARIETY OF Coluber Oxrycephalus (BOIE). This well-known snake is usually brilliant blue-green in colour, the tail alone being brown, but recently I obtained amongst sandy scrub fringing high-water mark near the mouth of ae Trusan River an example aor the head and body bright ochreous and the tail pale brown. Coloured in this manner the snake was, considering its size, very inconspicuous against its sandy background and it undoubtedly presented an example of adaptation to the colour of its surroundings such as may be met with in every desert area. The snake was preserved i in formol and when examined next day was still quite ochreous. Three days later, however, the colour had reverted to the familiar blue- ereen; the preservative fluid was not discoloured so that the change must have been brought about, not by a dissolving out of pigment, but by some alteration of the shape or size of the pig- ment cells or chromatophores. Mr. H. N. Ridley described in this Journal (No. 31, p. 89) an interesting colour variety of another species of this genus, Coluber teniurus (Cope), from the Selangor caves; this variety was also protectively coloured but in adaptation to very differ- ent surroundings from those of the C. orycephalus variety just described. GARU AND CHANDAN, 73 Garu and Chandan. By H.. NN RIDLEY, Incense woods have always been highly prized by Orientals from the earliest years, and a good deal has been written about them in various works, so that it is rather surprising to find how very incompletely the trees producing them are known. The two most important and interesting ones in the ~ Malay Peninsula are the Garu or Calambac and the: Chandan. Both of these belong to the genus Aquilaria, of the order Thymelea- cee and as neither have been adequately described, I will give descriptions of the trees in dealing with each wood. GARU OR GAHARU, KALAMBAK, TUIKARAS. Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam. Dict. 1.49. Ill. t. 356. Dec. Prodr. i. 59. Kurz. For. Flor. 11. 336. Hook. fil Flor. British India v. p. 200. A ovata Cav. Diss. vii. 377. t. 224. A secundaria Dec. le. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. ii 34 t. 10. A tree 70 to 80 feet tall with whitish rather smooth bark. Leaves elliptic acuminate glabrous when adult, sub-coriaceous thin 3 inches long 14 wide, light green shining, nerves about 13 pairs not much raised beneath and quite invisible on the upper surface, young leaves and shoots silky. Flowers in short axillary silky panicles of umbels an inch long with two or three umbels of about 10 flowers on each, on slender pedicels } inch long, lobes 5 hairy oblong obtuse recurved, as long as the tube, alternate lobes smaller than the others. In the mouth of the tube and projecting conspicuously beyond it are ten oblong silky scales. Stamens 10, projecting beyond the tube, fila- ments free from the tube for some way, anthers obovate. _ Pis- til cylindric hairy much shorter than the tube, tipped with a thick conic stigma. Fruit a flattened obovate woody capsule, green and fleshy when fresh, woody when dry, 1 inch long and 2 inch wide, walls very thick, + inch through, splitting into two valves with a partition down each, and containing one seed in each cell, Seed ovoid globose orange covered with red hair. 10 74 GARU AND CHANDAN. When the capsule splits the seed hangs out by a slender thread the funicle. Occurs in dense forests in Singapore, Garden Jungle, Kranji. Johor. Malacca, Bukit Bruang, Sungei Hudang, Brisu. Negri Sembilan, Tampin, Bukit Sulu. Pahang, Kwala Luit. Penang Waterfall, Balik Pulau. Borneo, Labuk bay. Sumatra, near Kebang, Turabangi River, Lampongs. Banka near Jebus (Miquel in Flora of Sumatra). The plant in the garden jungle produced remarkably small more rounded capsules 4 an inch long so that I at first took it to be a distinct species but as the leaves and tlowers were absolute- ly identical I conclude it is but an-abnormal form. There seems to have been much confusion between this species and the Indian Aguilaria Agallocha Roxb. which is well figured by Roxburgh and Colebrook in the Transactions of the Linnean Society xxi t. 21. This tree certainly closely resembles our plant, but apparently attains a greater size; the nerves of the leaf are more numerous; the umbels of flowers are solitary and not panicled, and contain 20 to 40 flowers in each. The flowers are nearly twice as big, with ovate obtuse spreading lobes, the scales at the mouth shorter and not or only just pro- jecting beyond the mouth, and five in number, the pistil is flask shaped with a distinct style narrower than the ovary and a large capitate stigma which reaches up to and fills the mouth ‘of the tube. The capsule as figured much resembles that of the Malacca species, but is described as clavate turbinate and vil- lous like a peach. Roxburgh states that capsules and young plants sent by Farquhar from Malacca in 1851 quite resemble those of the Indian species. Hooker, however, says that the ficure of the fruit is quite like that of A. Malaccensis and very different from that of the Bhotan and Khasiya species, A agal- -locha, which he describes as oblanceolate acuminate thinly coriaceous and glabrous. However this may be it is clear I think that the Malacca plant is very distinct from the Indian one. The only figure of the flower of the Gaharu I have seen published is a very good one in Baillon’s History of Plants, vol. vi, p. 108. The valued drug is obtained from the centre of old trees, and the Malay garu hunters pretend to be able to see from the eS ee i et on ek» a». he GARU AND CHANDAN. $5 outward appearance of a tree whether or no it contains any. The greater number of trees do not. The ordinary wood of the tree is soft and white and seldom used for any purpose, but apparently from some injury or other certain trees are hollow and contain a certain quantity of the dark brown resinous wood with its peculiar odor. An account of the ceremonies used and the names of varieties of Garu was published by Mr. Bland in Journal No. 18 pages 359 to 361, which is quoted by Skeat in Malay Magic p. 206, with further additions and notes on the subject. Hight varieties are mentioned including the Chandan, which, however, is from a different tree and perhaps some of the -others are not strictly speaking Garu, but it is admitted that there are several distinct varieties, of very different values. The early history of Garu is interesting although it cannot be certainly known to which of the two kinds the early records refer. It is always considered that the lign-aloes of the Bible, Ahalim, was Garu or Eagle wood, but the passages in which it was mentioned seem hardly to bear this out; thus Balaam refers to ‘“‘ the trees of the lign-aloes which the Lord hath planted,’ which if Garu he could have never seen, and though it is also referred to as being used for scenting the clothes and body in several passages, it does not appear as an ingredient in incense, for -which it would be more likely to be used. The earliest definite mention of itappears to be by the Arab physician Abu Ali Al- hosain (commonly known as Avicenna), who lived from 980 to .1037. He mentions two kinds, Xylaloes and Agalugen. The -first word Xylaloes is a Greek form of Lignum Aloes, which is ~a perversion of the Arabic Alud (literary the wood), which was modified into aloe wood and so Lignum Aloes. The first good account of the Garu is that by Garcia de Orta, who. visited Malacca about 1534. He gives its name as Garo, and the best -kind as Calambac, and states that it comes from Malacca and Sumatra whence it is brought by the Chinese, and is not as some persons supposed drifted down the rivers from paradise whence its old popular name paradise-wood. He obtained twigs and -leaves from Malacca but was unable to get fruits or flowers on ~account of the difficulty and danger of daily observing the trees, because tigers frequently prowled about there. He states also . that the natives of. Malacca used to-repurge the Garu before 76 GARU AND CHANDAN. selling it, perhaps he found them adulterating it, as they do to this day. Mr. Bland’s varieties are named Chandan, Tandok, Menjulong-ulong (Jenjolong in Selangor according to Skeat, is this Julong-Julong, Agrostistachys longifolia Benth?), Sikat, Sikat Lampam, Bulu Rusa, Kemandangan, Wangkang, to which Skeat adds Garu Isi Kang Tua, Garu Tutor, Garu Dedap, Garu Kun- dur, and Garu Akar. The last four of these are said by Skeat to be useless for market purposes and it may be doubted whether the six last in Bland’s list are derived from any Aguilaria as the wood of most is described as whitish or yellow, fibrous and light. Perhaps the Garu Akar of Skeat’s list is Getah Gaharu ( Willugh- beia coriacea). Chandan is a distinct tree but I have seen typi- cal specimens of Garu called Chandan also. There are several other jungle trees which produce incense wood besides the Aquilarias, among them Acronychia laurifolia (Rutacew) the Men- tua Keminiyan. The Garu tree is called by the Malays, Karas, Tuikaras, Tengkaras, Kakaras. Skeat also gives Tabak or, long Tabak as a name used by the Sakais and also as the Pantang Gharu word of the Pawangs. Pomet (Histoire des Drogues) gives also the word Tambac, as a name for the drug, which may be the same word. The history of the popular names for the wood is curious. The earliest name is the Hebrew Ahalim, which is probably con- nected with the Agalukhi of the Arabs, whence Agallochon of the Greeks and Romans. Hence comes the name Agel wood, Eagle wood, the Portuguese Pao de Aquila,and the genus name Aquilaria. It was also called by the Arabs Ud (wood), or Alud, hence Aloe- wood, Lignaloes, which so confused the early druggists that they thought the Aloe-wood came from the plant which produced Aloes. Garu is from the Sanskrit Aquaru. Kalambak is the name commonly given by Malays to the best class of Garu. Rumph derives it from Kilam or Hokilam, the Chinese name for the tree, and Bac, which means knots or buds. Loureiro gives Chinhiam and Manhiam as Cochin-Chinese for the plant. Favre gives as connected words Halombak (Battak), a sort of wood of — which they make beers, and Kalamba (Macassar), which is evi- dently a mere form of Kalambac. Miquel says it is called Halim in Sumatra. Another old name for Garu was Paradise wood, because it was supposed:to be drifted down rivers from Paradise. GARU AND CHANDAN. TH Rumph in the Herbarium vol. xi gives a long account of the Garus, with a figure of the Malacca plant. He distinguishes two, Agallochum primarium Calambac, and Agallochum secunda- rium Garo. The first was obtained from Tsjampoa (Chiampa) in Hastern Cochin China and Siam, where it is called Kilam or Hokilam. What the plant that produced this is uncertain, as no one of late years has procured any specimens of an Aquilaria from Cochin China or Siam. Loureiro in the Flora Cochin-Chin- ensis gives very insufficient descriptions of Aloexylum Agal- lochum, a plant of which he got some battered scraps from the highest mountains of Cochin China near the great river ‘ Lavuim” which flows between this kingdom and Laos, and of Ophisper- mum Sinense (evidently a species of Aquilaria) of which he does not give the locality. This region has been so little explored by botanists that it is not to be wondered that the plant what- ever it is has not been recovered. Marco Polo also mentions that Ziamba (chiampa) abounds in lign-aloes of the Agallochum secundarium, or Garo. Rumph gives two forms Agallochum coinamense the Garo Cominyan (Gharu Kemeniyan) which comes from Malacca, the islands of Johore, Bintang, etc., and especially Billiton. There are three varieties Garo Capalla or Garo Tinge- lam; Garo Ramas or Tengga-Tengga anda cheaper kind, Garo Kekor, (is this last Skeat’s Garu Akar?) The best kind is found in the region inhabited by the forest people ‘“‘ Bunoang” (Orang Benua). Around Malacca also he says is found a kind called Garu Masang (Musang) which inflames the eyes. This is prob- ably the wood of Excoecaria Agallocha (Kuphorbiaceae) which -is a common poisonous sea-shore tree. It is perhaps noteworthy that Garu is not mentioned as being derived from India proper till comparatively late. Pomet mentions that it was sent to Europe from Calecut. Marco Polo states that Java minor (Sumatra) contains lign-aloes. In very early days in Europe the Garu wood was used in- ternally for colic according to Paul Aegineeta in 1531 and it is still used for the same complaint and for malaria by Tamils here. Rumph recommends it for strengthening the heart, stopping palpitations, oppression of the chest, and cardalgia. Pomet in the Histoire des Drogues published in 1694 says it has no use in medicine as far as he knows except that it is very aromatic 4s GARU AND CHANDAN. He gives a picture of the tree which bears no resemblance to anything in particular. Its greatest use has always been for fumisating and it is highly valued by Orientals for ceremonial purposes. Imitation gharu is often made and sold; pieces of decayed brown wood being scented with incense till they retain the smell long enough for selling purposes. In about a month the scent disappears. Rumph mentions this fraud. He says the wood is put into a pot with some shavings’ of Calambac and kept it closed for a month so that the smoke may not escape, and it will last scented for two or three months. The present value of good Garu is four hundred dollars a picul. CHANDAN., This tree I heard of as distinct from Garu some years ago but could not get any information about it. The name is abso- lutely the same as the Indian vernacular for sandalwood, San- talum album, but 1t was clear that this plant did not grow here. While on a botanic expedition in Batu Pahat this year I met with the plant on Bukit Pengaram in dense forest at an altitude of nearly 1000 feet. An old Malay who was with me com- menced chopping at a small tree and on my inquiry why he did so he said it wasa Chandan tree. There were no fruit or flowers on it but I obtained leaf specimens and portions of the inner wood which on being burnt gave out an aromatic odor some- what like that of Garu, but distinct. The Malay said that the tree was not old enough to produce good Chandan, and that there was little to be met with in that part of Johor. From the foliage I identified it as an Aquilaria of which I had in the her- barium flowering specimens without locality, Kayu Chandan, by Murton, and fruiting ones collected by a plant collector at Kranji in Singapore. Itis referred to in my list of Singapore plants as A grandiflora Benth., but on comparing the specimens _ with the description of that plant I conclude it is quite distinct and propose to call it Aguilaria hirta n. sp. Description. A slender tree about 380 feet tall, and four inches through, with whitish rather smooth bark, } inch thick. The shoots and young twigs covered with silky hairs. Leaves alternate 3 to 6 inches long 14 to 24 inches wide, elliptic or elliptic ovate acute, coriaceous with a thickened edge glabrous sn ee ee a Se ee GARU AND CHANDAN, 79 and very smooth above, beneath covered with hair especially on the midrib, nerves about 18 pairs almost or quite invisible above, petiole less than } inch long hairy. Flowers in peduncled cymes axillary silky, peduncles + inch long covered with silky hairs. Pedicels stout + inch long, tube of the flower as long cylindrical, lobes five ovate much shorter than the tube, silky outside, a thickly silky ring in the mouth at the back of the stamens and barely longer than the mouth of the tube. Stamens ten, anthers oblong nearly sessile in the mouth of the tube, 2 celled apex below bifid, filaments adnate to the tube for their whole length, distinctly elevated hairy. Pistil oblong hairy, much shorter than the tube, dilated above, stigma conic. Fruit with. the per- sistent perianth much enlarged, half an inch long, capsular, flat- tened pear-shaped with a long narrow base dilated at the end, 14 inch long pubescent grey when dry, grooved down each face and 4 an inch wide at the widest part, thinly woody two valved with a partition along each cell. Seed 2 inch long ovoid cordate with the funicle ? inch long conic at the base and taper- ing into a filament. Dense woods Singapore, Kranji; Johor, Bukit Pengaram, Batu Pahat. The species belongs to what was originally made a distinct @enus under the name of Gyrinopsis, differmg from the typical Aquilarias in its long-tubed flowers. In this it is allied to a Philip- pines species known as A. Cwmingiana but it differs from that in in the hairiness of its leaves. The hairiness of the back of the leaves distinguishes the species from any others yet described, in all of which the leaves when full grown are quite smooth. The flowers are silky within and without. The scales in the mouth of the tube are represented by a thickened densely hairy ring between the anthers and the lobes of the flowers. The tube of the flower is also covered thinly with silky hairs. The pistil has a narrowed base and is rather abruptly dilated above; this narrowed portion perhaps corresponds to the stalk of the pistil in Gyrinops, the ovules being in the slightly dilated portion of the upper part. The tree as has been said is much smaller than the Garu. When cut down, however, it is seen that the centre of the wood (more than half of it) is of a dusky blackish grey, the sapwood being white, This centre is the aromatic portion,, SO GARU AND CHANDAN. A list of the known species of Aguclaria with their distri- bution may be useful. A. agallocha Roxb. India—Eastern Himalayas from Bhutan to Martaban. A. malaecensis Lam, A. ovata Cav. A. secundaria Dec. Malay. Peninsula from Penang to Singapore; Bintang, Borneo, Sumatra. A. microcarpa Baill. Borneo. A. ophispermum Poir. A. chinense Spring. Ophispermum sinense Lour. Cochin China. A. grandiflora Benth. Hongkone. A. hirta Ridl. Malay Peninsula. A. cumingiana Dec. Philippines. EXCLUDED SPECIES. A. bancana Miq. A. macrophyllus Miq. Both Gonystylus. A. pentandra Blanco. Flute Foot Forget, to Four Fowl Friend Frog From Front, in Fruit Fry, to Full Gill of fish Girl Give, to Go, to Go down, to Go up, to Good very good Great Green Hair Half Hand Haste Head Hear, to Heart Heat Heavens Heavy He, him, she, her Hen Here High Hold, to saty. res. jniloi, jniloy. ju’, juk. Sep. *ampat. pok. eee (d), *kabad. tabée. jinj alk. mar ple *oorerp, *réndarg. tebik. ntak (ear). kna’, sargit kérdol. ag, og. chichép. cheélw’ han(d) bor. abor-bor, bor ménanar ntoi, ntoy blaar. sok. lik. tak. seg, ager. kui, kay. oértik. nis, ints. pryriik sill, sily. nyii’. iliii, iliiy. pok iknan madé chérak (i. e. long’). chap, *pégak (pégarp). 13 O7 98 THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR. Hot House How many ? Hush Hut I In Incantation Is, there is Kick, to Knee Knife Ladder, stairs Land (darat) Leaf . Leech, jungle- Leech, swamp- Leg Lie down, to Light a fire, to . Lightning Lime (mineral) . Listen, to Little, a : Live, to (dwell). Lizard, gecko Long (measure). Long (time) Look at, to Look for, to Lose, to Low Mad Maggot Make, to Malay Male Male (of animals) Man ‘ bekiik. ditk briip 1 joi. di dik ayane (1dr, oe katé : *jampl. tl chégoe kuron. yod. rekal srak. sla plap *lintah. kémirg dada’ pédar as bled kap oértik Ses haus, iil, iiy *chichak chérak ling ner kiih "nyap lém, pate’ *oila’ kming bii Mai gop, mai 24 kral, ’nesil ibii' sm-on THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR. 99 Mangost2en . Many : How many? . Market Marry, to Mast Mat Mat (kajarg) Matches Mattress May be Me Meat Medicine Meet, to (congregate) Mind, to Mind, to (think of) Mind, to (beware) Mind, sense Never mind Miss, to Mistake Mix, to Moment, a Money Monkey, pig- -tailed Monkey, long-tailed Moon More Morning Mosquito Mother Motion, to have a Mountain Mouse Mouth , Move, to (remove) Much : Mud ple séméta je’Ol, je oy, jngoy rip | 1 jmoy *pasar, *pékan bé-kna’, gigtiy sama krdol chénor eheru: jeru: *kajak *ora’apl *tilam kénid ji' ain, erp saty prelai, prelay kamin *pduli “iat *jaga’ *akal, nis, ints ta’ ma Sa *salah *champur bramos ibas, *duit dak rao o@échek nan, lad po glap kémin ame’, kéniing chacho lip plak nyu, nyliy hi at jéoy, Jrpoy “payak 100 THE SAKAI DIALECL OF THE ULU KAMPAR, Nail, finger- », toe- Net, casting Nice Night Nine Nose Not Not, do Not yet Now Old One Painful Paint, to Pair Palm, Bertam- Parcel Parents Partly Pass, to Past Path Pattern People Perhaps Pick up, to Picture Pig Pigeon, green Pineapple Pipe for water, etc. Pitch Plant, to Plantation make a plantation Plate ; Poison for arrows mu tak chrroés imu’ ala’ *sédap mmad *sémbilan ma ti ta’ duagu pasek da’hn, gagek da dimgra' nanu’ ni, nyl hichit chat nanw klamin *béltap cha 4m kéniim-méniirg re lik Valu hod nur, nor *achu mai kénid ji’ hi chod *achu li mryi nénas trglor *damar chad slai, slay bii slay *piman(d) chrprit’ THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR.,. Poisonous Pot, earthenware Pour, to Power, ability Prawn ‘ Pray, to Present, to Present, at Presently Press, to ; Profit Promise, to Pull, to Pull out, to Put there Put on (clothes). Put out (fire) Python Quiver Rain Red Remain, to Rest Return, to, go home Rice (in the husk) Rice (husked) Rice (boiled) Rice-pounder Righteous Ring Ringworm Ripe Rise, to (get up) River Roof, thatch- Root : Salt : Salt, saltish Say, to mar chrprii’ blarga’ ka (tii) Sségao, S3caw *udar sman ag, og da’hn bramdés, brama *tékan *untorm *janji jak hitak dii pas? lok lat érloi, érloy lak mant’ ran gigi, gigiy gig iii, gigtiy nyjtik ba chryrorg chana cil ninai *chinchin oa nim kui, kiiy tii plok *akor *mpoi, "mpoy *masin, *asin pédér 101 102 THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR. Scream to ‘ ; Search, to : 2 - Season Seed Seize, to Seldom Sell, to send, to Send for, to : Send for, to ee Sense Serine 2 Separate, to : Serious, important Set, to (said of the sun). Seven J Sew, to Shade Shake, to : : Sharpen, to ; ae Shoulder Sick Sick, to be (v omit) Sickness Silent Silly Sing, to Sister, elder Sister, younger . Sit, to Six Skin Sky Slay, to Sleep, to Slip, to Slippery Slow Slowly jinjap kih *musim kébi’ chap, *pégak ras Oe *kirib (kirim) *pargil, (parggil) *bsad (pésan) *akal, nis, ints bor akal, bor nis ti ti nyi’ *tiba *tujoh hi chiik *tédi’ pyiik chini' oélpaul ni, nyi takii’ ni, nyl dii. *binr ung *dindar tena vknd 5 ménarg kna’ gigui, gigiy *anam getii Sil, siiy pérdat bat, bubat yiok slaty slaty *lemah *plahad-plahad THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR, - 103 Sly Small Smell Smoke Smoke, to Snake Softly Soil, the Soul Sour Speak, to speak lies Spirit Spit, to Stag Star Step on, to Stone String Sun Tail Tasty Tear, to Ten There Thigh Three Thumb Thunder Tie, to Tiger Tin Tobacco Tongue Tooth Tree Two Urinate, to Vegetables *chérdek bachin, bachit mil, muy, ingiy, inpoy chas as nvor roko? tijl *plahad-plahad teh laham,-naham *asam, *masam péder linglod nya’ nl greta’ mip-har pérloi, pérloy bibat *batu smyrol, smroy mayji' sntao, sntaw *sédap ten, *charek *s-puloh ajé, ditii’ lémpao, lémpaw nl bu tak ‘rekuh chékat manus *timah *bakau Inta lémin jéhu, jilok jéhu, nar urgnom subai, subay 104 THE SAKAI DIALECT OF THE ULU KAMPAR. Very Village Want, to Weep, to West What ? Where ? White Who? Win, to Wind Wire Wise Wish, to Woman Wood Wrong Yes You ménanar *kamporg, *kampuk "rehon jap, jinjap (mayji') tiba ma bélo, kuma, ménur bide bo i man *ménar pint, piniiy *dawai bérnis "rehon kna’, kérdol jéhu *salah ha®, ’n-hry he SHORT NOTES, 105 Short Notes. HABITS OF THE DRONGO, It may often be noted that the common racket tailed Dron- go, Dissemurus platyurus, has a habit of accompanying the com- mon monkeys known as the K’ra (Macacus cynomolgus) as they wander along among the branches of the trees; so conspicuous indeed is this that the Malays sometimes call the bird Hamba Kerah ; the slave of the monkey. Why the birds did so puzzled me for some time till I noticed that the monkeys as they go through the foliage disturb many insects such as the grasshop- pers, moths and mantises. The drongo which always takes its food on the wing waits in a more or less open space generally behind the advancing monkey and catches the insects as they fly so that it is the monkey who is serving the drongo by driv- ing its prey for it rather than the drongo who is the slave of the monkey. THE SHORT-EARED OWL IN SINGAPORE. A fine specimen of the short-eared owl (Asio accipitrinus Pall.) was captured in December last in the Alexandra Road, in Singapore, by a native who brought it to the Gardens where it is still alive. This owl has a very wide distribution, occurring in Europe including England, Siberia, China, India and Ceylon, but has never apparently been previously obtained in the Malay Peninsula. The bird was identified by Mr. A. L. Butler. THE SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS. It is well known that two species of Rhinoceros occur in the Malay Peninsula, the Javanese one-horned species 2. javanicus and the two horned R. swmatrensis, but though many of these animals have been recorded as having been trapped or shot in various parts of the Native States, there are no records as to where the different species have been obtained and it is very seldom that any portions of the specimens have been preserved. Lately, however, two examples of R. swmatrensis have been on 106 SHORT NOTES, view at the Botanic Gardens and some notes on them may prove of interest. Both were females trapped at S’tiawan in Perak. The biggest and evidently the oldest measured 4 feet 8 inches at the shoulder with a length of 7 feet 4 inches to the root of the tail which was 22 inches long. The hide is covered every- where with stiff black hairs, longest on the ears. In both the front horn was very short, a mere conical process, and the only trace of the second horn was a small rough plate in the older one and even that was absent in the second one. The animals were both of a quiet and inoffensive disposition, allowing them- selves tu be stroked and patted and readily fed from the hand although they had been quite recently caught. They ate sweet potatoes, sugar cane, champedak, fruits and leaves, and the leaves of the Mahang Putih (MJacaranga hypoleuca) and various species of /icus especially the Waringin (Ficus Benjamina), and when they wanted food call for it with a kind of whistle or squeak much out of proportion to the size of the animal. They made no other noise except by snorting now and then but in the forests, what I suppose to be the same species makes a loud neighing sound. ‘These animals in captivity are very quiet for most of the day remaining immersed in a wallow of liquid mud and thickly coated with it after the manner of a buffalo. During the evening and night they are much more active roaming up and down the enclosure. They drink remarkably slowly and only a small quantity at a time, eat very larze quantities of food, and pass the excreta always in exactly the same spot and almost always at night as the tapir does. - NE In Memoriam. Dr. 'N.. B.. DENNYS, The death of Dr. Dennys in Hongkong on Dec. 10th, 1900, will be deeply regretted by all who knew him, and as one of the first members of the Society, all must deeply deplore the loss of one who did so much for the Society in its earlier days. A short notice of his life has appeared in the North Borneo Herald from which I take a few facts as to his history, Nicholas Belfield onal SHORT NOTES, 107 Dennys entered the civil department of the navy in 1855 and was present at the bombardment of Sveaborg, for which he received the Baltic Medal. He was appointed Student Interpreter at Peking in 1863 and from 1866 to 1876, edited the China Mail of Hongkong, was Secretary of the City Hall and curator of the Museum atthatcity. In1877 he wasappointed Assistant Protector of Chinese at Singaporeand Librarian and Curator of the Museum. From 1879 to 1888 he was employed in Magistrate’s work in Singapore, and then at Gopeng. Invalided home in 1889 he re- signed in 1890, but in 1894 was appointed Protector of Chinese and Magistrate in British North Borneo and became the Editor of the British North Borneo Herald, and in 1899 Acting Judge and Member of Council. Dr. Dennys was Member of the Council of the Society from its very commencement in 1878 and remain- ed so for several years and contributed largely to the Journal. Among his other publications were, Folklore of China, Notes for Tourists in the North of China, Handbook of Cantonese, Hand- book of Malay, the Treaty ports of China and Japan, and other short papers on Chinese and Malay subjects, Natural History, etc. Although he resigned Membership of the Society in 1889 he took a great interest in its affairs till towards the end of his life. Eee NOR: JOURNAL No. 1 to No. 35, Price to members, $1.00 each. cae : mes x % , to non-members, 1. 50 each, Essays RELATING TO LyDo- CHINA, 4 Vols. Price $1 each. a THE TikKAYAT ABDULLAT. none = THE WAT-SENG Lorrery, by. G. T. Hare, Esq. — ag _———sORAJAN BUDIMAN. A Malay Folk Tale, by H. Clifford, Esq. S Be THE MAP OF THE ieee PONT N SUAS oe i : = Bee. ~ To members BE cg . $ 9.00 mounted. a ea . ,, non-members sis eee 13:00; ane a : . oe | 5, members — Z 3 Jae 7.00 unmounted. non-members 11.00 AITS BRANCH IATIC SOCIETY | “Agents of the Society: > few ee RS : ) y ‘< ~ tate { \ x ee 1don and America - Trusner & Co. ~ va Ernest Leroux & Co. - OTTo Harrassow!z, Leipzig. ° * E AMERICAN MISSION PRESS, SINGAPORE. [No. 36] JOURNAL of the eiraits branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JOLY 1901 Agencies of the Society London and America ber rave aD TRUBNER & Co. Paris cee ie Bese oe ERNEST LEROUXx & Co. Germany ae aN .. O?TTo HarrassowiTz, Leipzig. SINGAPORE : PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MIsSION PRESS T9OI Table of Contents. tes on the Millipedes, Centipedes, Scorpions, etc., of the Malay Peninsula ane Siam, by Cnt Stanley S. Flower Aap sae Taya lotes of 2 Tour through the samen States on the West Coast of the Malay Peninsula, 1900, by ¢ W. S. ee wee i ar es oo Settlements, by W. A. O'Sullivan... 2 Evolution of Malay Spelling, by Rev. W. G. — Shellabear a re aa sae = nee aoa | eee ca MOG sa eeo 137 Notes on the Millipedes, Centipedes, Scorpions, etc., of the Malay Peninsula and Siam. By CAPTAIN STANLEY 8. FLOWER, 5th FUSILIERS. I, Introductory Remarks. The animals which this paper is about, from their strange shapes, curious habits and the power of inflicting dangerous wounds which some possess, are of interest to most people, but especially to those who, having been brought up in England, where none but very small and harmless species exist, come to live in the East Indies, where a wonderful variety of these creatures flourish. However little one may care for natural history, one must come in contact with them, millipedes, centipedes, scorpions and spiders all entering houses and often turning up where least wanted, even in one’s bath-sponge and bedding. When I arrived in the Straits Settlements, in March 1895, I knew practically nothing of these animals, how they were classified, how to distinguish between them, or which were poisonous and which harmless, and in no book or paper could I find the information wanted, so I set to work to collect and examine specimens, and compare them with such literature on the subject as was available. Mr. R.J. Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History, most kindly gave me in- valuable assistance in identifying specimens, and answering questions of all sorts about these animals, and finally has been so good as to look through my notes made in the Peninsula and Siam from 1895 to 1898. These notes, then, I venture to lay before the Society, hoping they may be of use to residents in the Straits, Native States and Siam, who are interested in these strange animals, and also hoping that they may help some more competent writer to compose a full catalogue. The specimens I collected were distributed between the British Museum, and the Royal Siamese Museum, Bangkok ; except some now in the Raffles Museum. f 2 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. II. Position in the Animal Kingdom. Millipedes, centipedes, scorpions and spiders all belong to the great collection of invertebrate animals with jointed legs which is for convenience grouped together and called the Sub-kingdom ARTHROPODA (or GNATHOPODA). Various opinions are held by naturalists as to the divisions into which this Sub- kingdom should be divided. Valuable papers on the subject ap- peared in “‘ Natural Science” in 1897, by Mr. R. J. Pocock in the February number (p. 114), and by Prof. Ray Lankester in the April number (p. 267); from these the following provisional classification is adopted. Sub-kingdom Arthropoda. SECTION I. Prototracheata (or Malacopoda). Class (1). Prototracheata (or Peripatoidea). Containing the single family Peripatidee, now divided into about four genera.» A single specimen is on record from Sumatra, and Mr. H. N. Ridley informs me that the Skeat expedition recently obtained it in the Malay Peninsula. This very interesting animal has somewhat the general external appearance of a caterpillar, it has a pair of antenne, and in the Sumatran specimen 24 pairs of legs (t. Sedgwick, Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. Va 189059: 20). SECTION II. Tracheata (or Lipobranchia). Subdivision A.—Progoneata (or Prosthogonea). Class (11). Diplopoda. ‘‘ Millipedes”’ (vide post). Class (iii) Paurepoda. Containing the single family Pauropide. Minute creatures with twelve body segments and branched antennz; which I believe have oe so far been found in Malaya. Class (iv). Symphyla. Containing the single fama Scolopendrellidee (vide post). Subdivision B.—Opisthogoneata (or Opisthogonea). Class (v). Chilopoda. ‘* Centipedes” (vide post). NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 3S Class (vi). Hexapoda (or Insecta). The true insects, such as wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles, grasshoppers, etc., etc., divided into several orders. SECTION III. Branchiata (or Acerata, or Sozo-branchia). Class (vil). Crustacea. Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, wood- lice, barnacles, etc., etc., divided into several orders. Class (vii). Gigantostraca, divided into 3 orders :— Ist Order Xiphosura. Containing the single family Limulidee (vide post). 2nd order Merostomata (or Eurypterida), extinct. ord order 7rilobita, extinct. [It is probable that the Trilobita should form a distinct class]. Class (ix). Arachnida. Scorpions, spiders, etc., (vide post). Class (x). Pantopoda (or Pycnogonida) ‘* Sea-spiders.” II. Diplopoda. The Millipedes, Class Diplopoda, are invertebrate animals found in all temperate and tropical regions, herbivorous, slow- moving and incapable of biting a human being, some are nearly 10 inches (254 mm.) in length. Head. The head is distinct and has a pair of short antenne (composed of seven or eight segments) in front and two pairs of jaws on its lower surface. Body. The body is more or less elongated and consists of from 9 to over 100 segments, all much alike in structure. The majority of species are nearly cylindrical in cross section (but some are flattened), each segment being cased in a horny ring. Legs. The bases of the legs are almost in contact in the middle of the lower surface of the body, there are two pairs to most of the segments, the last pair of legs are never elongated. Native Names for Miliipedes. Malay, Gongok, Ulat-bulan. Siamese, Avng hkeu. [1894, p. 56). Jakan, Gr-gok (Lake-}+Kelsall, J. 5. B. R. A.S., No. 26, Occasionally Millipedes are met with in very large numbers. The late Mr. Whitehead in his book “ Kinabalu,” p. 17, describ- ing his visit to Malacca, writes, “On the way down from Mount Ophir I saw a wonderful gathering of pale yellow Millipedes. 4 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES.,. te). 7) the other, which must have numbered several hundreds, and reminded me of a huge dish of macaroni.” And I myself saw enormous numbers on the island of Kosichang, in the Gulf of Siam, when visiting it on the 27th and 28th of August 1897; the following extract from my diary may be of interest :— “The chief living feature of the island was the Millipedes. From sea-level to the top of the hill, all about the ground under the shade of the trees and in the hot midday sunshine they were crawling about in hundreds and hundreds; the big red-brown ones (7Thyropygus) were particularly conspicuous, 5, 6 or 7 often to be seen crossing the path within afew yards: some of these were uniform in colour, others banded alternately hehter and darker; then there were smaller Millipedes of a beautiful grey colour, and flattened ones (Orthomorpha); when we turned over dead leaves in the wood we found in the soil many small white- legged Millipedes, which when disturbed sprang about, very lively, hopping an inch or two off the ground, and were quite difficult to catch; a contrast to the numberless ‘‘ Tikal’’ Mulli- pedes (Zephronia), which were exceedingly numerous on the artificial stone work, and which when picked up always rolled into a ball and remained quite quiet.” At the end of February 1898, I was again at Kosichang; not one single Millipede was to be seen abroad, but we found a few by searching in damp spots, underneath timber, old tins, etc. This shows how the different seasons affect these animals; and how a locality where in the dry season there seem to be none, in the wet season literally swarms with Millipedes. An anomymous writer in a Singapore paper of(? 13th) Octo- ber 1897, gives the following Malay account of the evolution of Millipedes, etc. :—* There is a belief that if the vertebral bone of a fish is kept under a mattress for some time it becomes a centi- pede, and that the strands which are found between the pulp and the rind of a plantain, commonly known as pisang klat, when securely bottled up and kept in a dark corner become Millipedes. There is also a belief that a fresh water fish, not unlike the European sly, and known to the natives as ‘ekan klee,’ 1s generated from a tadpole.” about six inches long; they were in a mass, one on the top of NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 5 Key to Classification of Millipedes. I. Body furnished with tufts of scale-like hairs. Antenne eight jointed. Scent-glandsabsent. Sub-class PSELAPHO- GNATHA; contains the single family Polyxenidw, minute millipedes, ‘‘only about one tenth of an inch long” (Pocock, R. N. H. vol. vi, p. 209), so far not known from the Malay Peninsula. II. Body not furnished with tufts of scale-like hairs. Antenne seven joimted. Scent-glands usually present. Sub-class CHILOGNATHA,; divided into three orders. A. Body short and broad, 12 or 13 segments, second and last segments enormously enlarged, capable of being rolled into a ball, no scent-glands. Order ONISCOMORPHA. B. Body elongate, 19 or more segments, none of them very much larger than the rest, capable of being spirally coiled (except Spheriodesmus). A. Last back plate forms a hood over the last pair of legs, 19 or 20 segments, no scent-glands, no known species exceeds a quarter of aninch (6 mm.) in length. Order LIMACOMORPHA, contains the single family Glomeridesmide ; a species occues in Sumatra. B. ULast back plate forms a complete ring, enclosing the anal valves, 19 to over 100 segments, some species exceed 93 inches (say 200 mm. in length). Order HELMINTHOMORPHA. a' Mandibles degenerate, from about 30 to over 100 segments, species seldom exceed 14 inch (38 mm.) in length. Sub-order Colobognatha. b‘ Mandibles normal. a’, Pedal lamine free, 30 to 32 segments, Sub-order Chordeumoidea. Small Millipedes known from Sumatra, Burmah, etc., but so far not from the Malay Peninsula. b’’, Pedal laminve united to the terga. a’, From about 30 to over 70 segments, Sub-order Luloidea. b'’, 19 or 20 segments, Suborder Polydesmoidea,. 6 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, Sub-class Chilognatha. Order Oniscomorpha. Short, robust Millipedes, convex above and flat below, ca- pable of rolling themselves into a ball, hence popularly called ‘Pill Millipedes.” The body consists of 12 or 18 segments, of which the first is very small, the second is enermously expended at the sides, and the last expended laterally and posteriorly, so as to entirely cover the anal region. Hach typical body segment consists of 7 pieces; a large vaulted semi-circular horny plate forming the upper surface, and concealing the legs, beneath this on each side a small pleural plate, and between this and the two legs two still smaller tracheal plates bearing the stigmata, one corresponding to each leg. The legs are in contact in the middle line of the body, and those of the last pair, or last two pairs, are enlarged in the male and transformed into a pair of clasping organs. The back plates are not furnished with scent-pores. Pill-millipedes are found in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia; some species attain a length of over 2+ inches (or 60 mm.); they are divided into two families :— A. 12 segments, antenne close together. Glomeride. B. 13 segments, antenne further apait. Zephroniide. Pill-millipedes may possibly be confounded at first sight with Woodlice, belonging to the Crustacea, and with certain wingless Cockroaches, belonging to the Hexapoda, which both occur in similar localities and surroundings; the cockroach can be at once detected by having only 3 pairs of legs, and the woodlouse by its having only one pair of legs to each segment, instead of two pairs to most segments as in the Millipedes. ‘‘ Moreover, the hinder end of the body in the crustacean is com- posed of a number of small segments more or less closely crowded together, but in the Pill-millipede the last segment is much enlarged, and acts as a kind of protective cover to the lower side of the body when it is spherically rolled. Of course there are other differential characteristics between the two not less striking than that already mentioned ; but it is needless to enter into them here.” Pocock, J. B. N. H. 5. vol. xii, p. 269 (1899). - NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 7 Family Glomeride. Pill-millipedes with the antennz relatively close together on the front of the head, eyes with a single (lateral vertical) row of ocelli, a conspicuous horse-shoe shaped “sensory” organ between the eyes and the antenne, and the body consisting of twelve segments; they are usually of small size, under 8 of an inch (15 mm.) in length, and are found in England, Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Though species of Glomeris are known from Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo, they have not yet, to my knowledge, been recorded from the Malay Peninsula. Family Zephroniide. Pill-Millipedes with the antennee widely separated, situated completely at the sides of the head, eyes composed of a spherical cluster of ocelli, no “‘ sensory” organ on the face between the eyes and the antenne, and the body consisting of thirteen seg- ments; they attaina length of over 2} inches (say 60 mm.), and are found in Africa, Madagascar. India, Ceylon, Sikkim, Burma, Siam, Cochin China, the Malay Peninsula and Archipel- ago, Australia and New Zealand. Over sixty species are known, divided into about seven genera. ‘“ A Monograph of the Zephro- nidee inhabiting India, Ceylon and Burmah” by Pocock, will be found in the Journal of the Bombay Nat. His. Society, vol. xii, (1899), pp. 269-285 and 465-474. Genus Spheropeus, Brandt. _ Apex of the legs broad and truncate, the upper angle bear- ing a long spine above the claw, there being a considerable space between the claw and the spine. 1. Spheropewous zonatus, Pocock. A.+M.N.H. Ser. 6, vol. xvi, 1895, p. 412. Recorded from Malacca. 2. Spheropeus bimaculatus, Pocock. A.+M. N. H. Ser. 6, vol, Xvi, 1895, p. 412. Recorded from Singapore. Genus Zephronia, Gray. Apex of the legs narrowed and pointed, the spine and the claw nearly contiguous. Ss NOTES ON MILLIPEDES., 3. Zephronia anthracina, Pocock. A.+M.N.H. Ser. 6, vol. xvi, 1895, p. 413. Entirely black, shining; reaches a length of 52 mm. recorded from Perak. 4. Zephronia impunctata, Pocock. A +M.N.H. Ser. 6, vol. Xvi, 1895,p.4138. Pitchy black hinder borders of terga obscurely ferruginous, legs olivaceous; length 36. mm. I found a single specimen (the type) in the jungle near the big waterfall in the Botanical Gardens, Penang, in March 1895. I got specimens of Zephronia also from Singapore, Selangor and Kosichang, of so far undetermined species. Order Helminthomorpha, Sub-order Colobognatha. small Millepedes, largest about 14 inches (or 40 mm.) in length, with elongate bodies composed of from about 30 to over 100 segments; head often tucked under the first segment ; mouth more or less adapted for sucking, the jaws being degene- rate; known from England and also from most warm parts of the world; divided into several families. Family Pseudodesmide. 3. Pseudodesmus verrucosus, Pocock. A.+M. N. H. Sept.’87, p. 222. Originally described from a Perak specimen, 34 mm. in length. In Sept. ’97 I found one specimen of a beautiful pale cream colour at. JDumdruan Estate, 700 feet elevation, Gunong Pulai, Johore. 6. Pseudodesmus sp. Yellow millipedes, 28 mm. in length. Ten specimens found under logs, etc., in the jungle near Hinlap, 700 feet elevation, and Muok Tek, 900 feet, in the Dong Phya Phai, Siam; November 1897. Sub-order Julozdea. This sub-order includes the most typical millipedes, and also the largest, some being nearly 10 inches (254 mm.) in length; it is cosmopolitan. ‘The mandibles are normal, the pedal laminz united to the terga, and there are from about 30 to over 70 segments. ~ NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. = Families Spirostreptide and Spirobolide. The Millipedes of these two families are numerous in the Kast Indies both in species and individuals; they may be thus distinguished :—/Spirostreptide, first three segments with a pair of legs each, fourth legless. Spirobolide, first four segments with a pair of legs each. The collector will soon get to know the form of eye characteristic of each family, a useful way of distinguishing them, but not infallible, some species having eyes of intermediate shape. Family Spirostreptide. Genus Spirostreptus. Ventral grooves short; distance between eves about equal to half the long diameter of an eye. 7. Spirostreptus vittatus, Newport. Pocock has given a coloured figure and description of. this species :— ‘Max Weber, Zool. Ergebnisse III, p. 387, plate xxi, fie. 8 (1894). : This is a very handsome creature when alive, coloured in alternate bands of black and red-brown. When walking it carries the head low, and the antenn are constantly employed feeling everything the animal approaches. [Each lee seems to move independently, thus crossing each other in walking, and apparently impeding any rapid metion. They are usually found in jungle, crawling on tree trunks or on the ground, in the middle of the day, quite fearless of any enemy, and as far as my experience goes submit quietly to be picked up by a col- lector. I have found them on Penang Hill from 1100 to 2500 feet elevation (March and Nov. ’96), near Chumar, Perak (Dec. *96), and on the Kuala Kangsa Pass, Perak (May ’98); this last was the largest specimen I have seen measuring in total length 93 inches (== 248 mm.). I also obtained a Spirostreptus of this, or an allied species, at Kulim, Kedah, in 1895; and two specimens near Muok Lek, 900 feet elevation, in the Dong Phya Phai, Siam, in Nov. 1897. > 10 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, Genus Thyropygus. Ventral grooves long and deep, distance between eyes about equal to or greater than the long diameter of an eye. 8. Thyropygus perakensis, Pocock. Spirostreptus perakensis, Pocock, Linn, S.J. Zool. xxiv, p. 322 (lead figured). [1892]. The type specimen, from Perak, was presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. H. Leech; it is described as a male, 210 mm. in length, with 69 segments, and in colour polished black, with antennee and legs reddish vellow. 9. Thyropygus bowringii, Pocock. Spirostreptus bowringi, Pocock, Linn. §.J. Zool. xxiv, p. 521 (head fig. p, 322) [1892]. During “the rainy season this species is very plentiful in Siam, coming out usually towards evening and wandering about gardens and paths, and also occasionally entering houses; during the rest of the year it seems to quite disappear, presum- ably it hides away in holes. I have met it in the following localities :— Bangkok (May, June, July and August). Ayuthia (June). Pachim (April). Kosichang (August). Adults, of both sexes, have from 60 to 72 segments. The longest male I measured was about 5? inches (148 mm.), the longest female about 88 inches (or 220 mm.). Colour (from life), drawn up from a large series of Bangkok specimens. The whole animal is of a very rich warm yellow ochre, with these exceptions :—the front surface of the head is a rich red- yellowish brown, sometimes darker between the eyes, it also gets darker towards the mouth shading into black on the upper lip. The antenne are rich red-yellowish brown. The eyes. black. The first sexment behind the head is rich red-yellowish brown, getting darker towards its posterior edge. The remain- ing segments have each on their posterior part a very dark brown ‘band, i in some individuals pure glistering black, this band gets narrower and lighter in colour underneath as it approaches NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 1] the bases of the legs, and is broadest on the centre of the back, where it is about twice the width of the intervening yellow spaces. The tail (last segment) is yellow, on its broader portion obscurely banded once with reddish-brown, and the hinder portion (as for instance the sides of the anal valves) are picked out with reddish brown, the sharp tip of the tail is, in some specimens, black. The legs are more or less shaded with light- reddish brown, differmg in individuals. The position of the foramen-repugnatorum is marked on the sides of the somites by a dark grey half-moon shaped line. These big Thyropygi when caught in the hand do not passively submit as most les do, but twist about, rear up their heads, and bite one’s fingers with their jaws, but of course without breaking the skin or hur ting in the least; but their show of resistance is so vigorous that anyone unaware of their harm- less character would naturally not attempt to touch them twice. I have kept many individuals of this species in captivity ; they feed readily on bananas, etc., but never seem to stop eating as long as food is available. One I noted (as far as I was able to attend to it) eat without stopping for fifteen hours on end. The difficulty of keeping them alive is to strike the medium be- tween starving them and allowing them to overeat themselves, which results in a week or so in diarrhoea, and then death soon supervenes. While eating the lower jaws work away steadily with a lateral in and out motion, and all the time the antenne keep moving, examining every bit of food just before it enters the mouth. The females seem always ready to eat, but the males (in the early summer in Bangkok) suffer much from sexual excitement, refuse to feed and become very pugnacious. In the jungle near Hinlap, 700 feet elevation, in the Dong Phya Phai, Siam, I obtained three specimens of a Zhyropygus, T. bowringti or an allied form, in November 1897. 164 ie eae: a28 ae Ld of hind-legs 2. Scutigera birmanica, Poc. The Burmese Shield-Bearer. Localities. On the 16th March 1896 I caught two specimens at the “Crag,” Penang Hill, elevation 2260 feet; and subse- * End of body projects 2 mm, beyond base of hind legs, 20 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. quently in March 1898 obtained a third specimen at the same place. They are exceedingly active, running so fast that unless you know them by sight it is hard to tell what sort of animals they are; if found at rest they may be picked up with a pair of forceps or else made to walk into a wide-necked cyanide- of-potassium bottle, but if first frightened all you will probably see of them is a @limpse of (apparently) a spider with an impro- per number of very attenuated legs disappearing round the corner. It is very difficult to secure a perfect specimen, as when caught they seem to shed their legs voluntarily, almost as if to spite the collector. District. Burma and Penang. 3. Scutigera marmorea, Poc. The Marbled Shield-Bearer. Localities. On the 14th March 1896 I caught one specimen under the bark of a tree at ‘‘ Richmond,” Penang Hill, elevation about 2300 feet; its general colour was reddish-brown. In March 1898 I got another specimen also on Penang Hill at nearly the same height above sea-level. District. Burma and Penang. Sub-class Artiostigma. ist Order, LITHOBIOMORPHA. 10 pairs of legs. Contains only the Family Lithobiide. Species of Lithobius are known to occur in Java, Sumatra, Burmah and possibly the Nicobar Islands, so will probably be eventually found in the Malay Peninsula; the largest of the known 8. EH. Asian forms is only 124 mm. long. 2nd Order, SCOLOPENDROMORPHA. 21 or 28 pairs of legs. Eyes, either absent or consist of 4 ocelli on each side of the head. Antenne, 17 to 29 segments. Divided into several families. The usual centipedes met with in Malaya and Siam all come into the family Scolopendride, which have 21 pairs of legs, 4 eyes on each side of head, and reach nearly a foot (305 mm.) in length. 7 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 2] drd Order, GEOPHILOMORPHA. 389 to 161 (or possibly more) pairs of legs. Kyes, absent. Antenne, 14 segments. This order consists of long, thin, worm-like centipedes ; some species are at times luminous; they are divided into several families, and individuals reach 130 mm. in length. Order Scolopendromorpha. Family Scolopendride. 4, Scolopendra subspinipes, Leach. Common Centipede of 8. E. Asia. Localities. Of this species I got several specimens in Penang both from near sea-level (Sepoy Lines) and from the _ hill (“ Crage”’), one in Singapore, one in Johore Bahru, onein Bangkok, and one received from Sourabaya, Java: it also occurs in Sumatra and Flores, and is found (possibly introduced) in tropical Africa and in the West Indies. Colour. Most individuals I have seen were bright reddish brown, but the Johore specimen (mentioned above) and one from Penang Hill were purplish-black above, pale reddish- brown below and had reddish antenne and legs. Size. The red and the black individuals seem to attain equal dimensions, the largest I have measured was in length (exclusive of antennze and hind-legs) 166 mm. or 64 in. 5, Scolopendra de haanit, Brandt. De Haan’s Centipede. This may be only a variety of S. subspinipes from which it differs in the absence of spines from the under surface of the anal femora. Localities. I got several specimens from the hills of Penang, at about 2300 feet elevation; one from Batu Gajah, Perak; four from Kulim, Kedah; and about thirty from the following places in Siam—Bangkok, Ko-si-chang, Chanta- boon, Kabin and Muok Sek, in the Dong Phay Phai: it also oc- curs in the Mergui Archipelago, Java and Sumatra. Colour (from life.) Above rich reddish-brown, antennz paler reddish-brown; legs pale yellow, distally dark reddish- 22 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, brown, claws black; hind-legs reddish brown, getting darker distally, last segments nearly black; underneath of head reddish brown, last joint of poison-fangs black; lower surface of body brownish yellow. A young specimen from Kabin was black with orange-red legs and a broad orange-red band behind the head. A centipede 53 mm. (say 2 inches) in length (excluding antenne or hindlegs), which Pocock considers to be probably the young of this species, had the upper parts reddish-brown, but the posterior part of each segment very dark, nearly black; the antenne, head and first two segments of body olive green ; legs on remaining segments pale red; and the under surface pale reddish-brown. Size. The finest De Haan’s Centipede I have measured was caught in our compound in Bangkok, 19th December, 1897. Its dimensions were :— Total length, from tip of antenne to claw of hind foot 281 mm. Length, without antenne or hind legs .. aie era l@ 5 antenne ... a oa : ons aries ‘ hind-leg... ae ae ae i wee OO Width, 2nd segment ..... on sigs a ee lie St Re ee i. Zilina ers se Ae, m0 suas bi; EO ie 22nd (last) Se Ld These two species, supposing them to be distinct, § seem simi- lar in habits; they are for the most part nocturnal, but I have met them roaming abroad in the day time; they are to be found in houses and gardens as well as in the jungle, and even on board ship. They run very swiftly, and try to bite fiercely when interfer- ed with; what the effect of their bite on a man could be I do not know, I only once saw one bitten—Surgeon-Captain Smith at Penang in 1895. He felt no ill effects from the bite, but the centi- pede had previously been biting at some cord, in a loop of which we were trying to secure it, so had probably exhausted its sup- ply of poison. It is said that their claws are poisonous, and | have even been told in Singapore that a centipede ran over a man’s face and left a line of bad sores where its feet touched his skin. I cannot believe this—for I have seen Malays allowing a big centipede (with poison fangs extracted) to run about their NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 2s bare shoulders and neck without recieving any harm, and I have myself had them crawling over my hands as an experiment but without being able to see, or feel, the smallest wound. Nothing seems to be known about their breeding habits. In Penang I have seen a dead centipede hung from the front axle-tree of a gharry; why this is done I have no idea; perhaps other mem- bers of the Society have noticed this? 6. Scolopendra Morsitans (Linn.) The Biting Centipede. I caught specimens of this species at Gunang Pulai in Johore, and at Kabin in Siam, received one from near Raheng, Siam. The Kabin specimen was purplish-green in colour, and measured in length (without hind legs) 71 mm. (with hind legs) 823 mm. Dr. Max Weber obtained this species in Celebes, Saleyer and Flores. It is also found in central Africa and other tropical countries. 7. Otostigmus scaber, Porat. The Rough Centipede. “Takhap-fai” (fine-centipede) of the Siamese. Localities. { found this species numerous in Bangkok under flower pots in the garden of the Wang Na, and also got specimens on Gunong Pulai, Johore. Colour (Bangkok specimens). Above reddish-brown, redder on the margins, browner in the vertebral line; the anterior portion of the head sometimes black ; lower surface of body pale reddish-yellow ; eyes black; antenne light-red or else basal portion reddish-brown, turning darker distally till the tips are almost black ; legs, basal segment and greater portion of next segment buff, remainder rich dark blue, or in some specimens the legs are grey, basally bright blue, distally buff, the hindmost pair of legs are blue banded with pale buff or white at the joints. Size (Bangkok specimens). ‘The largest i noted measured 48 mm. in length, without including the hind-legs. Another was :— length, without antenne or hind legs, 314 mm. antennee De ear. hindlegs 12 bP) bole 9 9 24 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. I also collected specimens of Otostigius on Penang Hill, in the Larut Hills of Perak, in Johore, at Chantaboon (purplish-blue in colour) and at Paknam-Menam, which are difficult to determine specifically, as there are many species of this genus described from Ceylon, Japan, China, Mergui Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Flores, ete. 8. Rhysida longipes (Newport). I got two specimens at Tanglin, Singapore, one found under a flower-pot, one running about in my _ bathroom at night, and several from Siam, from near Raheng and from the island of Ko-si-chang. This centipede usually has its back coloured dark reddish or purplish-brown, the legs may be lighter; it is of small size reaching a length of 68 mm. (2.68 inches) It is distributed in many parts of tropical Asia and America. 9. Rhysida immarginata (Porat). Of this small species I got six specimens near Alor Star, Kedah; one in Taipeng, Perak ; a friend found it climbing up his leg inside his trowsers; and two in Singapore, one in the Officers’ Mess, Tanglin, and one in a bathroom of Raffles Hotel. In these centipedes the antenne, when not in use, are carried curled up very elegantly. Dr. Max Weber obtained this species in Sumatra, Java and Saleyer. 10. Rhysida carinulata (Haase.) In January 1896 Mr. Ridley and I found one of these rare centipedes on Bukit Timah, Singapore; it was a female lying curled up round its eggs, hidden under a rock in the jungle. The species was previously known from Celebes. 11. Rhysida rugulosa, Pocock. This species is described and figured (nat-size) by Pocock in Max Weber’s Zool. Ergebnisse III, p. 314, Pl. xix, Fig. 6. The type specimen is from Sumatra. In November 1896 I caught one in the garden of “ the Crag,” Penang Hill, 2200 feet elevation; its colours were:—back purplish black ; antennee NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 25 and lees bottle green; underneath pale olive green. Leneth (excluding antenne and hind feet) 85 mm. (3.33 inches.) [also got specimens of Phys/da from Blakan Mati, Singapore, and from Chantaboon, that apparently do not fall into any of the above species. Order Geophilomorpha. Family Geophilide. 12. Orphneeus brevilabiatus (Newport). The Luminous Centipede. Malay Alamayer. I have caught this long, thin red centipede at Tahkamen, Siam, in March 1897, in Government House, Singapore, October 1897, and in Bakar Bata House, Kedah, in May 1898; always in roofs or upper stories of houses. On more than one occasion, Ihave seen them at night on my mosquito curtains. Each time I tested their luminosity; when disturbed they give out a bright but lurid green ‘“ phosphorescent” hght, and as_ the centipede moves it leaves a trail of light behind it on the surface it is crawling over ; this trail olimmers for a moment or so, and then goes out. Besides Siam and the Malay Peninsula this species occurs in other parts of the Oriental Region (Mergui Archipelavo, Java, Celebes, Flores, etc.) and also in Hoole America. Family Dicellophilide. 13. Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport. Of this long, thin centipede I got four specimens in the earth at Chantaboon in January 1898 (no luminosity observed), and also found a single individual under a piece of wood on the top of Western Hill, Penang, elevation 2725 feet. This latter measured :— length (excluding antenne and hind legs) 52 mm. 7 (including e a) ee yeni This species is also recorded from the Mere Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, Flores and Mauritius. Family Eucratonychide. Species of Eucratonyx may eventully be found in Malaya as they occur in Burmese territory on the one side, and in islands at the Eastern end of the Malay Archipelago on the other. 26 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, VI. Class Gigantostraca. Order Xiphosura. Family Limulide. The King Crabs, or Horse-shoe Crabs. “ Mengdahn-ndm” of the Siamese. Belangkas” of the Malays. 1. Limulus moluceanus. I have got live specimens in the Singapore Market on the dth April, in the Bangkok Market 18th June, and in Brunei, Borneo, on the 2nd October. I was told in Siam that the King-Crabs usually frequent deep water, but in June, July and August resort to the shallows at the head of the Gulf for breeding purposes; they are then caught in large numbers for the markets. They will live for a few days in a tub of fresh water. In life the carapace is a beautiful, rich, dark, shining, olive colour. The largest specimen I measured (at Bangkok) was :— Total length, 19.7 inches, ==—o00 mum Length of carapace, 10.2 ,, SG) - sj bake DD se ——— ee Width, ,, carapace; 102] — ee 2. Limulus rotundicauda. Easily distinguished from 1. moluccanus by the round shap- ed tail. . To be seen for sale in the Bangkok Market with the above. The largest specimen I measured (at Bangkok) was :— Total length, 15.25 inches = 3377 ml Length of*carapace, 8 — 2050 7 i, wal, 7.25 ¥. —— ae Width ,, carapace, 7.75 ae = ieee 3. Limulus tridentatus, Leach. Also known as) Limulus longispinis. My. A. C. Cluneis Ross gave me a large pair caught at Kudat, Brit. North Borneo: the female was the largest and measured :—total length 35.25 inches =894 mm., width of carapace 15 inches = 381 mm. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 27 VII. Class Arachnida. In this class are included the Spiders, Scorpions, Mites, Ticks and their relatives. These animals have no distinct head, the head and thorax being fused together, and the result of this union (called the ‘‘cephalothorax”’) and the abdomen may or may not be seg- mented. Breathing is carried on by air-tubes, lung-books or both. The sexes are distinct individuals. There are no antenne, such as exist in the insects, centi- pedes and millipedes. The cephalothorax bears six pairs of limbs ;— 1st pair (the mandibles) composed of 2 or 3 segments, acting as seizing or biting organs. 2nd pair (the chelce, or palpi) composed of 5 or 6 segments ; of which the basal segments (the maxillce) are used for crushing food, and the remainder variously modified as seizing, feeling or sexual organs. 3rd pair, composed of 6 or more segments, used for feeling (as in the Pedipalpi), or for walking. 4th, 5th, and 6th, composed of 6 to 9 segments, used for walking. The abdomer bears no true limbs. The class may be divided into 8 orders, one of these con- tains the Mites. Ticks and a varied host of small forms, some very degenerate, in some various limbs are lost, in some there are apparently no organs of respiration, and in the ‘ Water Bears.” or Tardigrada, the sexes are not distinct but are united in each individual. The following table may be of use*to the collector in determining to which Order an Arachnoid beast, he may hap- pen to have caught, belongs. A. 2nd pair of limbs modified into oreat seizing organs (chelce). A, no “ waist” between caphalothorax and abdomen. érd, 4th, 5th and 6th pairs of limbs of similar con- struction and used for walking. a. posterior segments of abdomen narrowed, forming a distinct jointed tail, ending in a poison-sting. 28 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. breathing by means of 4 pairs ot lung books. abdominal combs present. no silk-secreting glands. some species attain a length of 8 inches. (Scorpions). Order Scorpiones. b. no tail. breathing by weaus of air-tubes. no abdominal combs. silk-secreting glands present. some species attain a length of } inch. (False Scorpions). Order Pseudoscorpiones. B. a * waist” between cephalothorax and abdomen. 3rd pair of limbs modified into feelers, the last segment being clawless and divided into a number of secondary seginents. 4th, 5th and 6th pairs of similar construction and used for walking. c. no tail, or a thread like one. breathing by means of 2 pairs of lung books. no abdominal combs. no silk-secreting glands. some species attain a length of 2 inches. (Whip Scorpions) Order Pedipalpi. B. 2nd pair of limbs not modified into chelee. (, cephalothorax segmented. mandibles form large pincers. abdomen with ten segments. palpi leg-like. d, a long jointed tail. size minute; only one species known, from South Hurope. Order Palpigradi. e. no tail. reach nearly 2 inches in length; many genera and species known from South Europe, Africa, Asia and America. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. a (False Spiders). Order Solifuge. D. cephalothorax not segmented. f. a“ waist” between cephalothorax and abdomen. mandibles form a poison fang. abdomen not segmented (except in sub-order Meso- thelce). breathing by means of 2 pair of lung books, or else 1 pair lung books and 1 pair of air-tubes. spinning glands present. (Spiders). Order Araneae. g. no * waist” between cephalothorax and abdomen. a.’ abdomen composed of 3 to 8 segments. mandibles pincer-like. basal segment of 5rd pair of limbs always adapted for mastication. breathing by means of air-tubes. no spinning glands. (Harvest Spiders). Order Opiliones. b.’ abdomen not segmented. mandibles pincer-like, or simply pointed. basal segment of 3rd pair of limbs never adapted for mastication. breathing by means of air-tubes, or without distinct organs. spinning glands sometimes present. size usually minute. (Mites, Ticks etc.) Order Acuri. Order Scorpiones. The True Scorpions. Malay * Nalajinking.” Siamese ‘Valaang-pon,’ or more commonly “Jleng-pon.” Pantang Kapur “ Simpaz,’ and “P’nipet,’ (Lake—Kelsall, J.S. B. RB. A. S. No. 26, 1894, p. 41.) The true Scorpions have four pairs of legs, of similar con- struction, each composed of seven segments, and used for loco- 30 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. motion, and two modified anterior pairs of limbs, one (the chele) forming great pincers and composed of six segments, and one (the mandibles) forming small pincers and composed of only three segments. The abdomen is distinctly segmented, and the last six seg- ments, are narrower than the rest, forming a distinct tail; the last segment of all (the telson) ends in a sharply pointed poison- sting. On the lower surface of the second segment of the abdomen are a pair of comb-like organs (the pectines); the exact use of which does not seen to be known, but I have noticed scorpions are continually moving them about as if they were organs of touch. | Scorpions are divided into several families; two of which occur in our region and may be thus distinguished :— Ist. Buthide. Sternum of the cephalothorax small and trian- gularly pointed in front. Two spurs on the articular membrane of the tarsus. 2nd. Scorpionide. Sternum of the cephalothorax broad and pentagonal. One spur on the articular membrane of the tarsus. Family Buthide. 1. Archisometrus mucronatus (Fabr.) The Sharp Scorpion. “ Mengpon tahkepp” of the Siamese. This small yellowish scorpion is widely distributed in the Kast, being recorded from Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Vochin China, China, Japan, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Flores, Saleyer, and it is said from New Zealand and Madagascar. Pocock has given an excellent coloured figure of this species, natural size in Max Weber’s Zool. Ergebnisse III, Pl. vi, fig. 1, (published at Leyden, 1893.) Scorpions of this species are to be found inside and outside houses, both downstairs and upstairs, as well as in gardens and in the jungle; they spend the day hidden in crevices, or under stones, rocks, etc., and at night roam about for food ; they run about the walls of houses with ease, but I doubt their being able to cross ceilings, as the house-lizards of the family Gechkonidw do. < sigios kd Ue NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 31 In Bangkok I found this species very common, and also caught specimens at Ayuthia, in the Dong Phya Phai, at Kabin, at Chantaboon and on the island of Ko-si-chang. When suddenly found under a stone they seem to seek safety rather in remaining perfectly motionless than in taking instant flight. I have noticed them eating crickets and moths, possibly they will eat any insects they can catch and overpower, but I have watched them encounter and leave unmolested, though hungry, a beetle (Carabidv) and a small green bug. On _ several occa- sions i have placed these scorpions with whip-scorpions (Thelyponus sckimkewitchii) and with large spiders (/eterapoda venatorea) to see if they would try to tackle other Arachnida, but I found the three sorts all left one another alone. I have not observed them even attempt to feed on insects they have not killed themselves, nor to pay any attention to fruit. I do not know if they ever drink, I find an entry in my diary for the 26th December, 1897 :—‘‘A. mucronatus caught on the 15th of this month is still alive and well. It has had no water all the time.” Unfortunately I find no note as to the further career of this scorpion, or how long it lived in captivity. When walking this species ofter has the combs extended and pointed forward. It seems quite blind (at any rate in a full light), it runs swiftly with both chele extended, but if an upright thing, such as a stick which the chele pass on each side of without touching, is met with, the scorpion runs right into it and is pulled up short; just as a man feeling for the door in the dark with outstretched arms may, if the door be standing open, suddenly find himself hit in the face by it; but on the other hand I have seen a scorpion pursue a fluttering insect, but this may have been by sound (or smell ?). The following extract from my diary of the 15th December 1897 will give some idea of how these animals feed. A. mucronatus; in the evening I watched it sitting quite still, body very flat on the ground, chele extended, tail curved over back with the point of the sting carefully protected in the usual manner; a small moth settled near it, the scorpion imme- diately seized the moth in both chele and quick as hghtning brought its tail over its head, stung the moth and recovered QD NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. its tail to the ‘rest’ position, it then placed the moth’s head to its jaws and ate it off, holding the moth in its chelee and tugging off pieces with its mandibles; aftera few bites the scorpion ran off holding the moth in one chele; on the way another small moth came just by it, the scorpion promptly seized it in the disengaged chele, and again quick as a thought its tail was thrown forward and again withdrawn; it then ran on witha moth in either hand, when it met a third moth the scorpion trans- ferred the first moth to its mandibles and with the chele thus disengaged it attempted to seize the live moth but it fluttered on; the scorpion, pursuing with one moth in its jaws, one moth in one hand and the other hand grabbing at the third moth, was decidedly comical; it failed to catch the third moth, and after running a little way settled down to eat its captives; the first moth was eaten wings and all, only one lower wing and four legs being left, which may have been dropped accidentally, it then began eating the second moth but after a time (whether anything frightened it or not I do not know) the scorpion dropped the moth and ran off; after some minutes another live moth came in its way which it seized and commenced eating ; while doing so it caught another, and again ran off carrying one moth in its jaws and one in its hand.” Effect of Sting. Two cases of scorpion sting have come under my notice ; each time the scorpion was caught and identified as Archisometrus mucronatus. Ist. 27th Nov. 1897. Basdeoh, a native of India, acci- dentally put his hand on a scorpion which stung him in the finger; he said he had very great pain all up the hand and arm as far as the shoulder; he applied a small native poultice which some- what relieved the pain. This happened at 6 a.m. At 7.30 a.m. the finger was very swollen, but not appreciably discoloured, he said there was then no pain above the elbow but it was very bad in the forearm and hand; we got him to put the injured finger in a strong solution of permanganate of potash and keep it there for half an hour, first opening the wound by squeezing it; by 8.30 a. m. he wasall right again. 2nd. 26th December 1897. Maa Deng, Siamese woman, stung in her foot in the evening ; the effect was at once a rather OTES ON MILLIPEDEs. os swollen foot and much pain: we were able to bathe the foot almost immediately ina very strong solution of permanganate of potash and the pain subsided in a quarter of an hour. Colour. Yellow mottled with brown, the four pairs of breathing orifices on the abdomen being very conspicuous as lemon yellow spots. A small specimen (36 mm. in length) was coloured pinkish underneath. Young. I have not been able to make out at what times of year these scorpions breed. On the 9th May in Bangkok I caught a young one (10 mm. in length) by itself, and on the 3rd Aug ust also in Bangkok found one (11 mm. in leneth) being carried about on its mother’s back. Sexes, Mr. R. J. Pocock, in answer to enquiries, writes to me: ‘In A. mucronatus the male has the tail stouter and the claws longer with sinuate fingers, as compared with the female.” Size. Length from front of mandibles to tip of sting of 58 adult Siamese specimens which I have examined :— average 445 mm. smallest, 36 mm. largest, 55 mm, (roughly 24 inch.) Pectinal Teeth. Usually about 21 on each comb, occassionally there is one more tooth on one side than on the other, and once [-found a specimen with two more teeth on one side than the other i. e. 19 and 21. The fewest I have counted were ina Bangkok specimen, 1. e. 18 and 18: the most I have counted were ina Dong Phya Phai specimen, i. e. 24 and 24, 2. Archisometrus scutilus, C. K. This is is a small yellowish-brown scorpion with very long attenuated claws and tail; I caught one specimen under the bark of a fallen tree in the Experimental Gardens, Penang Hill, about 1900 feet elevation, and one in the verandah of ‘the Crag,” Penang Hill, 2260 feet elevation, both in March 1898. This species is also recorded from Tenasserin, Selangor, Singa- pore, Sumatra and Java. ao} | 34 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 3. Tsometrus maculatus (De Geer). This is another small yellowish brown scorpion; it has been found in Spain, Africa, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Hongkong, Java, Timor, Mauritius, Madagascar, Sandwich Islands, West Indies and South America. I caught two speci- mens in the Officer’s Mess, Sepoy Lines, Penang; one in the Officer’s Mess, Tanglin, Singapore; one in Raffles Hotel, Singa- pore ; and two in Bakar Bata House, Kedah. I was given two specimens in Bangkok said to have been caught there, but I never myself came across it alive in that city. This species, when suddenly found, will often lie still as if feigning to be dead, till touched, when it tries to run away. Sexes. “In J maculatus the tail and pincers of the male are very lone and thin as compared with the female.” Pocock. Family Scorpionide. 4, Cherilus agilis, Pocock. The Agile Scorpion. This species was discovered by Mr. H. N. Ridley at the Batu Caves, Selangor, and described by Mr. R. J. Pocock (Annals 1 Mae. Nat. Hist. Series vn, vol. in, No: 175) May iiss oe 416). The general colour is dark reddish brown, not distinctly variegated. Pectinal teeth 4. Length 56 mm. 5. Cherilus rectimanus, Pocock. The Straight-handed Scorpion. Mr. H. N. Ridley discovered this species in Singapore, and it has been described by Pocock (loe. cit. supra, p. 418). The general colour is ferruginous, variegated with black. Pectinal teeth 3 (7). Length 24 mm. Other species of this genus will probably be eventually found in the Malay Peninsula. 6. Palamneus oatesii, Pocock. Oates’ Scorpion. This large species, known as ‘“‘ Kala” by the Kedah Malays, is often identified as Palumnwus spinifer (Hempr. + Ehrenberg). L. Wray, jun., J.5.B. R.A. 5. No. 21, 1890, p. 148; "mentions “a large dark metallic green scorpion (Buthus spiniger)” in Batang Padang, Perak ; he probably refers to this species. I obtained one specimen from near Jenan, Kedah; four from Kulim, Kedah; two from Penang Ifill (one at 2500 feet NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 35 elevation, given me by Mr. L. Brown); three from Johore Bahru, and two from the foothills of Gunong Pulai, Johore. folour (in life):-very rich dark olive green. ‘The poison- vesicles in the Gunong Pulai specimens were white. Size. oe irom front of mandibles to’ tip of :stine, 102 mm. Pectinal teeth, 16-+17. ?. from front of mandibles to end of penultimate segment, 107 mm. Pectinal teeth, 17-+17. District. Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (°). 7. Palamneus silenus, Simon. Siamese, **Iengpon chang,” == Elephant Scorpion. Of this fine species I obtained four specimens from Bang- kok, three from Tahkamen, one from near Kabin, one from near Raheng, and thirty one from Chantaboon. It seems to be strictly nocturnal; at night roaming about for food, and lying hid by day : at Chantaboon I found most by digging in the soil 4 or 6 inches deep, under fallen logs, to find their burrows, which the scorpions often tried to escape along, but we followed them (digging up the soil) and eventually ‘secured them. In one spot (in Jan. 1898) we found about ten individuals, all of about the same size, huddled up close together in a hole in the ground. Colour (in life.) shining rich dark green. Size. A good specimen had the following dimensions :— serene from front of mandible to point of sting—135 mm. (about 54 inches). Leng th, of cephalothorax (in median hne)—18 mm. Width of cephalothorax 19 mm. Length of tail 66 — a ,, humerus 16 — rs ,, brachium 1G ee a 5 pincer (to end of fixed digit) 35 — ,, moveable digit a | ea W idth of hand {6 — Pectinal Teeth vary in number from about 15 to about 18 on each side. 36 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. The usual numbers seem to be 16-16, or 16-+17. Serves. “In Palanneus silenus and Hormurus the male has the two halves of the genital operculum separated so that this can be pulled apart, while in the female, though the suture remains, the two are inseparable. The combs are also larger in the male.” Pocock. District. Siam, and Cochin China. 8. Lormurus australusiv (Fabr.) Siamese ‘ J/engpon-ton” == Tree Scorpion. This is a small dark brown scorpion with large pincers, a comparatively short, slender tail and a very small sting, com- monly to be found under the bark of trees, but I have also obtained it among a pile of logs, and under dead leaves on the ground. Pocock says “ this species is found in 8. East Asia and all over the Islands of the Indo-Malayan, Austro-Malayan and Australian Region,” and mentions it being recorded from the Himalayas, Corea, Sumatra, Java, Flores, Saleyer, New Britain, Solomon, Loyalty and Fiji Islands. Personally I have caught seven specimens on Penang Hill, at elevations of 1800 to 2300 feet; three in Bangkok; one at Chantaboon; and two on the island of Kosichang. I also re- ceived one from near Raheng, Siam. A Hormurus, probably of this species, is found on Maxwell’s Hill, Perak; I found the remains of one inside a frog (Rana macrodon) caught at 3,300 feet elevation in April 1898. The largest specimen I have measured was from the front of the mandibles to the tip of the sting, 45 mm. The pectinal teeth in four Siamese specimens examined were: — 02> fwO4-4, (4-4 ald foin7 Order Pseudoscorpiones. The alse Scorpions. These are the minute and harmless animals sometimes called “ Book Scorpions.” At Chantaboon I found a species of the venus Chelifer ; and also in Bangkok under the bark of trees, under flag-stones and in packing cases. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. Si Order Pedipalpi. (see Pocock, Royal Natural History, Vol. vi, p. 217). Sub-order Uvropygi (Tailed Pedipalps). Section Oxopwi. Family Thelyphonidx. (Whip Scorpions). 1. Lhelyphonus skimkewittchii, Tarnoni. Siamese ‘“UVengpon-menn,’ i. e. Stinking Scorpion, Localities. I met this species in Bangkok, Chantaboon and Kosichang. Pocock records it from ‘t Lacan, via Raheng, in piam ®” (A.+M. N. H. Ser. 7, Vol. v, March 1900, p. 298). Description of body from a Bangkok specimen :— Cephalothorax slightly convex, considerably narrowed anteriorly. ‘The anterior eyes are black, they are separated by a prominent elongated smooth tubercle which extends to the anterior edge of the cephalothorax, which consists of a sharp ridge which curves back on each side as far as the lateral eye where it disappears ; the three lateral eyes are pale yellow, the dorsal pair being very conspicuous in the live animal. The whole surface of the cephalothorax is roughly granulated, on the whole more coarsely anteriorly; the cephalic and thoracic erooves are well marked. Abdomen moderately depressed, elongately oval, at its widest part 1/7 wider than the widest part of the cephalothorax ; upper surface granular, with the posterior edge of each segment ‘“ crenulated”; ‘‘ the muscular points ” are round and well marked on the second to eighth segments. Colour (in life); drawn up from several dozen Bangkok specimens, Adults :—Upper surfaces of cheloe, cephalothorax, abdomen, two joints of legs nearest body and lower surface of abdomen very dark brown, almost black, but sometimes the greater part of the lower surface of the abdomen is reddish-brown. Along either side of the abdomen there is a broad pale yellow longi- tudinal line. ‘The tail, limbs (where not dark brown), lower surface of cephalothorax, and the first two segments on the underneath of the abdomen are a rich red-brown. 38 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. Young :—specimens of about 8 mm. in length have the cephalothorax and abdomen of the usual dark brown colour, but have pale yellowish red chele. Size, of three typical Bangkok specimens, in millimetres ;— Total length of cephalothorax and abdomen. 28) 20% 28 Length of cephalothorax, ly 11s x ,, abdomen, including terminal joints, 17. Tita a ,, the narrow tail, 20°) 25 2a26 ,. », five terminal joints of chelce, in articulation, 13 fe ,, first leg, excluding the coxal joint, 30 ot | ae 1 ,, second lee, 195 18 Width of cephalothorax, 6 6 Habits. Strictly nocturnal; hiding by day under logs, stones, etc. and at night roaming about for food. They are chiefly to be seen during the rainy season from April to August. In January and December I have sometimes noticed a very faint and peculiar smell given off by these creatures, but have not been able to detect it at other times of year. ‘To collect—when found they can easily be picked up by a pair of forceps, the points placed on either side of the hard cephalothorax, and they quickly die in a cyanide of potassium “insect killing bottle.’ When placed on their back on a sheet of glass or other flat surface these 7helyphoni seem very helpless and unable to right themselves. Food. In captivity they feed readily on dead insects; they first carefully and slowly examine the object, then take it up in their chelce, and in the case of a moth almost completely devour it, or if a dragon fly eat all but the wings: very rarely I have seen a Thelyphonus catch a live insect in its chelce and eat it: they do not attempt to interfere with beetles or grasshoppers larger than themselves. Besides insects they will eat very small bits of over-ripe bananas. One that I caught with a broken tail lived 24 days, during this time there was no sign of a reproduced tail growing. | Effects of Sting. These animals are usually supposed to be harmless to man, but in Bangkok on the 30th April 1897 I had a curious experience with one. Seeing a Vhelyphonus, of this species, running on the ground I picked it up by the cephalo- thorax between the first finger and thumb of my left hand; it oi NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 39 at once bent its thread-shaped tail over its back (as a scorpion does) and also scratched about my fingers with its legs, but the pincers did not touch me; I thought nothing of its tail, etc., till I felt a sharp pain and found the animal fad somehow stung me. I went straight into my house, and already the first joint of my finger was very swollen and inflamed, there being a rapidly erowing white lump, and the rest was red; at one spot was a fresh puncture as if a needle had been driven in, in a horizontal direction, and gone some little way under the skin. After cut- ting and squeezing the wound, I put my finger into a strong solution of permanganate of potash, which at once relieved the pain and stopped the swelling, but the little wound continued to smart for some hours. Since then I have been careful never to let a Thelyphonus touch me. Sexes. ‘ You can tell the male of this species at once by the presence of a shallow circular pit upon the fourth ventral plate of the abdomen, by the different shape and size of the first plate, and by the simple structure of the small segments of the tarsus of the first pair of lees, that is to say of the antenniform leas; the tarsal segments of the adult female being peculiarly modified.” (R. I. Pocock). 2. Thelyphonus Johorensis. Oates. “Toong-gee” of the Malays of Johore. I have caught this species in Johore Bahru, and up to about 500 feet elevation on Gunong Pulai. One specimen, out of three caught Sept. 97, smelt slightly. Two Thelyphoni, probably of this species, caught in the Botanical Gardens in March ’98 also smelt slightly but perceptibly. A specimen obtained at about 3400 feet elevation in the Larut Fills, Perak, in April ’98, is referred doubtfully to this species. eo. Lhelyphonus wayz, Pocock (A. +M. N. H. Ser. 7, Vol. v, March 1900, p. 295). Found by Mr. Herbert W. L. Way in Battambang, Siam. 4. Typopettis dalyc, Pocock. (loc. cit. supra. p. 297). Found by Mr. Mahon Daly at “ Lacan, Via Rahene, Siam.” ——Ee Pen eee ee eee 40 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 5. ITypoctonus formosus (Butler). This species found in Burma and on Owen’s Island, Merewi, (Pocock, Linn. Soc. Jour. Zoology, Vol. xxxvi, p. 316); is pro- bably the same as that recorded from Penang as Thelyphonus angustus, Lucas by Stoliczka, J. A. 5S. B. Vol. xl, Part 2, 1873, p. 134. Sub-order A mblypygi (Tailless Pedipalps). Family Yarantulide. 6. Yarantula phipsoni (Pocock) Phipson’s Tarantula. This species is named after the able Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society. The genus Yurantula has also been called Phrynus and Phrynichus. At Chantaboon in January 1898 I found fifteen individuals of this species on one small hill, by turning over some piles of logs ; they can run very swiftly, and rapidly efface themselves from view by going into crevices; but usually, like scorpions, they seem to seek concealment by squatting quite still among their natural surroundings. Daylight seems to confuse them, and when caught they move their pincers wildly about in a most aimless manner. Dimensions of a Chantaboon specimen :— Length, from front of mandible (folded at rest) to end of abdo- men, . 40 millimeters. Width of cephalothorax, 19 - en + , abdomen, : |W aaa = Total length of chela limb, 110 x i 3 ,, antenniform limb, 128 a = es », lst walking lee, ay) as é i, 5) 2nd ‘ és 60 e ” ” 3rd ” ” 08 Chien Span from tip to tip of outstretched chela, 220 mm. An animal allied to Phipson’s Tarantula inhabits the Batu Caves, Selangor ; I saw one specimens far into the caves in June 1898 but failed to catch it. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. 41 r Order Aranee. The True or JWeb-Spiders Malay ‘Laba-laba” Siamese ‘ Jleng-moung ” Jakun ‘7’ wowoh” (Lake-+ Kelsall, J.S.B.R.A.S. No. 26, 1894, p. 56.) The true Spiders have fcur pairs of legs, of similar con- struction, each composed of seven segments, and used for locomo- tion, and two modified anterior pairs of limbs, one (the palpi) leg-like and composed of six segments, including the basal segment or maxilla, and one (the mandibles) composed of only two segments and containing a poison-gland which opens at the tip of the second segment which forms the poison-fang. The spinning mamille, upon which open the silk glands, are situated on the lower surface of the abdomen, and are a charac- teristic feature of the true Spiders. The sexes of spiders may be distinguished by the last seg- ment of the palp which is modified into an intromittent organ in the male, while the female, in most families, has a horny plate (vulva) on the forepart of the lower surface of the abdomen. The true Spiders are divided into two Sub-orders :-— 1. Sub-order Mesothelw. Abdomen segmented, its upper surface covered with eleven dorsal plates. Eight spinning: mammille placed in the middle of the lower surface of the abdomen. This sub-order contains only one family Liphistiidw, and one genus Liphistius, known from Burma, Sumatra, Penang and Selangor, where it has been recently discovered by Mr. H. N. Ridley. 2. Sub-order Opisthothelw. Abdomen not segmented. Six. or fewer, spinning mammille placed near the hinder extremity of the lower surface of the abdomen, This Sub-order contains a host of forms, divided into two sections of many families; only a few of the more noticeable can be mentioned in the limits of this paper. 42 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, Section Mygalomorphe. Family Theruphoside. These are the very large hairy spiders commonly called by the English in the Straits Settlements “ Tarantulas”, and called by the Siamese “ Boum,’ what the effect of their bite on a man would be I cannot say; it is commonly supposed that the consequences would be very serious, if not fatal. 1. Coremiocnemis cunicularius, Simon. These large dark brown and very hairy spiders are numer- ous on Penang Hill; most of my specimens were obtained near “the Crag” at an elevation of about 2200 feet. They make burrows, sometimes a couple of feet deep, in the steep banks at the side of the hill paths; the round entrance hole of these burrows is easily seen, and then the spider, if at home, may be carefully dug out. The Kling coolies I employed to help me digging were extremely afraid of these spiders, which they called (Gn Malay) ‘“ Laba-laba gigi sakit” (= the spider with the poisonous teeth). These spiders are fierce, very strong and difficult to kill without damaging them ; I have found a specimen after three or four hours immersion in spirits of wine still to be so lively that it had to be handled with caution. The length of the caphalothorax and abdomen of one I measured was 46mm. (1.8 inches), its hind-lee measuring 68 mm. (2.7 inches). 2. Melopwus albostriatus, Simon. This species occurs in Siam; I was given a specimen said to have been caught at Ayuthia, but never came across it alive myself. Family Barychelide. 3. LEncyocrypta sp. incert. I got this spider near the foot of Gunong Pulai, Johore, in September, 1897, but did not observe whether it had a “ trap- door” home or not. Section Arachnomorphe. Family Pholcide. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 43 4, Artema atlanta, Walck. This elegant spider, better known as Pholcus borbonicus, with exceedingly long and slender legs is common in disused - buildingsin Bangkok. It is pale reddish brown in colour, ex- cept the abdomen which is grey. ‘They apparently make no webs ; they can run very fast, but, as long as these is no crevice to dart away into, are easily caught in the hand. They may be from the tip of one extended fore-leg to the other as much as 140 mm. (or 5$ inches) ; though the length of the cephalotho- rax and abdomen is only 10 mm. (or .4 of an inch). Family Arg/opide. 5. Argiope wmula, Walck. This species, which is widely distributed throughout the Criental regien, I obtained in Bangkok. 6. Araneus de haanii, Dol. Collected in a house in Bangkok in July 1898. ~I Flerennia multipuncta, Dol. Obtained on Penang Hill in March 1896. 8. Nephila maculata, Fabr. This is the most striking in appearance of the Malay spiders I have come across, and is by no means rare. _ It lives on trees both in gardens and in the jungle, but occasionally wanders into buildings, as I got a specimen in the Officer’s Mess at Tanglin in April 1896. Its large web, constructed of beautiful yellow silk, is usually spread between two trees, and the great black and yellow spider sitting motionless, with legs spread out in the middle of it, in bright sunshine makes a fine picture. If taken in the hand, the collector will find this spider can bite hard with its powerful nippers. Besides Singapore I have noted this species in Taiping, Perak, in Bangkok and at Muok Lek in the Dong Phya Phai, Siam: it also occurs in Borneo, Celebes, Halmahera, Ternate, Batchian, New Britain, Solomon Islands, etc. A Bangkok specimen was coloured as follows :— 44. NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, cephalothorax, shining intense black. abdomen, various shades of brown, with black marks and two conspicuous yellow spots. limbs, red brown, black at the joints. This species attains a great size; in an individual I meas- ured the length of the cephalothorax and abdomen was 36 mm. (1.4 inches). 9. MNephila malabarensis, Walck. This prettily marked spider is very common, especially about houses, making large webs under the eaves of roofs, in verandahs, etc; when houses are not at hand it seems equally content with rocks. I have noticed this species in Penang (especially near “ the Crag ”’), in Singapore, in Alor Star, Kedah, in Bangkok and in Chantaboon: it also occurs in Java, Hal- mahera and other places in the East Indies. Quite small spiders will nearly always be found living in the webs of this species. I have not been able to make out so far if they belone toa different species, or if they are the males of the big females which construct the webs. Colour (in life.) Upper surface of cephalothorax dark brown - or dark red; upper surface of abdomen mottled olive brown, or whitey buff with brown marks. The specimens with the brown cephalothorax usually have red or rich orange mark- ines underneath the cephalothorax and abdomen, those with red above have bright yellow markings underneath. The legs are pale yellow, black about the joints, and the last segment in each - leg is brown. 10. Gasteracantha sp. ineert. This curious looking spider, with hard transversely dilated six-spined abdomen, is not uncommon in the jungle on Penang Hill. I have found it at elevation of from 2000 to 2400 feet during March 1898. It makes a very large, strong, geo- metrically arranged web of white silk between the stems or branches of trees; this web it keeps very tidy. One web, which I particularly noted, was situated between branches of trees over 15 feet apart, and was about 9 feet from the ground. The transverse width of its abdomen from point to point may exceed one inch (one fie specimen measured 285 mm.) | NOTES ON MILLIPEDES, 45 Family Psechride. 11. Psechrus singaporensis, Thor. In the Batu Caves, Selangor, in June 1898, in caverns remote from daylight, Mr. A. L. Butler and myself found certain spiders numerous, which make strong, untidy webs in crevices of the rocks. Specimens of the spiders were sent to Mr. Pocock who considers they probably belong to this species. Family Ctenide. 12. Ctenus fungifer, Thor. Known from Penang, (F.O.P. Cambridge, A. + M.N. H. [vi] xx, 1897, p. 334). 13. Ctenus flower?, Cambridge (loc. cit. supra. p. 348). The types of this species I got on Penang Hillin March 1896, Family Heteropodide. 14, J/leteropoda venatorea (.) The Hunting Spider. Nearly every resideut in the East Indies must know ‘this fine spider which runs about houses, in the evening, catching its insect prey; it makes no web, but the female spins a whitish silk cocoon in which she carries about her eggs, which she looks after with great care and vigorously defends from enemies. What the effect of the bite of this spider on a human being would be I do not know, but it is certainly not prone to bite and I have never heard of its doing so, while as it is known to be very useful to mankind in destroying superabundant insects, it certain- ly ought to be encouraged and native servants should not be allowed to carelessly or wantonly kill them.. It feeds on moths, crickets, etc., especially the big red cockroaches, which are such a nuisance in some places in the Straits Settlements. In a house individual spiders will often take up particular beats, which they occupy regularly night after might; in Bangkok one lived for many months behind my dressing table. Every evening when I placed a lamp on the table the spider came out from its retreat and took up his position by the light; at first we rather mistrust- ed each other—lI being afraid the spider might some day bite me, and he carefully avoiding my coming too close to him, but as the A6 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. weeks went by such mutual confidence sprung up that even when I touched him the spider would hardly shift his position. I have noted this species in Singapore, Johore, Georgetown (Penang), Kedah, Bangkok, Ayuthia, Tahkamen, Chantaboon and also on board local coasting steamers. It is also recorded from Java, Borneo, Celebes, Halmahera, Ternate, Batchian, New Britain, Solomon Islands, tropical Africa, etc., etc. A specimen I kept for a time in captivity ina large glass jar together with a small scorpion Archisometrus mucronatus, and a Thelyphonus did not interfere with them in any way or they with it. Whenever the spider rested on the glass sides of the vessel it put its spinnarets in rapid motion and formed a small anchor of white silk and then let down one fine silk thread as if to help support itself: in a few days it had to some extent obscured the whole surface of the glass by the number of these anchors it had made and abandoned. 15. Heteropoda thoracica (C. Koch). I caught specimens of this very handsome spider in the inner, deepest caves, far from daylight, over an hour’s walk from the entrance in the hill side, Gunong Gajah, Kedah, in June 1898. They ran with great agility over the rough walls of rock, and also when we tried to catch them sprang away from the rocks into the air; the Malays were very frightened of them. Although living in darkness the spiders did not seem at | all confused by the light of the lamp and torches. On the two occassions I have collected in these caves, in April 1895 and June 1898, we only met these spiders in one part of the caves, the deepest part. Colour, yellow ochre, marked with rich dark brown. Size, Cephalothorax, length, 16 mm. wide, A250 e3 y, 99 Abdomen, length, 17, 3 4.. % WAGED Onn. Palp, length 27 sf ist _leg, aoe a 2nd ” ” 1 2 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. A7 ord leg length 73 mm. 4th : noe bh) Total span (across 2nd pair of legs from tip to tip) 194 mm. ( = 72 inches). This species has been recorded from Sumatra, Java, Am- boina, etc. 16. Thelcticopis modesta, 'Thorell. I obtained this species in Penang in 1896. Order Opiliones. The Harvest Spiders. Animals superficially resembling the true Spiders; like them they have four pairs of legs, of similar construction, and two modified anterior pairs of limbs; one (the palpi) not pincer-like, but sometimes capable of folding back on themselves, sometimes armed with spines, and composed of six segments, including the basal segment or maxilla, except in the Ricinulet which have five segments ; and one (the mandibles) pincer-like and composed of three segments, except in the Ricinulec which have but two. The abdomen is segmented, composed of from 3 to 8 seg- ments. In the true spiders the breathing apparatus consists sometimes of four pairs of lung-sacs, but generally the hinder pair are replaced by tracheal tubes; in the harvest spiders the breathing apparatus consists of tracheal tubes, opening by one pair of orifices situated on the sternal plate of the abdomen. There are no spinning glands. Family Oncopodide. 1. Gnomulus rostratus, Thorell. (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx, p. 378. . 1890); found in Penang. eeemencopus jee, Uhorell. (Ann. Mus. Genov. ‘xxx, p. 375, [1890]); found in Penang. Oncopus truncatus, Thorell. (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx, p. 764, [1890]); found in Singapore. ‘The British Museum has from time to time received a number of specimens from Mr. H.N. Ridley” (A. + M. N. H. Os 48 NOTES ON MILLIPEDES. Ser. 6, xix, p. 288). I obtained one individual of this species in | the jungle at the foot of Gunong Pulai, Johore, in September, 1897. 4, Oncopus alticeps, Pocock (A. + M. N. H. Ser. 6, vol. xix, 1897, p. 287). The type specimen I found on Penang Hill, about 2200 feet elevation ; 29th November, 1896. Family Phalang Gide d. Gagrella sp. incert. I obtained specimens of these very long legged beasts in Bangkok and at Bortong Kabin; at the latter place in March 1897 there were countless thousands of them collected in certain spots, a wonderful sight. a 2 tie > Notes of a Tour through the Siamese States on the West Coast of the Malay Peninsula, 1900. By 6. W:-Ss KYNNERSLEY: Having assumed charge of the Consulate in April this year and wishing to become acquainted with some of the Western Siamese States which have not been visited since 1894, I left Penang in the colonial launch Seabird at 10 P. M. on Tuesday 11th December, taking with me Mr. PEEL, District Officer, Bukit Mertajam. I elected to go in December as the weather at this season is settled with a N. EK. wind blowing from the land. It was a fine moonlight night and we reached the mouth of the Kedah river before daybreak. Wednesday 12th December.—The Sultan’s Secretary came on board at the entrance to the river and we reached the landing place at Alorstar about 6.0 A. M. Here I was received by some of the leading officials and a guard of honour and we drove in a carriage and pair to the Sultan’s country house at Anak bukit. H. H. the RasgA MUDA accompanied us. I arranged to be at the Consulate at 9.0, previous notice having been given of my intended visit some time before. After breakfast we drove to the Consulate which has been lately repaired. Every assistance was given to me by the Kedah Officials. [ enquired into several cases of minor importance and a considerable number of British subjects presented themselves for registration. Having des- patched the business in hand and arranged to attend the next day, we drove back to Anak bukit where | discussed various questions with the RAJA MupA. At 3.0 p.M. I paid an official visit to H. H. the Sultan who is in very feeble health and at times hardly equal to transact public business. Having taken leave of the Sultan we proceeded with the RAJA MUDA to in- spect the Public Offices. The buildings are excellently adapted for the purpose and present quite an imposing appearance, though od ‘ —E——<« ee ee ee 50 THE SIAMESE MALAY STATES. the style of architecture may not be of the highest order. They were completed about four years ago and reflect great credit on the designer who carried out the work—MAHOMED LEBBY TAMBI, formerly employed under me in the Police Court, Penang. He is now building a fine new house for the RAJA MUDA. : The offices are admirably arranged—Treasury, Land and Survey, Courts of Law, and lastly an office for the Auditor-Gen- eral, The various officials, including the Judge, were introduced. We were shewn a survey map- of the town with all the various lots marked on it. The offices are open from 10.0 to 4.0, Malays being exclusively employed, and in outward appearance at all events our colonial system is followed. So far as we could ascertain the office of Auditor-General is somewhat of a sinecure. Ile is said to query and examine accounts but there were no papers or books in his office. A census has lately been taken and we were shewn the figures which, however, are still incomplete for some of the up-country Mukims. I have on form- er occasions inspected the gaol, but did not do so on this visit. I noticed that the outside wall was beautifully white but the in- terior arrangements are I fancy what they have always been and are hardly up to date. Prisoners in chains are employed on outside labour in the town.